Trump and Nigerian migrants

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Recently I was a witness to a heated debate on the report by the authoritative New York Times, which quoted President Donald Trump of USA as making disparaging remarks about Nigerian immigrants living in USA. The debate took place at the popular Staff Club of the University of Ibadan, that redoubtable intellectual citadel of the country. Here I will like to say, that the club for years has been noted not only for relaxation but as a veritable spot on the campus for robust in-depth discussions of both current local and international affairs. The authoritative newspaper reported that President Trump said that Nigerian immigrants after coming to USA would never return to ‘their huts’ and many of the discussants despite the denial of the report by the White Officials in Washington said many unprintable things about Trump for this reported unguarded statement. A minority group among the discussants, while they showed disdain for Trump, felt that we should look beyond the insults by Trumps that abodes in Nigeria are huts. This group argued that we should rather focus on the reasons why young Nigerians and other youths from Africa now flock to other countries, which in some cases are poorer than their own countries in search of better life.

Personally I think Donald Trump with his worn-out slogan of making ‘America great again’, will eventually bring down his country. I have a feeling that the great global power and influence attained by the USA after Second World War would soon be a thing of history as a result of the misadventure and irrational policies of USA under Trump towards other countries of the world. China is now poised to take over from USA as the greatest power in the world. In fact, the recent book titled Fire and Fury by Michael Wolff who studied the chaos in Trump’s White House for almost a year is convincing many people in USA that the mental state of President Trump is slipping. This is frightening and it is a pity that that the USA with all its might and greatness is under this unstable personality.

Since inception of mankind, migration of people from one place to another has always been an important human endeavour. We read in the Bible how Abraham was told in Genesis 12 to leave his country, his relatives and father’s house and go to Canaan. Since that time we read stories of people moving from one place to another place. Recently Pope Francis told the world that in Judeo-Christian tradition, the history of Salvation is essentially the history of migration. Many reasons have been proffered to be responsible for migration of people. In recent times, religious, political and economic reasons are the main ingredients responsible for people to leave their God-given abode to go and settle in an alien abode.

The religious persecutions in Britain in the 17th century made the Puritans known as the Pilgrims to migrate to the new world now the USA. They were transported in the ship known as ‘Mayflower’ which sailed from Plymouth in England in 1620. As for economic migration, we have many examples in history. The Irish potato famine known as the great famine or the great hunger which ravaged Ireland with mass starvation and diseases led many people in Ireland to migrate to USA between 1845 and 1849. This singular event was responsible for the present sizeable population of Irish descendants in USA. The Jews, the Italians and other citizens of European countries also fled to the Americas as economic refugees. The founding of Australia started in 1788 when 11 British ships carried convicts to new colony of New South Wales. This movement was triggered off by economic problem in Britain at that time. Colonialism despite the gloss put on it by its perpetrators was geared to move people around for economic benefits of the people of the colonising power. To me colonialism is nothing more than economic migration in disguise. Migrations as a result of political upheavals and wars are very common in human history. The two great world wars saw a lot of migrations of people all over the globe. During the Second World War, many Europeans fled Nazi Germany to Britain and USA in order to flee from Nazi atrocities. After the war, many of the Nazi supporters during the war fled and migrated to Latin America especially Argentina. Migration of people with attendant refugee problem as a result of many political upheavals in Africa is an intractable problem now facing United Nations Organization in many parts of Africa.

In its colourful history, USA has always welcome millions of migrants from other parts of the world especially from European countries. Apart from the blacks, who originally came to USA against their wishes in slave ships, other nationalities came to USA on their own to escape religious and political persecutions and to seek better life. It is on record that the family of Trump’s mother originally came from Scotland. As written above, there is nothing wrong for people including Nigerians to migrate to other countries. What is troubling in case of Nigeria and other African countries is the alarming rate at which African youths who are the future of the continent are leaving in droves to other countries in search of the so-called green pastures. Some of them, especially Nigerian youths both males and females, take horrendous risks to leave their countries. Presently, we are witnessing dehumanizing treatment given to our youths at the slave market in Libya and the untimely and needless death suffered by our youths in Mediterranean Sea.

Nigerians should not have been made to suffer this demeaning agony if our leaders present and past, had been less selfish and had vision to manage judiciously our God-given resources for the future generation. In recent times, Lew Kew Yew did this for Singapore, and Mahathir Mohamad did the same thing for Malaysia. Nigeria should be an El Dorado for its citizens especially the youths because the country is well endowed. When most African countries attained independence in the 60s, there was hope for black people all over the world. Many black people outside the continent especially those in USA planned to come back to Africa so as to escape racism and discrimination which were their lots in the hand of the white people. Many of them wanted to revive the vision of Marcus Garvey who in the 20s advocated the movement of the black people from The Americas back to their roots in Africa. W. E. B. Du Bois, another black human right leader in USA relocated to Ghana when the country attained independence to live permanently.

The above dream of black people in diaspora evaporated because Africa did not live up to their expectations, as soon after independence, many African countries were wracked with political instability, economic dislocation, ethnic strife, religious warfare and other vices that had tied Africa down. African countries despite their endowments could not provide decent standard of living for the people. Some of them became virtually bankrupt and depended on aids from other countries most of which are less endowed. The lofty dream at independence was replaced with nightmare and African youths now go for better lives outside the shores of the continent. This prompted Henry Louis Gates Junior , the well-known African American historian to write that if slave ships are now brought back to Africa, many youths would willing enter the ships to go and serve as slaves in USA instead of staying in their countries which are nothing but hell to them.

The present economic situation in Africa is dire. It is pathetic and things have to change for better as we Africans cannot continue to waste the most vibrant segment of our population who are dying daily in their efforts to escape economic scourge in Africa. It has to be said however, that Nigerian migrants despite the fact that most of them do not return home as Trump was quoted as saying, are making significant contributions to the development of USA because of the enabling environment which unfortunately is absent in Nigeria. The pity is that no one can see any serious effort being made by our rulers to improve the enabling environment in the country so as to encourage our people in USA and other places to come home and replicate the good things they are doing in those places.

  • Professor Lucas writes from Old Bodija, Ibadan.


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Views: 613387 SciShow
What Makes Good AI? | Game Maker's Toolkit
When we talk about good AI, we often think about highly efficient and aggressive enemies in shooters like FEAR and Halo. But surely there's more to good artificial intelligence than this? Follow me on Twitter - https://twitter.com/britishgaming Follow Game Maker's Toolkit on Tumblr - http://gamemakerstoolkit.tumblr.com Support Game Maker's Toolkit on Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/GameMakersToolkit Sources The Illusion of Intelligence | Bungie http://halo.bungie.org/misc/gdc.2002.haloai/talk.html New Doom's deceptively simple design | Gamasutra http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/295254/Make_me_think_make_me_move_New_Dooms_deceptively_simple_design.php The Secrets Of Enemy AI In Uncharted 2 | Gamasutra http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/134566/the_secrets_of_enemy_ai_in_.php The Systemic AI of Far Cry | AI & Games https://youtu.be/Q7of5BPmiUs Arkham Intelligence | AI & Games https://youtu.be/Oz04rH542l8 The Artificial Intelligence of Halo 2 | HowStuffWorks http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/halo2-ai.htm [ZIP] Designing to Promote Intentional Play | Clint Hocking http://clicknothing.typepad.com/Design/hockingc_GDC06_Intentionality.zip The Perfect Organism: The AI of Alien: Isolation | AI & Games https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt1XmiDwxhY [PDF] The AI Systems of Left 4 Dead | Valve http://www.valvesoftware.com/publications/2009/ai_systems_of_l4d_mike_booth.pdf Toru Iwatani Interview | MameWorld http://www.mameworld.info/net/pacman/interview/interview1.html Uncharted 4 is not as scripted as you might think | GamesIndustry.biz http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-11-04-uncharted-4-not-as-scripted-as-you-might-think Find Out More [PDF] Three States and a Plan | MIT Media Lab http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~jorkin/gdc2006_orkin_jeff_fear.pdf Managing Complexity in Halo 2 | GDC http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1020270/Managing-Complexity-in-the-Halo Modeling AI Perception and Awareness in Splinter Cell: Blacklist | GDC http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1020436/Modeling-AI-Perception-and-Awareness Understanding Pac-Man Ghost Behavior | GameInternals http://gameinternals.com/post/2072558330/understanding-pac-man-ghost-behavior Drivatar in Forza Motorsport | Microsoft Research https://web.archive.org/web/20160302162556/http://research.microsoft.com:80/en-us/projects/drivatar/forza.aspx MGS V Enemies Response System Guide | SegmentNext http://segmentnext.com/2015/09/05/mgsv-phantom-pain-enemies-response-system-defense-vehicles-guide/ How Prompto's AI-drive selfie system in Final Fantasy XV was built | Gamasutra http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/292883/How_Promptos_AIdriven_selfie_system_in_Final_Fantasy_XV_was_built.php Further Reading / Viewing: Laments on Half-Life 2's AI and balance | Joe Wintergreen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsDM7GKb0xU Game Development Myths: Players Want Smart Artificial Intelligence | Ask a Game Dev http://askagamedev.tumblr.com/post/76972636953/game-development-myths-players-want-smart Games shown in this episode (in order of appearance): F.E.A.R. (Monolith Productions, 2005) Halo 2 (Bungie, 2004) Half-Life (Valve Corporation, 1998) Halo: Combat Evolved (Bungie, 2001) DOOM (id Software, 2016) Alien: Isolation (The Creative Assembly, 2014) Batman: Arkham Asylum (Rocksteady Studios, 2009) Waking Mars (Tiger Style, 2012) Final Fantasy XV (Square Enix, 2016) The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (Nintendo, 2017) Splinter Cell: Blacklist (Ubisoft Toronto, 2013) Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain (Kojima Productions, 2015) The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (Bethesda Game Studios, 2011) Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (Naughty Dog, 2009) Far Cry 4 (Ubisoft Montreal, 2014) The Swindle (Size Five Games, 2015) Mark of the Ninja (Klei Entertainment, 2012) Pac-Man (Namco, 1980) Civilization V (Firaxis Games, 2010) Far Cry 2 (Ubisoft Montreal, 2008) Vanquish (PlatinumGames, 2010) Hitman (iO Interactive, 2016) Spelunky (Derek Yu, 2012) BioShock (Irrational Games, 2007) Prey (Arkane Studios, 2017) Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor (Monolith Productions, 2014) Killer Instinct (Double Helix Games, 2013) Forza Motorsport 6 (Turn 10 Studios, 2015) Left 4 Dead (Turtle Rock / Valve, 2008) Rain World (Videocult, 2017) S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl (GSC Game World, 2007) BioShock Infinite (Irrational Games, 2013) The Last Guardian (genDesign, 2016) Event[0] (Ocelot Society, 2016) Half-Life 2 (Valve Corporation, 2004) The Last of Us (Naughty Dog, 2013) Uncharted 4: A Thief's End (Naughty Dog, 2016) Music used in this episode: 00:00 - Into the Red (Waking Mars) 02:25 - Title Screen (Please, Don't Touch Anything) 03:20 - Screen OFF (Please, Don't Touch Anything) 05:35 - Black Hole (Please, Don't Touch Anything) 06:46 - Reverse (Please, Don't Touch Anything) 07:54 - Language (Please, Don't Touch Anything) 10:32 - Judegment (Please, Don't Touch Anything) 11:44 - Ruins (Please, Don't Touch Anything) 13:31 - Into the Red (Waking Mars)
Views: 887577 Mark Brown
Top 10 Video Games with the Best AI
Someday computers may rise up and kill us all, so it’s best to suck up to the most intelligent of them right now. Join http://www.WatchMojo.com as we countdown our picks for the Top 10 Video Games with the Best AI. For this list we’re looking for examples of virtual intelligence, whether it's used as friend or foe that stand tall in the games we love. We're focusing strictly on dynamic and reactive events, where the AI can show its strengths on its own terms, so no scripted sequences here. Also, and perhaps most importantly, we’re not saying the AI in these games are perfect… Click here to subscribe: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=watchmojo or visit our channel page here: http://www.youtube.com/watchmojo Also, check out our interactive Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest :) Check us out at http://www.Twitter.com/WatchMojo, http://instagram.com/watchmojo and http://www.Facebook.com/WatchMojo. Special Thanks to our users "Vaibhav Gamit" & "Desmond Steven Richard" for suggesting this topic on our Suggestion Tool at http://www.Watchmojo.com/suggest. Check out the voting page here, http://watchmojo.com/suggest/Top+10+Video+Games+with+the+Best+AI If you want to suggest an idea for a WatchMojo video, check out our interactive Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest :) Want a WatchMojo cup, mug, t-shirts, pen, sticker and even a water bottle? Get them all when you order your MojoBox gift set here: http://watchmojo.com/store/ WatchMojo is a leading producer of reference online video content, covering the People, Places and Trends you care about. We update DAILY with 4-5 Top 10 lists, Origins, Biographies, Versus clips on movies, video games, music, pop culture and more!
Views: 2921057 WatchMojo.com
AI learns to play pool
Using the genetic algorithm I train an AI to play pool. Source code is up https://github.com/Code-Bullet/Pool_AI
Views: 983591 Code Bullet
OpenAI vs HUMANS - AI vs 99.95% BEST PLAYERS 5v5 DOTA 2
https://openai.com/ - OpenAI Research https://twitter.com/openai - OpenAI Updates OpenAI - https://www.twitch.tv/openai Commentary by ODPixel + Purge OpenAI vs HUMANS - AI vs 99.95% BEST PLAYERS 5v5 DOTA 2
Views: 733985 NoobFromUA
AI learns to play the Worlds Hardest Game || MORE LEVELS
Watch some AI crush some more levels from the Worlds Hardest game run the AI yourself: level 1: https://code-bullet.github.io/WorldsHardestGameAI/WHG/ level 2:https://code-bullet.github.io/WorldsHardestGameAI/WHG%20-%20level2/ level 3:https://code-bullet.github.io/WorldsHardestGameAI/WHG%20-%20level3/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/code_bullet Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CodeBullet Discord: https://discord.gg/UZDMYx5
Views: 783243 Code Bullet
Google DeepMind's Deep Q-learning playing Atari Breakout
Google DeepMind created an artificial intelligence program using deep reinforcement learning that plays Atari games and improves itself to a superhuman level. It is capable of playing many Atari games and uses a combination of deep artificial neural networks and reinforcement learning. After presenting their initial results with the algorithm, Google almost immediately acquired the company for several hundred million dollars, hence the name Google DeepMind. Please enjoy the footage and let me know if you have any questions regarding deep learning! ______________________ Recommended for you: 1. How DeepMind's AlphaGo Defeated Lee Sedol - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-ovvd_ZrmA&index=58&list=PLujxSBD-JXgnqDD1n-V30pKtp6Q886x7e 2. How DeepMind Conquered Go With Deep Learning (AlphaGo) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFmj5M5Q5jg&index=42&list=PLujxSBD-JXgnqDD1n-V30pKtp6Q886x7e 3. Google DeepMind's Deep Q-Learning & Superhuman Atari Gameplays - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ih8EfvOzBOY&index=14&list=PLujxSBD-JXgnqDD1n-V30pKtp6Q886x7e Subscribe if you would like to see more content like this: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=keeroyz - Original DeepMind code: https://sites.google.com/a/deepmind.com/dqn/ - Ilya Kuzovkin's fork with visualization: https://github.com/kuz/DeepMind-Atari-Deep-Q-Learner - This patch fixes the visualization when reloading a pre-trained network. The window will appear after the first evaluation batch is done (typically a few minutes): http://cg.tuwien.ac.at/~zsolnai/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/train_agent.patch - This configuration file will run Ilya Kuzovkin's version with less than 1GB of VRAM: http://cg.tuwien.ac.at/~zsolnai/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/run_gpu - The original Nature paper on this deep learning technique is available here: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7540/full/nature14236.html - And some mirrors that are not behind a paywall: http://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~meeden/cs63/s15/nature15b.pdf http://diyhpl.us/~nmz787/pdf/Human-level_control_through_deep_reinforcement_learning.pdf Web → https://cg.tuwien.ac.at/~zsolnai/ Twitter → https://twitter.com/karoly_zsolnai
Views: 882928 Two Minute Papers
Google's self-learning AI AlphaZero masters chess in 4 hours
Google's AI AlphaZero has shocked the chess world. Leaning on its deep neural networks, and general reinforcement learning algorithm, DeepMind's AI Alpha Zero learned to play chess well beyond the skill level of master, besting the 2016 top chess engine Stockfish 8 in a 100-game match. Alpha Zero had 28 wins, 72 draws, and 0 losses. Impressive right? And it took just 4 hours of self-play to reach such a proficiency. What the chess world has witnessed from this historic event is, simply put, mind-blowing! AlphaZero vs Magnus Carlsen anyone? :) 19-page paper via Cornell University Library https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01815 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01815.pdf PGN: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Nf6 4. d3 Bc5 5. Bxc6 dxc6 6. 0-0 Nd7 7. c3 0-0 8. d4 Bd6 9. Bg5 Qe8 10. Re1 f6 11. Bh4 Qf7 12. Nbd2 a5 13. Bg3 Re8 14. Qc2 Nf8 15. c4 c5 16. d5 b6 17. Nh4 g6 18. Nhf3 Bd7 19. Rad1 Re7 20. h3 Qg7 21. Qc3 Rae8 22. a3 h6 23. Bh4 Rf7 24. Bg3 Rfe7 25. Bh4 Rf7 26. Bg3 a4 27. Kh1 Rfe7 28. Bh4 Rf7 29. Bg3 Rfe7 30. Bh4 g5 31. Bg3 Ng6 32. Nf1 Rf7 33. Ne3 Ne7 34. Qd3 h5 35. h4 Nc8 36. Re2 g4 37. Nd2 Qh7 38. Kg1 Bf8 39. Nb1 Nd6 40. Nc3 Bh6 41. Rf1 Ra8 42. Kh2 Kf8 43. Kg1 Qg6 44. f4 gxf3 45. Rxf3 Bxe3+ 46. Rfxe3 Ke7 47. Be1 Qh7 48. Rg3 Rg7 49. Rxg7+ Qxg7 50. Re3 Rg8 51. Rg3 Qh8 52. Nb1 Rxg3 53. Bxg3 Qh6 54. Nd2 Bg4 55. Kh2 Kd7 56. b3 axb3 57. Nxb3 Qg6 58. Nd2 Bd1 59. Nf3 Ba4 60. Nd2 Ke7 61. Bf2 Qg4 62. Qf3 Bd1 63. Qxg4 Bxg4 64. a4 Nb7 65. Nb1 Na5 66. Be3 Nxc4 67. Bc1 Bd7 68. Nc3 c6 69. Kg1 cxd5 70. exd5 Bf5 71. Kf2 Nd6 72. Be3 Ne4+ 73. Nxe4 Bxe4 74. a5 bxa5 75. Bxc5+ Kd7 76. d6 Bf5 77. Ba3 Kc6 78. Ke1 Kd5 79. Kd2 Ke4 80. Bb2 Kf4 81. Bc1 Kg3 82. Ke2 a4 83. Kf1 Kxh4 84. Kf2 Kg4 85. Ba3 Bd7 86. Bc1 Kf5 87. Ke3 Ke6 Internet Chess Club (ICC) Software: Blitzin http://bit.ly/179O93N Discount Code: CHESSNETWORK I'm a self-taught National Master in chess out of Pennsylvania, USA who was introduced to the game by my father in 1988 at the age of 8. The purpose of this channel is to share my knowledge of chess to help others improve their game. I enjoy continuing to improve my understanding of this great game, albeit slowly. Consider subscribing here on YouTube for frequent content, and/or connecting via any or all of the below social medias. Your support is greatly appreciated. Take care, bye. :D ★ LIVESTREAM http://twitch.tv/ChessNetwork ★ FACEBOOK http://facebook.com/ChessNetwork ★ TWITTER http://twitter.com/ChessNetwork ★ GOOGLE+ http://google.com/+ChessNetwork ★ PATREON https://www.patreon.com/ChessNetwork ★ DONATE https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=QLV226E6FUUWG
Views: 801374 ChessNetwork
How "Smart" AI (Basically) Works in Games (Goal Oriented Action Planning)
In this video, we look at how simple AI systems work, and how we can create "smarter" AI that create and execute plans. We'll learn how to code a modified form of the GOAP AI in a future programming tutorial. This month's dev challenge theme is artificial intelligence! Head over here for more information: https://www.reddit.com/r/TheHappieMakers/comments/4sxqg5/game_dev_challenge_artificial_intelligence/ My second channel! https://www.youtube.com/c/TheHappierCat2 Ask questions in the subreddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/TheHappieMakers/ Find me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheHappieCat Or Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheHappieCat/ And sometimes Twitch: twitch.tv/happiecat Resources from this video: Jeff Erickson's Algorithms Notes: http://jeffe.cs.illinois.edu/teaching/algorithms/ Jeff Orkin's GDC Paper on F.E.A.R. and GOAP: http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~jorkin/gdc2006_orkin_jeff_fear.pdf Food example adapted from this repository's implementation of GOAP: https://github.com/sploreg/goap Behavior tree diagram from: http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/ChrisSimpson/20140717/221339/Behavior_trees_for_AI_How_they_work.php Gameplay clips used from Youtube users: ElectroEthan, Dante XII, NintenU, World of Longplays, SaikyoMog, Seanleeuw I do not own resources used in this video. They are used under fair use. Stay happie :)
Views: 278264 TheHappieCat
What is the Minimax Algorithm? - Artificial Intelligence
The minimax algorithm is one of the oldest artificial intelligence algorithms ever. It uses a simple zero sum rule to find which player will win from a current position. This is arguably the most powerful and basic tool for building game playing artificial intelligence. It captures the intentions of two player games fighting against one another. Minimax is the foundation for algorithms like alpha-beta pruning and iterative deepening. Engines like deep blue use optimized versions of minimax to play chess, while other computer programs have also been successful at playing games with minimax. Source Code (Complicated, glance over the evaluate function to get a gist): https://github.com/gkcs/ChainReaction/blob/master/src/main/java/main/java/MinMax.java #minimax #minmax #game-tree
Views: 31699 Gaurav Sen
A History of AI Research in StarCraft | AI and Games
AI and Games is a crowdfunded show and needs your support. You can help fund this series on Paypal, KoFi and Patreon (where you can get access to additional content). http://www.paypal.me/AIandGames http://www.ko-fi.com/AIandGames http://www.patreon.com/ai_and_games You can follow AI and Games on Facebook and Twitter: http://www.facebook.com/AIandGames http://www.twitter.com/AIandGames Learn more about the making of this video on Patreon. https://www.patreon.com/ai_and_games A written version of this video is available on both AIandGames.com and Medium: https://medium.com/@t2thompson/zerg-rush-a-history-of-starcraft-ai-research-4478759a3c53 https://aiandgames.com/zerg-rush-starcraft-ai/ -- With Google DeepMind's StarCraft 2 research in full swing, we take a look at why AI researchers are interested in RTS games and the established body of work in this field over the past 15-20 years. EDIT: The BWAPI was originally released by Michal "Kovarex" Kovarik and later handled by Adam Heinermann. Apologies for any confusion. Learn more about the AI competitions and API's via the links below: The StarCraft AI Competition: https://www.cs.mun.ca/~dchurchill/starcraftaicomp/ http://www.twitter.com/StarCraftAIComp The Student StarCraft AI Competition https://sscaitournament.com/ http://www.twitter.com/SSCAIT The StarCraft 2 Learning Environment (SC2LE) https://deepmind.com/blog/deepmind-and-blizzard-open-starcraft-ii-ai-research-environment/ The Brood War API https://github.com/bwapi/bwapi StarCraftAI.com, which gives an overview and tutorials on many of the topics behind bot construction http://www.starcraftAI.com -- Music in this episode (in order of appearance): "Main Title Theme" "Terran One" "Protoss" "First Contact" from the StarCraft Official Game Soundtrack "Main Title Theme" from the StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty official soundtrack.
Views: 109030 AI and Games
This Evolving AI Finds Bugs in Games | Two Minute Papers #250
Our Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/TwoMinutePapers One-time payment links are available below. Thank you very much for your generous support! PayPal: https://www.paypal.me/TwoMinutePapers Bitcoin: 13hhmJnLEzwXgmgJN7RB6bWVdT7WkrFAHh Ethereum: 0x002BB163DfE89B7aD0712846F1a1E53ba6136b5A LTC: LM8AUh5bGcNgzq6HaV1jeaJrFvmKxxgiXg The paper "Back to Basics: Benchmarking Canonical Evolution Strategies for Playing Atari" by Patryk Chrabaszcz, Ilya Loshchilov, and Frank Hutter is available here: https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.08842 The bug has been reproduced by a human here: Reproduction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGyeUuysyqg We would like to thank our generous Patreon supporters who make Two Minute Papers possible: Andrew Melnychuk, Brian Gilman, Christian Ahlin, Christoph Jadanowski, Dennis Abts, Emmanuel, Eric Haddad, Esa Turkulainen, Geronimo Moralez, Kjartan Olason, Lorin Atzberger, Malek Cellier, Marten Rauschenberg, Michael Albrecht, Michael Jensen, Nader Shakerin, Raul Araújo da Silva, Rob Rowe, Robin Graham, Ryan Monsurate, Shawn Azman, Steef, Steve Messina, Sunil Kim, Torsten Reil. https://www.patreon.com/TwoMinutePapers Thumbnail background image credit: https://pixabay.com/photo-2619483/ Splash screen/thumbnail design: Felícia Fehér - http://felicia.hu Károly Zsolnai-Fehér's links: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TwoMinutePapers/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/karoly_zsolnai Web: https://cg.tuwien.ac.at/~zsolnai/
Views: 40381 Two Minute Papers
AI's Game Playing Challenge - Computerphile
AlphaGo is beating humans at Go - What's the big deal? Rob Miles explains what AI has to do to play a game. What on Earth is Recursion?: https://youtu.be/Mv9NEXX1VHc Object Oriented Programming: https://youtu.be/KyTUN6_Z9TM Mixed Reality Continuum: https://youtu.be/V4qxfFPgqdc AI Playlist: AI Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzH6n4zXuckoewGfo3a6ShFS3zPKndPd3 Many thanks to Nottingham Hackspace for providing the location and being downright awesome Easter Egg: https://youtu.be/B8CujhUwVic http://www.facebook.com/computerphile https://twitter.com/computer_phile This video was filmed and edited by Sean Riley. Computer Science at the University of Nottingham: http://bit.ly/nottscomputer Computerphile is a sister project to Brady Haran's Numberphile. More at http://www.bradyharan.com
Views: 393063 Computerphile
THEY SWARMED! So Many Advanced Artificial Intelligence Threats! - Generation Zero Gameplay Part 2
Welcome to Generation Zero. THEY SWARMED! So Many Advanced Artificial Intelligence Threats! - Generation Zero Gameplay Part 2 ►Help Me Reach 500K Subs - http://bit.ly/1Yd42D6 ►Never miss a video! Enable ‘ALL’ Notifications! #GenerationZero #GenerationZeroGameplay #Entak ========== Game Overview: Explore a vast open world, rendered with the award-winning Apex engine, featuring a full day/night cycle with unpredictable weather, complex AI behavior, simulated ballistics, highly realistic acoustics and a dynamic 1980’s soundtrack. Experience an explosive game of cat and mouse set in a huge open world. In this reimagining of 1980’s Sweden, hostile machines have invaded the serene countryside, and you need to fight back while unravelling the mystery of what is really going on. By utilizing battle tested guerrilla tactics, you’ll be able to lure, cripple, or destroy enemies in intense, creative sandbox skirmishes. Go it alone, or team-up with up to three of your friends in seamless co-op multiplayer. Collaborate and combine your unique skills to take down enemies, support downed friends by reviving them, and share the loot after an enemy is defeated. All enemies are persistently simulated in the world, and roam the landscape with intent and purpose. When you manage to destroy a specific enemy component, be it armor, weapons or sensory equipment, the damage is permanent. Enemies will bear those scars until you face them again, whether that is minutes, hours or weeks later. The enemies you face in Generation Zero come in many sizes, types and variations. They are constantly challenging you in new ways using different weapons and sensory equipment. ========== Connect With Me Elsewhere: ★Discord Community: http://bit.ly/EntakDiscord ★Twitter: http://bit.ly/EntakTwitter ★Facebook: http://bit.ly/EntakFB
Views: 4471 eNtaK
Artificial Intelligence for Games
For the module Subjects in Computer Science Presented by Dr. Tommy Thompson
Views: 3829 [email protected]
AI Evolved - artificial intelligence for games
AI-Evolved is my first working version of a new system to automatically create artificial intelligence. It uses an evolutionary algorithm to evolve a neural networks that can control any kind of character. I will use this technology in my game Testank to create opponents that behave differently in every game. While the players play the game they train the AI and thus keep producing newer, stronger AI! A ranking system will rank players and AI to make sure everyone gets an interesting opponent.
Views: 10346 because why not?
Turning Fortnite into PUBG with Deep Learning (CycleGANs)
In this video I'll go over CycleGANs for Image Style Transfer and explore its application to graphics mods for games by converting Fortnite graphics into PUBG visuals. Github link: https://github.com/junyanz/pytorch-CycleGAN-and-pix2pix Music credits: ODESZA - Light (Instrumental)
Views: 15275 DeepGamingAI
AI 101 - Learning Artificial Intelligence Through Video Games
Welcome to the AI 101 series, which is focussed on introducing artificial intelligence methods through video games. Before we get started, I want to introduce you to the series and discuss some important things we need to cover, before it gets underway! This video accompanies the written piece on my website: http://aiandgames.com/ai-101-introduction/ No copyright is claimed for the game footage, images and music, to the extent that material may appear to be infringed, I assert that such alleged infringement is permissible under fair use principles in copyright laws. If you believe material has been used in an unauthorized manner, please contact me.
Views: 18465 AI and Games
Future of Video games / Artificial Intelligence
Future of Video games / Artificial Intelligence
Views: 283 PLUR
Build a Game AI - Machine Learning for Hackers #3
This video will get you up and running with your first game AI in just 10 lines of Python. The AI can theoretically learn to master any game you train it on, but has only been tested on 2D Atari games so far. The code for this video is here: https://github.com/llSourcell/Game-AI I created a Slack channel for us, sign up here: https://wizards.herokuapp.com/ Tensorflow install instructions here: https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r0.8/get_started/os_setup.html#pip-installation Gym install instructions here: https://gym.openai.com/docs Great course on the brain (I really love this course): https://www.mcb80x.org/ Original Deep Q Learner Paper: https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~vmnih/docs/dqn.pdf Lots of info on convolutional neural networks: http://cs231n.github.io/convolutional-networks/ Lots of info on reinforcement learning: http://www.nervanasys.com/demystifying-deep-reinforcement-learning/ I'm a fan of www.fomoro.com for cloud GPU computing since they are the only free-to-try cloud GPU provider I could find. Let me know if you find another! I love you guys! Thanks for watching my videos, I do it for you. I left my awesome job at Twilio and I'm doing this full time now. I recently created a Patreon page. If you like my videos, feel free to help support my effort here!: https://www.patreon.com/user?ty=h&u=3191693 Much more to come so please subscribe, like, and comment. Follow me: Twitter: https://twitter.com/sirajraval Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sirajology Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sirajraval/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sirajraval/ Signup for my newsletter for exciting updates in the field of AI: https://goo.gl/FZzJ5w
Views: 96952 Siraj Raval
Artificial Intelligence in Google's Dinosaur (English Sub)
Link for the code: https://github.com/ivanseidel/IAMDinosaur This is a project made for my university, using a Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm to teach Google's dinosaur from Chrome to jump cactus without dying so easily. All the implementation was using Node.js, and the game was not modified to allow interaction with the game, instead, I used pixel readings and virtual key presses from Node.js. Presentation: I normally use Apple's Keynote to make presentations and record it livelly with my screen. Music: It's my own composition and improvisation. Link: https://soundcloud.com/ivan-seidel/at-night-with-headphones
Views: 1151699 Ivan Seidel
Learn English with AI games | Canguro English
Studying a language should be FUN. I'll show you how you can learn and practice new vocabulary and improve your speaking using the power of computer games, apps, and artificial intelligence. All for FREE! See you in class! ***** Play Semantris here: https://research.google.com/semantris/ ***** Download the Gweek app here: https://gweekspeech.com/ ***** Official Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/canguroenglish Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/canguroenglish Podcast: https://www.soundcloud.com/canguroenglish ***** Become a patron and sponsor free English education here: https://www.patreon.com/canguroenglish ***** Buy official Canguro English merchandise here: https://www.redbubble.com/people/canguroenglish
Views: 7815 Canguro English
Less is More: Designing Awesome AI for Games
In this GDC 2015 talk, Radial Games' Kimberly Voll shows how to build AI that aren't necessarily brilliant, but are certainly believable, in order to convince players that the world they're playing in is inhabited by compelling characters. GDC talks cover a range of developmental topics including game design, programming, audio, visual arts, business management, production, online games, and much more. We post a fresh GDC video every weekday. Subscribe to the channel to stay on top of regular updates, and check out GDC Vault for thousands of more in-depth talks from our archives. Follow us on Twitter https://twitter.com/Official_GDC Check out our Facebook page for GDC exclusives https://www.facebook.com/GameDevelopersConference Visit our site: http://ubm.io/2ctNvqZ
Views: 43231 GDC
Never thought this day would come where I was writing my own Machine Learning Neural Network Projects... prepare to have SOME FUN! PATREON: https://www.patreon.com/Jabrils SUBSCRIBE FOR MORE SEFD SCIENCE: http://sefdstuff.com/science Table Of Contents ----- 0:00 - Intro 0:10 - My AI Story 1:58 - Starting point 2:16 - Introducing Forrest 2:35 - Discovering Forrest's Problem 3:20 - How the joystick works 3:59 - Exploring our A.I. options 4:47 - Monster Boss Battle Course 4:53 - Recap on whats going on 5:40 - Setting up our inputs 6:30 - Our Neural Network structure & how it works 8:11 - Inputting our Neural Network into Forrest 8:56 - Conclusion Please follow me on social networks: twitter: http://sefdstuff.com/twitter instagram: http://sefdstuff.com/insta reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/SEFDStuff/ facebook: http://sefdstuff.com/faceb Music ----- Coming soon REMEMBER TO ALWAYS FEED YOUR CURIOSITY #AI #MachineLearning #gamedev
Views: 632211 Jabrils
Leela Chess newest network is pushing new conceptual boundaries
Kingscrusher checks out the Leela Test 30 network - Leela Chess newest network is pushing new conceptual boundaries from the evidence of this game. An early dislocating pawn on d6 as prelude to opening up the h file and then a knight sacrifice with nh4-f5 makes way for the Queen to attack on the h-file. ♚Donating via Paypal: https://goo.gl/7HJcDq ♚Play at: https://www.chessworld.net/chessclubs/asplogin.asp?from=1053 Game quality tags: amazing, awesome, astonishing, brilliant, classic, crushing, dynamic, elegant, exceptional, excellent, exciting, fabulous, famous, fantastic, finest, flashy, greatest, important, impressive, incredible, instructive, interesting, magnificent, marvellous, memorable, mind-blowing, must see, outrageous, remarkable, scintillating, sparkling, stunning, superb, thrilling, top, unbelievable, wonderful Info about Leela Zero: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_Zero ... Leela Zero is a free and open-source computer Go software released on 25 October 2017. It is developed by Belgian programmer Gian-Carlo Pascutto,[1][2][3] the author of chess engine Sjeng and Go engine Leela.[4][5] Leela Zero's algorithm is based on DeepMind's 2017 paper about AlphaGo Zero.[3][6] Unlike the original Leela, which has a lot of human knowledge and heuristics programmed into it, Leela Zero only knows the basic rules and nothing more.[7] Leela Zero is trained by a distributed effort, which is coordinated at the Leela Zero website. Members of the community provide computing resources by running the client, which generates self-play games and submits them to the server. The self-play games are used to train newer networks. Generally, over 500 clients have connected to the server to contribute resources.[7] The community has provided high quality code contributions as well.[7] Leela Zero finished third at the BerryGenomics Cup World AI Go Tournament in Fuzhou, Fujian, China on 28 April 2018.[8] Additionally, in early 2018 the same team branched Leela Chess Zero from the same code base, also to verify the methods in the AlphaZero paper as applied to the game of chess. AlphaZero's use of Google TPUs was replaced by a crowd-sourcing infrastructure and the ability to use graphics card GPUs via the OpenCL library. Even so, it is expected to take a year of crowd-sourced training to make up for the dozen hours that AlphaZero was allowed to train for its chess match in the paper.[9] Info about Alphazero: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaZero AlphaZero is a computer program developed by the Alphabet-owned AI research company DeepMind, which uses an approach similar to AlphaGo Zero's to master not just Go, but also chess and shogi. On December 5, 2017 the DeepMind team released a preprint introducing AlphaZero, which, within 24 hours, achieved a superhuman level of play in these three games by defeating world-champion programs, Stockfish, elmo, and the 3-day version of AlphaGo Zero, in each case making use of custom tensor processing units (TPUs) that the Google programs were optimized to make use of.[1] AlphaZero was trained solely via "self-play" using 5,000 first-generation TPUs to generate the games and 64 second-generation TPUs to train the neural networks, all in parallel, with no access to opening books or endgame tables. After just four hours of training, DeepMind estimated AlphaZero was playing at a higher Elo rating than Stockfish; after 9 hours of training, the algorithm decisively defeated Stockfish 8 in a time-controlled 100-game tournament (28 wins, 0 losses, and 72 draws).[1][2][3] The trained algorithm played on a single machine with four TPUs. ... Relation to AlphaGo Zero Further information: AlphaGo Zero AlphaZero (AZ) is a more generalized variant of the AlphaGo Zero (AGZ) algorithm, and is able to play shogi and chess as well as Go. Differences between AZ and AGZ include:[1] AZ has hard-coded rules for setting search hyperparameters. The neural network is now updated continually. Go (unlike Chess) is symmetric under certain reflections and rotations; AlphaGo Zero was programmed to take advantage of these symmetries. AlphaZero is not. Chess can end in a draw unlike Go; therefore AlphaZero can take into account the possibility of a drawn game. AlphaZero vs. Stockfish and elmo ... ►If you like my chess videos please consider become a full member here at my Chessworld Site. http://www.chessworld.net/chessclubs/asplogin.asp?from=1053 #KCChess #LeelaChess #LeelaZero #NeuralNetwork #AI #chess #chessgame #chesstactics
Views: 1392 kingscrusher
Machine Learning for Flappy Bird using Neural Network & Genetic Algorithm
Read the complete tutorial about how to implement a machine learning algorithm for the Flappy Bird video game here: http://www.askforgametask.com/tutorial/machine-learning-algorithm-flappy-bird This video shows a creation of an artificial intelligence controller for the Flappy Bird game using neural networks and a genetic algorithm. The program is written in HTML5 using Phaser framework (http://phaser.io/). There is also used Synaptic Neural Network library (https://synaptic.juancazala.com/) to implement entire artificial neural network instead of making a new one from the scratch. Download source code here: https://github.com/ssusnic/Machine-Learning-Flappy-Bird ----------------------------------------------------------------- According to Arthur Samuel, machine learning is the science of getting computers to act without being explicitly programmed. It is a fine tuning process of learning that incrementally improves an initial random system. The form of machine learning implemented in this program uses a genetic algorithm to train artificial neural networks. The birds are learning how to flap optimally in order to fly safely through barriers as long as possible. The main concept is based on these 3 steps: 1. creating the initial population of 10 birds randomly 2. learning as the game is being played 3. applying natural evolution to form the next improved population ----------------------------------------------------------------- To play the game, each bird has its own neural network consisted of the next 3 layers: 1. an input layer with 2 neurons representing what a bird sees: - horizontal distance to the closest gap - height difference to the closest gap 2. a hidden layer with 6 neurons 3. an output layer with 1 neuron to perform flap if its value is greater than 0.5 ----------------------------------------------------------------- To measure the quality of birds and select the best ones, for each bird is calculated its fitness function in this way: - reward a bird by its total traveled distance - penalize a bird by its current distance to the closest gap When the entire population is dead, the fittest four birds are selected to breed a new population by using genetic algorithm operators: selection, crossover and mutation. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Visit us: http://www.askforgametask.com Like us: https://www.facebook.com/askforgametask Follow us: https://twitter.com/ssusnic Music: "Bedtime Tune" by Jay Man http://www.ourmusicbox.com
Views: 575056 Srdjan Susnic
How A Navigation Mesh Works in 3D Games | AI 101
AI and Games is a crowdfunded show and wouldn't be possible wthout the wonderful people who support it on Patreon. http://www.patreon.com/ai_and_games http://www.paypal.me/AIandGames http://www.ko-fi.com/AIandGames You can vote for new AI 101 topics on patreon now at: https://www.patreon.com/posts/21904062/ Get yourself an AI and Games t-shirt over on Teespring! https://teespring.com/stores/aiandgames You can follow AI and Games (and me) on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram: http://www.facebook.com/AIandGames http://www.twitter.com/AIandGames http://www.instagram.com/aiandgames/ http://www.twitter.com/GET_TUDA_CHOPPA -- In this first of a new series of AI 101 I take a look at navigation meshes: what they are, how they work and how some AAA games exploit them in some pretty interesting ways. Special thanks to Pauline (The Kebab Dude), Matt (DarkCnix) and Jack (Milk D Seahorse) for helping out filming footage of Tom Clancy's The Division. -- If you're interested in learning more about navigation meshes here are some links to some resources you might find useful: - Theory and Overview of Navigation Meshes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_mesh https://www.gamedev.net/articles/programming/artificial-intelligence/navigation-meshes-and-pathfinding-r4880/ https://developer.valvesoftware.com/wiki/Navigation_Meshes - Nav Meshes in Unity https://unity3d.com/learn/tutorials/topics/navigation/nav-meshes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKGq42FMV8c&list=PLokhY9fbx05dodzlBfYsKrUSVk5oVactQ - Nav Meshes in Unreal Engine 4 https://docs.unrealengine.com/en-us/Resources/ContentExamples/NavMesh/1_1 https://docs.unrealengine.com/en-us/Resources/ContentExamples/NavMesh - Recast and Detour https://github.com/recastnavigation/recastnavigation -- Games in this episode (in order of appearance): - Watchdogs - Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wildlands - Grand Theft Auto V - Tom Clancy's The Division - Assassin's Creed Unity - DOOM (2016) - Halo 3 - Far Cry Primal - Left 4 Dead - Outlast - F.E.A.R. - Metal Gear Solid V - Turok 2: Seeds of Evil - Quake III Arena - Alien: Isolation - Far Cry 4 - BioShock Infinite - Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Siege -- Soundtrack for this episode is "Debug_at_Your_Own_Leisure" by TeknoAxe under the terms of a Creative Commons 4.0 license. https://www.patreon.com/teknoaxe https://www.youtube.com/user/teknoaxe #gamedev #AI #navmesh #R6Siege
Views: 6335 AI and Games


Hexane is derived from petroleum.

It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a mild, gasoline-like odor.

It's in food.

Hexane is a human neurotoxic and narcotic agent.

It can simultaneously affect multiple nerves throughout the entire body (polyneuropathy).

Nerve biopsies in affected individuals show swelling of the nerve and thinning of the myelin sheath.

This has been observed at chronic exposure as low as 400 ppm in air.

Motor weakness and difficulties with vision may commence at much lower exposures.

Other effects associated with hexane toxicity include

  • Irritability

  • Confusion

  • Fatigue

  • Listlessness

  • Irritation to skin, eyes, lungs

  • Hair loss

  • Impotence

  • Reproductive system damage

  • Birth defects

  • Heart damage

  • Brain damage

Inhalation exposure limits are currently

OSHA PEL 500 ppm up to 8 hours (time weighted average, TWA)
NIOSH REL 50 ppm up to 10-hour work day and 40-hour work week
NIOSH IDLH 1100 ppm immediately dangerous to life or health

Ingestion limits are currently

EPA RfD 0.06 mg/kg per day (provisional RfD)
FDA none specified

Additional baseline information can be found here, here, here, and here.

High-protein meal is produced chiefly from corn and soybean processes that utilize hexane.

The meal is fed to beef and dairy cattle, hogs, poultry and other livestock.

According to an EPA report the average concentration of hexane in soybean meal after various stages of production is

0.152 gal/ton after ‘desolventizing toaster’
0.119 gal/ton after ‘dryer’
0.097 gal/ton after ‘cooler’

Following that first stage is when it is most cost-effective to convert processed meal into pellets for livestock consumption.

To express that concentration in ppm requires a little math. The conversion factors include

3.785 L/gal converts gallons to liters
0.660 kg/L specific gravity of hexane
0.454 lb/kg converts kilograms to pounds
ton/2000 lb converts pounds to tons

Hexane in meal pellets

That's ~ 70% above the NIOSH value for workday inhalation.

However, pellets are transported and stored in closed containers from the time of processing until placed into watertight plastic bags for transportation to feeding sites.

There isn't time or place for hexane to evaporate out of the food meal — meaning the livestock eat it.

So how does 86 ppm compare to the EPA provisional RfD of 0.06 mg/kg per day? Start with

Hexane equivalent

Next, the typical beef cow lives just 2 years before slaughter.

Using statistics at this cattle info site it is possible to model how much hexane a beef cow eats daily and during its lifetime.

For simplicity, midrange weights are used and the cow's growth is assumed to be linear between development stages.
This spreadsheet lets you have exactly the same model (HexaneCow zipped Excel 12 KB) .

Note — to be conservative, an assumption is made that the cow only absorbs and metabolizes 30% of the hexane ingested.

This may be an underestimate.

Hexane strongly bonds to protein during the extraction process.

It is difficult to remove and requires heat and/or other chemical processes to fracture the bond.

Stomach acid (HCl) achieves that separation, allowing hexane to be absorbed through digestive linings.

If you download the spreadsheet you can fiddle with the parameters to see how results are affected.

Also, the RfD for cows may not be the same as for humans, but the human value will serve as a good approximation for this model.

Here are key results (rounded)

1st month calf getting exposure 60x above RfD
24th month cow getting exposure 25x above RfD
cow has ingested 490 g hexane
cow has absorbed 150 g hexane
cow has a level of 250 mg hexane per kg body weight

If an 80 kg (175 lb) person consumes 0.55 kg (0.25 lb, a "quarter pounder") of this cow's beef, the exposure will be

Hexane beef consumption

which compares to the RfD as

Hexane beef exceeds adult limit

Similarly a 25 kg (55 lb) child who eats that same amount will be exposed to 90x the RfD.

Hexane is the dominate extraction solvent for oil seeds throughout the world, including soybean and other high volume oils used for human and animal consumption.

95% of the world's corn oil is produced from corn germ obtained by wet-milling.

The corn germ is dried, then shipped to hexane extraction facilities to obtain the oil.

A "hexane-free" corn oil with a 0.05% concentration of residual hexane remains a risk:

Hexane in oil

The amount of hexane ingested with 2 tablespoons of this oil is

14.787 ml/tbsp convert tablespoons to milliliters
0.924 kg/L specific gravity of corn oil

Hexane ingested in oil

For an 80 kg person, this compares to the RfD as

Hexane oil exceeds adult limit

Similarly a 25 kg (55 lb) child who eats that same amount will be exposed to 9x the RfD.

What about synergistic toxicity with other toxic residues?

For instance the herbicide atrazine (here, here, and here) is still used heavily in corn production.

This research highlights how atrazine

  • Disrupts hormones

  • Induces breast and prostate cancer

  • Correlates with other reproductive cancers

Currently there are no studies on how hexane and atrazine interact within the body.

How many head of cattle does it take before a cattle ranch's hexane output could be considered reportable under California's Toxic Release Inventory rules?

A cattle feedlot would have to handle at least 10,000 pounds of hexane and discharge at least 500 pounds. Let's check.

In the cow model above, it is assumed that 30% of the hexane is absorbed and retained by the cow.

That means the other 70% comes out of the cow one way or another.

In the second year, the cow consumes 290 g hexane, and the 70% excreted amounts to 200 g hexane.

Hexane report cattle

In other words, 5500 cows discharge enough hexane (500 lb) to require a report.

However, using the same math equation and substituting 10,000 lb hex (the handling requirement) and 290 g hex (the amount consumed per cow) equates to 76,000 cows.

According to this report, in March 2007 there were approximately 11.7 million head of cattle in feedlots, and larger feedlots accommodate between 50,000 and 100,000 head.

So somewhere there are feedlots that would qualify as major hexane polluters under the conservative cow model used above.

By the way, 11.7 million cows would be discharging an annual total of 1,000,000 lb hexane, or 500 tons.

That is a lot of hexane whether reported or not.

Seems like it should be counted among the other toxic gases, vapors and particles emitted from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs).

There is remarkable overlap among among the symptoms of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, "mad cow disease"), Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE, "scrapie"), Alzheimer's, autism, and other progressive neurological disorders.

One especially intriguing similarity is the kind of polymorphic amyloid fibrils found in the brains of individuals damaged by these diseases.

These tangles of disruptive proteins, sometimes referred to as 'plaque', are markers for these diseases.

• Mercury can induce fibril tangles.

• Hexane can induce fibril tangles.

• Pesticides can induce fibril tangles.

• Metals and pesticides have been seen to act synergistically towards the formation of tangles.

No infectious agent (virus, bacteria, parasite) has been identified as the cause of BSE/TSE.

Much focus has been placed on the notion of 'prions' as the agent causing BSE/TSE and also vCJD.

A prion is defined as 'an abnormal form of a normal protein'.

But instead of looking at prions as the cause, it makes more sense to look at prions as the result.

The reasonable cause is chronic accumulations of hexane, mercury, and other chemicals working synergistically to cause oxidative stress, nerve degeneration, gene morphisms, misfolded or unfolded proteins, and other effects.

Interestingly, BSE/TSE does not occur in herds that are organically ranged and fed.

One reason hexane may have been overlooked as a causative agent is that it is used universally for extraction — including for research experiments.

If hexane is a causative agent, its signal will be lost or distorted when more hexane is added during laboratory set-up and analysis.

Think this is all a bit far-fetched?

Here is a grass-roots letter by an Indiana cattle-producer.

He noticed more animals got sick, had birth defects, had miscarriages, or died when eating pellet meal.

But not when they ate green grass.

He started looking for answers.

And discovered the pellets contained hexane residue.

Hexane is used in the extraction of oil from algae.

The oil is then used as an ingredient in infant formula.

There is research into non-hexane processes, but it will be years until any viable processes replace the existing hexane process for widescale production.

The capital expenditures for re-tooling will be significant and this will further slow adoption.


Hip-Hop Strong During All-Star Weekend

Although NBA All-Star Weekend

in Denver was largely a setting for rock and country music, hip-hop and R&B

artists also made their presence felt.

The weekend's events were

kicked off Friday night with the McDonald's All-Star Celebrity Game, where Nelly,

DJ Clue and Jermaine Dupri suited up and proved that the rappers wanting to

be ballers adage was still alive and well.

And while they showed rare

flashes of talent and style (Nelly, part-owner of the Charlotte Bobcats, rocked

his jersey backwards), it was R&B crooner Brian McKnight who earned MVP

honors and led his team to a 65-64 victory.

On Super Saturday,

Brandy hollered from the sideline as her fiance Quentin Richardson of the Phoenix

Suns won the Foot Locker Three-Point Shootout.

The songstress

also stuck around as Richardson's teammate Amaré Stoudemire and Atlanta

rookie Josh Smith competed in the finals of what was one of the most memorable

Slam Dunk contests in recent years.

Smith was victorious, with

a perfect score of 100, largely due to a vicious willmill dunk he threw down

while donning a throwback of Hawk's legend Dominique Wilkins.

Rap moguls P.Diddy

Combs and Jay-Z, an investor in the New Jersey Nets, grabbed front-row seats

for Sunday's main event, watching the East defeat the West, 125-115, and Allen

Iverson hoist the MVP trophy.

Performances by Ciara, Tamia

and Destiny's Child were also included in festivties.


Category Archives: research methods

Of Mice and Cheese: Research with Non-equivalent Groups

Reposting. Enjoy the review. -Dr.H

Last week’s blog focused on the strongest types of evidence that you might find when trying to solve a clinical problem. These are: #1 Systematic reviews, Meta-analyses, or Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on systematic review of RCTs; & #2 Randomized controlled trials. (For levels of evidence from strongest to weakest, see blog “I like my coffee (and my evidence) strong!”)

So after the two strongest levels of evidence what is the next strongest? #3 level is controlled trials without randomization. (Sometimes called quasi-experimental studies.)

Here’s an example of a controlled trial without randomization: I take two groups of mice and test two types of cheese to find out which one mice like best. I do NOT randomly assign the mice to groups. The experimental group #1 loved Swiss cheese, & the control group #2 refused to eat the cheddar. I assume confidently that mice LOVE Swiss cheese…

View original post 196 more words

“Please answer….” (cont.)

Filtered vs. Unfiltered: What do these terms mean?

Are we talking cigarettes?  water? coffee? other?   Yes, other.   In this case about what is sometimes called “filtered” or “unfiltered” literature in the evidence-based medicine pyramid of research evidence.  (I have more than one issue with this particular pyramid as a representation of all evidence, but for right now let’s look at filtered information & unfiltered information.  Pyramid source:  Wikimedia Commons
Filtered Unfiltered jpg

Filtered is considered stronger–meaning that we can be more confident that literature from this category better  supports cause and effect.  I agree.

Unfiltered evidence (usually single studies etc) is considered weaker–meaning that we must be more cautious about its accuracy in representing reality.  I agree.

But, “Is unfiltered information really unfiltered?”  No filtering at all? My qualified answer is, “No.”   Argue with me if you like.

My opinion: If the “unfiltered” article is a primary source, research study that has strong design and is published in a peer-review journal then it has been filtered by multiple, expert peer reviewers just to make it to publication.

Thus, when discussing filtered vs. unfiltered one should be very clear on what those terms mean and do not mean.

Critical Thinking: When filtered literature (systematic reviews & critically appraised topics & articles) has been filtered by one individual, is that superior to unfiltered literature in terms of introducing bias?  What if the “filtered” evidence is 7 years old and a primary, “unfiltered” source(s) from this year has different findings?   What is the relationship between “filtered” and “unfiltered”–after all the “unfiltered” is the pyramid base so what does that mean?

For more Info:  For peer review, the lower level filtering of single studies, consider its 1)  advantages (  and 2) its potential flaws (

Methods to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires

“Should you? Can you?”

OUT OF CONTROL (groups)! The weak link in the cause-&-effect chain

Welcome back after a bit of silence on my end!welcome[1]

In the last “Quasi-wha??” blogpost, I described 1 type of experimental design: Quasi-experimental.  To review… In quasi-experimental designs, the researcher manipulates some variable, but either 1) doesn’t randomly assign subjects to a control and experimental group OR 2) doesn’t have a control group at all.

For example, the researcher may introduce pet therapy on unit #1 and avoid pet therapy on unit #2 and then afterwards compare the anxiety levels of patients on the 2 units.  That study has a control group (unit #2), but because patients weren’t (& probably couldn’t be) randomly assigned to the units, this would be a quasi-experimental study. The control group in this pet therapy case is what researchers call a “non-equivalent control group.”   Non-equivalent means the groups are different in ways that might affect study results! [Note: For review of what constitutes a true experimental study see first part of  “Quasi-wha??” blogpost.]

WeaknessHerein lies a weak link in the cause-and-effect chain. Quasi- designs are NOT as strong as true experimental designs because something other than our treatment (in this case pet therapy) may have created any difference in outcomes (e.g., anxiety levels).  Why?   Here’s your answer.

Unit #1

In an experimental study, randomly assigning subjects to a

Unit #2

control and a separate experimental group means that all the little, variable weirdities of all subjects are equally distributed to each group.  Each group is the same mix of different types of people. This means we can assume that both groups are the exact same type of
people in regard to things that may influence study outcomes, such as attitudes, values, preferences, beliefs, anxiety level, psychology, physiology and so on.

Unit #1=Apples.        Unit #2=Oranges

In contrast, in the quasi-experimental pet therapy example above, there is probably something that caused a certain type of person to be on unit #1 and a different type to be on unit #2.  Maybe it was their diagnosis, their doctor, their type of surgery, or other.  Thus, we cannot assume that people in unit #1 and unit #2 groups are the same before pet therapy, and so any differences between them after pet therapy might have already existed.

So why do quasi-experimental studies at all?? There are great reasons!  Stay tuned for next blogpost.

Critical thinking: Check out free full-text, quasi-experiment Gough et al., (2017). Tweet for Behavior Change: Using Social Media for the Dissemination of Public Health Messages.

  1. What makes this a quasi-experimental design?  [Hint: Does it have a control group? Were subjects randomly assigned to groups?  Are both randomization & control group missing?]
  2. What might have caused the change in behavior, instead of the tweets?
  3. What contribution do you think the study makes to improving practice?

For more information on studies with non-randomized control groups see “Of Mice & Cheese”  or comment below.  Let’s talk!

So you want to do a research study…..

So you want to do a research study?   Wonderful!

Here are 5  bits of advice to get started:

  1. If you haven’t done a scientific research study before or don’t have a PhD, then realize that your project will go much more smoothly if you consult with a PhD or someone with experience.

You bring the great clinical ideas, & the experienced researcher will bring research design expertise.  The design is the overall research plan for getting and analyzing the data to answer your question or to find out how well your new ideas work.  That person resiliencewill know the technical things you need to plan into your study in order to make the study ‘sparkle’ and to get approval from human subjects review committees.  The person doesn’t have to be an expert on your topic.  You fill that role, or soon will!

  1. If you have access to a librarian who is good at helping you look for current literature, s/he is one of your Best friends in getting a project done.

Searching for on-target literature from the millions of publications out there takes some special skills.  Of course you can learn these on your own, but how much nicer to talk with a librarian about the key ideas in your project and allow them to use their special skills to help you.  As an experience researcher, I can tell you that good Heart Bookslibrarians are worth their weight in gold!  Librarians can help you find what others have learned about your topic already, and then you can build on that knowledge.  [note: check out Finding the Needles in the Haystacks: Evidence Hunting Efficiently & Effectively for more]

  1. Because it’s your first foray into research, you might want to stick with a descriptive study.

What does that mean?  It means that you will collect data about what the current situation is.  For example, you might measure the average days to return of bowels sounds on your unit, OR the number of minutes it takes to do some task, OR the interruptions of patient sleep during the night.  describeThis will help you to establish whether or not there really is a problem to be solved.  Descriptive studies are much simpler to conduct and analyze than experimental studies in which you measure something, make an improvement, and then see if the improvement improved things. For example, you would measure sleep interruptions, institute a quiet time, and then measure sleep interruptions again to see if there were fewer.  [check out “What it is.” – a primer on descriptive studies for more]

  1. Pick a topic you are really jazzed about!

jazzEvery researcher from time to time can feel ‘bogged down’ or bored with what they are doing, & one of the best protections against that is making sure you think the topic is super-interesting in the first place.  If you get a little bored or stuck later don’t be surprised; it just means you’re pretty normal.  Those stuck times might even feel like “hitting the wall” in a long race, and once you get past it things get better.   Remind yourself why you loved the topic in the first place.  Talk to your PhD friend or a mentor for encouragement.  Take a little break.  Read something really interesting about your topic.

  1. Have fun!

While not every step of the research study process will make you want to jump up, sing, and dance, the process as a whole is really rewarding and great fun.  You will be empowered by new learning—not just about your topic, but about how to do research!

Critical thinking:  What’s a topic of interest to YOU?   Write a descriptive question that you could answer with research.  (Check out You Got A Problem With That? Try PICO*for more help.)

Making research accessible

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