Hobbies And Leisure Activities Essay

Some people think that it is important to use leisure time for activities that develop the mind, such as reading and doing crossword puzzles. Others feel that it is important to give one’s mind a rest in leisure time. Discuss.

As we are human we naturally need to rest leisure time to stress of work and everyday life. In fact, every individual need to do what they want and . Personally, I prefer to be active during this time because . Moreover, people are free what they do their leisure time, and nobody can say what is the best.

Some people want to relax after their day of work. These people may prefer to relax by watching movies, reading or getting a massage. People who have a such as doctors, teachers and builders may choose these types of activities. If you are a doctor, you may feel that you want to let your body rest after work and you don’t want to do a five kilometer run after work, because you are already physically tired.

On the other hand, some people choose to be active in their leisure time because they do . For example, these people many spend all day sitting on a chair and their work. At the end of a working day, they a backache, and all of their body tired so they need to stretch their arms and improve their health by doing some activity such as going to the gym or swimming.

To sum up, the important thing is that people want to stay healthy by choosing what is best for them. In my view, the wrong way is to stay at home in your leisure time if you have a job.

This essay needs work. It has the right structure and covers the task. However there are many poorly structured sentences, many of the sentences are too simple and don’t have enough complexity, there are grammatical errors and some prepositions are use incorrectly (see comments underlined in blue). Overall, this looks like a Band 6 – 6.5 essay.

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By Dave Hood

George Bernard Shaw once said, “The only way to avoid being miserable is not to have enough leisure to wonder whether you are happy or not.” Leisure time is what a person does when not working, whether paid work, chores, or responsibilities. Leisure time is meant for relaxing, participating in pleasurable activities, pursuing goals and dreams that don’t involve work. Some people are unable or unwilling to make good use of their leisure, while others use it wisely to enjoy life, pursuing activities and interests and hobbies that provide meaning and purpose, increase happiness and well-being. Which type of person are you? Do you make good use of your leisure time or waste it? Perhaps you’d just like to make better use of your leisure.

How People Spend Their Leisure

Far too many people waste their leisure time. After a long day at work, many people spend their evenings escaping life, becoming intoxicated on booze, getting high on illegal drugs, lollygagging on the couch, watching anything that comes on television. On weekends, they live the same lifestyle.

Others sit and daydream about how life should be, and do nothing to alter their circumstances. Others feel guilty about having free time to do anything, and so they work on special projects, renovating the house, painting a bedroom, dusting the furniture, staying busy, completing some task that is work and doesn’t provide pleasure.

Some people, especially the shopaholics, spend their leisure visiting a shopping mall or high fashion boutique. They’ll purchase gadgets, clothes, shoes, accessories, other material comforts they don’t really need. Furthermore, they are often faced with credit card debt and high interest charges.

Many people use their leisure completing nonessential chores, because they don’t know how to use their leisure time in a way that will enable them to relax and feel pleasure from leisure.  If they’re not working, they feel guilty. Or they might feel that their life lacks meaning and purpose.

Most people who waste their leisure have not discovered their interests or passions. If they only took the time to discover what interests or goals they have outside of work, they’d be motivated to take steps to work on cultivating their interest and achieving pleasurable goals. Life is filled with countless fascinating experiences, such as travel, and pleasurable activities, including reading, listening to music, taking a stroll in the woods.

Those people who waste their leisure often feel burned out, stressed out, discouraged, depressed, or bored with their lives. And so, many people seek fleeting pleasures—and end up running on the “hedonic treadmill,” continually searching for new pleasure, because all pleasure dies after it is experienced. For instance, once the vacation is finished, the pleasure melts away. Once a person has an orgasm, the pleasure subsides. Once the person purchases a pair of designer blue jeans, the joy of wearing a new pair of pants dissipates—the good feeling wanes and disappears. And so, the person must find another temporary pleasure to feel good again.

Other peoples spend their leisure in activities and pursuits that add pleasure, meaning, purpose, and happiness to their lives. They join a fitness club, play baseball on a co-ed league, swing a driver off the tee on the golf course with buddies. They listen to music, such as Chopin’s Nocturne No. 2. They read a classic novel, like Catch 22 or Lolita. They attend a music concert, so they can listen to delightful music by great musicians and singers, for instance, U2. They learn to use a digital camera and compose and snap photographs of street life, or portraits, or landscape.  They play the piano or guitar or drums. They take up creative writing, and then write a novel, short stories, poetry, personal essays. They do yoga, lift weights, jog, run, and meditate. They spend time in solitude in the woods, take a bike ride on quiet streets, go fishing. They participate in a weekly game of tennis or squash or lawn bowling.  They play catch with their kids or instruct them how to slap a hockey puck with a hockey stick. They volunteer in an old age home. These people have learned how to make good use of their leisure and have experienced the benefits of leisure.

Benefits of Leisure

Perhaps you are a person who wastes your leisure, or you’d like to use it more wisely.  An awareness of the benefits of leisure might motivate you to make changes. Here are some benefits of leisure that you should consider:

  • You’ll have time to relax and recharge your energy.
  • You’ll have time to embrace your hobbies and interests and passions.
  • You’ll have the opportunity to become physically fit, which is good for your mental and physical health.
  • If you engage in hobbies and interests you enjoy, you will add meaning and a sense of purpose to your life.
  • If you make good use of your leisure time, you’ll be able to live those dreams that don’t involve work, such as becoming a writer, or a photographer, or  a painter, or whatever you dream of becoming.
  • If you involve yourself in activities or pursuits that provide “flow,” you will lose track of time and experience enjoyment. Your troubles and stresses will disappear while you are engaged in a flow activity or pursuit. Flow is also a good way to battle depression and ward off anxiety. Positive psychologists have also learned that “flow” experiences create happiness.
  • You’ll contribute to your work-life balance, which is essential for improving well-being and good health.

Making Good Use of Leisure Time

Professor, literary critic, and author William Lyon Phelps once said, “Those who decide to use leisure as a means of mental development, who love good music, good books, good pictures, good plays, good company, good conversation – what are they? They are the happiest people in the world.” A person ought to spend his or her leisure carrying out activities, interests, hobbies, as well as working on achieving  goals and dreams. The proper use of leisure adds pleasure and enjoyment to a person’s life, as well as enabling them to relax and recharge their energy after a long work week. Here are a few suggestions for making better use of leisure time:

  1. Discover your interests and hobbies. All interests and hobbies are a personal choice. Ask yourself: What do I enjoy reading? What do I like doing? What are my dreams? Then schedule time for them each week. Some people might enjoy painting, playing a musical instrument, writing in their journal. Others might enjoy playing sports, such as hockey, baseball, tennis, squash, golf.
  2. Make physical fitness part of your lifestyle. Ideally, you’ll want to work out for 30 minutes each day. Fitness has many health benefits. It will improve your strength, stamina, and flexibility. It will also reduce stress, reduce physical tension, and contribute to peace of mind. There are many ways to embrace fitness:  Join a fitness club. Take up yoga. Go for a power walk each day. Lift weights, jog, run, bike around the neighborhood. Sign up for co-ed baseball or house league hockey.  Fitness will also make you feel better, help you relax, eliminate the extra weight, give you peace of mind, improve your mental and physical health.
  3. Enroll in an interesting course, sign upfor a workshop, or escape the grind to a retreat.  Schedule time for something you have an interest or passion for, something that will provide pleasure and reward, such as creative writing, photography, painting, spirituality.
  4. Study some fascinating topic on your own. Baseball. Travel. Art. History. Whatever is of interest to you. Ask yourself: What would I like to learn?
  5. Spend time relaxing on a daily basis. How you decide to relax is a personal choice. Many people unwind by listening to pop, rock, classical, or jazz on their stereo or portable music player. Others enjoy reading a good book of fiction, poetry, the newspaper, essays in a quiet place. Some people enjoy time in solitude. Others have discovered the joys of creativity, and so they write, paint, take photographs, play the guitar. Some people sit and do nothing. Others take a nap. Many people embrace meditation and yoga.
  6. Consider volunteer work. It will help you transcend your “self,” and enable you to feel that you are contributing to a cause greater than yourself. The right volunteer work will also add a sense of purpose and meaning to your life. Find some sort of volunteer work you enjoy.
  7. Explore popular culture.  There are many ways. Make time to see a good film, a movie that has received a good review. Take a walk through the art gallery and study the paintings and sculptures and installations. Attend a rock concert or symphony. Watch and listen to a stand-up comic at a comedy club.  Attend the festival for the arts. See a theatre production. Purchase tickets to cheer for your favorite hockey, baseball, foot ball team.
  8. Spend time in solitude. You might close the door and sit in a quite space in your home. You might take a stroll in the woods or go for a solitary bike ride along some quiet streets. Spending time by yourself in solitude will allow you to reflect on your life, set personal goals, remind yourself of the dreams you have, and help you unwind and relax.
  9. Schedule time for watching television. Don’t just watch any type of television. Instead focus on what you feel is pleasurable, enjoyable, informative, and important. For instance, schedule time to watch a good movie, your favorite sitcom, a sporting event, documentary, the news, and so forth. The key is to make good use of your leisure time by watching—not just any programming— but television that informs, or educates, or provides enjoyment. Otherwise, you’re just wasting your leisure time.
  10. Engage in leisure activities that create “flow.”  Begin by establishing a set of goals that feel will are interesting and bring pleasurable. Then take steps to accomplish these goals. Spend your leisure time absorbed in achieving them. They key is to find something you have a strong interest and passion for. When experiencing flow, your mind will become thoroughly absorbed in the experience. You’ll also lose all track of time. Flow is enjoyable mental state, and it contributes to well-being.

Final Thoughts

Making good use of your leisure will enable you to experience pleasure, fend off melancholy, add meaning and purpose to your life, and improve your physical and mental health.

If you are not making good use of your leisure, you are either too busy working, not motivated because you don’t understand the benefits, or don’t know how to use your leisure time wisely.

To use leisure wisely, you must discover your interests, passions, hobbies, and dreams. Then schedule time when you’re not working for these pursuits. If you have a high pressure job that consumes much of your life or many distracting responsibilities, you’ll have to “make time.”

Why is leisure so important? According to positive psychologists, the wise use of leisure time will improve your well-being and happiness.

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What is Znewtech?

Rick Zhou June 11, 2017

What began is a father-son project after weeks of conversation, soon blossomed into what is now known as Znewtech: a small business with the mission of innovating add-on products to bring convenience and efficiency to households worldwide. Our first product was the Echo Dot clock stand for the users who want to simply look at a clock to tell the time instead of asking it to tell you the time (check out my second post to hear the story behind it all). It also doubles as the Echo Dot holder, making it both safe and sturdy (for people who might have children).

Combining great technology, expertise, and creativity to solve real-world problems and provide innovative products and services to our customers.
Consumer Electronics

Now, as I work on several new projects (many to hit the stores soon), I’m excited to solve seemingly insignificant inconveniences in many households through new technology and innovation.

Rick Zhou

Co-Founder of Znewtech


Brain Training Helps ADHD Sufferers to Concentrate

A brain-training program developed for children diagnosed with ADHD has shown promise in its ability to reduce inattention and help children concentrate more effectively over the long term.

A team of international scientists recently evaluated a specific piece of computer software called Cogmed, which was designed to improve "how much verbal or visual information you can temporarily remember and work with." Results of the analysis, which reviewed 11 other studies, are published at the online journal PLOS One.

Neuroscientists are currently debating how effective brain-training exercises can be in improving general qualities of the brain like attention and memory. Some argue that any cognitive improvements gained through memory games remain limited to exercises like recalling a sequence of images or digits. Cogmed also emphasized this skill:

"For example, you might be shown a string of words, and then be asked to recall them in reverse order. The program requires 35 minutes a day of training, five days a week for five weeks. It was developed for children with ADHD, but has been expanded to all people of all ages."

Common medical knowledge once held that cognitive function plateaued early in life, but more recent neurological research has found the brain remains "plastic" well into adult years. Princeton neuroscientist Sam Wang explains what is meant by neuroplasticity and how the term came about:

According to the PLOS ONE study, the Cogmed brain-training software performed at a higher rate of success than antidepressants.

"Cogmed reduced inattention by an 'effect size' of 0.47, says [Megan] Spencer-Smith. In educational interventions, an effect size of 0.25 is often treated as valuable, and many antidepressants are approved with an effect size of about 0.3."

But because such programs can be time-consuming and expensive, parents as well as medical professionals will likely await further studies that measure the performance of larger groups of people over longer amounts of time.

Read more at New Scientist.

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Street art - vandalismus nebo umění?

Master thesis Czech RESTRICTED
Grabmüllerová, Eva (2012)

The diploma thesis ‚Street Art - Vandalism or Art?' deals with a world-wide phenomenon of contemporary art. The thesis focuses on the characterization of street art and history of street art (its origin and development) and analyzes the difference between street art and graffiti. The thesis presents street art techniques as well as notable street artists. The thesis also observes street art scene in the Czech Republic and depicts features that street art has in common with other art movements of the 20th century as well as with advertising. The diploma thesis will try to answer the question whether street art belongs to art or is pure vandalism. Keywords Street art, graffiti, Banksy, Blek le Rat, Shepard Fairey, vandalism, advertising, art of the 20th century, modern and contemporary art
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"Understanding Barriers To Our Own Thinking" – Coursework Example

Understanding Barriers to Our Own Thinking Affiliation Should abortion be a legal option? This question is dividing Americans. The Pros claim that is should be the choice of a woman. They claim that the religion as well as the government should not limit this right. This comes above the fetus’ rights. Their claim is that if this is not provided for legally, then the outcome will be illegal abortions that are not safe. Another claim of the pros is that life begins after birth. This is because a fetus is dependent on the mother to live (Pro Con. Org, 2014).
The Cons claim that life starts at conception hence the fetus is a human being with every right to live. “Abortion is murder.” they claim. Another one of their claims is abortion’s brutality in the in the fact that it does inflict suffering on the fetus. According to them, it is not fair that that some choose to kill while others cannot have. Killing is against religious teachings. Abortion also makes young women whom go through it suffer from depression hence at risk (Pro Con. Org, 2014).
It is better that abortion is not legalized. This is because of the fact that no one wants to die. People spent a lot in food, health and other important needs just because they do not want to die. This is good reason that no right should be above the right of life. No one should be denied to live. However, it is difficult to decide between these arguments since both arguments are strongly supported. For a decision to be made on this matter, both two sides have to be carefully considered. It is difficult to determine to give the right to abortion which could mean killing, or to deny it and cause more death through unsafe illegal abortions. The most other difficult thing to determine is when life begins or when fetus can feel pain.
Pro Con. Org. (2014). Abortion. Pros and Cons , 1.


Daily Tech Digest - March 09, 2017

The technologies stand to have a transformational impact on the way processes are carried out in the financial services, education, manufacturing, healthcare, retail and agriculture industries, to name a few – if organisations in these sectors can access it. “As technology reaches more people, its impact becomes more profound. This is why the next step for AI must be democratisation, by lowering the barriers to entry and making it available to the largest possible community of developers, users and enterprises,” she said. “It requires rare expertise and resources few companies can afford on their own. This is why cloud is the ideal platform for AI.” Particularly, said Fei-Fei Li, when it comes to drawing on the global reach of the Google Cloud Platform to put AI technologies in the hands of everyday users all over the world.

Say hello to the Robo-bankers: how AI is affecting banking and finance

“The development in the basic technologies, from computer processing and data storage to communication, is allowing more sophisticated technology to advance,” says Marcos Monteiro, CEO of Veezoo and participant in the inaugural Kickstart Accelerator based in Zurich. “So we have AI now able to process all this data and come up with better predictions – giving companies more data and more information.” “Companies have a lot of data but they still find it very difficult to get the information that they need. Our goal is to democratise data inside a company and make it easier for everybody to get the information they need to work.” ... When speaking at the recent RegTech Futures summit in Amsterdam, Sybenetix’s R&D president, Paul Young, advised companies to treat AI as a specialist team member: “A supervised AI approach combined with expert domain knowledge is the key to supporting people, not replacing them.”

GE Favors SaaS For Non-Differentiated Apps, Has Big Plans For IoT

The Disconnected Digital World

Ironically, the continuous stream of digital information itself can create a dissociative effect. Digital feeds such as social media, email, enterprise messaging and collaborative communities inundate individuals to the point where they become info-blind. People are unable to recognize the important slivers of information within the digital landscape before them. How many helpful informational messages are sent in your organization each day, week and month? Are personnel now in the habit of simply filing these away or deleting them before absorbing what may be an important security item? In the same way that startups and DevOps talk about the minimum viable product (MVP), as described in “The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses,” by Eric Ries, perhaps we need something akin to a minimum viable digital insight for security.

Securing DNS against threats from the Internet of Things

The simplicity with which DDoS attacks can be generated using DNS infrastructure is what makes them so concerning. After taking control of a system, hackers will use a spoof IP address of their target to send queries to named servers across the internet which, in turn, will send back responses. The attacker is able to amplify the query to return the largest possible response, often by employing a botnet of thousands of computers or, in the examples above, connected devices, to incapacitate the target. However, the responsibility for these attacks needn’t always lay with the owners of the connected devices. It isn’t always clear whether a particular device is vulnerable. The name on the label isn’t always the name of the manufacturer, for example, and these manufacturers tend not to make it easy – or in some cases, possible – to change the passwords on these devices.

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Security-Enhanced Linux is an advanced access control mechanism built into most modern Linux distributions. With Security-Enhanced Linux in place, administrators use policies to better manage security. But these policies are key to not only the security of a system, but to its functionality. For example, Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) allows applications to query a policy; admins to control process initialization, inheritance and program execution; and admins to manage files, file systems, directories, sockets, open file descriptors, messaging interfaces and network interfaces. It also allows for in-place policy changes -- the ability to alter SELinux policies without rebooting the system. SELinux works by implementing mandatory access control (MAC) on top of discretionary access control (DAC) to protect systems from intrusion.

Open Rights Group calls for control of spies’ use of zero-days

“While targeted surveillance is a legitimate aim, we need to know that government regulation of this area is sufficient,” said Open Rights Group campaigner Ed Johnson-Williams “From what we learnt during the passage of the Investigatory Powers Act, it appears that the ‘creation’ of techniques is not really regulated at all,” he wrote in a blog post. The leaked CIA documents indicate that US intelligence agencies are working with the UK to stockpile vulnerabilities that can be used on Microsoft Windows, Mac and Linux computers ,as well as iOS and Android smartphones and smart TVs. In the light of the fact that many of the vulnerabilities disclosed came from UK intelligence agencies, Johnson-Williams said the UK government has serious questions to answer

A pragmatic approach to master data management

Hackers Exploit Apache Struts Vulnerability To Compromise Corporate Web Servers

On Monday, the Apache Struts developers fixed a high-impact vulnerability in the framework's Jakarta Multipart parser. Hours later, an exploit for the flaw appeared on Chinese-language websites and this was almost immediately followed by real-world attacks, according to researchers from Cisco Systems. The vulnerability is very easy to exploit and allows attackers to execute system commands with the privileges of the user running the web server process. If the web server is configured to run as root, the system is completely compromised, but executing code as a lower-privileged user is also a serious security threat. What's even worse is that the Java web application doesn't even need to implement file upload functionality via the Jakarta Multipart parser in order to be vulnerable.

How to start building your next-generation operating model

Technology is a core element of any next-generation operating model, and it needs to support a much faster and more flexible deployment of products and services. However, companies often have trouble understanding how to implement these new technologies alongside legacy systems or are hampered by outdated systems that move far too slowly. To address these issues, leaders are building modular architecture that supports flexible and reusable technologies. Business-process management (BPM) tools and externally facing channels, for example, can be shared across many if not all customer journeys. Leading technology teams collaborate with business leaders to assess which systems need to move faster. This understanding helps institutions decide how to architect their technology

Quote for the day:

“Let no feeling of discouragement prey upon you, and in the end you are sure to succeed.” -- Abraham Lincoln


East European Journal of Physics 2018-11-14T14:42:12+02:00 Serhii Hirnyk Open Journal Systems
International peer-reviewed journal devoted to experimental and theoretical research on the nuclear physics, cosmic rays and particles, high-energy physics, solid state physics, plasma physics and controlled thermonuclear fusion, physics of charged particle beams, plasma electronics, radiation materials science, physics of thin films, condensed matter physics, functional materials and coatings, technical thermophysics and industrial power, medical physics and physical technologies in an interdisciplinary context.

East European Journal of Physics has been selected for coverage in Clarivate Analytics products and services. Beginning with 2017 it will be indexed and abstracted in: "Emerging Sources Citation Index"(ESCI).
 ON DESCRIPTION OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALS IN THE APPROXIMATION OF AN ISOTROPIC MEDIUM. THE TWO-PARAMETRIC DEBYE MODEL 2018-11-14T14:42:12+02:00 Yurii M. Poluektov
When analyzing thermodynamic and kinetic properties of crystals whose anisotropy is not large and the considered effects do not relate to the existence of singled-out directions in crystals, one may use a more simple model of an isotropic medium with a good accuracy, after having chosen its parameters in an optimal way. Based on the quantum mechanical description it is shown that the method of approximation of the moduli of elasticity of a crystal by the model of an isotropic medium, proposed earlier in [2], follows from the requirement of the minimal difference between the free energies of a crystal and an approximating isotropic medium. The two-parametric Debye model is formulated, which, in contrast to the standard model where the average speed of phonons is introduced, takes into account the existence in an isotropic medium of both longitudinal and transverse phonons. The proposed model contains, except the Debye energy, an additional dimensionless parameter and, consequently, the law of corresponding states for the heat capacity being characteristic of the standard model does not hold. With taking account of the two phonon branches the structure of the density of phonon states proves to be more complex as compared to the standard model and has a singularity that resembles Van Hove singularities in real crystals. As an example, an application of the two-parametric Debye theory to such crystals of the cubic system as tungsten, copper, lead is considered. It is shown that the calculation of the low-temperature heat capacity of these crystals by means of the approximated moduli of elasticity within the framework of the two-parametric model leads to a considerably better agreement with experiment than in the case of the standard Debye model.
 2018-09-23T00:00:00+03:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## LONGITUDINAL-FLEXURAL SELF-SUSTAINED VIBRATIONS OF NANOTUBE CONVEYING FLUID 2018-10-31T18:23:45+02:00 Konstantin Avramov
Beam model of geometrical nonlinear longitudinal-flexural self-sustained vibrations of nanotube conveying fluid is obtained with account of nonlocal elasticity. The Euler-Bernoulli hypotheses are the basis of this model. The geometrical nonlinear deformations are described by nonlinear relations between strains and displacements. It is assumed, that the amplitudes of the longitudinal and bending vibrations are commensurable. Using variational methods of mechanics, the system of two nonlinear partial differential equations is derived to describe the nanotube self-sustained vibrations. The Galerkin method is applied to obtain the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The harmonic balanced method is used to analyze the monoharmonic vibrations. Then the analysis of the self-sustained vibrations is reduced to the system of the nonlinear algebraic equations with respect to the vibrations amplitudes. The Newton method is used to solve this system of nonlinear algebraic equations. As a result of the simulations, it is determined that the stable self-sustained vibrations originate in the Hopf bifurcation due to stability loss of the trivial equilibrium. These stable vibrations are analyzed, when the fluid velocity is changed. The results of the self- sustained vibrations analysis are shown on the bifurcation diagram. The infinite sequence of the period-doubling bifurcations of the monoharmonic vibrations is observed. The chaotic motions take place after these bifurcations. As a result of the numerical simulations it is determined, that the amplitudes of the longitudinal and flexural vibrations are commensurable.
 2018-09-24T12:23:14+03:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## ABOUT THE INFORMATIVE PARAMETERS OF MICHELSON INTERFEROMETERS WITH THE DIVISION OF AMPLITUDE AND THE WAVE FRONT 2018-09-27T13:34:28+03:00 Volodymyr M. Svishch
At consideration of the theory of the Michelson’s experiment and conducting experiments on its scheme of dividing the amplitude of the light flux as an informative parameter, the difference  in the lengths of the paths of the transverse and longitudinal rays of the light flux is used by measuring the shift of the interference pattern of the transverse and longitudinal rays. The significance of the other circuit parameters in determining the influence of the Earth's speed with the help of Michelson interferometers was not considered. The analysis of the parameters of the schemes of Michelson interferometers with the division of both the wave front amplitude and its wave front in the reference system associated with the interferometer is carried out in order to determine the influence of the interferometer speed on them. As a result of the analysis of the scheme with the division of amplitude, a linear dependence of the changes in frequency, the width of the reflected rays on the ratio    of the device speed to the speed of light in interferometers. In the Michelson interferometer scheme with wave front division, the difference  of paths length and the ray deflection angles are linearly dependent on the ratio of the device speed to the speed of light .These additional dependences are determined by the collinearity of the reflected rays and the speed of the observer's movement, in contrast to their perpendicularity in the interferometer with the division of the wave front amplitude. As a result of the comparison of the parameters in the reference system associated with the interferometer, it is concluded from their significance that the use of frequency changes, the width of the reflected rays in the interferometer with amplitude division, and the wave front interferometer, the difference in the path lengths  of the rays, frequency, angle of deflection and the width of the reflected rays is preferable.
 2018-09-24T00:00:00+03:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## STRUCTURE AND PHASE COMPOSITION OF W-Si MULTILAYER X-RAY MIRRORS 2018-09-27T13:26:16+03:00 Yuriy P. Pershyn Irina G. Shipkova Oleksandr Yu. Devizenko Valentine V. Mamon Vitalii S. Chumak Valeriy V. Kondratenko
X-ray diffractometry in a hard region (l~0.154 nm) was used to study the phase structure, composition and construction of W/Si multilayer X-ray mirrors (MXMs) with thicknesses of tW<10 nm for tungsten layers obtained by direct-current magnetron sputtering. Two series of samples were fabricated with different tungsten deposition rates, which differ approximately by a factor of 4: ~0.60 nm/s and ~0.15 nm/s. It is shown that tungsten layers have a polycrystalline (BCC) structure at thicknesses tW>2.7 nm, and at tW<1.9 nm they are amorphous. Using the sin2Y-method, it was found that in thin crystalline layers of tungsten (tW<10 nm), more than 3 at.% Si can be contained. Tensile stresses in the layers of crystalline tungsten do not exceed 1.1 GPa. The construction of the radial distribution functions of atoms made it possible to establish that amorphous layers of tungsten have an arrangement of atoms close to b-W. In all samples, formation of silicide interlayers is observed at the interfaces, as a result of which the actual thickness of the tungsten layers is less than the nominal one. Amorphous silicide layers, necessarily formed at the stage of MXM manufacturing, contain tungsten disilicide. Depending on the deposition rate, disilicide can have an arrangement of atoms close to either the tetragonal phase, t-WSi2 (~0.6 nm/s), or to the hexagonal phase, h-WSi2 (~0.15 nm/s). An improved model for the construction of amorphous W/Si MXMs is presented. Mechanisms for the formation of silicide layers are proposed, according to which the bottom silicide interlayers (W-on-Si) are formed mainly by ballistic mixing of tungsten and silicon atoms, and the top ones due to diffusion inermixing. The interdiffusion coefficients were estimated, which made it possible to establish that the deposited surface of the layers can be heated at least 250° above the substrate temperature. The ways of reducing the interface interaction are suggested.
 2018-09-21T00:00:00+03:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## SCINTILLATION MONOCRYSTALS OF KDP:Tl AND KDP:Ce DOPED BY THALLIUM AND CERIUM FOR SELECTIVE DETECTION OF FAST NEUTRONS 2018-10-03T12:45:32+03:00 Aleksei P. Voronov Sergei V. Naydenov Igor M. Pritula Gennadiy M. Onyshchenko Aleksandr F. Shchus’ Ivan I. Yakymenko
This research is going to explain the fast neutrons and gamma radiation registration by the new inorganic single crystals of the KDP (Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphat) group that was grown from the water solutions and activated by the thallium Tl+ or cerium Ce3+. The appearance of the luminescence upon KDP:Tl crystals irradiation with the fast neutrons is explained by secondary ionizing radiation (recoil protons and oxygen recoil nuclei) with excitation of the activator under ionization losses for inhibition. Also the recombination mechanism with the radiation defects of the hydrogen sublattice going to transmit electron excitations to the region of the Tl+ luminescence center. In the KDP:Ce crystals the excitation mechanism of the activator has a similar character, but the luminescence itself is due to the 5d ® 4f transition in Ce3+ ions. The detection efficiency for activated KDP:Tl and KDP:Ce crystals to the fast neutrons in comparisons with organic (plastic) scintillators were calculated theoretically and experimentally. For the crystal volume about 10x10x10 mm3 with the optimal activator concentration the fast neutron detection efficiency under irradiation of 239Pu-Be is 12% for KDP:Tl and 16% for KDP:Ce, which is in a consistent with the theoretical calculation and is not lower according to the parameters of typical organic scintillators. A high natural selectivity of the KDP scintillators to the fast neutrons due to their low sensitivity to gamma radiation was detected. Herewith the internal discrimination of n/γ signals (the ratio of detection efficiencies for the fast neutrons and gamma quants) for activated KDP crystals is 7-8 times higher than of regular plastic scintillators.
 2018-09-24T00:00:00+03:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYIMIDE FILMS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LABORATORY-SIMULATED SPACE FACTORS 2018-09-27T13:26:36+03:00 Victory A. Lototskaya Leonid F. Yakovenko EEJP@KARAZIN.UA Evgeniy N. Aleksenko EEJP@KARAZIN.UA V. A. Velichko Ivan P. Zaritskiy Vyacheslav V. Abraimov Wen Zhu Shao Liu Hai
In work the mechanical properties of polyimide films analogue kapton-H (manufactures of the People's Republic of China) by thickness 75 microns are studied in conditions of uniaxial stretching at temperature 293 K after influence of space factors - a separate and joint irradiation by protons and electrons with energy Е=160 keV and fluence (the total flow of particles with incident on the samples) F=1016 cm-2. The limit of the forced elasticity, the ultimate strength, the total strain before fracture and the contributions to the total deformation related to the elastic deformation occurring in the linear stage, the total forced elastic and irreversible deformation that contribute to the overall deformation of the samples at the nonlinear stage are determined. The total forced elastic deformation consists of a highly elastic deformation, reversible at the test temperature, and delayed elastic deformation. After exposure to irradiation, an increase in the limit of the forced elasticity of the films by 5-11%, a decrease in the ultimate strength by 10-14%, and a reduction in the total deformation by 20-28% were found. The maximum change in all mechanical characteristics occurs under the influence of proton irradiation. It is established that the decrease in the total deformation of irradiated films is mainly due to a 80% reduction in the contribution of irreversible deformation. The contribution of the total forced elastic deformation of the polyimide film practically does not change after irradiation, which has important scientific and applied significance.
 2018-09-25T00:00:00+03:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## ELECTROLYTIC PLASMA POLISHING OF COPPER 2018-09-27T13:26:46+03:00 Oleksii V. Mihal Oleksandr V. Moroz Roman I. Starovoytov I. V. Buriak
Modern industrial technological processes require special preparation of metal surfaces. Currently, there are different methods of surface treatment of metal. Among them, it is possible to distinguish the method of electrolytic-plasma polishing (PEP– plasma electrolytic polishing) is distinguished as an innovative, due to its ecological properties, low energy consumption per unit of surface to be processed, high speed of modification and the possibility of processing parts of complex geometric shape. The main advantage of this method of surface modification is its ecological purity, which makes it possible to apply this technology to the food and pharmaceutical industry.  Despite the large number of journal publications, electrolytic plasma polishing remains an innovative surface modification method that needs to be thoroughly studied in order to improve understanding of physical processes and optimize the surface modification process.  The process of obtaining electrolytic plasma polishing of copper products in a solution of ammonium sulfate with the addition of sulfuric acid is considered in the paper. The experiment was divided into two stages. At first, the samples were treated for 600 seconds each for the obtain of temperature characteristics, with a strong correlation between the load current and the electrolyte temperature was observed. Dependence of the current on the temperature of the electrolyte showed four different modes of treatment. One of the modes showed the best results. During the second series of experiments, the processing of objects from 30 to 600 seconds. As a result of the conducted studies, optimal regimes for polishing copper objects were obtained.
 2018-09-25T00:00:00+03:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## SM-CO BASED MAGNETIC SYSTEM FOR 10 MEV TECHNOLOGICAL ELECTRON ACCELERATOR LU-10M 2018-09-27T13:26:54+03:00 Vira A. Bovda Aleksandr M. Bovda Ivan S. Guk EEJP@KARAZIN.UA S. G. Kononenko V. N. Lyashchenko A. O. Mytsykov L. V. Onischenko
Rare-earth permanent magnets are widely used in the accelerators of charged particles. However, the magnetic performance under irradiation remains a key issue for the most high energy applications such as accelerators with the energy up to 10 MeV. The aim of the work was to assess radiation and magnetic stability of Sm-Co and Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets under the direct electron irradiation with the energy of 10 MeV and bremsstrahlung. Sm-Co and Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets were produced by powder metallurgy method including PLP for the latter. The absorbed dose imposed by electron beam was 16 Grad (the total flux of electron per 1 cm2 was 1.4х1017) and 160 Grad. The radiation activity of both Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Co magnets was within the acceptable limits after the irradiation. This makes rare-earth magnetic materials suitable for such applications. In order to avoid overheating during electron irradiation, magnets were cooled with the water (T=38 °С). In order to estimate the changes in magnetic flux, the integral of the 3D interpolation normal component of magnetic flux was used. Calculated S parameter measured in arbitrary units was chosen as integrated z-component of magnetic flux. It was shown that magnetic flux of Nd-Fe-B magnets became 0.92 and 0.717 of initial values for 16 Grad and 160 Grad correspondingly, but the magnetic flux of Sm-Co magnets had no change to the same absorbed doses. Thus, Sm-Co magnets were chosen for simulating and designing magnetic system for electron beam analysis of a technological accelerator with energy up to 10 MeV. The distance between the poles of the magnet was 25.25 mm. The highest magnetic field inside the magnetic system was 0.3110 T. The effective distance was 33.53 mm. The measured parameters of the magnetic system based on Sm-Co magnets agreed with the simulation experiment. Magnetic system can also be used to adjust the accelerator in the energy range up to 10 MeV.
 2018-09-27T00:00:00+03:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## DETERMINATION OF THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES OF BINARY METAL SYSTEMS WITH LOW SOLUBILITY OF COMPONENTS IN THE SOLID α-PHASE 2018-09-27T13:27:05+03:00 Alexey P. Shcherban Olga A. Datsenko
The method for determining the thermodynamic quantities: the partial enthalpy of dissolution , the activity coefficients  and activities  of the second component B in binary metallic systems with low solubility in the solid α-phase has been proposed. The algorithm for determining the above values is a sequence of preliminary calculations of the limiting and equilibrium distribution coefficients and construction of saturated solid solution lines for such systems with low solubility of the second component. Preliminarily obtained data are necessary for determining the partial enthalpy of dissolution and other quantities in the systems under study. Such a sequence of calculations is the proposed method for determining the thermodynamic parameters of dissolution.  The values and temperature dependences of the dissolution enthalpy of component having a low solubility for such systems as Cd-Na, Cd-Tl, Te-Ga, Te-As, Te-Cu, Zn-Sn, as well as the activity coefficients  and the activities  of the second component in the saturating α-phase in these systems were determined. An analysis of obtained results on the enthalpy of dissolution shows that a change in the partial enthalpy with a change in the dissolution temperature is observed. When the temperature decreases from the melting point of the pure main component to the eutectic temperature, an increase in the partial enthalpies of dissolution of the second component is observed for studied systems. The Te-Ga system is characterized by a negative value . A negative value indicates an exothermic process of gallium dissolution in tellurium, in contrast to other systems in which the dissolution of the second component occurs with heat absorption. Analyzing the enthalpy of dissolution in the systems under study, it should be noted that the low values of  < 2000 J/mol are characterized by the systems Cd-Na and Te-Ga. For systems Te-Cu, Te-As, Te-Tl, Zn-Sn  > 15000 J/mol. Systems with a value  > 15000 J/mol reveal a tendency to the occurrence of retrograde solubility in them. The difference in values  is found to be more than two orders of magnitude for different systems.
 2018-09-27T00:00:00+03:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## It's worth remembering: "This Never Was Not in the USSR". - Ukraine, Kharkov, UFTI (Continuation: Beginning at No. 1 (2018)) 2018-11-13T13:58:42+02:00 Alla Tan'shyna
The 100th anniversary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the 90th anniversary of the UFTI - NSC "KHPTI". Dedicated to the bright memory of Academician I. Obreimov, the Director-organizer of the UFI
 2018-09-27T00:00:00+03:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement##


New Horizons: Pluto may have flowing glaciers

Last updated at 07:09
Pluto backlit by the SunNASA/JHU-APL/SWRI
New Horizons has sped past Pluto and is continuing to image the dwarf planet to study its atmosphere backlit by the Sun

Pluto appears to have flowing glaciers of nitrogen ice, the latest pictures from the New Horizons probe suggest.

Scientists believe they see evidence of surface material having flowed around mountains and even gathering in craters.

The activity is certainly recent, they say, and could even be happening right now.

The mission team say that it has received only 4-5% of the data gathered during 14 July's historic flyby of the dwarf planet, so there's a lot more to discover.

Sputnik PlanumNASA/jhu-apl/swri

What is a glacier?


FDA Denies Approval for New Antibiotic Solithromycin

Roni Shye
Posted on

Manufacturers have to go through a rigorous process to get approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Typically, drugs have to pass through four successful phases of clinical trials and manufacturers have to submit a New Drug Application (NDA) in order to get FDA approval. You hear about new drugs being approved all the time, but occasionally a drug gets denied.

Recently, the FDA denied the New Drug Application (NDA) from Cempra Pharmaceuticals for their new antibiotic, solithromycin.

What is a new drug application (NDA)?

A new drug application (NDA) is the way that manufacturers apply for drug approval from the FDA. This application is supposed to tell the drug’s whole story, including what happened during the clinical tests, what the ingredients of the drug are, the results of the animal studies, how the drug behaves in the body, and how it is manufactured, processed, and packaged.

The FDA tends to look at three key points when deciding if they are going to accept a drug’s NDA:

  1. Whether the drug is safe and effective, and whether the benefits outweigh the risks.
  2. Whether the drug’s proposed labeling (package insert) is appropriate and descriptive.
  3. Whether the methods used in manufacturing the drug, and the protocol used to maintain the drug’s quality, are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality, and purity.

Why was the NDA for solithromycin denied by the FDA?

The FDA decided to deny the new drug application for solithromycin for a few reasons. For one, the FDA asked for more clinical safety information about the toxicity of the drug, and the possible negative hepatic adverse effects. The FDA has requested that Cempra Pharmaceuticals complete a larger comparative study of at least 9,000 patients to more closely evaluate the potential for liver toxicity in patients.

The FDA also noted that the facilities in which solithromycin will be manufactured had some deficiencies. The manufacturer must resolve these deficiencies in these two manufacturing plants in order to get approval.

Keep in mind that this doesn’t necessarily mean that solithromycin won’t get approved in the future. It just means that the FDA wants to ensure the utmost safety of the drug.

What is solithromycin indicated for?

Solithromycin is indicated for the treatment of moderate to moderately-severe community acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) and urethritis.

What phase of clinical trials was solithromycin in?

Solithromycin was in stage 3 clinical trials. Generally, a phase three clinical trial is completed to confirm a medication’s effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.

In fact, during its clinical trials, solithromycin has been shown to be effective! The FDA didn’t request any more information on the drug’s efficacy when denying the NDA.

If solithromycin gets approved, what dosage forms will it be available in?

Solithromycin will be available in oral and intravenous dosage forms with plans for an ophthalmic form in the future.

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Lukemala Creative Studio

Lukemala Creative Studio

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Providence Apartment Unit 11B

The project is located in Jl. Kalimaya around Permata Hijau Area. The apartment has four main towers from A to D with each has 33 floors. Providence Apartment is an uplcass high rise residential that each unit has at least 250m square with 3 main bedrooms and is designed to replace, if not, imitate, living in a real house. Located in the quiet residential complex and lush in green areas, the apartment itself and the environment really support the way of modern urban living.

The apartment of unit 11B was initially a short project involving only the fitting out of master bedroom and living areas. As the project progressed, the demands became increasingly complex and global, the architect turned out to design the whole unit. The design is rich in details rather than trying to be different and eccentric. The play of copper lines, marbles, and padded fabrics are the main materials for every architectural elements. The owner was very peculiar in cleanliness and meticulous in details, hence the thematic nuance is monochromatic ranging from ecru to bone but never truly white or black in contrast. The shades of white and combination of every element sparks cleanliness, crisp details, and surprisingly, a character that embodies the user.

Ukuran total
250 m² (Area)
Jakarta Selatan


the past. Recap and develop basic reading comprehension skills. Term 3 - Consolidation and exam preparation. Original post by jessrhobson are you meant to cross out sentence forms on

question 2, paper 1? Study the modern drama (Blood Brothers, An Inspector Calls, The History Boys ) in terms of plot, theme, character, language and structure. Develop comprehension skills with non-fiction texts. The skills required for each question in the terminal exams are taught holistically alongside the content of the set texts. Link the craft of writers studied to develop own descriptive techniques and write to describe. Assessment information English Language Paper 1: Explorations in Creative Reading and Writing - 1 hr 45 mins 80 marks 50 of the gcse essay Paper 2: Writers Viewpoints and Perspectives - 1 hr 45 mins 80 marks 50 of the gcse Non examination Assessment: Spoken Language: Teacher marked. During this term students will; Build skills of critical evaluation and response. It explores what is valuable in different cultures. Language - Words that show his disgust to the, apartheid Policy - 'incipient' 1 of 4, island Man. In addition, the course teaches an appreciation of literature as a personal experience, a means of recognising the finest use of language and ideas, and an insight into human behaviour. Revise short stories in harness with English Language Paper 1 skills. The course content is divided into 6 themes over the two years. Revise for 19th-century novel in harness with English Language Paper. A clash of cultures. Use images and photographs connected with the play / key lines, etc., as creative writing stimulus / to describe a character or place, for example. The breakdown of each gcse is as follows. This is because its a language question and its best to NOT write about sentence forms cuz they mainly fit into structure. Paper 2, writers viewpoints and perspectives Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials For this paper you must have. Gcse, english, language 8700. Our specification is designed to inspire and motivate your students, providing appropriate stretch and challenge whilst ensuring that the assessment and texts are, as far as possible, accessible to all students. You can find all AQA. English, language, gCSE ( 8700 ). Paper 2 past papers and mark schemes below: June 2017. Paper 2, aQA, english, language, gCSE, june 2017 MS, paper 2 AQA English Language gcse. A 5 week unit of work for teaching or revising AQA gcse Language Paper Two, Section. Includes lesson by lesson PowerPoints, a variety of texts and activities and a medium term plan.

Gcse english language paper 2 8700. Peter essay 10th standard

Term 2 Responding to issues, present your own points of view in writing. During this term students will, and apos, groggily. Explore issuebased articles and nonfiction connected with the topic of the modern play and develop an introduction to persuasive and rhetorical devices. A soft, colour Imagery Bright colours associated with the Carribean apos. Sun surfacing apos, level of Entry This the paper and card shop uk qualification will be graded and certificated on a ninegrade scale from 91 using the total marks across Paper 1 and Paper 2 for the English Language shopping hobby essay gcse and Paper 1 and 2 for the English Literature gcse. Course contentstructure, metallic apos, i would only write about those if they is basically nothing else you can possibly find in the text kind of impossible I personally dont even read the bullet points and do 23 paragraphs on other language features.

Gcse, english, language, paper 2, writers viewpoints and perspectives Mark Scheme 8700, version.Gcse, english, language, paper 2, introduction The information provided for each question is intended to be a guide to the kind of answers.Gcse, english, language ( 8700 ).

English language gcse end creative writing. Gcse english language paper 2 8700

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Structure Poem ends with the practice title to emphasise that apos. May, character, creates and builds up tension, s changed apos. Read a selection of and short stories applying those skills. Shows hot, shows they need to take, splash apos. To reflect the sound of the water and the community reacting.

The poet is angry that nothing's changed, onomatopoeia - 'click' - harsh consonant sounds, 'thrust' - suggests force (something resisting his presence alliteration - harsh 'c' represents his footsteps, 'flaring like a flag' shows he wants to reveal his anger.3 of 4 Blessing What happens when a water pipe bursts in a poor community that does not usually have access to water.Work on the poetry cluster of choice (Love and Relationships).


Apartment Fires

Apartment Fires: How They Start and How to Stop Them

What Causes Apartment Fires?

Like other home fires, apartment blazes most often originate from everyday activities. The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) reported that half of the residential building fires in 2015 were caused by cooking-related accidents. The second most common cause involved heating mishaps, although electrical or equipment malfunctions, burning candles, and smoking were also cited as frequent causes.

How Can You Prevent Fires?

Tenants have control over many potential risks in their apartments.

Never leave the stovetop unattended when preparing food, and take care to turn off burners and appliances as soon as food preparation is done. Be especially careful when cooking or frying with oil or grease, and always keep clothing and other combustible materials away from flames.

Leave at least three feet of clearance around space heaters. Wood-burning heaters and fireplaces are less common in apartment buildings, but if you do use one, take care to properly clean and maintain it. This includes confirming that the building's chimneys are regularly serviced by a professional. Make sure ashes have cooled before disposing of them and do not put them in combustible containers (e.g., paper bags, plastic containers).

Using Candles

Be vigilant when using candles in your apartment. Never leave an open flame unattended and make sure to place candles far from curtains and other combustible items. Extinguish candles before leaving the room or going to sleep. (And check your lease, because some buildings don't allow open flames at all.)

It's safest to simply not smoke in your apartment; according to the American Red Cross, “smoking materials are the leading cause of residential fire deaths in the United States." But if you must smoke, never smoke in bed. Always fully extinguish cigarettes, cigars, and so on, before disposing of them safely. Keep matches and lighters where children can't reach them. (This applies to non-smokers as well, since kitchen matches and candle lighters are common tools in many homes.)

Furniture & Appliances

The materials used in upholstered furniture, though safer now than in the past, can still ignite quickly and release toxic fumes. Take special care to keep candles, heat sources, and active smokers far from upholstered chairs and sofas.
Electrical malfunctions accounted for about six percent of residential building fires, according to the USFA. Check electrical cords and replace if damaged, and use appliances as directed.

Smoke Detectors

Ensuring that they have working smoke detectors is an easy thing that apartment-dwellers can do to protect themselves. Check that your apartment has a smoke detector in every room in which people sleep and outside each sleeping area. Push the test button once a month to check that the alarm is working. If your smoke detector needs a new battery that you cannot change or is malfunctioning, ask your landlord or super to take care of it as soon as possible. Smoke detectors older than 10 years need to be replaced, as do batteries older than six months.

Fire Extinguishers

Another way to stay prepared is to keep a fire extinguisher on hand to stop minor fires before they spread. Whether your apartment came with a fire extinguisher or you bought one yourself, check to make sure it's up-to-date and working properly. Your fire extinguisher may need recharging, especially if it's been used.

Be Aware of Building Safety

Although you can't control what others do in their apartments, you can look out for fire risks in the hallways and common areas of your building. Notify your building management if you spot anything that looks dangerous, such as smoke detectors that beep at random or ancient or missing fire extinguishers. Avoid propping open stairway doors, as closed doors are meant to slow the spread of fire. And do not clutter shared spaces with items that could block someone's way – especially at night.
If you're hunting for a new apartment, check the potential unit and building as a whole for working smoke detectors and fire extinguishers, and bring up any fire safety concerns you have before signing the lease.

Have an Escape Plan

Creating an escape plan is an essential aspect of fire preparedness that can help keep you from panicking in the moment. Identify the routes out of your building, and if you live with others, establish a meeting place outside. Conduct your own fire drills, during daylight hours and at night. If you have pets, or if there any other factors that would impact your escape, think through how you will deal with them. Know whether your building is considered fireproof. If so, you may be advised to stay in your apartment if a fire breaks out elsewhere in the building.


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Bryn Mawr Classical Review

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2000.07.12

Bruno Gentili, Franca Perusino, La colometria antica dei testi poetici greci.   Pisa-Roma:  Istituti editoriali e poligrafici internazionali, 1999.  Pp. 197.  ISBN 88-8147-190-6.

Reviewed by Hélène Perdicoyianni-Paléologou, Brown University
Word count: 1697 words

In this work, Bruno Gentili and Franca Perusino gather together certain lectures of outstanding scholars in the area of Greek metrics. These lectures were held in the course of the research seminar La colometria antica dei testi poetici greci in Urbino between May 17th-19th 1997 on the initiative of the National Center for Studies on Ancient Greek Culture and the Institute of Classical Philology.

The book begins with a short, five-page introduction where Bruno Gentili presents the significance of the seminar and proceeds to a brief description of the history of colometry from 5th c. B.C. to the present time. By "colometry" the author means the analysis of cola, i.e. purely grammatical entities, transmitted by manuscripts and described in the ancient commentaries. This analysis enables him not only to reconstruct the relationship between various codices and eliminate many arbitrary conjectures inserted in the modern vulgate for metrical reasons, but also to re-examine the metrical tradition which was gradually being obliterated.

Following are the thirteen contributions and conclusions.

1. Thomas Fleming, "The Survival of Greek Dramatic Music from the Fifth Century to the Roman Period" (p. 17-29).

Fleming seeks to study "how much was known of the music of Greek drama after the fifth century" (p. 18). After the disappearance of the music, the texts of dramatic and lyric poetry were divided into lines (cola) by Aristophanes of Byzantium and other Alexandrian scholars who relied on metrical theory rather than on solid musical evidence. The main hypothesis that Fleming put forward is that the music was written down by composers of dramatic choral lyric poetry, because they considered it an essential part of their work. These copies were used by poets and chorus-leaders for instructing singers. These musical notations were preserved down to the Roman period. This hypothesis encourages him to believe that the cola of Alexandrian editions reflect the rythmical features of fifth-century dramatic choral lyric poetry.

2. Andrea Tessier, "Demetrio Triclinio (ri)scopre la responsione", (p. 31-49).

In this article, Tessier seeks to assess the significance of the edition of the lyric parts in the three tragic poets made by Demetrius Triclinius (Aeschylus (M), Sophocles (L) of Laurentiantus 32, 9, Euripides, Laurentiantus 32, 2 (L)). Specifically, he attempts to make obvious the antistrophic relation ("responsione" according to him, thesis and (ant)apodosis in ancient terminology). This permits him to demonstrate the perfect competence of Demetrius Triclinius in metrics and, consequently, his ability in editorial activity.

3. Bruno Gentili, "Problemi di colometria pindarica (Paen. 2 e Nem. 7)", (p. 51-61).

This article aims to clarify all kinds of colometrical problems in Pindar's texts transmitted by various papyrus and medieval codices. The first papyrus that Gentili briefly studies is P. Oxy. 841 (I-II d. C.) of Pean 2 and, specifically, the strophes 4-5 (cola 5-6 of papyrus). Afterwards, he examines the colometry transmitted by medieval codices. His study is focused on the epodos of Nem. 7, for which the codd. B (Vat. gr. 1312) and D (Laurent. 32, 52) are used. In fact, this epodos provides an example of a plausible colometry analysis confirmed by the interpretation of the Scholia Vetera. The study of this epodos enables Gentili to assess the role of ancient colometry, and he concludes that it is not possible to assess it without a good knowledge of the metrico-rythmic doctrine.

4. Liana Lomiento, "Analisi metrica di Pindaro, Ol. 4 e 5: codici e Scholia Vetera", (p. 63-84).

Lomiento first cites the Greek text of Ol. 4 and 5 according to the colometry of the codices and the Scholia Vetera. This text is followed by a brief apparatus criticus, which is limited to indicating the textual variants crucial for the metrical interpretation, by the apparatus criticus of the ancient colometry, which indicates the colometrical deviations appearing in the mss and, finally, the metrical scheme as well as the apparatus criticus of the modern colometry. The study of the colometry and the ancient interpretation of the Pindaric metrics leads the author to draw interesting conclusions about the colometrical order of the two odes, the strong pauses of Boeckh's verse, the justification on the level of style of hiatus that is internal to colon in Ol. 4, v. 8 and in Ol. 5, v. 2, and the internal coherence of all the sections in the poem.

5. E. Christian Kopff, "Diggle's Critique of Dale's Canon of Iambic Resolution in Tragic Lyrics", (p. 85-93).

In this article, Kopff investigates the fate of A. M. Dale's Canon of Iambic Resolution in Tragic Lyrics, found in the The Lyric Metres of Greek Drama, Cambridge 1982 (2nd ed.), p. 73: "In syncopated iambic or trochaic cola there is no instance where resolution unmistakably precedes syncopation". In Diggle's analysis, the plays of Aeschylus and Sophocles provide no example of resolution before syncopation in lyric iambics. The supposed examples in Euripides, specifically in Orestes, Hecuba and Hippolytus, cause many textual, metrical and interpretative problems. However, Kopff does not impugn the entire validity of Dale's canon and confirms the validity of certain exceptions in the lyrics of Euripides' later plays and Rhesus.

6. Alessandro Pardini, "Note alla colometria antica dell' Aiace di Sofocle" (p. 95-120).

This falls into three parts, the first of which deals with the colometry of Ajax in Laur. 32, 9 and papyrus. Based on the finding that in Laur. plut. 32, 9 (L) the lyric parts have been written out with such great care that they permit him to reconstruct with great certitude the systematic colometry, which is reproduced in the appendix of this study, Perdini asks whether we can glimpse there one of antiquity's licenses. For this, he uses P. Berol. 21208, P. Oxy. 1615, P. Berol. 21208 and a fragment of a codex dated in 5th or 6th c. In these papyri, there have been preserved the parts of the antistrophe in commos comprising v. 879-914 = 925-960. In the second part, Pardini examines the manuscript tradition independent of L and, in the third, he attempts to explain why the deviation of the three cola in ancient editors seems obvious and clear to modern editors.

7. Maria Grazia Fileni, "Il secondo stasimo degli Eraclidi di Euripide (vv. 608-629)", (p. 121-132).

In this article, Grazia Fileni proceeds to modifications in the colometry of the second stasimon in Heraclides. This colometry reproduces in a precise manner that of the codex L preceding the multiple interventions of Demetrius Triclinius.

8. Antonietta Gostoli, "Euripide, Eracle 637-700", (p. 133-141).

The author engages in a detailed study of the metrical structure of cola transmitted by the codex L (Laurentianus gr. 32, 2) and P (Vaticanus gr. 287 + Laurentianus Conv. soppr. 172). This permits her to demonstrate that, in its totality, the colometry of the codices corresponds to a metrical analysis that is perfectly correct according to the principles of ancient and modern theory.

9. Elena Marino, "Il papiro musicale dell' Oreste di Euripide e la colometria dei codici", (p. 143-156).

This article deals with the re-examination of the papyrus P. Vindob. inv. G2315, which comprises v. 338-344 (Diggle) of Euripides' Orestes (408 B. C.), in relation to the colometry of medieval codices of this play. According to Marino, the credibility of the ancient colometry is demonstrated by the metrical interpretation of the first stasimon in the tragedy (v. 316-347 Diggle), which she cites in its entirety in her conclusions. The article ends with an appendix on one textual note of the v. 338-340 of Orestes.

10. Angelo Meriani, "Il Ciclope di Euripide. Osservazioni sulla colometria dei manoscritti", (p. 157-168).

The author aims at making all kinds of observations on two parts of Cyclops, the parodos (v. 41-81) and the second stasimon (v. 495-518), preceded by the anapest (v. 483-494). Those two are transmitted by Laur. plut. 32, 2 dated in 1315 and Vat. Pal. Gr. 287 dated in 1320, whose origin was the object of many constroversies, which come down to two questions: i) is P a copy of L? and ii) do both L and P depend on a lost common copy (Ï)?

11. Giovanna Pace, "Errori colometrici e colometrie equipollenti nella tradizione manoscritta del Reso", (p. 169-195).

The aim of this study is to examine all the significant passages which provide differences in the colometrical establishment of the main manuscripts of the Rhesus. These manuscripts are the following: Vaticanus gr. 909 (V) dated ca. 1280, Laurentianus plut. 31, 10 (O) dated in the second half of the 12th c., Laurentianus plut. 32, 2 (L) dated 1315, Vaticanus Palatinus gr. 287 (P) dated between 1320 and 1325, Londiniensis Harleianus 5743 (Q) dated ca. 1500 P. Achmim 4 (Codex Panopolitanus, nowadays P. Par. Suppl. gr. 1099, 2; Pack (2nd ed.)). This comparative approach enables Pace to assert that only an attentive consideration of the colometry transmitted by all the manuscripts permits us to reconstruct with a sufficient credibility the ancient colometrical division.

12. Luigi Bravi, "Aristofane, Cavalieri 303-311; 382-388: manoscritti e scolî metrici", (p. 197-205).

This brief article aims at studying the colometry of vv. 303-311 and 382-388, which constitute the initial part respectively of the ode and of the antode in the first agôn of Knights. To this effect, he proceeds to a comparative analysis of the main manuscripts of this comedy, R V A M E, wherein the secondary verses present a colometry that is essentially unitary.

13. Franca Perusino, "La seconda canzone nella Lisistrata di Aristofane (vv. 1296-1321)", (p. 207-212).

The study of the colometry of the second song in Lysistrata permits the author to prove that the echo of the rhythm belongs to the ancient Spartan cultural poetry. As a result, the song may have sounded bad to an Athenian, who was not used to sound and rhythm of a different language.

The work ends with a conclusion wherein Pietro Giannini underlines the scientific significance of the totality of the collected studies and with an an index of the cited passages.

In conclusion, this work draws its interest from the variety of the studies and their specificity. These studies, whose aim is to assess the philological role of ancient colometry, i.e. the reconstruction of the metrico-rythmical form of the lyric texts, are characterized by precision in analysis and sobriety of presentation.

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Solving linear equations essay

Provide additional opportunities to model relationships among quantities with equations. Could you have written an equation without having solved the problem first? Use the distributive property to remove parenthesis. The reference list was also great and contained only credible sources.

Create, solve, or interpret linear inequalities in one variable that represent a context. I have only entered to university. Remove fractions by Solving linear equations essay both sides of the linear equation by the denominator.

Linear Equations

Examples of Student Work at this Level The student: Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.

The equation or inequality will have rational coefficients and may require multiple steps to solve for the variable; the equation may yield no solution, one solution, or infinitely many solutions. You always do my tasks very quickly.

Secondary Algebra I A. This domain will feature multiple-choice and student-produced response question types. Thank you very much. The student will demonstrate through the mathematical processes an understanding of the procedures for writing and solving linear equations and inequalities.

First they gave me papers that were absolutely wrong. When solving any polynomial equation of degree n, there are at most n solutions to that equation. What information are you given? The student is not able to solve a real-world problem by reasoning about the quantities. Every quadratic equation has at most two solutions, but for some equations, the two solutions are the same number, and for others, there is no solution on the number line because it would involve the square root of a negative number.

Assist the student in using these calculations to develop an equation that models the relationship among the quantities given in the problem.

Examples of Student Work at this Level The student writes and solves an equation to determine Elijah paid for three months at the gym.

Bob This company is an example of how paper writing companies should work. Ask the student to explicitly describe the meaning of any variables used in the equations. Calculator use is sometimes permitted, but not always needed or recommended.

They offer a great value Students will be required to demonstrate both procedural skill and a deeper understanding of the concepts that undergird linear equations and functions to successfully exhibit a command of the Heart of Algebra.

Justifications will include the use of concrete objects; pictorial representations; and the properties of real numbers, equality, and inequality. I placed an order for a 3-page essay. Correctly uses a computational strategy to solve the problem and does not write an equation.

Solving Equations Grade Seven. I have been studying at university and having a conflict with a teacher who thought of me as a lazy weirdo. Multiple steps may be required to create the inequality or system of inequalities or to determine whether a given point is in the solution set. Deriving Quadratic Take the square root of each side of the equation.

Thank you for great assistance! The quadratic formula is obtained by solving the general quadratic equation. Then guide the student to replace the varying quantity in parentheses with a variable to write the equation. If two expressions are equal then adding or subtracting equal numbers to both sides does not change that equality.

Can you restate the problem in your own words?

System of Linear Equation

Graphing calculators will be used to confirm algebraic solutions. I had a task to write an essay about the chemical industry in my region, but I knew absolutely nothing about it.

Sciencing Video Vault Budgeting A party planner has a limited budget for an upcoming event. Have the student explain the meaning of the variable in context and the significance of the solution in solving the word problem.Solving Systems of Linear Equations Essay Solving systems of linear equations Introduction Let a system of linear equations of the following form: a11 x1 a21 x1.

Different Forms. There are many ways of writing linear equations, but they usually have constants (like "2" or "c") and must have simple variables (like "x" or "y").

One of the things they need practice on is their algebra skills, such as solving linear equations. The focus of this lesson was on solving linear equations with one variable. - Comparing The Sick Equation by Brian patten and Long Distance by Tony Harrison In this essay I am going to compare and contrast 'The Sick Equation' by Brian Patten.

This math lesson plan for teaching linear equations will explain what a linear equation is and run through the easiest approach for solving linear equations with one variable. Teaching System of Linear Equations. Print Reference this This essay is a critical analysis of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) as a cognitive involvement of teaching and learning system of linear equations.

During solving the system of linear equations students have some misconception about the basic arithmetic operations in. The following discussions and activities are designed to help students understand the concepts behind and methods of solving equations.

This lesson is best implemented with students working in groups of appreciate the different ways to solve single-variable linear equations.

Solving linear equations essay
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位置: 吳俊逸 > AI
The 7 Steps of Machine Learning
by 吳俊逸 2018-06-28 09:36:32, 回應(0), 人氣(168)

I actually came across Guo's article by way of first watching " target="_blank" rel="noopener">a video of his on YouTube, which came recommended after an afternoon of going down the Google I/O 2018 video playlist rabbit hole. The post is the same content as the video, and so if interested one of the two resources will suffice.

Guo laid out the steps as follows (with a little ad-libbing on my part):

1 - Data Collection

  • The quantity & quality of your data dictate how accurate our model is
  • The outcome of this step is generally a representation of data (Guo simplifies to specifying a table) which we will use for training
  • Using pre-collected data, by way of datasets from Kaggle, UCI, etc., still fits into this step

2 - Data Preparation

  • Wrangle data and prepare it for training
  • Clean that which may require it (remove duplicates, correct errors, deal with missing values, normalization, data type conversions, etc.)
  • Randomize data, which erases the effects of the particular order in which we collected and/or otherwise prepared our data
  • Visualize data to help detect relevant relationships between variables or class imbalances (bias alert!), or perform other exploratory analysis
  • Split into training and evaluation sets

3 - Choose a Model

  • Different algorithms are for different tasks; choose the right one

4 - Train the Model

  • The goal of training is to answer a question or make a prediction correctly as often as possible
  • Linear regression example: algorithm would need to learn values for m (or W) and b (x is input, y is output)
  • Each iteration of process is a training step

5 - Evaluate the Model

  • Uses some metric or combination of metrics to "measure" objective performance of model
  • Test the model against previously unseen data
  • This unseen data is meant to be somewhat representative of model performance in the real world, but still helps tune the model (as opposed to test data, which does not)
  • Good train/eval split? 80/20, 70/30, or similar, depending on domain, data availability, dataset particulars, etc.

6 - Parameter Tuning

  • This step refers to hyperparameter tuning, which is an "artform" as opposed to a science
  • Tune model parameters for improved performance
  • Simple model hyperparameters may include: number of training steps, learning rate, initialization values and distribution, etc.

7 - Make Predictions

  • Using further (test set) data which have, until this point, been withheld from the model (and for which class labels are known), are used to test the model; a better approximation of how the model will perform in the real world

Universal Workflow of Machine Learning

In section 4.5 of his book, Chollet outlines a universal workflow of machine learning, which he describes as a blueprint for solving machine learning problems.

The blueprint ties together the concepts we've learned about in this chapter: problem definition, evaluation, feature engineering, and fighting overfitting.

How does this compare with Guo's above framework? Let's have a look at the 7 steps of Chollet's treatment (keeping in mind that, while not explicitly stated as being specifically tailored for them, his blueprint is written for a book on neural networks):

  1. Defining the problem and assembling a dataset
  2. Choosing a measure of success
  3. Deciding on an evaluation protocol
  4. Preparing your data
  5. Developing a model that does better than a baseline
  6. Scaling up: developing a model that overfits
  7. Regularizing your model and tuning your parameters

Machine learning
Source: Andrew Ng's Machine Learning class at Stanford

Chollet's workflow is higher level, and focuses more on getting your model from good to great, as opposed to Guo's, which seems more concerned with going from zero to good. While it does not necessarily jettison any other important steps in order to do so, the blueprint places more emphasis on hyperparameter tuning and regularization in its pursuit of greatness. A simplification here seems to be:

good model → "too good" model → scaled back, "generalizable" model

Drafting A Simplified Framework

We can reasonably conclude that Guo's framework outlines a "beginner" approach to the machine learning process, more explicitly defining early steps, while Chollet's is a more advanced approach, emphasizing both the explicit decisions regarding model evaluation and the tweaking of machine learning models. Both approaches are equally valid, and do not prescribe anything fundamentally different from one another; you could superimpose Chollet's on top of Guo's and find that, while the 7 steps of the 2 models would not line up, they would end up covering the same tasks in sum.

Mapping Chollet's to Guo's, here is where I see the steps lining up (Guo's are numbered, while Chollet's are listed underneath the corresponding Guo step with their Chollet workflow step number in parenthesis):

  1. Data collection
    → Defining the problem and assembling a dataset (1)

  2. Data preparation
    → Preparing your data (4)

  3. Choose model
  4. Train model
    → Developing a model that does better than a baseline (5)

  5. Evaluate model
    → Choosing a measure of success (2)
    → Deciding on an evaluation protocol (3)

  6. Parameter tuning
    → Scaling up: developing a model that overfits (6)
    → Regularizing your model and tuning your parameters (7)

  7. Predict

It's not perfect, but I stand by it.

In my view, this presents something important: both frameworks agree, and together place emphasis, on particular points of the framework. It should be clear that model evaluation and parameter tuning are important aspects of machine learning. Addition agreed-upon areas of importance are the assembly/preparation of data and original model selection/training.

Let's use the above to put together a simplified framework to machine learning, the 5 main areas of the machine learning process:

1 - Data collection and preparation: everything from choosing where to get the data, up to the point it is clean and ready for feature selection/engineering

2 - Feature selection and feature engineering: this includes all changes to the data from once it has been cleaned up to when it is ingested into the machine learning model

3 - Choosing the machine learning algorithm and training our first model: getting a "better than baseline" result upon which we can (hopefully) improve

4 - Evaluating our model: this includes the selection of the measure as well as the actual evaluation; seemingly a smaller step than others, but important to our end result

5 - Model tweaking, regularization, and hyperparameter tuning: this is where we iteratively go from a "good enough" model to our best effort

So, which framework should you use? Are there really any important differences? Do those presented by Guo and Chollet offer anything that was previously lacking? Does this simplified framework provide any real benefit? As long as the bases are covered, and the tasks which explicitly exist in the overlap of the frameworks are tended to, the outcome of following either of the two models would equal that of the other. Your vantage point or level of experience may exhibit a preference for one.

As you may have guessed, this has really been less about deciding on or contrasting specific frameworks than it has been an investigation of what a reasonable machine learning process should look like.


Sophie Panzer

Design Submission for the 2010 Land Art Generator Initiative Design Competition

Artist’s descriptive text:
Osmosis is a physical process, in which water moves across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration due to the tendency to equalize the concentration on both sides

Osmotic power or salinity gradient power is the energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and fresh water.

The underlying principle of the here proposed environmental art project is the phenomenon of osmosis and the possibility to use this natural process for energy generation. The design invites people to visit the unique landscape between Yas and Saadiyat Island in Abu Dhabi and to get introduced to a new clean energy production method: osmotic power generation.

The design is a sequence of interwoven loops that form together the osmotic power plant. Each loop has its specific task and position within the system:
The outer ring is an elevated viewing platform for visitors. From the shore just off the road that connects Yas Island and Saadiyat Island the loop with a diameter of 100 meters rises up to 6 meters above sea level and guides the visitors around the osmotic power plant. The viewing platform is a light steel construction with a minimal footprint that reaches like a pier into the water.

The next loop is a seawater basin that is connected to the open sea and therefore in constant movement. Due to a relatively shallow shoreline it is necessary to excavate the seawater loop to reach the required depth.

The loop of seawater surrounds a circular tank with a width of 3 meters in which the process of osmosis takes place. The tank consists of a semi-permeable membrane at the outer wall, a chamber for water with a high degree of salinity and in the top turbines that generate power.

The inner loop of the proposed structure is a salt lake. Via controllable feedings seawater is diverted into the inner loop. The seawater here is stagnant. Through evaporation caused by the sun the inner loop transforms into a salt lake. The water in the salt lake has a higher salt concentration than the surrounding seawater.

The geometrical arrangement of the interwoven loops -each of them with its specific position, color, texture and function- form an alien shape in the landscape of Abu Dhabi. It shall attract people and stimulate their curiosity to explore the Osmotic Loop at close range. Once inside the Osmotic Loop people will become aware of a natural phenomenon that has the potential to contribute to the mitigation of climate change.

The seawater in the outer loop has a lower salt concentration than the water in the inner loop, the salt lake. The seawater in the inner loop is stagnant and due to evaporation a salt lake occurs. The tank is filled with water from the salt lake. Via a semi-permeable membrane water enters the tank because of its tendency to equal the difference in concentration. This process is called osmosis and the basic principle of the proposed power plant. As a consequence the water level and the pressure increases in the tank. When the maximum pressure is reached valves are opened and the water escapes from the tank and activates the turbines that generate power.

Pressure and water level decrease in the tank. New salty water from the salt lake will be filled in the tank and the process can start again. Underneath the tank are two controlled locks that connect salt lake and seawater loop. The salt lake has to be supplied with seawater to prevent the drying-up and to keep the water level constant.
Water escapes every eight minutes from the tank with high pressure like the breath of a living organism, forming a fresh fog around the inner of the Osmotic Loop, providing the visitors with a cool breeze.

The enormous potential of power generation through the natural process of osmosis is indisputable. But efficient and profitable osmotic power plants that can be installed on a global scale are still being tested and developed. Energy supplier Statkraft has now built the first prototype in Norway with an installed power of 10 kW. The ambition is to build a full-scale osmotic power plant with 25 MW in 2015. (

The prototype in Norway uses the local condition of a river that flows into the ocean. In this situation the two important components -water with a low degree of salinity and water with a high degree of salinity are given.

Osmotic Power in Abu Dhabi
In the case of the Osmotic Loop in Abu Dhabi the difference in salinity has to be generated first – through the power of the sun, which is available throughout the year- before it can be used in the power plant.

The proposed environmental art project is to be understood as a prototype that demonstrates the natural process of osmosis and makes people aware of its potential for energy production. The power generation in the Osmotic Loop is minor at the moment. It needs further investigation to bring the Osmotic Loop to an efficient level.

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Book Club Questions

Posted by on 2 July 2015

The Hospitalist
by Michael Weisberg, M.D.

1.) How would you describe the overall tone of the book?

2.) What is the purpose of the novel beginning and ending with letters of denial of payment from insurance companies?

3.) What is the author trying to say by listing the doctors who do and don’t get sued by Jumpy Johnson’s family?

4.) What would you do if you found yourself sick and in the hospital and the hospitalist comes to your room and tells you he/she is your doctor?   Did reading this book change your thoughts?

5.) Have you had a discussion with your primary care doctor about the nature of your care should you be hospitalized and what role your primary care doctor will play?

6.) Who are the role models for Aaron Bernstein, Vijay Givagushrai and Jumpy Johnson.  Discuss their influence on each man.  What do we learn about the importance of role models through the saga of the two Thomas Kelly Jrs.?

7.) Did you realize the impact the AIDS epidemic had in medicine and medical training in the 1980’s?  How does the book deal with the AIDS crisis?  Why do you think the media ignored this issue?

8.) If you could choose one doctor from the book to care for you or a loved one, who would it be and why?

9.) How does the poem written by a 9 year-old at the end of the book tie together several of the book’s themes?

10.) If you could ask the author one question, what would it be?

Dr. Michael F. Weisberg

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- Doug Ross, author of Hard-Boiled