Ethics in Public Administration

Running head: Ethics in Public Administration

Ethics in Public Administration
[The name of the writer appears here]
[The name of institution appears here]

      The national bicentennial in 1976 marked two important birthdays for public administration. It was the ninetieth anniversary of the appearance of the first fully developed essay on what was considered a "new" or at least a separately identified field -- public administration. In that essay, the young political scientist Woodrow Wilson (1941) wrote the now famous words, "administration lies outside the proper sphere of politics. Administrative questions are not political questions; although politics sets the tasks for administration, it should not be suffered to manipulate its offices."
      And it was exactly fifty years since the publication of Leonard White (1926) text, Introduction to the Study of Public Administration, the first in the field. White's book was, for his time, an advanced and sophisticated attempt to marry the science of government and the science of administration. Whereas Wilson had argued that public administration is "a field of business" and should be separate from "politics," White forty years later countered that public administration can be effective only if it constitutes an integration of the theory of government and the theory of administration.
      As fields or professions go, public administration is young. Its early impetus was very much connected with civil service reform, the city manager movement, the "good government" movement, and the professionalization of the administrative apparatus of government. It was in this era that "principles of administration" were developed and the first academic programs in the field were established at American universities. This was a heady era, during which the United States civil service was developed, an innovation adopted in many American states and municipalities....


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Conductive hearing loss sufferers have difficulty hearing caused by a problem with their ear’s capacity to conduct sound waves. This can happen because of a congenital absence or malformation of the ear or because of an obstruction in the ear canal. Total restoration of hearing is possible with the proper treatment for many forms of conductive hearing loss.

Hereditary issues can be a source of conductive hearing loss. For instance, someone can be born with an unopened ear canal, or their ear canal might not have developed at all. Normal hearing can be impeded by a deformation in inner ear components. In certain situations these challenges can be remedied via surgery. The ones that can’t may be treated with hearing aids. Congenital issues are one of the less frequent causes of conductive hearing loss.

Among the more frequent causes of conductive hearing loss is an accumulation of wax or fluid in the outer ear. The ability to hear clearly can be adversely impacted by ear wax buildup and ear infections. Prescribed antibiotics clear up ear infections, while a simple washing may be adequate to handle a buildup of wax.

Middle ear accumulation may also trigger conductive hearing loss. The most typical reason for this problem is the accumulation of fluid. Ear infections are a frequent reason for this issue, especially in children. Sinus pressure from allergies or the common cold can exert pressure on the middle ear, muffling one’s ability to hear. Rarely conductive hearing loss can be caused by tumors in the middle ear.

Conductive hearing loss can be attributable to other problems, such as the presence of a foreign body in the ear canal or a perforated eardrum. Conductive hearing loss typically happens on its own, but there is the potential for it to overlap with other types of hearing loss. If you or a loved one are experiencing unexplained hearing loss, talk to a hearing care specialist promptly. Ability to hear can often be fully restored with the appropriate treatment.


COLUMN: How to keep your dog safe when out walking...

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If there’s one thing I love about being a dog owner, it’s taking them out for walks - especially to the Peak District.

The fresh air is lovely and my two dogs - a Westie and greyhound - enjoy being out for hours at a time, even if sometimes it means they get muddy and need a bath!

Walks are an important way of providing regular exercise for dogs. It can give them a chance to sniff around, burn off energy, meet other friendly dogs and spend time with their owners.

Walkies should be a fun time for you and your dog and the last thing you want is for your dog to be injured while out and about. So here are some tips on how to keep your dog safe...

Ticks: ticks attach to any part of your dog’s body and feed on their blood. Ticks can pass nasty diseases such as lyme disease onto your dog so it’s best to remove them as soon as possible. Check your dog over after each walk and if you find a tick speak to your vet about how to remove it safely. It’s also a good idea to speak to your vet about prevention of ticks as some flea treatments can also kill ticks.

Grass seeds: although tiny, grass seeds can cause pain and discomfort if they become stuck in a dog’s paws, eyes or ears. Dogs-owners should always give their dogs a check over after walking, particularly if you have been in meadows or woodlands in the spring and summer months and should watch out for any potential signs of discomfort such as your dog shaking their head or licking their paw a lot more than usual.

Poisoning: dogs can be very motivated to eat food they find on the ground. To help prevent dogs eating anything which may be harmful, it’s best that dog-owners make sure their pets have a good recall so can be called back should you have any concerns about what they are approaching. It can also be very helpful to teach your dog to ‘leave’ or ‘drop’ items so that you can ensure they willingly give up anything which you have concerns about them eating.

Road safety: walk your dog on their lead unless you are sure it is safe to let them off - in a new place you won’t always know where roads or other potential hazards are. If walking in dark or dim light make sure your dog has a LED collar or light attached so you and others can still see him.

Snakes: the adder is Britain’s only venomous snake and the species generally prefer open habitats such as heathland, moorland and woodland and hunting small mammals and lizards - places dog-walkers are likely to visit.


Measuring Brand Community Strength

Measuring Brand Community Strength

Hikaru Yamamoto (Seikei University, Japan) and Yutaka Matsuo (University of Tokyo, Japan)
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60960-040-2.ch038

The emphasis of this chapter is brand community. A brand community is a virtual community where consumers who share a set of social relations based upon usage or interest in a product gather into a group and mutually interact. The consumers’ purchase decision-making is often influenced by word-of-mouth communications with the other consumers; who to trust among them is often determined by their similarity of product purchase behavior. This bidirectional effect between trust and product preference explains the emergence and the strength of brand community. This chapter presents a theoretical model of this phenomenon along with analyses of an actual virtual community. We designate the bidirectional effect as community gravity because it represents the power to induce users to join the community. This analysis provides insights for understanding consumer behavior in an online environment.
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Consumers often seek out others who share similar interests in products or services. Their decisions are often influenced by word-of-mouth (WOM), which is marketing-relevant information transmitted by individuals to individuals. Because the sender of WOM is independent of the market, consumers perceive such a person’s opinions to be more reliable, credible, and trustworthy than firm-initiated communications (Arndt 1967; Bickart & Schindler, 2001).

Recent developments on the internet enable consumers to share their consumption experiences with others in online environments more easily. Users’ reviews and ratings of product exert effects on other consumers’ purchase behavior. Whether a user refers to other users’ ratings depends on the trust accorded by a user to the reviewer. The trust felt by a user for another user correlates with the similarity of the two users’ ratings.

Figure 1 depicts an illustration of bidirectional effects. In the first step, a user buys a product (shown as a music note) and another user trusts her. She will adopt the product (in step 2), which will increase the homophily effect (in step 3). Then, the new product can easily diffuse between the two users. The objective of this chapter is to present a theoretical model along with analyses of an actual virtual community.

Figure 1.

Sequential model of the trust effect and the homophily effect

In this chapter, we describe analyses of a knowledge-sharing site called @cosme ( It is the largest virtual community in Japan targeting women. It provides information and reviews related to cosmetic products. Cosmetic products are a typical experience good, where product quality is ascertained only after consumption. This uncertainty related to the product quality is apparent in various experience goods such as movies and books, but the cosmetic product is unique because of the presence of physical risk. A physical risk is a risk that jeopardizes physical vigor, health, and vitality. Drugs and medical treatments are most sensitive to this risk, but cosmetic products are also highly sensitive to it. The type of good and the presence of perceived risk make the product review useful and valuable for consumers.

Notable characteristics of @cosme are that a user can register other users who can be trusted; she can also post product reviews. The trusted users are bookmarked as favorite user, by a user, which signifies a feeling of both favor and trust. An earlier survey of @cosme (Yamamoto, 2005) elicited an interesting comment from an actual user:

First, I used @cosme simply as a product database. Then, I began to devote attention to other users who post reviews and use the social bookmark function. My bookmarks include persons whom I nicknamed ‘master of soap’, ‘master of fragrance’, ‘master of pack and serum’, and so on. I frequently check their reviews. I think I became able to use @cosme more when I started to focus on people.

This comment provides a good insight into how a user has come to devote attention to other reviewers, and how reviewers influence others. Data of more than 670 thousand users gathered over five years enables us to analyze the bidirectional interaction of trust and opinions: (i) How does a user put trust in others based on the similarity of ratings? (ii) What effects does that trust have on users’ purchase behavior and ratings? We designate the bidirectional effect as community gravity because it represents the power to induce users to the community. We believe that this analysis provides important insights that are useful for understanding various online social media.

The contributions of the chapter can be summarized as follows: (1) the bidirectional effects of trust and opinions are analyzed both theoretically and empirically in a virtual community where other consumers’ opinions are useful for decision making. (2) We propose a potentially useful measure, CG, to characterize a community. We identify a situation in which the virtual community becomes more clustered: trust and opinion have strong mutual effects.

Key Terms in this Chapter

Brand Community: A community in which consumers who share a set of social relationships based upon usage or interest in a product gather and mutually interact.

Consumer Behavior: Processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires.

Community Gravity: A bidirectional interaction of trust and product preference. A product is diffused through the trust network, which will create a more tightly connected community. Consequently, the new product can easily diffuse within the community, which will strengthen the community further. Almost as if affected by a gravitational force, a user will be induced to join the community if she is connected to the community.

Word-of-Mouth: Marketing-relevant information transmitted among consumers. It could be negative, positive, or neutral.

Viral Marketing: The strategy of getting consumers to recommend a product or a service on behalf of the company that offers it.

Social Network: A social structure comprising nodes which are generally individuals or organizations that are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency, friendship, kinship, financial exchange, trust relations, etc.

Trust: A commitment to an action based on a belief that the future actions of that person will lead to a good outcome.

Community: An infrastructure that includes bulletin boards and chat rooms that provide virtual meeting places where consumers can explore common interests and develop a shared identity.

Social Network Analysis (SNA): A technique emerging in sociology where a node is called an actor and an edge is called a tie, which supports understanding of the network structure and the characteristics of the actors and ties in the network.

Homophily: A principle that contact among similar people occurs at a higher rate than among dissimilar people. A phenomenon by which “similar” people gather.

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Study shows humans are to blame for the bulk of false news on Twitter

9 Mar 2018132 Views

MIT building in Boston. Image: Paper Cat/Shutterstock

Blaming bots for the spread of misinformation online may not be an accurate assumption.

For the past number of years, propaganda and misinformation has been festering on platforms such as Twitter, as numerous outlets and individuals prey on preconceived notions and inflammatory content to glean clicks from users.

The US election in 2016 was a prime example of this phenomenon, and the resulting fallout has seen companies such as Twitter and Facebook implement strategies to improve transparency across the board.

A new study published in the journal Science today (9 March) and carried out by MIT researchers shows that, even when bots are out of the equation, Twitter users generally share a lot more false stories than they do legitimate facts.

A co-author of the research paper, Prof Sinan Aral, said: “We found that falsehood defuses significantly farther, faster, deeper and more broadly than the truth, in all categories of information and, in many cases, by an order of magnitude.”

The study was born out of examination of the aftermath of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. Another co-author of the paper, Soroush Vosoughi, found that a lot of what he read online after the atrocity was simply rumour.

The researchers examined what are known as Twitter ‘cascades’ – unbroken retweet chains – and charted how they were spreading. They had support from Twitter itself, and access to its archives meant the team could look at approximately 126,000 new story cascades.

The largest amount of cascades consisted of political news, followed by urban legends, business terrorism, science, entertainment and natural disasters. Within the paper, researchers chose to refer to unfounded stories as ‘false news’ as opposed to ‘fake’.

The team explained their reasoning behind this decision: “As politicians have implemented a political strategy of labelling news sources that do not support their positions as unreliable or fake news, whereas sources that support their positions are labelled reliable or not fake, the term has lost all connection to the actual veracity of the information presented, rendering it meaningless for use in academic classification.”

Untrue stories more likely to be retweeted

According to the researchers, false news stories are a massive 70pc more likely to be retweeted than true stories are.

The team also found that factual news does not travel fast. “It also takes true stories about six times as long to reach 1,500 people as it does for false stories to reach the same number of people.”

Researchers assessed the veracity of the cascades against six fact-checking organisations, including and, and found a 95pc overlap in judgement across all six bodies.

Surprising results

Director of MIT Media Lab’s Laboratory for Social Machines, Deb Roy, said: “These findings shed new light on fundamental aspects of our online communication ecosystem,” adding that the researchers were “somewhere between surprised and stunned” by the results.

Prof Aral said: “False news is more novel, and people are more likely to share novel information.” As he explained, there is a speed factor attached to the spread of these stories: “People who share novel information are seen as being in the know.”

In terms of the emotional responses to different kinds of stories, false news content elicited more surprise and disgust whereas true stories saw responses that were more sad, anticipatory and trusting.

Behavioural solutions

So, how can this research be implemented to stop the spread of propaganda and untrue stories? Prof Aral says more behavioural interventions need to be developed, particularly as the role of bots is not as prominent in comparison to human interactions with such stories.

The problem is twofold, hypothesised Vosoughi: there are people intentionally spreading fake news and other people then disseminating it without fact-checking.

The team members concluded: “Understanding how false news spreads is the first step toward containing it. We hope our work inspires more large-scale research into the causes and consequences of the spread of false news as well as its potential cures.”

MIT building in Boston. Image: Paper Cat/Shutterstock


Starc bowls fastest ever Test delivery

WEB DESK: Australian pace man Mitchell Starc bowled what is believed to be the fastest delivery in Test cricket history Sunday on the third day of the second Test against New Zealand at the WACA Ground in Perth.

Starc joined an exclusive club with a sizzling delivery, with the fourth ball of his 21st over clocked at 160.4 kilometers per hour (99.7 mph).

Only four other fast bowlers have officially been recorded to have bowled at more than 160 kilometers per hour, but none of those deliveries were in Test cricket.

Pakistan’s Shoaib Akhtar holds the record with a 161.3 kilometers per hour thunderbolt in a one-day match against England at New lands in 2003.

Australian pair Shaun Tait and Brett Lee were both recorded at 161.1 kilometers per hour, in separate limited overs matches.

The only other bowler to reach the mark was Australian firebrand Jeff Thomson at 160.6 kilometers per hour, when he was clocked during a study into fast bowling at the WACA Ground in 1976.

Thomson is widely considered the fastest bowler in cricket history. Starc’s delivery was a Yorker dug out by Kiwi batsman Ross Taylor.

On the very next ball, Taylor edged an attempted drive to gully, where a tough chance was grassed by Mitchell Marsh.

Source: AFP


Thursday, November 19, 2015

Rare Books, the Tropics, Part 3

Illustration from Panama La Vieja by John F. Shafroth. Published by Imprenta Nacional, Panama City, 1953

Panama La Vieja by John F. Shafroth was written in English and translated into Spanish, displaying text in both languages and old photographs of ruins. These structures , the Spanish council, cathedral, convent, hospital, royal houses and fort were essentially the “first city founded by Europeans (in 1519) on the Pacific Ocean”—p.3. This coat of arms which promises the voyagers will find the Spice Islands (by passing through the Isthmus) underscores the European connection to the Pacific.

Illustration from Panama, Eslabon entre Dos Mundos. Published by El Servicio Informativo de los Estados Unidos, Balboa, Panama, 1953.

Panama, Eslabon entre Dos Mundos… published for the 50th commemoration of Panama’s independence, brings cultural and political aspects of Panama’s history into focus along with a chronicle of the Canal, its important foreign players and inhabitants, both native and immigrant. With pages of illustrations and photographs from each era beginning in 1502, it’s written entirely in Spanish, and includes maps and other graphics.

Cover of The Panama Canal August 15, 1914-1939 Twenty-fifth Anniversary. Published in 1939.

The Panama Canal August 15, 1914-1939 Twenty-fifth Anniversary is a publication of the U.S. Government, printed by the Panama Canal Press in 1939. It focuses in detail on highlights in the history of Spain’s efforts at opening a waterway through the Isthmus, the French government’s attempts to remove the geologic obstructions, and the American success in building the canal, which required years of planning and execution. The booklet’s chapters include “Sanitation and Health”, important due to diseases and tropical insect which carry them, and the “Panama Railroad Company”, transportation adjunct to the canal, built over swampland.

Rare Books in the Museum Research Library:

The Library’s rare book section offers topics like the Panama Canal, maritime policy and theory, voyages, the seafaring life, etc. Much the same as today, these books exemplify the culture and beliefs of audiences eager for new knowledge in scientific theory, political theory, historical fact and literature, but they were written in a world of 50 to almost 200 years ago. Please call the Library, or send an email message through our website, requesting to review these and other books in person.

Tuesday, November 17, 2015

Rare Books, the Tropics, Part 2

Souvenir Travel Photographs from the Panama Canal

Souvenir of the Panama Canal: a pictorial history containing the most important and interesting photographs ever published of the Panama Canal and Republic of Panama. / I.L. Maduro. Published by I.L. Maduro, Panama City. Date uncertain, 1900-1914?

Faux alligator-skin cover is off-red with a silver tone for the title, befitting the cover of a souvenir from the sub-tropical canal. Each page of about 200 pages in this letter-sized book carries large photographic records of buildings, housing, native peoples, and progress on the locks being built there. Many of the photographs appear to have been carefully rendered to represent a clear image.

Two images from the book are shown below, giving a sense of the dredging necessary in the early 1900s to open the waterways for ships.

A steam shovel and workers pose at Pedro Miguel.

A culvert and a man posed at Gatum Locks in the Panama.

Rare Books, the Tropics, Part 1

Rare Books, the Arctic, Part 3

American Exploration in the Ice Zones… by J.E. Nourse. Published by D. Lothrop and Company, Boston and London (Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hall, 1884.

American Exploration concentrates on notable discoveries and expeditions of the 19th century. In one volume the offerings are: the relief voyage of the JEANNETTE (the Jeannette was a whaling ship wrecked in the waters near Alaska); a description of the merchant service; the Antarctic cruise of 1840 with Charles Wilkes; and the U.S. Signal Service Arctic Observers. There are over 120 wood engravings and several maps.

Charles Wilkes is known for his abilities as surveyor (Pacific Northwest Territories, and the United States Exploring Expedition (1838-1842) for which he wrote a 5-volume treatise), an admiral; and during his contribution to the Civil War when he ordered gunboats to attack the Royal Mail ship, the Merlin, and as author of journals which described these exploits.

Photographs in more recent books on exploration at the Poles include names you are familiar with: Shackleton, Greely, Franklin, etc., published in the 20th century. Two examples which utilized photographs as illustrations to help tell the complete story are:

The Polar Regions in the Twentieth Century; Their Discovery and Industrial Evolution by A. W. Greely, 1928.

To the Arctic! The Story of Northern Exploration from Earliest Times to the Present by Jeannette Mirsky, 1949.

Providing a review of the extreme hardships they endured and paid for with their lives, their personal stories make history even more fantastic and their legendary accomplishments even more amazing. Illustrated with photographs, and some graphic illustrations, the books have an agenda for the reader: in some cases, heroism, and in other cases, nationalism, in still others, historical fact.

For a modern take on exploration of the arctic, see an interesting biography of Vilhjalmur Stefansson, 1872-1962, writer of the introduction to “To the Arctic!...”. The biography is available here.

Monday, November 16, 2015

Rare Books, the Arctic, Part 2

Illustration from The Mysteries of the ocean. Translated, edited and enlarged from the French of Arthur Mangin, by the translator of “The Bird”. With 130 illustrations by W. Freeman and J. Noel. London : T. Nelson and Sons, Paternoster Row ; Edinburgh and New York, 1868.

From the ice to the tropics : rare books in the Museum Research Library

Our Library has a rare book section? Yes, it does---with topics like the Panama Canal, maritime policy and theory, voyages, the seafaring life, etc. our rare books offer an armchair traveller's escape, but also a keen observation of journalism of the times. These books exemplify the culture and beliefs of audiences eager for new knowledge in scientific theory, political theory, historical fact and literature.

Fishing, Exploration, and Trade in Oil.

Fish and oil were popular commodities in the 18th and 19th centuries taken in quantities from the ocean to fulfill perceived needs. Costs were absorbed by the enterprises that funded the then politically-correct term, expeditions. Even then, controversy over exploiting natural resources was seen as a topic worthy of discussion.

Mysteries of the Ocean, an encyclopedic history, covers from ancient times until the middle of the 19th century. One of its main points tells how the oceans, habitat for the world’s water-loving plants and animals, were exploited by the Dutch and the English for all the whaling and fishing they could sell in Europe.

The book is composed of four sections that concentrate on ocean-related topics: The History of the Ocean, The Phenomena of the Ocean, The Marine World, and Man and the Ocean. The first three sections emphasize the scientific point of view, while the last identifies the contribution humans have made to evolution.

Man and the Ocean not only describes the natural world at the hands of humans but also the political events leading to the overfishing of mammals: the author/translator makes the point that fisheries both abused and speculated on the abundance of marine life. “The whale-fishery is justly celebrated. And yet (now), the entire family of Cetacea is already nearly extinct.”—Chapter 3 of Book Four, Man and the Ocean.

When the fisheries found whaling to be less profitable due to many factors, next, seals and walruses were hunted. The tusks of walruses, their oil and teeth were all valuable and were fished once whaling was seen as too costly in terms of human life and ships. The author says, “… A tooth of average size weighs three pounds, and an ordinary walrus furnishes half a ton of oil… “ p. 439-440.

Man and the Ocean, the last chapter, is a commentary that not only describes the natural world at the hands of humans but also the political events leading to the overfishing of mammals: the author/translator makes the point that fisheries speculated on and then abused the abundance of marine life. “The whale-fishery is justly celebrated. And yet (now), the entire family of Cetacea is already nearly extinct.”—Chapter 3 of Book Four, Man and the Ocean.

Stunningly, there are parallels today with the world of 150 to almost 200 years ago. Today’s topics of concern in conservation and ecology, in economics, and social history of gathering food were controversial over 130 years ago.

Rare books, the Arctic and the Panama Canal, Part 1

Rare books seem old, inaccurate, maybe difficult to understand, so why should I read them?

News and events that were exciting to readers long ago have become iconic in maritime history. Typical are discoveries by Drake, Columbus, Cook, or geographic exploration by Shackleton, Greely and Stefansson, or Pacific naval battles in World War II, adventures of circumnavigators, writers like Robert Louis Stevenson, and shipbuilders such as Matson and Bethlehem Steel.

When a topic resurfaces with a new point of view, new associations are forged with history. 19th century books, much like today’s books, articles, and movies on ecology, tend to focus attention on scientific fact, and on the exploitation of nature and marine life for human gain. Early in that century, exploration of the Poles was news.

Between the 19th and 20th centuries, political world views in tandem with technology were fast challenging old systems. Americans desired to be in control of their political borders, and beyond them, once they were fully aware of their value. To do that required spending money on the means and people needed to achieve control. One instance of this was the building of the Panama Canal.

Although first viewed as topics 100 years apart from each other, now, astonishingly, the Arctic and the Panama Canal are seen together in a surprising relationship. Take the March 2004 article in OCEANUS*, a magazine now online with archives, “How the Isthmus of Panama Put Ice in the Arctic”, a title which begs the question, is this about global warming?

From the ice to the tropics: Illustrations and Souvenir and Travel Photographs

Between the late 1800s and 1940, lacking in the kind of media we are so dependent upon today, avid information seekers turned to books. The books we have from that time are well-illustrated, have short chapters with attention-grabbing headings, and deliver quite readable commentary with many points of reference. In other words, you could read a part, and not the entire book, if time was lacking, or you were searching a particular topic.

A kind of journalism mixed with fantasy prevailed, the illustrations are usually black and white drawings, at times rendering horrific scenes as pretty pictures. The act of killing walruses, or sending workers into swamp-like jungles to cut railroad beds showed that humans ruled and nature succumbed, or so we believed. When a publication featured photographs, the result was documentary or factual in nature, and even more believable.

Awe-inspiring stories recounting travel and conquest of mammals living near icebergs loomed large in the minds of readers who never imagined they would travel there or ever see a whale or other cetacean. Yet, it was possible, even highly probable, that many readers of material on the Panama Canal would soon journey there and survey things for themselves. So the books illustrated with photographs had extra value as inspiration for future travel.

Take a second look at rare books in the Museum’s Research Library.

Two eras in the 19th century, one at the beginning and one at its close, are examples of the rare books in the Museum’s Research Library. They feature the end of the whaling fisheries, and the beginning of cross-continental travel by sea. We start at the top of the world.

*OCEANUS magazine article online is available here.

Tuesday, November 10, 2015

The Women Who Served in World War I

The First, the Few, the Forgotten: Navy and Marine Corps Women in World War I by Jean Ebbert and Marie-Beth Hall

Women played and important and large role in World War I, however their work has gone largely unnoticed. The First, the Few, the Forgotten: Navy and Marine Corps Women in World War I by Jean Ebbert and Marie-Beth Hall presents a detailed account of the experiences and achievements of these women serving in World War I. Starting in March 1917 this book follows the women who joined the Navy and Marine Corp through the First World War, touching on everything from housing, uniforms, service jobs, retirement, and personal motivations. Later chapters discuss how these WWI women veterans shaped the future for women in the Navy and Marine Corps. One of these women, Yeoman (F) Joy Bright Hancock, played an important role in the Navy's newly created Women's Reserve (WAVES) during World War II. This book has 10 chapters divided into short sections covering specific topics. Each chapter features a short summary at the end making this book ideal for research. The Appendices include additional information, including a detailed chart of any legislation relating to female Marines and Yeoman.--AEpperhart


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  Visiting Capri Island

If you take a boat from Naples (the hydrofoil from Molo Beverello takes only 75 minutes) you will arrive at Marina Grande, the main port of the island of Capri. From there you can either take the funicular train or a mini bus (orange in colour) to get to La Piazzetta (also known as Piazza Umberto I), which is the heart of Capri itself. As the price is the same for both the train and bus you might want to take the bus up and come down by the funicular. You will be surprised at the number of luxury shops and expensive restaurants you find along the narrow streets and alleyways of the village. But there are no words to describe the amazing natural beauty that the island has to offer. There is really something magical about it. The panoramic views of the scenic seashores as well as the houses carved out of the rocky hillsides are enough to take one's breath away. To go even higher up the island though you'll have to take the bus for Anacapri. The Grotta Azzurra (blue grotto or cave) is another major tourist attraction in the romantic Isle of Capri.


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Exercise-Induced Asthma

Asthma and the athlete

Most of us are likely to know someone who has exercise-induced asthma and needs a ‘puffer’ every now and then, although it usually comes as a surprise to learn just how many people are treated for asthma every day. Even more surprising is the number of athletes who overcome the symptoms of exercise induced asthma (EIA) thanks to sports medicine to perform at elite level. Unlikely as it may seem, the evidence suggests strongly that, if you are a top athlete, you are increasing your chances of developing this hazardous respiratory condition.

Asthma is the most common chronic condition in children worldwide(1). In Australia alone, two million people have clinically recognised asthma, representing around 10% of the population (2). Although Australia is reported to have a relatively high incidence of asthma, this data is on a par with the Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in the US, which has reported a lifetime incidence of asthma among Americans at 11.1%. Between eight and nine out of 10 asthma sufferers will experience symptoms during or after exercise(3), making this a condition that all of us involved in sports support should be aware of.

What causes asthma Asthma occurs as a result of hyper-reactivity of the airways. People with sensitive airways will be prone to recurrent episodes of coughing, wheezing, tightness of the chest and shortness of breath. These episodes arise when the lining of the airway is exposed to triggers (usually environmental, such as pollens, fungi moulds, animal allergens, tobacco smoke, etc) which prompt the immune system to release mediators that cause the airway to react and constrict. Two mechanisms contribute to this narrowing: the thin lining of the airways inflames, causing swelling and increased mucus production; and the smooth muscle that lines the airways contracts, which physically narrows the inner airway tube or lumen (this is known as bronchospasm). Among asthmatics (people with known reactive airways disease), exercise will usually be a major trigger of an episode. But ‘exercise induced asthma’, which tends to be bronchospasm rather than mucus over-production, can also occur in people with associated allergic conditions such as hayfever and eczema, and even sometimes in otherwise healthy, non-asthmatic, non-allergic individuals. This means that isolated exercise-induced bronchospasm is often undiagnosed, remaining silent and asymptomatic until the individual takes up exercise. Indeed, symptoms often occur at the completion of exercise, rather than during it. Thus exercise is estimated to trigger bronchospasm in more than 10% of the general population(4).

Asthma among athletes Thankfully there have been no reports of death linked to isolated exercise induced asthma. But the condition can still cause considerable limitations particularly in elite and professional sportspeople. Rasmussen et al found an inverse relationship between fitness levels and risk of asthma and suggested that exercise may have a beneficial effect on the control of asthma when practised at mild to moderate levels and in normal conditions(5). However, Langdeau, and Boulet(6) believed it is possible that very intense and repeated exercise, particularly when performed over many years, could cause respiratory health problems. This is based on the higher prevalence of EIA in elite athletes. Weiler et al(7) found that about 15% of athletes competing at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games reported having a previous diagnosis of asthma. The same criteria were used at the subsequent Winter Olympics in 1998 and 21% of athletes surveyed reported a history of asthma(8). Among the 2000 Australian Summer Olympic Team, 21% reported asthma or EIA(9). Kukafka et al(10) studied football players and reported that 10% had a history of treated asthma. However, among the remaining athletes, 9% had EIA based on pulmonary function testing, suggesting a large proportion of undiagnosed EIA. The number of elite athletes reporting asthma-type symptoms also appears to be increasing, although this may be the result of improved diagnostic tests.

What causes EIA? The pathogenesis of EIA is controversial. It may be the result of a change in the humidity and/or temperature of inhaled air. During aerobic exercise, people usually switch to breathing through the mouth, which means that the inhaled air bypasses the normal humidification mechanisms present in the nose. It is thought that the bronchoconstriction could be induced by water loss from the airways, heat loss from the airways, or some combination of both. This dehydration increases the concentration of airway fluid, somehow activating the inflammatory cells to cause bronchoconstriction. While the statistics suggest a link between intense exercise and EIA, this is difficult to prove. Suggestion of a definitive link would be unpopular and might well have knock-on implications for all involved in sport. Perhaps the key question is this: if such a link does exist, are the changes in respiratory function irreversible? There is very little research examining this question. Kujala et al(11) retrospectively reviewed more than 1,200 former elite athletes who had participated at least once at international level between 1920 and 1965. The prevalence of asthma among this group was not statistically different from a control group of non-athletes. This may suggest a reversal of changes associated with elite competition, but it could equally well reflect changes in training intensities, environmental factors and accuracy of diagnostic modalities over the years.

How to diagnose EIA in athletes Sports support professionals who suspect their athletes of having EIA should have them assessed by a respiratory physician and request that pulmonary function tests be performed. Asthmatics will show lower values for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), compared to non-asthmatic athletes. Asthmatics will show an improved FEV1 after the use of bronchodilator medication. Non-asthmatics tend not to show statistically significant changes. Almost all elite athletes with suspected exercise-induced asthma should have some formal pulmonary testing to determine the extent of their problem. This will serve as a formal ‘challenge test’ for governing bodies as well as a pre-treatment baseline for ongoing performance evaluations. The International Olympic Committee’s Medical Commission (IOC-MC) requires objective evidence of asthma or EIA before permission is granted for the use of beta-agonist medication. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) requires notification for the use of inhaled beta-agonist and corticosteroid medications. Objective evidence is required in the form of a positive direct or indirect provocation challenge test (see Table 1, above). The FEV1 is considered to be the most reliable measure of function after the tests. Therapists should regularly review current publications relevant to their athlete’s specific sport to check regulations governing their anti-asthmatic medication.

Treatment and precautions Initially, simple advice such as gradually warming up towards 80-90% of maximal intensity can decrease the severity of symptoms(12). Other non- pharmaceutical therapies such as masks and nose breathing have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms, but are often impractical. The athlete might be encouraged to use an inhaled beta-agonist such as salbutamol within the first 15 minutes of activity, with subsequent doses of inhaled medications as necessary. If pre-activity therapy (non-pharmacological and pharmacological) is not successful in reducing symptoms, the athlete will need to try out a daily control regime of medication. Anti-asthmatics such as inhaled corticosteroids, leukotiene receptor antagonists, long acting beta-agonists, and theophyllines can be used alone or in combination. It is important to note that the use of these medications always carries a risk of side effects (albeit small). Be sure to make an ongoing evaluation of the athlete’s response to their medication regime. A number of studies of variable quality have looked at whether EIA can be relieved with dietary antioxidant supplements. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), beta-carotene, lycopene and undenatured whey protein have all been shown to improve pulmonary function to varying degrees. Tecklenburg et al(13) found that a daily 1,500mg supplement of ascorbic acid reduced adverse changes in pulmonary function after exercise in athletes with asthma. It is hypothesised that these antioxidants protect against inflammatory damage to the airway cells, thereby reducing subsequent bronchial constriction. Bear in mind that asthma is not the only cause of breathlessness in athletes, particularly if your athlete responds poorly to anti-asthmatic medication. Other possibilities, including obstruction of the respiratory tree by a tumour, or by vocal cords that spasm during exercise; cardiovascular conditions such as septal defects (hole in the heart) and cardiac arrhythmias, should be ruled out.

Conclusion All participants in sporting activities should discuss the control of their asthma symptoms with their general practitioner or sports physician. Support professionals should try to identify specific irritants and devise a customised asthma management plan involving non-pharmaceutical and, if necessary, pharmacological interventions. The management plan should include an action plan in case of severe asthma attack. Sports that permit gradual increases in intensity and allow for variable involvement, eg team sports, are excellent for asthmatics who are keen to be active. Asthma is a serious (and potentially fatal) condition that can be distressing for the athlete and affect their performance. An understanding of a patient’s symptoms, response to therapy and ongoing evaluation are important in the continued management of this common condition.

------------------ 1. World Health Organisation (WHO) Asthma Factsheet. fs307/en/index.html (accessed: 17/08/07). 2. Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring (2007) Asthma in Australia: Findings from the 2004-05 National Health Survey. Cat. no. ACM 10. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 3. Anderson, SD (1985) ‘Exercise-induced asthma. The state of the art’. Chest 87:191S-5S. 4. Parsons, JP, Mastronarde, JG (2005) ‘Exercise induced bronchoconstriction in athletes’. Chest. Dec;128(6):3966-74. 5. Rasmussen, F, Lambrechtsen HC, et al (1999) ‘Is low physical fitness a risk factor for the development of asthma?’ [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 159: A416. 6. Langdeau, J and Boulet, L (2001) ‘Prevalence and mechanisms of development of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness in athletes’ [Review Article]. Sports Medicine Volume 31(8), pp 601-616 7. Weiler, JM, Layton, T, Hunt, M (1998) ‘Asthma in United States Olympic athletes who participated in the 1996 Summer Games’. J Allergy Clin Immunol; 102: 722. 8. Weiler JM, Ryan EJ III (2000) ‘Asthma in United States Olympic athletes who participated in the 1998 Olympic Winter Games’. J Allergy Clin Immunol; 106: 267-71. 9. Corrigan, B, Kazlaukas, R (2000) ’Medication use in athletes selected for doping control at the Sydney Olympics’. Clin J Sport Med 2003; 13-40. 10. Kukafka, DS, Lang, DM, et al (1998)

Exercise-Induced Asthma


Residential property

Donald Winskill

Donald joined the firm in 2002 and became an Associate in our Private Client team in 2005.

He prepares custom-made Wills that save tax, minimise the impact of nursing fees, and ensure that his clients' wealth passes to the right beneficiaries. He also understands the additional complexities that can arise from second marriages or where provision needs to be made for young people or vulnerable adults. Donald deals with all levels of incapacity due to illness, injury or simply old age, and advises on how best to use Powers of Attorney, intervention orders and ongoing guardianships to meet the associated challenges.

Sector Experience

Donald regularly presents workshops on Powers of Attorney and guardianships to families and carers of vulnerable individuals.
He provided legal input to the Scottish edition of the book 'Safe and Secure' produced by Equal Futures, which offers step-by-step advice for families caring for people with disabilities. He also works closely with a number of other charities operating in this field, and often contributes articles to their newsletters.

Memberships and accreditations

In 2010, Donald became the first Edinburgh-based Solicitor to be accredited by the Law Society of Scotland as a specialist in incapacity & mental disability law, of which there are only nine in the country.
He is a member of the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners (STEP), having being awarded the STEP Diploma in Trusts and Estates (Scotland) with distinction in 2016.
He is a fully accredited member of "Solicitors for the Elderly", a nationwide organisation specialising in advice for elderly clients and their carers.
He is a member of the Association of Taxation Technicians.

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Dufferin Aggregates Quarry Becomes Environmental Trailblazer

CRH Canada's Dufferin Aggregates Acton Quarry is the first quarry in the world to receive certification as a supplier of responsibly sourced stone, sand and gravel, according to The Cornerstone Standards Council (CSC).

CSC is a collaboration of community, environmental and industry stakeholders committed to developing a world-class certification program that breaks new ground and establishes a leadership standard for the responsible siting and operation of all aggregates operations in Ontario, Canada.

"CRH Canada and Dufferin Aggregates are extremely proud that our Acton Quarry has been officially recognized as the world's first certified aggregate site, and hope that this achievement will be a catalyst for the industry," said Baudouin Nizet, president and CEO, CRH Canada Group Inc. "This certification is a testament to our commitment to address the demand for aggregates that consider community and environmental needs. Now any purchaser of aggregates, be it the public or the private sector, will have the confidence in knowing that they are buying responsibly sourced building materials,"

"This certificate speaks to the relationship between CRH Canada and the Town of Halton Hills," said Rick Bonnette, mayor of Halton Hills. "By following CSC's Standards and working proactively to address environmental and social impacts the Acton Quarry has been able to incorporate sustainability principles into its ongoing operations and after use. This has been a key component of the recent approval for expansion of the quarry."

"Aggregates . . . are the building blocks of our roads and buildings. But there is a tension between our need for these products, the views of communities adjacent to these operations, and the need to protect farmland and the environment. For the first time, a pathway exists for those building blocks to be sustainably sourced," said Tim Gray, executive director of Environmental Defense. "CSC certification can improve industry practices, reduce conflict and generate a market for sustainable products. CRH Canada should be congratulated for being the first operation to certify and for forging a new path that other aggregate operations can follow."


Most Common Chicken Diseases & Symptoms!

Most Common Chicken Diseases

Chickens are very prone to illnesses and that is no secret. Especially when weather changes occur you can surely expect that the chances of your flock getting sick are bigger than before. Many experienced chicken keepers are aware of this fact and have gone deeper in the subject by analyzing and taking notes of the most common chicken diseases and the symptoms for the same. What we wanted to do for our readers is put a list of the most common chicken diseases according to us in the sake of helping them having a safer and healthier flocks throughout the year.

1. Signs Of Cannibalism And Chickens Pecking One Another

Chickens/chicks pecking at each other in most cases means the lack of some nutritious material which is crucial for the well-being and overall productiveness of the chickens. Chickens turn to peck at their flock mates in search of calcium, protein and such. This is a very nasty habit that can occur in the flock so it is very important that the first culprit be separated from the flock and put in a separate box. With changes in the diet the chicken keeper can make sure that the rest of the flock don’t get the same nasty habit and therefore improve their well-being.

2. Fowl Pox

In many people`s vocabulary known as the chicken pox, this far from the same as the human disease. Mosquitoes are transmitting this illness from chicken to chicken. Concerning the symptoms – fowl pox is known to cause round lesions most likely in the comb, wattle and face areas. Some cases have proved that from time to time the same occur on the legs. The most dangerous lesions however, occur on the mouth and windpipe area which can lead to death by suffocation.

3. External And Internal Parasites

The difference between internal and external parasites is quite distinguishable – external parasites are those that infect the chickens from the outside, and the internal are those that infect the chickens from the inside.
External parasites such as fleas that can also feed on your pets. In most cases you can find them around the head area of the chicken.

They should be treated with medication that is made strictly for chickens because some of those universal methods can do a lot more harm to your chickens than good in the overall process. Other external parasites that are worth mentioning are mites – which are difficult to see for the human eyes and in most cases can affect the whole flock if left untreated – tics and lice, which are very common among birds. For prevention hygiene in the coop is crucial.
Internal parasite, fortunately are not as common as the external ones because chickens have with generation built their own immune system to fight them. Younger chicks however with not so strong immune system can be easily infected and then transmit the parasites to the older chickens. Weight loss and diarrhea are common signs of internal parasites in your chickens and the smartest thing a chicken keeper can do is take the feces for examination at the local vet.

4. Lack Of Vitamin A

If your chickens have dry and crusty material around their breathing areas that usually means that there is a deficiency of vitamin A in their system. Lack of vitamin A can cause younger chicks to develop slower and in some cases even die of organ failure. Adult hens however can experience a drop in their egg production and the overall quality of the egg will be lower than usual. The percentage of hatched eggs will be smaller with hens that experience a lack of vitamin A.

5. Fowl Cholera

One of the worst on this list fowl cholera can cause a sudden death without much indication. Managing to surprise chicken keepers even to this day but still there are some signs that you can find if you look closely enough. The skin going dark-purple along with depression and localized infection around the face, wattle, comb and limbs are crucial parts of the fowl cholera cocktail and more experienced chicken keepers can notice them.

6. Mycoplasmosis

If you have ever noticed a material similar to melted cheese around the eyes of your chickens –we have bad news for you. Your chickens are infected. Other symptoms include decrease in fertility, egg production and hatchability along with watery eyes, swelling around the face, constant sneezing and coughing.

7. Infectious Bronchitis

This menacing illness usually shows itself in early form by infecting the respiratory tract and what makes the menacing part is its high chance of infecting the rest of the flock. Chickens having to find hard to breathe during the night, and do not drink water as before are also symptoms. The worst part of this illness is that there is no clear method of treatment and it can go viral fast. Prevention can be keeping your chickens warm and comfortable at all times especially when weather changes occur.

8. Rickets

Maybe the worst to look at this disease is very familiar among chicken keepers that hatch their eggs. Symptoms are rubbery bones in the chicks and they having problems with moving and standing up. This illness comes at number 9 because of the facts that it infects chickens when they are young. The chicks that have this disease rarely manage to finish the process of growing up and those that do can have problems in the future.

9. Roundworm

One of the internal parasites that chicken keepers are mostly familiar with – common symptoms are weight loss and diarrhea. And sometimes if more adult worms are present in a chicken they can cause a blockage in the intestines with can be fatal.

10. Hairworm

Hairworm symptoms include paleness, chickens unwilling to eat and drink and diarrhea. If not treated in time the hairworm can be fatal for your chickens.

By being aware of the symptoms that are alerting you to these diseases every chicken keeper can be prepared to prevent them. Prevention is a key factor when these forms of diseases come to mind and that is why knowing the symptoms of the most common chicken diseases is important to every chicken keeper.


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Thompson Springs, Fairview, Tx

We’ve sold 15 homes in Thompson Springs and it’s easy to understand why it’s such a popular development.  First off, most (but not all) is in Lovejoy ISD, one of the highest rated school districts (along with Highland Park and Southlake Carroll).   Oddly enough, a small sliver of far east Thompson Springs is within McKinney ISD.  It’s one of those rare cases where a street within the same development separates it into two different school districts.  It would take some time to explain how all that came about, but that’s the way it is and I doubt it will ever change.  We’ve sold almost as many homes on the McKinney ISD side as the Lovejoy ISD side so it’s just a matter of finding the right buyer.

The homes are well maintained and the large lots well manicured.  It has a nice feel to it.  There’s a neat little playground along with a sport court.  The newest feature is the 26 acre nature preserve that abuts Thompson Springs on the north side.  It ties three different developments together with a walking trail through the woods, Thompson Springs, Remington Park, and Parkside.  Between the three developments all tied in by the walking trail there are lots of kids in Thompson Springs.

You really feel like you’re out a bit, but the development is only about 5 minutes from 3 million square feet of restaurants, retail, and entertainment at Stacy and 75 (Central Expressway).

We’ve sold nine homes to date in Thompson Springs and one three different times.  It’s a great neighborhood and represents what Fairview is all about.


Porsche gives a home to 1.5 million bees in Leipzig

Porsche is getting involved in nature and species conservation work at its site in Leipzig: The sports car manufacturer is moving 25 bee colonies onto its grazing paddock in the plant’s off-road area, with each colony comprising around 60,000 bees.

A total of 1.5 million honey bees will be given a new home on the 40 hectares of untouched natural land. Bees are highly endangered – half of the 560 species of bee that live in Germany are threatened with extinction. According to information from the German beekeeper’s association (Deutscher Imkerbund), bee colony numbers have fallen from 2.5 million in 1952 to fewer than one million today.

“Introducing bee colonies makes a valuable contribution to protecting the species and is a clear step forwards in preserving biodiversity”, says Christian Schmidt, German Federal Minister for Food and Agriculture. After cows and pigs, bees are considered to be the most important production animal in Germany. By carrying pollen from flower to flower, they pollinate a large proportion of agricultural crops. Schmidt: “80 per cent of domestic plant species are dependent on insects for pollination.” Environmental influences, such as residue from agricultural pesticides, bacteria, viruses and parasites, have been contributing to the decline in bee numbers for decades. What’s more, the bees’ habitat is continuing to disappear. Due to their importance for biodiversity, bees are protected by the German law for nature conservation (BNatSchG) and the German ordinance for species protection (BArtSchV).

“Introducing the honey bee colonies is our way of contributing to the protection of domestic animals and plants” emphasises Siegfried Bülow, Chair of the Executive Board at Porsche Leipzig GmbH. In addition to countless wild plants, the bees will mainly visit hawthorn bushes, black locust trees and lime trees for honey production. One colony of bees will produce an average of around 55 kilograms of honey each year. The first yield is expected to be ready for harvesting in just a few weeks’ time. The honey will then be processed and used in employee catering at the Porsche plant in Leipzig. There are also plans to sell the honey at the Porsche Leipzig customer centre from autumn 2017.

Dr. Falk Hohmann, Richard Beer and Siegfried Bülow (l-r)

Porsche has had a site in Leipzig since 2000, and has always taken its responsibility to the environment seriously. Alongside sustainable vehicle production, a unique pasture concept was developed, and the former military area was restored to a completely natural state. Specially established streams, wetlands and pasture areas created a natural habitat for numerous species of animals and plants. In addition to various types of flora and the newly introduced bees, the 99 hectares of grazing paddocks is home to countless species of birds, insects, frogs, hares and bats, as well as 27 wild horses and 75 aurochs.

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Daphne Bugental
Not accepting graduate applications

Research conducted in my lab is concerned with the mechanisms that regulate social interaction, combining perspectives drawn from social, developmental, and evolutionary theory.

Dan uses an evolutionary perspective to understand how mate preferences are linked to actual mating outcomes. Specifically, he is interested in how mate preferences are integrated with one another computationally in order to make mating decisions.

My research agenda is concerned with understanding the nature, acquisition and brain basis of the human capacity to attend to and reason about the behavior of other individuals in terms of their mental states (e.g. their beliefs and desires).

Zoe Liberman investigates the origins of human social cognition from an evolutionary perspective. She is particularly interested in infants’ earliest understanding of human social structure, how this understanding is shaped by experience, and how it changes across development.

My research is broadly focused on mapping the evolved design of the psychological adaptations that regulate human social interactions.

Affiliated Faculty

UC Santa Barbara
Department of Anthropology


Monday, March 24, 2014

Garytt's Belt Test

This weekend Garytt had his second belt test in karate.  In October 2013, he tested from a white belt to a yellow belt.  This test will take him from yellow, skipping blue-stripe, to a blue belt.

First, they all got lined up and did a few stretches and warm-up moves.

This whole ceremony was almost all done in Japanese, so I'm not sure how much Garytt understood, but he followed pretty well.  Yugihara Sensei does teach the kids quite a bit of Japanese in class, so I'm sure most of it he could follow easily.  It was when Sensei's grandfather (91 years old and still running around punching, kicking, blocking and striking like nobody's business!) stood up to explain things that Garytt was probably lost.

The Boy is the yellow belt in the center of the picture to the left.  Garytt's sensei, Yugihara Sensei, is standing up with the blue tie on.

He was the third group to test.  First up, his punches, blocks, and kicks.

Next, the second kata in the pinan series.

When he was done with that, he took a little test.  This always makes me nervous, because he is only reading words like:  kick, cat, plus, dad, etc.  But, he said he just had to draw pictures of fists, hands, and feet in the positions he's learned in karate so far.

We should know in a couple days if he passed.  Then, it will be another week or so before he gets his new belt.

The whole testing group photo.  Sensei Yugihara's grandfather, the man who taught him karate from the moment he could walk, is in the back row, third from the right.


How to Eat Well | Start Today

Hey Fam! Welcome to another blog post. It is very important to know how to eat well.  Why? Because just like how we put grade A fuels into our cars, give it the best oils and ensure that it is serviced every few months; that is the same approach that should be taken when fueling our bodies. However, let’s clear one thing up first. ‘Well’ is relative term. Well has a lot to do with a person’s genetic makeup, their likes and dislikes and whether or not diseases or viruses are present. So what is good for you may not be necessarily good for me. However, there is a sure fire way to ensure that what you ingest will be something healthy and good for you.

Eating well is ingesting the highest quality foods in such a way  that the digestive organs are able to efficiently work together to convert food into energy and nutrients to optimally feed the entire body. So whether you are a vegan, vegetarian, an omnivore or have certain food sensitivities, here are four things you need to take into consideration so that you are able to eat well.

The Less Processing, the Better

Processing relates to food that has been heated beyond a certain temperature (> 118° F), or if the food was refined or if chemicals are added. Eating food closest to its original form is best; as the food will contain enough of its own enzymes to aid the body in digestion. The more processing food goes through, the more the enzymes in food are destroyed. The body then has to create these enzymes that are lacking; and the greater the dependence on the body to produce these enzymes during digestion, the more stress is put on the body’s systems and organs.

Let’s be realistic though; cooking and processed foods may be hard to avoid while living in this current fast-paced world. To consume certain foods like bulgar, quinoa, meats and sweet potato would take us quite some time to prepare, so that it can be consumed raw. The key is meshing healthier decisions into our current lifestyle in a way that is practical. Eating foods that are less processed is one of the biggest benefits of changing my lifestyle and embarking on my health journey.

So how did I do it? Natural smoothies, lightly cooking meals and avoiding refined carbohydrates and replacing it with complex carbohydrates are some of the ways. Smoothies is one way of keeping the body alkaline. It also makes it easier to reach the goal of 5-9 servings of fruits and vegetables recommended by experts. I usually have an all vegetable, green smoothie as a healthy start to my day. They are so easy to make and  are a quick way of  eating raw foods. Another way is lightly cooking foods, for example, vegetables.  The texture may take some getting used to; but it is doable plus it’s less time cooking.

Stay Away From Inflammatory Foods

In excess, sugar is a big culprit of inflammation. This includes glucose, fructose, lactose and sucrose. Now, the fact is we do not need to consume that much sugar in every day life unless extreme physical activity is undertaken. If we are honest most of us our days consist of mainly sitting or lying down. Among the worst offenders  are white rice,  white flour, white sugar, juices and drinks on the market.

So what happens when excess sugar is eaten? Bad bacteria and disease are living organisms that exist within our body.  For them to multiply and grow they need fuel. And you guessed it! That fuel in one of  its simplest forms is sugar. So while the body is receiving fuel, so is bacteria, viruses and disease. This gives rise to inflammation within the body and makes getting rid of any ailment harder.

Also, as a rule of thumb I avoid consuming a lot of ingredients that have to be declared by food manufacturers on their packaging as a warning to consumers. These foods are responsible for most of today’s allergies among humans. These are nuts*, gluten, eggs*, shellfish, dairy, soy and pork. Now I believe that we should be able to consume all these things because our ancestors, even back to Jesus’ days, were able to consume some of these things. However, because of how much genetical modification has been going on, the human body is not able to process these foods without an adverse reaction. Genetically modified foods are not new Fam. This has been going on for quite some time.

Chew Sufficiently

The digestive process starts in the mouth! The more chewing occurs, the more the process of digestion is aided. Food is broken up into smaller particles which puts less pressure on the throat when swallowing and the oesophagus when transporting the bolus. Cutting and swallowing is never a good habit to form, whether you are in a hurry or not. Enough time needs to be given to start the breakdown process of food.

Chewing and the chemical reaction of salivary enzymes is responsible for the preliminary digestion of food. It is said that we should chew foods  up to 32 times before swallowing, according to experts.

So from now on chew your food. It will feel unnatural to chew so many times when you just start. However a habit starts after 21 days so at least try to make it to that point, so that after  it becomes natural. Slow it down and ensure you are relaxed during and after eating.

Eat Strategically

Strategy is very important when eating well; because even if all the other steps above are followed, if it is not done in a way that is optimal for the body, health might still be elusive. The first strategy to implement is to start the day right. When breaking the fast it needs to be something truly beneficial to your body. Therefore  ingest something raw and nutrient dense first thing in the morning.

Eat in such way that the waste from the meal quickly exits the body. This is a great strategy to implement as eliminating waste quickly boosts health. Optimally any food group combined with vegetables is digested easier by the body. Therefore combining protein and veggies, fat and veggies and other carbs and veggies are the most ideal way to eat food from any group. However, hardly anyone eats like this so a more realistic combination is consuming, lean protein, lots of deep leafy green veggies and complex carbohydrates that contains marginal starch, such as, pumpkin or sweet potato.

Another strategy is to consume most meals at room temperature as the stomach has less work to do convert food to body temperature so that it can continue the digestion process. Please allow the temperature to cool a little, before eating food right off the stove or to warm up after coming out of the fridge.

Eating well is simply  including these steps  in your eating plan every day – and preferably at every meal. This will do wonders for your health and maintaining a healthy weight. Converting food into nutrients takes a toll on the body and naturally becomes harder as we age; this includes producing enzymes. So let us give the body as much help as possible by implementing these steps. The healthier you become the less bad cravings you will have, the less  you will snack and the more you will eat only when you are hungry.

Leave me a comment down below letting me know what you think. Are you going to try any of these steps? I would really love to hear  if any of you are already doing any of these options. If you just want to leave me some positivity, click the heart down below. Kindly share this post with everyone, especially someone who may need it and keep the conversation going. Thanks again for stopping by, until next time Fam, walk good.

*I have these foods in moderation

Disclaimer:Any information shared is not meant to cure or treat any medical conditions. Always consult with your doctor about your personal health and wellness. I am not a health professional. All reviews are my personal opinion. Please do your own research on products and companies before using any product you find on the internet. MishiMatters does not claim responsibility for any of the products or companies discussed on this site but does its best to discuss only wholesome ones.

Heritage Integrative Healthcare. (2017). The Importance of Chewing Your Food.

Enchanted Learning. (2016). The Human Digestive System.

Healing Daily. (2002).Raw foods and enzymes.

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Yukon conservation officers are warning pet owners to be vigilant after a pack of wolves attacked and killed a dog on Fish Lake Road on the outskirts of Whitehorse last week.

Ken Knutson, a conservation officer with Environment Yukon, says letting pets run loose is an invitation to the wolves.

"That's a free lunch for a wolf and it's very difficult for us to respond and deal with the wolf pack if we've got a bunch of dogs running loose," he said.

"So if you love your pet and you are living in more remote areas in Whitehorse or just on the outskirts where there is wilderness, and you know there are wolves in the area, take the precautions for your pets."

Dr. Ramona Maraj, a conservation biologist,  says wolves will prey on pets under two circumstances:  when food resources are low and they start moving closer to towns, or when town sites start encroaching into wolf habitat.

Conservation officers are putting up posters to warn people that wolves have been seen in the area.

They say dogs should be kept inside, in a secure area or leashed.

Officers say people should call Environment Yukon if they see wolves around town.


Journal Items

Journey of Freedom

Butterflies are fluttering into the blue summer sky on my utility box mural in Redwood City. At first sight, it seems ironic that this mural is located next to the Maguire Correctional Facility. Butterflies symbolize freedom as the butterfly with its wings fully spread can go anywhere. They cannot be hold by jail grids or walls - tiny fragile creatures that even cross borders.

Monarch Butterflies travel up to three thousand miles from Canada to Mexico every year. They are the only butterfly species to make such a long, two-way migration. They only make the journey once. The Monarchs who go south reproduce and die on the way. They do not return to where they were born. Their children or grandchildren come back without any elders to show them the way. It is their children's grandchildren that return south the following fall.

These migration facts are amazing, but not everything meets the eye. This journey must be placed in the context of the butterfly life cycle. Before a butterfly is taking flight across seas and continents, it has gone from a caterpillar to a butterfly. The caterpillar is only capable of crawling slowly. It spins itself a cocoon where the transformation can take place. This metamorphosis is a message of what is possible in our own lives. If we are going beyond what we believe, it is possible to making the impossible a reality.

 This metamorphosis also mirrors the process of change that can happen inside prison walls. When the caterpillar enters the cocoon he has let everything he has ever known be left behind and embraces his new life. I hope that the prisoners can free themselves from the past and go through important changes. Sometimes you have to let go of something or someone that has been holding you back. Then new possibilities will open up. Life is continuous unfolding. You can shape the future for the coming generations. It is our power to make a choice - to create our way of being. But you have to release your fears so you can take the journey.


Dear Readers,

A Biblical Critique of the Teachings of Modern Psychology (I)

As we have seen in the earlier section, the term “psychology” simply means a study of the soul. The Bible itself teaches much about the souls of men. Psychology which is founded upon the truth of God’s Word is thus most truthful and helpful. However, how does modern psychology square with the teachings of God’s Word? Is modern psychology consistent with the Bible?

We now proceed to evaluate the teachings of three influential figures of modern psychology: Sigmund Freud, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

Sigmund Freud Evaluated

Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 to Jewish parents in Freiburg, Moravia. He is popularly known as the Father of Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis. His teachings have divided opinion in the field of psychology. An article in Times Magazine published in 2001 lauded him as one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century. On the other hand, Newsweek in 2006 branded him as “history’s most debunked doctor”.

Sigmund Freud was well-known for his concept on unconsciousness and his claim that man is able to delve into the unconscious mind of man. According to Freud, unconsciousness is the phenomenon that occurs when human ideas are repressed. When these ideas are repressed, they remain in the human mind, though they are removed from the conscious state of the mind. Thus a significant proportion of our feelings, passions, urges, emotions, impulses and beliefs are hidden in our unconsciousness and not readily available to us at a conscious level. However, these ideas can be brought out to the consciousness via certain circumstances. Freud claims that the hidden things of the unconsciousness can be unravelled using techniques such as hypnosis, free association and interpretation of dreams which are employed by a psychotherapist. A psychotherapist is thus the authority for the interpretation and unravelling of a man’s consciousness. Till today, practices such as hypnosis are readily used by many psychotherapists in order to help their clients. The concept of the unconsciousness is an unchallenged bedrock in modern psychology.

However, the Bible tells us that no man can perfectly know what is in the mind of man. 1 Corinthians 2:11 emphatically declares, For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in him? even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of God.” (1 Corinthians 2:11). Solomon also confesses that God alone knows the hearts of the sons of men (2 Chronicles 6:30). Why then are psychotherapists acting as though they are the sole arbiters and interpreters of the unconsciousness of men?

Moreover, Williams rightly identifies that the “fundamental error of the Freudian theory of human behaviour is that it does not recognise the true fallen nature of man. Rather it helps a man to avoid the consequences of his sin, and by labelling him as a victim to mental illness, it fixes him in his sin.”

Freud’s psychoanalysis will often shift the blame of one’s sins to someone else, and oftentimes, to one’s parents. One example of this is his teaching of the Oedipus complex. This is based upon the fictional story of Oedipus who was prophesied to sleep with his mother and kill his father. Oedipus tried to escape his fate, but ends up unwittingly fulfilling the prophecy. The Oedipus complex is thus the teaching that a boy’s sexual desire focuses on his mother. However, this also means that the boy is hostile to his own father. Some boys fail to outgrow this stage like Oedipus, and thus leads to complications in his behaviour later in life such as neurosis, pedophilia and homosexuality. Such a theory only serves to excuse the depravity of men! But God’s Word makes it clear that all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23). The solution to sin is none other than Jesus Christ, and not some esoteric theory of Oedipus!

The teachings of Sigmund Freud is but a fraud.

(… to be continued)

Preacher Clement Chew

(Adapted from John Calvin’s Commentary on Acts 6:4)

The apostles declare that they have too much business otherwise, wherein they may exercise themselves during their whole life, for them to look after the needs of the Greek-speaking Jews. Therefore, they use the word proskarterhsai (translated “we will give”) which signifieth to be, as it were, fastened and tied to both prayer and the minstry of the Word. Therefore, pastors must not think that they have so done their duty that they need to do no more when they have daily spent some time in teaching. There is another manner of study, another manner of zeal, another manner of continuance required, that they may indeed boast that they are wholly given to that thing. They adjoin thereunto prayer, not that they alone ought to pray, (for that is an exercise common to all the godly,) but because they have peculiar causes to pray above all others. There is no man which ought not to be careful for the common salvation of the Church. How much more, then, ought the pastor, who hath that function enjoined him by name to labor carefully anxiously for it? So Moses did indeed exhort others unto prayer, but he went before them as the ringleader (Exodus 17:11). And it is not without cause that Paul doth so often make mention of his prayers (Romans 1:10). Again, we must always remember that, that we shall lose all our labor bestowed upon plowing, sowing, and watering, unless the increase come from heaven (1 Corinthians 3:7). Therefore, it shall not suffice to take great pains in teaching, unless we require the blessing at the hands of the Lord, that our labor may not be in vain and unfruitful. Hereby it appeareth that the exercise of prayer is not in vain commended unto the ministers of the word.

Note from Preacher: The primary duties of every minister of the Word is (1) to preach and teach the Word of God and (2) to pray for the congregation. Every message or lesson must be prepared and preached with the help of the Holy Spirit. As a minister “devoted” to the ministry of the Word, he must be diligent in the study and preaching of God’s Word. As a minister devoted to prayer, he must take every available opportunity to pray for the congregation, whether privately or publicly. The pastoral prayer is one such avenue where the minister can pray for the congregation. No responsible minister should neglect and despise this duty and privilege which has been committed to him.

Preacher Clement Chew


Annotate this Case

1926 OK 281
250 P. 1012
120 Okla. 85
Case Number: 16230
Decided: 03/23/1926
Supreme Court of Oklahoma

¶0 2. Bills and Notes -- Fraud in Procuring Note--Proof. In cases where fraud is alleged in the procuring of notes in the settlement of an account, the proof must sustain the allegations by a preponderance of the evidence so great as to overcome all opposing presumptions. It should be of such weight and cogency as to satisfactorily establish the wrongful conduct charged; honesty and fair dealing, as a rule, being presumed. Elliott v. Merriman,

Chas. Hill Johns, for plaintiffs in error.
Bond, Melton & Melton and A. W. Gilliland, for defendant in error.

¶1 This action was instituted in the district court of Grady county, by Oscar Edwards, defendant in error, as plaintiff, against Ed F. Johns, plaintiff in error, as defendant, to recover the value of two certain promissory notes aggregating approximately $ 1,800 with interest, costs, and attorneys' fees. The parties will be referred to as they appeared in the trial court. Defendant in his amended answer denied all of the allegations in plaintiff's petition contained, and for further and separate defense alleged that the notes sued on were secured through fraud and misrepresentation, and that by reason thereof he is entitled to certain credits pleaded in his amended answer. Defendant further alleges that the said notes were executed without a sufficient and valid consideration.

¶2 Upon the trial of the cause the plaintiff introduced the notes in evidence, and at the close of defendant's evidence plaintiff's demurrer thereto, on the ground that defendant's evidence did not sustain any defense to plaintiff's cause of action, was, by the court, sustained, whereupon the court rendered judgment for the plaintiff for the amount sued for and discharged the jury from further consideration of the cause. The defendant excepted to the judgment of the court in sustaining the demurrer to the defendant's evidence, and the cause comes regularly on appeal by the defendant to this court for review by petition in error and case-made attached. For reversal of the judgment defendant assigns as error: First, the overruling of the motion of defendant for a new trial; second, error of the trial court in sustaining plaintiff's objection to certain evidence offered by defendant; and third, error of the trial court in sustaining plaintiff's demurrer to defendant's evidence. The first proposition presented and discussed by counsel for defendant is that the court erred in sustaining objection to the introduction of certain checks executed by plaintiff on defendant's account to third persons.

¶3 It appears that the defendant was for many years engaged in the banking business, and he was also the owner of a certain ranch; the plaintiff was in defendant's employ for 12 or 15 years, and for a number of years was the foreman or general overseer of the said ranch, and plaintiff was authorized to draw checks on the defendant for labor and necessary expenses in operating the ranch property, and such checks were drawn from time to time. It further appears that after plaintiff had been in the employ of defendant for many years, and after defendant had disposed of his ranch, a final settlement was had and the notes involved in this action were executed by defendant. After suit was instituted to recover the value of the notes, defendant pleaded lack of consideration and fraud and misrepresentation in the procurement of the notes, and on the trial of the case offered in evidence for the purpose of establishing these allegations of his petition the checks in question. These checks, it appears without dispute, had been issued pursuant to authority and were made payable to persons, principally farmers, living in the vicinity of and adjacent to the defendant's ranch. The defendant testified that he did not know for what purpose these checks were executed, but the record shows that he had these checks in his possession for more than a year prior to the time of his settlement with the plaintiff and the record fails to show that he ever asked the plaintiff, who, as before stated, had for years acted as the manager of his ranch with authority to execute checks on the defendant's account for whatever was necessary in the operation of the ranch, as to the purpose for which the checks were made, and the record is silent as to what, if any, effort the defendant made to ascertain from the persons to whom the checks were made for what purpose they were received by them.

"When it lies within the power of a party to an action to produce evidence upon an issue and he fails, the presumption follows that the evidence, if produced, would be unfavorable to the cause of such party." Moore v. Adams,

¶4 There was no evidence offered in the case to prove fraud, except the checks in question. The defendant, who was the only witness in the case, did not claim that these checks, executed by his foreman, plaintiff herein, were not executed for legitimate expenses necessary to be made in the conduct of the defendant's ranch business. His testimony is simply that he did not know for what purposes they were executed. In view of the facts and circumstances disclosed by the record, we think the checks were incompetent and inadmissible for the purpose of showing fraud and misrepresentation.

¶5 In the case of Elliott v. Merriman et al.,

"In cases where fraud is alleged in the procuring of the execution of written instruments or deeds, the proof must sustain the allegations by a preponderance of the evidence so great as to overcome all opposing evidence and repel all opposing presumptions. It should be of such weight and cogency as to satisfactorily establish the wrongful conduct charged; honesty and fair dealing, as a rule, being presumed."

¶6 The only evidence offered to establish the allegations of defendant's amended answer to the effect that the notes were procured through fraud and misrepresentation was the checks in question, and in view of the testimony of the defendant that the plaintiff was authorized to draw checks for the purpose of paying labor and necessary expenses and do all that was necessary as his general overseer in carrying on the work of his ranch, the checks constituted presumptive evidence of honesty and fair dealing. We find no evidence in the record to overcome this presumption.

¶7 In the case of Campbell Printing Press & Mfg. Co. v. Yorkston, 32 N.Y.S. 263, the court used the following language (pages 264, 265):

"The giving of a negotiable note by the defendant raised a presumption that a settlement had been had, and that the defendant was indebted to the plaintiff. In other words, the giving of a promissory note is prima facie evidence of an accounting and settlement of all demands between the parties, and that the maker was indebted to the payee upon such settlement to the amount of the note. Lake v. Tysen, 6 N.Y. 461; Wright v. Wright, 74 Hun 138, 26 N.Y.S. 238. To overcome this presumption, a very clear preponderance of evidence is required."

¶8 Any legal evidence from which a jury may legitimately deduce the fact in issue is admissible, if, when taken with other evidence in the case, its relevancy appears. But evidence prima facie irrelevant should be rejected, unless the person offering it shows how it can be made relevant by connecting it with other facts and circumstances. 10 R.C.L. 927, Numerous decisions of this court and of other jurisdictions are cited by defendant in his brief which announce the well-settled rule that under the issue of fraud the courts allow great latitude in the introduction of evidence, and usually any evidence which tends to prove or disprove the fraud alleged is admissible, circumstantial evidence being competent for such purpose. Hankins v. Farmers & Merchants' Bank,

"A demurrer to plaintiff's evidence should be sustained when, taking the evidence as a whole, it would not support a judgment in favor of such plaintiff."


Class Notes (811,581)
Canada (494,805)
Economics (1,582)
ECO101H1 (575)

Notes on Factor Substitution With Diagrams

15 Pages
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Peter Tomlinson

Urban Land Markets With Factor Substitution April 2011 In what follows here, we will elaborate on the analysis of land-market equilibrium with factor substitution, as outlined in OSullivans text. Starting with a model in Chapter 6 of the text, we derive the models endogenous variables from its exogenous variables. Factor substitution refers to firms ability to substitute capital for land at locations where land rent is relatively high rather than using fixed land and capital inputs regardless of land rent. The factor-substitution model in the text considers firms that occupy office buildings. However, a factor substitution model can apply to any type of firm. In these notes, factor substitution can be switched on or off so that its impact on endogenous variables can be isolated. A zoning law controlling firms land input is the tool used to switch factor substitution on or off. Firms in the textbook model sell information products to their customers. Customers might be paying for financial advice or legal advice two examples of information products. Firms need data such as data on financial markets or data on matters involved in contract law in order to develop saleable information products. The location variable in the model is distance from the office land markets median location (the location at the centre of a circular land market). We assume that the cost of obtaining required data increases with distance from the median location. Required data is obtained at meetings, and travel cost (an exogenous variable) measures the cost of attending these meetings. We begin with Table 6-7 in the text. 1 We will re-order the table so that exogenous variables (given from outside the model) are grouped in columns 1-4; the endogenous variables (determined in the model) will be grouped in columns 5-9. The resulting table appears here as Table 1. Table 1 includes values for variables on rows omitted in Table 6-7: the rows added here show all data for locations at 0, 4 and 6 blocks from the median location, while travel cost numbers have been added for locations at 2 and 3 1 In what follows here, hyphenated numbers for tablesthr fithres (for example Table 6-7) refer to tables or numbers without a hyphen (for example Table 1) refer to tables or figures included in these notes. Thesee notes cannot be read without the text book at hand, since there will be numerous references to tables and diagrams in the text that are not reproduced in the notes. blocks. The blank spaces for variables at 2 and 3 blocks are not filled in since data at these locations will not be needed in the discussion below. Table 1: Expanded / Re-ordered Version of Table 6-7 in Text 1.Distance 2.Travel 3.Total 4.Other 5.Productn 6.Bldg. 7.Total 8.Capital 9.Bid in blocks cost revenue non-land site height rent paid cost of rent per ( x ) cost (hectares) (floors) bldg. ha 0 $0 $500 $150 0.02 50 $70 $280 $3500 1 $36 $500 $150 0.04 25 $64 $250 $1600 2 $74 $500 $150 3 $114 $500 $150 4 $156 $500 $150 0.125 8 $54 $140 $432 5 $200 $500 $150 0.25 4 $50 $100 $200 6 $246 $500 $150 0.50 2 $29 $75 $58 The numbers in Table 1 could be interpreted as applying to seven firms at the seven locations indicated in Column 1. Alternatively, we could interpret Table 1 as applying to a single firm that moves from one location to another. Either way, the firm or firms will compete with large numbers of identical firms. The conditions for perfect competition are assumed to be met here, including zero economic profit in equilibrium (firms make only the profit required to keep them in business). The profit required to stay in business is included in the other non- land cost variable. Exogenous Variables Column 1 in Table 1 shows distance from the median location, measured in blocks. A block is treated as a standard distance measure, comparable to kilometres or miles. This variable measures distance from the median location in any direction whether east, south, west, north (or any other compass direction) makes no difference. All variables in the model will have equal values at any given x, regardless of direction. Travel cost is shown in Column 2. Since travel cost is an exogenous variable, any numbers could be assumed for Column 2. The assumption in the text is that travel cost increases at an increasing rate moving away from the median location. In the example of Table 1, a move from 0 blocks (the median location itself) to one block away increases travel cost by $36 - $0 = $36 per day; a move from 1 block to 2 blocks increases travel cost by $74 - $36 = $38 per day, and so on. The text provides some of the numbers for travel cost, and in Table 1 numbers have been filled in for other locations. All variables with a time dimension (Columns 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9) are specified on a per-day basis. The text indicates that an office firms revenue ($500) is per day, so all other time-specific variables must be measured on a per-day basis. (The time period could alternatively be a month, a year or any other time interval, as long as it is specified consistently for all variables.) 2 The product that is sold for $500 per day is not identified in the text, but identifying it is unnecessary. Whatever the product is, both the output level produced by a firm and the output price are exogenous; price times quantity of output is fixed at $500 per day per firm. Not shown in Table 1 is another exogenous variable assumed to apply equally to each firm. Each firm is assumed to require an office building with 10,000 sq. metres (1 hectare) of floor area to produce its output. The firm could rent that floor area from another firm producing office space for rent. However, in the model here and in the text the firm constructs its own office building, renting land and capital for that purpose. It then uses its office building to produce the information product that sells for $500 per day. Column 4 (other non-land cost) shows a firms cost of inputs other than travel cost, capital cost and land cost. ONLC includes labour cost and the profit required by the firm to stay in business. The assumption is that inputs included in ONLC cannot be substituted for land or capital: their cost is a constant $150 / day given exogenously. Endogenous Variables Columns 5 and 6 in Table 1 are effectively the same variable. Column 5 shows the land input in hectares rented by a firm at each location (x-value), and Column 6 shows that same land input divided into the firms fixed floor area (1 hectare). Thus Column 6, the ratio of floor area to land area, is the reciprocal of Column 5. For example firms at x = 5 rent 0.25 hectares of land on which they construct 1 hectare of floor area, so the floor area / land area ratio is 1 / 0.25 = 4. In these notes we will refer to land input rather the equivalent term production site used in the text. We assume that a firms land input is limited to land under the building (no additional land for landscaping, parking, etc.). We also assume that every floor has the same area as the ground floor, so a building on 0.25 hectares of land has four floors of 0.25 hectares each. Given these assumptions, the floor3area / land area ratio is also building height measured in numbers of floors. 2Other non-land cost may also include travel cost at x = 0. In Table 1 and in the text, travel cost at x = 0 is set equal to zero. However, that is consistent with firms at x = 0 actually incurring travel cost. To achieve that consistency, define travel cost as the difference between travel cost at each x and travel cost at x = 0. Travel cost at x = 0 is then included with the other constants in ONLC.. 3Note: building height is equivalent to the floor area / land area ratio only if that ratio 1.0. The minimum building height is obviously one floor. For example with a floor area / land area ratio = 0.5 (1 hectare floor area on 2 hectares of land), we would either have a building one floor high covering half the site or some taller building covering less than half the site. A building 0.5 floors high covering the entire site is not an option. 3
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Our Day Use Area offers a sandy beach and swim area with picnic tables, grills, and bathroom facilities onsite. Recreational activities in the area include swimming, canoe access, boat ramp access, lake and river fishing. The campground is approximately 30 minutes from Knoxville and a little over an hour to the Smoky Mountains, Cades Cove, Dollywood, Pigeon Forge, and Gatlinburg.