Network attacks

Common Types of Network Attacks

Without security measures and controls in place, your data might be subjected to an attack. Some attacks are passive, meaning information is monitored; others are active, meaning the information is altered with intent to corrupt or destroy the data or the network itself.

Your networks and data are vulnerable to any of the following types of attacks if you do not have a security plan in place.

In general, the majority of network communications occur in an unsecured or "cleartext" format, which allows an attacker who has gained access to data paths in your network to "listen in" or interpret (read) the traffic. When an attacker is eavesdropping on your communications, it is referred to as sniffing or snooping. The ability of an eavesdropper to monitor the network is generally the biggest security problem that administrators face in an enterprise. Without strong encryption services that are based on cryptography, your data can be read by others as it traverses the network.

Data Modification

After an attacker has read your data, the next logical step is to alter it. An attacker can modify the data in the packet without the knowledge of the sender or receiver. Even if you do not require confidentiality for all communications, you do not want any of your messages to be modified in transit. For example, if you are exchanging purchase requisitions, you do not want the items, amounts, or billing information to be modified.

Identity Spoofing (IP Address Spoofing)

Most networks and operating systems use the IP address of a computer to identify a valid entity. In certain cases, it is possible for an IP address to be falsely assumed— identity spoofing. An attacker might also use special programs to construct IP packets that appear to originate from valid addresses inside the corporate intranet.

After gaining access to the network with a valid IP address, the attacker can modify, reroute, or delete your data. The attacker can also conduct other types of attacks, as described in the following sections.

Password-Based Attacks

A common denominator of most operating system and network security plans is password-based access control. This means your access rights to a computer and network resources are determined by who you are, that is, your user name and your password.

Older applications do not always protect identity information as it is passed through the network for validation. This might allow an eavesdropper to gain access to the network by posing as a valid user.

When an attacker finds a valid user account, the attacker has the same rights as the real user. Therefore, if the user has administrator-level rights, the attacker also can create accounts for subsequent access at a later time.

After gaining access to your network with a valid account, an attacker can do any of the following:

  • Obtain lists of valid user and computer names and network information.

  • Modify server and network configurations, including access controls and routing tables.

  • Modify, reroute, or delete your data.

Denial-of-Service Attack

Unlike a password-based attack, the denial-of-service attack prevents normal use of your computer or network by valid users.

After gaining access to your network, the attacker can do any of the following:

  • Randomize the attention of your internal Information Systems staff so that they do not see the intrusion immediately, which allows the attacker to make more attacks during the diversion.

  • Send invalid data to applications or network services, which causes abnormal termination or behavior of the applications or services.

  • Flood a computer or the entire network with traffic until a shutdown occurs because of the overload.

  • Block traffic, which results in a loss of access to network resources by authorized users.

Man-in-the-Middle Attack

As the name indicates, a man-in-the-middle attack occurs when someone between you and the person with whom you are communicating is actively monitoring, capturing, and controlling your communication transparently. For example, the attacker can re-route a data exchange. When computers are communicating at low levels of the network layer, the computers might not be able to determine with whom they are exchanging data.

Man-in-the-middle attacks are like someone assuming your identity in order to read your message. The person on the other end might believe it is you because the attacker might be actively replying as you to keep the exchange going and gain more information. This attack is capable of the same damage as an application-layer attack, described later in this section.

Compromised-Key Attack

A key is a secret code or number necessary to interpret secured information. Although obtaining a key is a difficult and resource-intensive process for an attacker, it is possible. After an attacker obtains a key, that key is referred to as a compromised key.

An attacker uses the compromised key to gain access to a secured communication without the sender or receiver being aware of the attack.With the compromised key, the attacker can decrypt or modify data, and try to use the compromised key to compute additional keys, which might allow the attacker access to other secured communications.

Sniffer Attack

A sniffer is an application or device that can read, monitor, and capture network data exchanges and read network packets. If the packets are not encrypted, a sniffer provides a full view of the data inside the packet. Even encapsulated (tunneled) packets can be broken open and read unless they are encrypted and the attacker does not have access to the key.

Using a sniffer, an attacker can do any of the following:

  • Analyze your network and gain information to eventually cause your network to crash or to become corrupted.

  • Read your communications.

Application-Layer Attack

An application-layer attack targets application servers by deliberately causing a fault in a server's operating system or applications. This results in the attacker gaining the ability to bypass normal access controls. The attacker takes advantage of this situation, gaining control of your application, system, or network, and can do any of the following:

  • Read, add, delete, or modify your data or operating system.

  • Introduce a virus program that uses your computers and software applications to copy viruses throughout your network.

  • Introduce a sniffer program to analyze your network and gain information that can eventually be used to crash or to corrupt your systems and network.

  • Abnormally terminate your data applications or operating systems.

  • Disable other security controls to enable future attacks.

Types of attack:

Classes of attack might include passive monitoring of communications, active network attacks, close-in attacks, exploitation by insiders, and attacks through the service provider. Information systems and networks offer attractive targets and should be resistant to attack from the full range of threat agents, from hackers to nation-states. A system must be able to limit damage and recover rapidly when attacks occur.
There are five types of attack:

Passive Attack

A passive attack monitors unencrypted traffic and looks for clear-text passwords and sensitive information that can be used in other types of attacks. Passive attacks include traffic analysis, monitoring of unprotected communications, decrypting weakly encrypted traffic, and capturing authentication information such as passwords. Passive interception of network operations enables adversaries to see upcoming actions. Passive attacks result in the disclosure of information or data files to an attacker without the consent or knowledge of the user.

Active Attack

In an active attack, the attacker tries to bypass or break into secured systems. This can be done through stealth, viruses, worms, or Trojan horses. Active attacks include attempts to circumvent or break protection features, to introduce malicious code, and to steal or modify information. These attacks are mounted against a network backbone, exploit information in transit, electronically penetrate an enclave, or attack an authorized remote user during an attempt to connect to an enclave. Active attacks result in the disclosure or dissemination of data files, DoS, or modification of data.

Distributed Attack

A distributed attack requires that the adversary introduce code, such as a Trojan horse or back-door program, to a “trusted” component or software that will later be distributed to many other companies and users Distribution attacks focus on the malicious modification of hardware or software at the factory or during distribution. These attacks introduce malicious code such as a back door to a product to gain unauthorized access to information or to a system function at a later date.

Insider Attack

An insider attack involves someone from the inside, such as a disgruntled employee, attacking the network Insider attacks can be malicious or no malicious. Malicious insiders intentionally eavesdrop, steal, or damage information; use information in a fraudulent manner; or deny access to other authorized users. No malicious attacks typically result from carelessness, lack of knowledge, or intentional circumvention of security for such reasons as performing a task

Close-in Attack

A close-in attack involves someone attempting to get physically close to network components, data, and systems in order to learn more about a network Close-in attacks consist of regular individuals attaining close physical proximity to networks, systems, or facilities for the purpose of modifying, gathering, or denying access to information. Close physical proximity is achieved through surreptitious entry into the network, open access, or both.

One popular form of close in attack is social engineering in a social engineering attack, the attacker compromises the network or system through social interaction with a person, through an e-mail message or phone. Various tricks can be used by the individual to revealing information about the security of company. The information that the victim reveals to the hacker would most likely be used in a subsequent attack to gain unauthorized access to a system or network.

Phishing Attack

In phishing attack the hacker creates a fake web site that looks exactly like a popular site such as the SBI bank or paypal. The phishing part of the attack is that the hacker then sends an e-mail message trying to trick the user into clicking a link that leads to the fake site. When the user attempts to log on with their account information, the hacker records the username and password and then tries that information on the real site.

Hijack attack

Hijack attack In a hijack attack, a hacker takes over a session between you and another individual and disconnects the other individual from the communication. You still believe that you are talking to the original party and may send private information to the hacker by accident.

Spoof attack

Spoof attack In a spoof attack, the hacker modifies the source address of the packets he or she is sending so that they appear to be coming from someone else. This may be an attempt to bypass your firewall rules.

Buffer overflow

Buffer overflow A buffer overflow attack is when the attacker sends more data to an application than is expected. A buffer overflow attack usually results in the attacker gaining administrative access to the system in a ommand prompt or shell.

Exploit attack

Exploit attack In this type of attack, the attacker knows of a security problem within an operating system or a piece of software and leverages that knowledge by exploiting the vulnerability.

Password attack

Password attack An attacker tries to crack the passwords stored in a network account database or a password-protected file. There are three major types of password attacks: a dictionary attack, a brute-force attack, and a hybrid attack. A dictionary attack uses a word list file, which is a list of potential passwords. A brute-force attack is when the attacker tries every possible combination of characters.

WiMAX security solutions

By adopting the best technologies available today, the WiMAX, based on the IEEE 802.16e standard, provides strong support for authentication, key management, encryption and decryption, control and management of plain text protection and security protocol optimization. In WiMAX, most of security issues are addressed and handled in the MAC security sub-layer as described in the following figure:

Two main entities in WiMAX, including Base Station (BS) and Subscriber Station (SS), are protected by the following WiMAX security features:

Security association: A security association (SA) is a set of security information parameters that a BS and one or more of its client SSs share. Each SA has its own identifier (SAID) and also contains a cryptographic suite identifier (for selected algorithms), traffic encryption keys (TEKs) and initialization vectors.

Public key infrastructure: WiMAX uses the Privacy and Key Management Protocol (PKM) for secure key management, transfer and exchange between mobile stations. This protocol also authenticates an SS to a BS. The PKM protocol uses X.509 digital certificates, RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) public-key algorithm and a strong encryption algorithm (Advanced Encryption Standard – AES). The initial draft version of WiMAX uses PKMv1 which is a one-way authentication method and has a risk for Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack. To deal with this issue, in the later version (802.16e), the PKMv2 was used to provide two-way authentication mechanism. The following figure provides an overview of public key infrastructure in WiMAX:

Device/User Authentication: Generally, WiMAX supports three types of authentication which are handled in the security sub-layer.

The first type is RSA-based authentication which applies X.509 certificates together with RSA encryption. The X.509 certificate is issued by the SS manufacturer and contains the SS’s public key (PK) and its MAC address. When requesting an Authorization Key (AK), the SS sends its digital certificate to the BS, the BS validates the certificate, and then uses the verified PK to encrypt an AK and pass it to the SS.

The second type is EAP (Extensive Authentication Protocol) based authentication in which the SS is authenticated by an X.509 certificate or by a unique operator-issued credential such as a SIM, USIM or even by user-name/password. The network operator can choose one of three types of EAP: EAP-AKA (Authentication and Key Agreement), EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security) and EAP-TTLS MS-CHAP v2 (Tunneled Transport Layer Security with Microsoft Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol version 2).

The third type of authentication that the security sub-layer supports is the RSA-based authentication followed by EAP authentication.

Authorization: Following the authentication process is the authorization process in which SS requests for an AK and a SAID from BS by sending an Authorization Request message. This message contains SS's X.509 certificate, encryption algorithms and cryptographic ID. The BS then interacts with an AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting) server to validate the request from the SS, and sends back an Authorization Reply which includes the AK encrypted with the SS’s public key, a lifetime key and an SAIS.

Data privacy and integrity: WiMAX adopts the AES algorithm for encryption. “The AES cipher is specified as a number of repetitions of transformation rounds that convert the input plain-text into the final output of cipher-text. Each round consists of several processing steps, including one that depends on the encryption key. A set of reverse rounds are applied to transform cipher-text back into the original plain-text using the same encryption key. Since DES is no more secure enough, AES is recommended in WiMAX with many supported modes: CCM-Mode and ECB-Mode (in IEEE 802.16-2004), CBC-Mode, CTR-Mode, AES-Key-Wrap.

WiMAX has been designed carefully with security concerns but it is still vulnerable to various attacks. The following section will present these security issues in WiMAX.

WiMAX security vulnerabilities and countermeasures

WiMAX has security vulnerabilities in both PHY and MAC layers, exposing to various classes of wireless attack including interception, fabrication, modification, and replay attacks. Some vulnerabilities of WiMAX originate from flaws of IEEE 802.16 on which WiMAX is based. A lot of problems and flaws have been fixed in the enhanced version but WiMAX still has some exposes.

In this section some possible threats or vulnerabilities will be reviewed and some solutions will be discussed.

Threats to the PHY layer

WiMAX security is implemented in the security sub-layer which is above the PHY layer. Therefore the PHY is unsecure and it is not protected from attacks targeting at the inherent vulnerability of wireless links such as jamming, scrambling or water torture attack. WiMAX supports mobility, thus it is more vulnerable to these attacks because the attackers do not need to reside in a fixed place and the monitoring solutions presented below will be more difficult.

Jamming is described by M. Barbeau as an attack “achieved by introducing a source of noise strong enough to significantly reduce the capacity of the channel”. Jamming can be either intentional or unintentional. It is not difficult to perform a jamming attack because necessary information and equipments are easy to acquire and there is even a book by Poisel which teaches jamming techniques.

Solutions: According to Michel Barbeau, we can prevent jamming attack by increasing the power of signals or by increasing the bandwidth of signals using spreading techniques such as frequency spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSS). Furthermore, since it is easy to detect jamming by using radio spectrum monitoring equipment and the sources of jamming are easy to be located by using radio direction finding tools, we can also ask help from law enforcement to stop the jammers.

Scrambling is a kind of jamming but only provoked for short intervals of time and targeted to specific WiMAX frames or parts of frames at the PHY layer. Attackers can selectively scramble control or management information in order to affect the normal operation of the network. Slots of data traffic belonging to the targeted SSs can be scrambled selectively, forcing them to retransmit. It is more difficult to perform an scrambling attack than to perform a jamming attack due to “the need, by the attacker, to interpret control information and to send noise during specific intervals”.

Solutions: Since scrambling is intermittent, it is more difficult to detect scrambling than jamming. Fortunately, we can use anomalies monitoring beyond performance norm (or criteria) to detect scrambling and scramblers .

Other Threats

In addition to threats from jamming, scrambling and water torture attacks, 802.16 is also vulnerable to other attacks such as forgery attacks in which an attacker with an adequate radio transmitter can write to a wireless channel. In mesh mode, 802.16 is also vulnerable to replay attacks in which an attacker resends valid frames that the attacker has intercepted in the middle of forwarding (relaying) process.

Solutions: WiMAX has fixed the security flaw of 802.16 by providing mutual authentication to defend these kinds of attacks.

Threats to the MAC layer

There are a lot of defects or flaws in WiMAX security solutions at the MAC layer. The vulnerabilities with MAC management messages are presented first in section 3.2.1 and section 3.2.2. Then vulnerabilities in authentication mechanism and some specific attacks are discussed.

Mac Management threat

The initial network entry procedure is very important since it is the first gate to establish a connection to Mobile WiMAX by performing several steps including: initial Ranging process, SS Basic Capability (SSBC) negotiation, PKM authentication and registration process

The vulnerability of using Ranging Request-Response (RNG-REQ, RNG-RSP) messages: This message is used in the initial ranging process. The RNG-REQ message is sent by a SS trying to join a network to propose a request for transmission timing, power, frequency and burst profile information. Then, the BS responds by sending a RNG-RSP message to fine-tune the setting of transmission link. After that, the RNG-RSP can be used to change the uplink and downlink channel of the SS. There are several threats related to these messages. For instance, an attacker can intercept the RNG-REQ to change the most preferred burst profile of SS to the least effective one, thus downgrading the service. An attacker can also spoof or modify ranging messages to attack or interrupt regular network activities. This vulnerability can lead to a DoS attack which will be presented in details in 3.2.4 section of this report.

Other initial network entry vulnerability: T. Shon and W. Choi presented a more general vulnerability of initial network entry in. During the initial network entry process, many important physical parameters, performance factors, and security contexts between SS and BS, specifically the SBS negotiation parameters and PKM security contexts. Although the security schemes offered WiMAX include a message authentication scheme using HMAC/CMAC codes and traffic encryption scheme using AES based on PKMv2, these schemes are applied only to normal data traffic after initial network entry process. Subsequently, the parameters exchanged during this process are not securely protected, bringing a possible exposure to malicious users to attack.

Solution: T. Shon and W. Choi also proposed a solution to this vulnerability by using Diffie-Hellman key agreement scheme

In this approach, the Diffie-Hellman key agreement scheme will be used for SS and BS to generate a shared common key called “pre-TEK” separately and establish a secret communication channels in the initial ranging procedure. After that, the SBC security parameters and PKM security contexts can be exchanged securely.

Access security

 T. Shon and W. Choi also reviewed a vulnerability in access network security in WiMAX. In order to accommodate the requirements of WiMAX End-to-End Network Systems Architecture for mobile WiMAX network, the WiMAX forum defined network Reference Model (NRM) which consists of the following entities: Subscriber Station (SS), Access Service Network (ASN), and Connectivity Service Network (CSN). ASN consists of at least one BS and one ASN Gateway (ASN/GW) forming a complete set of network functions necessary to provide radio access to mobile subscribers. CSN consists of AAA Proxy/Server, Policy, Billing, and Roaming Entities forming a set of network functions to provide IP connectivity services to subscribers. This AAA-architecture based model is illustrated in the following figure.

T. Shon and W. Choi divided the model into three insecure domains and one secure domain . The only secure domain covered by encryption and authentication schemes in 802.16 standard is the data communications between SS and BS. The initial network entry which is examined in the 3b section belongs to domain A. Domain B and C are considered insecure because the Network Working Group in WiMAX forum just assumes that domain B is in a trusted network without proposing any protection and just suggests a possibility of applying an IPSec tunnel between ASN and AAA in domain C.

Solutions: T. Shon and W. Choi proposed a countermeasure for this problem by using a simple and efficient key exchange method based on PKI. Their method is described in the following figure:

In this approach, all network devices have their certificate and a certificate chain for verification. The PKI structure is used as a method to obtain correspondent’s public keys and verify the certificates, thus enabling entities to create a shared secret key for establishing a secure connection.

Authentication threats

Many serious threats also arises from the WiMAX’s authentication scheme in which masquerading and attacks on the authentication protocol of PKM are the most considerable.

Masquerading threat:

Masquerade attack is a type of attack in which one system assumes the identity of another. WiMAX supports unilateral device level authentication which is a RSA/X.509 certificate based authentication. The certificate can be programmed in a device by the manufacturer. Therefore sniffing and spoofing can make a masquerade attack possible. Specifically, there are two techniques to perform this attack: identity theft and rogue BS attack.

  • Identity theft:
    An attacker reprogram a device with the hardware address of another device. The address can be stolen by interfering the management messages.

  • Rogue BS attack:
    SS can be compromised by a forged BS which imitates a legitimate BS. The rogue BS makes the SSs believing that they are connected to the legitimate BS, thus it can intercept SSs’ whole information. In IEEE 802.16 using PKMv1, the lack of mutual authentication prevents confirming the authentication of BS and makes Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attack through rogue BS possible by sniffing Auth-related message from SS. However, it is difficult to successfully perform this kind of attack in WiMAX which supports mutual authentication by using PKMv2.

Attacks on the authentication protocols of basic PKM in 802.16 and its later version-PKMv2:

By adopting new version of PKM, WiMAX fixes many flaws in PKMv1 such as vulnerability to MITM due to the lack of mutual authentication. However, the newly proposed PKMv2 has been found to be also vulnerable to new attacks .

  • Attacks on basic PKM authentication protocol:
    Attacker can intercept and save the messages sent by a legal SS and then perform a replay attack against the BS. The SS also might face with this kind of attack. In the worse case, since mutual authentication is not supported in basic PKM, BS is not authenticated. Therefore malicious BS can perform a MITM attack by making its own Auth-Reply message and gain the control of the communication of victim SS. S. Xu et. al. concluded that Basic PKM has many flaws such that it provides almost no guarantees to SS about the AK. These problems have been fixed in the Intel Nonce version of PKM.

  • Attacks on Intel Nonce Version PKM: In this version, nonce is a possible alternative to timestamp in authentication protocol. This approach does not protect a BS from a replay attack.

  • Attacks on PKMv2:
    This version provides a three-way authentication with a confirmation message from SS to BS. There are two possible attacks as follows. First, a replay attack can be performed if there is no signature by SS. Second, even with the signature form SS, an interleaving attack is still possible.

Other threats

Some serious attacks can exploit vulnerabilities in many aspect of the MAC layers. Two of the most destructive attacks can be MITM and DoS attacks.

Man in the middle attack:

Although WiMAX can prevent MITM attack through rogue BS by using PKMv2, it is still vulnerable to MITM attack. This possibility is due to the vulnerabilities in initial network entry procedure which is already presented in part 3.2.2 of this report. In 3.2.2, it is known that WiMAX standard does not provide any security mechanism for the SSBC negotiation parameters. Tao Han et. al. in shows that through intercepting and capturing message in the SSBC negotiation procedure, an attacker can imitate a legitimate SS and send tamped SSBC response message to the BS while interrupting the communication between them. The spoof message would inform the BS that the SS only supports low security capabilities or has no security capability. If the BS still accepts, then the communication between the SS and the BS will not have a strong protection. Under these circumstances, the attacker is able to wiretap and tamper all the information transmitted.

Tao Han et. al. also proposed their solution to this kind of attack which they called “SINEP”. Their method is based on Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange protocol. This approach is very similar to that by T. Shon and W. Choi in .

Denial of Service attack:

Comprehensive surveys show that there are many vulnerabilities exposing IEEE 802.16e networks to DoS attacks such as unprotected network entry, unencrypted management communication, unprotected management frame, weak key sharing mechanism in multicast and broadcast operations, and Reset-Command message).

Some of noticeable DoS attacks may include the following:

  • DoS attacks based on Ranging Request/Response (RNG-REG/RNG-RSP) messages:
    An attacker can forge a RNG-RSP message to minimize the power level of SS to make SS hardly transmit to BS, thus triggering initial ranging procedure repeatedly. An attacker can also perform a water torture DoS by maximizing the power level of SS, effectively draining the SS’s battery.

  • DoS attacks based on Mobile Neighbor Advertisement (MOB_NBR_ADV) message:
    MOB_NBR_ADV message is sent from serving BS to publicize the characteristics of neightbor base stations to SSs searching for possible handovers. This message is not authenticated. Thus it can be forged by an attacker in order to prevent the SSs from efficient handovers downgrading the performance or even denying the legitimate service.

  • DoS attacks based on Fast Power Control (FPC) message:
    FPC message is sent from BS to ask a SS to adjust its transmission power. This is also one of the management messages which are not protected. An attacker can intercept and use FPC message to prevent a SS from correctly adjusting transmission power and communicating with the BS. He can also use this message to perform a water torture DoS attack to drain the SS’s battery.

  • DoS attacks based on Authorization-invalid (Auth-invalid) message:
    The Auth-invalid is sent from a BS to a SS when AK shared between BS and SS expires or BS is unable to verify the HMAC/CMAC properly. This message is not protected by HMAC and it has PKM identifier equal to zero. Thus, it can be used as DoS tool to invalidate legitimate SS.

  • DoS attacks based on Reset Command (RES-CMD) message:
    This message is sent to request a SS to reinitialize its MAC state machine, allowing a BS to reset a non-responsive or malfunction SS. This message is protected by HMAC but is still potential to be used to perform a DoS attacks.

In order to prevent DoS attacks, we first need to fix the vulnerabilities in the initial network entry. This work is discussed in section 3.2.1 of this report. Sheraz Naseer et. al also suggest that the authentication mechanism should be extended to as many management frame as possible. They also suggest using digital signatures as an authentication method


Calculate Road Distances in US
how to calculate distance between cities in US:

To find the distances between cities in US and other useful information such as average speed, driving time, the recommended breaks, fuel consumption, fuel price, type in the above fields the names of localities - FROM Memphis,TN TO Jonesboro,AR and then press ENTER key or click on DISTANCE button.

Change the route for US
After generating the route Memphis,TN - Jonesboro,AR could be changed by simply dragging the line with the mouse. The change can be applied to any intermediate points of that route as well as the points of departure and arrival.
average speed Memphis,TN - Jonesboro,AR
driving time Memphis,TN - Jonesboro,AR
recommended break Memphis,TN - Jonesboro,AR
fuel consumption Memphis,TN - Jonesboro,AR
fuel price Memphis,TN - Jonesboro,AR.

Adjustment of fuel consumption and fuel price for Memphis,TN - Jonesboro,AR

US Road distances
leaving from Memphis,TN - arriving to Jonesboro,AR

leaving from

Distance Memphis,TN - Orland-Park,IL
Distance Memphis,TN - Security-Widefield,CO
Distance Memphis,TN - Torrance,CA
Distance Memphis,TN - Addison,IL
Distance Memphis,TN - West-Valley-City,UT
Distance Memphis,TN - Schererville,IN
Distance Memphis,TN - Tooele,UT
Distance Memphis,TN - Longview,TX
Distance Memphis,TN - Pearl-City,HI
Distance Memphis,TN - Johns-Creek,GA
Distance Memphis,TN - Youngstown,OH
Distance Memphis,TN - Bartlett,TN
Distance Memphis,TN - Houma,LA
Distance Memphis,TN - Rancho-Cordova,CA
Distance Memphis,TN - Westerville,OH
Distance Memphis,TN - Minnetonka-Mills,MN
Distance Memphis,TN - Pontiac,MI
Distance Memphis,TN - Jacksonville,NC
Distance Memphis,TN - Wellesley,MA
Distance Memphis,TN - Stoughton,MA
Distance Memphis,TN - Lake-Ridge,VA
Distance Memphis,TN - West-Haven,CT
Distance Memphis,TN - Hicksville,NY
Distance Memphis,TN - Back-Mountain,PA
Distance Memphis,TN - Greenville,TX
Distance Memphis,TN - Monrovia,CA
Distance Memphis,TN - Roseville,CA
Distance Memphis,TN - New-Haven,CT
Distance Memphis,TN - Stillwater,OK

arriving to

Distance Orland-Park,IL - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Security-Widefield,CO - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Torrance,CA - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Addison,IL - Jonesboro,AR
Distance West-Valley-City,UT - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Schererville,IN - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Tooele,UT - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Longview,TX - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Pearl-City,HI - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Johns-Creek,GA - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Youngstown,OH - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Bartlett,TN - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Houma,LA - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Rancho-Cordova,CA - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Westerville,OH - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Minnetonka-Mills,MN - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Pontiac,MI - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Jacksonville,NC - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Wellesley,MA - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Stoughton,MA - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Lake-Ridge,VA - Jonesboro,AR
Distance West-Haven,CT - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Hicksville,NY - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Back-Mountain,PA - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Greenville,TX - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Monrovia,CA - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Roseville,CA - Jonesboro,AR
Distance New-Haven,CT - Jonesboro,AR
Distance Stillwater,OK - Jonesboro,AR

Memphis,TN map

Jonesboro,AR map

road distance Memphis,TN Jonesboro,AR
average speed between Memphis,TN Jonesboro,AR
driving Memphis,TN Jonesboro,AR
recomended breaks for Memphis,TN Jonesboro,AR
total time including breaks
fuel costs settings
fuel costs for route Memphis,TN Jonesboro,AR
- $
consumption settings
fuel consumption for routeMemphis,TN Jonesboro,AR
- gal

Set fuel's price and consumption

Fuel price

Directions print

© 2018 need help? Terms of Using


HCT & AmeriCorps

At Town-owned Thompson’s Field, AmeriCorps members built and installed a bench overlooking the open, grassy meadows. This bench is one of two donated by the Harwich Conservation Trust.

national_capecod_AmeriCorps_logo_optThe walking trails and benches in the Coy’s Brook Woodlands, the A. Janet DeFulvio Wildlife Sanctuary Boardwalk and the fifty tree swallow nestboxes placed around the historic Bank Street Bogs resulted from a special collaboration between the Harwich Conservation Trust and Barnstable County’s AmeriCorps-Cape Cod. These diligent, dependable volunteers help to maintain and enhance HCT’s diverse protected open space holdings as well as properties owned by other non-profit land trusts. They also lend their time and energy to town-sponsored conservation projects, such as saving the open meadows of Thompson’s Field, which is 57 acres of open space owned by the Town of Harwich.

AmeriCorps volunteers lug more than 30 old tires out of the woods off Lothrop Avenue in West Harwich where HCT has preserved several unique natural areas like the Coy’s Brook Woodlands and the Lee Baldwin Nature Walk.

AmeriCorps-Cape Cod is a residential service program that offers people from around the country an opportunity to address issues facing the Cape’s fragile environment. This local program is part of a larger national service network. AmeriCorps volunteers focus on improving and preserving the quality of natural resources through hands-on conservation and education initiatives.


UN Security Council approved a resolution on the issue of chemical weapons in Syria

The Security Council of the United Nations unanimously passed a resolution on the establishment of a mechanism of investigation to prosecute those who were behind the attacks by poisonous gas in Syria.
The resolution has received the consensus of all 15 member countries of the Security Council, including Russia - Syria's ally and the country has a veto in the Security Council. The US drafted the resolution and proposed  establishing a committee for a period of one year which is responsible for identifying “individuals, entities, groups or governments related to the use of chemical weapons including chlorine (chlorine) and other toxic chemicals” in Syria. The resolution also paved the way for sanctions aiming at these subjects. Under the plan, the commission will submit a report to the Security Council in the first 90 days in operation.
Resolution of the UN Security Council called on the Syrian Government and all parties in the country to cooperate fully with the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the UN, which offers a comprehensive approach for all locations , with all the personal and materials in Syria for the investigators. The resolution also called on the countries cooperating comprehensively and providing necessary information for the investigation.
After the UN Security Council adopted the resolution, UN Secretary General issued a welcomed statement and considered that bringing the perpetrators of attacks with toxic chemicals to light may help to relieve the pain that people Syria endured. The above resolution of the UN Security Council was adopted in the context when the United States, Britain and France governments consecutively accused President Bashar of using chemical weapons in the civil war in this country. Up to 2015, the Syrian Government has not yet put chlorine gas, a hazardous chemical, to the list of chemical weapons to be destroyed by agreement with the international community last year because it was widely used for commercial purpose and domestic.

The Syrian government and opposition forces accused each other on the use of toxic chemicals such as chlorine in the Civil War lasted four years causing more than 200,000 deaths.
Chia sẻ bài viết ^^
Other post

All comments [ 0 ]

Your comments


Introduction Top 10 NBA Draft Busts Z Menu

Typical NBA Draft Picks (#1 to #10)

Exemptions Introduction NBA Not Top 10 Busts

NBA Draft Categories (Busts to Superstars)

In honor of the 20th anniversary of Dumb and Dumber (versus the new release of the far inferior Dumb and Dumber To), this post simplifies the previous one regarding the distribution of win shares for 1st round NBA draft picks. There still are a lot of numbers, but the takeaways should be easier to understand. Just to be sure, here they are.

1. Generally, draft order is a good predictor of future success in the NBA. As such, the higher the pick, the better the player should be to avoid being labeled a bust.

2. Starting with the 11th overall pick, the probability of being a flame-out exceeds the probability of becoming an All-Star by a margin of 2:1 (40% to 20%). For that reason, players taken outside of the first ten overall picks have been excluded as potential Top 10 Busts.

3. NBA legends are rare, but not as rare as you might think.

Exemptions Introduction

Distribution of Win Shares

To be fair, the following post is geared towards “quant jocks” (ok, nerds) who have a reasonable knowledge of statistical distributions. In particular, I have used Weibull distributions to model different subsets of 1st round picks from over 40 NBA drafts. With different shape and scale parameters for each subset, the expected value of a draft pick can be estimated with statistical probability. Based on my analysis, I developed a methodology to define a bust objectively in order to overcome the bias which seems to be apparent in existing lists of all-time busts. If you work for an NBA team and came across this site, you should read this post.

Introduction NBA Not Top 10 Busts Side Stories

1991 NBA Draft Night

With respect to popularity, the NBA Draft trails only the NFL Draft as a sporting event/spectacle. As such, it seems logical to focus on the NBA for my second compilation of Top 10 Busts. Regardless, the main reason for creating this particular countdown relates to the featured image. In particular, it shows my ticket stub to the 1991 NBA Draft. To date, that draft remains the only one I have ever attended in person. While I don’t provide any insight about a specific bust in this post, I offer some foreshadowing for future posts. As an enticement, there’s also a link to a classic Seinfeld clip regarding political incorrectness.


Cimarron Bend II

Where is the project?

South of Minneola, Kansas in Clark County.

What transmission line does the project connect with?

Interconnecting to the new ITC 345kV Clark County Substation located just a few miles north of the Cimarron Bend project boundary. The project is also a candidate to tie into a proposed Clean Line Energy DC transmission line that would export Kansas wind energy to the east.

What is the size of the project?

200 MW

What turbines are being used?

Vestas V110-2.0 MW

How many turbines are being used?

When did the project begin operating?

March 2017

Who purchased the power?

Kansas City BPU

Who developed the project?

Tradewind Energy, Inc.

Who owns the project?

Enel Green Power North America, Inc.


Lambert''s laws, Physics

Lambert's laws (J.H. Lambert):

Lambert's first law

The illuminance on a surface illuminated through light falling onto it perpendicularly from a point source is proportional to the inverse square of the distance among the surface and the source.

Lambert's second law

If the rays meet the surface at a particular angle, then the illuminance is proportional to the cosine of the angle along the normal.

Lambert's third law

The luminous intensity of light reduced exponentially through distance as it travels via an absorbing medium.

Posted Date: 3/28/2013 3:49:42 AM | Location : United States

Related Discussions:- Lambert''s laws, Assignment Help, Ask Question on Lambert''s laws, Get Answer, Expert's Help, Lambert''s laws Discussions

Write discussion on Lambert''s laws
Your posts are moderated
Related Questions
Illustrate the objectives according to applications of ultrasonics? By learning the objectives of this section, you are familiar with following terms: a. Application of ultr

Q. Write any three medical applications of laser. Medical applications (i) In medicine micro surgery has befall possible due to narrow angular spread of the laser beam.

term paper for voltaic cell

Explain Generation of electrical energy Generation of electrical energy : The conversion of energy available in dissimilar forms  in nature into electrical energy is called as

If the distance between the earth and moon were halved, the force of the attraction between them would be: a) One fourth as great b) One half as great c) Twice as g

Spin-orbit effect An influence that causes atomic energy levels to be split since electrons have intrinsic angular momentum (spin) additionally to their extrinsic orbital angul

I have a circuit and using Kirchhoff''s second law I need to find the current across one of the battery. How should I do that?

How many sizes are there of lighting fiber optic? Literally hundreds, by some microns to over an inch into diameter, multicore and solid core, and square shaped ribbons, sheet

The substances which acquire charges on rubbing are said to be charged. The electricity produced by friction is called Frictional force.  If the charges do not move, then the frict


The Science of Hydrology

What is hydrology?

Hydrology is the study of water in the environment.

The water cycle

There is a continuous movement of water on, above or below the surface of the Earth. Water changes its physical state – liquid, vapour or solid – at various points within the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go, in and out of the atmosphere. Water moves from one reservoir to another, from river to ocean or from the ocean or land surface to the atmosphere and back again by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff and subsurface flow. As the Earth’s surface water evaporates, winds move water in the air from the sea to the land, increasing the amount of freshwater on land. Water vapour is converted to clouds that bring fresh water to land in the form of rain or snow. Precipitation falls to the ground but what happens to that water depends greatly on the geography of the land at any particular place. For more detail, see Wikipedia entry: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle


The next step in exploring sacred geometry for a space or our home is to look at sacred numbering.
Simply put, certain numbers are linked to the universal forces in a way that they will trigger certain reactions in our beings, corresponding to certain effects we may want to achieve in our lives and surroundings. From the triangle to the nonagon. there are 7 basic shapes we can use to begin triggering specific impact.
An easy way to integrate these shapes is to do the same thing as in article 41, use crystals to create an alignment in the space, building it to the shape which relates most to your personal objective or yearning.

Below I explain the benefits and impact related to each of these 7 symbols.

Please note:
It's important to acknowledge that most homes wont fit perfectly with these shapes unless they are perfectly square.
In every case, using my own home's floorplan as an example, I am showing an option of how the shape can be stretched or skewed to fit the space.
Try to keep the shape as close to the original shape as possible, even if that means placing the crystals outside. But if the outside part is not one you have control over, it is best to skew the shape for ultimate coverage and impact.

1- Triangle
Divinity, balance and equilibrium.

The triangle represents the force of creation and equilibrium. We see this reflected in the trinity of procreation: Male/female/child or also the holy trinity: father / son / holy spirit.
The number 3 also represents the 3rd element that is always required to make a whole: for instance to have a relationship, we cant just have two partners, there needs to be two partners and passion. For a sculptor to create a piece we need him (the artist) the stone, and an inspiration.
In procreation: after 3 weeks an embryo becomes an enfolded sphere that diversifies into 3 parts to become the intertwined systems of the body
There are also many other examples like the fact that the world's entire colour scheme revolves around 3 primary Colors.
When to use it:
Choose the triangle shape when you feel something is out of balance or missing. When you want an easy way to find fivine perfection in any space or situation.

2- Square
Materialisation and manifestation.

The square represents materialisation and manifestation, mainly  because it is a shape which is very much related to grounding on earth. This is represented, for instance, by the fact that the earth being is run by 4 main elements, earth, air, water, fire or that there are 4 seasons in every year,
The celtic cross has four points representing 4 elements held in equilibrium by God
And also, quite crucially, all matter consists of 4 states:
Solid , liquid, gas, plasma
When to use it:
Use the square when you feel that things are a bit too "up in the air" and you need more grounding. It could also be that you would like some help materialising some situations around you. For instance: lots of potential projects but none seem to be landing or you are meeting many potential lovers but none are turning into a relationship.

3- Pentagram
Support, expansion, health.

We read all about the pentagram in the previous article on the golden mean.
This shape is based on the infinite spiral which composes nearly every cell in the natural composition of the universe.

Therefore, the use of the pentagram represents growth, intuition, fertility, and the divine feminine.
It is in direct relationship with the golden ration which is inherent in its nature, and in nature's own spiral.
It is also at the root of the human DNA, which means it is the shape we most recognise and feel most drawn to.

When to use it:
Use this shape when you are looking to create a space that generally feels good, promotes good health and wellbeing, that you want most people to feel good in, when there isn't anything specifically wrong, you simply want to support your wellbeing and your development.

Masculine, logical, structured.

The hexagram is related to the masculine energy, the energy of stability and manifestation.
It is said to be linked with the energy of the sun, and it represents logic, rationality and structure.
It is also known for the integration of the divine masculine with the divine feminine we saw in the pentagram.
When to use it:
In a space which may be dominated by the female energy and we want to ground more masculine energy. Spaces where we feel we may want more yang active energy, an office space or a sports room for instance.

The heptagram represents the search for truth, the liberation from the illusions of the spiritual world. It is related to Seshat who is the goddess of sacred space and Apollo who is recognised as the God of music, truth, healing and light.

It is also the shape related to the primal notes of sound.

Male/ female balance

The Octagon is about achieving the perfect balance between male and female energies.
This is manifested in the procreation process by the sperm and the egg which unite to form a cell, which multiplies to 2 cells, then to 4 and then to 8. It represents the seamless stage of mitosis.

Ultimate perfection

The nine sides nonagon is the triangle threefold. It therefore represents the triangle (divine perfection) multiplied by itself. It is ultimately perfection square, hence the ultimate perfection.

It is the utmost expression and a symbol of the highest attainment achievable.
This is represented in the reproductive cycle by the human body evolving in a womb over 9 months.

The tail of the sperm half cell is also made of 9 twisted threads and the first step of the doubling process of mitosis is the duplication of the centriole a set of 9 parallel tubes arranged in a ring.

When to use it:
When your spiritual path is your priority, when you feel you want to integrate consciousness from other dimensions and plains, when you may feel like you are a bit too caught up in the cultural context and would like to expand beyond it into higher realms of consciousness.

When to use it:
This is the perfect shape to use in a space that may be too yang or too yin and needs to find balance. It is also a great shape to use for fertility and creativity. Either a couple who are looking to fall pregnant, or a person starting a business who is looking to have a more constant flow of creativity

When to use it:
this shape is the one to use when you feel you are ready to truly touch enlightenment.
When you have expanded beyond some very high levels of spiritual evolution and personal mastery and you are ready for the "real deal".

The best way to start this exercise is to sit and reflect on your current situation and determine what you need, what your current intention is. Once this is clear, read the above and decide which resonates most deeply.
Buy as many crystals as you need, but buy enough that you can change the shape around as situations evolve.
Clear quartz crystals are the best as they are the purest and contain most magnetite.
Beware that anything from the heptagram up can be quite powerful. So I suggest working up to this from one of the previous numbers or shapes.

Remember, when placing the crystals, do it ceremoniously.

Find your center by starting with a short meditation.
Burn some incense if you can.

Repeat this same action for the other crystals and place them in the appropriate corners you have selected to form the pentagram.

At the end, once all the crystals have been placed, stand in the center of your home and state the following with conviction:
Ohm ah hum.
Ohm ah hum,
Ohm ah hum.
And so it is done."

Your have increased the frequency of your home using stones.


Sticking together: Social capital and local government

Thursday 30 March 2006

In 2002 and 2005, Camden commissioned two surveys aimed at measuring social capital, as it is broadly understood, in the borough (Office for Public Management 2002 and 2005). This publication is intended to help Camden explore the significance of the survey findings and develop policies in response to them. But we also hope it will help others in local government think about why social capital matters to them and what they can do to promote it.


home › event - privacy-preserving aggregation of time-series data

Privacy-preserving aggregation of time-series data
Conferences & Talks

NDSS 2011

6 February 2011
San Diego, California

We consider how an untrusted data aggregator can learn desired statistics over multiple participants’ data, without compromising each individual’s privacy. We propose a construction that allows a group of participants to periodically upload encrypted values to a data aggregator, such that the aggregator is able to compute the sum of all participants’ values in every time period, but is unable to learn anything else. We achieve strong privacy guarantees using two main techniques. First, we show how to utilize applied cryptographic techniques to allow the aggregator to decrypt the sum from multiple ciphertexts encrypted under different user keys. Second, we describe a distributed data randomization procedure that guarantees the differential privacy of the outcome statistic, even when a subset of participants might be compromised.


Harrisburg needs to vote out 'arrogant' leaders

The destruction of the garden on Sixth Street at the whim of the well-connected is symptomatic of the city’s problems. The “haves” and those with connections get what they want no matter the budget constraints. Meanwhile, the ordinary people are told in essence that their sweat and money don’t matter. After all, there are “more important” things to deal with.

This appalling lack of accountability and ability to simply ignore rules is exactly why Harrisburg is in the condition we find ourselves. Shame upon all our leaders who still don’t “get it” and persist in perpetuating the privileged ways of “getting things done.”

When we get to vote, let’s replace our arrogant “leaders” with people who actually understand that their power derives from “We the people.”


Boronia Sm.
Tracts Nat.Hist. 288, t. 4-7 (1798)

Name Status: Current
Browse to the list of specimens for Boronia Sm.

Scientific Description
H.R. Coleman, Thursday 8 September 2016

Family Rutaceae.

Habit and leaf form. Shrubs, or herbs; evergreen, or deciduous; bearing essential oils. Perennial. Young stems branchlets with continuous, non-articulated cortex. Mesophytic, or xerophytic. Leaves opposite, or alternate (very rarely); leathery, or ‘herbaceous’; petiolate; non-sheathing; gland-dotted; aromatic; simple, or compound; pinnate, or bipinnate. Leaf blades when simple dissected, or entire; when simple/dissected pinnatifid, or much-divided; pinnately veined, or one-veined. Leaves without stipules, or with stipules; without a persistent basal meristem. Leaf anatomy. Hairs present, or absent; complex hairs present, or absent (then trichomes simple). Complex hairs stellate. Stem anatomy. Nodes unilacunar, or tri-lacunar. Secondary thickening developing from a conventional cambial ring.

Inflorescence and flower features. Flowers solitary, or aggregated in ‘inflorescences’; when solitary, axillary; in cymes. The terminal inflorescence unit cymose, or racemose. Inflorescences terminal. Flowers bracteate; bi- bracteolate; small to medium-sized; commonly fragrant; regular, or somewhat irregular. The floral asymmetry when noticeable, involving the perianth and involving the androecium (not K). Flowers 4(–5) merous; cyclic. Floral receptacle developing a gynophore (associated with the disk), or with neither androphore nor gynophore. Free hypanthium absent. Hypogynous disk present (prominent); intrastaminal; annular (sometimes one-sided), or of separate members. Perianth with distinct calyx and corolla; 8, or 10; 2 -whorled; isomerous. Calyx 4(–5); 1 -whorled; polysepalous; imbricate, or valvate; regular; persistent, or not persistent; with the median member posterior. Corolla 4(–5); 1 -whorled; polypetalous; imbricate, or valvate; regular, or unequal but not bilabiate. Androecium 8 (inserted beneath disc). Androecial members free of the perianth; all equal, or markedly unequal; free of one another, or coherent; 1 -whorled, or 2 -whorled. Androecium exclusively of fertile stamens, or including staminodes. Staminodes when present, 4. Stamens 4, or 8; isomerous with the perianth, or diplostemonous; alternisepalous, or oppositisepalous (? when the outer whorl lost). Filaments glabrous, or hairy; non-petaloid; inwardly curved, often enlarged at apex and often with a subapical inflexed tip. Anthers dorsifixed, or basifixed; versatile; dehiscing via longitudinal slits; introrse; tetrasporangiate; appendaged; minutely or prominently white- apiculate. Gynoecium 4 carpelled. The pistil 4 celled. Gynoecium syncarpous (carpels free, united at apex on adaxial margin by the style); synstylous; superior. Ovary plurilocular; 4 locular. Gynoecium stylate. Styles 1; apical (styles affixed near apex of inner margin of carpels). Stigmas wet type, or dry type; papillate, or non-papillate; Group II type, or Group IV type. Placentation axile. Ovules 1–5(–50) per locule; pendulous to ascending; epitropous; collateral, or superposed, or biseriate; arillate, or non-arillate; anatropous, or hemianatropous.

Fruit and seed features. Fruit fleshy, or non-fleshy; dehiscent, or indehiscent, or a schizocarp. Mericarps when schizocarpic, comprising berrylets, or comprising follicles, or comprising nutlets, or comprising drupelets. Fruit when syncarpous and non-schizocarpic, a berry, or a drupe. Seeds endospermic, or non-endospermic. Embryo well differentiated. Cotyledons 2. Embryo chlorophyllous, or achlorophyllous; straight, or curved, or bent. Seedling. Germination phanerocotylar, or cryptocotylar.

Geography, cytology, number of species. A genus of 96 species.

Taxonomic Literature

  • Wilson, Paul G. (1998). New names and new taxa in the genus Boronia (Rutaceae) from Western Australia, with notes on seed characters.
  • Duretto, Marco F. (1997). Taxonomic notes on Boronia species of north-western Australia, including a revision of the Boronia lanuginosa group (Boronia section Valvatae: Rutaceae).


girl holding sparkler

Let’s talk about why you need to shine no matter what.

We all have something amazing to bring to the table, we are clearly wired differently BUT, we don’t always see that and embrace it. And unfortunately some people who haven’t discovered that they are unique, special and amazing too {those who are threatened by other’s uniqueness} have a need to keep us from shining.

I had an encounter with such a person, it took me by surprise. For a moment I thought I should shrink back, not rock the boat, be small so she feels good and then my inner voice said, “Don’t own her behavior” and I’m glad I listened. It does not feel good to shrink because of someone else’s insecurities and fears.

I’m sure we’ve all heard this advice before, but when we are able to really see it for what it is, it empowers us to be who we are meant to be. You and I being small and not shining does not serve anyone well. Not only does it rob us of joy, it holds back our ability to bless others by sharing our uniqueness.

For example, let’s say you are an amazing cake decorator and your neighbor who struggles to get frosting into a piping bag, makes comments to you about your abilities and how “she’s not bringing a cake the the neighborhood party because no one will eat hers because it’s not as pretty as yours”.  What to do?  This is actually passive aggressive behavior on the neighbor’s part. It sounds like she wants attention and she wants you to back down. If you don’t bring a cake, will she really feel better? Maybe, maybe not.

There are several ways you could respond to this:

  1. Ignore her
  2. Offer to give her a few cake decorating tips
  3. Don’t bring a cake and wait for the “where’s your cake” comments

This can be tricky and quite honestly we shouldn’t even need to be talking about this! However, we are and it’s best to be a calm and as polite as possible so please bring your cake 🙂

Everyone deserves to shine

Aren’t we all capable of shining brightly and celebrating each other? Why is there an unspoken competition?

I challenge you to NOT shrink because of someone else’s insecurities and fears. When we stand outside in the bright sunshine, it shines on all of us equally.

Are you feeling less than confident? Grab this freebie!

Sharon Hughes


You mean more here!

What about the Anglican Church?

The Anglican Church is an organization with branches in 164 countries and a total of about 75 million members worldwide. The national Churches have a good deal of autonomy, but all recognize the spiritual leadership of the Archbishop of Canterbury (Canterbury in England), and they talk to each other via a body called the Anglican Consultative Council. Also, all Anglican bishops come together at the Lambeth Conference, held every ten years.

It has been said that the Anglican Church rests on the four pillars of Faith, Reason, Experience and Tradition. The unique strength of Anglicanism lies in our balance of these three aspects of our religion.

Ouch. Yes, it was, but leaders in the Church of England took the opportunity to make a number of reforms which the central authorities of the Roman Catholic Church opposed. Something like the Anglican Church would probably have happened without Henry VIII's political interference, but it might have taken longer. King Henry's main concern was simply independence from Rome.

So what else changed?

Is the Anglican Church male-dominated?

It's trying not to be. The Diocese of Dunedin, New Zealand was the first in the world to appoint a female Bishop, and there are now 30% of priests that are female in the Anglican Church of Canada. Most services and modern hymns use inclusive language. Some traditional hymns and forms of service do unfortunately contain male-specific language which can't be removed without damage to their poetic quality. We still often (but not always) refer to God as 'He' and 'Father', because sadly the English language has no suitable neutral terms other than the horribly impersonal 'it'. We are working on improvements in this area.


As we celebrate Veterans Day (and Remembrance Day in Canada) and honoring military veterans, many of us think back to World War I but also many other wars throughout history. I recalled the 1980s, when Iran was engaged in an almost decade-long war with Iraq, and millions were killed or injured on both sides. In the West, the older generations may recall World War II and the Vietnam War, while the younger ones remember the more recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. We think of the millions who have fought, who have come back with injuries, and those who died serving their countries. But the numbers we rarely think about: How many live with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), a disorder often associated with but far from limited to those who served in or experienced wars.

What is PTSD? The official definition for PTSD, as noted in DSM-5, requires “exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence” directly or vicariously; presence of intrusive symptoms such as memories or dreams; avoidance of trauma-related stimuli; and the presence of negative changes in mood (e.g. inability to feel happiness) and cognition (e.g. distorted view of the causes and effects of the trauma) (DSM-5; APA 2013).

PTSD did not officially exist before 1980. Historically, most doctors (except military psychiatrists) assumed that exposure to horrific events in war could result only in temporary stress reactions, but this view changed following Vietnam, when some psychiatrists insisted that many veterans still suffered from severe stress-related symptoms long after having returned from the war (while many others developed delayed stress reactions) (McNally, 2003).

These psychiatrists then lobbied to have “post-Vietnam syndrome” included in the upcoming — at that time DSM-3. They also argued, using clinical findings, that the same kind of stress reaction occurred in survivors of other highly stressful events such as “rape, natural disaster, or confinement in a concentration camp”. Eventually these efforts led to a new diagnosis, called PTSD, being included in DSM-3 (McNally, 2003).

In the following years, a new professional association, the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS), was founded and soon after the Journal of Traumatic Stress, a scholarly journal focusing on trauma, was launched by the Society.

Today I have been granted the privilege of interviewing the former president of ISTSS, Dr. Paula P. Schnurr, PhD, who is currently the Executive Director of VA’s National Center for PTSD. She is also Research Professor of Psychiatry at Dartmouth, and a fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and the Association for Psychological Science.

Dr. Schnurr’s research focuses on treatment for PTSD and the effects of trauma on quality of life and physical health. She has written or edited over a hundred scholarly articles, chapters, and books.

EMAMZADEH:  Thank you very much for agreeing to do this interview, Dr. Schnurr. Unlike other psychological disorders, say, anorexia or depression, PTSD cannot be diagnosed unless the clinician can pinpoint a specific cause, a particular event that caused the trauma. Does this complicate diagnosing people who can not recall a major traumatic event?

SCHNURR:  No, this does not complicate diagnosing people. If a person does not remember having an event, that person does not have PTSD. Some of the key symptoms of PTSD are re-experiencing the event through distressing memories, dreams, strong reactions to reminders of the event, and avoidance of people, places, or feelings that remind a person of the event. A person who had experienced a traumatic event and had no memory of the event, but who had other significant symptoms, might have a different disorder.

EMAMZADEH:  PTSD is a psychological disorder, but it is also associated with some physical health problems. Could you describe some of these health issues and how they affect the quality of one’s life?

SCHNURR:  PTSD is associated with negative perceptions of health and greater use of healthcare, as well as increased likelihood of a range of medical conditions, including cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and arthritis. In addition, people who have PTSD may experience greater difficulty coping with chronic health problems and have greater functional limitations relative to those who do not have PTSD. It is important to understand that these same kinds of problems are also seen in other psychiatric conditions such as depression, although there is some evidence that PTSD may lead to even more physical health problems than depression does. People with PTSD are more likely than people without PTSD to engage in behaviors that could lead to poor health (such as smoking, excessive alcohol and drug use, lack of preventive care), but the association between PTSD and poor health is also likely explained by biological and psychological correlates of PTSD.

EMAMZADEH:  I understand that exposure therapy is one of the best psychological treatments we have for PTSD, though some researchers suggest that many therapies seem to have similar efficacy — something that you have argued against (Ehlers et al., 2010). Could you discuss the best empirically supported treatments available for PTSD?

SCHNURR:  There are a many effective treatments for PTSD.  The most effective psychotherapies are known as “trauma-focused” because they involve processing the memories, thoughts, or feelings related to the event. The therapies with the best evidence are Prolonged Exposure, Cognitive Processing Therapy, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. The most effective medications are sertraline, paroxetine, fluoxetine, and venlafaxine, which are antidepressants. The best psychotherapies are more effective than the best medications, but it is important to understand that both types of treatment are effective.

EMAMZADEH: In a recent paper you and your co-authors have argued that the development of new medications for PTSD has “stalled” (Krystal, et al., 2017). Speaking to some PTSD patients, I have learned that many are being treated with multiple medications (e.g. anticonvulsants, beta-blockers, and low-dose antipsychotics). There is limited research on these combinations but some patients are willing to try anything to get some relief. What are potential solutions to this medication crisis?

SCHNURR:  Some people may experience a great deal of relief with medication, but there is a need for more effective medications. The answer to your question is that we need more research and we need to think outside of the box — specifically, we need research on medications that target novel pathways other than the medications that have been shown to be effective now.

EMAMZADEH: Back in the 1990s, the National Comorbidity Survey found that the lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the general population was 8%. What are your estimates as to the percentage of PTSD among returning Veterans?

SCHNURR:  For Veterans returning from a deployment to a warzone in Iraq or Afghanistan, the estimate is that 13-20% have PTSD.

EMAMZADEH:  Is trauma experienced by soldiers serving in war fundamentally different from, say, the trauma of being raped, having a car accident, or trauma that civilians experience from simply living in war zone? And do they require different treatments?

SCHNURR:  There are both similarities and differences among the different types of traumatic events, but there is no evidence that Veterans with PTSD require different types of treatments than non-Veterans require.

EMAMZADEH: What are some obstacles that Veterans and others face in receiving treatments? In chapter 12 of the 2011 book, Caring for Veterans With Deployment-Related Stress Disorders: Iraq, Afghanistan, and Beyond, which you co-edited, one of the barriers noted is stigma. In what way is stigma a barrier and what are some other ones?

SCHNURR:  Stigma is a barrier to receiving mental health care in general, both for Veterans and non-Veterans. People may not want to appear weak or have others think they are “crazy.” This may be a particular concern in active duty personnel and first responders, such as police and firefighters, but anyone could have these concerns. Although stigma is one of the barriers to seeking mental health treatment among Veterans and non-Veterans, many factors contribute to treatment-seeking. Research that has looked at stigma as a predictor of treatment-seeking suggests that beliefs about mental illness and mental health treatment drive treatment-seeking more so than concerns about being stigmatized by others. Factors such as access, transportation, and caregiving responsibilities can affect treatment seeking as well.

EMAMZADEH:  My last question concerns people who are reading this article, be they Veterans or civilians, people who think that they have some PTSD symptoms but who are reluctant to seek help. What would you tell them? Despite the shortcomings in treatment of PTSD, should they seek treatment? Are there resources or websites you would like to recommend to them?

SCHNURR:  My primary message is one of hope. There are effective treatments. I would encourage readers to look at these resources on our website,, that explain more about PTSD and PTSD treatment ( and how to make decisions about treatment ( I also would encourage readers to visit AboutFace, in which Veterans talk about what it was like to have PTSD, how they knew they needed care, and how treatment helped. Even though all of the stories are from Veterans, much will ring true to anyone who has been through a traumatic event and may be dealing with PTSD. Lastly, we have developed a range of apps and self-help programs that people may find helpful (

EMAMZADEH:  Thank you very much Dr. Schnurr for your time. Greatly appreciated.

Ehlers, A., Bisson, J., Clark, D. M., Creamer, M., Pilling, S., Richards, D., … Yule, W. (2010). Do all psychological treatments really work the same in posttraumatic stress disorder? Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 269–276.

Krystal, J. H., Davis L. L., Neylan, T. C., Raskind, M. A., Schnurr, P. P., Stein, M. B., … Huang, G. D. (2017). It is time to address the crisis in the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: A consensus statement of the PTSD Psychopharmacology Working Group. Biological Psychiatry, 82, e51–e59.

McNally, R. J. (2003). Progress and controversy in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 229–252.


Third-Party Independent Assessment

A third-party independent assessment offers a non-binding technical assessment of matters in dispute. It is aimed at assisting the parties reach an amicable settlement without having to refer their disputes to formal dispute proceedings.

This tends to be an ex-contractual process, where we are appointed at the agreement of both parties to carry out an independent assessment of their dispute. The parties provide a copy of the contract and their claims, and give us access to project records and key staff. This allows us to gain a full understanding of the contractual framework and events and issues that have arisen on the project.

Based on all the project information made available, we perform a detailed analysis of the contract and factual matrix surrounding each event and issue, and also carry out our own delay analysis and quantum evaluation to establish the contractual entitlements of the parties.

Upon completion, we present findings and conclusions to both parties, facilitate negotiations, and draft the settlement agreement.


International programmes

One of the most distinctive features of international degree programmes is that they involve a significant amount of compulsory lectures and courses taught in a foreign language, but the language itself is not the focus of academic study for the programme. Other characteristics of these programmes are the award of an international dual degree in conjunction with a higher education institution abroad, or a compulsory period of study or work in another country for a minimum of two semesters.

Degree programmes


What are anabolic steroids? Can they be used during fitness training?

1 Answer

The process of burning of food and building muscles or repairing tissues is called metabolism. Metabolism is further divided into two categories – Anabolism and Catabolism, where anabolism is a constructive process and catabolism is a destructive one.

The enzymes which can help in increasing the time to repair muscles are called anabolic steroids. These steroids are naturally produced by our body. Doctors use these steroids in their practice and prescribe them to patients which have lost their capability of repairing muscles.

Answer Image

In our day to day life, while performing various activities; we cause wear and tear to the muscles. Once the muscle is worn out it is repaired with the help of protein synthesis. The muscle after repair gets more strength and shows an increase in size. It is also noted that the performance levels of the muscles increase as well.

Anabolic steroids are used by some people who are in the fitness industry and want faster results. When individual trains on a particular muscle, it takes around 48 hours for the same muscle to get repaired.

However, with the use of anabolic steroids; the muscle repairs are completed in half the time. This helps the individual to train twice on the same muscle which results in increased performances.

Answer Image

The point is that although the above seems to be a really nice way to train and seems absolutely fine, however anabolic steroids are not safe for the body. As these steroids are naturally produced by the body, there is a cycle which is maintained as per which the release and suppression of excessive amounts are controlled.

When the same enzyme is taken externally, the cycle is broken and the enzyme levels increase in the body. This further leads to multiple organ failures and death in many cases. Anabolic steroids are ban in almost all the countries and can only be prescribed to a patient as medicine by a doctor.

Related Questions
Top Writers


9 Jan 2017 - 4:13 PM  UPDATED 10 Jan 2017 - 8:59 AM

Over the last two years, AOA have cemented themselves as one of K-pop’s top girl groups. They debuted in 2012 with little success, but later skyrocketed to fame after finding the perfect producer in hitmaker Brave Brothers. Riding the sexy concept craze, the girls managed to fire out a successful string of generic-yet-addictive hits like “Miniskirt,” “Short Hair,” “Like a Cat” and their biggest song to date, “Heart Attack.”

However, they experienced some mishaps last year when the group’s two most successful members, Seolhyun and Jimin, bungled a Korean history lesson on a reality show (creating a storm of criticism), followed by a dating drama between Seolhyun and Block B's Zico. Then, an AOA sub-unit didn't so so well, before the group decided to ditch Brave Brothers for their comeback single “Good Luck” - a tune that sold less than half of their previous hits.

Despite a few hiccups, most fans expected AOA to reclaim their crown when they announced plans to return at the beginning of 2017 with their first full-length album, Angel’s Knock. That didn't happened.

The group’s two new singles, “Excuse Me” and “Bing Bing,” didn't hit the top of the charts on release, ranking only slightly higher than rookie groups like APRIL and WJSN. “Bing Bing” has since fallen completely off the digital charts, but “Excuse Me” has at least managed to rebound a bit off the back of live performances and TV appearances.

So, the big question is: Why did AOA not hit the mark this time? Let's look at the good and bad about AOA’s comeback...

The Songs

“Excuse Me” isn’t the best AOA single ever (that would be either “Miniskirt” or “Heart Attack”), but it’s far from the worst. The nu-disco dance number, co-produced by Brave Brothers and Sweden’s Erik Lidbom, sounds like Kylie Minogue with a splash of The Cardigans ‘Lovefool’ on the hook, and it’s certainly catchy enough to be a hit.

It’s “Bing Bing” that doesn’t quite hit the mark. It kind of sounds like “Good Luck,” which didn't turn out so well either.

One of the biggest mistakes AOA’s agency made was releasing double title tracks. In K-pop, streaming and voting is a large component of a song’s success, and multiple singles divides the fans who need to focus on supporting one song with all their time and energy. Unless you’re BIGBANG, maybe stick to one single.

The Concept

K-pop is an extremely visual medium and sometimes a visual concept can be just as important as the music itself. AOA definitely got it right with “Excuse Me.” The cute-meets-sexy P.I. cosplay is exactly the type of thing that got the group popular in the first place.

But “Bing Bing” is an extremely sexual concept, which looks outdated and out of place among today’s current cute and innocent trends. And the all-black outfits don't work for a fun group like AOA. Watching the raunchy live performances is like going back to 2014 when the likes of STELLAR, Rainbow Blaxx and 4L were heating up the stage.

The Fans

AOA shot to fame off the back of their sexy concept craze, which earned them a huge number of male fans in a short amount of time. One theory for the group’s drop in popularity is that they never spent enough time courting female fans, and now all the men have moved onto the younger girl groups like TWICE and G-Friend.

Anybody who has been following AOA since the beginning will remember that they actually debuted as a two-part group with a band unit called AOA Black. The band, which didn’t follow the group’s main sexy concept, released just one single, 2013’s “Moya,” which was their biggest hit before “Miniskirt.” I now wonder, could AOA have built a more diverse fanbase if they’d fit more band comebacks in between the sexy stuff?

The Scandals

While on the surface, AOA’s scandals are the most obvious culprit for their downfall, on closer inspection it’s hard to really say if the scandals actually hurt them that much. Seolhyun, who was a big part of both controversies, has barely suffered any major career repercussions at all. She’s still one of the industry’s top CF models, and has no problem booking major MC gigs of variety appearances. Another popular member, ChoA, has also remained a variety fixture and is well-liked by the general public for both her talent and personality.

Overall, AOA’s slump is likely some kind of combination of all the reasons above. But that doesn’t mean that the group’s over for good, not by a long shot.

“Excuse Me,” while still under-performing, has gradually risen up Melon’s digital chart each day since its release, and the group’s recent appearance on Knowing Bros. set a new ratings record for the variety show. It won’t be easy, but with the right song and concept, there’s no reason that AOA can’t bounce back from this.

AOA’s 2 new MVs already have over 1 million views
That’s a lot of views in two days.
AOA band member Youkyung to officially leave group
After 5 years with AOA, Youkyung will be officially leaving the group but will perform as a guest member in future AOA Black promotions.
AOA's Seolhyun & Block B's Zico have reportedly broken up
After 6 months of dating, AOA's Seolhyun & Block B's Zico have reportedly split.