Learning Standards

Following the adoption of a variety of federal and state policies—notably the No Child Left Behind Act, a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965—all states now use standardized assessments designed to evaluate academic achievement in relation to a set of learning standards. Until the development and widespread adoption of the Common Core State Standards for the subjects of English language arts and mathematics, and more recently the Next Generation Science Standards, learning standards in the United States were independently developed by states, usually as part of a collaborative committee process overseen by a state’s department of education that included educators and subject-area specialists, as well as public-commentary periods (although both development and adoption processes varied from state to state). When investigating or reporting on learning standards, it is important to know how they were developed, what knowledge and skills they describe, and how they are actually used in schools.

While learning standards vary in content, purpose, and design from state to state, most standards systems in the United States share a few common attributes:

  • Educational goals: Many sets of learning standards also include overarching, long-term educational goals—i.e., what students should be able to do when they have completed their public-school education. These overarching goals will typically describe the knowledge, skills, work habits, and character traits that public schools should be teaching and cultivating in stages throughout a student’s education. For example, they may address critical thinking, logical reasoning, and problem solving; oral and written communication; perseverance and work ethic; digital technology and media; or multicultural literacy (valuing and understanding other perspectives, races, and cultures)—i.e., broadly applicable skills that will help students succeed in adult life.
  • Content: While each set of learning standards is unique, there is often a great deal of commonality from system to system or state to state. For example, while different sets of mathematics standards may use different descriptions, or they may sequence specific learning expectations differently, most mathematics standards describe similar quantitative concepts, principles, and reasoning. That said, in subjects such as history, social studies, or science—which contain an enormous variety of possible concepts, facts, skill sets, and areas of study, not to mention politically and ideologically contentious issues—learning standards will likely reflect greater content-related disparities. In addition, some learning standards are considered to be more precise, exacting, and prescriptive—e.g., they will describe the specific punctuation marks that students should know how to use correctly at a particular grade level—while others are considered to be more general, encompassing, and descriptive—e.g., they will explain more broadly what students should be able to do when writing (articulate concepts clearly, use grammatical conventions correctly, cite sources accurately, etc.).

The following examples, taken from the Common Core State Standards English Language Arts Standards for grades 9–10, can serve to illustrate what learning standards are and how they describe educational expectations:

Speaking and listening

In the United States, learning standards could be considered a de facto reform strategy, given that they are a relatively recent historical development, and they are generally intended to improve the effectiveness of schools, the quality and consistency of teaching, and the academic achievement of students (whether or not they accomplish this goal remains a subject of debate). The following are a few representative ways in which learning standards are used to improve public education:

  • Educational consistency: Learning standards are, generally speaking, a way to promote greater consistency and commonality in what gets taught to students from state to state, school to school, or classroom to classroom. Before the advent of learning standards and other efforts to standardize public education, individual schools and teachers determined learning expectations in a given course, subject area, or grade level—a situation that can give rise to significant educational disparities.
  • Quality control: Learning standards are also seen as a way to improve school quality, teaching effectiveness, and student learning. By mandating the use of learning standards in public schools, for example, states, policy makers, and elected officials can increase the likelihood that students will acquire—at a minimum—a certain body of skills and knowledge during their public-school education.
  • Accountability: If states base standardized tests or other assessments on learning standards, they can—at least to some degree—measure whether schools are teaching students the required material. If students in a particular school underperform, steps can be taken to improve performance. For example, in the case of high-stakes tests designed to measure whether or not students have achieved expected learning standards, poor school performance can trigger a variety of consequences.
  • Prioritization: Given that there is a vast number of subjects, concepts, facts, perspectives, and skills that schools could potentially be teaching, learning standards are a way to determine educational priorities in a state or education system. For example, learning standards are a way to prioritize the teaching of certain historical subjects over others—say, the civic, social, political, and economic history of the United States and other countries over the history of sports, entertainment, and fashion.
  • Pacing: Depending on their specific content and sequencing, learning standards can accelerate (or slow down) learning progress—at least in relation to other standards or educational systems. If learning standards are modified to require certain concepts to be taught in earlier grades, for example, students may learn them earlier and be able to move on to more sophisticated ideas and material. For a related discussion, see acceleration.
  • Expectations: Learning standards also establish academic expectations for schools, teachers, and students in terms both content (what gets taught) and depth (the level or degree to which it is taught). If learning standards are made more challenging, exacting, or demanding, the reasoning goes, more complex topics and more sophisticated skills will be taught by schools and learned by students. The basic rationale is that if schools apply the same high expectations to every student, then more students will achieve those higher expectations, or at least get closer to achieving those expectations, than if the expectations were lower.
  • Coherence: Learning standards can promote greater academic and instructional coherence, or “alignment,” within a school or education system. Because standards are carefully mapped out and sequenced, they can help schools and teachers avoid redundancy or unnecessary repetition, while also creating a progression of instruction in which each lesson builds on previous lessons, moving students from simpler concepts to more complex and challenging concepts, from lower-level thinking to higher-level thinking, or from less-sophisticated skills to more-sophisticated skills as they progress through their education. For a related discussion, see coherent curriculum.
  • Teaching: Depending on how they are written, learning standards can influence the ways in which schools and educators teach students. If standards are written to emphasize factual content and memorization, for example, rather than deeper comprehension and the application of knowledge, that emphasis will likely be reflected in the teaching materials and methods used by educators. In the first case, for example, worksheets, textbooks, lectures, videos, and tests may be seen as effective ways to teach factual content and determine whether students can recall historical dates, execute a mathematical formula, or write a grammatical sentence. In the second case, teachers may need to use alternative methods to teach students how to use the knowledge and skills they have acquired to solve complex problems, evaluate ambiguous issues, complete challenging tasks, or produce sophisticated work products.
  • Equity: Learning standards are also seen as a way to increase equity and fairness within an educational system. For example, there is strong evidence that students of color and students from lower-income households are held to lower academic expectations, or enrolled in lower-level classes, more frequently and consistently than their white and wealthier peers. As many educators have pointed out, this situation (often called the “soft bigotry of low expectations”) can create a “cycle of low expectations,” possibly even a multigenerational cycle, in which minority and low-income students never catch up with their peers academically, earn collegiate degrees at the same rates, or achieve the same social, professional, or economic status. Learning standards—because they are applied to all students in an education system—are seen by many educators as a way to ensure that minority and disadvantaged students are held to the same expectations, and given the same quality of education, as other students. For related discussions, see achievement gap, high expectations, opportunity gap, multicultural education, and stereotype threat.
  • Resources: If states and schools use the same learning standards, it also allows them to make use of the same educational resources, whether it’s textbooks, online learning programs, tests, or the curriculum and lesson plans that teachers create to organize a course. In the case of textbooks and other learning resources, it may be possible for states or schools to share educational resources or save money when purchasing resources. For example, before many states adopted the Common Core State Standards, textbook publishers had to create different English or math textbooks for each state. Similarly, each state contracted with different test developers to create unique standardized tests each year that were based on the state’s learning standards, but initiatives such as the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium and the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) were created to develop tests that could be used by multiple states. In addition, common learning standards allow teachers to share educational materials—such as instructional plans, reading lists, projects, and assignments—and several online resource-sharing websites have recently been created to facilitate the exchange of standards-based educational materials among teachers.

Learning standards are a major source of debate in the United States—and even more so since the No Child Left Behind Act connected high-stakes testing to learning standards and most states replaced preexisting standards with the Common Core State Standards. The arguments both for and against learning standards are highly complex, and it is not possible to address every nuance here. The following, however, will serve to illustrate a few of the major debates about learning standards:

  • Should states or the federal government determine what students learn in public school? Or should local communities, parents, and students make these decisions? Some argue that—to maintain educational quality and ensure that students are prepared to be productive adults, workers, and citizens—educational experts, elected officials, and government agencies need to play a role in setting educational standards and learning expectations. Without such guidelines and requirements, there is no way to ensure a minimum level of educational quality in public schools, or ensure that students are taught the most critically important knowledge and skills. Others argue, however, that learning standards are a form of governmental overreach, and that decisions about what gets taught in schools should remain local—or, in the view of some, familial and individual. In this case, the debate often intersects with political, ideological, and moral differences, or fears about the students being “indoctrinated” into certain ideologies, given that some standards address subjects that are broadly contentious in American society—e.g., teaching evolution in science courses, multiculturalism in social studies, or sex education in health courses.
  • Are learning standards forcing schools and educators to use a mandated curriculum? There is a great deal of confusion about the distinction between learning standards and curriculum, and whether they are qualitatively and substantively different or effectively the same. Some argue that standards only describe broad learning expectations and content categories, and that they do not tell teachers how to teach or even to a great extent what to teach. For example, a standard that requires students to learn and understand how “checks and balances” and “separation of powers” work in American government does not require teachers to teach those ideas in any specific way—they can use any number of instructional approaches, learning materials, or historical examples to teach students the concepts described in the standards. Others believe, or express concern, that learning standards are a form of forced curriculum that will limit what teachers can teach, while also deprioritizing or neglecting certain subjects. Some critics even contend that parents should be able be able to control what gets taught to their children in school.
  • Are learning standards useful, effective guidelines for schools and educators? Or are they burdensome regulatory requirements that take up valuable resources and time without adding much educational value? As some educational experts have pointed out, learning standards can become overbuilt if they are either too prescriptive or so numerous and comprehensive that there is simply not enough time to ensure that students learn and master every standard. In the second case, educators and others may debate whether teaching a specific set of learning standards is even feasible, given the amount of time and the average number of years that students typically attend public school. And depending on how states structure their learning standards and related compliance requirements, there could be a wide variety of potential debates and criticism related to compliance obligations, including whether schools have sufficient time and funding to meet the requirements, or whether teachers have been given the training they need to modify their lessons and bring them into alignment with standards.
  • Do learning standards address the most important and appropriate knowledge and skills? In the education community, there is often debate about whether a specific set of standards addresses the right content or establishes appropriate learning expectations. Given the enormous breadth, depth, and multiplicity of knowledge and skills that could potentially be addressed in learning standards, it is perhaps unsurprising that educators would hold divergent views about educational priorities for students. Both within and outside of the education community, debates about the content of learning standards also intersect with broader political, ideological, and religious differences and debates in the United States.
  • Are learning standards too prescriptive or are they not prescriptive enough? In the view of some educators, learning standards that are too prescriptive, detailed, or numerous can reduce a teacher’s professional autonomy, instructional flexibility, and responsiveness to student learning needs. In this case, standards may be perceived as a burdensome checklist that teachers need to work through. Other educators, however, believe that the very fact that standards are prescriptive or required is what makes them effective. In this example, learning standards may be seen as way to improve educational consistency and quality across a complex system that includes both more-effective and less-effective teachers, or as a way to protect students from the long-term personal and societal harm that may result from low educational expectations and low-quality teaching.
  • Do standards represent authentic learning progressions, or are they merely content progressions or teaching progressions? This somewhat technical debate occurs mostly among educators, researchers, and education experts. The basic idea is that standards, by necessity, are created by adults with only a limited understanding of how students actually learn and develop cognitively at specific ages. Therefore, grade-level standards and learning progressions reflect “best-guess” ideas about how content or teaching should be sequenced across grades, but they do not necessarily reflect the ways in which students actually learn new knowledge and acquire new skills. Consequently, they may not facilitate learning in the most effective ways, or they may inadvertently promote and reinforce less-effective teaching strategies.


A list of just some of the sites in need of preservation in Jerusalem and the political and social questions that they raise: BEIT FRUMIN: When Beit Frumin, on King George Avenue, opposite Ben Yehuda, was sold to a developer, the public responded. The seat of the Knesset during its formative years, Beit Frumin was a venue for historic debates. Menachem Begin famously marched on the building during the debates over reparations from Germany. Will Beit Frumin be saved and turned into a museum of the Knesset? Will it remain intact, but with new stories added on top that will distort its appearance? What about compensation for the buyer, who had planned to build there? Such questions constantly come up when dealing with preservation. JERUSALEM TRAIN STATION: To view the dilapidation of a historic site first-hand, you need only visit the Jerusalem train station in the German Colony. Train transportation between Jaffa and Jerusalem was inaugurated in 1898, marking a turning point in the city's modern history. Theodor Herzl arrived here that same year. Now boarded up, the landmark terminal is falling apart. Does Israel Railways not care enough to guard it properly? What's the municipality's role? THE SCHOCKEN HOUSE: Advocates mounted an international campaign to fight the planned destruction of the home that Zalman Schocken built in Rehavia (Rehov Smolenskin). Designed by Erich Mendelssohn, a leading 20th-century architect, the Schocken house is considered an architectural jewel in the Bauhaus style. Deputy Mayor Yehoshua Pollack has cancelled an earlier decision to tear the house down, but the fancy apartment complex promoted for the site still threatens the future. For architectural mavens, the Schocken House is a cause celebre. YESHIVAT ETZ HAIM: The handsome structure near the Mahaneh Yehuda market is a recognized landmark, but destined to be taken apart and reconstructed closer to Jaffa Road, in order to make room for two 15-story towers and a third, lower building. The municipality regards this as part of the Jaffa Road upgrade project. But do disassembling and re-assembling constitute preservation? NO. 9, REHOV PALMAH: Jerusalem preservation advocate Itzik Shweky is personally fighting to preserve this building, the last remaining example of pre-fabricated housing construction in Eretz Yisrael during the 1930s. Unimpressive in appearance, it is part of the country's building history, but a developer plans to destroy it. In this case, not all the activists agree. Israel Kimhi, chairman of the same committee on which Shweky serves, says he "wouldn't lie down in front of the tractor" to prevent destruction. Are there other possible uses or solutions? Perhaps the building could be transferred to an open-museum site. AND TO CONCLUDE ON A POSITIVE NOTE: Jerusalem has some genuine preservation achievements, too. BROADCAST HOUSE: For years, the Old Shaare Zedek Hospital on Jaffa Road, which dates to the beginning of the 20th century, was left abandoned, falling into disrepair. When it became the main office of the Israel Broadcasting Authority, massive renovations returned the site to its former glory. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE, KEREM AVRAHAM: In the Mea She'arim area, the Karlin-Stolin Hassidim have extensively renovated the first building ever constructed outside the Old City walls. This building was once home to the legendary British Consul in Jerusalem, James Finn, and the date 1856 is still visible in the stonework. The structure now houses a large women's school. THE BRACHA FOUNDATION: On Rehov Emek Refaim in the German Colony, the philanthropic Keren Bracha has carried out a meticulous restoration of a classic one-story Templer house, which will now serve as the foundation's new offices. A verse from the Bible is clearly inscribed in stone at the entrance.

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As deer and other big game seasons open in different parts of the country, Mississippians traveling to other states to hunt need to be aware of a new regulation that could impact their return.

And it’s all about protecting the state’s deer herd from chronic wasting disease (CWD).

It was passed in May by the Mississippi Commission on Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks.

A cervid is a member of the deer family and includes white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, moose, caribou, red deer, sika deer, and fallow deer. CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects cervids and has been found in 24 states and three foreign countries.

This rule shall not apply to the importation of:

* Meat from cervids that has been completely deboned.

* Cleaned teeth.

* Finished taxidermy and antler products.

* Hides and tanned products.

* Any portions of white-tailed deer originating from the land between the Mississippi River levees in Arkansas.

Mississippi has never recorded a case of CWD within its borders, but the disease has steadily inched its way toward the Southeast. The MDWFP continues to closely monitor the herd. They ask that the public report any sick deer observed by calling (601) 432-2199.

Mississippians hunting in any of those areas must adhere to new regulations before bringing any deer taken in those areas into Mississippi.


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Reactions of Hydrated Electrons (H2O)n- with Formic Acid

Domenii publicaţii > Chimie + Tipuri publicaţii > Articol în revistã ştiinţificã

Autori: S. J. Reitmeier, O. P. Balaj, V. E. Bondybey, and M. K. Beyer

Editorial: Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 249-250, p.106-111, 2006.

The chemistry of gas phase hydrated electrons with formic acid is studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. Black body infrared radiative dissociation and ligand exchange of water by formic acid molecules take place, accompanied by a small contribution of an intracluster redox reaction. During incorporation of the first formic acid molecule, the electron may recombine with the acidic proton and evaporate as a hydrogen atom, leaving formate as new cluster core. At long time scales, all water molecules are exchanged against formic acid, and three formic acid molecules are sufficient to stabilize the electron. For m = 3 and 4, slow formation of (HCOOH)m-1(HCOO-) is observed. This loss of hydrogen may be activated by collisions with HCOOH, resulting in [HCOOH + H] reaction products of unknown structure.

Cuvinte cheie: hydrated electron, formic acid, solvation, hydrogen formation


Prison break

Series creator, Paul Scheuring, explains that killing off major characters "makes the audience that much more fearful for our protagonists" and that "it actually does help us in terms of reducing story lines".

He appears regularly in the first half of the first season and makes selected appearances towards the end of the first season and the beginning of the second season. The recording period begins in late September the start of the U. Peter Stormare as John Abruzzi seasons 1—2: Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows: In an interview, Paul Scheuring recalled that most of the actors who tested for the role "would come in playing mysterious, but it was so cheesy and false.

Prison Break season 6: New episodes, release date, cast and everything you need to know

Danay Garcia as Sofia Lugo seasons 3—4: His reluctance stemmed from being the father of a four-year-old daughter. Following the huge popularity of serialized prime time television series Prison break as Lost and 24Fox decided to back the production in However, his manager persuaded him to audition for the role and Williams landed the role of Bellick.

Despite decreasing ratings, Reilly attributed the cancellation to creativity: The majority of the first season of the series was filmed on location in and around Chicago. T-Bag appears in all five seasons of the series as a cunning, violent, and manipulative psychopath, consistently underestimated by those around him.

Appearing as a major character in the third season, Lechero is a prisoner at Sona who rules the prison as a dictator and a Panamanian drug kingpin.

He agrees to provide an escape jet plane for Michael in exchange for the location of the eyewitness to his crimes, Otto Fibonacci. He also stars in the first episode of the fourth season. Callies was the first actress the producers saw at the audition for the role Prison break Sara Tancredi and was also the first to become a principal cast member.

Anthony", Gretchen is an operative for The Company who is in charge of ensuring the escape of James Whistler. Conception[ edit ] The original concept of Prison Break—a man deliberately getting himself sent to prison in order to help someone escape—was suggested to Paul Scheuring by producer Dawn Parouse, who wanted to produce an action-oriented series.

Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre: He appears in the series as a major character in the first and second seasons. Since working on John DoePurcell has had an amiable relationship with Fox. Lincoln is a high school drop-out and a convicted felon, who is wrongfully accused of and charged with the murder of Terence Steadman, the brother of the Vice President of the United States.

Introduced in the fourth season, Self is a Department of Homeland Security special agent who teams up with the gang to take down The Company.Watch full episodes of Prison Break and get the latest breaking news, exclusive videos and pictures, episode recaps and much more at Shows such as Prison Break, Heroes, Lost, the old X-files are, to a significant degree, reflections of how many of us perceive the world around us during these uncertain and unsettled times.

“Prison Break” was an immediate critical and ratings hit when it premiered on FOX in the fall ofgarnering Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Television Series – Drama and Best. The latest Tweets from Prison Break (@PrisonBreak). The official #PrisonBreak TwitterAccount Status: Verified.

Prison Break season 5: Cast, characters, plot and everything else you need to know about the reboot

God bless Prison Break – never knowingly un-ridiculous, the revived FOX series wrapped its fifth season with a totally outrageous finale.

'Behind the Eyes' delivered two absurd plot twists and a. Prison Break season 5: Cast, characters, plot and everything else you need to know about the reboot.

Prison Break

Michael Scofield is coming back from the dead in

Prison break
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The decline of the ottoman empire

Ten minute history - the fall of the ottoman empire and the birth of the balkans (short documentary) - duration: 10:00 fall of the soviet union explained in 5 minutes - duration: 5:43. Ottoman empire - the decline of the ottoman empire, 1566–1807: the reign of süleyman i the magnificent marked the peak of ottoman grandeur, but signs of weakness signaled the beginning of a.

The armistice of 31 october 1918 ended the fighting between the ottoman empire and the allies but did not bring stability or peace to the region.

The evident decline of the ottoman empire in the 18th and 19th centuries (into the 20th) was due to several categories of causes perhaps most important was the category of internal causes. The ottoman empire 1600-1923 ottoman history from 1566 -1792 has been described as ”the decline of faith and state” to ottomans, decline ” meant dislocation of the traditional order.

The fall of the ottoman empire in 1900, at the dawn of a new century in the 700th year of its existence, the ottoman empire began to die a violent, climactic death the forces that. Empires can be likened to complex kaleidoscopes which change colours through time for this reason it is difficult to see if an empire is steadily weakening or reforming by changing colour. The decline and fall of the ottoman empire [alan palmer] on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers like charles ii, the sick man of europe was 'an unconscionable time dying' time.

  • At the start of world war i, the ottoman empire was already in decline the ottoman turks entered the war in 1914 on the side of the central powers (including germany and austria-hungary.

From the birth of the ottoman state under osman gazi through its period of unrivaled power in the mid-1500s, the center of the ottoman empire was always the sultan the ottoman empire was a. In the late 1500's, the ottoman empire started going into decline as a result of both internal and external factors internally, the ottomans suffered from three major problems.

The decline of the ottoman empire
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Module b exposition

This interdisciplinary writing course examines some human and ecological impacts of contemporary food-related practices and interactions. How do speaker personality and communication shape persona?

Theory, meaning and practice UTWZ Colour has fascinated humans for millennia, yet it is poorly understood. Public Persona and Self-presentation UTWN Public persona is a fundamental yet unarticulated aspect of persuasion in spoken discourse.

Mozart, Sonata for piano in B-flat major, K. A sample two-part exposition: What does it mean to perform a public persona?

These messages can either support or challenge the prevailing ideas that exist in society.

Sonata form – exposition types

We will just call it an exposition with two MCs. What is the nature of the interplay between persona and roles in mediated presentations? Primary theme P — home key Transition TR — ending with the medial caesura MC Secondary theme S — secondary key V or IIIending with the essential expositional closure EEC Closing space C — secondary key; optional Retransition RT — recapturing of dominant harmony in home key to prepare repeat of exposition; optional, and only occurs in a first ending We can abbreviate this cycle: Students will engage in debates around what constitutes "knowledge", how and whether "truth" can be arrived at, and how the detective genre can illustrate these debates through an understanding of epistemology, i.

Is there an authentic public persona? Only an introduction technically, a large prefix might precede it. In this module students are invited to identify with the detective who offers a metaphor for the process of reading carefully for information, distinguishing between valid and inadequate evidence, and constructing a credible argument built on knowledge gleaned from careful observations.

The two-part exposition The two-part exposition is divided into two parts: In discussions and, subsequently, in writing assignments, students will analyse verbal and nonverbal dimensions of speaker performance in mediated contexts.

A two-part exposition typically exhibits the following thematic cycle in order: What are the dangers of uncritical acceptance of heroes? It exemplified an emerging trend: It exhibits exposition function, and thus has three jobs: How do colours impact our psychological well-being and our consumer choices?

Students will analyse the impact of conventional means of political communication as opposed to those using social media. Various phenomena will be critically discussed, such as the lure of Netflix, the ubiquity of fitness trackers, and the use of smart technology by states to govern.

We ask how those meanings shape our material reality. This module explores the dynamics of social media in political communication, with a focus on Singapore, as well as the United States as case studies. Hybrid Pedagogy Publishing Sonata form — exposition types The exposition module of a sonata movement comes at or near the beginning of a sonata-form movement.

How does speaker persona generate persuasiveness? What is the symbolic meaning of colours across cultures? This course introduces you to the debates surrounding the representation of women in film, and invites you to formulate perspectives that engage with the issues raised as you critically analyze these images in selected viewings.

Each of these terms is defined below. Hepokoski and Darcy call such a situation a trimodular block TMB. Some questions we will ask include: Women in Film UTWS Are films mere entertainment and the images that they project harmless in their effect on society?

In small collaborative classes, you will examine the strategies used by individual authors to construct persuasive arguments and learn to incorporate these rhetorical skills into your own writing about food.

In such a case, the degenerated S theme becomes like a new transition and leads into another MC, followed by an S theme that can reach a satisfactory EEC.

A two-part exposition with two MCs typically exhibits the following thematic cycle in order: In this module, students will explore scholarly and popular texts from a range of disciplines including visual arts, fashion, psychology, marketing and anthropology to investigate the theory, meaning and practices of colour.

There are two main types of sonata expositions: What defines a heroic character?

Have you ever wondered how your dietary choices affect communities, species and landscapes worldwide?Sign in now to see your channels and recommendations! Sign in. Watch Queue Queue. Sonata form – exposition types.

The exposition module of a sonata movement comes at or near the beginning of a sonata-form movement. Only an introduction (technically, a large prefix) might precede exhibits exposition function, and thus has three jobs: establish the home key, move to and establish a secondary key with a cadence, and.

Module B General Ethics Ethics is a branch of philosophy which is the systematic study of reflective choice.

There are three key elements involves questions requiring reflective choice (decision problems) involves guides of right and wrong (moral principles) is concerned with the consequences (good or bad) of decisions Problem situation exists.

Ideas and Exposition Modules

Ideas and Exposition modules can meet the NUS Breadth requirement. The modules are graded but students may choose to exercise the pass / fail option. Completing QET requirements is a pre-requisite for reading I&E modules. using the module is 70, while the writing test result of exposition text of the students after using the module increases The difference is from before to after.

writing exposition text based on the problem? b) How is the expediency of teaching materials of writing exposition text based on problem? c) How is the result of. Module B Exposition Essay The Module B speeches, as a whole, aim to ‘dissipate the darkness of intolerance, hate, suffering and despair’ – Suu Kyi.

Module b exposition
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History of Tea

Number one Tea legend.

Prince Bodhidharma, the sixth century Indian priest who brought Buddhism to China, spent nine years facing a cave wall in meditation. Furious with his inability to stay awake, he is said to have ripped off his eyelids. Upon touching the ground, they sprung up as the first tea plant. This legend suggests that tea's stimulating qualities were not lost on monks who spent long hours in meditation.

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shen nong

Number two Tea legend.

Ancient legend in China, the story of tea began in 2737 B.C. when the Chinese Emperor Shen Nong, a skilled ruler and scientist, accidentally discovered the tea. While boiling water in the garden, a leaf from an overhanging wild tea tree drifted into his pot. The Emperor enjoyed drinking the infused water with its unusual and delicious flavor. He felt invigorated and refreshed. As a scientist, he was compelled to further research the plant whereby he found tea to have medicinal properties.

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Dutch East India Company

Decades before Boston Tea Party and the Opium Wars and well before the British East India Company ever amounted to the greatness it is remembered for, there was the Dutch East India Company, or VOC. It was, for over a century, the largest company in the world. The first tea import to Europe is accredited to the Dutch in the year 1597 . Tea, however, was initially relegated as a luxury good or medicine, as opposed to the common beverage it is today. Its market was relatively small for years, particularly in comparison to the big spice imports of the VOC of pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, and clove. Tea opinion began to change as doctors began to write about its medicinal effects. As tea went from the medicine cabinet of the apothecaries to the coffeehouses and salons of the day its popularity soared, particularly in England.

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Technical information

Wheat is a living, vital raw material that is always different

The miller’s art lies in producing flour with precise characteristics that meet the standards demanded by the market despite having to handle highly variable ingredients. Even same variety of wheat may change from year to year depending on the harvest, climatic conditions and the country of origin. Skilled millers can handle unexpected events and changes, especially they can rely on large, avant-garde plant and storage silos, as is the case for our Arcole mill.

Flour is the soul of wheat and wisdom is the art of our millers

Selection of raw materials

Selecting the grains to grind is our first step towards quality.
Milling quality indicators:

  1. Average weight of kernels.
    The kernel is the grain of wheat. A high average kernel weight is an indicator of high yield during the milling process because the size of the grain affects the percentage amount of flour free of impurities obtained from the crushed grain. Average kernel weight: 35 – 45 mg.
  2. Electrolytic weight.
    This parameter is used for ISQ classification; it is acceptable when higher than 75 kg/hL.
  3. Hardness.
    The resistance opposed to crushing by the kernels. Wheat is classified as hard (over 70), providing flour suitable for baking biscuits, medium (between 45 and 70), yielding flour for slightly leavened loaves and dough, and soft (under 45), giving flour used for well-leavened products such as Panettone and Pandoro.
  4. Protein content.
    Percentage protein content: equal to or higher than 14% for very strong wheats, 13% for strong wheat used to make bread and 11% for plain flour.

The home of wheat: Our silos

Our team of experts manages to purchase the best wheat thanks to their impressive expertise acquired over the years and our mill’s astonishing storage capacity – equivalent to 24,000 tonnes. Year by year, all wheat varieties undergo changes arising from numerous environmental factors: to obtain a balanced flour that meets required characteristics, it is essential:

a) to know the fundamental features that each quality wheat must have;
b) make purchases at precisely the right time;
c) store grain optimally until ready for use.

This is why Macinazione Lendinara has 24 storage silos of different capacities and sizes. In this way, we can buy and store different types of wheat in order to create the best o more particular blends, with significant competitive advantages in terms of quality and price.

The journey inside the mill

Cleaning, wetting and conditioning

The journey from the field of wheat to the mill to produce flour is long and adventurous. External agents of various kinds, particular climatic and environmental conditions and the proximity of other crops may contaminate our ears of wheat from the moment they bud through the harvest. When wheat arrives at our mill, our technicians carry out an initial visual and sensory inspection; samples are then taken for preliminary analysis of specific mass, protein, moisture, gluten and checks for mycotoxins.  If the batch of wheat passes these tests, it is sent to the relative unloading trenches. The wheat then undergoes a pre-cleaning process involving a separator magnet that detects metal foreign bodies and a fan sieve which eliminates impurities, empty seeds and chaff.

Immediately afterwards, the first full-scale cleaning stage is performed. It is a delicate and complex operation in which specific tools are used:
A magnet
A Separator to remove fine and coarse impurities
Destoner to remove pebbles and stones
Fan, sieve to separate lightweight impurities
Shellers, to isolate extraneous seeds
Brushes,  to remove stubble and impurities around the wheat grain
Wheat wetter, a key step to ensure optimal wheat moisture.

After wetting the wheat for the time, it is left to rest in the five first conditioning cells, before performing a second wetting and conditioning operation. The ideal humidity percentage for milling is 16.5% – 17%. Starchy wheat (also known as soft wheat) are low fermentation grains that absorb water quickly. Hard wheats have a high protein content that make water penetration slower. In order to moisten the wheat uniformly, it must be placed in a wetting cell for 16-20-48 hours, depending on individual requirements.

Safety is the most important aspect.

Safety is our priority and is why we have equipped our mill with an optical grader and a peeler to ensure excellence in our product controls. The optical grader is based on highly sophisticated technology and is able to isolate damaged and germinated grains as well as allergens using compressed air streams. The peeler performs a mechanical task on wheat grains intended for grinding and significantly reduces any bacteria and pesticide residues.

Arriving at the soul of wheat: grinding

This is the key moment in our work and involves alternating milling and sifting steps. The grain passes over roller mills and is then carried by an air-operated system to the plansifters – large sifters that separate flour and fibre on the basis of particle size. The larger groats are returned to the crushing mills, while the thinner groats pass through the purifiers for cleaning and then they are ground again. Groats still having traces of bran pass through so-called stripping mills, until the grain is completely separated from the chaff.

The skills of our millers

Our plant is divided into 2 sections respectively capable of grinding 360 and 220 tonnes of wheat in 24 hours, for a total of 600 tons of wheat per day. The various basic flours produced are sent to homogenisation cells and then transferred to storage silos.

The final goal: blending, bagging or reworking

To ensure greater flexibility in the formulation of flours and achieve constant and precise results, the Arcole flour mill was designed and built with 44 flour cells, 14 of which 14 are directly connected to the mixing system. The mill essentially grinds single varieties of wheat; this means that, during the delicate blending stage, our technicians are optimally able to exploit the characteristics of each variety.

Quality and safety

During the entire production cycle, our technicians keep a close eye on progress, assisted by cutting-edge tools, to ensure the product safety thanks to control plansifters, pest centrifuges and magnets to ensure products free of any impurities or foreign bodies. Our internal quality control laboratory relies on three highly specialised figures who are able to simulate the performance of flours in relation to fermentation and baking. This specific analysis highlights the basic features of the product and, consequently, its intended use in relation to the specifications required by customers.

Quality control tools

Chopin Alveograph:

this tool is used to measure dough quality by assessing the three most important parameters:
P: index of dough tenacity
L: extensibility index of the dough
W: flour strength index.
The P:L ratio is used to assess the balance between the tenacity and extensibility of the flour: the optimal value for this ratio is between 0.40 and 0.70.

Brabender Farinograph:

è una speciale impastatrice che consente di misurare la consistenza dell’impasto e di determinarne alcune caratteristiche fondamentali, componendo il cosiddetto “farinogramma”, la cui unità di misura è il Brabender (= U. B.)

The measured characteristics are:

this is a special dough mixer that can measure the consistency of the dough and determine a number of important characteristics used to define the so-called “farinogram”, whose unit of measure is the Brabender (= B.U.)
The characteristics measured are:
Absorption: the amount of water needed for the dough to reach the optimal score of 500 B.U.
Development of the dough in minutes: time needed to reached maximum dough consistency.
Stability: maximum dough consistency degree retention time. High quality flours and doughs ensure very high stability, thereby allowing long fermentation and prolonged mechanical stresses.
Degree of softening: measures the extent of dough shredding.
Elasticity: band thickness.

This tool measures the resistance that the dough offers to a deformation force. It measures the index of Resistance, Extensibility and Energy.


Reception is at the end of the building on the left

Most of our courses start in the evening - check the details for your specific course. Please arrive between 3pm and 6pm -  if this is not possible please phone (not email) the ashram beforehand. This will give you time to have a cup of tea, settle in, take the opportunity to sit or do personal yoga practice in the Sadhana Hall, enjoy some tranquility in the garden or go for a walk. There will be a Welcome Talk before supper at 6.15pm.

If you are arriving by car

Turn left immediately after you come through the gate to park in the car park. If you will be arriving or leaving after dark,  please bring a torch. Turn left as you walk out of the car park and walk straight down the drive.

To find reception

Walk straight down the drive from the date, between the buildings - a large barn on your right and a cottage-style house on your left. Reception is at the end of the house on the left.Reception is on the left

On arrival

You will be shown to your accommodation, and other relevant areas including toilets and where to find a cup of tea! You will then need to register in the office soon after you arrive.


If you answer 'YES' to any of the following questions, then you should consider partnering with us...

Are you nearing retirement, or in retirement, and have
experienced substantial losses in your nest egg?

Are you tired of speculating what the market will do and how
it will affect your portfolio?

Do you want to take advantage of the real estate market but you don't have the start-up capital, the expertise, or the time to do it?

Do you want to diversify the risk in your current portfolio?

If you answered 'YES' to any of the above,
we look forward to hearing from you soon.

TJA Williams Investments LLC
(763) 270-5274


Police searching for suspect that broke into Chambersburg Taco Bell, stole cash

FRANKLIN COUNTY, Pa.– Police are searching for a suspect who allegedly broke into a Taco Bell and stole cash.

On January 8 around 2:30 a.m., police responded to the Taco Bell restaurant in the 900 block of Lincoln Way East in Chambersburg for an active burglary.

The male suspect appeared to be wearing a hooded sweatshirt and pants at the time of the incident.

The suspect broke into the building, stole money, and fled on foot.

The person in the above photo is a person of interest, but not necessarily a suspect at this time.

If you believe you have information that can assist the police in identifying or locating this person, please contact the Borough of Chambersburg Police Department at 717-264-4131 or submit a tip.


The ABCs of Self Love

Melody Godfred founder of Fred and Far

Dear Tribe,

Ever since I started this Self Love Movement, this is the quote that I keep coming back to:

"So many years of education yet nobody ever taught us how to love ourselves and why it's so important."

What I would do to go back and substitute even one semester of chemistry for calculus for a semester of self love. So much of the work we do as women is healing the wounds of our childhoods, because loving ourselves is something we simply we weren’t taught to do. Thankfully, together we are changing that, and I’m excited for our collective daughters to come into the world with the wholeness we’re now cultivating in this space.

Which brings me to this: I’m excited to begin sharing the ABC’s of Self Love, something we’re exclusively sharing with you, my beautiful tribe and newsletter subscribers. Because it’s never too late to learn how to love yourself. Never.

ABCs of self love a authenticity and abandon

Authenticity & Abandon

To love yourself, you must first know yourself, which is why authenticity is so key. When we’re born, we are the truest version of ourselves. As we grow up, we accumulate a layer of dust: the dust of expectations, of responsibilities, of conformity, of trauma, of pain. This dust dulls our essence, our most authentic selves. How are we to love ourselves, when we don’t even know ourselves?

Today, take a moment to think back to your childhood self. That authentic, dust-free version that made choices from a place of love instead of fear, and instinct instead of learned behaviors. And once you discover that authentic self, imagine abandoning the dust, the stories, the self-imposed limiting behaviors and thoughts that have kept your magical, authentic self at bay.

Pull out a picture from your childhood.
Use it as your home screen image on your phone as a reminder of your most authentic self.
Write down all the things that represent your "dust" on strips of paper.
Burn them away (safely of course!).

ABCs of self love b boundaries and balance

Boundaries & Balance

Boundaries aren't just about drawing a line. They are about knowing yourself enough to know where the line should be drawn, and having the confidence and self worth to share and honor the line. No two people have the same needs. A boundary ensures that both you, and the people in your life, know what your needs are, and don't trample on them.

The thing about boundaries though, is that in order for them to really work, they must be in balance with two thing: flexibility and vulnerability (more on those when we get to F and V). Because your needs are constantly evolving, no line is ever absolute, and that's okay. When setting and revisiting boundaries, you'll know the line is in the right place if you feel in balance, rather than in flux.

Practice setting boundaries. Take a piece of paper, draw five red boundary lines, and for each category, set a boundary: friends, family, lover, work, play (because yes - even with play there are boundaries).

Friends: No therapy sessions for friends before 11am
Family: No attending events purely out of obligation
Lover: No silent treatment - if something’s wrong, we talk about it
Work: No checking work emails at home while the kids want to play
Play: No more than 2 drinks in one night… (hello thirties)

Now that you've set your boundaries, share them with the people in your life. Tell your friends they can't call you with their problems first thing in the morning. Say no to attending events you don't want to attend. You get the gist of it. Each time you honor your boundaries, your authentic self (remember letter A?) will applaud and thank you.

ABCs of self love c clarity commitment creation community

Clarity, Commitment, Creation, & Community

The first step is to know yourself, and to gain clarity about who you are.

The second step is to practice commitment through daily practices that honor your true self (think self care!).

The third step is to enjoy the sparks of creation (magic!) that manifest when you choose yourself daily.

And the fourth step is to create a community around you that supports your self love and commitment (hello self love sisterhood/tribe!).

Remember: Self love isn’t a destination. It’s a continual cycle of self exploration, love, care and connection. Wherever you are on your journey, let the four C’s guide you.

For each day this week, pick one of the four C’s to focus on.
Clarity: spend 15 minutes first thing in the morning and 15 minutes before bed journaling in response to these prompts:
I am...
I need...
I want...
I believe...
I know...
I can...
I will...

Commitment: Commit to one free act of self care for each day the rest of the week (stretching, dancing, meditation, cooking, face mask, digital detox...)

Creation: enjoy yourself today by investing time in something that feeds your soul.

Community: plan a girls night and make vision boards to honor your self love journey.

Begin the cycle again!
ABCs of self love d daily dream

The Daily Dream

On any given day, chances are you have a To Do list, whether it’s written down in a notebook, exists digitally on your phone and computer, or is simply a mental load you struggle to keep up with. The question is, when you review that list, what percentage of it relates to transactional, oftentimes mundane aspects of your every day (pay bills often tops mine), as opposed to soul-filling dreaming?

Until recently, dreaming wasn’t on my list. And as a result, my spirit was slowly succumbing to the responsibilities of my everyday life. That’s where the Daily Dream comes in. A friend and I set a calendar alert for 5 pm every day. When it goes off, we are tasked with carving out 15 minutes to simply dream, and then we text each other what we’ve come up with.

Here’s some of what we shared about: an en suite washer and dryer, the desire to have sex daily (and actually have it), careers we love. Here’s the thing: once we started creating space to dream, our dreams started coming true. Not all, and not all at once, but once we aligned ourselves away from simply existing, we were able to transform our lives into lives worth dreaming about.

Set a calendar alert that repeats daily called THE DAILY DREAM. Invite your bestie to dream with you daily. Text each other your dreams, and celebrate each other for dreaming, and celebrate again when your dreams come true.

 ABCs of self love e emotional empowerment

Emotional Empowerment

Two of the phrases we hear most often as babies and children are, “Don’t cry,” and “It’s okay.” And so, we’re raised to believe that painful feelings shouldn’t be expressed or felt. We all know what follows - a lifetime of buried feelings, like shame, guilt, pain, anger, frustration and sadness, that isolate us and debilitate us. Instead of feeling our “unapproved” feelings, and allowing them to show us the root causes of our discomfort, we do everything we can to avoid them, and as a result, carry them around like our shadows.

Emotional empowerment is about feeling all of our emotions, and leveraging them to create transformation in our lives. It is about practicing complete self acceptance, so that no feeling is off limits. Once we feel what needs to be felt, we can decide how we want to think and act next. Think of your feelings as a teacher, instead of a burden, and let feeling them become as natural as breathing. Because once you feel, you can breathe, and that is the root of life, growth, and of course, self love.

Spend the day feeling your feelings. As emotions come up, create space for them (instead of burying or judging them), and then ask yourself, “How come?” Follow the how comes until you get to the root issue, and then see if there’s anything you can do to change it.

If not, see how you can shift your perspective to create peace of mind and acceptance. Continue to track your feelings and practice “How Come?” and see if you are feeling more empowered by the end of the week!

abcs of self love forgiveness freedom

Forgiveness (Freedom)

Want to feel truly free? Forgive, forgive forgive. The root of “forgive” comes from the Latin word, “perdonare,” which means “to give completely, without reservation.” This is the kind of forgiveness you owe not just to those who have hurt you, but also to yourself. What makes forgiveness unique is that it is a gift both to the recipient and to the giver. Until you forgive, you remain stuck in the wrongdoing that harmed you (which only escalates your pain). Forgiveness is what allows you to unshackle yourself from the past so you can live in the present and dream into the future. While your ego may push you to carry a grudge, remember that your ego isn’t your true self. While your ego cares about right and wrong, blame and shame, your true self craves magic, lightness and peace. Which is why to honor your true self, it’s important not just to forgive others, but to forgive yourself as well, freely, fully, quickly, completely, and without reservation. Because once you do, you’ll free your authentic self to create, to love, to heal, and to live, unencumbered by the mistakes of the past.

Write a forgiveness letter to someone who has wronged you, and write another one to yourself. Stamp them, mail them, and as you send them into the world, relish the freedom of letting go.

gratitude over guilt the abcs of self love

 Gratitude over Guilt

Gratitude is a word you hear quite a bit once you start exploring self love, positivity and mindfulness. While the traditional definition - being thankful - is important, I’m going to challenge you to think of gratitude a little differently. For me, gratitude isn’t just about being thankful, it is about being truly present in the moment you’re experiencing, instead of feeling guilty about something outside of your current experience. Let me explain. If you’re a working mother like me, you spend a lot of time feeling guilty that you’re not with your kids, instead of feeling grateful that you’re at work. The moment I flipped my internal switch from guilt to gratitude, my happiness increased exponentially. And this doesn’t just apply to real-time conflicts. Oftentimes it’s the guilt from the past, or guilt about something in the future, that takes the joy out of a present experience. When we focus on the moment we’re in, and practice gratitude instead of guilt, we ground ourselves (and especially our runaway thoughts) in joy. And once we do that, self love becomes second nature.

Throughout the day, clock your thoughts and keep a gratitude vs. guilt tally. At the end of the day, see how many times you caught yourself in a moment of guilt, as opposed to a moment of gratitude, and challenge yourself to see those guilty moments through a new, more grateful lens. Continue your tally throughout the week and see if by the end of five days your gratitude thoughts/feelings outweigh your guilty ones.

Happy Thoughts

It took me reaching an emotional rock bottom to finally seek the help of a therapist. And while we worked together weekly for over a year, one thing she taught me has had the most transformative impact: I can choose my thoughts. As someone who naturally fears and assumes the worst, learning that I could bend my thoughts to my will changed my life.

She gave me a key visual to illustrate the point: imagine you’re in a subway station. A car pulls up that is negative. In that moment, you can choose: do I want to get on this car, or do I want to wait for the next one? Now, when something happens and I feel my instinctual negative reaction coming on, I pause, and remind myself to let that car pass me by and instead take the happy car instead.

I’ll give you an example: I send my friend a text and she doesn’t respond. My immediate fearful self assumes, “Oh no. I said something wrong. She’s mad at me. She doesn’t like me.” Now, when that thought presents itself, I plant the seed of a happy thought instead. “Oh, she is busy. She’ll get back to me later.” And that happy thought is the right one, 99.9% of the time.

Regardless of the circumstances you’re facing, how you think about them is truly 100% up to you. Choose a positive perspective, choose the happy thoughts, get on the happy car, and enjoy the ride.

Adopt a happy thought mantra. When negative thoughts come into the station, repeat your mantra a few times to slow your mind down, and challenge yourself to see the situation you’re facing from a different, happier perspective.

Intuition & Intention

You know that funny, “knowing,” feeling you get sometimes about things, the one deep down in the pit of your stomach or on the edges of your mind? The one that signals something to you, without you knowing exactly how or why? Meet your intuition. The advocate you didn’t know you had.

The beauty of intuition is that it is inherent, not learned, and doesn’t need any facts or justification to make its case. It’s there for you, watching out for you, all the time. The problem is that in most cases, we’re simply too busy, distracted, or skeptical to recognize or listen to her. Your intuition is the voice of your true, authentic self, the part of you that is tapped into the divine feminine and thus the universe. Once you start listening for her, your intuition will be impossible to miss. She’ll reach for you through your other senses as well, so pay attention to bodily cues as well.

Once you feel connected to your intuition, the second piece comes in: intention. Use your intuition guidance to become intentional in how you live your life. Make choices that align with and honor your authentic self. Because once your intention is aligned with your intuition, your life will transform into one that resonates with you on a mind, body and soul level.

Create quiet time so your intuition can speak up. Allocate 15 minutes each morning, and 15 minutes before bed for your mind to be free from any and all distractions. Find a comfortable spot, sit in a resting position, and let your mind and body slowly relax into a place of being, instead of doing. Now listen, not just in your mind, but also in your body, for cues. Another place you can listen for your intuition is in your dreams. Keep a dream diary and search for hidden themes and messages, because while you can distract yourself from your intuition during waking life, she’s harder to hide from when you’re asleep.

the abcs of self love j joy

While the terms happiness and joy are oftentimes used interchangeably, they are actually two distinct pieces of the self love equation that work together.   Whereas happiness is a state of mind that comes in response to external experiences, joy is a more constant, internal state of being.

For example, happiness is when your favorite website invites you to become a contributor. Joy is knowing your voice is worthy of an audience. One is externally triggered, the other is deeply connected to your internal sense of worth, peace and wellness. While happiness is important (see H in our ABCs!)  joy is critical, as only joy will sustain you through whatever highs and lows life has in store for you.

When it comes to self love, we talk a lot about embracing and experiencing your darkest feelings. But according to Brené Brown, it takes just as much courage (if not more!) to experience your joy, as it does to embrace your sorrow.  “Joy is the most vulnerable emotion we experience,” Brown says. “And if you cannot tolerate joy, what you do is you start dress rehearsing tragedy.”

Dress rehearsing tragedy is when you disclaim your joy by preparing yourself for the worst (which is sure to follow… or is it?). Joy is a capacity that requires nurture through gratitude and trust. It requires that you get comfortable with uncertainty, because the circumstances both within you and external to you that cultivated your joy could change. So when you feel the warm glow of joy radiate from within, feel it. Hard stop.

Sometimes the joy within us becomes dormant due to the weight of our routines. To wake up your joy, shake up your rituals. Commit to one week of new everything: a new shampoo or soap to change the scent in your shower, a new breakfast, a new route to work, new music, new workout class, new bar/restaurant/museum for after work. Make plans with a new friend. Change up your going-to-bed ritual. Shop for a little something new for yourself. At the end of the week, all the newness should wake up the spark of joy within you. From there, use gratitude to nurture it, and make the new things that worked part of your weekly rituals.

Know Your Narrative

To love yourself, you must first know yourself. That is why knowing your narrative is so critical. Your narrative is your story. It is your essence. It is the unique blend of inherent magic and earned experience that makes you, uniquely you. It is what allows you to leave an imprint on the world the way no one else in the world can.

Once we realize the power that comes with being ourselves, we start knowing and owning our narratives, instead of disclaiming them. What once was a source of shame, is now a source of strength. What was once a series of disconnected events and feelings, is now the one in seven billion formula that belongs only to you. Instead of seeing yourself as a series of circumstantial events and characteristics, see the throughline: the you, that connects it all. Know your narrative, and embrace it with pride. Because yours is the story of a lifetime.

Get a journal and challenge yourself to write one page for every year of your life. Write the year in big block letters and the top of the page, and dive into your mental and emotional memory. Write about what happened, and how you felt.

Once you’re done, see if you can identify some themes with regard to your core characteristics that you are most proud of. Also, use this as an opportunity to revisit and heal old wounds, and forgive yourself and others for any events that caused you to lose sight of how magnificent you truly are.

The definition of the word light is one of my favorites. The word encompasses so many unique definitions, and yet they play into each other so gracefully. Light is what stimulates sight and makes things visible. Light is brilliance. Illumination. To see the light is to become enlightened - to unravel a mystery. A light is the flame. To light is to burn. To be a light is to be a leader, a luminary, an expert. Lightness is simplicity. Ease. Gentleness. Weightlessness. Freedom from worry. Freedom itself.

When practicing self love, be light. In its myriad of definitions. Be the light that illuminates the world. Shed the weight of uncertainty, risk, anger, resentment, doubt, guilt and shame and be light. Unravel the mystery of yourself and set your soul on fire. Be light, be light, be light.

Use the power of a flame as your symbol of self-illumination and empowerment. Light a candle every night for a week and as you watch the flame, imagine it is your own inner light flickering. Go within yourself and discover what your light needs so you can feel light, give light, be light.

Magic is what happens when your thoughts, actions and feelings are in alignment with your authentic self, something we like to call your ME. What is your ME? It’s the part of you that is, and always was. Before the guilt. The trauma. The pain. The doubt. The responsibility. Even when you ignore your ME, she is there. Patient. Hopeful. Resilient. All she wants is your nurture, your love, your attention, your care. And what she’ll give you in return for those things, is everything. Peace of mind. Wholeness. The energy, passion, creativity and motivation you’ve been missing. In a word, magic. What does it mean to manifest magic? It means that you let your ME start leading your life (playing offense) instead of letting life happen to you (playing defense). It means you create the world around you by deliberately choosing your thoughts and actions instead of constantly being in a reactive, negative space where you assume the worst and make sure you’re right. Because you are a creator, whether you’ve realized it yet or not, and your magic is inherent, not earned. Let your ME lead you to it. And once your magic is clear and within grasp, use it to make the contribution to the world that only you can. Because your ME, your magic, and your ability to manifest, are all uniquely yours.

Gather ten items that embody elements of your most authentic self and use them to craft a magic spell, and/or potion (whichever your inner witch prefers). Light some candles, take some deep breaths, and invite your ME to come out and play. Write down each element and what it represents), and then conduct your magic ceremony by reciting these words:

I welcome my authentic self to come to the surface.

I am ready to let her lead.

I trust her, I love her, I am her.

Here’s my (Melody’s) example:

A spritz of orange (the scent that embodies the tree outside my childhood window where I would do most of my dreaming)

A cassette tape of the song I recorded at 13 (my most meaningful act of creation during adolescence)

A page from my childhood diary (where I explored and captured my deepest feelings)

Something red (my favorite color, forever)

A copy of anything by Toni Morrison (she embodies my love for reading and for visual prose)

Tanning oil (to evoke the spirit of my favorite place to getaway, palm springs)

A souvenir from Italy (where I learned how much I love to explore culture)

A string of beads (because making jewelry has been my thing since childhood)

Dark chocolate (the taste of pure pleasure)

John Mayer playing (the music that has carried me through the last two decades)

This list was easy to write because since founding Fred and Far, I’ve been more in alignment with my authentic self than at any other point in my adult life. I hope creating your list of things will help you reconnect with your true self, so that you can experience life from this space of self awareness, self acceptance, self care, and self love. The magic I have manifested is you. Each and every one of you. And I am grateful. <3.


10 (More) Tips for Over-thinkers

Masters of comebacks conjured years too late, enemies of instinct, and the bane of decisive folk, over-thinkers are inevitable in this choice-filled world. However, considering all that could occur in life, it is absurd to contemplate all the if’s and but’s. Even so, I know avoiding overthinking is easier said than done.

As someone who used to get stuck planning and thinking and stressing through my thoughts, here are a few bits of motivation to help you stop overthinking and start doing.

These tips may not apply to serious decisions like buying a house or deciding whether to start a family, but they can help you rethink your approach to life. Sometimes, life’s not that serious.

1. Care Less

Over caring goes hand in hand with overthinking and it leads you to consider others’ judgements when making a decision that will only affect yourself. What motivates you to weigh the judgements of others over your own thoughts? I can tell you this: I don’t have a valid reason for it.

In overthinking any situation you begin to waste energy and chip away at your confidence, while effectively giving the matter at hand more power than it deserves. Think about how awesome life would be if you cared a little bit less.

Instead of being afraid you won’t like that new ice cream flavor three bites in, sample it and go with your gut. Even if the person behind the counter is annoyed that you ask to try three different flavors, even if you decide to go with your usual after tasting all three, it doesn’t matter because you’re the customer and that’s their job. Don’t reduce your value and don’t keep yourself from experiencing life. Even the little things.

It’s an amazing feeling when you don’t have to place life on hold to over-contemplate your concerns.

2. Do It Anyway

If you are caught between fearing extreme embarrassment and desperately longing to try this thing, close your eyes and tip yourself over the edge. I can’t guarantee you won’t be embarrassed, because sometimes I am. But, I can say that you will be glad you did it. The joy of doing the ‘thing’ and conquering your fear in that moment, outweighs all.

Listen, you and I both know that some things take two. For instance, I don’t have the courage to road trip to Arizona on my own. Add a daring friend to the mix, and I just might go. There’s something about adding a social element to the mix that makes me feel much braver than I would alone.

Think about Marlin and Dory. They did that.

It’s much easier to follow through, when you have a friend who couldn’t care less. For one, they will hold you accountable as they push you past your comfort zone. Even better, a true friend will be there to catch you if you fall.

4. Redefine Your Reality

There’s no proof any of this is “real”. You don’t know what you don’t know, and even if you’ve found an answer to life that works for you, it’s still possible to redefine your reality.

As we each perceive life through our own points of view, and each of those perceptions is different, who is to say what is real and what isn’t? Of course, there’s the collective reality that various groups have agreed on, but there’s no way for humans to directly observe an objective view of life.

Now, you don’t have to give up your beliefs. However, there’s no harm in acknowledging your unique ideas or in removing meaning for a moment to do that one thing you’ve always wanted to do. Introduce yourself to the cute stranger. Take an hour to relax and read your book. It won’t be the end of the world if you give yourself a break and enjoy a few moments of life — pure, unadulterated life.

5. Life is Absurd, Accept This

Google Dictionary defines absurd as that which is wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate. Can you truly tell me this isn’t an accurate description of our lives? Think about it. People spend so much time and energy in order to achieve success and find happiness. Many live in fear of death, but life’s meaning is inextricably tied to the fact that we die. Where is the sense in this? Considering absurdity, it doesn’t make much sense to remain concerned over relatively insignificant matters, especially those that won’t make much difference at the end of the day.

Actionable advice: Give yourself one minute (no more, no less) to draft a pro’s and con’s list. At the end of the minute, if the pro’s outweigh the con’s, then do it. Accept the absurdity of basing your decision off of a minute-long list, and enjoy this illogical life.

Do not let trivialities prevent you from chasing happiness.

6. Even if you embarrass yourself, people will forget

There’s too much happening in the world for a stranger to hold on to the memory of your failure on the train. You fell while fist-pumping. So what? Worst case, that stranger doesn’t forget. Worst worst case, they record it, share the video, and it goes viral. What are the odds?

Actionable advice: If you embarrass yourself after making a risky decision, take a breath and play it off. People don’t enjoy making fun of those who clue themselves into the joke as much as they do an unexpecting soul. Somehow, that element of embarrassment needs to stay alive for others to really enjoy it. Schadenfreude.

7. Rejection ‘here’ is not rejection everywhere

You had the courage to get out of your head for a moment. You had the courage not to care. Don’t prevent yourself from trying again at some point in the future. For every person who laughs, there will be someone who admires, and for person who rejects your idea or proposal, there will be someone who is willing to accept it. Just keep swimming.

8. Time is ticking. Stop wasting your moments.

We are all going to die. (I know, I’m charming) My point is: since time is limited, don’t waste your moments worrying about the way a stranger may see you. I am most definitely guilty of this, but I’m working to change, because if we only have one life to live, why spend so much time trying to complement another person’s view?

Actionable advice: Start a journal. Anytime you catch yourself stuck in a cycle of thoughts, take out your journal and write everything down. If you don’t have your journal, use a notes app.

I started doing this last summer and it really helps. From personal experience, don’t revisit your thoughts. Just leave them be. It is definitely anxiety-inducing to read all the words that represent only a few seconds of thinking.

9. Life Goes On

To add to the whole “time doesn’t stop for anyone” spiel, apparently life gets better when you stop caring.

I am still in the process of trying out this mentality, but I can already say it’s true. You might attract more attention, from living your best life and whatnot, but if you can prepare yourself to make new friends and to have some people decide they don’t like you right off the bat, then go for it. It feels great that I don’t have to worry about whether or not the people I meet will like me for me, because as soon as I meet them, I show them who I really am.

Actionable advice: Don’t overthink yourself. Allow yourself to live in each moment without worrying what you should be doing or how you should appear. How? Occupy yourself with activities that distract you from your thoughts. Remind yourself these concerns can be addressed later, and then immerse yourself in the moment.

10. Take a chance, and make a choice

Take this time to visualize how awesome it might feel to live without care. How fun. How free.

Actionable advice: Set goals that target your anxieties and allow you to build upon the areas that weaken you most. For instance, if a lot of your anxiety stems from insecurity and a general inability to be comfortable as you are, in front of others, make a note to practice self-love. Break this goal down into actionable items like writing daily gratitudes about yourself, and creating a kick-ass mantra to remind yourself of all you’re worth. As you become more comfortable with yourself, you become increasingly prepared to LIVE OUT LOUD.

*Update: An updated version of this post has since been published on The Messy Life. Find it here: http://themessylife.com/tips-for-overthinkers/

Dear Diary: I’m Drowning ← P R E V I O U S

N E X T → Writing strips me raw.


Conservation - Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation

Discounts are available for MTBC members.

Volunteer cavers helping build a huge steel gate to protect endangered gray bats that hibernate in Hubbards Cave, Tennessee. Due to protection, this colony grew by over 400,000 over several decades. Space above the gate allows bats to fly over. Conservation

BCI SpecialHubbards CaveMerlin TuttleMerlin Tuttle's Bat ConservationTennesseeU.S.building gatecaver volunteersconservationfield work


What is the difference between glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain?

1 Answer
Apr 8, 2016

glycolysis is first step common in both aerobic and anaerobic type of respiration. It occurs in cytosol
in this a glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate. it occurs in absence of oxygen
if its anaerobic respiration pyruvate will under go fermentation
if its aerobic respiration pyruvate molecule will enter in kreb cycle which occurs in mitochondrial matrix. in this NADPH2 FADPH2 is produced.
finally electron transport chain(inner mitochondrial membrane) in which oxygen molecule receives the protons from NADPH2 FADPH2 and generate ATP


The World Trade Center Stories

9781427633811: The World Trade Center Stories
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ImProbable describes these interconnected stories with one common element - The World Trade Center. I will take you on a journey spanning from my early childhood to my retirement and spin a convincing argument that much of my life was based on a predetermined fate connected to The World Trade Center. Learn how my parents set the stage for this involvement in the 40's and 50's. Meet the remarkable cast of characters who guided me in this journey as I inched my way ever so closer to the Twin Towers. Discover the role that my daughter played as my family developed strong ties to the area. See how September 11 unfolded in my eyes and how the events of the day brought The Bank to its knees. Observe the sad and happy stories of dealing with the aftermath of this event. Explore the strong numerological connection amongst The World Trade Center, 9/11 and myself - a connection so mystical that it will leave you bewildered. Is the world built on the power and influence of numbers?Draw the only logical conclusion possible from these remarkable stories. The World Trade Center Stories - Is it Fate or Fiction? Read the book. Think about the stories. Decide for yourself.

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Dust is found wherever humans are. It is fine particles of matter consisting primarily of human hair, animal fur, pollen, spiderwebs, skin cells, dust mites, and various stray fibers from things like furniture and clothing. Although tiny and often invisible to the naked eye, dust can clump and gather on furniture, floors, and surfaces.

While just a nuisance and a matter of cleanliness for some, for many, dust is a common and frequent trigger for allergies. People with dust allergies know all too well the problems dust causes and how difficult those problems can be to deal with.

What are the symptoms of dust allergies?

Although symptoms may vary, they are generally fairly consistent. Frequent sneezing is very common, as is nasal congestion, runny nose, and itchy or water eyes.

More seriously, dust allergies may make it difficult to breathe, with tightness in the chest, wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath all experienced by many people as well. Further, dust may trigger asthma attacks in susceptible individuals.

Dust can also cause itchy skin, even in people without dust allergies!

What causes dust allergies?

Dust mites are the most common cause of dust allergies. Dust mites are microscopic arachnids (think spiders) that live in our homes and feed on shed human skin. Fortunately for us, they do not feed on live human skin, nor do they live on our bodies.

Dust mites and their feces make up a lot of the dust in our homes.


Conservation Psychology Understanding And Promoting Human Care For Nature -

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Dolphins - Virginia Beach Locals

by Jacqueline Palsha

With glassy fins and graceful arches, they break the ocean’s surface, skin glistening, their sleek bodies gliding through the surf with ease. They are regular visitors to Virginia Beach when the days are long and the water is warm. They’ve been known to jump and frolic and feed within sight of the shore, and their presence can easily draw a crowd.

They are bottlenose dolphins, and their friendly nature conjures up comparisons to Flipper and marine park shows, but these are not domesticated mammals. They are creatures of the sea, at home in their untamed environment, providing a glimpse into ocean life that never ceases to delight.

Perhaps that’s why dolphin watching excursions are so popular in this area. These guided boat trips give patrons the opportunity to observe bottlenose dolphins in their natural habitat. Of course, they can be spotted from the beach as well, but there is something to be said for being up close and personal with these beloved creatures.

Thrilling, spiritual, spectacular...These are just a few of the adjectives frequently used to describe such encounters. But just what is it about this particular mammal that elicits such interest?

For starters, dolphins rank among the most intelligent of marine mammals, and bottlenose dolphins, like the ones off Virginia’s coast, are some of the most researched. Earning their name from the shape of their short, stubby beaks, bottlenose dolphins are found in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. They typically weigh 440 to 600 pounds, live an average of 20 years and reach an average size of 10 feet. They feed on a variety of fish and consume 13 to 33 pounds of food per day.

Like other dolphin species, they are social animals, well-known for their playful, carefree character. Many would consider them friendly, seeming to enjoy human interaction, but they can also be aggressive and territorial, and with 18 to 26 pairs of sharp, conical teeth on either side of their jaws, it’s a good idea to respect their space. When using personal watercraft, it is unlawful to steer into a pod of dolphins. Keep a respectful distance so as not to disturb them.

That’s why boat trips are so ideal! These excursions will get you close enough to safely connect with these miraculous creatures, to experience them in the wild, in a world where all humans are visitors and where the bottlenose dolphin is happily at home.


16.40 - Relief (or emboss)

Quick Reference to Scripting Command
Items in CAPS are 0/1 or ranges with more options than just 0/1.
Ranges other than 0/1 are indicated by brackets, such as [0-2].

Original image

Relief, Depth=5

Colorized & shined

The Relief operation will create an effect that is similar to a sandstone relief or brass rubbing, although the color is more one of aluminium foil rather than brass. You can use the colorize operation to get a brass color, and the shine operation to make the result look more metallic as shown in the examples above.

The Relief operation detects regions of change in the brightness values for the selected area. These regions of change are then assigned a depth or height dependent on the amount of brightness change. You can control the maximum depth or height.

Relief Operation Dialog

16.40.1 - Relief/Emboss Controls - Trends

Operator dialog controls that have a Trend button next to them offer animation functionality. Trend allows you to set that variable over a set of frames. Each frame of the animation can be thought of as a slice of time. The trends allow you to alter some, all, or none of the variables for a particular time slice. Variables that have multiple states can be set to any of a number of values in the trend. Variables that are either on or off can only have an on or off value in the trend. You will notice that the trend graphs have equidistantly spaced vertical lines. Each of these lines represents a frame in the animation. The number of frames can be altered using Sequence controls... in the TimeLine pull down menu. Animation lengths of 100 - 999 frames will be represented with a vertical bar being 10 frames, and animation length greater than 1000 frames will have a vertical bar for every 100 frames. Click here to view more information on Trends. - Depth

The Depth control allows you to specify the maximum depth or height of the relief. This variable can range from -20 to 20. All negative values are the maximum height values, and all positive values are the maximum depth value for the relief. This value can be set using the provided slide gadget or by entering the appropriate value in the provided text entry field.

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Helping Professionals

One of my passions is working with helping professionals, including healthcare providers, first responders, military veterans, and their family members. While caring for others' emotional and physical needs, you can experience direct or secondary trauma from the work environment. Burn-out, compassion fatigue, and problems with work/life balance can also develop.

Participation in therapy can help you:

 -Identify how work related stress impacts you physically, emotionally, behaviorally, personally, and professionally

-Identify early indicators of vicarious trauma, professional burn-out, and compassion fatigue

-Learn effective coping strategies for managing work related stress, vicarious traumatization, professional burn-out, and compassion fatigue

-Improve your self-compassion skills and relationships with others

-Learn skills for cultivating work/life balance