Limestone – Its Processing and Application in Iron and Steel Industry

Limestone – Its Processing and Application in Iron and Steel Industry

Limestone is a naturally occurring and abundant sedimentary rock consisting of high levels of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral calcite. Some limestones may contain small percentage of magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). These limestones are known as dolomitic limestones.

Limestone, by definition, is a rock that contains at least 50 % of CaCO3 in the form of calcite by weight. There can be small particles of quartz (silica), feldspar (alumino-silicates), clay minerals, pyrite (iron sulphide), siderite (iron carbonate), and other minerals associated with the limestone. All limestones contain at least a few percent other materials. The Impurities in limestone can consists of silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), iron oxide (Fe2O3), sulphur (as sulphides or sulphates), phosphorus (P2O5), potash (K2O), and soda (Na2O). Silica and alumina are the main impurities of limestone. The limestone which is used in ironmaking is required to contain at least 85 % of calcium carbonate and a low percentage of alumina. Similarly limestone which is used for steelmaking is required to contain at least 92 % of calcium carbonate and a very low percent of impurities especially the silica percentage.

The main uses of limestone in iron and steel industry are (i) as a fluxing material, and (ii) other usage which consists of desulphurizing agent, coating of moulds of pig casting machine, neutralizing of acidic water, water treatment, waste water(effluent) treatment, flue gas treatment, and sludge and sewage treatment. It is also a component of synthetic slag. Limestone is normally used in three forms. These are (i) raw limestone which is also the natural form of limestone, (ii) calcined limestone or quicklime, or simply lime, and (iii) as hydrated lime. When limestone is used as a fluxing material then it is used as either raw limestone or as calcined limestone. Hydrated lime is generally produced from high calcium quicklime and contains 72 % to 74 % calcium oxide with 23 % to 24 % chemically combined water.

Processing of limestone

Limestone after its mining has to undergo several processing before it can be used in various processes. The basic processes in the production of limestone are (i) quarrying of raw limestone, (ii) preparing mined limestone for its use by crushing and sizing, (iii) calcining of raw limestone, (iv) processing the calcined limestone further by hydrating to produce hydrated lime if required for use, and (v) miscellaneous transfer, storage, and handling operations. All these processes may not be necessary to be present in every plant.

Basically three types of limestone products are used in iron and steel plants. They are (i) raw limestone products, (ii) calcined limestone or quicklime products, and (iii) hydrated lime products. The processing for limestone for these products is described below.

The first process takes place at limestone mines where the mined ore undergo crushing and screening for the separation of the different size fractions of the ore. In the iron and steel plant, in some of the places, raw limestone is further processed. Example is sinter plant where the raw limestone is crushed in hammer mills to – 3 mm size (generally in the range of 85 % to 90 %).

Calcination of limestone is a thermal treatment process for carrying out the thermal decomposition of the raw limestone and removal of LOI (loss on ignition) or carbon di-oxide (CO2) part of its composition. Calcination process consists of an endothermic reaction which is carried out in the solid state. High quality lime which is used in steelmaking generally contains around 90 % to 95 % CaO. Theoretically 56 kg of CaO is produced from 100 kg of CaCO3 during complete calcination. However, in actual practice it varies because of several factors. During the calcination of limestone, since CO2 is removed, the lime (i) is porous (ii) has higher surface area, (iii) has high reactivity, and (iv) is hygroscopic. Around 1.8 t of limestone is required to produce 1 t of quicklime.

Calcination of limestone, since an endothermic chemical reaction, requires considerable input of energy. When limestone is heated, the calcium carbonate is decomposed as per the following equation.

CaCO3 + around 42.5 kcal of heat = CaO + CO2

The calcination of limestone is a simple single stage firing process which is carried out in a shaft kiln or a rotary kiln. It consists of five process steps. These are (i) heat transfer from ambient to particle surface, (ii) heat conduction from surface to reaction front, (iii) chemical kinetics at front, (iv) diffusion of the CO2 through the porous oxide layer to surface, and (v) then transfer into ambient. The limestone is charged into the kiln and, while progressing through the kiln, is being decomposed or calcined. The decomposition of CaCO3 starts at 810 deg C.

The calcinations process can be explained using a partially decomposed piece of limestone, whose profiles of CO2 partial pressure and temperature are shown in Fig 1. The sample comprises a dense carbonate core surrounded by a porous layer. In the calcining kiln at a temperature Tgas heat is transferred by radiation and convection (symbolized by ‘h’) to the solid surface at a temperature of Tsurface. By means of thermal conduction (A) heat penetrates through oxide layer to reach the reaction front, where the temperature is Trc. As the reaction enthalpy is many times greater than the internal energy, the heat flowing further into the core is negligible during the reaction. Therefore the core temperature is only slightly lower than the front temperature. Once heat is supplied, the chemical reaction constant (k) then takes place for which the driving force is the deviation of CO2 partial pressure from the equilibrium (p-eq – p-f). The released CO2 diffuses (Dp) through the porous oxide layer to the surface and finally passes by convection (B) to the surroundings where the CO2 partial pressure p-surface exists.  The chemical and physical properties of lime are influenced by the calcination which in turn is influenced by the conductivity, mass transfer coefficient, and diffusivity of the lime layer.

Fig 1 Profile of sample of limestone during calcining

For the full calcination of limestone and to have no residual core of uncalcined limestone, it is necessary that the heat supplied to the surface of limestone must penetrate via conductive heat transfer to the core. A temperature of 900 deg C is to be reached in the core at least for a short period of time since the atmosphere inside the material is pure CO2. The limestone surface is to be heated to greater than 900 deg C to maintain the required temperature gradient and overcome the insulating effect of the calcined material in the limestone surface. However, when producing quicklime, the surface temperature must not exceed 1,100 deg C to 1,150 deg C as otherwise re –crystallization of the CaO occurs and results in lower reactivity and thus reduces the slaking properties of the quicklime.

A certain retention or residence time is required to transfer the heat from the combustion gases to the surface of the limestone and then from the surface to the core of the limestone. Larger pieces of limestone require longer time to calcinate than smaller pieces. In principal, calcining at higher temperatures reduces the retention time needed. However, too high temperatures adversely affect the reactivity of the product. The relation between calcining temperature and retention time needed for different sizes of limestone is shown in Tab 1.

Tab 1 Relation between calcining temperature and residence time
Sl. No. Limestone size Calcining temperature Residence time (approximate)
Unit mm deg C Hours
1 50 1000 2.1
1200 0.7
2 100 1000 8.3
1200 2.9

Several different types of kilns are used for the calcination process. These kilns can be rotary kilns or shaft kilns. The type of the kiln to be selected strongly depend on the characteristics of the limestone, anticipated production rate, cost of fuel,  investment costs, available fuel, local conditions, infrastructure and other things. In general, all data including laboratory tests are to be evaluated prior to selecting the calcining kiln.

Rotary kilns, with or without preheaters, usually process limestone with material size between 10 mm and 50 mm. The heat balance of this type of kilns is categorized somewhat by the high losses with the off-gases and through the kiln shell. Typical values for the off-gas losses are in the range of around 25 % and for the kiln shell losses are in the range of around 20 % of the total heat requirement. Only around 60 % of the fuel energy introduced into the kiln with preheater is used for the process of calcining.

In case of vertical single shaft kilns, there exists an imbalance between the heat available from the calcining zone and heat required in the preheating zone. Even with the ideal calcination process the temperature of the waste gases may be higher than 100 deg C. In case of parallel flow regenerative (PFR) type of kilns, there is better utilization of the heat of the calcining zone and minimization of the loss of heat in the waste gases, resulting into lower heat consumption per ton of lime.

Schematic diagram of a vertical single shaft kiln showing material flow and gas flow, main components of a rotary lime kiln, and mechanism of heat transfer in a rotary kiln are shown in Fig 2.

Fig 2 Schematic diagram of a vertical single shaft kiln, components of rotary kiln and heat transfer mechanism in a rotary kiln

Comparison of data for different kilns typically used for limestone calcination with important consumption figures and typical raw material size is given in Tab 2.

Tab 2 Comparison of various types of calcining kilns
Type of calcining kiln Kiln capacity Limestone size Specific fuel consumption Specific power consumption Remarks
tpd mm kcal/kg kWh/ton
Rectangular PFR kiln 100-400 30-120 810-870 Around 20 Highly reactive lime is produced
Circular PFR kiln 300-800 30-160 810-870 Around 20 Highly reactive lime is produced
Fine lime kiln 200-400 15-40 790-850 Around 20 Highly reactive lime is produced
Annular shaft kiln 200-600 15-200 910-980 Around 30 High CO2 content in exhaust gas
Single shaft kiln 50-300 10-100 980-1100 Around 35 Medium hard burnt lime is produced
Rotary kiln with preheater 300-1200 10-50 1150-1350 Around 30 Highly reactive lime is produced, high production rate and low sulphur
Long rotary kilns without preheater 300-1000 20-50 1600-1700 Around 20 High production rates, reactive lime and low sulphur
Suspension calcining 300-1200 0.03-2 1300-1400 Very fine raw material

The following are the factors and operating parameters which have a bearing on the calcination of limestone.

Types of kilns – There are two types of kilns which are used for calcining of limestone. They are either vertical shaft kilns or horizontal rotary kilns. Depending on the type of kiln, the size of limestone charge is different. In vertical kilns, the limestone moves downward, and the hot gases flows upward through the limestone, therefore the stones must be large enough to provide passage for combustion gases to move upward. These kilns usually use limestone sizes ranging from 130 mm to 200 mm. In these types of kiln, the temperature rise must be slow and therefore the resultant residence time is long. Vertical kilns are fuel-efficient, but limited in capacity. In case of horizontal kilns, the kiln body rotates, allowing the limestone to tumble and exposing all of the surfaces to hot gas. Typical size of limestone for these types of kilns ranges from 25 mm to 40 mm. Uniformity of limestone size for charging the kiln is very important for a uniform calcining process. But, from a practical point of view, tight sizing is expensive due to the multiple screening required. Small size limestone such as 6 mm and smaller with a certain percentage of fine in a horizontal kiln, tends to flop over in mass, thus reducing the exposure of particles to hot gases. This process results in uneven exposure, thus reducing the quality of the quicklime. In vertical kilns, the presence of very small size of limestone block the voids between limestone, interfering with gas passage, and thus with the heat transfer, causing uneven calcination. In addition, small limestone particles (less than 3 mm) tend to degrade and cause generation of fines which need to be removed by dust collectors.

Size and gradation of limestone -During the process of calcination, dissociation of limestone normally progress gradually from the surface into the inside of the limestone. The larger is the size of the limestone, the more difficult it is to calcine and it also requires more time. A wide range of particle size distribution in kiln feed also interferes with heat distribution in the kiln. The small stones accumulate between the voids formed by large stones in shaft kilns, thus blocking the draft and the flow of combustion flame and gases. Also, during the calcining of a wide range of limestone sizes, temperatures which calcine the smaller sizes adequately without over calcining, only calcine the outer shell of the limestone with larger dimensions. Hence, limestones with restricted gradations, independent of the size, are much easier to calcine. The size of the limestone is also critical element in the process of calcination. As the limestone enters the kiln, it is exposed to the hot gases within the kiln. The rate of heat penetration is dependent on the temperature of the limestone and that of the surrounding gases. In addition, it takes time for heat to penetrate the limestone. The smaller is the size of the limestone, the shorter is the time of heat penetration. In the case of pulverized limestone, this time can be a fraction of a minute.

Crystalline structure and density of limestone – Crystalline structure of limestone affects the rate of calcination, internal strength of limestone, as well as resultant crystal size of CaO in the lime. The smaller crystals agglomerate during calcination, forming larger crystals, thus causing shrinkage and volume reduction. Higher kiln temperatures assist in the process of agglomeration. The more is the agglomeration, the more is the shrinkage of volume of the final product. The density of limestone and its crystal structure are somewhat related. The shape of crystals determines the void space between crystals, and thus, the density of the limestone. Larger voids allow easy passage for CO2 gases during calcination, but it also results in a reduction of volume during calcination. Some types of limestone, due to their crystalline structure, fall apart in the calcination process. These types of limestone are not suitable for calcining. There are some other types of limestone which behave the opposite way and become so dense during calcination that they prevent the escape of CO2 and become non-porous. Again, these types of limestone are not suitable for calcination.

Calcination temperature – The calcination of limestone starts at around 810 deg C at atmospheric pressure and in an atmosphere consisting of 100 % CO2. Dissociation proceeds progressively from the outside surface towards inner surface. For dissociation to penetrate the interior of the limestone, higher temperatures are necessary. The temperatures require further increase so that dissociation of the core of the limestone can take place. The higher the size of the limestone, the higher the temperature which  is needed for the dissociation of the core because of the increasing internal pressure as the CO2 gas forces its escape. An increase in temperature exerts a much greater influence on the dissociation rate than the temperature retention. Further, the theoretical temperature required for calcination is around 1,000 deg C. However, in practice, the temperatures maintained in the kiln are much higher (around 1350 deg C). The correct temperature in the kiln depends on the limestone size as well as type of kiln and type of fuel used. The kiln operator normally experiments to determine the exact temperature for the particular size and quality of limestone being used. In general, it is better to use the lowest temperature with the shortest possible residence time to achieve full calcination. Higher calcination temperatures cause increased shrinkage and reduction in volume. Higher calcination temperatures  also cause carbonation of the surface of calcined limestone, with the presence of CO2 released from the stone as well as by product of combustion, which makes the lime non-porous, and thus lesser reactive.

Rate of temperature rise – The temperature rise must be gradual and even. It is particularly important when using large size limestone (100 mm to 150 mm). When calcining large size limestone, the limestone is required to remain porous during the process. As the temperature rises, the outer layer of limestone is heated to disassociation temperature, where CO2 escapes the limestone, leaving capillary passages making the lime porous. As the gas escapes, the limestone shrinks in volume by as much as 40 %. This shrinkage in volume restricts the passage of gas from the centre of the limestone, preventing any additional CO2 gas from escaping. Too long of a residence time facilitates combining of the CaO and CO2 back to CaCO3 (carbonation) at temperatures above 1350 deg C. If the temperature rise is very fast, the outer layer of the limestone pieces are calcined very fast. As the temperature rises, the surface of limestone pieces shrinks and the pores created by the escape of CO2 are closed. This produces increased internal pressure within the limestone. Since the gas cannot escape, it causes the limestone to explode and disintegrate. This results into production of unwanted fines reducing the quality of the resultant quicklime.

Time of calcination – It is noticed that irrespective of the type of the limestone and its quality, a higher burning temperature and longer calcination period yields a harder-burned quicklime which has high shrinkage, high density, low porosity and low chemical reactivity. The opposite takes place at lower burning temperatures with shorter duration of calcination resulting into production of the desirable, soft-burned highly reactive limes of low shrinkage and density and high porosity. The calcination of small and large stones in terms of their relative heating and calcination times is directly proportional to the square of the thickness (or average diameter for irregularly shaped stone. Retention time in the kiln depends on the size of the limestone as well as calcination temperature. The size of the limestone is the most critical element for the calcination. As the limestone enters the kiln, it is exposed to the hot gasses within the kiln. The rate of heat penetration is based on difference in temperature of the limestone and the temperature of the gasses. In addition to this difference in temperature, it takes time for heat to penetrate the limestone. The smaller is the size of the limestone, the shorter the time for heat penetration. In case of pulverized limestone, this time can reduce to less than 1 minute. If the retention is too short, the core of the limestone remains uncalcined, while the outside surface gets calcined. If the retention time is too long, then the surface of the limestone pieces shrink and the pores created by CO2 gas escape close, producing an impervious surface. This type of lime is called hard burned or dead burned lime. This lime has very low reactivity and does not slake well. In addition, longer retention time means less production and higher costs of production.

CO2 concentration in kiln – CO2 concentration in the kiln atmosphere increases with its release from limestone during calcination. For proper calcination, the CO2 is to be removed on a continuous basis. If CO2 is not removed then a combination of high CO2 concentration and high calcination temperature causes carbonation of the calcined limestone pieces and convert CaO back to CaCO3. In addition, the CO2 also react with the limestone impurities.

Chemical reactivity – There exist an interrelation between porosity, density and pore size distribution. These factors exert a major influence on such standard measurable properties of quicklime such as reactivity, available lime and the particle size distribution and the surface area. It has been noticed that a retention time of 1 hour to 4 hours has very little or no effect on the porosity, surface area, or reactivity in the calcination temperature range of 950 deg C to 1070 deg C and the bulk density of quicklime remain constant. Excessive calcination temperatures and prolonged periods of calcinations lead to hard burning of limestone and this results into the production of lime with low reactivity.

Shrinkage characteristic – The shrinkage of quicklime can be calculated from the densities of the limestone and the lime after allowing for the loss on ignition (LOI). It is calculated by the formula S = 100*{[100/Ds-(100-L)/Dl]/100*Ds} Where S is shrinkage in percentage, Ds is the density of limestone in grams/cc, Dl is the density of quicklime in grams/cc and L is loss of ignition of limestone in percentage. Shrinkage of the limestone has major influence on the bulk density of the limestone charge in the kiln. The higher is the shrinkage the lesser are the voids in the limestone charge. This results into the packing of the limestone in the kiln which leads to high pressure drop in the kiln bed with the attendant influence on the draft of flue gases from the kiln.

Quality and type of fuel – The quality and type of fuel has major influence on the efficiency of the kiln and the quality of lime produced. Solid crude fuels such as wood, charcoal and coal are being used since very early days. Pulverized coal, producer gas, natural gas and fuel oil are being used in the kilns. Natural gas is the most convenient fuel and producer gas is the most troublesome. The final choice of fuel is also determined by environmental considerations since some fuels have higher tendencies to pollute the environment through harmful emissions. Typically, vertical kilns use oil or natural gas for fuel, whereas horizontal rotary kilns use coal. However, either type of kiln can use any of these fuels. Both oil and coal contain certain percentages of sulphur compounds which can vary from 0.5 % to 3 %. Sulphur usually combines with CaO at appropriate temperatures and produce calcium sulphide or calcium sulphate. This generally happens on the surface of calcined material and makes the material non porous, thus reducing its reactivity. In addition, a high percentage of ash in the coal results in the build-up on the refractories in the rotary kiln, thus interfering with the flow of limestone charge in the kiln. The kiln must be periodically cooled and the ash build up removed manually which is a very tedious and costly operation. Natural gas is the cleanest fuel and mostly used in vertical kilns.

The third type of processing of limestone consists of the production of hydrated lime, which is a dry powder obtained by treating quicklime with sufficient water to satisfy its chemical affinity for water, thereby converting the oxides to hydroxides. Hydrated lime is also sometimes called slaked lime. For the flue gas desulphurization, the characteristic of hydrated lime requires enhanced average fineness, higher surface area, and higher volume of the pores. The hydration reaction is chemically simple but it is strongly exothermic, with a heat generation of around 276 kcal/kg of CaO. The reaction is given below.

CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 + heat

For the sake of comparison, the exothermic heat evolved from the hydrating of 1,000 tons of high calcium quicklime is equal to the total heat value of around 35 tons of coal. The terms hydration and slaking are used quite often interchangeably. However, there is a definite and distinct difference. Hydration is normally defined as a process whereby around stoichiometric amounts of water and lime react to form a product, hydrate, which is a dry powder. It contains less than 1 % of free moisture and is handled as a powder. Slaking on the other hand is defined as a process whereby lime is reacted with an excess amount of water to form a lime slurry which is handled as a liquid.

Rapid hydration is prone to produce the finer particles, since hydrate crystals are given lesser chances to agglomerate. However, the most rapid reaction is not necessarily the best condition. In principle a typical high reactive lime reaction develops in three different phases (Fig 3). These phases are termed as (i) kinetic, (ii) transitory, and (iii) diffusion. The kinetic phase is normally very short (less than 10 seconds), and shows a sharp temperature increase, which can be as high as 50 % of the total increase in the temperature. The length of the transitory phase (often less than one minute) can change due to the size of the lime lumps feed to the hydrator. It shows a visible bend of the temperature increase. In the diffusion phase, the temperature again rises sharply until it flattens quickly to show the end of the reaction.

Fig 3 Hydration reaction phases and hydration mechanism

Hydration mechanism is also shown in Fig 3. The hydration mechanism of lime particles shows that after the initial contact with water the reaction starts very strongly in a few seconds due to the unobstructed contact between lime and water. After the first layer of partly hydrated lime is generated on the surface, it acts as a shield to the quick lime layers underneath since it tends to remain near the particles surface. Hence, the layer of partly hydrated lime delays the water penetration. When Ca(OH)2 crystals are gradually formed to their final shape, they start to separate. This improves water penetration which resumes the reaction trend.  The other factor which is important is that the development of the reaction is the function of the lump size of the quicklime.

Application of limestone and lime in iron and steel plant

During the production of iron by blast furnace (BF) route, limestone is added either in the process of sintering or as a direct feed in the blast furnace. Limestone is normally added during ironmaking for obtaining either neutral or slight basic BF slag. Addition of limestone through sinter is more preferred route since CO2 of limestone is driven out during the sintering process. In case of sintering, limestone is crushed to -3 mm (in the range of 85 % to 90 %) in hammer crushers before mixing it in the sinter mix. In case of direct feed to blast furnace, limestone lumps of 10 mm to 40 mm size are used.

In case of limestone addition through sintering, these days calcined limestone (lime) is also directly being used. Use of quicklime in the sintering process has the advantages of (i) Improvement in the binding characteristics of sinter mix, (ii) improvement in the productivity of sintering machine, (iii) improvement in the sinter strength, and (iv) reduction in the volume of exhaust gases with associated advantages.

High silica (SiO2) content in the limestone used for sintering purpose is preferred since SiO2 counter the effect of alumina (Al2O3) in the blast furnace.

The second major use of limestone is in steelmaking. It is being used for maintaining slag basicity (CaO/SiO2) of around 3. In steelmaking, limestone is used in calcined form. For use in steelmaking, the SiO2 (because of its acidic nature) content in the limestone is to be very low preferably less than 1 %. Also, the reactivity of the lime is to be very good, because of lesser time available since process of steelmaking is a very fast process. The entire steelmaking process takes less than 20 minutes to complete.

Minor uses of lime (either calcined or hydrated) consists of desulphurizing agent, coating of moulds of pig casting machine, neutralizing of acidic water, water treatment, waste water(effluent) treatment, flue gas treatment, and sludge and sewage treatment etc. Lime is also sometime added as a component of synthetic slag.


The Throne of Shadow allowed any who sat upon it to control the power of elemental Shadow. Once held by the Tiste Edur, it was usurped by Shadowthrone.

At the time of the Malazan Empire, it was located on the moving island Drift Avalii.[1] The Throne was bound to the island by Anomander Rake's sorcery,[2] and the island was guarded by the Tiste Andii under Andarist.[3]

In Memories of IceEdit

Using his powers as Master of the Deck, Ganoes Paran found himself before the Throne of Shadow on Drift Avalii. The Throne spoke in his mind calling out for the protection of Anomander Rake. It warned that the now corrupted Tiste Edur sought the Throne and that its Tiste Andii guardians had departed the island to lead the Edur away. It also stated that the Edur were now led by a new Emperor of the Edur, the Tyrant of Pain and the Deliverer of Midnight Tides, who had been slain a hundred times.[4]

In House of ChainsEdit

The Tiste Edur, indirectly commanded by the Crippled God, attacked Drift Avalii so they might take the Throne of Shadow for their master. Their attacks were held back by a group of stranded Malazans with Hawl amongst them as well as Andarist, Cutter, Apsalar, Cotillion, Phaed, and Traveller.[5][6] Andarist was killed in the final attack. Traveller took up his role as guardian for a short time until Cotillion populated the island with Demons of Shadow.[2]

In The BonehuntersEdit

The Tiste Edur, this time with Icarium, went to attack the Throne of Shadow, but found it under an illusion placed by Shadowthrone, which made it appear destroyed.[7] The Edur left, vowing revenge on the perpetrators and the capture of another Throne (the First Throne) instead.[8]

Notes and referencesEdit


The DB BR 185 is part of the larger Bombardier TRAXX family, this version largely being based in Germany. The DB BR 185 is used as a freight locomotive across Germany and is featured in Train Sim World's Ruhr Sieg Nord route dlc as the primary freight locomotive.

Ruhr Sieg Nord
Locomotives DB BR 143 - DB BR 185
Rolling Stock Doppelstockwagen - Roos-t 645 - Habbiins 344 - Shimms-U 708 - Shimms-TTU 722
Locations Hagen HBF - Finnentrop
Operators Deutsche Bahn
Tutorials DB BR 185.2 Introduction - DB BR 143 Introduction
Scenarios Rise and Shine - Freight Exchange - Returning Empty - Storm Trail - Heavy Metal


Signs of Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Feline infectious peritonitis, or FIP, is a worldwide viral cat disease. Although not all cats infected with the virus will become ill or even develop FIP, once they do develop symptoms, there is a high chance that they will eventually succumb to infection What is the cause of FIP? FIP is a complicated disease, but is the result of a feline coronavirus infection. Similar to some human viruses, many cats – sometimes all of them in one household – will be infected, but only a few will ever have progressive symptoms and degeneration. FIP is thought to be a mutation of the coronavirus, and the effect it has seems to be also dependent on the cat’s own immune defense system. One bit of biological irony is that the FIP virus itself is not contagious, since it isn’t shed by the cat. However, the precursor form, coronavirus, is. What are the risks? FIP tends to affect younger cats (those three years old or less), but its symptoms and effects can happen at any age. This is probably because FIP tends to be more aggressive in cats that have weakened or immature immune systems. The corona virus itself is spread by direct contact, usually through the nose and mouth. The main source of transmission is cat feces, so shared litter boxes are a common cause for the spread of the virus within one household. Still, it is a maddening hit or miss situation, since some cats will become carriers, while others will develop FIP. Symptoms FIP tends to have two distinct subsets of symptoms, though it’s possible for some cats to share symptoms from both sets. Wet Form •           Distended abdomen due to fluid build-up •           Breathing difficulties •           Long-term fever that does not respond to treatment •           Loss of appetite and ensuing weight loss •           Depression Dry Form •           Long-term fever that does not respond to treatment •           Loss of appetite and ensuing weight loss •           Depression •          Other symptoms related to organ failure, depending on which internal organs are affected; kidney, liver, pancreas, nervous systems, and eyes are usually affected fip catsDiagnosis Confirmation can actually be very difficult, with biopsies probably being the best way to check for it, in combination with microscopic tissue analysis, blood tests, and analysis of the fluid from the abdomen, if it is in the wet form. For the coronavirus, one can test for antibodies, but this will only serve as a filter before an infected cat is introduced to a local population – again, though a cat may have coronavirus, it may not lead to FIP unless the immune system is impaired or weakened. Treatment Unfortunately, there is no decisive treatment for FIP. Once the symptoms start, one can go through a set of supportive measures to prolong the cat’s health and quality of life, but in general, the wet form of FIP will have the cat succumb in days or weeks, with the dry form taking up to several months. Prevention Prevention is easy to say, but hard to do. Feline companions have to be prevented from being exposed to the coronavirus. Two of the most effective ways is to keep your feline companion indoors, and to make sure no cat with the coronavirus ever comes into the house. There is a vaccine, but its effectivity is controversial at best, as it should be given before the cat is infected.


Radiology: Past, present and future

Dr Deepak Patkar, Consultant Radiologist and HOD Radiology — Nanavati Super Speciality Hospital, details how radiology has evolved across the decades to emerge as a key diagnostic and therapeutic tool in healthcare delivery

Dr Deepak Patkar

Radiology since its origin as a medical speciality has been a keystone in healthcare. It is probably one of the most rapidly advancing branches in medicine. As we all know, to start treatment for any ailment the first thing needed is correct diagnosis and no one can imagine diagnosing diseases without radiologic investigations. Earlier, physicians had to rely on their clinical knowledge and skills to diagnose diseases, which was mainly based on imagination like they used to suspect that a patient with right lower abdomen pain could have acute appendicitis but now we can actually see and pick up diseases. Medicine with radiology has moved from imagination to imaging and now we are in an era where technology is even beyond imagination.

Technology has progressed by leaps and bounds, pushing the boundaries of imaging for the benefit of mankind.  Radiology has moved from conventional analogue systems to digital image acquisition modalities. Direct radiography systems, to start with,  allow improved image quality and/or dose reduction. With amorphous Selenium coated flat panel thin film transistor (TFT) array technology, there is improvement of the workflow due to shorter preview times and therefore a higher thoroughput of patients.

Ultrasound is a perfect combination of effective, sensitive and non invasive, free of radiation, bedside, portable as well as patient friendly imaging technique. The high end scanning systems enable us to do real time 3D and 4D scans. None of the other modalities compare with USG in terms of antenatal scans. Colour doppler evaluations are a part and parcel of vascular medicine.

Computed tomography (CT) is an essential tool in diagnostic imaging for evaluating many clinical conditions. In recent years, there have been several notable advances in CT technology that already have had or are expected to have significant clinical impact, including extreme multidetector CT, iterative reconstruction algorithms, dual-energy CT, cone-beam CT, portable CT, and phase-contrast CT. The net effect of all these advances is higher spatial and temporal resolution. This allows faster acquisition of high quality images. Examinations like angiography has emerged as a highly efficient diagnostic alternative to conventional catheter angiography, significantly reducing the examination time and precluding the risks associated with catheter angiography.

With newer reconstruction algorithms like iterative reconstruction, there is significant dose reduction to the patients. Technology like DECT has enabled gallstone and renal stone characterisation, differentiating gout from pseudogout, metal artifact reduction, myocardial iron detection, etc.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been playing an increasingly important role in biomedical research and in clinical diagnosis. There have been several advances in the MRI hardware and software which has enabled faster acquisition of high resolution images. Other advances include functional MRI (fMRI) of the brain which detects neuronal activation in the brain based on local increase in the oxygen-enriched blood in capillaries associated with the signal change measured in traditional BOLD MRI technique. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is another interesting, advanced MRI technique which can depict neuronal tract projections in the brain and spine and the effect of various pathologies on these neurons. Arterial spin labelling is a non-invasive MRI perfusion technique which allows assessement of alterations in the blood flow in the the brain in various pathological states. For example; in a treated case of brain tumour there will hyperperfusion in case of residual disease or recurrence vis-à-vis post treatment changes, which would be hypoperfused.

MR guidance can also be used for biopsy of soft tissue pathologies affecting organs like breast, prostate etc.

Now, we not only deal with diagnostic radiology but also therapeutic radiology. Vascular and non-vascular interventions, guided procedures and techniques like MR guided high frequency ultrasound for treating fibroids, bone tumours etc. provide effective minimally invasive treatment to patients.

A challenge specific to the field of radiology is its fast pace of advancement which necessitates every radiologist to keep him/her self up to date. A person trained around 20 years back might have not been trained in many of the techniques in use today, many of the things might have become simply obsolete. In this scenario, we specifically need an organisation which can provide a platform to bring these updates to the reach of each and every practising radiologist. Another problem streaming out of the same fact is that the latest technology is available only to a small strata of students who are getting trained in big corporate hospitals or tertiary level medical colleges in major cities. The ongoing CMEs and conferences are really a help. Digital media is a wonderful tool as we can always find reference materials in text and audiovisual format to upgrade our knowledge and keep ourself upto date.

We, as radiologists, have a special benefits of teleradiology wherein an expert from say Mumbai or Delhi can report for hundreds of villages and townships from across the country. We need to support and encourage such teleradiology networks and organisations. At the same time, national level organisations should take efforts to set a benchmark for their basic standards. The final goal would be that each and every town in this country have their own qualified and competent radiologist.

Successful practise of modern day medicine needs true integration of medical skills, technology and management proficiencies.  Our aim should always be to provide our patients with best possible level of care and treatment. One thing to remember is that learning is an ongoing process and with medicine its a never ending process. Future is yet to see much more and one should be ready to keep pace with these advances.


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Who is Antonio Bueno? Biography, gossip, facts?

Antonio Bueno (born 1 September 1922) was an Italian painter of Spanish origin who acquired Italian citizenship in 1970. He was born in Berlin while his journalist father was posted there by the newspaper ABC of Madrid.

Is Antonio Bueno still alive? Are there any death rumors?

Yes, as far as we know, Antonio Bueno is still alive. We don't have any current information about Antonio Bueno's health. However, being younger than 50, we hope that everything is ok.

Which awards has Antonio Bueno won?

Antonio Bueno has won the following award: Amedeo Modigliani.

Are there any books, DVDs or other memorabilia of Antonio Bueno? Is there a Antonio Bueno action figure?

We would think so. You can find a collection of items related to Antonio Bueno right here.

Who are similar artists to Antonio Bueno?

Abastenia St. Leger Eberle, Achilles Painter, Alexander George Fraser, Amon Akilbaev and Barbara McGivern are artists that are similar to Antonio Bueno. Click on their names to check out their FAQs.

What is Antonio Bueno doing now?

Supposedly, 2018 has been a busy year for Antonio Bueno. However, we do not have any detailed information on what Antonio Bueno is doing these days. Maybe you know more. Feel free to add the latest news, gossip, official contact information such as mangement phone number, cell phone number or email address, and your questions below.

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Does Antonio Bueno do drugs? Does Antonio Bueno smoke cigarettes or weed?

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Petals and Positive Spaces

les demoiselles davignonIMG_8195

I visited my father in Long Island this weekend and stayed over for the night. I hadn’t been in my room in a while and when I entered I was shocked to see this photo of myself on the wall. This was photographed when I was seventeen and I framed it because the colors of it complimented the teal walls of my room. I didn’t notice at the time that I was playing with negative and positive space.

Studying Les Demoiselle d’Avignon by Pablo Picasso, made me realize just how much the background of the photo was interacting with the subject in the foreground. The pink and red petals are playing with each other while also melting onto my face with the liquid. I am laying in a pool of water with the petals being blown by a fan and swirling around the water canvas.  I didn’t make the connection until now. While Les Demoiselles d’Avignon is painted, this is photography. The subject material of Picasso’s work are some prostitute women in the nude. I created a more personal piece of myself and I am the only subject, multiplied and flipped upside down to further reiterate the idea of positive space becoming negative.

Interestingly, for this photo I came up with the idea after thinking about Aphrodite. I named this piece Aphrodite, and I wanted the red and the pink petals to symbolize love. I wanted the love of the petals to interact with me but I purposefully remained stoic so that I would not be affected by the love surrounding me. This is on film also and it just shows the petals swarming around my head but I am still, indicating that the force of love does not control me, but I can control love. The first time I learnt about Aphrodite was in my Classics class with Professor Yarrow. We learnt about the Homeric Hymn of Aphrodite, and how the the instruments and lyrics represented Aphrodite’s stories of love.

-Mckensi Pascall- Team Aphrodite

Unconventional Methods

I happened upon this painting while running around the Metropolitan Museum of Art gathering photos for our final project. This photo is Gustave Courbet’s, “Woman with a Parrot” which seemed oddly reminiscent of another work  we had studied Édouard Manets, “Olympia”. This painting was done only three years after the Olympia in 1866 and though it was done to appease Academic critics with its detailed idolized body and the shape of the woman’s physique like the Olympia, it was disjointed from Academic works in the way the nude woman was lounging around with messy hair in a messy environment from the untidy bed and the dark shadowy room. We can see that if not entirely Courbet did have some kind of effect on other artist even though he was initially criticize by others for his controversial work.

Bedirhan Gonul- Team Aphrodite

The Shoes

When I visited the museum I was very eager to look at the works of famous artists such as Vincent van Gogh, and of course many others. An idol that I greatly admire once mentioned he really liked Vincent van Gogh’s painting, so I, as any other fan would get curious as of what in those paintings made my idol interested. It took me a while to find this gallery with various  Vincent van Gogh paintings, and in my final project I’ve used a couple too. This time I want to talk about the still life that was painted in the 1888’s. As we all know it, still life was considered one of the lowest ranked arts which was practiced mainly by the newbies. However, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cezanne, proved otherwise. Paul Cezanne painted a couple of still lifes that were very different from anyone else, his were painting with the use of perspective.  As he himself explained, when artists paint, they don’t stay in one position- they constantly move. Hence, the point of view always changes and he thought he should stay consistent with that- and he did. In his painting “The Basket of Apples” you may notice many things that seem off. Such as the cookies. In one stack of cookies he showed us two different points of view, cookies closer to the plate are shown as if we are looking at them from below or just straight at them from maybe a sitting position, where as the top cookies are shown from the above point of view. I find this very interesting and his reasoning behind it very interesting too. Van Gogh on the other hand, painted the shoes from a singular prespective and to many this painting may not be as appealing. What I find interesting about it however, is the fact that he gave us background. He painted the tiles and we can even identify the place and the house the shoes are in! Additionally, if we knew Vincent personally, we might have been able to identify to owner of the shoes as well. This painting does not only relate to the way Cezanne shone light upon still lifes and how beautiful they could be, but also in a way that it can be related to an ordinary person. Usually, painters and artists of other kind, would have painted mythical creatures such as gods, sirens and such. However, with the modernization and Renaissance artists are now incorporating more of a daily life. We’ve seen a nude painting of a prostitute, a painting of an artist in his work room, and now a painting of someone’s shoes. These weren’t normal and those who painted such painting were considered as low class artists. I was always wondering why do some artists become famous, and yet some talents are underappreciated, I think I know now. Mainly, I believe it is due to the fact that those who are able to make it to the top are very innovative. The are able to express themselves in a ways that have never been seen before. They can make everything simple to our eyes seem very artistic and meaningful. Its hard to explain, but I think if you can do something that no one esle did before and explain why that piece should be considered art, you will succeed. Thankfully, things changed and artists now are able to express themselves in various ways, be it through painting gods, shoes, or music.

Diana, Team Mercury

Deliciousness in a Basket!!!

This is a picture of a fruit basket that sits on my kitchen counter. Although it is plain and lacking the many more fruits as in this picture, I thought they they still related to each other. With Paul Cezanne’s Basket of Apples, theres much similarities that can be drawn here. Most because they both are the same thing, a basket of apples. Although my basket has a little more verity with some tangerines in there. They both continue on to serve the same purpose. The baskets purpose is to hold the fruits, and the fruit purpose of course, is to be eaten.

Improvisation on my Wall

When I was walking around my house looking for paintings, I noticed this one on the wall of my kitchen was this painting.  I found it to being, while obviously not visually, in spirit, very similar to Improvisation 28 made by Vasily Kandinsky.  I couldn’t find out who created this picture on my wall or when it was made.  But its style is what caught my attention as it was most noticeably somewhat abstract much like the Improvisation painting that we discussed in class.  There is also this consistency with color that can be seen that this painting has a lot of bright colors on the forefront, while also it being that there is a very visible white background on it.  This is very similar to Improvisation 28, as it also deals in bright colors on the forefront while also having a white background as well.  The variety of shapes in both of these paintings is also something that can be seen as very unique for the both of them.

One very big difference obviously is in the difference that can be found in their origins.  While I have stated that I do not know the origin of this painting and where it comes from, I will say that I don’t feel it’s as convoluted as Improvisation 28.  I feel like that is the case because that that painting was made out of music and the artist lifestyle, while also him dealing with the war that just occurred.  It has a much more emotional deeper meaning to it then that of which is probably this painting that is hung up in my house here.

  • Scott Vincent, Team Cronos

So Realistic

Academic Art is a style of painting that was done under European academies. This piece, “Breton Brother and Sister” by French artist William Bouguereau in 1871, is an example of that. This style of art is a mixture of Neoclassicalism and Romantism. This painting is realistic, capturing the attractiveness of everyday life. Instead of painting the rich, they started looking for beauty  among the lower class. The painting is vivid in that you could read the expression and the girl and her brother’s face, and see that he may not have been able to stay still. The shading in the folds of her frock and how their cloths seemingly drape over their knees bring it all to life.

On the Website

Ivory Tyson, Team Artemis

New Era, New Art

a little light for your worries. _____________________ motion by @theglitch.og

A post shared by James R. Eads ( on

Francesca Faiello,Team Cronos

-Anora A. Team Diana

Dr. He Qi’s Other Cubist Works:

Pablo Picassos Other Cubist Works:

Shamiso Tunduwani, UNIT 5, Team Jupiter

Modern Day Demoiselles

I found this poster for the New York City Ballet in Lincoln Center, and oddly enough it reminded me of Picasso’s Demoiselles D’Avignon. First, like most modern paintings we’ve looked at, it comes across as very flat, hence upending conventions. In Picasso’s painting of the women, this post shows them in in a non-conventional form, with long, thig legs and tiny waists. In Demoiselles D’Avignon, the women have tiny waists and very sharp bodies. The women look like your typical women drawn for fashion sketches. Both Picasso and the artist of this poster are laying with different ways of depicting human bodies. Like Picasso’s painting, the women are the center of the painting. Most importantly, like the Demoiselles D’Avignon, this poster seeks to create a new visual language to represent modern culture. The poster itself talks about the collaboration of dance, music, and fashion, hence stringing those things together into a new modern form of depiction.

Camille, Team Diana

A Modern Conception of Romulus and Remus

James Barsness. Romulus and Remus. 1993. Web. 7 Dec 2017.

The piece above is found at the Frumkin/Adams Gallery in Manhattan on the first floor. It is a contemporary piece depicting Romulus and Remus the brothers who founded Rome and were raised by the she wolf. This painting is similar to the ideas we viewed in class because Academic art was often limited creativity and would be realistic and have us as the viewers thinking we are looking through a window. This is a non-academic piece because the figures are blurry and the strokes are very defined and not well blended. Their bodies are also crunched up and in the nude. Also like some of the contemporary art we looked at the figures are looking at us and making us realize we are looking at a painting. How ever it differs because the figures can be depicted and not so abstract that we have to imagine their shape. Also like some of the pieces we looked at there is no use of cubism, the figures have soft curves that are more realistic than sharp angular shapes.

The quote I chose for this photo is from Livy Book one section four paragraph two, “She gave the infants her teats so gently that the master of the royal flock found her licking them with her tongue.” This quote relates to the image because the two boys have this wild look in their eye and have an animal like feature to them because they were nurtured by a she wolf. However it differs because the quote is describing that event and the painting seems to be after that event because they look like they have grown and they aren’t nursing off of the wolf anymore. The artist intentions could have been to show how the animal instinct still lingered in the boys. Also the way they are so close together and in a timid pose is how two wolf could act when being watched. It shows how the finders of Rome were rough and tough and had an amazing bringing up. She also could have left the brush strokes like she did to almost look like hair or fur. I feel the artist was most interested in this aspect to make them look like they have that animal instinct still in their eyes. In the text the interest was describing them in their later years and how they shaped Rome and what happened later; unlike the artist who wanted the animal instinct to be remembered. Emma, Team Saturn

When in Rome, Do as Infants do.

Peter Paul Rubens. Romulus and Remus. Pinacoteca capitolina (Rome, Italy). Web. 6 Dec 2017.

Peter Paul Rubens is one of the artists discussed in Art 1010. The painting we discussed exclusively was “Elevation of the Cross” that showed the religious power during the time. As Professor Simon repeatedly says: “A change in era/time/politics equals a change in the form of art.  This work of art, similar to the “Elevation of the Cross” is also a piece of Baroque work, identified by its use of chiaroscuro (the contrast of light and dark in a painting to give a dramatic effect). The painting is given depth using a form of linear perspective where the two infants are in the center (center point) while everyone else takes to the background. The babies, both pale and pink are clean, protected by the she-wolf which tells the story of the twins, Romulus and Remus.

Then one, Romulus,
reveling in the tawny pelt of a wolf that nursed him,
will inherit the line and build the walls of Mars
and after his own name, call his people Romans.

Excerpts from Vergil’s Aeneid
Book 1

This image is literally the story of Romulus and Remus. Were twin brothers. Legend has it, they were the founders of Rome. Their mother, a Vestal Virgin, claimed she had been violated by Mars, the god of war. She was thrown into prison and the children were ordered to be drowned in the Tiber River for the sin her mother committed (breaking her vow not have sex). Rape was overlooked and women were thrown in jail for making such accusations. The twins survived. They were brought to a sacred fig tree and were protected by a she-wolf and a woodpecker that watched over them and brought them food.

The wolf is seen lying under a tree giving suck to an infant, while another plays nearby. The herdsman, Faustulus, who discovered them, is approaching. The god of the River Tiber reclines on his urn. Under the rule of Romulus the city of Rome grew in size and strength. Ruben highlights the survival of the twins being a great and wondrous gift. They are the center and bright part of the image so he wants them to be noticed.

The reason this image is the most important to me and for the homework is because it give a direct approach and visual to what the twins looked like when they were found by the huntsman in the woods. Romulus is reaching to the sky as if he knows that he is the kin of Mars- the Roman god of war. This supports how Rome got it’s name although it is a mere myth.

Cameron Team Jupiter

Hands move quicker than the eye can see

Suetonis Life of Augustus

“Gallius was tortured as if he were a slave; and though he confessed to nothing, Augustus himself tore out his eyes and sentenced him to death.” (Suetonis 27)

“According to some historians, he chose 300 prisoners of equestrian or senatorial rank, and offered them on the ides of March at the altar of the God Julius, as human sacrifices. (Suetonis, 15)”

The first quote is addressed in the 27 paragraph where it is explained by Augustus was hated during his reign. This quote is an example of Augustus being irrational, using just what he thought he saw (a sword) and killing a possibly innocent man. Augustus acted rashly. The reason I associate the term Iris with this quote is because although Augustus could have been mistaken with the object he thought he saw on Gallius, he went so far to tear his eyes as if removing doubt to what he saw. It is a guilty complex to assume someone is a threat and instead of being incorrect, Augustus uses the idea “If you don’t see it, it never happened”. He was trying to mask his mistake  but removing the eyes of his victim.

The second quote refers to Augustus again being hot headed. In the passage, Augustus seek revenge with sentencing death to crowds of prisoner. The event happens to be on the Ides of March, the day Julius Caesar was given his fate. The ides of march, best known as the foretold date, reminded me of eyes that could see into the future. Ides, translated to the day falling to the middle of the month, made me think of eyes (play on words) . The iris of a person’s eyes is near the front of the eye, between the cornea and the pupil- the middle of the person’s eyes. It control the amount of light a person processes. The eyes move quickly and rapidly change the amount of light it processes to the brain. Just like the Iris, Augustus is rash and impulsive to act.

Latin may be a dead language, but several words derive from it, including the word iris. During Caesar’s error it would not be uncommon to hear someone say iris and not refer to the color of one’s eyes. Iris was the goddess of the rainbow and the messenger of the Olympian gods, specifically the God named Hera.

In your own words

This is an image of me. I took it to show my Iris and how my eyes of dilated because of the flash. Although the name Iris, comes from a God, it comes from a God Augustus most likely knew of and worshiped during his life.

The quotes to not directly connect with Iris since it is the name of a God but I found it interesting how rash and impetuous Augustus was, especially about killing people. It reminded me of how my father teases me that my eyes are bigger than my mouth or when I go through episodes of rapid thought and continuously look for everything to do and never being able to slow down and concentrate.

This image relates to Art 1010 because I took this image in my living room next to the blue lamp my father loves. This lamp has a similar shape that of a Pelike which is a one-piece ceramic container similar to an amphora. It has two open handles, a narrow neck, a flanged mouth, and a sagging, almost spherical belly. I thought it was interesting since I considered everything in my home very modern. Having a lamp resemble something from ancient Greece would be fun to say in a conversation.

Cameron, Cannon TEAM JUPITER

The Wolf Stands Alone

     2017-11-28 (4)

Samantha, Team Minerva


Temporary Health Conditions

When an absence is related to injury, post-surgical limits, etc. that may impact participation in coursework, Student Accessibility Services can communicate with your instructors. This is only possible if the student provides valid evidence to SAS staff that supports a need for absence and/or important necessary assistance. In these cases, SAS staff will issue an email to instructors which will provide direction on ways to assist the student. The student will also be provided a letter to hand-deliver to instructors.

The established process for temporary assistance related to injuries is as follows:

  • Student contacts SAS by phone 515-294-7220 or by email accessibility@iastate.edu to explain their situation and set up an in-person Welcome Meeting with staff.
  • When an in-person meeting is not possible, the student will communicate with SAS staff by phone to learn about the process and discuss related topics.
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In the recent seminal decision R. v. Marakah, 2017 SCC 59, the Supreme Court of Canada (the "SCC") established that Canadians have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the text messages they send, even after they have been received by the recipient. The majority opinion, which led 5-2 but with heavy dissent, recognized the privacy implications of electronic messaging in a ruling that is likely to have significant impact on both police investigations and individuals' privacy rights.

The case involved an accused who had sent text messages to his accomplice regarding illegal firearm transactions. These texts were recovered from the accomplice's phone and subsequently used by the police to convict the accused of multiple firearms offences. Although the trial judge considered the search of the accomplice's phone to be unreasonable, the recovered text messages were permitted as evidence against the accused.

The SCC Decision

The SCC reversed the lower court's decision and concluded that the accused had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the text messages that he sent to his accomplice and therefore had the necessary standing under section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the "Charter") to challenge the police's search of the accomplice's phone and use of the text messages as evidence. The prosecution agreed that the search was unreasonable and the SCC concluded that the evidence collected should be excluded, ultimately resulting in the charges against the accused being dropped.

Reasonable Expectation of Privacy in Text Messages

In reaching the determination that text messages can attract a reasonable expectation of privacy, the SCC undertook analysis of the four-part test it had previously developed:

  1. What was the subject matter of the alleged search?
  2. Did the claimant have a direct interest in the subject matter?
  4. If so, was the claimant's subjective expectation of privacy objectively reasonable?

Firstly, the SCC determined that the subject matter of the search at issue was not the accomplice's phone from which the text messages were recovered or the servers on which they are stored, but rather the "electronic conversation" — viewed holistically — between the accused and the accomplice.

From there, the SCC tackled the question of the accused's reasonable expectation of privacy in the text messages he sent to his accomplice. It was clear that the accused expected that the recipient keep the text messages he received private, but was that expectation objectively reasonable? In evaluating the reasonableness, the SCC looked at three factors further discussed below: (i) the place of the search, (ii) the private nature of the subject matter, and (iii) control over the subject matter.

i. Place of the Search

What is the place of an electronic text message conversation? The SCC determined that, unlike traditional methods of communication involving physical documents, electronic conversations such as text messages do not occupy a physical place; rather, they create "private chat rooms" between individuals. These rooms, although electronic, are the place of the search and this suggests there would be a reasonable expectation of privacy in text messages.

ii. Private Nature of Text Messages

The SCC concluded that given the intrinsic private nature of texting wherein individuals specifically choose the recipient of their texts and are more inclined to discuss personal matters, it is reasonable to expect these private interactions to remain private.

iii. Control over Text Messages

Finally, and most importantly, the SCC analyzed the notion of control over text messages once they are sent. Both the prosecution and the dissenting judges believed that once control over a message is lost — when it is received by another party capable of disclosing it — the reasonable expectation of privacy of the message is also lost. The majority of the SCC disagreed and stated that the risk that the contents of a text message can be disclosed does not negate a reasonable expectation of privacy in such an electronic conversation. In essence, a person does not lose control over the information simply because another person possesses it or can access it. The SCC made a comparison to its previous decision in R. v. Cole1, where it ruled that an employee maintained a reasonable expectation of privacy in the subject matter contained on his work-issued laptop, over which he did not have exclusive control.

The dissenting judges believed that control is a crucial contextual factor and, accordingly, the accused's lack of control over the accomplice's phone was fatal to his reasonable expectation of privacy in the text messages. In response, the majority determined that by choosing to send a text message by way of a private medium to a designated person, the sender has sufficient control over the electronic conversation and moreover, control is merely one factor to consider.

This case comes with potentially important implications. The dissenting opinion highlighted concerns that the majority's approach expands too broadly the scope of those who can bring a section 8 Charter challenge to police search and seizures, which may result in an overburdened criminal justice system. The SCC, however, firmly stated that the protection of privacy in electronic conversations "should not be lightly denied".

It is important to highlight that the SCC did not determine that all text message conversations are protected from police searches. Rather, it concluded that an individual who sends text messages has a reasonable expectation of privacy in the contents of that electronic conversation and therefore the individual has the necessary standing to challenge the validity of a police seizure of those text messages, which are ultimately obtained from another person's phone. Moreover, where the police obtains a valid warrant to either intercept a text message in transit or search an individual's phone, the use of the text messages as evidence will be acceptable. The SCC also noted that the case and its findings did not concern messages posted to social media feeds, conversations occurring in crowded online chatrooms or comments posted on message boards.

In this ruling, the SCC adopted an approach that safeguards privacy even within the increasingly electronic world in which Canadians interact. The ruling is likely to have broad implications for privacy interests and can potentially be applied to other forms of digital communication such as e-mails, instant messages and direct messages on social media, as they all essentially have the same form and function as text messages. Messages that are encrypted or are password protected will favour a greater expectation of privacy and Canadians now have the right to expect their text messages will be private.

It should be noted that the SCC followed the same reasoning in another case, R. v. Jones , 2017 SCC 60, which was released the same day and also concerned the seizure of text messages by the police.


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Eagle Eye is a multi-purpose unmanned vehicle with GDP, which was designed by engineers from the American company Bell together with the company Scaled Composites. Experimental sample Eagle Eye with rotary engine gondolas have been created to find out the basic working and flight characteristics of the experimental engine with its further improvement. In addition, the designers pursued the goal of identifying the potential in the operation of the engine with swivel gondolas for future UAVs with vertical takeoff and landing. Bell specifically suggested that Scaled Composites develop and manufacture a component for the 2 frameworks of the prototype model, since the specialists from Scaled had great experience in this field. In addition, the company began to design the chassis, propulsion system and control system.

For Eagle Eye had to create extremely complex structure arrangement of bearing elements, since it according to the requirements needed to connect the quality of man and the usual flight of the aircraft. Allison C20 engine installed in the middle of the fuselage and connected to the unifying gear of the drive shafts which pass through the center of the wing and attached to the transmission to all the slanted parts of the wing. The inclined part is present and the drive transmission which is used to move the inclined portion with the rotor and the transmission.

During normal flight and soaring wing experiencing quite a variety of structural overload, leading to an additional problem - the interior of the wing was to be wet wing (the fuel tank), but it is directly proportional to contradict the need to ensure dryness of the drive shaft transmission pipelines.

The multi-layered composite fuselage consists of 3 collapsible parts: tail, central and nasal. Such a scheme helped to facilitate the convenient transportation and storage of UAVs. The bow was mounted on hinges, which provided a free access to the equipment. The composition of the central part: engine, wings, fuel tanks and chassis. It can be accessed through the removable top fuselage cover. The tail detachable part was attached to the rest of the structure using conventional screws. It includes many antennas and drives that help to control the slopes of the unmanned vehicle. All the main attachments and parts that were supplied by Scaled Composites and the system components together with the engine, oil coolers, gears, aircraft control systems, flaps and steering controls were pre-checked before being installed by Bell engineers.

The design was subjected to static loads in the presence of the customer. Additionally conducted training for training. The customer - the US Air Force. The first instance was unsuccessful, and the test was damaged, but the second has exceeded all expectations. He showed all phases of flight and the guy, and the transitions between them.

UAV demonstrated their abilities to good maximum speed (322 km / h), while the range of the device is 257 km. The Air Force is not very happy with the length of the flight, all 5 hours, but the UAV still able to rise to a height of more than 6 km. Total all the positive aspects led to the signing of the contract for the supply of several dozen Eagle Eye UAV into the ranks of the US Air Force.

EagleEye. Characteristics:

Modification Eagle Eye
Wingspan, m 3.75
Aircraft Length m 5.00
The diameter of the rotor, m 2.50
Weight, kg
engine's type 2 GTE Allison 250-C20B
power, kWt X 2 258
Maximum speed km / h 322
Flight distance, km 257
Flight duration, h 5
Practical ceiling, m 6096

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One Phone Call Starts the Appeals Process

Contacting a Lawyer Can be Beneficial

It can be incredibly difficult for a person to win an unemployment appeal. They need to be familiar with the laws surrounding unemployment so they can show they should receive the unemployment. The person may want to speak with a lawyer before their hearing. This gives them the chance to learn more about the appeals process and what they’ll need to do to have a better chance of winning their appeals.

Anyone who is appealing a denial of unemployment can speak with a lawyer about their case. They’ll be able to find out if they have a chance of winning the hearing as well as what they’ll need to do to have a better chance. Though it is possible for a person to handle this on their own, seeking legal assistance gives them a higher chance of knowing exactly what to do during the hearing and being successful in their appeal.

If you’ve been denied unemployment even though you believe you should be able to obtain it, learning how to appeal unemployment is crucial and can make a difference in whether you’re able to get the money you need. For further assistance, it may be a good idea to speak with a lawyer who handles unemployment claims and who can help you with the appeal.…

What To Do When A Company’s Proprietary Information Is Being Used Illegally

The internet now allows individuals to quickly start a business and build a customer base from a broad geographical region, but it also leaves a company open to a slew of issues including the theft of their business information. It is frustrating to discover that another business has decided to copycat an existing company, but it is possible to hold them accountable and have the copied information removed. The following is a list of the most important things to do after a company’s proprietary information has been breached.

Document the Incident

The first and most important thing to do is to document the alleged incident of infringement thoroughly. Consider taking screenshots of the copycat, as most are timestamped, which helps to prove that the incident occurred should the offender attempt to remove the information in the future. Another option is to locate the offense using an internet archive, which is a compilation of web pages that spans more than ten years into the past and preserves any information that may have been removed.

Consider Utilizing a DMCA Service

If a company owns data that is protected by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, they may be able to utilize a DMCA takedown service to have the infringement removed. Though it is a fast option, it does require the information to be protected by digital rights management protocol. Individuals who post photographs, videos, and music often find this to be the most effective and least financially burdensome approach.

Contact an Attorney

An attorney is often an invaluable tool when fighting incidents of copyright and trademark infringement, as they will have the ability to contact the offender directly and attempt to settle the issue without litigation. If a settlement is not reached or the attorney is not successful in having the data removed, they will offer court representation and fight to obtain compensation for the unlicensed use of data.

It may feel impossible to combat occurrences of data theft, but having a plan in place will provide peace of mind should issues arise. The team at Serious Startups offers a website that is packed with a plethora of information that makes it easy to combat internet piracy. Check out the resources they have to offer and hold copycats accountable for their offenses.…


Pocahontas is the main protagonist of the film of the same name.

Pocahontas is a member of the Powhatan Indian tribe that makes their home in Virginia. She is the daughter of Chief Powhatan. It is stated that Pocahontas's mother died, and that Pocahontas has her spirit. She is the only member of her tribe that is not xenophobic towards the white settlers, instead forming a relationship with John Smith. By the time of the second film, she is respected enough that she is sent as an ambassador to England on behalf of her people.

Pocahontas' name means "Little Mischief." She is based on the real historical figure, and was born into a highly sophisticated Native American culture that had some knowledge of Europeans. Her design was modeled after her voice actress, the Native American actress Irene Bedard.

Throughout the entire film, Pocahontas is wearing a short buckskin dress. A rope belt is tied around her waist. With it, she wears her mother's blue necklace.


产品简介 :

The FT24C32A series are 32,768 bits of serial Electrical Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory, commonly known as EEPROM. They are organized as 4096 words of 8 bits (one byte) each.  The devices are fabricated with proprietary advanced CMOS process for low power and low voltage applications.  These devices are available in standard 8-lead DIP, 8-lead SOP, 8-lead MSOP, 8-lead TSSOP, 8-lead DFN, 5-lead SOT23, and 5-lead TSOT23 packages.  A standard 2-wire serial interface is used to address all read and write functions.  Our extended VCC range (1.8V to 5.5V) devices enables wide spectrum of applications.

产品特点 :

Low voltage and low power operations:

       •FT24C32A: VCC = 1.8V to 5.5V

32 bytes page write mode.

Partial page write operation allowed.

Internally organized: 4,096 × 8 (32K).

Standard 2-wire bi-directional serial interface.

Schmitt trigger, filtered inputs for noise protection.

Self-timed Write Cycle (5ms maximum).

1000 kHz (2.5V-5V), 400 kHz (1.8V) Compatibility.

Automatic erase before write operation.

Write protect pin for hardware data protection.

High reliability: typically 1,000,000 cycles endurance.

100 years data retention.

Industrial temperature range (-40℃ to 85℃).

规格书 Part No.： FT24C32A-Exx 版本： 1.0 添加时间： 2018-05-24 支持型号： FT24C32A-Exx 附件：


Inherited risk of anorexia discovered
Picture: Sharon Smith

Inherited risk of anorexia discovered

May 15, 2017

Anorexia is partly genetic and the risk of developing an eating disorder could be passed on to children, a study shows.

Many people who suffer from anorexia nervosa have mutated DNA on a particular chromosome, an international collaboration of scientists found.

Until recently, the condition was thought to be driven by a mix of physical, social and environmental triggers such as anxiety, depression or Western culture’s obsession with thin models.

The researchers from King’s College London and the University of North Carolina compared the genetic code of 3,400 people with anorexia to see how it differed from that of people without eating disorders.

In more than half of anorexia cases, they found faulty genes, which are linked to neuroticism, schizophrenia and metabolism - adding to evidence that the condition is a mental and metabolic condition.

Prof Cynthia Bulik, of the University of North Carolina, said: “Anorexia nervosa was significantly genetically correlated with neuroticism and schizophrenia, supporting the idea that anorexia is indeed a psychiatric illness.

“This finding encourages us to look more deeply at how metabolic factors increase the risk for anorexia nervosa.”

There are more deaths from eating disorders than any other mental illness and it is estimated that 10 per cent of all sufferers die as a result of their condition.

Both women and men can suffer, and numbers have rocketed over the past 25 years.

Once researchers have identified the genes involved, they hope to develop drugs to prevent the effects.

The study was conducted by the Psychiatric Genetics Consortium Eating Disorders Working Group, an international collaboration of researchers.

Dr Gerome Breen, of King’s College London, said: “In the era of team science, we brought over 220 scientists and clinicians together to achieve this large sample size.

“Without this collaboration, we would never have been able to discover that anorexia has both psychiatric and metabolic roots.”

Dr Laramie Duncan, of the University of Stanford, California, added: “Working with large data sets allows us to make discoveries that would never be possible in smaller studies.”

The study was published in The American Journal of Psychiatry.

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What is Spinal Cord Stimulation?

In this procedure one or two wires are placed into the epidural space to provide electrical stimulation to the spinal cord. The electrical current interferes with the transmission of pain. The stimulator is very effective in treating extremity pain. The patient will have a remote control to adjust the surgically implanted stimulator.

The wires and the unit are surgically implanted; before this permanent procedure a trial stimulator is placed. In the trial the wires are placed through an incision and attached to an external power source that the patient carries around on his or her belt. The patient then returns to the office for a follow up visit in one or two weeks. If the procedure was successful the Doctor will schedule the permanent stimulator.

This procedure is safe. However, with any procedure there are risks, and or side effects. The most common side effect of this procedure is a temporary increase in pain. Fortunately the serious side effects are uncommon. We usually recommend taking 2-3 days off of work after the procedure.


Category Archives: Blog

Banchan: A Common Sharing of Side Dishes

Keeping Meal Times Interesting

Banchan is an important part of Korean cuisine, absolutely indispensable and always accompanies any and every meal. Even if dinner is simple and humble, to a full spread at elaborate janchi ceremonial celebrations and royal court cuisine, banchan is present. It is a definitive part of Korean cuisine.

Though banchan comes in an infinite variety, it can grouped into culinary techniques. There’s fermentation and pickling, exemplified by kimchi and jangajji. There’s the lightly seasoned ingredients, as vegetables, roots, sprouts, so there’s namul muchim. Then you have lightly sautéed or stir fried, so you have bokkeum. And then, jorim, which is braised in seasoned broth or sauce, and jjim, which is steamed. There is also a variety of jun (thinly pan-fried savory pancakes and small meat patties), associated with larger feasts. Three of these are always standard in any Korean dinner setting – kimchi, namul muchim and jorim.

Banchan, small servings of different taste adventures, each offering a unique flavor to a dining experience, is also healthy food, sometimes referred to as medicinal. The side dishes balance out the main courses at the table. Banchan is light and non-greasy. They help digest the meats and rice and are filling in themselves, and delicious, as well.

Have you tried Kimchi

The most popular among them is kimchi. It’s an immune system booster with its lactic acid that results in the process of fermentation. It’s also rich in vitamin C and beta-carotene, a known cancer fighter and antioxidant. Whatever is in your banchan it will not increase body weight, though they are filling. They lower risks of cardiovascular diseases as well as neurological illnesses. The isoflavones in beans and mushroom strengthen bones. Then, because they have no preservatives, they are good for skin health.

More importantly, banchan is communal meal. It is meant to be shared whilst one has his own bowl of rice and bowl of soup. The Korean meal is a gathering and sharing of entrees and sides, serving elders, and refilling small plates and glasses with a sense of innate hospitality. Meal times are always interesting with banchan.

Different Taste Adventure with Banchan

When you are around UW, come to Korean Tofu House and enjoy your banchan more. With the varieties we have, it’s an adventure in taste. Come together, eat Korean and eat healthy.

Tracing The Rise of the Korean Japchae

Journey from Vegetable Dish to Noodles and Beef

A colorful dish, the japchae (or chapch’ae), is an ever-present classic in many Korean celebrations. One cannot miss its eye-catching appeal on the dinner table. The dish is not just noodles and vegetables, but an experience in a travesty of flavors and aromas so unique to Korean cooking.

Japchae means “mixture of vegetables,” and it describes the dish and its method of preparation. Generally, the term refers to vegetables (namul) stir-fried with meat. To prepare the dish, glass noodles made from sweet potato starch (dangmyeon) are stir-fried in sesame oil together with beef and thinly sliced veggies. Soy sauce and a touch of sugar season the dish. But the japchae we know now wasn’t like this when it first began.

In the 17th century, during the Joseon dynasty, the japchae didn’t have noodles or meat. It was invented by one of the king’s subjects for a royal celebration. Nonetheless, the king enjoyed it, but what ingredients were used weren’t mentioned. At the time, noodles or beef were not part of the Korean diet. But vegetables were. Vegetables were central to Korean cooking owing to the influence of Buddhism. Killing cattle for food was prohibited in accordance with Buddhist beliefs which were the beliefs of the dynasty preceding Joseon.

Buddhism also reflected the food tradition of Koreans which involves combining different vegetables in a single dish to balance tastes, textures, and colors. The five elements of East Asian cosmology features five colors – green, red, yellow, white and black. The japchae satisfies all the colors with Korean ingredients, with spinach, carrots, mushrooms, and egg and egg white.

Beef, which was rare in Korean cuisine and only consumed by the royals and aristocracy, became an added delicacy only much, much later, towards the 20th century. Today, beef is an integral part of the cuisine and very much Korean, especially grilled marinated beef. It is otherwise known now as Korean BBQ.

And where did the noodles come from? It was the Mongols who brought both noodles and beef to Korea. Noodles were of wheat and buckwheat at first, and later, when tubers came from Japan in the 1760s, noodles were made out of sweet potatoes. Noodles stayed to become a main ingredient for japchae, signifying long life.

Celebrating with Japchae at UW Seattle

We serve the famous japchae here in UW Seattle. Try out this delicacy with our own pork, noodles and veggies rendition.

US Love Affair With Korean Food: by UW Korean Restaurant

The American Future of Korean Food Products

After Japan and China, the third biggest market for Korean food products is the United States. That is according to Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Corp, Korea’s leading organization for the globalization of Korean agricultural and fishery products. The trend was observed to be on the rise at the rate of 10% average yearly in the last 10 years. The export of Korean food products like kimchi, gochujang and seaweed are already growing and gaining foothold in the American market signaling that other products can be on the way to becoming mainstream in the US.

Recently, at the 2-day September K-FOOD FAIR New York, a juried collection of more than 28 exporters and 100 plus unique products from Korea were showcased to American attendees. It was organized by the South Korean Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs. It paved the way for direct meetings and sampling opportunities that were promising enough to merit its annual holding from hence.

There were new and interesting food and beverage products, that were also health-giving and delicious, that retail stores, restaurants and other distribution channels can introduce to American consumers.

And how did Korean food imports become so popular in the US market? Consumers have become familiar with Korean eats from restaurant experiences, buying from food trucks and watching television cooking shows. They have developed the taste for Korean tacos, Korean fried chicken and bibimbap. Young children bring along Korean snacks to share in their lunch boxes. Also, more people are discovering the health benefits of Korean ingredients, like kimchi, red ginseng, aloe drinks, Korean pears, Korean mushrooms, Hamyang bitter melon products, among others.

Restaurant chefs in New York, in particular, use Korean base ingredients well, such as fermented soybean paste and chili paste, seaweed, tofu, dry-aged persimmon, and a variety of kimchi to recreate new dishes. Chefs discover the Korean techniques of fermentation, aging and pickling ingredients, and then using those techniques to craft new creations, going beyond typical Korean dishes. Now, due to the adventurous taste and the inclination to acquire new tastes and concepts, Korean food makers are targeting millennials, they who easily connect to new products and experiences.

Learning To Love Korean in UW Seattle

One of the best ways to get introduced to Korean culture and cuisine is to try out popular neighborhood restaurants that serve a variety of Korean selections. Stop by your UW Korean spot, the Korean Tofu House, to first-hand experience kimchi, bibimbap, tofu, and barbecue. It’s not to be forgotten.


Advertising Metrics

Statistics that are collected and compared to help evaluate the effectiveness of a particular advertising campaign. The click-through rate is just one example of the explosion of new advertising metrics that have arisen thanks to the internet.

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case definition

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The criteria used to establish a specific diagnosis. These criteria vary according to the nature of the disease and the purpose for which the case definition is used. When a specific pathogenic organism or pathological process is implicated, unequivocal diagnostic tests are usually available. With diseases such as multiple sclerosis, a scoring system is used, based on points for each of several diagnostic features, each of which is a common feature of the disease but none of which alone is sufficient for diagnosis. The syndromic approach to treatment is mostly used in surveillance and control of dangerous epidemics because screening and diagnostic tests are rarely if ever feasible. Moreover, it is more important to identify all possible, as well as probable, cases, especially with contagious diseases.

Subjects: Public Health and Epidemiology.

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Search: authors:"Mirella Manfredi"

2 papers found.

In this study, the neural mechanism subserving the ability to understand people’s emotional and mental states by observing their body language (facial expression, body posture and mimics) was investigated in healthy volunteers. ERPs were recorded in 30 Italian University students while they evaluated 280 pictures of highly ecological displays of emotional body language that were...