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Guide to Choosing Cables

How to Determine the Rating of a Cable?

The continuous current rating of a cable is determined by the ability of the cable to dissipate the heat generated by the current passing through its conductor. It depends on a number of parameters, but the most important are the:

  • Conductors’ DC resistance;
  • Thermal resistance of the insulating sheathing materials; and
  • Ambient conditions of the environment where the cable is installed (for example the surrounding air temperature).

For standard cables such as PVC building wire, XLPE SDI or circular cables (all rated 0.6/1kV), the ratings have all beencalculated and are tabulated in Australian Standard AS/NZS 3008.1.1. This standard includes various circuit configurations such as single and three phase and
various installation arrangement such as “in air”, “direct buried in ground”, “in ducts”, etc.

How to Measure the Amount of Current a Cable Can Carry Over a Particular Distance?

A current which flows in a conductor will cause a voltage drop over the conductor’s length. This voltage drop is due to the resistance of the conductor.
The Wiring Rules AS/NZS 3000:2000 states a maximum limit for voltage drop of 5% for low voltage systems. Therefore there is a simple calculation
which can be done that relates the percentage volt drop, the cable length, and the voltage drop factor for a particular cable. This calculation and voltage drop factors (in mV/A.m –milliVolt per Amp metre) are given in AS/NZS 3008.1.1. The formulae for how much current is:

l = (5/100) x V x (1000/L x Vc)

l = cable current that produces the maximum voltage drop
V = system voltage (ie normally 415V for 3 phase and 240V for single phase)
Vc = mV/A.m volt drop factor for cable from AS/NZS 3008.1.1
L = circuit length
Note: In addition to performing this voltage drop calculation, the continuous current rating of the cable must be checked.

How to Determine the Size of Cable Required for a Particular Current of a Distance?

A current which flows in a conductor will cause a voltage drop over the length of conductor due to its resistance. The cable size can be determined to find Vc as shown below:

Vc = (5/100) x V x (1000/L x l)

When Vc is found, it is then necessary to look up the appropriate table of volt drop factors in AS/NZS 3008.1.1 to find a cable size which has a lower voltage drop factor than that just calculated. After obtaining the cable size, the continuous current rating must again be checked.
If the cable size meets or exceeds the required current, I, then this is the answer. If not, the cable size must be increased until the current, I, is obtained.

Which Cables are Approved for Use in Mines?

The answer is dependent on the State in which the mine is located.

In NSW, the system is that approval is needed from the Department of Mineral Resources for compliance to the NSW Coal Mines Regulation Act, 1982.

In QLD, the system is that approval is needed from the Department of Minerals and Energy for compliance to the Queensland Coal Mining Act, 1925-1990. This Act stated that cable made and in conformance with Australian Standards 1802, 2802 and 1972 is deemed suitable to be used subject to the cable being installed, operated, maintained and overhauled in accordance with the provisions of the Act.

For cables made to other Standards, then specific approval must be obtained from the Inspector of Coal Mines at the Department. As our equipment is of an electrical nature, the approval would come from the Principal Electrical Inspector.

In Western Australia, Western Power (formerly SECWA) that hold jurisdiction in this area and authorises approvals.


The Waccamaw Indian People during their annual powwow near Aynor in 2017. Provided/Courtney Hayes

Who is considered an American Indian in South Carolina?

The state of South Carolina has just put limits on who falls into the category of recognized Native American. And Chief Harold "Buster" Hatcher, of the Waccamaw Indian People, thinks that's a good thing.

Hatcher said the change will protect resources for existing tribes from impostors and in the finances that go with tribal operations.

“We don’t have enough of that money in that little pocket," he said.

His comments come after Gov. Henry McMaster signed legislation that stops the state from recognizing additional Native American "groups." That category didn't require every member to prove they have Indian blood, but groups and their members can still apply for federal dollars, register their businesses as minority-owned and weigh in on Native American issues. An influx of new groups would dilute those resources.

"We have a lot of pseudo-Indian groups that do come into this state or individuals that claim native heritage that might not be," said Marcy Hayden, Native American affairs coordinator for the S.C. Commission for Minority Affairs.

However, she added that none have gone through the process of applying to be a recognized group.

Tracing history

More than 13,000 Native Americans live in South Carolina, according to a 2016 state study. There is only one one federally recognized tribe in South Carolina, the Catawba, who have a reservation near Rock Hill.

Separately, the state recognizes eight tribes and three groups.

That designation can be an important validation for people whose histories are ignored or erased. Hayden said school textbooks sometimes skip much of Native American history in the Southeast, leaving students with the erroneous impression that no tribes are left.

The first tribe recognized by South Carolina was the Waccamaw, in 2005. Their earliest mention in the historical record is a map from 1725 indicating their presence in present-day Horry County.

That land was given out to settlers in grants after the Revolutionary War, Hatcher said. In 1813, a "free person of color" named John Dimery bought back a portion in the Dog Bluff area, near Aynor.

Dimery is connected to the earlier group of Waccamaw in part by logic: Hatcher argues that no other native group would have sought to regain that land. Record-keeping largely erased the designation of "Indian" in favor of terms like "Mulatto" or Dimery's description, but the historical record shows that surrounding whites considered the people there to be Native American. The settlement's children were even sent to a separate Indian school during the early days of segregation.

For decades after, Waccamaw people lived in the Dimery community, Hatcher said. Eventually the Indian school closed and the Waccamaw were split between the schools that remained. Hatcher grew up straddling two worlds, living in a black neighborhood and attending Myrtle Beach Elementary, which was then a white school. His relatives went to both black and white schools.

"We were wrong at home. We were wrong at school, too," he said.

Today, the Waccamaw have about 425 members and hold an annual powwow on land that they own near Dog Bluff.

Another nearby tribe, the Chicora, have historical roots in Georgetown, Horry and Williamsburg counties. There's evidence that the Chicora made contact with Spanish explorers in the 1500s.

Today, there are about 50 members. Chief Vernon Thompkins said the tribe is applying for state recognition and working to reach out to other people that might have Chicora heritage. At one point, the tribe had as many as 800 members, he said.

"We’re being blessed at this time, we’re moving in a positive mode and we’re rebuilding and reestablishing our rights," Thompkins said.

Tommy Howard, the secretary-treasurer of the Chicora, said he's had conversations with fellow history buffs who assert that the Chicora are now extinct. Getting state recognition will help to correct that misconception.

Howard himself does not have any Native American ancestry. He said he befriended a member of the Chicora in 2014 and slowly started attending meetings and helping out as the tribe works for an official designation. He was inducted as a "adopted member" in 2016.

"I feel like if I can help them achieve tribal recognition and grow membership and participation, it's a good thing for people that deserve to have that kind of recognition," Howard said.

South Carolina recognizes Native American entities because of the complex history between colonizers and indigenous peoples.

In other states, treaties often form the basis of agreements granting federal recognition to native groups. They usually involved an official census of a tribal members, which makes it easier to trace the lineage of modern-day members.

But tribes in South Carolina didn't always strike a treaty with the nascent U.S. government, especially if a tribe was considered friendly, according to Jonathan Leader, the state's archaeologist.

South Carolina recognizes tribes that can prove 100 years of continuous community with at least 100 members. The lower bar for groups initially allowed a native organization some wiggle room if they were still collecting documentation of their history.

Hatcher said he had been pushing for the bill to cut off additional groups for years. The Native American Advisory Committee, which advises the Commission for Minority Affairs, unanimously voted to support it, he said.

Tribe officials and state employees couldn't point to a specific example of a group with few native members trying to game the state's system. Still, Hayden said she frequently has to explain that a tribe can't consist just of family members with American Indian blood. It's a governing body, and it has to be tied to history.

At this point, it's likely that the state has made contact with most of the tribes that remain.

"State recognition, it was always meant to be a finite process. It is not meant to go on forever," Hayden said. "There’s only so many indigenous groups of people that live in South Carolina. ... We feel like we have reached those populations.”

Tribal membership

Hayden said that if a tribe doesn't get state recognition, "That doesn't preclude them from being who they are and owning their heritage."

But being recognized through official channels is still bound up with a sense of identity for many. The Waccamaw are working to gain federal recognition, but the process has been a difficult one because early members of the tribe didn't keep records of births and deaths.

The additional complication of later records that did not use the word "Indian" make the process even harder, amounting to "documentary genocide," Hatcher said.

For federally recognized tribes, deciding who's a member and who's not is a high-stakes process, especially for those that live on a reservation, have a job there or are in other ways connected to the administration of a tribe.

Disenrollment, which sometimes happens if a review of the historical record shows someone is not actually blood-related to the tribe's ancestors, "can be very emotional and complicated," Hayden said.

In one of the most high-profile cases, the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma stripped citizenship from 2,800 people in 2007 when they changed the nation's bylaws to define citizenship as "by blood," according to NPR. The people affected were known as the Cherokee Freedmen, the descendants of slaves once owned by the Cherokee. They were brought to Oklahoma with the rest of the tribe during the Trail of Tears, a forced relocation from the Southeast under Andrew Jackson.

The controversial decision sparked a lawsuit, and a federal judge decided last August that the Freedmen should be allowed to keep their tribal citizenship.


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GWEA Monthly Messages
Do not Harden your Heart: Listen to the Voice of the Holy Spirit
There is “an appalling and horrible thing that has happened in the land" (Jer. 5:30-31) This is God's message to His people, and He is clearly warning us that we are in big trouble with Him, as was Israel!
"Therefore, as the Holy Spirit says, ‘Today, when you hear his voice, do not harden your hearts as in the rebellion, on the day of testing in the wilderness, where your fathers put me to the test and saw my works for forty years. Therefore, I was provoked with that generation, and said, ‘They always go astray in their hearts; they have known my ways.’ As I swore in my wrath, ‘They shall never enter my rest’” (Heb. 3:7–11).
Israel was deceived by their "comfort doctrines, false prophets and hardened hearts."  With "itching ears," they no longer feared God; they turned towards false teaching that fed their own evil desires and religious doctrines. People with "stubborn and rebellious hearts" (Jer. 5:23), "knew no bounds in deeds of wickedness; and they judged not with justice (Jer. 5:28).
We become "rebellious people" and develop a “hardened heart” when we refuse to hear God's voice and don't listen to the Holy Spirit. This is what's happening today in most churches, and in the lives of many of those who call themselves Christians. People are disobedient, and they desire to live out their own fleshly ways, without the guidance of our Counsellor, the Holy Spirit.
“Hear this, O foolish and senseless people, who have eyes, but see not, who have ears, but hear not... (Jer. 5:21); "there is a way that appears to be right, but in the end it leads to death" (Prov. 14:12).
How do we hear God's voice?
We need to hear God's voice daily. When we receive Salvation and the "Baptism of the Holy Spirit" (Jn. 3:5; Acts 2:4), we hear His voice by consulting and listening to the Holy Spirit. When the Holy Spirit speaks to us, we know that God is speaking to us also (1 Jn 5:6-9). The Baptism (or indwelling) of the Holy Spirit is the first step. By using His "Gift of Tongues," you edify or build yourself up (1 Cor. 14:4). Listening and cooperating with the Holy Spirit becomes possible, and your relationship with Jesus takes precedence in your life. Hearing the "Voice of the Holy Spirit" and cooperating with Him, are crucial steps to growing and walking in the Spirit (Jn 14:26).
What denotes a rebellious heart?
Each of the 15 Grace Gifts of the Holy Spirit expresses the "Voice of God" (Rom. 12:6–8;1 Cor. 12:8–10). ). The "Grace Gifts" or "Gifts of the Holy Spirit" meet people’s needs. They are Prophecy, Serving, Teaching, Exhortation, Giving, Administration, Mercy, Word of Wisdom, Word of Knowledge, Faith, Healing, Miracles, Discerning of Spirits, Gift of Tongues (other national languages), and Interpretation” (Rom. 12:6-8; 1 Cor. 12:8-10). The "rebellion" begins when a person denies that the "Gifts of the Holy Spirit" are still for today, and are spoken and used in ministry.
For example, when a message in tongues is spoken out or delivered in a worship service, it is given by the means of the "Gift of (speaking in) tongues," (a language spoken somewhere in the world today). It's then received and translated out loud to the church by another who has the "Gift of Interpretation."
Hearing the Voice of the Holy Spirit.
The "Voice of the Holy Spirit" (or God's message) can only be given and interpreted from someone who has been "Baptised in the Holy Spirit" (Mk. 16:16-17). When interpreted, it will provide direction and guidance to either individuals and/or the Church (1 Cor. 14:26-27).
But today, most church leaderships and memberships dismiss these messages believing that they were delivered by over-emotional persons or as emotional outbursts. These churches do not even believe in the "Gifts of the Spirit," let alone exercise them. Consequently, they do not hear the "Voice of the Holy Spirit," and the "Gifts" are ignored. When a message is given (by a believer "Baptised in the Holy Spirit"), it comes upon deaf ears, and isn't well received.
Just as old Israel, today's new Israel people (the church) continue to react badly to the Gifts. They deny the Holy Spirit's voice, and misinterpret scriptures telling others that Jesus stopped giving and equipping His Church with the Gifts when “love” (1 Cor. 13:8–13) was given to us. This is untrue, and misunderstood.
What is the difference between "Love" and the "Gifts of the Spirit"?
Love is the "Fruit of the Spirit" along with joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control (Gal 5:22,23). Love, is God in us (Jn. 4:7); it is characteristic of Him, and is the "fruit" that continually grows in a believer's life. But the "love" that is described in First Corinthians can only grow out of a person that listens and is obedient to the Holy Spirit (Gal 5:16-25).
The "Gifts of the Holy Spirit" are given to a believer by Jesus, and distributed according to His own will (Heb. 2:4). The signs, wonders and miracles are evidence that the Holy Spirit has come upon us and given us power to be His witnesses (Acts 1:8). "Unless we see signs, wonders and miracles, we will not believe" (Jn. 4:48). When we speak in our "tongues" languages, they are evidence that we have been filled or "Baptised in the Holy Spirit" (Mk 16:16-17; Acts 2:4).
The Gifts of the Holy Spirit are necessary for Ministry.
The "Gifts of the Holy Spirit" are necessary for the Ministry of Jesus Christ, and remain until Jesus returns (1 Cor. 15:24). Any person who denies them has developed “a hardening of their heart and has lost their rest" - their Salvation. Clergy and those who have “hardened hearts” can never see God’s witness by the signs, wonders and miracles; and nor can they receive the "Gifts of the Holy Spirit" that are distributed according to His will. As Jesus said to each of the Seven Churches, “He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the Churches” (Rev. 2:7,11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22).
The Holy Spirit is our Counsellor (Jn. 14:16; 16:7–11), who guides us daily, and the only one who can give us the best advice. When we are obedient, and "Baptised in the Holy Spirit", we can be effective witnesses. But if we don't follow His advice, a “hardening of the heart" results. Apostle Paul warns us in Hebrews:
"Take care, brothers, lest (in case) there be in any of you an evil, unbelieving heart, leading you to fall away from the living God. But exhort (urge) one another every day, as long as it is called “today,” that none of you may be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin. For we have come to share in Christ, if indeed we hold our original confidence firm to the end. As it is said, Today, if you hear his voice, do not harden your hearts as in the rebellion” (Heb. 3:12-15).
Only you can decide to heed to God's warning! Don't delay! If you, a family member, loved one, and/or a friend, have not yet received Salvation, the Baptism of the Holy Spirit, or need a miracle in your life, please contact me.
If you need prayer, guidance or encouragement to hear the "Voice of the Holy Spirit", please contact me. "He who has an ear, let Him hear what the Holy Spirit says to the church!"
Yours in Jesus Christ,
We are the "Wells of Living Water!"

When Jesus met the Samaritan woman at the well, she was shocked when He had asked her to give him a drink of water (Jn. 4:7-16). She was shocked because the Jews and the Samaritans were enemies, and at war with each other.

What this woman didn’t understand is, just like today, we need not to be impartial; we need to engage in open discussions with all Samaritans, including the people that come from other countries who don't know Jesus Christ personally as their Saviour and Lord; those who complain about being sick and tired of living with lives that have no real meaning or purpose – and especially those who are involved in religions that worship gods that are not gods (1 Cor. 10:20).

We who have received the “living water," (the Holy Spirit) are intended to become the “wells of living water”. The Holy Spirit represents the "living water" and assures believers of eternal life.

Our purpose as “wells of living water," is to offer a "drink of the living water" (the Holy Spirit) to people we don't know; to strangers, just as Jesus did. He ministered to the woman at the well: salvation, healing, grace and guidance.

When we take up our cross daily, and model after what Jesus did at the well, Salvation and the "Gifts of the Holy Spirit" can come to all people we pray and minister to.

Our ministry is like a "spring of living waters" that flows continuously; resulting in numerous Salvations, Baptisms of the Holy Spirit, healings, deliverances and many answers to prayer. Your prayers and partnership allow Gordon to freely accept invitations from any church in Canada, the U.S.A, or other countries, regardless of their size, and without charging fees. Because of your faithfulness, Gordon has the freedom to go where ever Jesus leads him.

Also, as a result of your faithful donations, we continue to see more ministry than ever before. Please continue to be a “cheerful giver” (2 Cor. 9:7) and prayerfully ask Jesus how you can contribute.

Tasting the New Wine: The Holy Fermentation Process.

"And no one after drinking old wine desires new; for he says, "The old is good" [Greek: chrestos - better] (Luke 5:39). The Holy Spirit starts what I call a "Holy Fermentation Process" that actually works in us, cleansing out the works of the flesh and replacing them with the fruit of the Holy Spirit. He brings us into a relationship with Jesus and the Heavenly Father where Jesus moves from being Saviour to being the LORD of our lives.

As such, He has ministry plans for us to carry out which are very different from what is accepted in the traditional type of churches where people are expected to act and react according to the traditions of men [where people robotically respond to pre-organized "form(s) of religion"].

Today, the traditions of men are called "church denominations" which dispense or replace portions of the word of God, the Bible scriptures.

Spirit-led Days_Rev G Williams

Victory over the Kingdom of Darkness - Rev Gordon Williams
"VICTORY OVER THE KINGDOM OF DARKNESS" is the most comprehensive teaching guide available today on spiritual warfare. Based on biblical theology, it is derived from many years of helping people to be freed from demonic oppression.


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Saturday, 25 April 2015

Basilica Cistern Istanbul

Basilica Arches

It is weird to visit a place that you have seen before.  The Basilica Cistern was used as a location for the 1963 James Bond film From Russia with Love.  As we descended the stairs, there were naves of romantically lit columns, hence a basilica.

In fact, our word for a major church comes from the Ancient Roman architectural form; however, they used it for many different secular purposes from stock exchanges to legal courts.

Basilica Cistern Map

The maps and signs in Turkish will call it Yerebatan Sarayı or “Sunken Palace”.  It was never a palace but it was the site of a Roman basilica used for commercial and legal purposes.  The cistern is located 290 m east of the Sultanahmet tram stop and just on the other side of Divan Yolu Caddesi (the tram street) from Hagia Sophia.  Unfortunately, the Basilica Cistern (open 09:00 to 18:30 hrs, TRY 10) is not included in the Istanbul Museum Card, which is not recommended.

Golden Milestone

Milion Milestone
The Milliarium Aureum (Golden Milestone) in the Roman Forum marked the centre point for the Roman Empire.  It is from here that all distances were measured and it was the basis for the expression “all roads lead to Rome”.

In a pit on the north side of Divan Yolu is a non-descript, single stele.  Most tourists just pass it by.  It does not look very impressive.  Like the name of the city (Nova Roma), Constantine based the Milion on the Golden Milestone in Rome.  It marked the centre point for the new Roman Empire (it was only called Byzantine Empire in the 16th century).

Afrodisias Tetrapylon
But all roads really did lead to Nova Roma, i.e. Constantinople, because it was the financial capital of the Roman Empire; it was the terminus of the Silk Routes, both by land and by sea.  Now imagine that the Milion was a double triumphal arch surmounted by a dome.  You have to visit Afrodisias to see what a tetrapylon (four arches) looks like.  Now image the arches on the right in Istanbul supporting a dome and that it had survived until the 15th century.

Basilica Cistern Purpose

Ottoman Dress-Up
The Basilica Cistern is a Byzantine underground water reservoir built in the 6th century during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I.  Several kilometres north of here you can still see a small portion of the Valens Aqueduct that carried water to here.  The cistern provided water for the Great Palace of Constantinople and other buildings on the First Hill (of the Seven Hills of Constantinople).  It provided water to the Topkapi Palace after the Ottoman conquest in 1453.  After descending the stairs there is a small shop. One concession provides colourful Ottoman costumes you can put and have your picture taken.
Basilica Columns

Basilica Cistern Columns

The dimly lit cavern is a cathedral of 336 columns, arranged in 12 rows of 28 evenly spaced marble columns. The capitals of the columns towering above you have diverse styles, which suggest that these columns came from other buildings.
Ionic Columns Holding Up a Mountain
The Greek Ionic style actually originated in Turkey.  What?  As discussed in How is Priene connected to Architecture?, the Greek League of Ionia was located on the Turquoise Coast between Priene and Didyma.
Drowning Medusa
There are very few paths through the cistern maze but make sure you visit the furthest northwest point from the entry stairs.  The bases of two columns reuse blocks that already had images of Medusa.  She thought she was the most beautiful woman in the world and was constantly looking at her reflection.
Unfortunately, on her visit to the Parthenon, Medusa said she was more beautiful than the statue of Athena, the goddess of beauty and wisdom.

Don't Look at Medusa
Athena suddenly appeared and turned Medusa's hair into a nest of snakes, made her face ugly, and empowered her eyes to turn anyone who looked at her to stone.  For the same reason, Medusa could no longer look on her face in a mirror!  A famous statue by Cellini in Florence depicts Perseus after he cut off Medusa's head with his sword.
It is hard to believe that Medusa's gaze could turn you into stone but the Ancients were a very superstitious lot.  Our expression “getting up the wrong side of the bed” originates in Ancient Rome when it was considered bad luck to get up on the left side of the bed!  The Latin word for left is sinistra, the origin of our word sinister!  It is no wonder that left-handed people were deemed evil.
Alexander GR8 & Medusa
So they placed the Medusa images sideways or upside down thinking that this would neutralize the power of the Gorgon's gaze. Didn't they realize that this would not affect the magic of Medusa?
The symbolism of Medusa was used throughout society.  In this photo taken in Napoli (Naples), we see Alexander the Great wearing an image of Medusa on his breast armour.

From Gloom to Bloom

Sultanahmet Tulips
Well from gloom we went to bloom. The Basilica Cistern did not take long so we went around the Sultanahmet Park and the Hippodrome (coming to a post near you) to take photos in the sunshine.
It finally turned warmer today.  The tulips were in full bloom.   The word tulip is derived from the Persian word ‘tulipan’ which means turban.  Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent introduced the Central Asian tulip to Europeans.  It is a symbol of life and fertility and is a popular motif on pottery and tiles.
Sultanahmet School Kids

Sultanahmet Park is a great place for people watching - there is a mixture of locals and tourists.

It is also a great place for views of historic Hagia Sophia.

Hagia Sophia

This is the third church on this site.  While there have been many earthquakes that have damaged the building, the first two churches were destroyed by rebellions during the Byzantine era, which will be discussed in the Hippodrome post.
Hagia Sophia
The current Hagia Sophia was the world's largest cathedral with the largest dome built since the Pantheon in Rome and until the dome erected by Brunelleschi at the beginning of the Renaissance to complete the Duomo in Florence, Italy.

After 1453 the Ottomans quickly transformed the city from a bastion of Christianity to a symbol of Islamic culture.  So the Church of Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque complete with minarets.
However, the Greek influence in Turkish history is palpable. Constantinople was originally simply called Istimbolin by the Greek residents meaning “(in) The City”, which was in turn was derived from the Greek word polis (city).  Today the name has changed back to Istimbolin, now spelled Istanbul

Next Post: Hippodrome – Off to the Races


What is Advent and Why Does It Matter?

This past Sunday marked the beginning of the season traditionally known as "Advent". But, what exactly is Advent and why does it matter today?

This four week season leading up to Christmas has been recognized by follower of Jesus since the early centuries of the church. It has served as a way of intentionally preparing our hearts for the Big Day of Christmas. The word itself is Latin and simply means "coming", which points us to the coming of Jesus. The purpose of Advent is heart-preparation for the world-changing news that Jesus Christ, the Savior of the world, is born.

In a world where the Christmas season often stirs up more stress, busyness, and anxiety than peace, love, and joy, the focus of Advent calls us to slow down, reflect, and experience something more, something deeper. The familiarity of the Christmas story and our cultural traditions can also have the unfortunate and unintended side-effect of dulling the life-changing good news of Jesus' arrival into our world. Advent challenges us to see the story again with fresh eyes and fresh hearts and respond with fresh faith.

Robert Webber writes that, "Advent is the time when God breaks in on us with new surprises and touches us with a renewing and restoring power."

Isn't that so often what we need?

In the midst of our own life's rhythm, the rhythm of Christian seasons such as Advent confront us with the ultimate reality of God's unfolding story and invite us to recalibrate our lives to it. We can do Christmas the same as previous years or we can experience a "renewing and restoring power" as we intentionally put our focus on the coming ("Advent") of Jesus - not only his first coming, but the ways he continues to come into our lives, and the way he will one day come again.

Advent matters because it gives us the challenge we all so desperately need to break out from the same old same old and allow God's story to break in to our lives in fresh new ways.

If you go to our special Christmas page you'll find several different Advent resources for more intentionally preparing your heart this season.


With its panoramic coastline and rich and rustic countryside Somerset offers something for everyone.

Scrumptious Somerset cider to tantalizing Cheddar cheese, the towering cliffs of Cheddar Gorge or the underground caves of Wookey Hole. Choose romantic beach side strolls or ancient woodland walks.

There are pretty stone cottage villages and Cathedral cities, or simply contrast peace and quiet with the excitement of fun fairs and an endless variety of entertainment.

Somerset is an unforgettable experience, you will want to visit again and again.


I am currently teaching in the Department of German Studies at Cornell University. My current and previous course descriptions can be found below.

Cinema of the Weimar Republic

This course introduces the cinema of the Weimar Republic (1918-33), a golden age of German cinema comparable to the classical Hollywood era. During this period, the German film industry developed a variety of influential aesthetics, from the Expressionism of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari to the New Objectivity of Berlin – Symphony of a Metropolis. Situating the classic films, directors, and stars of the Weimar era within the cultural upheavals of the period, we will discuss the aftereffects of WWI; representations of class and gender; discourses of nature and technology; relationships between aesthetics, spectatorship, and politics; and processes of industrialization, urbanization, and globalization. Students without experience in film studies are welcome—the course will also double as an introduction to discussing and analyzing film.

What was film?

In retrospect, was film anything more than some highly flammable strips of celluloid? Taking its cue from the “digital turn,” this course rephrases a traditional question asked in film theory about the nature of the medium (What is film?) in terms of a historical question: What was film when it was still something to be cut, wound up, and carried around, a thing with a literally explosive potential? Reframing the object of study in this manner will help situate familiar narrative cinema within more unfamiliar scientific, aesthetic, and experimental contexts. Early film theorists saw great potential in the new medium, thought to be capable of conveying a new experience of movement and time, creating a new art of light and shadow, or functioning as a new kind of scientific instrument. Screenings will put readings of early film theory in dialogue with early European silent films that address similar concerns about the nature of cinema, such as A Trip to the Moon (1902), The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926), and Man with a Movie Camera (1929).

Media in Transit

Media make things move. Ships transport goods, cars carry passengers, devices transmit information. While origins and destinations often seem the most significant, modern media and cultural mobility also invite us to consider the experience of being in transit, of what happens as things move from point A to point B. This course examines the function of media in processes of mobilization and immobilization through readings in travel writing and cultural theory (e.g., Goethe, Kafka, Seghers, Simmel, Benjamin, Kracauer). Our guiding questions will include: What kinds of situations tend to create mobility or immobility? To what extent do technologies like the telegraph, telephone, and radio contribute to increased mobility and global connections? And what might studying the experience of mobility and transition reveal about the project of modernity itself?


0 Replies Latest reply on Apr 28, 2016 1:04 PM by Andreas Bovin

    How can I make a proper shut-off surface if my part folds in over itself?

    Andreas Bovin

      I am doing a school project in which I want to make a mold from a part. The part is supposed to be a combined USB housing and paper clips. The part is not very complex (see attached), but it folds in over itself, meaning that a core is needed to create the gap between the undercut sections. I have attached a screenshot showing the un-drafted part (I'll take care of that later), indicating the pull direction. The core is meant to go beneath the housing (In the +z-direction on the picture), so to fill the gap between the housing and the paper clip (See pictures)

      I get stuck already just trying to create the parting lines, and can't figure out where to go from here. I have searched the internet for hours, but no guides show a similar problem :-(

      Please help!


Grid Line

Sets whether the grid line is displayed or not. The grid line will help you to adjust the composition of images.

  1. MENU(Camera Settings2) → [Grid Line] → desired setting.

Menu item details

Rule of 3rds Grid:
Square Grid:
Square grids make it easier to confirm the horizontal level of your composition. This is suitable to determine the quality of the composition when shooting landscape, close-up, or duplicated images.
Diag. + Square Grid:
Place a subject on the diagonal line to express an uplifting and powerful feeling.
Does not display the grid line.


Interactive Effects of Musical and Visual Cues on Time Perception: An Application to Waiting Lines in Banks

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This study explores the interactive effects of musical and visual cues on time perception in a specific situation, that of waiting in a bank. Videotapes are employed to simulate the situation; a 2 × 3 factorial design (N = 427) is used: 2 (high vs low) amounts of visual information and 2 (fast vs slow) levels of musical tempo in addition to a no-music condition. Two mediating variables are tested in the relation between the independent variables (musical and visual ones) and the dependent variable (perceived waiting time), mood and attention. Results of multivariate analysis of variance and a system of simultaneous equations show that musical cues and visual cues have no symmetrical effects: the musical tempo has a global (moderating) effect on the whole structure of the relations between dependent, independent, and mediating variables but has no direct influence on time perception. The visual cues affect time perception, the significance of which depends on musical tempo. Also, the “Resource Allocation Model of Time Estimation” predicts the attention-time relation better than Ornstein's “storage-size theory.” Mood state serves as a substitute for time information with slow music, but its effects are cancelled with fast music.

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Euclid: Birth of Geometry

The Greeks were instrumental in defining theories of shapes in nature. There were Mathematical theorems, but none corresponded within a formal academic structure.  It is in ancient history that the study of mathematics must begin.

Research shows, “The history of mathematics is essentially different from the history of other sciences in its relationship with the history of science because it never was an integral part of the latter in the Whewellian sense. The reason for this is obvious: mathematics being far more esoteric than the other sciences, its history can only be told to a select group of initiates” (Sarton, 1936).

Euclidian Geometry is perhaps considered the foundation of mathematics.  The founder of these concepts as one universal structure was Euclid because he took different geometric ideas and transcribed them into one of the most influential books in the history of mathematics.  With logic and deductive reasoning, Euclid separated the various theorems into four main areas of study:

  • Plane Geometry
  • Magnitudes and Ratios
  • Whole Numbers
  • Solid Geometry (Shuttlesworth, 2010)

The reasoning separating these ideas gave birth to the academic structure of Geometry that promoted advances in Mathematics, Science, Art, Humanities, Astrology, Astronomy, Architecture, and Physics.  Analyzing the work of Euclid will show that the Greek Mathematician formulated the theories of Geometry detailed in an academic textbook called Elements that continues to influence society today.

Historical Significance of Geometry

Euclid was a Greek scholar, philosopher, and a mathematician around 300BC, who studied at Plato’s Academy in Athens. Greece was the utopia for a classical evolution of math and science theories because education and philosophy were promoted in that society. He later opened a school of thought in Alexandria where he also taught his beliefs in philosophy and math. Unfortunately, much of the life of Euclid was lost to history because of the rise of Christianity that forbid ancient studies, and it is only through references to his life by other scholars surviving pieces of literature, that we learn of his advancements in Geometric studies.  While different mathematicians contributed to the ideas found in Elements, it is Euclid who is credited with forming the ideas into the academic structure still used today.

Euclid did not want to simply understand the different math theories, but he wanted to prove them to show their significance to the world in which he lived.  For this reason, his work has been termed Euclidian Geometry (measurement of the earth in one mathematical system).  Euclid was not a simple thinker as he was thought to be one of the leading scholars of logical thinking during his time.  When society refers to him the Father of Geometry, they are not crediting him with the theories but saying he developed them into one area of study that helped to promote academic advancements.  Geometry is a complex area of study, and many people do not fully understand the significance of such a discovery. To understand the importance of Euclid, one must first understand Geometry, and what society has historically used it for to promote the progression of many fields of study.

Geometry is defined as, “a branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement, properties, and relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids; broadly:  the study of properties of given elements that remain invariant under specified transformations” (Merriam-Webster, n.d.).  The legacy of Euclid exists within the pages of his written work (translated from Greek into Arabic, Latin, and English) because many scholars, mathematicians, and scientists reflect on his studies as the basis for their own theory studies.

The Mathematics of Euclid: Elements

Euclid 1

Around 300BC, Euclid systematically took the random ideas and structured them into structured theorems in a collection of thirteen books he called Elements.  The collection of books were so popular that only one book surpassed publication, and that was the printing of the Bible.  A person was judged on intelligence if they read and understood the theorems in Elements.  So, what was the importance of this book, and why did everyone want to read and study it?

  • Thirteen Books of Elements
    • Books I – IV, and Book VI: Plane Geometry
    • Books V and X: Magnitudes and Ratios
    • Books VII – IX: Whole Numbers
    • Books XI – XIII: Solid Geometry (Shuttleworth, 2010)

Euclid was meticulous in dividing the books in Elements into specific areas of studies.  Books one, two, three, four, and six define plane geometry.  Books five and ten show theorems of magnitudes and ratios.  Books seven, eight, and nine discuss theorems in whole numbers.  Books ten, eleven, twelve, and thirteen all discussed theorems of solid geometry.  In total, the thirteen books together created a textbook that has been hailed as the blueprint for geometry.

Book I defines basic plane geometry that teaches triangles, area, and parallels.  Euclid included definitions of lines, points, straight lines, surface, the edges of any surface are lines, plane surface, plane angles, rectilinear, right and perpendicular, obtuse angle, acute angle, boundary, figure, circle, center, diameter, semicircle, rectilinear isosceles triangle, and acute-angled triangle.  Euclid goes on to define a square, an oblong, a rhombus, and a rhomboid.  He defined parallel lines as straight lines with the same plane and lines do not meet the other in both directions.  Book I’s postulates include drawing straight lines from point to point, producing finite straight lines that continued, define circle, center of circle, and radius of circle, right angles equal to other right angles, straight lines meeting other straight lines redefines them as interior angles.  Euclid also made five notions and 48 propositions.  The definitions defined the geometric concepts.  The postulates are axioms Euclid believed did not require proof.  The common notions are also axioms that are less common than the postulates, but they defined angles, plane figures, and solid figures (Clark University, 1998).  Book I may very well the most important part of the thirteen books as Euclid defined the beginnings of geometric teaching and structure.

Book II defines geometric algebra.  Euclid included two definitions on rectangular parallelogram (containing two straight lines with a right angle), and gnomon (the diameter of two compliments in a parallelogrammic area).  The fourteen propositions in book two define algebraic expressions (Clark University, 1998).  It is complemented by Book I in that plane geometry is the basis for Book II’s quadratic expressions. However, it is very much like the algebra used in modern society today.

Book III teaches circle theorems.  The eleven definitions define equal circles, circles touching lines, circles touching other circles, segments of circles, angles of segments, straight lines with angles, sectors of circles, and similar segments of circles.  In this book, there are 37 prepositions that proves circle theorems. The different theories include finding the center of a circle, circumference of circle with two points, straight lines through center, different centers when two circles combine or touch, points outside of a circle when straight line is drawn through a circle, points inside a circle, less than two points when a circle cuts in another circle (Clark University, 1998).

Book IV defines figures containing inscribed and circumscribed constructions of circle, squares, triangles, and pentagons.  The book includes seven definitions defining rectilinear figure that are inscribed in figures, circumscribed and pass through angles, inscribed in a circle, touches the circumference of a circle, or fitted in a circle when it ends at the circumference of a circle (Clark University, 1998).  Euclid used sixteen propositions to prove these theories.  Book four uses the work found in books one and three to support these theorems.

Book V defines abstract proportions in theorems on ratio and proportions.  The definitions introduce ideas like magnitude, multiple, ratio, magnitudes with the same ratio, proportional, equimultiples, proportions with three terms, three magnitudes with proportional values with duplicate rations, corresponding antecedents, alternate ratios, inverse ratios, rations taken jointly, conversion of a ratio, ex aequali, and perturbed proporation (Clark University, 1998).  Euclid provided proof in the twenty-five propositions in book five. Half of the propositions define multitudes of magnitudes or ratios, and the other half of them define ratios.

Book VI defines the theorems of geometric figures and proportions.  The definitions in this book define similar rectilinear figures, reciprocally related figures, extreme and mean ratios, and height of figure (Clark University, 1998).  There are thirty-three propositions included that define the propositions between lines, figures, angles, and circumferences.

Book VII defines number theorems. The twenty-two definitions include vocabulary like unit, number, part, multiple, even number, odd number, even-times-even number, even-times-odd number, odd-times-odd-number, prime number, prime numbers, composite numbers, relatively composite, multiply, plane, solid, sides, square number, cube, proportional, similar plane, solid numbers, and perfect numbers (Clark University, 1998).  Euclid’s propositions included ratios used as properties of prime numbers.

Book VIII continues propositions and number theory in introducing twenty-seven additional propositions.  These theories include theories involving advanced propositions on relatively prime numbers, proportions of ratios, proportions of square numbers, cubes with triplicate ratios, squares with duplicate ratios, measures of squares, cubic measures of numbers, numbers with similar planes, and similar solid numbers (Clark University, 1998).

Book IX continues number theory.  In this book, only thirty-six propositions are stated.  The theories define multiples of numbers with similar planes, multiplication of square numbers, multiplication of cubic numbers, continued proportions of prime and relatively prime numbers, even subtracted from even is even, odd subtracted from even numbers are odd, odd subtracted from odd is even, even numbers subtracted from odd numbers are odd, odd multiplied by even is even, and odd multiplied by odd equals an odd number. The rules go on to define odd numbers measure by even numbers to reduce a number by half, odd numbers using relatively prime numbers to double, and theory on even and odd multiplication of numbers (Clark University, 1998).

Book X defines the theories on the classification of incommensurables.  The book includes four definitions that introduce commensurable and incommensurable measurement in straight lines and squares, rational and irrational numbers, first/second/ third/fourth/fifth/sixth binomial, first/second/third/fourth/fifth/ sixth apotome (Clark University, 1998).  Euclid included one hundred and fifteen propositions that include theory continued to define how magnitudes either are commensurable (with measurement) or incommensurable (no common measurement).  Book ten proves that straight lines have measurable (finite) and unmeasurable (infinite) numbers that can be rational and irrational.  Binomials are two numbers used to produce an expression, and apotome defines the properties of lines.  The higher degree of binomial and apotome (first/second/third/fourth/fifth/sixth) will produce more complicated algebraic expressions.

Book XI defines solid geometry theory.  It contains twenty-eight definitions that introduce vocabulary like solid, face of solid, right angles of straight lines, inclination of straight line, inclination of a plane, similarly inclined, parallel planes, similar solid figures, equal and similar solid figures, solid angle, pyramid, prism, semicircle with fixed diameter, axis a of sphere, center of a sphere, diameter of a sphere, right triangle, cones that are right, obtuse, or acute-angled, axis of cone, base, rectangular parallelogram, axis of cylinder, bases, similar cones and cylinders, cube, octahedron, icosahedron, and dodecahedron (Clark University, 1998).  The propositions again show how straight lines parallel straight lines, perpendicular lines, straight lines with angles, parallel lines with planes, solid angles, and parallelepipedal solids define theorems of solid geometry.

Book XII defines measurement and figures to which both were defines in a previous book.  The book in twelve contains only eighteen propositions to define more complex geometric structures like polygons, pyramids, cones, cylinders, and spheres.

            Book XIII defined theories of regular solids.  Like book XII, XIII relied on only eighteen propositions as further proof of solid geometry. Straight lines, rational straight lines, equilateral pentagons, equiangular pentagons, hexagons, decagons seemed to further define Euclid’s straight line theory.   In addition, he wrote about the rules for constructing pyramids, octahedrons, cubes in spheres, icosahedron, and dodecahedron.  Based on Book X’s theories on apotome, he shows how to construct the five figured shapes (straight line theory) for comparison in this part of Elements.

The thirteen books collectively define the basis for geometry studies.  The theories further define the basic principles of how geometry should be used by mathematicians.  For many centuries, Euclidean Geometry has been used to influence many fields of study.

The Real-World Applications of Euclid’s Elements

Society can see the influence of mathematics by studying the history of technology, art, nature, engineering, astronomy, medicine, fashion, architecture, and physics, and other fields.   In the 9th century, a Persian mathematician named Mohammed ibn-Musa al-Khowarizmi, used Euclid’s work on Algebra found in Book II to develop algorithms that multiplied and divided numbers quickly.  Today, algorithms are used in technology in many different ways.  One successful use of algorithms can be found in policing.  In Memphis, Tennessee, in 2005, the police began using a new system called CRUSH (Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History) to target crime areas.  Algorithms helped to predict where the crimes would take place.  Research shows, “It’s putting the right people in the right places on the right day at the right time,” said Dr. Richard Janikowski, an associate professor in the department of criminology and criminal justice at the University of Memphis, when the scheme launched” (Guardian News, 2016).   By using this form of math, crime fell by 24% that was contributed directly to the program.  Another program that uses algorithms is the US National Security Agency (NSA). In addition, electronic banking, internet searches, and trading all depend on algorithm programs.  Dr. Panos Parpas said, “They’ve been used for decades – back to Alan Turing and the codebreakers, and beyond – but the current interest in them is due to the vast amounts of data now being generated and the need to process and understand it. They are now integrated into our lives” (Guardian News, 2016).  It further defines how important Algebraic Geometry is to modern society.

Another real world application of Euclid’s mean ratio theorems from Book V and VI is found in the work of Leonardo Da Vinci (1509AD).  Today, society terms this work as the Golden Ratio that many artists used to produce art that was both beautiful and balanced.  Da Vinci used the work of Fibonacci’s nature theory (1200AD) directly, but his work was influenced by Euclid’s work on ratios of 1:1.618.   The use of Euclid is found in Da Vinci’s Golden Pyramid, Golden Rectangle (Mona Lisa), Golden Ratio (Last Supper), and Golden Pyramid (Madonna on the Rocks) that shows how ratio, mean, and straight-line theory influenced art.

Euclid 2

Da Vinci’s work led to other advances in math and science.  However, his art influenced his own thoughts on anatomy, technology (scissors), and engineering (parachutes and helicopters).   Many of his ideas were just thoughts he put on paper, but many inventors and scholars founded modern day mathematics based on his ideas.  However, in 2001, a group of engineers took one of his sketches called the Golden Horn Bridge that was 240 meters long.  The bridge was never built.  In 2016, students at Eindhoven University of Technology, in Juuka, Finland, brought Da Vinci’s ideas to life in a project called Bridge of Ice.  While Da Vinci imagined stone, these students are using frozen water to construct the pedestrian bridge.

For 2,300 years, Euclid’s work has been the foundation for academic studies and scientific advances.  As Euclid laid the groundwork for the future, many men and women used his work to promote the society in which they were a part of.  In so doing, it created the society we live in today where Euclidean geometry is used in every part of our lives from banking to technology.  Many of the greatest mathematicians, scientists, and artists lay their success at the feet of Euclid’s Elements.  The books also dared men to prove him wrong which led to the discovery of Non-Euclidean Geometry.  To date, some might argue that Euclid remains the most influential mathematician in history.  His work dares men to question, to use logical thinking, and to dream of the possibilities the world offers. Because his work was transcribed from papyrus rolls by many different men over time, it also offers people who love math to continue to question and test his theories.  In so doing, it leads new minds to rethink old idea that often leads to new discoveries in math. It also dares people today to answer questions people have yet to ponder.  In so doing, his work continues to influence the world in which we live.

Works Cited

Clark University.  (1998). Euclid’s Elements.  Department of Mathematics and Computer Science.  Retrieved on February 19, 2016, from website http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/elements.html

Guardian News.  (2016). “How Algorithms Rule the World.” Retrieved on March 10, 2016 from website https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jul/01/how-algorithms-rule-world-nsa

Huffington Post.  (2016).  Students Build a Bridge Based on A Leonardo Di Vinci Sketch.  Image.  Retrieved on March 11, 2016, from website http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/students-build-a-bridge-based-on-a-leonardo-da-vinci-sketch-using-nothing-but-ice_us_568aa0bfe4b06fa68882e1eb

Library of Congress.  (n.d.). Euclid, Elements. In Greek. Parchment. Ninth century. Image.  Retrieved on February 27, 2016, from website http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/vatican/images/math01.jpg

Geometry. (n.d.). Retrieved February 27, 2016, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geometry

Mathematician Pictures.  (n.d.).  Leonardo Da Vinci and The Golden Ratio. Image. Retrieved on March 10, 2016, from website http://www.mathematicianspictures.com/LEONARDO_DA_VINCI_GOLDEN_RATIO_GOLDEN_MEAN/Leonardo_Da_Vinci_Golden_Ratio_Golden_Mean.htm

Sarton, G. (1936). The study of the history of mathematics (pp. 43-53). Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Shuttleworth, Mary. (May 12, 2010).  Euclid, the Father of Geometry.  Retrieved on February 19, 2016, from website https://explorable.com/euclid

1 thought on “Euclid: Birth of Geometry”

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Friday, 29 Sep, 12.35 pm

Why Lord Krishna Never Married Radha

Radha and Krishna - Without Radha, Krishna is incomplete and without Krishna, Radha cannot be complete. Modern-day couples have been inspired by the eternal love story of Radha and Krishna. Even after so many eras, heavenly couple Radha-Krishna is worshipped together not only by youths but by everyone.

With Krishna, Radha is considered to be the supreme goddess as she is said to command Lord Krishna.

Listening to krishna and radha enchanting love story, many of the devotees end up thinking why Lord Krishna never married Radha.

According to various researches and studies conducted, it is said that Lord Krishna never married Radha as he believed; love and marriage are two different things. According to the Vedas, Krishna believed that marriage is an agreement or arrangement while love is a selfless emotion where you pledge to love someone with purified nature. Radha and Krishna love story is an exemplary for teens where he says marriage is materialistic.

Furthermore, Radha was in love with Krishna so much that she believed Krishna was God and she used to love him as a devotee. She was lost in 'bhakti love' which people started mistaking as a physical love. Radha and Krishna love is taken as a relationship between a devotee and God.

Radha and Krishna are not separate

According to the facts believed, Radha is not separate from Krishna. Lord Krishna has various types of energies and you need two individuals to get married. Also, Radha is Lord Krishna's energy which pleases him. Therefore it is believed that Radha and Krishna are two different manifestations of the divine principle.

In order to show that Radha and Krishna relationship was not physical but it was actually the eminent level of love between the two, Lord Krishna did not marry Radha. It is said that it was the highest devotion of love expressed by a human (Radha) to Lord Krishna (The God). According to the Vedic scriptures, the love shared between Radha and Krishna cannot be compared to any other mythological or love stories from history.

One more story supports the idea which says Radha refused to marry Krishna because she felt she doesn't fit in the place. According to Radha, people would never want Lord Krishna to marry a cowgirl. They would surely want Lord Krishna to marry a princess. However, Lord Krishna reassured Radha about the marriage and her status in the society, but she was firm in her decision. Also, there is one more theory which says that because Krishna and Radha are one soul, Krishna says that how can he marry his own soul.

He explained the world that Krishna and Radha are one and not different from each other in existence or spirit.


Based on an intensive literature review, this paper investigates and presents generalized answers to the two basic questions of port governance, namely who governs and what is governed. There are totally 77 studies selected as the core literature sample according to a five-step approach. The results from literature review show evidences in favor of the important roles played by governmental organizations and port organizations as the main governing bodies of port governance. Furthermore, our analysis shows first, that multilevel governance has become a notable feature of port governance. Second, there are increasing involvements by national or regional levels of government in some countries such as the USA, Brazil, China. Third, port authorities at local level are generally holding the centre-stage position with further autonomy in managing port operations. Fourth, not-for-profit organizations related to port activities play the role of coordinators in port governance. Finally, different governance regimes with different specific governing actors for different port classifications can be identified for many nations. This study shows that fundamentally institutional arrangements and specific port activities are the two basic categories of what is governed. The institutional arrangements determine the port governance configuration and allocation of responsibilities of port activities. There are 12 groups of specific port activities within five categories identified in port governance.

Additional Metadata
Keywords Governed objects, Governing actors, Port governance
Persistent URL,
Journal Transport Policy
Zhang, Q. (Qiang), Geerlings, H, El Makhloufi, A. (Abdel), & Chen, S. (Shun). (2018). Who governs and what is governed in port governance. Transport Policy, 64, 51–60. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.01.019


Tahini Recipe By Vah Chef Butter Chicken

tahini recipe by vah chef butter chicken

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Tahini Recipe By Vah Chef Butter Chicken

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Our Review/Thoughts

I am currently attending weight watchers meetings and the accuracy of these scales is keeping me on track

While I cannot actually read the numbers without my glasses on, I can identify when the display blinks (indicating that it has completed the measurement) and can then step off the scale and bend down to read the numbers easily

Very quick delivery and best scales I have ever had

They are inconspicuous enough to be kept anywhere, the display is very large and lights up, and they turn on instantly when you stand on them instead of having to press a button beforehand

Nice bright constant display These are excellent, no nonsense weighing scales

The large digital read-out makes it easy to see


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Historians' Corner - A firestorm where the Guard began: Great Salem fire of 1914

By Bill Boehm | National Guard Bureau | June 25, 2014

ARLINGTON, Va. - Salem, Massachusetts, possesses some of the richest history in the United States, owing to its early status as an international trading port on the Atlantic Ocean in the early days of the republic. Here, merchants exchanged goods with China and India as far back as the 18th century. This far-flung trade afforded Salem a lofty status and worldly presence throughout the 19th century within a medium-sized community.

Salem is also recognized as the birthplace of the National Guard, America's oldest military organization. On December 13, 1636, as proscribed by order of the Massachusetts Bay Colony General Court, all able-bodied males from age 16 to 60 were required to assemble and train on a given date in the implementation of military tactics for the common defense of the community and the colony. "The First Muster" took place the following spring. When called upon, these militiamen would defend the lives and property in that community against domestic and foreign incursions. President Barack Obama recognized the establishment of the nation's first militia through executive order in January 2013.

Another more recent event of the early 20th century shaped Salem's existence. The Great Salem Fire, which started on June 25, 1914, endures as one of the most damaging urban blazes of the 20th century. Nearly 1,400 buildings burned over two days in this city of about 48,000. The event helped shape the evolution of modern fire prevention techniques and institute widespread safeguards to minimize the multiple risks of fires.

The Massachusetts National Guard, the product of the act that formed America's oldest military organization, played a key role during this milestone inferno. It performed its appointed tasks as a domestic response unit ready to respond in the face of disaster that struck the city of its origin.

The Korn Leather Factory at 57 Boston Street experienced a fierce explosion at 1:37 p.m. on a hot Thursday afternoon. This facility did not have any sprinkler system. Strong winds and dry atmospheric conditions served to have the Korn Factory flames leap to adjacent buildings, as the fire spread quickly throughout the afternoon. The flames moved southward toward other industrial buildings in the section of the city known as "Blubber Hollow" from early whaling days. Alarm bells rang shortly thereafter to summon the volunteer firefighting corps.

After the initial alarm was sounded, officers of Company "H" of the 8th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment and the Second Corps of Cadets based in Salem (now known as the 1st Battalion, 102nd Field Artillery, Massachusetts National Guard) happened to be drilling at the nearby community of Newbury that afternoon. The officers responded to the call relayed to them by telephone, traveling south by car from the drill site to lend their services. While those officers were in transit, privates and non-commissioned officers assembled at the Salem armory to prepare and assist in the relief efforts.

Sergeant C. D. Brown of the Hospital Corps Detachment of the Second Corps of Cadets and his squad of five men arrived at the fire before any other National Guard personnel. Some Soldiers established aid stations after their arrival at the scene. Among the officers, Lt. E.A. Rushford, surgeon of the Second Corps of Cadets, arrived at 5 P.M. from Newbury. Rushford started then to administer first aid stations. He established four dressing stations which shifted as needed, following the course of the fickle firestorm.

By 7 p.m., mutual aid came from fire departments located in 22 cities and towns in northeastern Massachusetts, including Boston, Beverly, Everett, Gloucester, Lawrence, Lynn, Marblehead, Peabody and Somerville. As was the case with the National Guard contingent from adjacent communities coming together when the alarms sounded, regional fire companies rallied to the aid of their neighboring city.

By the morning of Friday, June 26, 1,700 Massachusetts National Guard Soldiers were in Salem to lend assistance. This included 12 companies from the Eighth Massachusetts Infantry Regiment; four companies of the Second Corps of Cadets from Salem, as well as seven companies of the Ninth Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. To compliment the larger units, the Commonwealth's adjutant general assigned a company of Coast Artillery Corps based in Chelsea and another company of the Naval Brigade from Lynn. This group was rounded out with one company of the Second Regiment, a detail from the First Corps of Cadets, a detail from the Hospital Corps and a detail from the Signal Corps.

The Salem Armory also became the relief headquarters and clearinghouse for the many fire victims, similar to the role that other armories would serve in other large-scale disasters. This served as a "command and control" center for the Guard units in coordinating the multiple assignments necessary to safely and effectively aid the other civilian relief agencies, as well as the fire and police employees.

The Massachusetts Guard published General Order No. 1 on the evening of June 25. This guided the flow of activity for the entire time of duty. It restricted access to the area that sustained the worst fire damage and placed Salem into four separate districts guarded by multiple companies. This ensured the area would be placed under a secure curfew, described as "semi-martial law." The restrictions allowed firefighters to fight intense fires still burning and ensured the prevention of unnecessary injury or criminal mischief.

A second general order dealt with logistical and criminal procedures. It designated one-way streets and, in the early age of automobiles in the United States, ensured that military and emergency vehicles had proper right-of-way to the affected city blocks. Looters would be shot on sight. Aside from one incident of a resident reentering the guarded area during the height of the operation, no other confrontations marred recovery efforts.

Refugee camps, food distribution, recovery

The First and Second Corps of Cadets commissary department oversaw the distribution of food at the Second Corps armory, with an estimated 2,500 people given food and coffee on the evening of June 26. For each of the following four days of June, Guardsmen issued about 6,000 rations. Into July, the food supply was turned over to the city's general committee in charge. In all, the cost of feeding the refugees amounted to $2,200 per day.

With hundreds rendered homeless, the Soldiers also managed the distribution of food and beverages at "breadlines" open in camp and park locations outside the fire perimeter. The Guard served in a prominent role supporting civil authorities and worked in unison with other relief organizations such as the American Red Cross, which tended medical stations in some of the four distinct tent cities located around the city of Salem.

Salem's celebrated historic district of Federal-era homes was spared from damage due to a change in the direction of the winds, yet the quantity of damage covered a section of asymmetrical city blocks that measured 1 ½ miles long by ½ mile wide. The south end of the fire zone reached the Palmer's Cove region that housed the Salem wharves.

After the fire had subsided on June 26, crowd control became an issue. Curiosity seekers from North Shore area communities traveled to Salem to view the damages for themselves. Photographs from June 29 published in the Boston Globe show what turned out to be thousands of people walking along city streets and viewing the damage. Although the fire was largely extinguished by this date, the companies from the Massachusetts Guard had another detail present to contain among the refugees and damaged property. Fortunately, no record of any disturbances involved the mass of people who wanted to view the damage.

Finally, after 12 days of duty to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the National Guard Soldiers received word that they were to be relieved at 8 p.m. July 7, 1914. The entire operation for the 1,700-man contingent cost the state $50,000.00 at that time ($1.1 million in 2014 dollars).

Given the magnitude of the fire, the casualty information reveals surprising data. Although 1,376 buildings burned in the blaze out of over 5,000 structures in the city limits, only three people died from the fire, although more than 60 people were injured. The stress in the resultant time after the event took place in the days following also attributed to other deaths in the city at the time. However, the effect was almost instantaneously devastating to the Salem economy: 18,000 residents lost their homes, 10,000 lost their jobs because of the ruined businesses.

Lessons learned; the city today

Given the physical demands of fighting a large fire and lack of mechanized equipment, the process of transitioning from this traumatic event is quite remarkable. The recovery effort lasted 12 days while the Massachusetts National Guard stood watch and administered aid to Salem.

The rebuilding process went forth after the community assessed the devastation. By February 1915, the city filed 353 building permits in the burned district appraised at $2.5 million. This helped the community regain its composure in the aftermath of the tragedy.

Also, improved vigilance regarding building codes, building construction, fire prevention systems, and other factors allowed the city to retain its unique character and many of its historic features. Today, the event's physical presence is seen chiefly via historic markers and among the events that commemorate the Great Salem Conflagration.

The Great Fire also marked the early stages of what would be larger demographic changes in Salem. Through the 20th century, Salem's industrial economic base evolved into one that saw the region become a tourist center and service-based economy for the burgeoning residential areas in Essex County. The large number of apparel and manufacturing plants, which typified so many New England communities of the Industrial Revolution years, largely disappeared from the area over successive decades. Salem's identity with the 17th century witch trials and its cultural heritage, displayed prominently at the Peabody Essex Museum and other sites, reflect the modern face of Salem in 2014.

The 1914 fire changed Salem greatly in 100 years since it occurred, but one of its earliest institutions, the National Guard, continues as a central part of the community at large and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, functioning through war, internal strife, natural and manmade disasters.


1. What is the relationship between the radius and the diameter?

a. the radius is the length of the boundary of a circle, the diameter is the width of a circle

b. the radius is the amount of space enclosed by a circle, the diameter is the width of a circle

c. the diameter is equal to the radius squared

d. the diameter is equal to two times the radius

2. Which of the following is defined as a volume of fluid that passes over a specific surface area in a given unit of time?

a. flow rate

b. flow speed

c. flux

d. velocity

3. Square feet of filter media surface area in a cylindrical tank (square feet in a round tank) can be obtained by the formula:

a. length times width

b. 3.1416 (π) times diameter squared

c. 3.1416 (π) times radius squared

d. area of the base times height

4. It is desired to filter eight gallons per minute (gpm) through two parallel depth filters at a maximum loading of 10 gpm per square foot of surface area. What is the minimum diameter of the two filter tanks (each filter will assume one-half the eight gpm flow)?

5. What backwash flow rate is required in gpm to backwash a nine-inch diameter filter if the desired backwash flux is 18 gpm per square foot?

6. Assuming no short circuiting through six feet of water flow in a 30-inch diameter retention tank, what is the detention time when the flow rate is eight gpm?

7. How much of a gallon of sodium hypochlorite is required to dose a well at 100 milligrams of chlorine per liter of water in the well? The casing diameter is six inches and the length of the water-filled casing is 80 feet. Sodium hypochlorite is 5.25 percent or 52,500 milligrams of chlorine per liter.

8. A submersible well pump delivers 30 gpm against typical operating heads. If the desired chlorine dose is five milligrams per liter, what should be the chlorine feed rate in pounds per day?

9. Estimate the desired strength (as a percent of chlorine) of a hypochlorite solution being pumped by a hypochlorinator that delivers 10 gallons per day. The water being treated requires a chlorine feed rate of 1.8 pounds of chlorine per day.

10. How many gallons of water must be added to one gallon of a 5.25 percent hypochlorite solution to produce a 2.16 percent hypochlorite solution?

 11. Estimate the gallons of hypochlorite solution pumped by a hypochlorinator if the hypochlorite solution is in a container with a diameter of 18 inches, and the hypochlorite level drops five inches during a specified time period.


Individual Therapy:

In general, the goal of therapy is to talk through mental health issues and help clients heal, grow, and move toward more productive, psychologically healthy lives.  Good therapy is client-driven, and specific goals for therapy will be determined by you and your therapist.

Couple’s Counseling:

Marriage counseling helps couples of all types recognize and resolve conflicts and improve connection in their relationships. In couple therapy, the relationship is the client.  The attachment perspective gives the couple’s therapist a meaningful and effective map to the drama of distress between partners. It guides the therapist in the pivotal moments in a couples interactions and why they matter so much; it offers the therapist a guide to each partner’s deepest needs and strongest emotions.

When the practice of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy or EFT, is successfully implemented, each partner becomes a source of security, protection, and contact comfort for the other.  Each partner can then assist the other in regulating negative affect and constructing a positive and potent sense of self.  The goal of EFT is to reprocess experience and reorganize interactions to create a bond between partners, a sense of secure connectedness.  The focus is always on attachment concerns involving safety, trust, and contact.  Once a couple has created a more secure bond, even when they become distressed and vulnerable, conflict and insecurities become more clear and less onerous which leads to healing.  The healing process is made up of bonding events which creates a new cycle of closeness and affirmation.

Teen Therapy:

As children and adolescents grow, they are constantly in the process of developing the social skills and emotional intelligence necessary to lead healthy, happy lives. When teens experience emotions or engage in behaviors that interfere with their happiness and ability to thrive, they may benefit from meeting with a mental health professional such as a therapist or counselor. Parents and their teen often attend therapy sessions together, as therapy can be a safe space in which to address the thoughts, feelings, and emotions experienced by all members.

Adolescents become more independent and begin to form identities based on experimentation with new behaviors and roles. Puberty usually occurs during this stage of life, bringing with it a host of physical and emotional changes. Changes during these often volatile adolescent years may strain parent-adolescent relationships, especially when new behaviors go beyond experimentation and cause problems at school or home, or if emotional highs and lows persist and lead to experiences such as anxiety or depression.

Transitions for adolescents through the family life cycle can be stressful because they challenge attachment bonds between family members. Open communication and the processing of primary attachment emotions are crucial when family systems change. When family members are insecurely attached, such open communication is difficult, and people tend to get stuck in absorbing states of secondary defensive affect. Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) can be particularly helpful by encouraging family members to express primary emotions. This expression then fosters renegotiation of bonds and the clarification of attachment needs and concerns.

Family Therapy:

  • Financial Issues
  • Grief
  • Substance Abuse
  • Behavioral issues and academic concerns in children and adolescents
  • Mental Health Concerns
  • Separation, divorce, or blended family adjustments
  • Chronic Illness

Families can benefit from therapy when they experience any stressful event that may strain family relationships.  The goal of family counseling is to promote understanding and collaboration among family members in order to solve the problems of one or more individuals. For example, if a child is having social and academic problems, therapy will focus on the family patterns that may contribute to the child’s acting out, rather than evaluating the child’s behavior alone. As the family uncovers the source of the problem, they can learn to support the child and other family members and work proactively on minimizing or altering the child’s unwanted behavior.

Therapeutic Rock


The theory of utilitarianism by john stuart mill as a development of the earlier theory of jeremy be

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Join us for this analysis of nineteenth century british philosopher john stuart mill, whose radical political and ethical ideas based in utilitarianism have had a profound effect in the final . John stuart mill: ethics the ethical theory of john stuart mill (1806-1873) is most extensively articulated in his classical text utilitarianism (1861) its goal is to justify the utilitarian principle as the foundation of morals. Utilitarianism this article discusses utilitarian ethical theory for a that one’s intentions are also ethically important unlike discussion of john stuart mill's book utilitarianism, see other forms of consequentialism, such as egoism, utilitar-. The main principle of utilitarian moral theory, the principle of utility, states that the right action is the one that produces the most overall happiness john stuart mill adapted jeremy bentham .

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John stuart mill believed in an ethical theory known as utilitarianism and his theory is based on the principle of giving the greatest happiness . Originally published in 1861, john stuart mill's utilitarianism systematically details and defends the doctrine of the moral theory of utilitarianism arguing first that what might be termed a morally good action is one that increases the general sum of happiness in the world, mill then says that general principles of justice should be based on . – john stuart mill john stuart mill defines utilitarianism as a theory based on the principle that “actions are right in proportions as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness” (sparknotes editors) there are a few important aspects of this definition. Choose from 500 different sets of utilitarianism flashcards on quizlet he revised the theory of utilitarianism did john stuart mill design/ advocate besides .

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