Consider the methods used by processes P1 and P2 for accessing their critical sections whenever needed, as given below.
The initial values of shared boolean variables S1 and S2 are randomly assigned.

Method used by PIMethod used by P2
while (S1 = = S2) ;while (S1 != S2) ;
Critica1 SectionCritica1 Section
S1 = S2;S2 = not (S1);

Which one of the following statements describes the properties achieved?
Option (A)
Mutual exclusion but not progress
Option (B)
Progress but not mutual exclusion
Neither mutual exclusion nor progress
Both mutual exclusion and progress
Correct Option:
Question Solution:
Both the processes cannot be there simultaneously in critical section, so it will satisfy mutual exclusion,


Facts on rainforest tree frogs

Updated February 21, 2017

Tree frogs live in rain forests around the world where they rely on the forest's humidity and large amounts of rainfall to keep them hydrated. Unlike other types of frogs that spend most of their time in the water, tree frogs live on vegetation and trees high above the ground where they hunt for insects. An added benefit of staying in the trees is that the frogs avoid predators of rain forest waters.

The world's rainforests contain a variety of tree frogs including the red-eyed tree frog of Central America with its neon green body and bright red eyes used to scare predators. The clown tree frog, a brown and yellow frog, spends most of its life in underground burrows where it catches small vertebrates for food. The African big-eye tree frog sports huge eyes and a camouflaged body to help it blend in with its environment. The Pacific tree frog makes its home in the Pacific Northwest rainforest. It relies on small pools of water or shaded places during dry periods, only coming out at night to hunt.

Several species of tree frogs live in tropical rain forests in the Amazon River Basin in South America, Indonesia, Australia and the Congo Basin. Tree frogs also thrive in temperate rain forests along the Pacific Coast in Washington and Canada.

Tree frogs rely on expanded circular disks under their toes that help them climb trees and vegetation. They catch beetles, flies, spiders, ants, moths, flies, grasshoppers and other insects with their long, sticky tongues. Tree frogs also eat smaller frogs. The frogs secrete a waxy coating that allows them to stay moist without going near bodies of water. Red-eyed tree frogs grow up to 3 inches in length while the largest frog, the giant tree frog, reaches 5 inches in length. Female tree frogs almost always grow larger than the males.

Males attract females by chorusing. The female lays 400 to 750 eggs on vegetation in tropical rain forests or in small bodies of water in temperate rain forests. The male then fertilises the eggs. Within two to three weeks, the eggs hatch, and shortly thereafter turn into tadpoles. Six weeks later, the tadpoles turn into juvenile frogs at which time they leave the water and climb onto trees and vegetation where they'll spend most of their adult lives.

Tree frogs must stay moist since respiration occurs through their skin. In tropical rain forests, tree frogs live in the trees where the high humidity and rainstorms give them great mobility to move around the trees. They seldom come down to the ground except to lay eggs on the ground or on vegetation. Laying their eggs on the ground helps avoid predators such as fish, shrimp and aquatic insects who like to eat frog eggs. In temperate rain forests, tree frogs mostly live on plants and trees close to bodies of water. They move down to swamps, ponds and marshes to mate and lay their eggs.

Survival Skills

Each tree frog sports a unique feature such as the red-eyed tree frog with its bulging red eyes. When the frog closes its eyes, it blends in with the foliage, but if a predator approaches, it opens its eyes, momentarily stopping the predator. Those few seconds allow the frog to escape. The white-lipped tree frog relies on camouflage to stay safe from predators, changing its colour depending on what type of foliage it sits on.

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Choreography Questions and Answers

Can I group effects in my show into different groups and hide/show by group?

To hide or show groups of effects, you can make groups by using the "Track" feature in the Firing View. One of the columns in the Firing View is TRK. You can edit this field by changing the "Select only" selector in the Firing View to "Edit cells" and then typing into the TRK column. You can set the TRK for a range of effects by selecting the desired effects and setting the TRK on all of them at once. To select the effects, shift-click rows on the Firing View or shift-click effects on the timeline. You can also select all the effects at a launch position with the command "Edit > Select all at launch position". To set the TRK for all the selected fireworks, do the action on the right of the Firing View: "Actions > Change track". Once you set up your groups, you can hide and show groups using the "All tracks" filter on the Firing View.

If I script a show with an inventory, and then need to update all PFT times, how do I refresh the times into the script?

Once you have inserted an effect into a script, the effect is decoupled from inventory. Changes to the definition of the effect in inventory will not retroactively change any effects already added to shows. If you only need to refresh the PFT or other properties of a few products, you can do it in the Firing View by selecting all instances of the desired effect, and then from the Actions menu doing "Replace effect." Doing this global replacement operation will update the effect with the new definition and PFT, preserving the effect time in the script.

If you need to update a lot of effects (which was actually your question), the "Replace effect" technique would be tedious one by one. A natural solution would be a menu item called "Show > Update effects" or something of that nature but at the time of this writing Finale doesn't yet have that function. The best solution for now may be to export the script to the Finale Generic CSV format from the file menu, and then to edit the CSV in Excel deleting all columns except Item Name, Launch Position, Product ID, Angles and Effect Time*, and then to re-import the the script as a show ("File > Import show"). Choose the option to match effects when asked during the import process. This procedure will re-create the show from current effects in inventory matching the Product IDs, inserted at the effect times. Make sure to delete the Prefire Delay and Ignition Seconds columns or they will override the prefire defined in the inventory.

To script a fan of candles into one cue, I am guessing the ''Make chain'' function is the way to do it?

If your fan of candles is in fact a chain of candles, then the Make chain function is right, but if your candles are unchained effects all e-matched to the same pin, then you do not need to chain them. Finale will automatically put simultaneous effects on the same pin if the firing system or module is configured to allow it.

You just need to make sure to configure your firing system's Max e-matches per pin in Finale to be large enough to allow all the candles to be e-matched to the same pin. The menu items "Show > Addressing options" and "Show > Set firing system > Customize" give you options to set the e-matches per pin globally for the show. If you are adding modules explicitly to the launch positions, then edit the launch position and click "Edit modules" to edit its modules and then set the Max e-matches per pin for each module.

I have specific quantities of products for a show. How can I count up or count down from these pre-defined quantities?

You need to create a "pack list" for the show, which is an Excel spreadsheet with two columns: Product ID, and Quantity. Each row specifies the number of items of that type of product to be used in the show. After creating your Excel spreadsheet, save it as a CSV and then in Finale, do "Effects > Import/export to pack list > Import target quantities from CSV" to set the "target quantities" for the show based on your spreadsheet. Then switch to Inventory View (control-i), and change the "All quantities" filter to "Show or Target > 0". After doing that, the Inventory View will only show the effects that you have added to the show or that you need to add to the show, and it will tell you exactly how many more you need to add. For further instructions, click here.

How can I make waterfalls that come from the ceiling indoors?

Take a picture of the stage and upload it as your background picture. Then insert many launch positions and change their height by right-clicking on the launch position to edit it, then clicking "edit properties" in the upper right, then changing the height to be the height of the launch position. On the screen it will appear raised into the sky depending on the height you set. After raising it to be the correct height for the picture, then you can add a fountain to it, then rotate the fountain angle to aim down. You can also edit the fountain effect to reduce the force of the particles so they fall more lightly.

Sometimes it is hard to grab an effect in the Sky View. Is there another way to move effects to another launch position?

Indoor effects in particular are small and difficult to grab to move. In addition to dragging items in the Sky View, you can also change their launch position directly from the Firing View, by pressing control-F for the Firing View, then changing the selector "Select only" to "Edit cells" and then clicking the launch position cell of the row of the effect you want to move.

I am unable to chain together some types of effects. I get a message that says the operation does not support aggregate devices such as cakes, chains, or shells with bouquets. What do I do?

To chain aggregate devices like cakes or shells with bouquets, you need to select each one and do "Effect / Break apart cake" to split it into its constituent simulations, and then use one of its constituents to represent the full effect. You can chain the individual constituents.

Categories: Category_Choreography, Category_Questions_and_Answers


World's longest animal is now a plankton!!!

9:16 AM by Petar

The crew of the research ship Tara sent two and a half years and 70,000 miles tracking plankton, microscopic organisms that drift on the oceans' currents.
The longest animal is a type of plankton called siphonophores, which is a relative of jellyfish and corals.
The siphonophores are huge colonies of tiny organisms that gang together and specialise so that they appear to be a single complex animal.
During their voyage, the scientists logged 1.35 million previously unknown species.
source: telegraph


Bb Blues – Lap Steel Guitar Everything Chords and Solo

Bb Blues

What is Jazz?

So Jazz seems to be a common term for:

“Jazz spans a period of over a hundred years, encompassing a range of music from ragtime to jazz-rock fusion of the 1970s and 1980s, and has proved to be difficult to define. Jazz makes heavy use of improvisationpolyrhythmssyncopation and the swung note,[2] as well as aspects of European harmony”

But this seems historical and not my experience. In fact mastery of ones instrument feels like a better definition of Jazz. Knowledge of scales, chords, inversions, melody, harmony, passing tones and improvisation through mood.

So my approach is freedom on the instrument. Call it Jazz but I call it Freedom.

Melodic Minor Modes

So in an effort to continue on my Jazz journey. I have just started my melodic minor modes. So helpful in expanding your ears on what notes you probably wouldn’t consider. At times it feels as though you may want to veer away from the recommended scale tones but I’m hanging in there and realising in approaching it I can first treat it like the Major modes. i.e.. Use one shape and go from there.


What is Pharyngitis?

Pharyngitis is a condition that is characterized by a sore throat that is caused by inflammation of the back of the throat (also known as the pharynx). It is quite common and may include painful throat symptoms such as soreness, discomfort, pain, or itchiness. Pharyngitis usually occurs along with another illness such as a cold, the flu, or mononucleosis.

Pharyngitis is caused by swelling in the back of the throat between the tonsils and the larynx. It most often occurs during cold and flu seasons when viral infections are prevalent. It usually spreads between people by breathing in bacteria or viruses that are spread in the air, or by touching surfaces or objects that have been exposed with germs.

Risk factors for pharyngitis include:

·       Cold and flu seasons

·       Being in close contact with someone who has a sore throat or cold

·       Smoking or being exposed to secondhand smoke

·       Frequent sinus infections

·       Allergies

Symptoms of pharyngitis may include:

·       Sore throat

·       Fever

·       Headache

·       Joint pain and muscle aches

·       Skin rashes

·       Swollen lymph glands in the neck

Treatment and home remedies

·       Medications such as Tylenol, Advil and Motrin can help (antibiotics if caused by a virus)

·       Getting good rest and sleep

·       Avoiding alcohol and smoking

·       Drinking tea with honey or lemon

·       Gargling with warm salt water

·       Drinking cold liquids or sucking on fruit-flavored ice pops

·       Sucking on throat lozenges

·       Breathing in steam from a vaporizer or humidifier


Home / Essays / Responsibilities of a Private Security Manager

Responsibilities of a Private Security Manager

The primary responsibilities of a private security manager are to conduct and oversee all the operations systems and programs of the organization. The key tasks of this position are planning and managing. A private security manager is very different from a law enforcing officer (Markowitz & Fabozzi, 2002). A manager is employed by a company and not the government. A private security manager has minimal rights to some core activities of state law enforcement like issuing orders for detaining people or holding weapons.

To ensure that there is a safe environment in the places in which a company offers services, a private security manager must plan all the operations. For instance, recruiting and training staff as well as drawing up duty timetable. To ensure that security policies, practices and procedures are adhered to by the staff in executing their duties, a manager has to plan for the communication of such guidelines to the whole team (Hess, 2008). A manager also has to plan for the regular scheduled meetings of the board members, the departmental supervisors and the annual general meetings.

The second responsibility of a private security manager is to report. He must make several consultations with both the upper and the lower management teams when there is an opportunity and need for improvement in security services. He is also expected to produce regular security reports for the company management board or the proprietors. Similarly, he should make security related reports to the police from time to time as may deem fit. He should also prepare staff progress and remuneration report for every financial period.

Private security managers must come up with distinct and specific programs for training security personnel and other staff in matters of security laws and procedures (Hess, 2008). In this particular case a private security manager will have to lead, train and talk with his juniors and seniors as well.

Two theories applicable to the private security field

The two theories that are applicable in private security provision are the contingency and systems theories. Contingency theory proposes that to make decisions, managers must consider all the current conditions before taking steps in relation to a given situation (Hess, 2008). For example, if there is a need to identify the best manager or a management style such that a private security company might decide that the best style of management is the one that relies on the current situation to formulate solutions for now and the future. This company essentially uses this theory for its management decisions. The main point here is that solutions come from within.

The second theory of management that is applicable to the field of private security is the systems theory. A system is basically a collection of units that are brought together to make a whole. This implies that if one part of the system is not functioning well, then the entire system is affected in a way or another. Put simply, every part contributes to the whole. For example a security company consists of the management and the staff, communication equipments and systems, patrol cars and dogs, a physical location and other resources (Markowitz & Fabozzi, 2002). If either of them is deficient, then a proper security provision is hampered.

The functioning of these parts is planned, organized and controlled. The effect of systems theory is to equip managers have a broad view of the organization. When managers apply this theory they interpret patterns and events in their workplace (Markowitz, & Fabozzi, 2002). These systems assist them to recognize various organs of an organization and in particular the relationship between various departments.

Difference between management and leadership

Management and leadership seem akin but in the real sense they are different. We should differentiate these two terms by their doers. A leader motivates people who look up him or her. He or she sets the pace and the tone by doing things then others follow suit. On the other hand, a manager watches over others who are below him or her in hierarchy. He or she has subordinates and the title is a sign of seniority which further means power and authority over others. Management is therefore exercising authority and power while leadership is showing the way and setting precedents.

In management, there is a style of operation such in that the manager gives orders to the subordinates. The subordinates have to follow orders not because they lack responsibility but due virtues that their positions accords them. Managers have the authority to get things done within schedule which may be constrained both by time and resources. As a result they end up assigning roles and duties to their subordinates as well as following them up (Hess, 2008).

Leadership is involved where an individual has followers. Most of the leaders lack subordinates, although there are organizational leaders who have subordinates but this happen because they have managers. Leadership goes along with some personal traits such as being charismatic and transformative. Leaders can assign tasks but will not follow up to check how they were accomplished. A leader must have the capacity to appeal to the followers by acting exemplary (Hess, 2008). In management the acting is risk averse but in leadership involves risk seeking. Leadership involves following a vision, which is considered to be natural and being ready to encounter problems and hurdles that must be overcome in the process.

How ethical conduct could be encouraged in a private security company or organization

In private security organizations, there is a code of conduct containing a series of standards that are jointly recommended by oversight bodies made up of companies in the industry and government agencies. The code of conduct is presented in a structured format that gives fundamental conditions that pledges the least acceptable degree of professionalism and eminence by all security companies. This code can be observed by any private security company by making sure that it conforms to regulations appropriate to the sector. This can also be done by customarily designing rules of conduct that will be applicable to the staff of an organization (Markowitz & Fabozzi, 2002).

Ethical conduct can also be encouraged by making sure that there is transparency of practices and structures established within a company. This can also be encouraged by ensuring that inner organizational procedures are executed according to the set standards and common practice. Notices and memos could also be used to remind the staff of the codes of conduct.

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Exposure to chemical mixtures is a common and important determinant of toxicity and is of particular concern due to their appearance in sources of drinking water. Despite this, few in vivo mixture studies have been conducted to date to understand the health impact of chemical mixtures compared to single chemicals. Interactive effects of lead (Pb), cadmium… (More)
DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.10.025


A lot of us waste time hopelessly staring at the things we have in our pantries and fridge, like a can of tomato paste and package of deli meat, desperately wondering what to make for dinner. We also throw out about 20 POUNDS of food each month. To solve the wasted food and "what's for dinner" problem, there's a new crop of recipe sites called Online Pantries that'll help you whip up Top Chef-quality recipes using every random item in your kitchen. First, there's RecipeMatcher.com. Simply enter in the ingredients you have on hand, like lettuce, Sour Cream, and Pork Tenderloin. The site will save the list, and automatically generate a matching list of recipes that contain only the ingredients you have: Everything from fancy Italian cuisine. to meals that take less than 30 minutes to make. Another online pantry site that'll save you time and money: SuperCook.com. You type in the staples you keep in your kitchen all the time, like chicken and whipped cream. Every time you add an item, your potential breakfast, entree, and dessert lists will be automatically updated. Also, the site will create a list of simple things to buy that'll dramatically increase your recipe options even more. Just one extra ingredient, like bread crumbs, could create dozens of new meals. * Finally, want to cook like Martha Stewart? It's easy with Yummly.com. Again, you simply enter the ingredients you have on hand. Then you can sort lists of recipes from Martha Stewart and the Food Network by a whole range of criteria, like if you're making dinner for a vegan friend. Or you only want to see recipes that contain low-cholesterol because you're on a new diet.


Home Creativity

Creativity is the ability to create something new.

There are different kinds of Creativity. For example, think of Personal and Group Creative exercises. It occurs in daily life, Business Life and also within Science.

At a management level, being creative is important to make a unique distinction towards other organizations. It also helps with the development of new strategies, services or products. The presence of creative people in the different organizational layers can lead to the strengthening of business strategy, concepts, ideas, new processes, products and much more.

There have been lots of scientific and practical studies on Creativity for a learning point of view.

What are the most known and used models and methods? What are their success stories and practical tips when you apply these? These posts are all about great Creativity tools and methods that can help you to achieve your goal or understand certain aspects that come with new idea generation, concepts or other.

Brainstorming definition - ToolsHero

Design Thinking - ToolsHero

Design Thinking

Rolestorming by Rick Griggs by Rick Griggs - ToolsHero

Bill Gates - ToolsHero

Bill Gates

Paired comparison method - ToolsHero

Paired Comparison Method

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 python nested list length

python nested list length

You can use a list comprehension and a ternary conditional: Empty [(x[0] if isinstance(x, list) else x) for x in nested]. Extras PowerShell Python R React JSX reST (reStructuredText) Rip Ruby Rust SAS Sass (Sass) Sass (Scss) Scala Scheme Smalltalk SmartyI would like to make two new nested lists, in each of which there is the same number of inner lists as the initial list, while the length of inner lists are the same. Aheaders, arows a[0], a[1:] atocolumns list(zip(arows)) sortedacolumns [sorted(lst, keysorter) for lst in atocolumns] result [aheaders] list(map(list, zip(sortedacolumns)))) >>>. You have a list mylist and you tell Python that you should check if the length of each list element is equal to 3. Since our lists contain two lists that each have three elements inTry removing the list() to test this out for yourself! For better readability, you could also work with nested list comprehensions Python: merge nested lists. beginner to python here.Sorting lists in python. Okay, so I have a bit of a problem, Im new to python sorry. I am trying to sort a list by score, which is a number, but if there is a draw I need to sort them by the length of their name, the shorter. Im trying to get expected result by using Zip inverse on a single list having sublist of unequal length. Just wondering if there is a way to achieve this through list comprehension. a [[1,2],[1]] print zip(a) result : [(1, 1)] Expected result: [((1, 1)), ((2, None))]. Im trying to get the expected result using inverse Zip on a single list with a sub- list of unequal length. Im just wondering if there is a way to do that through understanding the list.Which is the best to use in Python: lambda functions or nested functions (def)? Terry Reedy: "Mark Robinson" wrote in message news:mailman.997195091.27673. python-list at python.orgRelated Discussions. absolute newbie: divide a list into sublists (nested lists?) of fixed length. Convert a list to a tuple in pythonCompare two lists in Python?Nested lists in Python They is a follow up question to my earlier post (re printing table from a list of lists).

Im trying t get a string max value of the following nested listYou were printing the length of the max element in each row. Python computes the max string element as the one that is seen last in a dictionary How to convert a nested list for use in sklearn? I have a long nested list in which each embedded list can have a different length or elements.How do I make this list a string in python? 5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions. The initial expression in a list comprehension can be any arbitrary expression, including another list comprehension. Consider the following example of a 3x4 matrix implemented as a list of 3 lists of length 4 Lists are ordered set of items. Python Dictionaries are unordered set of items.It is possible to keep a list within another list (nested list).As you can see this will create a new string with merged values from two lists. Length of a List. How do you get the length of a list or tuple or array in Python? Let me clarify something at the beginning, by array, you probably mean list in Python. list.

I have a nested list of varying length, for which I would like to sort by each index alphabetically.Print Lists with Max Element (Python). How to get only top 5 and bottom 5 lists from Nested list? How to convert nested list strings to integers then sort them in python 3? This is a recipe to flatten a Python list which may have nested lists as items within it.def nestedlist(n): """Generate a nested list where the ith item is at depth i.""" lis [] for i in range(n) What I want to do is to sort the nested list by reversed length of the sublists but to keep the original order if the length of sublists is the same.above, since it calls len directly (which is implemented in C and it does a fast attribute lookup to determine the objects length), and Python function calls are Note in particular the syntax used to pass a parameter to the len() method in order to get the length of a nested list ( len(listA[1]) ). Arrays -- Not for beginners. If you are a beginning programmer, just skip this section. If you are an experienced programmer, you may have observed that a Python lists bear a print ("length of list ", len(listlen)). Output of this would beWays to use Python range with 4 examples. Python list remove method how to delete elements from list. The function len returns the length of a list, which is equal to the number of its elements.Although a list can contain another list, the nested list still counts as a single element in its parent list.Using slices to delete list elements can be error-prone. Python provides an alternative that is more readable. mymax(nestedlist, keyfuncnamelength) [anaconda, 1360]. Is there a shorthand for this stuff? Instead of defining the key func explicitly with def and giving it a name we can also use Pythons lambda keyword to define a function anonymously. Question: Im a python newb and am having trouble groking nested list comprehensions.Tutorial :When using variable length argument list Tutorial :grab element id - jquery. Tutorial :How to display a side bar menu. Python Nested List. 2017-02-25 01:30 James imported from Stackoverflow.outfmt,"6 sstart send qstart qend score length mismatch gaps gapopen nident"]. cmd " ".join(cmd list). The returned list is truncated in length to the length of the shortest argument sequence. itertools have iziplongest(), which runs input redirection for python 2.7. Google App Engine HRD Migration - Data Read Returns Nothing. from django.db import utils ImportError cannot import name utils? Zip() stops when one of the sequences runs out, i.e. it only returns only as many items as the smallest sub sequences has elements. The returned list is truncated in length to the length of the shortest argument sequence. Nested Lists and Lengths. Posted 04 October 2010 - 11:33 AM. I was wondering if it was possible to have a list without a set length.A Quick Overview Of Nested Lists In Python Tutorial. Takes The Two Lists And Returns A Dictionary. The principle I used here is a little trick, that in python you can sort nested lists (lists inside of lists), it will sort by the first element inside each nested list or tuple. So I first got all the curve ids, then created a nested list of tuples of the each curves length paired with its id. So this blog post is expanded from our introductory course on Python for Data Science and help you deal with nesting lists in python and give you some ideas about numpy arrays. Nesting involves placing one or multiple Python lists into another Python list Nested list are accessed using nested indexing. mylist [p,r,o,b,e] Output: p print(my list[0]) .List comprehension is an elegant and concise way to create new list from an existing list in Python.Return the length (the number of items) in the list. I have this list, in Python, with some nested lists inside with length 1You can use a list comprehension and a ternary conditional: empty [(x[0] if isinstance(x, list) else x) for x in nested]. Here is the code that counts the maximum length in a nested list.lens.append(nestedlist(x)) return max(lens). and if you want to be more Pythonic and duck-type it Recommend python - How to print data from list of list with recursion. They is a follow up question to my earlier post (re printing table from a list of lists) Im trying t get a string max value of the following nested listYou were printing the length of the max element in each row. Python computes the max string element as the one that is seen last in a dictionary You can find length(number of items) in a sequence(string, list etc) in Python using the len() function.Related QuestionsMore Answers Below. What is the best way to find the length of a list in Python? Lists can be nested arbitrarily. Append extra bracket to get element of nested list.5. Built-in Types — Python v2.7.6 documentation mutable-sequence-types. List Methods. Im trying to get expected result by using Zip inverse on a single list having sublist of unequal length Just wondering if th. recommended solution available.Python: Printing value after .upper. Double Click On A WebElement in an iframe nested in an other iframe. additional column when saving Thats a 420x slowdown for a 5000-length mylist, which isnt a very long list at all. Its even worse for longer lists.Some links Triple nested lists Python : Nested ordered lists It would be great to use something like this and have the sublist automatically numbered: Is there a solution for this using The row.split(",") returns the list of substrings anyway, you are testing its length and then you throw it away (you do not keep any reference to the resulting list so it isIn the core of Python, there is nothing like the array abstraction. Or better to say, the list abstraction can be indexed as if it was array. I wish to compare to nested lists of unequal length.Difference between append vs. extend list methods in Python.

Python join: why is it string.join( list) instead of list.join(string)? How to remove an element from a list by index in Python? Python Lists - here you will learn about lists in python with example, create list in python, finding length of list, indexing list, slicing list, concatenating list, nested list, deleting element from list, adding new element in list. 1. Nested lists: processing and printing. In real-world Often tasks have to store rectangular data table. [say more on this!] Such tables are called matrices or two-dimensional arrays. In Python any table can be represented as a list of lists (a list, where each element is in turn a list). List comprehensions are one of the really nice and powerful features of Python. It is actually a smart way to introduce new users to functional programming concepts (after all a list comprehension is just aFor example, lets say that we just want to flatten a list of lists using a nested list comprehension Using regexps in PostgreSQL. Understanding nested list comprehensions in Python. Turning a PostgreSQL array to rows. Making Pythons init method magical. The nested lists can be dynamic, i.e the number of nested lists can change according to function. What I am looking for is to find.When you have python 3.4 or newer you can replace the sum / length with statistics.mean In this program, we need to accept a list and sort it based on the length of the elements present within. Examplespython-list. Please write to us at contributegeeksforgeeks.org to report any issue with the above content. Python List len() Method. Advertisements. Previous Page.list1, list2 [123, xyz, zara], [456, abc] print "First list length : ", len(list1) print "Second list length : ", len(list2). When we run above program, it produces following result . Nested lists. Modifying a list: append, del, reverse. Copy a simple list safely.In other words, a Python list by nature has inherent properties that you can list with the diryou knew beforehand the length of the string or list (e.g. if you wanted to apply the solution to a set of lists of dierent lengths)? None is a Python value and means nothing. To initialize a list of length 10, you could do the followingThe following code creates a list q first and then use q as one element to create p. Now List p is a nested listed. Lists are the most versatile data-type available in python. Lists can contain any type of variable, be it numbers, letters, strings and even nested listsTuples are also a datatype available in Python. They are nothing but a particular type of list in which you cannot change the contents or length once created. Im trying to find a python or OOTB solution that allows me to take a variable input (flat list, nested list, single item, etc) and to turn it into the same type of list structure. I tried using flatten and list.join, but that doesnt work for single items that are not part of a list yet. Perhaps my problem boils down to two questions: > Id like to pass lists (in some cases nested ones) from Python to C and > convert those Python-lists toReturn a new list of length len on success, or NULL on failure. Note: If length is greater than zero, the returned list objects items are set to NULL.


Benford's G&S Lexicon Entries for The Sorcerer

Click a term to reveal or hide the definition. Use the Search box to find a term. Select other operas in the Chapters menu. Go to the Lexicon menu to read the Preface, Introduction. and other material.

Act I

Gilded [Fled gilded dukes and belted earls before me]

Belted [belted earls]

“This refers to the belts and spurs with which knights, etc., were invested when raised to the dignity” (54). In addition see above for Edward Gibbon’s observation.

Stepped [as good a girl as ever stepped]

Mrs Partlet presumably means Constance is as good a girl as ever set foot on this earth. Gillette (135) reminds us that in H.M.S. Pinafore we find Ralph loyally speaking thus of Captain Corcoran: “A better Captain don’t walk the deck.”

Take [Oh, I take you.]

Fogy [I am an old fogy now]

Brewer (56) says that properly speaking the term applies to military pensioners, but Dr Daly simply means he’s an old goat.

Comely [the young maidens of the village are very comely]

Pronunciation: KUMM-lee

Tush [But tush! I am puling!]

Pronunciation: Make it rhyme with gush.

“An expression of impatience, contempt, or rebuke” (115). We might say “pshaw!”

Pronunciation: Rhymes with fueling.

Whining, whimpering, or needlessly complaining.

Plighting [most auspicious plighting]

Act of becoming engaged to be married.

Obleege [will you obleege me]

Oblige, i.e., do a favor.

Clerkly [In clerkly manuscript]

Pronunciation: clarkly

Neatly copied in a big round hand.

Sol [Ere Sol has sunk …]

Pronunciation: Rhymes with doll.

Another name for the Roman god of the sun, corresponding to the Greek Helios. In this case Dr. Daly simply means the sun. Lemprière (187) tells us that “according to some ancient poets, Sol and Apollo were two different persons. Apollo, however, and Phoebus and Sol, are universally supposed to be the same Deity.”

Dreamy thoughts about pleasant things or, better yet, pleasant people of the opposite sex.

House [the House of Sangazure]

A family, usually one with prestigious ancestors.

Helen of Troy

King Menelaus’s young wife who eloped with that cad Paris and so triggered the Trojan Wars. Hers was “the face that launched a thousand ships” and won her the undying affection of the Worshipful Order of Hellenic Shipbuilders. She was reputed to be the daughter of Zeus and Leda.

The word originally meant a shield. It more generally refers to the shield-shaped surface on which a family’s coat of arms is displayed. Prestige (245) suggests that what is meant is an escutcheon of pretence: “The small escutcheon bearing the arms of an heiress placed in the center of her husband’s shield” (229).

Low ranking domestic servants.

Protest [I protest I am mighty well]

To assert.

Palpitating [With a heart palpitating]

Beating rapidly: pitty pat!

Cloy [May their love never cloy]

Become tiresome, excessive.


June 19

‘The Last Dragon’ By C.A. Rainfield

The book I am reviewing is ‘The Last Dragon’ from the Dragon Speaker series. The author of this book is C.A. Rainfield and this is my first time reading one of his books. This book is a science fiction book. The illustrator of this book is Charlie Hnatiuk.

The main things that I am going to be saying about this book is that it is an exciting book and it is about the year 1144 and the world’s last dragon comes back. The evil lord is planning to use the dragon to rule the kingdom and the only person that can stop him is a 16-year-old boy called Jacob. The story is set in a faraway kingdom and it is very convincing. Jacob’s character does seem very real because when the dragon came he had to find a way to talk to the dragon. The ending is very satisfying because even though they had a lot of work ahead of them, everybody was happy. They had to rebuild their village but they were going to enjoy the sweetness of their success.

I liked this book because it was an interesting sci-fi book about a boy whose name is Jacob. He is the only person that can talk to the world’s last dragon and he must rescue the egg of the world’s last dragon. I would recommend The Last Dragon for any teen that likes to read sci-fi books. I would rate this book as an 8/10.

Josh T., Year 8

June 14

‘Divergent’ by Veronica Roth

‘Divergent’ is a science fiction book set in a futuristic Chicago, sure to keep you on your toes with plenty of interesting twists and turns throughout the whole book. It will keep you entertained and glued to your book, changing ideas and the way you think about ordinary life.

The story of ‘Divergent’ is about one girl named Beatrice who decides she isn’t happy with the faction which she was born into, so she decides to change into a separate faction to try and become a new person going by the name of Tris.

The story is set in a futuristic dystopian Chicago where things aren’t as they seem. ‘Divergent’ holds a host of many different characters such as Tris, Four, Caleb and a mysterious boy by the name of Four.

‘Divergent’ is a book about the choices of the main character Tris. The story delves into multiple subjects relevant to present day society. ‘Divergent’ is a book targeted at young teenagers through to old ones and it portrays a consistent theme of dystopia because of difference.

I believe ‘Divergent’ is an extremely entertaining book that I would recommend to people from the ages of 11-17. The character development makes you feel as if you are a part of the story; as though you are there with these characters.

Another reason why I believe ‘Divergent’ is a good read and would recommend it is because of the inability to put the book down I felt while reading it. ‘Divergent’ is a good book that I recommend because of its excellent story, plot, character development and immersing environment. I would rate the book a 5 out of 5 as it is an excellent read for a majority of teenagers.

Marco M., Year 8

Becoming fearless isn’t the point. That’s impossible. It’s learning how to control your fear, and how to be free from it, that’s the point –Four in Divergent.

Tris is a regular teenager who lives in a world which is divided by factions. She doesn’t fit into just one of those factions. She is different. She is a Divergent. She could change everything.

Divergent is set in a dystopian future where you must pick your place in the world. Only being able to choose one faction, Tris Prior must pick her place out of five factions: Dauntless, Amity, Erudite, Abnegation and Candor. The factions were made to protect the world they live in from war and violence. After each person chooses a faction, they stick to the rules so it wouldn’t start any future conflicts.

‘What’s so bad about being a divergent?’ you ask? People who are Divergent have the power to corrupt society without even knowing it. Jeanine, faction leader of Erudite, believes in order and the abilities divergents hold frighten her, which pushes her to remove all of them from the divided society they live in.

What faction will 16-year-old Tris Prior choose, will she fit in or will the leaders discover she is a divergent and kill her?

This intriguing novel keeps you wanting to read it non-stop from the beginning right to the end. It is interesting to read how the different factions react and what they do in their daily life because it relates to different religions. Divergent has peaks of many writing styles with thrilling action, sparks of romance, bravery and mysterious characters which allow the plot to be enthralling. What I prized the most about this book is that It has many messages scattered throughout that have powerful meanings. For example, how you must pick a certain thing to fit into the society, such as choosing between what to do after high school and even picking different peer groups. These examples are accurate in the way they relate back to present day with teenagers who go through challenges like these in everyday life.

I would recommend Divergent to people who enjoy a mysterious yet excitement-filled story to high school students and young adults, both male and female from the ages of 12-25. Awarded with both Goodreads Choice Awards Best Young Adult Fantasy and Science Fiction and Good Reads Choice Awards Favourite Book, it is clear that Divergent by Veronica Roth is an all-around great book.

Sophia L, Year 8.

Do you want to read a great science fiction novel loved by the world? Divergent is a science fiction novel written by Veronica Roth. Overall the Divergent series made $6.7 million. This novel is a thrill-seeking adventures novel of a girl named Beatrice Prior who is different from everybody else. She is a divergent.

This novel is an enjoyable story set in the futuristic world where everyone is divided into five factions. In this world when you turn into an adult you must choose a faction and stay in that faction for life. Tris Prior chooses Dauntless, who are the clan of bravery but she discovers that she is Divergent. Divergents are rare and considered dangerous. Divergents are the people who cannot fit in just one faction because they fit in all factions. Tris discovers that she is a threat to everyone she loves. This novel is set in a land filled with war and factions.

Divergent’s main theme is of Tris Prior being a Divergent and how it is dangerous to everyone. This ends up turning everyone against her and all factions after her. It ends up starting a war because of the people helping Tris and the people wanting to find her and possibly kill her. Another interesting theme is Tris’s time in Dauntless as she completes activities and learns how to fight.

In conclusion, this novel can be enjoyed for its interesting themes and great character detail. The highlights in my opinion were the scenes where everyone is after Tris Prior and where she is sneaking around Dauntless. This book is great for teens to adults for it has characters of their age and themes they will enjoy. Finally, I rate this book 4 stars.

Tom F., Year 8

June 13

‘Extras’ by Scott Westerfeld

My chosen sci-fi novel is called ‘Extras’ by Scott Westerfeld. It is the fourth book in the UGLIES series.

What I like about the book is that it is thrilling and it makes you want to keep reading. It engages whoever is reading.

The book is about the world of uglies and pretties and popularity, for example, imagine that the world is a huge game of a TV reality show such as XFactor. Whoever gets the most buzzes gets the votes. Basically, in the book, people judge people by their looks and who gets recognition and who doesn’t. Personally this book really makes the readers understand how the ‘mind-rain’ affected people all over the world.

In conclusion the book was really interesting, and enjoyable and I would recommend it to people who love unexpected scenes in the book.

By Shanece P., Year 8

June 13

‘Specials’ by Scott Westerfeld

Mia A., Year 8

June 6

‘ Worldshaker’ by Richard Harland

By Kurian J., Year 8

Have you ever doubted life on our earth?

Jayda W., Year 8

It was a science fiction book and was simple and predictable.

It’s kind of convincing and engaging but not in depth.

It didn’t tell too much of where they were.

Alex V., Year 8

June 6

‘The Rise Of Nine’ by Pittacus Lore

But so are they.

They caught Number One in Malaysia.
Number Two in England.
And Number Three in Kenya.
They caught me in New York — but I escaped.
I am Number Six.
They want to finish what they started.

But they’ll have to fight us first.”

Ted.L, Year 8

June 6

‘Red Queen’ by Victoria Aveyard

Alisha M Year 8

June 6

‘Incarceron’ by Catherine Fisher

Cody C, Year 8

June 6

‘The Ropemaker’ by Peter Dickinson

Ava H., Year 8

June 6

‘I am Number Four’ by Pittacus Lore

Jack S., Year 8

Samuel P., Year 8

– Michael Bay.

– Jarome S., Year 8

June 6

‘Ship Breaker’ by Paolo Bacigalupi

Seth O., Year 8

– Jay W, Year 8.

Kayla J, Yr 8

Olivia H., Year 8

June 5

‘The Giver’ by Lois Lowry

(Undertaking an incredible & impossible journey)

H.M. Year 8

By Trent L., Year 8

June 2

‘Four: A Divergent Collection’ by Veronica Roth

Do you like books about bravery, and facing your fears? Do you like Sci-Fi books about dystopia and utopia? Then you would love the Sci-Fi Book Four: A Divergent Collection, by Veronica Roth. If you have ever read any of the Divergent series then you would love this book. It is set in the same world, but instead of Tris Prior being the main character, the fan favourite from the Divergent series Tobias Eaton, is the main lead. This novel is very addictive and interesting and, after reading it, you will want to read all the books in the series.

Four is about a young man named Tobias Eaton, who is living in a society where people are put into five categories called factions: Abnegation (the selfless), Erudite (the intelligent), Amity (the peaceful), Dauntless (the brave) and Candour (the honest). Tobias is in Abnegation where people are selfless, then Tobias transfers to Dauntless, where people are loud, wild and brave. This is a big change for him. When he is in Dauntless he changes his name to Four, and he must learn the way of a Dauntless member.

I really liked the ending of the book, because it ended off where Tris from the Divergent series comes into Dauntless. I thought the book was very engaging and well written.

I think the theme in Four is skill and strength. In the book, Four has only four fears, and his biggest fear is his father Marcus, and Four must get the strength to face his father, and his other fears. Also, Four must get the skill to make it through to Dauntless, and eventually have the skill to be one of the Dauntless leaders.

I really liked this book, because I found it very engaging, and I never found it boring. I think the highlight of the story was the main character Four. I found him interesting, and I thought he was very strong and brave. I think the book is a good example of dystopia and utopia, because one of the big things the book is about is population control (the five factions). I would recommend this book to anyone between the ages of 12 and 18. Four sometimes feels out of place, and I think a lot of teens could relate to that, and they could learn from Four that you can face your fears. I rate this book 4/5.

Madeline M., Year 8

One choice will free him.”

Four’ is the dark and interesting backstory of the main character in the Divergent series, Tobias Eaton, commonly known as FOUR. This book is full of action and suspense making you want to read more and more. The story is told from Tobias’ perspective and throughout the book you will see many different sides to him.

The prequel to the Divergent series, Four delves into the role of Tobias Eaton, a troubled boy whose father abuses him. His mother is deceased and because of the treatment by his father it has left him shy and afraid. After so long, Tobias is sick of all the abuse he receives from his father and at the age of 16, to escape his father, he transfers over into the Dauntless faction. This faction is dedicated to bravery, courage, strength and physical skills. The Dauntless faction was formed by those who blamed cowardice for society’s problems.  When he gets to the Dauntless facility he struggles to fit in with everyone else. They are unknown to him. Tobias becomes known as Four because he has four fears which is unusual in this world because most people have ten or more fears, however Tobias’ fears are quite significant. Slowly as the story unfolds, Four adapts to the ways of the Dauntless world and he starts to make friends. But what will come next when Four meets the new initiates coming in? Will he find love? Or will his world still be as lonely as it is now? That is up to Four as he journeys through his life growing up without anything but his few friends.

I would strongly recommend ‘Four’ to people age 13 plus as it deals with problems teenagers can relate to. It has an interesting and thrilling story of how one boy can rise to the top, but still be humble and fair. I would rate ‘Four’ by Veronica Roth, 5 out of 5 stars for its thrilling story and relatable characters.

Thomas K., Year 8

June 2

‘The Wind Singer’ by William Nicholson

Daniella F., Year 8

Sagahog! Pomparune! Saga-saga-hog!

Mya H., Year 8

June 1

‘The Young Elites’ by Marie Lu

“I am going to die tomorrow.”

That was the opening sentence of the outstanding book ‘The Young Elites’ by Marie Lu. The author of the book did an amazing job describing the character’s energy and emotions.

The Young Elites is a science-fiction, dystopian story with a touch of supernatural. The book in general was an entertaining, enjoyable novel with many twists and turns that were slightly predictable but still shocking and engaging.

The story is set in a disease-swept continent. The people affected and branded by the illness were called malfettos and were outcast. The plot is an engaging one that shows how Adelina (the main character), deals with the power that she fuels with her fear, anger and darkness. Adelina’s character was the only one that stood out to the author as she showed relatable human struggles about her mental state. The writing style was interesting and unique. Although the ending wasn’t exactly satisfying, it hooked me into the series that the book came from.

The theme for the novel was energy and emotion, and how the characters used their powers to connect with one another, as well as playing with the other character’s emotions. This theme subtly represents peer pressure and political manipulation.

In conclusion, the book was very engaging and interesting to read. It showed a new perspective on the ‘villain’s’ story. It is not the best example of a science fiction in the author’s opinion, but they would recommend it to other people of their age.

Chloe W., Year 8

“It’s my turn to use. My turn to hurt.”

The Young Elites by Marie Lu is an amazing fantasy or science fiction story. This novel is an engaging book about the struggles the main character, Adelina Amoutera, and a group called The Young Elites. A memorable moment in the book is when Adelina is about to be burned because she is a survivor of the blood fever. She is known as a ‘malfetto’, an outcast and is about to be burned, when The Young Elites show up and save her from a fatal death. This is where she uses her powers for the second time, but she realizes that she can create illusions.

This is a powerful engaging story. There is not one moment that you don’t know what the main character is feeling, not one moment where her emotions are not expressed. Most of the characters in the story are all very powerful themselves which creates a powerful setting for the whole book. The book is set in a place where a disease has spread called the blood fever. Everyone who is diagnosed with blood fever, will either die or be scarred from an operation. But the blood fever survivors are also left with something more than a scar. Sometimes they can be left an extra ability. All the characters are quite convincing. It shows that in the story there are still people from all over the world in a place where they can stay almost like migration or refugees. The writer’s style is quite intriguing and interesting the way she lays out the story, although the ending is not satisfying.

The theme of the book is mainly power and emotion. The power side is that the malfettos are seeking for power and are the soldiers. But the emotional side is how the young elites connect with their powers and other people emotionally. If there was a message portrayed in the book and aimed towards young people, I didn’t understand it.

In conclusion, I really enjoyed the book. The adventure the characters must go on is intriguing and thrilling. The highlight of the story is the escape from the burning of the malfettos, towards the start of the book. I would recommend it to someone who enjoys a real science fiction novel and who enjoys the supernatural. This book is an excellent to portray science fiction. I rate this book 4 stars out of 5.

By Roma T., Year 8

“I’m going to die tomorrow.”

This is the opening sentence to the science fiction novel The Young Elites. This story is about Adelina Amouteru, who has a plague-like disease called ‘The Blood Fever’, which started a few years ago (when the story was made). The people who catch it gain silver hair and, instead of transparent, pink tears. The Young Elites is a spectacular science fiction book which is recommended for all ages and genders by the author herself, Marie Lu.

This science fiction themed novel delves deep into the experience that Adelina has during this harsh time of having the disease, trying to be sold away by her own father and trying to run away and start a new life for herself (that’s as much information that should grab your attention without giving away too much of the book).

Overall, I recommend ‘The Young Elites’ to all people that enjoy a long read with heaps of detail and information throughout the entire book. Although the book goes through a first-person view, it’s a great experience for everyone to have.

Caleb N, Year 8

June 1

‘Ender’s Game’ by Orson Scott Card

Are you into war and alien stories? Good! Ender’s Game is the book for you!

Orson Scott Card is the author of Ender’s Game and is also the author of many other great and interesting books, such as Ender’s Shadow and Ender in Exile which like Ender’s Game are great reads.

This novel is a science fiction genre story about a smart boy who goes to battle school to learn how to battle in space against the aliens or buggers. This is an intense book that keeps you hooked throughout the whole story. This book is memorable and compelling story and has interesting characters.

Ender’s Game is a great in-depth book with an engaging story line that keeps the reader guessing throughout the whole book, which adds an intense element to this book. Not only does Ender’s Game have a great story line, its setting or atmosphere is thought-out well by Orson Scott because the setting is out in space which is futuristic and I can’t think of one child who thinks space isn’t cool, which I think why Orson Scott chose this.  A character that I think stands out in Ender’s Game is Ender. I think this because he is so smart and knows what do in various situations. I also think this because he is only young and can lead the military into battle against the buggers. These are some reasons why Ender stands out to me.

I love the ending of Ender’s Game and it satisfies me. The reason I love this ending so much is because Ender is manipulated into thinking he’s in a battle simulator but he wipes out the entire race of buggers. I like Orson Scott’s style of writing because there are lots of unexpected twists throughout the story.

I think the novel’s moral is to do what’s right. Ender goes to battle school and enters the war against the buggers and saves the world, instead of staying at home and possibly losing to the aliens and Earth getting destroyed. This novel says to young people to do the right thing and not get caught up with bad situations.

I personally liked this book and therefore I scored it a four out of five. I liked this book because of the in-depth story line of Enders life through battle school. My highlight of the book is the setting; I like this because it suits Ender’s Game so much because Ender and the military go to war with the buggers which are an alien race. I think this book is a great example of sci-fi because there are space crafts and aliens. We at an age where space ships could only be a decade or two away plus having space ships we could find an alien species which could happen but it’s unlikely which is what sci-fi is. I would recommend this book to teenage boys who like alien war stories. Ender goes to war with the aliens and as a boy I love this book. This is an intense book that keeps you hooked throughout the whole story. This is a memorable and compelling story and has interesting characters. I rate Ender’s Game four out of five.

Max K., Year 8

The book I am about to write about is beyond amazing. It’s gripping and emotional storyline makes it known as one of the best science fiction novels ever written. Ender’s Game is set in Earth’s future where a recruit in battle school named Ender Wiggin thinks he is playing a simulated war game but he is engaged in something far greater. You may recognize the writer’s name, Orson Scott Card, from other award winning Science Fiction books that he has written such as Ender’s Game sequel novel Speaker for the Dead. Both Enders Game and its sequel won Hugo and Nebula Awards, making Orson Scott Card the only author to win both science fiction’s top U.S. prizes in consecutive years. (Wikipedia)

Ender’s Game is about a boy genius named Ender Wiggin, who was selected by international military forces to save Earth from destruction. Ender was transferred to a battle school which is located on a ship far from Earth. Whilst in battle school, Ender manages to get further in one of his training exercises, called the “mind game”, then anyone ever had before him. The military commanders take notice of this. This is one of the ways they found out Ender was the man that would save the world from the “Buggers”, an insectoid alien species threatening Earth’s survival.

Ender’s Game is set far into the future (2086), however it is evident that there are many similar aspects of Ender’s life that correspond with modern society. In the novel Ender is physically and verbally abused by a gang of bullies. Eventually he’s forced to brutally beat the leader of this gang to protect himself. One in four students in Australia, ranging from Year 4 to Year 9, claim they are regularly attacked by playground thugs. This proves that despite the differences in time, bullying always remains relevant to society.

As this book contains the depression of Ender after he has ended the race of aliens that searching for a new home I do not recommend it to readers under the age of ten. However, it is perfect for years 10 and over because of the adventure that Ender takes part in. The book will also widen children’s imagination by far because of all the fictional features in the book, such as space travel, extra-terrestrials, space ships, and the unknown information about our universe that is predicted in this book. I rate this spectacular, spell-binding, spine tingling novel, a nine out of ten.

By Logan M., Year 8

May 31

June and Day both live in a world where the republic and colonies are at war. A deadly plague has taken Day’s brother, and now he is the only one who can save him. June is a girl who has sworn to avenge her brother’s death. June and Day meet by chance. They have romantic feelings towards each other, but neither know each other’s past.

Are you into intense drama with a bit of romance? Are you already dying to read the book? If so, then this fantastic book is the perfect choice for you!

Legend is set in a futuristic United States of America. Day is on the run from the corrupt government as he is supposed to be dead. His mother does not know that he is still alive. His younger brother is suffering from the plague and is slowly dying. Day is on the hunt to do whatever he needs to do to keep his brother alive.

June, on the other hand, has recently lost her only beloved family member. She has sworn to avenge her brother’s death and is on the hunt to find the killer. June and Day meet by chance not knowing who each other are. They share a kiss and a romance grows between them. That is, until they find out who they both are. Then things get difficult.

This story is intense and things are always changing, you never see what is going to happen and you always want to keep reading. ‘Impossible to put down and even harder to forget’. This very much explains the book. It is so interesting and mysterious you just want to keep reading to get to the end to find out what happens.

I would personally recommend this book to 14+ as it is for mature audience. Anyone younger might not understand the book.

Brodie J, Year 8.

May 31

‘Aliens: The Female War’ by Steve Perry and Stephen Perry

Is this the end or is Ripley finally going to terminate the aliens species on Earth?

Aliens The Female War is a memorable ending to the Aliens Ripley saga story, with many frightening and unpredictable moments, keeping the reader alert and engaged in the fantastic story line.

This story is set in a distant future, being 2386 AD on planet Earth, at a time when Earth has been taken over by the aliens. The aliens are continuously breeding and looking for hosts in order to preserve their species and their queen, who is capable of controlling the minds of humans. Ripley, the main character of the Aliens saga, is a strong and powerful female determined to save humanity by destroying the aliens that have controlled Earth. The Aliens saga is written in a very convincing and intense way, ensuring that the reader is engaged to the point where the book cannot be put down. The ending of the book is satisfying and leaves the reader with a feeling of accomplishment and relief.

Aliens The Female War is a perfect example of a science fiction and horror book written in such a detailed way that the story appears very convincing to the reader. The story’s message for a teenage audience is that determination and persistence are the keys to succeed in life.

I truly enjoyed reading this story and I would recommend this book to readers from the ages of 13  who are interested in science fiction or horror. The reader will finally discover whether Ripley succeeds in her mission to save planet Earth.  I rate Aliens: The Female War a four out of five.

Kent A.R., Year 8

July 13

‘The Secret Hour’ by Scott Westerfeld

Lily P, Peter A, Jade T, Year 8

June 20

‘Ship Breaker’ by Paulo Bacigalupi

Do you like dystopian novels?

Ship breakerDo you like intense action?

Do you like adventure?

If the answer is yes to all of these questions, then Ship Breaker is the book for you. In this dystopian novel the world is a cruel place. The rich are born to ride through the seas in massive ships, while the poor are left to break down ships and sell their findings. The two crews that operate on these ships are light crew and heavy crew. The heavy crew are the big, strong people that remove iron panels off the ships and pretty much anything too big and heavy for the light crew. The light crew are the smaller people who are usually young. The light crew search the inside of the ship to try to find things such as wire. But both crews are looking for one thing: oil.

In this world if you find oil, and a lot of it, say goodbye to ship breaking, and welcome to the life of the rich.

Nailer, the hero of our story, is a light crew worker breaking ships with his crew: Pima, Sloth, Moon Girl and Tick Tock. Nailer’s father, Richard Lopez, is an angry drunk who is abusive and deadbeat.

I thoroughly enjoyed this book. The story had enough twists and awesome breakthroughs to keep anyone glued to this book. Paulo Bacigalupi wrote this book very well, with amazing descriptions. The characters were diverse and colourful, the scenes and places were described perfectly and the plot was structured very well.

I would recommend this book to young adults and teenagers who enjoy action packed, survival, dystopian style novels. This book is definitely a worth the read. I’d rate the book 5 out of 5 stars.

Kai B, Year 8


Mexican Peasant Dress – Stylish and Comfortable

Mexican Peasant DressMany women think that a Mexican Peasant Dress and a Mexican peasant blouse are the same thing but I assure you that they are quite different. Here I will explain the differences between these 2 pieces of traditional Mexican clothing so that you will know exactly which one you want to buy online.

Mexican Peasant DressThe Mexican Peasant Dress is full length dress that is usually made of 100% cotton and goes all the way down to the ground. It has little sleeves and is usually embroidered with colored thread around the neck line. The neck line is usually very large so that it shows a lot of skin and barely fits onto the shoulders.

The White Peasant Dress is essentially a shirt that you wear with a pair of jeans in the summer time. It has a baggy cut and it perfect for lounging in or going out on the town. They fit very loose and they are usually embroidered as well. The embroidery is around the neck line typically and is very colorful.

Either way you go, you will not regret your purchase. The Mexican Peasant Dress are becoming more and more popular each month in the United States and 2010 is the year of the Mexican dress and top.

Many people refer to them as a hippie style blouse from the 70's and 80's but you do not need to be a hippie to wear these tops anymore. All classes of people are now wearing them and they look great with everything from jeans to a swim suit.

Visit here for more information on Mexican Peasant Dress


Saturday, 28 November 2015

The Hardest 'Would You Rather' Quiz

Asylum Aid is an independent, national charity working to secure protection for people seeking refuge in the UK from persecution and human rights abuses abroad. They provide free legal advice and representation to the most vulnerable and excluded asylum seekers, and lobby and campaign for an asylum system based on inviolable human rights principles.

Asylum Aid have just released the hardest 'Would You Rather' quiz in the world which aims to get people to consider real life situations refugees face. Take the quiz and see how you can help.

(thanks Lee)

0 comment(s):


Our author, Marshata Caradine-Randall, was one of the keynote speakers at Women's March. It was exhilarating and life changing for her. Here's the piece inspired by the event.

When a baby is born, their tiny eyes are laid upon the voice they have heard for the time they were in the womb

Women spoke in various dialects but the same language

Women were ill but yet managed to get out of their wheelchairs and step for progress, unity, justice, and show an outward declaration that they roll, sit, and march on the side of love

Women voices came in different forms, on different levels, executing different things but with one collective goal in mind: life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness and the ability to love

Women, took their rightful places

Women tore up the script

Women lead a movement

Woment created a moment in herstory

Women changed their narratives

Now, if this outward show of solidarity will really show us the power we have within us on a unified front, we can really change the world!

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Nick is a junior at Montclair State University. He is a broadcast major and is currently the Sports Editor of The Montclarion. His favorite baseball team is the New York Yankees and he eventually wants to work for ESPN.

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Women in Archaeology Podcast: History of Badass Women in Archaeology, Part II (Episode 46)

You can listen to the podcast on the Archaeology Podcast Network (Click Here), or download the episode on iTunes.

On this episode, the hosts return to one of their favorite topics – the amazing women who have helped make archaeology the field it is. We’ll talk about some of our personal heroes, women who definitely don’t get enough credit, and how archaeological drawing is super hard and becoming somewhat of a lost art.

Check out the Women in Archaeology blog!

Living History Museums, Part 1: An Introduction

My brother and I were exposed to history, museums, and living history museums early on in our childhood; it shouldn’t be any kind of surprise that I ended up as an archaeologist, and he, a Medieval history scholar.  I loved reading about the past and viewing artifacts of daily life.  My family often visited the Ohio Village, which is a reconstructed town presenting daily life during the Civil War.  As soon as I turned thirteen years old, I was old enough to volunteer at the Ohio Village alone—and I jumped at that opportunity.  I had a wonderful period costume, hoop skirt and bonnet included, and I would demonstrate different activities in a third-person interpretation, as well as provide information about all kinds of facts about the Civil War and how people lived through it.  When I got a little bit older, I was the school teacher, the village feminist, a pharmacist’s daughter, a German barrel maker’s grand-daughter, presenting in both the first and third person.  I loved it!  This love of educating the public about the past continued into college, where I studied the background research, interpretation type, archaeology, and historiography of three early American living history museums: Jamestown Settlement, St. Mary’s City, and Plimoth Plantation.  So, why living history museums?  What makes this museum format special?

Historical facts need a certain level of interpretation to be comprehensible in a modern context.  Outside of the archivist, archaeologist, and historian, there are few who venture into the archives or archaeological sites.  To reach a wider audience, these facts can be weaved into popular historical fiction novels or epic films.  There are historical documentaries about popular periods of history such as the Civil War or World War II.  Modern society receives much of its information via visual media, from the news to the History Channel.  Therefore, it makes sense that if historians and museum curators wanted to draw in the public they would try to present historical information that is accessible and participatory.  Unlike docudramas and documentaries, as well as history exhibits, visitors to living history museums must become part of the presentation of the past.  One cannot simply watch: there are various smells, demonstrations, with history talking back at the visitor at museums like Plimoth Plantation and Colonial Williamsburg.  The visitor is experiencing heritage!

There is space at this type of museum for both the public and scholars to engage in the past.  For scholars, it can be a space for experimental archaeology and public outreach.  For the public, which is used to visual stimulation (i.e. television), a three-dimensional reconstruction of an archaeological site allows for greater interaction, and, consequently, a better understanding of the past; visitors tend to remember what they see and touch, rather than what they read.  Not only are living history museums interactive and informative, the public can also relate the present to the portrayed past.  Women today can note how women in Plimoth Plantation fit into the social hierarchy, realizing how far society has progressed and where there is still room for improvement.   So, what does every living history museum need to do get started? First, there must be a commitment to the Truth (yes, with a capital ‘T’) and a commitment to presenting that truth to the public.  There must also be a large reserve of resources, especially scholarly resources and well-trained interpreters, to re-create the environment of the settlement.  And, most of all, the museum must make sure that a compelling narrative is being told.

[Keep an eye out for ‘Living Museums, Part 2: A Brief History’]

Lovely Lorsch: The Abbey of Lorsch, Germany

My brother is a medievalist professor, which can be a dangerous thing if he spots his favorite Carolingian abbey while zipping along the autobahn in Germany.  He yelled, “LORSCH!” and swerved towards the exit—I gripped my seat in terror.  At least The Abbey of Lorsch and the town are absolutely lovely.  The Abbey, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is considered one of the most important pre-Romanesque-Carolingian style buildings in Germany.  The Abbey was founded in 764 AD and consecrated in 774 AD—Charlemagne was there! The library and scriptorium made Lorsch one of the cultural centers of Germany during the ninth century.  The entrance to the abbey (what you see in the photographs) is considered one of the best examples of Carolingian architecture.  It is a truly a beautifully preserved monument to the past.

Learn More:

Picts, and Vikings, and Scots, Oh My: Dunnottar Castle

Dunnottar Castle, Stonehaven/Aberdeenshire, Scotland

Sitting atop craggy cliffs overlooking the churning ocean lie the ruins of Dunnottar Castle, which are impressive and haunting.  The site of the castle—and the castle itself—has an incredibly rich and varied history.  Here we go . . .According to the website provided below, the area was first inhabited by Picts; during the 5th Century a saint chose Dunnottar as a site for a church; the Vikings came along and attacked/destroyed the castle during the 9th century; the castle then became a Catholic settlement in the 12th century; a 15th century poet wrote that William Wallace (Braveheart) set the castle chapel on fire with a garrison of English soldiers inside; the castle was home to one of the most powerful families in Scotland starting during the 14th century; kings and queens stayed at the castle; the Honours of Scotland were hidden at the castle; the castle was the site of major battles during the ‘rule’ of Oliver Cromwell; in 1685, 165 people were imprisoned in the Whig Vault at Dunnottar for refusing to acknowledge the King’s supremacy over religion; the last Earl that owed Dunnottar Castle was convicted for treason in 1715 for his role in the Jacobite  rising and the government seized the castle; the castle was neglected until purchased in 1925, had some repair and was opened to visitors.  Phew!  So, that’s it in a nutshell.

I loved wandering around the ruins of Dunnotttar.  It is hardly a moldering heap, but a beautiful collection of structures and features.  To get to the ruins, you have to descend many stone steps and pass through a tunnel—I was completely enchanted.  There were few visitors the day I visited, making the site particularly eerie; I couldn’t stand to be in the vaults/dungeons for very long.

To learn more about this impressive castle, check out:

American Folklife Preservation Act of 1976

What is the American Folklife Preservation Act of 1976?

The considerable range of cultural resources requiring protection and preservation, as well as the growing interest in American traditional culture, led to the enactment of the American Folklife Preservation Act in 1976. The declaration of intent and purpose provides similar language as the National Historic Preservation Act. American folklife, according to Section 2(a), “has contributed greatly to the cultural richness of the Nation and has fostered a sense of individuality and identity among the American people” and “that it is in the interest of the general welfare of the Nation to preserve, support, revitalize and disseminate American folklife traditions and arts” (United States Congress 1976:1). Consequently, preserving cultural traditions and educating the public on said traditions should not be sacrificed over progress or cultural differences. According to Groce (2010), “increased awareness and pride in ethnic and regional diversity of the American people—contributed to a concerted lobbying campaign by cultural specialists, who believed the time had come for a national center devoted to the preservation and study of folklore.” The Act, therefore, created the American Folklife Center (AFC) in the Library of Congress as a space to preserve and present American folklife.

Why do we need this law?

The American Folklife Center has undertaken a wide range of folklife documentation, fulfilling its role of procuring, exhibiting, communicating, preserving artifacts and audio and visual records representing some aspect of American folklife (United States Congress 1976:3). Such materials and educational programs would be made available to other public, private, and nonprofit educational institutions for greater public awareness of folklife, as related in Section 5(6). The center has coordinated efforts in preservation with the National Park Service, and with state and local organizations (King 1998:19). Dissemination of information on folklife to the public led to the Center’s annual Festival of American Folklife in Washington, D.C. The Center, therefore, has fulfilled its goal of supporting the research and scholarship of folklife to “contribute to an understanding of the complex problems of the basic desires, beliefs, and values of the American people in both rural and urban areas” (United States Congress 1976:1). The educational programs provide a profound resource for the public in understanding the importance and diversity of cultural resources.

Groce, Nancy

2010 History of the American Folklife Center. Electronic document, http://www.loc.gov/folklife/AFChist/index.html, accessed April 23, 2011.

King, Thomas F.

2000 Federal Planning and Historic Places: The Section 106 Process. Altamira Press, New York.

United States Congress

1976 American Folklife Preservation Act, Public Law 94-201, January 2, 1976. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office.

National Park Service Organic Act of 1916

Enactment of the National Park Service Organic Act, 16 USC 1, in 1916 follows the intent of the Antiquities Act by establishing the National Park Service. The act created an agency with the mission to protect, conserve, and preserve both natural and cultural resources on public lands for future generations (King 1998:13). Establishing the National Park Service allowed for the regulation of designated areas as national parks, monuments, and reservations. According to the Act, the main purpose of the National Park Service is to “conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such mans as well leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations (United States Congress 1916:1). As cultural resource managers, archaeologists, and/or concerned citizens, it is our duty to ensure that the National Park Service, and the Department of the Interior as a whole, keep to this promise of keeping our parks and national monuments protected and preserved for future generations.

King, Thomas F.

United States Congress

1916 The National Park Service Organic Act: 16 USC 1, 2, 3, 4, August 25, 1916. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office.


Although I have worked as an IT Professional for so many years, my first University degree was in Accounting. In Financial Accounting, one of my favourite topics was Bank reconciliation statements.

When checking how much they have in their bank accounts, people usually check how much they have as their balances. It is common when checking bank statements either online or on paper statements sent to customers to see two different bank balances. One would be balance available to spend, while the other will be balances pending transactions that have not been fully processed by the bank.

These payments could be monies paid to a person but not yet ‘cleared’, cheques that have been presented by the customer but which had not been ‘cleared’ for payment by the bank of the person who issued the cheque. There could also be payments schdules to be paid out but which had not yet been deducted from the account.

It was interesting for me to come across the word ‘reconciliation’ or to ‘be reconciled’ in the scriptures. As I studied with scriptural use of the word, especially its special use in the New Testament, I realised the difference between the scriptural concept of reconciliation and our every day usage of it.

Before Christ came, we were all in the red. “For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God” (Romans 3:23) We had no currency  in our heavenly bank account so there was nothing to reconcile. God, seeing that we had no way to get ourselves out of the debt we could not pay, sent Jesus His son, to come and get us out from under the weight of sin.

When our bank account is overdrawn and we are in the red and unable to pay what we owe, creditors, including banks, would come knocking and take anything that we possess to offset against what were are owing. When Adam and Eve disobeyed God and got into the debt of sin, all mankind by extension carried on with that weight of sin, forfeiting our souls with no one able bail us out of that debt until Jesus Christ came.

Because of what Jesus did for us, we now have an inheritance in Heaven. Our account it settled and we now have unlimited spiritual currency. We once had our souls forfeited to sin but now Jesus has purchased (redeemed) our souls and has given us back the prosperity that we were meant to have from the beginning.

Have you been reconciled to God? The only way is through Jesus Christ. He continues to reconcile men to God every day, He wants to reconcile you..only if you are willing to come to him.


People don't really trust those outside their family with their Netflix passwords

Orange Is The New BlackNetflix via Huffington PostTaylor Schilling, right, plays the fictional Piper on the hit Netflix show.

With the rise of streaming services like Netflix and HBO Go, casual password sharing has become a cultural phenomenon. It might also be a federal crime in the US, according to a controversial new court ruling.

But research from IBM suggests that people aren’t actually sharing their passwords much outside their family. While 42% of the 1,000 US adult respondents said they had shared passwords with family, only 2% said they shared with friends, and 1% with a roommate.

All told, slightly over 4% said they shared their passwords with non-family members.

This isn’t the narrative we are used to hearing in the industry.

Last year, a report from Parks Associates estimated the industry would lose $500 million to password sharing in 2015. This data suggests that might be a bit of an overstatement given the likelihood of getting multiple family members, especially in the same household, to subscribe to the same service. It also puts Netflix and HBO’s historically lax position on password sharing into a bit of perspective.

Here is the full chart from IBM’s Clearleap:

NOW WATCH: How to find Netflix’s secret categories

NOW WATCH: Tech Insider videos


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East Asian societies in the
postclassical world
What was the importance of Confucianism in East Asia,
and why was it so readily adopted in East Asia but not so
well in Inner Asia?
вЂў The need for consistency in the social order was
fueled by population growth and the need for
вЂў Farmers were held together by kinship groups
and the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy,
obedience, and self-sacrifice were important to
the maintenance of the elite.
вЂў Chinese Confucianism emphasized the Mandate
of Heaven for supporting the government.
вЂў The pastoral nature of the Inner Asian economy
did not lend itself to ready adoption of
What were some of the most important aspects of the Song
technological explosion? How was the technological explosion shared
with people?
вЂў The magnitude of the technological explosion during Song times could
have initiated a pre-modern industrial revolution.
вЂў Some of the more obvious examples in agriculture were the iron plow,
cotton and quick-ripening rice cultivation, soil preparation, and the use
of new printing techniques to more widely disseminate that information.
вЂў Song mathematicians and astronomers added much to existing
вЂў Song improvements in seafaring technology and navigation include
stern post rudders and compass (magnetic needle used on land and
not on sea), while the loadstone compass was described in use by
вЂў Timekeeping, as represented by Su SongвЂ™s giant celestial clock, was
perhaps the ultimate achievement.
вЂў Moveable type and the resulting availability of books made the spread
of these ideas effective.
Describe how the Tang Empire blended Chinese and
Turkish elements to create a more вЂњcosmopolitan world.вЂќ
вЂў Tang dynasty incorporated some of the Turkish elements
brought by the Tang.
вЂў The diversity of the Tang Empire made it cosmopolitan,
in particular, the many different peoples, languages,
writing systems, styles, and goods.
вЂў Politically, Tang leaders used the Inner Asian tradition of
Buddhism and commercially used the trade networks of
Inner Asia to connect China to the markets and materials
goods of Inner Asia.
вЂў Other influences that were blended were in sports,
music, and painting.
вЂў The Tang adopted the military skills of Inner Asia as well,
especially horses and armor as well as the style of
wearing pants.
How did the empires of the Liao, Jin, and Tanggut in Northern and
Central Asia differ from Song China?
вЂў The principal difference among the competing states in the
north was that the Liao, Jin, and Tangguts were nomadic
вЂў Their languages, cultures, and political structures had to
coexist alongside those of the agriculturalists in their midst.
вЂў The rulers acknowledged the various economies and social
structures of these peoples and did not impose a single
elite culture. Instead, Chinese were encouraged to study
their own language and view the emperor through
Confucian philosophy, and in contrast, the northern states
saw the emperor as a champion of Buddhism or nomadic
вЂў The result was that Buddhism was more powerful than
Confucianism in the northern states. Northern rulers
depended on their roles as Buddhist kings to legitimate
their power.
What role did women have in Song China? Did women play a different
role in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam?
вЂў Song China marked the beginning of a long period of cultural
subordination, legal disenfranchisement, and social restriction for women.
вЂў This was primarily a consequence of the Confucian hierarchical structure
and the rise of new elite classes, particularly merchants. For instance,
although a woman might have to assume a role in her husbandвЂ™s business,
she was prohibited from having property or a business of her own.
вЂў The subjugation obvious in footbinding, which was practiced by the elite.
вЂў Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, however, did not practice footbinding.
вЂў Although they played a subordinate role, women did have different
experiences in these states.
вЂў For example, Japanese women of the elite classes were literate and made
cultural contributions by writing diaries, poems, and novels, such as the
Tale of Genji. In Korea, women played a role in negotiating and disposing
of property.
Market roads, long-distance roads, the Grand Canal, and caravan and sea
routes all had important functions under the Sui and Tang. How was the city
of ChangвЂ™an a key component of this network of transportation?
вЂў Besides the economic importance of trade to these
empires, there were political considerations.
вЂў The transportation network connected the central cities
with the suburbs and outlying areas.
вЂў The Grand Canal allowed the integration of the Yangzi
Valley with northern China and contributed to the economic
and cultural development of eastern China. Many routes
converged on ChangвЂ™an including the Grand Canal.
вЂў ChangвЂ™an became the center of the tributary system.
вЂў This city also had over one million residents with
restaurants, inns, temples, mosques, and street stalls.
вЂў The different neighborhoods were walled and locked at
night to prevent crime reminiscent of todayвЂ™s вЂњgated
Discuss the absorption as well as repression of Buddhism in China.
What is the impact of these two trends in Asian history?
вЂў The Tang adopted many Buddhist ideas and many of the Tang regions
had Buddhist populations.
вЂў Buddhism played an important political function, according kings and
emperors with the spiritual function of welding humankind into a
harmonious Buddhist society.
вЂў Buddhist monks counseled and prayed for leaders as well as
contributing money to them.
вЂў As the Tang political and military decline became reality, there was a
strong backlash against Buddhism in China.
вЂў Tang elites blamed Buddhism for undermining Confucian ideas of the
family as the model for the state.
вЂў Han YuвЂ™s вЂњMemorial on the Bone of BuddhaвЂќ in 819 was a strong
statement criticizing Buddhism.
вЂў In 840 the government moved to crush the monasteries and 4,600
temples were destroyed and 26,500 monks and nuns were converted to
workers. This was a huge loss of ChinaвЂ™s cultural heritage.
What was the importance of
Buddhism to East Asian societies?
вЂў Buddhism supplied a religious function for kings
and emperors and created a shared political
ideology for most of the states of medieval
eastern Asia.
вЂў Buddhism also facilitated the exchange of
language, culture, and technology throughout
eastern and central Asia and India.
вЂў There are several different sects of Buddhism
including Mahayana, Theravada and Vajrayana
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