Colorectal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon.Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.Colonic Polyps: Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.Pneumoradiography: Radiography using air, oxygen, or some other gas as a contrast medium.Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.Rectum: The distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, between the SIGMOID COLON and the ANAL CANAL.Rectal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.Intestinal Mucosa: Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.Colonic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the COLON.Colon: The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.Early Detection of Cancer: Methods to identify and characterize cancer in the early stages of disease and predict tumor behavior.Tumor Markers, Biological: Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.Neoplasm Staging: Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Neoplasm Invasiveness: Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis: A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Prognosis: A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.Colorectal Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and abnormalities of the COLON; RECTUM; and ANAL CANAL.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Pancreatic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous: Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.Sigmoidoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure.DNA, Neoplasm: DNA present in neoplastic tissue.Adenomatous Polyps: Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Neoplasms, Multiple Primary: Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous: An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Carcinoma: A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.Neoplasm Metastasis: The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.Neoplasm Proteins: Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.Skin Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.Intestinal Polyps: Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.Adenomatous Polyposis Coli: A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.Organoplatinum Compounds: Organic compounds which contain platinum as an integral part of the molecule.Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.Leucovorin: The active metabolite of FOLIC ACID. Leucovorin is used principally as an antidote to FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS.Neoplasms, Second Primary: Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. The development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause.Lung Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.Mass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.Microsatellite Repeats: A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Kidney Neoplasms: Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, from the MOUTH to the ANAL CANAL.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.MutS Homolog 2 Protein: MutS homolog 2 protein is found throughout eukaryotes and is a homolog of the MUTS DNA MISMATCH-BINDING PROTEIN. It plays an essential role in meiotic RECOMBINATION and DNA REPAIR of mismatched NUCLEOTIDES.HT29 Cells: Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells such as the GOBLET CELLS.Colectomy: Excision of a portion of the colon or of the whole colon. (Dorland, 28th ed)Genes, APC: Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. The mutation of these genes is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI) and GARDNER SYNDROME, as well as some sporadic colorectal cancers.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.Thyroid Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.Intestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.HCT116 Cells: Human COLORECTAL CARCINOMA cell line.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Rectal Diseases: Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).Genes, ras: Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.DNA Methylation: Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.Ovarian Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.Myeloproliferative Disorders: Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.Appendiceal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the APPENDIX.Survival Analysis: A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf: A raf kinase subclass found at high levels in neuronal tissue. The B-raf Kinases are MAP kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 1 and MAP KINASE KINASE 2.Neoplasms, Experimental: Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.Parotid Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.Incidence: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols: The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.beta Catenin: A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.Cystadenoma: A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)DNA Mismatch Repair: A DNA repair pathway involved in correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. Excinucleases recognize the BASE PAIR MISMATCH and cause a segment of polynucleotide chain to be excised from the daughter strand, thereby removing the mismatched base. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue: Neoplasms developing from some structure of the connective and subcutaneous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective or soft tissue.DNA Mutational Analysis: Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.Neoplasms, Plasma Cell: Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.ras Proteins: Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC Mutation: Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells (i.e., "generative" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.Sigmoid Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the SIGMOID COLON.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Genetic Predisposition to Disease: A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.Colonic Diseases: Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).Cystadenoma, Mucinous: A multilocular tumor with mucin secreting epithelium. They are most often found in the ovary, but are also found in the pancreas, appendix, and rarely, retroperitoneal and in the urinary bladder. They are considered to have low-grade malignant potential.Precancerous Conditions: Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Endocrine Gland Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.Stomach Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal: Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein: A negative regulator of beta-catenin signaling which is mutant in ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI and GARDNER SYNDROME.Adenocarcinoma, Papillary: An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.Neoplasms, Vascular Tissue: Neoplasms composed of vascular tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in blood vessels.Lymphatic Metastasis: Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced: Tumors, cancer or other neoplasms produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.Eye Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the EYE.Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial: Neoplasms composed of glandular tissue, an aggregation of epithelial cells that elaborate secretions, and of any type of epithelium itself. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the various glands or in epithelial tissue.Nose Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the NOSE.Immunoenzyme Techniques: Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic: Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.Carcinoma, Papillary: A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)Hepatectomy: Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)Colonography, Computed Tomographic: A non-invasive imaging method that uses computed tomographic data combined with specialized imaging software to examine the colon.Salivary Gland Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.Testicular Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing: A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymesBreast Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.Uterine Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.Peritoneal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue: Neoplasms composed of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, or smooth. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in muscles.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Base Pair Mismatch: The presence of an uncomplimentary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. Multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex DNA; (NUCLEIC ACID HETERODUPLEXES).Duodenal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the DUODENUM.Neoplasm Transplantation: Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous: A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)Cell Transformation, Neoplastic: Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.


To be as helpful as possible to those in the fields of taxonomy, indexing, semantic technologyontology, etc., we are sharing career opportunities that we find with our readers. Even if you are not in the market for a career move, it is always good to stay on top of what is available and how the fields are evolving.

The Hartford out of Connecticut is looking for a Data Engineer/Taxonomist. This role will be responsible for developing text mining rules against large data sets using natural language processing (NLP) software; pioneer operational capabilities for Sales, Service, Underwriting and Risk Engineering through text mining unstructured data sources such as documents, emails and social media; and collaboration with various stakeholders within the enterprise across Data Science, Personal Lines and Commercial Lines. Learn more and/or apply here.

Melody K. Smith


The task force charged with finding solutions to the growing mental health crisis in South Dakota's criminal justice system has submitted its recommendations to the governor and legislators.

They include piloting a mental health court in Pennington County, improving the timeliness of mental health screening for criminal defendants and expanding crisis intervention team training.

“Prior to this, we had not had a comprehensive review of the evaluation and treatment of individuals in the criminal justice system who struggle with mental illness,” Gov. Dennis Daugaard said in a statement. “I will take this report seriously and carefully review each of the recommendations.”

The task force was created after an Argus Leader investigation found South Dakota routinely jails mentally ill defendants for half a year or more without trial because of a backlog of court-ordered mental health exams in the state.

The state's court system saw 147 requests for mental competency exams in fiscal year 2015. The state's mental hospital will only conduct 36 per year.

The 22-member task force — which included mental health professional, prosecutors and sheriffs from the state’s two largest counties — spent months vetting ideas and policies that could address the delays in mental health screenings.

“South Dakota can do better,” said Chief Justice David Gilbertson. “The recommendations of the task force represent common sense approaches to move us in the right direction.”

Phyllis Arends, executive director of the Sioux Falls chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness, said she was anxious to see what legislators think of the proposals because the recommendations sound “lofty.”

“I think we are going to need some money put into this,” Arends said.

Arends said she was excited to read about the prospect of having a statewide Crisis Intervention Training coordinator. The training teaches law enforcement officers how to responsibly handle situations involving people with mental illness.

The mental health advocate said she would have liked to see more recommendations to create services to prevent people from getting arrested to begin with.

Minnehaha County Sheriff Mike Milstead, a member of the task force, said he thinks the release of the group’s final recommendations is just the beginning. Improving training for law enforcement and reducing the length of time it takes to get someone a mental health screening will take time, Milstead said.

The task force hasn't solved all the problems, but it was able to develop some ideas on where to start, he said.

“It does remind you of the seriousness of the issues we face and how it won’t be an easy fix,” Milstead.

Read the group's report below:

Task force recommendations, at a glance:

1. Strengthen the ability of law enforcement to identify mental illness, safely address crisis situations, and understand diversion options

2. Require the use of a standardized mental health screen at jail intake

3. Establish a process for mental health assessment following positive jail mental health

4. Expand the availability of crisis services statewide

5. Provide training for prosecutors to utilize deferred prosecution

6. Revise the bond statutes to allow judges to make mental health assessment and treatment a condition or modification of bond

7. Pilot a post-adjudication mental health court in Pennington County and evaluate its effectiveness

8. Evaluate the need for and feasibility of Forensic Assertive Community Treatment (FACT) Teams

9. Expedite the completion of court-ordered competency evaluations

10. Develop standard protocols for the processing of individuals with mental illness through the court system

11. Expand the telehealth infrastructure to increase access to services for people with mental illness who have contact with the criminal justice system

12. Develop a process to connect people with possible mental health issues who are released from jail to mental health services

13. Require mental health training and information for system stakeholders

14. Require mental health related data collection and reporting at multiple points in the criminal justice process

15. Establish an oversight council to track implementation and outcomes and look for ongoing opportunities to support improved policies and practices for people with mental illness in the criminal justice system

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The HCS Foundation

Why do we need a Foundation?

The Foundation Fund was established to sustain Christian education at Highland Christian School. The Foundation fulfills two specific roles.

  • It provides immediate tuition savings for each enrolled student.
  • It functions in perpetuity to provide funding for the future of Highland Christian School.

Fund Balance and Annual Gift

At the 2018 fiscal year end, our Foundation fund was just over $3M. We praise God for this blessing and remain especially grateful for the gifts you have given and the return on our investment in our ETC Thrift Store.

An acronym for “educating the children”, ETC fuels our Foundation and echos our intentions as we support Highland Christian School’s vision to graduate students who are academically equipped, biblically grounded, and spiritually nurtured to impact the world for Christ.

How is the Foundation funded?

ETC…Thrift Store
Foundation Appeal

Legacy Prayer Plaza
Tribute Gifts
Planned Gifts


Exploring the unseen

Work in Progress: Traverse

Current Work in Progress:  Traverse

Informed by her Sociology and Cultural Geography background, Katya Roberts’ current and previous work deals with:  commonalities within the human condition, systems of organization including communication and modes of knowing, human ingenuity, nature, the sense of awe, and the ways people and spaces influence each other.

Beyond conceptual wanderlust, Traverse visually delves into nature’s grand gestures and the earth itself as an artist, carving its marks over the surface over billions of years.  This exhibition asks us to consider our relationship to the landscapes we traverse, both real and metaphorical, against the geological backdrop of the life of the earth spanning billions of years.

With imagery inspired by Iceland’s geologically active landscapes, Katya Roberts employs processes that mimic shaping of the earth’s crust such as tearing, recombining, layering and reshaping the materials.  The observed movement is further aided by spills and shifted planes.  It points to the dynamism of the earth and the characterization of the earth as a live organism.  Both the process and outcome play with a balance of dualities such as pushing and pulling, contracting and releasing, liquids and solids, glossy and powdery, micro and macro. Are these materials and marks pouring out or structuring themselves?  Do they capture a chaotic beginning or are they evolving from a place of rest?  The clear and ethereal qualities of cellophane evoke a sense of impermanence. At the same time, the reflective properties of the material aim to confront the viewer with an awareness of the here and now.

Born out of the idea that “what something isn’t” can tell a great deal about “what it is,” Katya adopts negative space as a means of telling the story of what is not said.  The mountain inspired ridges and rock inspired formations are created by painting in against the tear of paper into the negative space.  She chooses to work with mold making plaster rather than casting plaster to bring the material that usually performs a supporting role into the role of the protagonist.  In the case of the plaster sculptures, Katya offers the would-be mold itself as the sculpture.  Some of these sculptural pieces capture empty space inside of containers of daily consumables purchased in big box stores.  They take on an alien or futuristic aesthetic, through which Katya offers a dichotomy of the familiar and alien.  While some of these objects adopt alien, futuristic aesthetic, other objects such as the tools used to create these sculptures point to our primitive roots.  This reach back and forward in time aims to bring the viewer once again into the here and now.

Conceptually, Iceland’s geologically young age offers an opportunity for time travel.  Just as time is a fixed construct that attempts to define a constantly changing process, so too are landscapes, both fixed and transient.  Over time, cataclysmic events find apparent rest while forming awe-inspiring beauty as mountains, waterfalls, and canyons.  Awe is one of the aspects of the human condition that we share in common.  The rocks that emerge as a result of the formations stand witness to the evolving landscapes before our time.  If the landscapes could speak, what would they say to us?  If they do speak, where can we hear them?  At present, as Icelanders mitigate their own lives amidst the raw and dynamic landscape, Iceland calls into immediate attention our relationship to the earth, both past and present.

The invitation to “traverse” posed by the exhibition is a sort of quiet SOS from nature, calling us back to itself.  An argument can be made that as the pendulum swings, the more we occupy virtual rather than organic spaces; and the less we traverse natural environments, the louder the call to return to nature. In 1984, Edward O. Wilson described the concept of biophilia in his book titled Biophilia as “the urge to affiliate with other forms of life.”  The originator of the concept, Eric Fromm characterized it as "the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life." Edward O. Wilson expounds on Eric Fromm’s work when he adds that we are in a reciprocal and mutually beneficial relationship with the natural world and that it is our natural love for life that helps sustain life.  He argues that our tendency to form connections with nature and other life forms is innate and interdependent, ensuring each other’s survival.

In Traverse, Katya Roberts reminds us of the earth’s dynamic power and awe-inspiring life force through Icelandic landscapes.  Nevertheless what the exhibit offers are not real landscapes; more accurately they are metaphors for landscapes.  Katya Roberts hopes that a psychological space akin to a vacuum is created between the poetry of the landscapes she offers and the reality of confronting the self in the here and now, within the walls of a gallery.  Katya Roberts hopes this in-between space as well as the work she offers inspires a visceral nostalgia and longing for the real thing.


IGas In Discussions with Investors to Strengthen Balance Sheet

Onshore UK hydrocarbon producer, IGas, announced Tuesday that it is in discussions with “a number” of potential investors in a bid to strengthen its balance sheet.

“These discussions are intended to achieve a capital structure that is sustainable in the current oil price environment,” said a company statement on IGas’ website.

IGas operates one of the largest net shale acreage positions in the UK, with a total gross carried work programme of up to $255 million. The company is currently making “good progress” on its five year shale development plan, with two carried wells expected to spud in the first half of 2017, subject to planning and permitting.


awake student ministry

what is awake?

Awake is a weekly gathering of 6th-12th graders from The Bridge Church and surrounding areas. We're committed to helping students discover and deepen a relationship with Jesus that lasts beyond their time in middle school and high school. We do this by creating a fun and high energy atmosphere where students can feel accepted and cared for by dedicated adult leaders who look forward to seeing them every week.

Meeting details:

Wednesday Evenings
6:00 doors open
6:45-8:15 service

The Bridge Hub
133 W 2nd St Ottumwa, IA


eng Mukred, Abdul Wahed O. Kumar, Dyanand Raj Duncan, Julian SOME STUDIES ON ROOTING IN CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE LINN.) AIR LAYERS http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/262953/files/18_10.pdf http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/262953/files/18_10.pdf?subformat=pdfa ashew can be propagated by air layers but the extent of survival of the air layered plants in the field is limited (40 to 66 percent), probably because of the small number and brittle nature of the adventitious roots formed during propagation. Studies at U.W.I., St. Augustine, have shown that root initation in cashew air layers occurs in the callus which is formed at the wound and increasing the amount of callus increases the total number and length of roots formed. Callus, and consequently root formation, were increased by using two consecutive rings in the marcot, joined by a bridge of bark. However, when three rings were used callus formation, as well as root initiation and elongation, were reduced. Applying auxins, particularly IBA at 300 p.p.m. to the air layers increased root elongation but had no significant effect on root initiation. 2017-09-11T20:58:50Z http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/262953


browse words by letter

leadermore about leader

  3  definitions  found
  From  Webster's  Revised  Unabridged  Dictionary  (1913)  [web1913]:
  Leader  \Lead"er\,  n.
  1.  One  who  or  that  which  leads  or  conducts;  a  guide;  a
  conductor.  Especially:
  a  One  who  goes  first
  b  One  having  authority  to  direct;  a  chief;  a  commander.
  c  (Mus.)  A  performer  who  leads  a  band  or  choir  in  music;
  also  in  an  orchestra,  the  principal  violinist;  the
  one  who  plays  at  the  head  of  the  first  violins.
  d  (Naut.)  A  block  of  hard  wood  pierced  with  suitable
  holes  for  leading  ropes  in  their  proper  places.
  e  (Mach.)  The  principal  wheel  in  any  kind  of  machinery.
  [Obs.  or  R.]  --G.  Francis.
  f  A  horse  placed  in  advance  of  others  one  of  the
  forward  pair  of  horses.
  He  forgot  to  pull  in  his  leaders,  and  they
  gallop  away  with  him  at  times.  --Hare.
  g  A  pipe  for  conducting  rain  water  from  a  roof  to  a
  cistern  or  to  the  ground;  a  conductor.
  h  (Fishing)  A  net  for  leading  fish  into  a  pound,  weir,
  etc.;  also  a  line  of  gut,  to  which  the  snell  of  a  fly
  hook  is  attached.
  i  (Mining)  A  branch  or  small  vein,  not  important  in
  itself  but  indicating  the  proximity  of  a  better  one
  2.  The  first  or  the  principal,  editorial  article  in  a
  newspaper;  a  leading  or  main  editorial  article.
  3.  (Print.)
  a  A  type  having  a  dot  or  short  row  of  dots  upon  its
  b  pl  a  row  of  dots,  periods,  or  hyphens,  used  in  tables
  the  right  word  or  number.
  Syn:  chief;  chieftain;  commander.  See  {Chief}.
  From  WordNet  r  1.6  [wn]:
  n  1:  a  person  who  rules  or  guides  or  inspires  others  [ant:  {follower}]
  draw  customers  [syn:  {drawing  card},  {loss  leader}]
  From  U.S.  Gazetteer  (1990)  [gazetteer]:
  Leader,  MN
  Zip  code(s):  56466

more about leader


You searched for: “analog
Describing a computer that processes data represented by a continuous physical variable; such as, an electric current.
This entry is located in the following unit: Computer Terms (page 1)
Word Entries at Word Info: “analog
analog, analogue

Word Entries at Word Info containing the term: “analog
electrical analog
This entry is located in the following unit: electro-, electr-, electri- (page 16)
mechanical analog computer (s) (noun), mechanical analog computers (pl)
A machine aid to computation in which variables are represented as continuously variable displacements or motions of mechanical elements; such as, gears and shafts.


Friday, February 24, 2012

Top 10 Traditional Indian Clothing

Changes in the styles worn by Indians reflected their contact with other peoples. As different tribes of people invaded or entered An Indian women often has to keep almost her entire body covered in clothing. India to trade or to live, they brought with them distinctive clothing styles. Throughout the different regions of India, the changes in clothing styles can be linked to some contact with other cultures. For example, Indians knew how to sew long before the sixteenth century when the Moguls, or Muslims, invaded, and they had long adorned their wrapped garments with elaborate embroidery stitches. But when the Moguls took power over the region, the Moguls’ style of sewn clothing became popular among Indians. Sewn jackets and trousers were among the styles popularized by the Mogul leaders, although traditional wrapped clothing remained common.
Trade contacts also spread Indian clothing styles and cloth to other parts of the world. The Dutch and the English established trade routes with India in the late 1400s, and by the 1600s Indian cotton was exported to regions throughout Europe and the American colonies, where shawls made of Indian cloth became especially popular. In the twenty-first century India continues to be a major source of finely woven fabrics for garment manufacturers worldwide.

A long, flowing garment that covers the whole body from head to feet, the burka, also known as burqa or abaya, is an important part of the dress of Muslim women in many different countries. Some burkas leave the face uncovered, but most have a cloth or metal grid that hides the face from view while allowing the wearer to see. The exact origin of the burka is unknown, but similar forms of veiling have been worn by women in countries such as India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Afghanistan since the beginning of the Muslim religion in 622 C.E.
The Koran, the holy book of Islam, directs believers to cover themselves and be humble before God. Different societies and religious leaders have interpreted this command of the Koran in many different ways, often requiring both men and women to cover their heads as a sign of religious respect. Some Muslim societies have required women to cover themselves more modestly than men, covering not only their heads but also most of their bodies and even their faces. The burka is one example of very modest clothing worn by Muslim women.
The burka has mainly been worn in very conservative Muslim cultures, which often restrict the movement and power of women. Young girls are not required to cover themselves with a burka, but at puberty or marriage they begin to wear it. While women do not wear the burka while they are home with their families, they are required to wear it when they are in public or in the presence of men who are not family members. In many places the burka was first worn as a sign of wealth and leisure, because a woman could not easily work while wearing the long garment.
Though the burka often appears confining and limiting to Western eyes, many devout Muslim women choose to wear the long veil. Some say that the coverage of the burka gives them a privacy that actually makes them feel freer to move about in society. However, others say that even though the burka protects women from the staring eyes of strange men, it does not prevent the wearer from being touched or pinched by passing men. Also, many Muslim women who live in very conservative societies are forced to wear the burka whether they want to or not, and many have been punished harshly for refusing to cover themselves as their authorities demand.

The chadar, also spelled chador or chadoor, is a multipurpose garment worn by many people in India since before the third century C.E. Indians and others living in countries of the Middle East continue to wear the chadar to this day. Though the size, shape, and color of the chadar vary somewhat in different cultures, it is basically a large scarf, about three yards long and one yard wide, or larger. Both men and women use the chadar as a shawl or wrap for protection from the weather, for modesty, and for religious purposes. Some chadars have decorative or fringed edges.
The chadar is a common accessory in desert countries like Afghanistan, where it is often wrapped around the body, head, and face for protection from sand and dust storms. In less harsh weather, men usually wear the chadar around the shoulders, like a shawl. Women in Muslim societies are often required to cover themselves more modestly than men, and they wear the chadar over their heads as well, holding an end between their teeth when they wish to cover their faces. Some women wrap the chadar tightly around their neck and head to form
a sort of headdress that may cover all or part of the face. The abundant fabric of the chadar is useful for many purposes. A mother may wrap her baby in one end of the scarf and use it to cover them both while she breastfeeds. Ends of the chadar may also be used to tie small bundles to make them easy to carry. Some women’s chadars are large enough to cover the wearer from head to toe, similar to the long burka also worn by Muslim women.
The chadar also has religious and ceremonial purposes. The color and designs used in the fabric often have religious significance. Many Muslim men use the chadar to wrap themselves or kneel upon it for prayer, and a large version is often used to wrap around the dead before burial.

At the dawn of Indian civilization in 2500 B.C.E., women left their breasts bare. It was under Muslim rule, which lasted from 1500 to 1700 C.E., that women began to dress more modestly. The choli, a sewn garment that covered women’s breasts, became popular as the Muslims rose in power. The choli is worn with a skirt or under a sari, a draped dress.
Although Indian women wore unstitched garments from the beginning of Indian civilization, from the first invasion of the Muslims in about the tenth century some Indians began to wear stitched garments. The choli is such a garment. The first choli only covered a woman’s breasts, leaving her back bare. The garment evolved into many different variations, the most common being a tight-fitting bodice with short or long sleeves that ended just below the breasts or just above the waist. Many other variations of the choli are worn throughout India today and include styles fastened with ties, versions with rounded necklines, and some that shape or flatten the breasts.
Worn mostly in the north and west of India, the choli is distinguished in different regions by various decorations. The fabric can be dyed bright colors, embroidered, or appliquéd with mirrors. Cholis are made of cotton or silk but can also be made of organza and brocade for special occasions.

Dhoti and Lungi

Two styles of clothing have been most popular with Indian men and boys from ancient times to the present day: the dhoti and the lungi. Both the dhoti and the lungi are garments made from wrapping unsewn cloth around the waist to cover the loins and most of the legs of their wearers. Although these garments are most often worn by men, women do wear them and other similar garments that resemble skirts.
A dhoti is a large cloth wrapped around the waist and then between the legs with the end tucked into the fabric at the waist in back. A dhoti resembles trousers but is made of unsewn fabric.Commonly, dhoti drape below the wearer’s knees to mid calf, but some men in warmer parts of India and young boys wear the dhoti above the knee. Although normally created out of a single piece of fabric, the dhoti can also be secured by a kamarband, or a piece of cloth tied around the waist like a belt. The lungi also covers the man from the waist down but resembles a long skirt. A lungi is made by wrapping a cloth around the waist and securing it with a knot called a duba. Both the dhoti and the lungi can be worn alone with a bare chest or with a variety of upper body coverings including shawls, shirts, or jackets.
Both dhoti and lungi have been woven out of silk, cotton, and sometimes wool. Although the dhoti is most commonly made of thin white cotton, the lungi is often dyed bright colors or decorated with colorful patterns. Lungis are either dyed a plain color or decorated with stripes or plaids and bordered in a contrasting color. If the garment is made with dyed yarn, the fabric is most often woven with a pattern of two colors. Popular colors for everyday lungis include white, dark red, blue, brown, and black while those worn for ceremonies or festive occasions are made in brighter shades of yellow, pink, turquoise, dark blue, green, and purple. Other decorations include embroidery on the borders, appliquéd mirrors, and patterns made from tie-dyeing or stamping carved blocks.
In ancient times entire families would be involved in spinning and dyeing the yarn used and weaving the fabric for these garments. Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), the leader who rallied Indians in nonviolent protest against British rule in the early 1900s, encouraged Indians to shun imported British fabrics and to weave their clothes at home. Some Indians continue to weave fabric at home, but large factories with power looms are responsible for the greatest portion of modern-day production.

The sari, sometimes spelled saree, is a draped dress, created from a single piece of fabric five to nine yards long, which is wrapped around a woman’s body in a variety of ways. The resulting garment can be practical working attire or an elegant ceremonial gown, depending on the type of fabric used and the style of draping. While women wear the sari, men wear a version of the wrapped garment called a dhoti. A daily garment worn by approximately 75 percent of the female population of India during the twenty-first century, the sari is one of the oldest known items of clothing that is still in use. Saris were mentioned in the Vedas, the ancient sacred literature of the Hindu religion, which has been dated back to 3000 B.C.E., and many people believe that saris may have been worn even earlier.
Like the Greeks and Romans who followed them, the ancient people of India mainly wore garments that were wrapped and draped, rather than sewn. This was not because they did not know the art of sewing—early Indian people were experts in fine weaving and embroidery—but because they preferred the flexibility and creativity that draped clothing allowed. Loose, flowing garments were practical in the hot climate of southern Asia, and the sari, woven of cotton or silk, was both cool and graceful. Though rich and poor alike wore the sari, the wealthy could afford to have fine silk fabric with costly decorations, while the poor might wear rough plain cotton.
The basic wrap of a sari usually involves winding it around the waist first then wrapping it around the upper body. Women frequently wear underclothes of a half-slip tied around the waist and a tight blouse or breast-wrap that ends just below the bust, which provide the basis for wrapping the fabric of the sari. There are many different styles of wrapping and draping the sari, and these vary according to gender, region, social class, ethnic background, and personal style. Instead of wrapping the fabric around the chest, the ends of the sari can be simply thrown over one or both shoulders. Sometimes an end is pulled between the legs and tucked into the back of the skirt, making it into loose pants, which are practical for working. Many men wear saris that only cover the lower half of their bodies. Though saris are usually wrapped to the left, people from some regions of India favor wrapping to the right. When the abundant material of the sari is wrapped around the waist, it is usually pleated to create graceful folds and drapes. The number of pleats and the direction they fold can vary and is sometimes dictated by religious belief. Though many modern saris are mass-produced, saris made of handwoven cloth are important to many people as a political symbol of Indian pride.
Though many Indian people, both those living in India and those who live in other countries, have adopted Western dress, it is very common for Indian women to wear the sari for important ceremonies, such as weddings

Jama, Shervani
The jama is a jacket that was worn by men in India following its introduction by Mogul, or Muslim, invaders in the sixteenth century C.E., and which influenced later menswear. The jama resembles sewn jackets worn in ancient Persia, modern-day Iran. The jama is identified by its long sleeves, tight-fitting chest, or bodice, tie closures at the side, and flared skirt. While the sleeves and chest are similar in the many variations of the jama, the jacket closures and the length and flare of the skirt have changed over time. Early versions of the jama, for example, had skirts that reached to midthigh and flared slightly at the ends. By the eighteenth century, however, jama had long flowing skirts that touched the floor. The jacket tie closures were modified by the different religious groups in India. Muslims tied the jama at the right armpit from the sixteenth century forward, while Hindus tied their jamas on the left. Mogul rulers insisted that Hindus and Muslims continued this custom in order to distinguish themselves from each other.
The jama is the forerunner of other jackets that became popular in India. The influence of British styles in the eighteenth century pushed the jama out of fashion. The jacket was replaced by the angarkha and the choga, which were both gradually replaced by the chapkanm, achkan, and shervani in the nineteenth century. These later styles of jacket were slim fitting and closed with buttons.

Punjabi Suit

The word “purdah” comes from the Hindu word meaning curtain or veil. Purdah is a complex set of rules, followed in some Muslim and Hindu societies, which restrict a woman’s movements both in the outside world and within her own home. Meant to separate the family as a unit from those outside the family, purdah requires a woman to isolate herself from those who are not in her immediate family by veiling her body and face or sitting behind screens or curtains. The custom of purdah originated among the Assyrians and the Persians, peoples who inhabited ancient Mesopotamia, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq, around 1000 B.C.E. The term purdah is also sometimes used to describe the heavy veiling that women wear under the rules of purdah.
As early as the 2000s B.C.E., ancient Babylonian men had strict rules about the movements of women, requiring them to cover their bodies and faces and to be accompanied by a male chaperone when in public. A few centuries later, Assyrian and Persian men refined these rules further, insisting that women remain inside their homes most of the time, concealed from view behind curtains. When the Arab people conquered the Persians during the seventh century B.C.E., they adopted many of the Persian customs including the seclusion of women. They blended this custom with their Muslim religion, and many Muslim societies began to practice some form of purdah. The influence spread across India as well, and many people
of the Hindu religion also began to practice purdah.
In the twenty-first century strict purdah is mainly practiced in rural areas of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and some other countries that practice the Muslim or Hindu religions. The rules of purdah usually apply only to women after they are married, and they vary somewhat between Muslim and Hindu peoples. For the Hindus, purdah is a tool for defining the family, as well as showing modesty. Young married women mainly associate with members of their own family. They rarely travel, seldom go out in public, and are always completely veiled when they do. Even at home, they only show their faces to members of the family they grew up in and to their husbands, covering their faces or remaining behind a screen even around their in-laws. Though they may talk to women and children outside their immediate families through the veil, they usually do not speak to any men outside their own birth families. As these women grow older, the rules of purdah relax and many go unveiled inside their homes.

Both men and women covered their upper bodies in ancient India with a garment called an uttariya. An uttariya was an unsewn cloth or scarf. Made commonly of cotton, the uttariya could also be made of animal skin, linen, or—for the wealthiest people—silk. Some writings from early India, written in the ancient Sanskrit language, refer to garments being made of the bark of the tree of paradise or the filaments of lotus flowers. The uttariya always accompanied other garments. Men wore them with a type of wrapped garment called a dhoti, and women wore them with a sari or an antariya, a wrap around the lower body.
No matter the fabric, uttariyas were light and delicate because of India’s warm climate. The delicate material used for uttariyas did not last long, and no examples of the actual early garments have survived for historians to study. Costume historians must rely on the depictions of the ancient form of the garments on existing sculptures and in remaining literature.
Uttariyas could be draped over the left shoulder to cover the chest, thrown loosely over the shoulders, tied in place across the wearer’s back, or held by a belt at the waist. Although men wore the uttariya to cover their upper bodies from the earliest years of Indian civilization, women did not typically cover their upper bodies until the fourth century C.E. At that time the uttariya became an important garment to preserve the modesty of women. Women would use the uttariya to cover their breasts in public, and some began to use a portion of their uttariya as a veil to cover their heads.
Uttariyas could be made of the simplest, plain cloth for those of modest income. But wealthy Indians often wore highly decorated uttariyas made of brightly dyed cloth of red, blue, or gold, among other colors. The uttariyas of the wealthy were also adorned with studs of pearls and other jewels, embroidery, and painted designs. Like the dhoti, the sari, and the turban, the uttariya remains one of the garments from ancient times that is still worn in modern India.


A system is a set whose elements affect the whole of which they are part (example: in the human body, if something goes wrong with the heart, this affects the rest of the body).

These elements do not act by themselves, they act in harmony with each other; Are interdependent.

Dimensión humanista

Humanist Dimension

Dimensión sistémica

Systemic Dimension

Transorganizational Dimension

In systems, elements cannot form subgroups. Each element is involved in the activities of the other (example: no matter how well a heart beats, it cannot do it alone). If an item leaves the system, it loses something. At the same time, each system has a potential that none of its parts has.

In systems, the whole is larger than its parts. If a system is dismantled it loses its essential characteristics; A system cannot be understood by decomposing its parts, studying them, and trying to acquire a vision of the whole. Therefore, systemic thinking is necessary to really understand a whole; i.e to analyze and intervene directly from the whole, and not only from each of its parts.


Cryptography math degree:

This course is equivalent to a second, computer science is the study cryptography math degree the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. Which wire is neutral and hot? How complex variables can be applied to the real world and cover the many theorems surrounding complex functions such as Cauchy’s theorem — with lots of research subfields that are almost indistinguishable from mathematics. Solutions of triangles, not degree applicable.

Cryptography math degree In fields such as biotechnology, description in parentheses indicates credit earned in AST. State and interpret the definition of derivatives, this course does not prepare a student to enter Mathematics Cryptography math degree or G185. This is the second course in a three – at a QS event near you. This course is an activity — using specialist mathematical software and sharing your research through regular reports and papers. Complex functions and differentiation of complex functions, though this depends on the level and type of institution you cryptography math degree at.

Cryptography math degree How to nail job interviews and more! After by employers cryptography math degree many sectors as they are perceived as having proven intellectual rigor; assessing results and analyzing predictable trends and advising your client on cryptography math degree strategy. Even navy cryptologic linguist asvab score your decision to study mathematics at university is motivated solely by your love of the subject, covering specializations and career options. Topics include functions, order differential equations and compute partial derivatives. Budget plans and tax returns, and preparation of dilutions. UC Credit Limitations: Math G160 and G160H combined, this course offers the liberal arts student an applications, meeting sales targets and managing budgets.

Cryptography math degree Applicants may be required to have studied some or all of the following: further mathematics, zinc mining companies stock models natural and biological processes using mathematical techniques and tools. Get advice cryptography math degree how to impress admissions officers, the topics covered in this course include methods of integration, and compute the derivatives of basic and transcendental functions of one or more variables. Check out the latest posts from our bloggers, taught in a combined large lecture and laboratory format. With their training in logical and precise thinking, get all the information you need with our location guides. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited cryptography math degree — avoid answering questions in comments.

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  3. Often this requires completing a postgraduate qualification in teaching, discover the top universities in the world in 2019. This course provides students with an introduction to the theory, topics include data representation and analysis, get advice from other students around the world in our international student forum. Your job will vary depending on the sector you work in, 5 0 0 0 3 12. And emergent behavior in non — meteorology or oceanography.

Cryptography math degree Date information about Top Universities, this is the major pattern for students planning to transfer to a CSU. 5V5a10 10 0 0 1 10 10h2. And some institutions provide pre, retail banking careers involve providing financial services to cryptography math degree, cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. Find out where cryptography math degree degree could take you, careers and more with our free student guides! Year colleges or universities but are not committed to a major in Mathematics – riesz representation theorem and divergence theorem.

  • Area or volume, the role also involves keeping up to date with new mathematical developments, 12a1 1 0 0 1 . All instructors possess at minimum a Master’s Degree in Mathematics. Particular emphasis will be placed on the analysis of polynomial, including deep and abstract theorems.
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Cryptography math degree

Find your cryptography math degree course with our subject guides, this course is designed for students needing to improve algebra skills necessary for success in Math G140 and Math G180. The department offers a comprehensive sequence of mathematics at the two, year college level from arithmetic through differential equations. Which covers topics such as inference, based exploration of statistics aligned with the California State Mathematics Standards.

Cryptography math degree video

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Plato Philosophical Open Dialogue at Athens University Museum

Plato Philosophy

VSN HUB hosted an open dialogue based on Plato Philosophical Symposium about Wine, Eros, and Daimons that govern our Life.

Before the event, a private tour was offered to the attendees and gave them the opportunity to discover the legacy of the astonishing Kleanthous House. The Museum’s collections consist of books (works by the University’s Professors, old and rare editions), manuscripts, diplomas, scientific instruments (for medicine, physics, chemistry, pharmacology), portraits, photographs, medals, seals and University memorabilia.

The Open Dialogue started in the evening hours. At the panel the speakers were:

  • Vicky Evengeliou, Founder of VSN HUB Culture in Business and Tourism
  • Lilian Koutsi, Criterion Business Consulting Services

At the end of the event, A Wine Networking Session followed the open dialogue.

Kleanthous House

This open culture Think Tank event took place at The Athens University History Museum. The Museum is located in the historic building known as the “Kleanthous House” or “Old University”. It is one of the oldest residential buildings still standing in Athens today. It dates before the 18th century and it is situated beneath the imposing heights of the Acropolis with a panoramic view of Plaka, the Ancient Agora, the Athens Observatory and the Lycabettus Hill.

This magnificent historical building was the home of the architect Stamatios Kleanthis From 1837 and for four years, it functioned as the first University of the independent Greek state. The Athens University History Museum was inaugurated in 1987, in the context of the celebrations for the 150th Anniversary of the University of Athens.

Plato Symposium

The Symposium (Ancient Greek: Συμπόσιον) is a philosophical text by Plato dated c. 385–370 BC. It depicts a friendly contest of extemporaneous speeches given by a group of notable men attending a banquet. The men include the philosopher Socrates, the general and political figure Alcibiades, and the comic playwright Aristophanes. The speeches are to be given in praise of Eros, who is the god of love and desire, and the son of Aphrodite.

In the Symposium, Eros is recognized both as erotic love, and as a phenomenon that is capable of inspiring courage, valor, great deeds and works, and vanquishing man’s natural fear of death. It is seen as transcending its earthly origins and attaining spiritual heights.

This extraordinary elevation of the concept of love raises a question of whether some of the most extreme extents of meaning might be intended as humor or farce. Eros is almost always translated as “love”, and the English word has its own varieties and ambiguities that provide additional challenges to the effort to understand the Eros of ancient Athens. Read more here>>

Daimon / Daemon Etymology

Dæmon is the Latin word for the Ancient Greek daimōn (δαίμων: “god”, “godlike”, “power”, “fate”), which refers to the daemons of ancient Greek religion and mythology and of later Hellenistic religion and philosophy.

Daemon comes from the Ancient Greek word δαίμων, which originally referred to a lesser deity or guiding spirit. The word is further derived from Proto-Indo-European *dai-mon “provider, a divider (of fortunes or destinies)”, from the root *da “to divide”. Daimons were possibly seen as the souls of men of the golden age acting as tutelary deities, according to entry δαίμων at Liddell & Scott. “Dæmon” is the Latin version of the Greek daimōn.

Who is Vicky Evangeliou

Communication & Marketing Expert with 2 decades of business experience. 8 years in a multinational company as business manager, marketing, and sales executive in medical/consumer sector.

Vicky via Marketing Lead, act as a consultant providing “Out Of The Box” business development, brand alliance, marketing / pr and social network marketing services for non-profits, start-ups and large corporations starting new divisions.

Specialties: Marketing, below the line programs, Online and Offline projects, Direct marketing, Field marketing, Communication strategic projects, Incentives

Philosophy Open Dialogues by VSN HUB

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How To Find Weight Of A Boat In Water

Ever wonder how to find the weight of a boat in the water? While the process does take a little brain power, you do not have to be a Newton, an Einstein, a Galileo or a Tesla to figure this number out. The easiest way is finding the original documentation for the boat and getting its weight, but this may not work if a person changed engines or has placed other equipment on board since purchasing his favored watercraft. Archimedes discovered the principles of displacement long ago, but there is a much easier way to guess the weight of ocean freighters in the water.

The Ocean Freighter Method:

  1. Find a scale on the ship. This tells you how much water the ship is displacing, read this and get tons. Easy enough. That's one way to find out the weight of the ship in the water.

For All Other Boats:

  1. Fill a container big enough to hold your boat full of water. Try to make sure it's deep enough that the boat will float. Measure the height of the water before putting the boat in the water. Write this number down.
  2. Place your watercraft in the container and take the second measurement. Empty the container. You should empty it into a place where the water can get reused easily.
  3. Weigh the empty container and fill it with water up to the difference in displacement. Put the container on the scale before filling it up with water. Fill the container to the level the boat caused the water to rise to. The weight of the water minus the weight of the container equals the volume of the boat. Congratulations, you have found the weight of your boat when it is in the water. You have also found out how much water your boat displaces.

There are fancy equations for this that can save those who are initiated in the secret language of mathematics a great deal of time. If you do it this way, however, you have a great, if not productive way to spend an afternoon.

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TULSA, Oklahoma - Tulsa Public Schools says it will be closed Monday despite a nearly half-billion-dollar education funding package which Governor Mary Fallin is expected to sign.

Tulsa Public Schools said this is not over.

Tulsa schools will be closed Monday with the Tulsa Classroom Teachers Association saying teachers still want to walk out and do not plan to be at school.

The plan would mean the average teacher would see about a $6,000 raise.

The funding plan includes a tax increase on cigarettes and fuel, along with raising the gross production tax from two percent to five percent.

Superintendent Dr. Deborah Gist said the fact that the legislature worked together in a bipartisan way to pass something significant is worth taking a moment to celebrate and be pleased about.

But she wants to know what happens going forward.

"What we're working through at the moment is what happens next? Our teachers, through the Oklahoma Education Association, made a specific request. The request is different from what was passed. There are aspects of it that are in line and I think the one that a lot of people have focused on is the teacher salary increase," said Dr. Gist.

She said the salary increase is a positive, but emphasized that teachers aren't walking out for themselves but for the students.

Gist said it's unclear what teachers will ask for now that a funding package has been passed, she knows what her message will be.

"I don't know what the whole message will be. I know my message will be, 'Thank you.' This is awesome,' and 'Let's talk about what needs to happen in addition to what happened this year,'" Gist said.

Right now, Gist said TPS hasn't made a decision about closing schools on Tuesday and beyond. She said everything is happening minute-by-minute.


Having difficulty deciding what Japanese tea to choose?

Wanting to stay healthy? The good news is; ALL our green tea varieties are a very healthy alternative!!

Glutamate, being an amino acid, is naturally present in green tea. L-theanine, another amino acid, intensifies the umami taste besides adding sweetness to tea. Therefore, teas with high L-theanine content are rich in umami taste, such as gyokuro or high-grade sencha.

Bancha and houjicha have very little L-theanine and glutamate content, so you won’t find much umami taste there.

Astringent taste results from the combination of Air and Earth and is dry, cooling, and heavy by nature. It is the least common of all the 6 Tastes and can be found in legumes (such as beans and lentils), fruits (including cranberries, pomegranates, pears, and dried fruit), vegetables (such as, broccoli, cauliflower, artichoke, asparagus and turnip), grains (such as rye, buckwheat, and quinoa), spices and herbs (including turmeric and marjoram), coffee, and tea. Astringent taste is not as cold as bitter taste but has a greater cooling effect on the body than sweet taste.

Astringent taste is classified more in relation to its effect on the tongue than its actual taste. It creates a puckering sensation in the mouth (such as cranberries) or a dry, chalky feeling (such as many beans). Foods like broccoli or cauliflower have a mildly astringent taste that is less detectable. Dry foods such as crackers and chips, most raw vegetables, and the skins of fruits also have astringent qualities.

Sweet taste results from the combination of Water and Earth and is heavy, moist, and cooling by nature. In the West, sugary foods are most commonly associated with this taste. Sweet taste is also found in milk and milk products (like butter, ghee, and cream), most grains (especially wheat, rice, and barley), many legumes (like beans and lentils), sweet fruits (such as bananas and mangos), and certain cooked vegetables (such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and beets).

Sweet taste naturally increases bulk, moisture, and weight in the body. For this reason, it is excellent for building the body’s seven vital tissues (called dhatus) of plasma, blood, fat, muscles, bones, marrow, and reproductive fluids. Sweet taste also increases saliva, soothes mucous membranes and burning sensations, relieves thirst, and has beneficial effects on the skin, hair, and voice.

Salty taste is composed of fire and water and is hot, heavy, and moist by nature. It is found in any salt (such as sea salt and rock salt), sea vegetables (like seaweed and kelp), and foods to which large amounts of salt are added (like nuts, chips, and pickles). Due to its drying quality in the mouth, it may seem counterintuitive to think of salty taste as moistening. The element of water in its composition, however, relates to its water retaining quality. Salty taste falls somewhere between sweet and sour tastes with regard to its heavy and moist qualities. While sweet taste stimulates the greatest water retention and weight gain in the body, salty taste will have similar effects when used in excess.

In moderation, salty taste improves the flavour of food, improves digestion, lubricates tissues, liquefies mucous, maintains mineral balance, aids in the elimination of wastes, and calms the nerves. Due to its tendency to attract water, it also improves the radiance of the skin and promotes overall growth in the body.


asked a question

What do you think of photography as a medium for healing (Spirit/Soul/Body), be it through taking photos or looking at photos or being photo-ed?

4 Upvotes0 Downvote1 Follower

Mio Natsuki

Giving yourself a creative outlet tends to relieve emotional issues. You are doing 2 things here:

1) You are concentrating your mind on something else &

2) You are giving yourself a creative purpose.

Both anxiety & depresssion over time result in a lack of purpose, worth & hope so anything you can do to counteract these emotions will help <3

3 Upvotes0 Downvote

Damien Kurt

In my opinion, photography for me is one of the best healing / cleansing activity I've done. For some it might be Yoga, or exercise. I feel that as long as you enjoy something with a full amount of passion, you are healing and cleansing yourself.

Creative work as therapy is not new.

Art therapy (using painting, drawing and other kinds of art-making) already exist for decades, with rigorous training programs and applications in many different settings. More recently, poetry therapy has entered the scene, using poems and other written works to facilitate self-discovery and healing. Now, photography too has been embraced as more than a tool for mindfulness, meditation and creative satisfaction: “therapeutic photography” is a recognized application both of photographic work and work with photographs.

What makes a photograph such a potent tool for healing?

A photograph is a moment frozen in time, taken out of its larger context. It contains multiple layers of meaning. What we see in the frame conveys, on one level, pure information: this is a picture of a girl dancing; here is a photograph of a man walking down a road. Beyond that, though, elements of composition, color (or the tones of black and white), and the connotations of objects carry a wealth of associations, metaphorical meanings and emotional coloring. Photographs both capture and create realities.

In viewing a photograph, as in other kinds of art, we co-create the image with the one who makes it. And certainly, in making a photograph, we co-create the image with the subject, falling into the moment of oneness. However we experience it, photography creates opportunities to step, however briefly, into a place where different realities intersect; a place where new windows are opened, both on the world and on ourselves.

Much love.

5 Upvotes0 Downvote

Thank you so much for your opinions, I was having this moment before I went to sleep the other day. I was thinking, what if I can integrate healing art into my photography. Which is what I have been thinking about and I am exploring ways to bring this out to people. Therapuetic Photography seems like a good start for me, thank you very much Damien!

3 Upvotes0 Downvote

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IMPACT Profile: George Hollich

Citation data:

Vol: 2014, Issue: 1

Publication Year:
Usage 121
Abstract Views 61
Downloads 60
Repository URL:
Ware, Jason A
IMPACT; psychology; developmental psychology; Education
report description
This profile highlights the course redesign and transformation of an introductory Psychology course. The professor responsible for the course transformation was primarily focused on these questions: how does, 1) creating smaller learning environments/classes, 2) teaching as a team of subject-matter experts from different specializations within Psychology, and 3) reducing the amount of pure content covered within a semester, enhance students’ ability to think like psychologists through the lens of hypothesis testing? The course data, which include students’ low stakes and high stakes assessment scores, students’ assessments of their own learning gains, and end-of-semester course evaluations, suggest that students enjoy the smaller class sizes within hybrid sections of the course as well as the group activities, and that they perceive their learning gains to be higher within the hybrid sections than those students within traditional lecture sections.


Gluten Free Breads?

January 7, 2015

Julian Bakery Gluten Free Bread

Julian Bakery Gluten Free Bread

photo 4

If you’re trying to eat gluten-free, be careful with breads and baked goods because a lot of the time, grains are replaced by starches and they are very carb-heavy and you just end up trading one problem for another.

There are only two gluten-free breads I like.  Canyon Bakehouse Cinnamon Raisin Bread and Julian Bakery Paleo bread (Coconut Paleo Bread pictured above – it also comes in Almond, which is in a brown package).  I also like to substitute bread all together for a delicious Julian Bakery Coconut Wrap (I actually had no idea that my favorite paleo bread and my favorite coconut wrap was made by the same people until I started writing this post and looking for links, because I never use the brand name when talking about them!)

The Canyon Bakehouse bread is a nice, tasty treat, but a bit carby/starchy, as most gluten-free baked goods are, because most use starches to replace the grains that have gluten in them.  So, this isn’t the kind of bread I’d eat every day or anything.

The Paleo Bread is low carb (because it’s not starchy), is moist, has a fairly strong baking soda taste (which is well-tempered if you eat it with something, as opposed to eating it with nothing on it), and really needs to be toasted, IMHO.  The Coconut “flavor” does not taste like coconut at all to me.  It just doesn’t have any nuts (as opposed to the Almond one), and is made with coconut flour.  It is sold as a frozen bread, so I let half a loaf thaw out at a time in the fridge.  If you try to toast a frozen piece, it takes forever, and will likely be unsuccessful.  Even thawed, I don’t usually crisp it up like regular toast in the toaster, it just kind of gets warm.  I like it moist for sandwiches.  My diet-twin and BFF Joe B. (hi, JOE!) says he likes to put the slices in the oven for 15 min at 350.  I don’t know if that’s frozen or thawed, though.  If you’re looking for a grain-free, gluten-free, low carb, fairly low-sodium bread (that is also yeast-free, starch-free, soy free, GMO free, and nut free), Coconut Paleo Bread is the one!


The Income of the Average Indian is Significantly Lower Than the Average Income of India - Vivek Kaul's Diary
Free Reports

Apr 25, 2016

The speeches of the Reserve Bank of India(RBI) governor, Raghuram Rajan, are always a pleasure to read. In his latest speech made on April 20, 2016, Rajan said: "India is the fastest growing large country in the world, though with manufacturing capacity utilization low at 70% and agricultural growth slow following two bad monsoons, our potential is undoubtedly higher. Growth, however, is just one measure of performance. The level of per capita GDP is also important. We are still one of the poorest large countries in the world on a per capita basis, and have a long way to go before we reasonably address the concerns of each one of our citizens."

The point that Rajan was trying to make was that: "As a central banker who has to be pragmatic, I cannot get euphoric if India is the fastest growing large economy...The central and state governments have been creating a platform for strong and sustainable growth, and I am confident the payoffs are on their way, but until we have stayed on this path for some time, I remain cautious."

 Modi 2016: An Agenda For Revival
 The Modi Report The landslide victory of 2014 handed Modi more than just a clear mandate...It handed him immense responsibility of a nation dreaming of great progress.

From the euphoria of Achche Din the mood in India has swung to cautious disappointment and now we are in 2016...

Who will answer the question how Modi can turn this ship around and get India back on track?

Vivek Kaul has the answer and he has put it all down, along with his deepest thoughts on the challenges India faces, in our latest special report titled - Modi 2016 - An Agenda For Revival.

And the best part is that he wants to give you this special report for free!

So, don't delay...Click here to download this special report right away!

This was essentially a retort to politicians who keep tom-tomming India's dodgy economic growth numbers. While Rajan did not say that he does not believe in the economic growth numbers, he did try and make it clear that if India needs to reach anywhere, it needs strong and sustainable economic growth in the years to come. And achieving that is easier said than done.

Further, Rajan also made a more important point in his speech about India's low per capita income. What is per capita income? John Lanchester defines per capita income in his book How To Speak Money as: "The total Gross Domestic Product(GDP) of a country divided by the number of people in the country.

As he further writes: "It is a measure of how rich the country's citizens are on average - though it is a very rough measure of that, since a country's WEALTH is often very unevenly distributed."

The phrase to mark in the above paragraph is on average. The question is does an average always represent the right scenario? As Robert H Frank writes in Success and Luck-Good Fortune and the Myth of Meritocracy: "It is of course possible for most people to have a trait the measures higher than the corresponding mean value for the population to which they belong. Since a small number of people have fewer than two legs and no one has more, for instance, the average number of legs in any population is slightly less than two. So most people actually do have "more legs than average"."

How does the above paragraph apply in the context of the GDP? What it tells us is that the average income of India is not equal to the income of the average Indian. Now what does that actually mean?

Let me explain that through an example. Let's say on a given day in the city of Mumbai, an Ambani, an Adnani, a Birla and a Tata, walk into a local Udupi restaurant in Matunga. The restaurant is known for its soft idlis and fabulous coffee. And this has attracted the four industrialists to this small place.

The moment these four walk into the restaurant, the average income of the people seated in the restaurant goes up by leaps and bounds. If I may rephrase the last sentence, the per capita income of the restaurant goes up leaps and bounds, when the four industrialists walk into the Udupi restaurant.

But this increase in per capita income of the restaurant will have no impact on the incomes of the other people seated in the restaurant. (This example is essentially an adaptation of an example Charles Wheelan uses in his book Naked Statistics).

As Charles Wheelan writes in Naked Statistics: "The mean, or average, turns out to have some problems in that regard, namely, that it is prone to distortion by "outliers", which are observations farther from the center."

So basically, the Ambanis, Adnanis, Birlas and Tatas, of the world, essentially India's rich, push up the average income of India i.e. the per capita income. As Wheelan writes: "The average income...could be heavily skewed by the megarich."

In this scenario, the average income does not give us a correct picture. Further, it is safe to say, that the income of the average Indian is lower than the average income of India.

At this point it is important to introduce another term i.e. the median. As Wheelan writes: "The median is the point that divides a distribution in half, meaning that half of the observation lie above the median and half lie below."

Hence, the median income is the income of the average Indian. Given this, the median income is the right representation of the income of the average Indian. This is because the rich outliers (the Ambanis, the Adnanis, the Tatas and the Birlas) are taken into account. Data from World Bank shows that the top 10% of India's population makes 30% of the total income. And this pushes up the per capita income.

The trouble is that it is not so easy to find median income data in the Indian context. A survey carried out by Gallup in December 2013, put India's median income at $616. Data from the World Bank shows that India's per capita income during the same year was $1455.Hence, the median income was around 58% lower than the average income or the per capita income. And that is not a good sign at all.

This shows the tremendous amount of inequality prevalent in the country. The difference in the income of the average Indian and the average income of India is thus huge. In fact, I had written about this inequality in the column published on April 19.

In 2015-2016, the average income of those not working in agriculture was 4.9 times those working in agriculture (using GDP at current prices). If we were to use GDP at constant prices (at 2011-2012 prices), the ratio comes to 5.5. Constant prices essentially adjust for inflation.

And this is really a big worry!

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7 Responses to "The Income of the Average Indian is Significantly Lower Than the Average Income of India"

Borkar M.R.

Apr 26, 2016

Sir, Dr.Rajan is right but is not right also. The truth is Netas want to retain the chair, Industrialists want their empire to grow Babus want their trickle (extra money) to grow in
the flush. Why sould they bother? It does not hurt them. Five star hotel seminars cwill
continue to tell the poor how to remove the poverty rather how that has been removed in the last
60 years. The new fad of smart cities will reduce the land availabilty of crop increase the
number of people depending on jobs which will bring in more caos in the urban areas. Few reap
will abandon the country,stack their wealth in other places, even on other panets. Good luck.
Borkar .

Suresh Baranwal

Apr 25, 2016

We should not expect improvement in the pathetic state of Indian poor till India loses its position among the most corrupt nations of the world.

Suresh Baranwal

Apr 25, 2016

RBI Governor shouldn't have called a spade a spade.It hurt the people who are responsible for the pathetic state of our poor .

Suresh Baranwal

Apr 25, 2016

Our politicians try their best to maintain India's position among the most corrupt countries of the world.Those who should be behind bars for crime and corruption make up more than 95% of the richest 10% of our society.The state of the poverty in India is pathetic.Mr Rajan has touched the raw nerves of those who are responsible for this state of our nation.

parimal shah

Apr 25, 2016

The best way to gauge average Indian's income is to remove the top 1% of the income bracket while calculating the average. This will essentially take away the Tatas et al from the computation and will possibly give a more accurate figure of per capita income of average Indian. In short remove the top 1% or so of the outliers.

Atanu Gupta

Apr 25, 2016

Now,it is really pleasure to read your article. It is real fact misguided by the people of India.People should know the fact. Projection wrong figure mislead the mass.

Dinesh Nair

Apr 25, 2016

Average is undoubtedly the most abused parameter.
A study shows that on an average 9 out of 10 economists abuses Average everyday.


Apalai - Sociopolitical Organization

Social Organization. Social relationships are based on consanguineal and affinial ties between individuals, with the village and domestic group functioning as the basic social units. Villages are generally inhabited by a married couple and their unmarried children, the families of their married daughters, and sundry members of their young husbands' kin or even other people. The establishment of an administrative and service center (with a school, walk-in clinic, etc.) in "Apalai Village" has created an atypical arrangement by bringing together a number of unrelated families who live there on a temporary or a permanent basis.

Political Organization. Sources indicate that there used to be an office of supreme warchief. Present-day leaders are restricted in authority to their respective villages and are referred to as tamuru, "old men." In accordance with the rules of political organization, they are the village founders or their sons who have inherited this prerogative. The status of leadership they hold reverts to the members of their families, especially to their sons-in-law ( peitó ), who are saddled with heavy matrimonial obligations. Above all, the authority of the tamuru is exercised by giving advice regarding collective labor and by arranging rituals. Nowadays the old men function as their communities' main spokesmen to outsiders.

Social Control. An individual's relations with the other members of the community are dependent on social behavior appropriate to his or her age and sex. Failure to observe the prescribed norms results in sanctions—epithets, disrespectful comments, or ostracism.

Conflict. Family disputes can lead to the abandonment of a house and temporary relocation to a distant village, "Apalai Village," or even communities in Suriname or French Guiana. Many of the disputes are caused by factors related to the misunderstanding and systematic destruction of traditional values and practices by missionaries and government functionaries.

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Sunshine Week—which runs through March 18 this year—is a national initiative that raises awareness about the importance of government transparency. A cornerstone of democracy, government transparency creates accountability for organizations and keeps citizens informed about how their government is operating.

Even in the 10 years Sunshine Week has been around, the different avenues of obtaining public information have changed. Ithaca City Clerk Julie Holcomb says, “Over the past decade we have increased the availability of public records via our website; however, there is a difference between making records accessible and making information accessible.”

To Holcomb’s point, it’s not enough to simply put records online. To provide quality public service and instantly answer citizen inquiries and requests, government employees must have information at their fingertips. They must also minimize manual, repetitive tasks—like finding, filing and indexing documents—so they can focus on addressing the needs of the public. In order to meet these ever-growing needs with accuracy and efficiency, government organizations utilize technology to automate processes such as public records requests.

To celebrate Sunshine Week, Laserfiche shares two stories of how organizations promote government transparency and citizen engagement using Laserfiche enterprise content management (ECM).

1. Increase Transparency by Integrating Laserfiche with Applications

“Transparency is extremely important in public service,” says Mike Almvig, Director of Information Services at Skagit County, WA. “We use technology to deliver increasing levels of transparency, public safety and reliability, while also ensuring the confidentiality, integrity and accessibility of the information we’re entrusted to protect.”

Now one of the leaders in collaborative open government, Skagit County used to manage an overwhelming number of documents and records manually. “Before we had documents available online, we used to have lines at our assessor’s office, treasurer’s office and auditor’s office,” says Almvig. The county has since implemented Laserfiche ECM across 20 departments, enabling the public to access contracts, legal documents and other public records through a public portal. “Those lines are gone—and if you walk up to the accessor’s office, you’re likely to be the only one there.” The county is taking this process a step further and tying documents to geographic information system (GIS) data, which gives citizens access to information on their mobile devices based on their location.

“With our mapping system, you can access all of the documents that are in the same township, section or range in the mapped area,” says Almvig. “You can see all the deeds of all the houses in that area.” The county’s code enforcement uses technology similarly to help officers find information while in the field. Officers no longer need to travel to the office or make a variety of phone calls to retrieve documents.

2. Implementing Transparent Records Management

Kentucky Sanitation District No. 1 (SD1) is the second-largest public sewer utility in the state and must manage a lot of records. The State of Kentucky also mandates every public agency to provide public access to records relating to its expenditures and maintain these records on its website for three years.

SD1’s implementation of their online public portal

By implementing transparent records management with Laserfiche, SD1 has been able to fully comply with state legislation. Also, financial audits are easy: SD1 simply provides auditors with a laptop and access to whichever records they need, including invoices, board minutes, resolutions, etc. This means that staff members no longer have to spend long hours compiling requested records, and auditors are in and out of the office faster. At the same time, SD1’s legal department can freeze or place a legal hold on any record related to pending litigation, ensuring that relevant records are always retained.

For more information about how your organization can increase citizen engagement using document management solutions, get a free copy of the Center for Digital Government’s research report, “Automating the Business of Government: Could Document Management be a Game-Changer?

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