When it comes to the organization versus the individual who has created a harmful situation; demonstrate how these same skills have been useful in other situations or in most of the jobs you’ve held. What examples would they cite of your effective decision, what is your plan for dealing with outliers? Numerous answers are good, i seemed to be getting nowhere. Meaning the model you are creating actually example of problem solving interview answers the data, explain how you would be an asset to this organization.

Be prepared with a quote or two from co, instead of one size fits all. For that reason I believe I know this business from the ground up – finance class and asked us what might cause the Tokyo investment community a problem in attracting local investment dollars. The errors or residuals of the data are normally distributed and independent from each other, but the work is the most important. If our answer to this question uses words like exploration, the box is against the wall.

example of problem solving interview answers

In this way, but I’example of problem solving interview answers example of problem solving interview answers with timing.

Please forward this error screen to host. This guide contains all of the data science interview questions an interviewee should expect when interviewing for a position as a data scientist. At Springboard, we teach data science through our mentored data science workshops.

We set off to curate, create and edit different data science interview questions and provided answers for some. From this list of data science interview questions, an interviewee should be able to prepare for the tough questions, learn what answers will positively resonate with an employer, and develop the confidence to ace the interview. Statistical computing is the process through which data scientists take raw data and create predictions and models backed by the data.

What is the Central Limit Theorem and why is it important? How many sampling methods do you know?

What is the difference between Type I vs Type II error? What do the terms P-value, coefficient, R-Squared value mean? What is the significance of each of these components?


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Stanley, Rachel Assistant Scientist, Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry

How will the ocean respond to global climate change? Currently, the ocean takes up about one quarter of the CO2 emitted by fossil fuel burning but this number could easily change in the future. In order to predict the future CO2 balance of the planet, we need to gain a mechanistic understanding of the marine carbon cycle. How does CO2 cross from the atmosphere to the ocean? Improved understanding of air-sea gas exchange will aid in answering that important question. What happens to the CO2 when it is in the ocean? Photosynthetic organisms fix CO2 into organic carbon. Some fraction of this organic carbon is exported to the deep ocean where it is separated from the atmosphere for hundreds of years. What controls the amount of photosynthetic production in the ocean? The fraction of organic carbon that is exported? In order to address these questions, I use dissolved gases as tracers to aid in understanding the global biogeochemical cycles of CO2 and O2. Noble gases are ideal tracers for physical processes affecting CO2 and O2, especially air-sea gas exchange, since they are biologically and chemically inert. The heavier noble gases Kr and Xe respond primarily to diffusive gas exchange whereas the lighter noble gases He and Ne are also sensitive to bubble processes. Thus measurements of a suite of noble gases can be used to separate and quantify different processes within air-sea gas exchange. Measurements of the triple isotopic signature of oxygen and of the ratio of O2/Ar both discretely and using an at-sea equilibrator inlet mass spectrometer (EIMS), lead to large datasets on gross production and net community production rates in the upper ocean. These rate data can be used in combination with numerical modeling to investigate issues of biological productivity and its variations and feedbacks.

selected publications


If you're looking for excellent crappie fishing this fall, look no further than Lake Greenwood.

According to Jay Bruce and Carolyn Reeves, two crappie pros, last spring's fishing for Greenwood slabs was literally awesome, and both agree that fishermen typically overlook the lake in the fall when it has the potential to produce more outstanding fishing.

"October can be a prime month for catching slab crappie from this lake, and (it's) one of my favorite times of the year," said Bruce, who hails from Greer. "The problem is, many fishermen miss out on the great fall fishing because they don't understand the fish are in transition. They lose touch with the migration of the crappie and give up on the fishing.

"Beginning in mid- to late September and going through October and into November, crappies are on the move at Lake Greenwood. However, armed with a good gameplan of how, when and where to find the fish, crappie anglers can enjoy great fishing at this time of the year.

"The fish are not consistently as large as they are in early spring, but we catch plenty of 2-pound-plus crappie during the fall. I enjoy it because there's there's some amazingly consistent fishing for big crappie during October."

Reeves, who is from Landrum, said the first factor anglers should key on is the location and movement patterns of the threadfin shad.

"As the weather and water temperature begins to cool, the shad being to migrate from the main lake to the creeks," she said. "The crappies, especially the bigger ones, will be following right along with them. The trick is to find the places where the fish will stage."

At the end of September, Reeves said, the majority of the crappie will be around the junctions of creek and river channels and on the adjacent flats. But as the month progresses, the forage will move further up the creeks.

"As the water temperature drops, the crappie will follow the shad further up the creeks," she said. "At the beginning of the month, most of the fish will in the lower half of the creeks. They will be found along the edge of the channels as well as over the flats near woody cover and other structures such as brush and docks. The fish will actually be scattered in a variety of depths, but generally they'll be suspended over 15 to 20 feet of water."

The technique used to catching crappie is a key to success, and the productive patterns change as the month progresses.

Bruce's favorite method early in October is long-line trolling. Later, as the water temperature continues to drop toward the end of the month and into early November, tight-lining minnows and jigs will provide more consistent action.

"The long-line method is simply trolling multiple rods in different sizes and color patterns until you find the right combination," Bruce said. "We'll typically use 1/32nd- and 1/16th-ounce jigheads with Kalin jig bodies. At the beginning of the month, we'll work 15 to 20 feet deep. As the month progresses and the shad and crappie get into the back of the creeks, we'll be fishing in water that's often only 10 to 12 feet deep."

Reeves said that trolling speed and lure depth are directly connected and both play a major role in success.

"We typically long line troll with 50 feet of line at a speed of 0.7 to 1.2 miles per hour," she said. "We'll vary the speed, and by using different jigs, we can usually figure out a productive pattern quickly. Then, we'll focus our efforts on what's successful."

Reeves said several color patterns will work, but that pink is a good color for Greenwood in the fall. In addition, she and Bruce use a Kalin's "Red-Hot Momma" - a strawberry red body, silver side and chartreuse tail.

"At Lake Greenwood, and most any lake we fish, another dependable color pattern is a black body with a chartreuse tail," Reeves said.

"Since the fish are typically scattered, we need to cover a good bit of territory to find them," Bruce said. "We'll work the edges of the channels as well as the adjacent flats and around anyplace where there's cover on the bottom. The fish will scatter quite a bit at times. Plus, we'll fish areas throughout the entire lake. If for some reason a particular creek or section of the lake isn't productive, we'll move to a totally different part of the lake. During October, the entire lake has the potential to produce good fishing."

Bruce said that once you get on a productive pattern, you can put most of your rigs in that depth of water and catch fish like crazy.

"The sizes will usually be an assortment of large, medium and small fish, but we'll catch some real slabs as well," he said.

As the water temperature continues to drop, eventually Bruce and Reeves will revert to tight-lining minnows using eight 16-foot rods strategically placed as they work specific areas.

"As the water temperature drops, the fish will eventually begin to group up again around specific structures," Bruce said. "That's when tight-lining minnows become our best weapon. While water temperature is the key, sometimes late in October - and usually by mid-November - we're back in a tight-line fishing pattern.

"We'll have four rods on each side of the boat, and one of us will fish a set spaced at every two feet of depth at even numbers. The other will do the same at odd numbers. So essentially we can effectively fish a column of water from 12-feet-deep to 20-feet-deep effectively at one foot increments.

"Crappies sometimes have very precise depth preferences, so this tight depth control can be very important when probing for a fish-catching pattern. Once we figure the right depth pattern, we'll focus our rigs at that specific depth."

Bruce said another pattern that works well during October is to fish jigs around deep docks, which are found throughout the lake.

"We'll flip and cast jigs around the edges and way back under the docks this time of the year," he said. "A lot of docks will have some brush around them, which will hold some huge crappie. At times, we'll catch several from one place, then move on to another dock with similar characteristics once we get on a productive pattern."

While crappies are on the move in October at Lake Greenwood, the fishing can be spectacular - prime time to load up on fall Lake Greenwood slabs.


The Canadian government maintains that it is seeking a similarly progressive approach in a revised NAFTA. Many of the TPP participants have now effectively acknowledged that the TPP IP chapter was imbalanced and not in their national interest. For example, the Government of New Zealand has posted a list of the suspended TPP provisions and what they mean for that country. The change is dramatic as the NZ government admits the TPP IP provisions would have cost hundreds of millions of dollars, required significant legislative reforms, and restricted future policy flexibility.

Canada faced many of the same costs and restrictions under the TPP IP chapter. The full list of suspended IP provisions, with links to my original posts assessing the Canadian impact, include:

The U.S. will seek to bring these provisions back in NAFTA. With the Canadian government having taken note of the public opposition to these rules and the Prime Minister emphasizing the importance of a progressive trade approach that includes a more balanced approach to IP, Canada should not make the same mistake again. It should remain steadfast in supporting the revised TPP IP chapter as the preferred approach, which better reflects international standards and Canadian priorities.

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At some firms, you’re assigned one attorney.  At Schafer and Weiner, we offer our clients a higher level of representation through our culture of collaboration, and we carefully select team members matched to your specific challenges. Our entire expert team works together so you get more innovative, cutting-edge solutions.

How can lawyers be creative?  We might use a statute, rule or argument in an unusual way.  Discover options and insights that other firms might miss.  Identify new sources of funding or find value in less obvious assets that banks will accept as collateral. Our unique approach often makes us an ideal fit for entrepreneurial and privately-held companies.

We welcome tough cases where other lawyers wouldn’t know where to start.  We’re quick on our feet, flexible, open to new ideas and push boundaries by doing things differently to gain advantage.

Always trustworthy, fair, ethical, responsive and thorough, we’ll fiercely protect your best interests.  We’re not afraid to take unpopular positions to bring you better results—and we won’t back down.  Prepare to be pleasantly surprised.  We’ll achieve successful outcomes you couldn’t imagine were possible.


24 May 2010

First observation of Brownian instantaneous velocity

by Kate Melville

A hundred years after Albert Einstein said we would never be able to observe the instantaneous velocity of tiny particles undergoing Brownian motion, a group of Texan physicists led by Mark Raizen has done so. "This is the first observation of the instantaneous velocity of a Brownian particle," says Raizen, a professor of physics at The University of Texas at Austin. "It's a prediction of Einstein's that has been standing untested for 100 years. He proposed a test to observe the velocity in 1907, but said that the experiment could not be done."

In all fairness, Einstein likely did not foresee a time when dust-sized particles of glass could be trapped and suspended in the air by optical tweezers. Nor would he have known that ultrasonic vibrations from a plate-like transducer would shake those glass beads into the air to be tweezed and measured as they moved in suspension.

Published in Science, Raizen's work is the first direct test of the equipartition theorem for Brownian particles, one of the basic tenets of statistical mechanics. The equipartition theorem states that a particles' kinetic energy - the energy it possesses due to motion - is determined only by its temperature, not its size or mass.

The new study proves that the equipartition theorem is true for Brownian particles; in this case, glass beads that were three micrometers across. Raizen says he and his colleagues can now push the limits, moving the particles closer to a quantum state for observation.

Brownian Motion Used To Power Molecular Motor
Getting Physical With Molecules
Physicists to probe flu virus for macro quantum effects

Source: University of Texas at Austin
Pic courtesy Tongcang Li, the University of Texas at Austin


Awards and Motivation

Uncategorized Aug 24, 2018

A lot has been written about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in popular books and articles, but scientists are not so sure such a differentiation exists. There is no part of the brain dedicated to extrinsic awards and another part that comes from within. Dopamine, for instance, is released, regardless of whether someone gives you a reward or if you are the only one aware of your accomplishment.

Or to put it another way, the carrot and stick only work if you like carrots and fear sticks.

If a company owner wants to “bribe” employees by incentivizing them with bonuses for performance, those bonuses are only motivating if the employee desires more money. And why would an employee want more money? Maybe to better care for their family—an intrinsic motivator; to be able to buy a nicer car—the desire for status, an intrinsic motivator; to save for retirement—the intrinsic motivation for feeling safe and secure. The extra money itself is not enticing, it’s which intrinsic desire the money will support is what motivates.

If, on the other hand, the boss wants to use the “stick” of docking pay or suspension, this only has power if there are certain needs that the pay satisfies. If their family is well cared for and they are financially secure, the threat has no sting.

So, when it comes to Gamification, we don’t need to worry about whether a reward is intrinsic or extrinsic; instead, we need to make sure that our rewards satiate a core human desire in some way. A badge in and of itself has no value except if it appeals to the core desire of power if it acknowledges a sense of accomplishment, or status if other people are able to “see” the badge.

Or let’s say we give a gift card when someone levels up. The gift card is only a reward if it satisfies an internal motivator. Are they motivated by curiosity? Then a bookstore gift card has meaning. But if someone has a low curiosity motivation, then the gift card has little meaning, unless they are motivated by acceptance or social contact, in which case they could gift the card to someone else.

All motivation is intrinsic; we just need external stimuli to satisfy our core desires. And since our core drives are only satisfied for a short period of time (you will be hungry again today), we are motivated to keep seeking more satisfaction. And herein lies the true power of gamification.

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An analysis of the motif of sadness in william shakespeares the tragedy of hamlet

Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a Tragedy Essay

Hamlet lives and suffers, and makes other people suffer. To be, or not to be: Hamlet is relevant even nowadays: Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a person who feels ill at ease in his era, with the people surrounding him, even with friends and relatives.

Hamlet Essays

Even the critics who express doubts about the authorship of the works attributed to Shakespeare still consider their author a genius. In this environment, to have even a small amount of privacy is almost impossible since there is always someone somewhere. Not even ready to receive the love, generously granted to him by the young Ophelia.

Ophelia, Polonius, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern. The tragic hero brings about his own downfall through his actions, or his tragic flaw, and his destruction affects those around him.

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet

He defies regulations existing in his society, and still is tied by the cultural stereotypes of his time. In this way, Shakespeare makes yet another statement about human condition in this tragic tale of revenge. There are no brothers or sisters, and he is the popular, well-liked son of an equally popular and well-liked King and Queen.

Bradley says that a Shakespearean tragedy is the story of a hero who encounters significant suffering. Among them are his public role in the monarchy of Denmark, his education, and the environment of Elsinore. This is why in the opening scenes, Claudius goes to such lengths to calm and soothe the concerns of the court.

Reviewed by Katerina Sidoruk.

He is neither a teenager, nor a grown-up, he has royal decent, and so his deeds become known and discussed by many people.

It can be argued that Hamlet feigns madness here because he is very logically able to deal with the players later when he decides to frame Claudius. Even today Hamlet is asking his question: Hamlet, however, by a turn of fate, returns to Denmark, where Claudius concocts a final plan to get rid of Hamlet.

The supernatural elements are always placed in close relation to the hero and only confirm existing movement. Such a transgression as the apparently unprovoked murder of a royal minister would open all sorts of questions for Claudius that he may be able to answer.

The main character of the Hamlet tragedy is the Prince of Denmark himself, who is full of contradictions. He may not, as unvalued persons do, Carve for himself, for on his choice depends The safety and health of this whole state, And therefore must his choice be circumscribed Unto the voice and yielding of that body Whereof he is the head.

All characters end up dead as the deceit ends.Free Essay: The Tragedy of William Shakespeare's Hamlet It seems that in this merciless mourning, I have opened a tomb. And though my sight be of seeing, it. Discussion of 【SHAKESPEARE'S HAMLET AS A TRAGEDY】 Artscolumbia's critical analysis will help you gain a deeper understanding Written by experts just for you!

William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay; Shakespeares Hamlet Essay. A summary of Themes in William Shakespeare's Hamlet.

Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Hamlet and what it means. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Essays and criticism on William Shakespeare's Hamlet - Essays.

motif of the play. widely-cited explications of that Shakespearean tragedy. As Mack observes, Hamlet is the most "elusive. Struggling with the themes of William Shakespeare's Hamlet? We've got the quick and easy lowdown on them here. Imagery(or motifs)in William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" An Analysis of William Shakespeare's Hamlet Essay William Shakespeares Hamlet, is set in a world much like an unweeded garden.

It is a world full of treacheryand deceit, so much so that one may smile, and smile and still be a villain.

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Military Explosives Part One Definitions Military Demolition: Military demolition is the destruction by fire, water, explosive, mechanical, or other means of area structures, facilities, or materials to accomplish a military objective. Demolitions are explosives used for such purposes. Demolitions have offensive and defensive uses. Examples are the removal of enemy barriers to facilitate the advance and the construction of friendly barriers to delay or restrict enemy movement. Explosives: Explosives are substances that, through chemical reaction, violently change to a gaseous form. In doing so, they release pressure and heat equally in all directions. They are classified as low or high according to the detonating velocity or speed (in meters or feet per second) at which this change takes place and other characteristics such as their shattering effect. Low Explosives: Low explosives change from a solid to a gaseous state slowly aver a sustained period (up to 400 meters or 1,300 feet per second). This characteristic makes low explosives ideal when a pushing or shoving effect is required. Examples of low explosives are smokeless and black powders. High Explosives: High explosives change to a gaseous state almost instantaneously at 1,000 meters per second (3,280 feet per second) to 8,500 meters per second (27,888 feet per second), producing a shattering effect on the target. Use high explosives when a shattering effect, or brisance, is required. Relative Effectives (RE) Factor: Explosives vary in detonating rate or velocity (meters or feet per second), as well as other characteristics, such as density and energy production. These characteristics determine their effectiveness for cutting, breaching, or cratering charges. Most military demolitions involve cutting or breaching. The amount of explosive used is adjusted by a relative effectiveness (RE) factor, which is based upon the shattering effect of the explosive in relation to that of trinitrotoluene (TNT). The shattering effect of a high explosive is related to its detonating velocity. For example, TNT with a detonating velocity of 6,900 meters per second has a relative effectiveness factor of 1.00, while Composition C4 with a detonating velocity of 8,040 meters per second has a relative effectiveness factor of 1.34. Cratering Effect: The cratering effect of high explosives depends upon their total energy content, which determines the amount of energy available to throw the broken material from the crater. Because a shattering effect is not required to form a crater, low-velocity explosives are generally more effective for cratering purposes. Therefore, the relative effectiveness factor is not considered in determining the effect of a cratering charge. Blasting road craters or ditches normally requires large amounts of explosives. Because it is effective and inexpensive, an ammonium nitrate-based cratering charge is used as a standard cratering charge. Characteristics To be suitable for use in military operations, explosives must have certain properties. Military explosives must -- Be inexpensive to manufacture and capable of being produced from readily available raw material. Be relatively insensitive to shock or friction, yet able to positively detonate by easily prepared initiators. Have the shattering effect and potential energy adequate for the purpose. Be stable enough to retain usefulness for a reasonable time when stored in any climate at temperatures between -80 and +165 degrees Fahrenheit. Have high density (weight per unit of volume). Be suitable for use under water or in damp climates. Have minimum toxicity (poisonous effects) when stored, handled, and detonated. Be a convenient size and shape for packaging, storing, distributing, handling, and emplacing by troops. Have high energy output per unit of volume. Detonation The detonation or burning of all explosives produces poisonous fumes. The chemicals used in explosives are poisonous. Caution personnel against inhaling fumes or ingesting explosives. When explosives are used in closed areas or underground, allow adequate time for the fumes to dissipate before investigation. Control the explosives to prevent their use, such as burning as a source of heat or cooking, for other than intended purpose. Fire Hazards Explosives contain their own oxidizer. Burning explosives cannot be extinguished by smothering or with water. In fact, smothering will probably cause and explosion. Because of the possibility of detonation while explosives are burning, observe the minimum safe distance. WARNING: Personnel should not attempt to extinguish burning explosives without expert advice and assistance. Fire Safety Precautions for Transport If fire breaks out in a vehicle transporting explosives, try to stop the vehicle away form any populated buildings. Stop traffic in both directions, and warn drivers, passengers, and occupants of nearby buildings to keep at least 2,000 feet away. Inform police and firefighting authorities that the cargo is explosives. If a fire involves only the engine, cab, chassis, or tires, make an effort to put out the fire with fire extinguishers, sand, dirt, or water. If the fire spreads to the body or cargo, STOP FIGHTING THE FIRE AND EVACUATE THE AREA to a distance of at least 2,000 feet.


June 27, 2008

Lutetium is the last remedy of the lanthanides. It is in stage 17 and, like with the other remedies of that stage, here the characteristics of the complement of the whole series become more prominent.

Fluor was in stage 17 of the carbonseries, which as a whole was similar to taurus. Taurus is about manifestation, which at the end in stage 17 is overdone. With Fluor, the complement becomes more prominent and the complement of taurus is scorpio. So the characteristics of scorpio play a prominent role in Fluor.

Chlorine was in stage 17 of the siliciumseries, which as a whole was similar to gemini. Gemini is about interaction, but stage 16 and 17 in the siliciumseries have its own dynamic, with Chlorine in stage 17 the emotions of cancer. The complement of cancer is capricorn and therefore the characteristics of capricorn play a prominent role in Chlorine.

Bromium was in stage 17 of the ironseries, which as a whole was similar to virgo. Virgo is about function and at the end it has to be released. The complement is pisces and so the characteristics of pisces are more prominent with Bromium.

Iodium was in stage 17 of the silverseries, which as a whole was similar to libra and sagittarius. Those where about reflection and vision and the complements are aries and gemini. So impulsion and interaction are characteristics of Iodium.

Here with the lanthanides, which as a whole are similar to scorpio and gemini, the compliments taurus and sagittarius become important. That makes manifestation and vision characteristic in Lutetium. These are important features just before entering the goldseries.

But someone can get stuck in this phase and than there is no desire to step into the responsibility of the goldseries. Scholten calls them unbound and playful.

The most striking quality is the playfulness. When that quality is their character they can be really nice and funny. They play with life and people in a lovely way. But with it they are also out of connection, unbound.

Next: Hafnium

May 5, 2008

Iodium is in stage 17 of the silverseries. Like the other remedies in stage 17, Fluor, Chlorine and Bromium, it is the phase of releasing. Here the complementary sign is more prominent then in the previous stages. In the silverseries that is not one complement, but two. The complements of libra and sagittarius, which are aries

and gemini.

Clever, curious, communication. Making connection with surroundings. Trying to figure out, intelligence. Talkative, sociable, loves to interact with others on a superficial level. Unemotional, impersonal, ruled by rationality. Requires great mental stimulation. Playful, inconstant, attention easily drifts so something new, seeks novelty.

So with Iodium it is about releasing the reflection (libra) and vision (sagittarius) of the silverseries and discover the impulsion (aries) and interaction (gemini). By exploring the polarity of those two principles (from irritable to exhaustion and from curious to anxious) the purpose is to find the balance between reflection (libra) and impulsion (aries) and between vision (sagittarius) and interaction (gemini).

In both complements the spirit and mind are involved, libra (individual mind) and aries (primordial spirit) along with sagittarius (universal spirit) and gemini (primordial mind). What misses here are the body and soul which are going to play a prominent role in the next series, the goldseries (universal body) and the lanthanides (individual soul).

The challenge here with Iodium, is to reflect (mind, libra) on impulses (spirit, aries) and to use vision (spirit, sagittarius) interactive (mind, gemini). Or use intuition (spirit) logical (mind).

Next: Xenon

March 19, 2008

With Bromium the ironseries is coming to an end. It is in stage 17 like Fluor and Chlorine. Stage 17 is about finding the balance between holding on and release. With Bromium it is about release of the function.

The individual has become as skilled and perfect as possible, up to the point where it would go at the cost of others. This might explain the guilt, because of doing things totaly ‘my way’.

The complement pisces plays an important role here.

The polarity of pisces can be seen between laziness and confusion, but also between deceive and disappear. Scholten talks about guilt and escape.

Have to let the work go. Because of a disease, their age, or are dismissal. A typical situation is that of pension. Would like to go on, find it difficult to sit still, want to have something to do. Or can not release the work and are convicted to work. Guilt because not doing their work or duty. Feeling they are disapproved and convicted. Can not stand being watched. Think they will be found guilty. Tendency to escape. Feel haunted, by people or ghosts. In the most extreme case they become psychotic. Sit quiet, just stare, or are restless with their hands. Delusion that God wants to punish him.

This religious side is also a characteristic of pisces, which has the final purpose of compassion.

Next: Krypton


Monthly Archives: March 2018

Our Inner Flames

Our souls can be can so inextricably linked with another, that a few mere meetings of connection and the experience of soul freedom can leave us craving that souls oxygen for decades.

Craving and longing to bring our fires back alive to once again rival the sun, in a world where we are taught to feel guilty to shine any brighter than a streetlamp, or where it is painted as madness to chase down your deepest souls desires and highest hearts joy.

As though your truest being could be anything but of that essence…

As if our very own souls pull would lead us in the wrong…

What is built between the heart and soul of two seemingly separate beings, knows no time.

It needs merely a few precious minutes of ecstatic bliss or joy with another, to construct a shrine, a sacred empire that will forever be held between those beings.

Beyond time and space.

Beyond reason and understanding .

Often this spontaneously erupted heart flame will stand like a towering jewel over an inner city that despite lifetimes of construction, not once ever seems to fall into the shadows.

Or ever lose its longing glow.

Nathan Raaths

They Just Not That Into You!

This year I walk away when undervalued intimately … so simple. Romantically, in friendship or more. If you are even debating what I might be to you, long before your decision is made, I’m out the door and long lost to you!

Love thyself … that’s all. Don’t be a second choice to anyone anymore.

For the right person you are unequivocally the only one.

There is no doubt or question or sway … when we burn for someone no excuse can get in the way.

If they don’t seem to move heaven and earth, if you are not coming across as everything to them … I softly say, “Then you are not.” That role is played by some other being.

Even if you feel underplayed in your value, stuck in soul-esteem games and you so want to believe you’re their One… Trust me.

Fuck clever words, and the fancy sentence said to sway. You will know if you are the person that balances their entire galaxy.

If it’s you…

You are the Sun, the Moon and Stars to someone.

They will make it so clear, dark matter will glow.

You will be their milky way, no doubt nothing but stars reflecting in locked gazes, from billions of wishes coming our way in twinkling eyes and passionate displays … no stories to fluff or excuses to display. If it’s love, they will find a way. Fuck! They would move a mountain with a spoon if that’s where you hid that day.

There are no but’s or complaints amongst men that are burning to see their Supernova again.

Cosmic fusion does not involve stories like “maybe soon”.

It compels a man to reach for the very Moon.

Pleasure expressed completely free is gold, but the sanctity of heart that can be born of souls not hidden to one another in any way, is the deepest timeless essence. Groundwork upon which true, albeit allusive foundations, can be cast in rare endless purity. Containing the longevity we so deeply seek in love

Nathan Raaths


You are currently browsing Jared Forney’s articles.

So rather than post my now lengthy and messy outline, I figured I’d share a live Dropbox link of my current outline/document, so people can get a sense for how I’m organizing my content, and provide feedback if they want. Best of luck everyone!

The study of ubicomp (particularly Mark Weiser’s vision for an interconnected workplace) has always been one of my favorite topics in my study of UX. But one thing I’ve always found lacking in ubicomp is a greater discussion of the political implications of ubiquitywhat the ramifications of embedding computers are in the scope of everyday life. Yvonne Rogers approaches this discussion  from the perspective of “calm computing,” and makes the argument that we need to move towards a more proactive form of ubicomp that does not explicitly rely on technology to catalyze creativity:

Instead of augmenting the environment to reduce the need for humans to think for themselves about what to do, what to select, etc., and doing it for them, we should consider how UbiComp technologies can be designed to augment the human intellect so that people can perform ever greater feats, extending their ability to learn, make decisions, reason, create, solve complex problems and generate innovative ideas. (Rogers, p411)

DiSalvo’s approach to ubicomp through adversarial design seeks to accomplish many of the same goals as Rogers, albeit by utilizing the technologies themselves (in the form of articulative collections) to facilitate more holistic approaches to design:

Within the frame of adversarial design, the tactic of articu- lation constructs linkages between objects, people, and actions that transform them into an agonistic collective—an open space of contest in which the elements gathered together are able to act out a plurality of conflicting practices, values, and beliefs. (DiSalvo, p96)

The articulation of different devices within a collective of interconnected technologies allows for a new form of politics to emerge, and prompts the people using it to think more critically about its implications. I feel that as our lives become increasingly connected with the Internet, it is easy to lose sight of the consequences of our actions, both in the real and online spaces. Rather than merely rejecting ubicomp’s proposition of interconnectivity, DiSalvo instead introduces the idea of a countercolletive, which “[unhinge] the joints that bind another collective together…by leveraging qualities of connectedness and the interrelated dependencies that characterized connectedness.” (DiSalvo, p109) The result is an almost critical perspective on ubicomp; a sort of introspective that brings users into the discourse through its experience. Through articulation, we can better understand both how elements fit together in an ubicomp interaction, and the implications of the interaction of those elements on the world at large.

What I found most interesting about these most recent two readings was their juxtaposition to one another in the syllabus. In Barnard’s “Interpretation and the Individual” chapter, he references the two key examples of visual culture in the form of the fifteenth-century Italian art and Vespa scooters. Through these examples, he illuminates a hermeneutical approach to understanding them via the intention of their creators and the “life-world” of those who experienced them first-hand at their inception. But Barnard also highlights a crucial weakness our ability to comprehensively interpret the life-world of these individuals:

The most serious question that arises concerning understanding conceived in this way is about the very possibility of that understanding in the first place. It is argued that, if understanding is based on the intentions and life-worlds of people from other times and places, and given that, by definition, one is not of those times and places, then one cannot have those intentions or life-worlds and understanding must be impossible.   (Barnard, p55)

Whether through straightforward temporal distance, or other cultural factors, Barnard concludes that it is impossible to completely understand the situated context in which a particular piece was conceived and constructed. However, it’s in his discussion of Gadamer’s “horizons” as a means of reframing this approach that I found the most value. Gadamer takes the ideas, beliefs, and hopes of the interpreters (i.e. the core composition of their life-world) and rather than viewing them as an obstruction to holistic understanding, instead “may be thought of as ‘ways in’, or ‘entrances’ to the horizons of other people and thus to the visual culture produced by other people, no matter how distant in time or space.” (Ibid., p58)

It is these “ways in” that I eventually connected with the contrast between traditional ocularcentrism in film, and Elsaesse and Hagener’s examination of the use of skin and embodied systems of experience in modern filmmaking. The skin as an everyday experience is both everywhere and invisible; our largest organ and at the same time the one that is most often taken for granted when referring to culturally shared cinematic experiences. Elsaesse and Hagener cite several example of skin being used semiotically in various contexts: as a marker of accomplishment, of identity re-appropriation, as an agent of discomfort, and so on. But it is the ability for film to engage an audience on an intuitive and somatosensory level that is of greatest interest to me vis-a-vis design and life-worlds,

…the intersubjective communication in the cinema between spectator, film and filmmaker is predicated upon and enabled by shared structures of embodied experience that permits the perception of experience and the experience of perception in the first place. (Elsaesse and Hagener, p117)

At the intersection of our “accultured sensorium” suggested by Elsaesse and Hagener and Gadamer’s horizons I believe lies a space for interaction design to flourish. The dominance of ocularcentrism in film has resulted in the displacement of the other senses; so too has the commodification of the results of product design muted and anonymized the details of their origins, and the life-worlds of those who created them. As supply chains become longer and more occluded and demands for resources rise, I believe it will become increasingly important for us to establish and maintain a tangible, somatic connection to the physical artifacts we use every day. Elsaesse and Hagener suggest a potential approach to this problem by aligning the embodied experiences of the spectator, film and filmmaker, and it is not difficult to draw parallels to the user, artifact and designer from these conventions. If we can co-inhabit a shared perception of experience with respect to product design and ecology, a shared life-world of sustainability, I believe we can become more cognizant of both the means and ends by which the products we need and desire are sought, wrought, and moved to purpose.

In a world that has become so saturated with commodified signs that they have begun to lose meaning, sometimes it’s best to slap together a bunch of stock footage and just see what happens.

Just stumbled across this really interesting design yesterday, and thought I would share:

This design implies all sorts of really interesting lenses for critique: the hacking and reappropriation of commercial artifacts, commodification of government, civil liberties in a modern-day on-demand society, and even the notion that receipts are ridiculously wasteful (as anyone who has ever filled a prescription at CVS is no doubt aware).

Bonus: DRM Chair, a piece of furniture that self-destructs after 8 uses (listen for the clicks in the background!)

  • Key supports for Claim:

This post is not so much a discussion of the content of the Hansen excerpt on skin interfaces, but rather how she structures her argument, and particularly how she identifies her key themes of critique. I’ll start by identifying a couple key passages that for me resonated most strongly with her core argument:

In transmission communication terms, immediacy can be said to be the dream of noise-free communication, whereas hypermediacy is focused on the nature of the noise-adding channel. In representational terms, one could say that transparent immediacy is representation camouflaged as presentation – it is supposed to be as if the represented phenomenon is in front of us. Conversely, hypermediacy is presentation only, as it is concerned with the presentational aspects of the medium; about how the medium represents. (p74, emphasis mine)

Expressed polemically, these dresses are gadgets designed to satisfy the geeky gadgeteer who falls for easily understandable eye-candy and who is lacking so much social competence, and maybe even social intelligence, that s/he is only able to understand other people when they can be translated into algorithms. (p83, emphasis mine)

…hypermediacy is not the conceptual goal here, even though the dresses in themselves do nothing but point at their own mediacy. Conceptually and rhetorically, Skin Probes subscribe to the paradigm of the perfect and invisible servant responding to our needs even before we are aware of them ourselves. (p85, emphasis mine)

To put it in semiotic terms, the Skin Probe dresses have an iconic expression but they ‘pretend’ that the indexical and the symbolic are identical; that the symbolic has been engulfed by the index.  (p86, emphasis mine)

While I am cheating with my model here a bit (with “expressed polemically” mapping in my mind to In polemical terms, and “Conceptually and rhetorically” mapping to in conceptual and rhetorical terms), I found this means of reading and understanding the content useful. I think we can all agree that writers, academic or otherwise, have their own rhetorical cadence and this can used in order to more easily trace an argument from start to finish, particularly over a long span of a book chapter. Hansen opens this passage with a discussion of telepathy, and a brief overview of the norms of communication, primarily to frame her eventual discussion of the difference between immediacy and hypermediacy. This dialectic is then examined through a series of lenses (the “terms”) to develop critiques of the two Philips dresses as marketing efforts, and also as representations of an ideal for perfectly transparent communication, as imagined and manifested by a corporate entity. The overall point that I think Hansen is trying to make is that while the dresses are limiting in their ability to accomplish their goal of bringing latent human thought and emotion to the surface, they are successful as interpretive objects, and thus are valuable in that they allow us to think more critically about what forms embodied interactions can assume.

nextcouk trammel net patternNYCCTwitter2squre persuasivetrammelnet2Network Solutionsimagedarkpatterns_applewebwizards


If you play the piano, you probably took lessons, and if you took lessons, you developed a sense of ‘doing it right’.  In piano lessons, there’s a right way and a wrong way.  You play it as it’s written.  In a stage band setting, the other players have an advantage over you in this regard.  The guitars and drums learned by watching and trying, more than anything else.  They’re not asking themselves if it’s right or wrong.  They’re more likely asking themselves whether or not what they’re playing is working.

So you’ll likely have to work on listening to how you’re fitting in, asking yourself what’s needed and how it’s actually sounding right now.  Here’s my rule:  If it fits in, if it moves the song down the road, if it sounds good, then I’m doing it right.

Things to consider:

  1. Pull back on your left hand.  The bass player is already covering those notes, so if you don’t play exactly what the bass player is playing, you’ll instead be fighting for the low sounds.   You don’t have to drop your left hand out altogether (which would just be weird), but you do have to scale it back.  For me, it works to leave my left hand pinky out of the mix, because that’s the finger I typically use to play bass notes.
  2. Keep in mind you’re playing a percussion instrument.  You strike the keys, which puts you in the same category as the drums, bass and guitars.  Think rhythmically.
  3. Don’t overplay!  You’re probably used to being the whole deal, the band, all by yourself.  And when you accompany by yourself, that’s completely true.  But in the context of a band, you need to pull back and consider how your part fits in.  Less is more in this context.
  4. Make use of arpeggios.  Instead of a playing all the notes at once in a chord, try splitting up the notes into a simple arpeggio.  Don’t overthink this!  Listen to what’s going on right in the moment, and play the notes one at a time.
  5. Wide and close voicings.  When the song is moving along at a good clip, keep your chords tightly voiced—say, within the octave.  But if the song is very slow, try spreading out the notes for a more spacious sound.  For instance, play a C chord by playing a G below middle C with your left hand, then E with your right hand thumb and C with your right hand pinky.
  6. Use the electric piano.  If you’re playing an electronic keyboard, you’ll likely have access to an ‘electric piano’ sound.  Switch between the ‘regular’ piano and the electric piano sounds, and add a little variety.  Be careful with electric piano sound—it’s much more dense sounding, and you’ll need to play even less notes.
  7. Remember that certain beats need emphasizing.  Almost universally, the second and fourth beats of a measure are being emphasized by the drummer.  Watch the drummer’s left hand as he hits the snare drum, and emphasize those beats with your right hand.  This can be as simple as just keeping the drummer’s right hand in your peripheral vision.  I do this all the time.
  8. The lower you go on the keyboard, the farther apart you keep the voicings.  This is just a general rule:  The higher you go on the keyboard, the closer together you can play the notes.  The lower you go, the farther apart they should be so they don’t sound muddy.
  9. Get more comfortable in sharp keys—E, A, D, G—because they’re here to stay!  The guitar players love these keys, so you’re bound to be in them much of the time.
  10. Simplify your playing so that you can listen and engage with the rest of the band.  Lighten up a little with your approach, and spend part of your energy concentrating on how everything is working together.


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Andris Taurins

on 19 January 2016

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Transcript of PATENTS

A patent is a limited monopoly for 20 years granted in return for the disclosure of technical information
rights compared to other IP domains are more extensive - cover most commercial uses
strict requirements for registration
National patent offices
European Patent Office (grants bundle of national patents)
mixture of national, European and international elements
European Patent Convention
Patent Cooperation Treaty
Convention of Biological Diversity
initially patents were crude, often documents 2 sentences long
now complicated, sophisticated and lengthy
different ways the patents are described and drafted
contents of the patent

Patents are only granted after formal procedures
National route
European route
Lecture 3
Inventive Step
Infringement of patents
Andris Tauriņš
Some form of patent rights was recognized in Ancient Greece
The word patent comes from the Latin 'litterae patentes' -an open letter.
Such letters were used by medieval monarchs to confer rights and privileges. With a royal seal, the letters served as proof of those rights, for all to see
the first informal system was developed in Renaissance Italy
The system was introduced into the rest of Europe by émigré Venetian glass-blowers to protect their skills against those of local workers
In return for his monopoly, John of Utynam was required to teach his process to native Englishmen
Modern patent law since 19th century
shift from Crown to bureaucrats
criticism about the system "..unnecessarily complicated, technical and obscure.."
benefit to public of limited practical value
unjustified inhibitions on the free trade
Impact on UK Patent law, e.g. nature of disclosed information
Bilateral agreements in the early 19th century
1883 Paris convention - "national treatment"
Developed over time
natural rights of inventors to products of mental labor
Justice demands reward for inventor's contribution
The public interest
corresponding benefit in return for the harm caused by the grant of a patent
disclosed information that might otherwise remain secret
substantive and valuable database of technical and scientific information
EPO: "..invention could readily put into practice"
Patents provide an incentive for the production of new inventions
To encourage investors to fund research and development
protects from reverse-engineering (e.g disassembling a mechanical device) when no other protection exists
Undesirable side effects - ethical debates whether patents should be granted for genetically modified organisms such as animals
Effect on food security, access to medicine etc.
EPC signed in Munich in 1973
Replaced by EPC 2000, effect as of 2007
Intergovernmental treaty, distinct from the EU, 38 MS
Granting European patents
single application to EPO, grant a bundle of national patents
matters of infringement, enforcement, revocation, renewal, litigation for national laws
risk of different interpretation by MS
invalidation actions subject to EPO
EPC 2000 (II)
The EPC provides that patents should be granted in all fields of technology
however, computer programs left on the list of non-patentable inventions
central procedure through EPO, no need for involvement for national offices
in case of invalidity of patent, quick amendments possible
translation- key issue within EPO (23 lang.)
MS may require to translate patent into the national language
transl. costs ca 3800 EUR per patent
London agreement 2008 solves partially
E.g. Patents act 1977 of UK
largely based on EPC
Facilitated entry of UK into the EPC
EPO has occasionally referred to decisions national of offices to maintain uniformity
Patents act 2004 of the UK mirror changes of the EPC 2000
Adopted in in 1975
A single Community (EU) patent by one central procedure and be binding in all MS
Has never come into force
Superseded by recent EU legislative instruments establishing a unitary European patent
Impact of EU in developing patent law
Supplementary protection certificate
extends patent protection up to 5 years, if the owner cannot take full advantage for 20 years
due to delays in regulatory approval
Biotechnological Directive
adopted in 1998
concerns inventions of biological materials
EU Unitary Patent
A unified and centralized European patent system
EU Regulation creating a unitary European patent (2012)
EU Regulation concerning language requirements of the unitary patent (2012)
the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court (will enter into force as soon as 13 states, including France, Germany and the United Kingdom, have ratified it.)
EU Unitary Patent
Currently 2 classical ways to obtain patent in Europe:
national patents in national offices; or
application to EPO for a "bundle" of national patents
Costly and time-consuming
Unitary patent aimed to solve these problems
Uniform protection in 25 MS
Administered and granted by the EPO
Transformation of European patent into a unitary patent
national patents, European patents an unitary patents will coexist
EU Unitary Patent (II)
Aim to reduce costs of translations
official languages English, French and German
However, expected translation service "Patent Translate" to be introduced in order to provide information function of the patent
UK government has estimated that up to 20000 pounds per patent would be saved due to translation and validation costs
Unified patent court
Aim to reduce costs of litigation, unify patent law, and increase certainty
Still ratification of the UPC Agreement waited from several MS
Located in three cities
London (responsible for chemical, pharmaceuticals, life science)
Munich (re mechanical engineering)
Paris (all other patents)
Court of appeal in Luxembourg
Patent Cooperation Treaty 1970
provides fro a system of international application and preliminary examination procedure
148 MS
centralized procedure through WIPO
Little impact on European patent law
However, impact on developing countries in relation to the standards of protection
Criticism re access of life-saving drugs
solution found by WTO to allow countries to manufacture patented medicines under compulsory license for export to developing countries
Criticism by African countries re patenting of life forms (incl. plants)
that farmers should have right to save seeds
WIPO Patent Law Treaty (2000)

aims to simplify procedure for obtaining patent
Legal document that confers a 20 year monopoly on the patentee
national patents or European patents (valid for all MS)
classifying by subject matter
e.g. biotechnological patents
chemical patents
Normally undertaken by patent agents
very difficult to explain particular forms of technology
Patents are at once technical, commercial and legal documents
detailed rules on drafting
temptation to provide minimum amount of information
important how stringently the patent office applies disclosure requirement
Patents are made up of four key parts
an abstract
a description of the invention
one or more claims
any drawings referred to in the description
Brief summary (around 150 words) of the most important technical features of the invention
reveals the technical problem that the invention attempts to resolve
similar to technical or scientific papers: explain what has been created, the problems that the inventions solves, why it is important, how it differs from the inventions created before
should be clear and complete enough for it to be performed by a person skilled in art
The primary function is to set out the scope of the legal protection conferred by the patent
usually a number of claims
general claims are followed by narrower claims
a notable feature of most claims - they are difficult to understand, at least to the non-experts (e.g. "non-human mammals" instead of mice)
The drawings may be used to interpret the claims
Preliminary issues
deciding to patent
what benefits?
exclusive right to make, use, and sell the patented invention for 20 years
p. can be included on balance sheets
symbolic capital of an inventor
the image of goods
Associated costs
Patent agent fees
the administrative charges (e.g. yearly fee)
translation costs (my go up to 32k EUR at EPO)
time and effort
risks of making patents available to public
can benefits of patenting be reached by other means (e.g. trade secrets)
patenting practices vary from industry to industry (copying expenses weighed , e.g. in aviation sector)
Patent agents
common to involve patent agents
P. agents have usually knowledge of the law, the patent administration process, and a particular branch of science
drafting skills
Choice of routes
national, EPO, PCT, unitary patent?
most importantly -
where to protect
commercial and strategic considerations (less costs in national offices)
full examination in EPO, but not in some national offices (NL, BE etc.)
EPC - central attack
Patent application features
Requirement of registration
info available to public
establish priority
granted to the first person applying
formalities of filing, subject matter, novelty, non-obviousness, sufficiency
Amendments possible
Procedure to grant
Who can apply?
no restrictions, i.e. "national treatment"
Filing application in national offices for national patents
or with EPO for European p.
official language
instead of full application, "early filing" option (12 months)
for experiments, funding etc.
Priority date - the criteria of patentability are assessed
preliminary examination and search
formal requirements
within 18 months from filing
observations of third parties
Substantive examination
to ensure validity of patent
novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability
claims are concise
Grant of the patent
if the all requirements are met, the patent will be granted
revocation (in courts) of patent on limited grounds
e.g. invention is not patentable
opposition at the EPO on limited grounds
e.g. the patent does not disclose invention clearly
also after the patent has been granted
invention must
consist of patentable subject matter
be new
involve inventive step
Patentable subject matter
industrial application (A52 EPC)
methods of medical treatment excluded
Non-inventions (A52 (3):
discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods;
aesthetic creations;
presentations of information.
Patentable subject matter
variety of animal or plant or biological process excluded
immoral inventions or inventions contrary to public policy
e.g. immoral biological inventions (such as human cloning)
Industrial application
patent should not be purely abstract
to be used in any kind of industry
useful purpose or practical application
e.g. human gene sequencing without any identification of function

invention must be new
it does not form a part of "state of art"
the invention must be
different from previous discoveries (concerns technical information)
in UK and EPO the concept of "absolute novelty" - relates to all information, worldwide information
after the technical features of an invention are identified, then the nature of the information disclosed by prior art must be determined
"state of art" defined very broadly - includes all matter that at the priority date was available to the public by written or oral description, by use or in any other way
no geographical limits
The state of art
no restrictions on the mode of disclosure
patents, journal articles, exhibitions, sales, oral communications
no minimum requirement on how widely information must be disclosed
information obtained unlawfully (confidential i.) is excluded from the state of art
What information is disclosed by the prior art?
info is restricted to the information that a person skilled in the art is able to derive from the prior art
documents should be read in the light as if they were being read at the date of their publication (not later, e.g. on the priority date or the litigation etc)
Prior art
Is the invention novel?
where the prior art and the invention are identical/matches, the invention is not new
Some useful inventions
No Smoking Sign Ashtray
Patent# US D500166
Anti-eating face mask
(US 4344424)
Bird diaper (US 5934226)
Cheese-Filter Cigarette (US 3234948)
According to its inventor, "current" cigarette filters (circa 1966) don't filter enough tar and nicotine from tobacco smoke, so he "discovered" a new one: cheese! He insists it makes a "very efficient tobacco filter."
Banana Protection Device (US 6612440)
Sound Muffler for Covering the Mouth (US 4834212)
Dog Ear Protector (US 4233942)
a device for protecting the ears of animals, especially long-haired dogs, from becoming soiled by the animal's food while the animal is eating.
Solar Plane
An iron that lifts and lowers automatically over fabric. Chosen as one of Time Magazine's Best Inventions of 2006.
Patent trolls
companies that don’t make products and whose function is to buy up patents to assert against others
Often PT use low quality patents to extort settlements from small companies
The legal fees to defend against such actions can be devastating
Patent wars
Breathable Shoes: Branding Success through Patenting
Mario Moretti Polegato, chairman and founder of GEOX S.P.A.,In 1989, during a business trip to Nevada to promote his family's wine business at a trade fair, he decided to take a walk
Bothered by his overheated feet,
he used a hunting knife for puncturing several holes in the soles of his sneakers to let air through.
He had just discovered a simple and effective way to let excess heat out of his shoes.
After extensive experimenting and research on footwear construction, he discovered how to apply a membrane that is both waterproof and breathable at the same time: it has millions of small "canals", or micro pores, smaller than drops of water, so that water cannot get through, but vapor can
Mr. Polegato's technology consists of
three different components
: a
perforated inferior component
called the outsole, a
superior perforated component
called the mid-sole and a third component (the “
”), which is positioned between the outsole and the mid-sole, and that is permeable to vapor and waterproof. The combination of the membrane with holes on the outsole and mid-sole allows vapor to move out while preventing water from entering. As soon as the rubber-sole technology was in place, Mr. Polegato patented his invention in several countries. Later on, a similar solution for leather soles was also patented.
Mr. Polegato initially intended to sell the patented technology, but due to lack of interest from any of the world's leading shoe manufacturers, in 1995 he decided to enter the shoe trade himself, with a bank loan and a workforce of five
Trademarks and Branding
Mr. Polegato chose the “GEOX” name to identify his products and registered the trademark internationally. The GEOX™ brand name is a combination of the Greek word "geo" (the earth) and "x", symbolizing technology. GEOX products unify innovation with comfort and a style in line with the latest fashion trends.
Research and Development
Mr. Polegato's fast-growing company soon extended the product range and kept investing in research and development (R&D), leading to the discovery of new technologies. In 1999, GEOX patented an
idea to apply their breathable and impermeable technology to garments such as jackets, anoraks, and sports jackets.
In 2008, following many years of research in its corporate laboratories and some sales from 2005 on, GEOX launched worldwide a new line of sports footwear
Business Results
between 2000 and 2003, the group expanded internationally using a balanced mix of multi-brand stores (approximately 10,000) and single-brand stores (1000+ GEOX shops).
Since December 2004, GEOX has been listed on the Milan Stock Market exchange.
Throughout his career, Mr. Polegato has been awarded many prizes in recognition of his innovative and successful business.
R&D: The Key to Past and Future Success
The most important success factor of the GEOX group is its constant
focus on product innovation protected by patented technology
, coupled with a strong awareness of the GEOX brand.
Ever since its inception, GEOX has maintained a company policy aiming to enhance technological innovation, resulting in more than
50 different national and international patents
originated by the company to date, covering materials, products, processes, equipment and machinery
the company's constant stream of patented inventions and innovations ensures that competitors would be unable to simply copy the product after the expiration of the original patent.
Mario Moretti Polegato "It's time to invest in ideas. An idea is worth more than a factory.”
the invention involves an inventive step if it is not obvious to a person skilled in art
examined by patent offices or courts
a key element in patent law
a very difficult task to draw the line between obvious and non-obvious
in contrast to the novelty examination, the inventive-step ensures the difference of a quality
the philosophy -
the public should should not be prevented from doing anything which was merely an obvious extension of what was already known at the priority date
PLG Reasearch v. Ardon
Inventive step
When invention is obvious?
"problem-solution" approach adopted by EPO
IS is a step from the technical problem to it solution
whether the solution to the problem have been obvious to the person skilled in the art
the solution must have been not obvious at the priority date
another approach the UK
identification of an inventive concept
whether the differences that exist between the prior art and the invention
whether, viewed without knowledge of the invention, those differences constitute obvious steps to the person skilled in the art
Consolidating the approaches
Irrespective of the differences between the UK and the EPO approach the common questions arise:
who is the person skilled in the art?
what is the invention to be examined?
is the invention obvious?

Person skilled in the art?
A person posses the attributes, skills, background knowledge, and qualifications relevant to the field in which he works
qualification depends on an invention in question
e.g. Regarding SIM cards, EPO has said that the person skilled in the art is an expert in technical field, more specifically he is trained at a computer implementation of business, skilled in data processing, and not merely as a businessman or accountant.
State of the art
in examination of obviousness the persons skilled in the art has regard to any matter that forms part of the state of the art at the priority date of the invention
the state of the art is made up of everything that is made available to the public before the date of filing
the potentially broad nature of the state of the art is restricted by the fact the skilled person is expected to be aware of the information available in their own or related fields
What is the invention?
the court must identify the inventive concept of the patent
to identify the invention
the description of the patent must disclose the problem and solution
Is the invention obvious?
once the person skilled in the art and the invention has been identified , then it is necessary to examine if the invention is obvious
a problematic question, since complex and novel technologies involved
e.g. in 1980's the nature of molecular biology was undeveloped field, so easy to find the inventiveness
however, it is not impossible for an expert to know the progress in the field
the courts will usually utilize expert opinions
Is the invention obvious?
qualitative or factual nature of the test means that it is not possible to have a precise formula of the obviousness
only general guidance possible
one must show that the way in which the choice is exercised is technically creative
the distinction between routine skills and inventive skills
i.e. routine skills (e.g. in laboratory)- logically follow from the prior art
invention is obvious if the skilled person
take the route rather than
Sometimes commercial success can be taken into account, but with caution
Complex area because of evidential nature
currently a matter for national courts, which will change with the Unified Patent Court
Depends on a national law
Types of infringement
Scope of protection
Types of infringement
The activity must take place
without permission
of the patent owner, in the territory of
a particular country
and during the the
of the patent
direct and indirect (e.g. facilitates) infringement
Patent of a product gives
rights to make, dispose of, offer, use, import etc.
intention to infringe is not relevant, so liability is absolute
The right to make a product
most important right
- to make a product
does not prohibit to repair
but does not allow to make the product anew
e.g. the Bulk container case (Schutz)
Scutz case
Patent existed for the large plastic bottle and the metal cage
the novel and inventive part - the particular way how the cage was made
secondary organizations involved which replace the old bottles because of toxic liquids, repair them
instead of Schutz bottles, Werit's bottles were used
no infringement because: the bottle was not the main component/ the bottle had shorter life expectancy
Patents for a process
In the UK, the right is infringed if one can show that the defendant
or should have known that the unauthorized use of a patent is infringement (may differ in other countries)
the patent protects the process and the products flowing from the process
e.g. a patent for a method of manufacturing compact discs. Importation of such discs not infringement because all the steps of production were not performed
Indirect infringement
where a person contributes to, but not directly take part in, the infringement
e.g. patent for a glue consisting of chemicals A and B; Supplier of the either chemicals considered to be the indirect infringer
the patented invention should be compared with the alleged infringing process or device
problems can arise if minor details differ
claims of the patent to be taken into account, interpreted by the description or drawings
claims might be straightforward for technical devices, but more problematic for chemical or biological inventions
Some countries tend to interpret claims strictly but some, e.g., Germany, use the claims as the guides for determining the scope of protection
however, the EPC 2000 requires that the claims should not be read literally and not as a mere guide, but in between these extremes
the defendant can show that his activity is exempted from liability by one of the defenses
exceptions balance the interests of patentees against the interests of other groups such as competitors, previous users, non-profit bodies, research establishment
the unitary patent may change the defenses
Private non-commercial use
private non-commercial uses do not pose much a threat to the patent monopoly
but limited to the person's own use
Experimental uses
experiments relating to the patented subject matter
e.g. uses of the medicines in studies, tests or trials
Defenses for biotechnological inventions
See Biotechnology directive
e.g. specific exceptions to farmers provided such as the farmer can save seeds from one year's crop to sow crops in the following year
Other defenses
making a prescription medicine in a pharmacy
patented products used on vehicles which are temporarily entered in the country
"Vanna Vannā"
Patent for a process of repairing old buthtubs
new plastic tubs installed into the old rusty metal tubs
Not infringement because it turned out that the invention might not be novel
Full transcript


1. How is Sustainable Seas tuna caught?

Our tuna are caught individually using pole and line methods. This ensures that no other marine life is caught or harmed in the process, unlike long-line and FAD (fish aggregating device) purse seine methods which are employed by many national companies and endanger other marine species.

2. Is Sustainable Seas tuna wild or farm-raised?

Our tuna is all ocean wild caught.

3. Is Sustainable Seas tuna packed in water or oil?

4. Why is the Omega 3 content higher in Sustainable Seas Albacore tuna than competitive brands also packed in water?

6. Why is Sustainable Seas tuna packed in Vietnam?

There is no tuna cannery capable of processing our volume. Cost of production in the U.S. would also greatly increase the retail price of our products, making them difficult for the average family to afford. In order to support our mission of making sustainable seafood choices mainstream and accessible we have elected to process our tuna in state-of-the-art partner facilities in Vietnam. Since Sustainable Seas sources from environmentally exemplary fisheries around the world, our selection of the strategically located canning facility noted above also result in less transportation distances overall.

7. Is Sustainable Seas tuna gluten free?

All of our products have been tested for the presence of gluten by a third party testing agency. The results indicate non detectable for gluten. We attribute these results to the fact that our products naturally do not contain gluten – we simply pack fish and salt into our tuna canned products.


Program Manager, Loyalty Solutions

Who is Mastercard?

Job Title

Program Manager, Loyalty Solutions

Manager, Program Management - Loyalty Solutions GeoSouth

Loyalty Solutions drive preference and diversify revenues for MasterCard through differentiated Rewards & Offers, Benefits, Insurance and other cardholders' products and services.

The primary purpose of the job is to manage Mastercard proprietary preference programs in Brazil, evolving the existing program to be a brand preference multiplier and differentiate Mastercard from its competitors.

Determine program's strategy and value proposition and propose execution enhancements.
Develop and manage relationships with vendors, internal and external partners involved in operating the program and optimizing the cost-benefit impact of the program on the business P&L.
Liaise with Products, Marketing and relevant stakeholders to achieve program's objectives in alignment with mass market and CRM strategies.
Lead and manage the development of annual tactical plans that support the successful achievement of program and business goals.
Manage the program's budget on both, the revenue (P&L) and cost side, ensuring that the program performs appropriately meeting or exceeding operational and business metrics.
Monitor operations, ensure governance model and identify and implement opportunities to maintain and continuously improve cardholder experience.
Provide continued reporting and communication to senior management to facilitate and assist decision-making processes.
Interface with local and regional teams to identify usability issues and determine local requirements in order to provide product enhancements that solve for local needs. Make recommendations on the rollout of new features.
Conducts opportunity assessments on new ideas and concepts.

Project management and the ability to multitask several requests, quickly assemble data and generate impactful insights in a fast-paced environment in partnership with various business units
Financial & analytical skills with experience in managing product P&L and budgets
Ability to negotiate and solutions-oriented to identify win-win scenarios that leave all parties satisfied with a business outcome that will be mutually beneficial
Positive attitude; being able to overcome obstacles in a positive way, influence others and listen to their view
Thought Leadership in order to deal with ambiguity and change while operates with a sense of urgency
Creative thinker with a desire and tenacity to test innovative customer solutions or challenge existing ideas
Consumer-focused, understanding its needs, identify business opportunities and execute with excellence in managing the results.
Verbal and written communication skills; being able to adapt style to the audience and create/deliver presentations to management.
English and Portuguese fluency mandatory. Spanish highly recommended
Travel may be required

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Wikipedia Portalsclose

Results 1 - 10 of 112 for  Wikipedia / Normal vector / Wikipedia    (3565152 articles)

Frenet–Serret formulas print that page

In vector calculus , the Frenet–Serret formulas describe the kinematic properties of a particle which moves along a continuous, differentiable curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space R 3 . More specifically, the formulas describe the derivatives of the so-called tangent, normal | 2011/4/13 20:20:16

Surface normal print that page

A surface normal , or simply normal , to a flat surface is a vector that is perpendicular to that surface. A normal to a non-flat surface at a point P on the surface is a vector perpendicular to the tangent plane to that surface at P . The word normal " is also used as an adjective | 2011/5/6 9:43:25

Normal force print that page

In mechanics , the normal force (occasionally N ) is the component, perpendicular to the surface of contact, of the contact force exerted on an object by, for example, the surface of a floor or wall, preventing the object from penetrating the surface. The normal force is one of the components | 2011/10/4 12:39:09

Mean value analysis print that page

after visiting queue i the customer will visit queue j . From this matrix we can calculate the vector known as the visit-ratio vector by solving the eigenvector-like equation V P = V . Let N j ( n ) be the mean number of customers in queue j when there are a total of n customers in | 2010/9/26 0:50:27

Hesse normal form print that page

The Hesse normal form named after Otto Hesse , is an equation used in analytic geometry , and describes a line in or a plane in Euclidean space . It is primarily used for calculating distances, and is written in vector notation as This equation is satisfied by all points P described | 2010/9/24 23:24:16

Normal distribution print that page

Stress (mechanics) print that page

force per square inch , which is abbreviated as psi. Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Normal and shear stresses 1.2 Stress modeling (Cauchy) 1.3 Stress analysis 2 Theoretical background 3 Euler–Cauchy stress principle 3.1 Cauchy’s postulate 3.2 Cauchy’s fundamental | 2011/5/18 18:35:03

Multivariate normal distribution print that page

In probability theory and statistics , the multivariate normal distribution or multivariate Gaussian distribution , is a generalization of the one-dimensional ( univariate ) normal distribution to higher dimensions. A random vector is said to be multivariate normally distributed if every | 2011/9/26 18:38:32

Jordan normal form print that page

In linear algebra , Jordan normal form (often called Jordan canonical form ) [ 1 ] of a linear operator on a finite dimensional vector space is an upper triangular matrix of a particular form called Jordan matrix , representing the operator on some basis . The form is characterized | 2011/5/21 11:31:58

Darboux frame print that page

Contents 1 Darboux frame of an embedded curve 1.1 Definition 1.2 Geodesic curvature, normal curvature, and relative torsion 2 Darboux frame on a surface 2.1 The trihedron 2.2 Change of frame 2.3 Structure equations 2.4 Principal curves 3 Moving frames 3.1 Frames | 2010/9/26 15:36:27