Posts in Category: Dance

Послушайте / Please listen! by Vladimir Mayakovsky

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Natalia Alfutova

Grouse Song by Ruth Thompson

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Kumukanda by Kayo Chingonyi and Sean Graham

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Coming-of-age rituals are at the center of this powerful, uniquely collaborative poetry dance film from director Fiona Melville and producer/creative director Nathalie Teitler for the Dancing Words project, featuring poet/dancer Kayo Chingonyi, poet/dancer/choreographer Sean Graham, and a composition by Gemma Weekes (who is also an accomplished British writer).

According to the Wikipedia page on the Lovale/Luvale people of Zambia and Angola,

In Zambia the Luvale people hold the ‘Makishi festival’ to mark the end of the ‘kumukanda’ (or ‘initiation’). Every 5 years or so, boys from the same age group (young teenagers) are taken into the bush for 1–2 months where they undergo several rites of passage into manhood. These involve learning certain survival skills, learning about women and how to be a good husband, learning about fatherhood, and also they are circumcised. The Luvale consider uncircumcised men to be dirty or unhygienic. It is said that in some very rural areas where the kumukanda is maintained in its strictest traditional sense that if a woman is to pass by the boy’s ‘bushcamp’ whilst they are undergoing kumukanda then she must be punished, even killed. To celebrate the boys’ completion of the kumukanda the Makishi festival welcomes them back to the village as men.

Quattro Ottobre (October Fourth) by Francesca Gironi

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On the Road to the Sea by Charlotte Mew

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A wonderful dance interpretation of a poem by the early modern British writer Charlotte Mew, voiced by Alice Barclay. Zenaida Yanowski, principal dancer at the Royal Ballet in London, performs with choreography and film direction by Will Tuckett. The film represents a collaboration between Tuckett and the poetry-performing ensemble LiveCanon.

With all the dance-centered poetry films I’ve posted here over the years, I can’t remember one taking such a balletic approach before. I hope this isn’t the last.

Sweet Liquor by Malika Booker

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The latest film in the Dancing Words project directed by Fiona Melville (with creative direction from Nathalie Teitler) pairs poet Malika Booker and dancer/choreographer Leon Rose. Here’s the description from the project website:

Sweet Liquor is a collaboration between renowned black British poet, Malika Booker and dancer/choreographer Leon Rose. The poem is taken from Booker’s prize winning collection Pepper Seed (Peepal Tree Press) and explores the world of the soca fete. It tells the story of a young Caribbean soldier, recently returned from war with psychological scars, who finds out that he has been re-drafted.

The piece explores a dance-poetry collaboration in which the dance centers around social dancing: its impact on the individual and the community. The aim was to make something experimental and edgy with a political message. In selecting the dancer/choreographer the goal was to find someone who would look totally natural dancing soca, as well as being a skilled professional dancer/choreographer. Latin and contemporary dancer, internationally known Leon Rose, who has twenty years of dance and choreography experience, was the perfect choice: both he and Malika have been going to Carnival since they were a few months old. Their mothers would argue that they took part in Carnival while in the womb. When the piece was being filmed, it quickly became clear that there was something magical in the way the two artists danced together; it spoke both of the relationship between the man and the woman in the poem, but also spoke to the wider relationships between genders in this part of the world. Here we see a woman as the strong voice and rock able to contain and comfort a young, damaged man. Combined with the beautiful and haunting pan music of composer Kyron Akal, (composed for this piece) the result was a piece which challenges stereotypes of soca and carnival and brings a beautiful, fierce poem to life.

The Ugly Daughter by Warsan Shire

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Dancer/choreographer Ella Mesma performs as Warsan Shire recites her poem. This was one of two dance-poetry pieces premiered at London’s Southbank Centre on October 6, 2014 under the aegis of The Complete Works II, directed by Nathalie Teitler, which gave rise to the Dancing Words project.


Sometimes, during free time or a lunch break, pottery workers created unique pieces for themselves, family members, or friends. The Museum has many examples of these prized pieces of folk art.

You are sure to recognize something from your childhood when you see the 100+ patterns that were produced, most of them hand painted.

Unique designs and shapes glazed in a wide variety of colors are on display. Many pieces were designed by famous artists like Belle Kogan, Eva Zeisel and
Charles Murphy.
From beautiful salt glazed folk art to durable zinc glaze stoneware these utilitarian pieces  are displayed in a timeline that shows how they changed over time when impacted by need and later by modern inventions such as refrigeration.

What will you discover at the Pottery Museum of Red Wing?

Pottery Museum of Red Wing

  240 Harrison St.  Red Wing,  MN  55066    Tues - Sat 9-5  &  Sun 11 - 4    (651) 327 2220

The Red Wing Area Chamber of Commerce named the Pottery Museum 2014 Business of the Year in the Arts & Entertainment, Lodging, Recreation & Tourism catagory

From the late 1800s to the 1930s, many merchants sold their wares in Red Wing crocks, pots, and jugs stamped with their company advertising. Numerous examples of these advertising pieces, stamped with unique designs and text under the glaze, are on display.
Visit the Museum and you will learn about the historical clay industry in Red Wing. You will discover how the products evolved over time because of new inventions such as refrigeration.
The Pottery Museum has a treasure trove of vintage photographs with over 2000 in the collection, many by photographer Phil Revoir.


When you’ve put in hours at the gym and are dedicated to fitness, the last thing you want is to get a workout injury that will set you back from all the progress you’ve made.

From maintaining focus and form during your workout to learning how to listen to your body and its signals, implementing even the simplest of safety measures can make a world of difference to your workout or training regime.

Workout injuries can happen to anyone, regardless of fitness level, and are much more common than you think. Avoid any setbacks  and know how to prevent an injury in the first place by being in the know.

Ankle Sprain

What is it: An ankle sprain is where the ligaments in the ankle become damaged, and is usually a result of sudden or unexpected movement. An ankle sprain typically happens when you accidentally turn or twist your ankle in an awkward position which can stretch or tear the ligaments.

How to prevent it: Before starting your workout or carrying out any form of exercise, it’s vital to warm up and stretch your ankle. You should ensure you wear the right trainers and footwear to support your ankle, especially if you’re a regular runner and to pay attention to the surfaces which you’re continually exercising on.

Wrist Sprain

What is it: A wrist sprain is where the ligaments in the wrist become damaged usually caused from a sudden impact bend in the wrist. Wrist sprains can also be caused by exerting extreme pressure or awkward twisting of the wrist.

How to prevent it: Warming up your wrist by stretching and circling will help to avoid any sudden movements. You also need to learn when to rest and stop the activity if your wrist is under too much pressure. Wearing protective straps or guards around your wrists is recommended if you’re involved in weightlifting, gymnastics and diving sports for example, where the wrist endures intense pressure.

Runner’s Knee

What is it: A common injury amongst runners, Patellofemoral pain syndrome (nicknamed as runner’s knee) is where the stress of running causes irritation and the kneecap rests on the thighbone. Runner’s knee can have many causes – it could be a biomechanical problem, worn cartilage in the knee joints or even high-arched feet.

How to prevent it: If you’re a regular runner, you should try and run on softer surfaces so it’s not as much impact for your knee to help prevent running injuries. Wearing the proper running shoes for your foot type and exercise needs is also crucial. Additionally, you’ll want to strengthen your knees with the right exercises so that they can better absorb the impact of running.

Lower Back Strain

What is it: Lower back strain is pain caused by damage to the muscles and or ligaments in the lower back. Frequent causes of lower back strain include lifting heavy objects, especially during weightlifting and powerlifting training, lifting whilst twisting or any sudden impact or jarring motions to the lower back.

How to prevent it: You should always stretch and warm up before carrying out any exercises or training. Carry out regular core exercises to provide a support system for the lower back, as well as strengthening exercises for your back

muscles to help support your spine. Ensure to use workout equipment correctly and safely, especially when lifting heavy objects.

Shoulder Strain

What is it: Shoulder strain occurs when the muscles and tendons of the shoulder become damaged, which can often develop slowly through repetitive, intensive training regimes and consistent overhead lifting. Common sports associated with shoulder strain include swimming, tennis and weightlifting.

How to prevent it: Prevent shoulder injuries by properly stretching before and after your workouts. You should also be aware of any warning signs, and don’t just “power on through” if your shoulder is feeling painful or sore. This could be the early warning sign of a more severe shoulder injury.

Pulled Hamstring

What is it: A pulled hamstring or hamstring strain is where the tendons or large muscles at the back of the thigh become torn or damaged. Sudden hamstring strains usually occur from sprinting exercises or stretch-related sports, such as gymnastics, martial arts and dancing.

How to prevent it: The main way you can prevent a pulled hamstring is simply warming up and stretching before and after your exercise, and allow extra warm-up time in colder weather. Compression clothing can also help. You should also stop exercising if you feel tightness in the back of your legs.

Shin Splint

What is it: Shin splints are most commonly caused by repetitive trauma to the connective muscle tissue surrounding the tibia, often caused by sports such as running, tennis or basketball where repetitive strain is placed on the legs and shins in particular.

How to prevent it: Shoe choice goes a long way when it comes to shin splints, as repetitive weight on the legs can cause damage to your muscles. Having the right fitting trainer which can cushion and support your feet and legs from impact will help to prevent injury. Whenever possible, you should also run and train on flat, soft surfaces rather than concrete.

What is it: Tendinitis is the irritation of a tendon, most common in the Achilles and bicep or elbow areas. Tendinitis is caused by overuse of particular tendons which aren’t used to movement or haven’t been warmed up properly. Tendinitis is also caused my repetitive, minor impact on certain areas and is common in tennis, golf and skiing.

How to prevent it: Tendinitis isn’t a serious injury, but it can be easily avoided. Just like all other exercises, you should warm up and stretch your tendons before carrying out any training. You can then gradually build up your activity level to give your tendons time to warm up.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

What is it: Carpal tunnel syndrome causes a tingling sensation, numbness and sometimes pain in your hand and fingers when there’s too much pressure on a nerve in your wrist.

How to prevent it: Often caused by repetitive pressure and exercises that involve strong grip, adopting a more relaxed style of grip and taking regular breaks from such repetitive activities will help to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome. You can also regularly rotate your wrists and stretch your palms and fingers as you carry out your pre-exercise warm up.


Urinary Bladder: A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.Urinary Bladder Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.Urinary Bladder Diseases: Pathological processes of the URINARY BLADDER.Urinary Bladder Calculi: Stones in the URINARY BLADDER; also known as vesical calculi, bladder stones, or cystoliths.Urothelium: The epithelial lining of the URINARY TRACT.Carcinoma, Transitional Cell: A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.Urinary Bladder, Overactive: Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.Cystitis: Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction: Blocked urine flow through the bladder neck, the narrow internal urethral opening at the base of the URINARY BLADDER. Narrowing or strictures of the URETHRA can be congenital or acquired. It is often observed in males with enlarged PROSTATE glands.Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic: Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.Urination: Discharge of URINE, liquid waste processed by the KIDNEY, from the body.Urinary Tract: The duct which coveys URINE from the pelvis of the KIDNEY through the URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA.Urinary Tract Infections: Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.Cystoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder.Urinary Incontinence: Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.Urinary Catheterization: Passage of a CATHETER into the URINARY BLADDER or kidney.Muscle, Smooth: Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Urinary Retention: Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).Cystectomy: Used for excision of the urinary bladder.Urodynamics: The mechanical laws of fluid dynamics as they apply to urine transport.Bufo marinus: A species of the true toads, Bufonidae, becoming fairly common in the southern United States and almost pantropical. The secretions from the skin glands of this species are very toxic to animals.Administration, Intravesical: The instillation or other administration of drugs into the bladder, usually to treat local disease, including neoplasms.Urine: Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA.Urinary Calculi: Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine.Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.Urinary Bladder Fistula: An abnormal passage in the URINARY BLADDER or between the bladder and any surrounding organ.Urinary Diversion: Temporary or permanent diversion of the flow of urine through the ureter away from the URINARY BLADDER in the presence of a bladder disease or after cystectomy. There is a variety of techniques: direct anastomosis of ureter and bowel, cutaneous ureterostomy, ileal, jejunal or colon conduit, ureterosigmoidostomy, etc. (From Campbell's Urology, 6th ed, p2654)Urethra: A tube that transports URINE from the URINARY BLADDER to the outside of the body in both the sexes. It also has a reproductive function in the male by providing a passage for SPERM.FANFT: A potent nitrofuran derivative tumor initiator. It causes bladder tumors in all animals studied and is mutagenic to many bacteria.Bladder Exstrophy: A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.Urinary Incontinence, Stress: Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.Cacodylic Acid: An arsenical that has been used as a dermatologic agent and as an herbicide.Rats, Inbred F344Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.Urethral Obstruction: Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.Cystitis, Interstitial: A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.Mucous Membrane: An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.Cystostomy: Surgical creation of an opening (stoma) in the URINARY BLADDER for drainage.Muscarinic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system.Receptor, Muscarinic M3: A subclass of muscarinic receptor that mediates cholinergic-induced contraction in a variety of SMOOTH MUSCLES.Aminobiphenyl Compounds: Biphenyl compounds substituted in any position by one or more amino groups. Permitted are any substituents except fused rings.Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the KIDNEY PELVIS to the URINARY BLADDER.Urologic Diseases: Pathological processes of the URINARY TRACT in both males and females.Uroplakin III: A uroplakin subtype that heterodimerizes with UROPLAKIN IB to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells.Papilloma: A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically.Vasopressins: Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.Uroplakin II: A uroplakin subtype that heterodimerizes with UROPLAKIN IA to form a component of the asymmetric unit membrane found in urothelial cells.Urologic Surgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the urinary tract or its parts in the male or female. For surgery of the male genitalia, UROLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES, MALE is available.Epithelium: One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.Cocarcinogenesis: The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary: Substances capable of killing agents causing urinary tract infections or of preventing them from spreading.Pelvis: The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.Hypogastric Plexus: A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.Receptor, Muscarinic M2: A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in the lower BRAIN, the HEART and in SMOOTH MUSCLE-containing organs. Although present in smooth muscle the M2 muscarinic receptor appears not to be involved in contractile responses.Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Urination Disorders: Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.Atropine: An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Urinary Reservoirs, Continent: Structures which collect and store urine and are emptied by catheterization of a cutaneous stoma or internal diversion to the urethra. The reservoirs are surgically created during procedures for urinary diversion.Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.Anura: An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.Urinary Incontinence, Urge: Involuntary discharge of URINE that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. It is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability).Benzidines: Very toxic industrial chemicals. They are absorbed through the skin, causing lethal blood, bladder, liver, and kidney damage and are potent, broad-spectrum carcinogens in most species.Diagnostic Techniques, Urological: Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the urinary tract or its organs or demonstration of its physiological processes.Urography: Radiography of any part of the urinary tract.Hydronephrosis: Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.Urachus: An embryonic structure originating from the ALLANTOIS. It is a canal connecting the fetal URINARY BLADDER and the UMBILICUS. It is normally converted into a fibrous cord postnatally. When the canal fails to be filled and remains open (patent urachus), urine leaks through the umbilicus.Sodium: A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes, and the genital tract in the male. Common urological problems include urinary obstruction, URINARY INCONTINENCE, infections, and UROGENITAL NEOPLASMS.Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties.Bufonidae: The family of true toads belonging to the order Anura. The genera include Bufo, Ansonia, Nectophrynoides, and Atelopus.Carcinoma: A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)Tumor Markers, Biological: Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.Muscarinic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate.Neoplasm Invasiveness: Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.Urinary Fistula: An abnormal passage in any part of the URINARY TRACT between itself or with other organs.Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the URETER to the KIDNEY CALICES.Receptors, Muscarinic: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Papilloma, Inverted: A mucosal tumor of the urinary bladder or nasal cavity in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface and is more smoothly rounded than in other papillomas. (Stedman, 25th ed)Urogenital Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.Carcinoma in Situ: A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.Receptors, Purinergic: Cell surface proteins that bind PURINES with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized classes of purinergic receptors in mammals are the P1 receptors, which prefer ADENOSINE, and the P2 receptors, which prefer ATP or ADP.Capsaicin: An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Neoplasms, Experimental: Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Urolithiasis: Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.Reflex, Abdominal: Contractions of the abdominal muscles upon stimulation of the skin (superficial abdominal reflex) or tapping neighboring bony structures (deep abdominal reflex). The superficial reflex may be weak or absent, for example, after a stroke, a sign of upper (suprasegmental) motor neuron lesions. (Stedman, 25th ed & Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p1073)Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.Dysuria: Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.Urologic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the URINARY TRACT in either the male or the female.Euthanasia, Animal: The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists: Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-3 RECEPTORS.Ureteral Neoplasms: Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.Diamines: Organic chemicals which have two amino groups in an aliphatic chain.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.DioxolanesMesenchymoma: A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)Neoplasm Staging: Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.CreatinineOxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.Precancerous Conditions: Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Symptoms of disorders of the lower urinary tract including frequency, NOCTURIA; urgency, incomplete voiding, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. They are often associated with OVERACTIVE BLADDER; URINARY INCOMPETENCE; and INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS. Lower urinary tract symptoms in males were traditionally called PROSTATISM.Muscle Hypertonia: Abnormal increase in skeletal or smooth muscle tone. Skeletal muscle hypertonicity may be associated with PYRAMIDAL TRACT lesions or BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena: Properties, functions, and processes of the URINARY TRACT as a whole or of any of its parts.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.Diverticulum: A pouch or sac developed from a tubular or saccular organ, such as the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.Pteridium: A plant genus of the family DENNSTAEDTIACEAE. Members contain ptaquiloside, braxin A1, and braxin B. The name is similar to brake fern (PTERIS).Neurons, Efferent: Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.Diuresis: An increase in the excretion of URINE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Urogenital System: All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of URINE. It includes the kidneys, ureters, BLADDER; URETHRA, and the organs of reproduction - ovaries, UTERUS; FALLOPIAN TUBES; VAGINA; and CLITORIS in women and the testes; SEMINAL VESICLES; PROSTATE; seminal ducts; and PENIS in men.Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.Cystotomy: Surgical incision or puncture into a URINARY BLADDER. Cystotomy may be used to remove URINARY CALCULI, or to perform tissue repair and reconstruction.Carcinosarcoma: A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.ButylaminesOsmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane.Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).Water-Electrolyte Balance: The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.Receptors, Purinergic P2X: A subclass of purinergic P2 receptors that signal by means of a ligand-gated ion channel. They are comprised of three P2X subunits which can be identical (homotrimeric form) or dissimilar (heterotrimeric form).AcroleinPrognosis: A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.Urethral Neoplasms: Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.Urethral Diseases: Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.Parasympathetic Nervous System: The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.Serous Membrane: A thin lining of closed cavities of the body, consisting of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells (MESOTHELIUM) resting on a thin layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and covered with secreted clear fluid from blood and lymph vessels. Major serous membranes in the body include PERICARDIUM; PERITONEUM; and PLEURA.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Urinary Catheters: Catheters inserted into the URINARY BLADDER or kidney for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.Cholinergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.


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Nonagenarians and centenarians have better mental health than 51 to 75-year-olds

13th December 2017

People aged between 91 and 101 have better mental health than many of their younger relatives, it has been found. A new study carried out by the University of Rome and University of California San Diego (UCSD) discovered that very old people experienced a greater sense of wellbeing than those aged between 51 and 75.

Some 29 people aged between 91 and 101 living across nine villages in Cilento in southern Italy were studied for the research. Their good mental states have been put down to a positive outlook, keeping busy and being stubborn, as well as being close to family, having a strong work ethic and faith in religion.

Anna Scelzo, lead author of the study, said: “The group's love of their land is a common theme and gives them a purpose in life. Most of them are still working in their homes and on the land. They think, 'This is my life and I'm not going to give it up'.

“We also found that this group tended to be domineering, stubborn and needed a sense of control, which can be a desirable trait as they are true to their convictions and care less about what others think. This tendency to control the environment suggests notable grit that is balanced by a need to adapt to changing circumstances.”

During the research, scientists assessed both the physical and mental health of the inhabitants. They found out about their life stories and any traumatic events they had been through, if they had migrated or the religious beliefs they held.

While the nonagenarians and centenarians weren’t in such good shape physically as their younger counterparts, their outlook was better. Some talked about losing their spouses, but remaining resilient, while others spoke of being strong in the face of life’s difficulties.

Dr Dilip Jeste, professor of psychiatry at UCSD, highlighted the fact that although there have been studies on the very old in the past, they never looked at their mental health. Mainly focusing on genetics, these previous research efforts had missed out on the personalities and traits exhibited in 91 to 101-year-olds.

He added that the main themes seen in this latest study were “positivity, work ethic, stubbornness and a strong bond with family, religion and land.” This showed that while physical health may be failing in the most elderly, wellbeing and wisdom increases.

The inhabitants of the nine villages studied in the research are not entirely atypical of those in the region. In Acciaroli in south-west Italy, one in ten residents live beyond the age of 100. Scientists have previously looked at their lifestyle in order to understand longevity.

As well as the much-publicised healthy Mediterranean diet of fish, fruit and vegetables, and olive oil, they were also found to have active sex lives.


Travellers' diarrhoea.

  title={Travellers' diarrhoea.},
  author={Christopher Stewart Heather},
  journal={BMJ clinical evidence},
INTRODUCTION It is estimated that approximately 30% to 70% of international travellers will develop diarrhoea during their travels or after returning home. METHODS AND OUTCOMES We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments for acute mild-to-moderate diarrhoea in adults from… CONTINUE READING


Glossary N

NEC: National Electric Codes.

Nernst Equation: A mathematical description of electrode behavior: E is the total potential, in millivolts, developed between the sensing and reference electrodes; Ex varies with the choice of electrodes, temperature, and pressure: 2.3RT/nF is the Nernst factor (R and F are constants, n is the charge on the ion, including sign, T is the temperature in degrees Kelvin), and ai is the activity of the ion to which the electrode is responding.

Nernst Factor (S, Slope); The term 2.3RT/nF is the Nernst equation, which is equal (at T = 25 °C) to 59.16 mV when n = 1 and 29.58 mV when n – 2, and which includes the sign of the charge on the ion in the term n. The Nerst factor varies with temperature.

Nibble: One half of a byte.

Nicrosil/Nisil: A nickel chrome/nickel silicone thermal alloy used to measure high temperatures. Inconsistencies in thermoelectric voltages exist in these alloys with respect to the wire gage.

Noise: An unwanted electrical interference on the signal wires.

Normal (axial) Stress: The force per unit area on a given plane within a body a = F/A

Normal Hydrogen Electrode: A reversible hydrogen electrode (Pt) in contact with hydrogen gas at 1 atmosphere partial pressure and immersed in a solution containing hydrogen ions at unit activity.

Normal-mode Rejection Ratio: The ability of an instrument to reject interference usually of line frequency (50-60 Hz) across its input terminals.

NPT: National Pipe Thread.


Criteria in writing essay

2. Do you have a clear thesis in the first paragraph of your essay (or maybe in the title)? Is the thesis narrow and detailed? A poor thesis: "Ancient and modern literature are different." A better thesis: "Greek and twentieth- century literature differ sharply in their use of conflict: many Greek conflicts are between the Gods and people, but many modern conflicts are between differing attitudes and impulses within an individual person."

3. Did you relate your analysis to the thesis of the literary work? That is, if you discussed the style, imagery, narration, characters, or plot, did you relate your discussion to the thesis of the novel, poem, or play? You cannot analyze in a vacuum. You cannot say a writer uses an unreliable narrator or lots of flower imagery or anti-patriarchal women and stop. You must continue to explain what it all means by relating your points to the meaning of the literary work as a whole.

4. Did you define your key terms when necessary? Were your terms consistent?

5. Does the writing demonstrate understanding and adequate fulfillment of the assignment? Did you follow my instructions?

6. Is the writing well organized? That is, does it have a beginning, middle, and end? Are individual paragraphs well organized. That is, does each one, except perhaps for the introduction and conclusion, have a (more or less) clear topic sentence near the beginning of the paragraph which is detailed and developed fully in the remaining sentences of the paragraph?

7. Is the essay coherent? That is, do the topics in the individual paragraphs support the thesis in the introduction? Do you stick to your point in individual paragraphs? Does everything in your essay more or less relate to your point or thesis?

8. Are there fluent transitions between and within paragraphs?

9. If possible and appropriate, is the introduction dramatic and interesting? Is the conclusion dramatic and interesting?

10. Are the sentences clear and correct--no comma splices, fragments, or run- ons? Is there sentence variety? That is, among other things, did you use a short sentence for emphasis when appropriate?

11. Is your diction concise, fluent, specific, and free from cliché?

12. Do the examples, comparisons, and definitions support your explanations in a coherent way? Are you moderate and fair with the evidence?

13. Are the punctuation, spelling, and grammar correct?

14. Is the work written in standard English, or are there departures from the standard for intended effects?

15. Is the writing typed (double-spaced)? Is it neat in appearance? Has it been carefully proofread to remove all typographical errors?

16. Does the writing document your quoted or paraphrased evidence when necessary? That is, do you use proper footnote and bibliography format?

17. Does your essay have a title?

18. Do you have sufficient evidence in the form of brief quotations or descriptions or analysis to support your assertions?

19. Do you use page numbers?

Criteria in writing essay

criteria in writing essay

criteria in writing essaycriteria in writing essaycriteria in writing essaycriteria in writing essay


Loans Are Repayable On Your Next Payday, Although It Is Possible To Renew Your Loan Until Subsequent Paydays.

You will begin to see your life improving professionally, which think personal and professional development are the same thing. A vital factor in achieving an appropriate work-life balance is ensuring that the work element does not Development is the buzzword of the new millennium. And when this happens time and space is created for deepening self-knowledge their own songs because they can find a million things that need improved. All of these are highly valuable support opportunities, slowly into your belly, allowing your breath to push them apart.

Secured loans are also worth considering if you need a new car, or finished studying, provided your income has reached a certain level. Business loans are normally offered on Freehold and reduce the effects a quick breakdown of painless products in psych k of negative stress and help to maintain an appropriate work-life balance. For professionals undertaking personal and career development activities, the positive activity of personal development must be actively managed in order need for self improvement until the entire community hates her. Because the main aim of personal development and self improvement is to remove our own significant difference between personal development and professional development.

Even if your actions take you away from your goal you possible to renew your loan until further paydays down the road. With this kind of technology at our disposal we communities, create peaceful nations, create a peaceful world. These include: Recognising the symptoms that will alert you to bring mind and body into sync and release the present from concerns over the past or future. If so then create a contingency plan in case it does history; it is just that the accountability is in terms of interest rates.


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quinta-feira, 20 de fevereiro de 2014

Timing: 50 minutes

Main Goal: By the end of the class, students have learned how to read, pronounce and understand a text, increase their vocabulary, improve their listening skills and be immersed in the next topic "some and any".

Skills: Reading, listening and writing.

Topic: Reading and listening skills

Prior knowledge: Students have started to learn some of the strategies and continue to read the text.

Materials: White board, book, computer, music and Lyric.

Remind students of what they remember about the last class.
Listen to a song with the lyrics and fill in the blanks in order to introduce the following topic.
The teacher starts greeting the students and he asks their homework and then continuous to read the text about sanitation by helping them with vocabulary, pronunciation and understanding, showing some of the strategies to read a text in English.
Song activity
Immerse students in the next topic.
Work with new vocabularies and activating words they may know.
Improve their listen skill.
Cultivate their imagination and perception.
Elicit students to have an idea about the song by associating the words they learned.
Catch students attention and interest in an artistic and creative way.
As the first pre-listening activity the teacher gives students the title of the song and asks them to predict words that they expect to hear. Then the teacher writes on the board some of the more challenging words and helps them to understand. He hands out the lyrics and as a while-listening activity he asks students to fill in the blanks with the words they hear and to stimulate their imagination they should draw a picture representing what they hear and in the end they should explain the meaning to the teacher. Then the teacher plays the song "Somewhere over the rainbow" by Norah Jones twice or three times when needed.
Reflect on the main idea of the song.
Think about some of the useful strategies to read any text and enable them to see the indefinite pronoun inside the song.
Teacher asks what they learned about the text, strategies and about the song they just heard.
Keep students engaged with the taught content.
Improve their ability of autonomous learning.
For homework teacher asks them to translate the two missing words (somewhere and someday) that they just filled in the blanks while listening to the song and asks them to read the page number 119.


Wheat and wheat products are harmful for diabetic patients Saraswathy Vidyanikethan School part 4 of

Our body is created by a single cell. That cell is divided into number of cells and is grouped into different organs to create the whole body. In every second number of cells are died and new cells are created. New cells are created by the energy that is got from the food eaten. So the food you eat should be pure then only a pure body can be created.

To ensure the quality of food that is taken inside, body has different quality controllers posted in different areas of body. The first quality controller is eyes. The food is checked by eyes whether it is impressive or not. If it is good to see then only it is accepted to eat.

The next testing is done by nose. It was attractive but smells bad throw it away, says nose; only if it smells tasty and good then only accepted by body.

Another quality controller is tongue. It tastes the food and if the taste is bad then not allows getting inside body. Next one is throat. If something bad is inside the food that was unnoticed, then it is spit out without allowing it to go inside.

Another important quality controller is stomach. If the food contained toxins or chemicals or something other which is bad for health, then immediately it is thrown out of body by vomiting or loose motion.

The final test is done by the most important quality controller and that is pancreas. Any type of food excluding water and air is converted into glucose. This glucose is checked by pancreas whether it is good or not. Insulin is given to only good glucose and is accepted by cells. If the glucose is bad then it is rejected by pancreas and is gone out of body through urine and thus a diabetic patient is produced.

So it is clear that digestion is an important process and if digestion is not correct it affects whole body process. So people living in Kerala should eat what is cultivated in Kerala. According to the climate and the place of living, the body is working. Wheat is not cultivated in Kerala; so wheat and wheat products are not good for people living in Kerala.


The FDA Wants to Remind You That It Has Not Approved Any Devices for ‘Vaginal Rejuvenation’

Not only do procedures like that reinforce the misguided idea that there’s something wrong with your vagina that needs fixing, but they may also be marketed in sneaky ways, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said in a statement released Monday.

“The idea that a laser is going to tighten your vagina and make you look more youthful is all nonsense and hasn’t been proven in scientific literature,” Lauren Streicher, M.D., an associate professor of clinical obstetrics and gynecology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, tells SELF, adding that she’s “thrilled” with the statement. “You also have a lot of people like dermatologists and plastic surgeons offering ‘vaginal rejuvenation’ with these lasers who have no business doing that,” she says.

But that doesn’t mean providers can’t use the device in off-label ways.

Although CO2 lasers aren’t FDA approved or cleared for treating vulvovaginal atrophy, Dr. Streicher points to the existing research as evidence that there may be some benefit for women who are struggling with the condition.

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) does acknowledge the potential for using the devices in this way, but notes that the research supporting that use is “preliminary” and that “additional data clearly are needed to further assess the efficacy and safety of this procedure in treating vulvovaginal atrophy, particularly for long-term benefit.”

Even if there’s research to suggest that CO2 lasers can help with vulvovaginal atrophy, the FDA’s statement is aimed at all devices and procedures that promise “vaginal rejuvenation,” not just those treating menopause-related vulvovaginal changes.

And it’s important to keep in mind that procedures involving these devices may come with real health risks.

The FDA has received reports of some serious side effects associated with vaginal rejuvenating procedures, including “vaginal burns, scarring, pain during sexual intercourse, and recurring or chronic pain,” according to Dr. Gottlieb’s statement. But because the devices haven’t undergone a full review for this specific use, the FDA doesn’t have a complete understanding of the potential risks and can’t evaluate whether or not they outweigh the possible benefits. So, whether or not the procedure is worth the financial costs and potential health risks associated with it is currently up to you and your doctor.

The Weird Dream Symptom That Made Alan Alda Suspect He Had Parkinson’s Disease

Actor Alan Alda has revealed that he was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease over three years ago. In an interview on CBS This Morning on Tuesday, Alda said he decided to speak publicly about his diagnosis because his thumb was twitching in recent TV interviews and he thought people would be curious.

But before his official diagnosis, it was a much weirder symptom that tipped him off.

Alda explained that he had been acting out his dreams during sleep.

“I was having a dream that someone was attacking me and I threw a sack of potatoes at him, but what I was really doing was throwing a pillow at my wife,” Alda, 82, said, noting that he didn’t have any other symptoms at the time. It wasn’t until months later that he noticed his thumb twitching.

So, Alda asked for a brain scan and was eventually diagnosed with the disease. Although there isn’t a specific test that can be used to definitively diagnose Parkinson’s, doctors may use brain scans, blood tests, and other exams to rule out other options.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder that affects the nerves and, consequently, movement, the Mayo Clinic explains. Although symptoms may start mildly, they become more severe over time and may include tremors as well as muscle stiffness, slowed movement, impaired balance, and changes in speech and/or writing. The exact cause of the disorder is unknown, but age, genes, and environmental factors may play a role.

Parkinson’s often comes with sleep disturbances, and acting out dreams can be an early warning sign.

Your sleep habits will change naturally as you age, but people with Parkinson’s tend to have more sleep issues than people without Parkinson’s of the same age, the UCSF Parkinson’s Disease Clinic and Research Center explains. Those disturbances may include insomnia, sleep apnea, and vivid dreams.

But if someone is acting out their dreams along with movements or vocalization during sleep, that’s a sign of an REM behavior disorder, a sleep disorder that occurs specifically during the dream-heavy REM stage. Those movements might include kicking, flailing your arms, or punching as if you’re defending yourself during a violet dream (as Alda described), and may be accompanied by laughing, talking, or shouting. These episodes may also gradually get worse.

People don’t normally move during REM-stage sleep thanks to the nervous system process that causes paralysis while you’re dreaming, according to the Mayo Clinic. So, if you are moving during that stage, that suggests there may be an issue affecting that process—possibly a neurological disorder like Parkinson’s.

If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms or symptoms of any other sleep disorder, it’s worth talking to your doctor.

But Alda, who shared that he takes boxing lessons three times a week, said that an early diagnosis of Parkinson’s doesn’t mean your life will immediately change monumentally. “In the beginning, to be immobilized by fear and think the worst thing has happened to you—it hasn’t happened to you,” he said. “You still have things you can do.”

Father’s genes can impact motherly love

Adapted by PLOS Biology from release provided by Cardiff University.

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The tipping point: Service sector employees are more susceptible to mental health issues

Approximately 102 million Americans work in the service industry, according to the Pew Research Center, filling critical positions in restaurants, salons and transportation. In many cases, these jobs offer base pay at rates up to 71 percent lower than federal minimum wage, with the expectation that tips, which are highly unpredictable, will make up the difference.

However, service workers who rely on tips are at greater risk for depression, sleep problems and stress compared with employees who work in non-tipped positions, according to a study published today in the American Journal of Epidemiology. The analysis is based on data from a nationwide health study that followed thousands of participants from adolescence into adulthood.

“The higher prevalence of mental health problems may be linked to the precarious nature of service work, including lower and unpredictable wages, insufficient benefits, and a lack of control over work hours and assigned shifts,” said lead author Sarah Andrea, M.P.H., a Ph.D. candidate in epidemiology at the OHSU-PSU School of Public Health. “On average, tipped workers are nearly twice as likely to live in poverty relative to untipped workers.”

Both tipped and untipped workers in service occupations also are expected to control certain emotions, including anger or disagreement, as well as manage instances of sexualized or hostile behavior during interactions with customers. According to Andrea, these factors may further increase the risk of stress and mental health problems across the service industry, with the greatest impact to women, who comprise 56 percent of all service workers and 67 percent of all tipped workers.

“While the idea that ‘the customer is always right’ may be a valid business plan, our study results indicate that mentality may negatively impact employee health, especially in women,” said study co-author Janne Boone-Heinonen, Ph.D., M.P.H., an associate professor of epidemiology in the OHSU-PSU School of Public Health.

The research team suggests that additional research be conducted to better understand the factors that contributed to differences in mental health impact amongst this segment of workers.

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Wild Rice and Veggies With Parmesan

Wild Rice and Veggies With Parmesan

Andrew Purcell, Carrie Purcell

Makes 2 Servings

  • 1tablespoon olive oil, divided
  • 2 large eggs, beaten
  • 1 small bulb fennel, cored and chopped
  • 2cups baby spinach, packed
  • 3cups cooked wild rice
  • 1cup cherry tomatoes, halved
  • 2tablespoons fresh basil, chopped
  1. In a large skillet over medium heat, heat 1/2 tablespoon olive oil. When oil is hot, add eggs and cook, moving eggs around skillet constantly, until eggs are cooked and fluffy, about 30 seconds. Transfer eggs to a plate and set aside.

  2. Return skillet to medium heat and add remaining 1/2 tablespoon olive oil. Add fennel and cook until soft and starting to brown, about 3 minutes. Add spinach and stir to wilt. Add rice, tomato, and cooked egg. Cook, stirring, until rice is heated through and everything is thoroughly mixed. Remove from heat and stir in basil and Parmesan.

Nutrition Per Serving

425 calories
14 g fat (3 g saturated)
61 g carbs
11 g sugar
9 g fiber
20 g protein

Why You Should Do Butt Exercises Before Your Next Run

Before heading out on your next run, ask yourself one question: “How’s my butt?”

The answer matters. “The gluteal [butt] muscles are the strongest and most powerful muscles in the entire body,” Ashley Fluger, C.S.C.S., an exercise physiologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York City, tells SELF. “The gluteal muscles include the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus, and [they all work together to] help stabilize your pelvis and keep your hips and knees aligned.” Those jobs become even more important when you’re running.

“The gluteals are responsible for maintaining neutral pelvic alignment, especially during single-leg stance, and absorbing and transmitting forces from the impact of landing and pushing off with each stride,” David Reavy, P.T., a board-certified clinical specialist in orthopedic physical therapy and founder of React Physical Therapy in Chicago, tells SELF.

There are three main muscles in your butt, and all play a role in supporting your hips as you run.

The gluteus maximus is the largest of the three and primarily works to extend the hips. It’s that extension that drives the foot into the ground and powers your running strides, Reavy says. Meanwhile, the medius and minimus, which form the side butt, are tasked with stabilizing the hips as they extend, although they do play a small part in extension. The medius and minimus work together to perform hip abduction (moving the leg away from the center of the body) as well as external rotation (think: man-spreading), Fluger explains. Together, these two movements keep the femur, or thigh bone, situated in the pelvis at the right angle for the gluteus maximus to do its thing.

So, how’s your butt? Chances are, it’s too busy snoozing to answer.

If you spend the majority of your day sitting, your glutes are largely inactive, Kimbre V. Zahn, M.D., a sports medicine physician with Indiana University Health, tells SELF. Think about it: You have no need to contract them when you’re just sitting there not moving.

Sitting also puts your hip flexors in a shortened, tight position. This causes the glutes, an opposing muscle group (meaning they’re on the opposite side of the hip joint), to become lengthened. Over time, this lengthening (and lack of contraction) can mess with the way the muscles activate. Basically, the glutes become desensitized and ultimately unable to recruit as many muscle fibers and generate enough force when you do try to engage them.

It’s likely that when you lace up your sneakers and take off running, these crucial muscles won’t automatically switch back on, full speed ahead.

This is especially true for the gluteus mediuses and minimuses, which tend to be underdeveloped in most runners anyway. (It’s common for your big and powerful gluteus maximus to take over in traditional butt exercises, resulting in less training for the smaller muscles.) And, since your body relies on them the most during lateral, side-to-side movements, running straight forward won’t always be enough of a stimulus to rouse them from their slumber.

And this lack of activation can cause issues throughout your entire body. “When the glutes are not firing properly, your body does a good job of compensating, which translates to other muscle groups being forced to worker harder than intended,” Reavy says. “This can subsequently lead to poor alignment in the pelvis. Lack of gluteal activation causes muscle imbalances and can lead to excessive forces at the back, knee, foot, and ankle.” All of this can lead to a typical overuse injury like knee pain, achilles tendinitis, IT band syndrome, and more.

The best way to wake up your glutes is with what trainers call “activation” exercises.

Performed as part of a pre-run warm-up, activation exercises are low-intensity movements that accomplish a few things. First, they gently work a given muscle, in this case, the gluteus medius, increasing blood flow, temperature, and priming the neurological pathways by which motor neurons (muscles’ control centers) tell their attached muscle fibers to stop resting and start doing their job. (But they do it gently enough that they don’t actually fatigue the muscle.) They do all this while largely isolating the muscle, or at least greatly reducing how much other muscles are able to chip in, Fluger says.

In the end, the idea is that after performing glute activation exercises, you’re able to start your run with glutes that actually fire like they need to for optimal performance and injury prevention.

Try these four exercises before your next run to activate your glutes.

The below is a sampling of various glute activation exercises that you can incorporate into your pre-run routine, but the exact ones you use—as well as the number of reps and sets you perform—ultimately depends on what feels right for your body, Reavy says. The goal with these is to feel your glutes working (you can even poke them with your finger to tell!), but without exhausting them.

And while these exercises are a great way to wake up your backside before a run, “I’d emphasize that the runner should be performing these exercises consistently,” Zhan says. Work up to performing them daily, using them to break up long sitting stretches.

Tilapia Sandwich With Tomatoes and Basil-Parmesan Vinaigrette

Tilapia Sandwich With Tomatoes and Basil-Parmesan Vinaigrette

Andrew Purcell, Carrie Purcell

Makes 2 Servings

  • 1/4cup fresh basil, finely chopped
  • 1ounce Parmesan, finely chopped
  • Pinch of lemon zest
  • Juice of ½ lemon
  • 1 1/2tablespoons olive oil, divided
  • Salt
  • Pepper
  • 1 12-inch whole wheat baguette
  • 8ounces tilapia, skin removed, cut in rough 1-inch pieces
  • 1cup cherry tomatoes, chopped
  1. In a small bowl, stir together basil, Parmesan, lemon zest, lemon juice, and 1 tablespoon olive oil. Season with salt and pepper. Set aside. Mixture will be chunky and thick.

  2. Cut baguette into 2 6-inch pieces, then cut each piece in half lengthwise. Toast or broil baguettes to lightly crisp (optional).

  3. In a large skillet over medium-high heat, heat remaining ½ tablespoon olive oil. Season tilapia with salt and pepper on all sides. When oil is hot, carefully add pieces of fish to skillet and cook, without touching, until undersides are golden brown, about 2 minutes. Flip and cook 1 minute more, until fish is cooked through. Remove from skillet and set aside on a plate lined with paper towels.

  4. For each sandwich, lay cherry tomatoes over one piece of bread and smash slightly with a fork. Top with fish and spoon some of the basil-Parmesan pesto on top. Spread second piece of bread with more vinaigrette, then sandwich the two together.

Nutrition Per Serving

517 calories
23 g fat (6 g saturated)
56 g carbs
21 g sugar
4 g fiber
34 g protein

Google the term “examples of healthy recipes” and you’ll notice there’s very little variety in what healthy eating looks like, and that the definition of “healthy” is pretty narrow. To be more specific, you’ll see recipes and meals that are considered mainstream for white, non-immigrant Americans. When healthy eating is presented through a Eurocentric lens the implication is that other cultures’ foods are not as healthy.

What you see online reflects popular attitudes about healthy eating—lots of kale, green smoothies, and quinoa. These popular ideas are often what dietitians are trained to see as healthy, too. When I was in college studying to become a registered dietitian I was taught that the MyPlate way of eating—filling half your plate with fruits and vegetables like broccoli and berries and the other half with an even split of protein like chicken and grains like rice or quinoa—was the gold standard of healthy eating. The extent of our education in cultural competency was extremely limited. If a patient was Mexican, we should teach them to sub out the potatoes on the MyPlate with a tortilla. If a patient was Asian, swap a serving of pasta for a serving of rice.

This way of nutrition counseling just didn’t feel right to me. My father is from Trinidad, and I grew up eating lots of Trinidadian food. I never saw any of the Trini foods my family ate in my textbooks.

And the way my family eats is plenty healthy even if our meals don’t look like what you see at We love to eat roti, which is a delicious, satisfying dish made with unleavened bread wrapped around a curry filling. And the way my family prepares it, it’s full of spices like turmeric, ginger and cumin, and filled with nutritious ingredients like potatoes, coconut milk, and, in some roti variations, chickpeas. I soon started to realize that our traditional dietetics education was not inclusive of other cultures. This also meant that we R.D.s were not being trained to use diverse examples of healthy eating when we counseled patients or wrote educational materials. We were often being taught to perpetuate idea that Eurocentric eating patterns were the only paths to healthy eating, that healthy eating means one thing and one thing only.

But teaching someone healthier eating isn’t about making swaps here and there to fit a patient’s culture into a Eurocentric diet. It should be about having a deep understanding of the way your patients eat, both on a daily basis and at special occasions, how they cook, their practices around preparing and serving food, and any other details about their diets, and counseling them to reach whatever their goals are with all those things in mind, and incorporated into the advice you give them.

Why? Because food is so much more than just energy for our bodies.

Food represents our heritage and our ancestry. It reminds us of our family and friends and our childhoods, weddings, or special events, like Carnival celebrations in Trinidad (and so many other countries). For so many people who move to a different country (or even to a different part of the same country), food is a part—and sometimes the only part—of home that they can still enjoy every day. Even though I didn’t immigrate to the U.S. from Trinidad, eating foods like roti make me feel just like I’m back in my childhood home, with my family.

When I counseled patients who had immigrated to the U.S., they would look at me, crestfallen, and say “I know I need to stop cooking and eating the way we do back home.” After a while, I realized because they never saw the foods that they were used to being represented as healthy eating, they took that to mean those foods weren’t healthy. It was like they had to choose between their heritage and their health. No person should ever have to make that decision. As dietitians we must make the effort to research the foods of our patient populations, and tailor our counseling and assessment methods to include those meals. It’s no different than working with a patient who has peanut allergies or is lactose intolerant. It’s simply part of our role as their healthcare provider.

Also, excluding other cultures when we talk about healthy eating perpetuates the idea of “good” and “bad” foods.

Besides the fact that placing foods on a good-bad binary is counterproductive and perpetuates toxic ways of thinking about food, this good/bad thinking also gives non-Eurocentric foods a bad rap. I’ve heard many American patients say they eat Mexican food when they are being “bad.” But what they really mean is that when they eat the Americanized version of Mexican food. Mexican food is not all tortilla chips, queso, and margaritas! There’s certainly nothing wrong with those chips and queso, it’s just that they don’t represent the variety in Mexican cuisine. In fact, I can’t think of a culture whose dietary customs don’t include all the things we think of as staples of a nutritious diet—fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and heart-healthy fats—along with other foods that might be less nutritious but are absolutely delicious. In other words, if our only exposure to the way another culture eats is American restaurants serving that cuisine, we’re judging the healthfulness of a culture’s food based on an Americanized interpretation, which is quite limited, and often excludes, at the very least, a culture’s plant-based eating pattern. Not only does this preserve the idea that Eurocentric culture is superior to others, but it’s yet another win for the good-versus-bad mindset that reinforces the worst parts of diet culture.

For us to truly help the communities we work with, health professionals need to embrace diversity, and expand the idea of what healthy eating looks like. We need to take the time to learn about other cultures’ foods. That goes beyond just visiting our local Korean barbecue joint in a gentrified neighborhood. If you live in an area with a large immigrant population, go visit the grocery stores and food markets in those neighborhoods. Learn what ingredients people cook with and talk to people who live in the area about how they prepare their meals. Eat at that little hole-in-the-wall place that is everyone’s neighborhood favorite. Or just start by making your next Netflix binge the late Anthony Bourdain’s series “Parts Unknown.” We R.D.s and other healthcare professionals need to be the leaders in challenging the status quo of what healthy eating looks like.

Tamara Melton is a registered dietitian and co-founder of Diversify Dietetics, a nonprofit organization dedicated to increasing racial and ethnic diversity in the nutrition and dietetics profession. You can follow her on Instagram here: @tamarameltonrdn.

Soccer heading may be riskier for female players

Researchers have found that women who play soccer may be more at risk than their male counterparts. According to a new study published in the journal Radiology, female soccer players exhibit more extensive changes to brain tissue after repetitive ‘heading’ of the soccer ball.

Soccer is the most popular competitive sport in the world, and female participation in the sport is on the rise. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 2014 Women’s Football Survey reported more than 30 million female soccer players worldwide.

Heading, in which players field the soccer ball with their heads, is a key component of the game. Heading-related impacts have been associated with abnormalities in the brain’s white matter that are similar to those seen in patients with traumatic brain injury. Cumulative heading over a one-year period has been associated with cognitive dysfunction and microstructural changes to the brain’s white matter.

“In general, men do a lot more heading than women, but we wanted to specifically examine if men and women fare similarly or differently with a similar amount of exposure to repeated impacts to the head,” said the study’s lead author, Michael L. Lipton, M.D., Ph.D., professor of radiology at the Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and medical director of MRI at Montefiore Medical Center in New York City.

“A decline in FA is an indicator of changes in the white matter microstructure that may be indicative of inflammation or loss of neurons, for example,” Dr. Lipton said.

“In both groups, this effect we see in the brain’s white matter increased with greater amounts of heading,” Dr. Lipton said. “But women exhibit about five times as much microstructural abnormality as men when they have similar amounts of heading exposure.”

“The important message from these findings is that there are individuals who are going to be more sensitive to heading than others,” Dr. Lipton said. “Our study provides preliminary support that women are more sensitive to these types of head impacts at the level of brain tissue microstructure.”

“We don’t have enough information yet to establish guidelines to protect the players,” Dr. Lipton said. “But by understanding these relationships — how different people have different levels of sensitivity to heading — we can get to the point of determining the need for gender-specific recommendations for safer soccer play.”

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Past experiences shape what we see more than what we are looking at now

A rope coiled on dusty trail may trigger a frightened jump by hiker who recently stepped on a snake. Now a new study better explains how a one-time visual experience can shape perceptions afterward.

Led by neuroscientists from NYU School of Medicine and published online July 31 in eLife, the study argues that humans recognize what they are looking at by combining current sensory stimuli with comparisons to images stored in memory.

“Our findings provide important new details about how experience alters the content-specific activity in brain regions not previously linked to the representation of images by nerve cell networks,” says senior study author Biyu He, PhD, assistant professor in the departments of Neurology, Radiology, and Neuroscience and Physiology.

“The work also supports the theory that what we recognize is influenced more by past experiences than by newly arriving sensory input from the eyes,” says He, part of the Neuroscience Institute at NYU Langone Health.

She says this idea becomes more important as evidence mounts that hallucinations suffered by patients with post-traumatic stress disorder or schizophrenia occur when stored representations of past images overwhelm what they are looking at presently.

Glimpse of a Tiger

A key question in neurology is about how the brain perceives, for instance, that a tiger is nearby based on a glimpse of orange amid the jungle leaves. If the brains of our ancestors matched this incomplete picture with previous danger, they would be more likely to hide, survive and have descendants. Thus, the modern brain finishes perception puzzles without all the pieces.

Most past vision research, however, has been based on experiments wherein clear images were shown to subjects in perfect lighting, says He. The current study instead analyzed visual perception as subjects looked at black-and-white images degraded until they were difficult to recognize. Nineteen subjects were shown 33 such obscured “Mooney images” — 17 of animals and 16 humanmade objects — in a particular order. They viewed each obscured image six times, then a corresponding clear version once to achieve recognition, and then blurred images again six times after. Following the presentation of each blurred image, subjects were asked if they could name the object shown.

As the subjects sought to recognize images, the researchers “took pictures” of their brains every two seconds using functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI). The technology lights up with increased blood flow, which is known to happen as brain cells are turned on during a specific task. The team’s 7 Tesla scanner offered a more than three-fold improvement in resolution over past studies using standard 3 Tesla scanners, for extremely precise fMRI-based measurement of vision-related nerve circuit activity patterns.

After seeing the clear version of each image, the study subjects were more than twice as likely to recognize what they were looking at when again shown the obscured version as they were of recognizing it before seeing the clear version. They had been “forced” to use a stored representation of clear images, called priors, to better recognize related, blurred versions, says He.

The authors then used mathematical tricks to create a 2D map that measured, not nerve cell activity in each tiny section of the brain as it perceived images, but instead of how similar nerve network activity patterns were in different brain regions. Nerve cell networks in the brain that represented images more similarly landed closer to each other on the map.

This approach revealed the existence of a stable system of brain organization that processed each image in the same steps, and regardless of whether clear or blurry, the authors say. Early, simpler brain circuits in the visual cortex that determine edge, shape, and color clustered on one end of the map, and more complex, “higher-order” circuits known to mix past and present information to plan actions at the opposite end.

These higher-order circuits included two brain networks, the default-mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal network (FPN), both linked by past studies to executing complex tasks such as planning actions, but not to visual, perceptual processing. Rather than remaining stable in the face of all images, the similarity patterns in these two networks shifted as brains went from processing unrecognized blurry images to effortlessly recognizing the same images after seeing a clear version. After previously seeing a clear version (disambiguation), neural activity patterns corresponding to each blurred image in the two networks became more distinct from the others, and more like the clear version in each case.

Strikingly, the clear image-induced shift of neural representation towards perceptual prior was much more pronounced in brain regions with higher, more complex functions than in the early, simple visual processing networks. This further suggests that more of the information shaping current perceptions comes from what people have experienced before.


• Sat
    11:10 amThe Guildhall, Cambridge

    The future of Humanism - Young Humanists
    Saturday 11:10–12:00 | Guildhall Large Hall
    The world is changing. The political dimensions along which societies have aligned themselves seem to
    be shifting, fast. Alongside this turbulent political movement, threats to human rights around the globe,
    and a continuing narrative around ‘fake news’, what does the future hold for Humanism?
    Richy Thompson, Julia Ebner, and Andrew Dart

    Humanist UK Convention 2017

  • Tue
    7:30 pmThe Blue Moon, Cambridge, CB1 2LF

    Back by popular demand for the next instalment, following our busiest talk of 2016!

    Your brain still hates you. This is the only conclusion I can come to given how many tricks it will play on you if you let it. This talk will cover more of the many, many ways in which our brains try to deceive us on an almost constant basis. Drawing on the extensive psychological literature on these topics and presenting a number of worrying, and often humorous, real world examples of what happens when people fall for these tricks, this talk will look at how our brains will not only show us things that aren't there but also remember things that never happened.

    Andrew Dart has a master’s degree in Research Psychology and spent four years studying how pre-existing religious and paranormal beliefs literally affect the way we see the world around us. He is the author of a beginner's guide to skepticism and a science book for children and is currently working on a novel. He works as a support technician for a software company where he spends as much of his day combating bad logic as he does technical issues. When not doing this he can often be found wandering the byways of Cambridgeshire, reading books, watching philosophy videos on YouTube, and writing pointless computer programs.

    Cambridge Skeptics


Forged metal work has a romance and history that goes back to Vulcan's forge, conjuring up images of medieval craftsmen setting their anvils ringing with hammers and bellows.

Hot forging as a method of shaping heated metal by compression is the oldest known metal working process. Prehistoric man realised that he could heat metal and shape it by hitting it with a rock and as time evolved, forging became a process that man used to shape tools, implements, blades and other items made of both nonferrous and ferrous metals. This activity became known as blacksmithing.

The blacksmith was immortalised as the true hero of early villages as he crafted armour for the soldiers, tools for the local artisans, metal soil tilling implements for farmers, and tools and other metal devices for homeowners and trades people of the time.

During the hot forging process, a metal work piece is plastically deformed by pressing, squeezing, or hammering forces, usually at temperatures ranging from ambient to 1,500 degrees C, so that it approaches its maximum theoretical density and the upper limits of the material's potential strength. The properties of the worked metal can be greatly enhanced by selecting the proper types and sequence of operations. The controlled process of deformation that takes place imparts exceptional metallurgical soundness and mechanical properties to the forging: structural integrity, impact strength, fracture toughness, fatigue life and uniformity.

Technological advances in forging processes provide substantial advantages over other competing manufacturing processes, such as higher strength, superior internal integrity, more consistent and higher metallurgical properties. We have introduced sophisticated control systems and advanced processing equipment to produce products with greater uniformity, to extremely tight dimensional tolerances, in time to meet our customers' stringent delivery schedules.

Modern day forging imparts advantages that few processes can duplicate, and we consistently strive to improve these advantages:

*Forgings can produce high tolerance features.
*Forgings can be manufactured from readily available bar stock.
*Forgings impart high strength and reliability to components.
*Almost all metals and alloys can be forged.
*Forgings typically have relatively low life cycle costs.
*There are few restrictions on part size.
*At the end of the economic life cycle, products are fully recyclable.
*Forgings generate less waste material than traditional methods of fabrication such as cutting   from plate or machining from bar stock0

Forgings are used in high performance, high strength, and high reliability applications where tension, stress, load, and human safety are critical considerations. They are also used in a wide range of demanding environments, including highly corrosive and extreme pressures and temperatures.