Indonesian value and ideology of toraja

They do not want to cause a scene or trouble that might disturb the community. After the resignation of President Sukarno, the law was rescinded, and in the s the Glodok prison was dismantled and replaced with a large shopping mall. Clearly it shows that anybody who disrespects their parents and dismiss their love will face a misfortune.

Indonesian Lifestyle Another way is to mind body language. The people believe that one should understand how to respect parents from an early age. Pluralism is the concept of accepting this diversity. People understand that diversity exist and so they try to maintain equality with one another.

Indonesian Value and Ideology of Toraja

Therefore, people usually avoid selfishness because they understand it is for the common good. However, the differences do not tear them apart because Indonesians understand that being respectful to one another is necessary.

Slaughtering tens of water buffalo and hundreds of pigs using a machete is the climax of the elaborate death feast, with dancing and music and young boys who catch spurting blood in long bamboo tubes. Indonesian Silat movie Merantau is one of Indonesian efforts to introduce silat to international scene.

It is one of the values that Indonesian believe is important to always remain within society. Another component of the ritual is the slaughter of water buffalo. What to Wear in Indonesia 1.

Indonesian Beliefs and Values – (#6 is Important)

The mother cursed him and turned him to stone. Indonesia highly upholds the national motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. Being Respectful to Live in Harmony Indonesians highly believe that respect is an important value to maintain harmony and peace.

This could be in the form of using polite languages when speaking directly with them. Social Justice for Everyone The people have equal chances to pursue their dreams and happiness while living within their communities.

Funeral rites[ edit ] A stone-carved burial site. They dance to express their grief, and to honour and even cheer the deceased person because he is going to have a long journey in the afterlife.

Thus, the young ones must not display arrogance. Loyalty to Parents Family is an important aspect in Indonesia. In some areas, a stone cave may be found that is large enough to accommodate a whole family.

During the waiting period, the body of the deceased is wrapped in several layers of cloth and kept under the tongkonan. The grave is usually expensive and takes a few months to complete. Even though they can provide for themselves, they still have the duty of taking care for the parents.

As in other agricultural societies, Torajans dance and sing during harvest time. Everyone has the right to receive the same treatments and to feel included within the community. Sponsors Link Others 8. The result of the discussion must be accepted by everyone. A popular line dance called Poco-poco was originated in Indonesia and also popular in Malaysiabut at early April Malaysian Islamic clerics banned the poco-poco dance for Muslims due to them believing it is traditionally a Christian dance and that its steps make the sign of the cross.

This section does not cite any sources.Transcript of Pancasila is Fundamental and Ideology of Indonesia. Pancasila is Fundamental and Ideology of Indonesia DEFINITION OF IDEOLOGY Etymologically, the ideology comes from the word "idea" which means ideas, concepts, thoughts, and "logos" means knowledge.

Culture of Indonesia

INDONESIAN VALUES AND IDEOLOGY OF TORAJA Different livelihood combinations, different perceptions There are many aspects that can make different perceptions in a. indonesian values and ideology of toraja Different livelihood combinations, different perceptions There are many aspects that can make different perceptions in a society.

Water buffalo in Toraja are raised to be sacrificed. At the funeral the animals are killed by a machete chop to the jugular, and their meat is then distributed to guests in order of social importance.

Indonesian Ideology. Print Reference this. Published: 23rd March, Last Edited: 20th July, Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student.

This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Value or the basic norms contained in the Preamble of the Constitution should not be changed or. The culture of Indonesia has been shaped by long interaction between original indigenous customs and multiple Dani, Dayak, Toraja and many others are still practising their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing traditional clothes.

Contents. the statement of two principles which encapsulate the ideology of the Indonesian state.

Indonesian value and ideology of toraja
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Thursday, June 9, 2011

Power Of Accomodation

Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens.

Accommodation is the process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image (focus) on an object as its distance changes.

Accommodation acts like a reflex, but can also be consciously controlled. Mammals, birds and reptiles vary the optical power by changing the form of the elastic lens using the ciliary body (in humans up to 15 diopters). Fish and amphibians vary the power by changing the distance between a rigid lens and the retina with muscles.[1]

The young human eye can change focus from distance to 7 cm from the eye in 350 milliseconds. This dramatic change in focal power of the eye of approximately 12 diopters (a diopter is 1 divided by the focal length in meters) occurs as a consequence of a reduction in zonular tension induced by ciliary muscle contraction. The amplitude of accommodation declines with age. By the fifth decade of life the accommodative amplitude has declined so the near point of the eye is more remote than the reading distance. When this occurs the patient is presbyopic. Once presbyopia occurs, those who are emmetropic (do not require optical correction for distance vision) will need an optical aid for near vision; those who are myopic (nearsighted and require an optical correction for distance vision), will find that they see better at near without their distance correction; and those who are hyperopic (farsighted) will find that they may need a correction for both distance and near vision. The age-related decline in accommodation occurs almost universally, and by 60 years of age, most of the population will have noticed a decrease in their ability to focus on close objects.

It is normally accompanied by a convergence of the eyes to keep them directed at the same point, sometimes termed accommodation convergence reflex.[2]

Theories of mechanism

Induced effects of accommodation

When someone accommodates to a near object, they also converge their eyes and constrict their pupils. The combination of these three movements (accommodation, convergence and miosis) is under the control of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and is referred to as the near triad. Although, it is clear that convergence allows to focus the object's image on the retina, the functional role of the pupillary contraction remains less clear. Arguably, it may increase the depth of field by reducing the aperture of the eye, and thus reduce the amount of accommodation needed to bring the image in focus on the retina.[16]

There is a measurable ratio between how much convergence takes place because of accommodation (AC/A ratio, CA/C ratio). Abnormalities with this can lead to many orthoptic problems.[citation needed]

Accommodative dysfunction

Disorders of accommodation

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Cause essay sample

Cause and Effect Essay

The paragraphs for this essay are often quite brief. All of their medical education conspires to make an antibiotic prescription their knee-jerk reaction to any infection, Cause essay sample may Cause essay sample may not have a bacterial cause. Not only are trees cut down to make goods that need to be transported using fossil fuels, the removal of trees leads to a net loss of photosynthesis which is carried out by plants to make food.

Why did Trump win the Presidency? Affordable prices Our essay writing service is tailored to fit your budget. Modernity, modern technology and new lifestyles have resulted in human activities that produce a lot of greenhouse gasses such as deforestation, the combustion of fossil fuels, industrial action and farming animals.

Polar ice caps can melt, there will be widespread flooding all over the world, there will be an increase in the frequency and intensity of harmful natural disasters and the consequences to the economy will be detrimental to societal progress. Speculate on why the most popular cause is believed and then tell why you think this is wrong or right.

Source Thesis The question you ended your introduction with should be answered in the first sentence of your body paragraph. You can organize details in the following ways: Single or multiple effects? As a result of this, women have more time to pursue their own careers and interests.

End with the question: This from-the- bottom-up approach is nothing new. What are the effects? Health consumers have taken the lead in showing doctors the value of fitness, nutrition, and alternative therapies.

Doctors should prescribe antibiotics only as a last resort. Conclusion In this type of essay you do not have to be dogmatic, so you can admit that it is possible to view the issue in a different light.

His doctor treats him with antibiotics, but the bacteria are resistant to all of them. If your instructor wants you to have a thesis sentence, then you can state all of these briefly in one sentence at the beginning.

Effects of Global Warming Essay

Are you impressed enough to change the way you interact with physicians -- or at least enough to think about it? Septicemia is what killed Muppets creator Jim Henson a few years ago.

Decide if your are writing to inform or persuade. You want to convince the reader that you are right by presenting arguments and evidence that your reasons are the best explanation for the trend or phenomenon.

There are two ways to do this: Unless there is clear evidence that one event is related to another, qualify your statements with phrases such as "It appears that the cause was" or "It seems likely" or "The evidence may indicate" or "Available evidence suggests. Food sources will be compromised, e.

Greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and methane can cause the atmosphere to build up, leading to solar radiation becoming trapped within the earth like within a greenhouse, hence the name.Your basic training using cause and effect essay examples is complete.

Now that you know the basic components of a cause and effect essay and can spot them in a sample essay, it’s time to put pen to paper (or fingers to keyboard). Aug 16,  · How to Write Cause and Effect Essays. Updated on April 10, Virginia Kearney.

more. Argument or Position Essay Topics with Sample Essays. by Virginia Kearney Popular.

Essays. Easy Argumentative Essay Topic Ideas with Research Links and Sample Essays. by Virginia Kearney Reviews: 6. While writing a cause / effect essay, the order of the main points given in the thesis statement is followed in body paragraphs.

The following example is an outline for a cause essay about the reasons for cities becoming. The cause and effect essay outline is going to serve you as a guide for the rest of the paper.

It will help you to stay on track and include all the ideas you have initially pinned down. This paper is commonly written in a 5 paragraph style, but it allows a variation. Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects).

Cause and effect is a common method of organizing and discussing ideas. Follow these steps when writing a cause and effect essay. Cold Comfort. by Michael Castleman.

How to Write Cause and Effect Essays

Not so long ago, many of us resisted separating the glass, cans, and paper out of our a hassle. Today, of course, every second-grader knows that the world's resources are limited.

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Why does the Pope celebrate Ash Wednesday Mass at Santa Sabina?

Why does the Pope celebrate Ash Wednesday Mass at Santa Sabina?

In a tradition dating back to the fourth century, the Pope will spend Ash Wednesday at the Basilica of Santa Sabina, currently the worldwide headquarters of the Order of Preachers.

After the legalization of Christianity in 313, the faithful began a custom of processing through the streets of Rome to visit various churches and to honor the holy martyrs who were often buried there. Singing hymns and praying a litany of the saints, they would often be joined by the Bishop of Rome. During his pontificate, Saint Gregory the Great established the order of churches to be visited, and decided the custom should be a Lenten practice — a spiritual pilgrimage with Jesus and the saints.

Why Santa Sabina was chosen as the first church to be visited is not entirely known. Some say it’s because Saint Gregory fell in love with the church when he found refuge there during the plague. Others believe it is because of Santa Sabina’s location on Aventine Hill. Any wishing to visit the church must make a steep climb, symbolic of the climb Christ made to Golgotha and his crucifixion. Still, others think it is because of the church’s historical significance.

Santa Sabina is one of the “house churches” in Rome. During the early persecutions of the Church, Christians would secretly gather in the homes of the faithful to worship. One of these homes belonged to a woman named Sabina, who was martyred in 125. Between 422-432, a basilica was built on the site of Saint Sabina’s home and named in her honor. Her relics remain there to this day, along with those of Saint Alexander, Saint Eventius and Saint Theodulus.

Although it has undergone a number of renovations over the years, Santa Sabina takes great pride in the fact that it still uses the original doors of the church, which are made of cyprus wood and carved with scenes from the Old and New Testaments, including one of the earliest depictions of Christ’s crucifixion.

In 1218, Santa Sabina was given to the Dominicans by Pope Honorius III, two years after he approved the foundation of the Order of Preachers. Since then, it has served as the generalate and headquarters of the Master of the Order of Preachers and the Dominican curia.

For nearly 100 years the Pope joined the Dominicans at Santa Sabina for Mass on Ash Wednesday, until the papacy moved to Avignon in 1309. Thankfully, Pope Leo XIII revived the tradition of starting Lent at Santa Sabina, and it has been the normal custom ever since.

Today that custom begins with a short prayer at the Basilica of Sant’ Anselmo, the international headquarters of the Benedictines. From there, the Pope, the Benedictines, the Dominicans and all present process up the hill while chanting the Litany of the Saints. Once they arrive at Santa Sabina, the Pope offers Mass. After the homily, he blesses the ashes, which are then sprinkled on his head by the Titular Cardinal of Santa Sabina. The Pope then distributes ashes to the cardinals, Dominicans, Benedictines and members of the faithful.

Since the Dominicans were founded to reconcile those who had fallen away from the faith, the custom is an important one. It reminds all of us that we are to be preachers of mercy, especially during the season of Lent.

(10 February 2018)


Toby Driver (of Kayo Dot)

Toby Driver (of Kayo Dot)

TOBY DRIVER is best known as the frontman and bandleader of the prolific experimental band, Kayo Dot (ex-maudlin of the Well). In the past two decades, he has masterfully explored the limitlessness of music, from weird metal to beautiful post-rock, from austere ballads to tripped-out 70s fusion and beyond. He has worked with a number of forward-thinking luminaries including Trey Spruance (Secret Chiefs 3), John Zorn, G. Stuart Dahlquist (Burning Witch, Asva), Jeremiah Cymerman, Mario Diaz de Leon, Gyan Riley, and many more, and his music appeared as part of Peter Hopkins Miller's installation, Stained Glass, in the 2017 edition of the Venice Biennale. Throughout his many projects: maudlin of the Well, Vaura (with Kevin Hufnagel (from Gorguts)), Stern (with Chuck Stern from Time of Orchids), The Tanks (with Ches Smith and Brandon Seabrook), Clefter (with Gyan Riley and Timba Harris (from Secret Chiefs 3)), Tartar Lamb, free-improv trio Bloodmist (with Jeremiah Cymerman and Mario Diaz de Leon), his solo works, and most of all Kayo Dot, Driver's adventurousness shines brightly. Whereas most musicians attach an identity to themselves in terms of scene or style, Driver's music is the sound of the abandonment of identity, and the refusal to answer the question "Who are you?" Paradoxically, perhaps his defining characteristic as a composer and musician is this fearlessness of looking into the unknown.

As a solo performer, on guitar, keyboard, and voice, Driver has been exploring dark, austere neofolk akin to Grouper, Talk Talk, Current 93, and others, with a subtle progressive and unsettling edge.

Reduction Plan

Reduction Plan's music comes from within solitude's frigid embrace. "I will
never get what I want," broods frontman Daniel Manning on self-released debut,
Paradise. The heavily reverberated breaths and ominous atmosphere that open
Reduction Plan's latest full-length album, Somewhere, evoke that same sense of
solitude, one that is almost palpable.
Pulling from 80s goth, 90s shoegaze and industrial, and the anti-folk tendencies
of acts like Grouper and Mount Eerie, Reduction Plan uses both noise and
space to illustrate the power of silence. A swell of synths, pulsing drum
machines, and haunting murmurs is the foundation upon which the project
draws its sound.

With Somewhere, Manning takes a leap forward in both songwriting and
production. Recorded and mixed entirely independently, the record’s 10 tracks
are more fleshed out than anything the project has released to date. A testament
to this is “On Your Own”, a re-recorded and re-worked version of a track that
initially appeared on Reduction Plan’s debut, Paradise. Side-A closer “Julia” is
driven by waves of synths that would feel right at home on a Disintegration cut,
pushing the song to a powerful climax. Meanwhile, opener “Without An End” is a
cacophonous goth-rock anthem built upon an intoxicating drum-machine

Somewhere is Manning’s third full-length under the Reduction Plan moniker,
following the Child of Light EP, which saw him branching out stylistically to
collaborate with fellow musicians. On the project’s first two full-lengths, 2015’s
Paradise and 2016’s Shade, Manning’s compositions were frigid, harsh, and
unrelenting. Here, the songs let the light in; blossoming into lush, melancholic
pieces that maintain the bite of the project’s roots.

The majority of the record was written shortly after Manning graduated from
college, and deals with all the feelings of displacement, discontent, and
dissatisfaction that followed. Somewhere represents a seemingly intangible
sense of comfort and belonging that Manning searches for throughout the
album’s brooding tracks.

Although a solo endeavor in concept, Manning is accompanied live by Luis
Durango, who breathes new energy into the songs on second-guitar and synth.
Together, the two have shared the stage with acts such as Xiu Xiu, Boyharsher,
Planning For Burial, Torres.

Boston based band Limousine forms in the wake of former Massachusetts projects. With a combination of dark thumping drum machines and atmospheric synthesizers; vocalist Cameron Moretti provides intimate words and welcomes the listener into songs of pain, lost love, and fear. Somehow Limousine comes across hopeful in these songs of sadness.

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Malolos republic

The party reached Banane settlement on December 7, where Aguinaldo paused to consider plans for the Malolos republic. On March Malolos republic, Aguinaldo was captured. Aguinaldo issued several important decrees reorganizing the government in the liberated provinces: The decree also provided for the election of delegates to the Revolutionary Congress by the town chiefs.

As Mabini envisioned it, the Revolutionary Congress created by the June 18 decree had several aims: Establishment of the Universidad Literatura de Filipinas and other schools 4. Influences[ edit ] The style of the document is patterned after the Spanish Constitution ofwhich many Latin American charters from the same period similarly follow.

The Chief justice of the Supreme Court was to be elected by the legislature with the concurrence of the President and his Cabinet.

After Aguinaldo had read his speech congressional elections were held among the delegates present. The National Assembly is empowered to elect seven of its members to constitute the Permanent Malolos republic, with the obligation that the Commission choose a President and a Secretary on its first session.

While much of the world was oblivious to its birthing, the First Republic proved that Filipinos were capable of self-rule and deserved their longed-for freedom after more than years of colonial bondage- a bondage shaken time and again by sporadic revolts, whose disparateness precluded ultimate victory.

In other words, there are Question Periods allotted to each member of the executive branch. Barbara, they joined a force of some armed men led by General Gregorio del Pilar. While Title VII, Article 56 stated that executive power resides in the President of the Republicwho shall exercise it through his Secretaries convened in a Council of government that is led by the President of the council of government.

First Philippine Republic

After the failure of the reformist movement led by Rizal and Del Pilar, Andres the Philippine Revolution, culminated with the inauguration of the Republic on January 23, at Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan. It is composed of ninety-three articles divided into fourteen titles, with further eight articles with transitory provisions, and a final additional article.

On May 1,the U. The Permanent Commission powers were: These were embodied in the following provisions: The constitution was read article by article and followed by a military parade. The other cabinet secretaries were: On September 15 Aguinaldo formally opened the revolutionary congress at the church of Barasoain in Malolos.

After being proclaimed president, Emilio Aguinaldo took his oath of office. The lyrics was added in August based on the poem titled "Filipinas" by Jose Palma. A review of troops and procession followed. Most important, it was imbued with the principle that sovereignty resides in the people.View Notes - Malolos from HIST at Ateneo de Zamboanga University.

The First Philippine Republic

Short Review Of The Discovery of the Katipunan MALOLOS REPUBLIC -the first. The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina, Filipino: Republikang Pilipino), more commonly known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic, was a nascent revolutionary government in the was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23,in Malolos, Bulacan, [Note 1] and endured until the capture of President.

The Malolos Republic A date that forever will be in the history books of the Philippines and the world when the country became the first republic in Asia. After gaining independence less than a year ago, a constitution was drafted, ratified and put in to effect quickly.

On the sunny morning of January 23,the First Philippine Republic, popularly known as the Malolos Republic, was inaugurated amidst colorful ceremonies at. On March 31 Malolos, seat of the Philippine Republic, fell into enemy hands, followed on April 26 by Calumpit, where the Filipino forces led by over-all commander Gen.

Luna were also routed. On May 9, the Central government moved to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, only four days after Congress convened at neighboring San Isidro town. MALOLOS REPUBLIC - the first Philippine Republic Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising.

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Common Reasons for Short Distance of Electric Bike

If the battery of electric vehicle is not in use for a long time or has been placed for a long time: please replenish the battery first;

Tire pressure is insufficient: pump;

Check whether the brake is too tight and friction rim: adjust the brake;

Whether the battery charge is adequate: recharge;

Whether meet the slope or headwind: pedal auxiliary driving;

Whether the temperature is too cold: battery energy cannot be generated.

Self-test function: dynamic self-testing and static self-testing, the controller as long as the power on state, it will automatically detect the interface state associated with it.

If the switch, brake or other external switches and so on, once there is a fault, the controller automatically implements the protection, fully ensure the safety of riding, when the fault removal of the controller will automatically restore the state of protection. Chinese electric bike is expensive, so we should do a good job of protection.

Backcharge function: the energy generated by eabs is fed back to the battery when braking, decelerating or sliding downhill, thus maintaining the battery, prolonging the battery life and increasing the mileage of the battery.


City and Regional Health Markets in Brazil, Russia, India and China : Opportunity & Risk Analyzed adds report Understanding City and Regional Health Markets in Brazil, Russia, India and China to its store.

Any assessment of the world’s leading emerging economies must consider the recent economic developments, the health plans which are in place and the challenges that are influencing the progress of the health market.

Complete report is available at

  • How is the population and wealth distributed?
  • Which states and territories produce the highest levels of GDP?
  • What is the primary and secondary health infrastructure in each region?
  • How is healthcare delivered?
  • What is the role played by private/government health provision at state level?
  • Which regions are better provided for and which still need investment?

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The fifth largest country in the world in terms of both area and population, Brazil has experienced rapid economic growth in recent years. And its successful bid to host the 2014 World Cup combined with Rio de Janeiro's host of the 2016 Olympics have boosted investment in the country further. But the benefits of this growth have not been wide-spread, with healthcare provision across the country uneven, and the burden of disease disparate from north to south, and from the coast inland. Analysing the healthcare market on a region-by-region basis brings these differences to light.

The quality of healthcare and healthcare facilities within the Russian Federation remains immensely variable. At the upper end of the spectrum, Moscow has a number of world class institutions and Western standard medical facilities targeted at expatriates and better off Russian nationals. However, at the lower end of the sector, equipment can be outdated and the condition of buildings can be woeful: in April 2013 a fire at a psychiatric hospital in Moscow region killed 36 patients and two members of staff. A similar earlier incident at a clinic for drug addicts claimed 45 lives in December 2006.

India is the second-largest country in the world by population, and combines a wealth of climates, geographies and social differences - all of which help shape the healthcare market. While the industrialised states are making great advances in terms of the quality of care, the development of the private healthcare sector and in health education, other regions struggle to keep up. Challenges such as inadequate infrastructure and poor levels of education are key barriers to the provision of care. But even on a state-by-state basis, there are pockets of abundance, and poverty. Overall, funding of the healthcare sector is low and in the short term at least, exclusion, rather than inclusion, will define healthcare offerings.

The most populated country in the world, China's healthcare market brings with it a unique set of challenges and opportunities. Demand for medicines and improved healthcare facilities continues to rise, as the country's middle class expands, but topline growth hides numerous disparities. China's vast size, geographical contrasts and sharp differences between rural and urban populations mean that the healthcare market is developing at a different rate, and sometimes in a different direction, across the country. The Chinese are also quick to migrate in search of work, a factor that puts a strain on public healthcare facilities. Examining these trends on a region-by-region basis, while the healthcare sector expanding in urban areas, western China risks being left behind.

Inquiry before Buying on this Report Understanding City and Regional Health Markets in Brazil, Russia, India and China at before making a purchase decision.


The Future of Windows 10

The Future of Windows 10

Tech was taken aback when Microsoft unveiled its Windows 10 operating system, marking the biggest changes in the business' history. But what does this mean for the future of the OS?

Windows 10 was one of the biggest changes to Microsoft's operating system (OS) format since it was founded. Unsurprisingly, experts had mixed opinions on the software. For current users, there were some very attractive reasons to install the software, including mobile device integration, automatic updates and the action centre.

As well as all these features, which users should find more useful, upgrading to Windows 10 was completely free for a 12-month period after its release.

However, there was also a lot of negativity when Microsoft unveiled its latest OS and some of that was directly linked its rollout strategy. While home users of previous Windows versions were offered a free upgrade, the picture was more complex for business customers, depending on which version (or versions) of the software they used in their environment. One argument against the software is that the tech company has been so heavy-handed in its selling of it, which should be unnecessary given its size and influence on the market.

Some experts also disagree with its functionality. Features like Windows Update Delivery Optimization, privacy settings, data collection and program installation have sparked criticism about the OS.

Furthermore, there is rising controversy surrounding Microsoft continuously pushing users toward the Cloud. Many of Microsoft’s small to medium enterprise customers are finding that features are slowly being removed, such as being unable to disable Microsoft’s Store thereby losing control of which applications users install - a basic security precaution. This is leaving disgruntled customers voicing their opinions:

The Future of Windows 10

This forces IT professionals to either upgrade or abandon the OS. The two paths by which to upgrade are; a costly jump to Enterprise Licenses or to accept the move to the Microsoft’s Azure Cloud on a recurring revenue model, much like Office 365.

Its update - Project Neon - aimed to address some of these concerns and make it a more useable and intuitive system.

But with opinions divided among experts, what does this mean for the longevity of Windows 10 and the future of Microsoft's operating systems?

With Microsoft openly gathering a lot of personal data from its Windows 10 users, there has been a huge focus on security, especially as some hail it as the most secure OS ever. For system admins, it's important to know about where there may be risks so you can be properly protected.

“Our teams have also worked diligently since the Anniversary Update to re-assess what data is strictly necessary at the Basic level to keep Windows 10 devices up to date and secure,” Terry Myerson, Executive Vice President at Microsoft.

Windows 10 has a number of security features that are specifically geared towards businesses, such as Windows Hello for Business. This allows you to implement two-factor authentication and biometrics. You can also use virtualization to boost security with the Isolated User Mode and make online browsing safer with Microsoft Edge.

It's also possible to make certain changes to your Privacy Settings that limit the data Microsoft can collect. The Windows Defender Security Center puts all the most common security options in one place, such as anti-virus, and network and firewall protection.

IT admins can also use this dashboard to get direct access to the Windows Defender Advanced Threat Protection (ATP) service and Advanced Threat Protection. This enables you to monitor an attack across endpoints. Of course, a high percentage of IT administrators would prefer to control user security via Group Policy.

"Either way, all of these concerns have created an air of uncertainty around Windows 10 and whether it can be trusted not to track users," The Verge

App development

Microsoft made a big point about the release of its Creators Update, which aimed to make it easier for anyone to develop their own Windows-universal applications.

Its Universal Windows Platform (UWP) allows people to create PC, phone, Xbox One, or even HoloLens apps and the update included features to make it more useable for complete beginners. Its release also brings with it a number of features to make Windows 10 computers more suited towards gaming and to be a more immersive experience.

Microsoft has produced a number of guides to help people who may be completely new to app development, suggesting that the tech giant wants to encourage more users to start creating them.

At a build conference in Seattle earlier this year, the company's Executive Vice President Terry Myerson said the platform battle had made things harder for developers. This indicates that better integration will be a key priority for Microsoft in the upcoming Fall Creators Update. According to the unveiling at the conference, it will also improve Microsoft’s design language for writing apps; the Fluent Design system.

"It’s not a secret that Microsoft is now focusing on UWP and the API expansion. Microsoft is now focusing mostly on UWP apps, and many people are not happy about that decision because they only see the present, not the future. The future is a clean and non-fragmented Windows, running on all your devices," ONMSFT

Mobile devices

But what about mobile? It could be the future of tech but Microsoft has a lot of headway to make if it wants to compete with the market dominators Google and Apple.

"Windows 10 Mobile is make or break time for Microsoft in terms of its aspirations in the mobile phone market – it's a matter of succeeding with the new OS or dropping out of the phone game altogether," TechRadar

Microsoft wants to create an immersive platform that allows users to seamlessly switch between devices without interrupting their experience, but some experts think it's too late.

"With a market share down in the low single digits, and with a reduced stock of devices to run on, Windows Mobile is the proverbial Schrodinger’s cat: either alive or dead, and no one seems to know for sure," PC World.

However, others are more optimistic about the future for Windows 10, citing the almost-industry-wide snubbing of the iPhone when it was released. These experts think the universal app initiative will have saved the OS and will see Microsoft pull itself out of the ashes.

Like most topics to do with Windows 10, experts appear to be divided about whether it will make or break Microsoft, or at least see them bow out of the mobile devices market. But if there is to be a future for Windows 10 on mobile, it is likely to be in the enterprise space, where Microsoft's established presence could be beneficial.

Insights for Professionals


The PTAB recently rejected a request for rehearing by Bayer CropScience LP (“Bayer”). Bayer Cropscience LP, v. Syngenta Limited, IPR2017-01332, Paper 15 (P.T.A.B. Apr. 2, 2018).[1] The PTAB stated that when the prior art does not identify the chemical structure of a compound that is only known by an experimental code name, post-filing evidence cannot be used to identify the compound and fill in any gaps in the prior art.

Bayer filed a petition requesting institution of inter partes review of U.S. Patent No. 8,404,618 (“the ’618 patent”), which is owned by Syngenta Limited (“Syngenta”). The ’618 patent is directed to a herbicidal composition for treating weeds, where the composition contains a herbicide and a safener that protects useful plants against the action of the herbicide.

Representative claims 1 and 9 are shown below:

1. A herbicidal composition comprises a mixture of

a) a herbicidally active amount of a compound [of a general formula that includes the compound pyroxasulfone] . . .

b) a herbicide-antagonistically active amount of a safener selected from [a genus of compounds].

9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the compound of the formula I is 3-(5-difluoromethoxy-1-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylmethylsulf- onyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole.

The herbicide in claim 9 is also referred to as “pyroxasulfone.”

Bayer proposed 13 grounds for unpatentability, each of which applied the “Polge” and “Owen” references. Polge and Owen used an herbicide called “KIH-485” to control weeds. Relying upon an undated yet apparently post-filing date document to identify the structure of KIH-485, Bayer alleged that a skilled artisan would have recognized that KIH-485 was pyroxasulfone.

The PTAB disagreed with Bayer. Bayer Cropscience LP, v. Syngenta Limited, IPR2017-01332, Paper 10 (P.T.A.B. Apr. 2, 2018) (Decision Denying Institution). It found that while Polge and Owen used the nomenclature “KIH-485” to refer to a particular herbicide and applied that herbicide to control weeds, neither reference identified the chemical structure of formula of KIH-485. The PTAB called attention to a reference of record published around the time of the priority application, which stated “[t]he chemistry, fate and action, and biological information [of KIH-485] has not been released at this time” and to a declaration from Patent Owner noting that the experimental code name “KIH-485” “does not provide any information whatsoever about the chemical structure, chemical family, chemical common name, or mechanism of action of the experimental herbicide”. The PTAB agreed with Syngenta that a skilled artisan would not have understood or recognized that KIH-485 is the claimed pyroxasulfone herbicide before the priority date.

Bayer requested reconsideration, arguing that the PTAB’s decision was in conflict with established law on inherency. It argued that the PTAB “erroneously applied settled law regarding use of post-filing evidence to establish a fact or characteristic about a product in the prior art to support anticipation and nonobviousness” since “[t]here is no requirement that the chemical structure of a known prior art compound must be recognized to anticipate or render obvious later claims to the structure.”

The PTAB again disagreed with Bayer’s position and denied the rehearing request. In contrast to the cases cited by Bayer, the ’618 patent does not claim inherent properties or characteristics of a compound that was known or generally available to the public. It found that since the experimental code name did not provide information about the structure of formula of the compound, and since the code name could be applied to any chemical structure which could change over time, the disclosure of the code name “KIH-485” in Polge and Owen does not anticipate or render obvious the ’618 patent claims.


On 11/4/2012 8:10 AM, Roger Clough wrote:
Hi Stephen P. King

Necessary truths can't be contingent, because contingent
truths by definition are contingent on circumstances
and so may not always be true. Scientific truth, or
any truth of this world, is such.

Dear Roger,

By contingent I mean dependent on the co-existence of others. Existence cannot be dependent on anything at all, thus is must be taken in our explanations to be ontologically fundamental.

Pierce taught that consensus or pragmatic truth is
supreme. What people believe in their hearts,
what they believe subjectively. What they experience now.

    I love Peirce's cryptic sense of irony. ;--)

Why is pragmatic truth supreme ? Even higher than
a necessary truth? 1 + 1 = 2, a statement,
is a necessary truith, but the higher truth is to
know that 1 +1 =2, to personally accept and believe that.
If many agree, that is even better.

Can we reason outside of our explanations? Can we discuss the content of our discussions? Can we escape from the implications of regress?

If many, such as the Christian church, accept
a truth such as "God created the world", you
might want to consider it. But it is only true
if you pragmatically accept it as true. Lutherans
call that acceptance "faith".

So what about what the Hyperboreans call that acceptance? And what of the Ponies or the Mormons or the Blue People? Does it matter who it is?

There are many forms of truth-- necessary and contingent
truths, subjective and objective truths, truths by
correspondence, or through coherency, pragmatic
truth, eye witness truth, and so forth. In the end, one accepts
the truth he has the most faith in. So faith
again rules.

    Of course, because what is faith but the expectation of a future truth?

Roger Clough, rclo...@verizon.net <mailto:%20rclo...@verizon.net>
"Forever is a long time, especially near the end." -Woody Allen

From: Stephen P. King
Receiver: everything-list
Time: 2012-11-03, 13:31:14
Subject: Re: Emergence of Properties

On 11/3/2012 8:57 AM, Roger Clough wrote:

The properties of spacetime things are what can be measured (ie facts).
The properties of beyond spacetime things are propositions that can't be contradicted (necessary truths).

Hi Roger,

I do not assume that the "can't be contradicted" is an a priori fixed apartheid on truths. I define necessary truths to be contingent on many minds in agreement.

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domingo, 15 de julio de 2018

ELECTROLYTE-TABLETA | How To Determine If A Compound Is An Electrolyte | Electrolyte Beverages

How would you lose Electrolytes?
Because electrolytes are dissolved in body fluids, whenever you're losing fluids you're losing electrolytes. The major electrolyte loses, particularly sodium electrolytes, occur when your sweat rate increases:

Electrolyte tablets are the most effective way to maintain your hydration levels by replacing both fluids and electrolytes. O. R. S Water balance Tablets contain a exact mixture of salts, mineral deposits, and How To Tell If Something Is An Electrolyte | Electrolyte Fizz | Is Ch4 An Electrolyte | Based On Reference Table F Which Of These Salts Is The Best Electrolyte | Electrolyte Supplements Keto | Best Electrolyte Supplements | Gatorade Electrolyte Content | Electrolyte Analyzer | Is K3po4 A Strong Electrolyte | Electrolyte Gel | glucose to restore electrolyte balance. The sugar aids the absorption of sodium through the wall structure of the intestine, correcting the electrolyte balance in the blood circulating the body and allows your body to rehydrate by moving water to where it can needed the most.

hydration tablet formula
Salts, nutrients and glucose

Increased electrolytes

Using electrolyte tablets also avoids consuming sports drinks containing high levels of sugar. Each time a drink contains far more sugar than salt, none are absorbed correctly and causes a build-up of fluid in the Nuun Electrolyte Enhanced Drink Tabs | Homemade Electrolyte Drinks | Electrolyte In Water | Is Koh An Electrolyte | Electrolyte Drops To Add To Water | Bulimia Electrolyte Imbalance | How To Fix Electrolyte Imbalance | Best Electrolyte Supplement | Recognize The Symptoms Of Electrolyte Imbalance | Is Hcn A Strong Electrolyte | intestinal tract not an increase in your hydration levels.

Sports athletes And Electrolyte Tablets
Elite-level athletes are the ones that gain the most from electrolyte capsules. They're constantly putting by themselves in situations where themselves temperature is high. This contributes to excessive sweating and a high-risk of dehydration. Many top athletes use O. R. S Water balance Tablets to rehydrate on their own moving around, ensuring their bodies are never in a state of electrolyte disproportion.

Children And Electrolyte Dietary supplements
Children can benefit from taking electrolytes

Staying Hydrated In Very hot Climates
Hot climate results in loss of electrolytes from sweat
People in hot climates are constantly at risk of dehydration. When you've ever stayed out there in the sun, then you will probably have felt tired. Often, this is because the heat has caused you to dehydrate. Your body has lost so much water throughout the day, Is Glycerol An Electrolyte and you have a lack of essential minerals. All of this can be avoided through some O. R. H Hydration Tablets during the day.

Sickness And Hydration Drinks

With regard to more information click our FAQs page.

Drop it. Dissolve it. Drink it. Those are the quick instructions Chicago-based BE Innovations Inc. gives for the use of its quarter-size ZYM electrolyte tablets. The small effervescent drops -- which fizz and dissolve in water like Alka-Seltzer tablets -- are made to ease the converting plain water into Which Of The Following Is Considered A Strong Electrolyte? | Fecl2 Strong Or Weak Electrolyte | Electrolyte Replacement Tablets | Low Sugar Electrolyte Drinks | Which Substance Is An Electrolyte | The Most Important Regulator Of Electrolyte Concentrations In Extracellular Fluids Is | The Primary Intracellular Electrolyte Is | Hno3 Strong Or Weak Electrolyte | Is Cacl2 An Electrolyte | Which Of The Following Compounds Is A Weak Electrolyte | a vitamin-fortified, electrolyte-rich sports drink.

CamelBak Pocima
It's hard to go wrong with any of these offerings. In use, all are fairly similar. ZYM and CamelBak are stronger-tasting. As noted, ZYM Catapult's caffeine gives a noticeable boost. (CamelBak also offers tablets with caffeine. )

Overall, I am a devotee to the category of effervescent electrolyte tablets. The small tabs make getting sodium, potassium, magnesium and other performance boosters into your system as easy as plunking a tablet in water. A new final bonus: The sugar-free tablets do not gunk up a water jar or hydration reservoir like sugary supplements can. In contrast to the traditional option of mixing sports natural powder in water, ZYM, CamelBak, and nuun all give you a superior solution.

Original "Nuun Active" Electrolyte Tablets
Regarding a decade or so, runners and cyclists have enjoyed the advantages of adding Nuun Active electrolyte tablets to their water while exercising. Drop one into 16 oz. of water, and you get a pleasantly fizzy, lightly tasting drink that helps replace electrolytes you sweat away. People who often experience leg cramps also have noted good results from ingesting the stuff. In any case, from the nice alternative to Gatorade, et al.

In early Is K2so4 An Electrolyte | Vega Electrolyte | What Is A Strong Electrolyte | Is Ch3oh A Strong Electrolyte | Definition Of Weak Electrolyte | Hbr Electrolyte | Example Of A Weak Electrolyte | Children's Electrolyte Drink | Electrolyte Solution For Dogs | Signs Of Electrolyte Loss Include All Of The Following Except | 2016, Nuun (pronounced "noon") released a brand new, reformulated version of their Active tablets, but it hasn't gone over well with die-hard fans of the original formula, especially for those who dislike plant-based sweeteners such as stevia extract.

ZYM electrolyte pills
ZYM is one of three similar drop-and-dissolve options for people and outdoors types. Typically the originator of the category, nuun & co. of Seattle, as well as hydration-products behemoth CamelBak Incorporation., offer essentially the same thing.

The products from all three companies come packaged in small plastic tubes with 10 to 12 tablets inside. Prices range between about $6. 55 (nuun) to $10 (CamelBak). In the last four years, I have used these products extensively, and each one is good. The distinctions come in the flavors each company offers as well as the amount and type of vitamins, electrolytes, caffeine or other constitutes added into the fizzing combine.

In 2004, nuun &
how to determine if a compound is an electrolyte

All athletes will experience some level of electrolyte loss and lacks. The extent of this loss will depend on the kind of physical activity, but more significantly the rate of sweat. The average football player sweats anywhere between 1 ) 3% - 4% of body weight each game, to represent a high loss of electrolytes.

Cycling, diarrhoea and air art cabins have one thing in Calcium Hydroxide Electrolyte | Is Glucose An Electrolyte | Is H20 An Electrolyte | Is Alcl3 A Strong Electrolyte | Nh3 Electrolyte Or Nonelectrolyte | Electrolyte Replacement Powder | Electrolyte Replacement | Nacl Electrolyte Or Nonelectrolyte | Licl Electrolyte | Hydralyte Effervescent Electrolyte Tablets | common; electrolyte discrepancy caused by fluid loss. The fact that water makes up between 50 - 60% of the human body, and 70 percent of muscle, heart, and brain tissue highlights how important hydration is for normal bodily function. That only takes fluid losses above 1% of body-weight to become dehydrated, and as you lose fluids your body is also dropping a mixture of salts and minerals that really must be changed for rehydration; this where electrolyte tablets come in.

hydration tablet formulation
What are Electrolytes?
Without having electrolytes, your body simply would not work. Mixed in body fluids, these small electrically charged particles are involved in almost every function throughout the body, and are especially important when it comes to hydration. A blend of sodium, potassium, and calcium supplement ions creates a hydrating electrolyte balance that preserves cellular fluid balance throughout the body by moving water to where the most needed.

Personally i have tried nuun since 2006 on dozens of trips and training days. The industry's flavors, from lemon-lime to cola, will be the most subtle in the class. Add a nuun tablet to your bike water bottle and in about two minutes you

Polymer Electrolyte

Pocima, like the other companies' options, is simple to consume. It comes in orange, lemon-lime, and berry flavors. All are good-tasting and refreshing.

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My last summertime house before university appeared to find me in a perpetual state of blue balls. It was the latest summertime in noted h...


Control Versus Execution: Endogenous Appropriability and Entrepreneurial Strategy

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This paper considers the role of Rosenbergian uncertainty (i.e., economic uncertainties that arise after successful invention) in shaping appropriability for start-up innovators. Rather than assuming that the appropriability regime surrounding an innovation is exogenous, we focus on the endogenous choice entrepreneurs face between investing in ensuring control-based appropriability versus investing in the execution and operation of their fledgling businesses. Investment in execution allows entrepreneurs to advance more quickly than competitors, while control requires delays in commercialization. Control and execution are strategic substitutes as they represent alternative paths to earning future rents. Because the size and likelihood of these rents is uncertain, entrepreneurs may be unable to rank these alternative paths in advance, and so their endogenous choice will be grounded in factors such as individual preferences, capabilities, or coherence with their overall entrepreneurial strategy. A subtle consequence is that the appropriability regime ultimately governing an innovation will be the result of the endogenous choices of the entrepreneur rather than more traditional environmental factors. Motivated by notable historical examples such as the invention and commercialization of the telephone, we explore these ideas by considering the choice of appropriability regime among a sample of academic entrepreneurs: within a sample of ventures that could have been developed by either faculty or students (or both), we find that faculty-led ventures are much more closely associated with formal intellectual property, student-led ventures are more rapid in their commercialization activities, and, relative to faculty-led ventures, student-led ventures display a tradeoff between patenting and commercialization speed.

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(205) 283-1829

Cold weather and humid conditions can lengthen the dry-out time, while warm, sunny weather will speed it up. Dry-out times can vary from a few days to as long as six months, but the film will eventually dry completely. Moisture that is trapped during the installation process can cause bubbles or a slightly cloudy appearance. This is normal. Do not try to pierce or cut the film in an attempt to drain the trapped moisture. This will damage the film. Just be patient and allow the film to dry completely on its own.


Do you take care of the cooking, cleaning, laundry, driving, your home?

According to a study done at Investopedia someone owes you quite a bit of money - of course, it's doubtful that you'll ever see any of that green.  Here are the different services you provide and what it's worth:

Private chef - Which includes preparing the menu and shopping for ingredients...that's worth about 52 grand for the year.

House cleaner - $118/week for those services.

Child care - Nannies usually go for $600/week plus benefits.

Driver - A lot of give and take here depending on the total miles traveled, but let's use a little over $4,100 as a ball park figure.

When you add in other basic services such as laundry and even some lawn maintenance, the total bill should come to about $96,000!!

But, as Jimmy Dean said in his song 'IOU' - the entire bill will be marked 'paid in full' with the words, "I Love You, Mom (Dad)".


Amazon's fight with Seattle over head tax foreshadows battles to come in other cities

If Seattle's bitter public fight with Amazon over a new tax on employees is a sign of the future for cities vying to become the company's next headquarters, there's a take-home message: you can push Amazon, but you have to be prepared for it to push back — hard.
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Trees and the Scottish Enlightenment

Interdisciplinary Secondary FCS

This resource, Trees and the Scottish Enlightenment is an outline of the story of the Enlightenment and the beginnings of modern forestry and is intended as a brief introduction to a complex subject, which is complemented by the more detailed stories told in Trees, People and the Country Estate.  Links to this resource are given through this text and are highlighted in yellow with page numbers.  Scotland is the home of modern Forestry.   Forests here are managed now very differently to how woodlands were managed in the past.  This resource tells the story of how Scottish forestry developed during a particular historical time period, known as the Enlightenment and in a particular sort of place, the Scottish Country Estate.
The Enlightenment happened throughout Europe, especially in England, Holland, France and Germany but Scotland played an important part despite being smaller, poorer and, at times, at civil war.  It wasn’t a single event, rather it was a complicated series of developments that happened over a long time, starting in the seventeenth century (1600s) and continuing through into the nineteenth century (1800s).

Open PDF (3.0 MB) Created by FCS | Published: 25.02.14


Limiting warming to 1.5°C possible, will save 420m people

Limiting warming to 1.5°C possible, will save 420m people

Countries must take "unprecedented" action to slash carbon emissions to zero by 2050 and limit risky global warming, a key report has warned.

The UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says keeping the Earth's temperature rise to only 1.5 degrees Celsius rather than the 2C target agreed to at the Paris Agreement talks in 2015, would have "clear benefits to people and natural ecosystems".

The report calls for immediate and radical action by all global governments, saying the required actions are affordable and feasible but require ambition and dedication.

Neil Thorns, of the worldwide development charity Cafod said: "This report proves that keeping global temperatures to 1.5C is a necessity, not an ambition".

"There is also a good chance that drought severity will be less in a 1.5C world, having ramifications for water availability and food security".

One of the key goals of the accord was to limit the increase in global temperature to well below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels, and to attempt a more aspirational goal of containing the rise to 1.5°C by the end of the century.

"We are already seeing the consequences of 1°C of global warming through more extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, among other changes", said Panmao Zhai, Co-Chair of one of the IPCC Working Groups.

"There will be 420 million people less suffering because of climate change if we would be able to limit the warming to 1.5°C level and we have certain areas in the world which are extremely sensitive", Mr. Taalas said. We can't find any historical analogies for it.

Envoys at the 2015 Paris talks asked the IPCC to study what it would take to limit warming to 1.5 degrees, a more ambitious goal than the previous 2-degree target.

While warming of 2C above pre-industrial levels has widely been thought of as the threshold beyond which risky climate change will occur, vulnerable countries such as low-lying island states warn rises above 1.5C will threaten their survival. "The UK's net carbon emissions should be reduced by 60 per cent by 2030 - and to zero by 2050 or at least 80 per cent of 1990 levels by 2050".

- It will require a huge ramp-up in renewables so they generate 70-85% of electricity supplies by 2050, while coal power's share of the mix tumbles to nearly nothing.

Lowering emissions to this degree, while technically possible, would require widespread changes in energy, industry, buildings, transportation and cities, according to the report. Joyashree Roy, professor of economics at Jadavpur University and co-author of the IPCC report said: "We have found that the burden of global warming will fall disproportionately on the poor who are not responsible for the problem if we don't meet 1.5 degree target".

Temperatures are now on track to rise 3 degrees Celsius by 2100.

Carbon capture and storage technology should be deployed to absorb remaining fossil-fuel emissions.

The planet is even closer to catastrophe than scientists previously predicted, according to a new report from the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

They're calling for "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes" across society to prevent world temperatures from rising by two degrees Celsius.


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Introduction to Coulomb Blockade and Single Electron Devices

voltage driven capacitor
Figure 1.

In a circuit formed by a capacitor driven by a voltage source, (see fig. 1) the current flow is zero. However if the plates of the capacitor are separated by a very small distance, then electrons can tunnel across the gap. In that tunnel junction, (see fig. 2) the current-voltage (I-V)  characteristic is linear at small applied voltages, and the voltage on the junction will feature some noise. If the tunnel junction is driven by a current source, the I-V is still linear with the slope determined by the resistance of the tunnel junction.

large tunnel junction
Figure 2.

Now if the capacitance of the tunnel junction is extremely small ( <<  1 fF), and the temperature is low, then a remarkably new feature emerges when the junction is driven by a small current from a current source. As shown in figure 3, the junction voltage oscillates.   In addition, the averaged I-V  is now non-linear and  features a threshold voltage.  The oscillation is a consequence of regulated single electron tunneling. Both the junction voltage oscillation, and the threshold in the I-V are manifestations of the coulomb blockade effect.

current-voltage characteristics

Figure 3.

 The term coulomb blockade is another way to state a salient attribute of tunneling:  tunneling cannot lead to an increase in the coulomb energy of a system; and that enables classical control of a quantum process. In the above case of a single junction, the change in the potential energy of the capacitor (Q*Q/(2c))  is less than or equal to zero only when the magnitude of charge on the junction is larger than half the charge of an electron (abs(Q) > e/2 ).   Hence at the start of a cycle, the current source charges the capacitor, then when the charge reaches e/2,  a single  electron tunnels, the voltage drops, then the junction is again recharged; then the process repeats. The threshold feature in the time-averaged I-V can be used to design single electron devices.


Duhaime's Law Dictionary

Deterrence Definition:

A principle or objective of sentencing a person guilty of a crime which ensures that the punishment is sufficient to deter the guilty person, and others, from committing the same crime.

Perhaps as most succintly put by Justice Gerein in R v Melnyk:

"The theory of deterrence is that fear of punishment will cause potential wrongdoers to act within the parameters of the law."

Or in Re H:

"... to protect the public from the commission of such crimes by making it clear to the offender and to other persons with similar impulses that if they yield to them, they will meet with severe punishment."

Most justice systems either impose sentencing guidelines which reduce judicial discretion, or use general principles, or a combination of both.

The United Kingdom's Criminal Justice Act 2003 states, at §142 (emphasis added):

"Any court dealing with an offender in respect of his offence must have regard to the following purposes of sentencing (a) the punishment of offenders, (b) the reduction of crime (including its reduction by deterrence), (c) the reform and rehabilitation of offenders, (d) the protection of the public, and (e) the making of reparation by offenders to persons affected by their offences."

Canada's Criminal Code provides, at §718 (emphasis added):

In R v Morrissette, Justice Culliton wrote, in the context of a discussion on the factors to take into account when sentencing:

"Deterrence is also an important factor. The problem is different if the purpose of sentence is to deter the offender from repeating the offence from that if the purpose is to deter others who may be inclined to commit the same offence. In neither case does it necessarily follow that a long sentence is required to achieve the purpose. Deterrence should be considered from an objective view if the purpose is to deter others who may be inclined to commit the same offence. In such case, the gravity of the offence, the incidence of the crime in the community, the harm caused by it either to the individual or to the community and the public attitude toward it are some of the matters to be considered. If the purpose is to deter the offender from repeating the offence, then greater consideration must be given to the individual, his record and attitude, his motivation and his reformation and rehabilitation. If both purposes are to be achieved, then there must be a weighing of all of the factors and a sentence determined that gives a proper balance to each of them."

Deterrence can be distinguished as specific deterrence (aimed at the person being sentenced) and general deterrence (aimed at the population at large).

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