Solving the Transients Event in Electric Circuits Using a Mathematical Model of Differential Equations

Electrical circuits are systems that can be described in different ways using differential equations of first, second and upper order. A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of one or several variables that relates the values of the function itself and its derivatives of various orders. The theory of dynamical systems… (More)

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Synthetic studies towards furanocembrane diterpenes. A total synthesis of bis-deoxylophotoxin.

Synthetic approaches to the furanocembrane family of natural products, e.g. lophotoxins, pukalides, bipinnatins, based on: i) an intramolecular cyclisation of an alpha,beta-unsaturated acyl radical intermediate into a conjugated enone, and ii) an intramolecular Stille coupling reaction involving a 2-stannylfuran and a vinyl iodide, are described. A total… (More)

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Citrix XenDesktop is an Extension of The Server Virtualization

Citrix XenDesktop is an extension of the server virtualization (XenServer) and application virtualization (XenApp) products, utilizing virtualized, dynamically provisioned desktop O/S’s  streamed to the client device, whether that’s a Citrix-Ready “Desktop Appliance”, or a repurposed Windows XP box running the “Desktop Receiver”.

XenDesktop is available in several versions:

Express: Is free, for POC builds of up to ten users
Standard Edition: Includes desktop brokering with “Desktop Delivery Controller”, and secure remote access using “Citrix Access Gateway”.
Enterprise Edition: Adds on desktop provisioning with “Provisioning Server for Desktops”, which saves on storage costs by dynamically provisioning desktops based on a profile.
Platinum Edition: Adds performance monitoring, WAN optimization, and EasyCall.

Unitek’s “CTX-2201 AI” covers XenDesktop Enterprise Edition, preparing the student for the “1Y0-A03” exam, which leads to the “Citrix Certified Administrator for XenDesktop 2” industry standard certification in the latest technology.

Unitek’s “CXS-2001i” covers XenServer 5, the server virtualization hypervisor from Citrix.

Unitek’s “CTX-1259BI+AD/RM Combo” covers XenApp5, the industry standard application virtualization platform.

Visit our Citrix Courses.

Data ONTAP and Space Management – Part 7

With the combination of Data ONTAP 7.2 and flexible volumes we have some new options for managing space in volumes that contain LUNs.  Obviously, we still have to provide a free block when the host wants to write, but now we have a new block pool in the aggregate we can pull from.  We also have the option of automatically deleting snapshots as a source of free blocks.

If we set the fractional reserve to 0% and then set the autosize option on a volume, the volume can grow when it needs more space by pulling it from the aggregate.  Effectively the aggregate is supplying the pool of available blocks.

Effectively the aggregate is providing a pool that can be shared across all the volumes it contains.  It is also very unlikely that all the LUNs in all the volumes will suddenly become extremely active at the same time.  Therefore it may make sense to set aside a free space pool that is less than what we would have provided to support a 100% space reserve for every LUN in the aggregate.

This is especially true when we consider that the autosize option is typically combined with automatic deletion of snapshots.

The following command configures vol2’s autosize options:

In this case I have configured vol2 to grow to a max size of 1 Gigabyte in 100 megabyte steps.  I can limit the maximum size the volume can achieve and I can configure the size of the increments it uses to grow.

Automatically growing volumes is generally combined with automatic deletion of snapshots.  You can control which policy you want to implement first with the following option:

In this example vol2 will first try growing the volume before deleting snapshots.  Once the volume has reached maximum size it will start deleting snapshots to free blocks.  Remember, we are not changing the size of the LUN, we are adding fresh blocks to the volume which can be used to as provide the LUN substitute blocks for block updates or overwrites.

Which is better depends on your storage environment.  You can control this behavior individually for each volume.  If you tend to keep a lot of snapshots, perhaps some longer than necessary just to be safe, then it might be better to delete snapshots first.  If you have some extra space in your aggregate, perhaps for performance reasons, then it might be better to auto-grow.

Next we’ll take a look at how to control which snapshots are deleted.

IPv6 – Part 3

Global Unicast, Link-local, Site-local, Unique-local, Multicast
In addition to the Global Unicast addresses that start with either a 2 or 3 and the reserved “::1” for localhost, you will need to recognize and respond to: FF, FE80, FEC, FC, and FD.

Multicast – FF
First, there is no Broadcast in IPv6 and that will take a while to adjust to – the lack of broadcast. In IPv4, when a host system did a “DHCP Discover”, the broadcast had to be processed by all the systems, not just the DHCP servers. To reduce the performance bleed of systems, IPv6 uses the more targeted Multicast. Any IPv6 address which starts with FF is a multicast address. Example – FF02::1:2 is reserved for DHCP agents (server or relay agent) – RFC 2375.

NOTE: With IPv6, there may not be a need for DHCP, as hosts have the option to auto configure themselves using the new ICMPv6 router solicitation/advertisement (router discovery).

Link-local addresses – FE80::/10 (FE8, FE9, FEA, FEB)
As mentioned earlier, the most common support call is: What’s an FE80? Well, with a small number of systems, it’s always been convenient to be able to just plug everything together, power-up, and have all the systems find each other and start communicating.

With IPv4, the first part of the configuration (host id) can be provided by APIPA – Automatic IP Addressing.  When a system doesn’t receive a response to its request for automatic address assignment (DHCP Discover), it’s allowed to generate an address – in the form of: 169.254.random. Advantage – all systems on the same segment (link) can generate a unique ‘random’ address and start communicating. Limitation:  packets are not routed – communication is limited to the local segment (link).

With IPv6, this is referred to as a Link-local address and takes the form of – FE80:/10. So, in a small, simple environment (single link/segment), there’s instant communication. However, in a normal corporate environment (multiple, routed, networks), like APIPA, you weren’t assigned a “useable”, routable address. And you can answer the question, “What’s an FE80, and why can’t I get to the server?”

Site-local – FEC0::/10 (FEC, FED, FEE, FEF)
When it became obvious that IPv4 would soon run out of addresses, NAT (network address translation) was there to save the day. Some of the still available addresses (not the most attractive) were set aside and labeled as “Private”, with normal (routed on the Internet) addresses labeled as “Public”. The Private addresses would not be routed by Internet routers (never appear on the Internet), so they could be used over and over by any company. NAT would provide the Public (external) to Private (internal) translation.

In IPv4, the Reserved Private addresses are: 10/8, 172.16-31/12, and 192.168/16 – routed within a company, but intentionally not routed between companies.

In IPv6, these are referred to as Site-local and use addresses in the range of FEC to FEF or FEC0::/10. Example: FEC0:0:0:FFFF::1 is the default assumed address for a system’s internal DNS server.

I would like to say that we’ve finished your crash course on IPv6 addressing and special addresses, but there’s one more – the newer Unique-local, that officially deprecates Site-locals.

Unique-local – FC00::/7 (FC and FD)

Unique-local addresses serve the same purpose as Site-Local, but made provisions for a “Unique” Private address.

The upper 64 bits (network address) are broken down into 3 fields: the first 8 bits would identify the address as a Unique-local, then the next 40 bits would be a ‘global id’, with the final 16 bits being a ‘subnet id’. The ‘global id’ could identify a specific company, then the ‘subnet id’ could be used to identify “sites” (locations) within a company.

The top 7 bits identify the address as a Unique-local. Bit 8 is the difference between FC the ‘managed’ addresses and FD ‘unmanaged’ addresses. With FC, the 40-bit global id could be assigned (managed) by a future organization (e.g. ULA-Central). With FD, companies simply use a pseudo-random algorithm to generate the 40-bit global id. With either system, a company would then use the 16-bit subnet id to identify their internal sites (e.g. geographic locations). Every internal network within a large world-wide corporation can be uniquely identified for reliable routing.

Pop quiz:
Given a multiple choice question of:
A:     FF01
B:    2001
C:    FE80
D:    FD92
E:    FEC0

Which is a Multicast address?

Which is a Global Unicast address?

Which is a Link-local address?

Which is a Unique-local address?

Which is the deprecated Site-local?

Stop and Think: CCSP

Cisco Certified Security Professional (CCSP), when you stop to think about the role and responsibilities a security professional takes sometimes it is scary.  You are charged with the confidentiality of your organizations information, what could possibly go wrong?  Well one thing that I have unfortunately seen is when something does go wrong they data owners are normally looking for someone to take the blame / fall.  Being the security professional for your organization also means you get to take the blame.  The blame is different then what you may be used to… As a CCNP your job is to keep things working, move data, and allow communications.  When something goes wrong you get yelled at while you are trying to fix it, once it is fixed life goes on. Someone will normally not be fired due to a piece of hardware failing (assuming you have contingency plans to replace/repair and resolve the issue).  As a security professional (CCSP), when something goes wrong what happens.  Someone gains access to information which they shouldn’t be; what are the repercussions?  Someone will most likely have to take the blame and it’s not good enough to say oops my bad. Most defiantly someone will get fired. But could there be lawsuits for the failure? Maybe that is one if the differences between the salaries of a CCNP vs. a CCSP, the stress and the vulnerability of your position.  No one ever said you would get paid well doing an easy job.

Failure When Upgrading to The CRM 4.0 Outlook Client

If you’ve upgraded to Microsoft CRM 4.0 and your users lose their Microsoft CRM functionality in the Outlook client, try these steps to correct the problem:

  1. In Outlook, go to Tools -> Customize.
  2. Click the Toolbars tab.
  3. Remove the CRM tool bar listing.
  4. Click on each other toolbar listing and click Reset on each one.
  5. Click the Options tab and click the “Reset menu and toolbar usage data”.
  6. Close this box.
  7. Click Tools->Trust Center.
  8. Click Add-Ins in the left navigation bar.
  9. At the bottom of this screen, choose “COM Add-ins” then the “Go” button.
  10. Click on the CRM Dynamics item then click the “Remove”.
  11. Close Outlook.
  12. Open Outlook and verify that the CRM menu bar and task bar items are removed.
  13. Go to Tools->Trust Center.
  14. Click Add-Ins in the left navigation bar.
  16. Click Add and add the CRM add-in back by navigating to the install location (by default this is C:Program FilesMicrosoft Dynamics CRMclientbincrm) and choose the file “crmaddin.dll”.

This has been the fix for all of our Microsoft CRM 3.0 clients that upgraded to Microsoft CRM 4.0!

Microsoft CRM Consultant
Unitek Microsoft CRM Services

Update: Citrix XenApp 5

Citrix announced last week the the XenServer 5 product will be free, in a move to shake up the competition between VMware’s ESX 3.5 Product – (now in “Update 3” with more features), and the hypervisor from Citrix. Unitek is now offering the official 2-day Citrix XenServer 5 training course (CXS-200-1i), in addition to the VMware VI3 5-day bootcamp we have been offerring for over a year now, (recently updated with the latest additions, including “DPM – Distributed Power Management” and “Storage VMotion”), and we’re putting the peices together to keep you on top of the latest changes in a shifting industry.

Space Management and Data ONTAP– Part 6

We have been looking at snapshot space management primarily from a NAS perspective.  From this perspective the primary technique used to deal with storage tied to the snapshots is the mechanism of the snapshot reserve.  And we have seen that all the snapshot reserve really does is set aside some space when the volume is created so that it will be available for overwrites of blocks that are tied to snapshots.  Essentially this is used to hide space usage from snapshots, but it does not affect our ability to execute a snapshot.

The situation with SAN and LUNs drives off of these ideas, but is slightly more complex.  We will be looking at this from the perspective of traditional volumes and some new capabilities available with flexible volumes.

Essentially, the problem is the same.  Once blocks in the WAFL file system are part of a snapshot they are protected.  They become read-only blocks, so to do updates we have to be able to supply unused blocks.  There is more than one way to do this.

In the world of traditional volumes we have limited options.  Traditional volumes are also aggregates.  They own their own disks and the problem has to be resolved within this context.  This is done through space reservations and the fractional reserve.

Here is an example of the lun setup script.  One of the prompts asks do we want the LUN to be space reserved and gives the explanation that this will guarantee that writes to the LUN will never fail.

Why do we need such a guarantee?  If we are not using snapshots then we really don’t need this guarantee.  But if we are taking snapshots then some blocks within the LUN will become read-only when the snapshot is taken.  Since the host operating system is not aware of the snapshot, Data ONTAP must have a pool of blocks to supply the host for overwriting blocks held in snapshots.  This pool is set aside when the LUN is created when we say “yes” to the space reserved prompt.

By default the size of this pool is equivalent to the size of the LUN.  This means the volume must be large enough to contain both the LUN, the space reserved for overwrites and the blocks tied up by snapshots.  To support a 100 MB LUN we would need volume that was at least 200MB plus some amount to support the blocks tied up in snapshots.

We can adjust the space reservations with a parameter called the fractional reserve.  The fractional reserve is applied to space reservations.  It is set to 100% by default so the block pool is able to support the LUN even if the host were to update every block in the LUN while simultaneously every block in the LUN were locked up in one or many snapshots.  This is why we can say that data writes will never fail.  If the number of blocks locked by a snapshot were to set up the situation where the number of free blocks left in the volume were less than the amount of space reserved then the snapshot would fail.  The number of free blocks in the volume would never be less than the number of blocks allocated to the LUN.

We can reduce the amount of space reserved by adjusting fractional reserve.  The following command would set the fractional reserve to 70% instead of 100% for vol2:

This decreases the amount of space reserved, but it is possible to create a situation where there may not be free blocks available in the volume when the host tries to update a block in the LUN.  If this happens the write will fail.

With traditional volumes, space reservations combined with a fractional reserve of 100% was the only way we could be sure LUN writes would never fail.  With flexible volumes and Data ONTAP 7.2, we have some new options.


July 5, 2018 | doors at 8:30pm
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Irrelevant Music presents:
Botany | Dot.s
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The Octopus Project

The Octopus Project has been releasing joyous party music since 2002, following a musical path that veers through blown-out rock’n’roll, vibrant electronics, surreal pop and expansive psych landscapes. All these complimentary/contrasting elements have been packed into their sixth and latest album, Memory Mirror, creating a sonic world that is at once more diverse and more focused than any of the band’s work to date.
Writing and recording the album were aspects of the same process, with inspiration coming from sounds, accidental textures and rhythms that would then be shaped into songs. “Small Hundred,” for example, was born out of a recording of a champagne cork popping at the end of a European tour. That sound - distorted, pitched, and played as a rhythmic sample, became the arpeggiated rhythm that drives the song’s wordless chorus. The stuttering keyboard pads on “Pedro Yang” came from a previous, failed synth composition - when it was arbitrarily chopped up and rearranged, the new rhythms that emerged suggested a slow-motion float that the song came to embody. The real fun, though, lies in marrying these abstract inspirations to beats and melodies that reach out and grab you. The looping sequence that runs throughout “Woah, Mossman!!” may be in 10/4 (we think?) but it’s the insistent backbeat and rising vocal refrain that get stuck in your head.

Memory Mirror also represents a more focused approach to instrumentation and arrangement, in contrast to the heavily layered style explored on some earlier albums. Though the songs range from blasting guitar rock to blissed-out ambience, each has a sense of space has allowed the band to pursue heavier sounds and wider vistas than ever before. A nose-puncher like “Cuidate” blasts out of the speakers no matter the volume, while “Remember Remembering” with its soaring Theremin choir and “Ledgeridge” with its serpentine synth finale transport the listener to another world.

Though the album was primarily self-recorded at home, the band was thrilled to get work with two incredible engineers, Dave Fridmann (Flaming Lips, Tame Impala) and Danny Reisch (Shearwater, White Denim) in the mix process. In early 2016 they eagerly accepted an invitation to work with Fridmann at Tarbox Road Studios in Western New York. With the album only partially written, Fridmann would spend the day mixing a completed song, while the band availed themselves of the extensive studio facilities and instrument collection to work on the remaining tunes. Coming out of that session with a stellar mix of a partial album, the band returned to their hometown of Austin, TX to finish writing and figure out the next step for the record. That next step turned out to be Danny Reisch, who stepped in as mix engineer and worked closely with the group to craft the remaining songs and shape the album into what it ultimately became. The result is an album that features the band’s DIY recordings enhanced and augmented by two of their favorite sound wizards and fellow ear-candy enthusiasts, and they are very very stoked about it. Enjoy!

About the band:

Their newest album, Memory Mirror, is out April 7, 2017 on the band’s own Robot High School label.


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Should college essays have a title

I don't agree with this assessment. If a college requires an essay, it is because it has holistic admissions and wants to get to know its applicants as more than a list of grades and standardized test scores. The essay is typically the most powerful tool you have for conveying who you are and what you care about. If you've chosen the right focus for your essay—one that reveal something meaningful about you—you're going to need far more than 250 words to provide the type of detail and self-reflection that makes an essay effective.

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Öökülm (EE)

Öökülm (Estonian for “night frost”) is an experimental and playful hip-hop duo from a city of Rakvere, providing a fresh alternative for simplified copying of aggressive gangsta-rap. Their Estonian word-flow may contain social messages, or be just entertainment, or both, but without a doubt Öökülm is a good example of an open minded approach to music, lyrics and hip-hop in general. For the duo finding new and intriguing solutions is more important than following the standards. Rhymes of MC Lord and samples provided by Melkker should appeal to everyone who appreciate combination of catchy music and nicely twisted lyrics. Öökülm’s both albums “Välk selgest taevast” (“Lightning from a clear sky”, 2007) and “Head uudised” (“Good News”, 2010) are released by legendary local label Lejal Genes and have been nominated to Estonian Music Awards. Their hits “Viskit” (“Have some whiskey”) and “Seagripp 95” (“Swine Flu 95”) (feat. Lotte) have gained a lot of radio airplay and many views in Youtube.

Ma Kiilusin Kinni


Customer feedback management its effects on

Greater customer satisfaction keywords employee engagement, commitment, satisfaction, performance, customer satisfaction, management, hr practices, employee perceptions, organizational citizenship behaviors disciplines human resources management comments recommended citation center for advanced human. This is because the effect of organisational culture would be analysed in this research in order to figure out its effect on the customer relations of the company research approach a set of methods researchers use in order to achieve the concluding remark on the research objective of the subject matter is known as research approach. Implementation of total quality management based knowledge management and its effect on customer satisfaction and organization performance. Werner reinartz, manfred krafft, wayne d hoyer (2004) the customer relationship management process: its measurement and impact on performance. Inventory management inventory management and its effects on customer satisfaction scott grant eckert1 abstract this study examines inventory management and the role it plays in improving customer satisfaction it looks at how food companies have been under pressure to streamline their inventory systems, and the consequences of such. The effects of the customer service emphasis in human resource development by michelle reynolds. Forrester names 4 leaders in customer feedback management platforms customer feedback management one might rank poorly in soliciting customer feedback.

The forrester wave™: customer feedback management platforms, q2 2017 ten providers that matter and how they stack up april 10, 2017. Customer feedback is important because it provide marketers & business owners with insight that they can use to improve their business, products & services. Surely combatting negative chatter is missing the point a negative review is the opportunity for a dialogue with your customers, feedback into product development, a chance for a customer service wow moment in the case of the reviews above, then if so many people are trying to pull a hatchet job, then thats a seperate issue. The effect of customer relationship management (crm) concept adoption on customer satisfaction – customers perspective the case of coastal municipalities water utility cmwu- rafah branch.

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Plasan awarded contract to produce composite ramps and bridgeplates for Amtrak

News International-French

8 Jan 2018

Plasan Carbon Composites (PCC), a supplier of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) components for the transportation market, announced that it has been awarded a contract to produce the first composite ramps and bridgeplates for Amtrak (National Railway Passenger Corp., Washington).

Plasan awarded contract to produce composite ramps and bridgeplates for Amtrak

Plasan awarded contract to produce composite ramps and bridgeplates for Amtrak

As part of the qualification process, prototype units of both bridgeplates and ramps were required to pass tests including an 800-pound/363-kilogram service-load capacity and a three-times safety factor of 2,400-pounds/1,089-kilograms ultimate strength. Additionally, each item was required to be warranted by the manufacturer against defects and/or premature failure for a service period of not less than 12 months from the date of field deployment into Amtrak revenue service and to include a maintenance contract to inspect and refurbish units that might need repainting or other repairs.

Plasan was the manufacturer chosen to produce the new Amtrak carbon composite bridgeplates and ramps. Amtrak provided technical specifications for the ABT units; Plasan provided technical expertise in carbon composite manufacturing, engineering support, and finite-element analysis to optimize part strength and mass.

Plasan awarded contract to produce composite ramps and bridgeplates for Amtrak

As designed, both bridgeplate models consist of five carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy prepreg components with honeycomb and foam cores: a base plate, two fins, and two gussets that are bonded together with a structural epoxy adhesive. Finished telescoping ramps consist of five carbon fiber/epoxy components: upper and lower carriers, a slider section, and two single-piece handrails attached to the upper carrier. Additional hardware allows the handrails to open into position during use and fold back for stowage; stainless grades were used to increase corrosion resistance.

All carbon composite components will be produced via vacuum bag/autoclave cure with additional inflatable bladders used to produce the hollow handrails. After demolding, handrails will be attached to the ramp’s upper carrier via hinges. Next, both bridgeplates and ramps will be painted (either blue or yellow depending on model) and received a scratch- and chip-resistant top coat and decals, as well as a non-slip surface, which will be added to the base. In the event units become damaged during use, Plasan will non-destructively scan them to determine if they can be repaired or need to be replaced; for units requiring minor repairs, CFRP patch kits will be used.


Virtue Ethics

A theory of Normative Ethics traditionally associated with Aristotle.

Virtue Ethics emphasizes the development of character as its central theme rather than trying to define 'goodness' or 'rightness'. It is a eudaimonistic theory as it holds 'happiness' to be our highest goal. According to Aristotle, we attain happiness by cultivating both intellectual and moral excellence. We become virtuous by habit: we deliberately and consistently choose the mean between excess and deficiency until it becomes second-nature.

(Also known as Areteic Ethics)


Electronic Design

Meet EMI Standards For Electronic Systems

It can be expensive, but ensuring compliance with EMC standards more than pays for itself.

To guarantee that electronic circuits will perform as designed, they must be protected from electromagnetic interference (EMI). At the same time, the circuits themselves must not radiate emissions that can threaten or degrade the performance of other equipment. Because systems must share the electromagnetic spectrum, rules have been established to ensure a safe environment for all. These electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards guarantee that electronic equipment can move freely without any degradation in performance, and without interfering with other systems.

The large number of EMC regulatory bodies that have been established is an indication of how serious this issue has become (see the table). It is important to note that EMC regulations relate only to the operation of complete equipment--an empty enclosure cannot comply. Making sure that your system meets these standards can be costly, but it can also secure the economic success of the project.

Compliance with these EMC standards requires EMI protection at four levels: the component level, board level, system level, and overall system level. Most electronic OEM products are Level 3 systems, with the electronic circuitry, power sources, motherboard/backplane interconnect systems, and thermal management all housed in one enclosure. At this level, a well-designed enclosure and careful integration of the system with the enclosure provide sufficient shielding for both radiated and conducted electromagnetic emissions to ensure electromagnetic compatibility. This article deals with the challenges facing system designers who must provide EMI protection for these Level 3 systems.

The Nature Of EMI
Electromagnetic interference can be either radiated or conducted. Radiated interference travels in the form of radio waves, and is called radio-frequency interference (RFI). Conducted interference comes from the magnetic field generated by current flow in cables carrying signals and power.

Physical shielding provides signal attenuation (a weakening of radiated interference) through the reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves (Fig. 1). Electromagnetic waves have both an electric (E) field and a magnetic (H) field. In the E field, attenuation by reflection improves with conductivity. It is adversely affected by increases in frequency, permeability, and distance from the signal source. In the H field, increasing conductivity, frequency, and distance from the source are beneficial, as is decreasing permeability.

These two fields oscillate at right angles to one another, with the ratio of E to H referred to as the wave impedance. When E-wave and H-wave components are of a fixed ratio, the product is a plane wave. When the current flow is high relative to the voltage, the wave impedance is low, so the result is predominantly an H field. When the voltage is high relative to the current flow, the wave impedance is high.

A metallic shield typically reflects E-wave energy and absorbs H-field waves. (The higher the magnetic permeability of the metallic shield, the greater the H-field absorption.) In modern electronics equipment, typical EMI emissions are high-frequency and high-impedance, so the major wave component is the E field.

In an ideal world, the perfect EMC enclosure would be manufactured from a heavy-gauge, dense material such as steel, and would have six solid, fully sealed sides, with absolutely no cables traveling in and out. However, we live in the real world, where EMC enclosures are much more interesting because they must provide effective EMI shielding while meeting some pretty inconvenient OEM system demands. These demands include slots and openings, heat management, power, I/O, data bus cables, and the ability to insert and remove single-board computers (SBCs) and line-replaceable units. Each of these requirements mandates special design considerations to understand the EMI problems presented and the solutions available.

Real-world enclosures have doors, panels, switches, fixing holes, ventilation grilles, and other features that penetrate the surface. The joints formed at the boundaries of these features and enclosures are opportunities for gaps and holes. In shielding terms, these openings are called slots, where a slot is a hole of any size or shape through which electromagnetic radiation can enter or exit the enclosure.

The EMC problems that slots cause are greater than one might imagine. Obviously, the number and size of slots are important in terms of diminished shielding. In addition, the effective length of the slot relative to the RFI frequency is also important, as is the orientation of the slot and its potential to behave as a waveguide "slot antenna."

The number and size of slots should be minimized. The higher the RFI frequency, the smaller the slot size should be for a given level of signal attenuation. The effective length of a slot is its major straight-line dimension. Effective lengths of slots in door or panel joints can be relatively long, and often need special attention. They are typically addressed with specialized gaskets. Many types of gaskets are available for such purposes, including metal-loaded polymers, metallic spiral gaskets, beryllium-copper (BeCu) fingers, and knitted wire mesh. Typically, these options are assessed on a cost/benefit basis.

VERO Electronics' EMC facility recently examined the practical effects of the relationship between slot size and aspect ratio on EMC performance. The test evaluated BeCu fingers used as a gasket on an enclosure door. Frequencies ranged from 100 to 1000 MHz, and the slot-length remained constant while its width was changed. Results showed that decreasing the aspect ratio of a slot adversely affects EMC performance (Fig. 2).

In practice, slot orientation is not reliable in blocking vertically or horizontally polarized RFI. Slot orientation can, in fact, compromise the enclosure's capacity to shield. Incident RFI causes current to flow in the shielding material. (These currents also act to oppose causative radiation.) When a slot in an enclosure wall interrupts these currents, electrical charges are set up along its edges, causing the slot to act as a waveguide slot antenna.

Along with electrical issues, designers must also tangle with power source-generated heat. As most electronic circuitry is sensitive to heat, system packaging must provide for heat management.

Heat Management
Commercial thermal management techniques operate on the basis of forced-air convection. Air is drawn from the external environment, passed over the elements that dissipate heat, and then exhausted to the external environment. For purposes of EMI control, ventilating an enclosure in such a manner seems like the worst thing to do, yet it must be done. The designer must meet both the thermal considerations of the internal circuitry and the applicable EMC requirements.

In industrial embedded computers, the primary sources of heat are the power supply and signal-to-balance converters (SBCs). To protect the circuitry, the design must dissipate this heat so that the temperature within the enclosure does not exceed a predetermined allowable rise in temperature (T) above ambient. The goal is to do so while meeting specified levels of signal attenuation.

Before designing ventilation, engineers should consider several factors. How much ventilation is required? Is forced-air cooling necessary to increase airflow through restricted ventilation holes? Which frequencies are important?

Carefully designed grilles that balance the need for airflow with the ability to control EMI provide the ventilation. Several basic grille options are available. In all cases, the hole sizes are generally determined by the signal attenuation required, and the RFI frequency involved (Fig. 3). Keeping the number of holes needed to provide sufficient airflow, to a minimum, they must be spaced as close together as possible to minimize air turbulence. Field-cancellation effects may occur between adjacent holes. These effects could reduce the cumulative loss in signal attenuation that results from increasing the number of holes.

In sheet-metal grilles, ventilation ratios (the ratio of the area of the holes to the total surface area of the grille) can be as high as 75% if the holes are square. If the holes are round, the ventilation ratio ranges between 50% to 60%. The signal attenuation of round holes is better than that of dimensionally equal square holes.

Honeycomb vents, constructed of very thin sheet metal, have holes with good aspect ratios and signal attenuation properties, while allowing for good ventilation. On the downside, they're costly, fragile, and sometimes difficult to integrate reliably. The orientation of the holes may cause a polarized signal attenuation effect that can be overcome by using two layers of vents with the holes positioned orthogonally.

With ventilation ratios of greater than 80%, wire mesh, another enclosure alternative, sees marginally lower attenuation than the same hole dimensions in sheet metal. Wire mesh, too, can be difficult to integrate reliably into an enclosure.

The enclosed system generally requires power, and usually must communicate with other devices via I/O or data-bus cables. To accommodate these needs, the enclosure must have cable apertures, which, of course, degrade the ability of the enclosure to shield against radiated EMI. In addition, the cables themselves introduce conducted emission. This property is interference that is conducted through the cabling.

In high-performance, mission-critical defense equipment, I/O cabling uses a braided shield and passes through the enclosure wall via a bulkhead connector grounded to the chassis. The grounded cable braid forms a continuous shield with the bulkhead connector. This type of design provides high levels of EMI control, but at an economic cost.

In commercial applications, it is common simply to run a cable through an aperture in the enclosure wall, and use readily available products, such as ferrite beads, to minimize radiation to and from the cable. (Ferrites reduce radiation by suppressing conducted RF currents.) To use ferrites, slip the bead over the cable, where it can sit outside or inside the enclosure, as long as it is close to the shield.

The fitting of this bead to the cable produces an RF choke which has low impedance at low frequencies and relatively high impedance over a wide high-frequency band. The effectiveness of this impedance in reducing radiated or conducted interference depends on the relative magnitudes of the source, suppressor, and load impedance. For input power lines, filters are used to control radiated and conducted emissions. In the typical design cycle, engineers normally address these issues during the EMC testing phase.

SBCs And Replaceable Units
Embedded computers that operate on open platformsþsuch as VMS, VXI, or CPCIþare based on the principal that SBCs can be replaced and interchanged very easily by simply plugging them into the system's backplane. A VMEbus system can have up to 21 SBCs, resulting in 22 gaps between the SBCs and the enclosure. Card cages manufactured to IEC 297-3 standards typically use a U-shaped panel and a BeCu or stainless-steel spring to maintain the appropriate EMC performance. However, this approach may produce enough pressure to build between the SBCs' front panels that they must endure a large force to insert and remove them.

Newer enclosure specifications, such as IEEE-1101.10, typically call for extruded front panels with a near-zero insertion force. A metal-loaded polymer or metallic spring gasket inserted into the SBC panel extrusion answers that requirement.

Military and industrial process-control equipment and automated test equipment often require little down time when replacing a faulty power supply or fan unit. For these situations, each submodule is designed with suitable gasketing to ensure EMC integrity when a faulty unit is replaced by a spare.

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0.388 as a mixed number

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Face Detection versus Face Recognition

They might seem the same, but they are actually very different.

Facial Detection captures the image of a person walking through a camera and then stores the faces in a searchable database. This is considered as facial detection or face detection. Mainly used for access control to open doors, like fingerprint access control.

Facial Recognition is a more complex application system, that basically captures the image of a person and then compares it with an existing database. Mainly used in airports, big supermarkets, casinos, stadiums or big events, to detect any person of interest.

About P&O Global Technologies, Inc.

Services we offer: Security Camera Systems Installation, CCTV, Facial Recognition Technology, Biometric Scanner Technology Installation, License Plate Recognition Software, IT Services, LAN Solution, Network and Server Admin configuration.

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Need Inspiration?

Kathleen Nalty's Talk on Differences Considers Diversity

 - Sep 12, 2017
References: ted & youtube
Kathleen Nalty, an activist and federal prosecutor who was raised in the South during the segregationist Civil Rights movement, begins her talk on differences by explaining the inequality she witnessed during her childhood, which prompted her to pursue a career in law.

Throughout her career in law, Nalty fought against hate crimes and other discriminatory offenses. As this meant that she was often in contact with juries, Nalty learned firsthand that diverse panels consistently outperformed panels that were homogeneous. This was because the diverse panels were less akin to falling into a group mentality, and therefore displayed better cognitive abilities as a whole.

With this example, Nalty shows the need for more diversity in government organizations and beyond, as she proves that panels who are not diverse do not take the time to consider different perspectives as well as they could. Rather, homogeneous groups tend to live in a sort of echo chamber, where biases are allowed to take over, and important information and experiences aren't considered to the extent that they need to be.


First Life

It's time to rethink how we define sustainability.

The First Life of a carpet of Antron® fiber can last up to 75% longer than the majority of competitive carpets.*

INVISTA, the makers of Antron® fiber, seeks a more comprehensive understanding of a product’s effect on our lives and the environment. First Life is defined as the time frame from when a new carpet is installed until it needs to be removed due to unacceptable appearance and/or performance. This approach supports existing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) models but expands upon them to incorporate performance testing, customer use and maintenance through the first use of the product.

A longer product life, or its FirstLife, can play a significant role in reducing environmental affect by reducing premature consumption of resources and eliminating processes over time. By decreasing the amount of replacement due to wear and tear and loss of aesthetics, carpets manufactured with Antron® fiber can achieve up to 38 percent lower energy consumption and up to 42 percent lower greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as CO2 equivalents) than the majority of competitive carpets.*

Each time you specify or purchase products using Antron® nylon, you can do so with confidence, knowing that when you specify a carpet of Antron® fiber, you’ve specified a carpet that will last. At INVISTA, we believe that, when it comes to carpet, Sustainability Begins with Products that Last.

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*Results based on testing a representative sample of carpets of comparable construction, style and color.


【地球盟友】 【柯博拉Cobra】2017年7月21日訊息 【回歸聖光】

Return to Light

For this reason, they have prepared a few instructions that can make the pre-Event time easier for the awakened part of the surface population.

First, the vast majority of suffering has its root cause in the so-called primary implant. Primary implant is the implant that we have all received upon our entrance in the quarantine Earth area many thousands years ago. This implant is positioned in the frontal lobe of the brain on the plasma and etheric plane, is filled with charged rotating anomalous plasma and has the primary message that we are separated from the Source / Love / Light. This primary disconnection from the Source then attracts situations that reflect that disconnection and create more suffering. Since our free will then aligns with the implant, the Light forces can not intervene in our life, the prayers do not get answered, the protection is lost, the trust is gone.

Those implants were created by the Chimera group millions of years ago and were reinforced by the Chimera in the Great Forgetting of 1996 in order to prevent planetary Ascension. When a critical mass of those implants is dissolved, the whole reality construct of duality / evil / suffering will collapse and the Light will return.

On an individual and collective scale, the key to resolve this situation is primarily for us to be aware of the existence of those implants. Mere awareness of the implant and the mind program associated with it will speed up its dissolution. Then the Light forces will be able to intervene in our lives more directly and requests and prayers like this one will be more easily answered:

The easiest and most effective way to dissolve this (and in fact any) mind program is the Clearing technique brought to humanity by Charles Berner (Yogeshwar Muni):

To summarize, we can dissolve this mind program by disassociating our Self from the program. This can be done by putting our mind alternatively into the state associated with the program (I am separated from the Source) and its opposite (I am one with the Source). If you alternatively write down these polar affirmations (perhaps 10 minutes each day), your mind will disassociate from both polar mental states (separate from the Source / one with the Source) and the mental program will start falling apart, the rotating plasma will dissipate, the implant will start dissolving and your connection with the Source / Love / Light will be naturally reinstated.

You need to be aware that also the positive dual polarity of the program in your mind (I am one with the Source) will dissipate and will be replaced with genuine connection with the Source. There is a huge difference between a mental belief in the connection with the Source and the real connection itself.

The Resistance have also communicated that in order to decrease suffering, you need to create positive moments every day. Simple methods to do that include 1) spending time in nature, 2) focusing on beautiful and inspiring, 3) pursuing a hobby, 4) decreasing your exposure to electronic media, which includes less exposure to alternative truther websites, 5) listening to music, 6) spending quality time with other people.

The Resistance is also aware of difficult financial situation of many Lightworkers and Lightwarriors. For this reason they have asked me to dedicate a big part of my Ascension conference to give tools for manifesting abundance. I did that in Taiwan this year in March, and if anyone has notes from the second day of that conference, please send them to cobraresistance@gmail.com and I will publish them in my blog. These tools alone are enough to resolve your financial situation if you will take time and effort to implement them.

The Resistance is aware of the amount of attacks that Lightworkers and Lightwarriors are experiencing. Some useful guidance for that situation is posted here:

The main thing the Resistance does NOT understand in entirety is why Lightworkers and Lightwarriors keep attacking each other instead of uniting forces against the Cabal that clearly does not have their best interests in mind. From the perspective of the Resistance, they would never attack their fellow that is fighting for the same cause and they genuinely do not understand why the surface population keeps doing that. They are inviting the surface population to share their perspective of that situation here:

Victory of the Light!

翻譯： Patrick Shih

原文 :


Webster dictionary was developed by Noah Webster in the beginning of 19th century. On this website, you can find definition for arbitrary from the 1913 edition of Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Define arbitrary using one of the most comprehensive free online dictionaries on the web.

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Part of Speech: Noun
Results: 3
1. Depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules; as, an arbitrary decision; an arbitrary punishment.
2. Exercised according to one's own will or caprice, and therefore conveying a notion of a tendency to abuse the possession of power.
3. Despotic; absolute in power; bound by no law; harsh and unforbearing; tyrannical; as, an arbitrary prince or government.
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Ken Miki

Japanese designer Ken Miki is noted for his ability to continually break new ground. His approach is to assemble the parts of the design process in much the same way that we piece together words when we speak. This method of ‘designing as we talk’ has brought him many honours.

For Miki, graphic design is a language that can be universally understood; it can cross cultural borderlines and create shared feelings. He likes to employ emotion in his designs and greatly enjoys incorporating witty tricks, such as skilful visual illusions, into his posters, packaging, building signs and other projects.

His thoughtful, literal and tactile work has been said to ‘inspire our five senses like rhythmic lyrics and extend beyond time and dimensions to reveal the possibility of communication with the subconscious’. Miki is a winner of multiple awards in Japan and other countries, including the Japan Graphic Designers Association Rookie of the Year, Japan Typography Association Annual Grand Prix, a New York Art Directors Club Special Award.

A member of Alliance Graphique Internationale, Miki is visiting professor at Osaka University of Arts. He has published several books, including ‘Selected Works 1994-2002′ and ‘Graphic Wave 3′, and his work is in the permanent collections of major museums and art centres in Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Hong Kong and the USA.