Treat legal writing

Treat, writing, content like meeting Someone for the first Time

Retrieved from hipaa privacy rule and sharing information related to mental health. Retrieved from hutchison,., casper,., harris,., Orcutt,., trejo,. The clinicians guide to writing treatment plans and progress notes. Retrieved from  Last Updated. Learn how you and your psychologist can work together to avoid problems. Know your rights and your psychologists responsibilities in several common ethical dilemmas: Multiple relationships, your psychologist shouldn't also be your friend, client or sex partner.

Most documentation and information created or discussed during mental health treatment is kept confidential. More often than not, this information cannot be shared with other providers or family members without a form authorizing the release of information, signed by the person in treatment or their parent (in the case of a minor child). There are few caveats, however, when it agent comes to protected mental health information: When children participate in therapy, parents are generally allowed to receive a copy of their minor childs treatment plan. This may vary in certain states depending on the age of consent. In family therapy, when there is an identified individual through whom services are billed, often the treatment plan focuses primarily on that persons mental health needs. However, if over the course of treatment it becomes clinically necessary to include family therapy sessions, information pertaining to other family members may be documented in the treatment plan. By law, each family member must provide consent, not just the identified individual, before that treatment plan is shared with other providers. It is considered best practice for mental health practitioners to be as overt and strength-based as possible when it comes to treatment plan documentation as family members and other providers may see the plan—provided the person in therapy grants the treatment provider the permission to release information. References: Childrens mental health Individual treatment plans. Retrieved from Hansen,. Writing effective treatment plans: The pennsylvania cassp model. .

treat legal writing

Book publication Effective legal writing, from Words to deeds

When a person enters the mental health system, they may engage in several types of services throughout the process of treatment. Treatment plans mom allow for continuous care that takes into consideration a persons past concerns and treatment as well as current needs. Treatment plans can thus help prevent duplication of service and reduce the likelihood that a person will be offered a treatment that did not work in the past. Some commercial insurances and most managed care organizations (MCOs) require that treatment plans be completed for every person in treatment. Mcos offer specific guidelines regarding what should go into a treatment plan and how frequently plans should be updated and reviewed. . Different types of services are regulated differently; therefore, the expectations for treatment plans can vary. Some service regulations require treatment plans be reviewed every 30 days, while others, like mental health outpatient care, may only require updates every 100 days. Treatment Plans and hipaa the health Insurance portability and Accountability Act (hipaa) Privacy rule grants consumers and people in treatment various privacy rights as they relate to consumer health information, including mental health information.

treat legal writing

Legal, writing - jailhouse lawyer's Handbook

How are mental health Care Treatment Plans Used? Mental health care professionals utilize treatment plans in many ways. Depending on the type of service, there may be specific regulations or best-practice standards that guide the formation of the treatment plan. Treatment plans are important for mental health care for a number of reasons: Treatment plans can provide a guide to writing how services may best be delivered. Professionals who do not rely on treatment plans may be at risk for fraud, waste, and abuse, and they could potentially cause harm to people in therapy. Implementing a plan for treatment can protect both the provider and the person being treated, as it ensures that all parties involved have a clear understanding of the progress being made and long-term goals. Treatment plans provide a summary of services rendered, so professionals may use treatment plans as supportive documentation for billing, if necessary.

Interventions : Therapist will provide psychoeducation on positive parenting and will support Chris in developing a concrete parenting plan. Therapist will provide materials for Chris to document the new house rules, rewards, and consequences system. Therapist will monitor progress and check in with Chris weekly to ensure that Chris is implementing his plan consistently. Progress : over the past 30 days, Chris was able to achieve objectives 1, 2, and. He reported that his son accepted the new system and even seemed excited. Therapist provided Chris with the book positive parenting and assigned various readings for homework, which Chris completed consistently. Therapist and Chris created a poster board that detailed the rules, consequences, and rewards system Chris designed for his son. Chris reported that he is ready to begin enforcing his new parenting system. Chris and therapist rated the progress on this goal at a 5, as Chris is already seeing improvement in his ability to parent and in his sons behavior.

Legal, writing, pedagogy - for Faculty

treat legal writing

Legal, research writing, sheldon

The language should also meet the person on their level. . Goals are usually measurable—rating scales, target percentages, and behavioral tracking can be incorporated into the goal language to ensure that it is measurable. Objectives : goals are often broken down into objectives in order to support the person in therapy through the process of taking small, achievable steps toward the completion of the larger goal. Interventions : goals usually also include the various techniques and interventions the mental health professional will implement in order to support achievement of the larger goal. Outcomes : Documenting progress toward goals is considered to be one of the most important aspects of mental health treatment plans. Progress and outcomes of the work are typically documented under each goal.

When the treatment plan is reviewed, the progress sections summarize how things are going in and out of sessions. This portion of the treatment plan will often intersect with clinical progress notes. A sample goal, complete with objectives, life interventions, and progress: goal 1: Chris will implement a parenting plan that promotes improved behavior in his son, as rated at least a 6 out of 10, where 10 is excellent. Objectives : Chris will make a list of the household rules. Chris will make a list of rewards and consequences and will define how to enforce them. Chris will present his new parenting plan to his son during a family meeting. Chris will enforce rewards and consequences consistently and will monitor his progress in and out of session.

Mental health Care Treatment Plans, mental health treatment plans are versatile, multi-faceted documents that allow mental health care practitioners and those they are treating to design and monitor therapeutic treatment. These plans are typically used by psychiatrists, psychologists, professional counselors, therapists, and social workers, in most levels of care. Treatment plans are strength-based and collaborative, and they aim to reflect the best interests of the person in therapy. Concrete representations of the therapeutic alliance between mental health professionals and those they treat (and sometimes the families of those in treatment treatment plans are agreements that outline a team approach toward problem-solving and empowerment. Effective mental health treatment plans are often comprised of the following components: History, assessment, and Demographics : This section can include basic demographic information, psychosocial history, onset of symptoms, diagnoses (past and present treatment history, and any other assessment information pertinent to well-being. Presenting Concerns : This section details the current concerns and mental health issues that led the individual to seek treatment.

Treatment Contract : The treatment contract summarizes the goals for change, often a mutually agreed-upon plan for what will be worked. It usually details who is responsible for what, as well as what treatment modality will be used. Strengths : Throughout the plan, practitioners often include information about the perceived strengths of the person in treatment. This can empower individuals to tap into their areas of strength to achieve their goals. Modality, frequency, and Targets : Throughout the plan, each goal typically includes the type of treatment modality that will be used to achieve. The frequency of sessions and target dates for completion are also often included. Treatment, goals : goals are the building blocks of the treatment plan. They are designed to be specific, realistic, and tailored to the needs of the person in therapy.

Legal, writing : of Orwell and Window Panes

If you decide that you dont want the procedure or treatment, you should not sign the consent form. In this case, you may be asked to sign an informed refusal form or a form that states you are choosing not to follow medical advice. Your signature on this form implies that you know the risks of refusing, evernote so be sure that you understand these risks and know your other options before you sign. (see the section called. What if I dont want the treatment being offered? Treatment plans are documentation tools that are considered essential to the implementation of well-rounded health care. Most providers, especially those in the mental health field, use treatment plans as blueprints to guide services provided. Mental health treatment plans typically highlight important assessment information, define areas of concern, and establish concrete goals for treatment.

treat legal writing

This is usually a close family member who has reason to know what the statements patient would want. (see who besides the patient can give consent? What are the legal requirements of informed consent? ) As some very public court cases have shown, an elaborate legal system is in place to guide cases in which the patient is mentally or physically unable to give informed consent for treatment. These cases tend to come up when the patient is in a coma (unconscious) or on life support. Sometimes health care workers refer to the consent form itself as an informed consent. This is not quite accurate. Informed consent is the process and actions that take place as you learn about and think about a treatment before you agree. Your signature on the form is taken to be evidence that this took place.

be very detailed, outlining what the risks and other options are. Depending on how its presented, you may sign for one certain procedure or treatment, or you may give approval for any treatments and procedures that the health provider decides are needed. From the doctors viewpoint, informed consent means that: A doctor or nurse must make every effort to be sure the patient understands the purpose, benefits, risks, and other options of the test or treatment. Then the doctor or nurse must get the patients consent before starting. In some cases, even a simple blood test or an injection (shot) requires written consent from the patient. As long as adult patients are mentally able to make their own decisions, medical care cannot begin unless they give informed consent. If the patient is a minor (under age has a serious mental disability, or cannot give consent, then the parent, legal guardian, or a person authorized by the court must give consent before treatment can start.

Informed consent is a process that good includes all of these steps: you are told (or get information in some way) about the possible risks and benefits of the treatment. You are told about the risks and benefits of other options, including not getting treatment. You have the chance to ask questions and get them answered to your satisfaction. You have had time (if needed) to discuss the plan with family or advisors. You are able to use the information to make a decision that you think is in your own best interest. You share your decision with your doctor or treatment team. If you have gone through these steps and decide to get the treatment or procedure, you are usually asked to sign a paper called a consent form. The completed and signed consent form is a legal document that lets your doctor go ahead with the treatment plan.

Legal, writing, archives - m - andrew McClurg's

In cases where there are larger possible risks, you may be asked to agree in writing to the doctors plan for your care. This is part of informed consent. It recognizes your need to know about a procedure, surgery, or treatment, before you decide whether to have. Its common to go through the informed consent process before starting cancer treatment. If youre getting more than one type of treatment, you will likely need separate informed consents, for instance, one each for surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. After your first talk with your doctor, you may have only a general idea of the treatment plan. Youll likely want to know more so you can think about the ways this plan might affect your health and your life. You must understand the risks and drawbacks of the plan to decide if the benefits you expect are worth. Most people find that they need to get some questions answered before they can decide on a treatment plan that carries some risk for them.

treat legal writing
All products 49 Artikelen
M: Homework, help - get homework help with math, calculus, algebra, physics, chemistry, science, accounting, English and more. There are irr guidelines as to how one might write a good literature review. Paul Tamanian,American Abstract painter,Sculptor,Furniture-galleria silecchia,sarasota, Florida, paul tamanian.

5 Comment

  1. I've written about 4 winning college essays for other people so far thanks to my gift. John, keats to the life and work of the great Romantic poet, john, keats. Most people when they write in this genre, write about horses not with them using the horse to tell the story. Robert Benigni 1997 film life is beautiful is set during World War Two nazi occupation in Italy.

  2. Sorry, this browser does not support shockwave. The United States government is based on federalism, with governmental power divided between several entities. The matrix is a sci-fi movie starring keanu reeves.

  3. Psychologists can ethically discontinue treatment when clients arent benefiting from therapy, may be harmed by treatment.

  4. Doe as my legal representative and authorize him to make. You step-by-step through the writing. Create a free, attorney-drafted living will in minutes with step-by-step instructions. Convey your wishes regarding end of life medical treatment.

  5. They are designed to be specific, realistic. Writing effective treatment plans. Sample letters to authorize medical treatment.

  6. This is part of informed consent. It recognizes your need to know about a procedure, surgery, or treatment, before you decide whether to have. Its common to go through the. Treatment, goals: goals are the building blocks of the treatment plan.

  7. Most employers do not ask for writing samples at the beginning of the recruitment process when you send. Your writing sample should be the best legal writing you. In cases where there are larger possible risks, you may be asked to agree in writing to the doctors plan for your care.

Leave a reply

Your e-mail address will not be published.


Where Is Laguna’s Cultural Relevance?

www.selfawareart.comCultural Relevance? People expressing dissatisfaction with the outdated cultural programming and leaving town for art events elsewhere are already one of the biggest findings in the draft of the latest Laguna cultural plan. What to do to prevent diminishing cultural relevance? How to hinder citizens to attend other-where or prevent local artists to show in cities where they have better exhibition opportunities than Laguna Beach? Art-focused cities like Santa Ana, Brea, Orange with Chapman University, Fullerton and Costa Mesa are all vying for an arts-interested audience. What steps can Laguna take to become a cultural hotbed again? First, get clarity about the arts.

How Important Is Art For Laguna Beach? What does Laguna Beach want to be known for to contribute to the world? This is the most important question to be answered to create an executable future vision/plan for the City. Without it, any future choices will be muddied and limit Laguna’s potential. To aligning citizens and stakeholders about the importance of art it is imperative to answer these questions.
What do artists want from the City?
What do galleries and festivals want from the City?
What do art educators and museums want from the City?
What does the City want from artists, galleries, festivals, art educators and museums?

Laguna Beach Needs To Establish First What It Wants To Be Citizens and Visitors.
a. Another Beach City with beautiful nature, water sports, recreation and art. Primarily, be an affluent community and tourist destination that has a lot to offer, but is not particularly culturally relevant.
b. A Beautiful Beach City with a specific kind of art-slant like “Laguna The Art Festival Town.” An affluent community and tourist destination that is known for the famous festivals it presents.
c. A Beach City Internationally known As California’s Art City. A city that offers new and established artists a way to express their creativity, from coffee shop to gallery to festival to beach. A yearlong cultural scene that is alive and interactive internationally, thereby creating an artistic imprint worldwide. (obviously, choice b and c does not exclude or diminish choice a)
d. Anyone has another Idea?

How The Evolving Of Artists Affects Laguna Beach’s Future: Since 2008, the only art related businesses that grew exponentially where art and music supply stores, accompanied by GoPro mini video cameras to capture it all. Technology and digitization allows to create very affordable and high quality products. There are not only more artists than ever out there, but through inventions of materials and technologies like 3D printers, more artists create more creative works. This trend is supported by intuitive usage, lower learning curves and available knowledge (140 million plus YouTube results of “how to art” videos.)

Buy Art in Laguna BeachThe Power Of Exposure: Even though the web is perfect to connect with one’s favorite art or artist, nothing beats connecting with art in person. What prevents great content to be exposed is venues are either too expensive, demand too many limitations, insurance and paperwork or are controlled by groups and organisations that decide by committee what art is and what not.
Make it easy for artists to express themselves in Laguna Beach. Open the City to international talent and all art. Instead of creating an additional international art festival, why not first open all existing festivals to international competition and keep them open all year long for different shows?

Vienna/Austria had the same curse with the classical arts as Laguna has with its history. Vienna opened up to support not only the classics but invited international art and artists. This decision raised the level of all local artisans. Vienna is today Europe’s art performance headquarter with hundreds of daily art experiences of all kind.

In 2015, I have been asked by Peter Blake of Peter Blake Gallery, Robert Holton of Drizzle Gallery, Michael Roy of LGOCA, and many others to look into the Laguna Beach Art Business and give them my assessment. Michaell Magrutsche is an Austrian-Californian multimedia artist, creative consultant, art educator and former Cultural Arts Commissioner of Newport Beach living in Laguna Beach.

Draft Laguna Beach Cultural Plan
Laguna Beach Cultural Plan Appendix


Flying Desires, Out Of Body Experiences And Different Non

Whether or not traveling alongside simply above the grass or soaring straight up past the treetops to the clouds- This is the stuff flying desires are product of!

Whenever new expertise emerges which is anticipated to play a significant role in the evolution of media, researchers, scholars, business executives and practitioners alike all take part in a recreation of prophesying revolution. Mosco (2004) argues that the entry of such new applied sciences has all the time been surrounded by myths about their revolutionary powers. The telephone, radio, tv and the pc have all been surrounded by mythical pronouncements on how they could prompt the tip of historical past, the top of geography and the top of politics” (2004, p. thirteen).

We draw on a qualitative content evaluation of journalism textbooks, in addition to interviews with journalism educators in French-talking Belgium. Analysing them qualitatively, we focus on how different conventional journalistic values are invoked and articulated in relation to give tips concerning the preferrred use of hyperlinks. Outcomes spotlight inherent contradictions between the values which are summoned, but we argue that such inconsistencies are constructive and that they’re crucial for journalistic collective identities.

After I moved abroad, I wanted the web in my house, so decided to get a smartphone instead of a landline/broadband. This was my first cellular phone. The one downside to not having a cellular phone is its effect on social life. Most of my mates nowadays refuse to rearrange a definite meeting place/time and always say ‘text me when you are on the town and we’ll meet up’. Very annoying if you do not have a cell phone. I now send about 10 texts a month and make about three calls a month. Good job I’m on PAYG!

There is not any law in chemistry that the various molecules that make up DNA must be in a sequence. It is possible for these molecules to come together in any order, just as it’s attainable for numerous magnetic letters to come back together in any order. The truth that we find the varied nucleic acid molecules in DNA in a precise sequence and order is powerful prima facie evidence of an intelligent trigger and origin.


Patent Number: 8,823,801

Title: Digital X-ray capture device

Abstract: A digital X-ray capture device that uses an image array camera to capture a digital image of a standard X-ray film. The X ray-film is placed on a tray within a housing. An array of LED lights located under the tray illuminate the film. In the preferred embodiment the illuminated image of the X-ray bounces off a forty-five degree angle mirror and enters the image array camera. The digital image can then be downloaded to a standard computer. Custom software allows the user to manipulate the image as needed. The entire capture process takes only two seconds. A patients information can be added to the boarder of the captured image. The captured image can be sent via email to any other computer.

Inventors: Jacobson; James Scott (Spokane Valley, WA)

Assignee: Jacobson; James Scott

International Classification: H04N 5/30 (20060101); H04N 5/335 (20110101)

Expiration Date: 9/02/12018


Healthcare Industry

Utah State students, their spouses, and their dependents can obtain sure medical and skilled companies. I attempted various lotions, hand lotions , Vaseline, however none helped a lot. Cortisone creams would make it disappear for some time, but it surely all the time came back. I had that, my first bout of eczema, for over ten years. Progressively, more patches appeared elsewhere, my eyelids, ears. The eyelids were the worst, it was unattainable to withstand the urge to scratch, which made it spread.

Now when you know the way to lose weight fast and healthy, what are you waiting for? Get a lifestyle that is systematic, eat healthy, go for a brisk walk day by day and stay in shape endlessly. Smith KP, Christakis NA. Social networks and health. Ann Rev Sociol 2008;34:405-29. Yogurt could be very refreshing, secure and a pure exfoliant that can be used to even out pores and skin tone fade freckles, lighten moles and leaves skin smooth, smooth, and moist.

The educational establishment is the social structure concerned with the formal transmission of data. It is one in all our most enduring and familiar institutions. Education is a type of socialization that entails systematic, formal transmission of expertise, knowledge, and different aspects of culture. Like all institutions, faculties are organized round cultural ideas reminiscent of a belief within the accuracy of grades, values of punctuality, and competition, and norms.

Standardized health kinds authorized by a Health Trade Regulation Panel, or HIRP, a panel of medical doctors, health care administrators and politicians who will even create a value index by setting suggested rates for companies (that the GHP might not pay less than), establish cost areas for the index, mandate easy-pay strategies with affordable fee deadlines and initiate an enchantment course of for doctors needing more cash for companies rendered to a shopper as a consequence of extenuating circumstances. This plan assumes the amounts presently dictated by medicare will increase to an affordable quantity.

The report also consists of new forecasts for Medicare Half B and Part D, which function on a pay-as-you-go foundation using mixes of beneficiary premiums and general federal monies. Whereas Parts B and D is not going to exhaust their respective trust funds, they’ll have increasing impacts on the deficit as their federal subsidies are pressured to extend. Medicare B costs are projected to grow at a 4.7 percent annual charge (based on current regulation), and Medicare D at a 9.7 percent fee by means of 2020, compared with forecasts of 5.2 % annual GDP growth.


The Essentials Of Educating Health Schooling With Internet Resource

So tens of hundreds of thousands of Individuals are already higher off due to the benefits and protections supplied by the Affordable Care Act. Like I said, they could not know why that rebate verify got here within the mail. (Laughter.) They could not discover that they’re not having to copay for some preventive care that they received. But they’re getting those advantages. That is already occurring. That is already in place at the moment. It has been going on for several years.

The hole between wealthy and poor will in all probability increase and absolute poverty will remain a worldwide problem… Disparities in wealth and advantage will due to this fact develop into extra apparent, with their associated grievances and resentments, even among the many rising numbers of people who find themselves prone to be materially more prosperous than their dad and mom and grandparents.


Your Name *
Your Name
Fiance's Name *
Fiance's Name
Ceremony and Reception Venue if they're different
(Facebook, Instagram, Google, Friend)
I would love to hear about your wedding! Tell me all about your vision for your wedding day! (colors, favorite vendors, anything that makes your day unique)

For all inquiries regarding pricing and session availability, please fill out my contact form. I'd love to hear from you, and will respond within 24 hours.

Little Rock Arkansas Wedding Photographer-204.jpg


Native Village
Youth and Education news
January 2010 Volume 2

"The Diary of Abraham Ulrikab" or When the Inuit Were Put in Zoos
Indigenous Peoples Literature Digest and Wikipedia
Condensed by Native Village

Abraham Ulrikab was an Inuk from Labrador.  In 1880, Abraham agreed to became part of a zoo exhibit in Hamburg, Germany. He was joined by his wife, two daughters and four other Inuit. The exhibit was a display of Inuit native ways.  Zoo keepers insisted that Ulrikab and the others walk, talk, wear their fur parkas and throw harpoons to earn their keep.

The Inuit arrived in Hamburg on September 24, 1880 and were immediately put on display. Those who flocked to the zoo expected to gape at "exotics" from a "primitive race".  What they found instead were Inuit who spoke 3 languages, played German hymn tunes on violins, and wrote their own notes about "uncivilised" Europeans.

Part of those writings included a diary written by Abraham Ulrikab during his captivity. Abraham's diary was recently translated into English, and the CBC broadcasted a two-part documentary based on his writings.

Ulrikab's remarkable diary was written in his native language, Inuktitut. He describes in vivid detail the hardships and humiliation they endured. He also tells about the terrible beatings his son, Tobias, received by their master, Adrian Jacobsen.

After a brief stay at the zoo, the Inuit families were sent on a European tour. They were supposed to be vaccinated against smallpox, but this was never done. Five months after their arrival, the Inuit were all dead.  Abraham died January 13, 1881 and his wife, Ulrike, the last to live, died January 16. The location of their graves is unknown.

Listen to a reading of Abraham Ulrikab's diary:

Ulrikab's family:
Abraham, 35,
Ulrike, 24, his wife
Sara, 4, daughter
Maria, infant daughter
Tobias, 20, Ulrike's unmarried nephew.

The other family, whose surname is unknown:
Terrianiak, about 40, father
Paingo, as old as 50, wife
Noggasak, their teenage daughter.

Artwork: http://www.batteryradio.com/Pages/Abraham.html

Previous Story
Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4

Native Village Home Page

Backgrounds: Robert Kaufman Fabrics: http://www.robertkaufman.com/

Native Village is responsible for format changes.


The justification for Woodlesford route doesn’t stack up…

The Morley route makes far more sense based on HS2’s own analysis!

As many of us have always maintained, LCC are the primary reason LS26 is blighted. The truth is published by HS2 for the first time.

HS2 state (4.5.124 page 104) that the station location was chosen to meet LCC’s aspirations to develop the South Bank, and that this dictated (4.5.136 page 107) the route through Woodlesford.

They try to support this by stating (4.5.133 page 107) that there would be fewer demolitions and less noise compensation by coming via Woodlesford…. however, table 5 (page 108) shows that the Morley route is far more sustainable with far less impact.

47 demolitions on Woodlesford route vs 13 on Morley route! 122 homes needing noise insulation on Woodlesford route vs 39 for Morley!! The list goes on.

As we always said, LCC pushed HS2 into choosing New Street station knowing that Woodlesford would be decimated, that the alternative would have less impact, and that there were less problems to overcome.…/HS2_Phase_2b_Wor…


In this section

Lamella Turbine

Application: The lamellas are specifically designed to optimise the capture of hydroelectricity. The application range for the Lamella Turbines start at heads of 0.5m and flow rates >0.1m3/s. The parameters to determine the turbine configuration are … Read More »

Pipe Turbine

Application: The wastewater flow various applications in municipalities and industry harnesses the potential for energy to be captured, however, this is very rarely the case. As a mechanism to recover some of this energy, the pipe … Read More »


Eliminate nsIFrame arguments

11 years ago
11 years ago

(Reporter: jwatt, Unassigned)

Firefox Tracking Flags

(Not tracked)

11 years ago
We're using nsIFrame* as the argument type in many places where we should be using a common SVG base class. E.g. nsSVGUtils::GetOuterSVGFrame which assumes it's okay to call GetStateBits to get SVG bits off what the interface says is an arbitrary nsIFrame*. We need an nsSVGFrame I think, even if we don't use as anything other than an empty interface.
Tough thing to in general do since we don't have a common base class for all svg frames and presumably we don't want to introduce any additional MI unless absolutely necessary.

For instance:

<defs> - nsSVGContainerFrame derived from nsContainerFrame
<rect> - nsSVGPathGeometryFrame derived from nsSVGGeometryFrame derived from nsFrame

We may be able to use the interface nsISVGChildFrame rather than nsFrame in more places if we are very careful. For instance <defs> frames do not have the nsISVGChildFrame interface and yet must have SVG specific state bits set on them.


Life of Fred Math - Elementary

Life of Fred Math - Elementary Series

The Life of Fred series has books for the elementary grades through high school (or even college). Reviews of Fractions (for fifth grade or above) through Statistics are in a separate review. I repeat some of my general observations about the series in both reviews.

The books are written by Dr. Stanley Schmidt, a retired math teacher who loves math and wants to share his enthusiasm with students. Part of his strategy is to build his math books around the adventures of Fred, a five-year-old genius who is a math teacher at Kittens University. The stories shift from silly to serious, outlandish to edgy. Some parents might be uncomfortable with instances such as the story where Fred is tricked into paying $100 for a snotty handkerchief in Goldfish. The Life of Fred books are likely to be very appealing to learners who work better with stories and situations to help them visualize math problems.

Fred's adventures are the jumping off point for math lessons (e.g. Fred plays with his food and creates a polygon), or Fred might be pondering something mathematical, or teaching, or discussing a math topic with friends or students. All of this makes these texts much more user-friendly than most others. It also means that it takes longer to get through the mathematical material. Surprisingly, the storyline and discursions are not used to dumb down the courses.

Each lesson teaches a concept, albeit sometimes in a roundabout fashion through the story. There's a "Your Turn to Play," a short set of practice problems with complete answers and explanations if needed. Sometimes, extra entertainment or information appears in the answer key. Your Turn to Play always shows up on a right hand page, and the answers are on the following page. (If you think your child might quickly flip to see answers in advance, try paper clipping the pages together.)

Throughout the series, Dr. Schmidt tries to teach for conceptual understanding rather than memorization of formulas and strategies. The practical application of a math concept is often seen before students learn how to solve the problem. Students are likely to begin thinking about math more like solving puzzles or critical thinking exercises than lists of problems to solve. The story of Fred is an important part of this approach. While it sometimes meanders into entertainment unrelated to the math topic at hand, most of the time it stimulates students to consider how math might be used to deal with a real life situation. Some of the excursions are rather funny—maybe more so for adults than children. For example, after Fred’s ATM access code gets stolen and his checking account cleaned out, he realizes he has no budget for buying books. He imagines going without reading for three days:

This was too horrible to contemplate. Fred had once been at a lunch with a bunch of adults who were in the three-days-without-reading category. Their conversation was limited to: (1) My trip to Arizona. A complete description of all the bad things that happened on that trip. (2) The weather. (3) What I saw on television. (4) My kids. (5) Sports. (6) My health problems (Dogs, p. 75).

The story line might be interesting enough to students that they plow through the books more quickly than you might imagine. However, children's interest spans vary, so it is difficult to predict how long it might take a child to complete any of the books.

One potential drawback I see in the elementary books is that the discursions and extraneous information might be overwhelming for some students, especially when Dr. Schmidt throws in something entirely new, such as a calculus equation, with no explanation.

Ten texts for the elementary grades target approximately first through fourth grades, while three texts for the intermediate grades should generally be used for grades four through six. All texts should be used in alphabetical order. They are unusually titled with no grade level indicators: Apples, Butterflies, Cats, Dogs, Edgewood, Farming, Goldfish, Honey, Ice Cream, and Jelly Beans comprise the elementary series. The intermediate series—Kidneys, Liver, and Mineshaft—should be used after the elementary books and prior to Fractions. However, many of the topics covered in the intermediate series, topics such as exponents and functions in Kidneys, should make them suitable for older students as well.

All students should work through the entire series to follow the storyline and also because concepts taught in earlier books are frequently used in subsequent books. For example, the concept of functions is taught a few times in Dogs, then functions show up in problems beginning in chapter three of Edgewood without further instruction. Students might complete two or more books per year, especially for those past kindergarten and first grade. Older students, such as a fifth grader just starting the series, might breeze through many of the books quickly to get up to a challenging level.

The progression and method of learning are unusual, and you might feel that your child is not doing enough math. But supplementing might not be necessary. If you want additional problem-solving practice, consider using games, manipulatives, or a creative problem-solving workbook rather than a traditional workbook. Some homeschoolers will still want to use something more traditional as did one of my readers, Robin Dickinson. You can read her suggestion at the end of the review.

As I reviewed Life of Fred, I spotted a few religious references that imply that the author  has a Christian worldview, but I didn't find any overtly religious statements.

In spite of their low cost, all of the Life of Fred texts are hardcover books, printed in black and white with clip art and line-drawn illustrations. There are no separate teacher guides or answer keys to purchase. In addition, the texts are non-consumable and might be used again for subsequent students.

Following are details regarding most of these books:

Butterflies adds the family of math facts that add up to nine, both addition and subtraction. It expands on many concepts introduced in the first book, especially identifying and working with large numbers and time telling. Students are introduced to concepts such as collinear points, infinite sets, some measurement equivalents, and counting by twos. You might have to explain some things that come up in the book such as negative temperatures. (You might want to teach other math fact families on your own at this point if it seems useful.)

Cats introduces the concepts of fractions, the metric system, and prime numbers. It continues basic math with more addition and subtraction; counting by twos, threes, and fives; patterns; angles; time telling; the concept of cardinality; measurement; place value; and representation of place value with small squares. The concept of carrying is very briefly introduced through pictures of arrays of small squares. Students might need a little more help to add 1 + 9999999 in a problem in chapter twelve. They’ve seen that 1 + 99 = 100, but they might not have grasped the full concept of carrying.

Borrowing and multiplication show up in Farming along with concepts such as the union of sets, circumference of a circle, natural and whole numbers, domains and codomains, and pi (π).

Goldfish continues to build upon previously taught concepts, then goes much further with multiplication (up to multiplying by 10 or 100 but otherwise only by single-digit multipliers), addition with decimal points, estimation, cubic measurement, and area.

Honey challenges students to master the multiplication facts using flash cards that you make or purchase. It also teaches division all the way through long division and remainders. Fractions are taught along with concepts like time zones, distance/rate/time problems (d = rt), and the slope formula.

I don't have details for Ice Cream, Jelly Beans, Kidneys, Liver, or Mineshaft.

A helpful comment from Robin Dickinson:

I wanted to make a suggestion about Life of Fred (which we tried thanks to you and we love). We are combining it with Professor B Math. My son progressed easily through Apples and Butterflies but then got bogged down in Cats because of all the arithmetic concepts. So we stopped and reread Apples and Butterflies while working through Professor B. I would not consider Professor B a complete curriculum as it is just arithmetic (and eventually algebra) but it is great combined with Fred (which frankly skims over a lot of the basic arithmetic in favor of mathematic thinking and the wide variety of math concepts such as geometry, time telling, sets, etc).

My son has no interest in doing practice problems but at the same time can't just memorize flat out the way I could. Professor B takes a really unique approach. For instance, to memorize the lower addition facts, we started with a game that cemented which pairs of numbers go together (so for adding to ten that would be nine-one, eight-two, seven-three, etc). The chart with the numbers on it is gradually erased until the student is working entirely from memory. Once that is solid, you start moving on to all the associated addition and subtraction facts. It kind of reminds me of All About Spelling for math in that it groups like concepts together, teaches explicitly, avoids all the annoying worksheets I hated as a kid, and allows you to move as quickly or slowly as is comfortable for your student.

We really love Fred and if we had to pick just one math curriculum, it would be Fred, but the combination of Fred and Professor B is amazing!

Pricing Information

Life of Fred--Honey

Life of Fred--Honey

Life of Fred--Farming

Life of Fred--Farming

Life of Fred--Butterflies

Life of Fred--Butterflies

Life of Fred--Jelly Beans

Life of Fred--Jelly Beans

Life of Fred--Ice Cream

Life of Fred--Ice Cream

Life of Fred--Goldfish

Life of Fred--Goldfish

Life of Fred: Edgewood

Life of Fred: Edgewood

Life of Fred--Dogs

Life of Fred--Dogs

Life of Fred--Cats

Life of Fred--Cats

Life of Fred Elementary Package

Life of Fred Elementary Package

Instant Key

  • Need For Parent/Teacher Instruction: low to moderate
  • Grade Level: grades 1-4
  • Suitable For: one-on-one or independent study
  • Religious Perspective: secular but Christian friendly
  • Educational Methods: activities, creative, life applications, stories

Publisher's Info


Angus is an elderly man working at the antique shop Odds 'n' Ends with Mabel, but rarely helps out. When Piper, Leo and Wyatt came to buy antiquities at their shop, Angus and Mabel told them stories about Abigail Thornwood.

Angus appeared in a total of 1 non-canonical novel throughout the franchise.


Serves 4-6, depending on appetite, from 6p each

2 tbsp sugar, 1p (80p/1kg, Sainsburys)

2 tbsp water

Make a well in the middle of the dry ingredients (a rough hole, nothing too precise or technical) and pour in most of the milk and water, and the butter or oil. Mix well with a whisk or fork to form a smooth batter, adding the rest of the milk to loosen it if needed.

Now, give it a rest, preferably in a fridge for at least half an hour to chill out. In my humble and experimental experience, the best, crispest, lightest batters are achieved in that moment when cold cold batter hits a really hot pan – think of the way you smoke the fat to make perfect Yorkshire puddings, or drop battered fish into a pan of rolling oil, and you get the picture. So jar it up, sling it in, and pop the kettle on or start dreaming about your toppings while it chills out in there…

…half an hour later, melt a pinch of butter or heat 2 tbsp of oil until your pan is hot-hot, then turn the heat down to medium to keep it hot but not at risk of burning everything or spitting fat at you! Dollop a teaspoon of batter into the pan to make one little dollar-sized pancake, and another one, and another one. They only need a matter of seconds until they’re golden on one side (you’ll see them puff up slightly and little bubbles form in the top) – then turn them over and cook the other side. Repeat until you have enough tiny pancakes to satisfy all appetites present, plus a few more for obligatory encores, and serve.

All text copyright Jack Monroe. You can follow me on;
Twitter @BootstrapCook
Instagram @mxjackmonroe
Facebook BootstrapCook

‘Cooking On A Bootstrap’ is available here.

Dollar Pancakes recipe by Jack Monroe

Dollar Pancakes recipe by Jack Monroe


The Nucleus

An International Journal of Cytology and Allied Topics

ISSN: 0029-568X (Print) 0976-7975 (Online)

This journal is principally aimed towards the study of chromosomes and cell genetics, including genetic diversity, mutagenesis, genotoxicity, genomics, bioinformatics and proteomics —both in vivo and in vitro with implications on evolution, species diversification, economic and medicinal uses, and all related facets dealing with enrichment of knowledge and human welfare.

The journal is beneficial for students, teachers, research workers interested in the study and dissemination of knowledge in the given areas.

Browse Volumes & Issues


Dental Clinicians

Great news for dental professionals and their patients. At last, involuntary mouth breathing during sleep can be controlled without risky mouth taping. sleepQ+ is a significant advancement in the treatment of sleep and breathing disorders that are caused or exacerbated by mouth breathing during sleep, which impacts sleep quality more than anything except stress (2015 study of 1000 adults).

Dr David Leafe of Lindfield NSW says "controlling involuntary mouth breathing during sleep with sleepQ+ helps my patients prevent snoring and mild sleep apnea and parents with children who mouth breathe prefer sleepQ+ over taping their mouth to encourage nasal breathing all night".

sleepQ+ can also help patients who suffer from Dry Mouth, Halitosis, Sinus Pressure and Nasal Congestion and to improve patient experience with dental appliances by reducing excessive salivation. Mouth venting during CPAP therapy can be controlled with sleepQ+ to improve compliance.

For patients with limited tolerance for CPAP or dental appliances sleepQ+ is an excellent follow-on therapy to reduce snoring and sleep apnea.

Controlling involuntary mouth breathing during sleep has always been a major challenge as mouth taping and chin straps are not user-friendly and may be risky in the event of gastric reflux.

sleepQ+ was designed to address the multiple concerns people raised about controlling their breathing route when asleep. They told us they wanted the option to mouth breathe if they wish, their lips to be released instantly to speak or take tablets, to be able to re-engage the lips for continuing sleep without applying more gel, to avoid damage to sensitive lip tissue and to clean off quickly with water or saliva. And be inexpensive!

We delivered the full brief and now dental clinicians are using sleepQ+ for correction of habitual mouth breathing and to help patients prevent snoring, mild sleep apnea, dry mouth, sinus and nasal congestion, caries and halitosis, caused or exacerbated by mouth breathing during sleep.

sleepQ+ also improves efficacy, patient experience and compliance of dental appliances, controls mouth breathing or venting during CPAP therapy and is an excellent follow-on therapy for patients with limited tolerance of CPAP or dental appliances to prevent snoring, dry mouth and sinus pressure.

sleepQ+ is registered with the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Health Canada and Medsafe NZ as a class 1 medical device for preventing involuntary mouth breathing during sleep.

We offer clinicians sleepQ+ in counter-top display boxes, a generous margin on resale, quick delivery of orders and support to promote and raise awareness about sleepQ+.

To arrange your supply of this unique product or for more information email us at

See the research...

Authors: Dr.C. Barbara E. Garcia Triana, Full Professor, Morphophysiology Dept., Faculty of Dentistry, Medical University of Havana, Biomedical Sciences Dept., Faculty of Dentistry, University of Aden email:

Coathors: Dr. Ahlam Hibatulla Ali, PhD.,Dr.C. Ileana B. Grau Leon.

Excessive mouth breathing may be related to different oral and medical conditions. Objective: To explore the possible mechanisms involved in the relationship between mouth breathing and some oral and medical conditions. Methods: A review of the literature was performed by using PubMed, Scielo and Hinari. Relevant and updated articles were selected. Results: Mouth breathing has been linked to oral conditions such as dry mouth and lips, dental caries, periodontal disease, secondary halitosis, craniofacial deformity, malocclusion, abnormal swallowing, and to medical conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, compromised airway, altered body posture, heart diseases and poor performance. Among the mechanisms that may explain that relationship are chronic hypoxemia with hypercapnia, increased water and energy lose, decreased growth hormone release, inflammatory and oxidative mediators release, large load on the upper back and neck muscles, deformity in the airway passage and craniofacial deformities. Conclusions: Mechanisms underpinning the relationship between mouth breathing and oral and medical diseases vary from biochemical, physiological and immunological deficiencies to anatomical effects. More studies are needed to explore a causal relationship.

Mouth breathing refers to the state of inhaling and exhaling through the mouth. The literature describes the prevalence of mouth breathing as ranging from 5 to 75% of children tested.

Excessive mouth breathing is problematic because of different disturbances. The air is not filtered and warmed as much as when inhaled through the nose, as it bypasses the nasal canal and paranasal sinuses, and dries out the mouth, among other mechanisms. Mouth breathing is often associated with congestion, obstruction, or other abnormalities of the upper respiratory tract as well as other oral and medical conditions.

One requirement to establish that certain condition can act as a risk factor for diseases is to determine the theoretical plausibility of the mutual relationship. However, despite the published data about mouth breathing as a risk factor for certain oral and medical conditions, the mechanisms underlying these complex relationships are not fully understood.

These reasons motivated this review of the literature with the objective to explore the possible mechanisms involved in the relationship between mouth breathing and some oral and medical conditions.

A review of the literature was performed through PubMed, Hinari and Scielo From a total of 8871 articles, 46 original and review articles were selected according to relevance and mainly from the last 5 years. The following key words were used: mouth breathing, dental caries, periodontal disease, halitosis, craniofacial, malocclusion, OSA, performance, posture, asthma.

1. Causes of mouth breathing
Mouth breathing is characterized by inhalation and exhalation through the mouth. Different causes have been cited. The main are: chronic allergies, tonsil and adenoid hypertrophy, nasal polyps, deviated nasal septum, constricted upper airways, thumb sucking, excessive pacifier use or insufficient suckling as an infant.
Some authors have considered that the two main causes of mouth breathing in children are firstly allergic rhinitis and secondly adenoid hypertrophy 3. Allergic rhinitis may play a key role in mouth breathing due to its high prevalence. This stresses the importance of allergologic investigation in mouth-breathers, to establish specific treatments that may reduce morbidity in these patients.

2. Consequences of mouth breathing Due to the complex interconnections involved, some times it is difficult to establish the cause-effect relationship between two factors. That is why some factors which may appear as causes in the previous item, will be posed next also as consequences. It is probably the expression of mutual interaction and positive feed back mechanisms involved. 2.1 General mechanisms for disturbances on mouth breathing There are different general mechanisms which may explain the consequences of mouth breathing. They are mainly composed of biochemical, physiological, immunological and anatomical disturbances which has been attributed to mouth breathing. Among the biochemical and physiological disorders are the lower oxygen absorption (chronic hypoxemia), increased CO2 concentration (hypercapnia), and its related changes in the acid-base balance, towards respiratory acidosis. Also, there is increased water and energy loss, and changes in salivary profile. It has been shown that healthy subjects, experience a 42% increase in net water loss when they switch the breathing mode from nasal to oral expiration during tidal breathing. The authors considered that increased water and energy loss by oral breathing could be a contributing factor to the symptoms seen in patients suffering from nasal obstruction. Also a decreased nocturnal growth hormone (GH) release has been reported. It has been considered that snore at night and struggle for air interferes with growth hormone production in some way.
Inflammatory and oxidative mediators release has also been link to mouth breathing, however it is not clear if they are the result of mouth breathing, atopy, other related disturbances or the complex interactions among then. The oxidant nitric oxide (NO) is produced by the action of NO synthase (NOS) on L-arginine in different cell types and found in air exhaled by humans. Most of the exhaled NO is derived from the upper airways and increases in patients with untreated asthma and allergic rhinitis, diseases which exhibit mutual interactions with mouth breathing. The induction of iNOS in patients with allergic rhinitis increases nasal NO which in turn produces the symptoms of nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, contributing to mouth breathing. With respect to the immune system lowered response has been described which is linked to poor health. It has been stated that nasal breathing produces a tissue
hormone that regulates normal blood circulation. It also filters, warms and moisturizes the air. The lack of oxygen in mouth breathers is considered to weaken the immune system.

Anatomical effects of mouth breathing are the result of the adaptation of the growing tissues to the abnormal breathing profile. They include among others, large load on the upper back and neck muscles and deformity in the airway passage which are involved in postural disturbances and obstructive sleep apnea. As the jaw in mouth breathers is positioned too far back, along with the tongue, the upper airway is constricted. Enlarged tonsils and adenoids due to chronic allergies may be the primary cause for mouth breathing; however mouth breathing will also cause a further increase in tonsil size, constricting the airway and posing obstacles to nasal breathing. The open mouth will also cause a decreased contractile efficiency of the upper airway muscles affecting nasal breathing 10. Also dentofacial structures growing is affected leading to altered profile and malocclusion, among others.

3.2 Oral conditions
3.2.1 Dry mouth and lips
The appropriate humidity of the mouth is guaranteed by saliva and any factor that reduces body fluids will reduce salivary output. In mouth breathers, there is a water loss produced mainly through evaporation. So, the decreased resting salivary flow rate could be not high enough to counteract the evaporation effect (estimated up to 0.21 mL/min) of mouth exhalation and this imbalance will lead to dry mouth and lips. This has serious consequences with a declining in gustatory sensitivity, impaired swallowing activity and protective function of saliva, among others.
3.2.2 Dental caries
Saliva has many important functions. Among then are self-cleaning of the mouth, buffering and clearing acids, acquired pellicle formation, antimicrobial actions, and provision of ions for remineralization of demineralized enamel. It protects the teeth from organic acids produced by bacteria which cause dental caries, and the extrinsic and intrinsic acids that initiate dental erosion. The depressed resting salivary flow is associated with lower plaque pH, increased numbers of lactobacilli and candida species, and greater caries risk. This could have serious consequences for caries activity, and will also increase the risk of tooth loss via dental erosion.

As mouth breathing causes water loss it is a potential factor which could contribute to oral dryness. Some studies have failed to find associations between mouth breathing and caries risk or salivary patterns. For example, Koga-Ito et. al. found no differences in caries risk between treated and untreated children with mouth breathing syndrome, although the level of IgG antibodies to S. mutans (cariogenic bacteria) was higher in the treated group 22. Another study did not find differences in flow rates or buffering capacities of resting and stimulated saliva between mouth- or nose-breathers adolescents aged 10-19 years 23. However, Al-Awadi et. al. found lower salivary flow rate among males patients 18-22 years old with mouth breathing associated with nasal obstruction in comparison to nose breathers. Mouth breathing was also associated with lower salivary pH, higher plaque index and increased salivary mutans streptococci counts. Other studies also report association between mouth breathing and dental caries.

3.2.3 Periodontal disease

The mouth breathing is also considered as one of the predisposing factors for initiation of periodontal disease and/or its progression. The anterior dental open bite produced by chronic mouth breathing is associated with high incidence of periodontal disease and high risk of loosing the anterior teeth in early ages. This causes the absence of anterior guidance which also predisposes the patients for temporomandibular disorders. The precise mechanisms are not fully understood, but probable causes are gingival surface dehydration, decreased epithelial resistance to bacterial plaques, and lack of salivary auto-cleaning.

3.2.4 Halitosis

Halitosis is a condition characterized by altered halitus in an unpleasant manner for both the affected individual and those interacting around. The majority of halitosis cases are secondary and associated with oral problems. In particular, the changes in salivary flow patterns and water imbalance leading to surface drying of the mucosa induced by mouth breathing may be related to halitosis. A reduction in salivary flow avoids its protective functions in the cleaning of the mouth and antibacterial actions, causing a shift in the bacterial flora in the mouth. So, the growth of proteolytic bacteria produce volatile odoriferous sulfur compounds.

Conditions which may appear as consequences of mouth breathing such as dental caries and periodontal disease can also contribute to halitosis. Also chronic allergies and infections of the nose and throat related to mouth breathing can give rise to bad breath.

3.2.5 Craneofacial deformity and malocclusion
While craneofacial structures are growing, they adapt to the different breathing pattern in mouth breathers. The changes in facial musculature affect the dental arches and positioning of the teeth, linked to structural disturbances in the lips, tongue, palate and mandible with subsequent face deformity. Also, mouth breathing decreases chewing activity, reducing the vertical effect on the posterior teeth, which can affect negatively their vertical position, leading to malocclusion.

The altered fashion is characterized by: long faces with an increase in the anterior lower facial height, constricted maxillary arches, increased palatal height with reduction of the palatal surface area and volume, tooth crowding, a narrowed nasal airway passage, and enlarged nostrils. The lower jaw remains too far behind in its growth with increased mandibular plane angle and gonial angle, producing a small chin, dental malocclusion (Class II), hypotonic lower lips, hypertonic upper lips, protrusion of the anterior teeth and nasal prominence, with unfavorable profile.

It has been also hypothesized that decreased mandibular growth in adenoid face children is due to the abnormal nocturnal secretion of growth hormone and its mediators, which is normalized following adenotonsillectomy with acceleration in the growth of the mandible and change in its growth direction. It has been explained by more intensive endochondral bone formation in the condylar cartilage and/or by appositional bone growth in the lower border of the mandible.

3.2.6 Abnormal swallowing

It has been shown in patients 11-14 year old, that mouth breathing is related to abnormal swallowing. Mouth breathing is often accompanied by anterior tongue thrust, instead of a lip closure, in order to create the anterior seal necessary for the initiation of physiological deglutition. Nasal breathing is the most effective way of tongue control during swallowing. In normal swallowing, the tongue pressures the roof of the mouth creating peristaltic waves which send the food bolus down the oesophagus and into the stomach, with partial closure of the epiglottis. Mouth breathers disturbances (infant swallowing, tongue thrust, facial rictus when swallowing) cause abnormal peristaltic activity which lead to the swallowing of a lot of air. In the long term, the concomitant stomach secretions reflux can cause loss of elasticity of the throat, which consequently will collapse, as it can be found in moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea. In severe apnea, the entire pharynx could collapse.

The abnormal swallowing profile of mouth breathers can also cause aspiration of foreign particles and fluid into the lungs, which would also enhance pneumonia, emphysema, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. This illustrates the complex interactions and links that are established between different disturbances associated to mouth breathing.

3.3 Medical conditions
3.3.1 Altered head, neck and body posture
The unphysiological process of breathing through the mouth produces a reflex forward head posture. This puts a large load on the upper back and neck muscles, which if sustained, will cause permanent posture changes, such as abnormal curvatures in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, an altered shoulder posture, which in turn will affect hips, knees and feet. In adults, jaw joint dysfunction can be derived from postural disturbances.
Open-mouth breathing is also associated with reduction of the retropalatal and retroglossal areas, lengthening of the pharynx and shortening of the distance between the mandible and hyoid bone in the upper airway.
3.3.2. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
The decreased contractile efficiency of the upper airway muscles in mouth breathers may lead to increased collapsibility of the upper airways. In newborns, it has been related to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and in children, this is manifested as snoring, bed-wetting, poor quality of sleep and obesity. In adults, OSA is linked to death. Snoring is a milder version of sleep apnea and an expression of a blocked airway. Treating nasal obstruction in mouth-breathing patients with OSA results in better sleep, as well as a modest improvement in OSA severity. This points to the role of nasal obstruction and mouth breathing in the pathology of OSA. Chronic
hypoxemia, which is present in this patients during the night, has also been implicated in the genesis of ventilatory depression by affecting the synthesis and activity of several neurotransmitters and by altering the central and peripheral function of chemoreceptors. Chronic adaptation of these chemoreceptors to hypoxemia and hypercapnia has been reported to result from recurrent apnea. A new, increasingly higher point of regulation for CO2 occurs during the course of the disease.

OSA can bring as consequence other diseases such as cardiovascular disease and stroke, lung dysfunction, obesity, high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. There is a lot of evidence linking obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with atherogenic processes, cardiovascular mortality, and vehicle and workplace accidents, so an increasing severity of the condition should be associated with increased mortality. Systemic inflammation has also being linked to OSA and its consequences. It has been reported the presence of subepithelial oedema, inflammatory cell infiltration, inflammatory and oxidative mediators in the tissues of the upper ways, nasal lavage fluid, sputum or serum, which positively correlated with the severity of OSA in many cases. Recurrent vibration in the upper airway of children with OSA has been suggested to promote such inflammatory changes in the tonsillar tissue and upper airway mucosa.

A strong connection has been found between mouth breathing and asthma. Enforced oral breathing causes a decrease in lung function in mild asthmatic subjects at rest, initiating asthma symptoms in some. So, oral breathing may play a role in the pathogenesis of acute asthma exacerbations. The nose and not the mouth should be used for breathing as the nose has better air conditioning capacity. When air is inhaled through the mouth it may dry and cool the respiratory mucosa, which can lead to bronchoconstriction in sensitive patients with asthma.

In mouth breathers air is not filtered in the nose so the lungs may be exposed to higher concentrations of inhaled, ambient particles. Also enhanced perception of nasal loading may trigger increased oral breathing in asthmatics, potentially enhancing exposure to nonconditioned inhaled gas and contributing to the occurrence and/or severity of bronchoconstrictive exacerbations. As the site of upper airway obstruction in asthmatic children appears to be the epipharynx, the adenoids may play a key-role. So adenoiditis could be a common cause of both mouth breathing and asthma. In a multivariate analysis, atopy was significantly associated with the presence of asthma. The excessive release of oxygen free radicals as NO by the activation of iNOS in the upper airways has been reported in patients with untreated asthma and allergic rhinitis, which is counteracted by inhalation of steroids.

Recently, it has been also evidenced that childhood mouth-breathing yields consequences for the ventilatory function at adult age, with lower respiratory muscle strength and functional exercise capacity, which could also adversely influence asthma episodes.

Mechanisms underpinning the relationship between mouth breathing and oral and medical diseases vary from biochemical, physiological and immunological deficiencies to anatomical effects. Although the relationship between mouth breathing and oral and medical conditions seems well established, it is difficult to assess in all cases from the literature data, the cause-effect link. More studies are needed to explore a causal relationship.

Updated 10/20/2016

No products found in this collection

Have you tried SleepQ+ yet?


SuperGeo develops Historical Demography GIS

SuperGeo develops Historical Demography GIS

Taiwan: SuperGeo Technologies developed Historical Demography GIS, a WebGIS system that allows users to view the population structure at a specific time in a specific area.

As the historical demographic data is crucial for understanding the population structure, the Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, established Taiwan Colonial Household Registration Census Database in 2005. In 2010, in order to promote and meet the needs for studies of historical population, the Historical Demography GIS was developed, with the architecture of Taiwan Economic and Social Indicator GIS, as the foundation to provide the scholars with a tool to explore the historical demography.

Taiwan Historical Demography GIS is a WebGIS based system for querying historical demographic data of Taiwan. This Web-GIS applies SuperWebGIS as the map server platform to publish maps and historical demographic data of Taiwan via the Internet.

Its prime ingredients are two servers, database server and application server (AP server). In addition, there are five categories of functions in Taiwan Historical Demography GIS, including Map Display and Basic Manipulation, Data Search, Draw the Thematic Map, Draw Statistics Chart and Export Data and Layer.

In future, the system will use historical demographic data as the foundation to further expand the domains of hygiene, medical care, social, economic and land survey.

Source: SuperGeo


Don't leave

Lily was Liam's little sister. He had left for tour, and he's finally coming back. What does she do when 2 boys fall for her? Who does she choose? Does Liam even let her choose? Does she tell best friends Rebecca and Matilta? What happens when the boys leave again?

Liam and I's House.

**Lily's P.O.V**

I woke up and checked my phone I had a text from LiLi.

Are Plane today at 9am, can't wait to see you and neither can the boys. Their tired of just facetiming you xD

Haha I'll be there.

I got in the shower and got out and brushed my wavy blonde hair. It was 8am. I slip on shorts, a grey tank top with a sparkly pink kiss on it, and grey vans. I walk downstairs and eat cereal, liam and I shared a house we moved out together. It was huge since ya know hes famous. I got in my blue jeep. I put on my sunglasses while driving the roads of my hometown Wolverhampton, England. I arrived and got out and waited. The pane landed and I saw Liam, we made eye contact. And I ran up to him but paul stopped me. "Paul it's my sister." Liam said. "Sorry." Paul said. I hugged Liam tightly. "What about us?" Niall laughed. I hugged Niall, then Zayn, then Louis, then Harry. "So the boys wanna stay with us instead of a hotel." Liam said. "Sure." I said and smilied. I drove and Liam sat in the passenger seat and the other 4 squished in the back of my jeep. "Sorry I didn't know I was taking you guys to." I said laughing. We arrived and we pulled up to Liam and I's Manison. "Okay There's 4 guest rooms and Liam has his own room, so go pick rooms 3 downstairs and one Is Liam's room. Zayn and Niall choose those 2. And Harry and Louis choose the last 2 which were upstairs with my room. They put there suitcases In their rooms and I cooked french toast for them. Niall pushed through everyone and I sat there laughing. Afterwards we watched sary movies and I cuddled with Harry because we watched scary movies and Liam gave us looks a lot. Louis was so scared that he held my hands. And Niall had his face buried Into the popcorn. It was so fun having them all around again.

Loading ...


Chrosziel GmbH, established in 1973, is a successfully expanding company in the motion-picture and television market. They develop and manufacture precision mechanical, optical and electronical products such as MatteBoxes, SunShades, Fluid-Zoom-Drives, follow-focus-controls like the Studio Rig and DV Studio Rig which meet the highest user expectations. Their wireless remote control systems DigiFOX follow focus and multichannel lenscontrol Aladin are unsurpassed in reliability and precision. Furthermore, they produce hands-on equipment for service and day-by-day testing of lenses and cameras such as the Universal CamCollimator, Lens CamCollimator and the Projector MK5.

Select by Camera
Coming Soon.
MatteBoxes & SunShades
Block the sun or other light source in order to prevent glare.
Follow Focuses
Allows the operator to be more efficient and precise.
Plates, Supports & Rods
Helps to support your camera accessories.
Serves as a support for follow-focus systems, lens supports and more.
Fluid Zoom Drives
Provides precise manual smooth zooms.
Lens Supports
Designed to support the weight of a heavy lens.
Lens Cables
Cable connector for use with Fujinon zoom lenses.
Hand-held Supports
Lightweight yet rugged hand-held supports for smaller cameras.
Remote Controls
Provides greater flexibility for controlling lenses, stereoscopic 3D rigs, and on-camera lighting wirelessly.
ViewFinder Extensions
Offers a 2x focusable magnification with a higher contrast ratio.
Create your own cage to fit any size of camera.
Test Equipment
Precise instruments designed for the testing, checking, and adjustment of a given lens to a camera body.
Brochures and product information in PDF format.


The Band Meeting

The Class Meeting

John Wesley's Class Meeting: A Model for Making Disciples

John Wesley was an eighteenth-century Anglican priest and Oxford tutor. He and George Whitfield were the primary leaders of the Evangelical Awakening which had a profound effect on the spiritual, social, and political life of both England and colonial America. Wesley gathered converts into a network of small groups for personal accountability, behavioral change, leadership training, and the transformation of their communities. Central to his system was the “class meeting,” which proved to be one of the most effective tools for making disciples ever developed. This study examines the historical development, the theological foundation, and the social outcomes of John Wesley’s class meeting.

The Problem with Wineskins

Wine (the gospel of Jesus Christ) and Wineskins (the man-made structures of the church). How do the two relate? What happens when new wine is poured into old wineskins? What about making new wineskins? In short: What kinds of church structures are most compatible with the gospel in our modern, techno-urban society? In The Problem of Wineskins: Church Structure in a Technological Age, Howard Snyder addresses these questions — and provides some challenging answers. In the course of his argument he discusses the fellowship of the Holy Spirit, the mind of Christ, the role of spiritual gifts, the pastor as a superstar,” and renewal that is deeply spiritual and immediately practical.

Revival Rising

In Revival Rising: Preparing for the Next Wave of Awakening, Mark Nysewander explores the dynamics of high-impact revivals, believing that even a limited knowledge of the supernatural realities in a revival can stir us to contend for God’s next wave of power.

The Fasting Key

When the author began to study the subject of fasting some years ago he was shocked by the number of biblical references he found referring to it. Clearly fasting was not some biblical “side issue”, but a central element of spiritual life. Fasting is a discipline that has been practised by many influential men and women of God throughout church history with dramatic results. The author says, “Fasting has become an essential part of my walk with the Lord. It continues to amaze me that I lived for so long without this key that unlocks so many blessings.” Using the metaphor of a key, this book discusses how Fasting will unlock the blessings of God.

Movements that Changed the World – Five Keys to Spreading the Gospel

When Jesus commissioned his followers, he was not just inaugurating the historical church, he was founding a missionary movement.Originally released by Missional Press and now revised and expanded to include a multi-session discussion guide, Steve Addison’s Movements That Change the World draws from biblical, historical and contemporary case studies to isolate the essential elements of a dynamic missionary movement.

Pioneering Movements: Leadership that Multiplies Disciples and Churches

God’s mission needs movement leaders. Jesus pioneered something completely new in human history―a dynamic missionary movement intent on reaching the world. His mission is as clear and as relevant today as in the days of the early church: to make disciples everywhere, baptizing them and teaching them to obey everything Jesus has commanded. But the potential of the church remains untapped. What does it take to lead movements that successfully carry out this mission? In Pioneering Movements, Steve Addison identifies what it takes to follow Jesus’ example.

What Jesus Started: Joining the Movement, Changing the World

2014 Outreach Magazine Resource of the Year (Church Health) Sometimes we get so caught up in the power of Jesus shouting from the cross, “It is finished!” that we forget that Jesus started something. What Jesus started was a movement that began small, with intimate conversations designed to build disciples into apostles who would go out in the world and seed it with God’s kingdom vision. That movement grew rapidly and spread wide as people recognized the truth in it and gave their lives to the power of it. That movement is still happening today, and we are called to play our part in it.

Spiritual Multiplication

The Radical Wesley, Howard A. Snyder

What is the Gospel?

Christ is All

Christ Is ALL!
Join In the Joyful Awakening to the Supremacy of God’s Son
by David Bryant

What Jesus Started


Vhils - Street Art Is Constructed By Being Destructed

  • videos alexandre video create english terms
January 19, 2015

Vhils – street art by this star is bursting with originality, which is probably the crucial feature that separates a good one from a great artist. It’s a specific creativity that an artist is born with or picks up along the way. We’re all familiar with the list of extraordinary artists throughout the history, but what about the contemporary art? And more specifically, urban art? After years of proving that urban art is a lot more than just a simple wall painting with a spray can, it seems like the latest generation of street and urban artists has finally starting to confirm this fact. More and more urban artists are having their works exhibited in galleries alongside contemporary art’s big names. One of the first that made this transition and became an art sensation was Shepard Fairey who has come a long way since his humble beginnings in 1984 (more about Fairey’s journey here). One other artist can easily make it to this list, even though he’s an official member of the art scene for a relatively short amount of time. Alexandre Farto aka Vhils is a 27 year old street artist whose unique approach has made him one of the biggest stars of urban art.

Freeport mural (photo by Gerry Huberty)

Destruction As A Starting Point

While most street artists were working hard to improve their painting skills and the use of spray can and a brush, Vhils chose a completely opposite process. Growing up in Lisbon, Portugal after the 1974 revolution played a crucial role in his decision on the artistic technique. Walking by the destructions and post-war effects on the buildings and walls of Lisbon was a natural environment for the young Alexandre Farto. Just like the walls were dilapidated and destroyed, the artist decided to use this process as a basis for his work. By eliminating the layers of the walls using various techniques, the artist started depicting real life portraits of local citizens. Vhils’ choice on the topic isn’t as random as one might think – for the artist, all people are composed of layers upon layers of social and historical fabric, just like the walls. Destroying the surface layers, Alexandre Farto accomplishes a more pure and honest form, making this whole process very symbolical and personal. Since his big break in 2008, when Vhils’ work appeared on the same photograph as Banksy’s work at Cannes Festival, everyone wanted to know who was the guy creating these surreal portraits.

Destructing Is Constructing

What distinguishes Vhils from most of his colleagues is the personal connection to the work. Not only the portraits he chooses to depict are special in a way, the process alone carries a deeper meaning and purpose. To him, destruction is a form of construction. By etching, scratching, carving and even exploding walls, all the dirt, history and experience is being erased and with the new piece comes a fresh start. Just like his own technique and skills progress, the process itself evolves and changes. In 2014, the Portuguese born artist discovered a new approach to his already masterful work. As part of the Dissection show, his first one in Lisbon museum, the artist takes an in-depth reflection on the urban space. This time, even though the process itself has chained, the idea is the same – by dissecting and dismantling objects, we find ourselves in a position to start over. Change is necessary to communicate with the mass public, and this includes society. Even after painting in more than 50 cities around the world and his experiments with directing and making art for music videos, the value of the artist is that his motives for creating remain the same. Art is there to connect with people and reach as many people as possible.

video create english terms videos
video create english terms
Shanghai (2012)
alexandre farto video
Artwork process

Featured image: Vhils in Paris

Discover young stars by signing up for FREE to My Widewalls today.


Action mapping competencies

What does an action mapper need to do? Here’s a list of the main competencies, plus an indication of which workshop addresses each one.

o = Addressed at a high level
yellow = Might be new or challenging for conventionally trained instructional designers

  Action mapping overview
60 min.
Jedi mind tricks
60 min.
Make learners think!
60 min.
Action mapping in depth
4 weeks
Scenario design
4 weeks

Client management, problem analysis

1.1Make sure the client is the person who feels the pain of the performance problem. If necessary, find the true client.XX
1.2Help the client understand why you won't design training without first examining the performance problem. Help them see how they benefit.oXXo
1.3Help stakeholders shift their focus from transmitting knowledge to changing behavior.oXXo
1.4Help stakeholders see the benefits of using research-informed methods rather than catering to learning styles or other myths. This includes questioning projects that teach pseudoscientific techniques for management, sales,
1.5Independently research the performance problem to see how it could be measured and how other organizations have solved it.XXo
In consultation with the client, SME, learners, and other stakeholders:
1.6Identify a specific, measurable goal that shows how the project will improve the performance of the organization.oXXo
1.7Identify the specific group of people who need to change what they do to meet the goal.oXo
1.8List in specific, concrete terms the tasks and decisions those people need to perform on the job to meet the goal.oXo
1.9Identify the major barriers to performance of the high-priority tasks, looking at each task individually.oXo
1.10Confirm through this analysis that the original target group for the project is the correct group. Change the audience and focus if necessary.oXo

Non-training solutions

2.1Brainstorm efficient non-training solutions to performance barriers, such as improving tools and processes, providing job aids, and helping people share information.oXo
2.2Help the client identify who should be responsible for creating the non-training solutions.
2.3Design or oversee the design of job aids that provide just the needed information at the best time and in the best format.o

Training design

3.1Based on the above analysis, design only the necessary amount and type of training to support the required behaviors. This includes telling the client when training is not the solution.ooXo
3.2When training is part of the solution, design activities that help people practice doing what they need to do on the job.ooXXX
3.3Choose the best type of activity for the nature of the task, such as decision-making scenarios for situations that require judgment and simpler activities for simpler tasks.XX
3.4Design knowledge-memorization exercises only when your analysis shows that the knowledge is necessary for the task, performers currently don't have that knowledge, and the information can’t be looked up before or during the task.oXX
3.5Let learners’ needs and the nature of the tasks and content determine the format of the material (online, printed, etc.).XX
3.6In decision-making activities, provide challenging options that represent the common mistakes being made on the job. Work closely with the SME to get the necessary insight.ooXX
3.7When a learner chooses an option in a decision-making activity, show the realistic, specific consequence of that option. If instructive feedback is also necessary, provide it after the consequence.oXXX
3.8If learners might need information to make a decision in an activity, let them pull what they need when they need it. Don't assume all learners are equally ignorant. ooXXX
3.9When knowledge memorization is required, design spaced retrieval practice that adapts to each learner's weaknesses and strengths.oo
3.10Create an informal prototype of a typical activity and refine that with stakeholders and learners before designing more activities.XX
3.11Avoid providing activities as a one-time event. Look for ways to embed them in the job, make them available on demand, and space them over time.ooXXX
3.12Use scaffolding to challenge learners without overwhelming or frustrating them.XXX
3.13Let people who have demonstrated mastery move on to material that will challenge them.XXX
3.14Let learners control the pace of the material as much as possible.XXX
3.15Write all text at a Flesch Reading Ease score of 60 or more or its equivalent.oo
3.16In decision-making scenarios, write realistic, efficient dialog that moves the story forward.o
3.17When producing materials, choose only the media that will help the learner succeed. Resist pressure to add distracting media or effects.oX

4.1Design a live training event only when your analysis shows that a live event is the best format for the problem, activities, and learners.oo
4.2Look for ways to space live events over time or otherwise provide spaced practice.XX
4.3Emphasize realistic practice and discussion over information presentation.oX
4.4In a webinar, use a platform that offers a public, open chat and encourage discussion throughout the session, not just at the end.

Project management, continuous improvement

5.1Early in the process, create a project charter that outlines the project at a high level, includes the prototype activity, and addresses other high-level decisions, such as non-training solutions and look and feel of activities. Get approval for this before designing more activities or solutions.oo
5.2Use the most efficient format to write activities for review. This might be an informal text document rather than a multi-column script.XX
5.3Design and review activities in batches so you can easily change direction and incorporate new ideas.oo
5.4When the solutions are in place, collect information about people’s use of the materials, from engagement statistics to reports of its effectiveness on the job. Report that to the stakeholders as both data and individual user stories.oo
5.5When the solutions have been in place long enough to possibly have an effect on the original goal, work with the client to look for changes in that measure.oooo
5.6Improve and adapt the solutions as necessary to improve
5.7Periodically identify the tools currently being used in the organization for information sharing and consider ways to leverage them.
5.8Periodically review products and methods used in marketing, user experience design, behavioral economics, communications, interactive fiction, and gaming. Look for tools and techniques that could improve results.o


Bathroom Paint

I finally got around to painting the master bathroom today, at least the main part with the sink and tub (there is a smaller room with the toilet and shower). I had to start by cleaning the walls and baseboards; although both Terry and our new maid cleaned the bathroom this week, they didn't do it with Phala-like meticulousness. I was tired after all the cleaning, so I lay down before I started to paint.

I cut in all around the ceiling, wall edges, fixtures, doors, and windows, and painted a few of the smaller patches of wall to use up the rest of the paint in my tray. That took about an hour and a half. I'm resting now, although I'm only a little bit tired. But I'll wait until this coat of paint dries before I roller-paint the rest of the wall over it. The walls aren't very big, since we've got a huge picture window, and the soaking tub is set into the corner so that takes up some wall, plus several walls with doors, etc. I'll start the next coat at 3pm, and should be done by 3:45pm when it's time to stop and get ready for church (I'm going to the 5:15pm mass today, so I don't have to worry about timing mass attendance around my shower tomorrow). I may or may not go for a walk today-- Terry is out running errands, and I usually don't walk alone. But I think I'll probably at least walk 1/2 mile, to get the mail and return. That's something, especially with the hills. Our driveway is the most strenuous part of our walk.

I hope I will keep up the momentum needed to paint the entire bathroom. I'll finish the brown paint in the main room today, but I'll have probably another two days to go, one to paint the walls in the small room, the other to paint the trim. There is a LOT of trim, it might take me two days. I must persevere and finish, lest the master bath succumb to the same fate as the guest bath. I painted the front room back in 2003, and one wall of the shower room, but never finished. So the walls are a patchwork of color in the back room, including some big patches of white where the original blue paint peeled off below the window, and was the inspiration for me to paint that room in the first place. Now it's even worse than before. Yet, curiously, I am so used to it I am not inspired to fix it yet. But I guess it will be the next project once I finish the master bath. It's the same color as the sewing room, but a different finish. I might have given up in '03 if I ran out of paint and never got more, I don't remember. If that's the case, but I have enough leftover from the sewing room, I'll just use that. It's a flat finish, but it's Aura, so hopefully it will hold up ok in the humid environment of the bath. Regardless, it probably won't be worse than the bare drywall showing in the spot where the original paint peeled off (the original paint is builder-grade (ie low-quality) and they didn't use a more durable finish in the bathrooms, which is why there are problems now.


The regulation and function of innate-like T cells

The Boyson laboratory is interested in understanding the role of innate-like T cells (NKT, gd T, and MAIT (mucosa-associated invariant T)) cells in the host immune response. These unusual T cell subsets preferentially home to peripheral tissues such as the lung, skin, gut, and liver—sites where there is a  high likelihood that they will encounter a pathogen. We are especially interested in identifying how natural genetic variation among individuals affects the function of these unusual T cells, the resulting host immune response and ultimately, disease outcome.

A host genetic locus that regulates susceptibility to infectious disease

Our genetic makeup affects how our immune system responds to different infectious agents. Yet, while the host immune system response to infection is clearly influenced by inherited traits, we still do not have a clear understanding of how host genetic regulation of the immune response ultimately affects disease outcome.

Learn more>>

The Role of Slamf6 on NKT Cells

The Slam family receptors, Slamf6 (Ly108) and Slamf1, have previously been demonstrated to be critical in NKT cell development. In mice that are only deficient in Slamf6, NKT cells develop, but there are fewer of them, and their numbers are particularly low in the liver. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the absence of NKT cells in SAP-deficient mice is due to negative signaling from the Slamf6 receptor.

Learn more>>

Genetic regulation of NKT cells

NKT cells are unusual innate-like ab T cells that recognize glycolipids and glycosphingolipids presented by CD1d. We and others have demonstrated that NKT cell number and function is highly variable among different host genetic backgrounds. We use a variety of genetic models to understand how and whether this genetically-regulated variability affects the host immune response...

Learn more>>