Swain McCaughrin Headpieces Collection – Crystal Habit Forming_

Swain McCaughrin is a Berlin-based visual artist, working in multiple mediums including paper, acrylics, oils, and 3D printed materials. Her wearable sculptures, inhabiting the name MISASSEMBLED, are collections of geometric forms, focusing on headpieces, body sculptures, and jewelry. Her latest series of headpieces called “Crystal Habit Forming” is based on the lines, colors, and forms of minerals and metals. The sculptures are made by folding paper into open or closed shapes, stitching them together, then adding wood pieces, fabric, and other found materials. Representative of the visually stunning and endless combinations for design found in nature, her headpieces seek to provide the opportunity of experiencing the space between art and fashion.

She started making wearable art in New York City in the mid 2000s, as a creative escape from the office life she had at the time. She found a place for creative expression in nightlife, where she made large scale installations for warehouse parties, and began folding paper and other materials to create sculptural geometric designs to wear to the art-themed parties. This newfound inspiration led to her career as a makeup artist, where she worked on editorials, commercial shoots, music videos, and movies.

She has shown her work in New York and now resides in Berlin, focusing on art.

Photographer: Ashley DuPree
Headpiece designer: Swain McCaughrin
Model: Aja Jane


The Dramatic Political Allegories of the Spanish Exile Félix Mexía Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1826

Author: Coscio, Elizabeth A.
The fiery Spanish liberal journalist Félix Mexía authored two dramas not previously analyzed: No hay union con los tiranos morirá quien lo pretenda o sea la muerte de Riego y España entre cadenas and La Fayette en Monte Vernon. Their analysis provides an understanding of Mexía’s political exile in the United States, employing the context of their historical setting. The application of new Romantic theory to his works published during his American exile due to censorship reveals his hidden political allegory.

Political allegory mediated the return, not only to a chaotic nineteenth-century political period in Spain, but also to an idealized Spanish medieval felicity and to the heroic Greek and Roman Age by way of the American Revolution. Readers here have traditionally ignored the allegory by remaining on the historical surface of both plays. Mexía dedicated the first dramatic work as a historical tragedy to Guadalupe Victoria, the first president of Mexico, to elevate the martyr’s death of his Spanish hero, the revolutionary Rafael de Reigo y Nuñez, by detailing the final moments of Riego’s imprisonment. Writing La Fayette en Monte Vernon in the republican tradition of a Greco-Roman epic, Mexía refigured the Spanish guerilla fighter Francisco Javier Espoz y Mina as the patriot farmer George Washington. These dedications resulted from his denunciation of specific Spanish laws that shut down patriotic societies, disbanded the revolutionary national militia, and imprisoned popular heroes like Riego.

While Benito Pérez Galdós used Mexía as a fictional fanatical caricature of a whole generation of liberals in El terror de 1824 of the Episodios nacionales, Mexía himself anticipated that usage of his persona fifty years earlier in the nineteenth century by entering his own performances as a fictional friend to his historical protagonist heroes, Riego in one drama and La Fayette in the other drama. Both dramas feature a romantic first: an allegorized female as a political constitution. These readings make public Mexía’s political issues mediated through allegorical syntagmatic historical correspondences, referencing back to his own particular exile identity in neoclassic political discourse, thus qualifying the two dramas as part of a transnational revolutionary utopist genre, but not Romantic theatre.

“Dr. Elizabeth Coscio has written a very interesting and important work that helps us understand the transition between the XVIIIth and the XIXth centuries. That transition, which so often confuses scholars, is so opaque because the works in question evince a form that is clearly Neoclassical, but occasionally the meaning or content is Romantic. The other difficulty lies in the fact that Romanticism in Spain lasts a mere twenty to twenty-five years ... This [work] is a risky undertaking, and Dr. Coscio is to be commended for attempting it and illuminating that strange bit of literary history which Mexía embodies. His works may not be the most celebrated literary artifacts of his age, but they are a true reflection of an obscure period. Dr. Coscio is masterful in her analysis and I believe her work to be of great importance to scholars of the period ...” – (from the Foreword) Professor Rodolfo J. Cortina, University of Houston

“Dr. Elizabeth Coscio is to be commended for the rigor of her research and the eloquence of her style. This magnificent study fills a void in the Félix Mexía phenomena. The expressiveness of this book transcends the academic niche, making it accessible to anyone interested in history and politics.” – Rosemary Salum, Founder and Chief Editor, Literal: Latin American Voices

Table of Contents

Foreword by Rodolfo Cortina
1. Nineteenth-Century Hispanic Identity in Exile, Romantic Theory and the Case for Political Allegory
2. Establishing Exile Identity Status for Riego and La Fayette
3. Political Allegory in the Historical Tragedy Riego
4. Political Allegory: La Fayette en Monte Vernon
5. Conclusion


Kanye West

One of the greatest musical talents of his generation. But all the talent in the world cannot buy common sense and class something which Kanye West seems to lack at times. He is a super successful rapper, singer, songwriter, fashion designer, producer and television personality. Despite being active since 1996 West did not become a household name until he helped produced the Jay Z album back in 2001 appropriately labeled The Blueprint.

He has also worked with, collaborated with, and produced songs and albums for some of the biggest names in the world including the timeless Alicia Keys, Janet Jackson and Ludacris. He has a very distinctive productions style normally consisting of a high-pitched vocal with a ton of impressions from soul songs incorporated with his own unique and world renowned beats.

After being in the game for over a decade West is actually one of the highest selling artists of all time, having sold over 25 million albums and having more than 110 million digital downloads. He is also one of the most decorated singers in history having a total of 21 Grammy Awards, and very other accomplishments. He has been included in the list of the Forbes most influential peoples list on three separate occasion in 2005, 2011, and 2015.

West went on and married larger than life television star Kim Kardashian, making them one of the most powerful couples in show business. Kim Kardashian is the highest paid reality star in the world, and she has amassed a fortune through different ventures including her mobile app game which has become one of the most successful smart phone applications in history. Together they has one child and in early 2015 the couple announced they were expecting their second child.

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A beached hoodwinker sunfish, the new species described by researchers from Murdoch University. Murdoch University

The four-year treasure hunt for the hoodwinker sunfish

A four-year puzzle has ended with the discovery of a new species of sunfish. These famously strange-looking animals are the largest bony fish in the oceans.

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14 septembre 2015

Food Revoltuion: Soupe de lentilles

Ce mois-ci, un de nos challenge etait de vous presenter des recettes qui se cuisinent rapidement et facilement. Parfait pour la rentree.

Au cours des prochaines semaines, je vais vous en presenter quelques-unes.

Aujourd'hui, une soupe qui goute l'ancien temps!

Place a large saucepan (with a lid) on a medium heat. Add a lug of olive oil and the bacon. Fry slowly until the bacon has started to release all its tasty fat and goes crispy, then add the dried thyme, dried chilli, onion, carrot, celery and garlic.

Cook gently with the lid on for about 15 minutes, until all the vegetables are soft, then add the lentils and 1 litre water or vegetable stock. Bring to the boil and simmer until the lentils are soft. (Check the packet instructions as different types of lentils vary in cooking time. If you're mixing your lentils, cook for the longest amount of time to make sure they are all cooked properly).

Add the tin of cannellini beans and, if the soup's a little thick, some more water. Bring back to the boil and simmer for another 10 minutes, then taste and season with sea salt and freshly ground black pepper.

Ladle into bowls and finish with a drizzle of extra virgin olive oil and the chopped parsley. Serve with hunks of bread.

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Stage management

Stage management is a broad field that is generally defined as the practice of organization and coordination of an event or theatrical production. Stage management may encompass a variety of activities including the overseeing of the rehearsal process and  coordinating communications among various production teams and personnel. Stage management requires a general understanding of all aspects of production and offers organisational support to ensure the process runs smoothly and efficiently.

A stage manager is an individual who has overall responsibility for stage management and the smooth execution of a theatrical production. Stage management may be performed by an individual in small productions, while larger productions typically employ a stage management team consisting of a head stage manager, or "Production Stage Manager", and one or more assistant stage managers.

The title of Stage Manager was not used until the 18th century. Though the concept and need for someone to fill the area of stage management can be seen with the Ancient Greeks. The playwrights were usually responsible for production elements. Sophocles is the first known stage technician, supported by his employment as a scenic artist, playwright, musician, and producer.

Moving into the Middle Ages there is evidence of a Conducteurs De Secrets, who oversaw collecting money at the door and serving as a prompter on stage. The prompter held the script and was prepared to feed performers their lines, this was a common practice of the time.

Between the Renaissance and 17th century the actors and playwright handled stage management aspects and stage crew. During the Elizabethan and Jacobean Theatre there were two roles that covered the stage management: Stage Keeper and Book Keeper. The Stage Keeper was responsible for the maintenance of the theater, taking props on and off stage, and security of performance space. The Book Keeper was responsible for the stage script, obtaining necessary licenses, copying/providing lines for the performers, marking entrances and exits, tracking props, marking when sound effects come in, and cueing props and sound effects.

Between the Renaissance and the 16th century, actors and playwrights took upon themselves the handling of finances, general directorial duties, and stage management. Stage management first emerged as a distinct role in the 17th century during Shakespeare's and Molière's time. During Shakespeare’s time the roles of stage management were left to apprentices, young boys learning the trade. There is still evidence of a prompter at this time.

This page was last edited on 13 May 2018, at 21:19.
Reference: under CC BY-SA license.

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Mineral Water detox and fasting were practiced by the ancient Romans and Egyptians. Roman and Egyptian scholars believed the technique brought inner transformation and improved health. Eastern philosophies view the body as transformation and improved health. Eastern philosophies view the body as a harmonious balance of functions and energies. Eastern medicine believes in keeping the liver at a high level of functionality by drinking mineral waters that contain natural ionic sulfates, trace elements, and other micronutrients. This also follows the Chinese and Eastern belief that certain foods and mineral waters that contain natural ionic sulfates and other minerals may assist the body in promoting the elimination of toxins. Now, modern science confirms this ancient knowledge through the discovery of sulfation phase II liver detoxification process. Lithia Spring Water contains approximately 222 mg/L of ionic sulfate.

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Obesity is quickly becoming the number one health issue confronting America today, and it has risen to epidemic proportions worldwide. The cause of this worldwide epidemic is believed by many health experts and scientist to be associated with the adoption of a Western-style "fast food” imports. These "fast foods” are heavily processed derivatives of GMO corn, soybeans and grains, grown on highly efficient mega-farms in sulfur depleted soils. One of the underlying causes of the world wide obesity epidemic maybe sulfur (sulfate) deficiency.

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by Roy Kreitner. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2007. 256pp. Cloth. $55.00. ISBN: 9780804753982.

Reviewed by Edward J. Balleisen, Department of History, Duke University. Email: eballeis [at]

Roy Kreitner, an Israeli legal scholar who pursued his post-secondary education primarily in the United States, has crafted a provocative reassessment of American legal discourse about contract. Rooted in the interpretive predispositions of Critical Legal Studies, Kreitner’s book mixes historical analysis and sustained engagement with contemporary legal theory, exploring what he terms “the metaphysics of contract” (p.226) – the way in which the often unacknowledged premises of modern legal thought confine interpretive options to legal scholars, lawyers, and judges alike.

Kreitner has written this monograph with an audience of legal academics mostly in mind, first and foremost contract specialists, but also legal historians who study doctrinal evolution and transformations in legal ideology. The book assumes substantial knowledge about the basic workings of the common law, the structure of legal thinking about contracts over the past century and a half, and the details of assorted contract doctrines. As a result, interested readers who are not already deeply familiar with the concept of promissory estoppel or the parole evidence rule should keep a copy of Black’s Law Dictionary close at hand. Political scientists and historians who nonetheless plunge into Kreitner’s lucid prose will encounter an intriguing argument about the relationship between often fairly abstruse controversies over contract law and broader understandings of modern individualism and economic culture.

For Kreitner, contemporary debates about contract law have almost universally presupposed a flawed historical narrative that has placed legal thinkers from both left and right in an unhelpful ideological straitjacket. That narrative, which he portrays as being communicated through almost all first-year contracts classes in the nation’s law schools, begins with two key assumptions: that contract law in the Anglo-American tradition has always been about enforcing promises between acquisitive economic actors seeking to further their pecuniary standing; and that the central analytical issues concerning contracts has always been identifying which promises deserve legal protection, and then specifying the most efficient means of enforcing those promises in the face of contractual breach. The dominant historical account further maintains that before the early twentieth century, courts provided very little paternalistic monitoring of contractual relationships, only seeking to prevent instances of outright fraud or extreme coercion. Finally, it argues that more substantial judicial policing of contractual obligations has only come with the emergence of the modern [*706] regulatory state, primarily through statutory reforms and the adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code.

This story about contract law, Kreitner insists, is riddled with misconceptions. Before the late nineteenth-century, contract law was not simply a terrain in which the state enforced private ordering by duly consenting, wealth-maximizing economic actors. Instead, the legal system imposed a varied array of standard obligations on those individuals who entered into any of several enduring status-inflected relationships, such as those between principals and agents, masters and servants, landlords and tenants, or bailors and bailees. The now dominant view of contract as limited to enforceable promises created in the course of commercial activity by autonomous economic actors who meet on a legal plane of equality, Kreitner shows, emerged only in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the midst of that era’s rapid industrialization, scholars such as Christopher Langdell and Joseph Henry Beale fashioned the legal theories about contract that dovetailed with the then influential ethos of social Darwinism. Equally important, both before and after this reformulated legal theory of contract, and in advance of the twentieth-century statutory reforms that offered consumers new contractual protections, courts frequently regulated commercial behavior through the interpretation of contracts, often on the basis of inherently vague principles such as “intent” or “good faith.”

Kreitner develops his historical critique partly by considering fundamental shifts within canonical treatises on contract law. The much greater part of his analysis, however, proceeds by considering not the core doctrines of contract according to the now dominant paradigm, such as the nature and evidentiary basis of consideration, but rather three crucial issues that raise fundamental questions about contract’s conceptual boundaries. These include: the extent to which American courts enforced promises to extend gifts; the legal treatment of contracts involving wagers, such as the buying and selling of commodities futures and the assignment of life insurance policies; and the judicial response to incomplete contractual performance. Kreitner pays particularly close attention to developments in these areas between 1880 and 1920, the period he persuasively identifies as the crucible of the newer portrayals of contract law as centrally concerning intentional promises made in the course of business.

In each of these three doctrinal areas, Kreitner identifies thorny problems that bedeviled judges for decades, leading in many cases to substantial judicial regulation of contractual relationships, and in general to a thicket of conflicting precedents. Appellate courts frequently refused to give legal effect to promises of gifts by donors, even when those promises were accompanied by clear evidence of actual delivery of property, although they also regularly upheld such gifts. Judges similarly proved perfectly willing to void what they saw as “gambling” contracts as contrary to public policy, though again, the case reports contain plenty of cases that upheld futures trades or policy [*707] assignments as perfectly legitimate mechanisms of dealing with economic risk, with the latter cases becoming more common with time. And in instances where plaintiffs or defendants alleged injustice in the performance of an incomplete contract, the judiciary regularly stepped in to impose inevitably discretionary standards of reasonableness or “good faith” on the behavior of the parties.

The impetus for such judicial intervention sometimes reflected political ideology, as when judges explicitly condemned commodities speculation on the grounds that it violated religious precepts and threatened the values of hard work and productivity which underpinned the American economy. In many instances, judges framed such motivations in terms of a paternalistic concern for safeguarding the economic morality that sustained public confidence in capitalist markets. Thus in the realm of disputes over contractual performance, both large corporations and small business owners frequently were able to persuade courts to compel contractual obligations even though agreements did not cover particular contingencies, such as partial completion of a construction project, or a clear standard of adequate provision by a public utility. In such cases, judges readily articulated a desire to protect the marketplace from “opportunistic behavior or sharp dealing” (p.215).

Kreitner’s evidence further indicates that assumptions about social status could powerfully shape judicial inclinations to interfere with or otherwise regulate contractual arrangements, belying the pervasive assumption among legal scholars that modern American judges ignored such considerations as they sought to vindicate freedom of contract. The recipients of deathbed gifts, for example, seem to have been far more likely to keep them in the face of legal challenges from disgruntled heirs if they fit societal expectations of propriety – if the gift, in the words of one late nineteenth-century New York appellate judge, was a “natural and reasonable one” (p.65), between individuals whose position, relationship, and behavior accorded with prevailing social norms. African-American or immigrant donees apparently were much more likely to face antagonistic judicial rulings than native-born, middle-class whites, usually through especially strict evaluations of the evidentiary requirements to demonstrate “delivery” of the gift, even when recipients could show that a bequest followed years of dutiful service or friendship. Similarly, “reputable brokers” were much more likely to have courts uphold future contracts than were brokers with less social standing, such as immigrant Jews. In short, despite all of the insistence by legal scholars that American law had forsaken the vestiges of “status” and embraced the capitalist logic of individualistic covenant, implicit assumptions about social hierarchies continued to shape judicial treatment of contract. The right kind of litigant, whose behavior fit comfortably into middle class categories of propriety, stood a much better chance of having an overwhelmingly white, conservative, native-born judiciary confirm a gift, or view a policy assignment as having been made in good faith. Kreitner does not quite frame his assessment of judicial [*708] decision-making this way, but his evidence fits this explanatory model developed by Lawrence Friedman, most explicitly in his AMERICAN LAW IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (2002).

Kreitner could have developed these points more effectively if he had systematically analyzed the geographic distribution of his cases and the socio-economic and racial/ethnic backgrounds of the litigants in those controversies. One gets the sense, for example, that the judicial inclination to regulate contractual behavior was greatest in areas of the country most prone to economic populism and animus toward non-whites and immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe, though one would need at least some rough quantitative analysis of his full set of data to be more confident about that inference. A further absolutely central question concerns the outcome of contract-related disagreements at the bottom of the dispute pyramid, either at the level of trial courts or through out-of-court negotiations between interested parties. Kreitner might also have noted the parallels between his central historical claims and the interpretations offered by Friedman in his 1965 monograph, CONTRACT LAW IN AMERICA, which tells in many ways an analogous story about decision-making by appellate courts. Nonetheless, the book amply establishes that contract case law has long been chock full of exceptions to the dominant historical narrative offered by the legal academy.

As much as Kreitner wishes to demonstrate the extent to which “the case law is richer than the theory” (p.3), he puts even greater emphasis on what he sees as the cultural and ideological consequences of that dominant theoretical and historical narrative about contract. This narrative, he argues, has become, in the parlance of contemporary social theory, “naturalized” – it has at once encapsulated and generated a profound set of assumptions about how the world works, impoverishing ongoing debate about the appropriate role of the state in overseeing economic relationships. The view of contract as enforceable promises between formally equal, autonomous, and coldly rational commercial actors, he insists, has buttressed the modern conception of individualism, which views humans centrally as “calculating” and “calcuable” (p.225). In similar fashion, that view contributed greatly to prevailing understandings of the “market” as constituted most importantly through private ordering by such acquisitive, individualistic protagonists.

At the same time, Kreitner maintains, the judicial distinction between illicit gambling and commendable efforts to guard against foreseeable risks, however unevenly applied, helped Americans around the turn of the twentieth century “come to terms with the fears and uncertainties that accompanied the transition into modernity” (p.11). Judicial blasts at gambling that only masqueraded as risk management gave sanctioned efforts at speculation or hedging a more respectable patina. And judicial explanations of legitimate economic strategies for taming risk allowed “people . . . to envision themselves, or at least recognize themselves, as (interchangeable) parts [*709] [in an overall economic] system, subject to its (economic) laws” (p.125). In other words, developments in contract law “helped Americans [to] stop worrying and learn to love risk” (p.159).

One can imagine “weak” and “strong” versions of this complicated, overarching argument. The former would stress the impact of legal thinking about contract on the worldviews of most legal academics, judges, and lawyers. The latter would extend that impact to the worldviews of American elites more generally, or even the broader society. At various junctures, Kreitner makes clear that he wishes to put forward the relatively strong version, that he views the premises of legal theory as “govern[ing] the way Americans think about contract even today” (p.228). Toward this end, he explicitly draws on legal historian Robert Gordon’s concept of law as often constitutive of social reality, suggesting that “lawyers’ main importance derives from the their contribution to the forms and categories of public discourse” (p.158). In essence, Kreitner implies that contract doctrine has powerfully helped to shape the ideological frameworks that allow ordinary Americans make sense of their world, including, most importantly, their sense that economic individualism still characterizes the workings of the American economy, and their instinct that governmental regulation of private contractual arrangements represents not only a problematic crimping of economic freedom, but also a threat to long-term productivity and efficiency.

Kreitner’s data, however, almost never extends beyond the confines of “the law box,” as Robert Gordon (1975) has separately described the institutional and ideological realm of the legal fraternity. CALCULATING PROMISES is on its most solid ground when it suggests that within that realm, the prevailing legal theory about contract has constrained the consideration of conceptual possibilities, perhaps even with hegemonic implications. By fixating on issues related to the formation of contracts, Kreitner observes, legal scholars from both left and right have missed the opportunity to think through difficult issues concerning societal interests in shaping the content of contractual terms and performance.

The book, however, offers essentially no evidence about how Americans beyond the courtroom or law school have viewed such questions as the nature of individualism or the appropriate role of government in validating or overseeing contractual relationships. Nor does Kreitner furnish any indication of how the viewpoints of legal theorists ostensibly diffused into wider currents of cultural and political discourse. The monograph is similarly silent on the question of how such diffusion, to the extent that it existed, would compare in influence to other likely sources of prevailing ideas about economic individualism and the appropriate regulatory role of the state, such as the teaching of introductory economics in colleges and universities, or the political discourse of twentieth-century conservatism, or the popular literature on business management. [*710]

Indeed, Kreitner’s own discussion of appellate case law suggests that we should be wary about such diffusion from legal sources to the broader public. As he readily concedes, since the 1870s, a great many Americans have displayed understandings of contractual obligations and property rights that markedly diverge from the emerging and eventually dominant depiction of contract as enforceable promises, rooted exclusively in the consent of autonomous individuals, and sealed by unambiguous evidence of financial consideration, however great or small. Throughout the country, would-be gift givers who confronted the possibility or likelihood of death continued to assume that they could provide for the contingent transfer of their assets to whomever they saw fit, through relatively informal mechanisms – an assumption that invited and often prompted legal challenge. By the same token, the makers of all sorts of commercial contracts, including both small business-owners and large corporations, neglected to spell out contractual terms for handling a variety of contingencies in contractual performance, and then looked to the courts to protect their interests when those contingencies occurred. The assumptions and perspectives that law professors confidently articulated in their first-year contracts courses did not necessarily percolate through to the masses, or even the members of the business community. As Kreitner himself eventually observes, for all the “extensive academic and judicial energies” devoted to clarifying the legal framework of contract, “the results do not seem to affect the behavior of contracting parties” (p.224).

If Kreitner’s suggested chain of cultural diffusion from “law” to “society” occurred anywhere, one might expect that would have been within the burgeoning realm of American big business. As he notes, if any contracting entity actually approaches the “model of contractual man” and its associated “calculating attitude” (p.233) presupposed by prevailing American legal theory, it is the large-scale corporation. From their inception, corporations have employed high-priced lawyers who kept close tabs on legal developments, and who wielded considerable influence over those developments, as well as the internal culture of their firms. Within the last two generations, moreover, one can point to numerous contexts in which corporate behavior closely accords with these assumptions about economic calculation – not least in the domains of labor and consumer relations. And yet, the work of sociologically inclined legal scholars such as Stewart McCaulay (1963) and Russell Weintraub (1992) suggests the need for caution in drawing such conclusions. Their research indicates that business arrangements within particular American supply chains have often maintained an informal character at odds with Kreitner’s expectations, reflecting personal relationships forged between sales and purchasing managers. Especially in contexts in which firms have enjoyed and anticipate long-term relationships, commercial custom has emphasized flexible adjustments in the face of shifting economic circumstances, [*711] rather than efforts to compel strict enforcement of contractual terms through the legal system.

In the end, CALCULATING PROMISES constitutes an incomplete performance of truly ambitious scholarly undertakings, contributing a great deal to our historical understanding of American contract law, but not quite as much as this fine book pledges to deliver. Kreitner incisively reconceptualizes broad areas of contract case law; he persuasively argues that prevailing legal ideas about contract were much more a revolutionary creation of late nineteenth-century legal scholars responding to the dynamics of industrialization than they were a more careful working out of ancient common law principles; he establishes that the case law at no point conformed neatly to the generalizations and over-arching pronouncements of preeminent contract scholars. As a result, the monograph effectively challenges the confident pieties structuring so much contemporary legal discourse about contracts, especially in the nation’s law schools and law reviews. Kreitner’s characterization of the most far-reaching cultural and political ramifications of American contract theory, however, represents more of an enticing hypothesis than a demonstrated argument.

Of course, therein lies a host of potentially exciting research agendas, most of which would require more sustained consideration of developments outside “the law box.” How might we track and explain the shifting contours of popular legal consciousness, especially concerning the uses and limits of contract, or the most sensible ways of conceptualizing “the market?” Have “economies of gift exchange” played a bigger role within modern commercial culture than legal theorists or anthropologists have recognized – as in mutualistic extensions of credit or the sharing of investment and contracting opportunities? To what extent have the evolving organizational cultures of the American corporation or of the country’s small businesses actually imbibed the legal community’s dominant theory of contractual obligations, and its associated view of economic rationality? How, if at all, has the increasing salience of contractual relationships across international borders complicated contractual behavior and more abstract legal theorizing? And should we view the now prevalent theory of contractual obligations as more cause or effect? In other words, was the classical view of contract primarily the producer of widely shared notions of “common sense,” as Kreitner insists, perhaps through indirect influence on the worldview of the legion of American politicians trained in law schools? Or was that theory rather itself the product of wider currents of thought outside the law?

Most importantly, at least for Kreitner, and probably for his primary intended audience, how might today’s legal scholars and political theorists think more productively about the world of contract, working through the appropriate role of courts in foreclosing some contractual options, or imposing some general contractual obligations, in either case on the basis of enduring societal values and commitments? [*712] Despite the limitations of CALCULATING PROMISES, then, Roy Kreitner has raised some absolutely central questions about the relationship between law and modern American capitalism, inviting a wide range of additional inquiries across the social sciences.

Friedman, Lawrence M. 2002. AMERICAN LAW IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Friedman, Lawrence M. 1965. CONTRACT LAW IN AMERICA. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Gordon, Robert W. 1975. “Introduction: J. Willard Hurst and the Common Law Tradition in American Legal Historiography.” 10 LAW AND SOCIETY REVIEW 9-55.

McCaulay, Stewart. 1963. “Non-Contractual Relations in Business: A Preliminary Study.” 28 AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW 55-67.

Weintraub, Russell J. 1992. “A Survey of Contract Practice and Policy.” 1992 WISCONSIN LAW REVIEW 1-60.

© Copyright 2007 by the author, Edward J. Balleisen.


Wednesday May 23, 2018

How sacrificial rituals take one closer to supreme reality and consciousness

By Isha Srivastva

For millenniums, the ritual of sacrifice or yajna  has been considered to be a foundational religious activity of Hinduism. For the Vedic Aryans, Yajna was the paramount activity through which the universe remained in order. These rituals were necessary to attain the ‘three worlds’- the world we live in (cosmic world), the intermediate world and heaven.

Sacrifice as Spiritual Obedience

The idea of sacrifice, is to show our allegiance to a universal power, and learning to rely on its provisions over the material comforts that we have made for ourselves. Different people part with various possessions that they would otherwise be frugal with; it can be a piece of clothing, food, a resource or sometimes, even earthly relationships. pursue the knowledge of ones true self and achieve liberation from the bondage of worldly commitments (Sansaar) and Karma.

A Leaf out of history

Community sacrifices and offerings are performed today to attain the liberation of the soul, or moksha. Keeping the multitude of Hindu Gods aside, beyond numbers and gender, a true Hindu will believe in the One reality and One consciousness of God.

Historically, Vedic sacrifice has delineated itself in the Rig Veda (the knowledge of the verses) which explains a highly structured and proper way of performing rituals. Actions accompanied by chanting, carry a cosmic power which brings balance and prosperity in the natural order of the world.

Laurie L Patton, in her book Bringing the Gods to Mind writes, “Without the sacrifice, the sun would not rise in the morning, nor would the cattle grow and multiply, nor would the crops flourish throughout the year. The possibility for long and healthy life for humans, and the worship of the fathers after death, or the ancestors, would not be present.”

Ashvamedhayajna was one such Vedic ritual for instance, prescribed in the Yajur Veda (knowledge of the ritual directions) which translates to ‘horse sacrifice’. It was regarded to be the highest form of animal sacrifice, with the horse being an ultimate symbol of martial power and one of the most important military resource.

The ritual was performed by emperors or sages who had achieved unparalleled success, to glorify the state of one-ness with Brahman. The Upanishads have likened the human senses to horses that must be controlled lest they shall become wild. Ashvamedha has also been interpreted as an offering of the seven chakras to God, and remaining in God consciousness.

Pure Bhakti

From its pious tributes and ritualistic practises to acting as a symbol of reprehensible social practise, sometimes religion gets robbed of its true identity.

Our religious books spell out that compared to the greatness derived from self knowledge and one-ness with God, the virtues earned by going on pilgrimage sites, or performing a hundred yagnas, are minuscule. Yudhishthira too, had performed Ashvamedha, but while narrating the incident to Yudhisthira’great-granadson, the sage Vaishampayana told him that he should not think too highly of sacrifice, and follow contentment, self restraint, abstain from injuring all creatures.

Rituals are imbued with values and spiritual principles, but when a person gets entangled in rituals, they run the risk of losing the value itself. Yagnas, pilgrimages and offerings hold no merit if we do not imbue our quotidian actions with divine purpose, acts of charity, kindness, and love. We cannot cleanse ourselves with Havans, we have to cleanse ourselves to what Sikhs call the Panj Vikar (Five sins); Kaam (lust), krodh (rage), lobh (greed), moh (attachment) and hankaar (ego).

Most of us have read the story of Sudama (or Kuchela) who offered nothing but rice flakes to his old friend, Lord Krishna. In return, the God showered him with riches and luxury. The story taught an important lesson; nothing greater than self sacrifice and pure Bhakti, can be offered to God.

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Sins in hinduism

Sins in Hinduism

What is the meaning of Sins in Hinduism?

Sins in Hinduism

What is the Philosophy of Sins in Hinduism?

Sins in Hinduism
Visit Pilgrimage shrines to erase your sins in Hindusim. Pixabay.

What are the types of Sins in Hinduism?

The Mahapatakas

The Upa Patakas

The Prakirna Patakas

What are the solutions to overcome Sins?

Fines and punishments

Austerities and Atonement

Sins in Hinduism

Rituals and sacrifices

Prayers and Mantras

Recitation of the Vedas and other Sacred Books

Visiting pilgrimages

Bathing in the sacred rivers

Yoga and Meditation

The blessings of saints and gurus

Sins in Hinduism
Worshipping the saints remove the sins in hinduism. Pixabay.

Virtuous conduct

-Prepared by Bhavana Rathi of NewsGram. Twitter @tweet_bhavana


Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba; in Chinese »È§ö, pinyin romanization, yin xing), also known as the Maidenhair Tree after Adiantum, is a unique species of tree with no close living relatives. The ginkgo is classified in its own division, the Ginkgophyta, comprising the single class Ginkgoopsida, order Ginkgoales, family Ginkgoaceae, genus Ginkgo and is the only extant species within this group. It is one of the best-known examples of a living fossil, because Ginkgoales other than G. biloba are not known from the fossil record after the Pliocene.[1][3]

For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two small areas in Zhejiang province in Eastern China, in the Tian Mu Shan Reserve. However, recent studies indicate high genetic uniformity among ginkgo trees from these areas, arguing against a natural origin of these populations and suggesting that the ginkgo trees in these areas may have been planted and preserved by Chinese monks over a period of about 1000 years.[4] Whether native ginkgo populations still exist has not been demonstrated unequivocally and is therefore uncertain.

The relationship of Ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain. It has been placed loosely in the divisions Spermatophyta and Pinophyta, but no consensus has been reached. Since Ginkgo seeds are not protected by an ovary wall, it can morphologically be considered a gymnosperm. The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are technically not fruits, but are seeds that have a shell that consists of a soft and fleshy section (the sarcotesta), and a hard section (the sclerotesta).

Extracts of Ginkgo leaves contain flavonoid glycosides and terpenoids (ginkgolides, bilobalides) and have been used pharmaceutically. Ginkgo supplements are usually taken in the range of 40¡V200 mg per day.


Politically-charged rap finally gets its due with Kendrick Lamar’s Pulitzer
Kendrick Lamar performs at the Brit Awards 2018 in London, Feb. 21. | Joel C. Ryan / Invision via AP

Compton-born rapper Kendrick Lamar has made history after being awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his 2017 rap album, Damn. During a press conference at the World Room inside Columbia University, Pulitzer administrator Dana Canedy listed off the the various winners and finalists saving Lamar for last. The California-based artist became the first non-jazz or classical artist to collect that honor in its seventy-five-year existence.

Damn was Lamar’s fourth studio album and featured hits such as “Humble” and “DNA.” The Pulitzer board called the album a “virtuosic song collection unified by its vernacular authenticity,” marking a shift in the public’s perception of rap as a valid literary genre.

Hip hop has battled against public disapproval and respectability politics for decades; it has historically not received the same critical acclaim that other genres have been awarded, despite its massive commercial success. Even Lamar himself has been passed over multiple times for Album of the Year by the Grammys. Despite its ongoing struggle to be taken seriously, rap has never shied away from political discourse. Old school hip hop heads, such as Public Enemy, KRS-1, and Rakim, had long ago been calling for radical social transformation.

The different variations of rap have allowed hip hop to evolve into a versatile and heavily commercialized genre. Mumble rap, trap, alternative, and underground are just some of the many different faces that rap takes on. It was during the ’80s that hip hop really became a tool to challenge the hegemonic authoritarianism of its time. Gangster rap, for example, utilized lyricism in order to make political, and what some considered politically incorrect, statements about society.

NWA (N*ggaz Wit Attitudes) was one of the pioneers of political gangster rap; the controversial group rose to fame in 1988 after the release of their debut album, Straight Out of Compton. The hip hop group often rapped about their run-ins with the law, and the struggles with growing up in the ghettos of Compton.

Not afraid to scream what was being whispered, NWA became known for their outspoken disdain toward the police and declared themselves the “world’s most dangerous group.” Their unapologetic nature led to clashes with law enforcement and backlash from conservatives. According to BBC, this behavior prompted FBI assistant director Milt Ahlerich to issue a letter to NWA’s record label complaining about them. “Music plays a significant role in society,” he said, claiming the song “encourages violence against and disrespect for the law enforcement officer.”

Fast forward almost four decades later and Lamar has put Compton on the map, once again—this time with his individualistic style of alternative rapping, intricate lyricisms, and racially charged messages. K-Dot (Lamar’s rapper name) released his debut album, good kid, m.A.A.d city, in 2012 and has since dropped a multitude of popular tracks. Lamar’s most recent album included songs such as “XXX,” a scathing critique of U.S. imperialism that includes verses such as, “The great American flag is wrapped and dragged with explosives, Compulsive disorder, sons and daughters barricaded blocks and borders.” The rapper’s work has been met with overwhelmingly positive reactions and has been praised for raising the bar in rap.

Regardless of his commercial and critical acclaim, Lamar’s Pulitzer Prize is emblematic of something bigger than himself. Damn’s recognition is indicative of a changing attitude towards genres, like hip hop, that have suffered under the respectability politics of musical elitism.

Rap has now surpassed rock as the most popular music genre in the world, but it has sacrificed much to be accepted in the mainstream music industry. Rappers have faced controversy over hyper-sexualization, misogyny, racial overtones, and excessive mentions of violence. Songs such as Ice-T’s “Cop Killer” were banned in music stores nationwide due to continual threats of boycott. Similarly, popular rappers like Eminem have been censured due to their crude lyrics and explicit verses.

In recent years, however, hip hop has taken a drastically different shape. Artists like Kendrick Lamar have accomplished what rappers before him were unable to: He has generated a dominant platform for political rap. Lamar creates music that is representative of radical black diaspora, while also packaging sociopolitical discourse for mainstream consumerism. This was something that predecessors, such as Lupe FIasco, Common, Killer Mike, and Mos Def, were not able to do in the same mainstream capacity.

Regardless of how or why this shift is occurring, no one can deny the unrelenting talent that is Kendrick Lamar. The 30-year-old is setting the bar high for all musicians, and continues to push himself beyond the industry’s artistic limits. Between his melodic perfectionism and compelling political verses, it is easy to see that Damn is only the tip of the lyrical iceberg.

Michelle Zacarias
Michelle Zacarias


Why Persuasion Takes More Than a Fancy Suit...

The world has changed drastically. We no longer lead with trust or “benefit of the doubt”. In business there is not a single person in an organization that has the power, knowledge, expertise, or capability to do everything on their own. Small business’ in particular fall prey to the notion that they can do it all by themselves because in the first stages of conceptualization, they can. Once they get past that they are dependent upon others whether it be customers, clients, friends and family or employees. If they are not prepared for the next steps, healthy growth in the business becomes nearly impossible. How then can small business owners better prepare themselves for moving into a leadership role with sustained healthy growth? It requires trust. How do you reliably, repeatedly build trust with customers? Learn, practice, and master the art of persuasion.

To quote Keith Ferrazzi, author of Never Eat Alone, “Every dream, hope, and aspiration you have depends on others. Your ability to persuade is critical to your success.” The ability to empathize is the cornerstone to persuasion as it is the cornerstone to trust. Finding a way to invest in your stakeholders and care about the quality of experience of those interactions wins hearts and minds and depending on how effective one is, builds trust instantly or over time.

So, what exactly is persuasion? Persuasion is a process. It is an art and science that enables one to influence, change or strengthen behaviors, thoughts and perceptions. The art is in the ability to earn trust through effective communication and the science are the well-established principles of human behavior. This is a critical skill for business owners and managers due to the nature of organizational relationships, modern high-speed transactions, low tolerance for error, and the diverse array of situations arising from those interactions.

If this is a crucial skill how can I master this? Practice and time. Just like leaders, persuaders are not born but made. However, it does not take years of study to begin honing the skills necessary to be a master persuader. There is a secret formula: Trust + Expertise = Credibility, Credibility x Right People = Success. The more credible one is the more likely one is willing to commit time and resources to the idea, product or service. So, here are a few tips and tricks to get started on the persuasion formula today:

  • Sincerity. A genuine belief that the idea, product or service is worth others’ time.
  • Proven Trustworthiness. Behave in a trustworthy manner by establishing a pattern of following through on everything committed to.
  • Respect, Explore, Listen. Genuinely value others input and listen to concerns. Be open and do not dismiss.
  • Best Interest. Convince and believe that the idea, product or service is in the best interest of others.
  • Don’t be perfect. No one is and acknowledging flaws up front not only pro-actively heads off potential conflict and setbacks, it establishes a deeper layer of trust immediately.
  • Be Consistent. Do what you say and say what you mean. Inconsistency leads to confusion, conflict and questionable intentions.

Right People:

  • Know your target audience. Who should you be addressing? Decision makers? Stakeholders? Influencers? Knowing who, when and where your idea, product or service fits is crucial.
  • Overlap. Sometimes these groups or individuals overlap. Be sure not to leave anyone out.

Seems simple right? It is, however, why hasn’t everyone mastered this art then? Same reason people fail to follow through on New Year’s resolutions, eat healthy, or take that vacation—a failure to create a sustained behavior. Thought to action repeated over a period of time will foster consistency and eventually mastery. These are the tools, it’s up to you to take the steps.

Click here to get your free copy of the guide, 5 Steps to a Winning Strategy.  Connect and follow on LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter.

Photo courtesy of Unsplash.com.

Joey Martin


To me the more curious a child is, the more he learns. I always strive to nurture my children’s curiosity and find it as one of the most important ways I can help them to become lifelong learners.

I took a mini film of them exploring at NEMO Science Museum, where they could experience how science works and play with energy, water, build blocks and so much more.

My girls don’t know what snow is, even though I grew up in a country where the winters are quite sever, temperatures do get brutal and everything is covered with so much snow. But for my girls, snow is a miracle, and every year they are filled with hope that it is going to snow. This month it was snowing for a couple of days, oh well, it was almost raining and the snow was melting as soon as it was touching the ground. But, oh my goodness, there was so much happiness and joy on their faces. This made me want to take my camera and create a film where I could capture those magical moments.

november portrait of a girl

In our progressively busy lives it’s difficult to always be in the moment. Since I had my kids I feel acutely aware of how quickly time goes and I find myself trying to hang on to those memories a little longer by taking pictures. I love being able to express myself through my camera and use it to tell our stories that I want to remember.

I am determined to learn how to shoot and edit video because I want to document and preserve their moment so it can live and move me in a way that stills don’t.


Faerie Queene? Give me 30 seconds

Don’t fret. The old English language, haughty and portentous style, in combination with the straightforward and painfully obvious allusions and metaphorical characters is bound to confuse any sensible reader. How could a book with such seemingly confusing language be so surprisingly simple in plot and depth?

Spenser’s Faerie Queene is impossible to describe. It is it’s own level of simplicity disguised in a shell of complexity and falsely hailed as the second coming of English literature. This book initially seems to be difficult to describe to any person, and this would be true, but I feel if I were to attempt to describe Faerie Queene to an IT professional or other mathematically wired brains I would be pleasantly surprised at how easy this task would prove to be. Faerie Queene is not only a predictable story but also the morals and lessons to be taken for the story are interlaced throughout the story in a manner one would expect from a children’s storybook. There is no creative element to such a regimented book and once one can understand the pattern there is nothing more to discover from a book written in such style. The book is so blatantly planned that I would compare it to an algorithm. By describing Faerie Queene as a program that at certain points must reinforce Christian morals and beliefs while denouncing the sins of the world, all the while attempting to mask this with confusing language (complicated programming interface), then I think an IT professional could grasp Faerie Queene with surprising speed.

By Aneel Henry

Back in My Day, The Pen Was Mightier Than the Sword.

But with the use of computers (and therefore keyboards) constantly on the rise, this phrase is fairly outdated. Therefore, so us people that still adhere to the power of prose and poetry can keep up with the hipness of the times, I propose an amendment. We will now say, “The wording pwns the swording.” Ignoring the fact that sheer lameness might be worse than being outdated, I would like to take the time to point out that it is simply the terminology and not the literature itself that is outdated.

So, you enjoying your LOTRO account? Heck, you enjoying any sort of video game or movie or modern book that employs the use of magic, dragons, wizards, knights, or any other variety of mystical creatures? Go ahead and send props to a guy named Spenser, then. The “older” writers like Tolkien and such totally riffed off him — legitimately and in good fashion, but riffed off him nonetheless. It’s Spenser’s work, The Fairie Queene, which you have to thank for your ability to send a ball of hurling fire from your palm into the face of a charging knight.

Granted, Spenser himself worked off of even older dudes like Ovid. Ovid’s the Roman guy who wrote the epic, The Metamorphoses. Don’t confuse him with the German Kafka, who wrote a completely different book by the same name. Don’t confuse Kafka with Kefka, the evil villain from Final Fantasy VI either, for that matter. He’d be insulted and call you an awful vermin. But yeah, even with taking his writing from Ovid and the like, Spenser’s the first who really made an impacting writing with an English Influence rather than translating the actual legends themselves.

Now, I often found myself as an outlier in high school due to the fact that I could read Shakespeare. That doesn’t mean Shakespeare was easy for me; much of his writing was quite difficult to muddle through. That being said, Spenser’s difficult level smacks Shakey. I was thoroughly intimidated after reading the first couple stanzas. But once you can get into the flow of reading the lyrical nature of his sonnets, Spenser is fascinating. It’s much the same as putting on some techno music and grinding out some levels on your MMO of choice. After realizing the depths to which his words plunge, it’s no surprise that hundreds of years of literature in multiple genres can be traced almost exclusively back to this one work, The Fairie Queene. Yeah, it’s a tough read. It’s a bloody hell of a read. But bloody hell is what you’re into dark magic and conjuring demons for anyway, right?

Another Language

Okay, so you’re an IT professional, right? That means you’re pretty good with computers and computer programming. I, for one, could never deal with computer programming. To me, even the simplest HTML code is completely and utterly unintelligible, but for an IT professional, code can be an intuitive way to send richly detailed messages. Here’s an example:

Sample HTML Code

There is no way I could translate this code into standard English; maybe a professional can, but I am certainly not one. I can, however, understand bits and pieces of it though, and gather a few bits of information from it. I can guess that the </html> symbols at the beginning and end symbolize the start and finish of the code. By seeing “blueborder.jpg” in the text, I can deduce that this code will display something on a computer screen, and it’s probably something blue. Furthermore, I know a little bit about color hex codes, and a quick Google search of “#FF0000” tells me that some text will be written in red. Finally, I can also see that the text will be written in the font “Brush Script MT.” So you see, I can understand parts of the code, and gather some information, but I cannot visualize completely what this code is trying to tell me.

Likewise, the same can be said about Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene. Although it is written in English, it can look like a foreign language to some. For example, modern English doesn’t tell us to include “bounti-hed” in our vocabulary, but Spenser tells us that it means “cherished.” Sure, we can take bits and pieces from the text, and get a general understanding of it, but unless someone is very well trained in Medieval English, they will have a lot of trouble while reading Faerie Queene.

Both Faerie Queene and HTML code are similar in that they are written in “almost” another language. While they are both technically in English, they are very difficult to understand for the untrained. This is where the value of reading becomes obvious. To an IT professional, and to the common reader, new languages allow us to understand more of our surroundings, of our history, and of our future.

-Matt Thumser

That is soooo 489 years ago.

Ah, the digital age. I have almost every conceivable medium of entertainment available from the comfort of my laptop. I could download a 70-hour long RPG, if I choose. A movie, maybe? Weeks worth of music might suit my mood, instead. And, of course, I could also read a book online, provided that it’s been uploaded. An IT professional like Prof. Hall is, of course, familiar with this flexibility of engaging media. So, then, what value could the most antiquated of all these experiences possibly hold? In a time when we are greeted by immediacy in the form of audiovisual engagement, can a poem over 450 years old still enrapture us as it did audiences of the Renaissance period? Spenser’s The Faerie Queene provides a strong case for the affirmative.

The Faerie Queene is a tough read, make no mistake. However, this primarily arises from the nonstandardized spelling of Spenser’s time which can easily throw off modern readers. But, if a reader delves deep enough into the work, they will find that it contains infinitely more meaning and significance than even the most complex games and movies. Allegories abound, and the poem overflows with symbolism. Whereas a movie or video game can be breezed through without interruption, a reader quickly glancing over a stanza of The Faerie Queene could easily lose every bit of meaning jam-packed in that passage. References to the Bible, Dante’s Inferno, and other classic works would be marred by a patience-desensitized mindset.

Of course, this last bit more or less summarizes the underlying cause behind the relative unpopularity of literature in modern culture. While the newer forms of media require less effort to fully understand, classic literature still remains open to interpretation. Simply put, many people (IT professionals included) have been, in a sense, pampered by the relative “easiness” of movies, video games, and music. Of course, Professor Hall is on the more intelligent end of this spectrum; he is not a good case study for the average IT professional. I personally have known many IT workers (as I have, in fact, almost worked in an IT department myself as a part-time job), and I can tell you that many of them far prefer a great game to The Great Gatsby. This obviously does not mean that tech-savvy people are not as intelligent as literature junkies; it merely comes down to a learned preference.

In The Faerie Queene, Professor Hall will find a much less immediately accessible experience than that of, say, Lord of the Rings Online. However, coming from someone with the same basic preference of media, I believe that there is just as much, if not more, value in this excellent work of classic literature. While it may require more effort to properly interpret than modern culture has taught us to use on almost anything (we live in an age of convenience and instant gratification, directly brought about by technology), there is easily much more to be gained from it than most other forms of media. The journey is arduous, but the destination is a treasure trove of depth and meaning.

-Billy Bunce

The Physical Nature of Poetry

2. Look up words that you do not understand

3. Understand the symbols

4. Get help from others

-Kashyap Saxena

Breon W. Guarino

(Wolfgang is not my middle name at all.)


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Social Responsability

At PremiumsFC, we are convinced of the importance of doing a responsible professional activity and that is why we are commited to collaborate with different associations in our environment. By acquiring each of our products you are contributing with the education and food of the people most needed.

We donate 5% of our benefits to support the training of public school teachers and emotional support for poor children. Since education, as a process of transmission of knowledge, moral behavior or socialization is one of the most important instruments of our society.

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In addition, we also supports different initiatives, as offering warm clothes to forgotten and marginalized people who are at the edge of society and who, unfortunately to a great extent, no longer feel part of it.

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We believe that a better world is possible, but it depends on all of us. Buying our products you are contributing to it.


Afro-montane is a term for sub-regions of the Afro-tropical realm.

One of the Earth’s eight biogeographic realms that covers the plant and animal species found in the mountains of Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula.

The Afro-montane regions of Africa are discontinuous, separated from each other by lower-lying areas, and are sometimes referred to as the Afro-montane archipelago, as their distribution is analogous to a series of sky islands.

They occur in communities above 1,500–2,000 metreselevation near the equator, and as low as 300 metres elevation in the Knysna-Amatole montane forests of South Africa.

Afro-montane forests are generally cooler and more humid than the surrounding lowlands.

The Afromontane archipelago mostly follows in the East African Rift from the Red Sea to Zimbabwe, with the largest areas in the Ethiopian Highlands.

Others can be traced in the Albertine Rift Mountains of Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania, and the Eastern Arc highlands of Kenya and Tanzania.

Afromontane ecoregions

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Ethiopian montane forests (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan),

Guinean montane forests (Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, and Sierra Leone),

Albertine Rift montane forests (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda),

Cameroonian Highlands forests (Cameroon, Nigeria),

Knysna-Amatole montane forests (South Africa),

Southern Afro temperate Forest (Western Cape Province of South Africa),

East African montane forests (Kenya, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda),

Eastern Arc forests (Tanzania, Kenya),

Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests (Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea)

The Other being Montane grasslands, shrub lands, and woodlands [Angolan montane forest-grassland Angolan scarp savanna and woodlands , Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands, Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests, East African montane moorlands, Zimbabwe montane forest-grassland mosaic, Zimbabwe, Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands, Ethiopian montane moorlands, Highveld grasslands, Jos Plateau forest-grassland mosaic (Nigeria), Maputaland-Pondoland bushland and thickets (Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland), Southern Afrotemperate Forest (Western Cape Province of South Africa), Rwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda), South Malawi montane forest-grassland mosaic (Malawi, Mozambique), Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic (Malawi, Tanzania)


A raccoon family falls through a Sheridan Township, MI ceiling.  The video of the first responders catching them is hilarious.

Sometimes when you're sitting on your couch watching TV a family of raccoons drop in for a visit.  This video was shared on the Albion Department of Public Safety.  It is both hilarious and adorable.  (If the video isn't showing up on your mobile device just click here.)

According to Yahoo.com,

Police said in a statement that a dog catcher pole was used to collar the raccoon. No people or animals were injured in the incident.  The raccoons were taken away and released into the wild.

How adorable are those babies?

BONUS VIDEO:  Dana Marshall vs Raccoon


A #WellTraveledHome is a curated collection of goods that tell a story through their use. It’s a purposeful home with possessions that are truly meaningful and made by artisans who originated them. The key is to bring these varied items together, thoughtfully, to enhance your home with less while simultaneously encapsulating that well traveled feel.


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    Home / Job / Miraj Hammam Spa

    Miraj Hammam Spa

    Discover an exotic oasis tucked away in the luxurious surroundings of Shangri-La Hotel, Toronto.

    In centuries past, the Hammam was known as the silent doctor. Indulge in traditional Hammam and Gommage treatments while your imagination takes you on a mystical journey into the past. This steam and body exfoliation followed by massage is part of the authentic traditions of the Middle East.

    Together with Caudalie of Paris, the leader in Vinotherapie® Spas around the world, enjoy luxurious treatments, beneficial even by the most discerning standards. Experience a voyage inspired from the ancient rituals of the Middle East to the vineyards of Bordeaux.

    Old-world traditions, introduced into the new world. This will be your Miraj Hammam Spa journey at Shangri-La Hotel, Toronto.


How many trials?!

How many trials will it take for me to know asking off work is an awful idea?! My employer’s paid time off policy is that any PTO you don’t use in a calendar year rolls over to an emergency bank. You can only use emergency bank hours for big events like hospitalization or surgery, not simple sick days. The days are not paid out if you leave the company. Therefore, you will likely lose them. When I first arrived, they paid you the unused PTO at the end of the year. That was wonderful! I know it cost them money though.

Anyway, as a result, of this policy, I took a week off. We were supposed to take a trip to see my brother, which would’ve taken my mind off myself. However, that didn’t end up happening. So, I’m just hanging out at home, wondering how my kids at work are fairing, and obsessing over eating disordered thoughts.

Bored Now_Willow_ Buffy

On the bright side, one usual reaction to boredom is self-injury or binging. I haven’t done either; I’m sleeping a lot.


On In History & Religion

Amazing Ancient Monuments That Will Put Modern Ones To Shame

“Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness.”Nothing can describe the ancient structures more beautifully than these words. Today, we gasp at the suspension bridges and skyscrapers, but when we find ourselves standing in front of an ancient structure, then we simply freeze in awe.These enormous structures are not just about the skill and technology of the bygone era. They also carry the crucial information on culture and heritage. They carry the evidence of brilliance of a time that still invokes the sense of mystery in us. So, let’s take an amazing ride with these popular structures of the ancient world.

The Great Wall of China

This structure that covers around 4,000 miles was commissioned by Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang. It was created in 3rd century BC to restrict the barbarian from entering China. The original barrier was built using wood, earth, brick, and stone. Initially, the wall was not meant to stand for years. However, with the building push of the Ming dynasty in the 1300s, this structure claimed its place as a wonder in the modern world.

This is one of the most amazing and mysterious structures around the globe. The structure is a circular arrangement of huge stones. It is estimated that the stones have an average weight of 25 tonnes. There are many speculations regarding the purpose of this structure, and one of them is that it was an ancient burial ground.

Megalithic Temples

This collection of 6 different temples in Malta is one of the most complex architectures of the ancient world. Besides, it is also known for its originality and use of the advanced technical skill. The fascinating fact is that each of the temples is different from the other in terms of construction and articulation. For the interiors, softer limestone is used while the outer part showcased hard coral-line limestone.

Theatre of Marcellus

Imagine an open-air theater that can hold 20,000 spectators. Seems possible? Now, think that it was inaugurated in 12 BC. Amazing is the word that certainly comes to mind. Isn’t it? It is a semicircular structure that has an intricate interior design. Other than 3 levels of seating, it also has an open-air backdrop behind the main stage. This is one of the star-studded architecture of the past.

The Egyptian pyramids

These structures still draw awe from the spellbound viewers. The powerful buildings from the old kingdom still stand as a wonder in the modern world. Build with millions of stone blocks; the pyramids are presently one among the most famous tourist spots.

This massive stone amphitheatre was commissioned around A.D. 70-72 by Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty. It was constructed as a gift to the Roman people and still stands as the evidence of grandeur of that period. This is a freestanding stadium that was open for 50,000 visitors and equipped with the advanced drainage system in case of a flood. It’s not just a structure but an iconic symbol of Roman history and heritage.

Taj Mahal

Popularly referred to as the symbol of great love, it is one of the seven wonders of the world. Located in India, it showcases the world-class craftsmanship of Turkish, Persian and Mughal architecture. The construction began in 1633 AD and took 17 years to get completed. When constructed, it was decorated with gold and precious stones.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa

Also known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa, it is a 186.27 feet tall tower that is one of the wonders that still astonishes the modern spectators. The tower weighs about 14,500 metric tons and has 7 floors. It is said that the construction took 177 years, as it was halted for many years due to war. Though the tower leaned due to the unbalanced soil, that flaw has added on to its beauty.

Borobudur is an extremely famous Buddhist temple that attracts tourists from all over the world. The popularity of temple is due to its architectural beauty. Dated from 8th to 9th century, it is located in Central Java. The temple is built in three tires with a pyramidal base. Besides 72 small stupas, it also contains a status of Lord Buddha in different positions.

This is a historical city in Southern Jordan. Famous for its archaeological value, it is a rock-cut city. The entire city is carved on red-rose sandstone mountain. This is a unique rock-cut architectural structure that carries the evidence of brilliance of the ancient world.

Derinkuyu Underground City

This is an underground city built for 20,000 people in Turkey. It was discovered in 1960 and then reopened for the tourists. Though it is very easy to construct such a city in the modern era but exceptionally tough in the ancient times. Not only intricately designed but it was constructed in such a way that resisted collapse.


Are there signs of a comprehensive EU approach to the crisis?
Uri Dadush
No. The last EU summit on October 27 issued a communiqué that contained references to all the needed reforms—increased capacity of the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), bank recapitalization, and Greek debt restructuring. It also opened the door for longer-term reforms to the set up of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) that would require treaty changes.

However, the devil is in the details and there was no new money pledged for the EFSF, the bank recapitalization gave scope for banks to cut back instead of increase lending, and the Greek debt restructuring lacked crucial elements that still require negotiation. And the intention to reform EMU governance, requiring approval by parliaments across the eurozone, is not sufficiently specified or credible.

Read more

The result is that very little remains of the October 27 package, which is one reason markets are so jittery, and so much has been placed in the lap of the European Central Bank (ECB). The German position (no new money, no ECB guarantees, and no euro bonds) would place the whole burden essentially on troubled countries to reform with very little additional help from eurozone partners. This is unrealistic.


Purchase of buildings
Дата: December 16th, 2011 автор:

The newsworthiness emphasis on the street el. The home in the village of Marino, Lomonosov Territory Realm Seamed, 7x7, aerated concrete covering with brick, without ruined. Tsena 200: 2000 000. Ropsha + 1 Lomonosov zone of Leningrad neighborhood. Cost: 7 gazillion rubles.Tsena: 2500 000. From the owner.5 demesne IZHS. (Strelna CAD 3km). Peski neighborhood. Electricity, lacrimation, sewage, warming and a fireplace. Raykuzi, Razbegaevo, Lomonosov zone Lenoble. Ouch. Firm 7h11 add expanse of 150sq. Ter. Edifice, inside the unit embarkation, 2 floors, stove, hearth, Elektra heating, piss, toilets, 110 m, sauna, pool, patch 18. ANY HELP IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF OBJECTS BEQUEATH BE REAL THANKFUL, DOUBLE PRICING WITHOUT PROBLEMS! For finishing, shaping windows under a shoetree. 6) Bungalow in the Lomonosov district Len d. Inhabitable. Communication - everything except gas. Ohr. It is potential to buy a neighboring plat.ROPShA, Lomonosov district of Leningrad area, the relieve, perchance rundown the gas place 14 demesne IZHS 15h90, the lake is 150 meters out, about in the park area. Patch 7 demesne, the woodland, horticulture, "Red Sunrise" Ringway 2 miles to the website is a deep grove, operating room, electricity and wells, gas for 2 let. Node Theater (also known as Bathe) 6x8 - 48kv.m. Climb heating: el.katel, first floor heated floors, s coldcock radiators. (Retain) Damage: 6500000rubley. Lengthened features. Bathroom with a 2-m cores. UCHASOK 12sot IZHS. 2 bathrooms. Bungalow in d.Soykino, Lomonosov zone of Leningrad region. Edifice, interior the concrete, 2 floors, urine, 100m, 20 hectare country for person lodging expression.. The amount arena of buildings 198kv.m. Terms: 2400 000 rubles. 180kv.m. Kitty. Actually 9sot. Bungalow in p. Bedizen., Kitchen and fireplace.ROPShA, Lomonosov zone of Leningrad region in front of the castle of Tool III and Ballpark (240kv m., Gas, heat. Podstantsiya 15kW (3 phase). Gas gainful, on the plat. Lansh up. 5) in subsection Nedostroy Veligonty, Lomonosov district Seamed realm. The instauration pit, a underframe of kanaskoy engineering, exterior passementerie lining Canada.

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Slip and Fall Injury Attorney Attleboro, Massachusetts

Showing Fault in Slip and Fall Mishaps in Attleboro, MA

It is sometimes challenging to show who is at fault for slip and fall mishaps. Countless people each year are hurt, lots of seriously, from slipping and falling on a flooring, stairs, or other surface area that has become slick or dangerous. Even ground that has actually become irregular to an unsafe degree can lead to serious injuries. However, in some cases it might be hard to prove that the owner of the residential or commercial property is accountable for a slip and fall mishap.
Could the Homeowner Have Prevented the Accident?

If you or a loved one has been hurt in a slip and fall accident, it may be appealing to look for justice through a lawsuit as soon as possible. However stop and ask this concern initially: If the property owner was more cautious, could the mishap have been avoided?

For example, even if a dripping roof causes a slippery condition that you slip and fall on, the homeowner might not be accountable for your injuries if there was a drain grate in the flooring created to limit slippery conditions. In addition, property owners will not always be responsible for things that an affordable individual would have avoided, such as tripping over something that would normally be discovered because place (like a leaf rake on a lawn in the fall). Everyone has a duty to be aware of their surroundings and make efforts to avoid hazardous conditions.

Property Owner’s Responsibility to Preserve Fairly Safe Issues for Attleboro,Massachusetts 02703

However, this is not to say that homeowner are never ever delegated the injuries of others that slipped and fell on their residential or commercial property. Although there is not a cut-and-dried rule, property owners still must take affordable steps to guarantee that their property is free from dangerous conditions that would trigger an individual to slip and fall. However, this reasonableness is often stabilized versus the care that the individual that slipped and fell need to have utilized. What follows are some standards that courts and insurance companies utilize when figuring out fault in slip and fall mishaps.

Liability for Slip and Fall Mishaps

  • Either the property owner or his employee should have understood of the harmful condition since another, “sensible” individual in his or her position would have learnt about the unsafe condition and repaired it.
  • Either the property owner or his worker really did understand about the dangerous condition however did not repair or fix it.
  • Either the homeowner or his employee caused the unsafe condition (spill, broken flooring, and so on).

Because numerous homeowner are, in general, respectable about the upkeep on their properties, the first situation is most often the one that is litigated in slip and fall mishaps. Nevertheless, the very first situation is also the most tricky to prove because of the words “should have understood.” After presenting your evidence and arguments, it will be up to the judge or jury to decide whether the property owner ought to have learnt about the slippery step that triggered you to fall.

  • For how long had the flaw existed before your mishap? In other words, if the dripping roof over the stairwell had been dripping for the past 3 months, then it was less affordable for the owner to allow the leak to continue than if the leak had actually just started the night before and the property manager was only waiting on the rain to drop in order to repair it.
  • If your slip and fall mishap included tripping over something that was left on the floor that when had a genuine reason for existing, did the legitimate reason still exist at the time of your accident? For example, tripping over a can of paint in a living-room is probably not reasonable if the last time the room had been painted was over 2 years back and the owner had no instant strategies to repaint the space.

The meaning of Carelessness/Clumsiness in Attleboro, MA 02703

  • Would person of reasonable care in the exact same scenario have discovered and avoided the hazardous condition, or dealt with the condition in such a way that would have lessened the chances of slipping and falling (for instance, holding onto the handrail while decreasing icy stairs)?
  • Were you participating in any activities that added to your slip and fall mishap? Examples consist of: playing around the edges of pools, texting while strolling, jumping or avoiding, attempting to ice skate while in your company shoes, and so on?

Where Can I Get a Free Initial Case Review in Attleboro, Massachusetts?

If you have been harmed in a slip-and-fall accident, you may wish to get in touch with a lawyer as soon as possible. Because of statutes of restrictions which restrict the time a person has to bring an injury claim, you should act quickly. If you believe you have a claim, have a totally free preliminary review by a lawyer. Then, with skilled legal suggestions, you can concentrate on healing any injuries you sustained and carrying on with your life.


advantages composite piles

Made of vinyl polyester or ester reinforced with fiber glass (FRP), the SuperLock hybrid sheet piling offers all the advantages of vinyl sheet piling, combined with reinforced strength and durability. This technology has been used by Boeing for its new 787 model, 80% of which was designed using composite materials.

This publication was written to explain the advantages of the use of mini-piles and composite ground-floor slabs in housing construction. These components are relatively new to house building but are able to offer significant benefits to the efficiency and quality of construction and in the performance of the foundation

Composite material piles, such as fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) and structurally reinforced plastics (SRP), are a unique solution to the problems faced by . mentioned areas, this review paper details the historical use of composite piles, the structural and geotech- . Advantages and disadvantages .

iv) Composite piles. Combination of different materials in the same of pile. As indicated earlier, part of a timber pile which is installed above ground water . Driven and cast-in-place concrete piles. Permanently cased (casing left in the ground). Temporarily cased or uncased (casing retrieved). Advantages:.

Abstract. The deterioration of concrete, steel, and timber is a serious hindrance to construction in marine and corrosive environments. Composite materials such as fiber-reinforced polymers. (FRP) can offer performance advantages for construction in these environments. In the last decade, piling made of FRP composites

Using steel Pile and PHC Piles, composite Pile maximize the efficiency of Pile by implementing PHC Pile on the bottom and steel Pile oh the top that it is effective and economical product. ※ Placing steel Pile that has strong moment and shearing force on the upper grounds and PHC Pile that has advantages on axle load

introduction different behaviors of composite piles with specific focus on the two types of composite piles selected: concrete-filled FRP composite piles and steel-reinforced recycled plastic composite piles. KEYWORDS. Composite piles , FRP The FRP product advantage. Corrosion Resistance. Unlike conventional

Polyesters. Advantages: - Easy to use. - Lowest cost of resins available. Disadvantages: - Sensitive to UV degradation. - Only moderate mechanical properties. FRP Overview: Resins. 8

By simplifying a pile body as a solid constraint composed of four side plane constraints, the composite ground FLM is applied to solve the displacement and stress field Based on the characteristics and advantages of each method, the development of the number method, analytical method and intelligent analysis method

Composite piles that combine pile types (e.g., a concrete pile with a steel tip extension). Driven piles easily adapt to variable site conditions to achieve uniform minimum capacity with high reliability, thus eliminating uncertainty due to site variability. Driven piles are usually installed to established criteria (e.g., minimum blow

This invention pertains to composite piles, and an object of the invention is to disclose a practical composite pile having an H-beam (or other structural shape) lower section and a concrete upper section. An advantage of an H-beam pile is the fact that, due to its comparatively slight displacement it has little surface friction

Composite sheet pile competes against heavy-gauge steel while composite round piles enhance their position in the market and target wider acceptance in structural applications.

9 Driven Timber piles in the site Reference: wiki Hamburger_Hafen Driven Timber piles in the site Reference: articles on-the- waterfront-composite-marine-piles-build-on-success; 10. Advantages of Timber Piles Disadvantages of Timber Piles 1.

Fiberglass Pipe Piling. UltraComposite pipe piles are used for docks, piers, foundations, dolphin pile structures, mooring poles and in many other applications. Compared to wood, steel, or concrete, UltraComposite piles offer a multitude of advantages including higher performance, corrosion resistance, less environmental

When it comes to piles and fender applications, there's no doubt that treated wood, precast concrete and steel piles offer certain benefits. Projects like Baltimore's also point out the deficiencies of these choices. Low capacity and poor durability limit the lifespan of wood products. Steel and concrete piles

Composite Piles. Composite Piles are those piles of two different materials are driven one over the other, so as to enable them to act together to perform the function of a single pile. In such a combination, advantage is taken of the good qualities of both the materials. These prove economical as they permit the utilization of


25th International wine and wine equipment fair

The widespread reputation of the leading exhibition of the wine and other autochthonous agrarian Istrian products such as grappa, olive oil, honey, cheese and prosciutto, confirms the gastronomic importance of these products. Three days of exhibition are fulfilled with various happenings because Vinistra is not just the local products exhibition, but an event implying professional wine tastings, presentations and topic meetings as well.

Apart from Istrian winemakers, there are also Slovenian, Italian and Hungarian colleagues who take part in the competitions. The judge panel, chosen as in other similar world events, consists both of professionals as well as people who simply like and enjoy wine and who find it very precious for their work.