Rehabilitation Exercise Programs

Zen exercise specialists assist the patient’s recovery from a musculoskeletal injury using rehabilitative exercise activities. Rehabilitation exercises are crucial if one wants to make a complete recovery from an acute or chronic musculoskeletal injury.

Dr. Marian custom designs her patient's rehabilitation program to incorporate improvements of balance (proprioception), gait, range of motion, flexibility, coodination, and strength in progressive steps that optimize the patient's recovery.   Dr. Marian feels it very important for patients to continue to exercise outside of the clinic to achieve optimum results.  Dr. Marian uses rehab exercises to fix structural problems to more effectively fix functional ones.  For example, if a patient has very poor posture, no amount of chiropractic and/or massage therapy is going to fix the patient's pain issues/problems on a long term basis.  Usually a patient's bad posture or poor ergonomics create the underlying pain that brings them to the clinic.  Zen Physical Medicine's philosophy is to fix the underlying cause of the patient's pain rather than the typical practice of putting a "bandaid" over the pain by using pain medications.  Zen Physical Medicine believes to fix muscle and joint pain issues using physical medicine before it turns into a more serious problem requiring surgery.

Zen Physical Medicine gives the patient the tools to allow the body to heal itself correctly for the long term.  Dr. Marian educates patients on proper posture and body mechanics as part of her overall treatment plan.   Chiropractic manipulations, physiotherapy, therapeutic massage, manual therapies, and rehab exercises combined together are a very powerful healing tool for muscleskeletal and nerve pain.  This combination of natural healing techniques work most of the time and are much less exepensive than back or neck surgery.

Surgery should be considered only after all non-invasive techniques have failed.

"A healthy diet and correct exercise are a natural path to maintain the body."


06 October 2017

Blade Runner 2049 is very good

So I just saw Blade Runner 2049Here are some immediate reactions (no spoilers!):

·       It’s very good. I give it a 9.7 out of 10.

·       But…it’s not as good as the original (well, maybe as good as the initial theatrical release, the one with cheesy voice-over and the tacked-on happy ending, but not as good as either the ‘Director’s Cut’ or the ‘Final Cut’).

·       While not as good as the original, Blade Runner 2049 nonetheless builds interestingly on the original; it does not detract from the power of the original by ‘ruining’ elements of the world (so think ‘Aliens’ not ‘Highlander 2’).

·       It’s visually stunning. In this respect, it is equal to the original (though of course that’s not a fair comparison, given the greater budget and technical power available for the sequel).

·       The world-creation is amazing—just as it was in the original, but the new film expands the world in interesting ways by going places (geographically, intellectually, and visually) that the original did not.

·       The acting is uniformly excellent.

·       The story is compelling. Perhaps there are some holes, but nothing leapt out at me while watching the film.

·       The music is good, but not quite the equal of the original Vangelis score. Towards the end of the film it became slightly distracting.

So overall it’s a great film. See it! As a sequel, though, it doesn’t quite capture the ‘lightning in a bottle’ of the original. But it is a very worthy follow-up. I certainly plan to watch it again soon…

  1. One reason why the original is superior is that the sequel does not include a singular scene like the death of Roy Batty: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NoAzpa1x7jU

  2. But then, there are no other movies that include a singular scene like the Death of Roy Batty.

    That's why the Death of Roy Batty will be long remembered in the post-apocalyptic world after many modern religions and philosophies will have turned to dust...

  3. I almost completely agree, Blain. The film is far more nuanced than it appears, but there's one part that threatens to invalidate the premise of the original that I wish had been left on the cutting room floor. That said, there some other interactions that have an intensity that resonate only afterwards when you think back on the structure of the film.

    I need to watch it again. Moreover, I need to watch it back to back with Blade Runner: The Director's Cut, on BluRay.

  4. Got to see this last night, and I'd give it a 4 out of 5 as a sci-fi movie in general, a 3 out of 5 as a sequel... but it was a hard movie to follow up.

    One thing I found interesting was the juxtaposition of view. In the original, we were always caught, with Deckard, in the crush of humanity, whether in the street or even in the air... Deckerd was always hemmed in.

    In 2049, K was almost always in the open, isolated, away from everything and everybody, literally and figuratively, and often above everything, in his police pod, giving us a view of the city we'd never seen before.

    When Deckard was looking for clues, he was in a crowd, in the streets, in the shops, never alone, even in the deepest, darkest alleys. When K was looking for clues, he was in an almost sterile atmosphere, dealing with at best one person or two.

    This was, I think, the director telling us that's K was very different from Deckard, from the get-go.

    Oh, and what was with all the T&A in this one? Rather surprising.

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Monday, November 28, 2016

Improvements in US Air Pollution

The US government passed its first Air Pollution Control Act in 1955, but the major amendments to that law passed in 1970--including the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency to administer the law--greatly expanded the federal and state enforcement efforts. The EPA has published a web report called "Our Nation's Air: Status and Trends through 2015."

It's been common since 1970 to refer to the six "criteria" air pollutants, which include carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, ozone, particulates, and sulfur dioxide. The lines on the graph, from top to bottom, show the rise since 1970 in US GDP, vehicle-miles traveled, population, energy consumption, and carbon emissions--and the fall in the overall emissions of the six criteria pollutants since 1970.

Here's more detail since 1990. On this figure, the vertical axis shows the level of various measures of the criteria air pollutants relative to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). These air pollutants are below the national standard, and falling since 1990s.

As the report notes:
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8-Hour, 77%
Lead (Pb) 3-Month Average, 99%
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Annual, 54%
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 1-Hour, 47%
Ozone (O3) 8-Hour, 22%
Particulate Matter 10 microns (PM10) 24-Hour, 39%
Particulate Matter 2.5 microns (PM2.5) Annual, 37%
Particulate Matter 2.5 microns (PM2.5) 24-Hour, 37%
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 1-Hour, 81%
In my experience, this kind of news tends to produce extreme and opposing reactions, either self-congratulatory or self-flagellatory. The self-congratulatory view points to the progress. The self-flagellatory view had no trouble pointing out shortcomings. The reduction in air pollutant emissions might have happened sooner, or at lower cost. There are hot spots of air pollution across the country where air pollution is often above these levels. The criteria pollutants don't include carbon emissions.
The self-congratulatory sometimes point to this progress as an argument that efforts toward cleaner air can be relaxed; the self-flagellatory argue that past progress is a reason to accelerate such efforts.

At least for today, I'd like to step out of that dichotomy and just emphasize that economic growth in high-income countries can, at least in these important cases, happen together with outright reductions in air pollution. Given that air pollution is the world's biggest health hazard, according to the World Health Organization, this is potentially very good news.

Friday, November 25, 2016

The Plague of Long-Term Unemployment in Europe

Thursday, November 24, 2016

An Economist Chews Over Thanksgiving

Origins of the Thankgiving Holiday: George Washington, Sarah J. Hale, Abraham Lincoln

Thanksgiving Proclamation
Go: Washington

Washington, D.C.
October 3, 1863
By the President of the United States of America.
A Proclamation.
By the President: Abraham Lincoln
William H. Seward,
Secretary of State

Wednesday, November 23, 2016

Paying Bone Marrow Donors

US law says that "organ" donors, like those donating a kidney or part of their liver, can't be legally paid. However, most of the US supply of blood plasma comes from paid donors; indeed, the US exports blood plasma to other countries. While the US supply of blood for transfusions primarily comes from unpaid donors, a number of other countries (for example, in Latin America) rely on paid blood donors. Donors of eggs and sperm, as well as surrogate mothers, can be legally paid. But is bone marrow an organ, or is it more similar to blood plasma?

The answer to the question is a matter of life and death. About 275 American die every year because they have a disease like leukemia or certain kinds of anemia that sharply reduces the ability of their bone marrow to generate red blood cells--and they can't get a transplant. Offering payment of perhaps $2,000 to donors could potentially save those lives. Samuel Hammond makes the case in "Bone Marrow Mismatch:How compensating bone marrow donors can end the transplant shortage and save lives," written as a discussion paper for the Niskanen Center (November 15, 2016).

Developments in medical technology have given the arguments over paying bone marrow donors an extra twist. It used to be that bone marrow was extracted from donors by inserting a needle into a large bone, which was apparently even more painful than it sounds. But it's now possible to collect the cells through a technique called "apheresis," in which the cells are taken out of blood. The donor takes a drug a few days beforehand to stimulate production of these cells. Then the donor is connected to a machine so that some of their blood passes through the machine, which extract the needed cells and then returns the rest of the blood to the person.

About 70% if donations of the needed cells for bone marrow transplants now happen through the apheresis method.  The cells that are extracted by this method are just as good for bone marrow transplants as those from the big-needle-extraction approach. For donors, a Mayo Clinic study found that the frequency of adverse reactions by donors is lower than it is for standard donations of whole blood.

Thus, a federal court in 2011 ruled that apheresis was more similar to blood plasma donation than to donating a kidney, and thus donors could be paid. However, the federal government, through the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) is now proposing a rule that would treat all all hematopoietic (that is, blood forming) stem cells as "organs," regardless of whether they were extracted by needle or by apheresis.

Here's a figure from Hammond that illustrates the situation. Transplants of HSC cells (that is,m hematopoietic stem cells) have risen from almost zero in 1990 to more than 6,000 per year. Extraction of the cells from apheresis, or from umbilical cords, is providing the additional source of cells for these transplants.

Peripheral blood stem cells

Hammond's report cites statistics that each year, about "30,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with a life threatening blood diseases like leukemia, of whom only 30% find a match within their family. For the remaining 70% who must find an unrelated donor," Although 6,000 procedures are carried out each year, another 10,000 are on the waiting list for such proposals. Several hundred of these people are dying each year while waiting for a HSC cell transplant.

There's a considerable literature of arguments most focused on blood donors and kidney donors, on whether paying donors is a good idea. Hammond offers an overview of these arguments, and they have arisen in various earlier posts here concerning blood and plasma, kidneys, and human breast milk. Interested readers might consult:

I won't try to review the arguments here, but several points are especially salient to me in this case. First, pretty much everyone else involved in HSC cell procedures gets  paid--doctors, nurses, equipment-makers, administrators--while the actual donors get a congratulatory lecture about doing their civic duty and a hearty handshake. Second, the volunteer system for signing up donors for HSC cell donation isn't providing a sufficient supply, and people are dying while the government writes new regulations.

Tuesday, November 22, 2016

More on the Rise of "Alternative" Work Arrangements

One major change for US workers in recent years is the rise of alternative work arrangements, which is an intentionally broad category that includes jobs like driving for Uber or Lyft, but more broadly includes all forms of jobs where the employee doesn't expect to have an ongoing regular and full-time connection to the employer that extends into the future: thus, it includes contingent jobs, temporary jobs, contract work, part-time work, on-call work, jobs in the "sharing economy," and other arrangements. By some estimates, as I've pointed out, "All the Job Growth is in `Alternative' Jobs" (April 11, 2016). Indeed, "Nonstandard Employment Around the World" (November 16, 2016) is an issue everywhere. Three other discussions of this issue, with varying perspectives, have crossed my desk in the last couple of weeks.

Lael Brainard gave a nice overview talk on "The "Gig" Economy: Implications of the Growth of Contingent Work," (November 16, 2017). She notes some of the underlying economic forces that drive alternative work arrangements, how the changes will affect various macroeconomic measures, and the social tradeoffs that arise:
If market forces and technology are driving the growing prevalence of gig work, these trends will likely continue, and policymakers must better understand these changes. ... One possibility is that new technologies, by lowering the barriers to workforce entry, could raise employment and labor force participation. Because there are fixed costs to obtaining and maintaining a job--such as searching for the job, learning about the job, and traveling to the job site every workday--the traditional work arrangement embeds incentives for individuals to work only one job, thus minimizing these fixed costs. And for those individuals who desire to work relatively few hours, these fixed costs in the past may have led to a decision to remain out of the labor force. But if technology makes it less costly for individuals to find work, manage multiple work relationships, and flexibly work more or fewer hours as their schedule permits, this could significantly increase workers' options and have important effects on labor market behavior. Importantly, any such increases in participation and employment would likely be structural, not cyclical, enabling the economy to run at a sustainably higher level.
New technologies could also make it easier for individuals' actual hours to match their desired hours of work in a day or a week. Instead of seeing hours per week bunched around 40, we may see greater variation in the hours that individuals work. Lower barriers to workforce entry may make it more attractive for more individuals to work only a few hours a week if they desire--and can afford--to do so. At the same time, by making it easier to find additional work, new technologies may lead to more individuals working greater-than-full-time hours every week. In addition, we may see individuals changing the number of hours they work more frequently, as these changes become less costly. ...
The increasing prevalence of gig work may also affect the unemployment rate and productivity. To the extent that gigs provide an easy entryway to employment, unemployment may decrease. However, if gig work is less stable, it may increase job loss. The net effect on unemployment is, thus, unclear. Regarding productivity, gig work could lower aggregate productivity to the extent that it requires less human capital or specialized knowledge than traditional jobs, or if it primarily increases hours worked by lower-skilled individuals. That said, gig work, especially when enabled by new technologies, may allow hours to respond more flexibly to changes in demand and individuals to more easily connect with many different clients or employers. As a result, workers' downtime and the time required to acquire new clients and manage existing clients may decrease, in which case resource utilization and productivity may increase.
It is also possible that the increasing prevalence of gig work will cause the cyclical behavior of unemployment, participation, and the workweek to change, with implications for how we assess the amount of slack. We know that contingent work increases when the economy worsens. If new technologies make it easier to find gig work, then we could see unemployment rise less in recessions, to the extent that gig workers are counted as employed. However, it could be that individuals who are able to avoid unemployment through contingent work would still be underemployed if it is difficult to cobble together enough gigs to achieve full-time employment. This would likely show up as lower average workweeks and higher levels of involuntary part-time employment during downturns. As a result, cyclical changes in resource utilization could be reflected less in movements in the unemployment rate and more in variation in hours per worker.
Beyond the behavior of macroeconomic variables, it is unclear how the growth of different types of gig work affects the welfare of workers. Welfare should increase in cases where gig work meets the needs of workers by providing a low-barrier means of accessing employment and by allowing workers to better match actual hours worked with desired hours of work, especially if the gig work is available at times and in places where traditional work opportunities are in short supply. There is some evidence that this has, indeed, been the case. ...
However, there are likely many workers who would prefer regular full-time traditional work to contingent work, particularly if much of the power in determining hours worked in alternative work arrangements belongs to the employer. Technological advances have enabled firms to use just-in-time strategies for their employees, making them in effect on-call workers. This is a rising trend in industries such as retail and food preparation. Several recent articles describe the challenges faced by these just-in-time workers, who must conform their hours to the daily and even hourly ebbs and flows of business, often not knowing whether they will have work on a given day until they call in that morning to inquire. These arrangements can leave workers scrambling to patch together child care, elder care, and transportation to meet the often unpredictable demands of their workplace, while making it difficult to engage in regularly scheduled activities to enhance their income and opportunities, such as a second job or career training. While such workers often are not given full-time work, they often must make themselves available to work full-time hours. According to one survey, 71 percent of retail workers in New York stated that their hours fluctuated from week to week, while half said their employers could change their hours at will. It is also notable that the increase in contingent work over the past decade has coincided with an increase of one-third in the share of employees working part time but who would prefer to work full time from 3 percent prior to the Great Recession to close to 4 percent today.
In addition, contingent workers may receive lower wages, less training, and fewer benefits than their counterparts with traditional jobs. Typically, the wages of low-skilled employees within a company are boosted by social norms regarding pay equity, and nonpecuniary benefits are often equalized across a company's employees, in certain cases as mandated by law. However, the wages that contractors receive are unlikely to reflect the same equity considerations. Moreover, contingent work generally does not offer employer-based benefits and workplace protections that come with traditional employment opportunities, like overtime compensation, minimum wage protections, health insurance, family leave, employer-sponsored retirement plans, workers' compensation, and paid sick leave. As a result, for some, contingent work may entail greater risks than in traditional full-time employment, with more variable and less predictable hours and earnings. ...
These findings suggest that employers, policymakers, and workers should seek ways to help individuals better manage the risks inherent in most forms of contingent work. For example, we may need to enhance social safety net programs, such as unemployment and disability insurance, to better support some types of contingent work. Another possibility is to make benefits, such as health insurance and retirement saving, portable across different employers. We may also want to encourage the additional saving that many contingent workers need to ensure that their basic consumption needs are not sacrificed when demand for their work declines, perhaps by providing monetary or other types of incentives.
The Pew Foundation has just published a report on "Gig Work, Online Selling and Home Sharing" (November 17, 2016). "a new Pew Research Center survey of U.S. adults finds that a relatively substantial share of the public has earned money recently from a digital commerce platform. In the context of gig employment, nearly one-in-ten Americans (8%) have earned money in the last year using digital platforms to take on a job or task. Meanwhile, nearly one-in-five Americans (18%) have earned money in the last year by selling something online, while 1% have rented out their properties on a home-sharing site. Adding up everyone who has performed at least one of these three activities, some 24% of American adults have earned money in the “platform economy” over the last year."

Here's a figure from the report that I found interesting, focused on the 8% who earned money using a digital platform. Of that group, more than half--that is, about 4% of US workers--view these earnings as "essential or important." Also, the biggest activity for this group is

Differences between casual ‘gig workers’ and those who are more financially reliant

Finally, the Federal Trade Commission has published "The “Sharing” Economy: Issues Facing Platforms, Participants & Regulators," which is a report that summarizes various issues and viewpoints from a mid-2015 workshop, as well as over 2,000 responses to an FTC "request for comments." The report is an even-handed discussion of various issues: for example, how digital platforms might deal with trust issues through methods including rating mechanisms; how the regulations for such firms might differ from those for incumbent competitors in, say, the taxi or hotel business; what the rise of these platforms could mean for competition policy. Here's a snippet (footnotes omitted for readability):
PricewaterhouseCoopers estimates that sharing economy marketplaces in five sectors – peer-to-peer finance, online staffing, peer-to-peer accommodation, car sharing, and music/video streaming – generated $15 billion in revenues worldwide in 2013, and projects that these revenues will rise more than twentyfold to $335 billion by 2025. The magnitude of the sharing economy’s impact has registered in the financial world as well. Some of the largest companies in this space have gone through multiple rounds of funding, in some cases reflecting valuations in the tens of billions of dollars. Based on a round of funding in December 2015, Uber was valued at $62.5 billion, while a November 2015 financing placed Airbnb’s valuation at $25.5 billion. Etsy, the peer-to-peer marketplace for handmade or vintage items, went public in April 2015 and opened with a value of nearly $4 billion. Incumbent businesses are also providing financing to sharing economy marketplaces – partnering with, investing in, or acquiring sharing economy platforms. Since the beginning of 2015, General Motors made a $500 million investment in Lyft, valuing Lyft’s equity interest at $5.5 billion, and Apple invested $1 billion in Didi Chuxing, China’s biggest for-hire transportation platform. Hotelier Hyatt has purchased a stake in British accommodations platform OneFineStay, while Expedia paid $3.9 billion to acquire the lodging site HomeAway.
Two sectors of the travel industry have been at the epicenter of the explosion of sharing economy activity: short-term lodging (specifically, rental stays like those provided by hotels and bed-and-breakfasts) and for-hire transportation service (specifically, services akin to those provided by traditional taxis and limousines). Airbnb has become a leading platform for facilitating short-term rental transactions. Started in 2008 by roommates who rented out space in their apartment during a local convention, Airbnb reported over two million listings in over 34,000 cities, and a cumulative total of 60 million guests by the end of 2015.  Platforms facilitating the provision of for-hire transportation service are often referred to as transportation network companies (or “TNCs”). The leading TNC, Uber, began operations in 2009 in San Francisco, and as of 2014 reported providing 140 million rides (including one million rides per day by year-end) and a driver base of over 162,000. Pew Research Center found that by 2015, 11 percent of American adults had used an “on-line home-sharing service” and 15 percent had used “ride-hailing apps.” ...
[T]he sharing economy has expanded well beyond the accommodation and transportation sectors. A panelist observed that a start-up tracking site lists “about 600 peer-to-peer startups.”One expert has developed an infographic “honeycomb” describing 16 broad sectors and approximately 40 subsectors in which sharing economy platforms operate, and specifying the location of 280 platforms within these categories. His research reveals that the sharing economy model now extends to small businesses or individuals providing a wide range of goods and services, including, but by no means limited to: preparing meals, shipping or storing goods, renting tools or clothing, performing household tasks, providing health services, ordering custom-made goods, and obtaining funding for projects. And the expansion continues, as new platforms arise, each vowing to become the “Uber” or “Airbnb” of some other market sector.

Monday, November 21, 2016

Janet Yellen Doesn't Know What Determines Inflation

Thursday, November 17, 2016

A Skeptical Look at the Rigor of Antitrust Enforcement

Pro Publica is an nonprofit that does long-form investigative journalism. Like most such journalism, its work typically tells a story--which is to say that it has a slant. But the stories are also scrupulously sourced  and well-written in a strong-but-fact-based tone. The organization has recently published two stories that offer a skeptical look at antitrust enforcement.

Justin Elliott has written "The American Way," which is subtitled "President Obama promised to fight corporate concentration. Eight years later, the airline industry is dominated by just four companies. And you’re paying for it" (October 11, 2016). Here's the start:

Three years ago, the Obama administration unleashed its might on behalf of beleaguered American air travelers, filing suit to block a mega-merger between American Airlines and US Airways. The Justice Department laid out a case that went well beyond one merger. "Increasing consolidation among large airlines has hurt passengers,” the lawsuit said. “The major airlines have copied each other in raising fares, imposing new fees on travelers, reducing or eliminating service on a number of city pairs, and downgrading amenities.”
The Obama administration itself had helped create that reality by approving two previous mergers in the industry, which had seen nine major players shrink to five in a decade. In the lawsuit, the government was effectively admitting it had been wrong. It was now making a stand. Then a mere three months later, the government stunned observers by backing down. It announced a settlement that allowed American and US Airways to form the world’s largest airline in exchange for modest concessions that fell far short of addressing the concerns outlined in the lawsuit.
The Justice Department’s abrupt reversal came after the airlines tapped former Obama administration officials and other well-connected Democrats to launch an intense lobbying campaign, the full extent of which has never been reported. They used their pull in the administration, including at the White House, and with a high-level friend at the Justice Department, going over the heads of staff prosecutors. And just days after the suit was announced, the airlines turned to Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel, Obama’s first White House chief of staff, to help push back against the Justice Department.
Some lawyers and officials who worked on the American-US Airways case now say they were “appalled” by the decision to settle, as one put it.
Jesse Eisinger and Justin Elliott wrote the second article, called "These Professors Make More Than a Thousand Bucks an Hour Peddling Mega-Mergers" (November 16, 2016).  The subtitle reads: "The economists are leveraging their academic prestige with secret reports justifying corporate concentration. Their predictions are often wrong and consumers pay the price." Here's a taste:

What I especially like about these two Pro Publica stories is that they vividly illustrate two lessons worth keeping in mind, one about the economy and one about economic policy-making.

One lesson is that there are concrete and well-researched examples of how mergers between firms have led to higher prices for consumers. Two examples that get a lot of attention in these articles are the recent spate of airline mergers, and the 2006 deal in which Whirlpool acquired its competitor Maytag. These examples (and others) help to emphasize the importance of competition, and the potential for government antitrust action to benefit consumers. As the articles readily acknowledge, most mergers are simply approved by the government with only cursory examination, which is appropriate, because they don't raise competitive issues of importance and firms should be able to make their own decisions (for better or worse) in a market-oriented economy. But in teaching and arguing, it's useful to have some examples of mergers that don't seem so harmless.

The second lesson is that government regulatory decisions are not formulated in a laboratory or a seminar room. They are made through a process of politics and law, which includes lobbying and behind-the-scenes pressure early in the process, which can then be followed by lawsuits and high-priced consultants if needed. Economists refer to a theory of "regulatory capture," meaning that those who are being regulated have powerful incentives to learn to manipulate the regulatory apparatus. There are of course attempts to insulate the regulators from such pressures, and then to insulate the insulation. But those who supposed to be the targets of regulation can often find way to avoid or minimize the way the rules are applied to them, and also often find ways to use the regulatory apparatus to their own advantage--for example, to impose costs or block entry on other competitors. (For a classic statement of this argument, see George Stigler's 1971 article, "The Theory of Regulation," in the Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, available here or through JSTOR.)

An honest defense of the role of markets in economic activity needs to be warts-and-all, both pointing out strengths and acknowledging weaknesses and failings. An honest defense of the role of government regulation needs to be warts-and-all, too, which means not just discussing what angelically perfect regulators might accomplish, but how real-world regulators actually perform.

Wednesday, November 16, 2016

Nonstandard Employment Around the World

Standard employment refers to a situation where a worker has a full-time job, and can presume an ongoing relationship with the employer. Non-standard employment describes other kinds of jobs: daily, seasonal, short-term contract, part-time, temporary agencies,and others. Sometimes non-standard employment is what a worker wants; other times, it's all that seems to be available to a worker. But the distinction is potentially importance, because the relationship between employer and worker in a standard jobs is more likely to involve stable income, predictable hours of work, benefits, a safer workplace, on-the-job training, a few steps along a career path, a voice in the workplace. The International Labour Organization lays out available facts and evidence in its November 2016 report: "Non-Standard Employment Around the World: Understanding challenges, shaping prospects."

As a starting point, it's useful to be clear that nonstandard employment is still employment--that is, working for a wage or salary--and thus it's not subsistence agriculture or what the ILO calls "petty trade." In much of the world, substantial shares of the workforce don't work for a wage; indeed, one of the dividing lines between the very poor and the rising middle-class in a number of developing countries is whether workers in a household have an ongoing wage relationship. Here's a figure showing the prevalence of wage-related work around the world:

I won't run through all the evidence on categories of non-standard employment here, but as one example, consider the prevalence of temporary work. In the US, less than 5% of all wage employees are temp workers. In lots of European countries, it's 10-20%. In other countries around the world, it's not that unusual for more than half of wage employees to be temp workers. The upper panel is data on temp workers in Europe, while the bottom panel is the rest of the world.

Survey data in Europe suggests that about 60% of those in temp jobs would prefer a permanent job, but can't find one. Similarly, countries across Europe, about 10-15% of workers are on fixed-term contracts. In Europe, the US, and Canada, about 25% of workers are part-time, and survey results suggest that up to about one-third of this group would prefer full-time employment.

The evidence on trends in non-standard employment over time doesn't seem especially clear to me, since many of these categories are overlapping in some ways and not well-defined. In some low-income and middle-income countries, people may be moving from non-wage work to non-standard employment. But as a broad statement, it does seem that non-standard employment is on the rise, because lots of firms like the flexibility that it offers. Indeed, many firms now think of themselves as having a "core" set of mostly full-time employees, surrounded by a periphery of other employment relationships that include part-timers, temps, and work that is contracted out or outsourced in some way. The result can be a two-track labor force, made up of insiders and outsiders.

Non-standard employment raises difficult questions of public policy. For some, the flexibility of part-time, seasonal, or contract work is an attractive feature. For others, non-standard work is a stepping-stone, a mechanism to get a foot in the door and show what you can do. But for others, non-standard work is a trap, in which you are treated as a labor commodity that can easily be replaced, and it is not clear. The ILO report has a lengthy discussion of the studies on work hours, pay conditions, health and safety, and so on. Here's a flavor of what it says about "stepping stones" and "traps" (footnotes and references to figures are omitted):
Evidence on the prevalence of “stepping stones” versus “traps” phenomena can be examined both through the length and the probability of transitions between various employment statuses for different types of NSE [non-standard employment]. The evidence on these two aspects of transitions shows that, in a vast majority of examined countries, yearly transitions from non-standard to standard employment remain below 55 per cent,  and even below 10 per cent in some instances (see review of literature given in the Appendix to this chapter, table A5.1). The “stepping-stone” hypothesis is confirmed  in some instances (Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, United States), in that being employed in a temporary job, rather than being unemployed, significantly increases the probability of obtaining a regular job. The effect varies, however, for specific population groups. It seems to be strongest for young graduates, immigrants and workers initially disadvantaged either in terms of education or of pay. These are indeed the workers for whom the benefits of having lower initial screening, obtaining general rather than specific work experience, and expanding their network through nonstandard jobs are high. In some instances, for example in Uganda, men also have a higher likelihood of moving out of part-time and temporary work to full-time permanent employment, compared to women, who seem to be penalized in terms of labour market transitions. However, when temporary work is further liberalized and the pool of temporary workers increases, then longer-term evidence, such as for Spain or Japan, suggests that over a lifetime of working, those workers who started off with a temporary job have a greater chance of switching between non-standard work and unemployment, compared to workers who start with a permanent contract. In these cases, temporary
work ceases to be a stepping stone. Most recent evidence from European countries also shows that there is a negative correlation between the share of temporary workers  among employees and the share of temporary employees who moved to permanent employment.
A natural political reaction here is to start passing laws about how employees can be treated, and a number of countries have tried to pass laws, for example, that companies are not allowed to hire workers on fixed-term contracts to do "permanent" work, or to pass rules about minimum hours, minimum wages, predictability of hours,  limits on hiring temp worker or on renewing temp arrangements repeatedly, limits on on-call contracts, bringing nonstandard workers into collective bargaining arrangements, and more. The ILO offers an extended discussion of the prevalence such policies.

My own sense is that while such regulations may often be beneficial in preventing abusive practices, I am not confident that a focus on telling firms what they need to do is a sufficient answer. Indeed, many countries have found themselves in a situation where they pass rules to limit certain practices in non-standard employment, but then immediate start carving out exceptions that keep allowing flexibility in jobs for the young, the long-term unemployed, the old, those trying exit from public assistance, and so on. Also, when government passes lots of rules governing what firms must do in an employment relationship, firms are going to think twice before hiring at all--and are going to take a second look at how they can outsource or automate various tasks. Thus, it seems important to me have some deeper research on the incentives that firms have to use non-standard employment, and whether those incentives might be tweaked, as well as to think about institutions outside the job relationship that might help non-standard employees by organizing mechanisms to finance additional job training, health insurance, retirement savings, and protection against fluctuations in earnings.

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

Active Labor Market Policies: Time for Aggressive Experimentation

long-term unemployment," which appears as Chapter 2 in the November 2016 ebook, Long-Term Unemployment After the Great Recession: Causes and Remedies, edited by Samuel Bentolila and Marcel Jansen.

of the Great Recession." They write:

Friday, November 11, 2016

Alexander Hamilton on Infant Industries

Here's the relevant passage from Hamilton:

Thursday, November 10, 2016

Economics and Satellite Data


Posted by on Sep 16, 2018 in Blog, Parkinson's Disease | 0 comments

parkinson's diseaseParkinson’s disease affects around one million people in the US and between seven and ten million worldwide.

In people with Parkinson’s disease, the neurons in the brain that produce dopamine die off.  Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that helps send messages in the brain. It is involved in many functions such as movement, reward, memory, sleep regulation, nausea, motivation and arousal and many more. Thus a reduction in dopamine can affect a person in many ways.

Substantia Nigra

People with Parkinson’s disease lose cells in the substantia nigra. The substantia nigra is part of the mid brain and is the area of the brain that produces a large amount of dopamine. It is also an area involved in movement. But the dopamine that this parkinson's diseasearea produces moves throughout the brain and is used by areas involved in learning and emotion.

One treatment for Parkinson’s disease is medication that contains dopamine, to replace or enhance the low or missing levels of dopamine in the brain.

But researchers have been working to understand the processes by which neurons in the brains of people with Parkinson’s disease die.

To understand some of this research, it is important to remember some of the structures of cells throughout the body and how cells create proteins.

We introduced cells in a previous post called Understanding Cells.

Cells are composed of a nucleus and smaller structures called organelles. The nucleus and three types of organelles are important in the creation of proteins.

The nucleus contains the blueprints for protein creation in the genetic code.

There are rare forms of Parkinson’s disease in which just one faulty copy of a gene can cause it. The Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) and the LRRK2 are examples. Two faulty genes (autosomal recessive)- PARK7, PINK1 or PRKN– can cause Parkinson’s disease. There are also genes, like altered GBA, that increase the risk of Parkinson’s in some families.

Creation of proteins occurs in an organelle called the ribosome. If there is a faulty genetic code or if there is a mistake in the creation of the protein in the ribosome—like a problem in the way it is folded– there is a process in place to get rid of the damaged protein. Molecules in the cell, called chaperones, watch out for damaged proteins. If a chaperone finds one, it moves the damaged protein to the lysosomes. There, it is broken down and any useful parts are recycled.

Research by Cuervo and her associates have clarified problems with this particular process called CMA (for chaperone-mediated autophagy). Sometimes this process is blocked. In Parkinson’s disease, when the process is stopped or reduced, proteins are not being broken down. They accumulate in clumps.

Mitochondria have the primary role of energy productions.  They are also involved in the use of calcium and also in generating oxides or free radicals abut also in utilizing anti-oxidants to detoxify them.  The mitochondria maintain a balance with in the cells.

Research described in Science in 2017 by Burbulla and her associates explains some of what happens over parkinson's diseasetime in the neurons leading to Parkinson’s disease.  Their research has tracked the development of disease producing biochemical changes that start with the mitochondria. An imbalance occurs with the number of free radicals and anti-oxidants. Oxidized dopamine accumulates in the neurons leading to a reduction in the production of enzymes (glucocerebrosidase) that break down lipids (glucocerbrosides). This leads to problems in lysosomes (like described above) and the accumulation of alpha synuclein (a protein found in healthy neurons).  Most people with Parkinson’s disease have Lewy Bodies, or clumps of alpha synuclein.

Both of these research areas are clearing up what is happening on a cellular level in Parkinson’s disease. One of the areas of active research is in developing therapies that will restart, intervene or increase the speed of protein recycling, another area is in creating interventions to stop mitochondrial oxidative stress.

We will address other areas of research and upcoming treatment therapies in a future post.


LAHORE - Senior Advisor to Chief Minister Punjab, Sardar Zulfiqar Ali Khan Khosa has asked the members of the cabinet committee to utilise all available resources and energies for maintaining peace and complete harmony during Moharamul Haram. He said maintenance of peace during this Moharamul Haram was not less than a challenge, and the administrative machinery had to utilise all resources for coping with this situation and foiling the nefarious designs of the anti-state elements. He asked the law enforcing agencies to remain fully alert for maintaining law and order and religious harmony during Moharamul Haram. He mentioned that during previous year, the law and order remained exemplary due to comprehensive security arrangements and this year also same arrangements should be implemented more effectively keeping in view the present situation. He expressed these views while addressing a high-level meeting of cabinet committee held in connection with reviewing the security arrangements during Moharamul Haram. Provincial Law Minister Rana Sanaullah, Senator Pervez Rashid, Advisor to CM Jehanzeb Barki, MNA Bilal Yasin, MPAs Salman Rafiq, Colonel (r) Shuja Khanzada, Chief Secretary, Secretaries Home, Public Prosecution, Health and other departments, IG Police, Commissioner Lahore, DGPR, Heads of Law Enforcement Agencies and DG Rescue 1122 attended the meeting. Khosa asked the members of the cabinet committee to hold meetings with all MNAs, MPAs and Senators of the concerned division and district for maintaining law and order and complete harmony during Moharam, and all arrangements should be completed according to the local circumstances. He told the meeting that there would be no load-shedding during the month, particularly, majalis timings. However, arrangements including cleanliness at local level, street lights and mobile generators for lighting on the route of the procession should be made and no one be allowed to enter the limits of procession and majalis without body-search. Khosa further directed that proper arrangements of meal and water should be made for the police and other officials performing security duties. He said divisional and district committees had been constituted throughout the province for maintaining law and order and harmony and people and Ulema of all schools of thought would be included in the peace committees at union council and mohalla levels. The meeting was given a briefing about the security arrangements to be made in the province and instructions had been issued to the civil administration to keep close liaison between the law enforcement agencies at every level.


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The Media and ADHD

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ADHD Theories

- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined as a pattern of continued shortfalls to attention as well as impulsive hyperactivity, which occurs permanently more than expected throughout the moderate growth, and which appears clearly in the variety of statuses(APA, 2000). This situation dramatically leads to various deteriorations in the child's progress in both of social and academic aspects.(Mayes,Bagwell and Erkulwater, 2009). (ADHD) is described as a chaotic behavior disorder with particular deficit in Address the neuropsychological symptoms ....   [tags: Psychology ]

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Attention Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

- ... Studies have shown that pre-kindergarteners exposed to large amounts of lead have a risk of devolving ADHD. Diet could also play a role in ADHD. British researchers found that food additives such as preservatives and artificial food coloring can increase activity in children. As a person with ADHD I can tell you what the symptoms would be. Starting with the AD (attention deficient) in ADHD, I (and others with the disorder) have experienced lack of attention. Without medicine I tend to space out....   [tags: disability, focus, behavior, symptoms]

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Effects of ADD/ADHD

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The Struggle of ADHD Medication and Over Diagnosis

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The Ethics of Giving Children ADHD Medication

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ADHD and its Effects on Depressive Behavior

- ... They also observed the major brain differences in healthy brains and ADHD patient brains are in the frontal love, temporal lobe, occipital lobe and insular. This allowed them to draw many conclutions about the behavior of ADHD patients and its coorelated brain areas. Peng's (2013) studies concluded the following: The cuneus and lingual are portions of the human brain are linked to recieving and processing the visual information, especially related to letters. The disorder of these portions fo the brain can lead to a confusion of visual information which may further cause inattention....   [tags: learning differences]

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Symptoms of ADD/ADHD

- You know that person; the one that can’t stay on subject, the one who will be talking then all of a sudden the conversation goes off in a totally different direction, like a squirrel searching for nuts that keeps dropping the one it is carrying because something else caught its eye. Chaotic, frazzled, impulsive, unorganized, daydreamer, procrastinator, inattentive, goof off and lazy are just a few descriptions of an adult that has Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD)....   [tags: Disease, Disorders]

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ADHD Disorder Medication

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Students With ADD/ADHD and Class Placement

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The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on ADHD

- ADHD clearly effects a child’s social environment, their friendships, and results in rejection that they experience. Intervening with social effects is, at times, difficult due to the fact that children with ADHD understand social expectations and can actually explain what is acceptable, however they are not able to behave within the social boundaries that they know exist (DuPaul & Weyandt, 2006). These children do not need to be taught what is acceptable, because they already understand what is acceptable; they are in need to learn how to behave within the social boundaries that are acceptable (DuPaul & Weyandt, 2006)....   [tags: social effects, treatments, teachers]

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Educating ADHD Students

- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity (ADHD) is a neurobiological condition which exposes developmentally unsuitable levels of inattention, and/or hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity (Leroux & Levitt-Periman, 2000). ADHD is thought to be caused by a dysfunction in the frontal lobes of the brain. Two percent to six percent of today’s learners are affected by ADHD, while three times as many boys as girls are affected with ADHD (Humphrey, 2009). It is important as educators that we know the signs of the ADHD learner as well as strategies to use to maximize their learning....   [tags: Special Education ]

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Learning to Cope with ADHD as an Adult Learner

- Learning to Cope with ADHD as an Adult Learner Typically when one hears the term “ADHD” and the potential negative effects that it could have on someone striving towards academic success, they immediately think school age children. Though it is more common for children to be diagnosed and treated, 5% of U.S. adults are living with this condition (American Psychiatric Association, 2012). First ADHD must be defined before coping methods can be explained. ADHD or Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is a diagnosis applied to children and adults who consistently display certain characteristic behaviors such as distractibility (poor sustained attention to tasks), impulsivity (impaired impulse c...   [tags: mental health, adults, psychiatry, treatment]

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Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatment of Children with ADHD

- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Behavioral and Pharmacological treatment of children with ADHD Every morning before the child leaves for school the parents must make so many decisions, what clothes should my child wear, what should I pack for lunch, and will my child be safe at school. What if each morning the parents woke up and had to decide if their child had taken all the proper medications for the day. Is it possible that children are being over medicated in the school system so much so that discipline and behavior are becoming less of an issue....   [tags: research, symptoms, diagnosis]

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Introduction Among the behavioural disorders that are commonly diagnosed, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent among youth and children. It is a persistent disorder that is attributed to neurobehavioral problems. About 3%-5% of all the children in America are affected by ADHD (NINDS Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Information Page, 2011). The disorder is characterized by inability to concentrate or focus on a task and exercise behavioural inhibition that is normally related to age....   [tags: Health, Mental Illness]

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The Class Placement of Students with ADD/ADHD

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ADHD and its diagnosis and treatment have been considered controversial since the 1970s. The controversies have involved clinicians, teachers, policymakers, parents and the media. Opinions regarding ADHD range from not believing it exists at all to believing there are genetic and physiological bases for the condition as well as disagreement about the use of stimulant medications in treatment. Some sociologists consider ADHD to be a "classic example of the medicalization of deviant behavior, defining a previously non medical problem as a medical one.” Most healthcare providers in U.S....   [tags: medications, treatments, Symptoms]

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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- Roger Yeager PHD states “Parenting challenging kids requires that you become a chef, not just rely on a cookbook recipe” (Miller). Approximately 9.5% or 5.4 million children 4-17 years of age have ever been diagnosed with ADHD, as of 2007. As of 2007, 2.7 million youth ages 4-17 years (66.3% of those with a current diagnosis) were receiving medication treatment for the disorder (cdc.gov). The Surgen General lists ADHD, as the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder of childhood. With numbers as these it seems imperative to know what works best for over 2.7 million children in treatment....   [tags: Medical Research]

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The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on ADHD

- There are limitations to this study, such as this study only considers the effects of ADHD on children and not on adults. The reason that the author decided to focus the research on children is because, as stated before, ADHD is a childhood disorder that should be diagnosed before reaching adulthood. The author of this work believes that if the disorder, and the effects thereof, are addressed during childhood there will be less of an impact on adults, increasing the importance of treatment during childhood....   [tags: children, treatment, impulsive behaviors]

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Medication versus Alternative Therapy in ADHD

- ... Research is usually conducted before and individual can continually be on the medication to monitor for the chance of abuse. By catching the symptoms of ADHD early in childhood and treating with this medication there is a less likely chance of the child abusing the medication as an adolescent ( Hodgkins et al., 2012) Another way to evaluate the use of medication use in children and adolescents with ADHD is a patient and family study or survey on the medication they are using and its effectiveness....   [tags: Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder]

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

- “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a condition in which a person not only has a great difficulty concentrating for more than a few minutes but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive” (The Developing Person Through the Life Span, page 310). Both children and adults are diagnosed with ADHD, but children hold a higher percentage of this diagnosis because the disorder usually appears in early to middle childhood. “The average age of ADHD diagnosis was 7 years of age, but children reported by their parents as having more severe ADHD were diagnosed earlier” (Web, CDC)....   [tags: symptoms, diagnosed, overmedicated, attention]

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Ritalin: Not the Best Treatment for ADHD or ADD

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

- Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Introduction Being focused on to the important aspects of life is one of the main functions of the brain. In some diseases or disorders this special function of the brain is either lost or diminished. One such disorder which diminishes the functions of the brain is the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This disorder was initially considered to affect only children but this is a misconception as this disorder is also noticed amongst adults....   [tags: Behavior Disorders, Psychology]

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ADHD in Females

- ADHD in Females Grace is a second grader. She sits quietly with her hand folded in front of her and watches tv. She sees Dumbo and thinks of the stuffed elephant on her bed. She remembers her brother winning it for her at a carnival, where she got to ride a pony and eat cotton candy. A few minutes pass, and Grace has no idea what is happening around her or on the cartoon. She is not worried, because there really isn't a time that her mind is not wandering. Grace is a well mannered little girl, but suffers from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)....   [tags: Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder]

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-ADHD

- Since when I got this topic, I chose this disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD), but we did not cover at that time. When I saw the note for ADHD on D2L, I was thank to see it. So, I could choose for this paper. I chose this disorder because this disorder was most familiar to me. During summer, I worked at Camp Little Giant in Touch of Nature as a camp counselor. Camp Little Giant was a camp for people with different disabilities. The camp went for whole summer. Each week had different people....   [tags: neurodevelopmental mental disorder]

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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

- ... This can either be a sign of the kid having ADD or ADHD but it must be a chronic issue. If it is a rare or random event then it can be just an outside source distracting the student, but if its ADD or ADHD then it is a life time problem that needs to be addressed to the parents. The inability to focus will not only affect you in school, but in every other aspect of life if it is left untreated. Andrew Colman of the University of Leicester said “areas like the pre frontal cortex that use dopamine to communicate tend to be shrunken in people with the disorder”....   [tags: focusing, hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention]

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The Benefits of Music For Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

- Improving concentration among students is a well thought about topic, distractions in classroom are endless; from phones to friends, students have a superfluous number of thoughts on their minds’. Improving concentration of students with a condition like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is however more challenging. “Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often persists into adulthood. ADHD includes a combination of problems, such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior.” (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013) With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, students have more of a challe...   [tags: ADHD Essays]

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Television Overexposure and ADHD: Is there a connection?

- Television Overexposure and ADHD: Is there a connection. It is an urban myth that an overexposure to watching television may cause people to develop Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). My purpose is to study this theory to discover if it is accurate. I am also interested in discovering how ADHD plays a role in education. Before I can begin I have to start by researching what ADHD is. ADHD is a disorder among people that is associated with three main symptoms which are poor sustained attention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity....   [tags: Essays Papers]

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ADHD in Adolescent Males and Its Effect on the Family Structure

- ADHD in adolescent males and its effect on the Family Structure There has been a vast amount of research done on the affects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD on adolescent males. The primary focus of this paper will study adolescent males with ADHD and how it affects their family structures. This paper will examine the articles, Prevalence of attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disorders in young male prison inmates, Parental efficacy and child behavior in a community sample of children with and without attention-deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and lastly Family Interactions in Children With and Without ADHD....   [tags: mental health, inmates, stress]

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Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder or ADHD

- ... Non-stimulants were approved by the FDA in 2002. Non-stimulant just like the stimulants proved effective against the symptoms of ADHD. A popular non-stimulant is Atomoxetine, this non-stimulant job is target a neurotransmitter norepinephrine and make this transmitter more available to the brain cells. Helping improve academic performance, classroom behavior, and self-esteem. Anti-depressants are part of the treatment for ADHD. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) is an anti-depressant that is used in treating ADHD in adults....   [tags: dysfunctions in the brain, pharmacotherapy]

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