Abortion, Induced: Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals.Education, Veterinary: Use for general articles concerning veterinary medical education.Veterinary Drugs: Drugs used by veterinarians in the treatment of animal diseases. The veterinarian's pharmacological armamentarium is the counterpart of drugs treating human diseases, with dosage and administration adjusted to the size, weight, disease, and idiosyncrasies of the species. In the United States most drugs are subject to federal regulations with special reference to the safety of drugs and residues in edible animal products.Abortion, Spontaneous: Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.Abortion, Veterinary: Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.Schools, Veterinary: Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of veterinary medicine.Abortion, Criminal: Illegal termination of pregnancy.Pathology, Veterinary: The field of veterinary medicine concerned with the causes of and changes produced in the body by disease.Abortion, Therapeutic: Abortion induced to save the life or health of a pregnant woman. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals.Abortion Applicants: Individuals requesting induced abortions.Abortion, Missed: The retention in the UTERUS of a dead FETUS two months or more after its DEATH.Abortion, Septic: Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.Abortion, Habitual: Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.Legislation, Veterinary: Laws and regulations, pertaining to the field of veterinary medicine, proposed for enactment or enacted by a legislative body.Abortion, Threatened: UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.Animal DiseasesAbortifacient Agents: Chemical substances that interrupt pregnancy after implantation.Dog Diseases: Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.Abortion, Incomplete: Premature loss of PREGNANCY in which not all the products of CONCEPTION have been expelled.Aborted Fetus: A mammalian fetus expelled by INDUCED ABORTION or SPONTANEOUS ABORTION.Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal: Steroidal compounds with abortifacient activity.Animal Technicians: Assistants to a veterinarian, biological or biomedical researcher, or other scientist who are engaged in the care and management of animals, and who are trained in basic principles of animal life processes and routine laboratory and animal health care procedures. (Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)Abortion, Eugenic: Abortion performed because of possible fetal defects.Animals, Domestic: Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.Cattle Diseases: Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.Cat Diseases: Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal: Non-steroidal chemical compounds with abortifacient activity.Pregnancy, Unplanned: Unintended accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures.Horse Diseases: Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Pregnancy, Unwanted: Pregnancy, usually accidental, that is not desired by the parent or parents.Vacuum Curettage: Aspiration of the contents of the uterus with a vacuum curette.Horses: Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.Pregnancy Trimester, First: The beginning third of a human PREGNANCY, from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (MENSTRUATION) through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.Biography as Topic: A written account of a person's life and the branch of literature concerned with the lives of people. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)Drug Residues: Drugs and their metabolites which are found in the edible tissues and milk of animals after their medication with specific drugs. This term can also apply to drugs found in adipose tissue of humans after drug treatment.Anatomy, Veterinary: The study of the anatomical structures of animals.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Pregnant Women: Human females who are pregnant, as cultural, psychological, or sociological entities.Sheep Diseases: Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.Contraception: Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.Pets: Animals kept by humans for companionship and enjoyment, as opposed to DOMESTIC ANIMALS such as livestock or farm animals, which are kept for economic reasons.Sterilization, Reproductive: Procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction. Surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used. There are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means.Animal Welfare: The protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments by promoting their health through better nutrition, housing, and care.Legislation, Medical: Laws and regulations, pertaining to the field of medicine, proposed for enactment or enacted by a legislative body.Bonding, Human-Pet: The emotional attachment of individuals to PETS.Minors: A person who has not attained the age at which full civil rights are accorded.Fetal Death: Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.Women's Rights: The rights of women to equal status pertaining to social, economic, and educational opportunities afforded by society.Animal Husbandry: The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.Neospora: A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. Its species are parasitic in dogs, cattle, goats, and sheep, among others. N. caninum, a species that mainly infects dogs, is intracellular in neural and other cells of the body, multiplies by endodyogeny, has no parasitophorous vacuole, and has numerous rhoptries. It is known to cause lesions in many tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord as well as abortion in the expectant mother.Family Planning Services: Health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods of CONTRACEPTION can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Gestational Age: The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.Personhood: The state or condition of being a human individual accorded moral and/or legal rights. Criteria to be used to determine this status are subject to debate, and range from the requirement of simply being a human organism to such requirements as that the individual be self-aware and capable of rational thought and moral agency.Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.Contraception Behavior: Behavior patterns of those practicing CONTRACEPTION.Reproductive Rights: Reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. They also include the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence.Birth Rate: The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.Dilatation and Curettage: Dilatation of the cervix uteri followed by a scraping of the endometrium with a curette.Livestock: Domesticated farm animals raised for home use or profit but excluding POULTRY. Typically livestock includes CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; SWINE; GOATS; and others.Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.Beginning of Human Life: The point at which religious ensoulment or PERSONHOOD is considered to begin.Falconiformes: An order of diurnal BIRDS of prey, including EAGLES; HAWKS; buzzards; vultures; and falcons.Pregnancy Trimester, Second: The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.Goat Diseases: Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.Coccidiosis: Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of COCCIDIA.Animals, LaboratoryPregnancy Trimesters: The three approximately equal periods of a normal human PREGNANCY. Each trimester is about three months or 13 to 14 weeks in duration depending on the designation of the first day of gestation.Parasitic Diseases, Animal: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.Parental Notification: Reporting to parents or guardians about care to be provided to a minor (MINORS).Pregnancy in Adolescence: Pregnancy in human adolescent females under the age of 19.Contraceptive Devices: Devices that diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Food Inspection: Examination of foods to assure wholesome and clean products free from unsafe microbes or chemical contamination, natural or added deleterious substances, and decomposition during production, processing, packaging, etc.Uterine Hemorrhage: Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.Ethnobotany: The study of plant lore and agricultural customs of a people. In the fields of ETHNOMEDICINE and ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, the emphasis is on traditional medicine and the existence and medicinal uses of PLANTS and PLANT EXTRACTS and their constituents, both historically and in modern times.United StatesLife: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.Pregnancy Complications: Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.Swine Diseases: Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.Staphylococcus intermedius: A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family STAPHYLOCOCCACEAE. It is a zoonotic organism and common commensal in dogs, but can cause disease in dogs and other animals. It also can be associated with human disease.Catholicism: The Christian faith, practice, or system of the Catholic Church, specifically the Roman Catholic, the Christian church that is characterized by a hierarchic structure of bishops and priests in which doctrinal and disciplinary authority are dependent upon apostolic succession, with the pope as head of the episcopal college. (From Webster, 3d ed; American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed)Records as Topic: The commitment in writing, as authentic evidence, of something having legal importance. The concept includes certificates of birth, death, etc., as well as hospital, medical, and other institutional records.Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.Laboratory Animal Science: The science and technology dealing with the procurement, breeding, care, health, and selection of animals used in biomedical research and testing.Illegitimacy: The state of birth outside of wedlock. It may refer to the offspring or the parents.Students, Health Occupations: Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program in the health occupations.Population Surveillance: Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.Judicial Role: The kind of action or activity proper to the judiciary, particularly its responsibility for decision making.Psittacosis: Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.History, 20th Century: Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.Pregnancy, Ectopic: A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBES, known as TUBAL PREGNANCY. They can be in other locations, such as UTERINE CERVIX; OVARY; and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).Canada: The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.DairyingXylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.Maternal Age: The age of the mother in PREGNANCY.Placenta Diseases: Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Sheep: Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.Helminthiasis, Animal: Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.Ceremonial Behavior: A series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance.Coxiella burnetii: A species of gram-negative bacteria that grows preferentially in the vacuoles of the host cell. It is the etiological agent of Q FEVER.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Chlamydophila psittaci: A genus of CHLAMYDOPHILA infecting primarily birds. It contains eight known serovars, some of which infect more than one type of host, including humans.Q Fever: An acute infectious disease caused by COXIELLA BURNETII. It is characterized by a sudden onset of FEVER; HEADACHE; malaise; and weakness. In humans, it is commonly contracted by inhalation of infected dusts derived from infected domestic animals (ANIMALS, DOMESTIC).Religion and Medicine: The interrelationship of medicine and religion.Zolazepam: A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.Pregnancy Complications, Infectious: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.History, 19th Century: Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.Bird Diseases: Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.Endometritis: Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.Foot Rot: A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)Animal Population Groups: Animals grouped according to ecological, morphological or genetic populations.Marital Status: A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.Rift Valley Fever: An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.Antiparasitic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.Jurisprudence: The science or philosophy of law. Also, the application of the principles of law and justice to health and medicine.Morals: Standards of conduct that distinguish right from wrong.Women's Health Services: Organized services to provide health care to women. It excludes maternal care services for which MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES is available.Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Chlamydophila: A genus of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE comprising gram-negative non CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS-like species infecting vertebrates. Chlamydophila do not produce detectable quantities of glycogen. The type species is CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI.Legislation as Topic: The enactment of laws and ordinances and their regulation by official organs of a nation, state, or other legislative organization. It refers also to health-related laws and regulations in general or for which there is no specific heading.Congenital Abnormalities: Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.Tiletamine: Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.Maternal Mortality: Maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth in a given population.Internationality: The quality or state of relating to or affecting two or more nations. (After Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)Fetus: The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Disease Outbreaks: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.Protozoan Infections, Animal: Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.Supreme Court Decisions: Decisions made by the United States Supreme Court.Poultry: Domesticated birds raised for food. It typically includes CHICKENS; TURKEYS, DUCKS; GEESE; and others.Abattoirs: Places where animals are slaughtered and dressed for market.Ontario: A province of Canada lying between the provinces of Manitoba and Quebec. Its capital is Toronto. It takes its name from Lake Ontario which is said to represent the Iroquois oniatariio, beautiful lake. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p892 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Lameness, Animal: A departure from the normal gait in animals.Medicine, Traditional: Systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation. The concept includes mystical and magical rituals (SPIRITUAL THERAPIES); PHYTOTHERAPY; and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine.Pathology, Clinical: A subspecialty of pathology applied to the solution of clinical problems, especially the use of laboratory methods in clinical diagnosis. (Dorland, 28th ed.)Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium.Placenta: A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).BerlinSulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.Administration, Sublingual: Administration of a soluble dosage form by placement under the tongue.Arcanobacterium: A genus of facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria in the family ACTINOMYCETACEAE, order ACTINOMYCETALES. They are obligate parasites of the PHARYNX in humans and farm animals.Laboratories: Facilities equipped to carry out investigative procedures.Human Rights: The rights of the individual to cultural, social, economic, and educational opportunities as provided by society, e.g., right to work, right to education, and right to social security.Rift Valley fever virus: A mosquito-borne species of the PHLEBOVIRUS genus found in eastern, central, and southern Africa, producing massive hepatitis, abortion, and death in sheep, goats, cattle, and other animals. It also has caused disease in humans.Camelids, New World: Ruminant mammals of South America. They are related to camels.Intrauterine Devices: Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.Veterinary Service, Military: A corps of the armed services concerned with animal medicine, the chief interest of which is the care of government-owned working dogs (as in the military police units), working horses (as in state funerals), and working military dolphins (as in undersea exploration and other activities). In the United States Army Veterinary Corps animal medicine overlaps and interconnects with biomedical research using laboratory research animals. A related activity is laboratory animal care. The Corps provides limited care for privately owned animals of military personnel through non-appropriated funds. Military service veterinarians in the United States Army must be graduates of accredited veterinary schools and must have a state license. (Telephone communication with Lt. Col. William Inskeep II, U.S. Army Veterinary Corps, October 4, 1994)Surgery, Veterinary: A board-certified specialty of VETERINARY MEDICINE, requiring at least four years of special education, training, and practice of veterinary surgery after graduation from veterinary school. In the written, oral, and practical examinations candidates may choose either large or small animal surgery. (From AVMA Directory, 43d ed, p278)Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.Animals, Wild: Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.Government Regulation: Exercise of governmental authority to control conduct.History, 21st Century: Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.Human Characteristics: The fundamental dispositions and traits of humans. (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)Contraception, Postcoital: Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION).Nebramycin: A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius.Andrology: A scientific or medical discipline concerning the study of male reproductive biology, diseases of the male genital organs, and male infertility. Major areas of interest include ENDOCRINOLOGY; SPERMATOGENESIS; semen analysis; FERTILIZATION; CONTRACEPTION; and CRYOPRESERVATION.Conscience: The cognitive and affective processes which constitute an internalized moral governor over an individual's moral conduct.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Value of Life: The intrinsic moral worth ascribed to a living being. (Bioethics Thesaurus)Veterinary Sports Medicine: The field of veterinary medicine concerned with PHYSICAL FITNESS of animals in sports (horse racing, dog racing, etc.) and the diagnosis and treatment of sports injuries in animals.Environmental Microbiology: The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.Reference Books, Medical: Books in the field of medicine intended primarily for consultation.Ivermectin: A mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (RN 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (RN 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis. It binds glutamate-gated chloride channel to cause increased permeability and hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells. It also interacts with other CHLORIDE CHANNELS. It is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that is active against microfilariae of ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS but not the adult form.Mastitis, Bovine: INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.Parental Consent: Informed consent given by a parent on behalf of a minor or otherwise incompetent child.Tick Control: Chemical, biological, or medical measures designed to prevent the spread of ticks or the concomitant infestations which result in tick-borne diseases. It includes the veterinary as well as the public health aspects of tick and mite control.DenmarkUterine Perforation: A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.Moral Obligations: Duties that are based in ETHICS, rather than in law.Food Contamination: The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.Ruminants: A suborder of the order ARTIODACTYLA whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach, including the capacious RUMEN. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males.Magnesium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule.Nurses, Male: Nurses of the male sex.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Laboratory Infection: Accidentally acquired infection in laboratory workers.Administration, Intravaginal: The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.Brucellosis, Bovine: A disease of cattle caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA leading to abortion in late pregnancy. BRUCELLA ABORTUS is the primary infective agent.Reproductive Health: The physical condition of human reproductive systems.Tylosin: Macrolide antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. The drug is effective against many microorganisms in animals but not in humans.Dissertations, Academic as Topic: Dissertations embodying results of original research and especially substantiating a specific view, e.g., substantial papers written by candidates for an academic degree under the individual direction of a professor or papers written by undergraduates desirous of achieving honors or distinction.Tick Infestations: Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice: Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).Internship, Nonmedical: Advanced programs of training to meet certain professional requirements in fields other than medicine or dentistry, e.g., pharmacology, nutrition, nursing, etc.ItalyFatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.Hip Dysplasia, Canine: A hereditary disease of the hip joints in dogs. Signs of the disease may be evident any time after 4 weeks of age.


7 Boat Dock Lighting Mistakes to Avoid 7 Boat Dock Lighting Mistakes to Avoid

Boat dock lighting is important for the security of your boat and the safety of its passengers, visitors and owners. Here are suggestions to help you choose the best lighting to enhance security and safety, while supporting the comfort and privacy of your nautical neighbors.

1. Avoid Tall Bright Lights

The preferred lights for a dock area are called bollards. These consist of a small light fixture mounted on a broad pillar at about 24 to 35 inches above the ground, between the average person's knee and hip level. This dock light type will enable you to enter and disembark from a boat safely at night, while it shines below the cabin level of most large houseboats. These lights will also prevent collisions between your boat and other boats, and with the dock itself.

2. Install A Solar-Powered Light System

Lights operated by solar cells turn on automatically when the light level dims at sunset, and turn off again after sunrise. Avoid a light type that is controlled by only a manual switch or electronic timer, because it will invariably light up when you do not want it.

If your dock is in the shade most of the day, choose and install a solar lighting system that is charged and operated by a single large solar panel that you can set up in a sun-filled spot near the dock.

3. Choose Water and Salt-Resistant Housing for Lights

Boat dock lighting and other marine lights are made of durable plastics that can repel water and resist mineral salts that are found even in fresh water. Do not buy a dock light housed in metal, as it will pit and corrode quickly, rendering the lights inoperative.

4. Consult Your Neighbor or Marina Manager

Talk to your neighbor about the kind of dock lights you wish to install before you go ahead and put them down both sides of a shared dock. This will prevent disagreements, and your neighbor may also offer to share the cost of installation. If you have a dock slip at a marina, ask the marina manager before choosing and installing dock lights, to maintain a uniform appearance in the dock area.

5. Choose Lighting that Will Help Identify Your Dock

Affix a red and green light at the end of your dock to help you steer your boat to the correct side at night. If not these specific colors, set up a specific pattern or grouping of lights at the end. Avoid leaving your dock end un-illuminated.

6. For Visual Drama and Safety, Illuminate the Water's Edge

Add a set of lights that shine into the water and reflect off the edges of the dock. This adds both visual impact and a second safety factor - the dock edges are more visible as you bring the boat in to dock it.

7. Light for Safety First When Leaving the Dock Area

Place a tall light, that directs most of its light downward, at the entrance to your path or stairway up from the dock. Avoid lights that cast bright light widely, so your cottage guests and neighbors can sleep.

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Humanising The White Building

Hospitals need to become more human, believes Alissa Rees. She had leukaemia at the age of 19 and now aims to improve the hospital experience for future patients. She does this with ‘Humanising The White Building’ − a book full of personal poems and concepts. One such concept is IV-Walk: a portable alternative to the cumbersome pole-on-wheels. She seeks a balance between hiding the medical equipment and acknowledging the illness. Designed to be worn almost as clothing, it can reflect the patient’s identity. Another idea is Hospichic, which focuses on ambience – crucial to accelerating recovery. Including basic elements like a chandelier and tablecloth, the set can instantly transform a sterile room into a cosy dinner venue, giving patients a brief break from their illness.

Alissa Rees


MIDDLETOWN -- A city man facing felony charges who chose to represent himself said Monday in Middletown Superior Court that he believes he is too mentally ill to be his own lawyer.

William McKinney, 34, 1 Labella Circle, has seven cases pending through the local court for first-degree robbery, two counts of second-degree breach of peace, sixth-degree larceny, two violations of probation, a violation of a protective order, two counts of second-degree threatening, third-degree assault and interfering. The charges all stem from incidents between 2009 and 2011, according to court records.

Tuesday in court, State's Attorney Peter McShane made an offer to resolve the cases. The offer is that McKinney pleads to one count of second-degree robbery and one count of sixth-degree larceny. The sentence offered is nine years suspended after 40 months to serve, and three years of probation.

Judge Susan Handy scheduled an accept or reject date for the deal for April 3. If McKinney accepts, a 10-week presentencing investigation will take place, then he will be sentenced. If McKinney rejects the deal, a trial date is set for May 8.

McKinney said he is looking to raise an affirmative defense of mental disease or defect, but Handy said the motion was filed too late and that the process takes months to complete. First, McKinney would have to be evaluated and the result of the psychiatric evaluation would have to indicate that he was not mentally capable of following the "letter of the law" at the time of the incident. McKinney said he had an evaluation done, but Handy said the one completed does not say he was mentally incapable at the time.

McKinney then raised the issue that he believes he is not able to defend himself due to his alleged mental illness. In early March, McKinney had filed a motion to defend himself after having two different lawyers appointed. At that time, the judge fully canvassed him to determine if he was competent to appear pro se. She found in McKinney's favor, allowing him to represent himself.

"I am (expletive) nuts!" McKinney told the judge in court when explaining why he no longer thinks he is mentally competent to represent himself. Handy warned McKinney to watch his language in court, saying the fact that he filed to represent himself and is now claiming he is incapable to do so "makes no sense."

McKinney filed a number of motions, most of which Handy either denied or were withdrawn. McKinney claimed he has comprehension skills and at times attempted to speak over Handy. She said McKinney is to be allowed to view three videos the state has in their file regarding the charges, under the supervision of the judicial marshals.


Peters Statement on State of the Union

WASHINGTON, DC – U.S. Senator Gary Peters (MI) issued the following statement after President Trump delivered his State of the Union address:

“At a time when America is deeply divided, it is more important than ever that Members of Congress from both parties come together to tackle the big challenges facing our nation. I hope President Trump will make good on his commitment tonight to work with both Democrats and Republicans to pass bipartisan legislation that will rebuild our crumbling infrastructure and support hard-working American families.

“As the Ranking Member of the Surface Transportation Subcommittee, I’m focused on promoting federal investments to upgrade and modernize our roads, bridges and ports, expand rural broadband networks, and lay the groundwork for smart transportation like connected and self-driving vehicles.

“Although President Trump campaigned on a promise to improve infrastructure, I’m concerned that his barebones infrastructure proposal lacks meaningful federal investments and instead forces cash-strapped state and local governments to make up for the lack of strong federal support or shifts the burden to American people through tolls and fees.

“A robust infrastructure package has the potential to drive innovation and create good-paying jobs in Michigan and across the country. I was honored to have Mike Jackson, Executive Secretary-Treasurer of the Michigan Regional Council of Carpenters and Millwrights, as my guest this evening to highlight the importance of protecting prevailing wage laws that ensure skilled workers get a fair wage and taxpayers get their money’s worth when infrastructure projects are completed on budget and on time.

“Ensuring workers can earn middle class wages should be part of a comprehensive approach to economic growth that includes boosting our manufacturing sector and fighting unfair trade practices. We need to enforce trade laws and help small businesses take action to protect American workers and ensure our international competitors are not using unfair practices to undercut fair wages, manipulate their currency or restrict access to American-made products in their markets.

“Moving forward, I hope that the President and Republicans in Congress will work in a bipartisan way to address these important economic issues, which means crafting a forward-looking bill that makes significant investments in the critical infrastructure without undercutting fair wages.”

Senator Peters serves on the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee and is Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety and Security. He also co-founded the bipartisan Senate Smart Transportation Caucus, which focuses on advancing new innovation in transportation technologies that will improve safety and efficiency.


Could it be that a group of matches with the largest cM value in the mid 20s are out-of-range?

2018-04-23 20:08:44

WARNING: This is another question that involves endogamous genetic genealogy. (Not applicable to "normal" or "standard" DNA evaluation).

I am still struggling to find some statistical limits/boundaries for evaluating my endogamous ancestry. Maybe I need to read more on the subject... but this subject matter is fairly limited -- and usually complex for me, at the best of times.

In my question I am wondering if my group of atDNA matches, that have a "largest cM" value of about 25, might have the common ancestor that is out of range (or pre-1700s/ pre-source). Part of the problem is, that I have nearly ten people in this group with a value of >20 cM, and their family tree's are well developed, yet not even three of these matches share one common ancestor!

I'm wondering what the outer limits are, in terms of cM, for endogamous groups. I thought that >20 cM would surely be within reach... but maybe not. And are there other ways of evaluating this situation...


Historic Homes are Green Homes

Written by: Cory Edwards, Office of Historic Preservation Staff

You’ve heard it before: “The greenest building is one that already exists.” It’s true! Investing in the prolonged maintenance or rehabilitation of a historic home is a sustainable approach to housing because it facilitates the reuse of existing materials and infrastructure.

Sustainability, or sustainable architecture, is a design practice that seeks to minimize negative impacts to the environment. The best sustainable or “green” homes are thoughtfully-designed, durable and energy-efficient. Similarly, historic homes were constructed with permanence in mind and many have inherently sustainable features such as deep shaded porches lined with windows, deep roof eaves to shade and protect the house from moisture and integrated shutters and screens to deter solar heat gain. They were designed in response to their setting and constructed with high-quality, local materials by skilled tradesmen. Many homes in San Antonio have lasted for at least 100 years and can even outlast homes built today through routine maintenance and repair.

First and foremost, any historic elements that are inherently sustainable, such as awnings, porches, recessed entryways, overhangs or operable windows and shutters, should be preserved or restored when possible. However, there are other ways to “green” a historic home such as improving energy efficiency. While old houses are generally viewed as being drafty energy wasters, they can be made energy efficient through a number of methods outlined in the Historic Design Guidelines.

Reducing Energy Consumption

Heating and cooling loads account for a large portion of residential energy consumption, second only to the energy used for appliances, electronics and lighting. Through weatherization and improving the thermal performance of historic buildings, the heating and cooling loads can be drastically reduced. Keep in mind that most historic homes were built before modern central heat and air was introduced. Homeowners then depended on natural ventilation to stay cool and stoves or fireplaces to stay warm. Where today’s houses are (at best) air-tight, historic homes were designed to breathe. When central heating and air is installed, windows and doors should be assessed for air infiltration. Typically, caulking and weatherstripping is sufficient for eliminating air infiltration. Homeowners are also encouraged to add or upgrade the insulation in their homes. Unless the walls of a historic home are solid masonry, they likely lacking in adequate insulation to support today’s HVAC systems. Likewise, attics should be property insulated to prevent heat transfer through the roof. Remember, historic buildings should be insulated using minimally-invasive techniques. The type of insulation and method of insulation may vary based on construction type and existing conditions. Work with a qualified professional to insure that any moisture issues within a wall cavities or unfinished space are addressed first and won’t be worsened by the introduction of insulation.

Historic homes excel in providing natural light; they usually come equipped with far more windows than would be installed today. Historically, having all of those windows provided for both natural light and ventilation. By utilizing existing historic windows, today’s homeowners can rely less on artificial lighting which reduces energy loads. Historic windows can made be energy efficient too! See our previous article on historic windows at:

After exploring ways to reduce overall energy consumption, sustainable energy sources may also be considered. Roof-mounted solar panels or solar shingles may be appropriately incorporated into a historic house when located towards the rear of the structure or somewhere that is not highly visible. Collectors that are visible should be of a low profile and flush mounted to the roof surface.

Outside of the House

Consider implementing landscaping techniques can contribute to the sustainability of the entire property. For instance, deciduous trees can be strategically planted to provide a shade canopy during the summer months. Landscape watering can be reduced by incorporating native species that require less watering. Overall water consumption can be further reduced by using captured rainwater. Cisterns and water collection tanks are suitable for historic houses when appropriately sited on the property. More generally, look for ways to reduce your impervious footprint by avoiding the installation of solid concrete or asphalt driveways or large hardscaped areas. This increases stormwater runoff and contributes to the heat island effect.

For more tips on how to make your historic home more green, visit our article Green Strategies for Historic Homes.


On Healing

elderly man looks sad The first three months after his wife Vivian died reminded Albert of years earlier, when he was recovering from coronary bypass surgery. Not because death was on his mind, but because he sensed that he was once again in the middle of a long healing process.

He recalled expecting the surgery itself to be the hard part. But the first few weeks after the procedure were intense. He had to go to cardiac rehabilitation several times every week and learn new exercises and techniques for managing his stress. His wife threw out his soda and cigarettes, replacing them with carrot sticks and a pedometer. The incision on his chest itched unbearably at night as it came together to form a thick scar.

Healing, Albert had learned, was not something that simply happened on its own. It required effort from him, support from friends and family, and ultimately a shift in his own perspective.

As the weeks after his wife’s funeral passed and he settled into a new routine without her by his side, Albert realized that his grief would be a similar kind of work - painful but necessary.


Security at Logan International Airport, praised for its overhaul after Sept. 11, 2001, has come under fire for a technique that allows police to stop and question people they believe are behaving suspiciously.

The American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit Wednesday challenging the "behavior pattern recognition" program at Logan -- from which two planes were hijacked and crashed into the World Trade Center -- saying it "effectively condones and encourages" racial and ethnic profiling.

The lawsuit was filed on behalf of King Downing, the ACLU's national coordinator for racial profiling, who alleged he was harassed by state police last year. It seeks unspecified monetary damages and asks the court to declare the screening system unconstitutional.

"This program is another unfortunate example of the extent to which we are being asked to surrender basic freedoms in the name of security," said John Reinstein, legal director of the ACLU's Massachusetts chapter. "This allows the police to stop anyone, anytime, for any reason."

State police insist they focus on travelers' behavior, including loitering without luggage, wearing heavy clothes on a hot day and watching security methods at the airport.

George N. Naccara, the federal security director at Logan under the Transportation Security Administration, said troopers are trained not to stop people based on race or ethnicity. "They make it very clear in the training that we're looking for abnormalities in behavior, and they begin their thought process very carefully," Naccara said.


Screening and characterization of surface-tethered cationic peptides for antimicrobial activity.

There is an urgent need to coat the surfaces of medical devices, including implants, with antimicrobial agents to reduce the risk of infection. A peptide array technology was modified to permit the screening of short peptides for antimicrobial activity while tethered to a surface. Cellulose-amino-hydroxypropyl ether (CAPE) linker chemistry was used to synthesize, on a cellulose support, peptides that remained covalently bound during biological assays.

Recently, the surface of the wings of the Psaltoda claripennis cicada species has been shown to possess bactericidal properties and it has been suggested that the nanostructure present on the wings was responsible for the bacterial death. We have studied the surface-based nanostructure and bactericidal activity of the wings of three different cicadas (Megapomponia intermedia, Ayuthia spectabile and Cryptotympana aguila) in order to correlate the

Covalent immobilization of antimicrobial agents on titanium prevents

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Major problems with biomedical devices in particular implants located in nonsterile environments concern: (i) excessive immune response to the implant, (ii) development of bacterial biofilms, and (iii) yeast and fungi infections. An original multifunctional coating that addresses all these issues concomitantly is developed. A new exponentially growing polyelectrolyte multilayer film based on polyarginine (PAR) and hyaluronic acid (HA) is designed. The films have a strong

Possibilities of Manufacturing an Electrospun Web with Baltic Amber

Despite that three types of assays (measuring biofilm viability, biomass, or matrix) are described to assess anti-biofilm activity, they are rarely used together. As infections can easily reappear if the matrix is not affected after antibiotic treatments, our goal was to explore the simultaneous effects of antibiotics on the viability, biomass and matrix of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms (ATCC 25923). Viability and biomass were quantified using

Nanostructured multilayer polyelectrolyte films with silver nanoparticles as antibacterial coatings

Ultrathin polyelectrolyte films containing silver nanoparticles appear to be a promising material for antimicrobial coatings used in the medical area. The present work is focused on the formation of multilayer polyelectrolyte films using: polyethyleneimine (PEI) as polycation, Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) as polyanions and negatively charged silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which led to the polyelectrolyte-silver nanocomposite coatings. The film thickness and mass were measured by ellipsometry and

Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were able to produce biofilm on the surface of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), but their abundance depended on type and the concentrations of the polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) derivatives introduced in PHB. Different types of PHMG derivatives inhibited S. aureus ATCC 6538P biofilm formation, but PHB with PHMG salt of sulfanilic acid stimulated E. coli ATCC 8739 biofilm formation. The presence of all

Efficacy Assessment of Treated Articles: A guidance

This report provides guidance how to test efficacy of articles or material treated with biocides. There are two major groups: The first where the treatment is intended to protect the article itself. To prove efficacy, the material/article has to be tested against an untreated variant. In the second group, the treatment is intended to introduce new properties, e.g. to provide hygienic or insect repellency-functions. The

All 120 strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Hadar isolated during 2007–2010 in Greece were characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods. High rates of resistance to nalidixic acid (92%) and low levels of ciprofloxacin resistance (88%) were observed. Pulsenet-pulsed field gel electrophoresis profile SHADXB.0001 was predominant in Greece (58%) as in Europe but PT1, a rare phage type in Europe, was frequent in Greece (56%). The


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While you are away from your desk, you can still get into your e-mail, etc.  Use the links below:

To report an absence, put in a future absence, or request a substitute, click here.
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The correct form of user name when using the Microsoft portal webmail is this: yourusername@nadaburgsd.org and then your password on the next line.

If a problem exists, such as it keeps going into the person who is already logged onto the computer than you have to use your username in the link.

To get into your lesson plans, click here.

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Thesis statement for unemployment
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The 14 October 1973 Thai uprising

Street battle during the uprising

A short overview of the successful uprising in Thailand following a wave of wildcat strikes which toppled the military dictatorship and forced the introduction of democratic elections.

The military domination of Thai politics, started soon after the 1932 revolution, but its consolidation of power came with the Sarit military coup in 1957. The economic development during the years of military dictatorship in the 1950s and 1960s took place in the context of a world economic boom and a localised economic boom created by the Korean and Vietnam wars. This economic growth had a profound impact on the nature of Thai society.

Naturally the size of the working class increased as factories and businesses were developed. However, under the dictatorship trade union rights were suppressed and wages and conditions of employment were tightly controlled. By early 1973 the minimum daily wage, fixed at around 10 baht since the early 1950s, remained unchanged while commodity prices had rose by 50%. Illegal strikes had already occurred throughout the period of dictatorship, but strikes increased rapidly due to general economic discontent. The first 9 months of 1973, before the 14th October, saw a total of 40 strikes, and a one month strike at the Thai Steel Company resulted in victory due to a high level of solidarity from other workers.

Economic development also resulted in a massive expansion of student numbers and an increased intake of students from working class backgrounds. The building of the Ramkamhaeng Open University in 1969 was a significant factor here. Student numbers in higher education increased from 15,000 in 1961 to 50,000 by 1972. The new generation of students, in the early 1970s, were influenced by the revolts and revolutions which occurred throughout the world in that period, May 1968 in Paris, being a prime example. Before that, in 1966 the radical journal, Social Science Review, was established by progressive intellectuals. Students started to attend volunteer development camps in the countryside in order to learn about the problems of rural poverty. By 1971 3,500 students had attended a total of 64 camps. In 1972 a movement to boycott Japanese goods was organised as part of the struggle against foreign domination of the economy. Students also agitated against increases in Bangkok bus fares.

The successful 14th October 1973 mass uprising against the military dictatorship shook the Thai ruling class to its foundations. For the next few days, there was a strange new atmosphere in Bangkok. Uniformed officers of the state disappeared from the streets and ordinary people organised themselves to clean up the city. Boy Scouts directed traffic. It was the first time that the pu-noi (little people) had actually started a revolution from below. It was not planned and those that took part had a multiplicity of ideals about what kind of Democracy and society they wanted. But the Thai ruling class could not shoot enough demonstrators to protect their regime. It was not just a student uprising to demand a democratic constitution. It involved thousands of ordinary working class people and occurred on the crest of a rising wave of workers’ strikes.

The first democratic elections, since the October 1973 uprising, were held in January 1975. Parliament had a Left colouring and Government policies reflected a need to deal with pressing social issues. Left-wing parties, such as the New Force Party, the Socialist Party of Thailand and the Socialist Front Party gained 37 seats (out of a total of 269) but did not join any coalition Governments. The first coalition Government, made up of the Democrat Party and the Social Agriculture Party, was established under Seni Pramote. This right-leaning Government announced that it would follow “Social Democratic” policies. However, the Government lost a vote of no confidence in parliament in March 1975 and was replaced by a new coalition Government headed by Kukrit Pramote from the Social Action Party. The new Government introduced a number of pro-poor policies, including job creation schemes. This Government presided over a period of increasing social tensions. Strikes, demonstrations and political assassinations occurred on a regular basis.

Taken from


Whale Shark

Rhincodon typus

Back to Animals on Oceanscape

The largest fish in the ocean today, an adult whale shark can measure up to 40 feet (12.2 m) long and weigh as much as 60 tons. These sharks can be identified by their greenish-gray bodies with the back and sides covered in a distinctive white checkerboard pattern. The head is broad and flat and the mouth can measure up to 5 feet (1.5 m) in width.

This docile animal will slowly cruise through the upper levels of the water column where it feeds mostly on plankton, supplementing its diet with small crustaceans, cephalopods and plants. It is one of only three filter feeder sharks, the others being the basking shark and the megamouth shark. The whale shark eats by opening its mouth and then forcefully expelling water through its gills where filter pads will catch any organism smaller than 3/4 inch (2 cm). Although the whale shark does have teeth, they are considered vestigial.

Although its immense size can be startling, whale sharks pose no threat to people and in recent years diving with them has become a popular form of ecotourism. Despite these frequent interactions with people, the species has not been widely studied.

Range and Habitat

The whale shark is rarely found outside tropical waters, preferring temperatures of 72 degrees F (22 degrees C) or higher. With the exception of the Mediterranean Sea, it is found in every ocean in the world. The shark is normally found in coastal waters, but it may also enter tropical lagoons.

Conservation Status

This shark is currently listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) due to their declining populations. Dwindling numbers may be the result of over-harvesting, entanglement in marine debris and irresponsible ecotourism which can cause stress or injury to the animals.