Start descriptive essay food

start descriptive essay food A descriptive essay is a form of academic writing that is built around a detailed description of a person, building, place, situation, notion, etc the main purpose of a descriptive essay is to describe your point of focus in a vivid and particular manne.

A process essay on food is either an essay that tells you how to make a recipe or one that tells you how a food product is made both essays are written in the form of step-by-step instructions. How to write essay about my favorite food how to start main body writing how to start a descriptive essay on favorite food when writing this type of an essay, it is important to understand that describing the favorite food is the core issue, writers and students should, therefore, feel free talking about various aspects of their. Free cuisine papers, essays, and research papers history of cajun cuisine - history of cajun cuisine cajun cuisine is a fusion of food from different regions with very rich histories, such as france, canada, and the southern us. This is a sample essay about traveling new people, new places, and traditions help people broaden the horizons why should you start travelling today / essay about traveling: why should you start travelling today traveling is an extraordinary experience every person needs it opens you a whole new world out there and reveals your. A descriptive essay is a special type of essay that describes a person, place, emotion, object, place or situation in this essay example, the focus shall be on my mother ie the kind of person she is, her attributes, personality and what makes her world go round.

Descriptive essay definition a descriptive essay is a type of writing in which you describe a thing, event, process or person the main goal of this type of essay is to create a vivid experience for the reader and give them a more in-depth understanding of the essay’s subject. Descriptive essay on my favorite food introduction : this will include your favorite meal, and why you love it 1st body paragraph : this paragraph should introduce your first reason for settling on the food as your favorite. How to write a descriptive essay three parts: brainstorming ideas for the essay writing the essay polishing the essay community q&a a descriptive essay should create a vivid picture of the topic in the reader’s mind you may need to write a descriptive essay for a class assignment or decide to write one as a fun writing challenge. Narrative essay you tell a story, often about a personal experience, but you also make a point so, the purpose is not only to tell an entertaining tale but also show the reason for the story and the importance of the experience.

Definition, descriptive, and narrative essays differ from argumentative and critical essays a lot because they require different writing strategies in the initial group of essays, you need to describe certain events or concepts, whether the second group requires you to use persuasive techniques to support your argument. Transition, persuasive, and descriptive words transitions recall: persuasive essays will ask you to persuade or convince your audience to believe in you, in your side of the argument. How to write a descriptive paragraph four methods: sample paragraphs describing a person writing about an object writing a descriptive paragraph about a place community q&a if you want to immerse a reader in an essay or story, there’s no better way to do it than with a crisp, vivid descriptive paragraph. Example of descriptive essay about favorite places my favorite place is the ken combs pier located at the end of courthouse road in gulfport a structure built for and used by fisherman from all over the area. Below is an essay on my favorite restaurant from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples my favorite restaurant if you are looking for a good place with italian food, i will recommend you the olive garden.

Feel free to print the entire list for plenty of inspiration for your next descriptive essay assignment place essay topics describe your favorite place describe your ideal bedroom choose a piece of food to eat then, write a description of it that includes the way it looks, smells and tastes. Essay start words descriptive desserts good english research paper topic physics american essay writing revolution my major essay kites what is math essay yourself, foods for life essay usa english essay beginning for independence day essay topics sport english assessment test bright future essay qatar admission. Writing a descriptive essay is a very useful, interesting and at the same time easy thing if you do not imagine what means in writing an essay about favorite food - let us show you how to manage with this task. Descriptive essay about a person students are required to write different types of essays on various subjects, and descriptive essays are among the many articles that students will be required to present as part of their course work it describes different objects like events or a person.

Start descriptive essay food

The food is not properly taken care of, which leads all the way back to where the food is fast food argumentative essay march 9, 2011 by ilovelucy bronze, oak lawn, illinois. The customers are satisfied by the great food they get their ticket and pay for their meal on the way out the door, the hostess thanks them and says, come again that's the perfect restaurant one characteristic of the perfect restaurant is the environment essays related to a great restaurant 1 restaurant. Search essay examples get expert essay editing help upload your essay browse editors build your thesis statement argumentative compare and contrast we should start being conscious of the food we eat 522 words 1 page the potential impact of the book fast food nation: the dark side of all-american meal by eric schlosser. Essay samples for some people food is just a necessity to satisfy basic needs, for the others food is more than just a basic necessity, but a pleasure that plays a significant role in their understanding of happiness.

  • Descriptive favorite food essay descriptive favorite food essay 631 words mar 22nd, 2011 3 pages whitney walker professor brogdon eng101 sec505 descriptive essay it was a seemingly beautiful day as i drove on a joy ride in my bright blue sports car, with the wind in my hair this is an everyday activity for me.
  • Writing a descriptive essay about food is easy you should start with choosing a cuisine then select dish/es from cuisine after that describe about the ingredients, the taste and the smell of that cuisine.
  • The descriptive essay asks the writer to describe something—an object, person, place, experience, emotion, or situation this essay attempts to convey how that subject looked, felt, tasted, sounded, smelled, and so on, and express the emotion or sensation so clearly and vividly that the reader can feel it, too.

A descriptive essay allows you to paint a picture for your reader in words watch this video to learn more about the techniques and elements that can help you fill the picture with lots of great. Obesity essay it is usually common when the amount of food exceeds the amount of corresponding exercisesobesity is a disease connected to improper nutrition in a way that the amount of the fatty tissue of the body stored from the food taken starts being completely unhealthy doctors start talking about obesity when the body mass index is over. Eating from the school cafeteria education essay print reference this or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of uk essays published: mon, school cafeteria need to start reducing unhealthy food and take care more about the safeness on school cafeteria lunch. Descriptive favorite food essay topics: pasta, if your instructor asks you to describe your favorite food, make sure that you jot down some ideas before you begin describing it for instance, if you choose pizza, you might start by writing down a few words: sauce, cheese, crust, pepperoni, sausage, spices, hot, melted, etc.

Start descriptive essay food
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think of it as a project finance bank. The ways of financing the development in the region is going to take another shape, for example, tapping new sources of liquidity outside of the banking markets, like capital markets or long-term investors.

Based in the Bahrain Financial Harbour, BNP Paribas is fully ingrained in the Kingdom of Bahrain s economic life, playing a key role in financing major infrastructure projects over the last four decades, and as a prominent player in capital markets transactions.

The Bank s regional headquarters serve the banking needs of local and international corporations, governments, financial institutions and ultra-high net worth individuals with its portfolio of products and services, across the Middle East and Africa. BNP Paribas Najmah, the dedicated Islamic entity of the BNP Paribas group, is also located in the Kingdom of Bahrain, providing Islamic Banking services across the region.

The decision to locate the regional headquarters in Bahrain was based on the following attributes: a stable government, a good social climate and excellent relations with neighbouring countries; strong government support for the financial services sector; its proximity to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the most populous country in the Gulf, where oil wealth was leading to rapid economic diversification into energy-intensive industries; no taxation on either income or profits; high-quality infrastructure, including the telecommunications network; a well-educated population; a highly convenient time zone which enabled same-day contact with the markets in Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Europe and New York.

There was, however, another reason why BNP favoured Bahrain. The vigilance exercised by the Bahrain Monetary Agency (later to become the Central Bank of Bahrain) had given international credibility to banking activities carried out in the Kingdom, and in addition the agency, which functioned as both central bank and banking supervisory authority, gave BNP a clear indication that it wished to see the Bank set up in Bahrain in order to develop its treasury operations market.

Jean-Christophe Durand explains that the Kingdom of Bahrain s enduring appeal as a regional centre for banking is largely due to its well-developed regulatory environment and the supportive attitude of the Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB): The authorities want to empower banks and encourage them. The CBB and other local authorities are forward- looking constantly listening to what businesses need and introducing measures to accommodate them.

136 T H E H I S T O R Y O F B N P PA R I B A S I N T H E G U L F S TAT E S


Track Menu

  Downs and Out !

Madison DownsMadison Downs Ad

Madison Downs was located at the Madison County Fairgrounds, although not as far out as Mitchell, Madison was still two hours northwest of Omaha. The track was a half mile oval with an open air grandstand, that could hold 2,500. The stables could accommodate 500 horses. The racing season was usually around two weeks.

Billed as the "Saratoga of The Plains" Madison Downs usually ran around two weeks as part of the Nebraska Fair Circuit during the summer months, after the Aksarben meet.

 In 1966 the Nebraska Legislature acted on a bill that would repeal a previous bill that excluded the first million dollars handled to be tax exempt at Nebraska's half milers. Without that break the track could not survive and went out of the racing business in a few years. There are no signs that racing existed at Madison Fairgrounds.

After over forty years of non racing, it could be getting harder to find someone who attended the races there. If you check the aerial view of the fairgrounds today it looks like there is still a faint outline of where the track used to be.

No. Never made it to Madison Downs, but I'm probably not the only one!


Attentiveness test: simple tasks for a verbal account that 8 out of 10 people cannot cope with

Photo source: pixabay.com

The attentiveness test consists of simple arithmetic operations on round numbers. In tasks there is no catch, everything is open and transparent. However, very often people are mistaken in the final result. At the end of the test, those who diligently approached the task will be given an explanation of this effect.

Check yourself: take some time for a little warm-up for the brain. Perhaps you are one of the five whose thinking works soberly and objectively with an oral account? An important condition is that during the test you cannot use a draft, a calculator and make any notes. For an objective result, try to keep within 2 minutes. If something is forced to interrupt or distracted - it is better to start over.

Date: 09.10.2018, 10:03 / Views: 35575

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Allink  v0.1

Program for signal analysis:
The programs loads a list of files assuming the first coordinate as x; the x and y coordinate can be changed with the right-up slider.
The lower left box choose the options for the visualisation (single set, log log, riscale...).
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Tips about Investment

Information and tips about investment

Stock Market Tips You Need To Know About

Stock market analysts often use terms that are confusing to people who aren’t familiar with the stock market. This might make you think that you aren’t smart enough to invest in the stock market. This isn’t true, however. If you educate yourself about the stock market, you can learn to invest and make money.

Take advantage of free resources to investigate investment brokers before contracting with them. Investigating an investment broker’s background is the best way to protect yourself from investment fraud.

Consider getting some good software that specializes in investment management. It really does not cost that much and it will help save you a ton of time trying to learn how to properly do things. Look into getting one that can help you with profits and losses and one for tracking prices.

Keep in mind that there is a variety of stocks available. Compared to bonds, commodities, real estate and certificates of deposit, stocks might seem like a singular venture, but within the stock world there are many options. Common divisions within the stock market include specific sectors, growth patterns and sizes of companies. Stock investors routinely discuss things like small and large caps and growth versus value stocks. It is good to learn the terminology.

Understand the risk involved in the stock market. If you are used to investing in mutual funds, understand that individual stock investing is a greater risk. If you aren’t the type of person who is prepared to take a risk, stick with companies that have a good financial standing, and that have shown excellent stock performance in the past.

Diversification is the main key to investing wisely in the stock market. Having many different types of investment can help you to reduce your risk of failure for having just one type of investment. Having just that one type could have a catastrophic effect on the value of your entire portfolio.

Remember that individual stocks do not necessarily represent the entire market. A decent stock may soar while the overall market tanks, while a bad stock may plunge in value when the rest of the market is thriving. This is why it’s a good idea to diversify the types of stock you own, choosing stocks from a variety of companies in many different industries.

To make your stock market investing more efficient, try a good stock management software package. Tracking stock prices and trends can be mush easier when you use your software to generate the information you need. Add your own personal notes for company information and analyze your data regularly. The cost of these software products is worth the investment.

Do not turn down free money from your employer by ignoring the availability of matching contributions for your 401k investments. You must invest the amount needed to get the entire company match. Often, this match amounts to 50 cents for each dollar you invest up to a specified cap. A 6% investment on your part nets you 3% from the company. Few alternative investments will ever reach a 50% rate of return. Whether you decide to invest beyond the level of the matching contribution is a separate decision, but don’t forgo an important component of your compensation by not taking advantage of free money when it is available.

Now that you’ve read this article and learned a little bit about the stock market, you should feel a lot more confident about your ability to invest. The stock market isn’t as complicated as you might have thought before reading this article. Use the tips you just learned, in order to help you make wise investments.


Hint: keep it simple, like life twain

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Daily Inspiration - Quotes to Live By

Max Roach Quotes and Sayings

I hope you find great value in these Quotes by Max Roach from my large collection of motivational and inspirational quotes and sayings.

Jazz is a very democratic musical form.
It comes out of a communal experience.
We take our respective instruments and collectively
create a thing of beauty.
- Max Roach

The people who really got me off were dealing with
the musical potential of the Instrument.
- Max Roach

I didn't even apply.
There was no warning.
- Max Roach

It was the early days of Rock 'n' Roll in this country.
We were all struggling to learn music,
it might be Country, Jazz, Classical,
Blues or even Rock 'n' Roll.
- Jim Sullivan

We always feel pretty creative as far as writing songs.
We write them together; we just get in a room,
or on occasion in Flea's garage.
We just sort of improvise, like jazz musicians.
- Chad Smith

They always say that jazz doesn't sell,
but it's a lie, because it does sell,
and it sells consistently year in and year out.
- Lester Bowie

If it comes out sounding like Dixieland jazz or classical
or punk or rock or even slightly metal,
that's because that's where I'm going to find inspiration.
- Ben Harper

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Your Name:

Coltrane was moving out of jazz into something else.
And certainly Miles Davis was doing the same thing.
- Jan Garbarek

Jazz was uplifted by what I did.
- Norman Granz

There are singers that I have enjoyed,
from Nina Simone and Ray Charles onward.
But the music that made music the number one thing
for me as a youth was jazz.
- Robert Wyatt

If it has more than three chords, it's jazz.
- Lou Reed

I played Big Band jazz music.
I wasn't into rock and roll.
I was just there because it was a living.
I surprised everyone.
I'm still surprising people.
- Bobby Vinton

It's sort of what jazz would be if it stopped being
snobby and what rock would be if it stopped being stupid.
- Andy Partridge

I just try to do as good job with the material as I
can and play some jazz as well,
some improvised music, and do that every night.
Just see where it goes.
- Mose Allison

Everybody in all countries tries to play jazz.
- Thelonious Monk

I am famous because I am an African American jazz artist.
- Nat King Cole

What 'jazz' means to me is the worst kind of working conditions,
the worst in cultural prejudice.
The term 'jazz' has come to mean the abuse and exploitation of black musicians.
- Maxim Gorky

I was exposed to jazz early on.
- Mark White

Many fail to realize this great recording industry
was built by so-called jazz artists.
And at the other end of the spectrum,
a base in European classical music as well.
- Ahmad Jamal

Writing is like jazz.
It can be learned, but it can't be taught.
- Paul Desmond

I missed jazz, kind of.
And by the time I came to it in life,
it was too intimidating to enjoy thoroughly.
- Warren Zevon

I have a bachelor's and a master's in jazz.
- Jon Secada

Jazz is not the kind of music you are going to learn
to play in three or four years or that you can just
get because you have some talent for music.
- Wynton Marsalis

The jazz boom was goin' on then so there was a lot
happenin' in New York at that time.
- Mose Allison

I didn't plan on rock-n-roll.
I wanted to learn jazz; I got to know some people doing rock-n-roll with jazz,
and I thought I could make some money playing music.
- Robby Krieger

It seems to me monstrous that anyone should believe
that the jazz rhythm expresses America.
Jazz rhythm expresses the primitive savage.
- Isadora Duncan

The day of the great jazz improviser who doesn't know
how to read music is over.
- Maynard Ferguson

The way that I got involved with microtonal music was,
frankly, through jazz.
- John Eaton

Possibly, I should have been a jazz singer from the beginning.
- Rita Coolidge

I've always loved jazz.
- Rita Coolidge

I don't like freedom jazz - I think it's void of roots and void of foundation.
- George Shearing

I also like Western classical music and jazz.
- Nusrat F. A. Khan

One of the things that's clear to me from interviews
that I've read is that the more popular successful
jazz musicians had audiences above and beyond the music community.
- Branford Marsalis

I took several years of dance lessons that included ballet,
tap and jazz.
They helped a great deal with body control,
balance, a sense of rhythm, and timing.
- Lynn Swann

Jazz is a very accurate, curiously accurate accompaniment to 20th century America.
- Ken Burns

Most of what I listen to now is mainstream jazz from
1935 right up to and including early bebop and cool jazz.
- Dave Van Ronk

If you play the very subtle jazz tunes with acoustic pianos,
acoustic bass and it's a dead standard,
you are going to play very differently.
It depends on the music.
- Lee Ritenour

I can turn on some jazz guitarist, and he won't do a thing for me,
if he's not playing electrically.
But Jeff Beck's great to listen to.
- Ritchie Blackmore

Everything we did, we did live - and then Bobby took
it home and chopped it up and edited it.
Which is pretty much what they did with every jazz
record you've ever heard.
- Charlie Hunter

That's kind of like how jazz is sometimes.
You're out there predicting the future,
and no one believes you.
- Branford Marsalis

I think jazz is good, but I don't enjoy it.
It's not for me.
- Ted Rall

It seems that jazz is more cerebral and more mathematical in a sense.
- Rita Coolidge

And I played in jazz band as well during all three years in school.
- Travis Barker

In my view a jazz musician is a great musician.
- Michael Parkinson

The first thing is, jazz is one of the few things to
let you know that there is a God and there is a creation.
- Billy Higgins

Some people say there was no jazz tenor before me.
All I know is I just had a way of playing and I didn't
think in terms of any other instrument but the tenor.
- Coleman Hawkins

There's the tradition in jazz of having the Battle of the Bands,
and you do not want to get your head cut when you're playing.
- Wynton Marsalis

I hate Stanley Clark, but I have to admit he's playing
Jazz whether I like it or not.
- Lester Bangs

I love music, I love all kinds of music,
particularly jazz.
Jazz is an extension of America.
There's no other country in the world that could have produced jazz.
- Jon Huntsman, Jr.

I was really small when jazz broke through in England
and I can still remember sneaking off to the living
room to listen to it on the radio -
much to my parent's disapproval.
- Jeff Beck

What makes my approach special is that I do different things.
I do jazz, blues, country music and so forth.
I do them all, like a good utility man.
- Ray Charles

Jazz will endure just as long people hear it through
their feet instead of their brains.
- John Philip Sousa

I think more than writers, the major influences on
me have been European movies,
jazz, and Abstract Expressionism.
- Don DeLillo

As far as I'm concerned, the essentials of jazz are:
melodic improvisation,
melodic invention, swing, and instrumental personality.
- Mose Allison

Jazz has an audience all around the globe and has had for many decades,
I think speaking of the United States,
let's say that what we need is more of an official recognition.
- Sonny Rollins

I still play jazz, and I've always got that trumpet very handy,
but I'm coming to feel the classical venues are where my main focus is,
in the realm of symphonic pops.
- Doc Severinsen

I was blessed to work with The Jazz Messengers when
the two piano players were Keith Jarrett and Chick Corea.
- Chuck Mangione

I think I was supposed to play jazz.
- Herbie Hancock

I'm not a big jazz fan.
- Warren Zevon

The thing to judge in any jazz artist is,
does the man project and does he have ideas.
- Miles Davis

If he's a true symphony artist, he knows better than
that because he knows that the only truly creative
musician is the jazz musician.
- Buddy Rich

It pulled me like a magnet, jazz did,
because it was a way that I could express myself.
- Herbie Hancock

I listen to a mixture of old jazz, contemporary,
pop, some world beat stuff and various odds and ends.
- Walter Becker

I was totally into jazz in my teens.
- Andy Summers

A jazz beat is a dynamic changing rhythm.
- Ken Burns

Jazz music is to be played sweet, soft,
plenty rhythm.
- Jelly Roll Morton

I don't know if I have enough guts to do a whole standard jazz record.
- Gary Cherone

My first guitar, a Fender Jazz Master,
I traded it in for a Les Paul Deluxe.
- Lenny Kravitz

The people in Japan know more about the history of
jazz and the musicians than the people in the United States do.
- Billy Higgins

Blues and jazz pulled me away from what was left of my family.
- Alexis Korner

I started in New Orleans music and played all through the history of jazz.
- Steve Lacy

Quotes and Sayings

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- Jonathan Lockwood Huie

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Your Heart Rate. What It Is And Where You Can See It In The Apple Watch

Discover how the Apple Watch measures your heart rate and get tips for a more accurate reading.

How To Check Your Heart Rate

With watchOS 3, you can check your heart rate at any time with the Heart rate app. Open the app and wait for the Apple Watch to measure your heart rate.

You can also add the heart rate complication to the clock face or  add the Heart Rate app to the Dock so you can easily open the app.

When The Apple Watch Measures The Heart Rate

If you use the Training app, the Apple Watch will constantly measure your heart rate throughout the training session.

With this information and other data collected, Apple Watch calculates how many calories you have burned. Also, Apple Watch measures your heart rate throughout the day when you’re standing still. You can see these heart rate measurements in the background in the  Health app on your iPhone. Since Apple Watch only takes this measurement in the background when stopped, the time between these measurements will vary. You can control which third-party apps can access Health data from the Health app in Fonts .

How The Apple Watch Measures Your Heart Rate

The heart rate sensor of Apple Watch uses a technology called “photoplethysmography”.Although difficult to pronounce, this technology is based on something very simple: the blood is red because it reflects red light and absorbs green light. The Apple Watch uses green LED lights combined with light-sensitive photodiodes to detect the amount of blood flowing through the wrist at any given time. When the heart beats, the blood flow to the wrist (and absorption of green light) is greater. Between one beat and another, the blood flow is less. To calculate the number of heart beats per minute (or heart rate), the Apple Watch LED lights flash hundreds of times per minute. Also, the heart rate sensor is designed to compensate for low levels of signal strength by increasing the brightness of the LED lights and sampling frequency.

The heart rate sensor also uses infrared light. This is the method used by the Apple Watch to measure your heart rate in the background.

For Best Results, Start With A Good Fit

Although the conditions are perfect, Apple Watch may not be able to obtain a reliable heart rate reading at all times for everyone. What’s more, for a small percentage of users, there are several factors that can prevent obtaining any heart rate reading. However, there are several steps you can take to help Apple Watch get optimal and systematic readings.

Too Loose

If the Apple Watch is not in place or the sensors do not read your heart rate, adjust the strap a little.

Just Measure

The Apple Watch should not be tight, but comfortable.

What Other Factors Can Affect Reading

There are many factors that can affect the performance of the heart rate sensor of Apple Watch. The perfusion of the skin is one of them. It is a sophisticated way of describing how much blood flows through the skin. The perfusion of the skin varies considerably from one person to another and can also be affected by the environment. If you train in a very cold environment, for example, the perfusion of the skin of the wrist may be too low for the heart rate sensor to get a reading.

Movement is another factor that can affect the heart rate sensor. Rhythmic movements, such as running or cycling, may offer better results than irregular movements, such as playing tennis or practicing boxing.

Permanent or temporary changes in the skin, such as some tattoos, can also affect the performance of the heart rate sensor. The ink, drawing and saturation of some tattoos can block the light from the sensor, making it difficult to obtain reliable readings.

If you can not get a systematic reading as a result of any of these factors, you can connect the Apple Watch wirelessly to an external heart rate monitor, such as a chest strap with Bluetooth connection.

By recording an open water swimming session* in the Entreno app, water can prevent heart rate from being measured, but Apple Watch will continue to count the calories using the built-in accelerometer. By recording a swimming session* in the Entreno app, water can prevent heart rate from being measured, but Apple Watch will continue to count calories, laps, and distance through the built-in accelerometer.

Heart rate is just one of the many factors Apple Watch uses to measure your activity and exercise. Depending on the training, select the most suitable input sensors for that activity. For example, when running indoors, you also use the accelerometer. When cycling outdoors, use the Apple Watch Series 2 or iPhone GPS for your Apple Watch (1st generation). And even if you do not do a proper training, keep track of how much you move each day. Because of this, Apple Watch can offer you the information (and motivation) you need to improve your health and fitness.

* Available only on Apple Watch Series 2. Apple Watch Series 1 and Apple Watch (1st generation) are not suitable for swimming. Learn about the water resistance of your Apple Watch.


Access Energy Cooperative is dedicated to providing safe, reliable and efficient utility service to you, our member-owners. The lengths we go to keep you, your family and our linemen safe are a point of pride for us and are never taken lightly.

From acquiring new equipment and implementing new procedures—including installation of new breaker systems that react more quickly in case of a disruption—to increasing awareness of back-up generator systems within the cooperative community and supporting the Rural Electric Safety Achievement Program (RESAP), America’s electric cooperatives strive to promote the highest standard of safety.

A lot has changed for the electric utility industry in the United States over the last 130 years. In the 1880s, power came to New York City through the direct current (DC) supply method. Direct current supply required generation stations to be within a mile of a consumer’s home, which was great for city residents—but not so great for those living in the suburbs or rural areas.

Because of its inability to travel long distances—and the higher cost—the DC system eventually lost out to the more economical alternating current (AC) system. The AC system allowed power to travel across greater distances through the use of transformers located at power stations. These transformers required higher voltage to pass through stations in order to bring power to homes at the end of the wire. This increase in voltage spurred the need for increased electrical safety procedures.

High voltage is considered in the U.S. to be a voltage above 35,000 volts. Designations of high voltage also include the possibility of causing a spark in the air or causing electric shock by proximity or contact.

High voltage wires and equipment are a constant danger for cooperative lineworkers, but they can also pose a danger to cooperative members. That is why electric cooperatives are proud to be at the forefront of electrical safety equipment development, as well as electrical safety education.

“Our line crews participate in monthly training sessions,” said Don Roach, Director of Operations and Engineering. “These courses ensure that our employees are constantly reminded of the safety aspect of the job and the importance of using equipment in the safest manner possible.”

In addition to safety training for employees, Access Energy Cooperative is continuously raising awareness of electrical safety in our communities by performing demonstrations at local schools and community events. There we show people just how easy it is for an accident to occur when working with electricity and how to prevent these dangerous, and sometimes deadly, mishaps. We also show them how this can pose hazards to them and their families and how to avoid accidents. New to our safety program this year, we also offered safety education to bus drivers, so they know what to do should they come in contact with any downed power lines. We also increase awareness of electrical safety by engaging with volunteer fire departments, emergency medical teams and sheriff’s departments on a regular basis, offering education courses and demonstrations. These programs keep service men and women, as well members of the community, safe.

At Access Energy Cooperative we know that the more people we have in our communities who are knowledgeable about electrical safety, the safer we all will be. That’s why we strive, every day, to raise awareness of, and encourage development in, electrical safety.

Source: Meghan Evans, NRECA.


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References & Citations

Mathematical Physics

Title:Geometric and probabilistic aspects of boson lattice models

Authors:D. Ueltschi
Abstract: This review describes quantum systems of bosonic particles moving on a lattice. These models are relevant in statistical physics, and have natural ties with probability theory. The general setting is recalled and the main questions about phase transitions are addressed. A lattice model with Lennard-Jones potential is studied as an example of a system where first-order phase transitions occur.
A major interest of bosonic systems is the possibility of displaying a Bose-Einstein condensation. This is discussed in the light of the main existing rigorous result, namely its occurrence in the hard-core boson model. Finally, we consider another approach that involves the lengths of the cycles formed by the particles in the space-time representation; Bose-Einstein condensation should be related to positive probability of infinite cycles.
Comments: 22 pages, 8 figures
Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
MSC classes: 82B10, 82B20, 82B26, 82B41, 60K40
Journal reference: Progr. Probab. 51, 363-391, Birkh\"auser (2002)
Cite as: arXiv:math-ph/0103002
  (or arXiv:math-ph/0103002v1 for this version)

Submission history

From: Daniel Ueltschi [view email]
[v1] Sat, 3 Mar 2001 02:17:42 UTC (37 KB)


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FIFA World Cup Russia 2018: Semi-finals Results, Recap and Highlights

France 1-0 Belgium

In the first of the world cup’s semi-finals, Les Bleus made it to their second consecutive final in major international competitions. Belgium on the back of defeating last world cup’s hosts, Brazil put up a good fight against the French only to see all their good work undone by a Samuel Umtiti header in the 51st-minute. France now advance to the world cup final on Sunday in Moscow as favorites and would hoping there is no repeat of their Euro 2016 loss.

England 1-2 Croatia (a.e.t)

Croatia completed a remarkable turnaround in the second semi-final of the world cup after going down to a Kieran Trippier free-kick five minutes into the game. The Croats playing their third consecutive 120 minutes were predicted to suffer from fatigue in the game against England but that was not to be the case as Ivan Perisic netted a superb equaliser to take the game to extra-time. In the 109th minute, Mario Mandzukic stole past England’s defence to net the winner as the Croatians wheeled away in celebration.

Related:  FIFA World Cup Russia 2018: Quarter-finals Results, Recap and Highlights


Tag Archive: wisdom

If ‘life’ is viewed as a perceptible entity, then it can be understood that ‘life’ is not focussed upon the longevity of any given individual, but on the continuation of life.
Do not believe for one instant that in the grand scheme of things, you or any other person is special, or should be entitled to anything more than another. You will live a while, you will die. Perhaps you will even produce ‘mini-me’s’, but in the human experience on this mortal coil, it is what you do with your time here that matters.

No person should ever seek to gain through the pain of others. We are not entitled to believe our needs are greater than another. In doing this, one is judging the value of one person against another. It is a false measurement… an illusion.

We all live a while. We all die.
It is what you do with your time here that matters.

We all have talents… not all discover what theirs are. Some are more profound, others are not. Some are subtle, some are far from subtle! But all have the potential to improve the lives of other people. Follow your heart, find your talent, practice your talent, use your talent to lift the spirits of others.

We all live a while. We all die.
It is what you do with your time here that matters.

It is the stuff in between things that is important.
It is not the things themselves that truly matter.
Like the intangibility of love, hate, or other emotions that holds people together, or pushes them apart.
Like the substance that Dark Matter is made of; the stuff that strings the galaxies of the universe together, that the scientists are searching for.
Like the walls of a building define and contain useful space. The walls themselves, having less useful properties.
Like the lines on a football field, and the rules of the game, they are in themselves useless, but it is what they describe that matters.
Like the timing between the notes of a piece of music, rather than the notes themselves.

It is the understanding of the relationship between things that holds more value than the things themselves.
It is the supporting framework that places things and events in the right places to create the illusion of importance of material things. But it is our relationship to those things that we really need see and perceive.

To become truly wise, seek this understanding as all things are linked by the space between them, not the things themselves.
This is what is meant by ‘all things are one’.

Just a few realisations I’ve been storing…

A person should do that which pleases the heart,
not that which pleases the mind.

I realize now, that I have seen both the moment of creation of a learned fear, and the moment of realization of a primal fear. Sometimes these are rational and true. Sometimes they are irrational and simply believed to be real.
The pattern seems to revolve around the learned fears being mostly irrational, and the primal fears being real and rational.

Men and Women are equal, but that’s not to say that they are the same.
They are opposing sides of a duality.

A ha! Of course!
As a species we have never had to think about what we eat in terms of health, quite simply because unhealthy food didn’t exist until the last few decades when companies started pumping unnatural chemicals into their products.
What we are suffering from today is something that is brand new to evolution, and as much as, as an organism we are capable of quick adaptation to changes in our diet, that capability will have developed from millions of years of changes in the natural food supply of the local environment throughout the lifetimes of our genetic ancestors.
This, along with all the other things we’re doing to our environment, is another lit fuse in the ticking timebomb of the mass extinction event we are unwittingly creating.
I suppose that this little revelation means that I should no longer buy or consume unnatural food stuffs as I will then be guilty of perpetuating the impending disaster.

A person cannot rightfully place blame on another for their actions, if their actions are due to a lack of knowledge.
However, once made aware of said lack of knowledge, it then becomes the responsibility of that person to lift themselves to a higher place, or rightfully face blame the next time their actions fall short of expectations.

One cannot plan a journey of discovery,
just as one cannot plan a sculpture.
Sculptures, paintings, dance, music and other arts come from a process of creativity,
each step revealing its own self,
ready for the discovery of what the next step will become.
It is the same with the discovery of the self, each new step of awakening revealing the start of the next.
If you are working to a plan, you are unlikely to discover anything of worth.
Let go of plans, and choose goals instead, for they provide direction, but without a planned journey.

The Universe is made of existence and non-existence,
interaction and change.
It cares not for the aspirations of man,
nor of his vanities or love of money.
The rules of the Universe provide the potential
for utterly limitless creation.
The Universe expresses itself through form, and radiation, and life,
and in one form of life it even looks back on itself and once said:
– “We are a way for the Cosmos to know itself.” – Carl Sagan

So many are so interested in how they look, they forget to pay attention to how they are.

An artist can be so intent on capturing the moment on canvas, on film, in a poem… that they forget that the one chance to enjoy that moment is ‘now’!
(Realised when trying to capture a sunset in a photo – I was so busy trying to capture the moment, I nearly missed the moment itself!)

I now know that cancer is not like a virus;
…something to be endured and overcome,
but is a battle to be fought and won.

Before a certain age, children don’t see ‘do not pass’ barriers, they only see an obstacle in the way of what they want to get.
So the concept of ‘no go’ areas is a learned skill, or a conditioned skill.

Try acting as the person that you want to become.
If you truly want to be that person, then act as if your life depends upon it… which is probably more true than you realise!

I think my greatest fear is not that there isn’t or is an afterlife, but that I get to the end of this life and find that I missed out on the chances that were available.

Like gravity is a universal force that is only noticed when two objects with mass react with each other (think of the cause of craters), and magnetism is a universal force that shows itself through reacting with ferrous materials (patterns in iron filings), is life a universal force that reveals itself through the collation of atoms and molecules to create organisms?

I wonder… do animals feel ill when they are ill, or do they just feel different to their usual?
When we feel ill, do we feel ill because we’ve defined it as illness… and does that then make it worse through the psychosomatic phenomenon…?

Ref something out of your control… if you keep banging your head against a brick wall, you’ll keep getting a sore head.
Work around it, not through it.
…or walk away from it!

Another property of the universe: the more energy you store or apply to something, the faster it degrades.
Stress in the mind,
Stress in a piece of metal or plastic (perhaps stored in a stressed position…),
Stress of life on a wild animal as opposed to a domesticated one,
Stress of constant and repeated sunlight on dyed fabrics, plastic toys, skin…

It’s interesting to note that those who are most interesting, are often quiet and ‘boring’ on the surface, but often those who are most interesting and fun on the surface, are often boring, with little to talk about underneath.
It’s as if all the bells and whistles are there to hide the fact that they have nothing else to offer. But those who have more, have no need to offer the bells and whistles.

Be confidant with your gifts and skills.

Now there’s an interesting thought…!

This reason that blog has the title of ‘The Colour of My Mind’ is because some years ago when I was searching for a suitable name for my book (this blog is a continuation of the book…), it dawned on me that everything I was writing about, the ideas I put forward, and the observations and the following successes and failures of those ideas, were all centred on the way that I see the world.
So, the mind that has developed within me is a continuing, developing summation of my experiences, observations, perceptions and thoughts, and so, it is a unique mind… just like yours!
To capture this, the title was chosen as a metaphor for the above, because of the obvious parallel with the question of; When I see the colour red, do you see the same colour red?
What I mean is, if I was able to experience what you experience, would I recognise the colour that you perceive as being the same as what I experience? Or is it simply that our experiences teach us that that particular visual stimulus is the same as those around us also call ‘red’?

Are you still with me…?

So, the interesting thought I just had, is based upon the fact that my sister recently had a Cochlear Implant inserted as her hearing had deteriorated so far that she could hear almost nothing.
After three weeks, the implant was turned on for the first time and she could then hear the world around her in all its glory for the time in many years.
However, there is a bit of a known hurdle to get over first for anyone going through the same experience.
The brain has to re-learn sounds!

To give a quick anatomical lesson, hearing is the ability to detect vibrations in the air (pressure waves) by way of those vibrations being captured and directed by the ‘flappy’ bit of the external ear (the bit you hang your sunglasses on) into and along the ear canal (earhole).
At the far end of the canal is the eardrum (a thin membrane of skin) and is a physical barrier that prevents water, dirt, insects, etc from reaching the inner ear.
As the sound hits it, it vibrates and transfers the pressure waves into a rapid physical movement of three tiny bones in your ear (the Ossicles – the ‘hammer’ which is attached to the eardrum, the ‘anvil’, this is what the hammer hits, and the ‘stirrup’ which looks literally like a horse rider’s stirrup. This stirrup is attached to the side of the Cochlear).
Their movements are further transferred into the Cochlear (another tiny bone that looks a bit like a snail shell and is hollow and filled with fluid) and in there becomes pressure waves again in the fluid.
So when sound travels into the ear, by way of the above action path, it makes this fluid ‘wobble’, and this wobble is picked up by tiny hairs that project from the inner walls of the Cochlear into the fluid. As it wobbles, they wobble. When they wobble an electrical signal is produced and travels along the auditory nerve to the brain.
From there the brain interprets the signals as sound.

Sooo… you might be wondering where am I going with this?
Well, as can be seen above, the brain does not get to actually hear sound. It only gets the chance to interpret electrical signals in a learned fashion.
When it comes to seeing a colour, the electrical signal that reaches the brain comes via a different mechanism, but ends as being an electrical signal that requires interpreting nonetheless.

In my sister’s case, the tiny hairs had all but disappeared, so the vibrations weren’t getting turned into electrical signals.
If I understand correctly, the Cochlear Implant is an electrode that is placed into the tiny snail-like bone (that’s bloody amazing on its own!) and the electrical signals are emitted from it for the nerve endings to pick up.
After my sister had the implant turned on, she reported that the first thing she could hear was Geese… then Ducks… but she wasn’t anywhere near a farm or wildfowl sanctuary… everything just sounded like that!!
This was the interpretation that her brain was making of the new method of receiving the electrical signals.

Shortly afterwards, her brain started making the links between what she was seeing and the sound that it was supposed to be hearing… then things started to make more sense to her conscious mind.

Personally I found this absolutely fascinating, but now I’ve just realised that her brain was deciding what those visual stimuli should actually be sounding like, based upon what it believes! …i.e. what it has previously experienced.
In other words, the sound of a glass dropping and shattering is interpreted within her brain in a certain way, and when this interpretation is communicated to her conscious mind, she recognises it as the sound of breaking glass.
It is her interpretation.
It is what it sounds like to her.
…therefore it is NOT the same as my interpretation!
It cannot be the same as what I hear!
It is only by association between the action and the stimulus that we both understand what the stimulus actually is!

So… when she sees the colour red, she does not see the same colour as what I see.
She only sees what she interprets as red.

To take this just a smidgen further… we must each see our own personal version of the world around us.
And so, what I am witness to is the same as what you witness, but my experience is different, even though the association is the same.

Utterly fascinating!!!

Increasingly, I find it frustrating when I hear of people saying with a resigned air:
I’d like to, but no, I don’t do that sport anymore [insert pursuit of choice…], ‘cause… well, you know what it’s like when you get married and have kids, get promoted at work, etc… you know… life gets in the way doesn’t it.

Yes, I DO know what it’s like, but I’ve never ever seen it as a reason to stop doing whatever it is I pursue at that time.
Surely that’s what life is about? About finding something of value that makes the hard work all worthwhile. Something that you can look forward to, even in the knowledge that it is going to be difficult to arrange things like babysitters, or transportation, finance, etc, …but also knowing that when you’re doing this thing that you love, that all the stress goes away. It’s a relief valve…
Equally, it eventually becomes something that you can look back upon through memories and friendships and laughs, when the body no longer allows you to carry on.
Surely life is about enjoying this chance we each have to make the experience of living worthwhile… and not only through our children.

Now, perhaps some people would say that I’m not the best of parent’s when I say that you should not fully sacrifice your passions so that you can give your children the best chance at pursuing theirs.
Partially, yes. But not fully.
After all, isn’t that the same as giving away a life to save a life? No net gain…? Surely better if you both have a passion to pursue…?

I actually feel that even though it is logistically a harder path, I feel that I am being a better parent by demonstrating to my children that I can have passions and interests of my own, as well as helping them find and develop theirs. I feel that I am setting a better example to follow, and a more useful one for them, for when they one day, find themselves in the same position with children of their own.

Is it not an almost equal waste of a life to live a life of living though others as opposed to living a life of not bothering with pursuing anything of interest…?
Perhaps a little bit of selfishness is a good thing.

I’m changing…

Today’s realisation…

Expression of the self cannot be done any more succinctly as a human, than by expressing one’s thoughts, beliefs, and experiences; …ultimately, one’s personal understanding of how life is; than through poems, music and movement.
There is no greater expression of what it is to be human than through allowing the absorption of the self into these moments of creation and performance.
This is what we are…

There are some pieces of music that I can’t listen to in the company of others, and events I cannot watch; in fact anything where a person pours heart and soul into that moment, as I can be so profoundly affected by them, that I’m quickly reduced to an emotional wreck! …it becomes embarrassing… but it feels, oh so good!

But what is it in me that does this??

I can only liken it to a form of empathy in some cases, and in others it seems that there is a resonance, like a tuning fork, that harmonises with my core, spirit, or soul.
What I find really interesting is that this has only occurred since I became more spiritual… so from around 10 years ago…. and it’s still growing!
It also happens more and more at times when I witness a person performing something well; something that is hugely important to themselves… like an athlete reaching the Olympic podium, or a shy musician being recognised for the first time… and even now whilst I type this and am thinking of various examples!

Whatever it is that’s changing, it is changing because I am constantly chasing that feeling of being in tune with those things that really matter to me.
Whatever it is, I like it!

There is a friend of mine (not yet 40 years old) that is currently fighting the battle of her life against a rare and aggressive form of cancer.
In doing so, she is proving to be one of life’s special people in that she has instinctively turned to face it head on and obviously has no intention of backing down!

I haven’t seen her for over 20 years, but through the wonders of Facebook, have fairly recently got back in contact… even though she is now the other side of the world!
In her own inimitable fashion, she feeds her Facebook friends with regular updates on her condition and progress, and in doing so has revealed her true colours… and incredible colours they are!
As much as it was nice to get back in contact with her, I’m am now so glad that I did as she is proving to be the sort of person I admire the most – she has what I consider to be a warrior nature – a willingness to fight for what is right, with an unremitting strength of spirit that simply doesn’t know how to give up! – and I now feel honoured to know her.

So many of her friends regularly reply to her updates by saying how amazing she is, how inspirational, and what a fantastic attitude she has toward beating the illness.
One of her replies was to say thanks for the comments, but really she’s just getting on with it, that there’s nothing special about her, and that anyone would be able to do it.

But that’s just it, isn’t it.
She is the only one in the wrong position to see what’s see’s doing. She is the only one inside the cocoon of the illness, all others are outside looking in. I don’t think she realises what this illness has brought out in her. Inversely to the debilitating effect of the cancer and the treatments, it has made her shine so brightly that her positivity is almost blinding. It is truly awe-inspiring.
If she was right that anyone could do it, then people wouldn’t react in less positive ways than she is, people wouldn’t give up, everyone would have that ability to soldier on regardless… but her friends are seeing something different to the norm, they are seeing something greater… and that, of course, is what they are astounded by.
She has unwittingly become a leader to her friends, a leader by example, an inspiring person, and one that makes the greatest of leaders.

At the risk of losing the last remnants of my manliness, I’ll admit to being in tears as I type this, but not through sadness of her suffering, emotional weakness of my own, or any other such anti-masculine reason, but through some kind of resonance I feel that makes me smile and feel so alive and good when I encounter people like this lady, and hear of their experiences that to me, epitomise the very essence of life.

No matter what;, today is a good day… some other days may be even better, but rain or shine, if I’m breathing, then every day is a good day!

I hope that if I ever have to fight a big battle that could cost me my life, that I’ll be able to show the same strength of character as my friend… and I hope I can be even partially as inspirational as her.

“Another week done!” said my boss on my way out the door.
“Yep, another week of my life gone.” said I.
“Aww, don’t look at it that way.” he said.
‘Why not? That’s what it is.‘ I thought, but said “Yeah, but it’s just the way you choose to use it…”
“That’s it!” he said… implying ‘That’s a better attitude!’

Couldn’t help but think that he is using the culturally accepted way of justifying a ‘waste’ of life time. [sic]

Each hour of our lives belongs to us and only us. How we choose to use those hours is a matter of choice.
It may not be a direct choice, i.e. you may have previously chosen to commit to a mortgage, and in turn you committing yourself to having to pay for it… which, for most of us, means working. However, it is still a choice!

To my mind, I choose to work for the amount of hours needed to pay the mortgage and bills… and to pay for future dreams!
I do NOT subscribe to the idea of the accumulation of money as being a goal worth substituting my life hours to.
Each hour that passes will never pass again… what I’m doing in those hours better be bloody worth it!

It is the stuff in between things that is important; the stuff that truly matters.
Not the things in the middle, bounded and described by the space around them.
Like the substance that Dark Matter is made of; the stuff that strings the galaxies of the universe together, and keeps the stars circling forever,
…the essence of which the scientists are searching for.
Like the way that the walls of a building define and contain useful space. The walls themselves, having less useful properties.
Like the timing between the notes in a piece of music, rather than the notes themselves.
Like the intangibility of love, and hate, and the other emotions; the stuff that holds people together, or pushes them apart.

It is here that the supporting framework is found; the framework that places things and events in the right places, and creates the illusion of the importance of material things.
But it is our relationship to those things that we really need see and perceive… the gap between us and it.

To become truly wise, one should seek this understanding, as all things are linked by the space between them, not the things themselves.


THE beautiful Indian victim of fishwife Jade Goody on the Big Brother nonsense is alleged to have been "shocked" by the depth of hatred she encountered.

What surprises me in this trivia is that Shilpa Shetty, one of the sub-continent's most popular film stars, ever came to find herself among such rough trade. How come she didn't check the nature of this programme?

Now comes the Indian-based rumour that explains it all.

At 31, our Shilpa is becoming elderly in Bollywood circles and is being upstage by 18-year-olds. Britain was a fresh start that would enhance her novelty value.

And her pushy mother is thought to be anxious to get her daughter married off to one of those multi-millionaire British Asians who have become so feted in British society.


Know Your Sun And Soil

Know Your Sun and Soil

The key to successful and problem-free gardening is choosing plants best suited to the conditions in your garden. Plan your home garden to match the most important features of your property - sun and soil. Plants depend on light as the source of energy to grow, flower and fruit. The amount of sunlight a garden bed receives determines what we can plant. Managing your soil is crucial to successful gardening. Check soil fertility, pH and moisture levels to guide you on how to prepare and maintain garden beds.

Sun Requirement

Plants are adapted to different sun exposures for optimum growth, flowering and fruiting. Siting vegetables, flowers, perennials and herbs in your home garden requires careful observation of sunlight received through the day and through the four seasons. Soil, water, temperature and light interact providing different microclimates in your garden. Plants are labeled into three groups based on their light requirements.

Soil Testing

Know your soil before deciding where and what to plant. Explore around your yard and choose the site where soil texture and drainage look best for gardening. Dig soil samples for testing, at the depth where plants are to be set. The most critical indicators to check are pH and fertility.

pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity, which determines what nutrients in the soil are available to plants. Nutrients could be available, unavailable or in almost toxic overabundance, depending on the soil pH. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH value below 7 means the soil is acidic, while above 7 alkaline. Each unit change in the pH scale is a 10-fold difference in acidity or alkalinity. For example, soil with a pH of 6 is ten times more alkaline than soil with a pH of 5. Alkaline soils have reduced nutrient availability. Most plants grow well in slightly acidic to almost neutral soils, with a pH between 6 and 7.5. Some plants, like blueberries, are adapted to acidic soils. Changing soil pH takes time, and maintaining the preferred pH for your garden means monitoring soil pH whenever new garden beds are prepared. You can adjust the pH level, or select plants that will thrive at the natural pH of your garden soil. Consider your garden soil type (sandy, loam or clay) when making amendments.

Fertility is the ability of the soil to supply essential nutrients in available form for plants to grow, flower, fruit and maintain good health. Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen are derived from water and carbon dioxide from air. The three major elements, for which soil is amended, found in commercial fertilizers, are Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K). Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Boron (Bo) and Molybdenum (Mo) are needed trace elements. Soil pH affects the balance and availability of nutrients and beneficial organisms. Plants are adapted to different levels of soil fertility, and show healthy to abnormal growth, based on their growing conditions.

Burpee's Electronic Soil Tester

The quickest and easiest way to get a reading on the pH and fertility of your soil is to use Burpee's Electronic Soil Tester. Burpee's Soil Tester gives accurate results of the soil pH and fertility without any reagent and requires no batteries. The tester utilizes the chemical reaction known as oxidation-reduction to measure pH within the range of 1 through 9. The fertility portion of the tester measures soil nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content, in combination. Fertility levels are indicated as Too Little, Ideal and Too Much.

To test your soil with Burpee's Electronic Soil tester, follow these easy instructions:

  1. Remove the top 2" of the soil surface. Break up and crumble the soil underneath to a depth of 6". Remove any stones or organic debris such as leaves and twigs because they can affect the final result.
  2. Thoroughly wet the soil with water (ideally rain or distilled water) to a mud consistency.
  3. Slide selector switch to the right which is the position of pH to measure the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. Slide selector switch to the left which is the position of fertility to measure soil fertility.
  4. Clean probes thoroughly and insert them into soil up to the specified base. Wait one to two minutes and take reading.

Once you take your reading, check the chart below for tips on how to improve your garden. You can adjust your soil pH to match the requirements of plants in your garden using materials available at your local garden center. Follow the manufacturer's instructions to achieve the best results.

Raise pH to make your soil more alkaline:

It is harder and takes longer to correct extremely acid soils. Bone meal can help raise the soil pH. Different soil types react differently to lime added to raise soil pH. More lime is needed for clay and peaty soils than for sandy soils. Use lime only if soil tests indicate it is needed. Lime in the fall to early spring, before planting your garden, to give time for the liming to work.

To increase your pH by 1 to make your soil more alkaline:

Use 4 pounds of hydrated lime per 100 square feet in sandy soils, 6 pounds in loamy soils and 8 pounds in clay soils.

Lower pH to make your soil more acid:

If your soil is too alkaline, a quick alternative to using your existing garden beds is to build a raised bed prepared with purchased top soil. Easily available materials like composted leaves, leaf mold and peat moss can be used to lower soil pH. Most fertilizers for "acid-loving" plants such as blueberries and azaleas contain ammonium sulfate or sulfur-coated urea, good and easy choices for acidifying soils.

To decrease your pH by 1 to make your soil more acidic: Use 1.5 pounds of Iron Sulfate per 100 square feet in sandy soils, 3 pounds in loamy soils and 4 pounds in clay soils.


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11/27/2016 - While glyphosate has been the primary target of global concern, there are still plenty of other harmful herbicides and pesticides on the market to be worried about. Atrazine, for example, is the second most popular herbicide in the United States, and it's so toxic that it has been banned in Europe. Over...

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9/3/2015 12:20:20 PM - The web's newest and most comprehensive news aggregation service covering all the issues that matter the most to you and your family is finally here – and it's already changing the world, one headline at a time! is your one-stop resource tool for accessing up-to-the-minute news stories...

EPA settlement forces agency to assess dangers of glyphosate, atrazine and related pesticides

7/12/2015 - When a chemical has the ability to change the gender of frogs and completely warp the mating habits of amphibians, shouldn't that chemical be considered a threat to life on the planet and be forbidden from use? Why would the science community and government regulators want something this hazardous to...

Dr. Tyrone Hayes explains how chemical companies use scientific fraud to sell GMOs and poison

1/19/2015 3:39:08 PM - Dr. Tyrone Hayes, one of the most important scientists to expose the dangers of Syngenta's pesticide atrazine, was recently interviewed by the environmentalist blog TreeHugger. Dr. Hayes uncovered how the industry behind genetically modified organisms is also the industry that pushes agrochemicals....

Cancer-causing atrazine is world's No. 1 drinking water contaminant

4/18/2014 - For more than a half-century, North American farmers have been spraying atrazine, an herbicide, on their crops -- most notably corn -- in the millions of pounds per year. This widespread use of the weed killer has also created no small amount of runoff, ensuring that atrazine winds up in lakes, streams...

Atrazine herbicide linked to prostate inflammation, reproductive issues and more

4/7/2014 2:07:51 PM - A popular herbicide still being applied to conventional maize and other factory-farmed food crops by the tons annually has been thoroughly established in the scientific literature as a silent killer. This herbicide is known as atrazine, and researchers from across the world have found that it destroys...

Study finds exposure to herbicide increases frogs' risk of death from fungal infection

11/3/2013 - A popular crop herbicide that multiple studies have shown causes hormone disruption, reproductive mutations, birth defects and cancer now appears to also increase mortality rates, according to a new study out of the University of South Florida. Biologist Jason Rohr and his colleagues discovered that...

9/20/2012 - Herbicide use in the United States continues to grow unabated and the health consequences are likely to become increasingly dire. Today, we take a look at three widely used herbicides which make up an axis of evil poisoning us, our environment, and our food. RoundupRoundup has been around since the...

Gender bender chemical atrazine widely contaminates U.S. public water supply

9/7/2010 - Emerging research increasingly indicates that the U.S. water supply is widely contaminated with the endocrine disrupting chemical atrazine, but that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is taking almost no action on the threat. Atrazine is an herbicide widely sprayed on corn fields in the Midwest,...

Common herbicide used on U.S. crops castrates male frogs

5/27/2010 - The dangers associated with pesticide and herbicide use have been receiving increased attention in the media these days. Everything from their contamination of local water supplies to their residue on food has been making headlines. But a new study has found that one popular weed killer is actually...

Atrazine pesticide causes birth defects

3/26/2010 - This year's annual meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) will include research showing a link between the agricultural chemical atrazine and the birth defect gastroschisis. Gastroschisis has been on the rise over the past several decades, having increased up to four times the level...

Serious birth defects linked to the agricultural chemical atrazine

2/22/2010 - Gastroschisis is a birth defect in which the intestines, and sometimes other organs, develop outside the fetal abdomen and poke out through an opening in the abdominal wall. Long considered a rare occurrence, gastroschisis has mysteriously been on the rise over the last three decades. In fact, the incidence...

Breast Cancer Link: Common Herbicide Disrupts Human Hormone

8/19/2008 - A common weedkiller in the U.S., already suspected of causing sexual abnormalities in frogs and fish, has now been found to alter hormonal signaling in human cells, scientists from the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) report. The herbicide atrazine is the second most widely used weedkiller...

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This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10274, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee listing.

Conference Committee

Conference Chair

Kevin M. Monahan, Metrologix, Inc.

William H. Arnold, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

Michael T. Postek, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Session Chairs

1 Introduction to Critical Dimension Metrology and Process Control

Kevin M. Monahan, Metrologix, Inc.

2 Measurement System Technology

Michael T. Postek, National Institute of Standards and Technology

3 Measurement System Evaluation

William H. Arnold, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

4 Measurement System Applications

William H. Arnold, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

5 Measurement System Data Analysis

Kevin M. Monahan, Metrologix, Inc.

Handbook of Critical Dimension Metrology and Process Control

Dr. Kevin M. Monahan, Ed.

Metrologix Incorporated 2367 Bering Drive San Jose, California July 25, 1994

The purpose of this review is to provide an authoritative reference volume for semiconductor process engineers engaged in metrology and process control. After more than eight years of experience at the SPIE Microlithography Symposium in San Jose, we believe that IC metrologists are ready for their own handbook. The San Jose metrology conference is strong in presenting short papers of topical interest, but it is not an appropriate forum for papers which provide more depth and breadth, historical references, mathematical background, and compilation of the best work of multiple authors spanning a period of years. Furthermore, prior to this work, there was no single volume that addressed these needs.

The scope of the review volume has been reduced slightly relative to that of the San Jose conference in order to make the task manageable and to give the reviews a consistent critical dimension and overlay theme. It begins modestly with definitions of terms and procedures. The authors were asked to include sufficient mathematical background to make the papers self-contained and accessible to someone with a bachelor of engineering background. Where possible, process control applications were used as examples to maintain a strong focus on utility. To assure the handbook's long-term value as a reference, we encouraged examples of leading-edge submicrometer technology, along with liberal use of equations, graphs, profiles, and image data.

The topics were specifically selected to highlight common problems and to answer frequently asked questions. For example:

What is critical dimension metrology and how can it be used for process control? How are line width, pitch, and aspect ratio defined? What is meant by precision, accuracy, error, uncertainty and linearity? Which procedures are used to determine these parameters?

Which measurement technologies are available and how do they work? How are bright field, confocal, coherence, and correlation optical microscopes different? How do source brightness, current and energy affect measurement in a scanning electron microscope? What influence does tip geometry have on surface reconstruction by an atomic force microscope? How can electrical current flowing through a conductor be used to measure linewidth and overlay? How can film thickness be measured?

How can I evaluate measurement system performance in a rigorous manner? What is the difference between repeatability, reproducibility, and stability? What are the recommended standards and procedures for tool calibration? How does tool capability affect product risk analysis? What are MTBF, MTBA and MTTS and how do they affect cost-of-ownership models? What are SECS, GEM, and MESC and how do they affect communication, control and automation of equipment?

What are the major applications of CD measurement equipment? In stepper setup applications, why is linewidth generally a parabolic function of stepper focus and a hyperbolic function of resist exposure? What are the most successful mathematical models for grid and intrafield registration? How do WIS and TIS impact overlay measurements? Why are lens distortions and stage errors important in matching lithographic tools? What is meant by across-field, across-wafer, and across-lot process uniformity?

Which mathematical tools do I need for data analysis? How can a classical variance components analysis be used to separate static, dynamic, and long-term precision? What is the most efficient experiment design to fit a second-order response in linewidth? What is the general linear model and how can it be used to generate response surfaces? What are the most robust techniques for sampling and tracking process data over time?

While not all of these questions are answered in this volume, the discerning reader will note that we have largely succeeded in covering the field. As with most handbooks, we expect to make improvements in successive editions, adding fresh material as the semiconductor industry progresses inexorably toward smaller dimensions. Those with opinions regarding the direction and content of the next offering are encouraged to write to the Editor.

} "Front Matter: Volume 10274", Proc. SPIE 10274, Handbook of Critical Dimension Metrology and Process Control: A Critical Review, 1027401 (1 July 1994); doi: 10.1117/12.2285117; https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2285117

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High Cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is a common medical condition in both men and women, and the risk increases as we age. High cholesterol levels are a risk factor for heart disease and having a heart attack. Like high blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol have no symptoms early on.

Cholesterol abnormalities may also present without major elevations in total blood cholesterol. In what is called the Metabolic Syndrome, a cluster of disorders of the body's metabolism there is an abnormally low HDL cholesterol, higher triglyceride, mild to very significant high blood pressure and excess body weight (especially around the waist). Metabolic Syndrome makes you more likely to develop diabetes, heart disease or stroke.

Cholesterol is a fat-like substance found in the blood and produced by the liver. It is also found in animal tissue and is present only in foods from animal sources such as whole-milk dairy products, meat, fish, poultry, animal fats and egg yolks. Some individuals have high cholesterol because of a family history (genetic predisposition). Too much cholesterol can build up in artery walls and cause narrowing so that blood flow is constricted or blocked.

How do I know if I have high cholesterol?

A cholesterol reading is taken from a simple blood test. A normal cholesterol reading is usually defined as less than 200 mg/dL, which is a measurement of your total cholesterol, including high-density liproprotein (HDL or good cholesterol), low-density lipoprotein (LDL or bad cholesterol) and fat-linked cholesterol (measured as triglyceride). Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood. A total cholesterol reading above 205 mg/dL is a sign of cholesterol higher than average for Americans.

Know Your Numbers

A cholesterol test is a key component of good medical practice that is taken to monitor your health, along with your blood pressure, weight and blood glucose levels. The National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines recommend that everyone 20 years of age and older have their cholesterol level measured once every five years. If your cholesterol is high, your physician may monitor your cholesterol levels more frequently.

HDL (high-density liproprotein) and LDL (low-density liproprotein)

Some people are confused by the terms "HDL" and "LDL." HDL, the good cholesterol, carries cholesterol away from the arteries and to the liver, where it is disposed of. Higher levels of HDL, greater than 60 mg/dL, can protect you from a heart attack.

High levels of LDL or bad cholesterol, on the other hand, can lead to atherosclerosis — a build-up of atheromas or plaque (fatty deposits) within arterial walls. Atheromas contain cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids, along with calcium and blood-clotting products, all of which are normally found in circulating blood. The build-up of atheromas can cause a narrowing or blockage in an artery that reduces blood flow. An LDL reading of less than 100 mg/dL is considered best for optimum health.

What are triglycerides?

Triglycerides are a form of fat in the blood. High triglyceride levels are often associated with other factors such as low HDL (good) cholesterol and diabetes, which can lead to heart disease. A triglyceride level less than 150 mg/dL is considered normal. A reading of 500 mg/dL and above is considered very high.

Who is at risk for high cholesterol?

High cholesterol levels and abnormalities of HDL, LDL and triglycerides can be seen at any age. The risk for having cholesterol abnormalities increases as we age. These abnormalities can be caused by lifestyle choices, such as eating too much saturated fat in animal products, tobacco use, inactivity and obesity.

Many individuals have a family history or genetic predisposition to developing high cholesterol that can be managed with a combination of diet, exercise and cholesterol-reducing drugs (see Treating High Cholesterol).