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[FALL 2013 UW] PSYCH 101 - LEC 4

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Richard Ennis

(Lec.4) Transduction: the conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights sounds and smells, into neutral impulses our brains can interpret There are three steps in transduction: 1) Reception – the stimulation of sensory receptor cells by energy (sound, light, heat, etc.) 2) Transduction – transforming this cell stimulation into neural impulses 3) Transmission – delivering this neutral information to the brain the be processed Senses: The EYE: Light enters through the cornea, pupil and the lens. The curvature and thickness of the lens change to bring either nearby or distant object into focus on the retina. Rays from the candle cause a reversal of the image in the fovea (point of central focus). The light then gets triggers a photochemical reaction and is transduced into neural impulses in the retina. The neural impulses go down the optic nerve towards the brain. The ganglion axons forming the optic nerve run to the thalamus, where they synapse with neurons that run to the visual cortex. Parallel Processes: is the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s neutral mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. This contrasts with the step-by-step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory: the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors- on sensitive to red, one to blue, one to green- which, when stimulated in combination can produce perception of any color Opponent process theory: the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enables color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red and vice versa TOUCH: Kinesthesis: the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts Vestibular senses: the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance  {PAIN} - Biological influences (Gate Control Theory): the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass onto the brain. The “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in large fibers or by information coming from the brain - Psychological influences: having attention to pain and the learning basis from past experiences. This also leads to the expectations of pain - Social-cultural influences: the presence of others, and the empathy for others’ pain TASTE: Sensory interaction: the principle that one sense may influence another, as the smell of food influences its taste SMELL: Smell is linked to the limbic system which associates smell with memory and emotion. This involves the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala and pituitary gland. Perception: FORM PERCEPTION: - Figure-ground: the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings DEPTH PERCEPTION: - The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two- dimensional; it allows us to judge distance MOTION PERCEPTION: - Stroboscopic movement: The brain perceives continuous movement in a rapid series of slight varying images - Phi Phenomenon: an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession PERPETUAL CONSTANCY: - Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, sizes, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change - Color Constancy: perceiving familiar objects having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object Perceptual Interpretation Perceptual Adaptation: in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field Perceptual Set: a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another In addition to this, perception of a given stimulus is dependent on the context of it, different context may give a different interpretation Human Factors Psychology: a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use Extra Sensory Perception (ESP): the controversial claim
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The Lost World – Use of language - Assignment Example

Us evidence to support what you say, identify the language techniques and explain in detail how the language used creates atmosphere and what atmosphere is created. Arthur Conan Doyle uses a variety of different language techniques to effectively create atmosphere and mood in these two sections of the novel ‘The Lost World’. This section of the novel comes immediately after they arrive in south America and make a start upon their ‘remarkable expedition’ and just before they ended their travels on water and continued on foot.

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In the first section, it describes their journey through ‘primeval forest’. Arthur Conan Doyle has used many different ways of writing to set a certain atmosphere for this section. The atmosphere formed is a gothic, dark and scary atmosphere. A quote he has used to support this is ‘Dimly discern’ Which is the technique alliteration. The effect given is that those two words give this grey, murky image. Also ‘All the drums rumbled and whispered’. This quote uses two techniques of personification and onomatopoeia.

This creates a real atmosphere and almost makes you imagine yourself in these very woods listening warily to the rumbling, whispering drums. It draws the reader in by involving their senses. The pace is also a massive part in creating the desired atmosphere. Arthur Conan Doyle used this when he wrote ‘ We will kill you if we can’ as a repetition. However, he did not only keep a fast adrenaline rush pace but also slowed things down to create a mysterious, lonely atmosphere.

He did this by writing slow and hushed descriptions ‘Hush fell upon our souls which comes upon us in the twilight of the abbey. So in this section Arthur Conan Doyle has used many techniques that makes the atmosphere of that section clear. It also gives a image of the setting and the characters feelings which makes the piece more enjoyable.

However, in section two Conan Doyle has drastically changed the atmosphere completely and this technique is called contrast. It showed the scene as a gloomy, depressed scene but then Arthur Conan Doyle quickly swaps the situation when you read about the beautiful ‘fairyland’. As I read this section I realised that he has written in a way that reinforces the atmosphere.

When he uses ‘fairyland’ as repetition he does this to plant the idea and the image of it being a magical place so everything after will fit, flow and make sense. Also when he wrote ‘baleful eyes glared hatred at us’ he uses the same technique. He reinforces the description of the puma by saying he has ‘baleful eyes’ and then reinforcing us with his next few words, ‘ glared hatred at us’. I think it is written like this to make it easy to read and for it to flow, but also to give a very clear view on the atmosphere created. The two sections are very different and are written in ways that easily separate the writing styles.

Section one describes a very grey gloomy atmosphere, whereas section two paints a picture of a tranquil, quiet and beautiful scene. I think Arthur Conan Doyle does this in his writing to make his story more complex to give the piece more depth and texture. This very descriptive style of writing draws the reader into the very pages of ‘The Lost World’ making it easy for the viewer to feel as if they are ‘really there’. The more complex Doyle’s descriptive writing the more the reader can build a picture or scene in their minds as if the book is playing out like a film.


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4 Common Financial Emergencies in Life and How to Handle Them

4 Common Financial Emergencies in Life and How to Handle Them

You might be working hard for achieving your financial goals. However, emergencies don’t seek appointments before they throw your planned schedules out of gear. Most importantly, financial emergencies can cause serious distress, unless they are planned remarkably well. You always need to have quick cash sources, such as, a trusted licensed moneylender at hand. Here are four of the most common financial emergencies and how you should deal with them.

1. Job loss

A job loss can often happen all of a sudden. It could be due to market conditions, the overall performance of your company, any change in company policies and so on. Most of these conditions have nothing to do with you. However, it is you who would be forced to face the consequences. When you lose your job all of a sudden, the first thing to do is to find an alternate source of income. Make sure you have a contingency fund at hand. Liquid investment instruments like SIPs, mutual funds and fixed deposits also help.

2. Health emergency

This could be due to a sudden illness or an accident that requires hospitalization. The best solution is to have a comprehensive health insurance policy. Make sure you have studied the terms and conditions before buying. In addition, consider investing in a contingency health fund. If you do not have the necessary amount, you may also consider applying for a personal loan from a licensed money lender.

3. Death of the bread winner

Sudden demise of the bread winner can spell disaster for a family especially if there are multiple dependants including kids and senior citizens. Depending upon the family size, the earning member should opt for enough term insurance for replacing his entire income.

4. Natural calamities

Natural calamities are unforeseen but can wreak havoc on your life. The best way to prepare for the same is to get an insurance cover for your tangible property, be it home, valuables like jewelry, vehicles and so on. Having health and life insurance is also equally important.

Emergencies are unpredictable. However, advance preparations can certainly help tide through them easily.


This paper presents a camera combo system for personal remote collaboration applications. The system consists of two different cameras. One camera has a wide field of view, and the other can pan/tilt/zoom (PTZ) based on analysis of the images captured by the wide angle camera. Unlike traditional approaches which usually drive the PTZ camera to follow the person or his/her head, our system is capable of capturing general objects of interest in remote collaboration. For instance, when the user raises something trying to show it to the remote person, our system will automatically position the PTZ camera to zoom in at the object. At the core of our system is a semantic saliency map that overcomes many limitations of low-level saliency maps computed from preliminary image features. We demonstrate how such a semantic saliency map can be computed through contextual analysis, sign analysis and transitional analysis, and how it can be used for PTZ camera control with a novel information loss optimization based virtual director. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with real-world sequences.


Explain and critically evaluate the Managing Diversity and Equal Opportunities approaches and justify your choice

of approach for HR Managers.

Table of Contents

1. Front Page ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 01 2. Table of Content ----------------------------------------------------------------- 02 3. Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 03 4. Literature Review --------------------------------------------------------------- 03 5. Managing Diversity versus Equal Opportunity Approach ---------------- 05 6. Problems with managing diversity and equal opportunity approaches -- 06 7. Managing Diversity approach for HR managers --------------------------- 07 8. Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 07 9. References ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 09 10. Appendices ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

Introduction: Research shows that despite various types of initiatives including government legislation, equality initiatives, affirmative action programs, voluntary codes of practices and many more towards equality, there is still a lot more to be done in order to promote women and minority groups in the workplace. The first approach that virtually all governments and organisations have been using since its formation is the “equal opportunity” legislation that seeks equality and justice in both the workplace and society. Fundamentally, equal opportunity is a legislation that prevents discrimination on the grounds of race, sex, age, disability, religion etc. However, in this day and age, discrimination can take more complex forms than can be simply identified by the groups covered in the equal opportunities legislation. As a result of the shortcomings of the legislation, a more sophisticated and relatively new approach has been developed in the United States. . Unlike equal opportunity, the core theme of this approach is to recognise and appreciate the differences in the workforce and utilise those differences to achieve maximum outcome and profit. This new approach is known as ‘managing diversity’. The purpose of this essay is to scrutinise and evaluate the most talked about ‘managing diversity’ and ‘equal opportunity’ approaches in order to indentify the more suitable one between the two for today’s human resource managers. Literature Review: According to Bagilhole (1997), equal opportunity in the UK has been developed through several stages. She suggested that in the 1940s morality was the main agenda. It was mainly about restoring impaired war veterans in the mainstream workforce. But during the 1960s and 1970s the establishment of government legislation became the main concern. As a result of which the whole equal opportunity agenda became politicised in the 1980s. Furthermore, membership of European Union added a whole new element into the equal opportunity agenda at the same time. Young (2000) argues that the EU equal opportunity agenda has both positive and negative effects. Ostner and Lewis (1995) stated that because of the link between the EU directives and the national legislation, a member country can promote only those policies that meet the local values and culture and avoid others that do not. Bagilhole (1997) states the 1990s as the “economic, public relations and professional” era by which equal opportunities was incorporated into the political establishment. Fundamentally there are three types of models of equality that exist in the literature. The first is formal equality, otherwise known as a free and open contest for scarce resources (Flew, 3

1976). It is the principal ingredient in the legislation of equal opportunities in Britain, such as the Race Relations Act 1976, (amended 2000), the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (amended 1986), the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and subsequently the regulations about religion, age and sexuality. Formal equality is directed at a form of discrimination termed “direct discrimination”. It refers to a situation where an individual or a group of individuals targets another individual or another group of individuals for unfavourable treatment. This type of discrimination is tackled by standardised and firm procedures. The theory says discrimination takes place through the exercise of discretion. So there is no room for discretion to be taken place, and therefore no discrimination occurs, if everyone is treated equally. The second one is liberal equality of opportunity, also known as prospect-relating to equal opportunities. The idea can be undertaken by targeting supplementary resources to the areas, which are underdeveloped. This is often known as “area-based positive discrimination” (Edwards and Batley, 1978). There is another common shape of liberal equality of opportunity that is known as positive action. This can be carried out in a number of ways, such as, determining the goals and targets, advertising in a certain media in order to reach certain groups of people, and further training for the people who are already occupying the posts. Positive action is now one of the core components of the equal opportunities agenda. On the other hand we have now begun to see a growing interest in “managing diversity” as an alternative to the conventional equal opportunity approach. It had been predicted that by the early 1990s, managing diversity would become increasingly dominant in the UK. Equal opportunity approaches are regarded as becoming obsolete and therefore unable to satisfy the emerging challenges of the new century. This is largely because the whole equal opportunity agenda was created for the 1960s and 1970s political and social needs (Iles, 1995; Wilson and Iles, 1999). Jawson and Mason (1994) argue that the development of managing diversity, focusing on individuals rather than groups, was in harmony with the newly emerging “new right” that places emphasis on individualism and recognises that it as an acceptable way to function. Bartz et al. (1990, p.321) identifies the term managing diversity as“Understanding that there are differences among employees and that these differences, if properly managed, are an asset to work being done more efficiently and effectively. Examples of diversity factors are race, culture, ethnicity, gender, age, a disability, and work experience.” 4

There are two parts of this definition that primarily distinguishes managing diversity from equal opportunity. Firstly, unlike equal opportunity, it shifts the importance of positive interpretation on differences between staff. Secondly, it includes some additional factors (known as diversity factors) that are not covered in the equal opportunity legislation. A managing diversity approach emphasises on individuals rather than groups, and involves the development of individuals, and not just simply a minority group. As a consequence, managing diversity assists everyone rather than certain underprivileged groups or areas. Managing Diversity versus Equal Opportunity Approaches: One of the core differences between managing diversity and equal opportunity is associated with the force for change. Whereas external forces, such as government legislations, social fairness, ethical and human rights etc, tend to drive the equal opportunity, managing diversity tends to be driven by internal forces within the organisational structure and is immediately connected with the bottom line. Another difference between these two approaches are their goals. The goal of equal opportunity has been mentioned as social justice and rectifying errors that have been made previously in the past: “to correct an imbalance, an injustice, a mistake” (Thomas, 1990, p. 108). On the other hand the main goal of managing diversity is discussed in much broader terms; that is to treat employees as individuals, acknowledge that each of them has unique needs and therefore will need different sorts of assistance in order to succeed, describes Geber, 1992. The core motivation behind the equal opportunity framework at governmental level and the equal opportunity strategies and practices at organisational level has been identified as an attempt to establish equality. For example, the creation of such a community or organisation, where men and women are dealt with in the same manner and no advantage or disadvantage is given to them based on their sex. In contrast, the term ‘managing diversity’ is there to point out the significance of difference and put forward a viewpoint where difference is welcomed and is considered as an advantage rather than a disadvantage to the organisation. In essence, the economic and business cases are the main fundamental driving force for the managing diversity approach for identifying and evaluating differences. This is in comparison to the ethical case to treat everyone evenly, which is the main driving force for the equal opportunity approach. The equal opportunity approach is there to have an impact on behaviour through legislation in order to eliminate discrimination. 5

Finally, managing diversity is regarded as a more integrated approach to put equality into practice and is described to be the responsibility of all managers, whereas equal opportunity approaches are driven only by the human resource managers. Torrington et al. (2002) has produced a table of differences between these two approaches, which has been given in the appendices (table-1). Problems with managing diversity and equal opportunity approaches: Although managing diversity approaches were seen by many as a redefined alternative, and also as a strategy for even greater progress in terms of equality, to the equal opportunities approach, this progress has appeared to be very little noticed. Some argue that changing the term from equal opportunity to diversity management may just be a way of making it more colourful in today’s perspective and therefore just simply a mechanism to reinvigorate the equal opportunity agenda. Recent studies indicate that there are only a small number of organisations that can be referred to as management of diversity exemplars, and even those who claim to be such organisations, do not have a more diverse workforce than their counterparts. Moreover, during the past five years these organisations did not employ more minority groups. There is another fairly strong argument that if the primary feature of managing diversity is the concentration on individualism, then this may well narrow our consciousness about underprivileged social groups (Liff, 1999). Finally, the managing diversity approach can be considered and labelled as introspective as it is concerned only with those people who are already in the organisation. According to Donaldson (1993), he terms it as “managing rather than expanding diversity”. It must be noted that it cannot be possible to manage a diverse workforce until this diverse workforce is acquired. On the other hand an equal opportunity approach has its own problems as well. As mentioned earlier, one of the main criticisms is that the equal opportunity legislations do not protect all the minority groups, and therefore there is still room for discrimination to take place. Moreover there is a general concern over the fact that it does not also receive the support it should have gained from organisations. This is partially because of the fact that the core equality objectives are not prepared solely for the businesses and as a result it is not as compatible with business objectives as its alternative.

Equal opportunity lays its central focus on formal processes and it is often impossible to formalise every single process in an organisation. A recent study indicates that an equal opportunity approach isolated a substantial part of the workforce that consisted of those employees, who were not identified as disadvantaged or minority groups. This therefore had the effect that those workers considered that their opportunities were hindered. On top of that there are a considerable number of workers, who feel that entry standards have been lowered by the equal opportunity initiatives. These findings indicate a rather worrying picture of a divided workforce that can be resulted as a demotivating factor for workers and therefore lowering growth, productivity and profits in organisations. Liff (1999) indicates that “traditional equal opportunity strategies encourage a view that women (and other groups) have a problem and need help” (p.70). In essence, the equal opportunity approach is believed to be an oversimplified approach to a complicated problem, and is effective only in dealing with the symptoms rather than the roots of discrimination that take place. Managing Diversity approach for HR Managers: After much scrutiny and in-depth critical evaluation of both approaches, I am of the opinion that employing a managing diversity approach over an equal opportunity approach is better suited for the human resource managers. This is largely because of the limitations associated with the equal opportunity approach. Although the managing diversity approach has its own limitations, those limitations are not as severe as the limitations of the other approach. A managing diversity approach allows managers the authority to take steps that are necessary for growing and furthering the productivity and profit of both the employee and the organisation. This is because it focuses not only on formal processes, but also on the outcome and results. Managing diversity recognises individuals as a single entity and deals accordingly with its unique needs, and therefore often produces a better result. For example, women need managing and developing in different ways to their male counterparts. They represent a different culture than men do and managing diversity recognises and welcomes that difference. In comparison, the organisations that follow the equal opportunity approach, would not recognise these significant differences and would therefore fail to fulfil their needs.

Conclusion: In this day and age managers and professionals are facing an ever-challenging task to create work places that recognise the demands and responds to the opportunities of a diverse workforce. Successful leaders must cross their own cultural boundaries in order to encourage a vigorous and powerful cross-cultural communication and create cultural synergy in the workplace. They must recognise and take full advantage of the productivity potential that is inherent in a diverse population. Organisations and governments alike must appreciate that we now operate in a global village, with a highly sophisticated market place. In order to be successful, organisations will have to harness the abilities of all their employees to the highest order. A structure in which equal opportunities are available for all with a managing diversity culture would be the ideal combination for a successful organisation.

References:  Bagilhole, B. (1997), Equal Opportunities and Social Policy: Issues of Race, Gender and Disability, Addison Wesley Longman, London.  Barz, D.E., Hillman, L.W., Lehrer, S. and Mayhugh, G.M. (1990), “A model for managing workforce diversity”, Management Education and Development, Vol.21 No.5, pp.321-6.  Donaldson, L. (1993), “The recession: a barrier to equal opportunities?”, Equal Opportunities Review, No.50, July/August.  Edwards, J. and Batley, R. (1978), The Politics of Positive Discrimination, Tavistock Pubns, London.  Ellis, C. and Sonnenfield, J.A. (1993), “Diverse approaches to managing diversity”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring, pp. 79-109.  Flew, A.G.N. (1976), Sociology, Equality and Education: Philosophical Essays in Defence of a Variety of Differences, Macmillan, London.  Geber, B., “Managing diversity”, Training, July 1992, pp.23-30.  Iles, P. (1995), “Learning to work with difference”, Personnel Review, Vol.24 No.6, pp.44-60.  Jewson, N. and Mason, D. (1994), “Race, employment and equal opportunities: towards a political economy and an agenda for the 1990s”, Sociological Review, Vol.42 No.4, pp.597-717.  Liff, S. (1999), “Diversity and Equal Opportunities: room for a constructive compromise?”, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol.19, No.1, pp.65-75.  Ostner, I. and Lewis, J. (1995), “Gender and the evolution of European social policies”, in Leibfried, S. and Pierson, P. (Eds), European social policy: Between Fragmentation and Integration, Brooking Institution, Washington, DC, pp.159-193.  Thomas, R.R.Jr, “From affirmative action to affirming diversity”, Harvard Business Review, March-April 1990, p.114. 9

 Torrington, D., Hall, L. and Taylor, S. (2002), Human Resource Management, Pearson Education Limited, England.  Wilson, E.M. and Iles, P.A. (1999), “Managing diversity – an employment and service delivery challenge”, The International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 12 No.1.  Young, B. (2000), “Disciplinary neoliberalism in the EU and gender politics”, Political economy, Vol.5, No.1, pp.77-98.

Appendices: Table.1 Fundamental differences between ‘managing diversity’ and ‘equal opportunity’ approaches (Torrington et all., 2002, pp.371):

Aspect Purpose

Managing Diversity Utilise employee potential to maximum advantage.

Equal Opportunity Reduce discrimination

Case argued

Business case- improve profitability.

Moral and ethical.

Whose responsibility Focuses on Perspective

All managers.

HR/personnel department.

Individuals. Integrated.

Groups. Dealing with different needs of different groups.

Benefits for employees

Opportunities improved for all employees.

Opportunities improved for disadvantaged groups, primarily through setting targets.

Focus on Management activity Remedies

Changing the culture.

Changing systems and practices.


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"As President I wanted to share with Russian Federation (at an openly scheduled W.H. meeting) which I have the absolute right to do, facts pertaining to terrorism and airline flight safety". Trump national security adviser H.R. McMaster said the president's disclosure "in no way" compromised national security.

"So to suggest that - which I think is the nut of the question - why wouldn't we want to share a common threat and the efforts that both countries are taking to eradicate a threat that we both feel? Once it is publicized, ISIS can do an investigation and find the source", Yatom added.

While affirming that he was not anxious about Trump's disclosure to Russian officials, Mattis admitted that he had no details about Trump's conversation with Lavrov and knew little more about the furor other than what he had "read in the newspapers".

The official said the information was provided to the Israel.

Trump, always the last to admit to having anything to learn about anything, is insistent he was right to share classified details about an ISIS plot with Russian Federation - and, in the process, inadvertently reveal the American partner from which those details came, which turns out to have been Israel. He says the Senate Intelligence Committee has requested additional information about the meeting from the White House.

Meanwhile the White House, which had tried to hose down the story yesterday, has changed tactics. Coming days before Trump's first trip overseas, it also raised questions about his standing with world leaders and led some countries to start second-guessing their own intelligence-sharing agreements with the U.S. In a statement to the New York Times, Israeli ambassador to the US, Ron Dermer, reaffirmed the close counterterrorism partnership between Israel and the US.

But other nations appeared to be reconsidering.

The newspaper said Comey was in the Oval Office that day with other national security officials for a terrorism threat briefing. The official spoke only on condition that neither he nor his country be identified, because he was not authorized to discuss the matter publicly. The Washington Post reported that Mr. Trump divulged information designated at a level above top secret.

Republicans said they would prefer less drama from the White House but generally reserved judgment on reports of President Trump's sharing of potentially classified information. "He wasn't briefed on the source and method of the information either", said McMaster.

As acting National Security Advisor, McMaster was in the room when the president supposedly shared classified intel about ISIS with Russian officials.

On Capitol Hill, Democrats and Republicans alike expressed concern. Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., called the reports "deeply disturbing" and said they could affect the willingness of USA allies and partners to share intelligence with the U.S. "But my advice to the president would be if you're going to talk to the Russians about anything sensitive, run it through the system first".

Trump ignored reporters' questions about whether he disclosed classified information.

The latest self-inflicted crises at the White House confirm the deepest fears about President Trump's judgment and self-discipline.


Interesting Research on Services – What No One Ever Told You

What Is The Purpose Of A Vehicle Accident Lawyer? Accidents..

Interesting Research on Services – What No One Ever Told You

What Is The Purpose Of A Vehicle Accident Lawyer?

Accidents usually happen on roads here and there, and it is something inevitable even for careful and keen drivers. The truth is, accidents will always happen because there will always be someone who fails to look at the rear view mirror, causing damage to the people behind him, and many other different circumstances. Accidents can actually be prevented, and that is by making sure that one drives in a way that it will be safe and secure for not only him but for the people around him, but oftentimes, accidents are not caused by these careful folks, but by those who fail to abide to the rules of the road and harm others. For every single damage done in an accident, one person is supposed to be liable to them all, and there can’t really be no one not responsible for the accident to happen. The reason why vehicle accident lawyers are in demand for these types of cases is because the parties that are involved in the accident all need representations to make the whole case make sense, and also to be able to see or figure out who the person liable actually was.

There are technically various types of vehicles that we can find on the roads of the world, but according to statistics and careful observation, there have been more accidents happening on cars than any other type of vehicle. This actually makes sense since there are more cars than there are trucks, buses, and whatnot that are lingering on the roads every single day.

The main cause of these accidents that happen on the daily is usually the fact that some drivers who are given licenses are not even actually that good when they are behind wheels. A lot of these drivers on the road do not even have their own licenses, making them reliable for safe driving. The vehicle accident lawyers that work on these accidents usually find out about the no license thing after the accident has already been done, making it one of the causes as to why a certain party gets into jail or suffers the consequences. Many vehicle accident lawyers take up much of their time defending the real victims of the accidents who unfortunately do not have licenses to give over to the court, since they will most likely suffer the consequences even though the accidents were not their fault.

If a victim is denied of his rights as a person who deserves compensation, then these vehicle accident lawyers will be there to help them with their dilemmas and their journey to justice.

What You Should Know About Attorneys This Year

Businesses: 10 Mistakes that Most People Make


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9203_31904_3.png Traditional scheduling
In a traditional classroom environment, you tell students when assignments and project milestones are due, what is for homework, and when tests or special events are scheduled. Students may write the dates in a personal agenda, or in their notebooks. Many times, parents are required to sign the book to acknowledge that they are aware of the assignments.
9203_31904_3.png FirstClass ED is a scheduler
The classroom calendar in FirstClass ED lets you record homework due dates and dates for tests and special events. This forces students to take responsibility for their own participation in the classroom. This rules out concerns that they couldn't find their agenda, they forgot to bring it home, or they forgot to record the due date, because all important information is always online whenever they log into their accounts.
Furthermore, the calendar lets you use color to differentiate between entries, create repeating entries, and add notes and attachments. If parents want to know what their child has for homework, or what is coming up, they can log into their child's account and look at the classroom calendar.
This example shows a classroom calendar the teacher uses regularly.
Here is an entry from the same calendar.
9203_31904_3.png How to
The classroom calendar in FirstClass ED is a FirstClass group calendar and is used the same way as other standard FirstClass calendars.
Learn more about FirstClass calendars.


CO2 is confusing fish

March 23, 2012 - 06:00

OPINION: CO2 is affecting the central nervous system of fishes in the sea, with serious consequences for their chances of survival.

In a new study that was carried out in collaboration with researchers from James Cook University in Australia, we have demonstrated that elevated CO2 in the water interferes with how nerve cells communicate in the brain of coral reef fish.

CO2 disrupts brain function

Elevated CO2 levels in seawater were found to disrupt the function of a key brain molecule, called the GABA-A receptor. The GABA-A receptor binds the neurotransmitter GABA, an important signalling molecule in the brain. Disturbing this molecule causes marked changes in the behaviour and sensory abilities of fish. This poses a direct and previously unknown threat to sea life.

Our collaborative partners, Philip Munday and his colleagues, have previously shown that the sense of smell of young coral reef fish is harmed by higher CO2 in the water. These studies showed that after exposure to elevated CO2 levels, coral reef fish found it harder to locate a reef to settle on, and to avoid the smell of a predatory fish. Indeed, CO2 exposed fish became attracted to the predator’s odour, something that will obviously affect their chances of survival.

Other experiments showed that the fish also lost their natural instinct to turn left or right – an important factor in schooling behaviour and in fast avoidance responses. This makes them more vulnerable, as lone and hesitant fish are more easily eaten by predatory fish.

These previous results made us suspect that CO2 was affecting the GABA-A receptor. The function of the receptor is known to be labile, since it depends on relative quantities of certain ions in the brain, including chloride and bicarbonate. A change in the prevalence of these compounds can switch the GABA-A receptor from inhibiting to stimulating neuronal activity. The concentrations of these two ions could have been altered by exposure to high CO2 levels, leading to a reversal of the GABA-A receptor function.

Became left-right confused

To test this, we therefore designed experiments where we treated two species of coral reef fish, a damselfish and a clownfish, with CO2 at a level that is  expected to occur on earth within 100 years (i.e. about twice that of today’s level).

This caused the fish to lose their aversion to the odour of a predatory fish. It also caused them to lose their preference for turning left or right at an intersection, which is comparable to handedness in humans.

We then reduced the activity of the GABA-A receptor by treating the fish with a specific GABA-A receptor blocker. The results were astonishing.

After treating the fish for half-an-hour with the blocker, all CO2 exposed fish regained their instinct to turn left or right and they also regained their ability to avoid the smell of predatory fish. This strongly indicates that CO2 is affecting the behaviour of these fish by interfering with the GABA-A receptor.

Fish more likely to be affected by CO2

The GABA-A receptor is universally prevalent in the central nervous system, and regulates the activity of many, possibly most, nerve cells. For this reason, CO2 emissions may have wide ranging consequences for animal behaviour and survival.

It is worrying that almost all animals have GABA-A receptors, but we expect that the effects of elevated CO2 are likely to be most felt by animals breathing in water, like fishes and many invertebrates.

This is because they normally have lower blood CO2 levels than land living animals, and their blood CO2 content is therefore more affected by ambient CO2. The main impact will probably be on those that use a lot of oxygen and therefore have to expose a large gill surface area to the water, and that live in parts of the ocean where CO2 levels have been relatively stable for a long time. This could include the early life stages of many fishes and commercially important fishes like mackerel and tuna.

We have now established that it is not simply acidification of the oceans that is causing disruption. The actual CO2 itself is damaging the fishes’ nervous systems.


Monday, February 11, 2013

Amy Bradley

Amy Bradley, of Virginia, disappeared without a trace during a cruise in March of 1998. Her picture is on the left; it is requested that if anyone knows anything about her case, please call the FBI, or the nearest American Consulate. Over the years, several people have reported sightings, but nothing has ever come of it. So what happened to Amy Bradley? We start with the five of swords, a card of anger and revenge, reversed, crossed by the Queen of Pentacles. we know that some element of this is personal. This Queen is a woman of financial creativity and independence, but there is conflict, and this has something to do with Amy's disappearnce. We go into some background and find the five of cups, denoting a recent loss relating to this queen and Amy, but it was on a personal, or friendship level, not necessarily financial. The Knight if Wands factors in here, too. He is a young man, in his twenties, with lots of energy and attraction. At one point, he took center stage, inasmuch as amy was concerned. The Star appears in the place of things that were expected; optimism and spiritual support. Also, this is a "water" reference, as in reflections of stars and lights upon water.

Next, we see the nine of cups, reversed. It refers to events on the ship itself, and it is also an imperfection that existed in the plan of the person who knows what happened to Amy. This is when Amy went from being onboard to not being onboard. It seems likely, via the five of cups and the reversed nine of cups, that she disappeared between the hours of 5AM and 9AM. Once again, the whole thing was personal, and had to do with friendship and emotions. Cups are water and feelings. The next card, in the place of fears, was the two of cups, reversed. This card is a little more telling, showing a fear of a broken partnership or friendship. Also, with the cups, we still have our water symbolism. Next we find the four of wands, which is a card of familial celebration and familial relationships.......this aspect somehow enters the scenario. This is followed by the reversed eight of swords representing the fears and sometime desires of the person who knows Amy's situation. It speaks of a desire to be free of something. The last card is the Empress, reversed. There is a pseudo-motherly influence here.....and very perverse, feminine "imprint" upon this whole situation. This is the person who can tell us why Amy disappeared.

Tuesday, February 5, 2013

Phoenix Coldon

Monday, February 4, 2013

Daniel James O'Keefe

Daniel James O'Keefe went missing in Australia on July 15 of 2011. To the left are four pictures of how he looked at different times during his adult life. I was asked to do a reading for him, so I will see what I can find out. Asking "What happened to James and where is he?", I got this: the Hierophant crossed by the six of swords...this speaks of a person or situation involving unorthodox lifestyles and actions, and the six of swords here is merely a long journey. The message is that there was generally an aura of unorthodoxy involved in this young man's life. He was not one to bow to tradition, and occasionally too chances and risks that others would not have taken. Beneath this, we have the two of wands, which is the planning stage of his last undertaking. While he may have been alone when he disappeared, there was somehow room for at least one more person.

Behind this, we get the three of pentacles, reversed. This is a bad card to see if the question is about craftsmanship, and I am surprised to see it here, since the reading is not about how James earned a living. is immediately followed by the eight of pentacles, reversed, another "tradesman" card! That card is the card of the apprentice, and when it falls reversed, it tells of someone who is unskilled or untalented at the lower levels of the chosen field. So this aspect very obviously plays a role. The next card we have is the Sun, reversed. I think that is a message of a voided contract in connection to matters professional in James's life....and perhaps some anger as a result! It can also mean a voided engagement, but the message so far has been about business, rather than romance.

The moon, reversed, falls in the place of fears. This is deception and bad timing. It is followed by the Chariot, reversed, in the place of environment. This has to do with a collapse of a project, often due to polar opposites unable to meet in the middle and work together. That card is reiterated by the two of pentacles, reversed, which tells of inability to manage two situations at once.....but sometimes this card refers to communication, such as cell phones or emails. I think authorities need to take a closer look at each and every phone number that appears in James's cell phone logs immeidately prior to his disappearance, and at the senders and recipients of all emails going to and from his email addresses.

The reading ends with the nine of cups. This is a card of material well-being. I must wonder if there were any insurance policies out on James......Look to someone who has a comfortable amount of security and resources for answers.

Maura Murray

Maura Murray disappeared in New Hamphsire, after a car accident, in February of 2004. Nine years later, no one has found her. Someone asked me to see what the Tarot has to say, so here is a reading. The ace of swords, reversed, crossed by the five of cups describes what happened to Maura. The ace reversed often speaks of too much power leading to obstacles, and in mundane, or physical reality, it could mean too much power in a car or other machine was applied, causing other problems. The five of cups simply refers to that which was left behind. Also, I think may be telling us that there was a bridge that was somehow important back in February of 2004.

The seven of wands appears in the distant past, telling us that privacy has somehow become an issue, and that certain searches will not be carried out and information and questions will not be shared or answered with proper warrents and due process of law. Also in the past, we find the Empress, who is the "mother" in the Tarot, and she represents an event that took place in relation to the disappearance, itself. Marriage and fertility are matters relating to the Empress, sometimes, also, fertile land for farms and fields.

The Fool appears as a possibility, reversed. Upright, he would be telling us that someone is ready to reopen the case and start looking in new places for Maura, but reversed, he says that no one is interested in new ideas to solve her case or find her. Another card that comes up is the King of Swords, which represents authority, law enforcement, and sometimes military affairs. Since the card is upright, I will assume he is kindly disposed toward Maura and interested in helping her come home. Perhaps a military engineer or someone involved in law enforcement actaully will find Maura's remains or clues and insist upon follow-up.

The four of wands, reversed, comes up in the place of fears and negative feelings. This card speaks of happy celebrations, such as weddings, even in reversal. Could Maura have wandered to a park, or an abandoned place where such events were once held? Once again, as in the five of cups, we have a "castle", or a big building that is prominent on the property, on this card. For the current environment, we have the six of wands, reversed, which tells of the delay of an actual search in the right place. Possibly....back to the Empress.....could she have created the delay? The eight of pentacles appears reversed in the place of fears, highlighting a worry about the ability to make money and work if a search were to take place, and we conclude with the King of Cups, reversed, who represents scandals, coverups, and lies.

The situation which led to Maura's disappearance may well have not been deliberate, but for some reason, a deliberate coverup involving a woman of childbearing years and a man old enough to run a business has taken place. These two individuals have stopped anyone from finding this young woman.


Alpaca Canada - Free Canadian Alpaca Guide

For a free Canadian Alpaca Guide providing information about alpaca care, fibre production and more, including a national breeder directory, please fill in this form

Alpaca 101: Why Alpacas

Alpacas are clean and intelligent.
They produce fibre that is as fine as cashmere, soft, silky and much warmer and stronger than sheep's wool.
Alpacas come in variety of colours, including white, black, brown, grey, fawn and any combination of these colours, the widest assortment of colours of any fibre bearing animal
Alpacas are indigenous to the High Andes of the South American countries of Peru, Bolivia and Chile.
Qualify as Livestock and as such may offer tax advantages and incentives.
Are ideal for Hobby Farms and small acreages since 1 acre of productive pasture can sustain 5-8 animals.
Alpacas are quiet, peaceful animals and make soft humming sounds to communicate.
Alpacas are easy to raise, can be handled by anyone and are safe around children.
Alpacas get along with goats, sheep, donkeys, horses, cats and family dogs.
Alpaca adults weigh an average of 125 to 175 pounds. They live 20 - 25 years.
Alpacas require little space. 1/8 of an acre is fine for one alpaca, if rotational grazing is practised. A 4-foot field fence makes a sufficient enclosure.
Are suited to pasture on marginal land.
Alpacas eat 2 pounds of hay per day and 0.75 of a pound (around a cup) of a supplement per day.
Female alpacas are usually first bred at 18 months of age. Their gestation period averages 11½ months. Males are usually ready to breed between 2 and four years of age.
As a rule, give birth during the day, usually between 10:00 AM - 2:00 PM.
Alpacas make cleaning the corral an easy task, as they "go" in only a few spots.
Alpaca droppings are practically odourless and are excellent for enriching soil.
Alpacas are easily transported in a pick-up, van or trailer. They usually lie down in transit.
Alpaca shows and competitions can promote a single alpaca or an entire herd.
Alpacas have a high aesthetic appeal.
Alpacas very rarely spit at people - usually only when nervous or overexcited.
Endearing Animals

Alpacas have a life span of 20 - 25 years. Adults weigh 100 - 175 lbs and stand 34 - 36 inches at the withers. Baby alpacas, called cria, generally weigh 14 - 20 lbs at birth. Gestation is around 11 months. Alpacas communicate through soft humming noises and unique body language.


On Collective Decision Making

Harnessing the power of groups when the stakes are high

I was with a senior management team recently that expressed ongoing frustration over its inability to make progress on several important issues. When I asked what was causing such upset, the more vocal among them started in on the topic of collective decision making and, specifically, their view that it leads only to the lowest common denominator.

It is so interesting to watch groups continue to engage in activities and behaviors they believe will lead to worse outcomes than they'd actually like to achieve. But not surprising. We all do this.

What’s more, the unsatisfactory practice is often so ingrained we can't imagine another way to get what we want. "We're stuck with this." Or, "We've always done it this way." Or, "The only other option is to have the boss decide, and we like that even less."

However, with the shift of an underlying assumption, collective decision making has the potential to create something that never existed before in a way that few other things can.

Those of you who have studied economics are no doubt familiar with the possibility frontier. For those less well acquainted with the dismal science, here is a super-simplified explanation of the concept:

Also known by its more complete label as the Production-Possibility Boundary [Wikipedia link], it compares the production rates of two commodities using the same fixed total of the factors of production. It shows the most you can get of each of the commodities for a given set of conditions. The classic example is guns and butter: producing more of one means sacrificing the production of the other.

Moving away from economics to human interaction, in most instances a similar dynamic is at play: we enter a situation believing that the more you get, the more I have to give up.

In the graphic at the top of this post this notion is represented by the dashed diagonal line where the midpoint is the optimal solution for us: we each give up a like amount of what we really want and walk away equally dissatisfied.

This is the "lowest common denominator" that many of us experience.

That we can work only along this straight line is nothing more than an assumption we hold and one that doesn't serve us very well at that.

If we change our assumption that the outer edge of our agreement, the place where we maximize the use of our inputs, is instead the possibility frontier, where does that take us?

It shows us that there is a space where we can both get more of what we want and wind up better off than the pure compromise. This is the graphical representation of that overused and despised (by me) expression, "win-win".

The challenge in all this is that the solution set that exists in that shaded area between compromise and the possibility frontier is unknown at the time we start our conversation. It requires a not yet discovered combination of what we both want, unlike the horse trading that is typically part of reaching for a compromise.

If it offers solutions that are so much better, why don’t we usually head for the frontier? Mostly because there is fear involved, and this fear gets in the way. What might we be afraid of? We might be afraid of being pushed aside. Of not getting credit. I might have misperceptions about what is possible and where that might leave me. Perhaps I don’t trust you or this process. Or, I have too much self-interest wrapped up in what I want the outcome to be. I may be unwilling to let go of what I believe I know and other preconceived ideas.


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Mental Health FAQ's for Chicago Lakeshore Behavioral Hospital

What personal items should a patient bring upon admission?

Bring clothing appropriate for 3 days. Also bring personal items such as toiletries, including shampoo, toothbrush, toothpaste, etc. Bring a list of medications, dosages, and times. Do not bring valuable jewelry or cash other than an amount that will be needed for small purchases.

What insurance or forms of payment do you accept?

Medicare is accepted for adults.
Medicaid/SASS for children and adolescents up to the age of 20 and Medicaid for adults 65 and older.
 We have agreements with all managed care and private insurance companies.

Do you use medication for detox?

Yes, each patient is attended by a psychiatrist who manages the detox and medicates appropriately according to symptoms.

Are there visiting hours for family and friends?

Visiting hours are scheduled for each unit. Families and significant others are encouraged to participate during scheduled family therapy sessions.

Do you have self-help groups?

Please visit our News and Events page for available information

What is the admission process?

We are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. You are welcome to come in for a free assessment. Our trained intake department will facilitate the admission process including assessment and insurance verification. Uninsured patients are encouraged to speak to the business office to make financial arrangements.

What if I don’t need to be hospitalized?

The assessment process is designed to determine the appropriate level of care a patient needs. Often times, it is recommended that patients seek outpatient services either at our facility or in the community. We will always offer referrals to match the patient's needs before you leave our hospital.

Do I need to make an appointment?

No. Patients are welcome 24 hours a day.

How long will the assessment take?

Assessments take approximately 1 – 1.5 hours.

How long is the average stay in the hospital?

Each patient has an individual treatment plan and treatment team. You and your team will determine your length of stay depending on how you are responding to treatment.


Kersey driving directions and distance

Kersey : Route planner and distance

Location of Kersey

Kersey is located in the east north (Mid-Atlantic) of the united states in the county of Elk, and the state of Pennsylvania. Kersey lies near cities of Penfield, Brockport, Johnsonburg, Weedville, Ridgway, and Saint-Marys. Kersey is geographically situated on 41.3622832 latitude and -78.5961346 longitude.carte-plan-Kersey


The potential for extremes in a negative are great when recording the
tonal range of a 360-degree scene. Intrinsic to character this view encounters
details within completely backlit shadow areas and those illuminated by full
sun. Critical control of film exposure and processing are necessary not to
compress or expand the range beyond usable tolerances.
     Cirkut Camera negatives are contacted to print. Conventional enlarging
systems do not accommodate the modern medium-format negative lengths
I work with. There exist enlarging systems designed to operate on the
principles of slit-scan technology. However, I have not followed this path
for two reasons; the first being that darkroom conventions of photographic
printing i.e., dodging and burning are not available in practical measure with
the system and secondly, the need for those techniques is many times greater
given the sheer dimension a 360-degree photograph records in field of view
and tonal range. Subsequently, high quality prints are extremely rare, if not
altogether non-existent, especially where 360-degree photographs depict
detail recorded by the full range of tones a sunny late afternoon brings.


Faculty Spotlight

Daniel Galvin

Of Presidents and Parties

Dan Galvin
Daniel Galvin

When are U.S. presidents most partisan? Are they more concerned with advancing policies or building their parties? Why are some political parties better at adapting to change than others? These are just a few of the questions that IPR political scientist Daniel Galvin contemplates in examining how the presidency and parties have changed over time and what this means for the American political process.

Recently, the American Political Science Association’s section on Political Organizations and Parties presented Galvin with its Emerging Scholar Award, given to a scholar whose “career to date demonstrates unusual promise.”

Galvin’s academic career got off to a fast start with the publication of his first book, Presidential Party Building: Dwight D. Eisenhower to George W. Bush (Princeton University Press, 2010), soon after receiving his PhD from Yale University.

Perhaps one of the reasons why Galvin has found such success in his scholarship is that he seeks to answer questions that either no one has thought to ask—or that no one has been able to answer.

Modern President-Party Relationships

In Presidential Party Building, which one reviewer called “the finest empirical study yet of presidential-party relations in the latter half of the 20th century,” Galvin challenges the conventional view of the relationship between presidents and their parties.

Scholars and pundits long took it for granted that presidents would not build their parties. As primarily self-interested actors, presidents were presumed to see their parties as either a distraction, an obstacle, or a resource to exploit.

Skeptical, Galvin turned to the archives to test whether this was true. He unearthed a wide variety of sources, including personal notes, internal White House memos, letters, strategy papers, tape recordings from the Oval Office, and party documents.

What he discovered was that while all modern presidents did use their parties instrumentally, Republican presidents since Eisenhower did much more. They worked assiduously to build the GOP, expand its reach, and enhance its electoral competitiveness.

Meanwhile, Democratic presidents since Kennedy—and “apparently including Obama as well,” Galvin says—refused to invest in their party. Democrats used their party to promote the White House’s policy aims, but did little to leave behind a more robust, durable party organization. As this partisan pattern repeated itself over the decades, the two parties traveled down different trajectories. “The Democrats simply fell behind the Republicans, organizationally, especially in the 1980s and 1990s,” Galvin said. “Remarkably, the pattern has continued: after his reelection in 2012, Obama decided to fold his impressive campaign organization into ‘Organizing for Action,’ a 501(c)(3) organization that siphons resources away from the party proper.”

Party Adaptation in the Postindustrial Era

Galvin’s broader interest in how parties change is evident in his latest book project, Rust Belt Democrats: Party Legacies and Adaptive Capacities in Postindustrial America. In it, Galvin examines the factors that have facilitated or frustrated party adaptation in the region hardest hit by globalization and deindustrialization.

Since the early 1980s, Republicans have been on the rise in Rust Belt states, Galvin said. This has given Democrats a strong incentive to adapt—to rethink their traditional policy agendas, reassess their organizational alliances, and target new constituencies.

But how have Rust Belt Democrats tried to navigate this period of economic and political upheaval? Have they moved to the right as leading political science theories would predict—and as centrist “third-way” Democrats long implored? Or have their close ties to organized labor acted as a “drag” on their adaptive capacities? Despite the pivotal role of this region in national politics and its unique ability to shed light on scholarly theories of party adaptation, we simply do not know, Galvin said.

He intends to find out. Not least, he said, because the policy stakes are so high.

“As recent events have shown, when Republicans win majority control of state governments, many of the Democrats’ most cherished social and economic programs are jeopardized, and their most important allies—labor unions—are attacked at their foundations,” Galvin said. “Without a clearer picture of how Rust Belt Democrats coped with these pressures in the past, there is precious little we can say about events unfolding before us—or about their ability to remain competitive in the future.”

Through scores of primary interviews, detailed archival research, and a range of other data, Galvin’s research has already turned up some fascinating findings.

“Some of the most prominent theoretical expectations regarding the dynamics of party change do not hold in this setting,” Galvin continued.

While it is true that many Democrats felt compelled to move to the center and adapt to changing conditions, their capacity to do so was powerfully mediated by preexisting organizational arrangements, longstanding political relationships, and inherited normative traditions. Those party legacies were often a source of frustration for party leaders, Galvin noted, but they were not merely hindrances. They also provided raw materials that creative actors could turn to the party’s advantage.

The initial research for the book was presented at a recent IPR colloquium, where Galvin looked specifically at the relationship between the Michigan Democratic Party (MDP) and the United Auto Workers (UAW) union. Existing research on the subject suggests that strong ties between political parties and industrial labor unions lead to the party’s electoral decline by inhibiting adaptation.

Yet Galvin found that the strong ties between the UAW and MDP did not have this effect. Indeed, deep party-union integration might have actually encouraged union officials to internalize the party’s strategic considerations and support adaptation.

Not content with only scholarship, Galvin is also a dedicated teacher, having been recognized with several teaching awards for his undergraduate classes on the presidency and American government.

Daniel Galvin is assistant professor of political science and an IPR fellow.

Selected References

Galvin, D. 2013. Resilience in the Rust Belt: Michigan Democrats and the UAW. IPR working paper (WP-13-04).

Galvin, D. Presidential Party Building: Dwight D. Eisenhower to George W. Bush. Princeton University Press (2010).


Location of Repository

Dryland Agriculture: Dynamics, Challenges and Priorities

By MCS Bantilan, P Anand Babu, GV Anupama, H Deepthi and R Padmaja

The developments in the dryland region reflect the pervasiveness of poverty, which is demonstrated by the growing constraints of water, land degradation, continuing concerns about malnutrition, migration due to frequent droughts, lack of infrastructure, poor dissemination of improved technologies, and effects of government policies and further economic liberalization on the competitiveness of dryland crops. This research bulletin reviews past trends, summarizes the major constraints to income growth, food security, poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability, and identifies future strategies and priorities. The discussion uses the semi-arid tropics as a focal point where poverty, food insecurity, child malnutrition and gender inequalities are widespread. A synthesis of evidence and lessons learned from ICRISAT Village Level Studies (VLS), conducted since 1975, is presented to provide empirical evidence on the vulnerability of the poor to various risks and shocks, as well as their capacity to access physical, financial and social resources and networks in the risky environments of the drylands. An analysis of available evidences provided a basis for identifying major policy issues that need to be addressed. Priority development interventions are identified to accelerate the pace of development of dryland agriculture: a) water as a catalyst for development; b) reorientation of public policies and better targeting of development interventions to dryland farmers, especially since they relate to key factors constraining agricultural productivity, and hence poverty reduction; c) diversification with a higher focus on crop-livestock development; d) innovative, cost effective and community based management of wastelands and common property resources; e) marketing, commercial orientation and competitiveness of dryland agriculture; and f)institutional innovations, building partnerships, linkages and capacity. The development of dryland agriculture requires synergy among technologies, marketing systems, input supplies, credit, policies and institutions. A broadbased sustainable growth and development in the drylands of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa is viewed as a key strategy for addressing rural poverty in the Asian and sub-Saharan region.Dryland Agriculture; Semi-Arid Tropics; Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Policy

OAI identifier:

Suggested articles

  1. (2005). 3st Session from 23 to 26
  2. Agricultural and food needs to 2025: Why we should be concerned.
  3. (2004). Agricultural statistics at a glance. Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES). Department of Agriculture and Cooperation. Ministry of Agriculture. New Delhi, India: GOI. 26 pp. http:// www.agricoop.nic.in/statatglance2004/AtGlance.pdf Gulati A
  4. (2004). Agriculture, rural poverty and natural resource management in less favored environments: Revisiting challenges and conceptual issues.
  5. (2003). AIDS epidemic update:
  6. (2002). An ecosystem approach to drylands: Building support for new development policies.
  7. (2000). Assessing the impact of agricultural research on poverty alleviation: Some issues and priorities.
  8. (2003). Assessing the impact of the Green Revolution, 960 to
  9. (2006). Carbon sequestration in dryland soils. World Soil Resources Reports no. 02.
  10. (2003). Chance, change and choice in Africa’s drylands. A new perspective on policy priorities?
  11. Did the Green Revolution concentrate incomes? A quantitative study of research reports.
  12. (2002). Do humans cause deserts? in Global desertification: Do humans cause deserts?
  13. (2003). Earthtrends data tables: Forests, grasslands, and drylands
  15. (2000). Government spending, growth, and poverty in rural India.
  16. (2005). Nations Development Program).
  17. (2005). Overcoming poverty in rural India: Focus on rainfed semi-arid tropics. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
  18. (2004). Overcoming poverty through dryland agriculture: A strategy for India.
  19. (2005). Revitalizing agriculture sector in Andhra Pradesh: Role of agricultural diversification and agro-25 processing.
  20. (2006). Salient features of village economies in the Semi-Arid Tropics (SAT) of India.
  21. (2002). The dryland predicament: Natural capital, global forces. Development Outreach 3: 35-39. 26 Dryland zones according to PET ratio and rainfall . Classification P/PET2 Rainfall (mm) Area (%)
  23. (2003). Vision for rainfed agriculture in South Asia.


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Psychological disorders are patterns of behavioral disorders that affect a victim for a long time. It impacts on various life areas and creates distress to the person suffering and affects ones daily living. It interferes with ones work, school work and even relationships with others. The disorders also affect the family and friends of the victim directly and indirectly. Psychological disorders are classified into neurosis and psychosis. These two classes are further categorized into other disorders to include, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, somatoform disorders schizophrenia disorders and personality disorders. The development of psychological disorders resulted from analysis by mental health workers, psychologists and psychiatrists of a mix of various symptoms that always were found together in a patient and hence the conclusion that these symptoms were a sign of a specific condition. The symptoms include confusion, erratic behavior, hearing voices, hallucinations, headaches, depression, anxiety, fatigue, weight loss and anorexia. This paper will discuss anorexia as one of the psychological disorders, and how it developed. The paper will also discuss principles and theories that can be applied in solving the anxiety problem and how they can be applied. The reason why I chose anxiety disorder is because it affects so many people. The disorder has been downplayed by so many people who may think that it is not worth any attention yet it is a disorder that hinders people’s personal development.

Anxiety disorder is an excessive and extreme feeling of abnormal and irrational fear. It includes generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder and social phobia. The victim experiences moments of fear, terror or panic. The victim has concentration problems and may have feelings of depression. In most cases, the anxious moments are accompanied by physical symptoms that include muscle tension, shaking and trembling, headaches, being irritable, sweating, hot flashes, feelings of nausea and choking (psychology today, 2010). In most cases the disorder is accompanied by other psychological related disorders such as depression and substance abuse.

The diagnosis includes taking the medical and psychiatric history of the patient and a mental health exam by a mental health or psychiatrist. There are possible misdiagnoses in that the disorder can be misdiagnosed. Treatment is different for each type of anxiety disorder, the victim’s medical history, age and general health. Treatment may include psychotherapy. This includes spending time with the patient and gaining trust and the patient’s confidence. The therapy is conducted through open communication or cognitive-behavior therapy whereby the patient disclosed to the psychotherapist about his/her anxieties. Therapy includes cognitive and relaxing habits to divert the victim’s fears and anxieties from the stressor (Borkovec & Costello, 2000). The cognitive behavior therapy takes about 12 weeks for it to be effective. It has to be done with the victim’s permission as the victim’s cooperation is very important for it to be successful. Through these therapy sessions, the patient learns how to cope with the fears and anxieties. The session includes identifying the stressors, grouping them in order of the most stressing one and working on ways to eliminate these stressors. Sometimes treatment is done through group therapy with others who may be suffering from the same type of disorder. This is combined with anti-depressants medication. This can also be combined with physical exercise, yoga and deep breathing. Physical exercise is one way of dealing with anxieties and stress. Victims are also encouraged to talk to trusted friends to ease their anxieties. They are also advised to join support groups where victims offer support to each other. The victim’s family plays a big role in the treatment process as they need to understand and support the victim to healing. The family members will also need to ensure that the victim follows up on treatment.

How it developed

The development of anxiety disorder has been developing in parts. A century ago by Freud noted that anxiety was a common problem in the society. However, its resemblance to the normal anxiety has led to confusion with other types of disorders has caused delays in more research on the subject. General anxiety disorder was distinguished on its own from other disorders in 1980. Social anxiety disorder separations started in the 1900s by identifying shyness being grouped as a social neurosis. In 1950s and 1960s, social anxiety disorder was grouped separate from phobias. In 1980, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM III), that is used and published by the American Psychiatric Association named social phobia and grouped it as a psychiatric diagnosis. In 1987 the term generalized social anxiety disorder was introduced in DSM III. The introduction of DSM III saw the introduction of social anxiety disorder to be used in the place of social phobia. This grouping and categorization of different types of anxiety disorders have helped in making the correct diagnosis and treatment and in further research.

How it affects the community

According to NIMH, there are about 40 million American aged 18 years and above suffer from this disorder in one given year. Anxiety disorder develops slowly and may start from childhood and during the middle age (National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 2010). Causes of anxiety disorder include failure to control a stressful situation, psychoanalytical and genetics. The victims genes may have a role to play but only after there is an activity to stimulate the anxiety.

Anxiety disorder affects the victim’s everyday living. If the victim is suffering from social phobia, the fears can be so intense such that the victim may not want to go out. This may affect the victim’s social and career life as the victim is too afraid to meet people and face every day’s challenges. A victim may not be able to address a group and thus it hinders a victim from handling managerial jobs successfully as s/he is afraid to address a meeting. Some victims maybe so afraid of meeting people to an extent that they cannot go out to do simple chores on their own and they have to be accompanied by someone else. This not only affects their social lives but also the lives of those that they live with. They become a burden to their families. In addition to this the irritability of the patient during the anxious moment may lead to problems with friend and family who may not know that the patient is suffering from an illness. This creates friction and misunderstandings in the family, workmates and friends. The attacks may at times go on for a long time and during this time the victim may miss school or work, thus affecting productivity and increasing absenteeism in the workplace. Absenteeism affects the employer by lower productivity and increased costs of replacing the employee. The fear may lead to feelings of low self esteem and this may lead to depression. Anxiety disorder may be accompanied by substance abuse. Since the victim cannot control the feelings, she/he may choose a way of escaping the anxiety feelings by engaging into drugs and alcohol. This affects the family and especially when the victim has to spend money intended for other uses by buying drugs or alcohol.

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Anxiety disorders can lead to eating disorders. People choose different methods of dealing with stress; some may choose to over eat while others may refuse to eat. This may lead to other health problems, such as malnutrition, heart related diseases and other diseases that are caused by poor eating habits.

Theories of solving psychological disorders

Persons affected by psychological disorders need to be helped to overcome their problems rather than being assumed or neglected. Common psychological disorders such as dissociative disorders, anxiety somatoform, schizophrenia and mood disorders should not be left to affect the productivity of individuals instead they should be addressed appropriately (Green, & Kreuter, 1991). Given the above statements there is need to have an informed decision making plan so that the patients of the psychological disorders may be adequately helped. This will help in the boosting the morale of the individuals and giving them a reason to live. They will be able to self manage themselves and live normal and productive lives.

Four theories will be applied in this process of transforming the individuals, they include the stress and coping theory, self efficacy theory, the social support theory and learned helpless theory (Green, & Frankish, 1994). These theories will give a basis in which the group will be able to change the lives of those affected by the disorders and give them a new lease in life. The theories will also help in decision making, patient education, patient motivation, family support and behavior change in managing the psychological disorders.

Self efficacy theory

For one to recover effectively from psychological disorders one must be individually strong, i.e. the patient must understand that it starts with accepting oneself and focusing on recovery. Without individual level change the there will be a hard time recovering. Self efficacy is all about acquiring new behaviors, approaches and ideas that will help people create a positive attitude towards life (Green, & Kreuter, 1991). The group therefore must be the agents of change so that the patients will act in response to the change. Patients on the other hand may also act as agents of change to other patients through their recovery process making others desire their progress and work towards it.

The groups aim in changing the world through self efficacy is creating role models within and without the circles of the patients where they can socially learn about themselves and others like them. It also aims to change the perceptions of their health conditions from seeing it as a threat to their lives to seeing it as a challenge which after overcoming they will be triumphant. Creating inspiration to change the patients’ thinking and believe contributes a lot to this theory.

The self efficacy adopts the key component and factor of the patient to have a self perceived capability to deal with the problems they are facing (Green, & Frankish, 1994). This discernment or capability is highly influenced by their belief found in the capacity to build up inspiration, cognitive ideas and the actions and reactions appropriate in overcoming their problems.

Self efficacy is applied in four schemes to solve the patient management problem, these include; enactive, vicarious, persuasive, and emotive. Enactive involves the instilling of the behavior to the patients; the behavior must reflect the changes needed to recover and give confidence to the patient to repeat the behavioral change (Green, & Kreuter, 1991).

Vicarious ways involve use of a psychological disorder role model; this will help the persons to manage their behavior as the role models and lead to the change in behavior. Persuasive ways include encouragement and motivating the patient to change the belief of losers and focus on recovery. This will be effective in altering the feelings of the patients with psychological disorders. Emotive ways involve use of emotions to enable the patient believe in him/herself. This arouses the patients perform tasks better and more focused since they have the inner motivation to do so.

Coping is the gradual and consistent transformation in cognitive and behavior attempts to manage specific demands that may be superseding the patients’ strengths. The idea is to enhance the ability of the patients to be able to cope with the situation at hand and ensuring a personal approach to the process of recovery (Green, & Frankish, 1994). Coping strategies such as self-control, escape-avoidance, confronting, accepting responsibility, distancing, activity, self-talk seeking social support, positive reappraisal, and distraction may be used combined to ensure they recover.

In confrontations the patient is taught on tackling the problem head on rather than fearing the outcomes although this is least used it may be helpful in changing the attitude of the patients. Distancing involves avoiding any stressing situations that may hinder full recovery or compromise on the recovery process. The patient is taught on the potential hazards that may be hazardous to their health and asked to avoid them at all costs.

Escape avoidance will help the patient not to avoid basic treatment procedures such as therapy which to them may not be important; it stresses on the importance of every step in the recovery process whether main or supplemental to the process (Green, & Kreuter, 1991). Self control is highly encouraged among all patients since without them being in control the process of change is compromised.

To cope well the society must be involved as a whole; the patient must also seek social support. Creating a network with the same psychological disorder is very effective since they will seek to encourage each other and form a bond that makes them strong and better placed to recover. They must also be able to accept responsibility of their situation and be able to change their lives; this is achieved through proper mentoring so as to have self control and coping ability (Green, & Frankish, 1994).

Each patient must be equipped with ways of solving problems in that the patient fully understands whatever is going on and can be able to solve emergency problems. This includes the activities needed to recover or control themselves such as dieting and stress management. Persons must also be taught on reappraising themselves where they can establish their progress and be able to focus on a positive change. Coping also requires distraction of the patient from negative impacts; through this the patient is able to focus on the positive and avoid complication. Distraction measures applied include involvement in sports and hobbies so as to have less time to indulge in negative issues (Green, & Frankish, 1994).

Self talk is also applied to help the patient personally to cope with any difficulties; the patient is encouraged on positive thinking which helps them to cope with all the major conditions. The group has a comprehensive plan to address the coping mechanisms of the psychological disorders particularly anorexia.

Learned Helplessness Theory

In the group the learned helplessness theory works hand in hand with the coping theory but includes educational programs that help the patients’ have the skills to approach their problems (Green, & Frankish, 1994).

Social Support Theory

Society must be involved in the patients’ recovery process the group incorporates all necessary measures so as to ensure a quick transformation of all psychological disorder patients. The society is involved in programs such as availing resources, rewarding, comforting and approving of different policies (Green, & Frankish, 1994). The society therefore plays a very important role in contributing to both the programs and patients’ recovery. Social networks that include stakeholders in the health sector are included to ensure a comprehensive social support theory for the psychological disorder patients.

Principles of solving psychological disorders

The theories discussed above need to be interconnected with principles so as to have a comprehensive and beneficial evaluation plan of all the psychological disorders. Such principles will be effective in addressing the issues of prevention, acceptance, research and cure. They include; Principle of educational diagnosis, Principle of hierarchy, Principle of cumulative learning, Principle of participation, Principle of situational specificity, Principle of multiple methods, Principle of individualization, Principle of relevance, Principle of feedback, Principle of reinforcement and Principle of facilitation (Green, & Frankish, 1994).

Principle of educational diagnosis entails identifying the causes of the disorder. As described earlier there are neurosis and psychosis type of psychological disorders. The educational diagnosis will include learning the signs and symptoms such as confusion, erratic behavior, hearing voices, hallucinations, headaches, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and weight loss (Green, & Kreuter, 1991). With this perspective the patient is well assured that the problem is adequately addressed and the best actions are being taken.

The principle of hierarchy considers all the sequential steps that disorders take. This includes all the stages that patient’s exhibit. The groups focus is very comprehensive in dealing with anorexia where the patients are monitored to ensure they don’t reach the progressive and serious stages of the disorders which may lead to death. Serious cases are also prioritized making it easy to have best intervention measures.

Principle of cumulative learning helps to incorporate all the experiences that the patient has undergone and incorporate them in the treatment process and thus change their lives (Green, & Frankish, 1994). Cumulative learning helps the group focus on the comprehensive plans to address a single problem since enough data is collected to solve similar problems.

Principle of participation involves allowing all stakeholders to be actively involved in the transformation process of the patients (Green, & Frankish, 1994). They will be involved in all necessary processes that require their attention and contribution. Principle of situational specificity helps in treating every case as special. In the light that all people are different there is need for each case to be treated differently (Green, & Kreuter, 1991). The uniqueness of every case is useful to the patient to have a personal approach to their case thus ensuring all situations are handled effectively.

Principle of multiple methods allows the group to have different modes to deal with a similar problem that gives a comprehensive strategy to deal with any stalemate. Principle of relevance ensures that all the applied methods are relevant and related to psychological disorders so that the process is successful (Green, & Frankish, 1994). Principle of feedback ensures that there is a feedback from all parties which allows better ways to evaluate and monitor patients’ progress and changes in any programs. The principle of reinforcement stresses the need for an appropriate plan to support all programs in that there can be rewards to sustain different behavioral patterns in patients’ (Green, & Frankish, 1994). This will be effective to ensure the programs are sustainable and successful.

The principle of facilitation allows the group to intervene at the most appropriate time. The action and reaction of the programs is effective since the facilitation of the programs of patient management are already planned and effected at the right time (Green, & Kreuter, 1991). The group’s comprehensive principle guidelines allow the effective management of the program that contributes to changing the lives of those living with psychological disorders.

My personal views

In my personal view psychological disorders have a serious effect not only on the victim but in the society in general. I also believe that the disorders have not been given as much attention as they deserve. I believe there are more people suffering from disorders than the records show. In my view, there are many crimes that are committed by people who are suffering and are victims of these disorders. These people have not sought the help that they require. They have been unable to deal with their anxieties and fears. The suppressed feelings have resulted to inner anger and to release these feelings some have killed and others have committed suicide.

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Uncovering Psychology- VCE Units 1 and 2 has been written by experienced practising psychology teachers for Units 1 & 2 of the VCE Study Design, implemented in 2010. It comprehensively covers all aspects of the VCE course in a clear and logical progression as it introduces students to the fascinating world of psychology as both theory and practice. In each unit, students are encouraged to engage with new concepts, to understand essential research methods, and to master the key investigation, application and communication skills required for VCE success.


P K Balachandran,
Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Kono with Pakistani Foreign Minister Khawaja Asif

Deeply concerned about China flexing its muscles in the South China Sea, and its expansionist moves in South Asia and the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), Japan has become diplomatically active in the region in an effort to stem Beijingâ€™s ever widening influence here.

Foreign Minister Taro Konoâ€™s journey through Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the Maldives from January 2 to 8, reflected Tokyoâ€™s anxiety to keep the Chinese dragon in check, lest it completely supplant Japan, India and the US as the most influential power in the region.

Of course, all of the three countries have cordial relations with Japan going back to the 1950s, and view Japan as a â€œbenign powerâ€ whose development assistance without strings attached had been the mainstay of foreign aid for long. But the situation changed radically when China emerged from isolation. Beijing now provides large amounts of funds promptly, executes projects speedily, and does what the local regimes want – something other countries are unable, or unwilling, to do.

Countries of South Asia (which are without big power ambitions unlike India) want to develop themselves economically first and foremost. They are also laying stress on infrastructure development, for which they need large amounts of foreign funds. China is the only country which has the wherewithal and the willingness to meet the requirement. These countries are not very much bothered about Chinaâ€™s hidden agenda and the dangers of accepting Chinese terms.

Konoâ€™s tour was mainly aimed at getting these countries to accept Japanâ€™s thesis that Chinaâ€™s economic and strategic expansion in the Indo-Pacific region has ulterior motives and that countries in the region had better be wary of the consequences of embracing China unreservedly.

He sought their support for a new security architecture for the Indo-Pacific Region (IPR) which includes the India Ocean countries, Japan, Australia and the US. The â€œQuadâ€, comprising US, Japan, India and Australia, is expected to be in-charge of security in the IPR.

Konoâ€™s first port of call was Pakistan. Pakistani Foreign Minister Khawaja Asif briefed his Japanese counterpart on Pakistan’s efforts to enhance regional connectivity and development through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a part of Xi Jinpingâ€™s One Belt One Road Initiative (OBOR) for global infrastructure development.

However, Asif and Kono were in agreement on the need to tackle â€œterrorismâ€ because Japan is extremely concerned about threats to maritime security from pirates and terrorists, and Pakistan is wracked by radical Islamic terrorism. Cooperation in counter-terrorism was mentioned by the media on both sides. Kono had a very significant meeting with the Pakistani army chief Gen. Qamar Javed Bajwa.

Kono urged Pakistan and other South Asian countries not to allow â€œloopholesâ€ in the U.N. sanctions against North Korea. This was a keyrequest given Pakistanâ€™s help to North Korea for developing nuclear weapons technology in the past. Foreign Minister Asif said that Pakistan is committed to abiding by the UN Security Council resolutions on North Korea, indicating its changed stance, which Kono would have found reassuring.

Asifâ€™s briefing on the human rights violations in Kashmir also did not evoke much interest among the Japanese because Japan has good relations with India â€“ the alleged perpetrator of violations.

Konourged Pakistan to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the proposed Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty, treaties dear to Japan which is in the forefront of the campaign against nuclear weapons. But Asif evaded the issuebecause of the India factor.

Sri Lanka

At his next halt in Colombo between January 4 and 6, Kono laid stress on maritime security issues, as both Japan and Sri Lanka are maritime countries and maritime insecurity is a bee in Japanâ€™s bonnet. Kono explained Japanâ€™s “free and open Indo-Pacific” strategy and sought Sri Lanka’s understanding of the importance of maintaining a maritime order based on the Rule of Law, indirectly pointing an accusing finger at China.

However, the Sri Lankan government has sought Japanese aid to develop Trincomalee harbor. But Tokyo has its eyes on Colombo, the countyâ€™s only functioning and successfully run international harbor.

Sri Lanka is also a destination for massive Chinese investment under the OBOR initiative. Kono signaled Japanâ€™s willingness to cooperate with the OBOR initiative in Sri Lanka but stressed the importance of the projects being transparent and fair. However, observers wonder how far funds-strapped Sri Lanka can go about scrutinizing Chinese terms.

Kono explained Japanâ€™s â€œFree and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy,â€ and sought cooperation in the fields of maritime security and defense. Sri Lanka said that it also believes in a maritime system based on the rule of law and freedom of navigation. However, Sri Lanka cannot go the whole hog and be a front runner in this campaign because of its financial dependence on China.

In his last stopover in the Maldives, from January 6 to 8, Kono sought Maleâ€™s cooperation in promoting Japanâ€™s Indo-Pacific strategy amid Chinaâ€™s rising clout in the Indian Ocean archipelago. He claimed that his Maldivian counterpart, Mohammed Asim, shared Japanâ€™s views on the Indo-Pacific strategy.But the Maldives was cool about it.

Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen told Kono that the focus in the Maldives is currently on development cooperation because the country is on the path to â€œtransformational and comprehensive economic changeâ€. Yameen acknowledged that Japan is a pioneer in development assistance to the Maldives and has funded schemes in all areas, especially shore management, mitigation of the effects of climate change, and capacity building in the development sector.


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