Essays - Sell

Can U Write - Speech and Essay Samples

Date of publication: 2017-08-24 14:15

Writing Samples – Supporting English Language Learners

Describe essays require you to state the appearance of something, or to state the major characteristics of it. Note the word state . you are not asked to comment on the subject or to give your personal point of view on it. Questions are often introduced by:

Genres in academic writing: Essays - UEfAP

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Before you start the main part of your essay or assignment, there should be a title page. The title page should contain information to enable your lecturer and departmental office or other reader to identify exactly what the piece of work is. It should include your name and course the title of the assignment and any references the lecturer it is for etc. Check with your department for clear information.

This is like telling a story but here the connections between the facts must be clearly shown and explained. Group the events into steps or stages.

How do you apply AM within a test-first development environment? As with refactoring, simply apply AM practices as appropriate when you are modeling, use those models as input into your programming efforts, and iterate between modeling, t esting , and programming as needed. For more details, read the AMDD article.

This case concerns the acceptance of an offer and the importance of how that acceptance is communicated to the offeror. Here the defendant offered to sell the claimant fleeces of wool for a certain price. They requested that the response be made by post. This letter was misdirected by the defendant so that it was not received for 8 days after it was sent. The claimant decided to accept the offer and responded on the same day. This was posted on the 5th September but not received until the 9th September. However the defendant decided on the 8th September that as they had not received a response decided to sell the wool to someone else. The claimant argued that a contract had been created as he had accepted their offer.

There were arguments from the defendant that the wording of the advert was too vague for it to amount to a contract. There is always a requirement that the specifics of the offer are precise so as to avoid confusion. While there was some scope for interpretation, the Court adopted a literal meaning to the advert, which simply state that providing the claimant took the smoke balls continuously and then contracted any of those illnesses she would receive £ 655. The deposit of £ 6,555 into an account was a demonstration of the defendants meaning and willingness to rely upon their product in light of this challenge. The Court had no hesitation is finding in these specific circumstances that there was a contract under which the claimant was due £ 655.

The main body consists of one or more paragraphs of ideas and arguments. Each paragraph develops a subdivision of the topic. The paragraphs of the essay contain the main ideas and arguments of the essay together with illustrations or examples. The paragraphs are linked in order to connect the ideas. The purpose of the essay must be made clear and the reader must be able to follow its development.

Just as important in contract law as the offer, is the legality of the acceptance. This must be an unqualified expression of assent to the terms of an offer. An acknowledgement of an offer would not amount to acceptance, nor would a statement of intent. There must be a clear unequivocal communication of acceptance of the offer on the terms put forward by the offeree. Any attempt to amend the terms of the offer would amount to a counter offer. This would then put the parties back to square one and the offer would be open for acceptance with the offeree becoming the offeror.

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Women have fewer options available to them than their male counterparts, so it’s tougher to find the best oral steroid that will provide the wanted effects without fear of virilization or other unwanted side effects. For the most part, the best oral steroid choice for women is Winstrol, or stanozolol. It is a dry steroid, so the risk of virilization is quite low, and because women need so little to achieve their results, the risk is lessened even more. Women also have an advantage when it comes to Winstrol because there is no concern regarding aromatization or testosterone suppression. This means a woman can use a cheap, simple, and convenient Winstrol-only cycle without the same risk of side effects as men.

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ABVP (American Board of Veterinary Practitioners) Diplomates have proven knowledge and expertise above and beyond what is required to practice veterinary medicine and they have earned the privilege to specialize in the treatment of one or more categories of animals. By having your animals seen by an ABVP Diplomate, you are making sure that they receive expert treatment.

There are several types of exotic animals treated by exotic animal veterinarians: wildlife, zoo life, and exotic pets. What these animals have in common is that they are considered non-domesticated. This means they are not usually bred by humans as pets, like dogs and cats, or as livestock, like cows and chickens.


I wonder some times why there is so much of violence in a democracy like in India. Expression of dissent by violence is understood in contexts where there are totalitarian regimes where the iron fisted rule of the dictator allows only one view to be expressed and all others are ruthlessly suppressed. We see that in Nepal, Pakistan or Bangladesh in our own neighborhood. But in India, flawed or not, we do have a functioning democracy and there is freedom of the press, and yes, even the freedom to express is available to the common man to a large extent. Strikes, Bandhs and other agitations are happening day in day out and it is certainly not the norm for the government in India to suppress peaceful protest.

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Then why do we have the kind of incidents as in Dausa recently, where Gurjar protestors were killed for their demands or the one at the Bhutan border where Bhutanese refugees from Nepal wanting to get into India were stoned or the one in Uttar Pradesh recently where a bunch of lawyers in Agra a group of lawyers got together, tied up a young man to a tree and beat him black and blue. The Agra incident where U.P lawyers instead of litigating for justice , decided to take the law into their own hands in the most crass way possible, and earlier , not too long ago,Â  lawyers beat up Nithari serial killings accused Moninder Singh Pandher and Surendra Koli a few months ago in a Ghaziabad court

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I seem to see two patterns here. Democracy is based on the pillar of majority opinion prevailing and the minority submitting to the will of the majority even if they do not fully endorse the policies, directions and the over all direction that may be set. Democracy presupposes tolerance and an acceptance where one group of people set aside their opinions and views and cooperates with the majority that wins. The run up to the campaign during elections may be vicious , but once the results are out, there is a gracious acceptance of the results and honest cooperation. This does not happen in India , we are not prepared to sub serve our opinion and thinking to the wishes of the majority, democracy in the Indian psyche is good and helpful if my view prevails, it is scarred , if I have lost. This is witnessed best in the Uttar Pradesh elections, where the victorious Bahujan Samaj Party congratulated the election commission on holding fair elections and the losing Samajwadi Party castigated the same Commission for holding flawed ones. Â Â Â

Â Â It is also incumbent on the majority , to make suitable compromises and give heed to the opinions of the side that lost and see if there is merit in any thing that they have done or in their policies. This too , requires a benevolence that most do not display. The tendency of most is to over turn every thing that has been done before with the wrong assumption that a majority in the election gives them temporary omnipotence. 517

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In an atmosphere of intolerance , the essence of democracy is killed. Democracy is after all more than holding elections every five years or so , even if it is done with machine like efficiency, though by no means, should this achievement be negated. Democracy is also about listening, participation , and creating space for others and in these areas we as a democracy have still a long way to go. And till that time, we have to be used to those voices go unheard and whose pleas go unheeded take again and again to the streets committing avoidable acts of violence

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Mound 59 Cahokia, an example of a conical mound.

Fowler, M. L. 1997. The Cahokia Atlas: A Historical Atlas of Cahokia Archaeology. revised edition. University of Illinois, Urbana. Fig. 9.1b, p.187


Seductive economics: The theory that 2017 is like 2002

As theories go, this one is seductive alright and quite a few in the corridors of power and policy are smitten.

Published: 17th September 2017 04:00 AM  |   Last Updated: 17th September 2017 08:47 AM   |  A+A-

(L-R) Jaswant Singh, Yashwant Sinha and Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Shankkar Aiyar Author of Aadhaar:  A Biometric History of India’s 12 Digit Revolution, and
Accidental India

As theories go, this one is seductive alright and quite a few in the corridors of power and policy are smitten. The essence of the thesis is that the economy in 2017 is where it was in 2002. Embedded in the enticing theory is the surge of expectation—buffered by the conflation of coincidence, correlation and causation. The hope is that the economy could shift trajectory as it did then, and grow at 9-plus per cent as it did for three years.

Theories are either born out of facts or of belief—often propped by a confirmation bias. In his seminal tome Poverty of Historicism, Karl Popper says, “If we are uncritical we shall always find what we want: we shall look for, and find, confirmations, and we shall look away from, and not see, whatever might be dangerous to our pet theories. In this way it is only too easy to obtain what appears to be overwhelming evidence in favor of a theory which, if approached critically, would have been refuted.”

So is the 2017 economy like the one in 2002? Does it feel like it felt then? The answer depends on Albert Einstein’s exposition on the relativity of simultaneity—it depends wholly on the situation of the observer. Will the economy take off like it did in the previous decade? The poser draws on a logical fallacy—post hoc ergo propter hoc, that is, since event B followed event A, event B must have been caused by A. More critically whether the 2002 turnaround will be repeated depends on necessary and sufficient conditions.

However, it is possible to view and review the state of the economy then and the state of the economy now to appreciate if indeed 2017 is like 2002. Yes, the headline series is revised and there will be variance, but the trends should be readable. What does data say about the 2002-03 economy? Take a look at the levers of growth—deposits grew at 16.1 per cent, bank credit grew at 23.7 per cent, exports grew at 20.3 per cent, industry grew at 7.2 per cent, services grew at 6.97 per cent, while agriculture was hit by drought and was negative.

How does that compare with 2017? Deposit and credit growth are range-bound in single digits. Exports have yo-yoed between negative flat and tepid—this week, the Ministry of Commerce said, export grew at 10.27 per cent between April and August. Despite a series of cuts in interest rates, gross capital formation dipped to 27.5 per cent and notwithstanding average growth of 7-plus per cent across three years, gross domestic savings dipped to sub 32 per cent. The answer to whether the economy is bottomed out depends on who is telling the story. Unlike in 2002, Consensus eludes inferences from data.

Be that as it may, it is critical to factor context—local and global—to understand what, how, why and when of economic growth.  The ‘how’ of the quantum jump in India’s GDP from 2003 till  2008 is answered by data on global growth. World GDP grew at an average of 4.2 per cent from 2004 for four years. It is crucial to factor the explosive growth of Chinese economy, which averaged 12.1 per cent in the same period—hence, a major consumer of products and services. Fact is, India piggybacked global growth to touch 9-plus per cent GDP growth—to be fair to the UPA-I regime, they didn’t interfere.
What was critical to the growth story is that India was primed for this opportunity. Remember that the economy in 2002 was traumatised by post Pokhran sanctions, Kargil war and Operation Parakram, plus the fallout of the 1996 hubris and the Asian contagion—gross NPAs were 12-plus per cent. Much like the fab-four of the Indian cricket team, the fab-five of the Vajpayee regime—politicos Yashwant Sinha and Jaswant Singh and technocrats Vijay Kelkar, Bimal Jalan and Y V Reddy—enabled deleveraging of balance sheets without the rhetoric of surgery, cut interest rates and enabled investment in infrastructure.

The scent of hope, that 2017 is like 2002, rests on the fact that the macro fundamentals have improved. It leans on the belief that the 5.7 per cent GDP growth in the first quarter of this year represents the “bottoming out of the economy”. For sure, this government has managed subsidies better, introduced GST albeit with warts, and there has been fiscal consolidation. But there are vulnerabilities ahead—impact of 7th Pay Commission, farm loan waivers and transfer of debt of SEBs on the states. In the real economy, capacity utilisation is sub-par, the NPA story is far from resolved and there are fears that it could get worse—with emerging challenges to cost and earnings in power and telecom for instance.

Import penetration of manufactured goods—particularly from China—has hurt manufacturing and industry. There is also the issue of weakening consumption reflected in the GDP data and investment demand underlined by the RBI. This has led to poor job creation—remember nearly 60 million jobs were created between 1999 and 2004—triggering the cycle of skepticism if not pessimism. The resurgence of animal spirits, which drives growth, is constrained by conflicting policy and political narratives.

Yes, global growth could be higher—estimations of World Bank and IMF place world GDP growth between 2.9 per cent and 3.6 per cent for 2018, a level close to that of 2003. And it is an opportunity. The why of tepid growth witnessed is partly explained by the fact that exports, which account for a fifth of the economy, is suffering. So, theoretically, higher global growth could jump-start export growth as it did from 2003 averaging 25 per cent growth for five years.

The question is can IT-Services, pharma, iron ore, chemicals and engineering goods lead the charge as they did then? Fact is, 2017 is vastly different from 2002—both in terms of buyers and what they want to buy. Price competitiveness is a factor, but more critical is the challenge of need or rather product competitiveness—delivering what the world wants.In any political economy it is vital to know ‘what is’ to decipher ‘what could be’. The poser, if 2017 is like 2002, could yet be useful—to trigger a necessary debate on whether India is ready for the next big boom!

Whether India is, to use a Kelkar phrase, on the ‘growth turnpike’ is really an open-ended question. The answer is located in the delta between the observed and the observable, and depends on what the visible hand of government does and what the proverbial ‘invisible hand’ perceives. Eventually, as P V Narasimha Rao once said, “who knows the horse may fly”.


Amazing OMG

24 of The Strangest Discoveries On Earth

Earth can be a tedious and depressing place to reside. After all, the news only seems to cover the grim realities of wars in foreign lands and political ineptitude within our governments. But as these twenty exciting and mysterious discoveries prove, Earth can still spring up some incredible stories.

Here are twenty findings that remind us how fascinating Earth still is.

1. The Voynich Manuscript

An illustrated manuscript, known as ‘The Voynich Manuscript,’ remains a mystery to historians. In part, this is because the text has no known origin, thus rendering it almost impossible to track.

Still, that hasn’t stopped linguists and scholars attempting to solve the writing’s meaning. In fact, two people came forward in 2014, with one attributing the text to an ancient dialect, while the other believed it was a coded Asian language. However, through assessing the paper’s material, historians have at least managed to date the document to the early 15th century.

2. The Mount Owen Moa Claw

Dating back over 3,000 years, this freaky relic was found in the caves of Mount Owen, New Zealand. The claw belonged to an extinct flightless bird known as the ‘Moa,’ which became extinct around 500 years ago.

However, with the claw relatively preserved, scientists have since questioned that figure.

3. Costa Rica’s Stone Spheres

Around 300 stone spheres appear around the nation of Costa Rica located on the Diquís Delta and on Isla del Caño. Thought to be from the now-extinct Diquis culture, the spheres date from around 600AD. The best-known theory for their existence is that they lined the way to houses of chiefs, but this is not a certainty by any means.

Ranging in size and weight, there are many local myths about these rocks, but none are particularly forthcoming with evidence.

4. Gate of The Sun – Tiahuanaco, Bolivia

Sculpted by the Tiwanaku culture some 1500 years ago, the Gate of The Sun was rediscovered by European explorers during the 19th century. A carved stone gateway that apparently opens up to something that is no longer there, it has been left where it was found although there is some debate as to whether this was its original location.

Upon the archway are carvings of winged effigies, condors, and humans that appear beneath rays of the sun. These are thought to be linked to astrological beliefs of the time and are extremely similar to Incan symbols found across South America although their exact significance is yet to be discovered.

5. Stone Age Tunnels – Europe

Underground tunnels dating back to a time period pre-Christianity in Europe have been found in various places across the continent, and one expert has speculated that their construction may be linked in some way.

With hundreds of these tunnels found under neolithic structures, Dr. Heinrich Kusch sees this as evidence of a larger network possibly used to travel in times of war and unrest although each individual area does not link to the next, construction may have been around the same time and no one is quite sure as to why our ancestors across a whole continent all would have had the same idea around a similar time.

6. Lost Treasure

Britain’s SS Gairsoppa was the victim of numerous Nazi Torpedo strikes in 1941. Though, aside from human fatalities and the drowning of the ship, 240 tonnes of pure silver bullion also plunged to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.

However, in 2012, the Odyssey Marine Exploration of Tampa, Florida recovered forty-eight tonnes of the solid silver blocks, as the photo above illustrates. It’s believed the find’s value was $38m!

7. Mohenjo-daro – Sindh, Pakistan

The ancient city of Mohen-daro lies in the desert and is one of the world’s earliest major urban settlements. Built around 2500 BC, it was only re-discovered in the 1920s.

With signs of city planning, social organization, and a drainage system it was an incredibly advanced city for its time, and no one is quite sure why it was abandoned although many point to the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization.

8. L’anse aux Meadows – Newfoundland, Canada

Thought to be around 1000 years old, these mounds found in a small fishing village in Canada confirm that Viking Settlers made it to North America some 500 years before Christopher Columbus did. Only discovered to be of Nordic origin in 1960, they were originally thought to belong to an Indigenous peoples but excavation found them to be workshops and dwellings of the Norse.

Because of their fairly recent discovery, little is still known about what happened to the settlers here and how or why they came to the region.

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Cooking with clean fuel to save lives

© | Shutterstock

By Sandra Ortellado, IIASA Science Communication Fellow

Abhishek Kar, 2018 YSSP participant ©IIASA

By Beatriz Mayor, Research Scholar at IIASA

Beatriz Mayor at the Austrian World Summit

Beatriz Mayor at the Austrian World Summit © Beatriz Mayor

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Emission reductions from fuel subsidy removal – the researchers respond to the debate

By Jessica Jewell, David McCollum, Johannes Emmerling, Christoph Bertram, David E.H.J. Gernaat, Volker Krey, Leonidas Paroussos, Loïc Berger, Kostas Fragkiadakis, Ilkka Keppo, Nawfal Saadi, Massimo Tavoni, Detlef van Vuuren, Vadim Vinichenko, Keywan Riahi

Our recent paper about our research on the effects of removing fossil fuel subsidies, published in Nature on February 8, 2018, generated a lot of comment and debate.

Here, we respond to three important themes raised in these comments. The first concerns the interpretation of our findings about the significance of subsidy removal for reducing CO2 emissions, the second concerns our approach to modeling and the data we used, and the third relates to policy options for more effective subsidy reform.

Nodding donkeys

© Shutterstock / huyangshu

What are fossil fuel subsidies and why are they interesting for climate?

Fossil fuel subsidies are government interventions which decrease the price of fossil fuels below the market price. They can go to supporting the extraction of oil, gas, and coal (production subsidies) or making fuels cheaper for consumers (consumption subsidies) and amounted to over US$400 billion in 2015. There is a certain irony in that so many governments signed on to the Paris Agreement in 2015 yet in that same year many of those same governments spent so much money making fossil fuels cheaper.

How much would removing these subsidies help climate change mitigation efforts? How does it compare to what countries have already pledged to do for the climate under the Paris Agreement?

Comparing emission reductions from subsidy removal to key climate targets

Some commenters claim that it is already known that the effect of removing fossil fuel subsidies on emissions is limited. However, according to the authoritative Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC AR5), subsidy reform “can achieve significant emission reductions”. This view also is evident in the political sphere as: the Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform, a group of countries called fossil fuel subsidy reform “the missing piece of the puzzle in the fight against climate change”.

Our findings are that fossil fuel subsidy removal would lead to a 1-4% reduction in CO2 emissions in the energy sector by 2030 if oil prices stay low, and 1-5% if oil prices rise again, compared to the rise in emissions if subsidies are maintained, the baseline. It means that subsidy reform is a modest contribution to the global reductions required to achieve 2°C in a least-cost pathway, 27-57% by 2030.

More importantly, in our paper we compare emission reductions from subsidy removal not to this ideal goal, but to the actual targets pledged in the context of the Paris Agreement. Globally, Paris pledges would reduce emissions against the baseline in the energy sector by 9-13% in 2030 (under a moderate growth baseline) which is a larger reduction than fossil fuel subsidy removal would deliver. Under both the Paris climate pledges and fossil fuel subsidy phase-out global emissions would continue to rise whereas to achieve the 2°C target they should peak and eventually decline.

Identifying the regions with greatest impact

This global assessment is only part of our study. In addition, we show how the impacts of subsidy removal are different by region. In the major oil and gas exporting regions (Middle East and North Africa, Russia and its neighboring countries, and Latin America), removing fossil fuel subsidies lowers emissions by the same amount or more than these countries’ Paris pledges. Government revenues in these regions largely come from energy exports, which are squeezed by today’s low oil prices. Lowering government spending by removing subsidies is a real political opportunity to reduce emissions in these regions.

In other developing and emerging economies (India, China, the rest of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa), removing fossil fuel subsidies has less of an effect on emissions than these countries’ Paris pledges. In addition, the number of people who might be affected by subsidy removal in these regions is higher, simply because there are many more people living below the poverty line, for whom subsidies make the most difference. Taken together, these two findings frame one of our main results: that subsidy removal would be most useful for the climate precisely in the regions where it would affect fewer people living below the poverty line.

Data on subsidies

The second theme we would like to address relates to our data and modeling. Some commenters claimed that we underestimate both production subsidies and the effect of their removal.

According to data from the IEA and OECD only about 4% of subsidies are production subsidies. The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and Overseas Development Institute (ODI) publish an independent estimate based on their own definition and approach. Extrapolating to the global level, production subsidies would be about 14% in 2013 under their approach. We ran a sensitivity analysis using this higher production subsidies estimate. This did not change our findings (discussed in the Supplementary Information to our article).

Some commenters claimed that our study does not consider electricity production subsidies. This is also not true. We use the IEA data where power generation subsidies are captured in electricity subsidies. The SI discusses how each model integrates electricity subsidies.

There are other, fragmented estimates for electricity generation subsidies in individual countries, which generally take a different view of subsidies. For example, the recent report from IISD on Chinese subsidies to coal-fired power plants indicates that in 2014 and 2015, between 89% and 97% of these subsidies went to incentivize air pollution control equipment or closing inefficient plants. According to the same report, these subsidies also dropped by half from 2014 to 2015. Few governments would consider this as an environmentally-harmful subsidy, and removing such support will increase, not decrease emissions.

For our main analysis, we relied on IEA and OECD data for both production and consumption subsidies because these inventories are aligned with governments’ own estimates which are prepared as part of the G20 pledge to remove subsidies from 2009 reaffirmed in 2016. By using the same input data as governments and international organizations who are pledging or considering fossil fuel subsidy removal, we ensure the policy relevance of our results for these actors.

Estimating the effects of production subsidy removal

There were several comparisons of our results with those reported in a recent paper by Erickson in Nature Energy, which found that under the currently low oil prices, removing production subsidies in the US would make several oil fields unprofitable and eventually result in their closure. We find contrasting these two papers misleading as they ask very different research questions. Our study does not investigate how many oil fields in the US or elsewhere will become unprofitable after subsidy removal, but looks at the global effect of subsidy removal on emissions by taking into account trade in fossil fuels, the demand response and potential substitution of fuels and technologies. Erickson and his colleagues do not ask how much emissions will change as a result of closed oil fields. These are two very different questions.

Erickson and his colleagues compare the amount of carbon embedded in the oil reserves that may become unprofitable due to subsidy removal, to how much carbon the US would be allowed to emit under a stringent climate target. This creates an impression that they investigate the impact of removing oil production subsidies on US emissions. However, calculating the emission impact from removing oil production subsidies requires not only calculating the emissions embedded in foregone oil production, but also the possible emissions resulting from replacing this lost oil with other fuels, or changes in demand, for example if Americans choose to drive less if wells are closed, or if the US imports oil instead. We use these types of feedbacks in our models to calculate the emissions effects of subsidy removal (both consumption and production).

Redirecting subsidy funds

The third theme raised in the comments to our article was why we did not model redirecting subsidies to supporting renewable energy. While this is a very tempting question to ask from a climate perspective, and certainly one which we could do in our models, we did not consider it a realistic policy to be prioritized in our scenarios. In most countries fuel subsidies were introduced to support those on low incomes, although it is an inefficient way to do so. A state budget deficit and today’s low oil prices can often prompt successful subsidy reform. Indonesia for example recently expanded spending on infrastructure and programs to reduce poverty, while India introduced vouchers for cooking fuels. Iran, meanwhile introduced universal health coverage.

Fossil fuel subsidies do need reform

We would like to express our agreement with two comments, one from Ian Parry who wrote a commentary to our paper in Nature, and another from David Victor in his statement to Scientific American, that there are many reasons to reform fossil fuel subsidies other than emissions reductions. Our article does not cover these reasons and should not be interpreted as a comprehensive assessment of all aspects of subsidy removal.

We do however hope that our transparent and rigorous assessment of the effects of subsidy removal on CO2 emissions and energy use will support realistic and effective subsidy removal policies, and help in understanding the relative importance of a range of emission-reduction measures needed for achieving the ambitious long-term targets of the Paris Agreement.

As some commenters pointed out, we need all tools in the box to combat the enormous challenge of climate change. We fully agree. At the same time, we also believe in the need to understand how much each tool can do and where it can be most effective. This is exactly what our study answers.

Less global inequality can improve climate outcomes

By Narasimha Rao, Project Leader of the Decent Living Energy (DLE) Project, IIASA Energy Program

Is there a conflict between reducing global income inequality and combating climate change? This seems like an odd question, given that these challenges have a lot in common. Raising the living standard of the poor for example, makes them resilient to climate impacts; less inequality can mean more political mobilization to establish climate policies; and changes in social norms away from material accumulation can reduce inequality and emissions. Academics have however been curious about the following phenomenon: In many countries, a dollar spent at higher income levels is less energy intensive than at lower income levels (known as “income elasticity of energy”). That is, rich people – although they consume much more in total – spend additional income on services or can afford energy-efficient goods, while the new middle class buy energy-intensive goods, like appliances and cars.

Many imagine China as a template for this type of fast growth. If globally significant, this effect would imply that growth that is more equitable would also be more emissions-intensive, and that we would have to pay particular attention to ensuring that climate policies reach the rising middle class in developing countries. While several studies have examined this phenomenon in specific countries, no one has examined its global significance. We set out to do that.

Energy intensity (MJ per $) lower in a high-growth, low inequality world (green line, Gini=0.29) compared to a low-growth, high inequality world (blue line, Gini=0.45). Gini reflects between-country inequality only.

Our analysis suggests that the energy-increasing effect of lowering inequality is more of a distraction than a concern. We compared scenarios of equitable and inequitable income growth, both within and between countries, assuming the most extreme manifestation of the income elasticity. Within any country, given the slow pace at which inequality typically evolves even with the most extreme known income elasticity and reduction in country inequality, greenhouse gas emissions would increase by less than 8% over a couple of decades. However, when one considers a more equitable distribution of growth between countries, global emissions growth may decrease when compared to growth that occurs in industrialized countries. This is because poorer countries have more potential for technological advancements that reduce the energy intensity of growth than richer countries do. That is, more income growth in poorer countries provides more opportunity for efficiency improvements that influence the emissions of very large populations. Furthermore, China is a poor model for poor countries at large, many of which have relatively low energy intensities, even today.

Climate stabilization at the level aspired to by the Paris Climate Agreement requires that we (i.e. the world) decarbonize to zero annual emissions around 2050, which means that even developing countries have to make aggressive strides towards integrating climate goals into development. Nevertheless, there is no sufficient basis for considering that equitable growth, and by implication the poor’s energy intensity, is part of the problem. To the contrary, the potential for co-benefits from equitable growth for climate change are enormous, but unfortunately under-explored, particularly in quantitative studies. Research should focus on quantifying the role of changing social norms – less consumerism, political mobilization, and other social changes that are typically associated with lower inequality – on reducing greenhouse gases.

Rao, ND, Min J. Less global inequality can improve climate outcomes. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2018;e513.

How clean is green gas?

By Piera Patrizio, IIASA Ecosystems Services and Management Program

Biogas–renewable fuel that can be produced from a variety of natural materials including manure, food waste, plant matter, and other organic matter–has the potential to solve a number of environmental challenges simultaneously: It can reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases  such as methane (for example, from manure storage) and is the only mature type of renewable energy that can be directly used in electric power generation, heat generation, and transport sectors, and it leads to reduced impacts of pollution from waste disposal.

Biogas can be produced from crops like maize as well as waste and ohter organic materials © Giuliano Del Moretto | Shutterstock

However, biogas is not without impacts of its own. The environmental benefit of using agricultural biogas in particular may be smaller than previously thought, because of the farming activities required for the production of suitable biogas feedstock (such as maize, wheat and triticale), which in turn generates local airborne pollution. Such factors are not adequately reflected in current energy measures.

In other words, existing policy instruments that have been adopted so far in Europe do not reflect the environmental impact associated with the production of certain biofuels because they do not account for other relevant environmental burdens generated along the supply chain.

This is especially the case for biogas, whose production contributes to several environmental burdens such as land use, traffic, and local emissions from the intensive use of fertilizers.

To overcome this issue, my colleagues and I have proposed the adoption of a monetization procedure through which the so-called external costs are incorporated in energy wholesale prices. This method, allows to allocate a cost to the environmental damage associated with emissions of a wide range of pollutants, which can be consequently incorporated in any economic optimization model.

Biogas production plant, Italy © Roberto Lo Savio | Shutterstock

In a new study, which I conducted with Sylvain Leduc and Florian Kraxner, we took a look at the biogas situation in my home country, Italy. We incorporated the total internal and external costs of different biogas utilization pathways in the BeWhere model—a model used for optimizing renewable energy systems–and compared with the performance of the current Italian energy mix.

We found out that, although each type of biogas leads to reduced CO2 emissions compared to fossil fuels, such environmental benefits are sharply reduced when we take other pollutant emissions into account. .

In particular, farming activities generate high non-carbon emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide, and particles. Most of this pollution comes from chemical fertilizers and diesel combustion in farming activities–and these emissions corresponding to almost 6% of the energy content of the raw biogas produced.

The second cause of external costs is transportation of the biomass, which mainly produces local emissions of NOx.  Local concerns about this issue, are a main source of opposition to new plants, and based on our study, these concerns appear reasonable.

Our results suggest that carbon emission mitigation alone is not always a satisfactory measure to evaluate the sustainability of biogas technologies in order to define energy policies. Other environmental burdens need to be considered when we discuss the environmental sustainability of energy production processes.

Patrizio PLeduc S, Chinese D, & Kraxner F (2017). Internalizing the external costs of biogas supply chains in the Italian energy sector. Energy 125: 85–96

Why Germany and not Japan is the leader in renewable energy

By Jessica Jewell, IIASA Energy Program

© nixki | Shutterstock

© Pla2na | Shutterstock


Embedded Language Models

Sebastian Ruder recently wrote an article on The Gradient and asserted that the oracle of natural language processing is emerging. While I am not sure such confident statement is overstated, I do look forward to the moment that we will download pre-trained embedded language models and transfer to our use cases, just like we are using pre-trained word-embedding models such as Word2Vec and FastText.

I do not think one can really draw a parallelism between computer vision and natural language processing. Computer vision is challenging, but natural language processing is even more difficult because the tasks regarding linguistics are not limited to object or meaning recognition, but also human psychology, cultures, and linguistic diversities. The objectives are far from being identical.

However, the transferrable use of embedded language models is definitely a big step forward. Ruder quoted three articles, which I would summarize below in a few words.

  • Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo, arXiv:1802.05365): based on the successful bidirectional LSTM language models, the authors developed a deep contextualized embedded models by collapses all layers in the neural network architecture.
  • Universal Language Model Fine-Tuning for Text Classification (ULMFiT, arXiv:1801.06146): the authors proposed a type of architectures that learn representations for specific tasks, which involve three steps in training: a) LM pre-training: learning through unlabeled corpus with abundant data; b) LM fine-tuning: learning through labeled corpus; and c) classifier fine-tuning: transferred training for specific classification tasks.
  • OpenAI Transformer (article still in progress): the author proposed a simple generative language model with the three similar steps in ULMFit: a) unsupervised pre-training: training a language model that maximizes the likelihood of a sequence of tokens within a context window; b) supervised fine-tuning: a supervised classification training that maximizes the likelihood using the Bayesian approach; c) task-specific input transformations: training the classifiers on a specific task.

These three articles are intricately related to each other. Without abundant data and good hardware, it is almost impossible to produce the language models. As Ruder suggested, we will probably have a pre-trained model up to the second step of the ULMFit and OpenAI Transformer papers, but we train our own specific model for our use. We have been doing this for word-embedding models, and this approach has been common in computer vision too.

Continue reading “Embedded Language Models”

Election Forecasting using Quantum Computers

The 2016 US Presidential Election ended with a surprise that Mr. Donald Trump won, despite the overwhelming prediction of a Clinton victory. There have been many studies challenging the theories in traditional political forecasting.

Some took an approach regarding statistics. Many studies concluded that many election forecasting models did not take into account between individual states predictions. However, a classical computation method limited such type of models that connects individual states (or fully-connected models). Hence, a group from QxBranch and Standard Cognition resorted to adiabatic quantum computation. (See: arXiv:1802.00069.)

D-Wave computers are adiabatic quantum computers that perform quantum annealing. A D-Wave 2X has 1152 qubits, and can naturally describes a Boltzmann Machine (BM) model, equivalent to Ising model in statistical physics. The energy function is described by:

E[\mathbf{s}] = -\sum_{\mathbf{s}_i \in \mathbf{S}} b_i s_i - \sum_{\mathbf{s}_i, \mathbf{s}_j \in \mathbf{S}} W_{ij} s_i s_j ,

where \mathbf{s} are the values of all qubits (0, 1, or their superpositions). The field strength b_i and coupling constants W_{ij} can be tuned. Classical models can handle the first term, which is linear; but the correlations, described by the second term, can be computationally costly for classical computers. Hence, the authors used a D-Wave quantum computer to trained the election models from June 30, 2016 to November 11, 2016 for every two weeks, and retrieved the correlations between individual states. Then The correctly simulated that Mr. Trump would win the election.

This Ising model of election was devised after the election, and it is prone to suspicion for fixing the problems using the results. However, this work demonstrated the power of a quantum computer that it solves some political modeling problems that can be too complicated for classical computers.

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Quantum Chemistry Simulation on Quantum Computers

Quantum computation was proposed initially partly to simulate the physical universe because of the likeness of the nature and quantum systems. Some experimental simulations of Hawking radiation or Kibble-Zurek mechanisms were carried out in condensed matter systems, but they are simply too expensive to carry out. However, some scientists performed simulations on molecular systems using a quantum computer with an array of superconducting qubits. They performed the electronic structure calculation, as reported in “Scalable Quantum Simulation of Molecular Energies,” published in Physical Review X. Later, Google’s Quantum AI Team, Microsoft’s QuArC Team, and Caltech reports their work on simulating electronic structure using a quantum computer, that reduces running time but increases accuracies. Their work was reported in “Low-Depth Quantum Simulation of Materials,” also published in Physical Review X. The same team, adding a Harvard’s group, further studied the application of these molecular systems lined up as a linear array to design algorithms in quantum computers. It is reported in “Quantum Simulation of Electronic Structure with Linear Depth and Connectivity,” published in Physical Review Letters.

These people published an open-source software package, a Python library, called OpenFermion. It facilitates simulation of quantum algorithms in fermionic systems.

For a completeness, a few years ago, another group of scientists published a Python package, QuTiP, that helps simulating the open quantum systems.

Continue reading “Quantum Chemistry Simulation on Quantum Computers”

Development of Neural Architecture Search

Google launches her AutoML project last year, in an effort to automate the process of seeking the most appropriate neural net designs for a particular classification problem. Designing neural networks have been time consuming, despite the use of TensorFlow / Keras or other deep learning architecture nowadays. Therefore, the Google Brain team devised the Neural Architecture Search (NAS) using a recurrent neural network to perform reinforcement learning. (See their blog entry.) It is used to find the neural networks for image classifiers. (See their blog entry.)

Apparently, with a state-of-the-art hardware, it is of Google’s advantage to perform such an experiment on the CIFAR-10 dataset using 450 GPUs for 3-4 days. But this makes the work inaccessible for small companies or personal computers.

Then it comes an improvement to NAS: the Efficient Neural Architecture Search via Parameter Sharing (ENAS), which is a much more efficient method to search for a neural networks, by narrowing down the search in a subgraph. It reduces the need of GPUs.

While I do not think it is a threat to machine learning engineers, it is a great algorithm to note. It looks to me a brute-force algorithm, but it needs scientists and engineers to gain insights. Still, I believe development of the theory behind neural networks is much needed.

Continue reading “Development of Neural Architecture Search”

Summarizing Text Summarization

There are many tasks in natural language processing that are challenging. This blog entry is on text summarization, which briefly summarizes the survey article on this topic. (arXiv:1707.02268) The authors of the article defined the task to be

Automatic text summarization is the task of producing a concise and fluent summary while preserving key information content and overall meaning.

There are basically two approaches to this task:

  • extractive summarization: identifying important sections of the text, and extracting them; and
  • abstractive summarization: producing summary text in a new way.

Most algorithmic methods developed are of the extractive type, while most human writers summarize using abstractive approach. There are many methods in extractive approach, such as identifying given keywords, identifying sentences similar to the title, or wrangling the text at the beginning of the documents.

How do we instruct the machines to perform extractive summarization? The authors mentioned about two representations: topic and indicator. In topic representations, frequencies, tf-idf, latent semantic indexing (LSI), or topic models (such as latent Dirichlet allocation, LDA) are used. However, simply extracting these sentences out with these algorithms may not generate a readable summary. Employment of knowledge bases or considering contexts (from web search, e-mail conversation threads, scientific articles, author styles etc.) are useful.

In indicator representation, the authors mentioned the graph methods, inspired by PageRank. (see this) “Sentences form vertices of the graph and edges between the sentences indicate how similar the two sentences are.” And the key sentences are identified with ranking algorithms. Of course, machine learning methods can be used too.

Evaluation on the performance on text summarization is difficult. Human evaluation is unavoidable, but with manual approaches, some statistics can be calculated, such as ROUGE.

Continue reading “Summarizing Text Summarization”

Application of Wasserstein GAN

When it was proposed that GAN uses Wasserstein distance as the training metric, GAN is usually seen as a transportation problem. Previously, it was mentioned in a previous post that GAN can be seen as a transportation problem, and because of that, some computation can be simplified by relating a kernel in the discriminator and the generator.

GAN can be used in word translation problem too. In a recent preprint in arXiv (refer to arXiv:1710.04087), Wasserstein GAN has been used to train a machine translation machine, given that there are no parallel data between the word embeddings between two languages. The translation mapping is seen as a generator, and the mapping is described using Wasserstein distance. The training objective is cross-domain similarity local scaling (CSLS). Their work has been performed in English-Russian and English-Chinese mappings.

It seems to work. Given GAN sometimes does not work for unknown reasons, it is an excitement that it works.Screen Shot 2017-11-26 at 6.23.42 PM

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Capsules: Alternative to Pooling

Continue reading “Capsules: Alternative to Pooling”

Interpretability of Neural Networks

Renormalization Group (RG)

Neural Networks as Polynomial Approximation

Information Bottleneck (IB)

Geometric View on Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN)

Continue reading “Interpretability of Neural Networks”

New Family of Regularization Methods

In their paper, Kawaguchi, Kaelbling, and Bengio explored the theory of why generalization in deep learning is so good. Based on their theoretical insights, they proposed a new regularization method, called Directly Approximately Regularizing Complexity (DARC), in addition to commonly used Lp-regularization and dropout methods.

Screen Shot 2017-10-24 at 11.41.41 PM

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Followed by Brahma Madhava Sampradaya : One of the 4 authenticated sampradayas

Acharya Madhva’s line of thought gave a new turn to the tradition of Indian philosophy. This has been called by the name “Tatvavada” in ancient works. In later times, when the unphilosophical trend emphasizing only conflict became prominent for recognizing Vedic schools of thought, this came to be called the “dvaita” or “dualistic school”.

Sriman Madhva was born around 1238 A.D., in a village called Pajaka, about eight miles southeast of the modern town of Udupi, in the Karnataka State. He lived for 79 years and preached Dvaita-vada  (Dualism).

Sriman Madhva evolved a dualistic system of Philosophy from the Prasthana-Traya Granthas . It is unqualified dualism.  Sriman Madhva made a study on “Pancha-Beda”, which is often named as “Atyanta Bheda Darsanam”. It is classified as five distinctions:

1. The distinction between Supreme and the individual soul

2. The distinction between Supreme and non living matter

3. The distinction between the individual soul and non living matter

4. The distinction between one individual soul and the other

5. The distinction between one material thing and another.

The Atyanta Bheda Darsanam has been further categorized as ‘Padartha’ or objective reality, i.e.

a. Independent (Svatantra)

b. Dependent (Paratantra)

The Svatantra is one who is independent in total – meaning God, The Supreme and the Reality. Whereas the ‘Soul’ (Jiva) and the ‘World’ (Jagat) are the dependents (Paratantra) of the Supreme. Hence God rules them. The Supreme is the Independent and cannot be further classified, whereas the dependents are further classified as Chetana and Achetana. The positive signs are the ‘Chetana’ (intellect) i.e. Conscious souls and ‘Achetana’ (ignorant – unawareness or unconscious) that of ‘matter and time’. Unconscious entities are either eternal like the Vedas or eternal and non-externals like ‘Prakriti, time and space’, or non-eternal like the products of ‘Prakriti’.

Before defining the unconscious entity, Sriman Madhvacharya explains about the Svatantra and Paratantra which is Nitya-Mukta i.e. eternally free from Samsara. In this study the ‘Svatantra’ is Maha Vishnu, Who is intelligent and Who is the Governor of the world and Whose Nitya-Mukta or the energy or power is Lakshmi. Vishnu can be realized through various group forms (Vyuhas) and Avataras (Divine incarnations). Likewise, the foremost ‘Paratantra’ is Lakshmi(Lakshmi is not jiva tattva ), the energy or power of Vishnu, Who is co-eternal and Who can assume various forms without a material body. She is not affected by pain or sorrow. Their sons are Brahma and Vaayu.

Note: Lakshmi is said to be paratantra as the theory of Madhava stresses on distinction  aspect only though similarity is not rejected directly . How lakshmi is not to confused with jiva tattva.

Prakriti (Pra = Supreme + Kriti = created/creation):-

It is believed in the philosophy of Sriman Madhva that Creation is different from Him. Based on this study he said that Vishnu is the efficient and the material or the cause of the world. God energizes Prakriti through Lakshmi and makes its evolution into the visible world. Prakriti is the material cause as all the objects, bodies and organs are made by Prakriti. The three aspects of Prakriti are presided over by the three powers – Lakshmi, Bhu (Saraswati – earth) and Durga. Avidya (ignorance) is also a form of Prakriti that hides the Supreme from the vision of the individual soul.

Sriman Madhva believed that the world made of Prakriti is not an illusion but a reality, distinct from God. It is not also a transformation of God as that of curd out of milk nor is it a body of God. Hence it is unqualified and absolute dualism.

Sriman Madhva accepted the classification of souls made by Srimad Ramanuja as:

a) Nitya – the Eternal (like Lakshmi)

b) Mukta or jiva already liberated (after performing bhakti)

c) Baddha or bound ones(not yet liberated )

Sriman Madhva added two more to these: Those who are eligible and not so eligible for Moksha

(i) The completely surrendered ones, even though Baddha are eligible for Moksha.

(ii) Those who are not eligible for salvation are classified as

(a) Nitya-Sansarins i.e bound by the cycle of Samsara and

(b) Those whose destiny is hell – the region of blinding darkness (Tamoyogya).

Based on this classification the individual soul (Jiva), a distinct entity becomes plurality of souls. It is believed, as based on the classification, no two jivas are alike in character. As soul (Jiva) is different from God and matter (Prakriti), it depends on God for guidance. The Lord impels the Jivas to action in accordance with their previous conduct. Because of the past deeds the Jiva has to undergo sufferings and pains by which its impurities are removed, it attains salvation and skips the cycle of life and death and enjoys the blissful and true nature of a Jiva. Although the Jivas are graded and the classes of souls in the realm of bliss are various, as such there is no discord among them as they are aware of Brahman and have no faults. But the soul does not attain equality with God. They are entitled only to serve the Lord. Through nine types of devotion {Nava vidana bakthi} souls attain salvation with the grace of God.

He took a stand different from Sri Sri Shankara on Brahman and constituted nine most famous statements (Prameyas).

The Shloka that lays out the nine prameyas is

SrIman Madhvamate

harih paratarah, satyam jagat, tattvatho bhedho jIvagaNA, hareranucarA, nIchoccabhAvam gatAh |

muktir naijasukhAnubhUtir, amalA bhaktih tatsAdhanam, hyakshrAdi tritayam pramANam, akhilAmnAyaikavedyo harih ||

1) Harih Paratarah

Hari is the Supreme Lord and there is none superior to Hari. Hari is the One and Only Independent Reality.

2) Satyam Jagat

The world is real. According to Sriman Madhva the reality is very much that we live in this world which is not a dream . In context to Sri Sri Shankara calling this materialistic world as a dream, Sriman Madhva says that we are not yet awakened from the dream to say that this is a dream. Hence what is happening at this moment is to be considered as real .

3) Tattvatho Bhedho Jivagana

Difference in beings according to their virtues. Every follower of the Madhva school firm believe in the Pancha-bheda—five real and eternal distinctions— Atyanta Bheda Darsanam or Pancha-bheda:

A) Jiveshvara bheda

The difference between Supreme Being and the Individual Soul {God and Living things}

B) Jadeshvara bheda

The difference between Supreme Being and the Non Living Matter {God and Things}

C) Jiva-Jiva bheda

The difference between two individual Soul. Within the category of trees there are apple trees and there are lemon trees. {If this has been misinterpreted for division in caste then it is NOT the mistake of the Acharya. It may be the difference of two individuals of same family also like two brothers having common parents}

D) Jada-Jiiva-bheda

The difference between individual Soul and Non Living Matter {There is the category of trees and there is the category of hills. Trees and hills belong to different categories.}

E) Jada- Jada bheda

The difference between Non Living Matter. Within the category of books there are religious books and there are friction books.

4) Hareranucaraha

Having talked about difference due to distinction, Sriman Madhva concludes all are followers and servants of Hari.

5) Nichoccabhavam Gataha

There is gradation among the beings. Some are superior; some are inferior. The law of karma at work. Because of their past karma, there are differences or gradations, taratamya among jivas. We have ripe apples as well as row apples in a basket. If this gradation were not to be there we would not have sentenced a criminal to jail.

6) Muktir Naijasukhanubhutih

Moksha is the realization of innate happiness of the self. Ones life has a worthy meaning if it has mukthi (salvation).

7) Amala Bhaktih Tatsadhanam

The means of achieving moksha is uncontaminated and unconditional Bhakti (devotion). Here Sriman Madhva emphasizes on Bhakti alone. There is no mention of Jnana (knowledge).

8) Hyakshsraditritayam Pramanam

Sriman Madhva while talking of mukthi says it can be achieved through Bhakti alone. Bhakti towards Hari and the jnana (Knowing about Hari) is already available through perception, inference, and scriptural testimony, ie. Pratyaksha, Anumana, and Sabda.

Pratyaksha (perception):

There are jivatmas who have got the vision of the Supreme at some point of time. Like as we could let us say see “Fire”.

Anumana (inference):

Some times at the circumstantial evidence we have got to conclude the presence of the Supreme. Like if there is smoke on a hill we conclude that there must be fire at the bottom of the smoke. Even though fire is not visible from the foot of the hill. Let us suppose there is water in a vessel we immediately conclude it to be hot by seeing the vapors. The earth is rotating on its own axis; there must be some power to spin this huge ball. What is that power which makes this earth rotate?

Sabda (sound from Sruthis):

The testimony of the scripture. This is same as Srimad Ramanuja felt that the destiny has proclaimed at the crown of the all scriptures that Vishnu  is the Para Brahman.

9) Akhilamnayaikavedyo Harih

Hari, and Hari alone, is praised in all the scriptures.

Basic doctrine :

Sriman Madhva has hypothesized (based on Vedic texts and Yukti) that souls are eternal and not created  by God, as in the Semitic religions. Souls depend on God for their very “being” and “becoming.” Sriman Madhva has compared this relationship of God with souls to the relationship between a source (Bimba) and its reflection (Pratibimba).

Sriman Madhva followers cite authorities such as Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 17, verses 2. “There are three types of inclination, which are the self-same natures of the souls, these being satvika, rajasa, and tamasa,”
Chapter 16, verses 19-20, “These cruel haters, worst among men in the world, I hurl these evil-doers into the wombs of demons only. Entering into demoniacal wombs and deluded, birth after birth, not attaining me, they thus fall, Oh Arjuna, into a condition still lower than that,” for their concept of eternal damnation.

Sriman Madhva was the second after Srimad Ramanuja in the recent years who revived the timeless Vaishnava tradition. There were 21 different Bashayas (commentaries) before Sriman Madhva. He was the first to establish the facts of trio-patriate classification of souls. By contrast, most Hindus believe that souls will eventually obtain moksha, even after millions of rebirths.

The Supreme Being is Vishnu or Narayana. He is the personal first cause. He is the Intelligent Governor of the world. He lives in Vaikuntha along with Lakshmi, His consort. He and His consort Lakshmi are real. Brahma and Vayu are two of His sons. One can know His nature through the study of the Vedas. He manifests Himself through various Vyuhas or group-forms, and through Avataras (divine incarnations). He is present in the sacred images. He is also the Antaryamin or the Inner Controller of all souls. He creates, maintains and destroys the world.

God is free from Doshas or faults. He is endowed with all auspicious qualities. He is omnipresent or all-pervading and independent. He is beyond time and space. He is greater than Lakshmi. There is no other who is greater than Lakshmi. She is the foremost of the dependents on Lord(Lakshmi is not jiva tattva). Lakshmi is the Lord’s Sakti or energy. She is the personification of His power or creative energy. Lakshmi can put on various forms without a material body. She is co-eternal with Vishnu and all-pervading. She beholds the glory of Her Lord through eternity. She is Nitya-Mukta, i.e., eternally free from Samsara. She is not affected by sorrow and pain. She is intelligent.

Sriman Madhva espoused a Vaishnava theology that understands Brahman to be endowed with attributes and a personal God, Vishnu. By Brahman, he referred to Vishnu, as per his statement “brahmashabdashcha vishhnaveva” that Brahman can only refer to Vishnu. Sriman Madhva states that Vishnu is not just any other deity, but is rather the singular, all-important and supreme one. Vishnu is always the primary object of worship, and all others are regarded as subordinate to Him. The deities and other sentient beings are graded among themselves, with Vayu, the god of life, being the highest, and Vishnu is eternally above them.

While each thing is unique, Dvaita philosophy notes five categories of difference (Bheda):

Between the Lord (Isvara) and the self (Jivatman)
Between innumerable selves
Between the Lord and matter (Prakriti)
Between the self and matter
Between phenomena within matter
Despite these differences, there exists a clear and distinct relationship:

Under Dwaita Vedanta (Tattvavada), the soul upon liberation does not lose his distinct identity, which is different from Vishnu, nor does he become equal to Him in any respect. While the mukta does become free of all suffering, his enjoyment is not of the same caliber as His, nor does said mukta become independent of Him.

The mukta experiences the joy which is his own nature, in mukti; whereas in daily life, joy derives from the contact of senses with sense-objects and is therefore transitory and mixed with suffering (which is also caused by the contact of senses with sense-objects), joy in mukti is due to the jiva’s own immutable nature. And because such joy is the jiva’s own nature, it does not fluctuate or end, and it is not mixed with pain. Since the nature of the jiva is different from that of Ishvara, his joy is also of a different nature than His, even upon mukti. Even the joy which is intrinsic to the nature of the jiva can only be realised due to the grace of the Supreme being.

Because a mukta, or liberated person, should not even be physically present in the material universe(He goes to the abode of Lord), unlike the un-liberated. A person who is living in the world cannot be said to be free of sorrow born of material contact, and also cannot be said to experience the joy of his own nature at all times. The very act of living in a gross material body entails things such as eating, sleeping, pleasure and pain, etc., which cannot be accepted in a mukta.

Sadhana Marga :

Srimadacharya’s injunctions for the right procedures to followed in a day from morning to night by a Vaishnava is detailed by him in his work sadacharasmruti .  A Vaishnava should, as soon as he wakes up pray to Lord Vishnu, and at the close of the day, before retiring to bed, should pray to the Lord.  In between ,he should observe austere practices. The procedure for washing the teeth, taking bath (preferably in a river or natural source of water) by reciting ‘purusha sukta’,’Aghamarshana sukta’ etc. have been clearly stated in this work. Then follows ‘sandhyavandana’, ‘pooja’ , taking food,study,teaching,rest,evening pooja etc. which have all been clearly stated for the guidance of his followers  by Srimadacharya in simple language in about forty slokas. If anyone is fortunate to be able follow the procedures and ausreities stated in this work, he shall be following Srimadachaya’s exhortation in the ‘dvadasastotra’-  SANTATAM CHINTAYET ANANTAM ANTAKALE VISHESHATAH, and that is the duty of a true Vaishnava.

Kuru bhuksva cha karma nijam niyatam
Hari pada vinamradaya satatam
Harireva paro Harireva gurur
Harireva jagat pitrmatr gatihi.
Tadalam bahuloka vichintanaya
Paravanam kuru manasa misa pade  -Acharya Madhva in Dvadasha-stotra

“Do your duty without any desire as worship to the lotus feet of Lord Sri Hari. Sri Hari is the sustainer, He is teacher, He is the father and mother of this whole world. Stop the worldly cares which are endless, Pin thy mind at the Lord’s feet boundless!”

Similarity of Madhava’s teachings and the teachings of Sri Krishna Chaitanya mahaprabhu

Sri Madhva Acarya has established bhakti as we see from his Sutra-bhasya (3.3.53): bhaktir evainam nayati bhaktir evainam darsayati bhaktivasah puruso bhaktir eva bhuyasi iti matharasrutah.

In sutra 3.3.45 he writes, varahe ca  guru-prasado balavanna tasmad valavattaram/ tathapi sravanadis ca karttavayo moksa-siddhaye:

The mercy of Sri Gurudeva is more powerful than anything else for attaining the perfection of liberation in the form of service to Visnu’s lotus feet. Yet it is still more necessary in engagement in the limbs of sadhana-bhakti such as sravana and kirtana.

In his text Mahabharata-tatparya-nirnaya (Defining the Purport of Mahabharata) the position of bhakti is seen throughout: sneho bhaktir iti proktastaya muktir na canyatha (1.105) and bhaktyaiva tusyati harih pravanatvam eva (2.59). there are other references also .

In the Madhva Sampradaya, love of Bhagavan is the only sadhya. Although Sriman Madhva Acarya has accepted moksa as the goal in some places, his definition of moksa is, visnav-anghri labhah mukti: “Liberation is the attainment of service to the lotus feet of Visnu.”

Thus, the Sri Madhva Sampradaya accepts the definition of mukti spoken by Srimad-Bhagavatam, muktir hitvanyatha rupam svarupena vyavasthitih: “The jiva carries the conception of I and mine arising from the gross and subtle designations which are accomplished by the action of maya. Mukti means to be released from this false identity and to be established in rendering loving service to Bhagavan in one’s pure constitutional form.

Madhva Acarya’s mukti is not the sayujya (merging with Brahman) spoken of by Sankara. Rather, it is based on love of Bhagavan. Nowhere has he accepted sayujya in the form of the oneness of Brahman and jiva. On the contrary, he has refuted it in every way. Madhva is well known as a bheda-vadi because he accepts the jiva and Brahman as being different both in the stage of bondage and of liberation “abhedah sarva-rupesu jivabhedah sadaiva hi”

Although Sriman Madhva emphasises bheda (difference), he does not at all disregard srutis which indicate abheda (non-difference); instead he has accepted their compatibility.

In other words, we find a hint of the acceptance of acintya-bhedabheda, as Srila Jiva Goswami has suggested in his Sandharbha literature. According to Vedanta-sutra, “sakti saktimator abhedah:” The potency and the potent are not different. An indication of acintya-bhedabheda is found in a statement of Brahma-tarka which Sri Madhva supported.

visesasya visistasyapy abhedas tadvad eva tu
sarvam ca cintya-saktitvad yujyate paramesvare
tac chaktyaiva tu jivesu cid-rupa-prakrtavapi
bhedabhedau tad-anyatra hy ubhayor api darsanat (Brahma-tarka)

Thus there is no particular difference between Madhva Acarya and Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu regarding sadhya and sadhana. Whatever slight difference is evident is only mutual vaisistya (specific distinction).

There is a very specific similarity between the Madhva and Gaudiya Sampradayas. The sannyasis presiding over the eight mathas of the tattva-vadis in Udupi perform bhajana in the mood of the gopis under the guidance of Sri Krsna’s eight beloved nayikas (heroines) in Vraja.

On this subject, Sri Padmanabhacari, the author of Sri Madhva Acarya’s biography, has written, “The monks who take charge of Sri Krsna in rotation are so many gopis of Vrndavana who moved with and loved Sri Krsna with an indescribable intensity of feeling, and are taking rebirths now for the privilege of worshipping Him” (Life and Teachings of Sri Madhva Acarya by C.M. Padmanabhacari, Chapter XII, page 145).

Even today, the service of Yasodanandana Nrtya-Gopala is seen in the prominent matha in Udupi. Srila Madhva Acarya has praised his istadeva Nartaka Gopala Sri Krsna in this way in the fifth verse, chapter six of his Dvadasa stotram.

devakinandana nanda-kumara vrndavananjana gokulacandra kandaphalasana sundara-rupa nanditagokula vanditapada

Similarly, in the Sri Gaudiya Vaisnava Sampradaya, service to Sri Krsna under the guidance of the gopis has been ascertained as the sadhya in the writings of Srila Rupa, Sanatana, Raghunatha, Krsnadasa Kaviraja Gosvami and others.

Though the followers of Madhavacharya considers Sri Krishna as an incarnation of Vishnu like Sri Sampradaya . However Nimbarka Sampradaya , Rudra sampradaya and Brahma Madhava Gaudiya Sampradaya accept Sri Krishna as purnatam Bhagavan.Similar is the faith of Ramanandi sampradaya, a sub branch of Sri sampradaya who worship Lord Rama as the absolute truth.

From the view of material people it might appear as a fight between sampradaya or thinking about the crediblity of the acaryas but it is not so.It is for establishing the faith of the followers of that particular sampradaya.   These 4 sampradayas are authentic and accepting any of these teachings and initiation from them will lead one to the Spiritual planets after liberation .There is no difference between different forms of Vishnu tattva though the abodes may differ like Vaikuntha , Ayodhya, Mathura , Dwaraka , Goloka.

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Hayley Shayestehroo

Regulatory Affairs
Phone: +44 (0)1625 361 072

Which team do you work in?

I work in the Regulatory Affairs team.

Which area do you specialise in?

I specialise in recruiting all levels of Regulatory Affairs professionals within pharma, healthcare and medical devices.

How do you keep up-to-date with the issues in your sector?

Speaking to candidates is the best way to keep updated with changes in the market. I also like to read relevant industry press and relevant articles on LinkedIn.

What's your favourite film and why?

Mrs Doubtfire - it's an all time classic and I pretty much know it word for word. I love a good thriller too, anything with a good twist at the end. Law Abiding Citizen with Gerard Butler is one of my faves.

If you could invent one thing what would it be?

Pizza that makes you slim!

What makes you #DistinctlyDifferent?

I love watching pretty much any sport. I play netball twice a week and come from a footballing family, so have been taught how to do kick ups (my record is 21 without hitting the floor!) Work wise, I like to think I get to know candidates on a deeper level and really understand their drivers and motivations for moving to another company.


African Heads of State express commitment to advance immunisation

Heads of State from across Africa have endorsed the Addis Declaration on Immunisation (ADI), a historic and timely pledge to ensure that everyone in Africa receives full benefits of immunisation.

The endorsement was issued during the 28th African Union (AU) Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on Monday, January 30, 2017.

A statement issued by the Africa Regional Office of the World Health Organisation said immunisation was one of the most effective interventions for reducing child mortality, however, even today, one in five children in Africa still lacked access to life-saving vaccines.

It said while immunisation rates in Ghana was around 88 per cent, there was still more work to be done to make sure that every child had access to life-saving vaccines.

The statement said the ADI committed countries to increase political, financial and technical resources to achieve universal access to immunisation.

Source: GNA

AU summit Ghana News Immunization


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The Back Porch Music Jam meetup group is for acoustic musicians and singers who enjoy gathering to make music in a casual and friendly setting. Imagine a jam session in Mayberry RFD, on Andy Taylor's back porch, with some modern influences. The music is in the style of that heard on WUNC's Back Porch Music radio show*: acoustic based folk, singer/songwriter, Celtic, blues, jazz, and bluegrass from all ages.

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From the moment 's Upper East Side. Always attending functions, Serena knows how to brush up properly while remaining true to her free-spirited take on fashion. Brunch at the Palace just wouldn't be acceptable without a light, airy dress such as this floral-print number.
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Gossip Girl Fashion

From their preppy Uptown on-screen personas to their real-life red-carpet looks, the style of Gossip Girl's leading ladies is always something to talk about.


Ashish Ghildiyal
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To develop my career, where I will be a valuable team member contributing quality ideas and work for an organization where there is an ample scope for individual as well as organization growth. Work in a globally competitive environment on challenging assignments using cutting edge technologies that shall yield the twin benefits of the job satisfaction and steady paced professional growth. Profoundly talented and resourceful Fashion Designer with over two years experience in designing clothing, creating original garments and designing garments that follow well fashion trends Specialties: adobe Photoshop, color, concept development, corel draw, design, fashion, focus, forecasting, merchandising, Microsoft office, Microsoft works, presentation skills, supervisory skills, team management.

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Romans Chapter 4

1 What shall we say then that Abraham our father, as pertaining to the flesh, hath found?

6 Even as David also describeth the blessedness of the man, unto whom God imputeth righteousness without works,

7 Saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered.

9 Cometh this blessedness then upon the circumcision only, or upon the uncircumcision also? for we say that faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness.

10 How was it then reckoned? when he was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision.

12 And the father of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision only, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised.

22 And therefore it was imputed to him for righteousness.

25 Who was delivered for our offences, and was raised again for our justification.


Wednesday, November 30, 2016

Genetics and Ethics Textbook (Post #2)

In this new textbook I am writing on genetics and ethics I employ a virtue ethics analysis of the issues. One of the early chapters details the limitations of invoking principles for tackling the social consequences of the genetic revolution (or any practical predicament).

Over the course of the next few posts I will detail 4 principles adopted by moral and political philosophers to reveal the potential problems they face in terms of enhancing our exercise of practical reason, especially if one is tempted (as I certainly was when I started thinking and writing about these issues) to apply these principles to guide our thoughts on the prospect of genetic intervention.

(1) Peter Singer, The Principle of Preventing Bad Occurrences
(2) John Rawls, Two Principles of Justice
(3) Robert Nozick, Principle of self-ownership and the slogan: "Liberty Upsets Patterns"
(4) Precautionary Principle

In this particular post I will limit myself to a brief discussion of Singer's principle.

Singer invoked this principle to raise awareness about the problem of global poverty. But one could see how the principle might be employed to mitigate the vulnerabilities of the genetic revolution. Let us re-hash Singer's principle and the famous child drowning case.

The principle of preventing bad occurrences maintains: If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it.

Singer asked us to contemplate a now famous thought experiment to demonstrate the normative force of this duty to aid. The example concerns a child who is drowning in a shallow pond. You are walking past the pond and notice the distressed child in need of assistance. The child is not your child, nor is the child a compatriot. They are a citizen from a distant and far away country. Nevertheless, the child is a human being in need of assistance. If the only burden to be incurred by saving the child is getting one’s shoes and trousers wet then there is, argues Singer, a stringent duty to save the child.

Singer then drew an analogy between the example of the drowning child and global poverty. The rich living in the developed world have a stringent moral obligation, he argued, to donate a significant amount of their income to help those living in poverty in distant lands. Singer’s argument spurred much debate on the demands of global justice, a topic largely ignored by philosophers before Singer’s article. Questions like “Do national boundaries have any ethical significance?” are still debated over forty years after Singer’s original article appeared in print.

But invoking the principle of preventing bad occurrences (or a duty to aid) is not, by itself, very helpful in terms of the practical guidance it provides us with. This is not to suggest that appealing to principles has no legitimate role to play in our moral deliberations. Invoking general rules or principles can help us adopt a “bird’s eye perspective” of the moral landscape. However, I believe there are also significant limitations in relying too heavily on moral principles or rules. Most of the bad things in the world, including global poverty, are infinitely more complex and complicated that the example of helping a drowning child in a shallow pond. How do we ensure the actions we undertake to redress poverty actually help others, rather than just wasting our time and energy or, even worse, making the situation even more dire (as can conceivably happen in the case of providing foreign aid)?

The problem of global poverty is not simply, or even primarily, a problem of the rich not donating money to the poor. But it is hard not to form that impression form Singer’s original article. The central moves in Singer’s moral argument are (1) to invoke the principle of bad occurrences, then (2) to link that principle with the badness of poverty, and then (3) to conclude that the solution to this bad is for the rich to donate more money to foreign aid.

Suppose we ran a similar moral analysis to buttress the case for mitigating the genetic lottery of life. Imagine the child in need of assistance was not drowning in a shallow pond. Instead, the source of the threat of the child drowning was internal to her. The child was born with cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic disorder which impedes the normal functioning of lungs. Left untreated, a child will in effect “drown from within” as the condition fills the lungs with fluid.

In the 1970s a child with CF had a very low life expectancy at birth. Typically a child did not live more than just a few years. However by the 1990s things had improved. The median age of survival for a child born with CF in Canada was nearly 32 years. And that increased to nearly 50 years by 2012. However, a life expectancy of 50 years is still 30 year less than the average in Canada. Inheriting the genes for CF has a profound impact on the life prospects of a person. Dying from CF, like dying from poverty, is a bad thing we should seek to prevent if possible. So why not make the Singerian moves (1) and a modified version of (2) which focuses on the harms of genetic disease, and then conclude that people should be donating all their resources to creating a gene therapy for CF, until the sacrifice risks something of comparable importance to developing CF?

One of the central limitations of invoking the principle of preventing bad occurrences and applying it to one specific form of badness (be it poverty or CF) is that the world has many bad things about it that need to be addressed. So invoking the principle itself doesn’t help us determine how to prioritize among the plurality of problems (i.e. bad occurrences) we need to address, nor does it bring adequate attention to the realities that different kinds of intervention will be more risky, or costly, or effective than other forms of intervention. I believe a shift to the virtue of benevolence and acting from phronesis (practical wisdom) will help remedy these shortcomings. In the next post I will detail some of the problems facing the adoption of the principles in 2-4 to the topic of genetics.


Distance from Stuttgart, AR to Crawfordsville, AR

Driving distance between Stuttgart, AR and Crawfordsville, AR is 103.04 miles (or 165.82 kilometers). If you drove an average car (using about 3.6 gallons of gas per mile), the gas would cost you around $, since you would need about gallons of fuel.

Leaving from Stuttgart, AR you would reach Crawfordsville, AR in about 1 hour 52 mins if you keep an average speed of miles per hour, assuming you don’t make any breaks or get stuck in traffic.

Driving distance in miles

103 mi166 km

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CO2 emissions: kg

Emission estimated with the eco2 norme
(185 CO2 grams/mile)

This is a map overview of the best driving route from Stuttgart, AR to Crawfordsville, AR in which you can see the origin and destination points marked with A (Stuttgart) and B (Crawfordsville) respectively as well as blue line along the road route you can take. You can zoom in to see more details, including road numbers and even street names both in Stuttgart, AR and Crawfordsville, AR as well as every other town you may pass by on your way.

Fuel consumption if you drive from Stuttgart, AR to Crawfordsville, AR

Cost of driving from Stuttgart, AR to Crawfordsville, AR

Depending on the fuel efficiency level of your car, driving from Stuttgart to Crawfordsville will cost you between and . An average car would make the trip for . We calculate the route cost using real time average gas prices for the US and other costs such as tolls are not included in this calculation.

Driving directions

To help you plan your trip from Stuttgart to Crawfordsville, we offer a detailed map together with full, turn by turn, driving directions from Stuttgart, AR to Crawfordsville, AR.

Flying or direct distance between Stuttgart, AR and Crawfordsville, AR

The flying distance represent the straight distance from Stuttgart to Crawfordsville, the length of an hypothetical flight trip between the geographic center of Stuttgart, AR and the geographic center of Crawfordsville, AR. We also offer nearby airports to both Stuttgart to Crawfordsville and a flight ticket price comparison form, in case you want to make that hypothetical flight real :).

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Book: A Carpet for Life

A Carpet for Life

A book of stories about small markets. Here – that is to say, in the back yards of the world – ways of trading become apparent. This is where people meet, relationships are forged, people get one over each other and make up again. With each story, our admiration grows for the resourcefulness of people who trade and find their place in the world.

The book «A Carpet for Life» has also been translated into Korean.

Book: They Carry the World on their Heads

They Carry the World on their Heads

The women of Zimbabwe take on the adverse circumstances in their country with an admirable strength and undaunted humour. They know: only they who laugh survive! This book tells their stories. We meet them, young and old. We see them set out, fail – and then get up again.


How Facebook’s news feed algorithm works.

Every time you open Facebook, one of the world’s most influential, controversial, and misunderstood algorithms springs into action.

There’s a potential downside, however, to giving users this sort of control: What if they’re mistaken, as humans often are, about what they really want to see? What if Facebook’s database of our online behaviors really did know us better, Could giving people the news feed they say they want actually make it less addictive than it was before?

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