Tuesday, February 13, 2007

Global Terraforming Chapter

This post is an extract from a book I have written titled Paradigms Shift, now been prepared for publication. I will interject additional explanation as we go along in regular type.

Now we come to possible projects that require global investment support and are essentially large enough to be seen as terraforming in their own right. My primary focus is the deserts of the world, which represent 30% of all land surfaces. These can be restored to woodlands by farming water from the atmosphere. It is entirely obvious also that successfully turning the major deserts of the world into productive growing environments will have a significant moderating effect on the global climate.

The areas of interest include all tropical deserts and much of the temperate deserts. In practice, the techniques also apply to major areas deemed as outside the desert zones, yet suffer from droughts and seasonal aridity. In fact there are few places in which agriculture as practiced could not benefit from having alternative water supplies on hand.

In the early stages, we expect that these techniques will be applied in the US southwest and inter mountain region, Northwest China including the Gobi desert and the Sahel in Africa on the edge of the Sahara. All these areas have ample humidity during the dry seasons and a season of rain. Building tree cover that holds that rain and the soils is attractive in terms of expanding the agricultural utility of these regions.

The Sahara Mediterranean ecosystem

The Sahara, the largest single desert on Earth, is possibly the easiest major desert to substantially recover as a successful growing environment. There is good evidence that traditional herding and agricultural deforestation probably accelerated or even caused the original desertification in the first place. Similarly, extensive grazing damage as well as deforestation has caused massive environmental degradation throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Restoring the agricultural potential of the Sahara and the Sahel could easily create millions of new economically viable farms directly employing at least 50,000,000 people with an equal number indirectly engaged. This would be in the early going when urban development is still concentrated on the periphery. In practice I would expect close to a billion people to depend on such a development within two generations.

The primary thrust of any such program is to focus on restoring ground cover, preferably in the form of forest cover, but perhaps more practically early on in the form of commercially valuable scrub plants such as jojoba, which produces a valuable oil berry. The first priority in this program would, through the process of establishing proper tenure, be to finance and generally encourage a recovery where nature can naturally support it.

I recall a report from the Sahel twenty years ago that the simple expedient of putting up a fence was sufficient to establish a green zone. Since then, communities have been making the types of investment necessary to preserve available moisture. This is still an example of cleverly pursuing short-term interests. Growing trees requires some form of effective internal subsidy to carry the tenure holder over in the face of long-term economic benefits and the critical ecological benefits, of which he may simply not live long enough to realize.

[more recently the locals have discovered that encouraging and protecting the growth of acacia trees in combination with cattle raising is hugely beneficial to establishing better fodder and soil conditions]

This is particularly true in areas such as the Mediterranean were hillsides have been totally denuded for a thousand years and forest recovery must be permanent just to restore the soils. Any nominal and sustaining economic benefits will arrive a century hence.

The key technical point to remember is that it is in the nature of things for moisture to be exhaled from plants into the atmosphere. This same moisture can be recycled over and over again as rainfall. We need to help this natural process along.

If we take advantage of the fact that even in the driest desert, the moisture content of the atmosphere is in excess of 13%, it is possible to use refrigeration cycle systems to strip moisture from the air and collect it. If this is used massively, the local environmental moisture itself will be raised, sharply reinforcing the efficiency of the process and improving the water production rate. It is probable that if the Sahara were covered today with the right type of vegetation, that the recycling of atmospheric moisture would be sufficient to sustain the majority of the ground cover with no additional help. This is not true for most deserts which are created in the rain shadow zone of a mountain range.

Modelling water uptake from that of mature apple trees, which are hardly well adapted to the extreme conditions experienced in the desert, we can generate a conservative development model. It is known that such a tree will use and transpire around 70 litres of water per day. We can also reasonably assume such a tree will occupy a footprint with a radius of fifteen feet, which translates comfortably into about fifty trees per acre.

Now it is possible to manufacture and operate a solar driven refrigeration cycle water collector capable of producing 70 litres of water per day. With mass production, such a unit can ultimately cost well below $1,000 and last with minimum inputs for twenty years. Initially it could support a battery of four young trees and as water demand rises, additional units can be added. We have already commented on the advent of solar energy production whose cost per installed watt can be expected to drop below fifty cents per installed watt. Several additional innovations and fixes are also readily available for mass application in the desert environment. We can actually do this.

We can then project in the early going that each developed acre will have an all-in capital investment base somewhere around $50,000. This assumes that each tree ultimately requires one collector. This will also be true only if humidity stays at very low levels. In a large-scale regional development we would expect instead a steady rise in the availability of humidity and even of precipitation, quite capable of increasing production efficiency four fold. The cost per acre could then drop to under $20,000 without additional clever inputs.

I also observe that the initial buildout will usually take place were humidity is already quite high (such as the Sahel) and some distance from the margins of the true desert. As the build out advances into the desert, it will then bring the high humidity and diurnal rainfall with it.

We can plan for full site development, particularly were labour is readily available and cheap as in a home-steading economic model That means clearing a twenty-foot diameter circle by excavating somewhat so that any surface water flows toward the centre. Also a thick layer of organic material, if available, is dug into the circle before been covered slightly with local soil or sands. Water would be delivered from the collector by seepage lines possibly buried in the soil. In the early stages some of this moisture can probably be used to even support a surface cover of grass or alfalfa, which will do an excellent job of binding the soil together and increasing organic content.

This is all initially labour intensive. However, once done it is cheaply maintained. Sudden rainfalls can be captured by these small catchments and absorbed by the imported organic base. Proper design can ensure that the rainfall is concentrated and retained by the roots increasing effective rainfall efficiency. This will augment the solar driven collectors and provide additional security. The manpower needed to maintain such an operation will probably run at one family per twenty acre orchard, particularly if there is the capability to gather unneeded water to support additional small garden plot growing and animal husbandry. Since the maximum base capital investment is about $1,000,000, annual gross sales should reach $100,000 at least. There are crops for which this is possible. A regional program in which water productivity has hugely increased would bring the base capital cost down to under $200,000. This would allow ownership to jump easily to perhaps fifty acres for a family operation with the ability to handle lower value crops. Since the environment is conducive to rapid growth, higher than average productivity can also be expected. The point made is that the putative economics are close enough to feasibility that a massive build out can be entertained, supported by a combination of low interest loans, production subsidies and market stabilisation programs.

From a conventional investment perspective, the asset may take as much as fifty years to pay itself out, though I think this rather unlikely. On the other hand, once created, the asset has a lifespan of thousands of years.

The key aspect of this exercise is that it is technically feasible to cover much of the entire Sahara with trees and the resultant agriculture without irrigation engineering. The technique can also be deployed in any arid environment around the globe creating livelihoods for hundreds of millions of families. This is even true in the tropics were uncontrolled deforestation has induced droughts and falling yields.

This is just the beginning. The whole purpose of covering the arid desert with a tree based vegetation cover in the first place is to increase the total humidity to about one hundred percent. This will cause a diurnal cycle of daytime atmospheric moisture build-up followed by heavy night rain. The real magic of a great forest is that the same water returns as precipitation many times. Thus we can expect that all the great deserts can be turned into hot wet climates, possibly within a generation of the completion of the build out. This means that wild vegetation will actively return to even the truly barren areas within the desert, and the newly developing soils will begin to capture and hold water. Aquifers will replenish and new springs and active riverine systems will emerge. And the agricultural enterprise itself will be partially weaned of the need to use humidity collectors over substantial areas.

There are other technical tricks that can also be used in specific locales. Dewponds can occasionally be built profitably in certain locations, perhaps as a supplemental source of water. Again this is low tech. The stony dessert areas can we windrowed with the surface stones at right angles to the prevailing winds. These windrows can also act as dew catchers as well as unconsolidated roadbeds. The exposed areas between will usually have some sands exposed as a result of the removal of the cover. Additional sand will also blow in with each dust storm. This becomes the growing area for supported trees.

In addition, on the coasts it is possible to build massive greenhouses that integrate seawater as an evaporating water source for supplying ample fresh water for plant growing. Occasional flash floods can also be locally contained and redistributed. As the program matures we will see an expansion of surface runoff and riverine gathering of these waters that can be captured and used to support additional open field farming.

As first suggested fifty years ago the engineers can do one more major trick in the case of the Sahara. It would be feasible to divert a substantial part of the waters of the Congo north into the Lake Chad Basin and on through into the Libyan Desert. This would have a nominal effect in the Congo Basin itself since it is rainforest and is not dependent on the river system maintaining groundwater levels. The Lake Chad Basin could be partially refilled and the surrounding countryside could be fully irrigated, perhaps creating a major rice bowl supporting 100,000,000 people. The evaporating moisture from the huge area covered will also increase precipitation in the direction of the prevailing winds. Surplus water flowing into the Libyan Desert can readily support irrigation farming with enough left over to run into the Mediterranean.

Most irrigation technology is essentially temporary, even if temporary means two thousand years. Shifting to humidity collectors and inducing precipitation will recover even those soils ruined by the salt build up from long-term irrigation. And the trees so chosen should be capable of initially absorbing this overabundance of minerals.

The elimination of arid and desert areas around the globe will lead to a general increase in global precipitation and to a moderation of the climate in both the formerly dry areas and the surrounding climate zones. The absorption of solar energy will also induce a slight drop in average global temperatures. Huge amounts of carbon dioxide will also be taken up and huge amounts of water will be stored in these new ecosystems.

The evolution of this form of water husbandry should be directed toward using the evolved forest as a water retention system and a producer of a water surplus, which finds its best economic expression in supporting irrigated crops of high value. It is not hard to imagine a hundred-acre forest comfortably supporting perhaps twenty acres of cash crop and a small piggery for consuming waste produce. The economic productivity of forests, with the exception of specific orchard plants has a long realization cycle. Shifting the maintenance burden onto the local operator is critical and will require continuous fine-tuning and regulatory guidance. The onset of predictable rains will eventually relieve these operators of much of this burden since fewer collectors will be required.

I expect that a band as narrow as one hundred miles wide to the windward will be sufficient to initiate and sustain the natural precipitation cycle. The degree to which this will augment water requirements down wind can only be guessed at, but it can be expected to be significant. Losses will continuously occur because much rain will fall on barren rock and unusable highlands. Any that falls on the farms will be largely recaptured.

The same technique could also be applied to the more northerly dry zones. However, strong seasonal temperature swings with winter conditions makes this somewhat less attractive. Besides, many of these areas have a successful natural grassland culture, which is probably best left alone.

Northwest China and the Gobi

This area is now stricken with advancing desertification and major dust storms. Yet the land area involved that could be potentially recovered for agricultural purposes is probably over 100 million acres eliminating the dust storms forever. China also has the advantage of having a huge peasant population who would be natural operators of the derivative farms, already having the requisite skills. In addition effective mass production of the humidity collectors in China should quickly reduce the per-unit cost to the lowest possible level. A homestead type program can be envisaged that could mobilize millions of Chinese peasants to work for the opportunity to own a large farm.

A typical farm could consist of fifty acres, out of which forty acres are covered with economically valuable trees supported by humidity collectors. A gathering system, even if the farm starts with only 400 collectors will produce 20,000 to 40,000 liters of water per day plus a substantial amount of electrical power, which can be stored in various batteries. Cheap industrial grade lead-acid batteries, which last forever, come to mind. This provides water for the growing of the trees, but will also diverts surpluses to a central storage for use on the ten-acre plot. Unused water production on the off-season can be stored and used to support wet season field crops and the small garden. Animal husbandry can be steadily integrated into the operation, particularly if the trees are productive in fruits and nuts, as a consumer of waste organics. The wet season should also permit the growth of forage crops in the orchard. The numbers quoted are for illustration purposes. Each district will be engineered at first for the best likely configuration and inevitably modified greatly as the system matures.

China is currently under one political system, which means that this program could be implemented now. The reality is that most prospective terraforming initiatives require the cooperation of several governments. The idea of diverting water from the Congo to Lake Chad is today a near political impossibility. Feasibility is thus irrelevant.

Undoubtedly, once the human imagination recognizes the possibility of constructively terraforming the Earth we will have a flood of great ideas. I personally have no doubt that covering the deserts and semi arid zones with trees as well as restoring former woodlands with economically valuable trees and simultaneously integrating the work with the best agricultural practice will be the single best gift this generation can give the generations of the next millennia.

Monday, February 12, 2007

Carbon equation

We all need some base numbers to work from.

Recall that trees grown on mountain slopes support valley bottom agriculture.

Two Viable Solutions

Now that the Branson-Gore Prize has been announced, it is time to get serious about the issues.

First, we can recognize two absolute facts. That the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere is increasing as a direct consequence of human activity. And that global temperature has risen to a level not seen since the onslaught of the little ice age. Neither of these facts make us feel comfortable and intervention is desirable.

Second, the direct linkage between these two facts is correctly in dispute, but not very relevant.

This leads us to the issue of solutions, and more specifically, sustainable biological solutions. Non biological solutions will ultimately cost as much in energy and carbon consumption as is trapped because of rising difficulty.

It is also worth recalling that carbon dioxide is the chemical result of the oxidation of organic material which releases energy. This means that that any global industrial style strategy must at the very least, utilize cheap energy. And that ultimately means solar energy, one way or the other.

We thus have two options available to us.

The first and least acceptable is population management. That is we plan around a fixed carbon budget, not unlike an economy based on a fixed supply of gold. The result will be the same. Severe depressions and the concentration of carbon wealth and power into the hands of a minority, with the remainder operating on subsistence. This is the Kyoto formula.

It cannot be sustained politically.

The other solution lies in assisting the biosphere to sequester the surplus carbon while absorbing solar energy, which reduces the global temperature at the same time. And it really is that simple, just tricky in execution.

A corollary to such a solution is the evident fact that such a process must gainfully employ a significant proportion of the global population, and particularly that portion unable to fully participate yet in the industrial-service economy. We are describing 300,000,000 Chinese and 100,000,000 Africans for starters. A fully built out solution will directly involve the lives of one billion people globally, to say nothing of the support population.

I will discuss the practicalities and various aspects of this problem in posts to this Blog. These ideas came about in the development of my book 'Paradigms Shift' now been prepared for publication.


Born into a normal family and living a normal life is our protagonist, Makihara Yukino.

She’s a scatterbrained klutz who frequently suffers from bad luck. She is currently staying with her uncle, Makihara Yoichi. They live in the city, where she is working hard on her studies. As a result, she regularly goes to the library to study and read. While she was studying one day, she locked eyes with a young man who went to her school. Being shy, Yukino immediately averted her gaze until the young man spoke to her.  “Do you like that book?”

The young man’s name was Takanashi Souji.

While there one day, Souji confessed to her.

“For Souji’s sake, I’ll try to get into the same university!”

However, she was still under the care of her uncle. And he wouldn’t agree to pay the hefty admission fees. Wanting to pay the admission fee so she could get her foot in the door, she decided to take a part-time job.


in Events+ I am unable to save or publish any events.

I currently have Events+ installed and activated. I am unable to save events once I try to add any information other than the title of the event. The "saving draft" button just spins and spins and spins. Upon exiting and reentering the page, (event/edit) the data I previously entered is gone. This includes recurring dates/times etc. Please assist.


Recently I had dinner with my family – we had finished the main course and cleared the table and were all sitting down for coffee and dessert. I had just come into the dining room with my cup of coffee in hand, about to sit down and relax and enjoy an end to our meal, when my father, seated down at the opposite end of the table, asked, in his sweetest fatherly voice, “Angel Pie, can you get me a cup of coffee?

I smiled tightly, mildly annoyed (he could have asked before I went and got some), and answered in mocking geniality, “Anything for you, Dad.”

When I returned with his cup of coffee, I sat it down in front of him, but not without making a honey-veiled quip: “You just hate being catered to…

He thanked me but when I took my seat, he replied, “Yes, and some people forget when their fathers drive an hour down on a Saturday to move their daughter’s bedroom mirror an inch higher, and then ten minutes later drive an hour home because their daughter is too hungover to go to lunch.

Hmmm, yes, as a matter of fact, I forgot about that.

How many times do I self-righteously criticize and antagonize others for the very things I am guilty of? Ego is seeing our faults in everyone else and not ourself.


Spring in the Vineyard - Rainy Days and Mondays Don't Get Me Down

Overview Vineyard.jpg

Tasks in the vineyard vary considerably from one season to the next.  Spring is a two month frenzy, summer is longer and more evenly paced, and fall is a mad dash to the finish.  As we find ourselves in mid-May, we are thankful to be putting a wrap on spring with the vineyard looking healthy going into summer.  Despite a late spring snowstorm and some recent days of rain, the pruning, mowing and first round of in-ground fertility are complete.  As I look out on a gloomy, rainy day, I remind myself that as a farmer, rain is pretty much always a good thing.  I think Luke Bryan mentions that in a country song.

Vineyards are not always thought of as farms.  Maybe that's because in some geographic areas...ours included...they are just not very common.  But even though vineyards are rarely referred to as grape farms, that is truly what they are.  And while it might sound romantic to call "a person who cultivates grapes for a living" a vigneron (vin'-yer-on), that person is a farmer.  And as a farmer, he (or she) is at the mercy of Mother Nature 24/7.  The day of the week does not matter when it comes to weed control, and the hour of the day does not matter when it comes time to spray.  Mother Nature sets the schedule and expects you to punch in on time.  If you don't, she is a brutal mistress.  But if I had to choose between being a grape farmer and any of my previous careers, of which there were several, I'd take farming hands down, every time.  I am more fit than I was in my twenties, and I sleep like a well fed baby.  Fresh air and sunshine does a body good, and so does hard, physical labor.  So when Monday rolls around, I no longer get the blues because its just another day on the farm.

Vineyard update.jpg

As we move into early summer in the vineyard, we turn our attention to bud break, and we anxiously watch the weather.  At this point in their development, grape buds are very tender, and a low temperature of 30 degrees for just a few hours can devastate the entire season's crop.  With the full moon at the very end of May, we are crossing our fingers that the coldest mornings are behind us.  With forecasted highs in the 70's and 80's on the near horizon, it won't be long before buds become flowers.  And flowers become grapes.  And grapes become wine.  Ain't Mother Nature grand?

Join us again next week as we head inside the winery to put the finishing touches on two white wines releasing soon.  We'll talk about how they are similar, how they are different, and in the wine lab, whether art or science ultimately wins the day.


Fail to meet Mystic Words

Mystic Words is developed by Dada Li. Those who want to improve their vocabulary will find this game very helpful.

So you want the answers to the clue “Fail to meet“? Well you are in the right place. Every level presents you with a grid of letter tiles and clues. These tiles contain maximum three letters each and clues are somewhat like puzzle hints. You also know that this clue has an answer with 4 letters. Still having problems getting the answer?

Fail to meet 4 letters

Answer: Miss

Now tap on the letters to make the word Miss. It shouldn’t be so difficult. Hint: Start with the puzzles that are easier to figure out.

Finished solving this puzzle? You may want to return to the Mystic Words PapayaWhip to find the answers to another puzzle in this category. For the daily puzzles click here!

New search?

You can use the search box to search for the answers to another clue.

Type some part of the clue.

Select the pack (optional)

About the clue “Fail to meet“:

Category: Mystic words PapayaWhip
Level number: 32
Letters: 4 letters
Answer: Miss

Fail to meet

The answers are provided manually so some of the clues might have a typo in it. If this is the case, go to our friendly website Fail to meet and get the exact answer.

The developer not only focused on the content, but graphics and presentation is also outstanding. It can make a boring atmosphere into somewhat enjoyable and relaxing. It is a great puzzle game for mobile gamers.


The Diabetes Types Guide

How to Achieve Type 2 Diabetes Reversal with Lifestyle Change!

Diabetes Uk Just Giving

In the pancreas, this excess fat causes the failure of insulin-producing cells. The Counterpoint study, released in 2011, confirmed that if excessive dietary intake was drastically reduced by a very low-calorie diet, all these abnormal factors would be reversed. s. The study showed a profound drop in liver fat content leading to a normalization of hepatic insulin sensitivity within 7 days of starting a low-calorie diet. in people with type 2 diabetes.

Although people with type 2 diabetes do not have specific symptoms, an increase in thirst is a hallmark symptom of the disease. Increased thirst can accompany other symptoms such as frequent urination, feelings of unusual hunger, dry mouth and weight gain or loss. Other symptoms may occur if hyperglycaemia persists: fatigue, blurred vision and cephalitis. Often, type 2 diabetes is identified only after its negative health consequences are apparent.

Some people manage by diet and exercise alone. Others need oral medications, insulin, other injectable medications or a combination of type 2 diabetes - as well as nutrition and fitness - to control the glycemia. There are many treatment options. What your doctor prescribes may be dependent on your other health problems and the effectiveness of certain medications. : 12 myths about insulin and type 2 diabetes No cure can cure diabetes.

It has been shown that APDS blocks the breakdown of insulin by the liver and may stimulate insulin production by the pancreas, thus increasing the amount of insulin and Reducing blood sugar levels. Several uncontrolled human studies and at least one double-blind clinical trial have shown that large amounts of onions can lower blood sugar levels in people with diabetes mellitus. type 2. Onion does not reduce blood sugar levels in healthy, non-diabetic people.

An option for your Type 2 Diabetes Diet is to adopt a Mediterranean style of herbal, incorporating healthy oils, fish, fruits, vegetables, nuts and Beans. Or "Create your plate" using an online tool from the American Diabetes Association. Fill half of your plate with not-so-fresh vegetables, a quarter with protein and a quarter with cereals or other starch-rich foods. Add a serving of fruit, dairy products, or both, and use healthy fats in small amounts.

But now, Newcastle researchers have shown that the disease can be reversed, even in obese people who have had the disease for a long time. 18 obese people with type 2 diabetes who underwent gastric band surgery and had a restricted diet for eight weeks were cured of their disease. In the trial, patients aged 25 to 65 lost an average of 2.2 stones, or about 13% of their body weight. Basically, they also lost 0.6 grams of fat from their pancreas, allowing the organ to secrete normal levels of insulin.

Your doctor will advise you on the treatment that's right for you, but anyway, it's important to make healthy food choices and stay active. The goal is to reduce your blood sugar and improve the use of insulin by your body. This is achieved through: The goal of your dietary choices and regular exercise is to achieve and maintain healthy levels of glycemia. Losing weight helps your body better use insulin.

Insulin sensitivity is the key in this area. The goal of your pancreas is to produce the hormone insulin and to secrete it into your bloodstream, regulating your glucose levels to the levels your body needs to live. Chances are, if you have one or more of these risk factors, or if your blood sugar is high, you will be controlled for diabetes and insulin, either in pill form or by injection - and sometimes both.

Dr. Rhonda Todd, MD, internal medicine, is doing her part to educate the pre-diabet. Based near Ann Arbor, Michigan, she tries to test as many patients as she can for pre-diabetes if they fit a risk profile, using the A1C test. Most private insurers cover the costs of an A1C test, just like Medicaid and Medicare when the patient has risk factors. Todd said she never had a problem getting an approved test.

Charity Video about why I want to raise money for kidney research and Diabetes UK. If you Do want to donate, donate at Just giving Diabetes Uk-…

Updated: 2018-02-15 — 6:02 am


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The fast diet must not be exceeding these 5 days due to its low caloric level. The fast diet lets you eat as you like 5 days a week, and then you fast for the other 2 days. Does it work, and is it safe? The fast diet is an overall health and weight loss diet that emphasizes fasting during certain days of the week. Its also known as the 5:2 diet. The fast diet @fastdietbook more. Copy link to Tweet. The fast diet Retweeted. Bbc radio 2Verified account osco @bbcradio2. The 5:2 diet, also known as The fast diet, is currently the most popular intermittent fasting diet. It was popularized by British doctor and journalist Michael Mosley. (compromissen zien te sl uit.) daar is kop noch staart aan te vinden (daar geraak je niet uit wijs) commandeer je hond en blaf zelf (dat bevel weiger ik uit te voeren) dat is er een uit de arke noachs (dat is er een. (staat in de alg. ) inacentralposition, butalsocontaining giggling (hihi) and lots of emotionally loaded adjectives, such as lief and lieve ( sweet schattig ( cute leuk and leuke ( nice ).

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of intermittent fasting, and stop doing it immediately if any adverse effects occur. The 5:2 diet is an easy, effective way to lose weight and improve metabolic health. Many people find it much easier to stick to than conventional calorie restriction. If you're looking to lose weight or improve your health, the 5:2 diet is definitely something to consider.

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Fast, diet : quick

Intermittent fasting kosten is not for everyone, and some people are unable to tolerate. Bottom Line: It is normal to be hungry or feel a little weaker during the first few fasts. If you repeatedly feel faint or ill, then you should probably stop the diet. Although intermittent fasting is very safe for healthy, well-nourished people, it does not suit everyone. Some people should avoid dietary restrictions and fasting completely. These include: Individuals with a history of eating disorders. Individuals sensitive to drops in blood sugar levels. Pregnant women, nursing mothers, teenagers, children and individuals with type 1 diabetes. People who are malnourished, underweight or have known inzamelen nutrient deficiencies. Women who are trying to conceive or have issues with fertility. Furthermore, intermittent fasting may not be as beneficial for some women as it is for men ( 20, 21 ).

Here are 27 meal plans for 500-calorie fast days. You can find all kinds of information and recipes on the chat forum of the official Fast diet website. There are also several books and cookbooks available for the 5:2 diet, including the original best-selling The fast diet book. Bottom Line: There are many meal plans and recipes available on the internet for 500600 calorie fast days. Sticking to nutritious, high-fiber and high-protein foods is a good idea. During the first few fast days, you can expect to have episodes of overwhelming hunger. It is also normal to feel a little weaker or slower than usual. However, you'll be surprised about how quickly the hunger fades, especially if you try to keep busy with work or other errands. Additionally, most people find that the fast days become easier after the first few fasts. If you are not used to fasting, it may be a good idea to keep a small snack handy during your first few fasts, just in case you feel faint or ill. But if you repeatedly find yourself feeling ill or faint during fast days, then have something to eat and talk with your doctor about whether you should continue.

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Studies have shown that they may make you feel more full than the same ingredients in original form, or foods with the same calorie content ( 18, 19 ). Here are a few examples of foods that may be suitable for fast days: A generous portion of vegetables. Natural yogurt with berries. Boiled or baked eggs. Grilled fish or lean meat. Soups (for example miso, tomato, cauliflower or vegetable). Still or sparkling water. There is no specific, correct way to eat on fasting days. You have to experiment and figure out what works best for you. Delicious Low-Calorie meals There are plenty of websites with delicious meal plans and recipes for the 5:2 diet. Check out this site for plenty of low-calorie meal ideas. This site offers ideas for 10 fasting days that are worth checking out.

Welcome to 5:2 intermittent fasting » The, fast, diet

Intermittent fasting causes a much smaller reduction in muscle mass than weight loss with conventional calorie restriction ( 15, 16 ). Intermittent fasting is even more effective when combined with exercise, such as endurance or strength training ( 17 ). Bottom Line: The 5:2 diet should be very effective for weight loss, if done correctly. It may lactose help reduce belly fat, as well as help maintain muscle mass during weight loss. There is no rule as to what or when you must eat on the fasting days. Some people function best by beginning the day with a small breakfast, while others find it best to start eating as late as possible. Generally, there are two meal patterns that people use: Three small meals: Usually breakfast, lunch and dinner. Two slightly bigger meals: Only lunch and dinner. Since calorie intake is limited — 500 for women and 600 for men — it makes sense to use your calorie budget wisely. Try to focus on nutritious, high-fiber, high-protein foods that will make you feel full without consuming too many calories. Soups are a great option on fast days. vast dieet

Reduced levels of crp, an important marker of inflammation in the body. Decreased levels of leptin by up. Bottom Line: The 5:2 diet may have several impressive health benefits. These include weight loss, reduced insulin resistance and decreased inflammation. Blood lipids may also be improved. If you need to lose weight, the 5:2 diet can be very effective when done right. This is mainly because the 5:2 eating pattern helps you consume fewer calories. Therefore, it is very important not to compensate for the fasting days by eating much more on the non-fasting days. Intermittent fasting does not cause more weight loss than regular calorie restriction if total calories are matched ( 13, hoeveel 14 ). That being said, fasting protocols similar to the 5:2 diet have shown a lot of promise in studies on weight loss: A recent review found that modified alternate day fasting caused weight loss of 38 over the course of 324 weeks ( 15 ). In the same study, participants lost 47 of their waist circumference, meaning that they lost a lot of harmful belly fat.

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Many studies have shown that different types of intermittent fasting may significantly reduce insulin levels ( maken 2, 6, 7 ). One study showed that the 5:2 diet caused weight loss similar to regular calorie restriction. Additionally, the diet was very effective at reducing insulin levels and improving insulin sensitivity ( 8 ). Several studies have looked into the health effects of modified alternate day fasting, which is very similar to the 5:2 diet (ultimately, it's a 4:3 diet) ( 9 ). The 4:3 diet may help reduce insulin resistance, asthma, seasonal allergies, heart arrhythmias, menopausal hot flashes and more ( 10, 11 ). One randomized controlled trial in both normal weight and overweight individuals showed major improvements in the group doing 4:3 fasting, compared to the control group that ate normally ( 12 ). After 12 weeks, the fasting group had: Reduced body weight by more than. Reduced fat mass.5 kg, with no change in muscle mass. Reduced blood levels of triglycerides. Increased ldl particle size (which is a good thing).

vast dieet

Then, on the other two days, you reduce your calorie intake osco to a quarter of your daily needs. This is extra about 500 calories per day for women, and 600 for men. You can choose whichever two days of the week you prefer, as long as there is at least 1 non-fasting day in between. A common way of planning the week is to fast on Mondays and Thursdays, with 2 or 3 small meals, then eating normally for the rest of the week. It's important to emphasize that eating "normally" does not mean you can eat literally anything. If you binge on junk food, then you probably won't lose any weight, and may even gain weight. You should eat the same amount of food as if you hadn't been fasting at all. Bottom Line: The 5:2 diet involves eating normally for five days a week, then restricting your calorie intake to 500600 calories on the other two days. There are very few studies that test the 5:2 diet specifically. However, there are plenty of studies on intermittent fasting as a whole, which show impressive health benefits ( 2, 3 ). One important benefit is that intermittent fasting seems to be easier to follow than continuous calorie restriction, at least for some people ( 4, 5 ).

Dieet ja treening

Intermittent fasting is an eating pattern that involves regular fasting. The korting 5:2 diet, also known as The fast diet, is currently the most popular intermittent fasting diet. It was popularized by British doctor and journalist Michael Mosley. It's called the 5:2 diet because five days of the week are normal eating days, while the other two restrict calories koffie to 500600 per day. This diet is actually more of an eating pattern than a diet. There are no requirements about which foods to eat, but rather when you should eat them. Many people find this way of eating to be easier to stick to than a traditional calorie-restricted diet ( 1 ). This article explains everything you need to know about the 5:2 diet. The 5:2 diet is actually very simple to explain. For five days a week, you eat normally and dont have to think about restricting calories.

Vast dieet
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(giftige stoffen: alkoloiden zoals delfine en ajacine) Symptomen: Branderig gevoel van de mond, lippen en tong gevolgd door gevoelloosheid en tintelingen. (in het engels) Sint-Janskruid - hypericum perforatum waar te vinden Sint-Janskruid groeit in hooilanden, wegbermen, bosranden, heggen, langs akkers. (Reguliere) medicatie helpt niet bij bronchiolitis en virale bovensteluchtweg-infecties, zegt hij, dat is voldoende aangetoond door onderzoek. "a-netze könnten in nakiska gar nicht stehen sagt waibel, dort bietet die strecke nicht den Platz. (2006) Curcuminoids enhance amyloid-beta uptake by macrophages of Alzheimers disease patients.

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086540 ürünün kısa açıklaması otomatik olarak oluşturulmuştur ve ürün başlığı ve en önemli 6 özellikten oluşur. (zie hiervoor bij de links: de natuurlijke molen.). 1 Rabbit, guinea pig, saunders publishing 2002. (Hans) moolenburgh in vakblad Dynamis, enkele uitspraken (iets aangepast - we hadden in 1931 slechts 1 ziek kind in de klas, tegenwoordig is dat gemiddeld. (2010) Ann Intern Med 153:289-298.

vast dieet Habin, Sat, May, 05, 2018

(Eigen ervaring met een andere crème bij eczeem: zie de alinea daarover op deze pagina). 01: Chassiskop en Bodemplaten. 1 jaar, 4 maanden geleden NUweekend Aarde kan in 2050 op groene energie draaien, maar waarschijnlijk is het niet Volgens het rapport Energy (r)evolution van Greenpeace kan de wereld.

vast dieet Kuqafifo, Sat, May, 05, 2018

(Mediapost) seo facts #151 In Q3 2015, 78 of Facebooks.3 billion in advertising revenue worldwide came from ads on mobile devices. . (in het engels) Wilde kardinaalsmuts - euonymus europaeus waar te vinden de wilde kardinaalsmuts vind je meestal in tuinen en parken. (zie figuur 2 figuur 2: "Opmaken als tabel" knop in de Stijlen groep op de Start tab.

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(Klik op het tabblad Gegevens in de groep Externe gegevens ophalen op Verbindingen.) Met dit dialoogvenster kunt u het volgende doen: Verbindingen die in de werkmap worden gebruikt, maken, bewerken, vernieuwen en verwijderen. ) kunnen de symptomen variëren: Ongetwijfeld is kortademigheid (of dyspnoe) de meest voorkomende en én van de vroegste manifestaties van hartfalen. (De daadwerkelijke naam van de kolom wordt middels deze optie getoond.) deel 6 Een rij Totalen toevoegen aan een tabel 1 Klik met de rechtermuisknop op een willekeurige cel in de tabel. (Universiteit Utrecht, 30 november 2004) Afvallen met Atkins dieet is niet gezond ).

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Our bodies are arguably subjected to many physical and mental stresses and strains throughout our lives. Some can be due to living environment, work / school, relationships, diet, exercise, and even genetic inheritance. Traits affecting our temperament type are also increasingly being seen as an important factor in governing how we respond to life's challenges.

Other stresses and strains can occur as a result of accidents, impact injuries, ‘repetitive strain injuries’, poor posture, ‘whole body vibration’ micro-trauma from long hours travelling or operating machinery, overdoing things when unfit, illness and surgery, childbirth and delivery to name but a few from a seemingly endless list.


FirebrandRoaring  ·  193 days ago  ·  link  ·    ·  parent  ·  post: Poem: Tokyo Architects

This adds evidence to my theory that poetry is a mostly intuitive, feeling (as opposed to thinking) endeavor. The best things seem to come out when we act on what we feel is right.

I'm not a poetry man, but I've always been curious. I've written poems, but they were painstakingly crafted by hand as opposed to flowing out of me (which is also a sentiment I heard from a girl in the university who writes poetry).

In the example you gave, I wonder why you didn't break the line on the infinitive:

    It has always taken more energy

to create than it has

to destroy

It seems to line up nicely, creating a refrain — a powerful tool to our pattern-seeking minds — as well as visual and semantic symmetry. "energy" is not the important part here: it's the antithesis of the creative and the destructive which you compare all the way throughout the poem. What do you think?


How to write a letter of

how to write a letter of

Letters of recommendation are often used by the judicial system to verify a person's character and rehabilitation if you've been asked to write a letter. “my pet hates: incomplete and inaccurate application forms, no covering letter, poor grammar and spelling, careless handwriting and letters written on. The letter of interest is written expecting that they will respond to you with a favorable reply later here are tips on how to write a letter of interest. Tips and tricks on how to write a successful motivation letter. Learn what you should and should not include in a letter of continued interest when you've been deferred or waitlisted by a college. Use the menu below to view examples of business letter format block form indented form block form 5 hill street madison, wisconsin 53700 march 15, 2005. A letter of undertaking clearly explains mutually agreed upon project terms it is sent by the party performing the work.

how to write a letter of

How to write an amazing letter of interest that will the trigger rabid interest in you from your ideal company or organization example templates included. A letter of clemency is just that: a letter asking a court to show mercy on a person convicted of a crime so keep the main aim of the letter in mind as you write it. The physical heft of a letter gives the communication a psychological weight that email and texts just don’t have take out your pad and paper today. Some businesses are still very particular about how their written communications are structured this guide shows you how to write a great business letter. How to write a letter of recommendation writing a letter of recommendation can be intimidating, especially because the person you're writing it.

Formal letters are different to informal letters we write formal letters to a bank, a doctor, the local council, your landlord or a company we write. 40+ letter of introduction templates & examples then you’ll want to write the letter using terms and words that they associate with their company.

So, you’ve been asked to write a letter of recommendation aside from the immediate awkwardness of having to articulate how we think and feel about. You can write your own letter of agreement for many different reasons a letter of agreement is a formal agreement between two people or two parties for renting. The most important element of writing a good letter is your ability to identify and write to your audience if you are writing a letter to your love interest, it will. How to write a letter of recommendation, including what to include in each section of the letter, how to send it, and sample letters of recommendation.

To be considered for almost any position, you will need to write a letter of application such a letter introduces you, explains your purpose for writing.

  • The key to how to write a letter whether it is in formal, personal or cover format is to communicate in the clearest way possible in the modern age consisting of.
  • Learn how to write informal letters in english with sample opening and closing sentences.
  • If you have foreign family or friends wishing to visit the united states, a visa letter of invitation might help here are some tips on what to write, and a sample.
  • So, you’ve decided to move on you’ve signed on the dotted line at your new gig, and now all that’s standing in between you and your fab new job is.
  • Have you been asked to write an introduction letter we have put together helpful tips for writing an introduction letter.
  • Writing a personal condolence letter can mean a lot to someone grieving a loved one's death learn how to find the right words to express sympathy.
  • Formal letter writing how to write formal letters help with formal and business letter writing a summary of writing rules including outlines for cover.

How to write a letter knowing how to write a letter is a fundamental skill you'll use in business, school, and personal relationships to communicate information. How to write a formal letter of application for the new fce exam here’s a sample topic that has been divided into paragraphs and each of the sections explained.

how to write a letter of
How to write a letter of
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Quran – Surah Al-Hashr – Verse 21

The Atheist and the villagers were laughing. The
Atheist said to the villagers, “This scholar is mad.
How can a tree became a boat by itself with no one
made it? How can a boat exist with no maker who made

Quran – Verse 82, Surah Al-Israa

“Allah it is who raised up the heavens without
visible supports, then mounted the Throne, and
compelled the sun and the moon to be of service, each
runneth unto an appointed term; He ordereth the
course; He detaileth the revelations, that haply ye
may be certain of the meeting with your Lord.”
[Quran 13:2]

I was really in need of this article.Asalam 3alikom.Great thanks…

May Allah reward all those that are supporting and making this publications to us.

The Atheist and the villagers were waiting for the
scholar, but the scholar did not come right on time.
When the Atheist and the villagers thought that the
scholar will not come for the debate, then the scholar
showed up.

Hassan AwolaruMSSN, Remo Area Council

The human ability to see colors limited to certain
frequencies. People only could hear limited
frequencies. Sometimes the light not only very
dazzling but also could make people blind. So is the
sound. Certain sound could not be heard by human sense
while other sound which is very loud could destroy
human‘s hearing.

Thank you so much for sharing this useful article.

The Earth where 8 billion people live has
circumference 40,000 km. The circumference of the Sun
is 4.3 million km. The Sun and its 8 planets along
with 100 billion stars are in the Milky Way galaxy
whose length is 100,000 light years away.

wow that really encouraged me to become a better musliminshallah

Milky Way is only a galaxy among thousands galaxies
that form a Cluster. This cluster with thousands
clusters form 1 Super Cluster. And thousands of Super
Clusters form the Universe whose length is 30 billion
light years away! Remember, the number 30 billion
light years away only current estimation since the
strongest telescope today only could reach 15 billion
light years away.

may ALLAH reward all who have posted here.

Imagine if the distance between Earth and the Sun is
150 million km and passed by the light in just 8
minute, then the whole Universe passed by the light in
30 billion years. That is equal to 285 billion
trillion km away. If a man could run 40 km/hour
without stopping, he would pass the distance in
810,000 trillion years!

As salam o alaikum Warahematullahi wabarakatuhu .

How many molecular things even nucleus (hair divided
in millions) that cannot be seen by people yet exist?
People could only see those things by using a very
powerful microscope.


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If you’re unaware, STEM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. STEM is largely being heralded as the industrial savior of the United States.

Here’s the deal. STEM degrees are getting tons of funding in academia because they’re driving a lot of enrollment. Greater enrollment of STEM students == more tuition. It’s simple stuff, but this is often coming at a cost. In many universities (and I wish I had the Journal of Higher Education I could reference), the humanities programs are suffering budget cuts as STEM becomes more popular. Some universities are even toying with removing some humanities from core curriculum, allowing students to focus more on STEM classes. It’s at this point I must draw a line. Perhaps (okay, it’s definite) I’m biased, but this criticism isn’t without a logical basis.

When I was still in college, I worked as a tutor, helping other students in remedial English as well as critiquing papers in an online writing lab that the English department ran. The majority of my students were in STEM programs. Granted, most of the students in the university were STEM, but there were a disproportionate number of STEM students to humanities or education or psychology.

Many of these students were incredibly bright. These were people with genius level intelligences, acing their Engineering classes while being almost incapable of writing a complete sentence. It pained me to see, because I knew how frustrating it must be for them, being so clever but struggling so much with one thing. I knew because that’s how I felt in math classes.

I point this out because these engineers are going on to have successful careers building the machines and softwares we all use, and that takes a significant amount of creativity. It takes foresight and ingenuity to be able to look at a problem and abstract it to find a novel solution. The problem is, they—no doubt—have difficulty explaining those solutions to other people. They rely on technical writers who are, by and large, not STEM students; rather, they’re humanities students trained to interpret these kinds of technical works.

Think of the great engineers and inventors the world has seen: Nicola Tesla, Leonardo Da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, and any number of others. These were men possessing obviously above-average creative minds, but more than that, they were almost always men of letters. They not only knew and understood what it meant to think critically, but also to effectively explain those thoughts to other people.

I hold a literature degree, and I work in STEM. You have no idea how many times I have had to justify myself to employers or peers. Because I didn’t study computer science or math or business systems, I am some kind of oddity, almost a pariah. In my work as a Systems Administrator, I am thankful for my degree almost every day. Studying English language and literature gave me critical thinking and abstraction skills I might not have gained otherwise. Studying creative writing gave me a sense of observation. These have allowed me to take seemingly disparate parts of a problem and stitch them together, giving me insight I may have otherwise missed if my thoughts were bound as tightly as they might have been with traditional STEM education.

Because that’s what STEM looks like to me: creativity bounded. Engineers are bounded by physics, mathematicians are bounded by . . . whatever rules mathematicians are bounded by. (Hey. I did admit to being bad at math).

When it comes to the kinds of computer-related problems I solve, I have to consider problems of budget, problems of usability, and problems of technology. I have to deconstruct these problems, turn them into a cohesive whole, and find the solution that best fits. The technological and budgetary pieces are bounded, and thus require the kind of creativity you’d traditionally find in STEM, but the usability portion is something different. It isn’t immediately quantifiable, and it takes a different kind of abstraction from the others. That different, admittedly fuzzier, kind of unbounded abstraction is the most valuable thing I learned from my time studying the humanities.

I think if there were a touch more of this kind of critical thought, of this kind of abstraction, the up-and-coming STEM workers of the world will be significantly more prepared to handle the challenges that come up in their everyday personal and professional lives. A little bit of silliness, a little bit of whimsy, a little bit of unbounded, unbridled creativity can do the mind a whole world of good.


(spacer)EdGate Gateway to the Summer Games torch image(spacer)
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(placeholder) Brought to you by EdGate and Griffin Publishing Athens 2004

Officially, this country is known as the Federal Republic of Germany. Casually, most people simply call it Germany. Germany's capital city is Berlin.

Click a link to read more about Country Background | Related Links
More Countries

Country Background
In 1945, after the end of World War II, Germany was divided into two parts: East Germany and West Germany. East Germany, also called the German Democratic Republic, was placed under Soviet rule. West Germany, or the Federal Republic of Germany, comprised the areas that the British, French, and American troops occupied during the war. In 1955, the Federal Republic of Germany gained independence as a democratic state. Until 1989, the Berlin Wall split the city of Berlin in two and served as the dividing line between the communist and democratic German republics. East Berlin was named the capital of East Germany.

In 1989, after 40 years of separation, the Berlin Wall was dismantled in the midst of demonstrations in East Germany. After the fall of the wall, East and West Germany agreed to reunite and became one unified Germany in 1990. Since reunification, Germany has undergone massive changes. Having spent decades developing different political, economic, and social structures, Germans have found consolidation more difficult than they first anticipated. For instance, the German government has had to reorganize itself. Five years after reunification, Germany joined the European Union and continues work together with other European nations.

There are many fantastic castles in Germany, several from medieval times. Kings often built these castles to defend a piece of land or a group of people under their reign. Today, some castles remain standing and have been restored to their former glory, but others only exist as ruins.

Germany boasts a great number of musical geniuses. Many famous classical composers were from Germany. One world renowned composer, Johann Sebastian Bach, was born in the town of Eisenach, Germany. Germans consider Bach so influential that this year they dedicated an entire year of musical performances to him. Another well known German composer was Richard Strauss. Strauss composed the opera Don Juan and Don Quixote, and was a talented conductor as well as a skilled musician.

Germany has hosted the Olympic Games a number of times. Though the athletic events proved thrilling at these Games, international political conflicts also colored the competitions. The 1936 Summer Olympic Games in Berlin and the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen of the same year were extremely controversial, as they were held during a time when Adolf Hitler was rising to power. Trouble again struck the Munich Games in 1972, when terrorists broke into the athletes' village and took some participants hostage. Despite the trauma, the Games continued and athletes posted some remarkable individual records and team times.

Related Links

There is a lot more to learn about Germany!

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Laminate Home Interior

A laminate home is the home that will make you feel like in a village or in a country side where you are surrounded by woods, rice field, stock and rivers. This kind of house is going to be very refreshing if you live in it. You can feel like you go with nature since even if the house don’t use real hardwood as its floor or furniture, but it uses laminate that adopts the wood and stone texture and color as the floor or several furniture. Some people want to have a house that is modern, elegant but still has the nature feeling like and nature friendly environment.

Having a house with real hardwood would be very difficult, expensive and also long in process of building it. However, in the big city that’s full of modern facilities, it will also rather difficult to get the natural feeling that you can get from the country side, therefore laminate home can be the solution of your problem.

The Kitchen laminate interior

When you want to have a laminate home, then, you need to know the interior of the house that can be very good to make use of the laminate for. The first room that is suggested to use laminate interior is the kitchen. There are a lot of ways to design the kitchen with laminate interior.

If you want to have a country house feeling then, you can try to use all bight wood laminate floor and furniture along with the cabinets and cooking counter. The choice of the design of the furniture will decide the sense of elegance. But if you want to have a more modern but nature friendly kitchen, you can try to use the dark brown wood color laminate floor. You can also use dark and grey combination of stoneline eating table. The other furniture can be not laminate.

Gallery of Laminate Home Interior


Potential new target for Asthma treatment discovered

Researchers at LMB, lead by Dr Andrew McKenzie, have discovered a novel cell type that could lead to the development of new treatments for asthma, a disease that affects the lives of 5.4 million people in the UK.

The new cells, named nuocytes, are a key early source of Interleukin 13 (IL-13), a crucial immune chemical in the asthma response. Thus, nuocytes represent a previously missing link in the critical immune pathway that is turned on during asthma attacks.

The body’s immune reaction to a parasitic worm infection is very similar to what happens during an asthma attack. The immune pathways that evolved to provide protection from parasitic worm infections become inappropriately activated in patients that suffer from asthma.

IL-13 is produced when the immune pathway is activated. In this research, either parasitic worms or immune chemicals (IL-25 and IL-33) that are known to cause the production of IL-13 were used to turn on the immune pathway.
The research was carried out using a mouse model in which a fluorescent protein is produced whenever IL-13 production starts. Once the immune pathway had been activated, scientists could see that one particular cell type multiplied, and that these were marked by the fluorescent protein, indicating they were the major source of IL-13.

Closer examination of the cells revealed that they were a previously unidentified cell type. The new cell type was named nuocyte because these cells are the main source of IL-13, and nu is the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet.

The researchers then used a second mouse model to prove that nuocytes are a critical component in the immune pathway. This second mouse model cannot respond to IL-25 or IL-33, two of the main immune chemicals that start the immune response during worm infections or when asthma is triggered.

When the second mouse model was infected with parasitic worms, nuocytes did not multiply, levels of IL-13 did not increase and the worm infection was not cleared. However, when nuocytes were then added to these mice, the immune response was restored and the worms were expelled.

Notably, if the added nuocytes were unable to produce IL-13, the worm infection was once again not cleared. This proved that nuocytes are a key component of the immune pathway that is activated upon parasitic worm infection, or when asthma is triggered. The inappropriate production of IL-13 in asthma patients triggers the reactions that cause the airways to become narrower and irritated, making it difficult to breathe. It is hoped that by stopping nuocytes producing IL-13 these symptoms will be reduced.

Dr Michael Neuberger, Joint Head of LMB’s Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division and immunology expert, commented :”This is very exciting work. It is not often that that someone identifies a new type of white cell in the blood. This new cell, the nuocyte, not only plays a critical role in protection from parasitic infection but it is also likely to be of primary importance in asthma. So its discovery may well open up new avenues in the treatment of asthma as well as some allergic diseases.”

Research efforts are now focussing on identifying nuocytes in humans and verifying their involvement in asthma.

The research was published in Nature on 3rd March.

Further references:

Nature article
Asthma UK website


Asa Stone, Innovation Faculty Developer, Fall 2014

Experiential Learning

My mission as an Innovative Faculty Developer is to promote applications of experiential learning. Experiential learning is a process of understanding through direct experiences. It helps students uncover the previously unknown relevance of course contents to its applications. It is also known as action learning and learning by doing.

In an experiential learning environment, students 1) experience a course topic first hand through an activity, 2) reflect on the activity and share their perspectives with others, 3) analyze their experience, and 4) conceptualize their experience and connect the activity, their reflection, and the course concept, and 5) experiment with their learning experience by applying it their own lives. These five steps actively engage students in a given topic and promote student knowledge and skill retention. My action research suggests that experiential learning activities provide students opportunities for not only academic development (e.g. improved performance and retention) but also personal development (e.g. improved interest and confidence). It also suggests that students appreciated experiential learning opportunities. As an evidence-based tool, ample peer-reviewed manuscripts are available as well. For more information, please visit my storify (

To get more information about this professional development initiative, contact Asa at .


The Innocence of Negligence

57 Pages Posted: 31 May 2015

Heidi M. Hurd

University of Illinois College of Law

Date Written: July 1, 2014

This article defends the claim that negligence is not blameworthy, and that the system of accident law that dominates Anglo-American law is thus not, in fact, fault-based. Recognizing that this claim contradicts hundreds of years of case law and jurisprudential rhetoric, the article systematically examines five alternative bases upon which it might be tempting to predicate claims of fault in cases in which persons have inadvertently caused harm. On these accounts, we are entitled to blame, and therefore to transfer the costs of accidental injuries, to negligent actors because: (1) they deliberately chose to violate per se precautionary rules that exist to safeguard others from inadvertent injury, and in so doing they culpably engaged in objectively faulty conduct, even if they did not subjectively appreciate its risks; or, (2) they deliberately chose to do acts that they knew would make their later inadvertence to risks unjustifiably likely, and we can properly blame them for those prior culpable choices, even if we cannot blame them for the inadvertence that later attended their injurious actions; or (3) while they made no relevant choices with regard to the accidental injuries they caused, they possessed unexercised capacities, which if exercised, would have prompted them to choose a risk-free course of conduct; or, (4) they possessed defective motor skills, cognitive capacities, or volitional resources which were themselves morally blameworthy or which, if not themselves blameworthy, were causally significant to the accidental injury in ways that could have been prevented; or (5) they possessed defects of character which were themselves blameworthy, and which caused their failure to advert to the risks of their behavior, thus making such inadvertence blameworthy.

As I shall argue, none of these arguments succeed in grounding the claim that negligence is morally blameworthy. None thus provide a basis for thinking that negligence liability is fault-based. Absent any further account of how inadvertent injuries are culpably caused, tort law and tort theorists should confess that negligence liability is just another species of strict liability. Corrective justice theorists who are anxious to preserve the claim that tort law should be in the business of redressing culpable wrongs should thus either urge the doctrinal adoption of genuine culpability conditions or get on with the task of vindicating the morality of redistributing losses to those who have voluntarily caused them, however innocently.

Keywords: negligence; strict liability; corrective justice; tort liability; capacity(ies); character; culpable(ility); inadvertence

Suggested Citation

Hurd, Heidi M., The Innocence of Negligence (July 1, 2014). Available at SSRN: or

Heidi M. Hurd (Contact Author)

University of Illinois College of Law ( email )

504 E. Pennsylvania Avenue
Champaign, IL 61820
United States
2172443446 (Phone)
2172441478 (Fax)

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Defining Ideas

We Need Better Teachers

Tuesday, April 1, 2014
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Editor's note: The following essay is an excerpt from the new Hoover Press book What Lies Ahead for America's Children and Their Schools.

Over the last two decades, research on student achievement has pinpointed the central role of teachers. While other factors—families, peers, neighborhoods—are obviously elements in a student’s learning, it is the school and particularly the teachers and administrators that are given the public responsibility for the education of our youth. There is a general consensus that improving the effectiveness of teachers is the key to lifting student achievement, although questions remain about how best to do this.

A key element in focusing attention on the importance of teacher effectiveness was research that took an outcomes-based perspective. By looking at differences in the growth of student achievement across different teachers instead of concentrating on just the background and characteristics of teachers, it was possible to identify the true impact of teachers on students. This work, now generally called value-added analysis, demonstrated that some teachers consistently get greater learning gains year after year than other teachers. In fact, the average learning gains associated with a teacher provide a convenient metric for teacher effectiveness.

  we need better teachers
  Illustration by Barbara Kelley

We now have a substantial number of studies that indicate clearly how much difference teacher effectiveness makes to student outcomes. In one study of mine, teachers near the top of the quality distribution got an entire year’s worth of additional learning out of their students compared to those near the bottom. That is, a good teacher will get a gain of 1.5 grade level equivalent while a bad teacher will get 0.5 year during a single academic year. Importantly, this analysis considered kids just from minority and poor inner-city families, indicating that family background is not fate and that good teachers can overcome deficits that might come from poorer learning conditions in the home.

A second perspective comes from combining existing quantitative estimates of how differences in teacher quality relate to achievement gaps by race or income. Moving from an average teacher to one at the eighty-fourth percentile of teacher quality (i.e., moving up one standard deviation in teacher quality) would close somewhere between one-quarter and one-third of the average gap in math achievement between kids eligible for free and reduced-price lunches and those with higher incomes. Said differently, having a good teacher as opposed to an average teacher for three to four years in a row would, by available estimates, close the achievement gap by income. Closing the black-white achievement gap, which is a little larger than the average income gap, would take good teachers three and a half to five years in a row.

Perhaps the most valuable way to see differences for the subsequent discussion of salaries is to calculate the impacts of effective teachers on the future earnings of students. A teacher who raises the achievement of a student will tend, other things being equal, to raise earnings throughout that student’s work life. We can in fact calculate the economic impact on the student from analyses of how achievement translates into higher incomes. Using 2010 earnings, for example, a teacher in the seventy-fifth percentile would on average raise each student’s lifetime income by somewhat more than $14,300 when compared to the average teacher. (All calculations are based on present values at the time of high school graduation where future incomes are discounted at 3 percent per year). But, this is not fully what the seventy-fifth percentile teacher contributes, because each student in the class can expect the same enhanced income. Thus, with a class of twenty-five students, this teacher would add $358,000 in future income compared to an average teacher.

Figure 1 shows the total contribution of teachers at the sixtieth, seventy-fifth, and ninetieth percentile of teacher effectiveness with varying class sizes. Excellent teachers add over $800,000 to the future incomes of students in a class of thirty. Even a teacher just above average at the sixtieth percentile would add over $100,000 to a class of twenty students.

  we need better teachers

These are calculations for each school year. Each and every year throughout their careers that these above-average teachers are teaching adds hundreds of thousands of dollars to their students. They also parallel a recent set of direct estimates of income effects that comes from linking teacher "value-added" to income tax records.

But, there is the darker side. Below-average teachers are subtracting from student earnings at a similar rate. The tenth percentile teacher, compared to an average teacher, subtracts over a half million dollars per year for each twenty students he or she teaches. For the tenth, twenty-fifth, and fortieth percentile teacher, one simply has to put a minus sign in front of the values seen in figure 1.

From these different perspectives, the answer is the same: teachers have an enormous influence on students and on their futures.

Of course, there are two ways to look at the policy relevance of these figures. One is to assume that the current stock of teachers is fixed so that it is all just a zero-sum game—what one student gains, another student loses by being stuck with a below-average teacher. In such a case teacher policy would amount to deciding one way or another who gets the good teachers and who gets the bad teachers. It could, for example, be decided by market forces that allocate teachers to schools, or it could be decided by regulatory approaches, perhaps emanating from court cases and the like.

When viewed as just a distributional issue, the country as a whole would be no better off in terms of overall productivity by potential policy changes (even if the outcomes were viewed as more just). This result is not consistent with the primary concerns about education that relate to the overall productivity and output of the nation.

The second way to look at the prior calculations is more consistent with our investment notions about education. The impact of teachers on lifetime earnings is meant to signal how the productivity of individuals changes with different skills. The figures indicate the gains that would accrue to having more teachers of the type found in the top of the current effectiveness distribution. Similarly they indicate the gains that would accrue to having fewer teachers near the bottom of the current distribution. In other words, a policy that increased the average quality of the teacher distribution from that currently in place would yield potentially large overall gains to the economy (and potentially improve distributional matters at the same time).

To illustrate this, I have used the information available about the varying effectiveness of the teacher force to understand the aggregate impact of policies aimed at eliminating the worst teachers (an issue with direct policy implications as discussed below). I have projected the achievement impact of replacing varying percentages of the bottom teachers with average teachers. By eliminating just the bottom 5-8 percent of teachers, the available research suggests that US achievement could climb to the level of Canadian achievement (as measured by international assessments of math and science).

With Paul E. Peterson and Ludger Woessmann, I developed the economic implications of improving achievement to the level of Canada. This analysis is based on the strong impacts of worker skills on future economic growth. It suggests that all workers in the United States could, by historical results, expect an average increase in their paychecks of 20 percent for each of the next eighty years. An alternative way to look at this is that the current fiscal problems could be readily solved by improved education that led to improved growth. Clearly, similar to the individual findings, there are substantial economic gains that seem apparent from policies that upgrade the quality of teachers.

While less well-developed, an increasing body of evidence points to the importance of principal quality. The currently available research, based on the value added by a principal to achievement of students in the school, indicates that the principal may have an impact on achievement similar to that of teachers, although the principal affects the entire school.

Current Policy Discussions

Policy debates have changed swiftly to incorporate the research evidence on teachers. It is difficult to enter into any school policy discussion that does not touch on the issue of teacher quality.

Moreover, the character of the discussions has become much more sophisticated and knowledgeable. The naïve calls for “highly qualified teachers” in the No Child Left Behind act have been replaced by recognition that credentials and qualifications—the objects of past policies—are not closely related to teacher effectiveness in the classroom. While there has been no rush to eliminate salary differentials based on advanced degrees (about 10 percent of all teacher salary payments), they have become a greater part of the discussion.

Similarly, a teacher's classroom experience after the first few years has been shown to have no effect on teacher performance. There has been little discussion of eliminating the longevity portion of teachers' salaries, even though over one-quarter of the total wage bill goes to bonuses for teachers with greater than two years of experience (around the cutoff in the evidence about the returns to experience). But there has been intense discussion of LIFO provisions —last in, first out—in laws and contracts that govern separations during force reductions. These policies are closely related to the evidence on effectiveness and experience. The use of LIFO rules instead of ones based on teacher effectiveness have been shown to increase the number of teachers who must be dismissed and to dramatically alter the quality of dismissals when compared to policies based on effectiveness.

While considerable discussion exists on how we might want to change schools of education, little of this is directly related to the performance of students. Indeed we have just rudimentary evidence on whether some schools of education do a better job than others. There is suggestive information in the fact that there is not very much difference in average effectiveness by teachers’ routes into their careers (certified vs. non-certified).

Similarly, many would like to use improved professional development to upgrade the teaching force, but many questions about the efficacy of this remain. Further (scientific) research on the issues surrounding professional development could prove helpful in deciding the overall thrust of teacher improvement policies.

Importantly, with the recognition of the importance of teacher quality has come a new interest in how labor laws and teacher contracts affect student outcomes. The turmoil in Wisconsin got the most attention as the state limited bargaining to just wages and benefits and removed larger issues such as class sizes and teacher assignment policies. Partly because of Wisconsin and partly on their own, a number of other states entered into active discussions of state restrictions on teaching.

A central part of much of the teacher quality discussion has been the use of value-added measures of quality. The value-added measures are designed to provide estimates of the independent effect of the teacher on the growth in a student’s learning and to separate this from other influences on achievement such as families, peers, and neighborhoods. The validity and reliability of these measures have been widely debated and are the subject of considerable current research.

The discussions range across a number of statistical and policy issues. But the discussion was accelerated when the Los Angeles Times and the New York Times (among others) published the names and value-added rankings of thousands of local teachers. The public attention to variations in teacher effectiveness led to an uproar—an uproar that helped focus the policy discussion and local bargaining.

Attention to test scores in the value-added estimation raises issues of the narrowness of the tests, of the limited numbers of teachers in tested subjects and grades, of the accuracy of linking teachers and students, and of the measurement errors in the achievement tests. Each is an important issue that has fueled continuing research efforts. This subsequent research is helping to define how best to use the statistical evidence on teacher quality.

The value-added discussions have also opened new consideration of alternative ways of valuing teachers. While teachers have always been evaluated in some manner, it is clear that until recently the evaluations provided little information, particularly for making any personnel decisions. Thus, efforts have been made to develop and use observational protocols that more accurately indicate classroom effectiveness.

A closely related discussion has revolved around the use of performance pay. Teachers are currently paid according to experience and to possession of an advanced degree, neither of which is closely related to classroom effectiveness. The argument has long been made that at least a portion of pay should reflect merit in order to provide incentives for teachers to do better. This idea led to a somewhat ill-conceived experiment by Vanderbilt researchers in which a randomly selected group of teachers received bonuses based on the performance of their students. When compared to students of teachers not receiving any bonuses, students of those with the possibility of performance pay did no better. This study demonstrated that offering a bonus for better performance to existing teachers has very little influence on what they do. This is exactly what has been shown by the multiple studies of merit pay that focus on the impact of relatively small bonuses for current teachers on their performance in the classroom. The simplest interpretation is that almost all current teachers are indeed working to do the best that they can.

At the same time, this is not a demonstration that salaries have no effect. Both the level of salaries and the pattern of salaries across teachers affect who enters and who stays in teaching. Higher salaries and a greater relationship to performance would attract a different group of people into teaching. Indeed, the impact of salaries on selection into teaching is the key issue for those who think that performance pay is important.

Nonetheless, the availability of this “gold standard” study has allowed the unions and the schools to argue that performance pay has been tried and simply has not worked. This situation actually demonstrates a further issue in making evidenced-based policy. It is often possible to find or to interpret evidence in order to support very different positions. This in fact has made moving to rational policy positions more difficult, particularly in areas of personnel policy where vested interests are especially important.

The possibility of evidence being hijacked for the use of special interest groups serves to reinforce the need for continued research and evaluation. Only superior and more reliable evidence can top the biased use of evidence.

The Prospects for Further Improvement

The world of education is moving steadily toward reliance on evidence, even with the possibility for misinterpretation, Moreover, the evidence on teacher quality issues is beginning to win the day.

The movement toward better overall policy is seen directly in state actions. For example, all states except California had unique student identifiers in 2011; thirty-five had unique teacher identifiers that allowed linking teachers to students. Between 2009 and 2011, twenty-six states moved to include evidence of student learning in teacher evaluations and ten states mandated that student learning was the preponderant criterion in local evaluations.

In teacher tenure decisions, there has been considerable recent progress. More and more states are moving to require evidence of teacher effectiveness and to extend the minimum number of years for tenure. About a third of states also support differential pay in shortage subject areas and do not have regulatory language blocking differential pay. Similarly, about a third of states support differentially rewarding effective teachers.

While there is considerable way to go in expanding and refining these changes, the pattern of state policies toward effective teachers has changed dramatically in recent years.

And there is a new sense of forward movement at the local level. Perhaps the best story comes from Washington, D.C. This district, by far the worst in the nation, went through agonizing battles between Michelle Rhee (the former chancellor of Washington public schools) and the unions. But four years ago the unions agreed to a new contract that introduced both value-added and observational evaluations and that used them in personnel decisions. At this time about 1,000 teachers have received substantial increases in their base salaries because of continued top performance. But close to 500 teachers have been dismissed because of continued poor performance. The whole evaluation system is continually being developed and improved, but it has reached a level of acceptance that bodes well for the future.

Importantly, there is now direct evidence that the Washington, D.C., personnel policies are paying off. Thomas Dee and James Wyckoff found that dismissal threats increased the voluntary attrition of low-performing teachers by more than 50 percent. Additionally, low-performing teachers who stayed improved their performance significantly, as did high-performing teachers who were in the range to get bonuses.

Similarly, the Los Angeles Unified School District has moved to remove around one hundred poorly performing teachers. While this remains small compared to the total number of teachers in Los Angeles, it is orders of magnitude larger than what was seen just a couple of years ago.

Many states and localities are developing what must be thought of as experimental programs for ensuring teacher quality. The key to the future is validating and replicating the ones that prove successful and eliminating the ones that do not. Doing this requires a strong research and evaluation activity to match the policy experimentation.


Properly analyzed, the collective mythological and religious writings of humanity reveal that around 1500 BC, a comet swept perilously close to Earth, triggering widespread natural disasters and threatening the destruction of all life before settling into solar orbit as Venus, our nearest planetary neighbor.   Sound implausible? Well, from 1950 until the late 1970s, a huge number of people begged to differ, as they devoured Immanuel Velikovsky’s major best-seller, Worlds in Collision, insisting that perhaps this polymathic thinker held the key to a new science and a new history. Scientists, on the other hand, assaulted Velikovsky’s book, his followers, and his press mercilessly from the get-go. In The Pseudoscience Wars, Michael D. Gordin resurrects the largely forgotten figure of Velikovsky and uses his strange career and surprisingly influential writings to explore the changing definitions of the line that separates legitimate scientific inquiry from what is deemed bunk, and to show how vital this question remains to us today. Drawing on a wealth of previously unpublished material from Velikovsky’s personal archives, Gordin presents a behind-the-scenes history of the writer’s career, from his initial burst of success through his growing influence on the counterculture, heated public battles with such luminaries as Carl Sagan, and eventual eclipse. Along the way, he offers fascinating glimpses into the histories and effects of other fringe doctrines, including creationism, Lysenkoism, parapsychology, and more—all of which have surprising connections to Velikovsky’s theories.   Science today is hardly universally secure, and scientists seem themselves beset by critics, denialists, and those they label “pseudoscientists”—as seen all too clearly in battles over evolution and climate change. The Pseudoscience Wars simultaneously reveals the surprising Cold War roots of our contemporary dilemma and points readers to a different approach to drawing the line between knowledge and nonsense.

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