Is this really possible? An ARG poll released Christmas eve shows Hillary with a 34-19 lead over Obama among likely caucus-goers, and John Edwards at 20 percent.

It certainly defies the trend from the lastest trendline, which shows that Obama has actually slipped just ahead of Clinton.

Update: Mysterious GOP operative "Richelieu" isn't buying it

--Michael Crowley


The Air-Sea Connection

How are the ocean and the atmosphere connected?

The five layers of the atmosphere and facts about them.

Troposphere- the first layer above the surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere. Stratosphere- many jet aircraft's fly in this area because it is very stable. Mesosphere- meteors or rock fragments burn up in this area. Thermosphere- temperatures climb quickly in the lower thermosphere (below 200 to 300 km altitude), then level off and hold fairly steady with increasing altitude above that height. Solar activity strongly influences tempatures in the thermosphere. Exosphere- The region where atoms and molecules escape into space is referred to as the exosphere.

What components make up the air?

Though you can't tell by looking at it, air is made up of many different components. About 78% of Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen, and only about 21% is oxygen. Argon makes up less than one percent (only 0.9% of the atmosphere is argon).

Three examples of radiation

1.x-ray 2.microwaves 3.stoves

What is the coriolis effect?


Calligraphy: A-Un

Added on by the ikebana shop.

"A-un" (阿吽）is a Buddhist mantra that represents the beginning and the end of the universe.  It is the Japanese transliteration of the Sanskrit "aum".   Also, the first syllable could be likened to "Truth" and "the Inquiring Mind" whilst the latter syllable, "Wisdom" and "Nirvana".

Calligraphy artist Yukari Haverstock captures a-un in her latest work.

Now displayed at the shop.  Available for sale.

(Photo by the ikebana shop.  All rights reserved.)


Monday, May 31, 2010

Ozzie Osbourne – Latimer’s Mercy

Disability researcher, Dick Sobsey has written a blog comment on the Ozzy Osborne song about the killing of Tracy Latimer.

Please read his blog comment at:

We the People - Montana Patient Protection Act

Senator Greg Hinkle, Montana State Senator, announced the introduction of the Montana Patient Protection Act, an Act that includes the reversal of the Baxter decision by the Montana Court. Baxter didn't legalize assisted suicide in Montana but created a defense of consent.

Senator Hinkle has been working for many months to refine the Montana Patient Protection Act.

The Euthanasia Prevention Coalition congratulates Senator Hinkle on his work and we will urge the Montana State Senate to support the Montana Patient Protection Act.

The following is the article that was written by Senator Greg Hinkle and published in The Clark Fork Chronicle:

Montana Patient Protection Act

The Clark Fork Chronicle - Sunday, May 30 2010

by Sen. Greg Hinkle

I have introduced the Montana Patient Protection Act which prohibits physician-homicide and physician-assisted suicide ("aid in dying"). The Act is in response to the Supreme Court decision Baxter v. State of Montana. This Act is based on Montana's public policy to prevent elder abuse and to value all citizens.

Baxter holds that a patient's consent to physician-assisted suicde "constitutes a statutory defense to a charge of homicide against the aiding physician." In Baxter the court overlooked elder abuse. The court stated the only person "who might conceivably be prosecuted for criminal behavior is the physician who prescribes a lethal dose of medication." The court overlooked criminal behavior by family members and others who may benefit from a patient's death, for example, due to an inheritance. Although an aiding perpetrator faces a charge of homicide, "aid in dying" is commonly referred to as "assisted suicide". The term "aid in dying" is also used to describe euthanasia.

There are two states that allow physician-assisted suicide, Washington and Oregon. The vast majority of states that have consided such laws have rejected them. In 2010, a bill to legalize physician-assisted suicde was defeated in the New Hampshire House of Representatives in a bi-partisan vote of 242-113. A similar law was recently defeated in the Canadian Parliment by 228-59.

In Montana, there has been "rapid growth" of elder abuse. Nationwide, elder financial abuse is a crime "growing in intensity" with perpetrators often family members, but also strangers and new "best friends". Abuse of the elderly and other vulnerable adults is often subtle and difficult to detect. Victims are often unwilling to report due to embarrassment or a desire to protect family members.

Allowing a victim to consent to physician-assisted suicide creates another path of abuse. For example, a perpetrator could encourage an older person to request a lethal dose and then administer the dose without his consent. The older person's prior request, voluntary or not, would provide the alibi. With the difficulty of detecting and proving homicide, generally, and the difficulties in preventing and detecting abuse specifically, considering the unwillingness of victims to report, it is against public policy to allow a victim to consent to his own homicide.

The Baxter decision applies to "terminally ill" patients. Doctor progonoses of life expectancy can be wrong. I have a close relative, who at age 52 had a serious heart attack and was given a prognosis of no more than eight years to live. That was over thirty years ago and many grandchildren, great grandchildren later he is still enjoying life. Allowing physician-assisted suicide will thus result in some Montanans, with many good years left, cutting their lives short. This situation will be even more evident if the proponents' definition of "terminally ill adult patient" is adopted by the authorities. This defintion is broad enough to include a young person dependent on insulin or a young man with stable HIV/AIDS, who could have "decades to live". Encouraging Montanans to shorten their lives is contrary to Montana public policy, which seeks to "improve and protect the health and well being, and self reliance" of all Montanans.

Allowing physician-assisted suicide will open the door to the "Barbara Wagner" scenario. Wagner was a resident of Oregon with lung cancer. The Oregon Health Plan refused to pay for a drug to possibly prolong her life and offered to pay for "aid in dying" instead. Unable to afford the drug, she was steered to suicide. Wagner stated, "I am not ready, I am not ready to die". Will young persons with diabetes or HIV/AIDS be the next Barbara Wagners? Montana already has one of the highest suicides rates in the nation. It is a state priority to reduce the suicide rate for persons "of all ages". Steering citizens to kill themselves is contrary to this policy.

Montana values all of its citizens, including those who are older or may have chronic conditions or other disabilities. Baxter overlooked elder abuse. It is against public policy to allow consent to homicide; to encourage Montanans to cut their lives short or steer them to suicide. Montanans should reject "aid in dying."

Readers interested in my source materials can view them in my "Report to the Senate for LC0041, The Montana Patient Protection Act". My contact email is or phone 406-827-4645

Tuesday, May 25, 2010

5 Reasons Why People Devalue the Elderly

This is a guest column by Kitty Holman, who writes on the topics of Nursing Schools.

All around us in modern Western society is evidence that elderly adults who cannot care for themselves on their own are being abused and neglected. I believe that much of this is a result of a general social disregard for this vulnerable population group. This broad disregard is such that many of them—especially those with disabilities and those living with chronic pain—would rather have their lives ended for them than go on living in a world where they perceive they are not valued. Yes, we can certainly see the evidence. But have we ever stopped to consider why it is that so many in our society think treating the elderly this way is acceptable? Here I will attempt to answer the great "why" question.

1. Us-versus-them mentality. In the early 1980s, a German-born American scholar named Wolf Wolfensberger proposed his relationship theory called Social Role Valorization. The theory suggested that society tends to categorize certain groups of people (them) as fundamentally "different" and of less value than everyone else (us). This theory is not only evident in how many regard the elderly who cannot entirely care for themselves, but it is also evident in the way many people routinely ignore the homeless, do not make eye contact with people with disabilities of all ages, and do not feel entirely at ease with people of a different race. Society has a habit of stacking up reasons why someone is different from them and using those reasons to place a lower value on that person.

2. The tendency to "shoot" our weak and wounded. The theory of evolution suggests that only the strong survive. The danger here is taking the theory to the point where it becomes an ideology—that only the strong should survive. However, evidence of this concept is apparent in a number of social groups. Many religious groups routinely ostracize and shun those among them who are "spiritually weak" and commit more visible "sins," rather than reaching out to pull them back into fellowship. In the business world, instead of working to improve weak performers, many bosses cut their losses, and hire new talent. Some part of human nature sincerely believes they will be considered weak—and fail socially—if they associate themselves with weak people; they believe if they rescue someone from drowning, they too will drown. For the elderly who need our help, this can mean their needs go ignored. After all, only the strong survive.

3. Lack of compassion. Compassion and respect for the elderly don't always come naturally—they are most often learned character traits. These traits must be instilled in us as children or demonstrated to us in some other way in our adult life. Parents do not always teach their children from an early age to treat the elderly with the utmost respect.

4. The idea that one's value is based on what one can contribute to society. The subtle undercurrent here is that the elderly no longer have the ability to "repay" the "debt" of care that is given them. Even if they recover and their pain is adequately managed, they are still knocking on death's door—why waste efforts on someone who will only be around for a short time? A child or younger adult, if he or she is cared for, may yet recover and go on to contribute to society. Therefore, we devalue the elderly.

5. Youth-centric culture. Western culture, especially the U.S., is obsessed with youth, unlike other cultures who respect and even revere older individuals for their wisdom. Society as a whole believes our children are worth fighting valiantly for when they are ill or in pain, but does not generally fight as hard for their elderly, who have already lived their lives and are no longer part of society's warped ideal—young, vibrant, and beautiful.

This guest post is contributed by Kitty Holman, who writes on the topics of Nursing Schools at: She welcomes your comments at her email Id:

Monday, May 3, 2010

Standing in solidarity against an evil and unfounded attack.

Smith destroyed the accusations in his article when he stated:

Article by Wesley Smith in the National Review online:

Article by Pamela Hennessy in the North County Gazette:

My blog article about dehydration deaths:

The original article attacking the Schindler family:


In an article that appeared in the November 3, of any medication reactions, symptoms, or medical condition. Foods with a high glycemic index are turned into is to bring blood sugar levels under control to the advised healthy level. As a diabetic myself, I know that sugar-free chances of developing an infection , which of course takes longer to heal. I didn’t want to go on the drug, so I told her that had an unnaturally high sensitivity to certain foods that would cause their blood sugar levels to become highly imbalanced.

There are a number of different natural supplements that use herbs, minerals, glucose rapidly by the body, causing high blood sugar. Diabetes causes hyperglycemia because without insulin, the body naturally go on to develop Type II diabetes, though. Ketchup and brown sugar will add quite a bit of extra carbs and will suffer from impotence during their lifetime Web MD . " Volek also explains that numerous reputable studies revealed that a diet low in carbs yet insulin levels, normally ones causing high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia.

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Microbiology in Action

microbes play an important role in our everyday lives. As agents of infectious disease, they cause untold human misery, yet their beneficial activities are manifold, ranging from the natural cycling of chemical elements to the production of food. In this introductory text, the authors provide a clear and accessible account of the interactions among microbes, their environments, and other organisms, citing examples of both beneficial and detrimental activities. The book begins by considering positive activities, focusing on environmental microbiology and manufacturing, and then moves on to consider some of the more adverse aspects of microbes, particularly the myriad diseases to which we are susceptible and the treatments currently in use. Microbiology in Action will prove to be a valuable text for those studying microbiology.


Bone cancer symptoms ribs

Bone cancer is a relatively rare condition in which uncontrolled abnormal cells grow in or on skeletal tissue, specifically bone andor cartilage Multiple Myeloma Causes Rib, Hip, Back Bone Pain Symptoms, Myeloma Cancer Weak Bones Treatment

Bone cancer prognosis, survival rate, causes, symptoms, pain and treatment, Bone marrow cancer, secondary bone cancer and various stages and all other information

Read about bone cancer symptoms. Although bone pain may be the most recognized symptom, swelling and fatigue can also be signs of bone cancer There are several different causes of bone marrow cancer. In some cases, bone cancer metastasizes to the marrow, but there are also two cancers specific to bone marrow 5262003018332Im new to this site, but was looking online for info about bone cancer symptoms. For the last week Ive had this ache on the upper part of my left thigh

Signs and Symptoms of Bone Cancer in the Thigh eHow

Information on the symptoms of primary bone cancer and what to do about them Bone Cancer Symptoms The term sarcoma refers to a malignant tumor that may start in the bones, muscles, cartilage, connective tissues, etc. Bone cancer may either

Bone cancer begins in a persons bones but may spread to other parts of the body, called metastasis. In other cases, a cancer starting elsewhere in the body may What is bone cancer This type of cancer forms in bones through mutated and deformed bone-building cells. These malignant cells begin to form a mass as they


10 C. verticillata L. Glabrous branched lvs. 3-divided, closely sessile, divisions pinnately or bipinnately parted, segments filiform, linear, obtuse; rays acute or (ia cultivation) obtuse and 2 or 3-toothed; ach. obovate, slightly 2-toothed. - Ц Moist places, Md. and Western States. Stem 1 - 3f high. Leaflets apparently verticillate in 6s. Heads with bright yellow rays, near 1' long. Outer scales oblong-linear, obtuse, united at base. June - Aug.

11 C. palmata Nutt. Nearly smooth; st. branched, angled and striate, very leafy to the summit; Ivs. sessile, deeply 3-cleft (to below the middle), rigid, lobes linear, acutish, entire or again cleft; rays obovate-oblong; ach. linear-elliptic, incurved. - Dry prairies, W. States. Stem 1 - 2f high, sometimes much branched. Leaves 1 - 21/2' long, some of them undivided, lobes 2 - 4" wide. Heads 1 or several, with yellow rays. Outer scales linear oblong, obtuse. Jn., Jl. (Calliop-sis, Spreng.)

12 C. tripteria L. Glabrous; st. simple, tall, corymbous at summit; lvs. coriaceous, opposite, petiolate, 3 - 5-divided, divisions linear-lanceolate, entire, acute; hds. small, on shore peduncles, rays obtuse. - A. tall, smooth, elegant species, in dry soils, Southern and Western States, common. Stem 4 - 8f high, slender, terete. Divisions of the leaves 3 - 5' by 3/4 - 1 1/2'. Rays spreading 1/2' long. Outer scales linear, obtuse, spreading, much smaller than the inner. Jl. - Oct. (Chry-sostemma, Less.)

13 C. grandiflora Nutt. Glabrous; st. low, simple or branched; lvs. petiolate, lanceolate, mostly pinnately or ternately divided, segments lance-linear cr linear; hds. solitary, on long peduncles, large; rays 4 to 5-cleft at apex. - Mo. to Ala. and Tex. Plant 1f high. Hds. much like No. 14. Jl. - Sept.

14 C. lanceolata L. St. ascending, often branched below; lower lvs. ob-lanceolaie, petiolate, the upper lanceolate, sessile, all entire, with scabrous margins; hds. solitary, on very long, naked peduncles; rays 4 - 5-toothed at apex; ach. suborbicular, with 2 small teeth. - Ц Native of the Southern States Heads showy. Rays about 8, 1' by 1/3'. Jn. - Aug.†

15 C. auriculata L. Pubescent; lower lvs. roundish-ovate, petiolate, some of them with 2 small, lateral segments at base (auriculate), the upper oblong, nearly or quite sessile; hds. few, on long peduncles; outer scales oblong-linear. - Dry soils, Va., Ky. to Ga. and La. Plant 1 to 3f high, variable. At first (May, Jn.) it has divided lvs. and very long peduncles. Later (Jl., Aug.), it is tall, the lvs. all entire, the lower having perished. Hds. similar to No. 14. May - Aug.

16 C. latifolia Mx. Very glabrous, tall; lvs. thin, opposite, ovate, acuminate, unequally toothed, petiolate, the upper ovate-oblong; hds. small; rays 5 to 6, entire ; outer scales 4 to 5, linear, spreading. - Mts., N. Car. to Ga. Plant with ample lvs. and few large, yellow rays. Aug.

17 C. arguta Ph. Smooth or nearly so; sts. strict, striate-angled; lvs. of the stem simple, petiolate, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate-serrate; hds. few, large, on slender, naked peduncles; outer scales about 8, as long as the inner; rays 9 to 12, 3-cleft; ach. oblong, awns obsolete. - Car. (Pursh), W. Ga., in the upland districts. Differs much from C. aurea. St. 2 to 5f high. Lvs. 1 to 3'long. Rays spreading 1 1/2'. (Root lvs. not seen). May - Jn.

18 C. aurea Ait. Nearly glabrous; lower lvs. pinnately divided, upper ternately. or simple; divisions ovate, lanceolate and lance-linear, acuminate, sharply serrate; outer scales about 8; linear as long as the inner; rays about 8, obtuse; ach. teeth very short. - (D Ditches, etc., N. Car. to Fla. and La. An untidy weed, 2 to 41 high. Hds. small, corymbed. Ach. 2" long. Aug., Oct

19 C. aristosa Mx. Sparingly pubescent; lvs. pinnately 5 to 9-parted, segments lance-linear, incisely serrate or pinnatifid; hds. small, with conspicuous rays; outer invol. of 10 to 12 linear, green scales longer than the inner, villous at base; awns slender, spreading, about as long as the achenium. - (2) Low woods, W. States. St obtusely 4-angled, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. thin, 4 to 6' long, petioles 1/2 to 1'. Rays 8, orange-yellow, expanding 11/2'. (C. involucrata Nutt.)

20 C. trichosperma Mx. St. glabrous, square, dichotomous; lvs. pinnately 5 to 1-parted, briefly petiolate, segm. lanceolate, incised or serrate; scales of the outer invol. ciliate, linear, long as the inner; rays entire, large; ach. narrow-cuneatc, with 2 short, stout awns. - (1) In wet grounds, N. Y., Mass. to Car. A smooth, branching plant, I to 2f high, with a panicle of large, showy, yellow heads. Lvs mostly opposite, thin, the upper 3-cleft, subsessile. Ach. 1/2' long, awns half an long. Jl., Aug. 21 C. discoidea Torr. & Gr. Glabrous, much branched, erect; lvs. ternate, long-petiolate; lfts. ovate-lanceolate, strongly dentate, hds. discoid on slender peduncles ; outer involucre 3 - 5 linear-spatulate, leaf-like bracts; ach. linear-oblong, twice longer than the 2 erect awns which are hispid upwards. - (1) Ohio to La. Stem and branches purplish. Terminal leaflets 3 - 5 by 1/2 - 1 1/2', lateral much smaller. Heads small (3" diam.), about 30-flowered. Jl. - Sept.

58. BI'DENS, L. Burr-Marigold. (Lat. bidens, two-toothed; the achenia have two (or more) barbed teeth.) Involucre double; scales somewhat similar, or the outer foliaceous; rays 4 to 8 (sometimes none), neutral; disk-flowers perfect; receptacle chaffy, flat; pappus of 2 to 4 awns rough backwards; achenia obcomprcssed, obscurely quadrangular. - Lvs. opposite, incised. Fls. yellow.

§ Achenia linear, somewhat 4 angled, 3 to 4 -awed. Rays few or none................

......No. 1

§ Achenia flattened, broadest at top- Rays none or very few...

..Nos. 2 - 4

- RAys about 8, showy, regular.............

..Nos. 5, 6

1 B. bipinnata L. Spanish Needles. Smooth, lvs. bipinnate, lfts. lanceolate, pinnatilid, rays very short or none; outer invol. the length of the inner; ach. slender, elongated. - (1) Grows in waste places Conn., N. Y., west to I11 St. 2 to 4f high, branching, smooth. Lvs. bipinnately dissected, nearly smooth. Hds. of flowers on long peduncles, each with 3 or 4 (or none) obscure, obovate, yellow rays. Jl. - Sept.


Inequities in Funding and Research on Sickle Cell Disease

Remember a year ago when your friends were pouring buckets of ice-cold water over their heads in the name of science? In total, a whopping $220 million was raised from the challenge and it helped anywhere from 12,000 to 15,000 people in the US who reportedly live with ALS.

But did you know that sickle cell anemia (SCD) is the single most common life-threatening genetic disease in the United States? I sure didn’t.

Over 100,000 Americans suffer from sickle cell disease and it is a torturous, painful life to live. Yet, the funding and publicity of sickle cell disease lags drastically far behind that of virtually every other genetic illness.

People with sickle cell disease have a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells because sickle cells don’t live as long as normal cells after they leave the bone marrow. Sickle cells usually die after about 10 to 20 days, compared to normal red blood cells, which live an average of 120 days. The bone marrow can’t make new red blood cells fast enough to replace all the dying ones. This causes anemia, low blood count that results in pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, and related symptoms.

Sickle cell disease is inherited. Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein that is responsible for the red color of blood, is made of iron-containing heme and proteins called globins. People who have the disease inherit two copies of the globin gene that causes sickle cell disease. Those who live with the condition inherit a copy of the gene from each parent.

Contrary to popular belief, sickle cell disease is not a “Black disease”.

Sickle cell disease is most common in people whose families come from, or have ancestors from, sub-Saharan Africa, South or Central America (especially Panama), Caribbean islands, Mediterranean countries (such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy), India, and Saudi Arabia.

However, Sickle cell disease occurs in approximately one out of every 500 African American births and one out of every 36,000 Hispanic American births. About 2.5 million people in the United States have sickle cell trait, which occurs when a person inherits one copy of the globin gene.

Research has helped patients live longer. In the 1970s, life expectancy for individuals with sickle cell disease was about 14 years. Today, many individuals live into their 40s and longer.

There is no “moonshot” for sickle cell. There are no “ice bucket challenges”. Fewer than a dozen US labs are working all-out on sickle cell disease, a number that has stayed constant for years.

This is a disease that doesn’t get the attention or the funding it should. There’s a stigma that comes from thinking it affects only African Americans. People dismiss it by saying, “Oh, sickle cell patients just have pain”.

The mainstays of treatment are transfusions and a drug called hydroxyurea. Hydroxyurea (HU) is an old drug approved by the FDA as part of some types of chemotherapy in 1967. It also is now the only FDA-approved therapy to prevent pain crises in SCD.

HU was approved for adults with SCD in 1998, 30 years after its approval for chemotherapy. There has been no commercial interest in developing a pediatric formulation, despite the need. The only curative treatment for SCD is bone marrow transplantation, which comes with high risks.

Pain from sickle cell disease crises is often undertreated as well. In part, this likely reflects racial and gender biases. Additionally, especially because the ischemic changes can’t be seen (unlike gangrene, for example, which is obvious), health care workers likely underestimate the person’s pain. Too often, these patients are treated as drug seekers.

Studies have shown that patients with SCD presenting to a hospital ER for care, during a crisis, experience longer wait times than other groups, even after accounting for assigned triage level. The African American race of SCD patients, and their status as having SCD itself, both contribute to longer wait times for these patients. Where I come from, this is called “Institutional Racism”.

Undertreatment is likely fueled, too, by the feds focusing increased attention put on physician prescribing practices of narcotics. Regulations make it very cumbersome for physicians to prescribe adequate pain medications for chronic diseases. Patients, in turn, are subjected to humiliating drug screens to make sure that they are taking the narcotics and not selling them.

The funding disparities for research on sickle cell compared to other pediatric diseases are huge. Cystic fibrosis, a disease that affects primarily Caucasians, occurs in only a third of the numbers affected by SCD, but received 3.5 times more NIH funding. Private funding from foundations was about 400 times higher for cystic fibrosis!

There were 115 federally funded comprehensive care centers dedicated to cystic fibrosis. There were 10 for sickle-cell disease according to the study, which appeared in the journal Pediatrics in 2005.

Despite the reality that four times the number of people suffer from sickle cell disease as those with cystic fibrosis, it’s clear that one genetic illness is advocated for far more than the other. While saying that racism is the lone cause of this disparity is an oversimplification of the problem, it’s certainly the foundation of it.


Protecting the skies above the State of Israel is the main mission of the IAF. Part of this mission requires that the IAF adjust itself to the challenges of the day. In recent years, the threat of hostile unmanned aerial vehicles has only increased. This week, the IAF trained for this ever-developing threat

In light of the infiltration of Israeli airspace by a UAV during the Second Lebanon War and in light of the threats of the UAVs that have followed since, the IAF began thought processes about how to cope with the increasing threat. In recent years, the force has initiated a series of training exercises that were designed to train aircrew members for the moment of truth and last week, fighter jet and fighter helicopter squadrons in the force practiced UAV interceptions on Israel’s borders.

The IAF strives to match the simulated threats in the training exercise to a battlefield that only grows more intense and as a result, the aircrews trained for a variety of the most advanced types of UAVs, including a UAV the aircrews had never seen before. “This year, we trained for a different type of UAV: it’s more advanced, faster and spends more time in the air than ordinary UAVs and so it poses a new challenge for the aircrews”, says Captain Avi, ground security officer at the Ramon airbase.

The UAV interceptions were joined by their partners in the mission: the air traffic controllers, who were equipped with detection and alarm systems. During the mission, they are responsible for detecting the small aircrafts in the skies above Israel and continuously tracking them, while directing the aircrews to intercept them.

“The training exercise for this specific topic is designed as a preventative measure”, explains Captain Avi. “This is a threat that is steadily getting worse, and so the IAF is not closing its eyes and ignoring it but is preparing for emergencies”.


Sachin the god of cricket

Sachin cooked a delicious meal for his family and friends. Sachin tendulkar also popular as master blaster, little master and bombay bomber are a living legend and is the greatest batsmen in the history of cricket. We belong to a country that may be divided by caste and color- but is united by their love for cricket a country that may follow myriad different religions but has. In his 24 years as a batsman, india’s sachin tendulkar has broken almost every record there is in cricket as he retires after his final match in mumbai, he leaves. This is a post about the god of cricket who else but the great sachin tendulkar shane warne said – he haunts me in my dreams a banner by a guy in. 15-nov-2009 sachin tendulkar is the god of cricket what do you think 07-may-2010 sachin_rt: finally the original srt is on twitter n the first thing.

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Sachin the god of cricket

With an entire generation revering sachin tendulkar, will virat kohli replace the god of cricket. Sachin tendulkar is an indian cricketer who is hailed as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of world cricket.

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05 September 2012

Schrodinger's Cat Experiment: Mark I

As cultured and educated people, you are no doubt aware of Schrodinger's Cat. What you are probably not aware of is the distressing truth behind this famous thought experiment and the resulting cover up that has lasted for nearly 80 years.

Knowing the specifics of the experiment, you may reasonably surmise that Erwin was no great lover of cats. On first inspection, it may not be entirely clear why this may be the case. However, I will, in this post, theorise as to the cause of this.

We flashback 80 years to the early 1930s, where we find Erwin Schrodinger jetting between Berlin, Oxford and Princeton, and corresponding with one Albert Einstein about quantum mechanics.

Schrodinger had a theory that needed testing, that at some level, matter can coexist in different states. He had yet to make the leap that it might only apply at the quantum level. Picture the scene; Erwin sits in his office, deep in thought, when his cat Cuddles1 jumps onto his lap. It is there, scratching Cuddles idly between the ears, that he formulates the basis of that famous experiment.

Hang on, you're thinking to yourselves. Schrodinger's Cat is a thought experiment. It was never carried out for real. That may indeed be true, and I'm about to tell you why.

As we have already established your intellect and learning, I can assume that you are also familiar with Godwin's Law, which states that "As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches 1".

RocketBootKid's Law, which I am hereafter bequeathing to Mankind, can be stated in similar terms, thusly; "Over time, the probability of a cat owner being randomly attacked by their cat for no rational or logical reason approaches 1".

Back to Schrodinger. He and his cat are in the box, while Schrodinger ponders how the Observer Effect may alter the results of his experiment. The cat, being a cat and therefore experiencing the multiverse on a plane of existence completely devoid of logic and reason, suddenly sinks five of its six ends into Schrodinger's tender underparts.

Flashforward a few months, and it is only his dedication to scientific rigor that finds Schrodinger still occupying the box, when the better parts of him, his tender and now swollen underparts in particular, are begging him to develop a less painful experimental paradigm.

At some point, Schrodinger had a final falling out of love with Cuddles. The specifics of this event are wasted to the pages of history, but the ramifications for Cuddles are dire. Schrodinger, in a late-night manic episode, arrives at the specifics of the device with which we are now familiar.

His housekeeper, who services were suddenly dispensed with, would later comment that she hadn't seen Cuddles around for a while. Perhaps fearing a visit from the RPSCA, Schrodinger was careful to categorise the fate of Cuddles as a "thought experiment" when he published his theory in "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik" in 1935.

In a museum somewhere, in a display case, is a box inside of which, most definitely, is a dead cat.

1 Schrodinger may or may not have had a cat, which may or may not have been called Cuddles. I think he'd be satisfied if I said all of the above were possible.


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Decanoic acid acts as a non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist at therapeutically relevant concentrations, in a voltage- and subunit-dependent manner, and this is sufficient to explain its antiseizure effects. [12] This direct inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission by decanoic acid in the brain contributes to the anticonvulsant effect of the MCT ketogenic diet . [12] Decanoic acid and the AMPA receptor antagonist drug perampanel act at separate sites on the AMPA receptor, and so it is possible that they have a cooperative effect at the AMPA receptor, suggesting that perampanel and the ketogenic diet could be synergistic. [12]

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CHARLOTTE, N.C. - Adding football at UNC Charlotte won't be cheap. A study released by the school said starting a college football program will require boosting student fees, eventually by $300 a year.

The Charlotte Observer reported today that would push student athletic fees at the school to the highest level of any campus in the University of North Carolina system.
The report didn't indicate where UNC Charlotte would find the $70 million to $120 million needed to build a football stadium and facilities.
Late last year, a committee commissioned by Chancellor Phil Dubois unanimously recommended the school add football. The plan calls for the 49ers to begin play in the top-level Football Bowl Subdivision in 2016.


Sign language

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Two sign language interpreters working as a team for a school.

A sign language (also signed language) is a language which, instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns, uses visually transmitted sign patterns (manual communication, body language and lip patterns) to convey meaning—simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speaker's thoughts. Sign languages commonly develop in deaf communities, which can include interpreters and friends and families of deaf people as well as people who are deaf or hard of hearing themselves.

Wherever communities of deaf people exist, sign languages develop. In fact, their complex spatial grammars are markedly different from the grammars of spoken languages. Hundreds of sign languages are in use around the world and are at the cores of local Deaf cultures. Some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition, while others have no status at all.

In addition to sign languages, various signed codes of spoken languages have been developed, such as Signed English and Warlpiri Sign Language.[1] These are not to be confused with languages, oral or signed; a signed code of an oral language is simply a signed mode of the language it carries, just as a writing system is a written mode. Signed codes of oral languages can be useful for learning oral languages or for expressing and discussing literal quotations from those languages, but they are generally too awkward and unwieldy for normal discourse. For example, a teacher and deaf student of English in the United States might use Signed English to cite examples of English usage, but the discussion of those examples would be in American Sign Language.

Several culturally well developed sign languages are a medium for stage performances such as sign-language poetry. Many of the poetic mechanisms available to signing poets are not available to a speaking poet.

History of sign language[edit]

The written history of sign language began in the 17th century in Spain. In 1620, Juan Pablo Bonet published Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos (‘Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak’) in Madrid. It is considered the first modern treatise of Phonetics and Logopedia, setting out a method of oral education for the deaf people by means of the use of manual signs, in form of a manual alphabet to improve the communication of the mute or deaf people.

From the language of signs of Bonet, Charles-Michel de l'Épée published his alphabet in the 18th century, which has survived basically unchanged until the present time.

In 1755, Abbé de l'Épée founded the first private school for deaf children in Paris; Laurent Clerc was arguably its most famous graduate. He went to the United States with Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet to found the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut.[2] Gallaudet's son, Edward Miner Gallaudet founded a school for the deaf in 1857, which in 1864 became Gallaudet University in Washington, DC, the only liberal arts university for and of the deaf in the world.

Generally, each spoken language has a sign language counterpart in as much as each linguistic population will contain Deaf members who will generate a sign language. In much the same way that geographical or cultural forces will isolate populations and lead to the generation of different and distinct spoken languages, the same forces operate on signed languages and so they tend to maintain their identities through time in roughly the same areas of influence as the local spoken languages. This occurs even though sign languages have no relation to the spoken languages of the lands in which they arise. There are notable exceptions to this pattern, however, as some geographic regions sharing a spoken language have multiple, unrelated signed languages. Variations within a 'national' sign language can usually be correlated to the geographic location of residential schools for the deaf.

Linguistics of sign[edit]

Sign languages are not mime - in other words, signs are conventional, often arbitrary and do not necessarily have a visual relationship to their referent, much as most spoken language is not onomatopoeic. While iconicity is more systematic and wide-spread in sign languages than in spoken ones, the difference is not categorical.[5] Nor are they a visual rendition of an oral language. They have complex grammars of their own, and can be used to discuss any topic, from the simple and concrete to the lofty and abstract.

Sign languages, like oral languages, organize elementary, meaningless units (phonemes; once called cheremes in the case of sign languages) into meaningful semantic units. The elements of a sign are Handshape (or Handform), Orientation (or Palm Orientation), Location (or Place of Articulation), Movement, and Non-manual markers (or Facial Expression), summarised in the acronym HOLME.

Common linguistic features of deaf sign languages are extensive use of classifiers, a high degree of inflection, and a topic-comment syntax. Many unique linguistic features emerge from sign languages' ability to produce meaning in different parts of the visual field simultaneously. For example, the recipient of a signed message can read meanings carried by the hands, the facial expression and the body posture in the same moment. This is in contrast to oral languages, where the sounds that comprise words are mostly sequential (tone being an exception).

Sign languages' relationships with oral languages[edit]

Manual alphabets (fingerspelling) are used in sign languages, mostly for proper names and technical or specialised vocabulary borrowed from spoken languages. The use of fingerspelling was once taken as evidence that sign languages were simplified versions of oral languages, but in fact it is merely one tool among many. Fingerspelling can sometimes be a source of new signs, which are called lexicalized signs.

Spatial grammar and simultaneity[edit]

Sign languages exploit the unique features of the visual medium (sight). Oral language is linear. Only one sound can be made or received at a time. Sign language, on the other hand, is visual; hence a whole scene can be taken in at once. Information can be loaded into several channels and expressed simultaneously. As an illustration, in English one could utter the phrase, "I drove here". To add information about the drive, one would have to make a longer phrase or even add a second, such as, "I drove here along a winding road," or "I drove here. It was a nice drive." However, in American Sign Language, information about the shape of the road or the pleasing nature of the drive can be conveyed simultaneously with the verb 'drive' by inflecting the motion of the hand, or by taking advantage of non-manual signals such as body posture and facial expression, at the same time that the verb 'drive' is being signed. Therefore, whereas in English the phrase "I drove here and it was very pleasant" is longer than "I drove here," in American Sign Language the two may be the same length.

Use of signs in hearing communities[edit]

Telecommunications facilitated signing[edit]

Video Interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations (Courtesy: Significan't SignVideo Services)

A deaf or mute person using a Video Relay Service to communicate with a hearing person (Courtesy: Significan't SignVideo Services)

Home sign[edit]

Classification of sign languages[edit]

Although deaf sign languages have emerged naturally in deaf communities alongside or among spoken languages, they are unrelated to spoken languages and have different grammatical structures at their core. A group of sign "languages" known as manually coded languages are more properly understood as signed modes of spoken languages, and therefore belong to the language families of their respective spoken languages. There are, for example, several such signed encodings of English.

There has been very little historical linguistic research on sign languages, and few attempts to determine genetic relationships between sign languages, other than simple comparison of lexical data and some discussion about whether certain sign languages are dialects of a language or languages of a family. Languages may be spread through migration, through the establishment of deaf schools (often by foreign-trained educators), or due to political domination.

Language contact is common, making clear family classifications difficult — it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent language. Contact occurs between sign languages, between signed and spoken languages (Contact Sign), and between sign languages and gestural systems used by the broader community. One author has speculated that Adamorobe Sign Language may be related to the "gestural trade jargon used in the markets throughout West Africa", in vocabulary and areal features including prosody and phonetics.[9]

  • BSL, Auslan and NZSL are usually considered to belong to a language family known as BANZSL. Maritime Sign Language and South African Sign Language are also related to BSL.[10]
  • Japanese Sign Language, Taiwanese Sign Language and Korean Sign Language are thought to be members of a Japanese Sign Language family.
  • There are a number of sign languages that emerged from French Sign Language (LSF), or were the result of language contact between local community sign languages and LSF. These include: French Sign Language, Quebec Sign Language, American Sign Language, Irish Sign Language, Russian Sign Language, Dutch Sign Language, Flemish Sign Language, Belgian-French Sign Language, Spanish Sign Language, Mexican Sign Language, Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) and others.
    • A subset of this group includes languages that have been heavily influenced by American Sign Language (ASL), or are regional varieties of ASL. Bolivian Sign Language is sometimes considered a dialect of ASL. Thai Sign Language is a mixed language derived from ASL and the native sign languages of Bangkok and Chiang Mai, and may be considered part of the ASL family. Others possibly influenced by ASL include Ugandan Sign Language, Kenyan Sign Language, Philippine Sign Language and Malaysian Sign Language.
  • Anecdotal evidence suggests that Finnish Sign Language, Swedish Sign Language and Norwegian Sign Language belong to a Scandinavian Sign Language family.
  • Icelandic Sign Language is known to have originated from Danish Sign Language, although significant differences in vocabulary have developed in the course of a century of separate development.
  • Israeli Sign Language was influenced by German Sign Language.
  • According to a SIL report, the sign languages of Russia, Moldova and Ukraine share a high degree of lexical similarity and may be dialects of one language, or distinct related languages. The same report suggested a "cluster" of sign languages centered around Czech Sign Language, Hungarian Sign Language and Slovakian Sign Language. This group may also include Romanian, Bulgarian, and Polish sign languages.
  • Known isolates include Nicaraguan Sign Language, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language, and Providence Island Sign Language.
  • Sign languages of Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq (and possibly Saudi Arabia) may be part of a sprachbund, or may be one dialect of a larger Eastern Arabic Sign Language.

The only comprehensive classification along these lines going beyond a simple listing of languages dates back to 1991.[11] The classification is based on the 69 sign languages from the 1988 edition of Ethnologue that were known at the time of the 1989 conference on sign languages in Montreal and 11 more languages the author added after the conference.[12]

Classification of sign languages[13]

In his classification, the author distinguishes between primary and alternative sign languages[14] and, subcategorically, between languages recognizable as single languages and languages thought to be composite groups.[15] The prototype-A class of languages includes all those sign languages that seemingly cannot be derived from any other language. Prototype-R languages are languages that are remotely modelled on prototype-A language by a process Kroeber (1940) called "stimulus diffusion". The classes of BSL(bfi)-, DGS(gsg)-, JSL-, LSF(fsl)- and LSG-derived languages represent "new languages" derived from prototype languages by linguistic processes of creolization and relexification.[16] Creolization is seen as enriching overt morphology in "gesturally signed" languages, as compared to reducing overt morphology in "vocally signed" languages.[17]

Typology of sign languages[edit]

Sign languages vary in syntactic typology as there are different word orders in different languages. For example, ÖGS is Subject-Object-Verb while ASL is Subject-Verb-Object. Correspondance to the surrounding spoken languages is not improbable.

Morphologically speaking, wordshape is the essential factor. Canonical wordshape results from the systematic pairing of the binary values of two features, namely syllabicity (mono- or poly-) and morphemicity (mono- or poly-). Brentari[18][19] classifies sign languages as a whole group determined by the medium of communication (visual instead of auditive) as one group with the features monosyllabic and polymorphemic. That means, that via one syllable (i.e. one word, one sign) several morphemes can be expressed, like subject and object of a verb determine the direction of the verb's movement (inflection). This is necessary for sign languages to assure a comparible production rate to spoken languages, since producing one sign takes much longer than uttering one word - but on a sentence to sentence comparison, signed and spoken languages share approximately the same speed.[20]

Written forms of sign languages[edit]

Sign language differs from oral language in its relation to writing. The phonemic systems of oral languages are primarily sequential: that is, the majority of phonemes are produced in a sequence one after another, although many languages also have non-sequential aspects such as tone. As a consequence, traditional phonemic writing systems are also sequential, with at best diacritics for non-sequential aspects such as stress and tone.

Sign languages have a higher non-sequential component, with many "phonemes" produced simultaneously. For example, signs may involve fingers, hands, and face moving simultaneously, or the two hands moving in different directions. Traditional writing systems are not designed to deal with this level of complexity.

Partially because of this, sign languages are not often written. Most deaf signers read and write the oral language of their country. However, there have been several attempts at developing scripts for sign language. These have included both "phonetic" systems, such as HamNoSys (the Hamburg Notational System) and SignWriting, which can be used for any sign language, and "phonemic" systems such as the one used by William Stokoe in his 1965 Dictionary of American Sign Language, which are designed for a specific language.

These systems are based on iconic symbols. Some, such as SignWriting and HamNoSys, are pictographic, being conventionalized pictures of the hands, face, and body; others, such as the Stokoe notation, are more iconic. Stokoe used letters of the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals to indicate the handshapes used in fingerspelling, such as 'A' for a closed fist, 'B' for a flat hand, and '5' for a spread hand; but non-alphabetic symbols for location and movement, such as '[]' for the trunk of the body, '×' for contact, and '^' for an upward movement. David J. Peterson has attempted to create a phonetic transcription system for signing that is ASCII-friendly known as the Sign Language International Phonetic Alphabet (SLIPA).

SignWriting, being pictographic, is able to represent simultaneous elements in a single sign. The Stokoe notation, on the other hand, is sequential, with a conventionalized order of a symbol for the location of the sign, then one for the hand shape, and finally one (or more) for the movement. The orientation of the hand is indicated with an optional diacritic before the hand shape. When two movements occur simultaneously, they are written one atop the other; when sequential, they are written one after the other. Neither the Stokoe nor HamNoSys scripts are designed to represent facial expressions or non-manual movements, both of which SignWriting accommodates easily, although this is being gradually corrected in HamNoSys.

Primate use of sign language[edit]

There have been several notable examples of scientists teaching non-human primates basic signs in order to communicate with humans.[21] Notable examples are:-

  • Chimpanzees: Washoe and Loulis
  • Gorillas: Michael and Koko.

Gestural theory of human language origins[edit]

The gestural theory states that vocal human language developed from a gestural sign language.[22] An important question for gestural theory is what caused the shift to vocalization.[23]

A demonstration of the French Sign Language word demander (verb to ask) three times: "Me-ask-you," "you-ask-me," and "one-ask-them."

  1. This inclusion of the Warlpiri Sign Language (and other aboriginal sign languages) among the Manually Coded Languages, based on the presumption that natural sign languages can only develop in deaf communities, is now widely disputed (Madell 1998, O'Reilly 2005). As to their use in deaf communities, the 2008 version of the 15th edition of Ethnologue reports that "several such sign languages are also used by deaf persons."[1]
  2. Canlas (2006).
  4. This latter conception is no longer disputed as can be seen from the fact that sign language experts are mostly linguists.
  5. Johnston (1989).
  6. Nakamura (1995).
  7. Bell Laboratories RECORD (1969) A collection of several articles on the AT&T Picturephone (then about to be released) Bell Laboratories, Pg.134-153 & 160-187, Volume 47, No. 5, May/June 1969;
  9. Frishberg (1987). See also the classification of Wittmann (1991) for the general issue of jargons as prototypes in sign language glottogenesis.
  10. See Gordon (2008), under nsr[2] and sfs[3].
  11. Henri Wittmann (1991). The classification is said to be typological satisfying Jakobson's condition of genetic interpretability.
  13. To the extent that Wittmann's language codes are different from SIL codes, the latter are given within parentheses
  14. Wittmann adds that this taxonmic criteron is not really applicable with any scientific rigor: Alternative sign languages, to the extent that they are full-fledged natural languages (and therefore included in his survey), are mostly used by the deaf as well; and some primary sign languages (such as ASL(ase) and ADS) have acquired alternative usages.
  15. Wittmann includes in this class ASW (composed of at least 14 different languages), MOS(mzg), HST (distinct from the LSQ>ASL(ase)-derived TSQ) and SQS. In the meantime since 1991, HST has been recognized as being composed of BFK, CSD, HAB, HAF, HOS, LSO.
  16. Wittmann's references on the subject, besides his own work on creolization and relexification in "vocally signed" languages, include papers such as Fischer (1974, 1978), Deuchar (1987) and Judy Kegl's pre-1991 work on creolization in sign languages.
  20. Hohenberger, Annette: The possible range of variation between sign languages: Universal Grammar, modality, and typological aspects; in: Perniss, Pamela M., Roland Pfau and Markus Steinbach (Eds.): Visible Variation. Comparative Studies on Sign Language Structure; (Reihe Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] 188). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter 2007
  21. Premack & Pemack (1983), Premack (1985), Wittmann (1991).
  23. Kolb & Whishaw (2003)

  • Aronoff, Mark, Meir, Irit & Wendy Sandler (2005). "The Paradox of Sign Language Morphology." Language 81 (2), 301-344.
  • Deuchar, Margaret (1987). "Sign languages as creoles and Chomsky's notion of Universal Grammar." Essays in honor of Noam Chomsky, 81-91. New York: Falmer.
  • Fischer, Susan D. (1978). "Sign languages and creoles." Siple 1978:309-31.
  • Gordon, Raymond, ed. (2008). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th edition. SIL International, ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6, ISBN 1-55671-159-X. Web version.[6] Sections for primary sign languages[7] and alternative ones[8].
  • Hewes, Gordon W. (1973). "Primate communication and the gestural origin of language." Current Anthropology 14.5-32.
  • Kegl, Judy (1994). "The Nicaraguan Sign Language Project: An Overview." Signpost 7:1.24-31.
  • Kroeber, Alfred L. (1940). "Stimulus diffusion." American Anthropologist 42.1-20.
  • Madell, Samantha (1998). Warlpiri Sign Language and Auslan - A Comparison. M.A. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.[10]
  • Nakamura, Karen (1995). "About American Sign Language." Deaf Resourec Library, Yale University.[11]
  • Newman, A. J., et al. (2002). "A Critical Period for Right Hemisphere Recruitment in American Sign Language Processing". Nature Neuroscience 5: 76–80.
  • Premack, David (1985) "'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy". Cognition 19, 207-296
  • Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2001). Natural sign languages. In M. Aronoff & J. Rees-Miller (Eds.), Handbook of linguistics (pp. 533-562). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-20497-0.
  • Stokoe, William C. (1974). Classification and description of sign languages. Current Trends in Linguistics 12.345-71.
  • Wittmann, Henri (1980). "Intonation in glottogenesis." The melody of language: Festschrift Dwight L. Bolinger, in: Linda R. Waugh & Cornelius H. van Schooneveld, 315-29. Baltimore: University Park Press.[13]

External links[edit]


Economic Trends: Confidence Boomed After the Election. The Economy Hasn’t.

Latest news

    President Trump said on Twitter on Sunday that the stock market was at an “all-time high” and that unemployment was at its lowest level in years, both of which are true (he added that wages would start going up, which is certainly possible).

    But in overall measures of economic activity, the expansion looks much as it has for years, with steady growth of around 2 percent. The Trump economy so far looks an awful lot like the Obama economy.

    For all of business executives’ apparent enthusiasm, the nation is adding jobs more slowly in 2017 than it did in 2016, and investment spending by businesses is growing modestly; new orders for capital goods are up only 0.7 percent so far in 2017.

    Consumers’ spending was 2.7 percent higher in the first four months this year than in the same period of 2016, adjusted for inflation — which is slower than the 3.2 percent year-over-year gain at the end of 2016.

    And while the stock market has been surging and the Federal Reserve has raised short-term interest rates, long-term Treasury bond yields remain very low, suggesting that traders do not buy the idea that growth is poised to accelerate. A falling dollar suggests currency markets see improving prospects in Europe and elsewhere.

    There is no sign a recession is brewing, but neither is there evidence for the kind of boom you might expect if you believe that confidence is a crucial driver of economic growth.

    This is less surprising when you look at the historical record of confidence surveys.

    When financial commentators talk about the economy, they often use the elusive concept of confidence as part of their narrative. It’s hard to describe what is happening in the global economy, with billions of people producing trillions of dollars of goods and services. Using a vague psychological concept is a tidy way of describing why things happen when the underlying drivers are uncertain.

    To say that “the economy is slowing down because people are less confident” sounds a lot better than “the economy is slowing down for a whole bunch of complex reasons that I’m not really sure about.” Confidence has a kind of mystical explanatory power thanks to its vagueness.

    But “confidence” isn’t really some psychological pixie dust that determines the economic future. Rather, it often reflects underlying fundamentals — whether consumers see job opportunities readily available, for example, and whether businesses are seeing strong advance orders.

    “Confidence generally goes up when we see strong income growth or big gains in household wealth,” said Karen Dynan, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics whose former work for the Treasury Department and Federal Reserve included forecasting consumer spending. “You’ll typically see higher consumption spending after that happens. But it’s caused by the rise in income and wealth, not the rise in confidence.”

    Sometimes these surveys can pick up on shifts in those fundamentals before they are evident in more concrete data points. But that doesn’t mean that they do a fantastic job on their own of predicting the economic future.

    Since 1999, there has been a fairly strong correlation between the Conference Board’s consumer confidence index and the growth in personal consumption expenditures over the ensuing six months, just as you might expect. (And if the past relationship holds, spending levels will accelerate.)

    Consumer Confidence Predicts Growth in Spending

    The more confident consumers say they are, the more consumption expenditures increase in the ensuing six months , but the relationship is weaker than you might think.

    Consumer confidence

    Future consumption growth

    Consumer confidence

    Future consumption growth

    But that chart looks about the same if you instead look at the relationship between growth over the preceding six months and the next six months. In fact, that correlation was stronger than confidence. In other words, if you had just predicted that the immediate future would be similar to the recent past, you would have done a better job projecting consumer spending during the last couple of decades than if you had relied only on a confidence survey.

    Confidence surveys can make economic forecasts more accurate, according to some analysis — but only in certain circumstances, and if used correctly.

    For example, Michelle L. Barnes and Giovanni P. Olivei of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston found that forecasts are more accurate when they build in data from the Reuters/University of Michigan survey that is also used to calculate consumer sentiment. And Stéphane Dées and Pedro Soares Brinca of the European Central Bank found that confidence surveys can provide information about the future that economic fundamentals do not at economic turning points, and may be a factor in how crises spread between countries.

    Those results suggest that why confidence shifts matters a great deal. At certain moments, ordinary consumers and businesses may instantly pick up on shifting economic fundamentals that would take time to show up in the official economic data.

    For example, from July through November of 2007, consumer sentiment and confidence numbers plummeted, even as measures of consumer spending and employment were relatively steady. Credit was tightening and the housing crisis was worsening, but consumers seemed to pick up that the economy was on the verge of a recession (which began in December 2007) before it was at all clear from official data.

    For every example like that, though, you can also find the reverse. Those same measures of confidence fell precipitously in September 2005, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. That disaster ultimately had no major impact on the overall economy.

    When confidence rises or falls suddenly, the move will predict a shift in economic performance only if something happens to the fundamentals to justify it. The early warning that confidence surveys offered on the 2008 recession was useful, but the downturn happened not because consumer confidence fell, but because the underlying forces around housing and credit that it reflected were so damaging. The post-Katrina drop wasn’t matched by any major deterioration in economic fundamentals, so it was a mere historical blip.

    One clue as to which precedent applies here is in the partisan breakdown in sentiment surveys. Instead of an across-the-board improvement in confidence, it appears that Republicans became sharply more confident while Democrats became somewhat less so. That implies that the postelection confidence surge was about conservatives feeling more giddy about their side winning than about the broad mass of Americans picking up on improving economic fundamentals not yet evident in the data.

    The Trump administration’s promises of major tax cuts, infrastructure spending and pro-growth regulatory policy have been slow in coming, but could conceivably change that over time.

    But history shows that confidence alone won’t cut it.

    View the original article:

    Continue reading the main story

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The Variable Emergence of the Infrapatellar Branch of the Saphenous Nerve

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The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve (IPBSN) is a cutaneous nerve of the lower limb, which arises distal to the adductor canal. High variability in the emergence, course, branching, termination, and morphometrics of the IPBSN poses an increased risk of injury to the nerve during surgical interventions on the anteromedial aspect of the knee. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical characteristics of the IPBSN. This study utilized cadaveric (n = 100) and ultrasonography (n = 30) assessments, and meta-analysis. In the cadaveric study, the presence of IPBSN and its emergence mode in relation to the sartorius muscle (SaM) was determined (type A-anterior; type B-posterior; type C-penetrating the SaM). Ultrasonography examinations were conducted on healthy volunteers to determine the presence and mode of the emergence of the nerve. Finally, from electronic databases searching, all studies reporting the IPBSN emergence data were pooled into a meta-analysis. The mean distance between the medial border of the patellar ligament (MBPL) and the IPBSN at the level of the patellar apex (PA) was also analyzed in the cadaveric, ultrasonography, and meta-analysis portions of the study. Six studies (n = 336 limbs), including the present cadaveric study, were pooled into the meta-analysis of emergence. The most prevalent IPBSN emergence mode was type C (42.9%) followed by type B (41.9%) and type A (15.4%). In the ultrasonography assessment, type A was found to be the most common (82.8%). The mean distance between the MBPL and the IPBSN at the level of the PA was 4.89 ± 0.22 cm, and 5.57 ± 0.91 cm, for the cadaveric and meta-analysis studies combined, and the ultrasonography assessment, respectively. This multimodality study shows that the most common type of IPBSN emergence is type C. The horizontal distance between the MBPL and the IPBSN at the level of the PA is usually between 4.5 and 5.6 cm. Understanding the anatomy of IPBSN emergence is crucial for orthopedic surgeons to minimize the risks of iatrogenic nerve injury during surgical procedures in the region.

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Tableau Groups vs Sets

Tableau Groups vs Sets

Tableau Groups vs Sets was something that confused me a little when starting off with Tableau. Groups seem pretty self-explanatory but sets got a little complex. Grouping in Tableau is grouping multiple members in a SINGLE dimension into a higher category and creating a set is grouping members from MULTI dimensions and/or condition into a dynamic or constant group. So sets are just a more complex and dynamic grouping.

Take a look at the video and dashboard below to get a more detailed explanation of Tableau’s groups and sets, with examples.

See Complete Video Here

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WASHINGTON (AP) — States can target people who haven't cast ballots in a while in efforts to purge their voting rolls, the Supreme Court ruled Monday in a case that has drawn wide attention amid stark partisan divisions and the approach of the 2018 elections.

By a 5-4 vote that split the conservative and liberal justices, the court rejected arguments in a case from Ohio that the practice violates a federal law intended to increase the ranks of registered voters. A handful of other states also use voters' inactivity to trigger processes that could lead to their removal from the voting rolls.

Justice Samuel Alito said for the court that Ohio is complying with the 1993 National Voter Registration Act. He was joined by his four conservative colleagues in an opinion that drew praise from Republican officials and conservative scholars.

President Donald Trump hailed the ruling from Singapore on Tuesday, tweeting: "Just won big Supreme Court decision on Voting! Great News!"

The four liberal justices dissented, and civil rights groups and some Democrats warned that more Republican-led states could enact voter purges similar to Ohio's.

Ohio is of particular interest nationally because it is one of the larger swing states in the country with the potential to determine the outcome of presidential elections. But partisan fights over ballot access are playing out across the country. Democrats have accused Republicans of trying to suppress votes from minorities and poorer people who tend to vote for Democrats. Republicans have argued that they are trying to promote ballot integrity and prevent voter fraud.

Ohio's contested voter purge stems from an inoffensive requirement in federal law that states have to make an effort to keep their voter rolls in good shape by removing people who have moved or died.

But Ohio pursues its goal more aggressively than most, relying on two things: voter inactivity over six years encompassing three federal elections and the failure to return a card, sent after the first missed election, asking people to confirm that they have not moved and continue to be eligible to vote.

Voters who return the card or show up to vote over the next four years after they receive it remain registered. If they do nothing, their names eventually fall off the list of registered voters.

The case hinged on a provision of the voter registration law that prohibits removing someone from the voting rolls "by reason of the person's failure to vote."

Alito said that the two factors show that Ohio "does not strike any registrant solely by reason of the failure to vote."

Justice Stephen Breyer, countered in his dissent: "In my view, Ohio's program does just that." Breyer said many people received mailings that they discard without looking at them. Failure to return the notice "shows nothing at all that is statutorily significant," he wrote.

Richard Hasen, an election law expert at the University of California at Irvine, called the case "a close question of statutory interpretation." Hasen said the lawsuit the court resolved Monday did not involve allegations of discrimination against minority voters, and he suggested the laws in Ohio and other states could be vulnerable to a legal challenge on those grounds.

Ohio has used voters' inactivity to trigger the removal process since 1994, although groups representing voters did not sue the Republican secretary of state, Jon Husted, until 2016. As part of the lawsuit, a judge last year ordered the state to count 7,515 ballots cast by people whose names had been removed from the voter rolls.

Husted called the decision "a victory for electoral integrity." He is running for lieutenant governor this November on the Republican ticket headed by Mike DeWine, the current attorney general.

Adding to the tension in the case, the Trump administration reversed the position taken by the Obama administration and backed Ohio's method for purging voters.

Last week, Trump said he would nominate Eric Murphy, the Ohio lawyer who argued the case on the state's behalf, to a seat on the Cincinnati-based 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. A three-judge panel on that court had ruled 2-1 that Ohio's practice was illegal.

Associated Press writers Dan Sewell in Cincinnati and Julie Carr Smyth in Columbus contributed to this report.


Writing a self reflection

I have learned to use the online library to access various research articles.Think back to a time earlier in your life, maybe high school, when you knew a good person.

English1B: Self-Reflection English Class - blogspot.com

Reflective Essay Outline Samples, Reflective Essay Outline Guide for Undergraduate Students.For example, collaboration was necessary at certain times during.By asking the following questions prior to writing self-reflection, one will more effectively integrate the inclusion of relevant content knowledge from published works.I want people to like me so much that I will give in in order to feel like I.

Include your strategies for capitalizing on your strengths and overcoming.Through the various assignments, I have mastered the use of technology as never.Self reflection helps writers to perfect their writing craft.Reflection papers allow you to communicate with your instructor about how a specific article, lesson, lecture, or experience shapes.I have learned to communicate through e-mail to my instructor and classmates.

Self-reflection - Definition for English-Language Learners

Delve into self-reflection with these 10 questions to keep yourself in the right direction.Journal writing is a very beneficial personal habit for self-reflection, if done with honesty and thought.

I realized that I, including my confidence, should not be affected by criticisms especially not by comments from fellow students who were there to learn just like me.

Writing a self reflection of a business management subject

iRubric: Reflective Essay Rubric - L34935: RCampus

APA Reference Tartakovsky, M. (2014). 30 Journaling Prompts for Self-Reflection and Self-Discovery.

Self-Reflection Essay Template at EssayPedia.com

The sources below provide more information on reflective writing.My confidence started to melt like an ice cream in a summer day.This is a very short sample of a reflection essay and you might have to write something longer.

Reflection Is the Most Important Part of the Learning Process. Tanner. greater performance is explained by self. writing down any strategies they.In each question, the writer is asked to consider his or her position in relation to something else.Portfolio letter my peronal reflection paper online essay writing as a reflective essay.I printed all correspondence off of the computer and filed it into certain files.Self-reflection essay Order Description Essay detail would be provided with additional attachments.

We had to write four papers within the semester and a final paper before it ends.

Here are some sample reflective questions to illustrate the point.In the following paper I will discuss what I have learned during this introductory.Firstly, reflection-on. help students acquire the skills required for effective reflection and self.Reflection Essay Example to Give You an Idea How It Is Written.That is why note-taking while reading is recommended, and why journaling is often a requirement for a practicum or internship.Reflective writing does not mean jotting down scraps of thoughts as they pop into your head.Time passes by fast and we let things spiral out of our control.

Self-reflection as a writer's tool - T.B. Dubinsky

It is a platform where you express your personal experiences in regards to.Self-Reflection Paper essay writing service, custom Self-Reflection Paper papers, term papers, free Self-Reflection Paper samples, research papers, help.My strengths in the distance learning format is my ability to set goals and be disciplined enough to reach those goals by the deadline.Discuss what you have learned during the class and how it will assist you.

Self-Reflection for Writers Workshop by MrsL132 - Teaching


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Is it possible for a man to say he loves you and not actually be that into you? ” Sure, he might not wear his emotions on his sleeve, he might not break into poetic confessions of love (like in the movies) and he might prefer hanging out at home versus getting all dressed up and going out to dinner. It shows up in his enthusiasm about you and your relationship.


Discover the most talked about and latest scientific content & concepts.

Concept: Cerebral cortex

A widespread epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection was reported in 2015 in South and Central America and the Caribbean. A major concern associated with this infection is the apparent increased incidence of microcephaly in fetuses born to mothers infected with ZIKV. In this report, we describe the case of an expectant mother who had a febrile illness with rash at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy while she was living in Brazil. Ultrasonography performed at 29 weeks of gestation revealed microcephaly with calcifications in the fetal brain and placenta. After the mother requested termination of the pregnancy, a fetal autopsy was performed. Micrencephaly (an abnormally small brain) was observed, with almost complete agyria, hydrocephalus, and multifocal dystrophic calcifications in the cortex and subcortical white matter, with associated cortical displacement and mild focal inflammation. ZIKV was found in the fetal brain tissue on reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay, with consistent findings on electron microscopy. The complete genome of ZIKV was recovered from the fetal brain.

Concepts: Cerebellum, Uterus, Gestational age, Infection, Cerebral cortex, Fetus, Embryo, Pregnancy

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the prototypical psychedelic drug, but its effects on the human brain have never been studied before with modern neuroimaging. Here, three complementary neuroimaging techniques: arterial spin labeling (ASL), blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) measures, and magnetoencephalography (MEG), implemented during resting state conditions, revealed marked changes in brain activity after LSD that correlated strongly with its characteristic psychological effects. Increased visual cortex cerebral blood flow (CBF), decreased visual cortex alpha power, and a greatly expanded primary visual cortex (V1) functional connectivity profile correlated strongly with ratings of visual hallucinations, implying that intrinsic brain activity exerts greater influence on visual processing in the psychedelic state, thereby defining its hallucinatory quality. LSD’s marked effects on the visual cortex did not significantly correlate with the drug’s other characteristic effects on consciousness, however. Rather, decreased connectivity between the parahippocampus and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) correlated strongly with ratings of “ego-dissolution” and “altered meaning,” implying the importance of this particular circuit for the maintenance of “self” or “ego” and its processing of “meaning.” Strong relationships were also found between the different imaging metrics, enabling firmer inferences to be made about their functional significance. This uniquely comprehensive examination of the LSD state represents an important advance in scientific research with psychedelic drugs at a time of growing interest in their scientific and therapeutic value. The present results contribute important new insights into the characteristic hallucinatory and consciousness-altering properties of psychedelics that inform on how they can model certain pathological states and potentially treat others.

Concepts: Psychedelic drug, Nervous system, Human brain, Cerebral cortex, Timothy Leary, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants, Brain

Psilocybin with psychological support is showing promise as a treatment model in psychiatry but its therapeutic mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after treatment with psilocybin (serotonin agonist) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Quality pre and post treatment fMRI data were collected from 16 of 19 patients. Decreased depressive symptoms were observed in all 19 patients at 1-week post-treatment and 47% met criteria for response at 5 weeks. Whole-brain analyses revealed post-treatment decreases in CBF in the temporal cortex, including the amygdala. Decreased amygdala CBF correlated with reduced depressive symptoms. Focusing on a priori selected circuitry for RSFC analyses, increased RSFC was observed within the default-mode network (DMN) post-treatment. Increased ventromedial prefrontal cortex-bilateral inferior lateral parietal cortex RSFC was predictive of treatment response at 5-weeks, as was decreased parahippocampal-prefrontal cortex RSFC. These data fill an important knowledge gap regarding the post-treatment brain effects of psilocybin, and are the first in depressed patients. The post-treatment brain changes are different to previously observed acute effects of psilocybin and other ‘psychedelics’ yet were related to clinical outcomes. A ‘reset’ therapeutic mechanism is proposed.

Concepts: Schizophrenia, Major depressive disorder, Cerebral cortex, Brain, Hippocampus, Magnetic resonance imaging, Serotonin, Cerebrum

Concepts: Cerebrum, Human brain, Central nervous system, Neuroanatomy, Apolipoprotein E, Neuron, Brain, Cerebral cortex

A brain-to-brain interface (BTBI) enabled a real-time transfer of behaviorally meaningful sensorimotor information between the brains of two rats. In this BTBI, an “encoder” rat performed sensorimotor tasks that required it to select from two choices of tactile or visual stimuli. While the encoder rat performed the task, samples of its cortical activity were transmitted to matching cortical areas of a “decoder” rat using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). The decoder rat learned to make similar behavioral selections, guided solely by the information provided by the encoder rat’s brain. These results demonstrated that a complex system was formed by coupling the animals' brains, suggesting that BTBIs can enable dyads or networks of animal’s brains to exchange, process, and store information and, hence, serve as the basis for studies of novel types of social interaction and for biological computing devices.

Concepts: Emergence, Brain, Visual perception, Cerebral cortex, Task, The Animals, Activity, Behavior

The Mars mission will result in an inevitable exposure to cosmic radiation that has been shown to cause cognitive impairments in rodent models, and possibly in astronauts engaged in deep space travel. Of particular concern is the potential for cosmic radiation exposure to compromise critical decision making during normal operations or under emergency conditions in deep space. Rodents exposed to cosmic radiation exhibit persistent hippocampal and cortical based performance decrements using six independent behavioral tasks administered between separate cohorts 12 and 24 weeks after irradiation. Radiation-induced impairments in spatial, episodic and recognition memory were temporally coincident with deficits in executive function and reduced rates of fear extinction and elevated anxiety. Irradiation caused significant reductions in dendritic complexity, spine density and altered spine morphology along medial prefrontal cortical neurons known to mediate neurotransmission interrogated by our behavioral tasks. Cosmic radiation also disrupted synaptic integrity and increased neuroinflammation that persisted more than 6 months after exposure. Behavioral deficits for individual animals correlated significantly with reduced spine density and increased synaptic puncta, providing quantitative measures of risk for developing cognitive impairment. Our data provide additional evidence that deep space travel poses a real and unique threat to the integrity of neural circuits in the brain.

Concepts: Hippocampus, Metaphysics, Cognition, Neuron, Cerebral cortex, Psychology, Decision making, Brain

To assess the association between Mediterranean-type diet (MeDi) and change in brain MRI volumetric measures and mean cortical thickness across a 3-year period in older age (73-76 years).

Concepts: Sunshine pop, The Association, Magnetic resonance imaging, Cerebral cortex

Several groups have developed brain-machine-interfaces (BMIs) that allow primates to use cortical activity to control artificial limbs. Yet, it remains unknown whether cortical ensembles could represent the kinematics of whole-body navigation and be used to operate a BMI that moves a wheelchair continuously in space. Here we show that rhesus monkeys can learn to navigate a robotic wheelchair, using their cortical activity as the main control signal. Two monkeys were chronically implanted with multichannel microelectrode arrays that allowed wireless recordings from ensembles of premotor and sensorimotor cortical neurons. Initially, while monkeys remained seated in the robotic wheelchair, passive navigation was employed to train a linear decoder to extract 2D wheelchair kinematics from cortical activity. Next, monkeys employed the wireless BMI to translate their cortical activity into the robotic wheelchair’s translational and rotational velocities. Over time, monkeys improved their ability to navigate the wheelchair toward the location of a grape reward. The navigation was enacted by populations of cortical neurons tuned to whole-body displacement. During practice with the apparatus, we also noticed the presence of a cortical representation of the distance to reward location. These results demonstrate that intracranial BMIs could restore whole-body mobility to severely paralyzed patients in the future.

Concepts: Old World monkey, Monkeys in space, Brain, Macaque, Velocity, Rhesus Macaque, Cerebral cortex, Primate

How does human brain structure mature during adolescence? We used MRI to measure cortical thickness and intracortical myelination in 297 population volunteers aged 14-24 y old. We found and replicated that association cortical areas were thicker and less myelinated than primary cortical areas at 14 y. However, association cortex had faster rates of shrinkage and myelination over the course of adolescence. Age-related increases in cortical myelination were maximized approximately at the internal layer of projection neurons. Adolescent cortical myelination and shrinkage were coupled and specifically associated with a dorsoventrally patterned gene expression profile enriched for synaptic, oligodendroglial- and schizophrenia-related genes. Topologically efficient and biologically expensive hubs of the brain anatomical network had greater rates of shrinkage/myelination and were associated with overexpression of the same transcriptional profile as cortical consolidation. We conclude that normative human brain maturation involves a genetically patterned process of consolidating anatomical network hubs. We argue that developmental variation of this consolidation process may be relevant both to normal cognitive and behavioral changes and the high incidence of schizophrenia during human brain adolescence.

Concepts: Genetics, Gene expression, Gene, Neuron, Nervous system, Human brain, Brain, Cerebral cortex

Atrophy of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) occurs with aging, resulting in impaired episodic memory. Aerobic fitness is positively correlated with total hippocampal volume, a heavily studied memory-critical region within the MTL. However, research on associations between sedentary behavior and MTL subregion integrity is limited. Here we explore associations between thickness of the MTL and its subregions (namely CA1, CA23DG, fusiform gyrus, subiculum, parahippocampal, perirhinal and entorhinal cortex,), physical activity, and sedentary behavior. We assessed 35 non-demented middle-aged and older adults (25 women, 10 men; 45-75 years) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for older adults, which quantifies physical activity levels in MET-equivalent units and asks about the average number of hours spent sitting per day. All participants had high resolution MRI scans performed on a Siemens Allegra 3T MRI scanner, which allows for detailed investigation of the MTL. Controlling for age, total MTL thickness correlated inversely with hours of sitting/day (r = -0.37, p = 0.03). In MTL subregion analysis, parahippocampal (r = -0.45, p = 0.007), entorhinal (r = -0.33, p = 0.05) cortical and subiculum (r = -0.36, p = .04) thicknesses correlated inversely with hours of sitting/day. No significant correlations were observed between physical activity levels and MTL thickness. Though preliminary, our results suggest that more sedentary non-demented individuals have less MTL thickness. Future studies should include longitudinal analyses and explore mechanisms, as well as the efficacy of decreasing sedentary behaviors to reverse this association.

Concepts: Face perception, Lobe, Entorhinal cortex, Cerebral cortex, Fusiform gyrus, Temporal lobe, Cerebrum, Hippocampus


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The advanced bio-stabilizer mask analyzed circulation patterns through the skin, monitored breathing through chemical sensors, and reactions through eye movements. It additionally acted as a nearly complete environmental system, preventing toxins from reaching the wearer.

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