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101 Pedestrian Bridge

Jenny Holzer, artist
urban designers

The general goal of the 101 Pedestrian Bridge Project Design Competition was to develop an efficient, enhanced pedestrian environment between Union Station, Olvera Street/El Pueblo and Civic Center/City Hall, which are currently cut off from one another by the 101 Freeway. Metro sponsored a two-stage design competition in which teams with expertise in architecture, pedestrian design, engineering, and public art were invited to address this challenge. A prestigious panel of architecture, art, and engineering experts, joined by stakeholder agencies, evaluated the submittals and selected four teams to develop conceptual designs, scale models and presentation boards. After a series of lengthy presentations and challenging questions, the panel selected the team of Morphosis, AIJK, and Jenny Holzer to proceed with the project.

The selected design widens the existing Main Street overpass and would visually weave together the very pedestrian-oriented Olvera Street/El Pueblo (a designated historic district and the City's birthplace) and the Civic Center/City Hall job center. A widened walking area/mall with display-wall sides and innovative landscaping would significantly improve the pedestrian experience. An extraordinary armature would rise from the freeway median and seemingly fill the center of the 101 Freeway; the armature would support flickering LED readouts and changeable signs that speak to the historic and contemporary centers of the City. This portion of the work would initially be programmed with text compositions by the artist Jenny Holzer, and later programmed by other artists' work curated through MOCA. The proposal also includes a restaurant that dramatically cantilevers over the Freeway, offering patrons unparalleled views and a truly Los Angeles experience.

The team's design received a prestigious Progressive Architecture 2000 citation award and was featured in the MOCA exhibition, "At the End of the Century: 100 Years of Architecture."

“The project has always been very interesting to me...the bridge is a visual link. It's in balance with [Disney Hall, the Cathedral, and the new federal courthouse] and ties them together. I'm very interested in architecture that can respond to the human being in a positive sense. Architecture is something that can change society, and it represents the collective good in a civilized society. It's a literal connection, gluing together the old and the new. It's actually a very symbolic project. It could become part of the lexicon, like the Ferris Wheel in London or the Eiffel Tower in Paris.” Thom Mayne, Morphosis

“Jenny Holzer...is the quintessential American pragmatist, a realist who usurps the mass media and uses it to make a concrete statement about culture. In swift, accessible, consumerist language Jenny Holzer's assertive, sometimes outspoken texts provoke heightened drama, a sense of urgency highlighting many of society's most deeply rooted prejudices and urging her audience to confront topics of overriding concern.” Morphosis/AIJK


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Club-winged Manakin

Club-winged Manakin

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The Club-winged Manakin (Machaeropterus deliciosus) is a small passerine
A passerine is a bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate orders: with over 5,000 identified species, it has roughly...

 and northwestern Ecuador

. The manakin
The manakins are a family, Pipridae, of unique small suboscine passerine birds. The family contains some 60 species. They are distributed through the American tropics...

s are a family

 (Pipridae) of small bird species

 of subtropical and tropical Central
Central America

 and South America
South America

Sound-making mechanism

Like several other manakins, the Club-winged Manakin produces a mechanical sound with its extremely modified secondary remiges. The manakins have adapted their wings in this odd way as a result of sexual selection
Sexual selection

. Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin

 noted how females could cause evolution

ary change simply by the influence of their mating
In biology, mating is the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms for copulation. In social animals, it also includes the raising of their offspring. Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for insemination and subsequent internal fertilization...

Lineage (evolution)
An evolutionary lineage is a sequence of species, that form a line of descent, each new species the direct result of speciation from an immediate ancestral species. Lineages are subsets of the evolutionary tree of life. Lineages are often determined by the techniques of molecular systematics.-...

s, however, have evolved independently. Some species pop like a firecracker

, and there are a couple that makes whooshing noises in flight. The Club-winged Manakin, with its unique ability to produce musical sounds, is indisputably the most extreme example of sexual selection in manakins.

Hummingbirds are birds that comprise the family Trochilidae. They are among the smallest of birds, most species measuring in the 7.5–13 cm range. Indeed, the smallest extant bird species is a hummingbird, the 5-cm Bee Hummingbird. They can hover in mid-air by rapidly flapping their wings...

s typically flap their wings only 50 times a second). Each time it hits a ridge, the tip produced a sound. The tip strikes each ridge twice: once as the feathers collide, and once as they move apart again. This raking movement allows a wing to produce 14 sounds during each shake. By shaking its wings 100 times a second, the Club-winged Manakin can produce up to 1,400 single sounds during that time.

While this sort of spoon-and-washboard
A washboard is a tool designed for hand washing clothing. With mechanized cleaning of clothing becoming more common by the end of the 20th century, the washboard has become better known for its originally subsidiary use as a musical instrument....

Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy , and plant anatomy...

 to produce sounds is well-known in insect

s - see stridulation
Stridulation is the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts. This behavior is mostly associated with insects, but other animals are known to do this as well, such as a number of species of fishes, snakes and spiders...

 -, it had not been well documented in vertebrate

s (some snake

s stridulate too, but they do not have dedicated anatomical features for it). An analysis was made using high speed photography in 2005. The mating preferences of female birds can produce not only the peacock
Peafowl are two Asiatic species of flying birds in the genus Pavo of the pheasant family, Phasianidae, best known for the male's extravagant eye-spotted tail, which it displays as part of courtship. The male is called a peacock, the female a peahen, and the offspring peachicks. The adult female...

's tail or the rooster's crow, but also feathers with microscopic adaptations that let them sing like crickets.

External links

Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

    Helm Identification Guides
    The Helm Identification Guides are a series of books that identify groups of birds. The series include two types of guides, those that are:* Taxonomic, dealing with a particular family of birds on a worldwide scale—most early Helm Guides were this type, as well as many more-recent ones,...

    , London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5


Update: Apparently, Apple's HQ won't be bigger than the Pentagon. It will be just a shade smaller, actually.

Philip Elmer DeWitt at Fortune ran the tale of the tape:

Original: Apple's new headquarters are going to be bigger than the Pentagon, notes John Martello at The Mac Observer who made this graphic to show how big the spaceship building will be:

aapl hqThe Mac Observer


• Notes on Airlock

    13 Feb 2007, 02:47 by jillianm

    Often we don’t understand why something happens. Sometimes things take an unexpected turn and all we can do is try to catch up with the events. In 1998, Musicom, (a three piece from Brussels consisting of Pierre Mussche, Ernst Meinrath and Renaud Charlier), began crafting tracks of cool electronic ambience mixed with orchestral hip-hop, as soundtracks for adverts and underground films. Scottish born Esra Tasasiz was working in Brussels at that time singing on house records. She joined Musicom and the four decided to work together on recording a short piece of music. It was during these sessions that it soon became obvious that their creative output worked outside the confines of cinematography and Airlock were formed. The production of their first album ‘Drystar’ stretched over a period of two-and-a-half-years. During this time Airlock met with cult film director Oliver Van Hoofstadt and wrote some tracks in conjunction with the making of three of his films - Keo, Snuff Movie, and Parabellum. ‘Face Down’ the composition that appeared on Parabellum, finally made its way via European radio stations to the desks of British record labels as part of a demo. After being spoilt for choice, they signed up with One Little Indian on which ‘Drystar’ was released in 2001. The connection between Airlock and films was kept alive with their work on Roman Coppola’s the “Making of” of CQ. Furthermore, many tracks from ‘Drystar’ were used in films and series such as “CSI”, “CSI Miami”, “As If”, “Model Behaviour”, “5 go dating”, and more.

    Airlock began work on their second album. The album was completed in October however, before they had played the album to anybody, all of the masters were destroyed in a studio fire. Airlock had to re-record the entire album! Whilst the studio was being rebuilt, the band decided to write some new songs for the album and worked in an improvised studio with minimal equipment. Though they had to change their working habits by that (the band considered this as a positive challenge), it also gave them the opportunity to concentrate more on the writing itself. The new album ‘Symptomatic’ has elements of tension, naivety, strength, conviction, vulnerability and freedom. Compared to their debut with its various musical directions, ‘Symptomatic’ is more coherent. For example, there are less instrumental tracks and warm sounds of analog synths are used on all tracks. The content of the album however, deals with a mixture of emotions, experiences and expressions (or symptoms…) resulting from the issues Airlock had to face. Many times we don’t understand why something happens but sometimes there are symptoms that point us to the source and help us to get our heads around it.


When Season 4 of Glee picks up this fall, Santana (Naya Rivera) will have left Ohio for college in Kentucky, and her girlfriend, Brittany (Heather Morris), isn’t exactly finding it easy to adjust to life without her. But when your heart starts breaking as you watch Brittany sob into a pillow during Episode 2, take comfort in knowing that the two will be reunited not long after. That’s right, Santana is headed back to visit McKinley High. Glee is currently filming Episodes 3 and...


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Financial Crisis: SEC Required Press Release and Internal Memo

The company with which you are currently employed is experiencing a financial crisis. The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) has suddenly resigned and no one is discussing the reasons why. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is investigating your company's accounting practices and from the documents they have requested, the issue seems to concern revenue recognition. Rumors are beginning to circulate that suggest inappropriate behavior on the part of your company. The organization is a publicly traded company, and as such, the company is required to issue a public notice concerning the sudden vacancy of the CFO. As a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) on the team drafting the notice, you are involved in communicating the current situation to the general public.

Write a press release. You may conduct research to find examples of public notices of this same nature. Use the examples to determine how you will format your press release. Then write an accompanying internal memo no more than 2 pages in length to your manager that includes the following:

- Outline what your company is legally required to do.
- Explain the value of the public communication in this situation.
- Examine the balance between calming external stakeholders and the ethical considerations of providing all the information that is required by the SEC.
- How the perception of the press release will affect public opinion

Solution Summary

The solution explains the company's legal obligations and then ethical and strategic reasons for how much to disclose in relation to the effect it will have on stakeholders and public opinion, all in a memo of 845 words.


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Walter Lindner, the German government's Commissioner in the battle against the Ebola epidemic

Ebola "The last mile is the most difficult"

The German government’s Ebola Commissioner hopes that the epidemic will continue to abate. There is a real chance that by the middle of the year we could be seeing no new infections, said Lindner. At the same time he warned, "We cannot know how the epidemic will develop." We must not let up in the battle against Ebola. more

The French President François Hollande welcomes Chancellor Angela Merkel at the Elysee Palace.

The Chancellor in Paris Working together for Europe

After her meeting with French President François Hollande, Chancellor Angela Merkel reported that their discussions had been in-depth and had gone well beyond the framework of the G7 Presidency. They looked at the extension of aid to Greece and at the situation in Ukraine. "Every effort is worthwhile," said Angela Merkel. more

Chancellor Angela Merkel during a private audience with Pope Francis

Angela Merkel in Rome Private audience with Pope Francis

Pope Francis has received Chancellor Angela Merkel for a private audience. Their meeting looked at the agenda for Germany's G7 Presidency. In Rome Chancellor Angela Merkel met Church representatives and members of the scientific and academic community. more

Angela Merkel at the Munich Security Conference Respecting international law

Speaking at the Munich Security Conference, the Chancellor has underscored the importance of the international community in mastering the challenges facing us. With regard to the Ukraine crisis she declared, "We want to forge security in Europe with Russia, not against Russia." more

Angela Merkel in the USA "We stand for the same principles"

The Chancellor has made it quite plain that Germany and the USA will not let themselves be divided by the crisis in Ukraine. "We stand for the same principles of territorial integrity," said Angela Merkel after her meeting with President Obama. She does not see any military solution to the Ukraine conflict. They also discussed the global economy. more

Angela Merkel in Budapest Appreciating the role of civil society

In Hungary, the Chancellor has underscored the importance of civil society. In a democracy it is important to appreciate the role of the opposition, of civil society and of the media, she said after a meeting with the Prime Minister Viktor Orbán. Economic relations and the Ukraine crisis were also on the agenda. more

Execution of Egyptian Copts German government condemns barbaric act of terrorism

Chancellor Angela Merkel has conveyed her condolences to Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, and expressed her horror at the execution of Egyptian Copts by IS. Federal government spokesperson Steffen Seibert reaffirmed that, in the face of this barbaric terrorism, the world must stand together against IS. more


Get advice for managing Multiple Sclerosis: Watch the video.

Penicillin and Alcohol / Food Interactions

There are 2 alcohol/food/lifestyle interactions with penicillin which include:

penicillin ↔ food

Moderate Food Interaction

Switch to professional interaction data

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

Moderate Potential Hazard, High plausibility

penicillin G - sodium/potassium

Penicillin G sodium contains approximately 46 mg (2 mEq) of sodium per each million units of penicillin. Aqueous penicillin G potassium contains approximately 7 mg (0.3 mEq) of sodium per each million units of penicillin. The sodium content should be considered when these products are used in patients with conditions that may require sodium restriction, such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, and fluid retention. Each million units of aqueous penicillin G potassium also contain 65.6 mg (1.68 mEq) of potassium and should be considered in patients who may require potassium restriction, such as those with hyperkalemia and/or impaired renal function. Clinical monitoring of electrolytes is recommended if these agents are used.

  1. "Product Information. Pfizerpen (penicillin)." Roerig Division, New York, NY.

You should also know about...

penicillin drug Interactions

There are 55 drug interactions with penicillin

penicillin disease Interactions

There are 4 disease interactions with penicillin which include:

Drug Interaction Classification

Do not stop taking any medications without consulting your healthcare provider.


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SOE G.I.R.L. Scholarship Program

Sylvia Liu

Q: Explain what it feels like to be the G.I.R.L. Scholarship winner?
A: I feel so happy and honored to be chosen as the winner this year. I worked hard on my submission and am very proud of what I accomplished for this competition. This scholarship and internship will help me a long way in my career so I can't wait to get started!

Q: How did you come up with your G.I.R.L Game Design Competition submission (artwork & essays)?
A: I usually start out my design process by sketching abstract thumbnails and looking for interesting shapes that are appealing at first glance. From there, I pull things that I like and build on it. I knew that I wanted to make some sort of creature because Everquest® II has many interesting creatures as bosses. Since Everquest® II is a fantasy game, I made sure that my environment and creature were more organic and unique. I went with a forest for my environment because it's familiar yet there are so many possibilities to making it something people haven't seen before. My Mosster, which is my creature, inhabits the forest so I made sure that you could instantly tell it belonged in its environment. I also created my designs so they were fun and had a story to them so the player would be more interested. My essay was based on my past experience as a female gamer and my opinion on how to get more females into the industry.

Q: What do you hope to do after you graduate and why?
A: I hope to go into the entertainment industry and work as a concept artist to create visual development for movies, animations, video games, etc. It has always been my passion to design new visual ideas and tell stories through my artwork for others to enjoy.

Q: During your internship with SOE, what do you hope to learn?
A: I hope to participate and learn more about the process that SOE goes through when designing video games. Gaining the real life experience of what the entertainment industry is looking for is valuable to me. I also hope to excel as a concept artist and learn how to communicate my ideas so they are visually compelling and easily understood by others.

Q: What kinds of skills have you learned from playing video games?
A: I've learned to look for certain design qualities such as unique characters or environments. I have also learned some of the key elements of what makes a good game and that there are many different types that cater to all different types of players.


Efficacy in a Sentence

Definition of Efficacy

the power to produce a desired effect

Use Efficacy in a sentence

Fortunately, the medicine had the efficacy to reduce the amount of pain John was feeling.

Since the traffic reports have not been announced yet, the efficacy of the new drunk driving laws cannot be confirmed.

The instructor’s efficacy was reduced by the lack of educational materials.

Even after conducting the study, the scientist was not able to prove the cancer drug’s efficacy.

If you drink alcohol while taking an antibiotic, you might reduce the strength of the medication and lower the drug’s efficacy.

The two child psychologists spent hours debating the efficacy of spanking upon behavior.

Reform critics question the efficacy of juvenile prisons in deterring youth crime.

Since I have never practiced yoga, I cannot speak on its efficacy to provide relaxation.

In order to test the efficacy of its new security system, the bank staged a fake robbery.

Becasue the drug is new and untried on humans, volunteers are being recruited to test its efficacy.

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Efficacy synonyms

effectiveness, force, power, efficiency, potency, strength, energy, benefit, success

Efficacy antonyms

failure, weakness, inability


Electrolux 2006 Design Lab winners

The Electrolux Design Lab is an annual design competition open to students around the world, and designed to showcase their creative ideas for appliance designs that address the needs of the consumers of the future and use technology, and innovative design to revolutionize the industry. Highlighted here are four of the Electrolux 2006 Design Lab winners.

Nevale Food Carrier

Designed to invoke the shape of an antique Middle Eastern food container called “sefertasi”, the Nevale Food Carrier is a concept for a carrier that serves hot or cold meals on the go. Built in layers and featuring a hood with a digital control screen, the Nevale food carrier can store up to four different hot and/or cold meals inside. The digital display provides ongoing information about the storage conditions in each layer and can be programmed to launch automatic reheating at specific times. For cold food storage, the Nevale maintains a perfect preservation temperature. The layers all operate independently to ensure that both hot and cold foods are stored at their optimal conditions, all in the same carrier. Using a storage vacuum system that keeps air out, the Nevale appliance keeps food safe and free from bacteria throughout the day. Designed to encourage the prevalence of homemade and healthy food outside of the home with ease and effectiveness, the Nevale food carrier can help usher in an era of more conscientious eating on the go.

Electrolux Organic Cooker

Designed for flexible and oil-free cooking in the home of the future, the Organic Cook is a table top appliance that combines infrared technology and vacuum cooking to help create healthy meals within a fraction of their traditional cooking time. Shaped like a bowl with a lid, the Organic Cook allows consumers to cook food at their table or whatever surface they like, while offering oil-free frying, grilling and boiling options, all with one appliance. The Organic Cook uses high-efficiency radiant energy that sends high frequency electromagnetic waves from the invisible end of the light spectrum, allowing food to cook without the need to heat the air around it. The vacuum system ensures that all flavors are held within the food and do not escape into the surrounding space. The Organic Cook internal cooking pad comprises four separate sections in order to adapt to your desired style of cooking, and the digital dial operation around the circumference of the hood allows you easily set and adjust the cooking temperature.

VESSTO Portable Stove

An anagram for “Stirling Stove”, the VESSTO Portable Stove is a cooker that combines the physical flexibility and use of renewable energy as a power source - using an advanced version of a “Stirling Engine” which utilizes heat from the stove to expand and contract small quantities of gas inside, thus powering the appliance. The results are virtually silent operations, since no gas is vented and no explosions take place inside the stove. The self-power nature of the VESSTO not only makes for an environmentally friendly appliance, it also lets consumers prepare food wherever they desire, from kitchen to living rooms, backyard and great outdoors. Lit by an Organic Light-Emitting-Diode (OLED), the display of the VESSTO requires only a minimal amount of power to function while simultaneously offering a clear, easy to read control panel that has the ability to display recipes, notes or other cooking related info that can be downloaded from the Internet. Designed to herald a shift away from the trend towards ready-made-meals, the VESSTO encourages wholesome, healthy cooking by allowing food preparation to occur wherever is most convenient.

Electrolux SpiceHood

Tackling the issue of “healthy eating habit in 2016” with the use of herbs and spices, the SpiceHood incorporates the medicinal and flavor benefits of spices with the use of existing cooker hood technology. Featuring an automated spice rack and integrated dispenser system, the SpiceHood is designed to help reduce clutter around the kitchen while encouraging the use of herbs and spices for dietary benefit. This appliance removes the need for numerous shakers and containers around the kitchen holding various spices, while allowing the consumer to reap the well-known benefits of various herbs in their diet. Unlike modern day cooker hoods, the SpiceHood filters and recycles extracted air from the cooking process, working like a dehumidifier by condensing moisture to keep spices in dry conditions. The SpiceHood automated system helps consumers produce specific spice combinations, either from recipes stored in the system or programmed by the user. The integrated touch-sensitive display at the center of the hood is retractable and can be neatly closed away when the dispensing system is not in use. The display showcases SpiceHood database of spice information, containing an extensive library of recipes and suggestions for spice use, including information on spice origin, use and medicinal benefit, giving consumers solutions for healthier eating habits and ease of preparation.

Posted in Appliance Trends at December 17, 2006 8:41 PM

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Great Dialogues Test | Mid-Book Test - Easy

Buy the Great Dialogues Lesson Plans
Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________

Multiple Choice Questions

1. One large theme that permeates throughout Meno is:
(a) Learning is really a recollection of old knowledge.
(b) Non- virtuous people can still perform virtuous actions
(c) There can never be universal ethics.
(d) A proposition can only be deemed valid if it is testable in the empirical world.

2. Why does Socrates speak about dogs and other animals to Glaucon?
(a) In hopes of finding the source of virtue.
(b) In order to show, by analogy, that it is difficult albeit not impossible to have people who are both gentle and aggressive.
(c) Socrates likes animals more than people.
(d) To establish grounds for a society in which people function like animals in a natural kingdom.

3. What does Socrates tell Ion about a person who can recite poetry well?
(a) Ion must not know the meaning of poetry if he just memorizes it.
(b) Ion should memorize philosophy instead of poetry.
(c) Only a person who understands a poem's meaning could be a good reciter.
(d) Memorizing poetry is a way of balancing the soul.

4. How does Dimotia characterize love?
(a) Curious and enigmatic, like the Gods.
(b) Beautiful and pure, like virtue or reason.
(c) Crude and deceitful, like the desire for immortality.
(d) Grounded and rational, like a mathematical equation.

5. Who is the character who narrates Symposium?
(a) Appolodorus.
(b) Agathon.
(c) Socrates.
(d) Alcibides.

6. What do Socrates' interlocutors object to in the beginning of Book V?
(a) All children and women should be shared (and raised) in common.
(b) All property would be owned by a family.
(c) They do not give Socrates any objections until later in the dialogue.
(d) Children must be born on the 7th of the month.

7. Which of the following does Socrates reason about Ion?
(a) Ion knows more than Socrates.
(b) Ion must be outside his mind when he recites poetry.
(c) Ion is sad when his crowds are sad and happy when his crowds are happy.
(d) Ion is a handsome, though misguided poet.

8. Which demographic of the Athenian population does Socrates single out for discussion?
(a) The sophists.
(b) The lawyers.
(c) The soldiers.
(d) The citizens.

9. In Book V, what is the philosopher concerned with, according to Socrates?
(a) Absolute being.
(b) The afterlife.
(c) Beautiful things.
(d) Justice, and only justice.

10. Before Socrates delivers his speech, he cross- examines Agathon about which of the following?
(a) Agathon's poetic license.
(b) How one can know that he is truly in love.
(c) Whether love is necessarily beautiful.
(d) Whether loves is necessarily possible.

11. According to Socrates, what are the three parts of the soul?
(a) Goodness, badness, and curiosity.
(b) Hate, love, and desire.
(c) Thoughtfulness, mindfulness, and power.
(d) Rationality, spirit, and appetite.

12. Who says, at the very end of Book II, "I completely endorse these patterns, and I would enact them as laws"?
(a) Socrates.
(b) Glaucon.
(c) Adeimantus.
(d) Thrasymachus.

13. Which of the following does Socrates reason about poetry?
(a) A poem's content cannot belong to the one who recites it.
(b) If poetry consists of statements which belong to other arts, then such "other arts" are actually one thing.
(c) A poem's content always belongs to the one who recites it.
(d) Poetry was not meant to be read aloud.

14. How does Socrates rebut the definition of virtue offered by the poets?
(a) By giving Meno a solid definition of virtue.
(b) By proving to Meno that there are many commonly held virtues.
(c) By instructing Meno that it is impossible to have an abstract entity which moves other things but does not move itself.
(d) By showing Meno that all men desire good things, but that not all men are virtuous.

15. Socrates argues that laws are___________.
(a) Affected by the flow of everyday life, and thus should not be formulated individually.
(b) Worthy formal pursuits.
(c) Misguided because no one law holds true categorically.
(d) Rigid and static, unlike the people they control.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who is Socrates walking with when he is stopped by a group of men urging him to come to Cephalus' house?

2. In Ion, Socrates concludes that Ion's ability to memorize poetry is which of the following?

3. In Ion, Socrates compares Ion to which of the following?

4. What counter-example does Socrates employ as evidence that a state is flawed?

5. According to Socrates' insinuation, artistic knowledge is characterized as which of the following?

(see the answer keys)

This section contains 760 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
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Great Dialogues from BookRags. (c)2015 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Guessing Game Problem

I am not sure I understand the rules correctly. The problem talks about strikes. For example for the case N = 7 and S = 2. We first have the numbers;

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

We then of course first guess 3 since this halves tithe guessing space. In the next step we have S = 1 so then we will not be told if we guessed higher or lower. Thus we guess 2. What happens after this? Do I get new guesses? In the next step I would then perhaps guess 1 and then if necessary we guess 0. Thus to cover all possible numbers we need 4 guesses which agrees with the example output. However, I have seen that for N = 15 and S=2 should be 5. Help me please understand the reules of this game.
Topic archived. No new replies allowed.


pufferfish (106623 bytes) (added 26 Oct 99)

There are at least 100 species of pufferfish, also commonly known as "blowfish", consisting of members of family Tertraodontidae. They are generally divided into two groups: the short-nosed puffers (family Terraodontinae, shown here) and the long-nosed puffers (family Canthigasterinae).

This particular species of puffer, called a "map puffer", has a reticulated pattern on its body with dark lines radiating from the eye. It is quite large, with a length of over 14 inches. A small, transparent shrimp of the Periclimenes genus probably gets its meals from fish parasites or leftover morsels of food.

Most species of pufferfish are only a few inches in length. The name refers to their ability to "puff up" by gulping water and inflating their bodies to around twice their normal size when threatened. The exaggerated size helps to discourage an attacking predator. Divers sometime amuse themselves by chasing after pufferfish, forcing them to inflate themselves defensively. Once inflated, the fishes' swimming speed is at least cut in half, and its ability to maneuver is limited by its relatively small fins. Divers are well-advised not to place fingers in the mouth of these fish-- though not aggressive, their jaws are very powerful and made for smashing sea urchins and other echinoderm prey.

Pufferfish are frequently confused by name with a similar fish in the same order which also has an ability to inflate itself, called a porcupinefish. Pufferfish have a prickly texture when inflated, though they do not possess the large, rigid spines of the similar-looking porcupinefish. The porcupinefish number about 20 species with long, sharp spines which point outward when fully inflated. Their teeth are also slightly different, forming more of a sharp beak than the pufferfish.

Pufferfish are prepared as meals for some. Called "fugu", this carefully prepared dish is named after one of the numerous species from the Fugu genus among which is Fugu rubripes. As with many fish that look "unconventional" these fish have toxic flesh.  Many parts are especially concentrated in toxicity, such as the liver or ovaries.  Puffer toxin blocks sodium channels in nerve tissues, ultimately paralyzing muscles and causing respiratory arrest; in fact, it is up to 1250 times deadlier than cyanide*. However, if prepared properly by specially trained chefs, certain parts of the fish may be consumed to produce a temporary narcotic effect. Many persons die every year by eating improperly prepared fugu; proper skill is essential as thorough expertise is required. Preparing a meal of fugu is not an option for the home chef. The preparation and consumption of pufferfish for these purposes is very popular in Japan, with many restaurants devoted entirely to the creation of various expensive, exotic dishes composed of fugu.

The pufferfish Fugu rubripes is currently playing a significant role in the current quest to map the human genome. Fugu rubripes has the smallest genome of any vertebrate. Its genome is one-eighth the size of its human counterpart, yet bears marked resemblance in its structure. The genome of the pufferfish has about the same number of genes as humans, but lacks much of the filler "junk DNA" of the human genome. Comparisons allow geneticists to pinpoint the function of certain human genes. For more information, visit the U.S. Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute.

Above Pufferfish Identification: Map puffer, Arothron mappa (special thanks to Bart H. for assistance in identification)

* indicates more than one photo

Related Links:

learn more about pufferfish at The Puffer Fish Website
more about pufferfish poisoning from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration "Bad Bug Book"
Project Puffer page,  for aquarium enthusiasts
Aquarist discussion site, for beginners to advanced: Cowfish, Puffers, and More

back to gallery III


Find the exact center of the cap and cut an opening.

The opening you cut (like the one in this figure) is probably too big to serve as a pinhole.

Poke a tiny hole in the metal.

Make is as small as possible. This is called a “pinhole” lens for a reason.

Attach your new pinhole lens to your camera.

Don’t force something onto your camera that isn’t supposed to fit. Use a cap that’s supplied by your camera’s manufacturer.

Look through the viewfinder to see a fuzzy, dim image.

This is what the world looks like through pinhole photography.

Mount your camera on a tripod and shoot time exposures.

Your aperture is so small (it’s a pinhole!) that your pictures need long exposures, even in bright daylight. This figure shows an image exposed for three seconds with a pinhole lens on a digital camera.


Jewish Journal

November 9, 2011

Opinion: How the media can help heal Gilad Shalit

Gilad Shalit speaks to his family on the telephone in this handout released by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) on Oct. 18. Photo by REUTERS/IDF/Handout.

For five long years, a media campaign swirled around the abduction and internment of Gilad Shalit, gaining momentum with every passing day. Without a doubt, it was the media that helped keep his story alive and contributed significantly to his release, creating public pressure in favor of the historic (though unsettling) exchange of more than 1,000 convicted terrorists for Shalit’s freedom.

But now that he has been freed, will the media claim its “pound of flesh”?

Aside from the interview he was forced to give Egyptian television immediately following his release, Shalit has yet to speak publicly about his 1,941-day ordeal. His father, Noam, continues to serve as his mouthpiece, and his family and friends have formed a protective shield around him, disallowing any media contact. As they see it, the media can only harm Shalit at this point, slowing his recovery and reintegration into normal life and society.

But is that true?

The experiences of survivors of captivity, maltreatment and torture from many parts of the world teach us that the phase of re-entry into society plays a critical role in the quality of recovery. The societal attitudes and the degree of acceptance and assistance available to survivors as they return from an ordeal determines their success in psychologically reintegrating their traumatic experiences into a sense of themselves that feels continuous and consistent.

When survivors are met with a “conspiracy of silence” where society and even relatives are not able to listen to their experiences, as with many survivors of the Holocaust, the survivors do not speak of their trauma. And when war veterans and prisoners of war are met with negative attitudes toward the war in which they participated, as was the case with Vietnam veterans, they also refrain from sharing their experiences.

In such cases, where the trauma cannot be discussed and shared in an accepting and truly empathic context, survivors attempt to cope by hiding or denying their distress. Paradoxically, the more dissociated the traumatic experiences become, the more they interfere with daily life.

Newly acquired scientific insight into brain functions and structures have illuminated much about how trauma is registered, stored and remembered. Extremely traumatic events are initially stored in nonverbal images, sensations and feeling states. As such, they can continue to remain vivid and timeless, disturbing the survivor’s habituation and integration into normal life for years.

The presence of supportive, empathic listeners who are genuinely interested in hearing what the survivor has to say is critical to the healing process. Such listening must be truly motivated by sensitivity and deep care and attuned to the needs of the survivor. Listening that is motivated by other, voyeuristic or self-serving interests will lead to additional trauma.

From what they have stated, this is the concern shared by Shalit’s family and friends regarding his exposure to the media. There are no guarantees that the media will be the sensitive, empathetic listeners he requires, and it simply isn’t worth the irreparable damage.

Furthermore, because he was only a teenager when he was abducted, he has a lot to learn in order to catch up with his 25-year-old self, a great deal to re-learn about normal life and a tremendous amount to unlearn from his years in captivity. Most important, he has to regain a sense of ownership and control over his life and the freedom to explore who he is.

Exposure to the media, even in the best of circumstances, is often accompanied (true or not) by a feeling that one’s words were “twisted” to mean something else and that the message intended was hijacked and misrepresented. While generally irritating for the masses, such experiences might be truly damaging for an individual attempting to achieve a personally meaningful integration of his own traumatic experience, and might constitute a repetition of loss of control over one’s words, self-definition and life.

It goes without saying that a relentless pursuit by the media would interfere with Shalit’s ability to explore and re-establish his personal life. Many bereaved individuals express feeling an added burden of having to live with the image that others project upon them as “the bereaved.” Having become recognizable to every Israeli, he will have a difficult enough task returning to normal life. Having the paparazzi chase him and “experts” volunteering their interpretations for every move he makes will only make the transition that much more difficult.

However, the media could play the hero if it so chooses.

It has been shown that the method of giving testimony has particular value for survivors of captivity and torture. Even decades after their traumatic experiences, survivors of the Holocaust showed significant positive changes after giving testimony. While the processing of traumatic experiences in therapy and other private settings might confront the survivor with feelings of fear, loss of control, irreversible damage and shame, the process of testifying restores the right order of things, as it establishes who did what to whom and places the moral burdens where they belong, with the aggressor. Due to its public format, testimony creates a social and cultural context for the individual trauma and accelerates the healing process.

This might be a benign role that the media can play, providing Shalit, at his own pace, with the opportunity to heal and add his personal story to Israeli society’s collective narrative about the painful cost paid by everyone’s children in war.

So, now it’s up to the media, the very entity that helped bring about Shalit’s release. Will they move in for the “scoop,” or do whatever they can to help free him from his painful past?

Irit Felsen is a clinical psychologist and trauma specialist, and an adjunct professor at Yeshiva University’s Ferkauf School of Psychology.

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Mid Sussex District Council logo - click to go to the homepage
Mid Sussex District Council logo - click to go to the homepage

Street naming and numbering

The correct addressing of a property is a very important issue. Increasing numbers of service providers, including the emergency services, the Royal Mail and satellite navigation systems need an efficient means of locating and referring to specific properties.

Street naming and numbering is a statutory function of local authorities across the UK.  Mid Sussex District Council is the street naming and numbering authority for the district. We create and maintain all addresses in the district and provide address data to a variety of parties, including the emergency services, HM Land Registry, Royal Mail, utility companies and other Council departments.

The Street Naming and Numbering Officer provides the main point of contact for addressing issues such as naming streets, numbering new properties and changing an existing name or adding a name to your address.  The Council carries out it duties in accordance with the relevant legislation and its own Street Naming and Numbering Policy (pdf, 400Kb).

Key information about how streets are named and properties are numbered and named
street name, street sign, street signage, house name, house number, property number, new address, street nameplate, postcode, royal mail, postal address


Interfaith Initiatives

Stetson University celebrates the existence of religious diversity among the campus community and strives to equip students from various religious and non-religious backgrounds to work together in cooperation.

We seek to recognize the commonalities and differences among world views, increase awareness and understanding, and provide opportunities for social cohesion among students.

"Interfaith cooperation isn't just for students who belong to religious traditions; it's also for students who possess a desire for social change."


Tags » Lasagne

Eggplant and Lasagne

This recipe is a blending of the popular lasagne and the eggplant moussaka in layers with tomato and bechamel sauces.

This recipe use the rich oven roasted tomato sauce that we… 419 more words

Vegan lasagna recipe

I was vegetarian for seven years before becoming a vegan about six months ago—and I’ve never felt better. But after seven years of perfecting an amazing vegetarian lasagna recipe, I pretty much have to start all over again as a vegan! 635 more words

Following on from my recipe for my Ragu Bolognese, a few extra steps gets you a lasagne! Boom!

Grab, a Pack of Lasagne Sheets… 481 more words

Superfood Squash Lasagne

Another Jamie Oliver Superfood recipe that i’m sharing because it was easy and delicious!

The squash is a healthy carbohydrate and a good source of magnesium, vitamin C and anti-oxidents. 240 more words

Cooking In

2 in 1 meal

Same ingredients except I used pasta bowties in one and the other lasagne sheets. 170 more words

Homepride - Cheesy Pasta Bake

HOMEPRIDE have launched a new cheese sauce to add to their pasta bake range and in all fairness, it left a sour taste. Everyone knows that adding cheese usually just improves things so when this new sauce came along, the excitement was clear to see. 225 more words

New Food

The Sunday Session No13: The one where I talk lights and lasagne

Ah, Number 13!  Anyone any suggestions for decreasing the bad luck around this post?

This Week’s hilights (just a few random bits this week):

  •  Lasagne- As a student people recommend just making a big batch of food and eating the same thing all week (I think this is why students eat a lot of pasta- the reheat value is pretty good).
  • 566 more words
All Posts


Funding Type:
Genomics Centers of Excellence Awards (R)
Grant Number:
ICOC Funds Committed:
Public Abstract:

Genomics describes a branch of biology that seeks to understand the relationship between the DNA of many people and traits those people have. If person A and person B are not identical twins they’ll have many small differences in their DNAs. If person A gets a disease and person B does not, it could be due to one or more of these differences, and that’s what genomics seeks to try to determine. This Stem Cell Genomics Center of Excellence uses robotic tools and computers to test many combinations of differences in stem cells from humans to develop or improve human therapies. This Center tries to accomplish this by characterizing differences in protein expression signals – instructions for traits that come from a person’s DNA - in cancer-related stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells for example. The hope is that in so doing the Center can find differences that explain why, for example, stem cell responses to drugs differ so profoundly both between individuals and even within them. Given the quality and number of excellent California researchers in the stem cell field, the Center also opens its doors to collaboration for other stem cell and regenerative medicine research projects.

Statement of Benefit to California:

[Redacted] was founded [Redacted] and is centered within a biomedical research hub [Redacted]. Since its inception, [Redacted] has adopted a singular vision to drive new biological insight and accelerate the pace of drug discovery through the creative application of technology and co-located, multidisciplinary expertise. In this regard, [Redacted] has brought together over 450 experts that provide a breadth of capabilities across genomics, biology, informatics, engineering and chemistry that work collaboratively to discover innovative medicines that address unmet medical need. To accomplish this mission, [Redacted] has extensively collaborated with world-renowned research institutions throughout CA and the proposed Stem Cell Center of Excellence seeks to further expand these research ties. To this end, [Redacted] will specifically dedicate over one-third of the total award to leverage our extensive expertise, cutting-edge technologies, data management and drug-discovery infrastructure to advance CA-based research investigator objectives and provide resulting data freely to the scientific community. We firmly believe that our unique infrastructure and history of executing successful collaborations with CA institutions will provide an incomparable environment to catalyze the pursuit of critical, transformative, translational and data intensive genomics research in the areas of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine and genomics.


HemaQuest Pharmaceuticals (San Diego,CA) a clinical-stage small molecule company focused on hemoglobin disorders such as sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia closed a $13M Series B financing, bringing the total round to $25M. Participants include Aberdare Ventures, De Novo Ventures, Forward Ventures and Lilly Ventures.


A condemned inmate was moved to the southern Ohio prison where he was scheduled to be executed Wednesday for fatally stabbing the 15-year-old son of his former employers during a 1985 farmhouse burglary.

He was visited by two sisters, a brother-in-law, and his attorney, Smith said.

Wiles, who dropped his final appeal last week, told members of the Ohio Parole Board during a March 2 interview he wasn't sure he deserved mercy but was asking for clemency because he had to.

"Mark does want to live out his natural life in prison," his attorneys said in their application for clemency. They added, "his remorse and regret are so overwhelming that he could not articulate reasons his life should be spared."

Wiles could easily have escaped the farmhouse after Mark Klima surprised him, Portage County Prosecutor Victor Vigluicci told the parole board. "Instead Wiles chose to repeatedly plunge the eight-inch kitchen knife into Mark Klima again and again," Vigluicci said.

The parole board earlier this month ruled unanimously that Wiles' execution should proceed because he exploited the family's kindness and because his remorse doesn't outweigh the brutality of the crime.

Gov. John Kasich, without additional comment, agreed with the board last week.

Wiles went to prison in 1983 for stealing tools, jewelry, a wallet, a checkbook, a pistol and other items from a Tallmadge home in November 1982.

Carol Klima agreed to fill out a form in March 1983 ahead of a parole hearing for Wiles.

The farmhand was "polite, very helpful and did a nice job," she wrote.

"Yes," she answered to the question: "If possible, would you re-hire him?"

The changes were minor _ failing to properly check a box on a medical form, for example _ but they angered Frost, who had made his impatience with even slight changes clear. He once again put executions on hold.

Associated Press writer Kantele Franko in Columbus contributed to this report.


That Ain’t Right

People have called me many things in my lifetime so far.

Adjectives that I have heard others use in reference to me include bossy, unpredictable, explosive, bossy, passionate, opinionated, and a lot of bossy.  I sealed the deal of having others call me names when I signed up for an English teaching major in college.  If there is one thing that this does is make people around me uncomfortable as they speak and see me as some kind of grammar police (and that is the kind noun!).

I find that a well-placed incorrect grammar moment can go a long way to make a point.  The examples of this could be listed on a bathroom stall for entertainment purposes.  Perhaps I and several other English majors would be the only ones amused by it, but I find this hysterical.

Saying that ain’t right with a slight country twang at just the right moment can really emphasize whatever wrong has occurred around me.  This has to be placed at the appropriate place, at the appropriate moment, and in only the infrequent occasions.  When used correctly, though, the point is clear; no question will exist about how one feels.  Saying that isn’t right with a slightly haughty English accent might bring home a strong feeling as well, but the feeling is not the same as that ain’t right with the country twang.

The older I get, the more situations elicit the that ain’t right-type of response from me.

In more than a decade in education, I have seen family situations that have made me think that ain’t right.  Wealthy parents who ignore their children completely such as the family who left their first grader in my care well after 6 p.m. (the family was charged for that extra time!) on a regular basis is one example.  One day, the father picked up the student wearing sweatpants.  It was obvious to me and the child that the father had been home already.  That just ain’t right.

Another situation that seems to make my blood boil is teachers who will not differentiate their instruction to meet the needs to students above and below the critical middle mass in their classroom.  This happens to be illegal.  As a parent of students who are above this mass and move rather quickly through concepts, these teachers make me say that ain’t right.  I am pretty sure that parents of students below the middle mass feel the same way.

As a parent and a teacher, I am shocked at the way that other students treat each other.  My children attended school with a student who, due to a disability, struggled to walk through the hallways each day from class to class.  Typically, the student had a paraprofessional assigned to assist in this task, and (let’s be honest) to protect the student from other students.  One day, the student’s aide was not present for whatever reason, and the not-so-kind group of kids saw their chance to do what they had waited to do all year – trip the student on the trip from one class to another.  I am proud to say that both of my own children reported their indignation in response to these actions.  What those kids did – that ain’t right.

While I understand the basic psychology behind the occurrence of things that are not right, I am still shocked that these things happen.  These examples barely touch the tip of the iceberg of all of the things that are out of whack in our society.  Our world is full of things that ain’t right – graffiti, break-ins, assaults, rapes, and murders…let alone how we treat each other, our children, and ourselves.

Some days, I literally want to hold my head in my hands as I feel overwhelmed.  Other days, I want to conquer it all and make it right.  The more I look to the Bible for answers, though, the more I realize that these actions are not unique to our current society and that they are not likely to end any time soon.  Since the entering of sin into the world, things simply have not been right.  In fact, God himself knew the minute that rebellion had entered the world when Adam and Eve disobeyed and ate the fruit.  I imagine that in His Spirit He felt the crash of rightness and knew the feeling of that ain’t right instantly.

At a conference yesterday, I heard the story of a student who had graduated with his high school diploma from Stadium View School which is housed in the Hennepin County (Minnesota) Juvenile Detention Center.  As he shared his story, that ain’t right is all that could go through my head.  He acknowledged that he committed the crimes that had put him into the criminal system; however, he did not have much of a fighting chance before he joined a gang at a young age and started offending shortly thereafter.  As the oldest of four with a single mother and an absent dad who had fathered fifteen children before him, he looked for acceptance somewhere and found it in a street gang.

Interestingly enough, the young man who stood before us did not speak as one without hope.  Having found support in the teachers at Stadium View, he discovered a world full of affirmation that did not require gang initiations, criminal acts, or fathering multiple children with multiple mothers.  Instead, he found that he could change his life, attend college, and make a life for himself and his daughter that differs from the one he knew.

In the same way that the young man who spoke at the conference yesterday found hope, so can we.  Unlike this young man, though, I refuse to put my hope in the teachers at Stadium View or in any other person.  All of us are flawed and will let each other down.  We will be both the causes and the recipients of actions or moments that make us say that ain’t right.  Instead of placing my hope on the people around me, I put my hope, as the hymn “My Hope is Built on Nothing Less” suggests, the blood of Jesus and His righteousness.

All other ground is sinking sand.


Sunday, June 5, 2011

10 Empayar Terbesar Di Dunia

BritishEmpire1919_resizeAn empire involves the extension of a state's sovereignty over external territories. For example, first the Spanish Empire and then the British Empire were called "the empires on which the sun never sets", because of their territories and possessions around the globe. This article provides a list of the largest empires in world history.
For context, note that the total land area of the Earth is 148.94 million km2

1. British Empire - 33.7 million km2 (1922)
 The areas of the world that at one time were part of the British Empire. Current British overseas territories are underlined in red.

2. Mongol Empire - 33.0 million km2 (1270 or 1309)
The Mongol Empire was an empire from the 13th  and 14th century spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia. It is the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world. It emerged from the unification of Mongol and Turkic tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206. At its greatest extent it stretched from the Danube to the Sea of Japan and from the Arctic to Camboja, covering over 33,000,000 km2  (12,741,000 sq mi), 22% of the Earth's total land area, and held sway over a population of over 100 million people. It is often identified as the "Mongol World Empire" because it spanned much of Eurasia. As a result of the empire's conquests and political and economic impact on most of the Old World, its wars with other great powers in Africa, Asia and Europe are also believed to be an ancient world war.[8][9]  Under the Mongols new technologies, various commodities and ideologies were disseminated and exchanged across Eurasia.

3. Russian Empire - 23.7 million km2 (1866)
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia, and the predecessor of the Soviet Union. It was the second largest contiguous empire in world history, surpassed only by the Mongol Empire, and the third largest empire behind the British Empire and the Mongol Empire. At one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe, across Asia, and into North America.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was the largest country in the world, extending from the Arctic Ocean to the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean on the east. With 176.4 million subjects, it had the third largest population of the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. It represented a great disparity in economic, ethnic, and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was one of the last absolute monarchies left in Europe. Prior to the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 Russia was one of the five major Great Powers of Europe.
 The Russian Empire in 1866
4. Spanish Empire - 20.0 million km2 (ca. 1740-1790)
The Spanish Empire consisted of the territories and colonies administrated directly by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania. In the peak of its power, it was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It lasted from the 15th century through—in the case of its African holdings—the latter portion of the 20th century. Spain had emerged in the latter 1480s with a personally unified monarchy, by the marriage of the 'Catholic Monarchs' (los Reyes Catolicos), monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. Rule was separate but internal and foreign policy was coordinated finally. In 1492 their final Reconquista  of the Iberian peninsula from Islamic Moorish Al-Andalus, in the Battle of Granada, opened resources for exploration and colonization in Empire building. That same year Christopher Columbus commanded the first Spanish exploratory voyage west across the Atlantic Ocean, leading to Europe's eventual colonial engagement with the Americas. The Western Hemisphere thereby became the focus of the Castile and then the Spanish crown in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain began to settle the Caribbean islands and conquistadors soon toppled native empires such as the Aztecs and Incas on mainland South America. Later expeditions established an empire that stretched from present-day Canada in North America to the Falklands in South America. The Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation started by Ferdinand Magellan in 1519, and completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano in 1522, achieved what Columbus had longed for, a westward route to Asia, and brought the Far East to Spain's attention, where it established colonies in Guam, the Philippines and surrounding islands. During its Siglo de Oro, the Spanish Empire comprised the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Italy, parts of Germany, parts of France, territories in Africa, Asia and Oceania, as well as large areas in the Americas. By the 17th century Spain controlled an empire on a scale and world distribution that had never been approached by its predecessors.
 The areas of the world that at one time were territories of the Spanish Empire.
5. Qing Empire, China - 14.7 million km2 (1790)
The Qing Dynasty, also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 (with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917). It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro in what is today northeast China (also known as Manchuria). Starting in 1644 it expanded into China proper and its surrounding territories, establishing the Empire of the Great Qing. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.
Originally established as the Later Jin Dynasty Amaga Aisin Gurun in 1616, it changed its name to "Qing", meaning "clear" or "pellucid" in 1636. In 1644 Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a minor Ming official turned leader of the peasant revolt. The last Ming Emperor Chongzhencommitted suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty. The Manchus then allied with Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li's short-lived Shun Dynasty.
During its reign the Qing Dynasty became highly integrated with Chinese culture. The dynasty reached its height in the 18th century, during which both territory and population were increased. However, its military power weakened hereafter and faced with massive rebellions and defeats in wars, the Qing Dynasty declined after the mid-19th century. The Qing Dynasty was overthrown following the Xinhai Revolution, when the Empress Dowager Longyu abdicated on behalf of the last emperor, Puyi, on February 12, 1912.
 Territory of Qing China in 1820

6. Yuan Dynasty - 14.0 million km2 (1310)
The Yuan Dynasty or Great Yuan Empire was a Mongol-founded historical state or ruling dynasty in Mongolia and China, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. It is considered both as a division or continuation of the Mongol Empire and as an imperial dynasty of China. In Chinese history, the Yuan Dynasty followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu. Besides Emperor of China, Kublai Khan had also claimed the title of Great Khan, i.e. supremacy over the other Mongol khanates (Chagatai Khanate, Golden Horde, Ilkhanate); however this claim was only truly recognized by the Il-Khanids, who were nevertheless essentially self-governing. Although later emperors of the Yuan Dynasty were recognized by the three virtually independent western khanates as their nominal suzerains, they each continued their own separate developments. The Yuan is sometimes referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan, as the Mongol Emperors of the Yuan held the title of Great Khan of all Mongol Khanates.
Yuan Dynasty, circa 1294

7. Umayyad Caliphate - 13.0 million km2 (720 or 750)
Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent.

8. Second French Colonial Empire - 12.3 million km2 (1938)
The French colonial empire is the set of territories outside Europe that were under French rule primarily from the 1600s to the late 1960s. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the colonial empire of France was the second largest in the world behind the British Empire. The French colonial empire extended over 12,347,000 km² (4,767,000 sq. miles) of land at its height in the 1920s and 1930s. Including metropolitan France, the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 12,898,000 km² (4,980,000 sq. miles) at the time, which is 8.6% of the Earth's total land area. Its influence made French the fourth-most spoken colonial European language, behind English, Spanish, and Portuguese.
France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India, following Spanish and Portuguese successes during the Age of Discovery, in rivalry with Britain for supremacy. A series of wars with Britain during the 1700s and early 1800s, which France lost, ended its colonial ambitions on these continents, and with it is what some historians term the "first" French colonial empire. In the 19th century, France established a new empire in Africa and South East Asia. Some of these colonies lasted beyond the invasion and occupation of France by Nazi Germany during World War II.
Following the war, anti-colonial movements began to challenge French authority. France unsuccessfully fought bitter wars from after the 1940s until the early 1960s in Vietnam and Algeria to keep its empire intact. By the end of the 1960s, most of France's colonies had gained independence, save for a series of islands and archipelagos which were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories. These total altogether 123,150 km² (47,548 sq. miles), which amounts to only 1% of the pre-1939 French colonial empire's area, with 2,624,505 people living in them in 2009. All of them enjoy full political representation at the national level, as well as varying degrees of legislative autonomy.
9. Abbasid Caliphate - 11.1 million km2 (750)
The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic Caliphates  of the Islamic Empire [disambiguation needed]. It was ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs from all but Al Andalus.
It was founded by the descendant of the Prophet Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. It was created in Harran in 750 and shifted its capital in 762 from Harran to Baghdad. It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. Within 150 years of gaining power across Persia, the caliphs were forced to cede power to local dynastic amirs who only nominally acknowledged their power, and had to cede Al Andalus to an escaped Umayyad royal and the Maghreb and Ifriqiya to independent entities such as the Aghlabids and the Fatimids.
Their rule was briefly ended for three years in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad, resuming in Egypt in 1261. They continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Mamluk Egypt up to 1519 when power was formally transferred to the Ottomans and the capital transferred to Istanbul.

10. Portuguese Empire - 10.4 million km2 (1815)
The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history.
Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, leveraging the latest developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. In 1488,Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498,Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, by an accidental landfall on the South American coast for some, by the crown's secret design for others, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia. This commercial network brought great wealth to Portugal.
Between 1580 and 1640 Portugal became the junior partner to Spain in the union of the two countries' crowns. Though the empires continued to be administered separately, Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain and envious of Iberian successes overseas: the Netherlands, England and France. With its smaller population, Portugal was unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts, and the empire began a long and gradual decline.
Significant losses to the Dutch in Portuguese India and Southeast Asia during the 17th century brought an end to the Portuguese trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean. Brazil became Portugal's most valuable colony until, as part of the wave of independence movements that swept the Americas during the early 19th century, it broke away in 1822. Portugal's Empire was reduced to its colonies on the African coastline, which were expanded inland during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, East Timor, and enclaves in India and Macau.
After World War II, Portugal's leader, António Salazar, attempted to keep what remained of the pluricontinental Empire intact at a time when other European countries were beginning to withdraw from their colonies. In 1961 the handful of Portuguese troops garrisoned in Goa were unable to prevent Indian troops marching into the colony. Salazar began a long and bloody war to quell anti-colonialist forces in the African colonies. The unpopular war lasted until the overthrow of the regime in 1974. The new government immediately changed policy and recognised the independence of all its colonies, except for Macau, which by agreeement with the Chinese government was returned to China in 1999.
The Portuguese Empire and overseas interests. Red - actual possessions; Olive - exploration; Orange - areas of influence and trade; Pink - claims of sovereignty; Green - trading posts; Blue - main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence.

1 comment:

Amy Syaquena said...

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Quantum Gods Cover

Quantum Gods:

Creation, Chaos, and the Search for Cosmic Consciousness

Quantum gods don't deserve your faith. New Scientist  April 22, 2009 review by Amanda Gefter.
Toronto Globe and Mail
Softpedia "The entire book is a joyride." Tudor Vieru, Science Editor.

In God: The Failed Hypothesis I argued that science shows that a God who plays an important role in the universe and in human life does not exist. This still leaves open the possibility of other gods or spiritual realities. The recent popular documentary films What the Bleep Do We Know? and The Secret have promoted the claim that we can make our own reality just be thinking of it. For over thirty years now, New Age gurus have alleged that quantum mechanics has verified ancient teachings from the East that the human mind is part of a cosmic consciousness that pervades the universe.

In the meantime, Christian theologians have launched an intensive effort to find a way for God to act in the world that does not violate any laws of physics. While God can do whatever he wants, he would be acting against himself if he violated his own laws. Again quantum mechanics is proposed as a means for God to intervene. If he stays within the bounds of the quantum uncertainty principle, then his actions would not be detectable to humans. However such actions would not be an efficient way to control evens on the human scale. Chaos theory has been proposed as a mechanism for amplifying those actions.

Quantum mechanics is shown to provide no basis for cosmic consciousness or the belief that the human mind makes it own reality. It is also shown not to provide a viable basis for divine action, with or without chaos theory. Some theologians have proposed a new kind of deism in which God creates a universe with many possible pathways determined by chance. However, since the universe began in chaos it retains no memory of such a God. This leaves as the only possible God one who plays dice with the universe.

Further information:

Quantum mechanics is weird. But that does not mean everything that is weird is the result of quantum mechanics. This and my earlier book The Unconscious Quantum (Prometheus, 1995) are the only books in which a physicist directly criticizes the claims of quantum mysticism. The current book is also the only analysis by a physicist of the claims of quantum theology. A detailed answer is provided to the common question; “Is anything out there?” The answer is yes, but it is matter and nothing more. No evidence can be found for any immaterial or supernatural element in the universe.

So we appear to have good evidence for a universe that came about spontaneously, without cause, from nothing. The laws of physics also came from nothing. The structure of the universe emerged from nothing. Indeed, we can view that structure, including Earth and humanity, as forms of frozen nothing.

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salmon and vegetables on cutting board

Does a ‘fishy’ lifestyle keep brains healthy?

Researchers have linked eating baked or broiled fish weekly with brain health later in life—but say it’s not about the omega-3 fatty acids.

The findings, published online in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, add to growing evidence that lifestyle factors contribute to brain health later in life.

Scientists estimate that more than 80 million people will have dementia by 2040, which could become a substantial burden to families and drive up health care costs, according to senior investigator James T. Becker, professor of psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

Some studies have predicted that lifestyle changes such as a reduction in rates of physical inactivity, smoking, and obesity could lead to fewer cases of Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions of cognitive impairment in the elderly.

The antioxidant effect of omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in high amounts in fish, seeds, and nuts, and certain oils, also have been associated with improved health, particularly brain health.

Lifestyle matters

“Our study shows that people who ate a diet that included baked or broiled, but not fried, fish have larger brain volumes in regions associated with memory and cognition,” Becker says.

Lead investigator Cyrus Raji, who now is in radiology residency training at University of California, Los Angeles, and the research team analyzed data from 260 people who provided information on their dietary intake, had high-resolution brain MRI scans, and were cognitively normal at two time points during their participation in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a 10-year multicenter effort that began in 1989 to identify risk factors for heart disease in people over 65.

“The subset of CHS participants answered questionnaires about their eating habits, such as how much fish did they eat and how was it prepared,” Raji says.

Brain differences

People who ate baked or broiled fish at least once a week had greater grey matter brain volumes in areas of the brain responsible for memory (4.3 percent) and cognition (14 percent) and were more likely to have a college education than those who didn’t eat fish regularly, the researchers found. But no association was found between the brain differences and blood levels of omega-3s.

“This suggests that lifestyle factors, in this case eating fish, rather than biological factors contribute to structural changes in the brain,” Becker notes.

Coauthors contributed to the study from University of Pittsburgh, University of Southern California, and the University of Navarra in Pamplona, Spain.

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and the National Institute on Aging supported the study.

Source: University of Pittsburgh


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Busted Halo
author archive
Ann Naffziger :
123 article(s)

November 17th, 2015

Question: How does the person doing the reading know to say “letter from Paul” when in the prayer book it just says Corinthians, etc.? I’d like to do the readings, but I don’t know these details.

Answer: …Lectors who are doing the readings from the Bible at Mass read them from a book called the lectionary. The lectionary is formatted to show the lectors which Bible passages to proclaim in which order on which day. Printed above each reading is the preface, for example, “A letter from Paul to the Corinthians.” After the Bible passage the lectionary prints a conclusion such as, “The Word of the Lord” or “The Gospel of the Lord.”
If you are interested in doing the readings at Mass, simply approach

November 13th, 2015

In the New Testament, Paul objected to women speaking…

November 10th, 2015

Question: What aspects of the seven sacraments are in the Bible? Are there any that are not?

Answer: The seven sacraments celebrated by Catholics all have their roots in scripture, although some are featured more prominently than others. There are many references to baptism, of course, beginning with Jesus’ baptism by John. The eucharist was instituted by Jesus at the Last Supper (Matthew 26:26-29). Confirmation, though not specifically named in the Bible, is traced back to the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on Jesus at his baptism and on his followers after Jesus’ resurrection (see John 20:22 and Acts 2:1-4). The sacrament of reconciliation,… while not practiced in the same way in biblical times as we know

November 3rd, 2015

Question: If the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Father and is rated among the 10 commandments as equally important, how is it that Sunday has been chosen for worship and the Seventh Day forgotten?

Answer: …The Hebrew Scriptures make many, many references to honoring the Sabbath, beginning with the injunction to honor it because that is when God rested from creating the world. For hundreds of years Jews did this — resting on the seventh day of the week, what we recognize now as Saturday. Jesus, his family, and his apostles did this in his lifetime, attending the synagogue and refraining from unnecessary work on those days.
A change happened several decades after Jesus’ death and resurrection because

October 28th, 2015

You won’t find a listing of the Holy Days of Obligation in the Bible because they aren’t there. They aren’t there because they weren’t instituted when the Bible was written and compiled. Like so many things in our Catholic tradition, the practice of celebrating Holy Days developed over a period of centuries as church leaders reflected on the importance of particular events (for example, the Epiphany and the Ascension of Jesus) and developed traditions around other aspects of our faith, (for example, the Immaculate Conception and All Saints Day). Here’s a list of Holy Days celebrated in the United States:

Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
Epiphany (celebrated on Sunday)
Feast of …

October 20th, 2015

Question: Thinking of movies that focus on the “rapture,” how does the Catholic Church view this topic? Movie trailers make it look scary and violent. I have read the scriptures on this but often wondered about the Church’s view on how it would happen or how it is interpreted.

Answer: …The reference to a Christian “rapture” (meaning “the carrying off of a person to another place or sphere of existence”) originates in 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17 where St. Paul envisions the faithful being caught up with Christ in mid-air upon his return to earth. In more general religious terms, the rapture includes the notion that some will be “left behind” to endure an extended tribulation on earth

October 13th, 2015

People ascribed many different titles to Jesus in his lifetime with “Son of God” being chief among them. He never protested or corrected people when they called him this (see Matthew 14:33 and 26:63).
On the other hand, although Jesus didn’t openly walk around Palestine with a megaphone claiming, “I am God — come follow me!” there were times, especially in John’s gospel, when he talked in theological terms that some people would have recognized as equating himself with God.
For example, in the Hebrew Scriptures, God revealed his name to Moses in the riddle-like form of “I AM” (then translated to Yahweh). I AM — or Yahweh — was the… primary name for the Divinity. In John’s

October 6th, 2015

At the end of Matthew’s gospel, Jesus sends the disciples out to “make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19). This is the origin of the Church’s “trinitarian formula.”
The understanding of the relationship between the three persons of the Trinity itself developed over the first few centuries of Christianity as church leaders pondered the many and various passages in the New Testament about Jesus, the Father, and the Holy Spirit. Some passages speak of Jesus as the Son of God (for example, Luke 1:35). There are passages in which Jesus promises that God will send the Holy Spirit after Jesus’ death (John 14:26).…

October 2nd, 2015

Question: What kind of father leaves his innocent children (Adam and Eve) in a place (Garden of Eden) with incredible dangers to them (tree of knowledge of good and evil, serpent, etc.) and only a warning to “protect” them? After the mistake (eating of the tree, disobeying God), they are cast out of the garden. A real father with real children knows they make mistakes even when forewarned. What kind of loving father throws away his children like that? It seems as if we have been set up to fail from the beginning.
Answer: …The biblical story of Adam and Even in the Garden of Eden helps us understand something about the human condition on a grand level: What human beings are like, how we make choices, and what

September 9th, 2015

Question: I know the New Testament was written in Greek. However I have been told that there were a few verses from Jesus in Aramaic. Are you able to share with me exactly what verses in the New Testament are Aramaic?
Answer: You are correct. The New Testament was written in Greek with only a few Aramaic words or phrases scattered here and there. They are generally recognizable because when you are reading along in English, or hear the scriptures read aloud, these words jump out at you:
Talitha cum meaning “Little girl, get up!” (Mark 5:41)
Ephphatha meaning “Be opened.” (Mark 7:34)
Abba meaning “Father” (Mark 14:36)
Raca meaning “fool” (Matthew 5:22)
Rabbouni meaning “teacher”… (John 20:16)

August 7th, 2015

What is a sign (from God)? What “signs” might appear to us today, and how is God still speaking?…
There are many events, supernatural or otherwise, that happen in the Bible, which can loosely be termed “signs from God.” Some appear in dreams, like the image of Jacob’s ladder (Genesis 28:11-22). Others happen during waking hours, as when God spoke to Moses from the burning bush (Exodus 3:1-15). Some, like those in the Gospel of John (One example — Jesus changing the water into wine at the wedding at Cana), are more often thought of as miracles, although the gospel writer used the term “signs.” What they all have in common is that they were unexpected or extraordinary

July 31st, 2015

However, occasionally…

June 3rd, 2015

The biblical writers themselves never uses the word “homosexuality,” but the few Biblical passages referring to homosexual acts (less than 10 passages in the entire Bible) refer to sexual acts between people of the same gender. The most prominent verses are in Leviticus 20:13 and Romans 1:26-27. Interestingly, there is not a single mention of homosexuality in the four gospels, and we have no record of Jesus addressing the topic. The Old Testament authors and St. Paul were unaware of a modern psychosexual understanding of persons whose sexual orientation is determined early in life, if not genetically. Certainly they didn’t make a distinction between sexual orientation and sexual behavior as…

May 27th, 2015

No. The Bible is better described as a set of books within a book, and as such, it’s not just a book of history.
Certainly it sketches some of the history of our Jewish ancestors, the life of Jesus, and brief glimpses of the early Christian churches, but most of the Bible was not written to be a detailed historical document. It’s aim, rather than telling history, is far greater. It is nothing less than to woo people into a love relationship with God. It’s writers attempt to persuade people to come to a belief in the God who created us and continues to work on our behalf. It is meant to help us know God through Jesus, who gives us a glimpse of what God’s compassion, healing, and justice looks like. It…

May 8th, 2015

Jesus told his disciples to go out and spread the word of God. We are all disciples of God, and as such, we should be spreading the word of God as well. How would you suggest a normal, everyday person go about sharing our faith with others?
Pope Paul VI and the United States Catholic Bishops addressed this very question in some of their writings. They suggest a three-fold process. First, of course, is that you should be “converted” to the gospel yourself; not just being a Christian in name, but in you your deeds as well. Second is to “witness” to the gospel and your faith by how you live your daily life. Love God and your neighbor as yourself. Strive to speak and act with compassion to others. Practice justice and generosity…

April 29th, 2015

The first and most important thing you can do in this vein is to buy a children’s Bible and read it with them. The Bible is confusing enough for adults to understand, so why would we assume children can make sense of it if we only read them one with adult language?
There are some great children’s Bibles available, and they are geared to children of different ages, from toddlers through college students. You can check out this link for suggestions of age-appropriate ones: http://www.growingupcatholic.com/finding-a-bible.html
Pick a story or two to read as a bedtime story in the evenings, or read the children’s version of the Sunday gospel to them. The stories they hear will prompt questions,…

April 24th, 2015

Q: Most Bible scholars agree that Paul’s letters are the oldest portion of the New Testament, i.e., these were written before the Gospels. Why then, does Paul not mention the virgin birth, not mention any miracles, not mention the empty tomb? Why does Paul cite a spiritual resurrection but not speak of a physical resurrection? If Judas committed suicide, then why does Paul state in I Corinthians 15:5 that Christ appeared to 12 Apostles?
Raymond Brown, a renowned New Testament scholar, answers this very question in the first chapter of his book An Introduction to the New Testament.… The early Christians were slow in writing down the stories of Jesus’ life because they believed that Jesus would be returning

April 9th, 2015

In first century Palestine where Jesus was living, tax collectors were individuals who worked for Roman administrators. They were responsible for collecting taxes to support the Roman Empire, which governed Jesus’ homeland. (Think of the IRS in our day.) Some of the taxes levied on the Jewish people might have been oppressive in themselves, but sometimes it was the tax collectors who made the situation unduly difficult by collecting more than was due and pocketing the difference. We know this because at one point when John the Baptist called for repentance, he warned the tax collectors to stop collecting more than what is due (Luke 3:12-13). Other citations in scripture equate tax collectors with prostitutes…

February 3rd, 2015

Let’s face it: The Bible can be an intimidating read. After all, it’s a compilation of texts written 2,000 to 3,000 years ago in Hebrew and Greek. It’s full of strange metaphors, unfamiliar references and baffling context. Plus, the English we have translated it into is often stilted or archaic. Sadly, the most common translations of the Bible aren’t always “accessible” to most people without graduate degrees in scripture. So, even when someone is looking for moral guidance or spiritual sustenance and really wants to read the Bible, it is easy for them to give up on it.
But what if the Bible spoke like we do? Biblical scholar Eugene Peterson took it upon himself to write a translation that would do just…

January 28th, 2015

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Matchup of the Game: Spurs vs. Jazz

This matchup is going to be huge for this game as the Spurs will need Duncan to contribute in the paint at times and the Jazz have a big man rotation who can guard him (Jefferson, Paul Milsap, Derrick Favors) well. Jefferson will be huge to slow the game down for the Jazz as the Spurs will be looking to get good open shots as fast as they can. Jefferson's points (17ppg this season) come from the paint where he is shooting 49% from the field.

Duncan, on the other hand, has a more versatile game. He can play a slower game where he posts up and can shoot spot up jump shots to open up the paint for his guards. He's averaging 17.7ppg with 51% shooting. If Duncan still has the vintage legs he's been playing with, it'll be a long night for Jefferson.

Utah usually tries to play a more physical game for the Spurs.

San Antonio can't get caught up in one of those games with the injuries they have in their small forward positions right now. The majority of their players (the bench mainly) are more finesse players who prefer to shoot jumpers than post up or bang in the paint.

For either team to win, both men in this matchup have to dictate the style for their respective teams.


Anxiety Disorder

Individuals that have multiple or nonspecific doubts and uncertainty that interfere with their life daily is a mood disorder known as an anxiety disorder. Specific phobias are most common anxiety disorders. Although some other anxiety disorders consist of social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The generalized anxiety disorder is affecting millions of people and there is no single reason of this disorder.

Every person that has an anxiety disorder can have many different signs and symptoms. Symptoms may vary from person to person and there are over one hundred symptoms of anxiety. Each person with an anxiety disorder has a unique chemical make-up and may just have one symptom or may have all the symptoms. They may also experience the symptoms at different levels of severity. Some of the most popular symptoms of anxiety may be through all parts of the body. Your chest, head, stomach, mind, your senses, and even your moods and emotions may experience changes when having an anxiety disorder. Your allergies may increase, body aches, skin irritation, and not having much energy. Anxiety can also have some symptoms associated with the chest area. You may have some chest pains and discomfort along with feeling like it is hard to breath. Anxiety also causes mood swings and messes with your emotions and feelings. You may experience fear/afraid, feeling overwhelmed or even depressed. Anxiety symptoms can be more intense or frequent due to the person experiencing them.

There is no determined reason or cause for anxiety. Although, women are more prone to have this disorder than men. You are at more risk if you have a family history of depression or anxiety. Many Americans experience anxiety at some point in their life. Separation and OCD anxiety show up in early childhood. When children then reach their teenage year’s social phobia and panic disorders are then common. If you have any kind of anxiety as a child or teenager, you are then at risk of later developing any other kind of anxiety disorder, substance abuse, or depression. A child’s personality may have an effect on being a target for anxiety. Children that are shy or tend to have lots of worries are at a higher risk of an anxiety disorder. Genetic, family dynamics and psychological influences are also play a role in anxiety disorders. Traumatic events that happened as a child or young adult may trigger anxiety problems as the person grows older. Medical conditions have also be known to have a person worried or stressed about their health and issues.

Anxiety can be treated by medications or therapy or both. Trying to talk about and fix your anxiety order out on you in almost impossible. Therapy is known to be a great cure and may not take long or it may need to be treated for a while. Although most people who have an anxiety disorder do not get the right help or any help at all. Antidepressant medication is the most common medication used in cases of anxiety. Cognitive-behavioral therapy or anxiety management therapy are the two most common therapies that are sure to help as well.


How Big Are Pillbugs?

Pillbugs reach up to 1/2 inch long.

How Do Pillbugs Look Like?

Pillbugs range from white to dark gray in color and have seven pairs of legs.

What Do Pillbugs Eat?

What Do Pillbugs Do?

Pillbugs are closely related to crustaceans, such as crabs and crayfish. Like these other crustaceans, they breathe with gills and therefore require high moisture for survival. Their gills are located on the underside of their body and must be kept moist so they often live in damp basements and cellars or anywhere in a house where water leaks. Pillbugs can live up to two years, and they continue to molt throughout their lifetime.

How Do Pillbugs Reproduce?

Interesting Facts About Pillbugs:

Pillbugs are the only crustaceans totally adapted for living on land. They roll up into a ball when disturbed and are very fast walkers.
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