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EventSchemaTraceListener.Write Method (String)

Writes a message to the log file without providing any additional context information.

Namespace:  System.Diagnostics
Assembly:  System.Core (in System.Core.dll)

public override void Write(
	string message

Type: System.String

The message to write.

The TraceEvent method is called to log the message as an Information event.

Important noteImportant Note:

This method is not intended to be called directly by application code. It is called by methods of the Debug, Trace, and TraceSource classes to write trace data.

.NET Framework

Supported in: 3.5


Boggs Center Discussion with Andrew McLeod

Holy CooperationJoin us in a conversation with Andrew McLeod, author of Holy Cooperation!: Building Graceful Economies.

Sunday, November 8, 2009, 4:30 p.m. Boggs Center, 3061 Field Street, Detroit, MI 48214.

His writing and his work focus on the exploration of faith-based and interfaith cooperatives. Andrew has traveled to Mondragon, Spain which is the home of cooperatives committed to creating community wealth and sustainability.

How do we deepen our commitment to create a sustainable local economy in Detroit?

What can we learn from the co-op movement in our country and around the world?

What kind of thinking and practice do we need to develop so that we deepen our concepts of work rather than jobs?

Recognizing that we need a two-sided revolution and that we need to move beyond defining ourselves as either producers or consumers, how will we create sustainable economics, income and become citizens in Detroit?

For more information and to RSVP, call 313-923-0797 or email.


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1.  The Children’s Oncology Group Childhood Cancer Research Network (CCRN)
Cancer  2014;120(19):3007-3015.
The Childhood Cancer Research Network (CCRN) was established within the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) in July 2008 to provide a centralized pediatric cancer research registry for investigators conducting approved etiologic and survivorship studies. The authors conducted an ecological analysis to characterize CCRN catchment at >200 COG institutions by demographic characteristics, diagnosis, and geographic location to determine whether the CCRN can serve as a population-based registry for childhood cancer.
During 2009 to 2011, 18,580 US children newly diagnosed with cancer were registered in the CCRN. These observed cases were compared with age-specific, sex-specific, and race/ethnicity-specific expected numbers calculated from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program cancer incidence rates and 2010 US Census data.
Overall, 42% of children (18,580 observed/44,267 expected) who were diagnosed with cancer at age <20 years were registered in the CCRN, including 45%, 57%, 51%, 44%, and 24% of those diagnosed at birth, ages 1 to 4 years, ages 5 to 9 years, ages 10 to 14 years, and ages 15 to 19 years, respectively. Some malignancies were better represented in the CCRN (leukemia, 59%; renal tumors, 67%) than others (retinoblastoma, 34%). There was little evidence of differences by sex or race/ethnicity, although rates in nonwhites were somewhat lower than rates in whites.
Given the low observed-to-expected ratio, it will be important to identify challenges and barriers to registration to improve case ascertainment, especially for rarer diagnoses and older age groups; however, it is encouraging that some diagnoses in younger children are fairly representative of the population. Overall, the CCRN is providing centralized, real-time access to cases for research and could be used as a model for other national cooperative groups.
PMCID: PMC4287245  PMID: 24889136
childhood cancer; United States; clinical trials; incidence; catchment
2.  Reproductive, lifestyle and anthropometric risk factors for cancer in elderly women
With an increasing elderly population, the United States will experience an increased cancer burden in the coming years. We evaluated associations between anthropometric, lifestyle and reproductive factors and risk of breast, ovarian, and colorectal cancer in a prospective study of postmenopausal women with a focus on diagnoses occurring among very elderly women (≥75 years).
For each cancer type, we estimated associations with relevant exposures in two age bands (< vs. ≥75 years of age). During 22 years of follow-up, 322 ovarian, 1,311 colon, 315 rectal, and 2,664 breast cancers occurred among 37,459 postmenopausal women (mean age at baseline 62 years, range 55–71 years).
For ovarian cancer, we identified few significant associations in either age band. Colon cancer cases had a higher body mass index and were less likely to report estrogen or aspirin use than non-cases, yet these associations were consistent in both age bands. Few risk factors were identified for rectal cancer in women ≥75 years of age. For breast cancer, notably different patterns were revealed, with alcohol consumption associated with risk in the younger group and previous hysterectomy associated with risk only in the older group.
These analyses suggest some important differences in risk factors for cancer depending on age at diagnosis.
This study suggests that etiologic differences may exist in cancers occurring in the very elderly. The ongoing demographic shift in the United States provides a strong rationale for studies evaluating cancer etiology in the elderly.
PMCID: PMC3617066  PMID: 23429062
cancer risk; elderly; ovarian; colorectal; breast
3.  Trends in Incidence and Survival of Pediatric and Adolescent Germ Cell Tumors in the United States, 1975-2006
Cancer  2010;116(20):4882-4891.
Pediatric germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare and heterogeneous tumors with uncertain etiology. We used data from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program to evaluate trends in incidence and survival of GCTs in boys and girls ≤ 19 years of age. Few studies have evaluated trends in pediatric GCTs. Results from these analyses may provide clues to the etiology of GCTs.
Frequencies, incidence rates and five-year relative survival rates stratified by sex were evaluated overall and for demographic subgroups based on age (0-9 and 10-19 years), race (white, black, and other), and ethnicity (non-Hispanic and Hispanic) as sample size permitted.
In whites, the incidence of GCTs was lower for females than males in the 10-19 year age group (RR=0.47, 95% CI 0.42—0.53) while the rates were similar in the 0-9 year age group. In contrast, incidence rates were higher in black females than in black males in both age groups (RR=2.01, 95%CI 1.08—3.84 in 0-9 year olds; RR=3.30, 95% CI 2.13—5.28 in 10-19 year olds). The incidence of ovarian GCT was significantly higher in Hispanic than non-Hispanic girls in the 10—19 year age group. Incidence rates increased during the study period in boys ages 10-19 (APC 1.2, 95% CI 0.4—2.1) and girls ages 0-9 (APC 1.9, 95% CI 0.3-2.5).
The incidence of pediatric GCTs in the United States is increasing only in certain subgroups, suggesting that the etiology is not completely overlapping in all age groups. Differences in incidence patterns by race and ethnicity merit further investigation.
PMCID: PMC3931133  PMID: 20597129
pediatric cancer; germ cell tumors; SEER; incidence
4.  Decreasing Intestinal Parasites in Recent Northern California Refugees
Beginning in 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) expanded the overseas presumptive treatment of intestinal parasites with albendazole to include refugees from the Middle East. We surveyed the prevalence of helminths and protozoa in recent Middle Eastern refugees (2008–2010) in comparison with refugees from other geographical regions and from a previous survey (2001–2004) in Santa Clara County, California. Based on stool microscopy, helminth infections decreased, particularly in Middle Eastern refugees (0.1% versus 2.3% 2001–2004, P = 0.01). Among all refugees, Giardia intestinalis was the most common protozoan found. Protozoa infections also decreased somewhat in Middle Eastern refugees (7.2%, 2008–2010 versus 12.9%, 2001–2004, P = 0.08). Serology for Strongyloides stercoralis and Schistosoma spp. identified more infected individuals than stool exams. Helminth infections are increasingly rare in refugees to Northern California. Routine screening stool microscopy may be unnecessary in all refugees.
PMCID: PMC3541735  PMID: 23149583
5.  Predictors of mother and child DNA yields in buccal cell samples collected in pediatric cancer epidemiologic studies: a report from the Children’s Oncology group
BMC Genetics  2013;14:69.
Collection of high-quality DNA is essential for molecular epidemiology studies. Methods have been evaluated for optimal DNA collection in studies of adults; however, DNA collection in young children poses additional challenges. Here, we have evaluated predictors of DNA quantity in buccal cells collected for population-based studies of infant leukemia (N = 489 mothers and 392 children) and hepatoblastoma (HB; N = 446 mothers and 412 children) conducted through the Children’s Oncology Group. DNA samples were collected by mail using mouthwash (for mothers and some children) and buccal brush (for children) collection kits and quantified using quantitative real-time PCR. Multivariable linear regression models were used to identify predictors of DNA yield.
Median DNA yield was higher for mothers in both studies compared with their children (14 μg vs. <1 μg). Significant predictors of DNA yield in children included case–control status (β = −0.69, 50% reduction, P = 0.01 for case vs. control children), brush collection type, and season of sample collection. Demographic factors were not strong predictors of DNA yield in mothers or children in this analysis.
The association with seasonality suggests that conditions during transport may influence DNA yield. The low yields observed in most children in these studies highlight the importance of developing alternative methods for DNA collection in younger age groups.
PMCID: PMC3751424  PMID: 23937514
DNA collection; Buccal cells; Pediatric epidemiology
6.  DNA methylation analysis reveals distinct methylation signatures in pediatric germ cell tumors
BMC Cancer  2013;13:313.
Aberrant DNA methylation is a prominent feature of many cancers, and may be especially relevant in germ cell tumors (GCTs) due to the extensive epigenetic reprogramming that occurs in the germ line during normal development.
We used the Illumina GoldenGate Cancer Methylation Panel to compare DNA methylation in the three main histologic subtypes of pediatric GCTs (germinoma, teratoma and yolk sac tumor (YST); N = 51) and used recursively partitioned mixture models (RPMM) to test associations between methylation pattern and tumor and demographic characteristics. We identified genes and pathways that were differentially methylated using generalized linear models and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. We also measured global DNA methylation at LINE1 elements and evaluated methylation at selected imprinted loci using pyrosequencing.
Methylation patterns differed by tumor histology, with 18/19 YSTs forming a distinct methylation class. Four pathways showed significant enrichment for YSTs, including a human embryonic stem cell pluripotency pathway. We identified 190 CpG loci with significant methylation differences in mature and immature teratomas (q < 0.05), including a number of CpGs in stem cell and pluripotency-related pathways. Both YST and germinoma showed significantly lower methylation at LINE1 elements compared with normal adjacent tissue while there was no difference between teratoma (mature and immature) and normal tissue. DNA methylation at imprinted loci differed significantly by tumor histology and location.
Understanding methylation patterns may identify the developmental stage at which the GCT arose and the at-risk period when environmental exposures could be most harmful. Further, identification of relevant genetic pathways could lead to the development of new targets for therapy.
PMCID: PMC3701494  PMID: 23806198
Germ Cell Tumor; Teratoma; DNA Methylation; Imprinting
7.  Vascular risk factors and cognitive impairment in a stroke-free cohort
Neurology  2011;77(19):1729-1736.
To examine vascular risk factors, as measured by the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (FSRP), to predict incident cognitive impairment in a large, national sample of black and white adults age 45 years and older.
Participants included subjects without stroke at baseline from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study with at least 2 cognitive function assessments during the follow-up (n = 23,752). Incident cognitive impairment was defined as decline from a baseline score of 5 or 6 (of possible 6 points) to the most recent follow-up score of 4 or less on the Six-item Screener (SIS). Subjects with suspected stroke during follow-up were censored.
During a mean follow-up of 4.1 years, 1,907 participants met criteria for incident cognitive impairment. Baseline FSRP score was associated with incident cognitive impairment. An adjusted model revealed that male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43–1.77), black race (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.88–2.35), less education (less than high school graduate vs college graduate, OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.88–2.60), older age (10-year increments, OR = 2.11, per 10-year increase in age, 95% CI 2.05–2.18), and presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH, OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.06–1.58) were related to development of cognitive impairment. When LVH was excluded from the model, elevated systolic blood pressure was related to incident cognitive impairment.
Total FSRP score, elevated blood pressure, and LVH predict development of clinically significant cognitive dysfunction. Prevention and treatment of high blood pressure may be effective in preserving cognitive health.
PMCID: PMC3208949  PMID: 22067959
8.  Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and future risk of subclinical disease and cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Cardiovascular Health Study
Diabetologia  2010;54(2):329-333.
Type 2 diabetes is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This increased risk may be due in part to the increased levels of inflammatory factors associated with diabetes. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a risk marker for CVD and has pro-inflammatory effects in atherosclerotic plaques. We therefore sought to determine whether Lp-PLA2 levels partially explain the greater prevalence of subclinical CVD and greater incidence of CVD outcomes associated with type 2 diabetes in the Cardiovascular Health Study.
We conducted a cross-sectional and prospective study of 4,062 men and women without previous CVD from the Cardiovascular Health Study (1989 to 2007). Lp-PLA2 mass and activity were measured in baseline plasma. Subclinical disease was determined at baseline and incident CVD was ascertained annually. We used logistic regression for cross-sectional analyses and Cox proportional hazards models for incident analyses.
At baseline, Lp-PLA2 mass did not differ significantly by type 2 diabetes status; however, Lp-PLA2 activity was significantly higher among type 2 diabetic individuals. Baseline subclinical disease was significantly associated with baseline diabetes and this association was similar in models unadjusted or adjusted for Lp-PLA2 (OR 1.68 [95% CI 1.31–2.15] vs OR 1.67 [95% CI 1.30–2.13]). Baseline type 2 diabetes was also significantly associated with incident CVD events, including fatal CHD, fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and non-fatal MI in multivariable analyses. There were no differences in these estimates after further adjustment for Lp-PLA2 activity.
In this older cohort, differences in Lp-PLA2 activity did not explain any of the excess risk for subclinical disease or CVD outcomes related to diabetes.
PMCID: PMC3489174  PMID: 21103980
Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular Health Study; Diabetes; Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; Older adults; Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase; Subclinical disease; Type 2 diabetes
9.  Risk of contralateral breast cancer associated with common variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2: Potential modifying effect of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carrier status
Rare deleterious mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are associated with an elevated risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Whether or not common variants in these genes are independently associated with risk of breast cancer remains unclear. In this study, we included 632 Caucasian women with asynchronous contralateral breast cancer (CBC, cases) and 1,221 women with unilateral breast cancer (controls) from the WECARE (Women’s Environment, Cancer And Radiation Epidemiology) Study. BRCA1 and BRCA2 deleterious mutation status was measured using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography followed by direct sequencing, yielding including 88 BRCA1 and 60 BRCA2 deleterious mutation carriers. We also genotyped samples on the Illumina Omni1-Quad platform. We assessed the association between CBC risk and common (minor allele frequency>0.05) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BRCA1 (n SNPs=22) and BRCA2 (n SNPs=30) and haplotypes using conditional logistic regression accounting for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation status. We found no significant associations between any single-SNPs or haplotypes of BRCA1 or BRCA2 and risk of CBC among all women. When we stratified by BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carrier status, we found suggestive evidence that risk estimates for selected SNPs in BRCA1 (rs8176318, rs1060915 and rs16940) and BRCA2 (rs11571686, rs206115 and rs206117) may differ in non-carriers and carriers of deleterious mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. One common haplotype on BRCA1 was inversely significantly associated with risk only among non-BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. The association between common variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 and risk of CBC may differ depending on BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carrier status.
PMCID: PMC3234998  PMID: 21161372
BRCA1; BRCA2; haplotype; polymorphism; breast cancer; contralateral
10.  Idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis: Abdominal cocoon
Abdominal cocoon, the idiopathic form of sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis, is a rare condition of unknown etiology that results in an intestinal obstruction due to total or partial encapsulation of the small bowel by a fibrocollagenous membrane. Preoperative diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion. The early clinical features are nonspecific, are often not recognized and it is difficult to make a definite pre-operative diagnosis. Clinical suspicion may be generated by the recurrent episodes of small intestinal obstruction combined with relevant imaging findings and lack of other plausible etiologies. The radiological diagnosis of abdominal cocoon may now be confidently made on computed tomography scan. Surgery is important in the management of this disease. Careful dissection and excision of the thick sac with the release of the small intestine leads to complete recovery in the vast majority of cases.
PMCID: PMC3342596  PMID: 22563185
Peritonitis; Sclerosis; Encapsulate; Intestinal obstruction; Computed tomography scan; Surgery
11.  Genetic variation in the retinoid X receptor and calcium-sensing receptor and risk of colorectal cancer in the Colon Cancer Family Registry
Carcinogenesis  2010;31(8):1412-1416.
PMCID: PMC2915636  PMID: 20558521
12.  A Candidate Gene Study of Folate-Associated One Carbon Metabolism Genes and Colorectal Cancer Risk
Folate-associated one carbon metabolism (FOCM) may play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Variation in FOCM genes may explain some of the underlying risk of colorectal cancer.
This study utilized data from 1,805 population-based colorectal cancer cases and 2,878 matched sibling controls from the Colon Cancer Family Registry (C-CFR). We used a comprehensive tagSNP approach to select 395 tagSNPs in 15 genes involved in folate and vitamin B12 metabolism. Genotyping was performed using the Illumina GoldenGate or Sequenom platforms. Risk factor and dietary data were collected using self-completed questionnaires. MSI status was determined using standard techniques and tumor subsite was obtained from pathology reports. The association between SNPs and colorectal cancer was assessed using conditional logistic regression with sibships as the matching factor and assuming a log additive or co-dominant model.
In the log additive model, two linked (r2=0.99) tagSNPs in the DHFR gene (rs1677693 and rs1643659) were associated with a significant decrease in CRC risk after correction for multiple testing (OR=0.87; 95% CI=0.71 – 0.94; P=0.029 and OR=0.87 95% CI=0.71 – 0.95, P=0.034 for rs1677693 and rs1643659 respectively. These two linked (r2=0.99) tagSNPs and one tagSNP in the MTR gene (rs4659744) were significantly associated with reduced CRC risk only among individuals not using multivitamin supplements.
Overall, we found only moderate evidence that genetic variation in 15 folate pathway genes may affect CRC risk except in non multivitamin users.
This study suggests that multivitamin supplement use may modify the association between folate pathway genes and CRC risk in a post folic acid supplemented population.
PMCID: PMC2950115  PMID: 20615890
Colorectal Cancer; TagSNP; Folate Supplementation; Multivitamins; Microsatellite Instability; Colon subsite; ADA; ADH1C; AHCY; AMD1; CBS; DHFR; GIF; CUBN; MAT2A; MTHFD1; MTR; MTRR; SHMT1; TCN2; TYMS
13.  Reproductive factors and risk of contralateral breast cancer by BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation status: results from the WECARE study
Cancer causes & control : CCC  2010;21(6):839-846.
Reproductive factors, such as early age at menarche, late age at menopause, and nulliparity are known risk factors for breast cancer. Previously, we reported these factors to be associated with risk of developing contralateral breast cancer (CBC). In this study, we evaluated the association between these factors and CBC risk among BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutation carriers and non-carriers.
The WECARE Study is a population-based multi-center case–control study of 705 women with CBC (cases) and 1,397 women with unilateral breast cancer (controls). All participants were screened for BRCA1/2 mutations and 181 carriers were identified. Conditional logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between reproductive factors and CBC for mutation carriers and non-carriers.
None of the associations between reproductive factors and CBC risk differed between mutation carriers and non-carriers. The increase in risk with younger age at menarche and decrease in risk in women with more than two full-term pregnancies seen in non-carriers were not significantly different in carriers (adjusted RRs = 1.31, 95% CI 0.65–2.65 and 0.53, 95% CI 0.19–1.51, respectively). No significant associations between the other reproductive factors and CBC risk were observed in mutation carriers or non-carriers.
For two reproductive factors previously shown to be associated with CBC risk, we observed similar associations for BRCA1/2 carriers. This suggests that reproductive variables that affect CBC risk may have similar effects in mutation carriers and non-carriers.
PMCID: PMC2873079  PMID: 20130978
Contralateral breast cancer; BRCA1; BRCA2; Reproductive factors
14.  Genes involved with folate uptake and distribution and their association with colorectal cancer risk
Cancer causes & control : CCC  2009;21(4):597-608.
Folate status is an important predictor of colorectal cancer risk. Common genetic variants in genes involved in regulating cellular folate levels might also predict risk, but there are limited data on this issue. We conducted a family-based case-control association study of variants in four genes involved in folate uptake and distribution: FOLR1, FPGS, GGH, and SLC19A1, using 1,750 population-based and 245 clinic-based cases of pathologically-confirmed colorectal cancer and their unaffected relatives participating in the Colon Cancer Family Registries. Standardized questionnaires, administered to all participants, collected information on risk factors and diet. Standard molecular techniques were used to determine microsatellite instability (MSI) status on cases. tagSNPs (n=29) were selected based on coverage as assessed by pairwise r2. We found no evidence that tagSNPs in these genes were associated with risk of colorectal cancer. For the SLC19A1- rs1051266 (G80A, Arg27His) missense polymorphism, the A/A genotype was not associated with risk of colorectal cancer using population-based (OR=1.00; 95% CI=0.81–1.23) or clinic-based (OR=0.75; 95% CI=0.44–1.29) families compared to the G/A and G/G genotypes. We found no evidence that the association between any tagSNP and CRC risk was modified by multivitamin use, folic acid use and dietary folate intake and total folate intake. The odds ratios were similar, irrespective of MSI status, tumor subsite and family history of colorectal cancer. In conclusion, we found no significant evidence that genetic variants in FOLR1, GGH, FPGS and SLC19A1 are associated with the risk of colorectal cancer.
PMCID: PMC2904058  PMID: 20037791
Folate; folate receptor 1 (FOLR1); solute carrier family 19 (SLC19A1); reduced folate carrier (RFC); folylpolyglutamate synthase (FPGS); gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH); family-based; population-based; clinic-based; polymorphisms; colorectal cancer; case-control
15.  Case–Control Study of Overweight, Obesity, and Colorectal Cancer Risk, Overall and by Tumor Microsatellite Instability Status
PMCID: PMC2841037  PMID: 20208017
16.  Risks of Lynch Syndrome Cancers for MSH6 Mutation Carriers
Germline mutations in MSH6 account for 10%–20% of Lynch syndrome colorectal cancers caused by hereditary DNA mismatch repair gene mutations. Because there have been only a few studies of mutation carriers, their cancer risks are uncertain.
We identified 113 families of MSH6 mutation carriers from five countries that we ascertained through family cancer clinics and population-based cancer registries. Mutation status, sex, age, and histories of cancer, polypectomy, and hysterectomy were sought from 3104 of their relatives. Age-specific cumulative risks for carriers and hazard ratios (HRs) for cancer risks of carriers, compared with those of the general population of the same country, were estimated by use of a modified segregation analysis with appropriate conditioning depending on ascertainment.
For MSH6 mutation carriers, the estimated cumulative risks to ages 70 and 80 years, respectively, were as follows: for colorectal cancer, 22% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14% to 32%) and 44% (95% CI = 28% to 62%) for men and 10% (95% CI = 5% to 17%) and 20% (95% CI = 11% to 35%) for women; for endometrial cancer, 26% (95% CI = 18% to 36%) and 44% (95% CI = 30% to 58%); and for any cancer associated with Lynch syndrome, 24% (95% CI = 16% to 37%) and 47% (95% CI = 32% to 66%) for men and 40% (95% CI = 32% to 52%) and 65% (95% CI = 53% to 78%) for women. Compared with incidence for the general population, MSH6 mutation carriers had an eightfold increased incidence of colorectal cancer (HR = 7.6, 95% CI = 5.4 to 10.8), which was independent of sex and age. Women who were MSH6 mutation carriers had a 26-fold increased incidence of endometrial cancer (HR = 25.5, 95% CI = 16.8 to 38.7) and a sixfold increased incidence of other cancers associated with Lynch syndrome (HR = 6.0, 95% CI = 3.4 to 10.7).
We have obtained precise and accurate estimates of both absolute and relative cancer risks for MSH6 mutation carriers.
PMCID: PMC2815724  PMID: 20028993
17.  Family history of cancer and malignant germ cell tumors in children: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Cancer causes & control : CCC  2009;21(2):181-189.
Family history of testicular cancer is an established risk factor for adult testicular germ cell tumors (GCT). We evaluated the association between family history of cancer and pediatric GCT in a Children's Oncology Group case–control study that included 274 GCT cases (195 female and 79 male) diagnosed
PMCID: PMC2861351  PMID: 19842050
Germ cell tumor; Family history; Children
Epidemiologic evidence supports a role for vitamin D in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Variants in vitamin D-related genes might modify the association between vitamin D levels and CRC risk. In this analysis, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of common variants in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the vitamin D binding protein (GC, group-specific component) genes using a population-based case-unaffected sibling control design that included 1,750 sibships recruited into the Colon Cancer Family Registry (Colon CFR). We also evaluated whether any associations differed by calcium supplement use, family history of CRC, or tumor characteristics. Heterogeneity by calcium and vitamin D intake was evaluated for a subset of 585 cases and 837 sibling controls who completed a detailed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Age- and sex-adjusted associations were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Overall, we did not find evidence for an association between any SNP in VDR or GC and risk of CRC (range of unadjusted p-values 0.01—0.98 for VDR and 0.07—0.95 for GC). None of these associations was significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. We also found no evidence that calcium or vitamin D intake (food and supplement) from the FFQ modified the association estimates between VDR and GC SNPs and CRC. We did observe associations between SNPs in GC and microsatellite unstable CRC, although these results should be confirmed in additional studies. Overall, our results do not provide evidence for a role of common genetic variants in VDR or GC in susceptibility to CRC.
PMCID: PMC2819604  PMID: 20086113
vitamin D; vitamin D receptor (VDR); vitamin D binding protein (GC; DBP); colorectal cancer
The MTHFR C677T TT genotype is associated with a 15%–18% reduction in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk but it is not clear if other variants of the gene are associated with CRC risk.
We used a tagSNP approach to comprehensively evaluate associations between variation in the MTHFR gene and CRC risk using a large family-based case control study of 1,750 population-based and 245 clinic-based families from the Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR).We assessed 22 TagSNPs, selected based on pairwise r2>95%, using Haploview Tagger and genotyped on the Illumina GoldenGate or Sequenom platforms. The association between SNPs and colorectal cancer was assessed using log additive, co-dominant, and recessive models.
From studying the population-based families, the C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131) polymorphisms were associated with a decreased CRC risk overall (OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.63–1.04 and OR=0.82, 95% CI=0.64–1.07, respectively). The 677 TT genotype was associated with a decreased risk of microsatellite stable/microsatellite low tumors (OR=0.69, 95% CI=0.49–0.97) and an increased risk of microsatellite high tumors (OR= 2.22, 95% CI=0.91–5.43) (interaction p-value = 0.01), as well as an increased risk of proximal cancers and a decreased risk of distal and rectal cancers (interaction p-value = 0.02). No other SNP was associated with risk overall or within subgroups.
The 677 TT and 1298 CC genotypes may each be associated with a decrease in CRC risk. We observed little evidence of additional genetic variability in the MTHFR gene relevant to CRC risk.
PMCID: PMC2805460  PMID: 20056627
MTHFR; Colorectal Cancer; TagSNP; Folate Supplementation; Multivitamins; Microsatellite Instability; Colon subsite
Both smoking and alcohol consumption have been associated with modestly increased risks of colorectal cancer (CRC). Reports have suggested that these associations may differ by tumor molecular subtype, with stronger associations for microsatellite unstable (MSI-H) tumors.
We used a population-based case-unaffected sibling design including 2,248 sibships (2,253 cases; 4,486 siblings) recruited to the Colon Cancer Family Registry to evaluate the association between smoking, alcohol consumption and CRC. Associations were assessed using conditional logistic regression, treating sibship as the matching factor.
Although there were no statistically significant associations between any smoking variable and CRC overall, smoking did confer an increased risk of certain types of CRC. We observed an association between pack years of smoking and rectal cancer (OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.23—2.79 for > 40 pack years vs. non-smokers, p for trend = 0.03), and there was an increased risk of MSI-H CRC with increasing duration of smoking (OR=1.94, 95% CI 1.09—3.46 for >30 years of smoking vs. non-smokers). Alcohol intake was associated with a modest increase in risk for CRC overall (OR=1.21, 95% CI 1.03—1.44 for 12+ drinks per week vs. non-drinkers), with more marked increases in risk for MSI-L CRC (OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.06—3.24) and rectal cancer (OR=1.48, 95% CI 1.08—2.02).
We found associations between cigarette smoking and increased risks of rectal cancer and MSI-H CRC. Alcohol intake was associated with increased risks of rectal cancer and MSI-L CRC. These results highlight the importance of considering tumor phenotype in studies of risk factors for CRC.
PMCID: PMC2759847  PMID: 19755657
colorectal cancer; cigarette smoking; alcohol consumption; microsatellite instability
Maternal vitamin supplementation has been linked to a reduced risk of several pediatric malignancies. We examined this relationship in a study of childhood germ cell tumors (GCTs). Subjects included 278 GCT cases diagnosed <15 years during 1993-2001 at a United States or Canadian Children's Oncology Group Institution and 423 controls that were ascertained through random digit dialing matched to cases on sex, and age within one year. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for the association between GCTs and maternal vitamin use at several time points during and around pregnancy. In models controlling for the child's age, sex, household income, and maternal education, any maternal vitamin use during the 6 months prior to conception through nursing was associated with a non-significant reduced risk of GCTs (OR=0.7; 95% CI 0.0.4-1.2). Inverse associations were observed for both extragonadal (OR=0.8; 95% CI 0.4-1.6) and gonadal (OR=0.6; 95% CI 0.3-1.1) tumors and for dysgerminoma/seminoma (OR=0.6; 95% CI 0.2-1.3) and teratoma (OR=0.5; 95% CI 0.2-0.9) but not yolk sac tumors (OR=1.1; 95% CI 0.5-2.3). No consistent patterns were found with respect to vitamin use during the periconceptional period (6 months before pregnancy and first trimester) or first trimester specifically. In conclusion, while our study suggests that maternal vitamin supplementation may reduce the risk or pediatric GCTs in the offspring, the small study size and limitations inherent to observational studies must be considered when interpreting these results.
PMCID: PMC2759848  PMID: 19755653
germ cell tumors; pediatrics; prenatal vitamins; folic acid; risk factors
PMCID: PMC2856753  PMID: 20025644
atherosclerosis; carotid thickening; coronary calcification; fibrinogen
Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs in 10−20% of colorectal cancers (CRC), and has been attributed to both MLH1 promoter hypermethylation and germline mutation in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes. We present results from a large population- and clinic-based study of MLH1 methylation, immunohistochemistry, and MMR germline mutations that enabled us to: 1) estimate the prevalence of MMR germline mutations and MLH1 methylation among MSI-H cases and help us understand if all MSI-H CRC is explained by these mechanisms; and 2) estimate the associations between MLH1 methylation and sex, age, and tumor location within the colon. MLH1 methylation was measured in 1,061 population- and 172 clinic-based cases of CRC. Overall, we observed MLH1 methylation in 60% of population-based MSI-H cases and in 13% of clinic-based MSI-H cases. Within the population-based cases with MMR mutation screening and conclusive IHC results, we identified a molecular event in MMR in 91% of MSI-H cases: 54% had MLH1 methylation, 14% had a germline mutation in a MMR gene, and 23% had IHC evidence for loss of a MMR protein. We observed a striking age difference, with the prevalence of a MMR germline mutation more than four-fold lower and the prevalence of MLH1 methylation more than four-fold higher in cases diagnosed after age 50 than in cases diagnosed before age 50. We also determined that female sex is an independent predictor of MLH1 methylation within the MSI-H subgroup. These results reinforce the importance of distinguishing between the underlying causes of MSI in studies of etiology and prognosis.
PMCID: PMC2628332  PMID: 18990764
MLH1 methylation; MMR mutation; colorectal cancer

Results 1-23 (23)


Web Results

The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical ... for jewelry making. Marcasite jewelry does not actually contain the mineral marcasite. ......

Pyrite: The mineral pyrite information and pictures

Pyrite has the same chemical formula as the rarer mineral Marcasite, but it ... Most of the amateur collector Pyrite comes from the Peruvian locations in ...

pyrite | mineral | Britannica.com

Pyrite, also called iron pyrite or fool's gold, a naturally occurring iron disulfide mineral. The name comes from the Greek word pyr, “fire,” because pyrite emits ...

What Is Pyrite (Fool's Gold)? - Properties, Definition & Facts - Video ...

The name pyrite comes from pyrite lithos, which, in Greek, means 'stone which ... Pyrite has a brassy yellow color, but it does not look as bright yellow as gold.

Pyrite Uses and Meaning | Crystal Vaults

Items 1 - 12 of 128 ... pyrite Introduction to the Meaning and Uses of Pyrite .... Gut feelings, intuition, and other "non-linear" communication comes from this chakra.

Why does pyrite form cubic crystals? - Chemistry Stack Exchange

Apr 26, 2015 ... Pyrite can actually come in a range of crystalline morphologies, as seen ... I am not asking why does pyrite have primitive cubic structure on the ...

Pyrite: The Real Story Behind “Fool's Gold” - Thermo Fisher Scientific

Apr 1, 2014 ... “Fool's Gold” is technically known as pyrite or iron sulfide (FeS2) and is ... to gold, pyrite is brittle and will break rather than bend as gold does.

Pyrite | Earth Sciences Museum - University of Waterloo

Pyrite's name comes from the Greek, pyrites lithos, “the stone which strikes fire. ... Some times we wonder who and why it got there; and what does it mean for ...

Pyrite - Physical Properties & Healing Properties - Kidz Rocks

The name Pyrite comes from the Greek word "pry" which means "fire" or pyrites lithos meaning stone which strikes fire, in allusion to the sparking produced when  ...

How is pyrite formed? | Reference.com

Pyrite forms due to a chemical process initially caused by the decomposition of ... What does "chemical weathering" mean? ... Where does limestone come from?

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Pyrite Mineral | Uses and Properties - Geology.com

Marcasite does not have the same brassy yellow color of pyrite. Instead it is a pale brass color, sometimes with a slight tint of green. Marcasite is more brittle than ...

Pyrite: Pyrite mineral information and data. - Mindat.org

Pyrite Group . Pyrite is a very common mineral, found in a wide variety of geological formations from sedimentary deposits to hydrothermal veins and as a  ...

University of Minnesota's Mineral Pages: Pyrite

Did you know... Fire was pyrite's most ... Pyrite's name comes from the Greek phrase, 'pyrite lithos,' which means 'stone which strikes fire.' Its brilliant metallic ...


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Disney Princess Beauty Parlour

Disney Princesses and Heroines
Alice | Anna | Ariel | Aurora | Belle | Cinderella | Elena | Elsa | Jasmine | Merida | Mulan | Pocahontas | Rapunzel | Snow White | Sofia | Tiana | Tinker Bell | Group | Others

Ariel and Treasure at the Beach

Click on the buttons below to dress up Ariel and her palace pet Treasure and change the scene around them as they enjoy a sunny summer day at the beach by Prince Eric's castle. Choose from different earrings, bikini tops, hats, crowns, cool treats (like ice cream cones and lemonade) and more.
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Orkin Philipsburg, Pennsylvania

Philipsburg Exterminator, Pest Control & Termite Inspector

Orkin serves the following communities near Philipsburg :

Johnstown, Altoona, Williamsport, Bellefonte, Lewistown, Lewisburg, Lock Haven, Huntingdon, Hollidaysburg, Clearfield, Tyrone, University Park, Jersey Shore, Muncy, Montoursville, Duncansville, Mifflinburg, Philipsburg, Ebensburg, Middleburg, Portage, Mill Hall, Port Matilda, Cresson, Hughesville.


Othnielosaurus is a genus of ornithiscian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Period (155 to 148 million years ago). It lived in what is now the western United States. It was formerly assigned to the genus Laosaurus. It is now named in honor of famed paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh.

This genus was coined to contain the fossils formerly included in Othnielia, which is based on remains that may be too sparse to hold a name. Decades have been spent on research to untangle the taxonomy left behind by Marsh and his rival Edward Drinker Cope. Othnielosaurus has been often classified as a hypsilophodont, but recent research calls this into question.

Several other specimens have been named by O.C. Marsh during the late 1800s that have come to be known as hypsilophodont-like animals, including Nanosaurus, Laosaurus, and a number of species grouped within them. Many of his findings have been renamed by newer research that shows his taxonomy was incorrect. Peter Galton and Jim Jensen reviewed many fossils and renamed them from the more accurate findings.

Othnielosaurus is known from multiple fossils from many different discoveries. The skull is still poorly understood based on lack of good material. It was a small dinosaur, less than 6.6 feet in length and weighing no more than 22 pounds. It was bipedal, had short forelimbs and long hindlimbs. The hands were short and broad with short fingers.

Based on a partial skull form the type specimen and one other specimen, the head would have been small. It had small, leaf-shaped cheek teeth and premaxillary teeth with less ornamentation. Othnielosaurus had thin plates lying along the ribs. The plates, called intercostal plates, were made up of a cartilage-like substance.

The Morrison Formation, in which Othnielosaurus lived, was semiarid with distinct wet and dry seasons, and flat floodplains. Vegetation was varied, from gallery river forests of conifers and tree ferns, to open fern savannas with limited trees. Fossil material of many different plants and animals have been unearthed in the formation: bivalves, snails, fish, frogs, salamanders, lizards, crocodylomorphs, and several species of dinosaurs. Early mammals such as docodonts, multituberculates, and triconodonts were also found.

The Morrison Formation has been home to numerous theropods including
Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus, Ornitholestes, and Torvosaurus, the sauropods Apatosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Diplodocus. The ornithischians Camptosaurus, Dryosaurus, and Stegosaurus are also known form the Morrison.

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Nuclear Chain Reaction Assignment Help

Nuclear chain reaction

With a small lump of U235, most of the neutrons emitted during fission escape but if the amount of U233 exceeds a few kilograms (critical mass), neutrons emitted during fission are absorbed by adjacent nuclei causing further fission and so producing more neutrons. Now since each fission releases a considerable amount of energy, vast quantities of energy will be released during the chain reaction caused by U235 fission.

Atomic bomb : An atomic bomb is based upon the process of that nuclear fission in which no secondary neutron escapes the lump of a fissile material for which the size of the fissile material should not be less than a minimum size called the critical size. In the world war II in 1945 two atom bombs were used against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the former contained U-235 and the latter contained Pu-239.

Nuclear reactor : It is a device to obtain the nuclear energy in a controlled way to be used for peaceful purposes. The most common reactor consists of a large assembly of graphite (an allotropic form of carbon) blocks having rods of uranium metal (fuel). Many of the neutrons formed by the fission of nuclei of 92U235 escape into the graphite, where they are very much slow down (from a speed of about 6000 or more miles/sec to a mile/sec) and now when these low speed neutrons come back into the uranium metal they are more likely to cause additional fissions. Such a substance like graphite, which slow down the neutrons without absorbing them is known as a moderator. Heavy water, D2O is another important moderator where the nuclear reactor consists of rods of uranium metal suspended in a big tank of heavy water (swimming pool type reactor). Cadmium or boron are used as control rods for absorbing excess neutrons.

Plutonium from a nuclear reactor : For such purposes the fissile material used in nuclear reactors is the natural uranium which consists mainly (99.3%) of U-238. In a nuclear reactor some of the neutrons produced in U-235 (present in natural uranium) fission converts U-238 to a long-lived plutonium isotope, Pu-239 (another fissionable material). Plutonium is an important nuclear fuel. Such reactors in which neutrons produced from fission are partly used to carry out further fission and partly used to produce some other fissionable material are called Breeder reactors.

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Clarksville TN

Long Distance Moving Services in Clarksville TN

Long Distance Movers Clarksville TN
Clarksville TN Moving Company

Sometimes called The Queen City or the Gateway to the New South—and the possible inspiration behind The Monkees' 1966 hit song “Last Train to Clarksville”—Clarksville is the ninth-fastest growing city in the U. S. Clarksville movers are attracted by the mild climate, the expanding housing availability and economic opportunities presented by this progressive city.

Neighborhoods: Clarksville, the fifth largest city in the state of Tennessee, contains a total of 26 neighborhoods that feature a diverse range of characteristics and living options. One popular neighborhood is Saint Bethlehem. Originally named Cherry Station, this neighborhood is the hub for the city's restaurants, industries, and retail businesses. The Sango/Port Royal neighborhood is a popular residential area for active military personnel who are stationed at the Fort Campbell Army base, which spills into the city of Clarksville.

Housing: While Clarksville, like much of Tennessee, does include several historic homes and areas, new construction is a prevalent housing style throughout the city, due to recent expansion and growth. Single-family homes, apartments, and residential communities include styles such as ranch-style homes, condos, modular homes, and contemporary designs. However, Clarksville is also the oldest city in the state, featuring a wide range of historic architectural styles, from Gothic and Victorian to Colonial and Tudor Revival.

Attractions: History abounds in this old city. The Port Royal State Park is a historic community site, and one of the oldest points of European civilization in the state. There's also Historic Collinsville, a restored replication of an early settlers' village, and the restored downtown L&N Train Station. Clarksville boasts several natural attractions, such as the Cumberland RiverWalk, Dunbar Cave, and the King's Bluff rock climbing preserve.

Clarksville Movers of EZ Movers

Clarksville Movers has been helping families move to Clarksville and other cities in the U.S. for over 15 years. Whether yours is a long distance, local, residential or commercial move, EZ Movers can help make it a successful one.

Why EZ Movers?
  • Safe. Most EZ Movers’ sales specialists are Certified Moving Consultant (CMC) certified, the industry-recognized credential for adherence to ethical conduct.
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Military plane crashes in Mauritania

NOUAKCHOTT, Mauritania (AP) — A Mauritanian official says that a military plane which was on a training mission crashed near the desert town of Aoujeft, located roughly 500 kilometers (300 miles) northeast of the capital.

The official said Monday that there were at least two people on board the plane, including the pilot and a mechanic. The official said one of the two was found alive, while the second has not yet been found, though he could not identify either. The official spoke on condition of anonymity because he did not have permission to speak to the press.

In July 2012, a military plane crashed on the tarmac of the airport in the capital, Nouakchott, killing eight people.


3 Stocks Insiders Are AGGRESSIVELY Buying (JPM, WYNN, Z)

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Why International Business Machines Corp. (IBM), Nvidia Corporation (NVDA) and Wynn Resorts, Limited (WYNN) Are 3 of Today’s Best Stocks

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7 Value Traps That Are NOT Bargains


South Korea will build a naval base near an island claimed by both Seoul and Tokyo so that its warships can deploy faster than Japan’s in case of disputes, a lawmaker said Wednesday.

Chung Mi-Kyung of the ruling Grand National Party said the government would build a $300 million naval base on Ulleung island by 2015.

“It will help strengthen our territorial rights on Dokdo as our naval ships can reach the islands quickly in times of disputes with Japan,” she said in a statement.

Once the base is complete, Seoul would be able to send its ship to Dokdo in an hour and a half compared to the current four hours, she said. Japan’s ships would take about three hours.

Three conservative Tokyo lawmakers who intended to visit Ulleung to reassert their country’s claim to Dokdo were refused permission to enter South Korea in early August.

South Korea the same month lodged a strong diplomatic protest against Japan’s 2011 defence white paper, which describes the islands as Japanese territory.

Older South Koreans still have bitter memories of Japan’s harsh colonial role over Korea from 1910-45.


Old-timers make early run at Muirfield

Mark O'Meara of the United States plays a shot off the 14th tee during the first round of the British Open Golf Championship at Muirfield, Scotland, Thursday July 18, 2013. (AP Photo/Scott Heppell)AP

"One for the old farts," O'Meara said.

With Miguel Angel Jimenez, 49, also shooting a 68, the leaderboard was starting to have the look of a senior's competition.

He has yet to be inducted into the Hall of Fame. He's still waiting for the captaincy of the U.S. Presidents Cup team.

Despite two major championships -- one more than Couples, the 1992 Masters champion -- 24 wins around the world, five Ryder Cup teams and trophies collected from five continents, O'Meara is used to feeling left out.

So he's letting his golf do the talking this week.

"I realize I'm 56, but I also realize that I've won the Open championship and I know that links golf is a little bit different than playing in the Masters," O'Meara said.


Re: fonts on Gnome

not understand the magnitude of the problem.

any  suggestions on how to increase the font sizes considering the

This problem was once resolved by changing the order of the fonts in the
fonts section of XF86Config. Since RH moved the font section in RH6.0
and later from XF86Config to a font server independent of the X server I
have no idea of which server is being used or its location.

My secondary questions are these:

1. Which font server is being used?
2. What is its location?
3. How is it accesses?

4. Also since Red Hat graced us with twenty three (23) - yes folks (23) -
XF86Config files in RH6.1 and only 1 is used by X which one is it?

Most likely candidates are:


Happiness Makes Time For Those Who Make Time For Themselves.

A person that is happy with company but unhappy when alone, is not a happy person.

While it might be common to assume that loneliness and being alone fall from the same tree, loneliness is better categorised as one of the potential emotions that can derive from being alone. But that doesn’t necessarily suggest that being alone connotes an emotional imbalance, but rather the opposite.

When we are alone we are in the best position to measure and assess our overall wellbeing. Absent of life’s distractions, we’re forced to tune in to our inner world. There we are faced with our inner thoughts and inner feeling’s reverberatory need to be heard — not by others, but by you. If you’re not used to spending time with yourself, you might experience an unusual degree of dissonance when spending time alone with yourself. This can often lead to the need for external attention, which can momentarily offer solace. However, this should never be mistaken for a solution.

Some of us are in constant pursuit of relationships just to end the loneliness. But it’s our obsession with social media that is becoming the most virulent relationship of all.

Social media is the new escapism outlet.
People aren’t always sharing their problems to be understood. They are often sharing their problems to be heard. They believe that attention is a cure.

But these people are no stranger to the knowledge that numbing the pain doesn’t get rid of the problem. It only makes it more palpable.

Being alone is self-productive.

Being able to exercise our vulnerability can help us avoid depressive states brought on by an accumulation of our worries.  But before we share our problems, we should equipped them with a self-purpose; to be understood and to obtain a better understanding of how we can overcome the feeling that follows us wherever we go.

It helps to review the last couple of weeks on a frequent basis:

  • What have I achieved during this time?
  • What have I found difficult in the past week?
  • How can I improve on this in the upcoming weeks?
  • Why was I feeling angry last Thursday?

We are but a growing story deep inside an even bigger novel, and the last thing you want to happen is to be left behind in your own story.

This should serve as a reminder that true happiness comes from within and not in the form of short lived feelings that dissipate once the experience is over. Be the type of person that doesn’t seek happiness but instead acquires the ability to become happiness at will.

A must read if you have more pressing concerns around depression:  HAPPINESS: DEFENDING AGAINST THE ONSET OF DEPRESSION

What’s Missing Is You

A frequent visit from the same feelings should be recognized as an internal tip off, albeit the sensation is often interpreted as ‘something missing’. This subtle misconception sparks our quest for completion via materialistic and romantic gain. The premise for false perception has been set, because beneath our experience-derived behaviours, we are not searching for completion. We are searching for fulfilment.

Psychoanalyse Adam Phillips writes:

Growth equally distributes the paradoxical outcome of having learnt more about oneself while exposing us to the undiscovered treasures of our personality. We are plagued by a pathological imbalance whereby we have become too familiar with acquiring knowledge from a surface position that understands only love and hate, but doesn’t dare to question the intricacies of interest and discomfort. Everything we currently know about ourselves is no different to our field of vision — we can only see what we are focused on. And it is this cynical driven focus that drives out the necessary duality that gives birth to beyond biological growth.

If the feeling that surrounds the constants of “something is missing” is attributed to an external notion, then I pose this question to you: Are you not enough?

Phillip writes:

What we crave more than physical and aesthetical satisfaction is internal fulfilment — the nuances of “I want something deeper…something more meaningful”.
We address our romantic encounters with a fantasy like template, measuring their capacity to do what the last experience failed in. But often do we become lost in the fantasy that results in failure that can no longer be attributed to anyone but ourselves.

Some people pursue relationships to end being alone. But it is almost impossible to understand self if you do not possess the patience to spend time with yourself. So while their definition of happiness is momentarily in the hands of other person, I would argue that perhaps they’re trying to escape themselves, when they’re the missing piece their life longs for.

A little bit about me.

View original post 367 more words

Post Industrial Economy: Reclaiming your creative mind

There has been a shift in what is considered invaluable, and while that may no longer be people, it’s their ideas that hold the meaningful key to tomorrow’s growing economy. There’s been no better time to reclaim your creative mind!

We have just arrived on the other side of Mental Health Awareness week. I had the luxury of hearing a story from a doctor who traded in his stethoscope for a more meaningful approach to helping his clients.

Screen Shot 2016-05-25 at 17.24.55
Chairman Kato pictures in the red sofa

Chairman Kato’s creative mind manifests in the form of painting, photography, installations and music but he described how his experience within the medical industry didn’t allow his creativity to surface as freely as he desired. He has delivered a talk called ‘The Art of Career Suicide’. I believe Kato’s story is one we can all resonate with but with it brings a conflict between the pursuit of happiness and security.

My appreciation for Kato’s transition lies in how he continued to use his art to help people rediscover their creative self. This just goes to show that what you might consider your purpose can have more than one form. But it’s left to us to explore the form that best supports our wellbeing. I believe Kato’s mentoring and coaching can be beneficial to those wishing to unleash their creativity.

Our time is money but many of us are being undervalued. Financial security is just as important as a good work ethic is to help maintain our lives, but that doesn’t mean we should become robots or rechargeable batteries that are so easily replaced. Tenure has no place in a post industrial economy. The idea of being given security has become a palpable illusion.

My work involves helping people who suffer from anxiety, depression and an array of mental and physical disorders, and do you know what they consider the biggest risk to their health? Work.

I see friends and family overworked to the extent where they believe collapsing on the commute to work is normal or their anxiety and depression is self inflicted. This has got to change! If our jobs plays such a major role in the state of our wellbeing, perhaps it’s time we revaluate how we function in our roles or better yet, reclaim our creative mind so that we can create an environment better suited to work in.

Special thanks to Ana Seferovic for inviting me to the talk.

If you or someone you know is suffering with depression, this is a MUST READ: Happiness: Defending against the onset of depression

Screen Shot 2016-05-25 at 21.04.17

Consent: Is It Really That Simple?

I agree with Project Consent’s campaign highlighting the “unnecessary conversations” around the topic of consent. So let’s recap:

  • If she says yes, then go for it!
  • If she says no, then sheath your sword solider!

While spontaneity is often welcomed and desired in this dance we call sex, I’d like to think that we would all agree that sex is a journey and not a destination. The significance of looking at sex in this way is that the emphasis is not solely on the end result but rather the circumstances, actions and decisions that inevitably lead to a particular outcome. If we viewed the point in which an apology would surface in this manner, the authenticity of an apology would be questionable if one did not take responsibility for the actions that ultimately warrant it.

The Journey

Consent is simple. A lot of women would like to think that a number of men have a problem with understanding consent (I’m sure some do). Celebrity R&B singer and actor Tyrese Gibson hosts a relationship show with Rev Run, ‘It’s Not You, It’s Men’, which was recently criticized after their star guest Amber Rose had to provide them with a cutthroat lesson on consent. (see video below)

“No means no” are the words circulating the internet, and I couldn’t agree more! But there’s usually more than meets the eye when it comes to a certain type of sexual exchange.
There are a profuse number of women who use their bodies (sexually) to attain material goods (clothes, shoes, food, money etc) and services from men. Similarly, there are men that provide women with goods and services such as a date with the intention of receiving sex in exchange. Since prostitution is one of the world’s most ancient professions, this exchange in addition to more subtle versions isn’t breaking news to the people of the world.

Quick History Lesson: In the middle ages, prostitution in some cultures were deemed necessary as it helped prevent behaviors that were viewed upon as “greater evils”, such as rape, sodomy and masturbation. It was still regarded sinful by the Roman Catholic Church, and even today it is still collectively frowned upon.
Fun Fact: not to mention that male prostitution was just as common an female prostitution in many cultures!

Now I personally know a fair number of men who date in a manner that implies intent through flirtatious and sexual behavior. Equivalently, I know women who are aware of a man’s implied intent, and will consciously allow this behavior to continue, because so long as the man believes that he will be rewarded sexually, he’ll keep rewarding her materialistically. However, because this is not prostitution, per se, the woman doesn’t always intend to offer up sex as part of this exchange. But saying “no” early is likely to harm her prospect of reward.
Imagine working at a job you hate but you’re up for your yearly bonus review. As you hand in your performance appraisal, in the section that asks, “what are your objectives for next year”, you willingly leave out the fact that once you receive your bonus, you have absolutely no intention of remaining in the company!
So in the realm of sexual exchange between man and woman, if she has no intention of offering something sexual, then refusing consent would probably be more effective as a last resort. Until then, the journey of this exchange is driven by implied consent.

Implied consent

In a world where ‘apparently’ nobody cares about what someone thinks about them, your words and behaviors becomes everything when it comes to implied consent. Sexual assault cases have been kicked out of court because the victim’s actions were deemed to have implied consent.

Everything mentioned above is less about blaming people and more about individuals taking more responsibility over their own actions. And though it may be true that we can’t always control someone else’s actions, your body language is always acting on your behalf when it comes to implied consent.

Being a man myself,  I have been on the receiving end of a “no”. There have also been instances where I have had to exercise the use of the word “no” (even if I regretted it the next day)! But if there is one thing my experiences have taught me, its that a woman’s uncertainty can be mistaken for a green light. Most men would prefer not to question noticeable ‘awkward’ behaviors because the other head is making the decisions, but communication is an often overlooked skill during sex.

Communication leading up to sex needn’t always be ‘dirty’ or sexual in nature. It can be compassionate and considerate; “are you okay?”, “tell me if you want me to stop”. I believe as men, we have a responsibility to ensure we are communicating as much as possible during these such an exchange, as it helps to ensure that the act itself is genuine and mutually enjoyable.

So let’s recap again:

  • If she say’s yes, then go for it!
  • If she say’s no, then sheath your sword solider!
  • Implied consent can be misleading especially when you are entertaining their implied intent.
  • Communication is imperative to ensure both parties are comfortable and on the same page.

So there is more to consent than yes and no! Perhaps there is a need for reform in sex education classes. But until then,  I guess we’re going to have to be an example for the younger generation through educating ourselves first!

Charles Rare (Rare Thoughts)
Instagram: @Rare_Thoughts
Email: charles.rarethoughts@gmail.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ararethought

Mac Cosmetics Fans: A Face of Racism Beneath The Makeup

Above is a photo of Kylie Jenner following her “temporary” lip filler/injection procedure.
This and many more of her pictures that exhibit her ‘fuller’ lips were at the center of praise, inspiration and envy among her fans.

This is what appears to be a model wearing Mac makeup backstage a New York Fashion week show. The photo was uploaded to @maccosmetics’s instagram page, but unlike Kylie’s lips, this photo brought to the surface a racial onslaught against the image.

Racism has many faces but they all share the same heart. I have noticed that a lot of black women I know or have met through different walks of life have something in common; they constantly have to affirm that their beauty and features are acceptable. Why? Because they live and have been raised in a society that doesn’t accept them. As a man that favors the melanin beauty as a reflection of his own, my soul is grieved with each new story of a black woman’s beauty that has been buried under the universal aesthetic of beauty in western society.

You would think that the death of a race’s beauty would be enough, but western culture has a reputation for taking everything you own and claiming it as its own.

While it might be common knowledge that descendants of African culture tend to have larger lips, hips or overall features in general, a large consensus seem to be more comfortable in validating such features when associated with non-colored individuals as demonstrated in the above pictures. Is beauty’s preference in today’s culture as artificial as the makeup people wear?

You’ve probably not noticed that I’ve made a conscious effort to refer to racism as a cultural responsibility rather than name shaming the individuals that speak such hateful words. This is because racism is a form of cultural conditioning that subconsciously governs the behaviors and thoughts of the masses raised in a particular environment. It’s normal to picture our environment as our immediate surroundings but to truly understand your environment, you must think about everything your mind has been exposed to from the moment you were able to learn. This would include the books you read when you were a toddler, the media and advertisements that depict what’s in trend, what is beautiful and through lack of exposure, what isn’t.

As humans we identify with what we are familiar with. That to which we aren’t makes us uncomfortable. This is why a baby will often cry when it is picked up by someone else other than the people it sees everyday – it views you as unfamiliar therefore it is uncomfortable. So if the media and advertisement campaigns have for many decades associated beauty with Caucasian/lighter skinned individuals, perhaps we can begin to see this face of racism as a reaction of the misinformed.

I am tired of observing misinformed people destroying themselves for what they’re not born with, and then attempting to destroy others for what they are born with.

Beauty is where one of the many faces of racism resides. There is a need for more diversity in beauty, encouragement to accept our natural beauty, and less dependency on the media and advertisements to depict what it means to be beautiful.

This is a video that has touched that hearts of many, with an aim of reconnecting you with your natural beauty once again:

Charles Rare (Rare Thoughts)
Instagram: @Rare_Thoughts
Email: charles.rarethoughts@gmail.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ararethought

Filtering The Natural Back Into Beauty

“Filtering The Natural Back Into Beauty” is a project that aims to speaks substance to every man and woman that has been conditioned to believe beauty only exists through the use of makeup.
The project aims to inspire all hidden beauty to surface from the shadows of makeup.
Makeup has its purpose as an enhancer of natural beauty, and there’s nothing wrong with that, but the first step to destroying beauty is by hiding it.

The Misinterpretation of Loneliness

While it was true that my day had been productive, it had been inefficient. To help you understand this, I’ll provide you with a scenario that most of us are all too well familiar with: a high output of productivity with a low intake of food. I think we can all agree that no matter how busy you have been, if you do not eat a sufficient amount throughout the day, you’ll be impeding your health which in turn, impacts on your productivity. Correspondingly, social activity is food for the soul, but we are at risk of serving up a distasteful alternative.

The social apps on our phones and tablets missed out an crucial point when using the word “social” – it takes place in real-time. I have conversed with many people who admit to mindlessly scrolling through their phone no matter where they might be. Bare with me while I briefly digress: Parasites are interesting creatures. They first infect the host, whom is often unaware of its presence, and pretty much live in/on the host rent free. Some species even manipulate the brain of their host by causing them to commit suicide in water so that they can reproduce. If you think that’s shocking, I’ve seen mobile phones manipulate people into finding plug sockets (even at weddings) so they can “charge” their phone for more mindless scrolling.

How can we be at an event where we need only ‘be’ to elicit social activity, and still find ourselves craving connection via the online world?

The truth is we are lonely. Not because of our environment’s state, but because many of us are deprived of the state encourages us to rise from our newly found (online) comfort zone. We are addicted to connection and no longer familiar with interaction, because in a world where we are rewarded and validated for every action we make, it has become easier to be who we think we are as opposed to who we really are.

Being alone is a choice. Loneliness is the deprivation of a social life.

smartphone prisoner

Rare Thoughts


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North-East India: Land, People and Economy

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North-East India, comprising the seven contiguous states around Assam, is a relatively unknown, yet fascinating region. This book offers a glimpse into the region’s past and a comprehensive picture of its physical environment, people, resources and economy.

Titel: North-East India: Land, People and Economy
Autoren/Herausgeber: Kamal Ramprit Dikshit, Jutta K Dikshit
Aus der Reihe: Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research
Ausgabe: 2014

ISBN/EAN: 9789400770546

Seitenzahl: 800
Format: 23,5 x 15,5 cm
Produktform: Hardcover/Gebunden
Gewicht: 1,424 g
Sprache: Englisch

Prof. Dr. Kamal Ramprit Dikshit is a former Professor of Geography of the University of Pune, India (now retired).  He has written several books, such as "Geography of Gujarat" (1970), "Contributions to Indian Geography: Geomorphology" (1983), "Maharashtra in Maps" (1986) and "Environment, Forest Ecology and Man in the Western Ghats: The Case of Mahabaleshwar Plateau" (1993) as well as many research papers. Jutta K. Dikshit has been teaching geography at the Department of Geography, University of Pune, Pune. She studied geography and German language and literature at the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (Germany), and obtained her doctoral degree from the Sorbonne, Paris. Before coming to India, she worked as a lecturer at the University of Saarbrücken for a number of years. Her research papers are mainly in the field of physical geography. She is the editor of the book "The Urban Fringe of Indian Cities" (2011).

North-East India, comprising the seven contiguous states around Assam, the principal state of the region, is a relatively unknown, yet very fascinating region. The forest clad peripheral mountains, home to indigenous peoples like the Nagas, Mizos and the Khasis, the densely populated Brahmaputra valley with its lush green tea gardens and the golden rice fields, the moderately populated hill regions and plateaus, and the sparsely inhabited Himalayas, form a unique mosaic of natural and cultural landscapes and human interactions, with unparalleled diversity. The book provides a glimpse into the region’s past and gives a comprehensive picture of its physical environment, people, resources and its economy. The physical environment takes into account not only the structural base of the region, its physical characteristics and natural vegetation but also offers an impression of the region’s biodiversity and the measures undertaken to preserve it. The people of the region, especially the indigenous population, inhabiting contrasting environments and speaking a variety of regional and local dialects, have received special attention, bringing into focus the role of migration that has influenced the traditional societies, for centuries. The book acquaints the readers with spatial distribution, life style and culture of the indigenous people, outlining the unique features of each tribe. The economy of the region, depending originally on primitive farming and cottage industries, like silkworm rearing, but now greatly transformed with the emergence of modern industries, power resources and expanding trade, is reviewed based on authentic data and actual field observations. The epilogue, the last chapter in the book, summarizes the authors’ perception of the region and its future. - Newsletter
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We’ll create generations of jihadists

Late in 2007, in an off-the-record lunch meeting, Secretary of Defense Gates warned of the consequences if the Bush Administration staged a preëmptive strike on Iran, saying, as the senator recalled, “We’ll create generations of jihadists, and our grandchildren will be battling our enemies here in America.” (A spokesman for Gates confirmed that he discussed the consequences of a strike.)

Jundullah: Providing support for opponents of the Tehran government - armed or otherwise - appears both problematic and a losing bet. The Kurdish Party of Free Life of Kurdistan (PJAK) is believed to have close ties to the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and there is little evidence that Ahwazi Arab separatist movements in the southwestern Khuzestan province - mentioned as a potential funding recipient in Hersh's article - are capable of providing a significant challenge to the Tehran authorities.

Some analysts have criticized alleged US support for the Iranian Baluchi Jundallah militant movement as a proxy force as shocking given the group's rumored ties to al-Qaida.
Zurich, Counterpunch, Hersh, WP


Atomic Theory

Science / Chemistry / Atomic Theory: An explanation of chemical properties and processes that assumes that tiny particles called atoms are the ultimate building blocks of matter.

Atomic Mass Unit

Organizational Behavior Modification Theory

Business / Human Resources (HR) / Organizational Behavior Modification Theory: A motivational theory suggesting that an individual will behave in a manner that helps him or her avoid potential negative outcomes and achieve agreeable outcomes. MORE

Optimal Foraging Theory

Science / Marine Biology / Optimal Foraging Theory: A theory designed to predict the foraging behavior that maximizes food intake per unit time MORE

Odd-Lot Theory

Business / Finance / Odd-Lot Theory: The theory that profits can be made by making trades contrary to odd-lot trading patterns, since odd-lot investors have poor timing. This theory is no longer popular. MORE

Polyatomic Ion

Science / Chemistry / Polyatomic Ion: A polyatomic ion is a charged particle that contains more than two covalently bound atoms. See Polyatomic Ions for more. MORE

Polyatomic Molecule

Science / Chemistry / Polyatomic Molecule: A polyatomic molecule is an uncharged particle that contains more than two atoms. MORE


eISSN: 1643-3750

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Genetic variants in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease and coexisting atheromatous renal artery stenosis

Malgorzata Szperl, Zofia Dzielinska, Marta Roszczynko, Lukasz A. Malek, Magdalena Makowiecka-Ciesla, Marcin Demkow, Jacek Kadziela, Aleksander Prejbisz, Elzbieta Florczak, Tomasz Zielinski, Andrzej Januszewicz, Witold Ruzyllo

Med Sci Monit 2008; 14(12): CR611-616

ID: 869482

Background: Atheromatous renal artery stenosis (ARAS) often coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study evaluated the prevalence of three polymorphisms: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (Ins/Del), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) Glu298Asp, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T, in hypertensive patients referred for coronary and renal angiography.
Material and Method: The study included 223 hypertensive patients divided into three groups: 72 patients without significant CAD or evidence of ARAS, 111 patients with significant CAD but no ARAS, and 40 patients with coexisting significant CAD and evidence of ARAS. The control group consisted of 195 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects.
Results: Patients with coexisting significant CAD and evidence of ARAS were older (p=0.03), less frequently obese (p=0.02), and more likely to have peripheral carotid or femoral artery disease (PAD) (p=0.02) compared with patients with significant CAD but no ARAS. They differed in terms of ACE Del/Del genotype distribution (40% vs. 17.1%, respectively, p=0.007). In a multivariate analysis the independent predictors of ARAS were PAD (OR: 3.7, 95%CI: 1.1-12.3, p=0.005) and ACE Del/Del polymorphism (OR: 3.3, 95%CI: 1.3-8.2, p=0.01). There was a higher prevalence of eNOS Asp/Asp genotype in all patients with significant CAD than in controls (9.3% vs. 3.6%, respectively, p=0.02), but no difference in MTHFR polymorphism between the studied groups was found.
Conclusions: In the hypertensive population referred for coronary and renal angiography, the ACE insertion/deletion variant but not eNOS Glu298Asp or MTHFR C677T polymorphism, seems to coexist with atheromatous renal artery stenosis.

I agree


I job-shadowed Marlene, a clinical dietitian at Mount Sinai Hospital. There are 11 clinical dietitians at the hospital and they are responsible for putting together the patient’s diets and maintaining their nutrition.

The first thing Marlene does every day is check her internal hospital database to see if she has any new patients assigned to her. If she does, the computer will display data that has been compiled by a diet technician, and Marlene will design a diet for the patient’s specific needs.

In the morning, Marlene goes on team rounds, which are basically meetings between doctors, nurses, social workers, speech pathologists, pharmacists, and dietitians regarding their group of patients. They go over each patient and talk about recent developments and solutions. This is done every morning and provides Marlene and the other staff the information they need to do their jobs. For example, a nurse told Marlene that a patient had trouble swallowing the food they had been given. Marlene then told the nurse what to do and adjusted the patient’s diet accordingly.

After team rounds, Marlene usually visits her patients and sees how they doing. Although she is responsible for a large group of patients with regular diets, a lot of her work is for patients with dietary concerns. When she has patients with big problems, Marlene really becomes a problem solver and teacher. She tries to solve complex problems and then has to teach a lot of patients how to maintain their nutrition plans after they leave the hospital.

I really enjoyed shadowing a dietitian since you get to solve problems and instruct patients. Plus, I also like food.

A Typical Day

Most of a typical day is spent in team rounds to consult with doctors, nurses, speech pathologists and other hospital staff regarding the team’s patients. The rest of the day is reserved for meeting and configuring a patient’s diet.

Top 3 Perks

1) Great part-time work

2) Meet lots of patients

3) You can do research too

Job Culture

Meeting with patients, assessing nutritional needs by using computer applications, sitting in meetings with doctors, solving complex problems, teaching patients how to eat properly, indoors, using computers.

1) Obtain a bachelor’s degree in nutrition or dietetics

2) Intern for a year

Skills Needed

Organization, communication, research skills, problem-solving, listening skills.

The Field

- The field is female-dominated (only one dietitian out of 11 doctors at the hospital I visited was a man).

- The field is always progressing and changing due to innovative research.


Weather Forecast

Murder suspect appears in court

WORTHINGTON -- Josue Robles Fraga, accused of murdering his 2-year-old niece in March, made a short court appearance Tuesday during an omnibus hearing in Nobles County District Court.

An omnibus hearing, used to determine what evidence will be admissible at trial, can include issues such as searches, seizures of evidence, confessions and prior criminal history. In this case, public defender Cecil Naatz is objecting to the evidence regarding a possibility of flight.

During a hearing in June, Minnesota Assistant Attorney General Bill Klumpp had asked a judge to raise the amount of Fraga's bail because Fraga had allegedly approached a mechanic after the death of the child but before his arrest, and expressed interest in getting a vehicle in good working shape so he could drive it to Mexico for a family emergency.

"Our belief is that the defendant was planning to leave the country," Klumpp said at the time.

Naatz and Klumpp were given two weeks to submit written arguments for the admittance or denial of the evidence in question.

Klumpp said he also planned to file a notice for aggravating factors, which he plans to have done within a week.

During Tuesday's hearing, Fraga sat quietly without saying a word. Dressed in the bright orange prisoner uniform of the Nobles County Jail, it is apparent he has lost a significant amount of weight since his arrest.

Fraga, charged with first-degree murder and two counts of second-degree murder, was taken into custody several days after he and his wife brought Samantha, his niece, into the emergency room in the early morning hours of March 20.

At the time, the child had no pulse and a body temperature of 84 degrees. She was pronounced dead at 6:18 a.m. Autopsy results showed a multitude of injuries, including head trauma, contusions, and rupture of the stomach. There was also trauma to the perianal/rectal area.

A warrant for Fraga's arrest was issued in the early evening March 26, and he was picked up by law enforcement in Adrian shortly afterward. It is thought he was driving around looking for his children, who had been removed from his household after Samantha's death. He was originally charged with second-degree murder, but on May 30, he was indicted by a grand jury for first-degree murder. Samantha and her brother had been living in the Fraga household in Worthington after Fraga's brother from Texas had turned the two children over to his brother. During an initial interview, Fraga told authorities he had witnessed the 3-year-old boy jump on his sister's stomach, but the doctor who performed the autopsy said that could not have caused her stomach to rupture. Fraga also told authorities there were no injuries other than a few small bruises on the little girl when he had changed her diaper before putting her to bed.

Because some scientific evidence has recently become available, the remainder of the omnibus hearing was rescheduled for 1 p.m. Jan. 20, which will give both prosecution and defense a chance to review the new material.


Germany's Sandra Prokoff finished second to teammate Susi Erdmann and claimed the overall bobsled World Cup title on Sunday.

Prokoff, who won five of eight races this season, drove a tactical race and capitalized on her 17-point advantage over Erdmann.

Prokoff chose Ulrike Holzner to work the brakes instead of Nicole Herschmann, her usual partner, and finished 15 points ahead of Erdmann in the standings.

"I was trying to win the race, but Susi was simply faster today," Prokoff said. "But I knew, second was enough to take the overall title."

Cathlen Martini finished third, completing the German sweep.

Erdman drove Germany's second sled with Annegret Dietrich to a consecutive victories with a combined time of 1 minute 48.45 seconds.

Erdmann settled with 231 points, 15 points behind Prokoff.

Bobsled USA 1, with former World Cup champion Jean Racine driving, finished ninth Sunday. Racine placed eighth in the overall standings.


In the world there are about 7,000 national parks (areas with a large number of diverse natural ecosystems of national significance, the salient features and cultural heritage in which man lives harmonized with nature). The list includes, inter alia, Kopaonik, Zlatibor and Tara. Its total values of national parks beyond the borders of Serbia and are included in the European Federation of National Parks – EUROPARC.

National Park “Kopaonik” extends to the highest and best preserved parts of the Kopaonik mountain, which rises in the central part of southern Serbia. Protected in 1981 on an area of 11,809 ha. Although it starts at an altitude of about 800 m, the largest area of the park encompasses the central and the most wooded part of Kopaonik mountain, a large, relatively flattened region of about 1700 m high, known as Flat Kopaonik. Kopaonik is characterized by large areas with extremely valuable and well-preserved ecosystems. Ecological diversity and richness caused the animal world.

National park “Tara” covers most of the mountain of Tara, which is located in the extreme western Serbia, on the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the lakatastoj bend in the river Drina, between Visegrad and Bajina Basta. Was declared a national park in 1981, on an area of 19,200 ha.
The National Park, along with Zaovine and Nature Park “Sargan – Mokra Gora”, the backbone of the future biosphere reserve Drina. Mountain Tara belongs part Vlach mountains. Mountain Tara is especially known for its lush, dense, indigenous conifer forests, which make it the most wooded mountain in Serbia and Europe. Of the over 1,000 plant species as far as the present, about 20 are endemic character, including the empress of all endemic species of Europe, Serbian spruce.
In the far south-west Serbia is Zlatibor. The area of Zlatibor is situated between the mountains of Tara and Zlatar, a distance of 30 kilometers and a width of 15 kilometers. This mountain of great beauty mark the pleasant climate, spacious clearings, lush pastures, rich and diverse flora and fauna, mountain streams, cultural and historical heritage, which is the reason why the Zlatibor called the ‘’air spa’’.
This is why it is proposed to designate Zlatibor Nature Park and the natural resource of great importance.


Select the best answer for each of the following.
1. What is the proper time or time period over LO 12.1 which to amortize an intangible asset if there is no forseable limit on the period of time over which the intangible assets is expected to be used in operations?
a. 40 years
b. 50 years
c. Immediately
d. Not amortized
2. Plaza Company originated late in 2015 and began LO 12.2 operations on January' 2, 2016. Plaza is engaged in conducting market research studies on behalf of manufacturers. Prior to the start of operations, the following costs w were incurred:
Attorney's fees in connection with organization of Plaza ...... $ 4,000
Improvements to leased offices prior to occupancy .......... 7,000
Meetings of incorporators, state filing fees, and other company expenses . 5,000
What is the amount of expense recognized for 2016?
a. $16,000
b. $9,000
c. $7,000
d. $4,000
3. Frye Company incurred R&D costs in 2016 as LO 12.2 follows:
Equipment acquired for use in multiple R&D projects .... $ 1,000,000
Depreciation on the equipment ........... 150,000
Wages and salaries of R&D personnel ........ 500,000
Outside consulting fees .............. 100,000
Appropriately allocated indirect costs ........ 250,000
The total R&D expenses reported in Frye’s 2016 income statement should be:
a. $650,000
b. $900,000
c. $1,200,000
d. $1,800,000
4. Which of the following assets typically arc amortized?
5. Which of the following amounts incurred in connection with a trademark should be capitalized?
6. A purchased patent has a remaining legal life of 15 years. It should:
a. Be expensed in the year of acquisition
b. Be amortized over 15 years regardless of its useful life
c. Be amortized over its useful life if less than 15 years
d. Not be amortized
7. During 2012, Traco Machine Company spent $176,000 on R&1) costs for an invention. This invention was patented on January' 2, 2013, at a nominal cost that was expensed in 2013. The patent had a legal life of 20 years and an estimated useful life of 8 years. In January' 2017, Traco paid $16,000 for legal fees in a successful defense of the patent. Amortization for 2017 should be:
a. $0
b. $1,000
c. $4,000
d. $26,000
8. Sherwood Corporation incurred $68,000 of R&D costs in its laboratory' to develop a patent that was granted on January' 2, 2016. Legal fees and other costs associated with registration of the patent totaled $13,600. Sherwood estimates that the economic life of the patent will be 8 years. What amount should Sherwood charge to patent amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2016?
a. $0
b. $800
c. $1,700
d. $10,200
9. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired company over the:
a. Sum of the fair values assigned to tangible assets acquired minus liabilities assumed
b. Sum of the fair values assigned to identifiable assets acquired minus liabilities assumed
c. Sum of the fair values assigned to intangible assets acquired minus liabilities assumed
d. Book value of an acquired company
10. Flint Corporation's general ledger as of December 31, 2016, includes the following accounts:
Corporation (start-up) costs ......... $5000
Deposits with advertising agency (will
be used to promote goodwill) ........ 8000
Discounts on bonds payable ......... 15,000
Excess of purchase price over fair
value of the identifiable net assets of
acquired company ............ 70,000
Trademarks ............... 12,000
In the preparation of Flint's balance sheet as of December 31, 2016, what should be reported as total intangible assets?
a. $82,000
b. $87,000
c. $95,000
d. $110,000

  • CreatedOctober 05, 2015
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Essay example - Haydn and Mozart Music Analysis

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Pages 8 (2008 words)
The classic era of music lasted over a period of 70 years. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven were the principal composers. The sonata and the sonata form of musical of writing as in the Concerto of Haydn and the Prague Symphony of Mozart were both written in three movements. …

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The classical era was a period of perfecting instruments, forms of music and making instrument music the most important form of music. Haydn never lived the life of other composers. Whereas Mozart was a child prodigy and had the constant teaching from his father, Haydn was basically self taught and was forced to make a living giving lessons. ...
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