Career Decision-Making Styles

Career Decision-Making StylesCareer decision making is generally regarded as a process that entails identifying alternatives, gathering information, weighing the options, selecting one choice, and implementing the chosen alternative. While this basic process seems fairly straightforward, it has been noted that individuals differ considerably in how they negotiate the decisional process. Career decision-making styles thus have been advanced to describe the variety of ways in which individuals approach, respond to, and behave in career decision situations. These observable variations in career decision making have led to a number of taxonomies of career decision-making styles and considerable theorizing and research on the effectiveness of different styles.

Early research into career decision-making styles largely focused on developing taxonomies to describe different types of deciders. Lilian Dinklage is widely cited as the initial scholar to identify a set of career decision-making styles. Based on interviews with high school students, she posed a trait-like taxonomy: Planners are characterized by methodical pursuit to decision resolution; agonizes devote considerable effort to information gathering but often get overwhelmed by the resulting data; delayers recognize the need to decide but defer action at present; deciders with paralysis are highly cognizant of the need to decide, but are unable to engage in the process; impulsive take the first available alternative; intuitive choose what “feels right”; fatalists leave choice to fate or chance; and compliant deciders defer to the recommendation of others.

Similar taxonomies have been proposed by Tanya Arroba, John Krumboltz and his colleagues, and Vincent Harren. Arroba suggested that individuals may use different decision-making styles depending on the particular decisional situation. In her classification, six state-specific styles are identified: logical (objective appraisal and selection); hesitant (procrastination or postponement of decision making); intuitive (choices based on an inner feeling of rightness or inevitability); emotional (choices based on subjective preferences or feelings); no-thought (little objective consideration, as might occur in a routine decision or in an impulsively chosen alternative); and compliant (passive; choice based on expectations of others or self-imposed expectations). In addition, Arroba attempted to identify underlying factors, revealing a clustering of logical and hesitant (implying an element of extended personal time and effort in the decision-making process) and a separate cluster of emotional and intuitive (implying a subjective emphasis in choosing). The no-thought style also appeared to have some association with this latter group. The compliant style consistently appeared as a separate factor.

Krumboltz’s taxonomy proposes five state-like styles: rational (making decisions in a logical and systematic manner); fatalistic (believing that one has little personal control); intuitive (relying on nonspecific impressions); impulsive (spontaneous, spur-of-the-moment choice making); and dependent (relying on the expectations or advice of others).

Harren’s taxonomy suggests that styles vary on two dimensions. First, he proposed that deciders vary in the extent to which they view themselves as personally responsible (in contrast to assigning responsibility to others or to fate). Second, he suggested that deciders differ in the extent to which they rely on logic (in contrast to emotion) in their decision making. His widely used taxonomy poses styles as relatively enduring traits, and includes rational (individually responsible, systematic, logical); intuitive (individually responsible, primary consideration of emotional factors, often impulsive); and dependent (responsibility deferred to others, passive, sees limited options).

Additional taxonomies have been offered, drawing on underlying dimensions. Richard Johnson, for example, based his taxonomy on what he termed a “mental factor analysis” of his clinical observations. He proposed that individuals differ in the manner in which they gather information (systematically or spontaneously) and process information (internally or externally). These variations produce four styles: internal-systematic, internal-spontaneous, external-systematic, and external-spontaneous. Donna Walsh undertook a comprehensive review of the literature on individual variations in career decision making and offered a taxonomy combining Jungian theory and a review of known variations in the decision-making process. Two bipolar dimensions were proposed: intraversion-extraversion (reflecting an orientation toward or away from others in the various aspects of the decision-making process), and thinking-feeling (reflecting how judgments are made). Finally, Susanne Scott and Reginald Bruce articulated a taxonomy similar to those described above but not specifically devoted to the career domain, which includes five essential decision-making styles: rational, avoidant, intuitive, dependent, and spontaneous.

Although the available taxonomies have been presented above in a descriptive frame, there has also been considerable prescriptive endorsement of the benefits of some decision-making styles. Following with the Parsonian “true-reasoning” paradigm of the early 1900s, theorists and researchers (including those noted above) have provided a widespread conclusion that a rational, systematic, and independent approach to decision making is “best.” The adaptive decider is seen as objective, systematic, and logical and free of emotional distractions and cognitive distortions and approaches the generally solitary decision-making task with considerable autonomy and independence.

In support of this view is literature in which it is generally concluded that the more systematic, rational decision-making style has proved adaptive: A rational style has been related to an approach to problem solving, rather than avoidance of it, and has been related to greater self-knowledge and to greater progress in making career decisions as well as in implementing those decisions. “Systematic-internals” have been shown to be least likely to experience indecision about a career choice. Furthermore, individuals who have achieved a firm sense of individual identity use a more systematic, rational decision-making style. Mixed results are evident for a link between decision-making styles and vocational maturity, however, with some evidence that the more vocationally mature student uses a less dependent style and other evidence linking vocational maturity to a rational style.

Just as the rational decision-making style has received generally favorable evidence, the dependent or compliant style has been largely linked with less favorable functioning. For example, those whose identity was foreclosed (committed without exploration) tended to rely on a dependent style. Furthermore, a dependent style has been related to negative outcomes such as less progress in decisions, use of an avoidance strategy in problem solving, and lack of problem-solving confidence.

Despite the conclusion suggested by this brief review that rational, nondependent decision making is preferable, there is also evidence that it is definitely not the only adaptive way of making decisions. Other research has focused on developing counseling interventions to aid individuals in making career decisions. This research has shown that different career decision-making styles have successfully predicted the effects of career interventions, whereas a rational style per se does not appear to be predictive of treatment outcome. Rather, evidence suggests that treatments designed to match participants’ decision-making styles (e.g., systematic intervention for clients with a rational career decision-making style; feeling-focused interventions for intuitive deciders) are more beneficial to the participants. Furthermore, people with different styles may approach counselors differently, with the more dependent deciders expecting more directiveness, acceptance, and nurturance. (It should be noted, however, that these findings have not been replicated in other learning situations outside the counseling realm.)

More recent perspectives on career decision-making styles have focused on the adaptability of other styles beyond a rational style. Drawing on literature in decision making and judgment, Susan Phillips noted that the prescribed rational, autonomous decision making may be neither possible nor desirable. Consideration of the limitations on human information-processing capacity suggests that decisions simply are not made with the dispassionate precision of a systematic, comprehensive, rational process. Furthermore, emotion or intuition (implied as risky in some decision style models) can be seen as highly useful sources of information about alternatives. And in the study of expert judges, drawing on the wisdom and expertise of others is seen as highly beneficial. In light of these observations, Phillips suggested that career decision-making styles other than rational (e.g., the intuitive or dependent styles) may not necessarily reflect an irrational (negative) style, but rather may represent a different kind of adaptation that incorporates affective components in decision making and/or collaborates and consults with others.

Finally, there is also an emerging body of literature to suggest that the context of career decision making— particularly the cultural and the interpersonal—may well play a larger role than previously suspected in determining what style an individual uses and how effective that style is. Thus, noting that collectivist cultures place a different value on the role of others in decision making, Wei-Cheng Mau showed that students from a more individualistic culture were more confident if they did not use a dependent decision-making style, whereas students from a collective culture were more confident only if they used a rational style.

Other recent research has focused on exploring how an individual’s decision-making style might incorporate “others.” Whereas the existing taxonomies of decision-making style acknowledge a role for other people only in the dependent or compliant decision-making styles, Phillips and her colleagues suggested that a relational perspective would provide a more complete and less pathological view of how deciders make decisions in a relational context. They proposed a taxonomy of how deciders use others in decisional situations in more or less self-directed ways (self-directedness) and how others involve themselves in the decision-making process (actions of others). While this perspective is still nascent, there is growing evidence that the use of “others” is valuable and is likely to reduce decision errors, foster vocational maturity, and promote adaptive transitions from school to work.

See also:

  1. Arroba, T. 1977. “Styles of Decision Making and Their Use: An Empirical Study.” British Journal of Guidance and Counselling 5:149-158.
  2. Dinklage, L. B. 1968. Decision Strategies of Adolescents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  3. Harren, V. A. 1979. “A Model of Career Decision Making for College Students.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 14:119-133.
  4. Johnson, R. 1978. “Individual Styles of Decision Making: A Theoretical Model for Counseling.” Personnel and Guidance Journal 56:530-536.
  5. Krumboltz, J. D., Scherba, D. S., Hamel, D. A., Mitchell, L., Rude, S. and Kinnier, R. 1979. The Effect of Alternate Career Decision Making Strategies on the Quality of Resulting Decisions. Final Report. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
  6. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 195 824). Mau, W. 2000. “Cultural Differences in Career Decision-making Styles and Self-efficacy.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 57:365-378.
  7. Phillips, S. D. 1997. “Toward an Expanded Definition of Adaptive   Decision   Making.”   Career Development Quarterly 45:275-287.
  8. Phillips, S. D., Christopher-Sisk, E. K. and Gravino, K. L. 2001. “Making Career Decisions in a Relational Context.” Counseling Psychologist 29:193-213.
  9. Scott, S. G. and Bruce, R. A. 1995. “Decision-making Style: The Development and Assessment of a New Measure.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 55:818-831.
  10. Walsh, D. J. 1985. “The Construction and Validation of a Vocational Decision-making Style Measure.” Dissertation Abstracts International 45:21284.


Opening April 12, 2017

Focusing on the scars of history, French photographer Patrick Tourneboeuf uses his view camera to photograph people through what they leave behind them--places where people live and then sometimes they desert.

In The Diamond Trace, Tourneboeuf examines the aftermath of a city that grew after the discovery of a big diamond, and was all but abandoned when the gems became scarce.

Through captivating images of its streets and squares, center and outskirts, stadium and cemetery, and famous “Big Hole,” examine the social landscape of Kimberley, South Africa.


To the Lighthouse

To the Lighthouse Summary and Analysis of The Lighthouse: Chapters I-III

Chapter I

Lily Briscoe sits alone at the breakfast table early in the morning, unable to understand or express her own feelings about Mrs. Ramsay's death. Today, there will be an expedition--Mr. Ramsay, Cam, and James are going to the Lighthouse, though the children are late to depart and Mr. Ramsay has lost his temper because Nancy forgot to order the sandwiches. Lily feels "cut off from other people" and like a stranger in this house, lacking attachments and relations. The world seems aimless and chaotic now that Mrs. Ramsay, Prue, and Andrew are dead, and she feels strangely numb to these changes.

When Mr. Ramsay passes by, Lily pretends to drink from her empty coffee cup to avoid his penetrating gaze. Suddenly, Lily remembers that the last time she sat at this table, ten years ago, she resolved to complete her painting by moving the tree closer to the middle. She did not, however, complete it, so she decides to finish it now. She sets up her chair and easel on the lawn in what she believes to be the exact location of her previous setup, and she suddenly knows what she wants to do with the painting.

But Mr. Ramsay's presence on the terrace paralyzes her and makes her unable to paint. She stalls, trying to avoid his gaze and his declaration--much as he had declared the night before--that she would find them "much changed." He also appears as domineering toward his children, for he essentially demanded that James and Cam go with him on this trip to the Lighthouse, and Lily feels that their spirits are being subdued.

Setting her clean canvas on the easel, she hopes to ward off Mr. Ramsay, but she finds it simply impossible to work while he is at such a close distance. He silently demands something of her that she cannot give, something that Mrs. Ramsay had given. Suddenly, she feels a surge of anger directed at Mrs. Ramsay for dying, for having left her here, and for leaving behind a feeling of emptiness. Nevertheless, she is convinced that she is, in fact, numb to Mrs. Ramsay's death, and she wonders why she tries to make herself feel emotions that are not real.

Finally, she decides that the cost of insincerity is worth placating and dismissing Mr. Ramsay, so she decides to recreate the look of rapture, sympathy, and delight that Mrs. Ramsay had demonstrated so many times. Mr. Ramsay approaches Lily, and she resolves to give him what she can.

Chapter II

Mr. Ramsay notes that Lily looks somewhat shrivelled, and he approaches her, not really conscious of his hope to evoke her sympathy. Irritated that Lily avoids direct interaction by looking at the sea and speaking of the Lighthouse, Mr. Ramsay emits a loud groan, and Lily feels guilt and self-hatred for not responding to it with the sympathy that she thinks other women would. Mr. Ramsay begins to explain the significance and difficulty of this trip to the Lighthouse, for Mrs. Ramsay used to send gifts to the men and children who lived there. He talks of how exhausting and painful such trips are, and Lily feels overwhelmed and tortured by his need for her sympathy. She becomes anxious for him and the children to take off on their expedition. She stands in silence, feeling herself an ineffectual woman for not being able to fulfill the emotional duties traditionally expected of women; she is failing to console him in his self-pity.

Grasping for something to say, she comments on his beautiful boots, and he is pleased. This restorative interaction leads them to a peaceful reconciliation. Suddenly Lily is overcome with genuine sympathy for him, but just as she is finally able to express it, Cam and James solemnly emerge from the house. Lily feels frustrated, wishing that they would provide the sympathy that she almost entirely failed to give. The three travelers proceed to the boat with the brown paper parcels, leaving Lily feeling impressed by the melancholy troupe, inferring that they are bound by some common feeling. Lily now sees Mr. Ramsay's unornamented beauty and newly appreciates his commitment to bare truth.

Chapter III

Lily is both relieved and disappointed that the three Ramsays have left. As she looks at her canvas, she sheds the "disorderly sensations" of the previous several minutes and tries to remember how she originally envisioned this painting. She has extreme difficulty actually making the first stroke, knowing that "one line placed on the canvas committed her to innumerable risks, to frequent and irrevocable decisions," but she knows it must be done, and she executes a quick stroke. She paints rthymically, stepping back to survey the brown lines. She always feels a sense of complete vulnerability before painting, "like an unborn soul."

She speculates that her work will only be hung in the servants' bedrooms or stuffed under a sofa. She feels insecure, wondering why she should paint if no one will view her work. She tells herself that she is not, in fact, capable of creating.

Suddenly, her artistic faculties take over and she begins painting almost unconsciously, without any disturbance from thoughts of the outer world. She remembers Charles Tansley's discouragement, but she feels a rising tenderness for him as she recalls a day that she spent on the beach with him and Mrs. Ramsay. Mrs. Ramsay was writing letters and watching as Lily and Mr. Tansley skipped stones across the water, getting along quite well. Lily imagines that Mrs. Ramsay was somehow responsible for this scene, as well as for Lily and Mr. Tansley's brief episode of communion. Mrs. Ramsay's simple presence stripped an individual of anger and irritation and brought people together.

This recollection refashions Lily's memory of Mr. Tansley more sympathetically, and Lily realizes that, in a sense, this refashioning represents Mrs. Ramsay's own persisting creation of a work of art. Both Lily and Mrs. Ramsay were, in their separate ways, "making of the moment something permanent." This revelation offers Lily a sense of shape and stability amidst chaos, and she feels that she owes it all to Mrs. Ramsay. Walking to the end of the lawn, she sees a boat apart from the others with its sail being hoisted. She knows that this is the Ramsays' boat, and she watches as it passes the other boats as it sails out to sea.

In the section called "The Lighthouse," time returns to its original pace in the novel and reality is, once again, defined by the consciousness of the characters. In fact, the first and third parts of the novel seem to collapse into each other, completely obliterating the middle section. The novel has moved from subjective time to linear chronological time and back again. "The Window" ended at night, with the characters going to sleep and entering a period of darkness. Now, "The Lighthouse" opens with Lily sitting at the breakfast table, and the reader almost feels as though this could be the very next day. However, it is not the very next day--the period of darkness has lasted not for one night but for ten years--and the life of the Ramsays has been irrevocably altered, now that three members of the family, including Mrs. Ramsay, are dead.

Despite Mrs. Ramsay's physical absence, her presence remains in the house and in the memories of those who knew her best. During "Time Passes," Mrs. McNab often vividly envisioned Mrs. Ramsay walking toward the house, tending to her garden. Now, in "The Lighthouse," Lily keeps looking over at the drawing-room steps, imagining and sensing Mrs. Ramsay's seemingly permanent presence. The novel is infused with her consciousness throughout "The Window," and this final section reveals that her consciousness has persisted as a central consciousness even after her death.

Though Mrs. Ramsay's thoughts are not directly expressed anymore, her influence is apparent, especially her influence on Lily. Some essential, invisible aspect of her character is imparted through Lily, who even begins to feel a sympathy for Mr. Ramsay that she was never able to feel while Mrs. Ramsay was alive. In this way, Lily embodies some of the beloved woman's "wedge-shaped core of darkness" in its most positive construal. In a sense, this reproduction of Mrs. Ramsay's individual creative power represents the fulfillment of Mrs. Ramsay's wish for permanence and stability.

Just as Mr. Ramsay's anxiety centers around the regret that his life's work will never bring him a sense of lasting recognition, Lily Briscoe worries about the long-term status of her paintings. She is generally considered a rather mediocre artist, and her concerns that her paintings will be thrown into attics and otherwise forgotten are not unfounded. Her emotional investment in the endurance of her own work produces the same general sense of unfulfillment for Lily that their own anxieties and efforts do for the Ramsays. However, unlike the Ramsays, Lily is eventually able to abandon the desire for permanence, and she comes to embrace the uncertainty and instability of experience. Somehow, the distant sight of the Ramsays on the boat sparks a pivotal epiphany, when Lily's creative energy swells to outpouring. The process of removal from them and relinquishment of her anxiety results in the unveiling of Lily's most sympathetic feelings for the Ramsays, and these feelings inspire her vision.


Issuu on Google+

The DRE-mendous Drumz 2

Are ya' Hardcore like Dre? Are you real enough to make beatz on his level? If tha answer is "Hell Yeah!", then it would be a mistake to pass this collection up. In the style of Dr.Dre, Swizz Beatz, and Neptunes, this DRE-mendous Drumz sound set is packed with 72 super-sub kicks, 60 tight crackin' snares, and 60 sizzlin' percussion soundz - all with DRE phlavor. Each of the 6 multi-format presets included in the set contains 12 kicks, 10 snares, and 10 percussion samples resulting in a total of 192 hardcore hiphop drum samples!

Purchase the whole DRE-mendous Drumz collection (Sets 1, 2 & 3) and own all 216 kicks, 180 snares, and 180 percussion soundz that will have your tracks bouncing like the big boyz!

Only from:! "Modern soundz 4 Modern Producerz!"

Formats include HALion, EXS24, Kontakt, Battery, NN-XT, SF2, and WAV. ***NOTE***: EXS24/EXSP24 Users will have to copy and paste the DRE-mendous Drumz 2 folder to Emagic's "Sampler Instruments" folder located inside your host application's Plug-in folder in order to load all instruments properly.

beats for sale


Nutresa Share

Closed $24.060
Variation -1,50%

Nutrition Glossary

B–Complex Vitamins.

These are water–soluble vitamins, such as Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2) and Niacin (B3). Among other functions, they act as coenzymes in the metabolism of macronutrients to release energy.

This is one of the most abundant minerals in the body; among its main functions are the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth, neurotransmission and muscular activity, blood clotting and regulation of nutrient transport in the cell membrane.

A term used to express the energy power of food. The nutrients that contribute energy to the organism are proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Technically, a calorie is defined as the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water by one degree Centigrade (1°C), from 14,5°C to 15,5°C.

These are organic compounds, the molecule of which is formed by three simple elements: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, which are the principal source of energy for the body.

A sterol–like substance present in animal fats. It is essential for the formation of the plasma membrane, which regulates the entry and exit of substances that cross the cells.

Dietary or Dietetic Fiber

These are carbohydrates, analogous of carbohydrates and lignin, which are not hydrolyzed by the endogenous enzymes of the human gastrointestinal tract. Dietary fiber may be soluble or insoluble.

These are substances that are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents, and are especially composed of esters of fatty acids. This term includes triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, waxes and sterols. They constitute a very important source of energy for the body; they are part of the cell membrane, and they participate in hormone synthesis and the transport of fat–soluble vitamins (A, D, K and E).

Folic Acid

A water–soluble vitamin, its main function is to participate as a cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions, such as the synthesis of DNA and RNA, essential in cell division, the homocysteine metabolism, and the formation of erythrocytes and leukocytes in bone marrow.

A mineral essential for the body, it is part of hemoglobin, found in red blood cells and enzymes involved in different metabolic processes. It performs very important functions, such as transporting oxygen, the normal defense of the immune system, cell division, and cognitive performance.

Those nutrients from which the body gets the energy necessary to perform its physiological functions for growth and physical activity. Proteins, fats and carbohydrates are macronutrients that should contribute to a healthy diet.

These are substances that the body requires in small amounts; they have important functions and are essential to maintain proper health.

Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Proteins are called simple when they consist of only amino acids; when called compound, they include other substances, such as lipids, carbohydrates, and minerals, etc. They are essential nutrients for growth and maintenance of tissues; they meet regulatory, enzymatic, hormonal, transport and defense functions in the body.

Trans Fatty Acids

This is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid, the result of the industrialization (hydrogenation) that produces a change in its chemical structure. In small amounts, they are also found in milk and fat from ruminants.

Saturated Fats or Saturated Fatty Acids

These are fats that do not have double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain. They are solid at room temperature.

A nutrient that provides essential functions in the body, such as regulating blood pressure, transmitting nerve impulses from neurons and muscle contractions. Sodium is part of table salt, the composition of which is NaCl (sodium chloride), which provides one of the basic tastes, salty.

These are monosaccharide and disaccharide carbohydrates naturally present in food or added to it.

Vitamin C

A water–soluble vitamin, it is essential for a number of important metabolic reactions in the body. It contributes to the formation of tissues, the absorption of iron and the healing processes. It is a vitamin that stands out for its antioxidant effect and has been associated as a factor favoring the immune system.


Jose Ferrer
Jose Ferrer
Coral Gables, Florida, United States

PHYTEX 500 - Phytase for phosphorus and protein release in pigs

Phytex 500

What is PHYTEX 500
Phytase is an enzyme found in nature mainly in plants . It is formed in the stage of sprouting to supply phosphorous during plant growth. Phytase is also found in the small intestine mucous of many animals, and in case of micro-organisms, it is found in Aspergillus sp. and yeast. Its is obtained by a NON-GMO natural process from Aspergillus Níger.

Mode of action
Inositol Hexaphosphate , (IH), present in grains and beans, contain one to three percent of (IH) , of which, 60% to 80% is phosphoric acid. Wheat:0.6 to 1.4 % (w/w); Bran:2.6 to 5.4 % (w/w) ; Soy Flakes:1.5 to 1.8% (w/w) Prot. Concr: 2.0 to 3.0% (w/w) Phytase breaks down the (IH) molecule releasing its phosphoric acid content making it bioavailable to the animal, thus reducing the need for inorganic phosphate.

PHYTEX 500 Savings in formulation, economic benefits and units of activity
PHYTEX 500 when added to feed at the recommended levels, allows for savings of 1.5% protein and 0.1 % phosphorous in formulation. This represents a savings of at least 600% its cost of inlusion per Mt of feed. One unit of activity of phytase in PHYTEX 500 is the amount of enzyme required to liberate 1 micromole of inorganic phosphorous per minute under the conditions of its assay method. . One AGR U* (unit of activity) is the amount of enzyme required to produce,together, an increase of 0.1% (w/w) of liberated phosphorous and an increase of 1.5 % ( w/w) soluble protein in a gram of standard formulated feed ration, at pH 5 , at 37ºC. PHYTEX contains 5000 AGR U* per gram.

Other benefits:
Inositol Hexaphosphate (IH) , binds minerals, such as iron, calcium, magnesium in feed, diminishing their bioavailability. It also forms an undissolved complex with protein which prevents activity of digestive enzymes, decreasing digestability of proteins and their functions, such as emulsifying.Phosphoric acid in (IH) can not be used by single stomach animals. Therefore, the need to add inororganic phosphate in feeds as an additive. However, (IH) is secreted in feces, creating environmental problems in large swine operations.

In the Netherlands, the use of poultry manure as a fertilizer is regulated per regards to the amount of phosphate (P2O5) per acre.

Rate of application
100 grams per MT of feed. It can be pre-mixed or dispensed directly into the mixer without pre-mixing. This inclusion rate provide 500,000 AGR U* units per Mt of feed.

Activity Vrs. Temperature: 100% Act.@ 60 ºC. ( Range 48ºC to 68ºC ) . Activity Vrs. pH : 100% Act. @ pH 6. (Range from 5.5 to 7). However, PHYTEX 500 can be pelletized at maximum: 80 º C for 30 seconds. max with an aproxímate 5 % to 10% l enzyme loss. It is 100 % soluble in water. For maximum effect, add after pelleting.

PHYTEX 500 is packed for bulk shipments in 20 kg boxes lined with special poly- plastic bag.It can also be packed in smaller polybags as required by customer-

- The hydrolytic action of PHYTEX 500 on innositol hexaphosphate increases the bio-availability of phosphorous, as well as other nutrients in feeds. The presence of inositol hexaphosphate binds minerals and forms an undissolved complex with proteins, diminishing the bioavailability of nutrients in feeds. The breaking up of inositol hexaphosphate by PHYTEX 500, not only releases phosphorous , but a number of other nutrients , as expressed by the accompanying aminogram.

The values that appear in the amminogram are in terms of percentages and only take into account the hydrolytic action of PHYTEX 500 . The percentages are directly related to the PHYTEX 500 rate of inclusion in the feed ( grams / Mt of feed).

In order to determine the % additional value of each nutrient made available to the animal due to each enzyme''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s hydrolytic action , the following formula should be used:

Thus the nutrional value for each nutrient in % per Mt of feed equals:

Nutrient''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s ( % ) value in the amminogram X ( Dosage in grams ) PHYTEX 500 / MT of Feed

1,000,000 grams / TM

Making this calculation for each nutrient in the amminogram , will determine the total savings in formulation by PHYTEX 500 .

AGRI*U definition:

An AGRI*U (Unit) is the amount of PHYTEX 500 required to produce, together, an additional 1.5% of soluble protein and an additional 0.1% free phosphorous in feed rations.
One gram of PHYTEX contains 5,000 units of AGRI*U

The hydrolytic action of PHYTEX 500 on inositol hexaphosphate (IH) increases the bioavailabilty of phophorous , as well as proteins in feed rations. Inositol hexaphosphate (IH) binds minerals and undissolved complexes (that bind proteins), diminishing the bioavailability of these proteins.in the animal gut. The breaking up of (IH) by PHYTEX 500 releases free phosphorous and unbinds these protein, making them more bioavailable to the animal. This action allows for formulating rations with less phosphorous and less protein, producing a savings in said formulation.

The object of the method of assay is to determine the increase of free phosphorous and soluble protein in the ration in the ration.

1) Take one 2 kg of poultry grower feed and mix in two separate jars , each, with a 1 liter solution ( Ph 5) simulating the gastric juice composition.
2) In one jar, apply 1 (one) gram of PHYTEX 500.
3) The other jar (control) , stays blank.
4) Incubate both jars for 24 hours, at gut temperature while stirring mildly and continously .
5) After 24 hours analyze for free phosphorous by means of a spectrometer and for soluble protein.

Phytex 500


Data Integrator User's Guide

Getting started: performing a simple query
Selecting data sources
Computing item overlap
Configuring output

Search the Genome Browser help pages:

Questions and feedback are welcome.

The Data Integrator is a fast and powerful graphical interface that can combine and export data from multiple tracks simultaneously. Like the Genome Browser and Table Browser, it can combine data from the browser database, user custom tracks and track hubs.

Using the Data Integrator, you can retrieve tab-separated text for the data underlying up to five tracks, combining multiple tracks' data for items whose genomic positions overlap the positions of items in the first selected track. Depending on your needs, you may:

The Data Integrator does not yet have many of the features of the Table Browser tool. For example, if you want to retrieve DNA sequence or GTF format, you will need to use the Table Browser.

Getting started: performing a simple query

Follow these instructions to perform a basic query that intersects two or more tracks:

Step 1. Pick a genome assembly
Specify the genome assembly from which you'd like to retrieve the data by choosing the appropriate organism using the group and genome menus, then selecting the assembly version from the assembly menu. Note that changing the group menu causes the genome menu to refresh, and changing the genome menu causes the assembly menu to refresh. Assemblies that are uploaded as part of an assembly hub will be available under the hub's name in the group menu.

Step 2. Pick a genomic region
The Data Integrator allows you to choose the genomic regions for which you want output.

Step 3. Configure your data sources
The track group menu shows all the annotation track groups available in the selected genome assembly. The names correspond to the groupings displayed at the bottom of the Genome Browser annotation tracks page. When a group is selected from the menu, the track menu automatically updates to show all the annotation tracks available within that group.

hgIntegrator add track

After selecting your track from the drop-down menus, click . You may add up to five tracks. Some tracks are not available when the region is set to genome due to the data provider's restrictions on sharing. See the Selecting Data Sources section for more details.

Step 4. Rearrange your data sources (Optional)
You can rearrange your data sources by clicking on a track name and dragging it into the desired order. Items are output based on their overlap with the first listed track. The order of the tracks will also determine the order of the fields in the output. Fields from tracks higher in the list will appear first in the output.

Step 5. Choose output fields (Optional)
Click to bring up a checklist of all fields from all selected data sources. By default, every field is selected. You can choose the columns you want in your output by checking the box next to that field. Additionally, you can add and select fields from up to four related tables. See the Configuring Output section for more details.

Step 6. Get output
Click to display the results of the query in the web browser window. The results will be displayed as tab-delimited text. Download results as a file by checking the box next to Send output to file and entering a file name into the box. The output file can also be compressed by gzip.

Selecting data sources

The Data Integrator allows you to select up to five data sources to intersect. These data sources can be tracks provided by UCSC or your own data uploaded using custom tracks or track hubs. Only positional tables, such as BED, wiggle, and genePred, are currently allowed in the output. Other formats such as MAF or BAM are currently unavailable in the Data Integrator.

Items in your selected tracks are output based on their overlap with items in your primary track. The primary track is the one that shows up first in the list of your chosen data sources. In the following example, UCSC Genes would be the primary track and items would be output based on their overlap with items in UCSC Genes:

hgIntegrator configure data

The order of your selected tracks also affects the order of fields in your output. Fields from tracks that are higher up in the Configure Data Sources box will show up before tracks that are lower in that box. Using the same order of tracks seen in the previous example, this means that fields from the UCSC Genes track will appear first in the output, then fields from DNase Clusters and lastly fields from Conservation - 100 Vert. El. However, your tracks aren't limited to the order in which you selected them, and you can rearrange the order of your tracks at any time. To do so, just click and drag a track to a new position in the list. A track can be removed by clicking the "X" next to it.

Some data providers stipulate that their data can be browsed visually in the Genome Browser, but cannot be provided for download via the Table Browser or Data Integrator. Tracks from those providers do not appear in the track menus. Other providers allow queries within specific regions, but not genome-wide queries. Their tracks appear in the menus, but are grayed out when region is set to genome.

Computing item overlap

The current intersection mechanism the Data Integrator uses is fairly simple. For gene transcripts, mRNAs, and any other tracks where the items have blocks or gaps, the overlap for the entire range of the item is computed. This means that introns and gaps in the item are also considered when computing overlap. This is an improvement upon the Table Browser which only computed overlap with exons. For example, let's consider the following situation using the UCSC Genes and DNase Clusters tracks:

hgIntegrator hgTracks example

If we were using the Data Integrator to find the DNase peaks that overlapped with the gene in the UCSC Genes track, we would get all of the visible peaks in our output.

Additionally, items are output regardless of the amount of overlap. This means that if there is even a single base of overlap between two items, they are included in the output.

Configuring output

By default, the Data Integrator outputs all fields of all data sources except for the bin column of database tables (a numerical index added by UCSC to speed up database queries). If you are interested in the data from a limited number of fields, you can customize the set of fields to include in the output. After selecting and configuring your data sources as described in the Selecting Data Sources section, click to begin configuring your output. After clicking the button, a pop-up with all the fields from your selected tables will appear:

hgIntegrator choose fields

Uncheck the box next to the field name to exclude it from the output; check the box if you change your mind and want to include it. You can quickly select or deselect all of the fields by clicking or below the track name.

In the UCSC Genome Browser database, detailed information on the annotations for many tracks is stored in extra tables. This information can include things such as identifiers in other databases, transcript status, or other descriptive information. You can select fields from up to four of these related tables for each of your selected tracks. After clicking , you should see a section labeled "Related tables" below each track. This drop-down menu allows you to select and add related tables to your output.

Note that not all tracks in the Genome Browser database will have related tables. Also, some tables may be unavailable when region is set to genome due to the data provider' s restrictions on sharing. If no "Related tables" section appears for a particular selected track, then there are no related tables for this track.

After you have finished selecting your output fields and related tables, click at the bottom of the dialog box to finish configuring your output.

If you want to view your results in the web browser window, simply click . Or, if you want to send your output to a file, check the box next to Send output to file. You can compress your output file using gzip by checking the box next to Compress with gzip (.gz). Then click to begin downloading your file.

Note that for wiggle tracks, the "Value" field is averaged across the region of overlap. In the future, we intend to add an option to output all of the data values in that region of overlap.

If a single item in the primary track has multiple matches in a secondary track, then the Data Integrator outputs multiple rows. Each row repeats the fields of the primary track item, and then adds fields of the nth matching item from each secondary track. If there are multiple secondary tracks, then their items will appear together in a row of output whether or not they overlap each other. For example, note how items overlap (or not) in the three tracks A, B and C in the image below:

hgIntegrator hgTracks example

Two items from track B (B1, B2) overlap the primary item (A). Three items from track C (C1, C2, C3) overlap the primary item (A). The Data Integrator prints 3 rows of output. B1 and C1, although they do not overlap, appear together in the first row of output. B2 and C2 appear together in the second row of output. The third row of output has empty fields for track B followed by C3's fields. This is the output (when A, B and C are 4-field BED custom tracks; colors added for emphasis):

#A.chrom	A.chromStart	A.chromEnd	B.chrom	B.chromStart	B.chromEnd	C.chrom	C.chromStart	C.chromEnd
chr1	1200	1800	A	chr1	1250	1350	B1	chr1	1425	1525	C1
chr1	1200	1800	A	chr1	1550	1650	B2	chr1	1675	1775	C2
chr1	1200	1800	A					chr1	1700	1800	C3


Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law Volume 17, 2014

Volume 17 of the series Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law pp 277-364

Military Advantage: A Matter of “Value”, Strategy, and Tactics

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The concept of “military advantage” is an underexplored, but essential aspect of the humanitarian law governing targeting. The precise meaning of military advantage has proven difficult to articulate, although in general terms it has a particular resonance with “military necessity”. The analysis of military advantage has often centered on two almost polar opposite interpretations: one focused on tactical gains, and the other more strategically on “the advantage anticipated from the attack considered as a whole and not from isolated or particular parts of the attack.” Considered together these two approaches only begin to scratch the surface of the complexity of the issue. Separately, they appear to significantly under-represent the challenge facing practitioners, legal analysts and courts when dealing with targeting issues arising from complex contemporary security operations. Practical considerations of military advantage are often masked by the use of terms such as “high-value target”, and assessing the “effects” of an attack to achieve a particular objective. The focus of this article is on adding “flesh” to the textual “bones” provided under Additional Protocol I. The term “military advantage” plays a critical role in identifying the wide range of objects that may be targeted as military objectives, and further acts as the counterweight to collateral civilian effects when assessing the proportionality of an attack. Military advantage is a “value” based concept, with the anticipated advantage being interpreted as an indication of the importance of the target to the military effort. While a particular focus has been placed on “high-value targets” there are targets, which by virtue of their status (e.g., people) or remoteness from the war effort that might justify only limited, or even no collateral civilian effects. It is also evident from the 2011 bin Laden raid that determining a target is particularly important will not automatically lead to a large number of collateral civilian casualties. The military advantage requires a broader assessment of factors than simply the importance of the target and the potential collateral damage (i.e., the need to confirm the target is killed). To date the courts have not dealt in a comprehensive manner with the concept of military advantage. The frequent use of science based analytical approaches for assessing both that advantage, and the related concept of proportionality requires close scrutiny. Like strategy, the assessment of anticipated military advantage designed to attain conflict goals does not lend itself to precision, or an entirely scientific resolution. This is evident in the conclusion that proportionality, which requires the weighing of military advantage against the collateral effects of an attack, cannot be measured to a “standard of precision”. Understanding the context within which military advantage is assessed is an essential aspect of applying that legal standard. In this respect the conduct of a strategic air campaign; the concurrent impact of jus ad bellum principles when acting in self-defense; and participation in a counterinsurgency can all influence how military advantage is assessed.

Military advantage Targeting Proportionality Levels of war Counterinsurgency Accountability


The Trader’s League does not exist. There is not a tight network of mutually interdependent mercantile interests in the South which keeps its existence secret in order to further gather advantages to itself. It does not set the prevailing market rates for commodities and luxuries alike. It does not sanction independent merchants who act against its best interests. It does not represent the single largest economic force in the known world. It does not arrange for bi-annual trade fairs to spring up, seemingly out of nowhere, in cities it wishes to favor. It has never affected a succession debate. It does not kill.

It is not the most significant concern of the Baneguard. And vice versa.


The following editorial appeared in the Miami Herald on Thursday:

It would compel reporters to reveal confidential sources in a criminal trial, effectively discouraging whistle-blowers in the government from coming forth. Fearing government retaliation, news organizations would be obliged to think twice before going public with information based on leaks by employees on the public payroll.

The government would no doubt prefer a lap dog to a watchdog, but the public would be the big loser. Hard-hitting journalism that uncovers wrongdoing in government provides information on some of the most important issues in the realm of public affairs, promotes transparency and keeps public officials on their toes.

The court's ruling should give Congress new impetus to enact a federal shield law, which the Senate Judiciary Committee will consider on Thursday. It is the best way to protect the public's right to know without damaging national security.

The administration rules issued after the embarrassing disclosures of its overreach aren't enough. A law will guard against the possibility that a future president or attorney general, or the current ones, would try to get rid of the current guidelines at a later time.

Another would broaden the guideline ban against seizing records, which currently is limited to cellphone companies and email providers, to include other documentation, like business and credit-card company records.

The law would also ban the use of search warrants to go after a reporter's records unless the reporter was under investigation for activity that did not involve gathering the news.

The Risen ruling and the administration's overzealous efforts to seize reporters' records should be enough to persuade legislators that the need to enact such a law is more compelling than ever.


Weird Game Shows

Here are some of the strangest game shows ever to air on American television.

Weird game shows

Concept: Two contestants competed to see who could finish a crossword puzzle first. (Have you ever watched somebody else fill out a crossword puzzle? It’s pretty boring.)

Host Carl Cordell read part of the serial number on a dollar bill. Players in the studio—and viewers at home—won prizes if they had a dollar bill with matching numbers. Because of the large number of bills in circulation, there were rarely any winners on Lucky Partners.

That’s pretty much it: Celebrities came on and bowled. Frequent guests included Telly Savalas, Roy Rogers, Bobby Darin, Carroll O’Connor, and Sammy Davis Jr. Amazingly, the show ran for seven years and inspired a similar show called Celebrity Tennis in 1974.

Between segments by financial experts who provided budgeting techniques and home economics tips, housewives who were in debt competed to win a treasure chest full of cash.

Real people came on to settle a dispute or disagreement in a boxing ring, using “weapons” such as oversized boxing gloves, cream pies, and water balloons. At the end of the show the studio audience voted on a winner.

TRASHED (1994)

Contestants tried to answer questions correctly. If they didn’t, the opposing team got to smash the losing team’s prized possessions with a sledgehammer.

E.S.P. (1958)

Led by host Vincent Price, two contestants were placed in isolation booths, and experiments were conducted to see which person had stronger psychic abilities. After three weeks of shows in which no psychic powers were ever detected, it became a “news” show about E.S.P. (It lasted only a month.)

Uncle John's Triumphant 20th Anniversary Bathroom Reader


Ricotta Pancakes

3/4 cup all-purpose flour
1/2 teaspoon baking powder
1 tablespoon plus 1 1/2 teaspoons sugar
Pinch of coarse salt
1 cup fresh ricotta cheese, plus more for serving
3/4 cup milk
3 large eggs, yolks and whites separated
1/2 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
Zest of 1 lemon
1 teaspoon poppy seeds
Unsalted butter, softened, for cooking
Honey Syrup, for serving

1. In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, sugar, and salt. In a large bowl, mix together ricotta, milk, egg yolks, and vanilla. Add the flour mixture to the cheese mixture and mix until batter is just combined. Stir in lemon zest and poppy seeds.

3. Heat a griddle or large nonstick skillet over medium-high heat; brush surface with butter. Working in batches, ladle 1/3 cup batter for each pancake on griddle, leaving space as they will spread. Cook until golden and top begins to bubble, 3 to 4 minutes. Gently turn and continue cooking until bottoms are light brown, 3 to 4 minutes more. Serve immediately with ricotta and honey syrup.


Sheep chase boy sniffed out by dogs

The 14-year-old boy who was allegedly driving a stolen car that rammed a police car in Mosgiel on Wednesday was a fugitive in a high-speed police pursuit stopped by a near Queenstown.

He is charged with unlawfully taking a vehicle, dangerous driving, failing to stop and theft.

Police have opposed bail and senior sergeant Al Dickie, of Mosgiel, says the teen will be housed in the meantime at a youth institution in Christchurch.

A car allegedly driven by the Fairfield boy rammed a patrol car.

He then ran off, but was caught a short time later by a police dog unit.

Dickie says he has been told the boy was one of four fugitives in a car involved in a high-speed police pursuit brought to a stop by a flock of sheep in January.

It was “not really” a surprise to hear of the connection, as the boy “was known” to police in Mosgiel, Dickie said.

“We are fortunate that he didn’t get out of that cul-de-sac [during the incident]; otherwise we probably would’ve had a repeat [of the January chase].”

If the teenager had eluded police, there was a high probability it would have “ended badly”.

The joyriders only reached Timaru, not Christchurch, as police originally believed, Dickie says.

A 15-year-old Dunedin boy, who was a passenger in the car, was granted bail to a Dunedin address.

He is charged with unlawfully getting into a vehicle.

Two 13-year-old female passengers, reported missing on Tuesday, were not charged, Snr Sgt Dickie said.

The Otago Daily Times previously reported a 14-year-old boy faced three charges of theft in relation to petrol drive-offs and one of unlawfully taking a vehicle in relation to the Central Otago chase.

The chase and photos of the fugitives being arrested in front of a flock of sheep made headlines across the world.

Otago Daily Times


Across The Universe Lives Up To First Chapter Hype!

Some ideas for discussing with teens:

Would you choose to stay on Earth or join your parents?

Would you be willing to be frozen?

What are you initial thoughts of Elder and Eldest?

Discuss the three causes of discord.

Are lies necessary to save people from themselves?

Was Orion right to do what he did?

Talk about Harley and his art.

2011 Michael L. Printz Winners

2011 Printz Award Winner – Ship Breaker by Paolo Bacigalupi

Four Printz Honor Books

Stolen by Lucy Christopher

Please Ignore Vera Dietz by A.S. King

Revolver by Marcus Sedgwick

Nothing  by Janne Teller

Dragon Shape Shifter In Steamy New Supernatural Romance

Jacinda may look human, but her skin hides a secret.  She is really a dragon or decedents of what used to be dragons.  She and members of her pride are called draki.  Their human form keeps them hidden from vicious hunters who use their blood and hides to make money.  The story begins when Jacinda goes on a forbidden flight, attracting the attention of the hunters.  She is hit and when she hides in a cave a handsome young hunter is mesmerized by her and lets her go.  Jacinda is equally mesmerized by this hunter and cannot get him out of her mind.  When the pride plans a punishment for Jacinda, her mother and twin sister run, taking Jacinda far away from the mountains where they live.  They move to a desert where Jacinda’s mother hopes her inner draki will die in the dry heat, causing her to lose her ability to manifest into dragon form.  Her mother can no longer change to her dragon form and her sister never had the gift.  Jacinda is not your average draki.  She is a fire breather, and the pride will not let her slip away.  She is promised to the prince of the tribe and they want her to breed more fire breathers. When the twins start their new school, Jacinda is shocked to see the same young hunter in the school’s halls.  His presence awakens her inner draki and causes her to start to manifest in his presence.  They are drawn to each other and can’t stay away, even though they know their love is not such a great idea.  Jacinda is drawn back to the pride and the mountains.  She can’t forget what she is, and no matter what her mother wants, she doesn’t want to let her draki go.  There is plenty of steamy love that will get the reader’s heart pumping.  I particularly love the part where Jacinda is jumped in the girl’s bathroom and she singes the mean girl with her fiery breath.  Teens and adult who love the Twilight series will really love this different kind of supernatural romance.

Some ideas for discussing with teens:

Talk about the relationship between Tamra and Jacinda after Jacinda is able to manifest.

Should Jacinda give up what she is to keep her mother and sister happy?  Would you give up something for your family?

Would you rather be the twin who can turn into a dragon or the normal one?

Talk about the moment in the cave… the connection between Will and Jacinda.

How do Will and Jacinda compare to other supernatural romance couples?

Talk about Jacinda’s rare gift as a fire breather.

Did you think Will recognized Jacinda when they first met at school?

Talk about the mean girls and how they impact a school and other girls.

Is it fair for the mother to want Jacinda’s draki to die?

Talk about the differences between Will and Cassian.  Which one do you prefer?

Did Will’s family have the right to kill a dragon and use the blood to save Will?  What would you do for a family member that is dying?

Discuss the moment when Jacinda finds the hunter trophy room in Will’s house.

What do you think will happen when Jacinda returns to the pride?

What If You Couldn’t Choose Who To Love?

I couldn’t put this book down.  It embodied all the things I loved about Lois Lowry’s The Giver, The Hunger Games and The Handmaid’s Tale.  Which are more important, safety or freedom and where to the two meet to create a productive society?  Ally Condie created a world free from cancer by controlling how humans breed.  Each teen is matched with a perfect genetic counterpart to create healthy children for the Society.  You meals are prepared for your custom dietary needs.  No one cooks in their own home, your meals arrive prepared for you and you have no choice of what it is.  Your job is chosen for you, perfectly matched to your skills.  Cassia does little to question her life.  It is the night of her Matching Banquet.  When her turn comes, a familiar face flashes on the screen.  Her perfect match is her best childhood friend, Xander.  She is delighted with the choice.  But when she looks at the match card on her home computer, another face flashes on the screen.  She knows Ky.  Could he really be her match?  The Society does not make mistakes.  So why did he flash on her screen?  This glitch in Cassia’s otherwise perfect world makes her start to ask questions.  On her grandfather’s death day, he gives Cassia two forbidden poems, Lord Alfred Tennyson’s Crossing The Bar and Dylan Thomas’s Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night.  They are forbidden because the Society only allows people to listen to the Hundred Songs, read the Hundred Poems or look at one of the Hundred Paintings.  The Society has chosen these because people were too inundated with too many different choices and were overwhelmed.  No new art is to be created.  It was really shocking to me when I learned the members of the Society cannot even write.  They just tap on screens.  Condie did a great job of world building.  I could see the stark world of the Society very clearly in my mind.  I am really looking forward to the sequel, Crossed that will be released in November of 2011.

Some ideas for discussing with teens:

Take turns and read the forbidden Thomas and Tennyson poems out loud and discuss.

If you could give up freedoms to cure cancer, would it be worth it?

Are there any aspects of the society you did like?  What was the worst in your opinion?

Who would you choose, Xander or Ky?

Talk about arrainged marriages in the modern world.

Talk about Cassia’s grandfather’s final act of rebellion.  How he died on his own terms by not choosing to leave a sample.

Compare this dystopian society with others they have read.

Talk about the act of handwriting.  Could the need to do this eventually go away?  What would that mean?  How often do they use cursive writing?

Do you think she loved Ky because he was forbidden or the Society do a perfect job of finding her match?


Sign up or Log in to Magoosh MCAT Prep.

Are There Medical Schools That Don’t Require the MCAT?

We tend to put a lot of emphasis on the MCAT for being the gate-keeper for medical school admissions. Wouldn’t it be great if we could just skip taking the MCAT all together? You may be surprised to know that some medical schools don’t require the MCAT to get in.

Schools That Don’t Require MCAT

There are schools that don’t require MCAT!? Tell me more.

For traditional medical school admissions, students are required to complete a bachelors degree program, which includes the prerequisite courses of Physics, General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, General Biology, English, and usually your choice of humanities courses. At some point during a student’s matriculation, he or she will then take the MCAT before applying to medical school.

However, BA/MD programs exist wherein students apply to joint degree programs while in high school and transition to medical school after completing a required number of hours towards their BA degrees. For many of these programs, the MCAT requirement is waived. Essentially, it’s like applying to medical school while still in high school. Granted, these programs do require stellar SAT or ACT scores, but they do save a lot of time and money by bypassing the MCAT for students who are particularly ambitious.

So, the schools that don’t require the MCAT require a joint degree?

What may be even more surprising than joint BA/MD programs, perhaps, are schools where the regular admissions process doesn’t require the MCAT either. Dartmouth’s Geisel School of Medicine is one such place. Even though they don’t require the MCAT, it is highly recommended that students applying to Dartmouth take the exam. Failing to do so will put students “at a disadvantage,” according to their admissions office. With a warning like that, most students obviously elect to take the exam.

In addition to joint BA/MD programs and medical schools where the MCAT is only strongly recommended, there are also post-bacc programs that don’t require students to take the MCAT to advance to medical school. Granted, these programs are linkage programs that evaluate student readiness in other ways that are just as rigorous (if not more so than the MCAT), they do exist and are extremely competitive to be admitted to.

Now you can see that while there might be options for those students who are vehemently opposed to taking the MCAT, most people sit for the exam anyway.

About April


The cellular fluid in every muscle fiber appears to play a key but previously unacknowledged role in the mechanics of muscle stretch, according to a new study by Brown University biologists.

PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — Touch your toes. Feel that familiar tension in your leg muscles? A new Brown University study suggests that one source of the tension might be something that scientists have always known was in your muscle fibers, but never accounted for: fluid.

In every animal, including humans, each muscle fiber is both filled with incompressible fluid and sheathed in a winding mesh of collagen connective tissue. When a muscle stretches in length, the surrounding mesh lengthens and becomes narrower in diameter.

What follows is like what happens in one of those woven “finger trap” toys, reports Brown doctoral student David Sleboda, lead author of the study published in Biology Letters. Just like the toy squeezes your sheathed fingers when you stretch it far enough, the collagen mesh eventually squeezes down on the muscle fiber. Because the fiber is full of incompressible fluid, Sleboda discovered, its volume pushes back against the narrowing mesh, creating a tension that makes further stretch much more difficult.

“The fundamental problem here is a conflict of volumes,” Sleboda said. “The mesh sleeve can change volume but the fiber is a constant volume. Eventually the two are going to run into each other, and that’s where you see the tension really shoot up.”

Other previously posited factors also contribute to the tension you feel when you stretch, Sleboda acknowledged. One is tension created by kinks in the collagen mesh itself, and another is a stretchy protein in muscle fibers called titin. But the fluid-filled nature of muscle fibers appears to play a role, too.

A model and a muscle

Sleboda works in the lab of study co-author Thomas Roberts, a Brown professor of ecology and evolutionary biology who studies muscle structure and performance. Sleboda was looking at electron microscope pictures of animal muscle fibers and their collagen sheaths and decided to build a simple model himself. (He also made his own microscope pictures, including one that recently earned a featured mention on the blog of National Institutes of Health Director Francis Collins).

Materials for Sleboda’s model weren’t hard to come by. The collagen mesh is well simulated by Techflex braided sheathing (typically used to neatly bundle computer cables together), and the muscle fiber could be made from a water-filled condom bought at the corner drug store.

A simple simulation
Sleboda modeled a fluid-filled muscle fiber in a connective tissue wrapping but putting a water-filled condom in side Techflex sheathing used to organize computer cables.

Rather quickly the model revealed that the fluid played a significant role in the mechanical properties of the muscle — the resistance of the water-filled condom made the Techflex harder to stretch. Scientists have rarely modeled muscle mechanics to account for fluid in the fibers, Sleboda said. They had largely assumed that the fluid played only a chemical role within cells.

But did Sleboda’s model say anything meaningful about actual physiology? He conducted experiments to find out. In the study, Sleboda and Roberts report careful measurements of lengthwise stretch and the resulting tension in not only the model, but also in real bullfrog muscle as they varied the amounts of fluid in the muscle fibers (and the condoms).

The model and the real muscle both displayed the same characteristic curve in their plots: The more fluid volume in the muscle fibers, the more tension for a given length of stretch. The fluid makes a specific, measurable, mechanical difference.

“We could get the exact same behavior using just a simple model,” Sleboda said. “Our study provides the first empirical evidence of fluid influencing muscle tension.”

Sleboda said his findings argue for accounting for fluid in models of muscle mechanics. For example, after exercise, muscle fibers appear to take on more fluid. Adding fluid’s effects to models of muscle behavior could then improve understanding of how muscles behave after exercise.

There are also medical conditions that affect how the collagen mesh is structured or performs, Sleboda said. Knowing how it interacts with fluid-filled muscle fibers could also prove important in future research.

Studies in other areas of animal physiology provide a ready-made roadmap, in fact, because fiber-reinforced fluid cavities, called “hydrostatic skeletons” are common structural elements in some organisms, Sleboda said. It’s not a stretch to think the lessons learned there could now be applied to studying muscle.

The National Institutes of Health funded the study (grant number AR055295).


Challenges in Defining and Diagnosing Bipolar Due to Variations

All mental disorders have a range of symptoms and severity, but the most varying symptoms and severity may be with bipolar disorder. The range of mania and depressive episodes can make diagnosis a challenge for physicians and therapists.

Clinicians attempting to diagnose the disorder and experts attempting to define it both face difficulties. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the resource that provides diagnostic criteria for mental health disorders. The DSM attempts to capture the many variations and provide a list of criteria, including the cycling of manic and depressive symptoms. In a manic phase of the disorder, a patient may become extremely restless, irritable, unable to sleep and engage in risky pleasurable activities. In a depressive state of the disorder, the patient may experience deep feelings of hopelessness or sadness and a lack of motivation. Either phase can last for variations of time.

Some patients may experience a mixing of the two extremes. A patient can feel hopeless and sad while experiencing sleeplessness and a high level of irritability. Clinicians sometimes describe the two extremes as “onion symptoms” and “garlic symptoms.” Onion symptoms are the depressive symptoms, so-called because they tend to bother the patient long before they affect others. Garlic symptoms, on the manic end of the spectrum, tend to bother others before the patient notices them.

There are a variety of bipolar disorders. Bipolar I disorder is used to describe patients that are more extreme on the manic side of symptoms, while bipolar II is more heavily weighted with depression, with mania taking more of a side role. Cyclothymic disorder describes mood swings that occur in frequent shifts and never fully develop into depression or mania. Another is bipolar disorder “not otherwise specified,” which captures those patients that do not precisely fit into another category for diagnosis.

Bipolar II may appear milder than bipolar I, but it can be quite disabling, with the depression phase long-lasting, severely affecting the patient’s quality of life and ability to function.

Cyclothymia may also seem a milder version of bipolar disorder, but the patient’s stability is almost never intact, with stable periods lasting less than two months, and the patient not able to achieve goals or look forward to making any lasting plans.

With symptoms and severity so varying, the treatment for bipolar disorder can be challenging. Clinicians rarely see a patient with symptoms that fit neatly into the DSM description. The new fifth edition, or DSM-5, is the product of experts seeking to produce a definition that more closely resembles what clinicians see in practice. The team that developed the new criteria tried to address problems, such as the time lag between the onset of symptoms and an accurate diagnosis.

The DSM may never perfectly capture the variations seen by clinicians in practice, but the new criteria may help patients receive the diagnosis and treatment they need to reduce the severity of their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

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Porous heterogeneous catalysts play a pivotal role in the chemical industry. Herein a new Hf-based metal-organic framework (Hf-NU-1000) incorporating Hf6 clusters is reported. It demonstrates high catalytic efficiency for the activation of epoxides, facilitating the quantitative chemical fixation of CO2 into five-membered cyclic carbonates under ambient(More)
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We have synthesized, characterized, and computationally simulated/validated the behavior of two new metal-organic framework (MOF) materials displaying the highest experimental Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas of any porous materials reported to date (~7000 m(2)/g). Key to evacuating the initially solvent-filled materials without pore collapse, and(More)
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Two noninterpenetrated MOFs with strikingly different structures, NU-108-Cu and NU-108-Zn, were prepared from a single hexa-carboxylated ligand. NU-108-Cu contains paddlewheel-coordinated copper ions as nodes and is based on a 3,24 network associated with an inherently noncatenating rht-topology. Modifications introduced in the hexa-carboxylated struts(More)
We have examined the methane uptake properties of six of the most promising metal organic framework (MOF) materials: PCN-14, UTSA-20, HKUST-1, Ni-MOF-74 (Ni-CPO-27), NU-111, and NU-125. We discovered that HKUST-1, a material that is commercially available in gram scale, exhibits a room-temperature volumetric methane uptake that exceeds any value reported to(More)
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials constructed from modular molecular building blocks, typically metal clusters and organic linkers. These can, in principle, be assembled to form an almost unlimited number of MOFs, yet materials reported to date represent only a tiny fraction of the possible combinations. Here, we demonstrate a(More)
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received attention for a myriad of potential applications including catalysis, gas storage, and gas separation. Coordinatively unsaturated metal ions often enable key functional behavior of these materials. Most commonly, MOFs have been metalated from the condensed phase (i.e., from solution). Here we introduce a new(More)
Microporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that display permanent porosity show great promise for a myriad of purposes. The potential applications of MOFs can be developed further and extended by encapsulating various functional species (for example, nanoparticles) within the frameworks. However, despite increasing numbers of reports of nanoparticle/MOF(More)


An Efficient Implementation of Stencil Communication for the XcalableMP PGAS Parallel Programming Language

Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) programming languages have emerged as a means by which to program parallel computers, which are becoming larger and more complicated. For such languages, regular stencil codes are still one of the most important goals. We implemented three methods of stencil communication in a compiler for a PGAS language XcalableMP, which are 1) based on derived-datatype messaging; 2) based on packing/unpacking, which is especially effective in multicore environments; and 3) experimental and based on one-sided communication on the K computer, where the RDMA function suitable for one-sided communication is available. We evaluated their performances on the K computer. As a result, we found that the first and second methods are effective under different conditions, and selecting either of these methods at runtime would be practical. We also found that the third method is promising but that the method of synchronization is a remaining problem for higher performance.

Showing 1-10 of 22 references

SPARC64 VIIIfx: CPU for the K computer


Revelation 5:9-14 NIV

References for Revelation 5:9

References for Revelation 5:10

11 Then I looked and heard the voice of many angels, numbering thousands upon thousands, and ten thousand times ten thousand.8 They encircled the throne and the living creatures9 and the elders.10

References for Revelation 5:11

12 In a loud voice they sang: "Worthy is the Lamb,11 who was slain,12 to receive power and wealth and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and praise!"13

References for Revelation 5:12

      13 Then I heard every creature in heaven and on earth and under the earth14 and on the sea, and all that is in them, singing: "To him who sits on the throne15 and to the Lamb16 be praise and honor and glory and power, for ever and ever!"17

      References for Revelation 5:13

          14 The four living creatures18 said, "Amen,"19 and the elders20 fell down and worshiped.21

          References for Revelation 5:14


Cortisone injections

I had a cortisone injection in my left wrist. But it never did any tihing for the inflamation or the pain. My doctor didn’t give me any more injections because it did not work the frist time. With one injection should I have found some difference or do it take more than one?

Re: Prednisolone curse???

Lupus/High Blood Pressure

I have lupus/high blood pressure I’m on blood pressure medicine but my pressure is 140/90 or higher everyday. Also my lupus is flare up now I have a bad skin rash on my face how can I make it go away.

How Much Prednisone

Re: steroid injections and hip osteoarthritis

I am a 52 year old female in excellent shape. I was a professional ballerina for many years. Throughout my career I never experienced any hip injuries. I teach classical ballet daily (approximately 4 hours a day). Last year (Feb. ’05)I experienced severe pain in my right hip. My orthopedic surgeon diagnosed it as bursitis. I was given one shot of cortisone during my office visit. The pain subsided for two days and then returned. I had an MRI performed in January ’05. It revealed severe osteoarthritis. Since then my mobolity has continued to decrease drastically and the pain has not subsided. I have tried deep tissue massage,acupuncture,acupressure, “Fire cupping,” magnets, Celebrex, and recently Vicodin. My orthopedic surgeon advises that we put off a hip replacement as long as possible. (I agree.) However, my quality of life has been drastically compromised. My surgeon has suggested a large injection of cortisone which will have to be administered under general anesthetic. What adverse side effects may I experience. Is weight gain to be expected?


From the moment Tim O'Shaughnessy launched LivingSocial, in 2009, the Washington, D.C.-based daily-deal site has grown at breakneck speed. Fifty-four people bought its first deal, a $25 voucher for $50 worth of food at a local restaurant. Last year, the same offer attracted more than 6,000 customers.

My wife, Laura, runs a Facebook marketing company called SocialCode. She works in New York City two days a week. I also travel a lot, so our life is a logistical nightmare. We make sure to spend every weekend together, as well as at least two nights during the week. We coordinate by sending each other Google Calendar requests. We'll send things like "your turn to pick up the dry cleaning" or "dinner with friends" or "Tim to Hong Kong."

I usually arrive at the office by 8:30. I like to ease myself into the day, so I don't schedule meetings before 9. That gives me time to grab three cups of coffee and go through e-mails at my desk. My rough rule is, if I can respond in less than 30 seconds, I write back immediately. If it will take longer, I will save it for my hourlong work session, which I take every day at various times to pound through everything in my inbox. If a response isn't urgent, I'll forward it to my assistant, Caitlin Levesque, who also manages my calendar.

I also spend time in the morning reading. I get Google Alerts about LivingSocial, our competitors, and other companies I find interesting. I also read Business Insider, TechCrunch, and Media ReDEFined, Jason Hirschhorn's newsletter. The more data you gather, the more likely you'll be successful in the long term.

I also hold a biweekly meeting with our competitive-intelligence team, which is made up of about eight people. Their job is to research the competition—who else does what we are doing? Are they doing things differently? Better? Worse? It's important to know what the landscape looks like so we can fill in any gaps and improve our products.

I'm constantly looking for patterns in the numbers. I get excited whenever I see a spike in sales, especially when it's for something new, like our Shootin' & Drinkin' package. Basically, we bus people to a shooting range and serve them whiskey afterward. I'll send an e-mail to the head of sales to find out how we approached the merchant and put the package together, so we can try to replicate it in other markets.

I carry a little leather Moleskine notebook with me everywhere. It's filled with lists, like numbers I want to discuss, agenda items for staff meetings, or the biggest threats to our business. If I have an idea, it goes in there. I often flip through my book at night. If there's a good idea, I will type it up and send an e-mail. I go through one notebook every month, sometimes more.

Preserving our company's culture is incredibly important to me. When we started growing so fast, we realized we needed to be proactive. About two years ago, we got a group of people together who had been with the company for at least a year and asked, "What makes this place tick?" Then we formalized those values and painted them on the walls of our offices. "Make strong moves" is one of them. It's something we say all the time. I truly believe that if you're not nervous about one or two decisions every day, you probably aren't trying hard enough.

We have acquired 11 companies since we started, eight of them in 2011. That has kept me very busy. Basically, I'm interested in acquiring companies when it's easier to buy than to build. Before we make any moves, we rigorously examine each company, including the leadership team, the financials, and the company culture. I'm as interested in the office vibe as I am in its output. For instance, I really liked the vibe at Ticket Monster, a Korean company we acquired last year. Their offices looked like ours. If we swapped LivingSocial employees with Ticket Monster employees, no one would notice a difference. After each acquisition, we fly a few members of our HR and business development teams to the location to do on-site training on our company values, benefits, and history.

Now, more than half of our employees are outside the U.S., so I travel internationally often. I'm usually gone for one week a month. I also do a day trip or an overnight trip once a week, most often to New York City, San Francisco, or Seattle, where we have offices as well as partners and investors.

Since we have grown, I've tried various things to stay connected to employees. I used to do a weekly lunch with new hires. Then I tried flash cards to remember names. I even put an ice cream freezer in my office and invited everyone to stop by. But I've come to realize that it's impossible to spend quality time with every person at LivingSocial.

Instead, I look for ways to make sure that my view and values permeate the culture. One thing I try to do is spend time with each of my direct reports and each of their direct reports, even if it's only 15 minutes a month. That's 80 people. I can have meaningful conversations with 80 people. Not 5,000. I don't always hit everybody every month, but I strive to.

I'm also a big fan of shadowing. I go and sit with one of our consumer advocates once a month for 30 to 60 minutes and take calls from our members. Or I will sit with our merchant services group and take calls from merchants. I want to know what's going on, and it's a great way for me to hear directly from members and merchants. Plus, I get to interact with employees that I haven't met before.

Another way I try to stay connected is through a companywide meeting I hold once a month. It's a live webcast that is streamed to all the offices. My goal is to make sure everybody understands the key metrics of the business and to identify areas of great opportunity or great risk. For instance, if we're thinking about launching a product, like Instant Ordering, I'll introduce it and have the project manager do a presentation about it. Then we'll have a 15-minute Q&A with everyone.

We usually end the webcast with an Ignite presentation from one of our employees. It's basically a five-minute PowerPoint presentation with 20 slides. Any employee can submit one. Normally, the topic isn't company related, though someone recently did a funny one called "How to Be a Successful Intern at LivingSocial." Somebody else did one about growing up in a family of six girls. I love these, because it highlights the real people who work here.

I also try to set the tone by not working on the weekends. Monday morning to Friday afternoon is LivingSocial time. The weekends are your time. It's really important for people to take breaks and unplug. So unless something's really urgent, I don't send any work-related e-mails until late Sunday night.

My Saturdays and Sundays are primarily for family time with my wife and son. We have a weekend place 90 minutes outside of D.C. that we go to with some regularity. Sometimes we'll go visit family in New York and the Midwest. My wife and I are pretty low key. One of our favorite things to do is open a bottle of wine after Peter goes to sleep and play gin rummy. We like to spend time and talk, and just be together and quiet.


Invaders and Settlers logo

Invaders and Settlers - Living History classroom activities

Life in the Dark Ages or the beginning of British society?

Angol saxon tools and coins

The Dark Ages is a term coined by some for the centuries following the Roman period. Described as ‘dark’ because it has been generally perceived as being difficult to see what had happened but is this really correct?

Evidence now shows us that the Anglo-Saxon period was actually very different indeed. A time of cultural, religious and political firsts, when a distinct English identity was developed, including the structures of local government (shires, sokes, hundreds) which lasted late into the 20th century.

FREE worksheets: For each of my activities, I provide a worksheet for each child to help them record their work during the session, I'm happy to send out samples. Request a sample worksheet.

What is covered in a typical Anglo-Saxons activity?
Archaeological ʻexcavationʼ
Children get the chance to ‘dig’ in the classroom, excavating through different archaeological layers of earth to discover the different period artefacts and objects that are contained.
Children learn how artefacts can be used to establish dates for a time periods.
Once the ‘digging’ is complete, the different artefacts are then placed in sequence to create a linear timeline.
Playing dead
Anglo Saxon bone remains Using role play, children have to think of a favourite object they would like to be buried with and what would happen to it when buried in the ground.
They think about what different possessions can tell us about a person’s life.
They also examine what type of materials survive in the ground and which ones decay.
Comparing technologies
Children get to handle a range of artefacts that were used by the people from the Anglo-Saxon period.
They have to work out what they object was and how it may have been used.
They also have to compare it to the similar technology from today and decide whether the Anglo-Saxon version would have been better or worse.
Creating timelines
Children have to place important dates from the Anglo-Saxon period in the correct order to create a timeline of events. Poos from the past!
Poos from the past!
Organic remains are an important way for archaeologists to discover about how people lived in the past.
Working in groups, pupils have to examine and dissect a a fake human ‘poo’!
By examining the food remains contained in the ‘poo’, children try and work out which time period it comes from.
Animal bones
Children examine real animal bones from the Anglo-Saxon period and try to identify which animals they would have come from and which part of the body they relate to.
They also have to try and decide what this animal would have been used for. Would it have been hunted by the Anglo-Saxon or used in other ways?
Using actual pottery sherds from the Anglo-Saxon and associated periods, children try to answer a series of questions as to what material the original object would have been made from, how it would have been made and used.
They will also look to draw how object may have looked like in its original form.
The different pottery sherds enable them to see how styles and manufacturing techniques develop over time.
Children examine a collection of real and reproduction coins and try to work out what period the coins came from and who had them made.
They can shade the different coins to see the designs in greater detail.
The Anglo-Saxon warrior
Pupils get the chance to see at ﬁrst hand the weapons and armour that were used by a Anglo-Saxon warrior and how they would have been used.
They also get to examine the remains of some of their victims and the injuries they suffered at the hands of the Anglo-Saxons...

Booking an activity call:
07772 398 974

Whether you are a looking for an activity to act as a primer for forthcoming lessons or to reinforce previously undertaken ones, your pupils understanding of the past will benefit from being able to feel and touch actual ʻlivingʼ history and learn how it was actually created. Their thinking skills will certainly be challenged and maybe some of their historical preconceptions will as well...

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Teaching activity plans:

The Vikings: Who they really were.
The Romans: What did they do for us?
The Anglo-Saxons: Life in the Dark Ages?

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Project Euler: Problem 20

March 22, 2012

n! means n x (n – 1) x … x 3 x 2 x 1
For example, 10! = 10 x 9 x … x 3 x 2 x 1 = 3628800,
Find the sum of the digits in the number 100!

The approach to this problem is quite similar to problem 16 which we can see here. We just need to deal with a really large number here. So, GMP again to the rescue.

x <- factorialZ(100)

sum(as.numeric(unlist(strsplit(as.character(x), split=””))))
# as.character(x) coverts the big number into a string
# strsplit() extracts individual elements of the string. This can be ensured by using the split = “” argument, which splits the string one element at a time
# convert the individual characters to numeric using as.numeric()
# sum the elements

Ans: 648

Comments are closed.


Date: 08 Nov 2002

Analysis of Neural Cryptography

In this paper we analyse the security of a new key exchange protocol proposed in [3], which is based on mutually learning neural networks. This is a new potential source for public key cryptographic schemes which are not based on number theoretic functions, and have small time and memory complexities. In the first part of the paper we analyse the scheme, explain why the two parties converge to a common key, and why an attacker using a similar neural network is unlikely to converge to the same key. However, in the second part of the paper we show that this key exchange protocol can be broken in three different ways, and thus it is completely insecure.


Luke 12:54-56 LEB

The Signs of the Times

54 And he also said to the crowds, "When you see a cloud coming up in the west, you say at once, 'A rainstorm is coming,' and so it happens.

References for Luke 12:54

      55 And when [you see] the south wind blowing, you say, 'There will be burning heat,' and it happens.
      56 Hypocrites! You know how to evaluate the appearance of the earth and the sky, but how [is it] you do not know how to evaluate this present time?


Temper Tantrums (PowerPoint) by yurtgc548

VIEWS: 158 PAGES: 34

By: Alison Anderson-Crum
Early Childhood Education
 Lively Technical Center
               Common Causes
o   Not understanding what is being asked of her
o   Not being understood
o   Not being able to express feelings or needs
o   Not being able to solve problems on her own
o   Not being able to describe an illness
o   Not being able to do things physically that she wants
o   Being uncomfortable or scared
o   Hungry, but not knowing it
o   Tired but not able to sleep
o   Jealous of others regarding things or attention
In other words,
10 Steps to
             Number 1:

   Observe tantrums for patterns.
     Avoidance of certain places,
 situations, people, and time of day
may help in not triggering a tantrum!
   So, avoid 5 p.m. at all costs!!
Okay, I am not funny and avoiding a time
   of day is impossible! So, what now?
A tantrum can occur at any time, but, by
 the end of the day, the children have had
    enough of the fun already. Save the
  soothing music and movement activity for
                   the end!
       Number 2:
Consistent routines help
children define their day.
 If they know what to
   expect next, they feel
more secure and more in
 control of their own
It is all about
            Number 3:
Set reasonable limits! No more than
      five rules and do not expect
    perfection all of the time. Have
      consequences if a rule is not
        followed. However, the
   consequences must be in line with
              the infraction..
Consistency is KEY!
  Number four:

Offer choices.
Let the children
 decide their own
area for the small
  group time, etc.
 Again, it is all
 about having
control of their
   own life!
           Number 5:
Don’t offer choices when there isn’t
  one. Sometimes, we just do not
 have a choice…that’s just the way
                it is.
“Don’t climb on the fence, okay?”
“NO, it is not okay! I want to
     climb on the fence!”
  Remove “OK” from your
   vocabulary right now!!
           Number 6:
         Don’t overreact to NO.
        Be empathetic but firm.
“I know you don’t want to nap, Timmy,
   but, it is time. At which end would
    you like to lay your head today?”
Show that you care about
  his feelings and try to
 offer a choice if there is
   one. If not, see #5.
        Number 7:
Say “YES!” more. Listen to
    the request and if it is
   reasonable go ahead and
  agree! But, if you say no,
          stick to it.
Y -E –S! Yay! YES!
  Number 8:
  Age appropriate
   materials only!!
Don’t bring in higher
 level toys hoping to
 advance them more
quickly. it only leads
    to disruptive
               # 9:
Teach her to use words to express her
  emotions. Use your feeding in and
         expansion strategies.
•Feeding in: a strategy
 where you provide the
    child’s language
•Expansion: Reframing an
 utterance into a sentence
Being able to express herself will
  improve communication skills and
    increase self-control, thus,
    lowering frustration levels.
     Number 10:

  Be a good role
Don’t scream back.
Show that you are in
Your staying in control is not
 only a good example, but, is
comforting, too. Believe it or
not, a temper tantrum is scary
  for a child. They have lost
control and feel like they are
careening over the edge. The
  caregivers are the anchor.
   Handling A Tantrum
So, you’ve done everything to
 avoid a tantrum and it didn’t

     what now?!
  YOU ACT. Take at
least thirty seconds to
 decide how you will
 handle the tantrum.
Four possible ways to
 deal with a tantrum
DISTRACT - Try to get the child's
 attention focused on something
else. If he screams when you take
him away from something unsafe,
 offer him something else to play
 with. This technique works well
            with toddlers.
REMOVE - Take the child to a quiet,
  private place to calm down. This
  should be a quiet "cooling down"
    place that is away from other
   children. Avoid trying to talk or
  reason with a screaming child. It
   doesn't work! Stay nearby until
 you see that she has calmed down.
  Then you can talk and return to
      whatever you were doing.
 IGNORE - Older children will
sometimes throw tantrums to get
    attention. Try ignoring the
  tantrum and going about your
        business as usual.
  HOLD - Holding an "out of control" child calmly is
 sometimes necessary to keep him from hurting himself or
someone else. You might also say something like: "I can see
 you are angry right now, and I am going to hold you until
  you calm down. I won't let you hurt me or anyone else."
  Often this approach can be comforting to a child. Again,
 children don't like to be out of control. It scares them. An
adult who is able to take charge of the situation and remain
         calm and in control can be very reassuring.
…Be the anchor!!

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