March 12, 2011

March 3, 2011

The Exoscope

We are visual creatures. We want to understand things from the context of a larger view. And that is true with all the exoplanets we have known so far. How can you relate with these amazing orbs in a more direct way? When you look up in the night sky, where are the exoplanets?

{Drum roll}...The Exoscope.

The Exoscope is a web-based tool to enable you to see the locations of exoplanets in the sky. It's a tool for Exogazing, the activity of spotting stars with known exoplanets.

Exoscope is actually a spin of the awesome Chromoscope. The ability to change and blend the background to different wavelengths gives that dramatic feeling, and that is why I love Chromoscope so much!

The excellent developer, Stuart Lowe (@astronomyblog) and others did all the work to bring you that awesome goodness of chromoscope. I simply imported an exoplanet KML file, and the chromoscope engine did all the rest of putting the markers for the locations of the stars with known exoplanets.

Really, I didn’t do much. I just downloaded the chromoscope application (which is freely available) and added two lines of code to import the exoplanet KML and show the constellations by default. And that was it!

The hard work is actually up ahead. And that is how to always keep the exoplanet KML file updated.

I need help and ideas on how to generate the exoplanet KML file from the most updated source of exoplanet data, The Exoplanet Encyclopaedia. Also, I need some script to generate KML files from a CouchDB couchapp. So, if anyone can give leads on that regard, please ping me. For now, some info i can provide for whoever wants to take up the challenge is this: The developer of the most excellent exoplanet app for the iPhone/iPad (@exoplanetapp) has provided a digestible format of Jean Schneider’s exoplanet data, via The Open Exoplanet Catalogue. So, all I need is for someone to generate JSON data in addition to the XML files. I seriously need JSON so I can import them into my CouchDB exoplanet database app (which is also another work in progress).

Other tasks on the pipeline for this mini-project are:
1) How to center the field of view (FOV) on the exoplanet via a link from other sources (such as The Exoplanet Seeker). I like how WikiSky does it so i hope to implement the same thing.
2) How to host the image files into my own Amazon S3 account to ease the burden from Chromoscope.
3) How to add other stunning backgrounds
4) Cosmetic styling, and UX improvement for each exoplanet popup window (and how to pipe in data dynamically)

That’s it for now. I Hope that even while it’s still in progress, you’ll enjoy the stunning exoplanet landscape from The Exoscope!

The Exoscope
The Open Exoplanet Catalogue
Exoplanet Encyclopedia

March 2, 2011

What To Do on an Interstellar Voyage: Subluminal Science

No doubt about it. Exoplanets have boosted humanity’s interest in interstellar travel. New discoveries got everyone thinking which exoplanets are good targets for the maiden voyage of the first exonauts.

Recently, DARPA and NASA set up a 100-Year Starship study. And the Tau Zero Foundation has renewed their efforts to carry us to the stars.

These initiatives are great. But now we need something to augment with these lofty plans. Even this early, we need to outline projects that future spacefarers must do during their maiden voyage. Let’s write up a ‘to do’ list to keep them busy. Because nobody wants to be nagged with “Are we there, yet?” especially on an interstellar journey.

That list would be huge, but it's narrowed down because of the unique characteristic of that starship--it’s traveling at a fraction of the speed of light! And that is how I got into thinking what science research I would do if I were on that starship.

I dub it “Subluminal Science”, a field of study which simply deals with the effects of relativistic speeds, whose experiments can only be done aboard an interstellar vessel traveling at some fraction of the speed of light. Subluminal, pertains to that step below Superluminal, or faster-than-light (FTL). Since matter cannot reach the speed of light, we’ll just explore subluminal for now. (if we upgraded to an Alcubierre drive instead, then we’d be doing Superluminal research. But that’s for another story)

The universe will ‘seem’ different from the vantage point of a moving or accelerating observer. And that makes it worthy of some curious thought. What do things look like when you're moving at even a small fraction, 0.1c of the speed of light? Can you imagine if we brought a portable version of the LHC on our subluminal starship? What manner of atom-smashing is possible with that scenario?

I know. Asking these questions is very silly. Such is the sacrifice i must bear to urge all of us to do some Gendanken experiments. What research are you going to do if you were given a chance to ride on that starship?

Here are some more prompts to give you an idea. Let me count the ways...

Let Theoretical physicists start thinking about physics at subluminal velocities. Would it be easier to detect gravitational waves if you were moving subluminally?

Let Neuroscientists start making predictions about the effects of subluminal speeds on cognition. I mean, really, what is the speed of thought?

Let Information Engineers start designing protocols for communicating with starships traveling at some fraction of the speed of light. What is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of WiFi aboard that ship, anyways?

Let Cosmologists gauge the expansion of the universe. Would riding on the 100-Year Starship allow a more accurate measurement of the expansion of the universe? Would you be able to finally detect Dark Matter from that ship?

Let Quantum Physicists theorize how Quantum Computers would behave at subluminal speeds. Does entanglement still hold true when one of the pair is travelling at subluminal speeds?

Let Astronomers start dreaming up techniques that can be accomplished only when your telescope is moving so fast. Yes, you can still do planet-hunting from a moving platform, but how? Parallax methods? One thing is for sure: You’ll find new planets (and refine data on those previously known) from a different vantage point which would not have been possible solely from earth.

Oh the possibilities are endless! But you get the point, right? Those are just starter ideas behind the idea of Subluminal Science research. It can and must be applied to an unmanned probe too, for starters.

Don’t wait for DARPA or NASA. Don’t wait for Tau Zero or BIS to finish building that interstellar ship. Don’t wait for that day when your great great grandchildren zooms to Gliese and then realizes, “Hey, this trip is boring! What are we supposed to do now?”

Go ahead and write up that idea now. What experiments would you like your great grandkids to do on that starship? Let’s plan ahead to make that interstellar journey an exciting trip for our exoplanetary descendants!


Tuesday, May 3, 2016

Lack of privilege isn't a virtue

Nick Cohen explains the problem with equating marginalization with virtue:
I always welcome his critiques of authoritarian leftism, and I do think the exclusion of class in social justice circles is a huge problem. (If one explained by the transient nature of class. The same can be said for age-- something else generally ignored by online activists. Though if most online activists are young and middle-class, those biases exist anyway.) But it's not CEOs and dictators claiming victimhood, it's those with some "privilege" but no real power to speak of finding themselves in a community that prizes suffering. No one wants to be an oppressor, so the only option is to identify as oppressed in some way.


I’ll admit to being a rube about 3-D printing technology, and its implications for issues like gun control and other kinds of restrictive laws on devices, so this video from the Washington Post is an eye-opener for me.  Travis Lerol builds a receiver for his AR-15 semi-automatic rifle in the convenience of his own home, or at least the casing for it; some of the other components have to be bought separately.  None of those are restricted — yet, anyway — and the only issue preventing people from creating their own high-capacity magazines for their firearms is just the need for a design:

It might be possible to build the weapons themselves, although the technology for that would still require significant contributions of components other than plastic:

Custom-made firearms aren’t exactly new, but precision is difficult to achieve.  Not any more:

Attempting to revive the 1994 assault-weapons ban ignores the lack of impact it had on gun violence, a point made repeatedly since its 2004 expiration and the subsequent annual decline in overall gun deaths and the small percentage of those related to rifles of any kind. It’s politically and statistically obsolete — and now it’s close to being technologically obsolete, too.  Perhaps government should focus on the criminals and the crime rather than on the legal possessors of firearms in the future.


Tuesday, 18 March 2014

India Tourism Destinations and Ways to Explore

India, a country known as the golden birds in ancient, is a colorful travel destination. India is the largest democracy in the world. The nation offers something to its each visitor any time entire the year. It is a multi option tourist destination for every age group of tourists. Lots of travelers from each corner of the world come visit this diverse country. No matter from where you are and visiting India alone, with soul mate, family or friends are welcomed. Indian behaves like a guest with each visitor. There are many famous tourist destinations in India such as Goa, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Agra, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and many others. If you are looking a trip to India then India tour packages are the best way to explore these wonderful India tourism destinations. There are many tour packages to India as destination specific, region wise, attraction specific, session based and much more. For summer holidays country has many hill stations in the north part like Shimla, Manali, Nainital, Kashmir, Leh and laddak etc. Rajathan, Goa Kerala are some places that are good for winter holidays.

Some of the prime destinations are given here-

Kerala: It is a prime tourist destination of South India. Kerala is known as the God’s Own Country the reason behind it is the surprising natural beauty of the state.

Goa: Goa, being the smallest state of India, is world famous for its beaches. Goa has many things for its visitors like sandy beaches, wildlife, night clubs, churches and watersports. Goa is mainly used as a party destination for New Year, Christmas party; honeymoon etc.

Uttaranchal: It is known as the Dev Bhoom of India. This state has many religious places, hill station and rivers. A famous visiting spot of this state is Mussoorie, Nainital, Haridwar, Rishikesh, Dehradoon etc.

Himachal Pradesh: Himachal is the hub of hill stations in India. It is a northern state of India. It has many hill stations, rivers, adventurous spots and watersports places. Shimla, Manali, Kullu, those are some visit spot of this state.

Delhi: Delhi is the national capital city of India. It is an old city of India and will connect the city to other cities of the nation. The main attractions of the city are India Gate, Kutub MInar, Red fort, Jama Masjid, zoo and much more.

Agra: Agra is a small city located in Uttar Pradesh state, India. Agra is the home of Taj Mahal and many other attractions like Agra Fort, Panch Mahal, Buland Darwaza, Akbar's Tomb, Itmad-ud-Daulah Tomb and Fatehpur Sikri. Taj Mahal is well known as the love symbol and one of the seven wonders of the world.

Kashmir: Kashmir is one of the famous hill stations of India. It is known as the heaven on the earth. You can see the snow fall in Kashmir during winter holidays. I am a content writer. I write articles on tours and travel, tour packages and holidays for Singapore, New Zealand and India Tours. Visit Online India Travel Portal to find tours for India, Uttaranchal Tour Etc.

Monday, 10 March 2014

A Trip to India To Enjoy Holidays in India

India is undoubtedly called the Incredible India in light of the picturesque excellence and its amazingly created landmarks. India is a nation which is acknowledged as a standout amongst the most enhanced nations on the world. One can undoubtedly discover an immaculate mix of society, conventions, religion and celebrations in this nation. A flawless blend of diverse society and many lingo, this nation makes for a visit.

This nation has a ton to offer to its guests that will clearly make their visit essential as well as will make them return to this nation once more. However there are different places that are well known which one can visit, yet furthermore them there are a couple of the most gone to places in India that makes for an unquestionable requirement visit travel in India.

The exact first terminus that calls for a visit is Agra. This city is honored with one of the Seven Wonders of the World, Taj Mahal. Taj Mahal is one of the precise celebrated edifices f the world, the mausoleum of the extraordinary ruler Shah Jahan most loved wife Mumtaz Mahal. This landmark was built in the year 1653 by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan. This aesthetically lovely building is an established case of craftsmanship and assumed control over 22 years to finish.

Kashmir is one place that you simply can't stand to miss. This spot is recognized as the Heaven on Earth, is a standout amongst the most delightful places on earth. This spot is the home for the Himalayan ranges.

Goa is the following end to stop to while your visit to this extraordinary nation. Goa is well known for its flawless magnificence and overpowering excellence. Known for its sunny shores, Goa makes it perfect to visit generally in winters. The stupendous New Year festival in Goa makes for a visit. The Sun-Burn celebration that happens in summers is additionally one of the popular occasions that happen in Goa.

The following city in the agenda that calls for your visit is Jaipur. This city is known as the Pink City and is the capital of Rajasthan. This city is honored with various delightful fortifications that help the magnificence of this city. The different landmarks that one can visit to encounter the perfect magnificence of this Pink City incorporate Hawa Mahal, Amber Fort, Nahargarh Fort, City Palace and a lot of people more.

Old Delhi, the capital of India is likewise one of the objectives which is an absolute necessity to-visit. This city has the impressions of the recorded India. An impeccable accumulation of Mosques, fortresses and different landmarks has assumed a significant part in helping its excellence. Qutab Minar, Red Fort, Old Fort are an unquestionable requirement see throughout you visit to India. There are numerous different places that you can visit and make your visit to India paramount. There are different Cheap Vacation Packages that are accessible that makes your visit sensible. You can select from the assortment of tours accessible which incorporates North India Tours coating the northern district of India, South India Tours, and in addition uncommon Honeymoon bundles in India for the recently wedded couples.

I am content writer. I write articles on tours and travel, tour packages and holidays for Singapore, New Zealand and India Tours. Visit to find tours for India, Online India Travel Portal Uttaranchal Tour Etc.


Thursday, April 19, 2012

The "Black Regiment"

Elisha Williams, a follower of George Whitefield, published a pamphlet in 1744 which discussed equality and liberty. Natural liberty, as Williams defined the term meant freedom from any superior earthly power and subjection only to the law of nature. Williams explained the 'law of nature' to be the law of God.

As Reason tells us, all are born thus naturally equal, i.e. with an equal Right to their Persons; so with an equal Right to the Preservation; and therefore to such Things as Nature affords for their Subsistence...Thus every Man having a natural Right to...his own Person and his Actions and Labor, which we call Property; it certainly follows, that no Man can have a Right to the Person or Property of another: And if every Man has a Right to his Person and Property; he has also a Right to defend them, and a Right to all necessary Means of Defense, and so has a Right of punishing all Insults upon His Person and Property.”

Elisha Williams espoused the political philosophy of John Locke and principles which were enunciated throughout the era of the Great Awakening. His statement concerning the limitation of the powers of government reflect the his Lockean philosophy and the principles of the 1st Great Awakening.

[T]heir power is a limited one: and therefore the Obedience due is a limited Obedience.”

Williams referred to John Locke pertaining to what people must do to free themselves from tyranny. Hence, Elisha Williams, a minister of the Gospel in 1744, expressed the same arguments of the patriots of 1770. Subjects and their rulers are bound by a constitution and laws violating natural and constitutional rights are breaches of the law. Hence, laws that violate natural and constitutional rights are NO law which one can lawfully resist. Laws that violate constitutional law require NO obedience.

Clinton Rossiter made this declaration in his work Seedtime of the Republic: The Origin of the American Tradition of Political Liberty

“Here is clear evidence of the transmission through the clergy of the theories of Locke. The importance of this and like pamphlets is this; they show the thinking and the theory that came out in the Revolutionary period were uttered not alone in theoretical sermons but in practical disputes and controversies over church and individual rights long before the trouble with England arose.”

There are several sermons and pamphlets that address the political theories of John Locke and the influence of Calvinism upon political thought before 1770.

Sermons advanced the proposition that law which contradicts natural rights are null and void. In 1673, Jonathan Mayhew declared that true religion comprised love of liberty and ones country. Furthermore, Mayhew held that true religion comprised a hatred of all tyranny and oppression. Mayhew expressed the common convictions of the clergymen throughout the colonies that civil liberty which the American colonists cherished received its chief sanction from their common Christian faith.

Resistance to oppression was a favorite topic in Yankee pulpits. Twenty-five years prior to Paul Revere's ride to Concord and Lexington Jonathan Mayhew preached the following words:

It is blasphemy to call tyrants and oppressors God's ministers...When [magistrates] rob and ruin the public, instead of being guardians of its peace and welfare, they immediately cease to be the ordinance and ministers of God, and no more deserve that glorious character than common pirates and highwaymen.”

Fifteen years later, Jonathan Mayhew responded to the dreaded Stamp Act with these admonishments:

“The king is as much bound by his oath not to infringe the legal rights of the people, as the people are bound to yield subjection to him. From whence it follows that as soon as the prince sets himself up above all law, he loses the king in the tyrant. He does, to all intents and purposes, unking himself by acting out of and beyond that sphere which the constitution allows him to move in, and in such cases he has no more right to be obeyed than an inferior officer who acts beyond his commission. The subject's obligation to allegiance then ceases, of course, and to resist him is more more rebellion than to resist any foreign is making use of the means, and the only means which God has put into their power for mutual and self-defense.”

After the Stamp Act was repealed Mayhew declared:

God gave the Israelites a king in His anger, because they had not sense and virtue enough to like a free commonwealth, and to have Himself for their king. That the Son of God came down from heaven to make us 'free indeed' and that 'where the spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty,' this made me conclude that freedom was a great blessing...And who knows, our liberties being thus established, but that on some future occasion, when the kingdoms of earth are moved and roughly dashed one against another....we, or our posterity, may even have the great felicity and honor to 'save much people alive.' and keep Britain herself from ruin!”

The members of the clergy throughout the colonies became more outspoken as conflict with Great Britain became imminent. The clergymen – the men of the “black regiment” were outspoken in their staunch opposition to oppressive government.

The power of a group or an individual can at times be best seen through the eyes of an opponent. Peter Oliver was the last chief justice of the colonial regime in Massachusetts. He detested dissenting ministers whom he considered to be henchmen of patriot James Otis. James Otis (1725 – 1783) realized that Oliver saw from the first the need of securing “the black regiment” if he were to rouse the people. The clergymen of colonial America were called the “black regiment” because of the color of their clerical robes. The British realized that the “black regiment” was key to fanning the flames of resistance among the American colonists.

Boston pastor, Jason Haven preached a widely read sermon in 1769 specifically noted by the English. Haven spoke of the fall of king Charles I and the right of the citizens of Massachusetts to elect a council. Furthermore, he asserted that he hoped the council would continue till the end of time.

Reverend Haven quoted from John Locke on the right of resistance to everyone who was to encroach upon the natural and constitutional rights of the colonists. He declared that the people had the duty, right and privilege to call those in authority to account. The people had the right to take from them power whenever abused.

Prior to the Revolution, American clergymen promoted opposition to tyranny by Great Britain within American colleges. As teachers, the clergymen inculcated the principles of government while permitting debate on questions which caused disturbances. Ministers promoted opposition to England through their personal association with students in American colleges.

In 1769, the students of Brown University debated whether or not it was good policy for Americans to establish an independent state while under the conditions of their era.

Alice M Baldwin wrote the following statement in her work The New England Clergy and the American Revolution:

Andrew Eliot, a somewhat conservative man though constantly friendly to the American cause, said in 1769 that the Harvard students had imbibed the spirit of the times and that their declarations and debates were full of the spirit of liberty. This, he said, had been encouraged, even if sometimes it got out of bounds, because their tutors were afraid to check too decidedly a spirit which might thereafter fill the country with patriots.”

The people of Boston and Americans throughout the colonies were excited about the Boston Massacre of March 1770. The Sunday which followed the Massacre was eventful for it greatly excited the people of Boston. Pastor John Lathrop of the Old North Church preached a sermon that Sunday titled: “The Voice of Thy Brother's Blood Cryeth Under Me from the Ground.”

The clergymen of colonial America were bitterly resented by Chief Justice Oliver. He declared before the trial of the British soldiers:

“Pulpits rang their Chimes upon blood Guiltiness, in Order to incite the People.” After the conclusion of the trials the pulpits “rang their Peals of Malice against the Courts of Justice.”

An observer asserted that the people were led by inflammatory sermons to feel as if they may lawfully resist the king's truth as if he were a foreign enemy.

A pamphlet was published by Reverend Isaac Skillman in which he asserted the rights of American colonists. He believed there was a good prospect that Americans would unite. Skillman asserted that if Americans united; they had the right to resist any military forces which they had “by the law of God, of nature and of nations.”

Furthermore, Reverend Skillman argued:

"Shall a man be deem'd a rebel that supports his own rights? It is the first law of nature, and he must be a rebel to God, to the laws of nature, and his own conscience, who will not do it.”

A gentleman in New York wrote to a friend in London on May of 1774. He excoriated the clergy of New England for their...
“most wicked, malicious and inflammatory harangues...spiriting their godly hearers to the most violent opposition to Government; persuading them that the intention of the Government was to rule them with a rod of iron, and to make them all slaves; and assuring them that if they would rise as one man to oppose these arbitrary schemes, God would assist them.”

Clergymen throughout the American colonies preached resistance to the various laws and acts which the Parliament of Great Britain passed to exercise its alleged authority in order to control the colonies.

By 1774, the clergymen of Boston refused to read any proclamations of the governor and council which were appointed by Great Britain.

General Gage refused to permit a day of fasting and prayer for he believed “the request was only to give an opportunity for sedition to flow from the pulpit.” The clergymen of Boston responded immediately with political sermons in which some were violent in tone. The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts appealed to the clergy of Boston. The clergy of Boston were requested to advise strict obedience to the Continental Congress.

The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts advised the clergy to...

“make the question of the rights of the colonies and the oppressive conduct of the mother country a topic of the pulpit on weekdays.”

The politic-religious sermons of the American clergymen were recognized as having highly significant value by the Continental Congress. It was common for sermons of this nature to be published as patriotic pamphlets.

During the era of colonial America, the pulpit was a primary source of news and current events. The contemporary news media of modern America was non existent. Essentially, the American pulpit was the only place where American citizens would be taught the doctrines of resistance and just warfare.

An observer declared: “During the entire Revolutionary period, the latter [clergy] were leaders and the most potent factors in resistance to British oppression...In the absence of a numerous newspaper press, the political education of the people then as now in sparsely settled regions was conducted largely from the pulpit – or the stump.”

Resistance to tyranny was a subject on which to preach and was one that was to be desired “at all costs.”

Sermons preached throughout American pulpits took on a radical tone. In August of 1775, a small town was burned. A recruiting officer vainly attempted to recruit men from the town of Harpswell, Maine. Reverend Samuel Eaton was asked to speak on Sunday morning to his congregation. Reverend Eaton was a patriotic gentleman and was unwilling to preach the message at the Communion service on Sunday morning. He promised to address the men of his congregation on Sunday evening. Samuel Eaton preached a message titled “Cursed be he that keepeth back his sword from blood” after sundown out of doors before the steps of the meetinghouse. Before the conclusion of the meeting, forty men of his congregation volunteered to serve the cause of American independence.

It is most important to understand the chief objective of these sermons and messages like them. The primary objective of these messages was to state clearly and repeatedly arguments in which men could be assured that they had inalienable rights given to them by their Creator. No one had the right to abuse and dissolve those God given rights.

Colonial American clergymen set forth the requirements of legally constituted government through their sermons. English and colonial governments if not abused were such governments. The clergymen sought to enumerate and enlarge upon the acts by which Parliament and the king abused their power. Furthermore, they sought to establish beyond doubt the legal right, moral duty and necessity of resist the encroachments of their liberty through tyranny.

The American clergymen did NOT refuse to obey constitutional authority but advocated resistance to unconstitutional acts.

Alice M. Baldwin The New England Clergy and the American Revolution

“Though recognizing the provocation to violence and though sometimes encouraging abuse of the Tories, there was many a minister who drew careful distinction between liberty and license. It was the liberty which was to their minds inextricably associated with constitutional, ordered government for which they were fighting.”

It is the sacred duty of a religious Christian people to resist tyranny. The clergy of New England and especially the Congregationalists preached a message of independence and preparation for independence several years before 1776.

The Continental Congress appointed a committee of five men to draft a Declaration of Independence in June of 1776. Thomas Jefferson was the first member of the committee whom the Congress chose. He served as chairman of the committee and wrote the first draft of the infamous document.

Thomas Jefferson has been given importance in forming the political outlook of the era. This is clearly an erroneous understanding of the political situation of colonial America. Actually, the greater influence of the clergy of American churches has been overlooked, ignored and omitted by historians.

The impact of colonial political thinking is far greater than suspected. The written works of clergymen bear out the truth of their profound influence upon political thought of the colonial era.

The Reverend Samuel West is among the clergymen who assisted in forming the basic philosophical foundation which found its way into the Declaration of Independence. Reverend Samuel West addressed the Council House of Representatives in Boston on May 29, 1776. His address to the Council was delivered some weeks before Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Reverend Samuel West (1730 – 1776) declared:

The only difficulty remaining is to determine when a people may claim a right of forming themselves into a body politick, and may assume the powers of legislation. In order to determine this point, we are to remember, that all men being by nature equal, all members of a community have a natural right to assemble themselves together, and to act and vote for such regulations, as they judge are necessary for the good of the whole. But when a community is become very numerous, it is very difficult, and in many cases impossible for all to meet together to regulate the affairs of the state; Hence comes the necessity of appointing delegates to represent the people in a general assembly. And this ought to be look'd upon as a sacred and unalienable right, of which a people cannot justly divest themselves, and which no human authority can in equity ever take from them...that no one be obliged to submit to any laws except such as are made either by himself, or by his representative.
If representation and legislation are inseparably connected, it follows, that when great numbers have emigrated into a foreign land, and are so far removed from the parent state, that they neither are or can be properly represented by the government from which they have emigrated, that then nature itself points out the necessity of their assuming to themselves the powers of legislation, and they have a right to consider themselves as a separate state from the other, and as such to form themselves into a body politik.
When a people find themselves cruelly oppressed by the parent state, they have an undoubted right to throw off the yoke, and to assert their liberty, if they find good reason to judge that they have sufficient power and strength to maintain their ground in defending their just rights against their oppressors: For in this case by the law of self preservation, which is the first law of nature, they have not only an undoubted right, but it is their indispensable duty, if they cannot be redressed any other way, to renounce all submission to the government that has oppressed them, and set up an independent state of their own; even tho' they may be vastly inferior in number to the state that has oppress'd them. When either of the afore-said cases takes place, and more especially when both concur, no rational man (I imagine,) can have any doubt in his mind, whether such a people have a right to form themselves into a body politick, and assume to themselves all the powers of a free state.”

The message of Reverend Samuel West which he delivered to Council House of Representatives in Boston bears a striking similarity to the Declaration of Independence. Reverend West delivered the message on May 29, 1776 a few months before Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence. The phraseology and words of the two documents bear a striking similarity to each other.

The similarities become even more apparent when parallel passages are arranged in columns.

Declaration of Independence
Samuel West

Laws of Nature
Law of nature
All men are created equal
All men being by nature equal
Unalienable rights
Unalienable right
It is their right
Undoubted right
It is their duty
Indispensable duty
Throw off such a government
Throw off the yoke
Institute new government
Forming themselves into a body politick
Separate and equal station
To consider themselves a separate state
Assume among the powers
Assuming to themselves the powers of legislation

It is clearly obvious that the Declaration of Independence reflects a broad range of colonial clerical preaching. The broad range of propositions found in the Declaration is greater than those found in any one sermon. The clergy in the churches of colonial America were the sounding boards for the writings of various political pamphleteers. They clergy were often the companions of many of the leaders.

The clergy of American protestant churches contributed to the thought of men within the legislature and those men who became members of the Continental Congress.

Within his diary, John Adams recounts of phrases which were the favorites of a minister he had heard. John Adams carefully studied and cherished the expressions which the clergy preached concerning matters of deep public concern. Often those sermons and messages were printed for public distribution.

The sermons of colonial clergymen formed a solid foundation of integrated thought. The sermons and messages of American clergymen of the colonial period made a most significant contribution to the philosophy of freedom. Those sermons and messages were founded upon the Bible.

Constitutional attorney John W. Whitehead in his book An American Dream declared:

In short, colonial sermons formed a solid base of integrated thought. Founded upon the Bible, they made up a large part of the contribution of the philosophy of freedom which began to win a worldwide empire in the minds of men through the conflict which arose with Great Britain. And it would eventually assume a common fabric of rights, resistance, and futuristic optimism within the American psyche.”

Reverend Jonas Clark was the gentleman who drew up the papers urging Bostonians to resist British trade and taxation. He counseled them to seek redress for their wrongs and arm themselves.

Developments of the quarrel with England reached towns throughout the colonies through circular letters carried on horseback by the Sons of Liberty. The letters were sent from a committee formed in Boston in November of 1772. Samuel Adams, the leader of the movement was a committed Christian having been a convert to Christ during the Great Awakening.

In his monumental work The Rise of the Republic, Richard Frothingham wrote:

“A town meeting was called in Faneuil Hall, to consider the question of the salaries of the judges...In the afternoon, Samuel Adams moved 'that a committee of correspondence be appointed, to consist of 21 persons, to state the rights of the colonies, and of this province in particular, as men, as Christians, and as subjects; to communicate and publish the same to the several towns in this province to the world...
It considered the relations of man not only as a citizen, but as a Christian, and claimed for him that equality which is the cardinal principle of Christianity. It claimed for him, under law, the position to which he is entitled, - the right to make the laws under which he lives, to select his field of labor and enjoy its fruits, and thus claimed fair play for the industrial energy which has contributed so much to the growth and glory of this country...
A few sentences from these responses [to the Report] will show the spirit of the whole... 'It becomes us to rely no longer on the arm of flesh, but on the arm of that all-powerful God who is able to unite the numerous inhabitants of this extensive country as a band of brothers in one common cause...'”

Historian George Bancroft said,

“The Revolution of 1776, so far as it was affected by religion, was a Presbyterian measure. It was a natural outgrowth of the principles which the Presbyterians of the Old World planted in her sons, the English Puritans, the Scotch Covenanters, the French Huguenots, the Dutch Calvinists, and the Presbyterians of Ulster.”

Loraine Boettner quotes an American Tory of the Revolutionary period in a letter home to England.

I fix all the blame for these extraordinary proceedings upon the Presbyterians. They have been the chief and principal instruments in all these flaming measures. They always do and ever will act against government from that restless and turbulent anti-monarchial spirit which has always distinguished them everywhere.”

Prime Minister Horace Walpole made this remark to Parliament: “Cousin America has run off with a Presbyterian parson.” Walpole was actually referring to Reverend John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence and direct decedent of John Knox.

E. L. Magoon in his work Orators of the American Revolution describes Witherspoon:

He was lineally descended from John Knox, the moral hero of Scotland, was born near Edinburgh, 1722, and from the time he adopted America as his country, was as much distinguished as a preacher as a patriot. Dr. Witherspoon was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, which he eloquently defended; through a trying period of congressional responsibility he was a very efficient legislator; and for many years performed the duties of a laborious, erudite, and eminently successful president of Princeton College. On taking his seat in Congress, he surprised his associates, as his brother Davies, had surprised the courts of Virginia, with his wonderful knowledge and skill as a civilian. He was associated with Richard Henry Lee and John Adams on several important committees and himself drew many valuable State papers...As soon as the liberties of the country were won, Dr. Witherspoon gladly resumed his classical pursuits and the work of the ministry...”

E.L. Magoon speaks of Dr. Samuel Sillman pastor of the First Baptist Church of Boston:

Standing in the presence of armed foes, he preached with a power that commanded respect...The best orators of every age have been created by the oppressive circumstance, in the midst of which they have suddenly arisen with resistless power, as if they gathered strength and inspiration from the terrors of the storm. When the age needs great men it will find them – heroes not of the timid mimosa kind, who 'fear the dark cloud, and feel the coming sound.' Preachers in Revolutionary times are eminently practical; nature supplies them with abundant ammunition, and necessity teaches them expressly to load and fire. They are the flying artillery of 'the sacramental host of God's elect.'”

John Locke was the son of a Puritan attorney. He felt that Separatists and Presbyterians went too far in their convictions and practices. He returned to England in 1689 having been in exile during the reign of Catholic James II.

James M. Bulman in his book It is there Right quotes Locke who maintained his deference for the Bible. Locke declared: I shall presently condemn and quit any opinion of mine, as soon as I am shown that it is contrary to any revelation of the Holy Scriptures.”

Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan in 1651 which Locke skillfully contested with a powerful rebuttal. Hobbes, the champion of totalitarianism, attacked religious orthodoxy and defended statism. Russell Kirk in The Roots of American Order speaks of Hobbes Leviathan

“To Hobbes, the state was a vast, necessary beast, Leviathan...Hobbes' system offered freedom from Church, town, guild, and local authorities – but in exchange for servitude to Leviathan.”

Locke, in secularized form, echoed Samuel Rutherford. Locke asserted; the people must hold political sovereignty in their hands. They are the ones to delegate power to a legislative body. John Locke deplored the “divine right of kings,” and believed that society was the result of a voluntary contract among men equal in a state of nature. Hence, the purpose of government was to protect the life, liberty, and property of all its citizens.

These ideas did not originate from Locke. Samuel Rutherford proclaimed the principles in his monumental work Lex, Rex which was published in 1644!

The principles which Rutherford postulated concerning republicanism were those of John Calvin of Geneva. Sir James Stephens, English statesmen and jurist summarized Calvin's four basic points his work Lectures on the History of France:

  1. The will of all the people was the one legitimate source of the power of rulers;

  1. The power was most properly delegated by the people, to their rulers, by means of elections...

  1. The clergy and laity were entitled to an equal and coordinate authority;

  1. Between the Church and State, no alliance, or mutual dependence, or other definite relation, necessarily or properly existed.”

King James I clearly understood the implications of Calvinism for he observed:

“Presbytery agreeth as well with monarchy as God with the devil.”

Historian George Bancroft referred to the “Political character of Calvinism, which with one Consent and with instinctive judgment the monarchs of that day feared as republicanism.”

Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville called Calvinism:

“a democratic and republican religion.”

J.C. Monsma analyzed Calvinism as applied to government:

The government is God's servant. That means that AS MEN all government officials stand on an equal footing with their subordinates; have no claim to superiority in any sense whatever...For exactly the same reason the Calvinist gives preference to a republican form of government over any other type. In no other form of government does the sovereignty of God, the derivative character of government power and the equality of men as men, find a clearer or more eloquent expression.”

I am indebted to Constitutional attorney, John W. Whitehead author of The Second American Revolution and An American Dream
Thanks to Patricia O. Brooks author of The Return of the Puritans
I am gratefully thankful to Reverend Peter Marshall author of The Light and the Glory
I wish to thank David Barton of Wallbuilders
I am also most thankful to Francis A. Schaeffer author of The Christian Manifestro and How Should We then Live? - the Rise and Decline of Western Thought and Culture

No comments:


new and used probing equipment

Miller Design and Equipment - New and Used Refurbished Equipment for the Semi-conductor Industry

Microscope Terms | Fab Terms | Misc. Terms

Microscope Terms

Abbe Condenser

See condenser.

Abbe Error

Additional linear off-axis error introduced through amplification of tilt and wobble with a long moment arm. This type of error occurs when the point under measurement is a relatively long distance from the axis of motion. For example, XYZ stages incorporating an angle bracket between the moving elements will exhibit measurable Abbe error since the Z stage is significantly displaced above the X and Y axes. It appears as runout, but unlike true runout, Abbe error can be minimized by reducing the lever arm.

See chromatic and spherical.

Term referring to the lens. A lens which brings in light from two parts of the spectrum (red and blue wavelengths) to the same focus, reducing Chromatic Aberration. This is the most common lens on a microscope. Color fringes may appear when viewing under bright white light because not all wave lengths are brought within an acceptable focus range. If you use filtered light (monochromatic) as in phase contrast the image will be sharper.

See polarizer.

Barrel Focus

The body tube of the microscope moves to focus the objective lenses and the stage is fixed.

Bertrand Lens

In polarizing microscopes a special lens used to view interfaced figures.

Brightfield Illumination

Bright white light which illuminates a transparent or translucent specimen which appears dark against a bright or white background.

Body Tube Length

The distance between the objective and the top of the body tube, usually 160mm. Objectives are designed for a specific length, if miss-matched, spherical aberration will occur.

Focusing system where the coarse and fine focus are mounted together on a common axis.

Condenser (substage)

Provides an even cone of light that illuminates the specimen. Light from the condenser converges on the specimen, passes through it, and    diverges to from an inverted illumination cone that is captured by the objective lens. The Abbe condenser is the most common. The condenser numerical aperture (NA) should be equal to or greater than the highest objective NA., usually 1.25 to 1.32 for a 100x oil objective. The resolving power of the optical system composed of condenser, objective ocular lens is limited to the lowest NA of its individual components.

 The difference in light output between the areas of a display that are illuminated and non-illuminated controlling the movement of electrons in circuits.

Contrast Ratio

Refers to the ratio of the brightest part of an image versus the darkest part of an image (for example, 100:1).

Chromatic Aberration

Failure of lens to bring light of different wavelengths to a common focus. This can be compensated by using an achromatic lens.

Crossed Roller Ways

Crossed rollers define a way by fitting cylindrical rollers between hardened "v" ways. Every other roller is rotated 90 degrees, resulting in a symmetrical load bearing capacity. The line contact resulting from the roller-to-v fit provides a load bearing capacity of about an order of magnitude above that of ball ways. Roller retention and preloading are similar to those of ball way designs. Crossed roller designs provide moderate and uniform friction, high load bearing capacity, high linear and torsional stiffness, moderate cost, and very good straight line accuracy.

Darkfield Illumination

An optical technique where the specimen is seen as a bright object against a dark background.

Depth of Field

The distance along the optical axis throughout which the object can be located and yet be imaged with satisfactory clarity. This is used in stereo microscopy.

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)

A mode of contrast generation in microscopy that yields an image with a shadow relief. The relief reflects the gradient of optical path difference. DIC, which is a form of interference microscopy that uses polarizing beam splitters.

Diopter Adjustment

Adjustment ring of the eyepiece that fine focuses the eye lens element.

Disc Diaphragm

A circular disc, located under the stage platform containing five or six apertures of various sizes which controls the size of illumination cone converging on the specimen.

A term referring to optics which is the abbreviation for Deutsche Industrie Normen, an industry standard for optics.

Also known as ocular, it produces the second stage of magnification enlarging the image magnified by the objective lens. Eyepieces vary in magnification from 5x to 30x. The standard is 10x.

Eyepiece Diaphragm

The piece inside the eyepiece which holds gracticules and reticules. It also defines the round field of view that is seen through the microscope.

Fiber Optic Cable

A bundle of optical fibers within one conducting cable. In addition to the optical fibers and its cladding, the cable can consist of plastic strength members, an inner and an outer plastic jacket, all providing protection to the fiber strands.

Fiber Optics

The technology of transmitting and guiding optical radiation (light) along optical conductors.

The visible area through the eyepiece when the microscope is in focus.

Flat Field Objectives or Optics

Lenses which are corrected to eliminate curvature. Flat field optics are a higher grade then achromatic.

Flatness of Travel

Deviation from ideal straight line travel in a vertical plane, also referred to as vertical runout.

A type of eyepiece that has two planoconvex lens elements with the eyepiece diaphragm between them. Usually with a narrow field of view.

Immersion Objective

Most common is the 100x oil objective. Oil is placed on the cover glass of the slide which (and sometimes on the top element of the condenser) to produce a high magnification and high resolving power of the objective when immersed in the oil. This produces the full NA of objective lens.

Incandescent Light

A gas filled (argon) bulb containing a metallic filament (tungsten) that produces light when a sufficient voltage is applied; an ordinary light bulb.

Iris Diaphragm

Usually mounted under the condenser this controls the amount of light converging on the specimen by opening or closing the leaf diaphragm.

Koehler Illumination

A technique for uniformly illuminating a field from non-uniform light such as a coiled filament lamp.

The enlargement of an object through the lens system. This is determined by multiplying the magnifying power of the objective by the eyepiece.

Magnifying Power

Magnification, which is the ability of the lens to make an object appear larger. It is the number of times the image is seen through the microscope is larger than the item appears to the unaided eye.

Mechanical Stage

A device on the platform for holding and moving the slide (or specimen) on an X or Y axis.

Micrometer Disc

A glass disc with a scale or grid mounted to the eyepiece diaphragm used for measurement.

Numerical Aperture (N.A.)

A term representative of the angle included by a cone of light accepted by the objective of a microscope. The higher the N.A., the greater the resolving power.

Objective lens

Forms the primary image of the microscope which is seen through the eyepiece. The markings on the objective lens are the magnifying power (such as 10x), followed by the NA (0.25) and the tube length. Other numbers which appear on the objective lens may refer to the manufactures catalog number of the particular item.

See eyepiece.

The degree of perpendicularity, or squareness, between the two axes in an X-Y or X-Z table This parameter is usually measured in arc-seconds or microradians.

When all the elements of the optical system are aligned on a single axis thus reducing aberration.

Parfocal (parfocality)

A term used describing the property of a microscope where the subject stays in focus when the objective lenses are changed. Less then 1/2 of a revolution from the fine adjustment is usually acceptable.

An achromat lens which has been corrected for a flat field.

Planoconcave Mirror

A two sided mirror 50mm in dia., with one side flat (plano) and the other curved, (concave). The concave side is used for low NA when no condenser is used, the plano surface is used with a substage condenser.

Phase Contrast

The optical technique used to view the structure of transparent objects whose varying but invisible differences in thickness result in differences in the phase of transmitted light. This is done when the transmitted light changes its optical path by about 1/3 wavelength.

Transparent material which can absorb all vibrations of light passing through it except those in a single plane.

Rack and Pinion

Term used to describe the gear system for lowering and raising the stage or barrel when focusing. The coarse adjustment control (knob), usually moves the barrel or stage.

Refractive Index (R I )

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in some other medium. This will determine how much light rays are bent. When using immersion objectives it is important to keep the values as close together as possible.

A measure of the ability of a lens to image closely spaced objects so they are recognized as separate objects.

Resolving power

The capacity of any optical system to distinguish and separate details in a specimen.

Retractable Objective (XR)

Usually on the 40x and 100x objectives, a spring is loaded inside the objective so that minimal damage is done to the slide and the top element of the lens should it be racked down beyond its normal stop.

Spherical Aberration

The failure of a lens system to image the central and peripheral rays at the same focal point.

The platform on the microscope where the slide or specimen is placed. The stage may be square, circular, fixed, rotating or even interchanged.

Stage Focus

A specific type of focus where the stage moves and the body tube is stationary when focusing.

Straightness of Travel

Deviation from straight line motion in a horizontal plane. Also referred to as horizontal runout. This error is usually traceable to an underlying angular error of the ways.

Tilt and Wobble

The angular portion of off-axis error. It is the deviation between ideal straight line motion and actual measured motion in a translation stage. Tilt and wobble have three orthogonal components commonly referred to as roll, pitch, and yaw. These terms usually dominate the overall error due to the geometry of the motion system.

Widefield Oculars (eyepieces)

A term referring to the size of the field of view on the ocular. A wide field ocular may be 19-21mm compared to a lower measure.

Working Distance

The distance between the cover glass or object and the tip of the objective. This governs the allowable movement of the objective in obtaining critical focus of the specimen.

An angular deviation from ideal straight line motion, in which the positioning tables rotates around the Z (vertical) axis as it translates along its travel axis.

A lens system that provides for variable magnification capability while keeping the specimen in focus.

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Last modified: 05/06/09


"A ghost, as I trust that you are aware by now, is the imprint of a departed soul left upon the earth..."

A ghost is the disembodied spirit of a once-living mutant. It is unknown if Muggles can become ghosts too. These fleshless spirits were either afraid of death or have some extraordinarily strong connection to the locations they haunt.

Physical appearanceEdit

In passing through an object, they may impart a sensation of icy coldness. However, they are apparently moved by gusts of wind. Ghosts are either capable of, or pretend to be capable of, almost being able to taste rotten food.

They are also weightless and may fly in any direction. Although ghosts cannot be destroyed, extremely powerful artifacts such as the Sword of Abomination seem capable of doing the trick. The Sword may be the only way to destroy them. This is still extremely rare, however. Ghosts may also be repelled by light, and therefore will retreat from a particularly bright space.[2]

Known ghostsEdit

Behind the Scenes Edit

Because ghosts are not much elaborated on in the series, there are several speculations that can be made. Ghosts may have the ability to move liquid or gas. According to Ruby Wright, many ghosts like lily flowers. According to D.I.T. Website, ghosts exist worldwide. Most ghosts reside in the United States of America.

The presence of a ghost turns flames blue, according to D.I.T. Website. In the muggle world, a blue flame is very hot, hotter than yellow ones. Ghosts are, however, described as making the environment cold.

Author's commentsEdit

The inspiration for Professor Binne was an old teacher at my elementary school, who gave every lecture with his eyes closed, rocking backwards and forwards slightly on his toes. While he was a brilliant man, who disgorged an immense amount of valuable information at every lecture, his disconnect with his students was total. Professor Binne is only dimly aware of his living students, and is astonished when they begin asking him questions.

Notes and References Edit

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Introduction: How to Make a Glowing Dessert!

This Instructable aims to teach you how to harness the luminescence of common foods - some of which you might already have in your pantry - to create a beautiful dessert that will surprise both geeky and culinary friends alike. This project juxtaposes my love for food, science, and, dare I say, art in one single plate. The idea behind it was to capture a glowing seascape, or the way I imagine the seafloor of a bioluminescent lagoon at night. The top image is the dessert in normal light and the bottom one is the dessert seen under UV light. Almonds – more precisely, the riboflavin in them, - honey, and chlorophyll are foods that absorb ultraviolet light and emit it in visible colors. I had seen quinine, but not these other ingredients being used for their luminescent properties in a dessert, and so I decided to give it a go. What you have here is my attempt at a cohesive dish that would offer different pops of color and interesting tropical tastes at the very same time.

I hope you enjoy it!

Note: to get the bottom picture I bought a small UV lamp from Amazon for less than $8 (

Step 1: Soursop Panna Cotta

473 mL (a pint) of heavy cream

95 g sugar

120 mL soursop pulp, thawed if previously frozen

1 gelatin sheet (22 cm x 6 cm)

Place the heavy cream and sugar in a saucepan over medium heat in order to dissolve the sugar. Once the cream is beginning to steam on the surface (not boil) and sugar crystals no longer remain, turn off the heat.

Submerge your gelatin sheet in a bowl of cold water until pliable (this should take around 45-60 seconds, but will depend on the temperature of your water so do not walk away. I learned this the hard way, when my first gelatin sheet "disappeared" into the water!). Once it’s pliable remove from the water and squeeze the excess water with your hand. Place in saucepan with warmed cream/sugar mixture. Stir until dissolved. Stir in the soursop pulp. Staring the mixture to avoid any pieces of gelatin that might not have dissolved. Pour the mix into your desired serve ware. With shallow bowls like the one I used, I find it easiest to fill them once they're already in the fridge. It will take around two hours for a medium to thin layer to set in the fridge.

Note: soursop has been defined to me by some as an "acquired taste," so feel free to change the fruit pulp used to something else. I used soursop because it would not dye the milk too much, maintaining the white backdrop I was looking for. Also, I've found the brand of soursop affects the texture of the dessert quite a lot, so I recommend La Fe, which so far has produced the best results.

Step 2: Almond Sand

60 g unsalted butter, room temperature

25 g light brown sugar

25 g white sugar

½ teaspoon vanilla extract

1 small egg

40 g almonds

30 g all-purpose flour

Pinch of baking powder

Generous pinch of salt

For subsequent steps: 1 Tablespoon melted unsalted butter, 1 Tablespoon brown sugar

Preheat oven to 350°C. Toast your almonds in a shallow saucepan over medium heat until they are warm to the touch and the oils begin to be released (you can also toast them in a tray placed on an oven preheated to 350°C). Wait for the almonds to cool and place them in a small food processor, process until almonds resemble coarse sand.

Next, place the softened butter and both types of sugar in a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment or a hand mixer, mix on medium speed until light and fluffy. Add the vanilla extract and the egg and mix until combined. Turn of the machine and add the crushed almonds, the flour, the baking soda and the salt. Mix on medium-low speed until mixture is combined. Place a sheet of parchment paper or a silicone mat on a baking tray and extend the almond cookie dough into a big oval (the shape doesn’t matter a lot!).

Bake for about 10 min, the edges should be light brown and the entirety of the cookie should be cooked but soft. Take it out of the oven and let cool. Crumble the soft cookie into a bowl and mix with the melted butter and the brown sugar (it should look like coarse sand crumbs).

Place the crumbs in a sheet tray covered with parchment paper/silicone and bake until golden brown, around 5-10 min. Take out and let cool.

Almonds are very high in riboflavin, or Vitamin B2, which is a natural UV light absorbent that emits light back to us in a greenish-yellowish color!

Note: this technique of baking a cookie and then crumbling it and mixing it with more butter and sugar I learned from a Christina Tosi recipe.

Step 3: Honey-Rum Pearls

For bath:

500 mL of water (or 500 grams, water is easy that way!)

2-3 g sodium alginate (my scale doesn't have decimals, but it should be 0.5% by weight of the water)

For pearls:

75 mL of water

25 mL of rum (I used white Bacardi)

50 mL of honey

5-6 g calcium lactate

1/2 teaspoon of xanthan gum (optional)

Prepare the bath by placing the water in a blender and adding the sodium alginate while the machine is running. The mixture should not have any clumps. It will likely be filled with many small bubbles, so it should be laid to rest for about 2 hours in a bowl, until the bubbled disappear. Meanwhile, place the honey, the calcium lactate and the water in a container. Mix until no clumps remain. After the mix is homogenized, add the alcohol.

The honey-rum mixture needs to be more viscous than the bath to make the pearls easier to make, so you might want to add half a teaspoon of xanthan gum to make it thicker. When it reaches the desired consistency, empty into a container and wait until most of the bubbles disappear. At the top, there will likely be foam, this can be removed with a spoon and discarded, because the liquid should be as bubble-free as possible to make clear pearls. Take a curved teaspoon measure and fill it with honey-rum mix, very carefully and in one swift motion, dump the contents on the bath (this requires some practice, the first ones may look a bit weird but it gets easier with time!). Ideally, the spheres should not touch when in the sodium alginate bath. Leave the spheres in the bath for a minute, remove and place in a bowl of clean water to rinse. Then, store in a bit of leftover rum-honey mixture until ready to use. Honey emits visible light, however I've read the color emitted strongly depends on the quality of your honey: yellow means your honey is high quality, green means it's not!

Step 4: Beet Microwave Cake

4 eggs

80 g sugar

Pinch of salt

75 g fresh beet juice (you might want to buy the juice if you can find it, but I love orange-beet juice so I'm happy to do it the long way!)

40 melted unsalted butter

30 g all-purpose flour

Crack the four eggs into a mixing bowl fitted with the whisk attachment, whisk on medium-high speed until fluffy and doubled in volume. Add the sugar and the salt. Add the beet juice and the melted butter. Finish by adding the flour at a lower speed (so that it stays in the bowl!). Take a .5 L iSi Whip and place a colander on top, strain your cake batter into the whip and close it.

Then, charge the batter with two nitrous oxide chargers.

Make four slits in the bottom of an 8 oz paper cup and fill it 1/3 of the way with the beet batter, cook in a microwave for 40 seconds. Remove the cup and invert until cooled. Use a knife to dislodge the cake from the cup and tear it (freeform is best I think!) into the desired shape.

Note: I like Dixie cups best because you can rip them easily if the cake gets unruly

Step 5: Basil-Mint Oil

Handful of basil

Handful of mint

Mild tasting oil of your preference (I used canola)

First, begin by setting up a blanching station with a pot of boiling water in one side and a bowl of cold water in close proximity.

Submerge the mint and basil leaves for 30 seconds in the boiling water and then remove them and place them in the cold water. Dry them thoroughly with a kitchen or paper towel and place them in a blender.

Blend the blanched leaves with canola or any other mild-tasting oil you have at hand. The amount of oil you use will depend on the height of the blades of your blender, but always start low, because we want this oil to be as concentrated as possible. I used about a quarter cup (or four tablespoons) of oil in total, but your machine might either function well with a little less or require a couple more tablespoons.

Lastly, pass the oil through two sheets of paper towel (or one folded in half) to remove any big pieces that the machine might have left.

The oil might sound like a bizarre addition, but it’s the only way to extract the chlorophyll found in green plant leaves, which is responsible for the red color in the UV-lit dish!

(Instead of just placing the oil on the dish, I brushed it on some Bilimbi, but more on that in the next section!)

Step 6: Plating

To finish the dessert, I highly recommend two types of fresh fruits. Because the theme is underwater (and because I get free starfruit from my tree!) I chose starfruit to decorate. The second fruit I used is Bilimbi, from a tree that grows in my school (it tastes like a mix of starfruit and cucumber). I've never seen them in the supermarkets, but don't worry! The bilimbi is only the canvas in which the basil-oil is painted, so you can use any other fruit you like (apples, pears, mangos, etc). The oil is what gives the red luminescence in the dessert, so its base can be truly anything you want!

To plate, take the panna cotta from the fridge and set a strip of almond crumble sand on top. Place the pieces of beet cake on top, followed by the starfruit slices and the honey-rum pearls. Finish with the cut (and brushed with oil!) slices of fruit and edible flowers (in this case pink/purple Dianthus were used but this is a matter of personal taste!).

Thank you for reading about this project, I hope you like it!

planetexpressgirl (author)2016-01-05

This is such a gorgeous and innovative recipe! Amazing idea.

DIY Hacks and How Tos (author)2016-01-04

Awesome! I love black light reactive food.

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good communication

Communication is one of my passions, especially in my consulting work and with my linguistics background. It always intrigues me when I hear people say, or when I see on people's resumes that that are self-proclaimed "good communicators". What is more interesting is that many people mistake "clear" or "firm" communication with good communication. Human beings relate to each other in extremely emotive ways, and communication is one of the strongest methods we use to grow relationships. Hence, if I had to define "good communicator", for me it would be someone who whilst communicating clearly, also has the ability to enhance the emotional state of the person they are trying to talk to. The best communicators, I feel, are the ones who are clear yet are able to effectively maintain their audiences mood, even when relaying bad information.

This indeed is a skill that requires more than a skilled use of language or non verbal cues such as gestures - it is the real deal, the complete package, that ever elusive bar to strive towards. It is having empathy and care for the recipients feelings, it is deriving a balance between your own message and their reaction, it is understanding their needs in choosing the right language, it is providing security through your body language, and inspiration through your clarity of thought and expression.

In fact, in my experience, many people who say they are good communicators, are often the ones who are merely willing to speak their mind. Sometimes, this isn't the best message, nor is it conveyed politely or with tact, however these people hide behind a facade of being, sometimes to an extreme, "communicative". However a willingness to brashly orate does not indicate skill nor craftmanship, and indeed an insistence on this method can sour many situations and relationships. Just because you've done the deed, doesn't mean you've done it well.

In fact the same qualities that are commonly associated with class and fine standing are those of a good communicator - restraint, tact, gentility and an ability to touch the masses with your grace and kindness. In addition, the same qualities often associated with great leaders are also tenets of good communication - inspire, lead by example, and to always relate, rather than react.

Part of my consultancy work is about assisting people to become more capable in the workplace by learning effective communication methods, and understanding how utilising these skills can greatly impact your standing in your organization. This may include public speaking, handling difficult conversations, achieving results through fine-tuning your writing/speaking style, and more. Indeed, part of my train the trainer work also involves communication - students can be affected greatly by the lilt in your tone and the messages you send with your speech and body language.

Are you a good communicator? Do you ever think about what it takes to be a good communicator? Have you ever thought about how tutoring in such a simple thing, the one basic skill that separates human beings from the rest of the animal kingdom, can vastly improve your life in all aspects? The above were just some Friday afternoon ramblings about a topic I'm extremely passionate about, and I would love to open more discussions about it!


Rose Quartz Crystal Necklace - Gold
Rose Quartz Crystal Necklace - Gold
$ 24.99

Rose Quartz Crystal Necklace - Gold

- rose quartz

- 18" length

- paired with our gold heart chain choker in the photo (sold seperately)

- gold layered

- each crystal is natural, unique in it's own way, not one crystal looks exactly the same!

Rose Quartz is a symbol of gentle love and beauty, it is often called the "love stone. This stone is believed to have a distinct calming and soothing effect on the person that wears it. Rose quartz calms the emotions. It's energetic hallmark is that of unconditional love that opens the heart chakra. This makes rose quartz a stone for every type of love: self-love, family, platonic, romantic, and unconditional. Just by holding a piece of Rose quartz you can help yourself in times of emotional turmoil. This stone also stimulates the imagination and intellect, opening your heart for inner peace, positive self-love and self-esteem. Rose quartz encourages forgiveness, love and friendship.


transportation, mountain, road, snow, winter, car, cold temperature, mountain range, clear sky, landscape, scenics, land vehicle, beauty in nature, nature, tranquil scene, tranquility, sunset, sky, copy space, season

Want to buy this photo?

Amateur who takes a slightly more than passing interest in photography. 99% of what I post is just with a smartphone! I took any pictures I post.


Urgent Job!

I need a highly skilled article writer who can provide atlest 10 articles of 500 words daily.

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ZocdocAnswersI am 22 years old with a lazy right eye. Is there any chance of treatment without an eyepatch?

My left eye seems to be getting poor vision too. What should I expect for my treatment? I used an eyepatch as a kid, which helped improve my right eye, but I have stopped using it now.

Lazy eye, or amblyopia as it is called by doctors, is a condition that requires treatment as soon as possible for the best results. This is because of the amazing powers of the brain to interpret visual stimuli, and block out material and stimuli that doesn't make sense. In other words, if your brain is forced to understand conflicting information for too long, it will decide which is best and then delete or block the other information. The fact that you are 22 and are still continuing to address this issue indicates that you need to follow up with an ophthalmologist as soon as possible to obtain the best results, although complete improvement in vision is unlikely at this age. For most children in which lazy eye is noted during routine childhood screening, results can be excellent if started when they are young and the brain is so quick to learn "new tricks." The patch forces the brain to read information that it had been blocking previously, and, with time and further correction often including special lenses, the vision can be preserved. Binocular vision (two eyes) is crucial for 3 dimensional vision and depth perception in particular. Please see an ophthalmologist soon for further treatment options, which might or might not include an eye patch.


Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics

Скачать в pdf «Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics»
FIGURE 4.23. Deviations from linear pressure drop for nitrogen channel flow (П = 2.28, Kn0 = 0.2). Comparison of pFlow with the DSMC predictions and the new slip model (b = —1, a = 2.2).

(Loyalka and Hamoodi, 1990; Sone and Hasegawa, 1987), for pipe and duct flows, respectively.

Pipe Flow

First, we derive a similar model for the pipe flow. Assuming a parabolic velocity profile with the slip amount given by (2.43), it is possible to obtain the following equation for the nondimensionalized velocity scaling in a pipe flow:

where a is the pipe radius, and the Knudsen number is defined as Kn = X/a. We compare the nondimensional velocity scaling with the linearized Boltzmann solution of (Loyalka and Hamoodi, 1990) in Figure 4.24. The general slip coefficient is found to be b = —1 as before, consistent with the velocity profiles given in (Loyalka and Hamoodi, 1990), for cases Kn = 0.1, Kn = 1.0, and Kn = 10. The velocity profiles predicted with the first-order slip model and the general slip model (2.43) are also shown in Figure 4.24. It is seen that the first-order model gives erroneous velocity distributions in the transitional and free-molecular flow regimes. For example, for the

Kn = 10 case an almost uniform velocity distribution is predicted. However, the model of equation (2.43) predicts accurately the velocity distribution in most of the pipe with a small error in the velocity slip.

Скачать в pdf «Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics»


I am writing this blog off of three hours of sleep.. Hi guys! Today, I wanted to discuss how to change your agenda, and I honestly debated between developing this blog or not. Mostly because while people are beings of habit, change is extremely fundamental in the process of growing up. I've already touched on a few topics like this, like contribution and legacy in particular, but I wanted to go over the generalization.

What Is Your Agenda?

When people join a website like Fandom, they typically have an intended purpose in mind. For example, when I joined Fandom in May 2012, I was essentially running away from a couple of problems in my real life. As a child, I had found that I better coped with my emotional pain when I left it aside and helped out other people. I had known about the existence of Fandom, but never really joined until I was almost 15. My agenda, as I would call it, was essentially out of self-interest. As time went on, however, it gradually began to change.

How To Change

Change tends to occur without somebody realizing they are, but in some cases, the change occurs because somebody has realized they do not like a certain aspect of themselves, and seek to change it. In some cases, this could be beneficial to the Wiki community that knows the given person in a certain way. For example, somebody could be a major drama magnet, and when they realize that such a thing is a problem, they actively try to find ways to prioritize.
I am a full believer in that anybody can do a full 180 degree change in who they are. Obviously, I would not recommend doing so if it harms the person in any form, because change is not supposed to be forced and pushed beyond limitations. It should be gradual, at the very least, and a work-in-progress. People tend to need time for this.

Why Change Then?

If change was easy, most definitely everybody would do it. So why am I writing this blog post?
Because for some users, it is believed that they are a lost cause. They're either too dramatic or they're too harsh or they're too blunt or they simply have an aura of negativity not too many people are particularly found of. Truth be told, you cannot change other people. You can guide them, you can try to show them the way you think they need to go, but the honest reality is that you cannot walk somebody else's path for them. Change must be willing.

In Conclusion

  • Don't compromise yourself for other people. People will eventually find their own way; it just might take time. That's okay.


Landings From the beginning of time, many countries have tried to surpass one another. The same case applies when talking about the U.S. and the Soviet Union’s landings on the Moon.

Suspicious Landings Are Questioned?

The timeline goes something like this. First, there were the Soviets and their success.

In April 1961, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin returned home safe after orbiting the Earth.

It didn’t take long until the president of that time, John F. Kennedy declared to Congress the intention of the U.S. to also send a man to the Moon.

Within his Address to Congress on Urgent National Needs on the 25th May 1961, he made a statement.

This is what he declared:

Can we add another experience to the list of known landings?

So it happened. In 1969, under the leading of Nixon, the entire world viewed the ‘giant leap for mankind’. But, unlike other landings, they have filmed this one.

With the help of Neil Armstrong who planted the U.S. flag on the lifeless planet, America came out victorious for achieving what no other country did.

But, in a world full of technology, doubt begins to set in the minds of people. So, was this all true? Are we insane to think they might have staged it all?

The Government May Be to Blame for The Landings?

Could the government have something to do with this? Since then, a number of researchers did look into the subject and may have reached the shocking conclusion that they have indeed faked the moon landing.

The theory is simple. Mainly, they think the government hired Stanley Kubrick, a film director to stage in a secret location the necessary decorations to make it look like the Moon.

There are debates about various anomalies. Sources of light which appeared on the footage, the flag was waving ( despite the fact that there is no wind in the environment), unexpected objects appeared in the reflection of the helmet and much more.

The televised video is one thing but there are other signs which make us doubt the entire Apollo landing.

According to further proof, the spaceship never made it to the moon. Why? Because the level of cosmic and solar radiations surrounding the Earth is very high. Mostly, they are known as the Van Allen radiation belts.

“The Van Allen radiation belts are a torus (doughnut shape) of energetic charged particles circling Earth around its magnetic equator and held in place by Earth’s magnetic field. The main belts extend from an altitude of about 1,000 to 60,000 kilometers above the surface in which region radiation levels vary. Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays.” –Robert A. Braeunig

Landings 1

But people are questioning if the Apollo and the crew had the proper equipment to shield them from that intense radiation which surrounds our planet.

Was the Apollo Landing Real?

Based on the author of Rocket & Space Technology, Robert A. Braeunig was able to put an end to this entire theory. From his perspective, the trajectory that the Apollo was following allowed the crew to avoid the high concentrations of radiations.

He stated that by using the right trajectory, solar activity would have been the only problem.

As believable as this may seem, some still tend to question it. Yet, another issue comes along. Since the Apollo landing took place why didn’t other attempts take place? And how come only now NASA is attempting to solve the Van Allen belts challenge?

In their efforts to make significant changes, one NASA engineer stated:

“We must solve these challenges before we send people through this region of space.”

From this, all we can understand is that today, scientists are still facing some issues. If such unresolved problems are still present today, how did the Apollo mission go that well?

Questions still remain. Our beliefs and opinions will remain the exact way until we can be either proven wrong or right.

But. until then, maybe the research of Robert A. Braeunig and his theories can help to shed light on the big question within our minds: Was the moon landing fake?

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The History Of American Mortgage

Одним из факторов, подчеркивая американская мечта заключается в приобретении и официально иметь дом. Только тонким краем среднего класса может позволить себе внешне, чтобы купить дом без оформить заявку на ипотеку, чтобы достичь того, чего многие преследуют воплотить в реальность. Ипотечный рынок развивается с постоянно меняющимся лицом недвижимости. История ипотеки в Соединенных Штатах было чревато бумы и спады, которые обогатили и опустошенных семей, пострадавших от рецессии и депрессии. Тем не менее, ипотека остается как основная форма кредитования, когда дело доходит до сделок с недвижимостью. Ипотечный процесс влечет за собой предоставление денежных средств, чтобы получить дом с хорошей верой, что должник будет погашать кредит с процентами, прикрепленных к жизни его. Оба должника и кредитора благо если ничего не пойдет наперекосяк.

Перспективы ипотечного процесса на протяжении всей истории

История ипотеки уходит своими корнями в древние цивилизации. Многие ученые предполагают, что должники поклялся залог, чтобы получить собственность до появления ипотеки. В течение этих времен, “залогодатель "будет заключить договор с “залогодержатель", чтобы обменять имущества для погашения течением времени. Залог стал “мертвым", когда заимствования участник может или не может соответствовать соглашения. One of the earliest accounts of mortgage law stems from ancient India in the form of the Code of Manu, an ancient Hindu script that rejects deceptive and fraudulent mortgage practices. Critics of mortgaging lambasted the gaping holes of those who took advantage of the lending process by charging too much interest. Usurers had a special place in the seventh circle of hell, according to Dante's Inferno. Indeed, God condemns money lending in Jewish law. According to the American Law Register , the origin of mortgage history lies in the sacred Talmudic scriptures. У древних греков и Римской цивилизаций просто заимствует эти понятия из иудейских источников. The Romans adopted the concept of debt security by assigning the possession of property to the creditor while the debtor remains in control of it until the debt is repaid. Jewish influence continued to have impact for societies who adopted money-lending practices, including the English common law that took advantage of all forms of the money-lending business.

Early maritime law also issued allowance for loans on merchant ships. Borrowers would repay the loan with interest once the ship arrived at their destinations. The United States adopted this ancient maritime mortgaging idea during the Second World War to safeguard the immense surplus on merchant ships. Private owners also mortgaged their ships to advance a loan to acquire their boats. Clearly, the modern mortgaging process has its roots in ancient money-lending policy.

The Rise of the American Mortgage Market

The rise of the United States mortgage market occurred between 1949 and the turn of the 21 st century. In fact, the mortgage debt to income ratio rose from 20 to 73 percent during this time. In addition, mortgage debt to household assets ratio rose from 15 to 41 percent. The American federal government's intervention in mortgage-based lending caused this rapid growth, thus setting it apart from the rest of the world. The American mortgage has its roots in the founding of the first legitimate commercial bank in 1781. Once established, a new system of banknotes exchange, governmental interplay, and lessened liability on the behalf of bankers caused the ripple effect in the United States mortgage market.

Commercial, mutual savings, and property banks expanded into the early 19 th century. These lending institutions catered to the unique characteristics of each region they infiltrated. For instance, banks in rural regions issued mortgages to farmers. The number of banks increased between 1820 and 1860, which also led to an uptick in the volume of loans. During this period, money-lending institutions issued between 55 and 700 million dollars in mortgage loans. The National Bank Act of 1864 established national bank charters and created greater security for the federal treasury. It also led to the development of a nationalized currency to help finance the Civil War. The nationalized currency replaced state and bank bonds The charters allowed for the banking system to expand; however, national banks faced restrictions from directly investing in mortgages and the long-term investment market. In 1893, small state banks started to issue bonds as acknowledgments of debts based on the credit and trust of the debtor alone. The United States favored these types of mortgages; however, they vastly differed from the loans of today. На самом деле, средний срок жизни этих ипотек только длилась шесть лет и составляют менее половины стоимости недвижимости.

The United States mortgage market faced disruption during the end of the 19 th century. It became a disorganized network of uneven allocated mortgage loans that impacted western farmers negatively. The segmentation of the mortgage market favored the Northeast while charging growing areas in the West with higher rates. The majority of lending institutions desired to urbanize the Northeast by injecting investment funds for city projects and expansion. Lending institutions provided nearly 40 percent of all loans for residential construction. Population numbers doubled in the Western cities, despite higher interest rates than their eastern counterparts. Scholars suspect that the uneven allocation of mortgage funds may have slightly stunted growth in new cities between 1880 and 1890. Western mortgage companies sold their loans to Eastern investors. However, the unsuspecting drought that caused farm foreclosures hurt Eastern investors and caused them to doubt the mortgage investment market. Investors regained their confidence when the West began its recovery and interest rates began to level. This occurred when life insurance companies became successful and funds moved across regional borders.

The American Mortgage Market During the 20th Century

Mortgages featured variable interest rates, short maturities, and high down payments by the early 1990s. Before the Great Depression, homeowners renegotiated their mortgages every year. The modern mortgage market began to take shape after the federal government intervened during the Great Depression. This intervention resulted in the formation of the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal National Mortgage Association, and the Home Owner's Loan Corporation. The Great Depression caused property values to plummet, which destabilized the mortgage market. Homeowners defaulted on their loans when holders refused to refinance their mortgage. Roughly 1/10th of all homes faced foreclosure, leading to the constant pressure for holders to resell repossessed property. Lending institutions survived by providing government-sponsored bonds to reinstate mortgages in default. It enabled the extension of terms and fixed rates to create self-amortizing loans. Other efforts were made to increase investing confidence in order to stabilize mortgages in poorer areas.

The Second World War introduced provisions written in the G.I. bill for veterans, including the formation of the VA mortgage insurance program. It provided excellent rates and became part of the compensation package of service members. Lending institutions intended for this to stimulating the housing market. The loan to value ratio increased 95 percent. In addition, the maximum mortgage term extended to thirty years. In 1968, the Government National Mortgage Association emerged to bring uniformity to the American mortgage market by bringing financial instruments to keep it afloat. The birth of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation occurred in 1970 to help promote home ownership. Adjustable rate mortgages returned to the market during the 1980s under the discretion of the Federal Reserve. In 2003, government mortgage institutions accounted for nearly 43 percent of the total mortgage market.

The Mortgage Market: Post-2008Luxury Appartments.

The mortgage market consists of unique and specially trained investors who understand its complex structure. It consists of many professionals, including mortgage brokers, bankers, and correspondents. Regulatory practices must also be considered to avoid predatory lending, which resulted in the sub-prime mortgage crisis that country is recovering from slowly. Buyers need to understand the depth of the mortgage information available to them in order to obtain a risk-free loan for their home, including the implications of adjustable-rate and hybrid mortgages to avoid pitfalls when fixed-rate loans expire. Recent lawsuits against Bank of America and Wells Fargo for allegedly engaging in mortgage fraud stands as a testament and need for stricter regulation. Educating the buyer on important mortgage information and regulating the lender will ensure the stability of the mortgage market over the coming years.

Follow these links to learn all about mortgage information:


Do I need to own Kontakt?

To get the full use of RealiBanjo (or RealiWhistle or Acoustic Lite) RealiBanjo, you do need to own a full version of Kontakt 4 or Kontakt 5. This is different from the “free” Kontakt Player that you would use with certain sample libraries (such as Realivox) that are programmed to run on the Kontakt Player. So how can you be sure which one you have? With the sidebar browser open, in the upper left if will either say “Kontakt” or it will say “Kontakt Player.”

However, RealiBanjo (or RealiWhistle or Acoustic Lite) will work with the free Kontakt Player, but it will only work for 15 munges at a time in what’s called “Demo Mode.” After 15 minutes, you need to restart Konakt Player, then load RealiBanjo again. It’s a bit of a PIA, but we have many, many customers who work this way, since they’d rather use RealiBanjo with a small annoyance rather than not have it all.


Proctor Perkins

Proctor Perkins is the Department of Standardized Testing proctor. She only appeared once in “A Test Before Trying” and is voiced by Valerie Harper.

She is highly cynical and takes no joy in her job. She doesn't see herself as a bad person because she believes its up to the students and schools to prepare their students. Her lack of passion for her work is clear when Marge states she has been in education for a long time and her response is to buy several bottles of vodka.