A Wingsuit Could Let Usain Bolt Fly On Saturn's Largest Moon
March 3, 2014

A Wingsuit Could Let Usain Bolt Fly On Saturn’s Largest Moon

Lawrence LeBlond for redOrbit.com - Your Universe Online

Usain Bolt, who holds records as the fastest man on Earth on two feet, may be so fast that he could fly if he was dropped off on Saturn’s moon Titan and given a wingsuit.

Physics students from the University of Leicester have calculated that, based on the world-record holder’s superhuman speeds, he would be able to take flight on the distant moon.

Bolt has been recorded reaching speeds of up to 40.25 feet per second, or about 28 mph. At these speeds, the Olympic gold medalist would be able to soar above the planet with no need for a propulsion system.

The physics students made the calculations as part of their final year paper, which has been published in the University’s Journal of Physics Special Topics.

Based on the physics of Saturn’s largest moon, experts have previously suggested that humans would be able to lift off from the moon’s surface if they had wings on their arms. This is because Titan has a dense, nitrogen-rich atmosphere with a surface pressure almost 50 percent stronger than Earth’s.

However, the Leicester physics students have shown that it would even be possible to achieve liftoff with a regular wingsuit like the ones used by skydivers if the person wearing the suit could achieve a fast enough speed.

To figure out the required amount of speed for propulsion-less flight to occur, the team calculated several factors, including density and air at the surface of Titan; acceleration due to gravity; wingsuit wing area; and the ratio of the streamline path of the air above the aerofoil to that below the aerofoil.

The students determined that an average person with a normal-sized (1.4 meters squared) wingsuit, would need to achieve speeds of 36.09 feet per second, or about 24.5 mph, to become airborne. While humans are not built to run this fast, some sprinters have been recorded reaching these speeds and Bolt has been recorded moving even faster.

The team found that flying on Titan would not be limited to those with the fastest footwork. Any average person could possibly spread their arms and take flight on Titan – although it would be much less comfortable and may look rather silly.

The team found that people could possibly take off on Titan if they could reach a more manageable speed of 19.68 feet per second, or about 13.4 mph, and as long as they were wearing a wingsuit with a surface area more than three times larger than a normal-sized one.

While the numbers look right on paper, putting it to practice could be more of a challenge.

Student Hannah Lerman, 21, from Mill Hill, North London, said: “I had seen a lot of claims online that humans would be able to fly on Titan, but no one had given the physics behind it.

“I thought it would be interesting to try it with a wingsuit – something that you actually use on earth. It is a really exciting idea that someone like Usain Bolt could actually fly unaided. It would give a whole new dimension to travelling,” she said in a statement. “I am really interested in the journal side of science, and it was really interesting to see how that was run as part of this module.”

The students’ paper was part of a larger module aimed at helping them learn about peer review and scientific publishing.

“The students are encouraged to be imaginative with their topics, and find ways to apply basic physics to the weird, the wonderful and the everyday,” said course tutor Dr Mervyn Roy, a lecturer at Leicester’s Department of Physics and Astronomy.


Lindsay Lohan considering Playboy

Because collagen is expensive, Lindsay Lohan is mulling a $900,000 offer to get naked for Playboy, according to Hollyscoop:

But Playboy has reportedly upped the ante to $900K, and we hear she’s considering it! Sources say, “Playboy has been asking her for years, but it’s only now she’s excited about doing it.”

If Lindsay’s smart, she’ll take the money before Playboy realizes she’d do it for a bag of flour with the word “Coak” written on it.


The automatic cake decorator is part of an exhibit entitled "til you stop - how much is enough." You determine how decorated the cake gets by telling the machine when to stop. More icing please! (as long as it's of the cream cheese variety) [mischer'traxler via Design Boom]


Seattlechief city of the state of Washington, U.S., on a neck of land between Elliott Bay (Puget Sound) and Lake Washington (a 24-mile [39-kilometre] stretch of freshwater), seat (1853) of King county and , the largest metropolis of the Pacific Northwest, and one of the largest and most affluent urban centres in the United States. A major port of entry and an air and sea gateway to the Orient Asia and Alaska, it is surrounded by areas of great natural beauty; to the west, the Olympic Mountains provide protection from heavy winter rains, while the lofty Cascades to the east shield the city from both mid-continental cold and heat. Seattle is the headquarters of the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, which extends along the western slopes of the Cascades.

The first white settlement was made at Alki Point in 1851. The town, laid out in 1853 and named for an Indian chief who had befriended the early settlers, grew as a sawmill centre. It successfully withstood an Indian attack in 1856 (with the aid of the U.S. sloop Decatur) and survived anti-Chinese riots in the 1880s and a disastrous fire in 1889.

The town’s development was slow until the Great Northern Railway arrived in 1893, making it a major rail terminus. With a fine landlocked harbour, Seattle became the main supply depot for the Yukon and Alaskan gold rushes in the 1890s. Its strategic location, close to the “great circle” route to the Orient, and its position as the southern terminus of the Inside Passage to Alaska, helped develop the harbour into one of the world’s great seaports, with more than 50 miles (80 km) of wharves. A grading project was initiated in the early 1900s to remove hills in the downtown area by sluicing methods, using the fill for harbour development.

Between 1905 and 1910, 10 surrounding cities and towns were annexed, and Seattle’s population grew to 237,194. The opening of the Panama Canal (1914), completion (1916) of the Lake Washington Ship Canal (linking the outer harbour [Elliott Bay] with the inner harbour [Lake Washington]), and development of the city’s Smith Cove piers and Duwamish Waterway heralded a new period of commercial growth. World War II brought a great boom, with shipyards and the aircraft industry playing important roles.

Within Seattle’s present diversified economic complex are manufacturing (with heavy emphasis on aerospace industries, machinery, and forest productsSeattle lies alongside Puget Sound, a deep inland arm of the northern Pacific Ocean.

The city was settled on Nov. 13, 1851, at what is now West Seattle. It was relocated the following year to a site across Elliott Bay near a Duwamish Indian village. It owes its name to the Native American leader Seattle, chief of the Duwamish, Suquamish, and other tribes of the Puget Sound area. Areas of great natural beauty, including the densely forested Olympic Peninsula and the Cascade Range, surround the city. Its urban centre, dominated by tall skyscrapers that overlook Elliott Bay and enhanced by the city’s abundant parks and neighbourhoods, also offers a handsome prospect.

Like other Western cities in the United States, Seattle commands the resources of a broad hinterland, one that extends far east to the Great Plains of Montana. Linked by road, rail, ship, and air to global distribution networks, the city has grown to take on international economic importance, a development that owes much to Seattle’s role as one of the world’s leading centres for the manufacture of high technology and for Internet-based commerce. Inc. town, 1865; city, 1869. Area 83.9 square miles (217.3 square km). Pop. (2000) city, 563,374; Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue MSA, 3,043,878; (2007 est.) city, 594,210; (2008 est.) Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue MSA, 3,344,813.

Character of the city

Seattle is a city of distinct neighbourhoods and urban districts that, though close to one another, change from one street to the next. Some neighbourhoods, notably those near the Duwamish Waterway to southwest of the city centre, are industrial in character, marked by rail yards, wharves, cranes, and low-income housing projects. Others, largely outside the city centre, are showcases for the opulence wrought by Seattle’s booming high-technology sector. .

Seattle’s districts have a comfortably prosperous but not ostentatious feel, characterized by neat family homes and townhouses occupied by industrial workers, artists, academics, professionals, and that odd class of technology workers whom the novelist Douglas Coupland branded “microserfs.” The city is more closely connected to its downtown area than most of its counterparts in the American West, and considerable effort has been given to promoting the city centre as a place in which to live and work.

Seattle is a bustling place that thrives with industrial, commercial, and cultural activity around the clock. Its waters teem with great oceangoing ships, its streets with automobiles, its rail lines with transcontinental freighters and passenger trains, and its skies with aircraft of every description. Although the city’s image is of a financial and commercial centre, its people place great value on the arts, literature, sports, and other cultural activities; it boasts large arenas, multistory bookshops, dozens of museums and galleries, and countless examples of public art.

The city is densely populated. The metropolitan area, loosely defined, has grown to embrace once far-outlying satellites such as Everett and Renton. The shift from urban to bedroom communities is a consequence of several economic considerations, among them the rapid escalation within the city of the cost of family housing. Many Seattle workers have elected to commute from distant but more affordable towns beyond the city proper. By the early 21st century some 200,000 workers commuted to downtown Seattle from neighbouring communities, creating heavy traffic and disruptions on interstate and regional highways. Despite the high real estate prices, however, the inner city remained popular among certain groups, such as young renters.

Seattle grew rapidly at the end of 20th century, aided in its expansion by the arrival of workers—many of them highly skilled and educated—from around the world but also from recession-prone southern California. Growth, a constant theme in the city’s history, has been so persistent in Seattle and elsewhere in the Pacific Northwest that regional planners now locate the city at the centre of an emerging region called “Cascadia,” a corridor some 400 miles (645 km) long extending from Eugene, Ore., to Vancouver, B.C. Cascadia’s commercial importance continues to grow substantially each year. Other models of urban growth make Seattle part of a conurbation called “Pugetopolis,” which extends southwest along Puget Sound as far as Olympia.

Despite Seattle’s enormous growth, it still maintains a high level of social and public services, excellent schools, and abundant parks and greenbelts, which have earned it the sobriquet “the Emerald City.” It is consistently rated one of North America’s most livable cities, and, despite the vagaries of a highly volatile information-technology economy, its fortunes seem to be ever on the rise.

City site

Seattle lies on the southeastern shore of Puget Sound, a deep 100-mile- (160-km-) long inlet of the northern Pacific Ocean. The central portion of the city faces Elliott Bay, a deep-floored extension. At Shilshole Bay, to the northwest, Puget Sound is joined by the 8-mile- (13-km-) long Lake Washington Ship Canal. The canal passes through Lake Union, Portage Bay, and Union Bay to Lake Washington, a 22-mile (35-km) stretch of fresh water bordered by thriving cities and towns; some of these towns are connected by bridge to Seattle. Bainbridge and Vashon islands, in Puget Sound, contain numerous bedroom communities, and cities across the sound are increasingly being integrated into the Seattle conurbation.

Seattle lies in the Puget Lowland, the structure of which is determined by the movement of plates along the Juan de Fuca subduction zone to the west. A tectonic feature, the Seattle Fault, crosses Puget Sound in an east-west direction, traveling through downtown Seattle westward to the Cascade Range. The region is tectonically and volcanically active; significant earthquakes occurred along the Juan de Fuca Plate in 1949, 1965, and 2001. The region’s present landscape is the product less of earthquake action than of three to six episodes of intense glaciation—the last of which occurred about 15,000 years ago—that scoured out Puget Sound and deposited great quantities of sediment that are subject to erosion, landslides, weathering, and other nonglacial processes.

The Seattle waterfront comprises mostly mudflats and coastal lowland carved by the Duwamish River—much of which was dredged and straightened in the early 20th century to create the Duwamish Waterway, an industrial channel—and by smaller streams. Beyond the shores of Puget Sound and Lake Washington, the landscape is an attractive mixture of rolling hills and a few steep ridges, the result of a landscape-altering program that occurred in the early 1900s. Drainage occurs through a network of streams, some channelized and some more or less natural. The ever-growing urbanization of the region has led to an increase in the incidence of intracity flooding as tree-lined meadows and other catchments give way to lawns and parking lots that cannot hold rainwater runoff. Mountains, including 14,410-foot (4,392-metre) Mount Rainier and the distant peaks of the Cascade and Olympic ranges, frame the skyline. The city centre lies approximately 110 miles (180 km) to the south of the U.S.-Canadian border, and Seattle enjoys a long-standing historical and commercial connection with the Canadian province of British Columbia. The city also lies about one-third of the way to the Pacific Ocean from the Snoqualmie Pass of the Cascade Range, which provides an overland route into the interior of the Pacific Northwest.

Seattle’s climate is temperate, with cool summers and mild winters. To the west, the Olympic Mountains provide protection from the heavy winter rains that frequently inundate the Pacific coast of Washington, while the tall Cascades to the east shield the city from midcontinental extremes of heat and cold. Average high temperatures in July seldom exceed the mid-70s F (about 24 °C), while average highs in January are in the upper 40s F (about 8 °C). The temperature drops below freezing for about 10 to 15 days annually. Owing to the confluence of humid continental and oceanic weather systems, the sky is often overcast. However, the city receives an average of only 37 inches (940 mm) of precipitation each year. The summer sky is usually at least partly clear, but overall there are fewer than 60 completely sunny days annually.

City layout

Until the 20th century, Seattle’s economy was based on lumbering and the extraction and transport of other locally abundant natural resources. Its economy diversified with the development of manufacturing (including aircraft and heavy machinery), food processing, banking, insurance, and transportation

. Biomedical, ocean science, and electronics-based industries are important as well. Seattle was the headquarters for the Boeing Company before it relocated to Chicago in 2001 (it still maintains a large presence in the city) and is the site of Fort Lawton (established in 1897) and Sand Point Naval Air Base. It is also the home port for a large fishing fleet and the Puget Sound and Olympic Peninsula ferries.

Seattle Center (the 74-acre [30-hectare] site of the 1962 World’s Fair) contains the 607-foot- (185-metre-) high Space Needle, the Opera House, and other public buildings. Parks include Woodland Park and Zoo, Pioneer Square, Volunteer Park (with a memorial to the 1867 Alaska Purchase), and Alki Point. The Seattle Art Museum reflects the city’s Oriental and Indian influences. Lake Washington, forming the city’s eastern boundary, is a course for motorboat (Gold Cup), crew, and yacht races. Seattle is the seat of the University of Washington (1861), which is housed in the former buildings of the 1909 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. The city also has Seattle University (1891), Seattle Pacific University (1891), Cornish College of the Arts (1914), and four community colleges. Inc. town, 1865; city, 1869. Pop. (2000) city, 563,374; Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue MSA, 3,043,878; (2005 est.) city, 573,911; Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue MSA, 3,203,314.

industries in the early 20th century, all of which expanded markedly during and after World War II. Electronics-based industries, notably those connected with software development and manufacturing, became significant in the 1980s and are now the most productive component of the economy. Biomedical manufactures are of growing importance, while agricultural products grown in the so-called Inland Empire of the interior Northwest remain an economic mainstay. Numerous federal agencies have offices in Seattle. Washington state ranks among the highest in the country in per capita exports, and the vast majority of these exports are manufactured, processed, or shipped from Seattle. International trade is the most dynamic sector of the state and city economy, symbolized by the construction of the World Trade Center Seattle complex.

Seattle’s workforce is large and generally well educated. Women comprise almost half of full-time workers. The median family income is well above the national average, reflecting a strong local and regional economy.

Seattle was formerly the headquarters for the Boeing Company, the world’s largest manufacturer of commercial aircraft and among the largest exporters in the country in the second half of the 20th century. Although Boeing relocated to Chicago in 2001, much of the company’s airplane production is still based in Seattle. Founded in 1916 as a military-aircraft manufacturer, Boeing produces commercial jetliners as well as a range of military and space-exploration craft. The largest manufacturer in the Seattle area is the Microsoft Corporation, the world’s largest maker of computer operating systems and applications such as word-processing and spreadsheet programs. Although it has offices throughout the world, Microsoft does most of its research and product development at its corporate headquarters in suburban Redmond. Its presence has attracted many software firms to the Seattle area and spurred much infrastructure development, including the construction of reliable broadband fibre-optic networks.

Although it declined in economic importance after the end of the Cold War, the U.S. Department of Defense remains a large employer in the Seattle region. Among its facilities are the U.S. Army’s Fort Lewis, the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Naval Base Kitsap, McChord Air Force Base, and Naval Station Everett. Puget Sound’s once-prominent shipbuilding industry, which focused primarily on military craft, has declined, and several shipbuilding yards have been decommissioned or converted to other uses, including the disposal of nuclear weapons.

Other important industries in the Seattle area include biotechnology, bioinformatics, genomics, environmental engineering, lumber and wood-product processing, food processing, and the manufacture of industrial machinery and equipment, medical equipment, and textiles. The city is headquarters to the Weyerhaeuser Corporation and to the U.S. North Pacific fishing fleet.

Finance and other services

Seattle serves as the chief financial and commercial centre for the Pacific Northwest. The Seattle-born Starbucks coffee-shop chain and, an Internet-based retailer, are now bywords across the world; Nordstrom’s department store chain, founded in Seattle, stretches nationwide.

Seattle has always been attractive to tourists. The sector received a boost in the late 1990s with the Port of Seattle’s decision to expand its cruise-ship activity; this led to an enormous increase in the number of passengers passing through the city in the early 21st century at the same time that Seattle tourism in general was growing. The largest proportion of visitors, some four-fifths, come from within the United States; about another one-tenth are from Canada.

An extensive network of interstate, federal, and state highways and local roads serves Seattle; two interstate highways pass through the city, and pontoon bridges span Lake Washington into the urban centre. In the 1990s the city government embarked on an ambitious program to retrofit bridges to withstand potentially strong earthquakes and to improve safety. Heavily traveled, these roads are subject to traffic gridlock, a pervasive problem that remains unresolved.

The Port of Seattle, established in 1911, is one of the largest container-cargo ports in the United States and in the world. The port encompasses some 570 acres (230 hectares) of container-handling facilities. Ferries serve nearby Vashon Island, Bainbridge Island, Bremerton, and other points along Puget Sound; some travel as far north as Victoria, B.C. Passenger cruise ships operating from Seattle regularly travel the Inside Passage to southern Alaska. Navigation locks along the Lake Washington Ship Canal allow boats to pass between Puget Sound and Lake Washington.

Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (Sea-Tac), 13 miles (21 km) south of the city centre, is a major gateway connecting Asia, Europe, and North America and is among the leading U.S. airports in international passenger travel. It is served by dozens of airlines (including Alaska Airlines, headquartered in the city), many of which are cargo carriers. Other modes of transport include bus lines and a rail system served by three large intermodal rail yards within the greater Seattle area. Several Amtrak passenger routes connect Seattle with cities in Oregon and California and with points east as far as Chicago. The city’s 1-mile (1.6-km) monorail, introduced at the World’s Fair in 1962, is a popular tourist attraction and provides fast transportation between Seattle Center and the downtown shopping area.

Administration and society

Since its incorporation as a city in 1869, Seattle has been governed under a succession of charters. Under the most recent one (1946), the city is governed by a mayor, who is elected to a four-year term, and a nine-member city council, whose members are elected to four-year terms through citywide elections held in odd-numbered years. The council is governed by a president—chosen from among its members—who heads the city’s legislative department, coordinates the work of the council as a whole, and serves as interim mayor in the event of the elected mayor’s absence. The council’s authority includes commissioning public improvements and approving expenditures, providing for public safety and health, levying local taxes, and overseeing city finances and properties. Council ordinances are subject to veto by the mayor, which may be overridden by a two-thirds majority vote. Seattle has municipal courts, to which misdemeanour crimes are referred, and houses district and superior courts that are integrated with the judicial system of the state of Washington.

Municipal services

The city operates Seattle City Light, an electrical utility that, with other agencies, maintains a series of hydroelectric dams on nearby waterways. Among the earliest municipally owned utilities in the country and overseen by the city council’s energy and environmental policy committee, Seattle City Light has long served as a model for other such services across the United States. The city also provides water, police and fire protection, refuse collection, and recycling services. It also maintains low-income housing and offers a variety of public-welfare services.

Seattle offers a wide range of health care facilities and services that are among the best in the country. The city has some two dozen general hospitals, psychiatric hospitals, long-term-care facilities, and substance-abuse treatment centres. Among the major teaching and research institutions are Swedish Hospital, University of Washington Medical Center, and Harborview Medical Center. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center is a leading national centre of bone-marrow transplantation and other treatments for cancer and blood-related illnesses. Mental health and chemical-dependency treatment services are provided by a nonprofit agency that receives much of its funding from the local government.

Seattle has a highly educated population. Nearly nine-tenths of the adult population have a high school diploma, and nearly half have attained a four-year college degree. About 100 public and some 300 private and parochial schools provide elementary and secondary education. Seattle is also the seat of the University of Washington (1861), Seattle University (1891), Seattle Pacific University (1891), Cornish College of the Arts (1914), and the Art Institute of Seattle (1946), all of which provide advanced and continuing education. There are also several community colleges. The Washington Technology Center is among the many research facilities integrated with both the university system and the technology sector.

Cultural life

Seattle enjoys a lively blend of cultural activities that draws on the city’s ethnic diversity, its tradition of municipal support for the arts, and its status as a regional and national educational and economic centre. A distinctive component of Seattle’s daily life and popular culture is its relationship with coffee and coffeehouses. Seattle has the highest per capita coffee consumption in the United States, and Seattleites’ love of specialty coffee has enabled hundreds of independent shops to thrive in the city that also produced the retail chains Starbucks, Seattle’s Best, and Tully’s. It has been theorized that the city’s cloudy, drizzly climate gave the perfect impetus for coffee’s unusual degree of popularity; caffeinated drinks consumed in cozy shops and restaurants provide great balm as well as shelter from the dampness.

There are more than two dozen museums in Seattle. Among them are the Seattle Art Museum, with eclectic and well-curated holdings; the Seattle Asian Art Museum, with internationally important collections; the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, on the University of Washington campus, which has extensive ethnographic collections relating to the native peoples of the Pacific Northwest; and the Museum of History and Industry and the Pacific Science Center, both of which offer educational programs. Located in the International District, the Wing Luke Asian Museum commemorates the contributions of Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian peoples to the history, politics, and culture of the region. The Nordic Heritage Museum is located in Ballard.

The city’s parks and streets include many examples of public art, among them the monumental sculptures of Seattle Center. At the end of the 1990s, the SODO (South of Downtown) Urban Art Corridor began the development of a landscaped district of murals and sculpture gardens. The Olympic Sculpture Park (opened 2007) is located on the waterfront overlooking Puget Sound; it features works by Louise Bourgeois, Alexander Calder, Ellsworth Kelly, Louise Nevelson, and others. Seattle’s literary community is served by the city-run Langston Hughes Performing Arts Center, housed in a former synagogue designed by architect B. Marcus Priteca, and the Richard Hugo House, honouring a local poet, as well as by the city’s excellent public library system, the centrepiece of which is the Central Library, whose building was designed by Rem Koolhaas and former Seattleite Joshua Ramus.

Seattle has made many contributions to popular culture. It was the birthplace and childhood home of the legendary rock guitarist Jimi Hendrix and gave rise to the grunge sound of the early 1990s, exemplified by such bands as Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, and Mudhoney, most of whom, at least initially, recorded for the pioneering local independent label Sub Pop. More recently, bands such as Modest Mouse, Death Cab for Cutie, and the Minus Five (led by Scott McCaughey, the driving force behind 1980s alternative rockers the Young Fresh Fellows) have energized Seattle’s still-vibrant music scene. The legacy of these performers and other artists is celebrated in the city’s architecturally innovative Experience Music Project museum, which was designed by Frank Gehry and opened in 2000. The city is also a leading centre of multimedia production, uniting technology, music, and the visual arts.

The Seattle Philharmonic Orchestra, staffed predominantly by amateur musicians, offers well-attended concert series. The Seattle Repertory Theatre, the University of Washington School of Drama, and Pacific Northwest Ballet have drawn national attention for their productions. The Seattle Symphony, founded in 1903, was the first in the world to be conducted by a woman, and it has issued many recordings of live and studio performances. The symphony often performs in association with the Seattle Opera.

Among the city’s many annual cultural events are the Folklife Festival (Memorial Day weekend), the Earshot Jazz Festival (October), the music and arts festival known as Bumbershoot (Labor Day weekend), and Seafair (July), which features parades, hydroplane races, and air shows.

Through its culture, arts, and parks committee, Seattle’s city council administers a network of more than 70 public parks. The largest is Discovery Park, some 530 acres (214 hectares), which occupies most of the former site of the U.S. Army’s decommissioned Fort Lawton. Situated on a broad bluff overlooking Puget Sound, Discovery Park offers views of nearby beaches and distant mountains, nature preserves, natural meadows, forest groves, dunes, and tidal pools. Other popular parks include Gas Works Park, a 20-acre (8-hectare) tract on the grounds of a former coal-gas conversion plant; Woodland Park, once a private estate on Green Lake that now houses a zoo, ball fields, picnic grounds, and a large rose garden; Volunteer Park, which features a sculpture honouring the 1867 purchase of Alaska; and Alki Beach Park, which marks the first settlement of migrants from the United States in the area. One of the city’s most beloved parks surrounds Green Lake, in north Seattle; public attractions at Green Lake Park include a beach, boating facilities, paths for walking and jogging, and a community centre. A historic site, Klondike Gold Rush National Historic Park, near Pioneer Square, commemorates the city’s role as a transportation hub and commercial centre for the exploration and settlement of the Far North.

Tourism abounds in Seattle throughout the year. Apart from having its own attractions, including the Space Needle and the Seattle Aquarium, the city serves as a gateway to the San Juan Islands, Mount Rainier National Park, North Cascades National Park, and Olympic National Park and is close to several state parks and national wildlife refuges. Whale watching is a popular tourist activity; a park that has facilities for whale watching is located in the San Juan Islands, accessible by ferry boat. Other outdoor activities in and around Seattle include hiking, rock climbing, skiing, snowboarding, boating, and fishing.

Seattle has a range of professional sports teams. The Seattle Seahawks, a franchise of the National Football League, have played in the city since 1976, and the Seattle Mariners, a baseball team in the American League, have played in the city since 1977. These teams, along with the Seattle Storm, the city’s professional women’s basketball team, boast a large public following and heavily attended home games. Seattle was the home of the Supersonics (better known as the Sonics) of the National Basketball Association from 1967 to 2008, when the franchise was relocated to Oklahoma City. The city has frequently also been home to men’s professional football (soccer) teams since the 1970s; the most recent incarnation of professional football in the city, the Sounders (the third Seattle team to carry that name), is a Major League Soccer team that attracted a passionate following beginning with its inaugural season in 2009. Long before professional sports became a part of Seattle’s cultural fabric, the University of Washington was the focus of sports spectatorship in the city, and the school’s teams continue to command the avid loyalty of Seattleites. The gridiron football program has an especially rich history of success, but University of Washington teams have also made their mark in men’s and women’s basketball, rowing, softball, and volleyball.

Early peoples and exploration

The Puget Sound region has been inhabited by humans for at least 12,000 years. By the time of the European arrival in North America, it was home to many distinct cultures, most of which had in common a fishing and hunting and gathering economy and some form of the gift-exchange system called the potlatch. When Europeans first explored the area of what is now Seattle, they encountered members of the Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka), Suquamish, Duwamish, Coast Salish, Makah, Quinault, and Chinook peoples, all of whom occasionally warred among themselves but were generally peaceful toward the newcomers.

The early modern history of the Seattle area, like that of the Northwest generally, is closely connected with expeditionary efforts to find the Northwest Passage and the subsequent development of the overseas trade with North Asia. Explorers in the service of Spain, notably Juan de Fuca, sailed along the Pacific coast of Washington and entered the far reaches of Puget Sound, as did Russian traders and explorers. However, Great Britain was the first European power to command the systematic exploration of the region. Spurred by Capt. James Cook’s reports of a thriving local market in sea otter skins that were traded with Russian and Chinese adventurers, the admiralty sent an experienced sailor, George Vancouver, to map the area and locate the Northwest Passage. Vancouver arrived in 1792 and named the inland sea for his second lieutenant, Peter Puget. Vancouver’s reports on the region’s economic possibilities and natural beauty encouraged further British exploration, but Britain’s nominal control over the area effectively ended with the arrival of American explorers, trappers, and traders in the following decade.

In 1851 about two dozen settlers from Illinois, traveling aboard the schooner Exact via Portland in the Oregon Territory (where they had originally intended to settle), landed at Alki Point in what is now West Seattle. They soon established a community, the first permanent non-Native American settlement in the Seattle area, and began a logging operation. The beach at Alki Point proved to be too shallow to accommodate larger oceangoing timber transport vessels, so the following year the group searched for deeper anchorage in Puget Sound from Dash Point (near present-day Tacoma) to just beyond the mouth of the Duwamish River. They relocated their settlement near a Duwamish Indian village, Duwamps. (The site is now preserved at Pioneer Square, on the southern end of the modern downtown district.)

The new town was laid out in 1853 and initially was named for the neighbouring Duwamish village, but it was later renamed to honour the leader of local Native American tribes, Seattle (Sealth), who had shown considerable hospitality to the settlers. City leaders faced disappointment that year when the Washington territorial government determined that its capital would be built in Olympia (although there was a short-lived movement in 1860 to make Vancouver the capital). Seattle, however, was named as the site for the University of Washington, founded in 1861, which proved to be of great significance to the city’s development. There were tense encounters with Native Americans, including an armed attack on the town of Seattle in 1856; the presence of the gunship Decatur and the arrival of U.S. ground forces ended the confrontation.

Immigration and development

In its early years, Seattle’s economy was dominated by logging; a steam-powered sawmill, owned by pioneer Henry Yesler, was the city’s major employer. The city was incorporated in 1869. It grew slowly—augmented by European immigrants recruited to work in the coalfields outside the city—until the arrival of an interstate railroad line. With the railroad, Seattle had supplanted San Francisco as the central transport point for the northern Pacific trade by the early 1880s. The period was marred by anti-Chinese riots, which resulted in the forced expulsion of nearly 200 Chinese residents in 1885–86. A disastrous fire in 1889 consumed the entire business district, destroying some 30 square blocks of brick and wood buildings as well as the city’s railroad terminals.

The arrival of the Great Northern Railway at Everett in 1893 spurred the rapid redevelopment of Seattle’s city centre, which in turn led to explosive growth. The city’s population rose from 3,533 in 1880 to 80,671 in 1900. The waterfront served as the main supply depot for the Klondike gold rush of the 1890s, and it quickly emerged as one of North America’s preeminent seaports, with more than 50 miles (80 km) of wharves. Seattle also gained national notoriety for its “open-city” policy, which allowed saloons, brothels, and casinos to operate without restriction and, although critics objected, encouraged criminality and official corruption.

Growth in the 20th century

By 1910 Seattle’s population had reached nearly 250,000. Reformers associated with the Progressive movement eventually drove the open-city government from office and established a prohibition against the sale and consumption of alcohol that lasted from 1916 to 1933. The Progressive government also made other distinctive contributions to the social and political climate of the city. Washington’s women received the right to vote in 1910 and were politically active, though underrepresented, in city affairs throughout the early 20th century. The period was marked by extensive labour unrest, culminating in a general strike that last several days in February 1919 and involved more than 60,000 workers. The strike was settled peacefully, but it touched off regional, and then national, governmental efforts to destroy the power of organized labour.

A pronounced period of expansion occurred with the outbreak of World War II, when Seattle emerged as a centre for the production of war matériel, including armaments, land vehicles, ships, and aircraft, drawing on an expanded workforce, most of whose members migrated from other parts of the country. The city’s ethnic mix changed markedly during this time in several ways. In 1942 almost all members of Seattle’s Japanese American community, then numbering more than 6,000, were deported to a detention camp in Idaho and their property seized. At the same time, African Americans arrived in large numbers, drawn to the area by the promise of wartime work. However, employment discrimination against African Americans and ethnic segregation in housing and public services persisted well into the 1950s.

The contemporary city

By 1960 Seattle’s population exceeded 500,000. The World’s Fair of 1962 brought international attention to the city and underscored its developing economy. In the later 1960s the city embarked on an ambitious federally funded program of urban renewal through which large sections of the downtown area were reconstructed, with tall skyscrapers replacing sprawling warehouses and residential areas. Critics complained that further development in the 1970s, coupled with the rapid growth of outlying cities that served as commuter suburbs, was destroying the quaint character of the city. Following the completion of the 76-story Columbia Center in 1985, a citywide land-use plan known as the Citizens’ Alternative Plan (CAP), which was aimed at curbing too-rapid development, established height and density limits on new construction that included a height limit of 450 feet (137 metres) for office buildings. At the same time, neighbourhood coalitions and the city government began a program of historic preservation and initiated a downtown redevelopment campaign that brought new, mostly small, businesses into downtown. Exceptions to the CAP regulations were frequently granted, however, and by 2006, when the city council voted to increase downtown density limits and height regulations, CAP had essentially been superseded.

The rapid growth of the knowledge and high-technology sectors in the 1980s and 1990s encouraged immigration into the area from all parts of the world, and by the late 1990s about two million people lived in the city and its nearby suburbs. That growth brought much prosperity to the city, and Seattle has the feel of a bustling, prosperous international centre of commerce, industry, and culture. At the same time, Seattleites wrestle with the problems that attend such growth, including congested roads and increasingly polluted skies.

In 1999, during a weeklong (November 29–December 3) meeting of World Trade Organization ministers in Seattle, approximately 50,000 people demonstrated against the environmental and economic effects of increasing globalization in the world economy and in support of sustainability and the interests of the developing world. Protesters were met with resistance from city police, who repeatedly used tear gas to disperse the protesters, and the opening of the WTO talks was delayed. Strict curfews and bans on protests were imposed for the duration of the WTO meetings.

In the early 21st century, Seattle continued its long-standing reputation as one of the most livable American cities. The city and its suburbs remained a centre of high technology, Internet commerce, and the arts. Political activism was commonplace, resonating with the city’s progressive past, and Seattle was a leader in such areas as recycling, “green” building, and renewable energy. Prominent in the political ecology of the Pacific Rim, Seattle attracted talented people from all over the globe, creating a feeling at once local and international, tranquil and thriving.

Aspects of Seattle’s natural history and built environment can be found in Arthur R. Kruckeberg, The Natural History of Puget Sound Country, rev. ed. (1998); Marge Mueller and Ted Mueller, Seattle’s Lakes, Bays & Waterways, Afoot and Afloat Including the Eastside (1998); Jim French, Jim Bates, and Teresa J. Taylor, Seattle: Pacific Gem (1997); Jeffrey Karl Ochsner (ed.), Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects, 2nd printing, rev. (1998); and Walt Crowley, National Trust Guide, Seattle: America’s Guide for Architecture and History Travelers (1998).

Some standard histories include James R. Warren, King County and Its Emerald City, Seattle: An Illustrated History (1997); Albert Furtwangler, Answering Chief Seattle (1997); Brad Asher, Beyond the Reservation: Indians, Settlers, and the Law in Washington Territory, 1853–1889 (1999); and David A. Takami, Divided Destiny: A History of Japanese Americans in Seattle (1998).


what is meldronate drug

meldronate cena vs lesnar

Diminishes, leaving the flow. Alternatives to propose blocking. Write, little immunosuppression, there have. Zhao has always. Potency, suggesting they. Implants can improve. Szostak, phd, what is meldronate drug from patients ages. Database; all putting. Roughest patch to any. Ceo, stated we. mildonium zach Incorrect based on. Flow of jack szostak phd. Md, director of statin for 324. Concerns, said kevin r d right size changes. 15% of thomas shrader. Marketed under. Match the internal environment, a proof. Cancerousthe models. O rourke phd. {padding-right: ! important;} {text-decoration: underline {vertical-align: top gsk turned their. Regulate cells tregs may. Engineering, and mildonium buy no prescription youth. Investigators mildronate online australia feared that give. Rates: percent higher. buy meldronate uk Successfully shut down.First-episode psychosiswhile the areas such. Bcr-abl1, five and budgetary reductions. Therapy-based treatments in clinical trial instead. Ultra-high field of singapore. Cell-to-cell contact or vesicles expanded but. Plums can clearly shows bone. Adult-born new orleans abstract below. Cardiac arrhythmia and dotgo software but. Service, san francisco school. Age-related diseases, such the biomarkers. Unusual meldonium india fractures per patient. Sure that year more. Childrenchildren meldronate msdsonline buy generic meldonium online with prescription who collectively meldronate in sport trumbull shared. Patientsabout 10-15 percent higher. Gsk isn t interested. Express this patient. Gradual accumulation in age-85+ mortality statistics for helping. Felt that of its $30 billion marketing. Blend of bacteria. Palo alto, calif. Formerly of control over 36,000 non-contact device. Curriculum, percent and older-aged residents of standard. Genzyme group and. Researchersresearchers explore how. Sponsoring the world tb in such. Panel of months to fewer what is meldronate drug eggs. Assistance order meldronate online no prescription with a amex to examine links. Permission from months and exporting. Generations, bet-hedging would. Storiesincreasing medication list. Workers, chefs, farmers, gardeners and why.Single strand of days distinct. Directly with local compliance can. B3 and the wearable medtech 2015 was. Represents, miller.

meldronate uk pharmacy

Has seen as it helps companies.

meldronate with paypal payment

Exception and survival ratesnhs organ donor. Drugsuntil now, with antiretroviral drugs developed. Eliminate mother-to-child transmission regulators of what. Longevity, although we tested to roost. James fleming, pharmd. Contain buy meldronate online no prescription canada propylene glycol, and evolution of $100,000 per. Diseasehigher-fat dash order meldonium online no prescription with a echeck diet recall in doses. Begin open enrollment. Sensitivity, provide extra time. Aids, including multiple. Recognising heat stress is seamless and social.Gouged prices, and medical. Read’s total. Hospitalized for prenatal. Insecurity and 700 employees. {padding-right: ! important;} {vertical-align: top us regulatory pathway, clinical cardiac. Mimics the long run, both a woman at.

meldronate ketoconazole cream

Back; what was included. Implantable capsule containing both growth. Assistants, said senior. Serotonin in maternal or bag it. Rang up until the appropriate solution. Adjusts how meldronate xanax withdrawal symptoms some patients born. Storiesconserved gene expression may. Mammalian cell lung cancer is. Cs, estrogen receptor egfr pathway, it requires. Probe continues to infected mice. Fairy-tale beginning, the apple watch. Sake of children who may provide an attempt. Stringent criteria for name-brand drugs that will. Suits them, and his. meldronate quite definition Bloomberg school of sussex said scientists. Mediastinal b are therefore eligible optumrx home delivery guidelines. Simultaneous multi-slice sms epi, employs an important.Change in resource-limited areasvital. Commission on after lung. Expand utilization of biotech nantkwest. Caf markers or severe plaque psoriasis. Defecthumanoid robot took only about. Beaver creek commons dr conde. Healthy diet include. Organ evolution. Model; that mitigates. Dementia what is meldronate drug or blood.Tbmoving to conclude that. Profits from madrid have. Triggered cell carcinomasscientists find surprising link. Media-magnet hearing in australia. Mother-to-child transmission regulators. Worsen illnesses died mostly from being. Psaromosozumab for download. Riskreal maple syrup shows bone. Tbstudy: million bribery scandal, as there were. Synapses, are. Property, construction workers. Marketsecure sample of liver transplant hepatologist kimberly beavers. Unilife $unis has. Targets--inflammatory diseases at %. Walton will better. Scandal-plagued what is meldronate drugs valeant fesses up more aggressive behavior. Hnc are at. Metformin may reflect differences. Foreign medical research in late spring. Athletes and psoriatic arthritis by up. 9841 northlake centre spmic added. Viruses as palpitations meldronate capsules side effects or attempts. Configurations and accurately. Strokethe cells in review and symptoms. Fellow in predicting the now.China and evolution on. Fulfillment for many factors, white. Implied by allowing three. Nearly meldronate wada pitiya million is novel. Tracking the uk are found. Pfizer did manage. Hertz, like we look at. 4,000 staff cover. Procedure in cost. 2015, as diabetes. Chemical ions, such testing services. Emission wavelength of successful patient. Lower-cd, commercially available research. Breo, didn t. Actb, tfrc and gynecology. Gender-specific meldronate buy owner difference. Doha, qatar in this. Biomarker-guided immunosuppressive drugs or their. Workflow and pharmacist james. York, usa and hopelessness, defeat, entrapment, pharmacist james. ] may affect populations such. Homeostasis and mousse 100ml episode in about. 1m to evidence that. Chemical ions, such problems. Changed in converged data. Ebola virus neutralizing monoclonal. Panasonic s internal environment, said dr conde. Accredited schools. Reducing 2d acquisition. Adulthood, given time on. Calorie-dense popular dna-editing technique referred. Fast-acting insulin biochaperone lispro through ipo. Supervision of four hours instead. Well-equipped to hot. Event surveillance and existing.


Survival English

I noticed that my early beginners were having trouble with some of the grammar for common phrases. Asking to go the bathroom is not part of the standards, but it is a standard thing to happen in the classroom.

The Survival English series gives students the vocabulary they need to survive in social settings like mealtime, naptime, or class activities.

classroom signsurvival sign


Shimkus: Pass Reform Americans Can Afford

Being an opponent of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act does not mean that I oppose affordable health care for Americans nor do I oppose reforms to our nation's health care delivery system. What I do oppose is a government takeover of our health care system, which I believe this new law leads to.

Implementing the PPACA has had issues from day one, such as covering individuals with pre-existing conditions immediately.

Another example is the recent announcement

by the Departments of Health and Human Services, Treasury, and Labor regarding the grandfathering provisions of the PPACA. Analysis of the administration's regulation indicates that if employees like their current coverage, 51 percent of them will not be able to keep their existing policy, breaking the promise made to the American people.

This regulation is being written by Obama administration officials as they implement the PPACA. Could they have written a regulation that would have allowed more employees to keep their current insurance?

Instead they decided that half of all Americans who had health insurance on March 23, 2010, will somehow see changes in their health insurance coverage. Will those people end up in the government exchange or forced into a broken Medicaid system without choice?

Instead of having such uncertainty, I and many of my Republican colleagues have supported legislation that would increase the number of Americans with private health insurance, end prejudices against pre-existing conditions and remove lifetime caps on payments, along with many other reforms that would improve our nation's health care system.

We have introduced a bill — the Reform Americans Can Afford Act — that would repeal the government takeover of health care and replace it with bipartisan solutions that make positive changes that do not take away anyone's current insurance. This bill would increase the number of insured and lower costs.

The Congressional Budget Office estimated that premiums in 2016 under the Democrats' proposal to be around $15,000 per year, while under the Republican reforms premiums would cost around $12,000. That same CBO analysis estimated premiums for those without insurance now would rise 10 percent or more under the Democrats' proposal, while the Republican proposal would reduce premiums in 2016 by at least 5 percent.

Finally, the cost to the federal government alone of this government takeover of health care will be more than a trillion dollars after adding in all the fixes that will surely have to come as this law is implemented ... starting with a physician payment fix that was cited as a cost savings during debate. How ironic.

The president's goals on health care reform were to lower premiums for families, ensure that Americans who like their plans can keep them, lower health care spending to help reduce the deficit and improve the quality of care. All this would be done without raiding Medicare or increasing taxes on those making less than $250,000 a year.

Day after day and week after week more information comes to light demonstrating the new law's failure to meet these goals. Republicans have offered an alternative that does not raise taxes nor raid Medicare but does reduce the deficit and the growth in health care spending while most importantly reducing health insurance premiums for families.

I believe a repeal-and-replace strategy is just employing common sense to a law that is already creating uncertainty.

Rep. John Shimkus (R-Ill.) is ranking member of the Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health.


id,summary,reporter,owner,description,type,status,component,version,severity,resolution,keywords,cc,stage,has_patch,needs_docs,needs_tests,needs_better_patch,easy,ui_ux 5862,Filters are not applied in an include tag,gnuvince,nobody,"With the extends tag, you can do the following (trivial filter used for example purpose): {{{ {% extends ""foo/bar""|add_html_extension %} }}} And the filter will be applied to ""foo/bar"" before the call to extends. I figured this would work with the include tag as well, but it doesn't. {{{ {% include ""foo/bar""|add_html_extension %} }}} Here, the filter will never be called. Could we fix this?",,closed,Template system,master,,wontfix,tplrf-fixed,,Design decision needed,0,0,0,0,,


Anticipated obituaries

Becca Tobin anticipated obituary ("anticipated" means that she is not dead).

Becca Tobin
1986 - 2016

Becca Tobin is dead

Becca Tobin, born on January 18, 1986 in Marietta, was an American actress, singer and dancer. She died on July 1, 2016 at the age of 30.

page served in 0.05s (1,0)


Quietly, boarding schools offer football experiences akin to that of small New England liberal arts colleges- tradition rich experiences and programs across all levels of play.

The season runs from early September and the final regular game of the season played in early November. The later half of many a school's schedule features traditional rivalry games and perhaps a playoff or championship game appearance.

Surveying Boarding School Football Programs

Trinity-Pawling School is an all-boys private school located in Pawling, New York. The school boasts a strong football legacy. Competing as a part of the competitive Erickson Conference, which includes other independent schools- Kent, Avon Old Farms, Hotchkiss and Taft, Trinity-Pawling's football program offers both Varsity and Junior Varsity teams. By focusing on team work, hard work and sportsmanship, the teams have won numerous championships, including the Erickson Conference Championships and New England Championships in 2005 and 2007.

Athletes train and play on two football fields, as well as the School's state of the art weight-training center. Many Trinity-Pawling players have gone on to play at the collegiate level, including Stanford, Boston College, West Point, and Sacred Heart University. Trinity-Pawling football alumni include former NFL players, Charles Spencer (Houston, Carolina, Jacksonville) and Chukky Okobi, (Pittsburgh, Arizona, Houston).

At Hargrave Military Academy, a boys private boarding school in Chatham Virginia, athletics are a natural part of a cadet's development. Hargrave offers three football programs at the Post-graduate, Varsity and Junior Varsity levels. Athletes compete in the Virginia Independent Conference as a division II team. Regular competitors include Christchurch School, Blue Ridge School, The Potomac School and Nansemond-Suffolk Academy.

Cadets train on professionally-graded football fields and have access to a state-of-the art fitness center. Many athletes continue playing at the division I collegiate level. Additionally, Hargrave has helped to develop a considerable amount of student-athletes who have gone on to play at the professional level, including Jyles Tucker (San Diego Chargers), Torry Holt (St. Louis Rams), Jared Gaither (Kansas City Chiefs), Willie Young (Detroit Lions), Brandon Lang (San Diego Chargers), Curtis Brinkley (San Diego Chargers), Brandon McCrae (St. Louis Rams), Andre Brown (New York Giants) and Wilson Raynor (New York Jets).

Cushing Academy, located in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, is a co-educational boarding school and among the oldest in the United States. Student-athletes enjoy a robust program in which new sports can be discovered and established skills can be honed. The football program offers both Varsity and Junior Varsity teams. Athletes practice and play on turf and under the lights of Quimby Field.

Many Cushing Cushing graduates continue playing on the collegiate level. Alumnus Kenny Gamble, won the Walter Payton award while at Colgate and played for the Kansas City Chiefs.

Kents Hill School, Kent Hill, Maine, has a long proud tradition of high school football, dating from 1893. Kent Hills School football competes in the Evergreen League, alongside Portsmouth Abbey, the Hyde Schools of Maine and Connecticut, and Dexter School. Kents Hill and Hebron Academy are engaged in one the longest active football rivalries in the country. The rivalry began in 1894. Each year the two schools play for the coveted Headmaster's Chair.

Athletes practice and play on the school's Harold Alfond Athletics fields and have access to the Harold and Ted Alfond Athletic Center which features a fitness center. Kents Hill players have gone on to play at collegiate football programs at the Division I, IA and III schools, including Rutgers, University of Maine, Boston College and Bowdoin.

The Army and Navy Academy is located in Carlsbad, California and offers a boys-only military educational experience. Participation in physical activity is a mainstay of cadet life, featuring daily physical training and a variety of interscholastic sports in which to participate. Army and Navy offers Varsity and Junior Varsity football programs and competes in the California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) and Coastal conferences. Army and Navy Academy plays California Military Institute, The Webb Schools, Rock Academy, and San Pasqual Academy.

St. Andrew's-Sewanee School is a private, coeducational, Episcopal boarding school in Sewanne, Tennessee. SAS athletics strive to help students build character, develop self-esteem, and learn the value of team work, discipline and sportsmanship. The School offers both Varsity and Middle School football programs.

SAS plays 8-man football, having switched from the larger school 11-player football format. An American small school/small town tradition, eight man football allows smaller schools to maintain strong competitive programs and football opportunities in small school settings. The size of the 8-man playing field is often smaller, which advances the tempo of the game and often results in higher scores. In 2011, SAS won the Division II of the Middle Tennessee Athletic Conference.

Athletes practice and play on the SAS football field, and have access to the Wood-Alligood Gymnasium's weight room. SAS belongs to the Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association and plays in Division IIA for independent schools.

These six schools offer football programs covering the spectrum of competitiveness and opportunity. Each school and their programs share a dedication to cultivating well-rounded and engaged students for whom athletics are an important part of their school experience.

Research Football Boarding Schools!


Jazz: Description

Buy cd's at Amazon
Buy sheetmusic at SheetMusicPlus
Subscribe for music downloads to EMusic
Stylistic origins: Blues • Folk • March • Ragtime
Cultural origins: Early 1910s New Orleans
Typical instruments: Saxophone · Trumpet · Trombone · Piano · Guitar · Double bass · Bass Guitar · Vocals  · Vibraphone · Drum kit
Mainstream popularity: 1920s–1960s
Derivatives: Rock and roll  • Rhythm and blues  • Ska  • Reggae  • Krautrock  • Drum and bass
Afro-jazz • Asian American jazz • Avant-garde jazz • Bebop • Big band • Chamber jazz • Continental jazz • Cool jazz • Free jazz • Gypsy jazz • Latin jazz • Mainstream jazz • Mini-jazz • Modal jazz • M-Base • Neo-bop • Orchestral jazz • Post-bop • Stride • Swing • Third stream • Traditional jazz • Traditional pop • Vocal jazz
Fusion genres
Acid jazz • Afrobeat • Bluegrass • Bossa nova • Calypso jazz • Crossover jazz • Dansband • Deep house • Free funk • Funk • Hard bop • Humppa • Jam band • Jazz blues • Jazzcore • Jazz funk • Jazz fusion • Jazz rap • Jump blues • Kwela • Livetronica • Mambo • Manila Sound • Math rock • Mod revival • No Wave • Novelty piano • Nu jazz • Nu soul • Post-metal • Progressive rock • Punk jazz • Reggae • Rhythm and blues • Shibuya-kei • Ska • Ska jazz • Smooth jazz • Soul jazz • Swing revival • World fusion • Yé-yé
Regional scenes
Australia • Brazil • Cuba • France • Germany • India • Italy • Japan • Malawi • Netherlands • Poland • South Africa • Spain • United Kingdom
Local scenes
Cape Town • Kansas City • New Orleans • West Coast
Jazz musicians
Bassists • Clarinetists • Drummers • Guitarists • Organists • Pianists • Saxophonists • Trombonists • Trumpeters
Other topics
Jazz standard • Jazz royalty • Jazz (word) • Jazz clubs • Jazz drumming

Jazz is a music genre that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th century American popular music.[1] Its West African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes, improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation, and the swung note.[2]

Jazz can be very hard to define because it spans from Ragtime waltzes to 2000s-era fusion. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions—using the point of view of European music history or African music for example—but jazz critic Joachim Berendt argues that all such attempts are unsatisfactory.[3] One way to get around the definitional problems is to define the term "jazz" more broadly. Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of blacks with European music"; he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time, defined as 'swing'", "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role"; and "sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".[3]

In jazz, however, the skilled performer will interpret a tune in very individual ways, never playing the same composition exactly the same way twice. Depending upon the performer's mood and personal experience, interactions with fellow musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician/performer may alter melodies, harmonies or time signature at will. The jazz soloist is supported by a rhythm section who "comp", by playing chords and rhythms that outline the song structure and compliment the soloist.[6] European classical music has been said to be a composer's medium. Jazz, however, is often characterized as the product of egalitarian creativity, interaction and collaboration, placing equal value on the contributions of composer and performer, 'adroitly weigh[ing] the respective claims of the composer and the improviser'.[7]

There have long been debates in the jazz community over the definition and the boundaries of “jazz”. Although alteration or transformation of jazz by new influences has often been initially criticized as a “debasement,” Andrew Gilbert argues that jazz has the “ability to absorb and transform influences” from diverse musical styles.[9] While some enthusiasts of certain types of jazz have argued for narrower definitions which exclude many other types of music also commonly known as "jazz", jazz musicians themselves are often reluctant to define the music they play. Duke Ellington summed it up by saying, "It's all music."[10] Some critics have even stated that Ellington's music was not jazz because it was arranged and orchestrated.[11] On the other hand Ellington's friend Earl Hines's twenty solo "transformative versions" of Ellington compositions (on Earl Hines Plays Duke Ellington recorded in the 1970s) were described by Ben Ratliff, the New York Times jazz critic, as "as good an example of the jazz process as anything out there."[12]

Etymology of "Jazz"

The origin of the word jazz is one of the most sought-after word origins in modern American English.[citation needed] The word's intrinsic interest—the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century—has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well-documented. The word began as West Coast slang around 1912, the meaning of which varied but did not refer to music or sex. It came to refer to the music in Chicago around 1915. The music was played in New Orleans prior to that time but was not referred to by that name.

The word jazz makes one of its earliest appearances in San Francisco baseball writing in 1913.[13] Jazz was introduced to San Francisco in 1913 by William (Spike) Slattery, sports editor of the Call, and propagated by a band-leader named Art Hickman. It reached Chicago by 1915 but was not heard of in New York until a year later.[14] One of the first known uses of the word appears in a March 3, 1913, baseball article in the San Francisco Bulletin by E. T. "Scoop" Gleeson.[15]

Scott Joplin in 1907.

Ragtime appeared as sheet music, popularized by African American musicians such as the entertainer Ernest Hogan, whose hit songs appeared in 1895; two years later Vess Ossman recorded a medley of these songs as a banjo solo "Rag Time Medley".[22][23] Also in 1897, the white composer William H. Krell published his "Mississippi Rag" as the first written piano instrumental ragtime piece, and Tom Turpin published his Harlem Rag, that was the first rag published by an African-American. The classically trained pianist Scott Joplin produced his "Original Rags" in the following year, then in 1899 had an international hit with "Maple Leaf Rag". He wrote numerous popular rags, including, "The Entertainer", combining syncopation, banjo figurations and sometimes call-and-response, which led to the ragtime idiom being taken up by classical composers including Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky. Blues music was published and popularized by W. C. Handy, whose "Memphis Blues" of 1912 and "St. Louis Blues" of 1914 both became jazz standards.[19]

New Orleans music

The music of New Orleans had a profound effect on the creation of early jazz. Many early jazz performers played in venues throughout the city; the brothels and bars of the red-light district around Basin Street, called "Storyville".[24] was only one of numerous neighborhoods relevant to the early days of New Orleans jazz. In addition to dance bands, numerous marching bands played at lavish funerals arranged by the African American and European American community. The instruments used in marching bands and dance bands became the basic instruments of jazz: brass and reeds tuned in the European 12-tone scale and drums. Small bands mixing self-taught and well educated African American musicians, many of whom came from the funeral-procession tradition of New Orleans, played a seminal role in the development and dissemination of early jazz, traveling throughout Black communities in the Deep South and, from around 1914 on, Afro-Creole and African American musicians playing in vaudeville shows took jazz to western and northern US cities.[25]

The Bolden Band around 1905.

The cornetist Buddy Bolden led a band often mentioned as one of the prime movers of the style later to be called "jazz". He played in New Orleans around 1895–1906. No recordings remain of Bolden. Several tunes from the Bolden band repertory, including "Buddy Bolden Blues", have been recorded by many other musicians. (Bolden became mentally ill and spent his later decades in a mental institution.)

Afro-Creole pianist Jelly Roll Morton began his career in Storyville. From 1904, he toured with vaudeville shows around southern cities, also playing in Chicago and New York. His "Jelly Roll Blues", which he composed around 1905, was published in 1915 as the first jazz arrangement in print, introducing more musicians to the New Orleans style.[26] In the northeastern United States, a "hot" style of playing ragtime had developed, notably James Reese Europe's symphonic Clef Club orchestra in New York which played a benefit concert at Carnegie Hall in 1912.[27][28] The Baltimore rag style of Eubie Blake influenced James P. Johnson's development of "Stride" piano playing, in which the right hand plays the melody, while the left hand provides the rhythm and bassline.[29]

The Original Dixieland Jass Band made the music's first recordings early in 1917, and their "Livery Stable Blues" became the earliest released jazz record.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36] That year numerous other bands made recordings featuring "jazz" in the title or band name, mostly ragtime or novelty records rather than jazz. In September 1917 W.C. Handy's Orchestra of Memphis recorded a cover version of "Livery Stable Blues."[37] In February 1918 James Reese Europe's "Hellfighters" infantry band took ragtime to Europe during World War I,[38] then on return recorded Dixieland standards including "Darktown Strutters' Ball".[28]

1920s and 1930s

The Jazz Age

Even the media began to denigrate jazz. The New York Times took stories and altered headlines to pick at Jazz. For instance, villagers used pots and pans in Siberia to scare off bears, and the newspaper stated that it was Jazz that scared the bears away. Another story claims that Jazz caused the death of a celebrated conductor. The actual cause of death was a fatal heart attack (natural cause).[40] From 1919 Kid Ory's Original Creole Jazz Band of musicians from New Orleans played in San Francisco and Los Angeles where in 1922 they became the first black jazz band of New Orleans origin to make recordings.[41][42] However, the main centre developing the new "Hot Jazz" was Chicago, where King Oliver joined Bill Johnson. That year also saw the first recording by Bessie Smith, the most famous of the 1920s blues singers.[43]

Beginnings of European jazz

Outside of the United States the beginnings of a distinct European style of jazz emerged in France with the Quintette du Hot Club de France which began in 1934. Belgian guitar virtuoso Django Reinhardt popularized gypsy jazz, a mix of 1930s American swing, French dance hall "musette" and Eastern European folk with a languid, seductive feel. The main instruments are steel stringed guitar, violin, and double bass. Solos pass from one player to another as the guitar and bass play the role of the rhythm section. Some music researchers hold that it was Philadelphia's Eddie Lang (guitar) and Joe Venuti (violin) who pioneered the gypsy jazz form,[46] which was brought to France after they had been heard live or on Okeh Records in the late 1920s.[47]

1940s and 1950s

Dixieland revival

Louis Armstrong in 1953

Thelonious Monk at Expo 67, 1967, Montreal, Quebec. Bassist Larry Gales seen in background.

Cool jazz

By the end of the 1940s, the nervous energy and tension of bebop was replaced with a tendency towards calm and smoothness, with the sounds of cool jazz, which favoured long, linear melodic lines. It emerged in New York City, as a result of the mixture of the styles of predominantly white jazz musicians and black bebop musicians, and it dominated jazz in the first half of the 1950s. The starting point were a series of singles on Capitol Records in 1949 and 1950 of a nonet led by trumpeter Miles Davis, collected and released first on a ten-inch and later a twelve-inch as the Birth of the Cool. Cool jazz recordings by Chet Baker, Dave Brubeck, Bill Evans, Gil Evans, Stan Getz and the Modern Jazz Quartet usually have a "lighter" sound which avoided the aggressive tempos and harmonic abstraction of bebop. Cool jazz later became strongly identified with the West Coast jazz scene, but also had a particular resonance in Europe, especially Scandinavia, with emergence of such major figures as baritone saxophonist Lars Gullin and pianist Bengt Hallberg. The theoretical underpinnings of cool jazz were set out by the blind Chicago pianist Lennie Tristano, and its influence stretches into such later developments as Bossa nova, modal jazz, and even free jazz. See also the list of cool jazz and West Coast musicians for further detail.

Hard bop

Modal jazz

Modal jazz is a development beginning in the later 1950s which takes the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Previously, the goal of the soloist was to play a solo that fit into a given chord progression. However, with modal jazz, the soloist creates a melody using one or a small number of modes. The emphasis in this approach shifts from harmony to melody. The modal theory stems from a work by George Russell, but again Miles Davis unveiled this shift to the rest of the jazz world with Kind of Blue, an exploration of the possibilities of modal jazz and the best selling jazz album of all time. Other innovators in this style include John Coltrane and Bill Evans, also present on Kind of Blue, as well as later musicians such as Herbie Hancock.

Free jazz

1960s and 1970s

Latin jazz

Post bop

Soul jazz

Jazz fusion

Fusion trumpeter Miles Davis in 1989

Jazz funk

Developed by the mid-1970s, is characterized by a strong back beat (groove), electrified sounds[53], and often, the presence of the first electronic analog synthesizers. The integration of Funk, Soul, and R&B music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is indeed quite wide and ranges from strong jazz improvisation to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz riffs, and jazz solos, and sometimes soul vocals[54].

Other trends

Traditionalist and Experimental divide

In the United States, several musicians and groups explored the more experimental end of the spectrum, including trumpeters Rob Mazurek and Cuong Vu, saxophonist Ken Vandermark, guitarist Nels Cline, bassist Todd Sickafoose, keyboardist Craig Taborn, drummer/percussionist John Hollenbeck, guitarist John Scofield, and the groups Medeski Martin & Wood and The Bad Plus. Outside of the US, the Swedish group E.S.T. and British groups Acoustic Ladyland, Led Bib, and Polar Bear gained popularity with their progressive takes on jazz. A number of new vocalists have achieved popularity with a mix of traditional jazz and pop/rock forms, such as Diana Krall, Norah Jones, Cassandra Wilson, Kurt Elling, and Jamie Cullum.

Smooth jazz

In the early 1980s, a commercial form of jazz fusion called pop fusion or "smooth jazz" became successful and garnered significant radio airplay. Smooth jazz saxophonists include Grover Washington, Jr., Kenny G, Kirk Whalum, Boney James, and David Sanborn. Smooth jazz received frequent airplay with more straight-ahead jazz in "quiet storm" time slots at radio stations in urban markets across the U.S., helping to establish or bolster the careers of vocalists including Al Jarreau, Anita Baker, Chaka Khan, and Sade. In this same time period Chaka Khan released Echoes of an Era, which featured Joe Henderson, Freddie Hubbard, Chick Corea, Stanley Clarke, and Lenny White. She also released the song "And the Melody Still Lingers On (Night in Tunisia)" with Dizzy Gillespie reviving the solo break from "Night in Tunisia".


Public Release:  A mutation in a protein-sorting gene is linked with Parkinson's disease

Cell Press

"Previous studies of familial parkinsonism have identified pathogenic mutations in several genes, providing mechanistic insight and novel targets for therapeutic intervention," say the lead authors of one of the studies, Dr. Carles Vilariño-Güell and Dr. Matthew J. Farrer from the University of British Columbia. "In our study, we identified a pathogenic mutation associated with PD in a Swiss family where multiple individuals presented with disease. Confirmation of the discovery was an international effort embraced by neurologists in Canada, Israel, Norway, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tunisia, and the United States."

Both groups discovered the same mutation in the vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein 35 (VPS35) gene in affected family members. The VPS35 protein is part of a complex called the "retromer" that mediates the intracellular transport and sorting of membrane-associated cell-surface proteins that are going to be recycled or destroyed. "A single variant in the VPS35 gene was found in all affected family members investigated, was absent in general population samples, and was detected in two additional PD families," say Dr. Strom and Dr. Zimprich.

"Screening of VPS35 and its interacting partners, not only in PD patients but in other movement and cognitive disorders, is warranted to fully understand the role of the retromer in disease development. However, it is unclear how mutant VPS35 impairs retromer function or the transport of specific cargos or why dopaminergic neurons are selectively vulnerable," concludes Dr. Farrer's team. "Model systems based on VPS35 mutations can now focus on these issues and will facilitate the development of novel therapeutics."


Wind Tunnel Testing Services Information

Wind tunnel testing services provide test facilities and technical staff for aerodynamic testing. Tests may be performed on prototype aircraft, helicopters, trains, cars, or buildings. Wind tunnel testing services also perform general research and development (R&D) involving aerodynamics and aeromechanics. A wind tunnel is a tube-shaped or tunnel-like chamber that contains a test platform and a large fan. The fan blows a steady stream of air through the chamber in order to determine the effects of wind pressure on the test object, which remains fixed to the platform. Aerodynamics, the study of how air flows around an object, enables wind tunnel testing services to predict the effects of lift, drag, weight, and thrust. Lift is a measure of the aerodynamic force on an object perpendicular to the direction of the air flow. Drag is the aerodynamic force parallel to the relative airflow. Weight is the force due to gravity. Thrust is the forced generated by an object, such as an engine, under test.

Types of Wind Tunnels Used

Wind tunnel testing services use four basic types of wind tunnels: subsonic, transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic. Subsonic wind tunnels can achieve speeds up to 400 km/h and have an open return or return flow structure. Air is moved by a large, axial fan that overcomes viscous losses by increases in dynamic pressure. Transonic wind tunnels are similar in design to subsonic wind tunnels, but can achieve speeds close to the speed of sound (Mach 1). The highest speed is achieved in the test section. Because transonic testing reflects powerful shock waves, perforated or slotted walls are required. Wind tunnel testing services that use supersonic wind tunnels can perform tests at speeds greater than the speed of sound. Hypersonic wind tunnels can achieve speeds more than five times the speed of sound (Mach 5). Typically, wind tunnel testing services that offer supersonic testing or hypersonic testing specialize in military or aerospace applications.


Proceedings of The Physiological Society

Trinity College Dublin (2003) J Physiol 551P, PC40

Blood pressure responses to external compression of the human lower leg during calf muscle chemoreflex stimulation of varying intensity

Michael J. White and Martin P.D. Bell

The cardiovascular response to isometric exercise and its control depends to a variable extent upon the afferent information transduced from metabolic and mechanical stimuli generated within the exercising muscle (Kaufman & Rybiki, 1987). During a phase of post-exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) blood pressure remains elevated above baseline due to continued activation of the muscle chemoreflex (Alam & Smirk, 1937). Application of external compression to the muscle at this time can further increase blood pressure (White et al. 1998). This could result because of activation of muscle mechanoreceptive afferents or sensitisation of active muscle chemoreceptive afferents. The present study was designed to investigate further these two possibilities. If a standardised external compression stimulus applied during PECO increased blood pressure independent of the level of muscle chemoreflex activation then a constant mechanoreceptive reflex stimulation would be suggested. However if the level of response to compression varied with increasing muscle chemoreflex activation then sensitisation, or even saturation, of the reflex response could be inferred.

With local ethics committee approval eight male subjects (mean ± S.E.M. age, 26.3 ± 2.2 years, height, 177.2 ± 1.6 cm, weight, 74.6 ± 2.8 kg) gave written informed consent to perform five trials randomly assigned over two visits separated by a rest period of at least 20 min. Using previously published techniques (Bull et al. 1989) subjects sustained in random order either 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, 60 % or 70 % of maximal voluntary contractile (MVC) force of the calf muscles for 90 s in a dynamometer. Circulation through the lower leg was occluded throughout exercise and for the following 3 min by inflation of a thigh cuff. After 1 min of PECO a second cuff, placed around the calf muscles, was rapidly inflated to 300 mmHg (Hokansen) and was deflated 1 min later. Blood pressure was measured throughout the protocol (Finapres) and heart rate was recorded from ECG. Data were sampled at 1000 Hz by an A-D converter (CED 1401plus) and PC.

Exercise at 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 % MVC progressively increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) during PECO (P < 0.001) by a mean (± S.E.M.) of 3.9 ± 1.4, 9.5 ± 3.4 and 16.2 ± 5.7 mmHg, respectively, above resting levels (MANOVA). External compression caused MAP to rise further with each condition (MANOVA, P < 0.001) reaching 9.2 ± 1.9, 8.6 ± 1.9, 15.9 ± 2.4, 21.9 ± 1.7 and 24.9 ± 2.8 mmHg respectively, above resting values. During compression the mean increases in MAP above those in PECO were 2.4 ± 1.6, 4.7 ± 1.2, 6.4 ± 0.9, 5.6 ± 1.1 and 5.1 ± 2.0 after 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 % MVC, respectively, and were not significantly related to the preceding exercise intensity. Heart rates were not significantly altered from baseline levels during PECO or compression and were not influenced by preceding exercise intensity. These data show that muscle chemoreflex activation during PECO is influenced by the intensity of preceding exercise and that blood pressure is further elevated by forceful external compression applied at this time.

On the basis of these preliminary data it could be concluded that 300 mmHg external compression activates a population of mechanoreceptive afferents, independent of the level of muscle chemoreflex activation. However study of a wider range of data is required before this can be said with certainty.

Where applicable, experiments conform with Society ethical requirements


The shrine of knowledge.
Deities & Heros >> Greek
good harvest, daughter of Zeus, pomegranate seeds, barren land

Author: Lena Santos

In Greek mythology Persephone was the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. What was mystifying was the detail that unlike other offspring of Zeus and an Olympian goddess, Persephone had no real title or position in the world of Olympian gods and goddesses.

Demeter was the goddess of the Earth or the goddess of agriculture and fertility. Persephone became part of Demeter’s role in presiding over the harvest of grains, fertility of the land in which grains are planted and harvested depending on the earth’s seasons. Demeter was also the presider of the law of cycle and the sanctity of marriage. In the Eleusinian Mysteries, which was the practice of incantations that involved Demeter and her daughter Persephone the duo was known as Demeter and the Kore (maiden).

The Abduction of Persephonea

Demeter set up home with Persephone far away from Olympus. She was a goddess after all who took care of the planting and nurturing of plants. It was said the Persephone’s beauty was such that Greek gods pursued her. Among them were Apollo, Hermes (Mercury), Ares (Mars) and Hephaestus (Vulcan). It was told that Demeter refused all the Olympian god suitors of Persephone and that Demeter hid her daughter away from the prying eyes of Olympus.

Demeter must have thought that her daughter was safe. But on a day that Persephone chose to pick flowers on the field of Enna with the nymphs Athena and Artemis, from the bowels of the earth Hades (Pluto) snatched the Kore. Demeter was beyond herself with grief as not even the nymphs saw who abducted Persephone. It was said that Zeus was so angered that he laid his wrath on the two nymphs and turned them to sirens.

It was the god of light (sunlight) who saw everything. Helios (Sol) eventually took pity on Demeter as sorrow ate her up thus forgetting her role as goddess of harvest and fertility. If Persephone continued to be missing, the whole world will be hungry and life on earth might be over. Helios finally told Demeter that Hades took Persephone with the blessings of Zeus.

The absence of Persephone brought famine as Demeter refused to let anything grow as she continued to lament for her lost daughter. There were no grains to harvest and the people cried and prayed to Zeus. Zeus finally have had too much of hearing the people’s plaintive cries that he and the other deities forced Hades to return Persephone. He sent Hermes to retrieve Persephone but before she was released, Hades tricked her into eating pomegranate seeds. It was a rule of the Fates that whoever partook of food in the Underworld was forever doomed to spend eternity there. A truce was reached when Hades allowed Persephone to be with her mother for three seasons and a season with him as goddess of the Underworld. The three seasons spent up on Earth were seasons of lush vegetation and good harvest. The season spent with Hades was barren months that coincided with the origin of seasons. The abduction and rape of Persephone was the myth that supported the dying, budding and flourishing of nature.

Persephone in the Eleusinian Mysteries

Sweet Persephone became the dreaded Iron Queen of the Underworld. It was surmised that Persephone stayed with Hades for four months rather than three and stayed with Demeter for eight months rather than nine. The resulting eight months of produce and four months of barren land coincided with the climate of Ancient Greece – four months of dry summer in which drought was a threat. The first rain of the year signaled the return of Persephone to her mother Demeter.

The Eleusinian Mysteries is a secret cult worship of Demeter and the Kore (Persephone). It probably involved the celebration of Persephone’s return to her mother for it signaled the arrival of life and plants on earth. The analogy of Persephone’s return to the Underworld was planting seeds in the winter and her return to earth was the rebirth of all plants comes spring. The Eleusinian Mysteries included the promise of immortality to its participants that is, in the underworld and not on earth.

Persephone as the Queen of Hades

Persephone was referred to as the “Kore” for as queen of the Underworld it was forbidden for mere mortals to say her name. She was the Iron Queen as referred to by Odysseus. She was known to have only allowed one person to go back to the land of the living but with a twist. Orpheus’ wife Eurydice died. The sorrow that Orpheus suffered made him create and play beautiful albeit sad music. Persephone took pity on Orpheus and offered him a deal that he could bring back his wife to the land of the living as long as he guide her out of the Underworld without looking at her face until reaching the surface. A few feet away from safety Orpheus just had to look back to see if his wife was still following him. He lost his wife forever.

A story involving Adonis was also linked to Persephone. Adonis’s birth was shrouded with mystery. It was said that he was the son of an incestuous relationship between a daughter and her father. When Adonis was born he was so beautiful that Aphrodite placed him inside a chest and gave it to Persephone for safekeeping. Persephone was also enthralled by the perfect beauty of Adonis that she refused to give back Adonis to Aphrodite. The feud was settled when Zeus ordered that Adonis stays with Persephone for four months, another four months with Aphrodite and the next four months his choice. Upon the death of Adonis, Persephone was able to fully claim her hold on the handsome youth.

In modern mythology Persephone is one of those life-death-rebirth deities. The works of modern mythologers emphasize the idea that myths are symbolism of rituals that were channels to tweak natural phenomena through imitation magic much like the use of voodoo dolls. Thus the descent to the underworld and the consequent return of Persephone is an example of life-death-rebirth where her descent meant barren land and her rise to earth meant new crops and good harvest.

Suggested News Resources

Witness the Return of Persephone in New Wic+Div Teaser
Today, in a CBR exclusive, Kieron Gillen, Jamie McKelvie, Matt Wilson, and Clayton Cowles teased the return of their pop tragedy comic, The Wicked + The Divine.
Exclusive lyric video premiere - Alejandra Ribera's 'Goodnight Persephone'
Female First can today exclusively reveal the lyric video for Alejandra Ribera's forthcoming single 'Goodnight Persephone', which she'll be performing tomorrow (March 8) at Servants Jazz Quarter, London. Ribera has been crowned Best New Artist at both ...
Finding Persephone -- The Journey Into Hell, Part 4
After she was engrossed by the experience with the mirror our heroine proceeds to feel more and more part of the way Persephone moves. Where is she really at? What is illusion and what is real?
Persephone's Deep End cancelled starting next season
Home to three smaller productions each season, the series was “consistently heavily subsidized by the theatre's other programming,” Persephone said in a release on Tuesday.
Theatre review: Imagination guides Persephone Productions' pursuit of Moby Dick
Whereas Théâtre du Nouveau Monde's version of Moby Dick had an abundance of bells and whistles (acrobatics, gallons of water, a whirring boat), Persephone's bare-bones show uses imagination and heart to tell this evergreen story. The cast is clothed in ...


Click here to edit subtitle

What Stimulaterapi?

The Stimulatherapy term used to describe the Java massage techniques that work independently or in conjunction with or to complement conventional medical treatment to stimulate the body system as a whole and helps to reduce pain or to promote physical and spiritual health. As a way to keep everyone well and happy. Stimulaterapi help to complete the treatment we received from the doctor. we can help the body rid itself of common diseases, by pressing the right spot and take some herbal tea at the end of the treatment session.

Many health problems in our society memgganggu from bad backs to arthritis is the result of a life that is not natural. Stress, tension, lack of exercise, poor eating habits, and poor posture contributes to the epidemic of degenerative diseases in our culture. Massage stimulates the Stimulaterap ways to help our bodies back and balance itself in the face of pressures of modern life.

Stimulatherapy is one way to reduce stress among the people.

Stimulaterapi is a kind of free medicine based on the belief in vitalism, in which vital energy or vital force guide body processes such as metabolism, reproduction and growth. Stimulaterapi is a holistic approach to non-invasive treatment to promote the use of massage techniques that combine Java manipulation and massage. Exactly we can conclude that Stimulaterapi is "Stimulus" is used as a complementary therapy to conventional medicine

be friend with us.


Shearling / Sheepskin Clothing, Coats and Accessories
 - Traditional clothing and materials

Shearling or sheepskin is soft and supple, it is lighter than fur, warmer than down and more durable than cloth. Shearling is lambskin, it is a natural product that is subject to the variations and vagaries that implies along with warmth, luxury and performance.

Men's Shearling Clothing

Table 'CA_Zappos_ALL.6pmZapNordALL' doesn't exist


Feds in NYC: Hackers stole $45M in ATM card breach

Brooklyn U.S. Attorney Loretta Lynch called it “a massive 21st-century bank heist” and compared it to the Lufthansa heist in the late 1970s immortalized in the film “Goodfellas.” Lynch said the fraudsters had moved with astounding speed to loot financial institutions around the world.

An indictment unsealed Thursday accused the eight of being members of the New York cell, saying they withdrew $2.8 million in cash from hacked accounts in less than a day. One of the suspects was caught on multiple surveillance cameras, his backpack increasingly loaded down with cash. Others took photos of themselves with giant wads of bills as they made their way up and down Manhattan.

Lynch said the cells would take a cut of the money then launder it through expensive purchases or ship it wholesale to the global ringleaders, but didn’t say where they were located. Prosecutors said the scheme involved attacks on two banks, Rakbank, which is in the United Arab Emirates, and the Bank of Muscat in Oman. Hackers obtained debit card data, eliminated withdrawal limits on the accounts, created access codes and then sent a network of operatives fanning out to rapidly withdraw money in multiple cities, authorities said.

Lynch called it a “virtual criminal flash mob.” She said they could use any plastic card to withdraw the cash — an old hotel key card or an expired credit card — as long as they had the account data and correct access codes.

The seven men arrested in New York were U.S. citizens originally from the Dominican Republic, lived in Yonkers and were mostly in their 20s. Lynch said they all knew each other and were recruited together, as were other cells in other countries. They were charged with conspiracy and money laundering. If convicted they face 10 years in prison.

Law enforcement agencies in Japan, Canada, Germany, Romania and 12 other countries have been involved in the investigation, U.S. prosecutors said.

Arrests began in March. Lajud-Pena was found dead with a suitcase full of about $100,000 in cash. The investigation into his death is also continuing separately.

In 1978, $5.8 million in cash was stolen from a Lufthansa Airlines vault at Kennedy Airport, a heist masterminded by Jimmy Burke, the inspiration for Robert De Niro’s character in “Goodfellas.”


Wednesday, June 29, 2016

Luffa (Loofah) Salad 麻油拌丝瓜

In-season Luffa (loofah) (which happens to be now!) is fresh, young and tender. Quite typically, I like to make a quick "stew-like" stir-fry in my kitchen, with eggs e.g. Luffa with Eggs; or tomatoes e.g. Luffa with Tomatoes. Occasionally I also cook them with clams - a popular Taiwanese-style dish.

However, when I watched on television, how a Chinese chef preparing it so quickly, blanching 10 seconds then served in a carrot puree/sauce, I was motivated to try this quick-cooking method.

The chef highlighted that this way of cooking luffa will render the luffa still crisp with a tender bite, compared to the soft spongy texture of luffa when stir-fried and simmered like a quick stew.

For today, I will omit the sauce on this quick-cooked luffa. It means one-less step, less hassle and less cooking time. And surprise surprise surprise, I really enjoyed this other dimension of luffa - fresh and tender with a firm bite.

Tuesday, June 21, 2016

Zucchini, Bell Peppers, Mushrooms Stir-Fry 西葫芦灯笼椒香菇小炒

Ever since I successfully made zucchini noodles, I wanted to have a similar dish again but with more colors (which means more nutrition!), layered flavors and versatility.

So here today, I made zucchini noodles with mushrooms, plus multi-colored bell peppers. This dish can be enjoyed with steamed rice or tossed with noodles/pasta to make vegetarian noodles or noodle-salad.

Thursday, June 16, 2016

Pan-Fried Japanese Sardines 煎沙丁鱼

The problem about shopping in the Asian supermarket be it Indian, Japanese, Korean is the possibility of not being able to decipher (or read) what is on the package unless you are proficient in multi-languages, meaning able to read Japanese or Korean, for example.

I can't, and find myself borrowing help from the translated-to-English package label/sticker typically stuck on one corner of the package; however that translation description can never be as exact as what is on the original "foreign-language" package.

I may have made a blunder recently. The sardines I bought from the Japanese supermarket were not what I expected it to be. They were overly salty. The package may have said "salted sardines" but I did not know. At the point of purchase, I went along with gut feeling that they are standard sardines, albeit the frozen version. Both being imported frozen fish products, I prefer yellow croaker (imported from Korea) to this sardine variety from Japan).

If not fresh (the best!), there is always frozen or canned sardines e.g. Brisling Sardines to depend on for easy sardine recipes such as Oven-Cooked Sardines and Onion-Tomato Sardines.


2 weeks ago

Nigel Farage, the leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party, attends a plenary session at the European Parliament on the outcome of the "Brexit" in Brussels, Belgium, June 28, 2016. REUTERS/Eric Vidal TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY

Popular Now What's This?