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Richard N. Lettieri, Esq.
E-Discovery Counsel

Lettieri Law Firm, LLC
1620 King James Drive
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15237

412-364-7255 (Office)
724-814-2743 (Cell)

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What Is An E-Discovery Counsel?

An E-Discovery Counsel is an attorney who possesses both the technical and legal knowledge and experience to provide legal advice to legal teams during the e-discovery process in litigation.

The volume of electronically stored information involved in litigation today, combined with the complexity and variety of technology used to store and retrieve ESI, as well as the changes to the new FRCP and the resulting case law, have created a need for attorneys who limit their practice to e-discovery rather than merely deal with it occasionally. E-discovery counsel are sought by lawyers who need a "go-to" person to resolve these complex issues. They are also sought by Judges as "E-Discovery Special Masters" to act on behalf of the court to resolve e-discovery issues, and by knowledgeable parties and their counsel to resolve e-discovery disputes at or before the Rule 26(f) "meet & confer" through e-discovery mediation, also being referred to as e-mediation.

What Lawyers Need the Type of Services Provided by Attorney Lettieri?

Mr. Lettieri has been retained by both large and small firm litigators representing both plaintiff and defense counsel, in complex and routine cases involving ESI. Most recently, with the creation of E-Discovery Practices among the AMLAW 1000 largest law firms, Mr. Lettieri has been retained by mid-to-small firms by plaintiff counsel, primarily in labor, employment, and personal injury cases to help “level the ESI playing field” and close the ESI "skill gap" that has emerged between the large firms and the mid-to-small firms. He also continues to be sought by jurists and counsel as an E-Discovery Special Master.

Why Do You Need An E-Discovery Counsel?

Rule 1.1 of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct states that a lawyer shall provide competent representation to a client. Competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation.

Rule 26 of the FRCP requires counsel to obtain a level of familiarity with the client’s data retention systems so as to effectively define, locate and preserve all information potentially relevant to the claims and defenses presented in each case. This requires knowledge of how the client’s system creates and stores information, how that information can be lost or deleted, how accessible the information is, and specifically where potentially relevant information is stored.

Many district courts, (like the U.S. District Court, Western District of Pennsylvania) have adopted new local rules explicitly referring to a "duty to investigate" the client's ESI in order to discuss how the ESI "can be preserved, accessed, retrieved, and produced".

ABA Model Rule 3.4 further clarifies counsel’s obligation to preserve and produce all potentially relevant and responsive ESI by stating that "a lawyer shall not unlawfully obstruct another party’s access to evidence or unlawfully alter, destroy or conceal a document or other material having potentially evidentiary value. A lawyer shall not counsel or assist another person to do any such act…" [Model Rule 3.4(a)]. In pretrial procedure, a lawyer shall not make a frivolous discovery request or fail to make a reasonably diligent effort to comply with a legally proper discovery request by an opposing party [Model Rule 3.4(d)].

When counsel falter, courts have a broad range of sanctions that they have not been hesitant to invoke for e-discovery shortcomings; from extending the discovery period or barring certain evidence or testimony at trial for minor infractions involving ordinary negligence, to granting adverse inferences and judgments against a party for infractions involving gross negligence or deliberate evidence spoliation. In at least one instance, criminal charges have been filed for the deliberate destruction of electronic evidence.

Three lawyers at the law firm of King & Spalding recently conducted an extensive study of federal court sanction motions and sanction awards for e-discovery violations. The study analyzed 401 cases prior to 2010 in which sanctions were sought. Sanctions were awarded in 230 of the cases including dismissals of the action, adverse inference instructions to the jury, and significant monetary penalties including nine awards of over $5 million. Counsel were sanctioned for failure to turn over materials on a timely basis, failure to inform clients of preservation obligations, failure to oversee their client’s search for relevant and responsive information in response to discovery requests, failure to comply with Court Orders related to e-discovery, lawyer misrepresentations, and failure to produce documents.

Subsequent studies on sanctions at Gibson Dunn and Williams Mullen, showed sanctions down slightly in 2010, but they were expected to rise again in 2011 and beyond.

For all the reasons above, you may want to consider the assistance of an experienced, knowledgeable E-Discovery Counsel when dealing with ESI issues in federal court.

In Short:

  1. to find evidence (so that you can win your case)
  2. to keep the costs of e-discovery under control
  3. to avoid sanctions

What Are The Primary Responsibilities of An E-Discovery Counsel?

Key responsibilities of E-Discovery counsel in chronological order (these responsibilities include, but are not limited to):

  1. Advise on the proper timing and execution of electronic evidence preservation and collection of potentially relevant data when the duty to preserve arises.
  2. Assist with the creation and issuance of the litigation hold, including training, response and tracking compliance.
  3. Assist with the creation and issuance of a preservation letter to alert opposing counsel of their preservation obligations when litigation is "reasonably anticipated".
  4. Perform a “duty to investigate” the IT systems of both your client and opposing counsel’s client prior to, or during the Rule 26(f) “meet & confer”. The purpose of this effort is to determine where (i.e. what applications and devices) relevant evidence exists, whether it is “accessible” or “inaccessible” due to undue burden and costs, and how it can be requested with focused and targeted discovery requests.
  5. Provide E-Discovery mediation services for counsel who have not been able to settle their e-discovery issues before or during the Rule 26(f) "meet & confer", but would like to do so voluntarily before the appointment of an E-Discovery Special Master by the court.
  6. Advocate on behalf of one party prior to, during and after the Rule 26(f) "meet & confer" conference
  7. Assist in the preparation of discovery requests and responses, or the joint creation of ESI search protocols.
  8. Assist with depositions or preparing client representatives for depositions that deal with E-discovery issues, including 30(b)(6) depositions of the IT personnel of the opposing counsel’s client.
  9. Advise/counsel on issues related to the review and production.
  10. Provide trial support, as required.
  11. Assist the court as an "E-Discovery Special Master" to resolve e-discovery disputes between parties at the early stages of the discovery process.

What Are The Critical Skills Required of An E-Discovery Counsel?

  • A thorough knowledge of the FRCP and evolving case law related to ESI
  • A solid background and understanding of IT issues, systems, terminology and environment.
  • Experience as a litigator, familiar with the procedures in federal court.
  • Working knowledge and experience addressing E-discovery issues from a judicial perspective – providing judges what they expect relative to ESI.
  • Ability to deal effectively with opposing counsel; writing specific, targeted e-discovery requests or negotiating joint ESI search protocols; overcoming overly broad or unduly burdensome discovery requests; negotiating reasonable scope; agreeing on production formats; applying the principle of proportionality to manage costs.
  • Ability to evaluate, select, and execute appropriate search methodologies that are iterative in application; provide quality control metrics, and achieve balanced recall and precision targeted goals. To recommend technology-assisted review (TAR) or computer-assisted review (CAR) approaches, when appropriate.
  • Avoid court sanctions through the competent and cost-effective application of the law and practical knowledge of ESI “best practices” to reduce risks, manage costs and help win the case.
  • E-Discovery mediation skills and experience
  • Ability to serve the court as an "E-Discovery Special Master"

What Value Does An Experienced E-Discovery Counsel Provide?

Level the Playing Field Against Larger Firms That Have Access to In-House E-Discovery Practice Resources

As you know, in litigation, a competitive edge may mean the difference between success and failure. If you are going up against a firm that has access to an internal E-Discovery Counsel and you don’t, you may want to "level the e-discovery playing field" by adding an E-Discovery Counsel to your legal team, especially at the front end of the process.

According to the Cohen Consulting Group, as of October, 2010, 87 of the AMLAW 200 law firms had created E-Discovery practices. This number is up from 6 only two years ago. In 2013, almost every AMLAW 200 firm now has their own in-house E-Discovery practice.

As larger firms have created specialized E-Discovery Practices within their firms, mid-to-small firms have needed to augment their litigation teams with E-Discovery Counsel on an “as-needed” basis. These “as-needed” E-Discovery Counsel have helped the smaller firms “level the e-discovery playing field” Click here... and “close the ESI Skill gap” Click here... against the larger firms.

Control the Costs of E-Discovery – 4 Key Benefits

  1. By agreeing early on a reasonable list of custodians and timeframe (i.e. scope), preservation costs can be significantly reduced.
  2. By reducing the scope of the collection (both number of custodians and timeframe), we reduce the amount of data that must be filtered, processed and reviewed at a significant cost savings.
  3. By ensuring that only accessible data is produced, we eliminate the need and cost to restore data from less accessible media.
  4. By agreeing to a reasonable search protocol (i.e. reasonable methodology like. technology assisted review (TAR), also sometimes referred to as predictive coding; or by creating an iterative keyword search with metrics, we shorten review time and help ensure a review of “mostly” relevant documents.

Avoid Sanctions

In addition to the above-mentioned sanctions in the section entitled “Why Do You Need an E-Discovery Counsel”, practitioners were reminded very recently of this real threat in two cases:

  • Bozic v. City of Washington, No. 2:11-cv-674, 2012 WL 6050610 (W.D. Pa. Dec. 5, 2012)
    In this case, the court ruled that destruction of a tape recording after preserved for litigation at a time when litigation was reasonably foreseeable, met the test of “bad faith” to support an adverse inference for spoliation of evidence.
  • Lester v. Allied Concrete Company ( VA. Circuit Court 10-21-12)
    In this state case, severe sanctions of $542,000 were ordered when a lawyer advised his client through a paralegal to “clean up” his Facebook account.

In Short: What Value Does an Experienced E-Discovery Counsel Provide?

  1. level the e-discovery playing field against the larger firms
  2. control the costs of e-discovery
  3. avoid sanctions

Return to top »


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The Idiot

The Idiot - Usually in a book you find a character that you identify with--someone whose motives you understand. I didn't find that character in The Idiot. The unifying trait of all of them is the way their lives are directed by passion. None of them are rational--whether blinded by love, money or vice; whether good or evil, they each act to slowly bring about their own ruin. It's tragic and disconcerting to watch them slowly come unravelled.Though Prince Myshkin is the "idiot" the book is named for, he is definitely not, at least at the time the story takes place, an idiot. He's innocent and good, but is consistently (and disconcertingly) brazenly honest. It is shocking. When he bares his soul to people who care nothing for him, it's almost too much. The Idiot is a blood on wool contrast of his goodness and the depravity every other character where the end result is the same for everyone. This story, like most serialized Russian novels, is episodic and probably unnecessarily long. Among the many tangents are, as are so often found in Russian literature, philosophical and religious ponderings, commentary on the stratification of Russian society and descriptions of contemporary historical events. Through it all there is a beautiful, tragic love story where human flaws are shown raw and unpolished. The ending is insane. It's bizarre. Surreal. It's worth reading the whole book for the ending.


“How do people assign meaning and weight to past events? Sociologists have coined the term “collective memory” to describe it. And it turns out that collective memory doesn’t just dictate the way groups recall the past en masse. Rather, wrote Jeannette A. Bastian, an event’s “memory trajectory” also influences the ways archivists preserve history—and opens up opportunities to contextualize and document more than just an event.” Erin Blakemore tells us more.


Solar Geysers

Solar water geysers use solar energy from sun to generate heat, which can then be used in heating water used household, industrial or even for solar space cooling purposes. Solar water geysers are one of the most effective ways in reducing household’s carbon foot print by reducing the reliance on conventional fuels.


Is your spouse a negative person? Does he or she consistently zero in on what’s wrong with you and the marriage while overlooking the many positives?

If so, it’s also quite possible that your spouse is just a negatively-oriented person about most things–work, the marriage, other people, the future, and life in general. Perhaps as time goes by, your spouse is becoming even more negative, critical, and complaining.

When I first talked to “Leigh” (not her real name), she was ready to leave her marriage because of her husband’s constant negativity. “Al” was a master at finding fault with Leigh’s decisions and suggestions. He had a sharp wit and could deliver zingers without batting an eye.

If Leigh suggested a picnic, Al responded with complaints about the perils of fire ants, killer bees, and sudden thunderstorms. Whenever she made a suggestion, Al would discourse on what was wrong with the idea and why it wouldn’t work.

If he did agree to go along with one of Leigh’s ideas or suggestions, he always expected the worse or talked about the negative aspects. In addition, Al was very critical.

The restaurant they tried was “too expensive,” the dinner conversation with friends was “too boring,” the movie was “too long,” the weekend camping trip was “too much work,” a gift from a family member was “stingy,” and the people at the church they visited were “hypocrites.” His boss is “an idiot,” his job “sucks,” and his life is “the pits.”

Since a negative attitude is highly contagious, it was challenging for Leigh to be around Al and not lose her normally positive orientation. She often felt drained and deflated in spirit after her interactions with Al. When she realized that he was becoming more negative the older he got and that she was starting to resent his attitude, she consulted with me.

Eight Steps to Overcome Negativity

If you’re in the same situation–married to a spouse with a negative attitude–I would give you the same recommendations that I gave Leigh. Here’s what you can do:

1. Deliberately cultivate friendships with other individuals and couples who have positive attitudes and who are fun to be around. Try to expand you and your spouse’s circle of friends to include couples who would be good role models for your mate and spend time with those couples.

Cut back on spending time with friends who encourage your spouse’s negative comments and attitude and slowly over time try to add individuals and couples who are strong positive influences.

2. Be sure that you have friends, activities, hobbies, and interests in your life that “feed your soul” and help you stay on a positive track. If things in your marriage aren’t what you wish they were, then you need to find satisfaction and joy in other areas to keep you centered and balanced emotionally.

Listen to inspiring songs and read inspirational books. “Feed” yourself a diet of positive messages that encourage and motivate you.

3. Monitor your moods to be sure that you’re not getting tangled up in what are commonly called “co-dependency” issues. That’s when you let your mood be determined and set by someone else.

An example would be if you were depressed all day because your spouse was in a bad mood at breakfast. Just because he’s in a funk doesn’t mean that you can’t have an enjoyable day. You don’t have to let your mate’s mood determine your mood or spoil your day.

Don’t give away your personal power. Take responsibility for creating your own happiness instead of being so influenced by your spouse’s negative attitude.

4. Keep a gratitude journal where you list what you’re thankful for each day. Form the habit of sharing with your spouse things that you’re thankful for. At dinner, for example, you might talk about how helpful the clerk at the grocery store was or tell about the favor a co-worker did for you that you appreciate.

If you’re thankful for seeing a beautiful bird or a lovely flowering tree, share your feelings. If you feel blessed by the kindness of a friend, share that. Even if what you say doesn’t impact your mate, you need to hear yourself expressing gratitude and appreciation for the gifts that you’ve been given. This helps you to keep focused on what’s right with your life instead of what’s wrong with it.

5. Try not to judge your spouse or make him or her “wrong” for being so negative. There are many factors that can influence a person’s attitudes: the attitudes they learned from their parents, their experiences growing up, low self-esteem, intense stress, clinical depression, a habit of negative self-talk, life disappointments and discouragement, and lack of hope.

Sometimes individuals who are negative think they are being “realistic” or helpful by “calling a spade a spade.” Others may think they are witty for delivering clever “zingers” and criticisms.

6. Schedule a time to talk to your partner about your concerns. Without sounding judgmental or “preachy,” give some specific examples of how her (or his) negativity has impacted you significantly. Perhaps your spouse is not even aware of just how negative she has become, or perhaps she is feeling depressed and needs to talk to her doctor or a counselor.

If your spouse reacts in anger, stay calm and non-defensive. State that you’d rather share your feelings now than have them fester underground and cause even more problems later.

7. If nothing changes after your talk with your spouse, write him (or her) a letter outlining your feelings and concerns about your reactions to his negative attitude. State that you want to look forward to your interactions and time with him, but you’re afraid the constant negativity will eventually affect your feelings.

In the letter, tell your spouse how much you value him and your marriage and that you love him deeply. Ask your mate to go to marriage counseling with you so that your marriage will stay strong and satisfying for both of you.

8. If your spouse is not willing to address the problem by talking with you or going to counseling, then make an appointment to see a counselor by yourself. You’ll need support and help in determining just what the next step needs to be–trying again to communicate verbally or in writing, or trying to adjust and live with things as they are, or in an extreme case, considering a temporary marital separation.

You’ll need a deep commitment to staying positive and upbeat to be able to withstand the strong negativity in your marriage relationship. The encouraging news, however, is that according to Robert H. Schuller, “It takes but one positive thought when given a chance to survive and thrive to overpower an entire army of negative thoughts.”

Source by Nancy Wasson

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Thought of the Day

Why do we worship God?

Bhagavatam says;

भक्तिः  परेशानुभवो   विरक्तिरन्यत्र  चैष  त्रिक  एककालः।

प्रपद्यमानस्ययथाश्नतः  स्युस्तुष्टिःपुष्टिः  क्षुदपायोऽनुघासम्॥

इत्यच्युताङ्‌घ्रिं  भजतोऽनुवृत्त्या   भक्तिर्विरक्तिर्भगवतबोधः।

Just as a person who is eating his meal,  with every mouthful, he gets all three of these at the same time -  satisfaction, nourishment and end of hunger, in the same way,  when a man takes refuge in God, and begins to worship  Him,  and at every moment  he do ‘bhajan’ he develops love for God, he experiences his beloved Lord’s form  ‘swaroop’ and becomes detached from anything else besides the God ‒  all these three are attained at the same  time.

In this manner,  who worships the God, he attains devotion, detachment and realization of God.  He most certainly attains these three, and he becomes divine and attain eternal peace. ’

The information, stories, examples and advice are expressed and presented by our sages, seers, pundits and commentators in various forms, eras and in different contexts.  It is reproduced for our devotees and visitors to learn, adopt and get adept as per their belief and abilities.

Sri Vishnu Shiva Mandir can not be held liable, responsible or accountable for any loss, missed opportunities, harm or injuries caused by any advice or teachings presented on this website.

Statements are generic, culture-specific, advisory and symbolic that may not be suitable for every person and/or circumstances.  Devotees or followers are cautioned and encouraged to consider their needs, abilities, environment and consequences, and seek specialist advice before imitating, emulating or practising any of the above.

Vishnu Shiva Mandir Border


Schreiber render by HIT IT

Wolfgang's Holy Relic

Wolfgang Briah Relic

Wolfgang's Briah

Farewell, brave realm of splendor; farewell, Valhalla!
Let your proud castles, towering bastions all crumble to ruin!
Farewell, resplendent pomp of the gods — farewell!
May you find rapture in your end, O race of immortals!
Briah: Niflheimr Fenriswolf!

~ Schreiber enacting his Briah

Ah, i plead with you. O' reaper of souls, leave me be!
Go far and touch me not, for i'm still young and warm with life's breath! Fear me not and take my hand, fair and beautiful one! I am your friend and came with no intention to harm you. Ah, there is nary a need to be afraid and startled, for no one shall hurt you. May you rest in my embrace, O' beloved one, and enjoy everlasting repose!
Briah: Niflheimr Fenriswolf!

~ Schreiber using a different incantation of his Briah

Powers and Stats

Tier: 7-A | 1-A

Name: Wolfgang Schreiber, Hrozvitnir, Einherjar Albedo, "Anna Schreiber", Teirei and Niko

Origin: Dies Irae

Gender: Male

Age: 84

Classification: Longinus Dreizehn Orden #12, One of the Three Commanders | Hadou God Cell

Powers and Abilities: Superhuman Physical Characteristics, Immortality (Types 1, 3 and 4), Regeneration (Low-Godly, Mid-Godly within Gladsheimr), Enhanced Senses, Extrasensory Perception, Soul Manipulation, Reality Warping, will always move faster than his opponent with his Briah active, Energy Absorption, Berserk Mode, Durability Negation, Immunity to natural poisons and diseases, Resistance to Magic, Mental, Spiritual, Spatial, Temporal and Conceptual attacks | All previous abilities in addition to Acausality, Causality Manipulation, Conceptual Manipulation, Regeneration (True-Godly), Probability Manipulation, Abstract, Non-Corporeal

Attack Potency: Mountain level (Superior to both Eleonore and Machina, casually nuked Berlin during the prologue, far superior to the likes of Wilhelm), can bypass durability by attacking his opponent's soul | Outerverse level (Inhabits the same level of existence as a Hadou God)

Speed: At least FTL, likely FTL+ (Is the fastest of the LDO without his Briah except for Reinhard himself, easily outpacing the likes of Machina, who overwhelm both Wilhelm Ehrenburg and Tubal Cain and trade blows with Ren Fuji, who can accelerate fast enough to make lightning appear frozen to him, as well as Beatrice Kirscheisen, who can become lightning itself), higher with his Holy Relic, Varies with Nilfheimr Fenriswolf (With his Briah active, Schreiber will always move faster than his opponent unless they can completely immobilize him) | Irrelevant

Lifting Strength: At least Class 10 (Stronger than Wilhelm) | Irrelevant

Striking Strength: Mountain Class | Outerversal

Durability: Mountain level (Superior to Eleonore and Machina), regeneration makes him difficult to kill | Outerverse level

Stamina: Limitless | Limitless

Range: Hundreds of kilometers (Turned Berlin into a scorched wasteland) | Outerversal

Standard Equipment: His Holy Relic Lyngvi Vánagandr, and a Luger P08 and a Mauser C96 pair (Both of which have infinite ammo, abnormal fire rates, can literally ricochet off of empty space, hitting his target even if they initially miss, and can damage the soul. They also contain properties of Wolfgang's Briah, allowing the bullets to always become faster than Wolfgang's enemies).

Intelligence: While insane, Schreiber is an expert on killing, capable of subconsciously analyzing the enemy in the direction of his gaze, reading their facial expression, the frequency of their heart beats, sweating and adrenaline level before moving for the kill.

Weaknesses: Wolfgang is completely insane and possesses a split-personality disorder. Any technique that can fully halt Wolfgang (such as Time stop) can nullify Nilfheimr Fenriswolf. Schrieber can be caught if he is faced with an attack he was completely unable to expect or perceive, such as a surprise attack from an ally or an opponent climbing out of his target's chest even though they were supposed to be dead, since the shock will force him to pause. When Nilfheimr Fenriswolf is active, Schreiber is in a state of uncontrollable rage, and can only be calmed down by Reinhard. While his true Briah is active, he has to consume his stock of souls to regenerate as touching anything will cause whatever limb made contact with another being explode, thus it is theoretically possible to outlast him until he destroys himself.

Notable Attacks/Techniques:

  • Lyngvi Vánagandr: (Tornado of Carnage) Wolfgang's Holy Relic, a WW2 Zundapp KS750 motorcycle which grants him higher speed when ridden. Wolfgang generally uses this to ride across the field and to attack his enemies by ramming them at high speeds. Wolfgang can also use his Briah in conjunction with his relic, allowing him to be untouchable and always be faster than his opponent.
  • Niflheimr Fenriswolf: (The All-Devouring Beast of the Abyss) Schreiber’s Gudou-type Briah, his desire being “I do not want to be touched by anyone”. When Nilfheimr Fenriswolf is active, he has the permanent effect of always moving faster than his opponent no matter their speed, even if they were faster than the speed of light or attempted to alter the flow of time to either slow him down or speed themselves up (or both in the case of Ren when the latter attempted this with Eine Faust Finale), with Schreiber’s own reactions being boosted to compensate. It is also extremely difficult to interrupt this ability's activation, since the distance between Schrieber and his foes will stretch infinitely until the incantation's completion. However, if Schreiber by chance is touched by someone with his Briah active, he will break down and activate his true Briah. Here he merges with his relic, the hair lengthens down to past his shoulders that gives off a constant white glow, becomes even faster and enters a berserk-like state. Additionally, any of Schreiber’s actions, such as screaming or glaring, will damage the soul as well as any of Schrieber's physical blows, but he will lose the use of his firearms in the process. However, the contradictory nature of his true Briah's desire, "I want to be embraced" and his original Briah's desire causes any part of Schrieber's body that touches another to explode, only to regenerate using his stock of 185,731 souls. He will continue in this berserk rage until he expires, but will continue running even if his limbs are blown off, his head destroyed, or his body seared in incredible heat, making him virtually unstoppable. The only way to actually bypass this is to use a technique that fully halts Schreiber’s movement, such as time stop, or simply negate the technique outright.

Key: BaseLegion Reincarnation

Dies irae 『Einherjar Albedo』02:52

Dies irae 『Einherjar Albedo』

Notable Victories:

Notable Losses:

Inconclusive Matches:

Notorious B.I.G. (JoJo's Bizarre Adventure) Notorious B.I.G.'s Profile

Start a Discussion Discussions about Wolfgang Schreiber


Linux temps réel embarqué et outils de développements Technique

libm17n-0-dbg a multilingual text processing library - debugging symbols
Installed size 836
Maintainer Hidetaka Iwai <tyuyu@debian.or.jp>
Architecture i386
Version 1.3.1-1.1
Depends libm17n-0 (= 1.3.1-1.1)
Suggests m17n-docs
File name pool/main/m/m17n-lib/libm17n-0-dbg_1.3.1-1.1_i386.deb
Description The m17n library is a multilingual text processing library for the C language. This library has following features: . - The m17n library is an open source software. - The m17n library for any Linux/Unix applications. - The m17n library realizes multilingualization of many aspects of applications. - The m17n library represents multilingual text as an object named M-text. M-text is a string with attributes called text properties, and designed to substitute for string in C. Text properties carry any information required to input, display and edit the text. - The m17n library supports functions to handle M-texts. . m17n is an abbreviation of Multilingualization. . This package contains unstripped shared libraries. it is provided primarily to provide a backtrace with names in a debugger, this makes it somewhat easier to interpret core dumps. The libraries are installed in /usr/lib/debug and can be used by placing that directory in LD_LIBRARY_PATH. Most people will not need this package.


Learning The Butterfly Stroke | How To Perform Body Undulation Drills And Dolphin Kicks Correctly

Granted, the butterfly stroke is quickly exhausting and among the most difficult swimming techniques an athlete can learn. Then again, mastering its unique and spectacular movements promises to be a lot of fun and provide you with the edge you need during competitive swimming.

What does the butterfly stroke entail?

The butterfly stroke implies holding your thighs closely together and gliding with the knees released, redirecting movement through the hips. As your hips rise, you press down with the upper body and while you push down with the legs, the upper body is elevated to the surface. Due to the specific motions, the stroke has often been compared with a dolphin’s way of swimming.

The best way to learn the butterfly stroke implies practicing the movements individually. In order to perform this stroke with ease, a swimmer needs to study and practice several sequences included in the technique first, namely:

– Achieving balance without the use of your arms

Also dubbed the gliding phase, achieving body balance without the help of your arms is critical for correctly performing the butterfly stroke. Keep in mind that this is the only stroke in swimming that entails bringing both arms behind the body. Therefore, its role is to teach your how to regain control of your feet and your core muscles, both being critical to proper undulation.

To start the movement, step forward with your arms by the sides of your body and inhale gently. Lean your body forward and start exhaling lightly into the water. Once in the water, drift off into a glide while keeping your eyes down and without pushing actively. Try to maintain this position and refrain from moving your trunk or your limbs until you count to four; then, press your head down and tuck up quickly to regain your feet without any assistance from your arms.
To avoid injuries, make sure to keep arms, neck and shoulders relaxed at all times. In addition, be constantly alert about your position and refrain from pulling the head back or pushing off from the floor to regain your feet.

– The upright wave

The role of training to perform an upright wave correctly is to learn how to move your upper body – particularly the torso – as one unit. Although the movement appears difficult, rest assured that the uplift of the water and the associated resistance facilitates the motion.
If you prefer the opening stance, then tilt your upper body from the hips, while bending your knees slightly and keeping your palms facing to rear. As you sweep your arms gently behind the body, move the hips forward and keep your upper body backwards. Because the body needs to move as one unit, remember to initiate the motion from your hips and maintain your shoulders relaxed.

On a side note, if you prefer water threading, then make sure to maintain your heels in contact with the floor while tilting your torso. While performing the actual sequence, remember to move up on to tiptoes and keep your eyes forward. To prevent unwanted accidents, avoid pulling too vigorously with your arms or arching your back.

– Waving with your arms extended

Waving with your arms extended is basically the movement you’ll perform at the start of every stroke. The technique implies drifting into a glide while maintaining your head bowed, eyes front, gentle breathing and, of course, your arms extended. To glide you need to allow your hips to rise by pressing down with the chest and using the crown of your head to guide your body forward and down. As you look up again, let your legs push down and your body float up.
Take note that the upward movement is passive, while the downward is active. Therefore, redirect your look down to slide forward for a couple of seconds before you regain your feet. To prevent cramps and injuries, avoid over-bending your knees or keeping your hips too stiff.

– Waving with your arms trailing

Once you master the previous technique, you are ready to collapse your chest and push down actively to drive your hips upwards as your legs extend. While your hips move up and down, allow your knees to bend and use the up thrust force to lift your upper body. Remember to regain your feet each time you elevate the upper body.

At this point, you should learn how to let your arms loose by your sides and control the movement entirely with your hips and by lengthening your legs. To avoid straining your back, do not arch it excessively, over-bend the knees or lift your feet out of the water.

You need to be patient and focused on your training

Learning how to perform the butterfly stroke correctly entails practicing to develop an effective dolphin kick and mastering the art of body undulation. Take note that the stroke relies on the propulsion generated by the combined actions of the upper and lower body. Because learning to perform the combined movements effectively takes some practice, patience is highly advised in this case.

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The 8 Stages of California Trust & Estate Litigation: Expert Witness Depositions

February 21st, 2017

Expert witness depositions are part of the discovery stage of litigation, but they deserve special attention due to their high cost and particular prominence in California trust and estate litigation.  While the discovery process ends with a “discovery cut-off” 30 days before trial, the expert discovery cut-off extends to 15 days before trial.

Under California Evidence Code Section 801(a), an expert witness may testify in the form of an opinion if the opinion is “related to a subject that is sufficiently beyond common experience that the opinion of an expert would assist the trier of fact.”  The “trier of fact” means the judge in a “bench trial” (which means a case decided by a judge rather than a jury, as is the case in most will and trust contests and other probate proceedings) or the jury in a case decided by a jury, such as an elder abuse case.

This means that expert witnesses are allowed to offer their opinions on matters that are outside “common experience” if it would assist the judge or jury.  California attorneys and judges seem to be particularly fond of expert testimony; according to one study:

California courts probably rely on expert testimony to a greater extent than any other jurisdiction. In a study supported by the Rand Corporation, researchers found that 86 percent of the civil trials conducted in California Superior Courts involved expert testimony. On average, there were 3.3experts per trial.  (Edward J. Imwinkelried and David L. Faigman, Evidence Code Section 802: The Neglected Key to Rationalizing the California Law of Expert Testimony, 42 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 427 (2009).  Available at:

This is certainly true in most will and trust contests, elder abuse, and other trust and estate litigation cases, where the most common experts are: neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, or neurologists; forensic accountants; and forensic document examiners (otherwise known as handwriting experts).

expert witnessMedical doctors (typically neurologists or psychiatrists) or neuropsychologists are often called upon to testify about the mental capacity of the person who created the will or trust at issue in a will or trust contest.  They will also often testify about whether the person was vulnerable to undue influence.  In most cases these doctors never examine the person about whom they are opining, instead basing their opinions on medical records and testimony of family and friends.

When money has gone missing in an elder abuse case, or when a trustee is accused of converting trust funds for his personal use, forensic accountants typically analyze financial records and testify about where the money went or how it was spent.

Because forged or altered wills, trusts, deeds, or powers of attorney figure prominently in elder abuse cases and will and trust contests, forensic document examiners are often necessary to testify about the authenticity of signatures or documents.

It is not unusual for experts to charge $500-$600 or more per hour and $5000 per day for court testimony.  (A San Francisco neuropsychiatrist we have retained in cases in Contra Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara Counties charges $750 per hour for depositions and $5000 for a full day of trial testimony.)  Because of this enormous expense, expert witness depositions usually occur at the end of the discovery stage, when mediation has failed and settlement discussions are exhausted.

Because we specialize in cases of involving undue influence, incapacity, fraud, and elder abuse, we are able to recommend experienced expert witnesses in any type of estate or trust dispute.

None of the individuals are actual clients, witnesses, attorneys, or parties to actual legal proceedings.  Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, or actual events is purely coincidental. The individuals who appear on the accompanying photos are dramatizations of fictional clients, witnesses, attorneys, or other parties.

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23 September 2000

ARE you doing your bit for the planet? You’ve stopped driving a car, planted
six trees in your back garden and put solar panels on your roof. You’re even
willing to breathe more slowly if it’ll help reduce your carbon dioxide burden
on the poor overheated planet. But the temperature continues to creep up.
There’s already too much CO2 in the air and you realise that things are
going to keep getting hotter. So what can you do?

Some researchers would like you to turn to an entirely different way of
fighting global warming. If you can’t plug the flow of carbon into the
atmosphere, they argue, then cool the planet by blocking some of the light from
the Sun. Over the past few years, they’ve come up with a host of bright ideas
for how to install a dimmer switch on daylight. Such as putting a giant mirror
in space. Or letting loose a layer of dust, a giant metal mesh or trillions of
tiny silver balloons into the atmosphere. Anything to give us a global
thermostat, to pull down the temperature when things get too hot.

If you find this prospect disconcerting, you’re not alone. Ken Caldeira, a
climate researcher from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in
California, is terrified by the whole idea. So he set out two years ago armed
with a global model to try to prove that it wouldn’t work. But things didn’t
quite turn out like that. To his dismay, everything he thought would go wrong
when he ran his model, went right. His work did more to support planetary
geoengineering than

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In many activities, such as martial arts, physical exercise, and physiotherapy, the users are asked to perform a sequence of body movements with highly accurate arm positions. Sometimes, the movements are too complicated for users to learn, even by imitating the action of the coach directly. This paper presents a fully immersive augmented reality (AR)(More)
With the recent advances of wearable I/O devices, designers of immersive VR systems are able to provide users with many different ways to explore the virtual space. For example, Birdly [Rheiner 2014] is a flying simulator composed of visual, auditory, and smell feedback that can provide the user a compelling experience of flying in the sky. SpiderVision(More)
We present SoEs (Sword of Elements), an attachable augmented haptic device for enhancing gaming controller in the immersive first-person game. Generally, Player can easily receive visual and auditory feedback through head-mounted displays (HMD) and headphones from first-person perspective in virtual world. However, the tactile feedback is less than those(More)
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To alleviate cybersickness in the immersive virtual reality (VR), teleportation is a common method of moving around in virtual spaces. Although users can receive the visual and auditory feedbacks from their first-person perspective with the advances of immersive head-mounted displays (HMD), they do not have the haptic experience when they teleport to(More)
By using the head-mounted display (HMD), we can have an immersive virtual reality experience. But the user cannot see any information from the real world. To solve the problem, video seethrough HMD can acquire images from real environment, and present into the HMD, then, we could build a mixed reality (MR) or augmented reality (AR) system. However, how to(More)
Recently, virtual reality (VR) becomes more and more popular and provides users an immersive experience with a head-mounted display (HMD). However, in some applications, users have to interact with physical objects while immersed in VR. With a non-see-through HMD, it is difficult to perceive visual information from the real world. Users must recall the(More)
In general, highly-skilled manipulation without instruction is difficult. Recently there are some works which apply the manipulating guidance by a Virtual Reality (VR) or Augmented Reality (AR) head-mounted display (HMD) to keep the user hands-free. Henderson et al. [Henderson and Feiner 2009] applied AR to armored vehicle turret maintenance. With a(More)
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Sunday, August 10, 2014

Dark Matters

Dark Matters

Kenny A. Chaffin

All Rights Reserved © 2013 Kenny A. Chaffin

Hello darkness my old friend
I’ve come to talk with you again
- Sounds of Silence
by Paul Simon
There is no dark side of the moon really.
Matter of fact it's all dark.
- Eclipse (Dark side of the Moon)
Roger Waters

Dark matter, dark energy, the dark side of the Moon…..hmmmm….I think we better talk.  A couple of decades ago everything was cool. We knew the universe was expanding and the thought was that it would either continue expanding or reverse course and begin collapsing due to gravity. In either case it was assumed that the rate of the expansion would slow due to gravity. We’d never seen any slowing so have been looking to verify this claim. Then along comes the damn Hubble Space Telescope screwing everything up! Its observations of distant galaxies in 1998 showed just the opposite. Not only was the expansion not slowing but the rate of expansion was increasing! It was as if some force were pushing the galaxies apart every faster. There was no explanation that fit. Enter confusion and a new hypothesis – Dark Energy -- thrown in to the cosmological mix to explain the accelerating rate of expansion. Now if you’re getting a feeling of déjà vu, blame it on Einstein and his cosmological constant. He claimed it was his biggest mistake – adding it into his general relativity equations and then removing it. It has again been resurrected as an explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe we now see. Or perhaps this begins to sound more like Roger Water’s Dark Side of the Moon lunatic or maybe Roger Penrose’s quantum mind. It’s all dark, really.
Dark energy is the name cosmologists have assigned to this unexplainable observation, somewhat in relation to the ‘vacuum’ energy of space. This is not science, this is speculation. We don’t know what is going on really we only have observations awaiting an explanation. Dark energy is a hypothesis, not a theory as there is no way to verify it because on its definition.  It only interacts with normal matter in the form of gravity. There is no way to observer it, measure it, or test it beyond the indirect observations of galactic expansion. And how is that different than some unknown feature, force or characteristic of the universe that we simply do not understand at this point? The problem as I see it is that this ‘theory’ of dark energy has been feed to the public in sensational news headlines and popular science articles as if it were real science. This is misleading at best and deceptive at worst in my opinion since it makes it sound like there is a clearly identified cause – dark energy. That is what the public takes from these twitter-like headlines, particularly since most readers don’t get beyond those headlines. The truth is that we don’t know if any such thing as dark energy exists, we have an unexplained observation and that is all we know. Would it not be better to simply say, “Yes the rate of expansion of the universe appears to be increasing but we do not know why?” Unfortunately science is acting more like a religion and claiming that it has answers to the unknown when in fact it does not. In this age of the media and marketing as kingmaker science communicators can fall into the same trap of sensationalizing their stories. But enough of that just call me a lunatic if you like.
Something is responsible for the accelerating rate of expansion of the universe. Something we don’t understand, perhaps there is a cosmological constant that we’ve yet to identify and understand, perhaps there is a problem with Einstein’s General Relativity Equations, perhaps there really is some form of energy here-to-fore unidentified that is pushing the galaxies apart faster and faster. Or perhaps there is some error or issue with our deep-space, deep-time observations.

(Credit: NASA)

            As you can see in the above illustration, measurements show that the direction of the curve changes about 7.5 billion years ago. What might have happened at that point in the universe? Could it be that the ‘vacuum energy’ of space changed at that point due to physical expansion? This is unknown of course. As new space came into being did additional dark energy appear as well? The belief at this point is that 68% of the universe is actually dark energy with another 27% is dark matter. Now it is certainly something of a dark matter that leaves only 5% of the universe as normal matter. That 5% is everything we know, you, me, all the planets, stars, asteroids and hydrogen clouds, everything we previously assumed was the entire constitution of the universe. With the emergence of dark matter and dark energy everything we thought we knew has been turned upside down as though we were in an Alice in Wonderland story.
            Before we go too far, let’s look back at dark matter. It was first proposed by Jan Oort (of Oort cloud fame) in 1932 to account for the orbital velocities of stars in the Milky Way. Others have shown additional situations that require dark matter in order to explain gravitational anomalies. Dark matter doesn’t seem to be as unbelievable as dark energy as it is thought to be ordinary matter which is not easily detectable either optically or by other observational methods. The effect is primarily seen through gravity on orbits, velocities and movement of stars and galaxies. It seems very possible there are massive amounts of normal matter strewn throughout the universe collectively known as massive compact halo objects or MACHOs that could be enough to cause gravitational anomalies but we have not been able to detect enough possible candidates to conclude that this is the case. Another possibility is nonbaryonic dark matter (such as WIMPS – weakly interacting massive particles) which would not be detectible by electromagnetic means. This appears to be the leading candidate for the source of dark matter. While most cosmologists agree that dark matter exists and explains the anomalies there are alternative hypotheses/theories of gravity that attempt to explain the discrepancies without resorting to unobservable matter.

This three-dimensional map offers a first look at the web-like large-scale distribution of dark matter, an invisible form of matter that accounts for most of the Universe's mass. The map reveals a loose network of dark matter filaments, gradually collapsing under the relentless pull of gravity, and growing clumpier over time. The three axes of the box correspond to sky position (in right ascension and declination), and distance from the Earth increasing from left to right (as measured by cosmological redshift). Note how the clumping of the dark matter becomes more pronounced, moving right to left across the volume map, from the early Universe to the more recent Universe. (Credit: NASA/ESA/Richard Massey (California Institute of Technology))

            So the effect of dark energy we observe is somewhat the opposite of the effect of dark matter.  Dark matter has a gravitational pull and effect on stars, planets, galaxies and all normal matter in the same way they affect and attract one another. Dark energy on the other hand creates a constant ‘anti-gravity’ force that pushes everything apart and accelerates the on-going expansion of space. The following illustration from NASA shows the change in composition from the origin of the universe 13.7 billion years ago to what we see today. Note the increasing percentage of dark energy. This sort of makes sense as there was only a certain amount of matter in the original universe and as it expands what is added is space and along with it the vacuum energy which seems to include increasing amounts of dark energy.

            So we have a mystery. It’s a scientific mystery not unlike others that we encounter at the edges of science, in this case the science of cosmology. Dark energy is proposed as a hypothesis to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe though we have no means of measuring, detecting or verifying that that is the case. Dark energy is really just a placeholder for something we don’t understand. It seems to harken back even beyond Einstein’s cosmological constant to the ether theory that was proposed before Maxwell provided us with an understanding of electromagnetic waves. For the non-scientist reading about this research in the media it can be confusing and the casual reader will come away thinking dark energy is a real thing because science said so. Most readers don’t think too deeply about it and figure it’s something like atoms or quarks or photons when in fact it is nothing of the sort. It is nothing more than a hypothesis, and perhaps not even that because to be a true hypothesis it must be testable and from what has been proposed there is no way to test, verify, or validate dark energy. There is only the observation which it is hypothesized to explain – a circular definition in other words. This is the dark side and dark matters.

            It is incumbent upon all scientists and science communicators to be as up-front, open and honest as possible with the public. There is a distrust of science that has been building since the mid-20th century. We must take care to not exacerbate the situation in these times of global warming and genetic engineering, these times of political and religious attacks on science. We must work with the public to build bridges of trust and support by stepping out of the darkness and conveying scientific knowledge in the light of truth and full disclosure and thereby regain public trust and support.

The Sounds of Silence:

Dark Energy:

Expansion of Universe Illustration:

Dark Matter:

Distribution map of Dark Matter:

WMAP Content of the Universe graph:

About the Author


Teaching strategies

Imparting knowledge, skill or understanding to enhance the development of a learner.

Watching a learner carefully to inform a judgement of their responses to a learning challenge.

Providing clarification in response to a learner's need.

Engaging with a learner in focused conversation on a learning topic with a view to enhancing their knowledge, skill, understanding or motivation.

Asking a learner questions to diagnose his or her existing level of knowledge, skill or understanding, or to gauge his or her attitude and motivation towards a learning challenge.

Holding a particular conversation with an individual pupil for the purpose of reviewing his or her learning progress and to plan future targets.

Providing appropriate support, often though instruction or explanation, which enables a child to construct understanding for themselves. Often thought of in association with Vygotsky's concept of the 'zone of proximal development'.

Ensuring that learning tasks are set at suitable levels of challenge in respect of pupils existing knowledge, skills and understanding.

Taking stock of teaching and learning, evaluating evidence and analysing strengths and weaknesses in classroom provision and teaching practices.


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Home » Geological Disasters » Earthquake

Earthquake is a sudden shaking of ground due to natural causes (rock displacements, landslide, avalanche, volacanic eruption, meteoritic impact, sub-marine sea faulting, etc) so to refer it as natural earthquake. The shaking of ground may be due to several other man-made agencies, such as, explosions due to chemical blasts or nuclear blasts or rock burst due to mining activities, and reservoir induced earthquakes. Occurrence of earthquake is still a puzzle for the entire scientific community as its generating mechanism does not follow a thumb rule. It can hit anywhere at any point of time and that is why earthquake is regarded as most unpredictable, uncontrollable and unfathomable cause of bringing disasters to both flora and fauns. Scale of disaster due to earthquake is dictated by several earthquake parameters. Among which are earthquake magnitude (extent of energy release during the earthquake), focal depth or hypocenter (the depth at which the rupture initiates), the epicenter location of the earthquake (the vertical projection of the hypocenter to the surface). Thus bigger magnitude earthquake at shallower depth (< 30 km) with its epicenter location near the densely populated region can inflict a severe damage to both property and person, whilst the reverse may lead to relatively less damaging effects in the earthquake prone zones. In addition to that earthquake occurrence time and building typology also play their important roles in influencing the degree of damage due to earthquakes in the region. It is rightly said that “earthquake does not kill the people; it is structure which kills the people”! Several pieces of studies revealed that upper crust of the earth up to a depth of 18 km from the surface is seismically active because of its brittle behavior, while lower crust between 18 km and 33 km depth inside the earth is seismically less active due its ductility under high temperature. The boundary between the lower crust and upper crust is referred to as Conrad discontinuity, while the boundary between the lower Crust and the upper Mantle is referred to as Mohorovicic discontinuity, in short it is mentioned as Moho discontinuity, which varies from shallower (10 – 12 km) beneath the Ocean to deeper (70 – 80 km) beneath the Himalaya. The entire crust and upper Mantle constitute “Lithosphere”, whose thickness is found to varying from 100 km to 150 km. It is a solid lithosphere which floats on the semi-viscous layer of the earth called Aesthenosphere, a part of the lower Mantle. The lithosphere constitutes an important ingredient of Earth’s physiographic that divides entire Earth into several tectonic blocks to explain the geodynamics of the Earth and seismogenesis in diverse tectonic environ. Earthquake can hit either within the same tectonic block / plate (intra-plate earthquake) or at the boundary of two or more tectonic plates (plate-boundary earthquakes). The plate-boundary earthquakes are frequent (e.g., earthquakes in Himalayan region; earthquakes in the Andaman – Nicobar region; earthquakes in the Ring of Fire zone, Alaska, Japan, Chile ), while the intra-plate earthquakes are less frequent (e.g., earthquakes in stable continental region of India; the 1819 Kutchch earthquake; 1993 Latur earthquake; 2001 Bhuj earthquake). The great damaging earthquakes are generally accompanied with secondary effects, such as tsunamis, liquefactions, landslides, volcanic (lava and mud) eruptions; nuclear emissions, and fires that may multiply the degree of losses due earthquake many folds. The recent occurrence of the 2004 tsunami-genic Sumatra – Andaman earthquake (Mw 9.3) and the 11th March 2011 Japan tsunamigenic earthquake (Mw 9.0)(For more details,click here) are appropriate example to understand how a huge loss of both people and property was mainly due to secondary effect of tsunamis rather than that of primary earthquake shakings.
School Children,Ahmedabad,India

Occurrence of damaging Earthquakes are a major problem for the mankind, killing more than 17000 persons per year in the twentieth century. It causes multifaceted damages and destruction to life and property. What to do about earthquake risk and how to mitigate earthquake induced damages, particularly in the developing countries, has been a challenging issue and still need a coordinated effort to tackle the regional menace that occur during the killer earthquakes. Assessing the earthquake risk and determining mitigation alternatives varies from country to country. Reduction in the earthquake risk involves the use of knowledge, methodologies adopted based on the geopolitical boundaries. More so on multi-objective-multi-stake holder decision to be taken. Making a decision on what to do, depends on the site specific data collected from affected region, including multifaceted role played by geosciences, engineering, disaster planning and response, techno-legal, insurance and economics.

Several earthquakes in the recent past remind us about the high level of seismic hazard and risk prevailing in the country. About 59% of India's land area is under the threat of moderate to severe earthquake shaking intensity VII and higher. During the last two decades, several major earthquakes have resulted in over 100,000 deaths in South Asian nations, especially located in the vicinity of Himalaya and in the oceanic subduction zone of Andman – Nicobar Island region . The regions far away from the Himalaya and other inter-plate boundaries, which were once considered to be relatively safe from strong shaking, have also experienced several devastating earthquakes. The huge losses of life and property in the earthquake-prone areas of the region have shown that the built-environment is extremely fragile, and our ability to respond to these events is extremely inadequate. It has been found that the casualties were caused primarily due to the collapse of buildings that have usually no earthquake-resistant features. This emphasizes the need for strict compliance of town planning bye-laws and earthquake-resistant building codes in India.

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Four Common Corporate Crimes

Jail System

Common Corporate CrimesCan companies be held accountable for any wrongdoing? The very short answer is, yes, they can be charged in court. Unfortunately, compared to individual crimes, corporate crimes are meted out penalties that are often mediocre at best. If you were charged with assault and battery, you are looking at prison time and considerable fines. Corporations, on the other hand, and owing to their huge economic machinery, these penalties seem puny.

Corporate Accountability for Crimes

Under the International Criminal Law, a Houston criminal lawyer like describes corporate crimes as any wrongdoing committed by a business organization, or its management, or any of its employees on the premise that the wrongdoing was done within the context of work.

What are Examples of Corporate Crimes?

There area variety of corporate crimes, a great majority of which can be classified as crimes against either persons or property.  The following are just four of the more common corporate crimes.

  • Bribery is one of the most common forms of corporate crimes. It involves the offering of money to someone in an effort to influence the individual into making a decision or initiating an action in favor of the person giving the money.
  • Embezzlement is technically stealing at the corporate level. Here, fiscal resources that are supposed to go to the company’s coffers or the general public are converted into personal monetary gain or corporate gain, respectively.
  • False claims charges are very common particularly in the manufacturing and retail industries. For example, a company may purposely write that it has zero calories in one of its weight loss products. However, the truth is that it does have considerable amount of calories. False advertisements can sometimes fall under the charge of false claims.
  • Insider trading can be considered economic sabotage; henceforth, it is considered a crime. Here, someone who has intimate knowledge of the ins and outs of the stock market which the general public do not have access to inadvertently uses this knowledge for personal gains.

One of the major issues prosecutors have about corporate crimes is in the assignment of liability. While strict liability is a must, vicarious liability will often be much more difficult to prove. Nonetheless, since the wrongdoing was done within the context of corporate activities, the company itself must accept some form of accountability.

Corporate crimes, unfortunately, are under-heard in most jurisdictions. This leads a lot of people to believe that money may be at play in most charges that are brought to court.


A List of Relevant Research Paper Topics in Science

A science project can be the reflection of a student’s potential. While doing a science project, a student may be able to pick out what he or she is interested in, and become very passionate for the topic. Depending on grade level, science projects can be a great way to understand what is being taught in the classroom. Visual aides are also important to use while doing a science project.

Students who are passionate about their topic tend to not forget what they have learned during their research. This may be helpful later on in life, if the topic is taught in more depth at a higher level of school. Below is a list of potential science topics that can be used to wow your science teacher! Many of these topics have a wide range of angles in order to be simple or complex.

  • Weather and Climate
  • Fossils
  • Ocean Studies
  • Astronomy
  • Optical Illusions

Weather and Climate

There are so many directions that a student can take a weather and climate project. This depends on age group. For a younger student, studying air pollution or how a wind meter works may be easier. For a more advanced student, learning about the earth’s plates and earthquakes would be more appropriate. An older student would also be able to study how hurricanes or tornados occur.

When writing a project on fossils, props are always a fun way to interact with the rest of the students in the class. Start by making a fossil cast or dinosaur tracks. This way, students have a visual aide to associate with the verbal or written report.

Ocean Studies

Ocean studies can range from how salty the ocean water is, to the study of ocean currents. When doing a project on the ocean, don’t forget to talk about how each topic affects the animals that live in the water.

Astronomy reports can cover topics such as craters and meteors, what the rings of Saturn are made out of, or where to find the best stars.

Optical Illusions

Optical illusions are always a fun way to interact with others during a science fair or a science day at school! Having students and parents go through an experiment is the easiest way for people to learn what you are teaching them! Trying making a poster board with various types of illusions and have participants perform the experiment.


Category: Uncategorized

Antarctica: The Coldest Continent on Earth

How many continents does the Earth have? There are seven! In these continents, different nations are found. One continent can have different climate or weather. Do you know which continent is the coldest? You might be frozen when you go there. But amazingly, there are different kinds of living creatures that exist even in that severely cold place. Where is it? It’s Antarctica!

The average temperature in this continent is lower than the Arctic. Since the temperature is too cold, terrestrial animals and marine animals could barely survive the cold climate. For example, the Emperor Penguin can be found in the continent of Antarctica during the breeding season.

Did you know that there’s only one living organism that lives on the land in Antarctica? It’s a midge! In fact, it is the region’s only insect. A marine animal that preys on penguins, fish, squid, and krill is the Leopard Seal. Don’t feel relaxed and easy when you go to that continent. Why? Well, you might be hunted by this dangerous creature!

What about the polar bears? Do they exist in Antarctica? Actually, they are residents of the Arctic continent. A very dangerous fact about this continent is when its ice sheet melts. It would be catastrophic!

The oceans of the Earth will continue to rise up to 200ft. Due to climate change, it is not impossible that the ice sheet will melt. Did you know? 90% of the world’s ice is laid on Antarctica and 70% of the fresh water is in that continent. Aside from these facts, the continent is divided into two segments, the east part and the west.

The Roman Empire and its Invasions

In history, the Roman Empire is very famous. It is because, it was known as the most powerful kingdom in human history! At first, this kingdom enjoyed its power or sovereignty over the other kingdoms on Earth. The Roman Empire was divided into two parts which refers to the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire. These empires consists of different nations as a result of the invasion. The kingdom of Rome was a strong kingdom. However, it was divided more and more.

What are the nations that arose from Rome? Actually, there are ten kingdoms which refers to Anglo-Saxons, Franks, Lombards, Alemanni, Burgondians, Suevi, Visigoths, Heruli, Vandals and Ostrogoths. Eventhough Rome was a powerful kingdom, it was divided in the end. In fact, famous generals including Napoleon and Hitler tried to unite the European countries by war.

Was it a success? Yes. However, it was only for a short period of time. Why does invasions occur? Simply because a nation or kingdom wants to expand their territory and to become known as a powerful kingdom. There are famous Roman Emperors that appeared in history. One of them is Julius Caesar who tried to invade Britain.

The kingdom of Rome practiced its sovereignty for a long period of time trying to invade other nations as many as they want. In fact, Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East were covered by the Roman Empire. In these countries, a lot of evidences of the empire who invaded a vast land can be seen until today.


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Advanced Technologies To Improve Communication And Speech

When we communicate with people at home or work, we use our speech to be able to express our intentions well. A person who is unable to communicate and talk well will find it difficult to express their thoughts and feelings. Fortunately, there have been advanced researches and developments to help improve people who have difficulty for both. Here are some of the technologies developed to improve treatment for speech and communication.

Autism is common nowadays, however, the University of Hertfordshire has created a robot named Kasper to help children with autism. Children can interact with Kasper as it speaks with a child-like voice and can help them develop their social interactions by letting them play games or involve in an activity. The research team made Kasper during 2005, wherein the creation involved spanning robotics, autism treatment and techniques, psychology, assistive technology and other relevant technologies needed. A lot of students have already interacted with Kasper monitored by their teachers and the research team. Kasper has been enhanced since it was created and now can move wireless with more personalities which can be managed by the parent or teacher through a tablet.

Both the teacher and parent will now be able to control the robot to engage in games that will encourage the child with autism to imitate, show various facial expressions, and discuss with the child what makes him or her cry or be sad. This revolutionary speech and communication therapy is now on its way to reaching hundreds of people as the inventors of this is planning to produce more so it can be available in the market and help a lot of autistic patients, especially children.

Patients who are suffering with stroke and have lost their ability to speak have difficulty in their daily living. Luckily, there is an advanced technology developed to help improve these stroke patients with their impaired speech which is the Physical Therapy Billing Software. An example of this Physical Therapy Software is from Sheffield University where a team of researchers developed an advanced computerized therapy that allows patients to be treated at home using a planned program that is designed to build back the speech. A very intense stimulation is used by this software using words, images and sounds to trigger the damaged nerves. To further understand about this speech therapy, check out Physical Therapy Billing Software reviews of the amazing facts this has provided.

When we hear a speech, we have a natural instinct that is beyond amazing. We can create a conversation without giving attention on other noises surrounding us which means we are able to filter out sounds and listen only to the speech or conversation. There have been plans by researchers to build a machine that allows human-like communication and speech and that can convert audio to text quickly. Even though these are beyond realistic, scientists believe that in the future, anything is possible and that speech technology will adapt multiple languages, accents and complex expression that will be available to all those who need it.

Source: see here now


The No-Brainer

Tuesday, January 27 9 p.m.

Olivia (Anna Torv), Walter (John Noble) and Peter (Joshua Jackson) are called in to investigate the death of a car salesman who was found in a pool of “goo,” exactly like another man across the country. When Walter discovers that the “goo” is brain matter, the trio tries to figure out how the killer can liquefy human brains.

About the author


Possible Giant Alien Structures ~ Could This be Real?

Artist's concept shows NASA's planet-hunting Kepler
spacecraft operating in a new mission profile called K2

Now this is what I'm talking about!
This is the exiting stuff SF is made from. And guess what, it's getting close to reality. How cool is this. Read on:

NASA's Kepler Space Telescope is tasked with finding small, rocky worlds orbiting distant stars.

But the space telescope may have the ability to detect more than natural phenomena. Kepler may also detect the signature of artificial structures orbiting other stars, if they're out there. Imagine an advanced civilization which has the ability to harness energy directly from its star. This alien civilization may want to construct vast mega-structures, like supersized solar arrays in orbit around their host star that could be so big that they blot out a sizable fraction of starlight as they pass in front.

When Kepler detects an exoplanet, it does so by sensing the very slight dip in starlight from a given star. Kepler detects the slight dimming of starlight and creates a "lightcurve" — basically a graph charting the dip over time. Much information can be gleaned from the lightcurve, such as the physical size of the transiting exoplanet. But it can also deduce the exoplanet’s shape.

For the most part, any dip in star brightness is some kind of natural phenomenon. But what if all possibilities are accounted for and only one scenario is left? What if that scenario is this object appears to be artificial? In other words, what if it’s alien?

A star, named KIC 8462852, has been found with a highly curious transit signal. In a paper submitted to the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, astronomers report: "Over the duration of the Kepler mission, KIC 8462852 was observed to undergo irregularly shaped, aperiodic dips in flux down to below the 20 percent level."

The research paper is thorough, describing the phenomenon, pointing out tha846t this star is unique - they've seen nothing like it. Kepler has collected data steadily for four years. It's not instrumental error. Kepler isn't seeing things; the signal is real.

The Planet Hunters volunteers are depended on to seek out transits in Kepler's stars in the direction of the constellation Cygnus. The group described KIC 8462852 as "bizarre," "interesting" and a "giant transit." They're not wrong.

Follow-up studies focus on two interesting transit events at KIC 8462852, one that was detected between days 788 and 795 of the Kepler mission and between days 1510 to 1570. The first event appears to have been a single transit causing a star brightness drop-off of 15 percent, whereas the second was a burst of several transits, possibly indicating a clump of different objects, forcing a brightness dip of up to 22 percent. To cause such dips in brightness, these transiting objects must be huge.

The researchers also investigated the possibility of a huge planetary collision: could the debris from this smashup be creating this strange signal? The likelihood of us seeing a planetary collision is extremely low. The only natural explanation favored by the researchers seems to focus on an intervening clump of exocomets. "One way we imagine such a barrage of comets could be triggered is by the passage of a field star through the system," write the researchers.

A second paper is currently being written to investigate a completely different transit scenario that focuses around the possibility of a mega-engineering project created by an advanced alien civilization

This may sound like science fiction, but our galaxy has existed for over 13 billion years, it's not such a stretch of the imagination to think that an alien civilization may be out there and evolved to the point where they can build mega-structures around stars.

And hunting down huge structures that obscure the light from stars is no new thing. The Search for Extraterrestrial Technology (SETT) is one such project that does just this.

But as KIC 8462852 is showing us, there may be something else out there — possibly an alien intelligence that is well on its way to becoming a civilization, which is setting up some kind of artificial structure around its star.

Of course, these mystery transit events are nowhere near "proof" of an alien civilization. In fact, it's barely evidence and a lot more work needs to be done.

The next step is to point a radio antenna at KIC 8462852, just to see whether the system is generating any artificial radio signals that could indicate the presence of something we'd define as "intelligent."

It might be a long shot, and the phenomenon is more likely a clump of comets or some other natural phenomenon that we haven't accounted for blocking star light from view, but it’s worth investigating, especially if there really is some kind of alien intelligence building structures, or perhaps, ancient structures of a civilization long-gone, around a star only 1,500 light-years away from Earth.

This kind of stuff makes me really miss all that research I use to do for SFR stories... Wow! It sure does take me back to my love of anything scientifically space oriented, SF for sure. The ideas kind of remind me of Stargate Universe. (SGU)

See you inside a new alien culture!

No comments:


Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Idioms.
References in classic literature ?
THE People being dissatisfied with a Democratic Legislature, which stole no more than they had, elected a Republican one, which not only stole all they had but exacted a promissory note for the balance due, secured by a mortgage upon their hope of death.
Markham,' said she; and without another word or glance, she withdrew, with her child, into the garden; and I returned home, angry and dissatisfied - I could scarcely tell you why, and therefore will not attempt it.
The dream--and diction--of a God, did the world then seem to me; coloured vapours before the eyes of a divinely dissatisfied one.
Perhaps John Pendleton, of them all, however, was the most dissatisfied.
The doctor was extremely dissatisfied with Alexey Alexandrovitch.
Those who are dissatisfied with their water quality are nearly twice as likely to rate their lives poorly enough to be considered "suffering" than residents who are satisfied with their water quality.
A recent CareerBuilder survey shows that retail workers were more dissatisfied with their jobs as compared to workers in other industries.
Police commissioners later said they had been dissatisfied with Mader's performance.
The largest percentage of respondents, 31%, report being dissatisfied with their experiences with call centers, while 26% feel neutral about the experience, and 26% are satisfied.
Thus, the largest segment of Americans is very dissatisfied with the way things are going in the United States.


Archive for the ‘ Brenton Point ’ Category

Brenton Point – Newport

I kept an eye on the radar all day before finally deciding to venture to the coast. Southern New England has been experiencing a rather warm and muggy stretch of weather as of late and there was plenty of rain and scattered thunderstorms all afternoon throughout all of the area.  When I arrived at Brenton Point the weather was just downright “weird”. A dense fog hovered over the Atlantic Ocean and Lower Narragansett Bay as the sun was shining above. By the time I left, dark clouds had gathered and it started to sprinkle. I parked my car near the entrance to the lot. I then walked across the street and followed the seawall southerly along the coast. Jamestown and the Beavertail Light to the west and Castle Hill to the north were nothing but a faint silhouettes through the fog. I ventured down the stairs near the jetty to take some pictures. There were several gulls and cormorants here.  I then continued walking along the seawall around the point and then in easterly direction passing an area of rocks where there was people fishing. I continued walking, coming across some young rabbits near two large shrubs, then passing the end of the seawall until I reached the entrance of the King’s Beach Fishing Area. (There is a sign here.)  I then followed the road to the point passing several shrubs that were bearing red berries and were full of birds. After lingering at the point for a bit, I retraced my steps along the shore and seawall until I was opposite the road that leads to the park headquarters building. I crossed the street and made my way to the building. (As a side note, there are restrooms here). I then followed the grass and gravel road past the building until I came to the abandon stables. There are several other grassy paths in the area off of the main road, but I opted to continue straight until I came to the stables. Some people believe that the stables are haunted. Just before the stables there is a path that leads to the right. I followed that path to its end to a stone observation tower. The tower has been tagged quite a bit with graffiti but the view from the top is rather decent. I then found my way out of the area by retracing my steps back along this path, taking a right, passing the stables, and taking a left to an open field where some kids were flying kites. I then crossed the field to the parking lot and to my car.

I did not find a trail map online.

From Brenton Point Looking West

From Brenton Point Looking West


Packt Publishing Walkin For Technical Editor role for IT Professionals

When technically editing a book, ensure that the author presents the material in a way that benefits the reader. Ensure that all the chapters in the book clearly communicate their goals to the reader.

Ensure consistent approach to material in all areas of the manuscript.
Verify that content coverage is thorough and balanced and ensure technical accuracy of the content.
Use valuable resources to make a determination about the content yourself.
If any part of the text isn’t clear, query the author. It may be that the reader will understand the reference, and the author will tell you so if that is the case. However, the author may be leaving out important information.
Check and verify all facts, references, and illustrations for accuracy and ensure it matches the text and is appropriate.
Ensure that every text and non-text element is correct.
Check and test the code given in the book. Step through all the processes that the author(s) discuss in the chapters in the same order. Confirm that you are able to duplicate all the instructions given by the author(s) without any problems or errors. Flag any issue that occurs and bring it to the notice of the Content Development Editor and the author.
Verify each and every line including both the text and code is technically accurate and will serve the purpose for which it is intended for.
Apply the Packt House styles to the chapters and ensure the formatting is as per the Packt Style sheet.
Check and correct word usage, clarify sentence structure, and so on.
Tackle issues such as traditional grammar, punctuation, house style, and spelling check and ensure the language and grammar aspects are perfect in the chapter.
Participate in the editorial co-ordination with Content Development Editor, author, translator, and Editorial Manager.
Ensure the work meets market and audience goals.

Required Technical Knowledge, Experience, and Skills
A degree in sciences, math, computers or other related field.
Excellent written and spoken English language skills.
Knowledge and experience with Windows operating system and standard Windows applications.
Ability to grasp the gist of new technologies and apply the knowledge while editing books of those technologies.

If found suitable we can offer you advance roles like Content Development Editor also.

Experience             : 0 to 2 yrs
Salary                      : Not specified
Job Location          : Mumbai, Mumbai Suburbs
Qualification           : BE/B.Tech, BCA, B Sc, MCA, B Sc

Company Name      : Packt Publishing Pvt Ltd
Company Address : NA

Walkin Date            : 16-17th October 2014
Time                        : 10 am to 12 noon

Walkin Address      : 103, Arena House, 3rd Floor, Road no 12, Opp. Saffron Spice, MIDC, Andheri East, Mumbai 400093.

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Timeless Manifesto

Jewellery is one of the most intimate of Art Configurations

By stating this, LUCYLMAR implies a covenant with the public, a bridge between her creative journey and the audience who selects her body of work.  By sitting directly in the body, Jewellery its one of the few mediums that still emphasizes the relation between the artist and the public, by connecting an intimate link between the two parts, a common ground is share. For her, it is of great satisfaction creating and maintaining this structure of continuity.  A dialogue between the two verges through a tactile experience, a constant reminder of its presence.
Her proceedings, oscillates between the dimensions of the human body layout.  Jewellery it is her device for conceptual exploration in the juxtaposition of geometric, bold, and sometimes repetitive forms against the human bod malleableness, the relationship between the delicate and the solid and vice-versa. By way of hand-cut metal experimentation, every piece is a challenge, ‘I felt fulfilled by provoking vivacity in these otherwise motionless elements’. Metal, so to speak is not an innocent medium, meticulous hand metal work requires a particular temperament, precision, close inspections for details and an extraordinary patience".
Setting her own culture of thought,  LUCYLMAR contemplates and decoded the different intangible aspects of life and its under-layered meanings. Inspired by her personal journeys, by philosophy, literature, art -in general sense- the Human Condition, she orchestrate and produces a sign language as a vehicle, reflecting the design statement and  aesthetics.  Inextricably from the living person, her work is also intended to be view isolated from the anthropomorphic form; since every piece tells a story by itself. By morphing self created images mostly organic and abstract geometric landscapes, she intersects the medium frontier, taking the classical jewellery body of work into a bigger, more explicit scale, conforming a different manner to clearly impart her expressive potential and identity.
Contrary to some other form of arts, Jewellery comes from a traditional historical frame, and by social standards, the Jewellery maker tends to be labeled into tradition as well. ‘I, pondered upon this. As I see tradition as a loose flexible structure rather than an ironbound rule to follow blindly' The paradox of Liberty is that Freedom becomes useful only when self-impossed limits are accepted’. As for the artist it is meaningless to keep all her options opens at all times, this wouldn’t allows her to take action and to be inventive within the structure of continuity. LUCYLMAR don’t consider her self a prisioner of custom. The limits inherent in Jewellery is that’s what she founds liberating, restriction is what brings focus and clarity.


Saturday, March 15, 2008

Analysing matter

particles can be atoms, molecules and ions.

The atom is the smallest, indivisible particle of an element. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike and are different from the atoms of all other elements.

Molecules are the smallest particles of an element or compound that are made up of two or more atoms. Ions are particles that are charged due to loss or gain of electrons

Ions contain charges
Ions which are positively charged are called cations.
Ions which are negatively charged are called anions.

Matter can either exist as an element or a compound
chemical elements have the same number of atoms.
an element consist of only 1 type of atom
can be either atoms or molecules

A compound is any substance composed identical molecules consisting of atoms of two or more atoms
made up of either molecules or ions

Kinetic Theory of Matter
The characteristics of matter can be described using the kinetic theory of matter.
The kinetic theory of matter explains the state of matter in solid, liquid and gaseous states based on the following assumptions:
The gas consists of very small particles, each of which has a mass.
These molecules are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other and with the walls of the container.
There are forces of attraction between particles of matter. These attraction forces will increase as the distance between the particles becomes closer.
The average kinetic energy of the gas particles depends only on the temperature of the system. The higher the temperature, the higher the kinetic energy of the particles.

Saturday, March 01, 2008

Hey.. its been long since i blogged.. but im back.. so wats up? haha.. for you all, 14 february is a valentines day.. to most of you.. well, its not just valentines day for me.. its also a day when i got together with someone.. who? i know la.. a lovely girl named rachel.. i met her not long ago.. but somehow i got close to her, and fell for her.. such a sweet n kind person, plays guitar, wana learn drums but dun really hav d time to teach her yet.. haha.. there's so much more to say bout her.. haha.. well on mondays, wednesdays and thursdays i walk her home.. most of d time im with her i will walk her home safely, to make sure she's safe n all.. tuesdays i cant cos got tuition with her, fridays she goes cf, so i cant go.. haiz.. but eventhen, we do understand each other which makes us not misunderstand.. i hope it stays dat way forever.. we should understand one another.. well i will b back soon.. got to go.. bye..


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by Ceki on May 17, 2017
11.1K 30

Gomen, Aishiteru (2017)

5dcea57a434f99514fd08a23efb5afa4.jpg  556377158885228826_8f36e726_c2x.jpg

It has been revealed that Tomoya Nagase, a popular Japanese actor and lead singer of the rock band TOKIO, will star as a main lead in a remake of the South Korean drama, Sorry, I Love You! The original cast consisted of So Ji Sub and Im Soo Jung, who were both praised for their performances. The drama also became a huge commercial success.

Yoshioka Riho will star as the main female lead and Nagase's love interest.

The plot of “Gomen, Aishiteru” follows Ritsu Okazaki (Tomoya Nagase) who was abandoned by his mother Reiko (Shinobu Otake).

One day Ritsu gets involved in an incident that causes him to suffer from a life threatening injury. The injury is so severe that his life expectancy comes into question. With Ritsu unsure if he will be able to live much longer, he decides to set things right with his mother and be good to her before his death. Unfortunately, he sees how good she is to her son (and his half-brother) Satoru (Kentaro Sakaguchi), a very successful idol pianist. Satoru has been able to provide his mother with a very happy and lavish lifestyle, meanwhile Ritsu has been struggling to make ends meet.

Thinking that she abandoned him solely due to poverty, Ritsu vows to get revenge on his mother. He eventually runs into a woman called Rinka (Riho Yoshioka) during a chance meeting,  and falls for her quickly. Unfortunately, Rinka has her eyes on Ritsu’s half-brother Satoru, who is also her childhood friend.

The drama is set to be released in July 2017.

So what do you think about the upcoming remake?

Are you excited?

Are you a fan of the original Kdrama?

Thanks for reading!

Source: Arama


Is Your Spouse Bossy?

 Note: As you might imagine, this situation can happen with a husband or a wife being the one that is bossy.