AskDefine | Define coagulate

Dictionary Definition

coagulate adj : transformed from a liquid into a soft semisolid or solid mass; "coagulated blood"; "curdled milk"; "grumous blood" [syn: coagulated, curdled, grumous, grumose]

1 change from a liquid to a thickened or solid state; "coagulated blood" [syn: clot]
2 cause to change from a liquid to a solid or thickened state [syn: clot]

User Contributed Dictionary

  1. To cause to congeal, to convert from a liquid to a semisolid mass.
    In cheese making Rennet causes milk to coagulate into curds that become cheese.
  2. To become coagulated, congealed

Derived terms

  • Dissolve, melt

  1. Form of Second-person plural present tense, coagulare
  2. Form of Second-person plural imperative, coagulare#Italian|coagulare

Extensive Definition

Coagulation is a complex process by which blood forms clots. It is an important part of hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel) whereby a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet and fibrin containing clot to stop bleeding and begin repair of the damaged vessel. Disorders of coagulation can lead to an increased risk of bleeding (hemorrhage) and/or clotting (thrombosis).
Coagulation is initiated almost instantly after an injury to the blood vessel damages the endothelium (lining of the vessel). Platelets immediately form a hemostatic plug at the site of injury; this is called primary hemostasis. Secondary hemostasis occurs simultaneously; proteins in the blood plasma, called coagulation factors, respond in a complex cascade to form fibrin strands which strengthen the platelet plug.

Platelet activation

Damage to blood vessel walls exposes subendothelium proteins, most notably collagen, present under the endothelium. Circulating platelets bind collagen with surface collagen-specific glycoprotein Ia/IIa receptors. The adhesion is strengthened further by the large, multimeric circulating proteins von Willebrand factor (vWF), which forms links between the platelets glycoprotein Ib/IX/V and the collagen fibrils. This adhesion activates the platelets.
Activated platelets release the contents of stored granules into the blood plasma. The granules include ADP, serotonin, platelet activating factor (PAF), vWF, platelet factor 4 and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) which in turn activate additional platelets. The granules contents activate a Gq-linked protein receptor cascade resulting in increased calcium concentration in the platelets' cytosol. The calcium activates protein kinase C which in turn activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2). PLA2 then modifies the integrin membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, increasing its affinity to bind fibrinogen. The activated platelets changed shape from spherical to stellate and the fibrinogen cross-links with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa aid in aggregation of adjacent platelets.

The coagulation cascade

Tissue factor pathway

  • TF-FVIIa activates FIX and FX.
  • Thrombin then activates other components of the coagulation cascade, including FV and FVIII (which activates FXI, which in turn activates FIX), and activates and releases FVIII from being bound to vWF.

Contact activation pathway

Final common pathway

  • Vitamin K is an essential factor to a hepatic gamma-glutamyl carboxylase that adds a carboxyl group to glutamic acid residues on factors II, VII, IX and X, as well as Protein S, Protein C and Protein Z. In adding the gamma-carboxyl group to glutamate residues on the immature clotting factors Vitamin K is itself oxidized. Another enzyme, Vitamin K epoxide reductase, (VKORC) reduces vitamin K back to its active form. Vitamin K epoxide reductase is pharmacologically important as a target for anticoagulant drugs warfarin and related coumarins such as acenocoumarol, phenprocoumon and dicumarol. These drugs create a deficiency of reduced vitamin K by blocking VKORC, thereby inhibiting maturation of clotting factors. Other deficiencies of vitamin K (e.g. in malabsorption), or disease (hepatocellular carcinoma) impairs the function of the enzyme and leads to the formation of PIVKAs (proteins formed in vitamin K absence) this causes partial or non gamma carboxylation and affects the coagulation factors ability to bind to expressed phospholipid.

  • Antithrombin is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that degrades the serine proteases; thrombin, FIXa, FXa, FXIa and FXIIa. It is constantly active, but its adhesion to these factors is increased by the presence of heparan sulfate (a glycosaminoglycan) or the administration of heparins (different heparinoids increase affinity to FXa, thrombin, or both). Quantitative or qualitative deficiency of antithrombin (inborn or acquired, e.g. in proteinuria) leads to thrombophilia.
  • Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) limits the action of tissue factor (TF). It also inhibits excessive TF-mediated activation of FIX and FX.
  • Plasmin is generated by proteolytic cleavage of plasminogen, a plasma protein synthesized in the liver. This cleavage is catalyzed by tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) which is synthesized and secreted by endothelium. Plasmin proteolytically cleaves fibrin into fibrin degradation products which inhibits excessive fibrin formation.
  • Prostacyclin (PGI2) is released by endothelium and activates platelet Gs protein linked receptors. This in turn activates adenylyl cyclase which synthesizes cAMP. cAMP inhibits platelet activation by counteracting the actions that result from increased cytosolic levels of calcium and by doing so inhibits the release of granules that would lead to activation of additional platelets and the coagulation cascade.

Testing of coagulation

Role in disease

Platelet disorders

Disease and clinical significance of thrombosis

The best-known coagulation factor disorders are the hemophilias. The three main forms are hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency), hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency or "Christmas disease") and hemophilia C (factor XI deficiency, mild bleeding tendency). Hemophilia A and B are X-linked recessive disorders whereas Hemophilia C is much more rare autosomal dominant disorder most commonly seen in Ashkenazi Jews.
von Willebrand disease (which behaves more like a platelet disorder except in severe cases), is the most common hereditary bleeding disorder and is characterized as being inherited autosomal recessive or dominant. In this disease there is a defect in von Willebrand factor (vWF) which mediates the binding of glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) to collagen. This binding helps mediate the activation of platelets and formation of primary hemostasis.
Thrombasthenia of Glanzman and Naegeli (Glanzmann thrombasthenia) is extremely rare. It is characterized by a defect in GPIIb/IIIa fibrinogen receptor complex. When GPIIb/IIIa receptor is dysfunctional fibrinogen cannot cross-link platelets which inhibits primary hemostasis. This is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder. In liver failure (acute and chronic forms) there is insufficient production of coagulation factors by the liver; this may increase bleeding risk.
Thrombosis is the pathological development of blood clots. These clots may break free and become mobile forming an embolus or grow to such a size that occludes the vessel in which it developed. An embolism is said to occur when the thrombus (blood clot) becomes a mobile embolus and migrates to another part of the body, interfering with blood circulation and hence impairing organ function downstream of the occlusion. This causes ischemia and often leasds to ischemic necrosis of tissue. Most cases of thrombosis are due to acquired extrinsic problems (surgery, cancer, immobility, obesity, economy class syndrome), but a small proportion of people harbor predisposing conditions known collectively as thrombophilia (e.g. antiphospholipid syndrome, factor V Leiden and various other rarer genetic disorders).
Mutations in factor XII have been associated with an asymptomatic prolongation in the clotting time and possibly a tendency towards thrombophlebitis. Other mutations have been linked with a rare form of hereditary angioedema (type III).

Coagulation factors

Initial discoveries

Theories on the coagulation of blood have existed since antiquity. Physiologist Johannes Müller (1801-1858) described fibrin, the substance of a thrombus. Its soluble precursor, fibrinogen, was thus named by Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), and isolated chemically by Prosper Sylvain Denis (1799-1863). Alexander Schmidt suggested that the conversion from fibrinogen to fibrin was the result of an enzymatic process, and labeled the hypothetical enzyme "thrombin" and its precursor "prothrombin". Arthus discovered in 1890 that calcium was essential in coagulation. Platelets were identified in 1865, and their function was elucidated by Giulio Bizzozero in 1882.
The theory that thrombin was generated by the presence of tissue factor was consolidated by Paul Morawitz in 1905. At this stage, it was known that thrombokinase/thromboplastin (factor III) was released by damaged tissues, reacting with prothrombin (II), which, together with calcium (IV), formed thrombin, which converted fibrinogen into fibrin (I).

Coagulation factors

Other species

External links

3D structures

coagulate in Old English (ca. 450-1100): Gerinnung
coagulate in Azerbaijani: Qanın laxtalanması
coagulate in Czech: Srážení krve
coagulate in Danish: Koagulation
coagulate in German: Hämostase
coagulate in Spanish: Coagulación
coagulate in Persian: لخته
coagulate in French: Coagulation sanguine
coagulate in Italian: Coagulazione del sangue
coagulate in Hebrew: קרישת דם
coagulate in Lithuanian: Kraujo krešėjimas
coagulate in Dutch: Bloedstolling
coagulate in Japanese: 凝固・線溶系
coagulate in Oromo: Coagulation
coagulate in Polish: Krzepnięcie krwi
coagulate in Portuguese: Coagulação
coagulate in Russian: Коагуляция (гематология)
coagulate in Simple English: Clot
coagulate in Slovenian: Faktor strjevanja krvi
coagulate in Serbian: Згрушавање крви
coagulate in Finnish: Veren hyytyminen
coagulate in Swedish: Blodkoagulering
coagulate in Tamil: இரத்த உறைதல்
coagulate in Vietnamese: Sự đông máu
coagulate in Yiddish: בלוט קלאטינג
coagulate in Chinese: 凝血因子

Synonyms, Antonyms and Related Words

Devonshire cream, adhere, agglomerate, beat up, blood clot, bonnyclabber, bunch, cake, casein, churn, clabber, clasp, cleave, clinch, cling, cling to, clot, clotted cream, clump, cluster, coagulum, coalesce, cohere, colloid, colloidize, compact, concentrate, concrete, condense, congeal, conglomerate, consolidate, crassamentum, cream, curd, curdle, dehydrate, dry, embolus, embrace, emulsify, emulsionize, freeze, freeze to, gel, gelatinate, gelatinize, grasp, grow together, grume, hang on, hang together, harden, hold, hold on, hold together, hug, incrassate, inspissate, jell, jellify, jelly, knot, legumin, lopper, loppered milk, lump, mass, paracasein, persist, set, solidify, stay, stay put, stick, stick together, take hold of, thick, thicken, thrombus, whip
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Osteoporosis is a bone disease in which bones become brittle and weaken. Through out the human life cycle bones are remolded. From childhood from adulthood bone mass increases, but as humans age it will decrease. Both men and women can get osteoporosis, but it has a more dramatic effect on women. The reasons for this are related to biological  sex differences. Sex hormones play a vital role in bone health. There are also other factors that contribute to being at risk. The exact cause of the disease is not known, but there are some attributes of the known about the disease that can treat it.Having some understanding of the skeletal system can contribute to prevention. Humans may be susceptible to osteoporosis, because unlike other primates in the animal kingdom our bones are more porous. Bipedalism came with a price. Walking upright gave humans an advantage in evolutionary history, but meant we would have more back, foot, and skeletal problems. Certain measures can be taken to prevent osteoporosis. This is very important for women considering they live longer. Bone health becomes more critical as people reach advanced age.

        The human skeleton is composed of 206 bones. Along with the muscles, they contribute to the locomotion of the body. Muscles contract moving bones. The bones store calcium an element required for muscle contraction as well. Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells. It also has the function of producing the platelets. Bones are placed in different categories. Cortical bones include leg and arm bones that can hold and support  weight. Compact bones such as the skull and hip are stacked for fortitude. Trabecular bones which are the vertebrae of the spine act a network pathway for nerves of the body. ligaments attach bones to other bones and are flexible in structure. Cartilage is another type of tissue present in the skeletal system providing support to joints. Men and women have the same bones, but there are structural differences. Men have denser bones and broader shoulders. Women have wider hips and less bone total bone mass. This also explains why on average men  are stronger. Muscle fibers need skeletal support for motion and the bone mass contributes to total body force. Between the ages 1 to 13 bone mass and muscle composition is equal among boys and girls. When puberty occurs, testosterone causes muscular hypertrophy and a increase in bone mass in boys. Skeletal mass continues to increase in both sexes between the ages of 20 to 30. The rate of bone formation is greater in youth. Around the ages 40 to 50 their is an equal rate of bone breakdown. Formation does not occur at the same rate at the time of youth. Bone mass will decrease due to a higher rate of reabsorption.

Women have less bone mass as compared to men. Peak bone mass for women only reaches an estimate of 1000g as compared men’s 1500g.

   The formation rate cannot keep up with the loss that is occurring with age. The reason for the disparity is that men have a larger amount of bone mass. Men can lose up to 25 % of their bone mass while women can lose 35%. The skeletal system just like other organ systems can develop health issues.

         Endocrinology explains the reason for women’s higher rate of osteoporosis. Sex hormones promote bone strength through out life. When testosterone and estrogen levels decline problems arise. Men’s testosterone levels decline slower and by age 65 drop significantly. Women’s estrogen levels start to decline as early as age 45. This means women are at greater risk for fractures in the cortical bones, pelvis, and hip vertebrae. This is a disease that happens when people age, which explains why it is rare to see younger people with it. Children still need regular exercise to build up as much bone mass as possible to prevent this disease.Even though men are at a lower risk, it is still something to be conscious of. It is possible for menopause to cause some level of bone loss.After menopause resorption occurs faster than bone production. Women can experience this with early menopause or infrequent menstrual periods. It can also happen if women’s estrogen levels get extremely low.

 Hormone replacement therapy has been recommended for women who have less than average bone mass , early menopause, or a genetic history of the disease in their family. Hormone replacement therapy has risks of its own and that is why prevention is normally favored.

        There are methods that can be utilized to prevent osteoporosis. Getting adequate calcium in your diet can help. The U.S. National Institutes of Health recommends 1,500 mg during puberty  The amount for adults is projected at 1000 mg. Past the age of 65 the intake should be about 1,500 mg. Vitamin D is also an essential part of bone health. Sunlight is important to this process, because it synthesizes a precursor to vitamin D. Calcium is important to a person’s diet and can be found in dairy products. People who have lactose intolerance consuming leafy green vegetables , broccoli, and salmon. These foods contain high amounts of calcium and aid in other nutritional needs. Yogurt or cheese can be an option if digesting milk is too much of an issue. Lactose free dairy products are also available as an option.

Fresh air is good for you in more ways than one. Some areas during winter do not have enough sunlight so it would be difficult for the body to produce vitamin D. The woman here would have no trouble producing vitamin D here, because she is on a sunny beach.

 People who live in the global North and experience long overcast winters should be conscious of their vitamin D levels. Milk ( low fat ) and cereal contain vitamin D, which can make up for the lack of sunlight. Other supplements and medicines are more helpful. Diet is important, but exercise is also required as a prevention measure. Moderate activity can build bone mass. Inactivity causes problems for the body. Inactive individuals who are confined to bed can lose up to 25 times more bone mass compared to active people. The body is designed for physical work and use. Not using it causes decline. Muscles atrophy if not used or exercised. The skeleton which is just as pivotal will also struggle to perform formation of new bone. When people reach adulthood the skeleton will constantly be broken down by osteoclasts  and rebuilt by osteocytes. Old bone matter is replaced by new bone through a remodeling.

Being confined to a bed or inactive for long periods of time causes a person to lose skeletal mass. This is a concern for patients in a hospital. Muscle mass can be lost from inactivity.

The exercises that promote optimum bone health  are weightlifting, walking, or jogging. lifting weights does not only build muscles it can reinforce bone. Being active in youth can prevent bone mass decrease. Doing this also provides other health benefits. It can manage weight  and maintain a healthy circulatory system.  To understand the nature of how delicate the skeletal system is, the bone growth process needs to be examined. A majority of bones are made of cartilage during the prenatal development. The cartilage structures are formed into bones by calcium salts stored in a matrix. Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for bone formation. This causes endochondral   ossification, which means replacement bone will be formed in the body.  The rate of growth is controlled by sex hormones and growth hormones. Growth plates are located between the primary ossification center and each secondary center area. These centers at one point will fuse and the skeleton will reach full growth.

302917684 runwalk

Osteoclasts  deposit calcium in the blood. Their role in maintaining calcium levels contributes to the homeostasis of the skeletal organ system. Osteoblasts must replace the retired cells. They take calcium from the blood to form new bone matter. The cells get caught in the matrix and form osteocytes.  The human body is a hard working organic  machine.

      Although osteoporosis can strike many individuals, certain groups  are at risk. Individuals who have a slender body type are  at risk. The ectomorphic body types are ones that contain low levels of bone mass. Having less body mass means the skeleton can be weakened more from the disease. Fractures are a major concern for people with osteoporosis. For thin boned people it could be more devastating.People erroneously associate thinness with health, but that in this case is not truthful. Being white or Asian can mean that getting the disease is more likely. This does not mean every person of that race will get it. The likelihood just increases due to genetic traits among  these groups. Family history plays a role in the risk factors for osteoporosis. Genes allow you to inherit various traits and this can apply to predisposition to certain diseases.

Although Tomoko is Asian that does not mean she would get osteoporosis. Doing the proper health procedures can prevent various diseases.

 oddly enough being a smoker can also contribute to increased risk factors. It is well known that smoking can cause harm to the lungs and respiratory system, but it has the ability to increase the chances for osteoporosis.  Alcohol and high caffeine consumption can also be risk factors. Smoking and drinking do not only harm one organ system; many can be effected by excess consumption. Alcohol can damage the liver and effect the health of your skeleton later in life. Taking note of these risk factors can allow individuals to control their biomedical condition.

          Measuring bone density is a method of detecting if osteoporosis is present. One method is the dual  energy X-ray  absorptiometry.  Bone density is measured by the amount of photons absorbed by the bone from an X-ray tube. Blood and urine tests are conducted to examine the biochemical nature of the subjects bone. If a marker appears that indicates the bones are too thin a physician will recommend treatment. Hormone therapy is one suggested treatment. The use of black cohosh or phytoestrogen, which is estrogen produced by a plant. Calcitonin  can be utilized, which can inhibit the osteoclasts. Preventing the osteoclasts from breaking down too much bone and allow for more to be restored. Alendronate therapy acts in a similar fashion. It attempts to build bone to prevent further fractures. Three years of this treatment has shown that spinal density can increase about 8% and hip density about 7%.  These are older treatments and biomedical science continues to advance rapidly. Knowing  the nature of the skeleton and its disease can stop possible health issues.

Further Reading

Mader, Syvia. Biology. New York: McGraw Hill, 2007.

“Menopause & Osteoporosis.” Cleveland Clinic. N.p., 8 Aug. 2015. Web. 5 May 2016. <http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic-what-is-perimenopause-menopause-postmenopause/hic_Menopause_and_Osteoporosis>.

Jackie Joyner Kersee

Jackie Joyner Kersee  was a track and field athlete who dominated the women’s heptathlon.  To many she is one of the greatest athletes to compete.Her accomplishments are numerous and her life story is one of intense perseverance. She was born in 1962 in East St. Louis. Her family struggled financially. Her mother was a nurse and her father was a railroad construction worker. Although her family did not have much, they always provided her with love and support. They encouraged her to do well in both her academics and sports activities. Kersee showed her abilities at a very young age. At age 12 she was able to leap more than 17 feet. Kersee developed her early athletic abilities at a local recreation center were she learned dance and track. Jackie Joyner Kersee despite these amazing athletic talents has asthma. Her earliest successes were winning the National Junior title between the ages 14 and 17. During high school she played both basketball and volleyball. She would then go on to attended the University of California at Los Angeles, receiving degrees in history and communications. There she played basketball and ran track. She would later be coached by Bob Kersee who would later become her husband. Her rise to prominence began in 1984. She competed in the heptathlon event winning a silver medal. She lost getting a gold by just five points, but that gave her motivation to improve. A personal motto of her’s was ” I’m a firm believer in the tree Ds- determination, desire, and dedication.”

Kersee was a type of person with much resilience. Second place was a concept that was not conceivable to her. She then developed a new strategy and continue to train for her next competition. Standing at 5 feet 10 inches and  146 pounds of muscle Jackie Joyner Kersee embarked on a long and successful athletic career.

        Jackie Joyner Kersee returned with impeccable performances. At the Goodwill Games in Moscow  her score 7,148 amazed fans and fellow competitors. That was only a small sample of more amazing athletic feats. She increased that previous score ten more points. The 1986 proved that she was going to be a powerful force in the 1988 Olympics. Kersee continued to break records. She won gold medals in the 1988 Olympics in the long jump and heptathlon. Even with an injured knee she was able to gain 7,291 points in her athletic events. The 1992 Olympics also brought her success. There she got a gold medal in the heptathlon and a bronze medal in the long jump. Kersee had won multiple events in three Olympics and no athlete has ever done so. Kersee has stated one of her objectives was to “open the doors for minority women and women in general.” Growing up during the 1960s when opportunities were limited for African Americans and women left an impression on her. She struggled, but she wanted to improve her community and give back to it. Jackie Joyner Kersee from the early 1990s to present has been active in philanthropy and charity. The Jackie Joyner Kersee Community Foundation continues to provide educational and recreational sports programs  for youth in the East St.Louis area.

_Jackie Joyner 1992
Learn more about The JJK Foundation here:  The Jackie Joyner Kersee  Foundation .

Her athletic accomplishments got her television exposure and endorsements. During her  athletic career and after she serves as an excellent representative for women’s sports. When she was competing the public still held dubious and sometimes negative views in regards to women in sports. Jackie Joyner Kersee had the talent, charm, charisma and beauty to challenge stereotypes and myths. Her last Olympic competition was in 1996. Unfortunately a leg injury cause her to withdraw. However she did win a bronze medal in the long jump before  the hamstring injury became unbearable. Her athletic pursuits did not end there. Kersee would play basketball for the Richmond Rage under the American Basketball league. She would play a total of seventeen games, but was not as much a success as in her track and field career. Kersee would return to track  in the Goodwill Games of 1998. There she scored a total 6,502 points. Lower than her previous scores, this is still quite impressive. Athletes who compete pentathhlon  or heptathlon rarely win past the age of 34. The years of top physical performance are between the ages of 18 and 30. For Kersee age is just a number and she still loved to compete.

Kersee attempted to qualify for the long jump in 2000 for the Sydney Olympics. She finished sixth and failed to qualify. It was a long competitive career from 1984 to 2000. Kersee continued to be involved in the sports world even after retiring from active competition.

        Jackie Joyner Kersee currently is on the board of directors for USA Track and Field. It is the governing body for the sport in the United States responsible for rules and various regulations. She along with other athletic professionals founded  Athletes for Hope  another charity that encourages athletes to give back to the community. Besides that it helps with coaching and assisting athletes from the very young to the more experienced. Non-profit organization work seems to be her competition now and promoting a positive image of the sport. Track and field does not get as much exposure as football, soccer, or tennis. Having a famous figure like her promoting it could get more of the public interested. Jackie Kersee also wrote an autobiography chronicling her career and early life.

 With the assistance of Sonja Steptoe A Kind of Grace : Jackie Joyner Kersee the Autobiography of the World’s Greatest Athlete was published in 1997.  This was the first book in her own words describing the triumphs and challenges through her life and career. Like most autobiographies there is a level of embellishment when describing certain events. However, when you reach a high level it can be forgiven.

       Jackie Joyner Kersee has been named by Sports Illustrated ” the greatest female athlete of the 20th century.” That title is well deserved. Her personal bests are a testament to a skilled physical prowess. Her long jump best was 7.49m. Kersee 100 metres hurdles was 12.69 s. Her high jump was 1.93m. Kersee’s shot put throw was 15.80m. Her 200 meter  event was a time of 22.56 s. Her 800 meter event time was 2 minutes and 8.51 s. These top performances amounted to a total of 7,921 points. Certainly she has made an impact on sports history and women in sport. There still remains the conviction that women are not serious contenders in the sports arena, but Kersee effectively destroyed that notion. The sports community has recognized her and she boasts multiple awards. She won the James E. Sullivan Award ( 1986), the Jesse Owens Award ( 1986 and 1987), awarded the Order of Lincoln (2005),  and the Dick Enberg Award (2011). There continues to be recognition of her and hopefully history will document and preserve her feats as well.

         Jackie Joyner Kersee has stated ” I never viewed sports as unfeminine I’ve seen it as a saving grace.” What she meant was that it was a gateway for her to advance herself. She also faced racist prejudice from other competitors and negative commentary from individuals spiteful of an African American having success. She once said “that it is important to expose children to thing they think are off limits to them.” African American children especially, in her view should understand this even though an American society is generally hostile and exclusionary. Walls as she once said are personal barriers we put up. They only stop you if you let it.

 Jackie Joyner Kersee was proof that the Title IX legislation was effective at getting more women into sports. The women of the current Olympics owe so much to her and the athletes than came before. Kersee realizes the importance of social justice and that is why she has devoted most of her to philanthropy. Although very busy, she still finds time for fitness. Many retired athletes still train, because they love their sport so much. Her philosophy on training is quality versus quantity. Quantity is the total amount of training, were quality targets specific physical fitness elements. Kersee prefers quality now, due to the fact she is no longer competing. Her exercise regimen she describes as this: ”  I try to get a 4-mile walk in — which should take about an hour — then do some weight lifting. I like doing 200-meter intervals on the track, a circuit in the weight room or anything dealing with cardio or pumping the heart.” Kersee’s advice to new athletes is in her words “learn to listen.” Vital information can be acquired if one takes advice. When an athlete wins on multiple occasions sometimes they feel that they know best, but there is always more to learn. Kersee does not want others to follow in her footsteps, but to find their own way. Humble even though a prominent figure, she rarely makes TV appearances and occasionally does public speaking. Jackie Joyner Kersee is what an athlete should be, persistent, honorable, and contributing to the community.

Jackie Joyner Kersee

Thinking Girl- “Weaker Sex”

The Thinking Girl- “Weaker Sex”

This is a blog entry from Thinking Girl, originally published in 2007. This is noteworthy because third wave feminist tend to take issue with biological and physiological differences. One difference is the gap in physical strength ( on average). Some try to say that is based on environment or solely on biology. The fact is it can be a combination of both. Denying biological differences is not constructive. The fact that women and men are different does not mean women are inferior by default. The writing makes this mistake, but starts off with a rational argument. She says that their is a relation in regards to power language. Eloquently the author points out ”  why say “weaker” instead of something else, like “gentler” or “peacefuller” or something.” The author then questions the concepts of strong and weak in the context of language. It is the most cogent argument, yet it seems the author is hostile to biological facts. Many feminists would do well to embrace biology and physiology as a means of disproving the concept of female inferiority.

        The  author understands that power language here is used to designate the other. The concept of the other is used to either marginalize or exclude different groups. Using this type of language then becomes coded for treating certain people horribly in an inconspicuous manner. She poses a great question : “why  should it be that “men are strong and women are weak,” instead of “women are not quite as strong ?” The answer is that it is a way to dehumanize women and denote a lower status. Saying a woman is weak demonstrates the belief they are not capable of various tasks. It also can serve to say that women are helpless and child like needing male supervision. Legally, many countries functioned of the idea of protectionism. This was a legal conviction that women had to be protected from the harsh realities of the world and relinquish their free will or rights to a husband or male relative. Power language as the author explains is designed to control groups and using a false binary to gain consensus among the oppressors.

          The article does ask the question what is strong. It is obvious the discussion is in the context of physical strength. Then she states “those who like to point out the biological differences between men and women (as if that’s justification for the widespread social oppression women experience) usually like to point this one out, like it’s a given.” Anatomical and physiological factors show that on average men are stronger than women. Men have larger skeletons and bone mass. Their bodies contain higher levels of type II muscle fibers. Testosterone induces higher levels of protein synthesis. There is a period that boys and girls are equal in strength levels. When puberty occurs males experience a strength spurt in which skeletal muscle mass increases. Leydig cells produce more testosterone in the testes. The bones become more dense  and the muscle fibers increase in length and width. The process is done by age twenty for men.

 This however, is just an average. The author the goes on to say “And of course there are women out there who are plenty strong, stronger than most men, women who bodybuild and are athletes and things like that.” Oddly she then expounds further :”but of course, these cases are atypical, so shouldn’t be considered to be counter-examples. We’re talking about the general “truth”, so they say.” there are many women who are participating in sports or just average women becoming interested in strength training. Although their numbers are not as large, their is a sizable portion. This contradicts her previous statements because these women be good examples to her point. At this point the reader should ask one question: why are third wave feminists concerned about men’s physical  strength?

Women are no longer afraid to work out with weights.

There could be several explanations. The first has to do with power feminism. The basis of this feminism is that women should not seek equality as what is generally understood, but amass as much power as possible. Generally observers see this as gender antagonism rather than empowerment. The power feminist would seek to get women in a race  with men for physical strength. This is an unhealthy mode of thought, because it believes might makes right. It functions on the notion all men are women’s enemies and must be challenged in every area of life. This area of strength would be difficult to antagonize men in due to biology. The other explanation is more irrational. There are some third wave feminists who could be jealous of men’s strength. They feel that nature made some error and that differences allow inequality to continue. There is either a feeling that they are missing out on something. This belief is ludicrous. It would be like men being jealous of women, because they can get pregnant. Some of the frustration can be understandable. There are men who complacently use physical strength as “proof” that men are superior. The one piece of information they do not speak of is that a woman can gain strength through a training regimen and can be strong as or stronger than the average man.

. A more accurate and plausible concern third wave feminists  have is that women face serious abuse. Women face rape, domestic abuse, and violence from men. That why some obsess over the topic physical strength. If one’s physical safety cannot be guaranteed their can be no freedom. Women being smaller than men means they are at a disadvantaged when attacked by a male assailant. Even worse, women may have to consider possible danger scenarios when becoming close to a man in an amorous relation.  Very few men worry that their wife or girlfriend might harm them. Women have to deal with this unfortunate reality.

There can be effective resistance  to violence against women. Self-defense, tougher laws, and a change in mindset are excellent weapons at combating this problem. Knowing how to defend one’s self ensures your security. Tougher laws keep criminals in prison. A change in mind set allows women to stop seeing themselves as victims, but capable survivors. This may not eliminate the problem entirely, but reduce it.There is one dynamic the author never considers. When a physically powerful woman is compare to a man of less strength, why is he valued more. The author recognizes that a society does value men more than women, but does not ask why. The reason is based in misogyny and the conviction that women are only exist to serve men. This concept can be seen in religion and social order of society. Marriage throughout history was a property arrangement. Women were not allowed to receive education in many states at one time. Women had limited access to economic and political power. As Peter Farb  stated in Humankind    “none of the biological and psychological differences between the sexes would seem to account adequately for the dominance of males in all societies.” Physical strength is not a social construction, but an element of sexual dimorphism.

No one would call the much weaker man inferior, when compared to a stronger woman. She is faced with ostracism or public rejection. The double standard and over exaggerated reactions reveal that society still has a high level of sexism. This does not come just from men, but other women with a more traditional view point of gender roles. It is critical to understand, not reject biology of sex to better discredit false beliefs and extremist notions.

        This written post does point out the social barriers, but some statements are not entirely truthful. The cogent arguments are undeniable. The first social barrier is ” girls are taught that sports are a bit “butchy” and unfeminine.” This is a combination of homophobia and sexism that turns many women away from sport. Real women in this view do not engage in “manly” activities. Women who do are considered by a sexist society  lesbian or out of control. This has been challenged with a greater acceptance of people of different sexual orientations and women changing the context of what is feminine. The socialization happens at an early age encouraging boys to get involved in athletics, but not girls. Boys she points out a fed more  and encouraged to play roughly. Then the author describes that body image is one issue that plagues women. It is an unfortunate state of affairs. There are problems with other aspects of the author’s argument. She disparages gymnastics as being “proper ways to express one’s girl self.” Gymnastics is a highly competitive sport and it is producing quality athletes. It takes strength, dexterity, and fast body coordination to perform such moves.

Gabby Douglass
Gabby Douglass showing her advanced skill.

 Gabby Douglass Olympic gold medalist has proven that gymnastics is a sport of talented individuals. Her performance in the sport dazzled and amazed an international audience. She rose to prominence in 2008 becoming part of the U.S. National Team. Dance is artistic being employed in the music industry and the performances arts. It can be useful to sports as well. One example is how some bodybuilding incorporate dance moves into their posing routines. Colette Nelson had a background in dance, which added substance to her posing routines. Besides just having size, shape, symmetry, and definition the way the physique is presented can make the difference in point accumulation.

colette nelson
Colette showing her dancing abilities.

 Dance and gymnastics should not be seen as frivolous. The only reason someone would view these two areas negatively is because they dislike the idea of women excelling. The author then says that women have few role models and not every sport has a league or division  for women to be active in. The claim is only a half truth. While it is true the mainstream media does either ridicule or ignore female athletes, there is a slowly growing interest. There are fans out there who are not getting access to events on TV and turn to the  internet. That is the wave of the future for entertainment. It makes no sense why sports or entertainment corporations do not attempt to capitalize on this. Role models are prevalent, but the media does not want to promote them. There are some cases in which an athlete is so good they cannot be ignored. Rhonda Rousey  has  by her athletic successes and media appearances brought the UFC to mainstream prominence. Her efforts have made mixed martial arts more acceptable in a sports television line up. Now there is an interest in  MMA  by the public. Serena Williams continues to make strides in Tennis. She was name sports woman of the year in 2015 by Sports Illustrated.  These are just two women who have had massive impact on the sports world.  The problem is media exposure. ESPN does not broadcast as many women’s events. It’s not that do not exist, the media is not showing  the viewers new athletes or ones that are emerging. The only solution is to either for women to start a sports channel of their own or generate interest through public relations campaigns.

There is a period of transition that is occurring. There is at least some level of recognition for physically strong women. This should not be confused with complete acceptance, but there are people who support what they do and are devoted fans. The concepts of body image are also being adjusted to a motto “strong is the new skinny.” The women of crossfit are even gaining at least some attention. The old problems still remain. There has been progress and it will not be stopped. Women are even becoming involved in American football. Women have organized their own teams and play. The NFL does not have a women’s division in which they can play separately. However, there are women who love the game that much they willing to start their own organization. It is probably for the best free of corporate or sponsor control.

There are women who have organized teams under the United Women’s Football League. They are attempting to get television coverage and media exposure.

 The fact that the UWFL does not get recognition just demonstrates how women are marginalized by the entertainment and media industries. Women should start their own companies if the current mainstream business do not provide coverage. The world will soon realize that women are valuable. Economically, it has been realized because nations who do not mobilize women in the workforce  will struggle financially. Change is happening, maybe not as fast as many would like it. As long as it is happening at whatever rate, this show that someday the objective of equality will be reached.

          The author then poses the question “how much of this is biologically driven?” That is not a simple answer. Strength and or athletic ability is dependent on genetics and environment. Men have more physical strength due to endocrinology and traits of the SRY gene. This does not mean women cannot improve or enhance their physical strength. Muscle histology is the same for both sexes and both respond to weight training in a similar manner. It would be ludicrous to say that every man is stronger than every woman . It would be difficult for an average man to out run a female track star  or out lift a female weightlifter. Biological differences have no stopped women from entering profession that require physical strength. The military, police, sports,construction, and firefighting have women in small numbers. The small numbers does not mean that women are horrible at these jobs, but that physical tests are more difficult for the majority of them. When adequate training and exercise is part of their regimen some of the difficulty is reduced. Even for women that do pass, they still face harassment and discrimination. The explanation is not purely biological or sociological it is a combination of both. The author should not use social construction theory as an explanation for all aspects of discrimination. Peter Farb  once wrote ” males exhibit greater aggressive behavior than do females in part because of hormones- but in part also because of norms of a particular society .” This is interactionist theory. Understanding this can dismantle sex stereotypes and pseudoscience that is still prevalent.Third wave feminists should not try to deny biological differences or reject the life sciences; they should be embraced  to discredit misogynistic convictions.

Thinking Girl- “Weaker Sex”

Muscle Fibers

Mary Keitany
This marathon runner would have more slow twitch muscle fiber composition.

This cyclist when doing this activity is constantly contracting sarcomeres.

images (13)
This is the demonstration of type II muscle fibers in use.

Here she is using her maximal strength.

Further Reading

  Clark, Shannon. “Muscle Fibers How They Differ.” Bodybuilding.com. N.p., 7 Mar. 2007. Web. 5 May 2016. <http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/sclark20.htm>.

Dale, Patrick. “Difference Between Slow-Twitch and Fast-Twitch.”LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 25 June 2015. Web. 04 May 2016. <http://www.livestrong.com/article/454134-difference-between-slow-twitch-and-fast-twitch/>.

Muscle Fibers


Leh to Chandigarh distance, location, road map and direction

Leh is located in India at the longitude of 77.58 and latitude of 34.17. Chandigarh is located in India at the longitude of 76.78 and latitude of 30.75 .

Distance between Leh and Chandigarh

The total straight line distance between Leh and Chandigarh is 387 KM (kilometers) and 727.59 meters. The miles based distance from Leh to Chandigarh is 240.9 miles. This is a straight line distance and so most of the time the actual travel distance between Leh and Chandigarh may be higher or vary due to curvature of the road .

Leh To Chandigarh travel time

Leh is located around 387 KM away from Chandigarh so if you travel at the consistant speed of 50 KM per hour you can reach Chandigarh in 7.75 hours. Your Chandigarh travel time may vary due to your bus speed, train speed or depending upon the vehicle you use.

Leh to Chandigarh Bus

Bus timings from Leh to Chandigarh is around 6.46 hours when your bus maintains an average speed of sixty kilometer per hour over the course of your journey. The estimated travel time from Leh to Chandigarh by bus may vary or it will take more time than the above mentioned time due to the road condition and differnt travel route. Travel time has been calculated based on crow fly distance so there may not be any road or bus connectivity also.

Bus fare from Leh to Chandigarh

may be around Rs.310.

Leh To Chandigarh road map

Leh To Chandigarh driving direction

The following diriving direction guides you to reach Chandigarh from Leh. Our straight line distance may vary from google distance.

Travel Distance from Leh

Travelers and visitors are welcome to write more travel information about Leh and Chandigarh.

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Wednesday, April 21, 2004

Marlik Culture

Marlik culture was discovered in the green and fertile lands of Northern Iran just South of the Caspian Sea. The amazing archeological founds on this site are associated to 10th-12th century BC. Some researchers believe that Marlik has attained its name from the innumerable snakes that have inhabited it. (As 'Mar' means snake in the Persian language). Whereas, some believe that, Marlik, the name the local villagers gave to the mound, is 'Marda-lik' (place of the Marda or Amarda), and the Greek historian Strabo describes the Marda as living in this part Ancient Persia. There are some significant similarities between the metalwork at Marlik and some of those found at Sialk near Kashan, and as the finds at Sialk are dated as slightly later than those of Marlik, it is suggested that the Amarda around Marlik and the Sepid Rud, relocated to the central Iranian plateau near Sialk where they were eventually assimilated into the general Median population. In the excuvations performed on this site, a large number of broken earthenware pieces can be noted. Moreover, two tiny statues of cows in admiralty metal, two cylindrical seals, fourteen gold buttons and other unique objects have been discovered. In this hillock, there is the remnants of a quadrangular structure with an approximate area of 30 sq. m. the same probably being a tomb or temple.
This hillock was also a site where the local commanders or princes who ruled in the 2nd or 1st millennium BC. were laid to rest. According to the tradition of the times, the dead were buried along with their treasures. About 25 tombs have been discovered, in some of which are human carcases, besides which, articles such as earthenware and bronze vessels, decorative buttons, arrows, swords, spears, bronze and earthenware statues, daggers, hemlets and ........ have been discovered. Fabrics from this site have come to hand that determine the fact that weaving was a progressive technology in Iran thousands of years ago, and more so in Gilan. About 11 seals have been discovered in these excavations, and these have interesting designs and patterns on them. There is a seal engraved in the Cuneiform script. The people who buried their dead at Marlik remain something of a puzzle for history. They seem not to have left any written records, and aside from the cemetary at Marlik there is not very much in the archaeological record to fill out their history.
If the original population abandoned the valley soon after the burials, this may explain why the cemetary was forgotten and not looted in the intervening years. This theory still remains unconfirmed, and it remains true that little can be said with any certainty about the people who buried their royalty atop the mound at Marlik. The items recovered at Marlik contain many unusual items which have helped to develop current thinking on the chronology of metal working in late bronze age cultures. It is significant to note that without scientific excavation procedures, it would have been impossible to date and locate these items, and it would have been impossible to appreciate their unique and important place in the archaeological record. After all their trials and travails, the archaeologists at Marlik were ordered to abandon the site in November of 1962 after a change in government which brought the allies of the smugglers and antique dealers, some of which were in the family of the Shah, to power. Forced to abandon the excavation, there was little that could be done other than return to Teheran to appeal the decision. When a team was permitted to return to the mound one year later, it was clear that little more could be done as the entire area had been ravaged by illegal digging. A brief survey showed some 2000 holes had been haphazardly dug around the valley, and everything that had been despoiled was now lost to history. It is difficult to say what was destroyed, and to this date the only material of the Marlik people to be available to science is the collection from the excavation which is housed at the Muzeh Iran Bastan (Archaeological Museum in Teheran).
Recently Archaeologists have gone back to this site for new excavations. Their efforts have led into new developments in our understanding of Marlik architecture and new artifact discoveries.

Picture of Artifacts from Marlik:

Friday, April 09, 2004

The Hanging Gardens

The famous Greek Historian, Herodotus claimed the outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough, he said, to allow a four-horse chariot to turn. The inner walls were "not so thick as the first, but hardly less strong." Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold. Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens. While archaeological examination has disputed some of Herodotus's claims (the outer walls seem to be only 10 miles long and not nearly as high) his narrative does give us a sense of how awesome the features of the city appeared to those that visited it.
The Hanging Gardens probably did not really "hang" in the sense of being suspended from cables or ropes. The name comes from an inexact translation of the Greek word kremastos or the Latin word pensilis, which mean not just "hanging", but "overhanging" as in the case of a terrace or balcony.
Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian, stated that the platforms on which the garden stood consisted of huge slabs of stone, covered with layers of reed, asphalt and tiles. Over this was put "a covering with sheets of lead, that the wet which drenched through the earth might not rot the foundation. Upon all these was laid earth of a convenient depth, sufficient for the growth of the greatest trees. When the soil was laid even and smooth, it was planted with all sorts of trees, which both for greatness and beauty might delight the spectators."
How big were the gardens? Diodorus tells us it was about 400 feet wide by 400 feet long and more than 80 feet high. Other accounts indicate the height was equal to the outer city walls. Walls that Herodotus said were 320 feet high.
I included this amazing site in my weblog since Babylon was once considered a part of Persia. As a matter of fact when we reffer to Mesopotamian civilization, the main aim is the consideration of Iran and Iraq's ancient world.


Complex Civil Litigation

Is complex civil litigation different from civil litigation?

Complex Civil Litigation

Many courts separate complex civil litigation from civil litigation because of the nature of complex civil litigation cases. Often, a complex civil litigation case has numerous parties (plaintiffs and/or defendants), or it has extensive documentation because of the type of matter being litigated. Some courts also deem complex civil litigation to be cases involving more than a certain amount of money being claimed.

The complex civil litigation process is the same as the civil litigation process in that the plaintiff(s) file a complaint, the defendant(s) file responsive pleadings, and the discovery process and settlement negotiations between the parties start.

Depending on how many judges in a district, along with how many civil litigation cases are filed during a year's time, a court may assign one or more judges to handle only complex civil litigation cases. If a civil litigation case goes to trial, the trial may take anywhere from a day to more than a week to complete, because of the extensive amount of documents (paper and electronic) provided during the discovery process.

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Guru Spotlight
Jolyn Wells-Moran


Death Before the Fall: Biblical Literalism and the Problem

Format: Paperback

Language: English

Format: PDF / Kindle / ePub

Size: 5.49 MB

Downloadable formats: PDF

Camarasaurus Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope. Scientists don't agree entirely on what happened, but the extinction likely was a double or triple whammy involving an asteroid impact, choking chemicals from erupting volcanoes, climate change and possibly other factors. Some scientists have suggested that dinosaurs caused their own extinction, as too many meat-eating dinosaurs evolved, eating all the plant-eaters, causing all dinosaur species to die out.

Pages: 197

Publisher: IVP Academic (March 6, 2014)

ISBN: 083084046X

The Ultimate Dinosaur Book

Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California

On the sixth day of Creation, Genesis chapters 1 and 2 indicate that God made all of the land animals, as well as the first two humans, Adam and Eve. According to Genesis 2:19-20, Out of the ground, the Lord God formed every beast of the field and every bird of the air, and brought them to Adam to see what he would call them ref.: Dinosaurs and the Age of read epub Dinosaurs and the Age of Reptiles: A. Raz-Plus combines the power of Reading A-Z and Raz-Kids to create a comprehensive blended reading product. Here you can search for an animal by the first letter of its name The Dinosaur Heresies: New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and Their Extinction The Dinosaur Heresies: New Theories. The first vertebrate animals ever to learn to fly by flapping their wings -- the pterosaurs -- vanished after the K-T event, too. So did 90 percent of algae species and vast numbers of oceanic invertebrates [source: University of Bristol ]. Life was, quite literally, not the same. But some types of animals weren't hit nearly as hard. At least a few members of about 84 percent of marine families and 82 percent of land vertebrate families made it through [source: ] , cited: BROCKHAUSEN Craft Book Vol. 1 - The Great Craft Book: Cutting out: Dinosaur (Little Explorers) (Volume 1) You know what’s even better than The Lord of the Rings and dinosaurs download? In a perfect world, before sin and the Curse, God would have upheld everything, but in this cursed world, things run down. Many commentators believe the description in of the wolf and lamb, and the lion that eats straw like an ox, is a picture of the new earth in the future restoration ( ). Today’s world has been changed dramatically because of sin and the Curse , e.g. 2012 Dinosaurs Wall calendar download pdf Old Earth Creationists tend to agree that dinosaurs lived and then died off long before humans populated the land. So, rather than debate creation theories, for the purpose of this discussion, we'll stick to an easier question: Where do we find dinosaurs in the Bible? You won't find Tyrannosaurus Rex or the term "dinosaur" anywhere in the Bible Dinosaurs!: A Supplement to download for free Dinosaurs!: A Supplement to Childcraft:.

Aside from the presence of fossilized feather impressions, Archaeopteryx was very similar to the contemporary small predatory dinosaur Compsognathus. Research has since identified theropod dinosaurs as the most likely direct ancestors of birds; most paleontologists today regard birds as the only surviving dinosaurs, and some suggest that dinosaurs and birds should be grouped into one biological class Introduction to Dinosaurs read pdf. Thus like present day vertebrates these dinosaurs would have had a body density close to the density of water (1.0 g/cm3) , e.g. Dinosaur Prehistoric Fatal Fight Velociraptor VS Protoceratops: Fossilized Remains Shows This Battle Really Happened (Learning Pop Up Books) The bones are now close enough to the surface to be recovered by scientific excavations." I have difficulty believing that so many clumsy dinosaurs became stuck in mud, and that circumstances are just so that all these bones are now on or near the surface of the earth A Traveler's Guide to Tracking read online

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Researchers from Palo Alto reanalyzed the data and published their report online in the Journal of Proteome Research. The vessels and contents are similar in all respects to blood vessels recovered from ostrich bones, which was reported in a paper published in the journal Science The Dinosaurs of Australia and New Zealand: And Other Animals of the Mesozoic I said to the lab technician: 'The bones, after all, are 65 million years old , e.g. Dinosaurs (Prehistoric read here Geysers and rivers of water started gushing out of the ground similar to what you see in Yellowstone, followed by the lava. Scientist say that there is more water under the ocean floor than in the Oceans. Scientist have published evidence that there is three times more water under the Earths surface than there is in the Earth's oceans located on the surface of the planet Meet Caudipteryx (Age of download online Meet Caudipteryx (Age of Dinosaurs. Animals with lower metabolic rates, such as crocodiles and lizards, need less oxygen. At different volcano sites, eleven samples were collected from eruptions that took place in 1949, 1954 and 1975 , source: Dinosaurs (Oxford Reds) download online. For this reason the blood pressure taken at the bicep is a close approximation to the blood pressure as it leaves the heart. When the heart pumps blood to the lower parts of the body the work is even easier since gravity is helping the blood flow downward ref.: Drawing Dinosaurs PB read here Drawing Dinosaurs PB. Dinosaurs are a varied group of animals from taxonomic, morphological and ecological standpoints. Birds, at over 10000 living species, [5] are the most diverse group of vertebrates besides perciform fish. [6] Using fossil evidence, paleontologists have identified over 500 distinct genera [7] and more than 1000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs. [8] Dinosaurs are represented on every continent by both extant species and fossil remains. [9] Some are herbivorous, others carnivorous Flying Giants of Dinosaur Time (Meet the Dinosaurs) There are a lot of theories why the extinction occurred. The most widely accepted theory is that an asteroid impact caused major climatic changes which the dinosaurs couldn't adapt to. it could be though that with rampant population growth, that the earth could no longer feed them Tyrannosaurus Rex and other read pdf

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Bone lamina thickness, bone apposition rates, and age estimates in sauropod humeri and femora. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 2003;76:161–172. Savage VM, Gillooly JF, Woodruff WH, West GB, Allen AP, Enquist BJ, Brown AC. The predominance of quarterpower scaling in biology , cited: The Day of the Dinosaur (First read pdf read pdf. Early reptiles called thecodonts were crocodile-like carnivorous reptiles that lived during the Triassic Period. Dinosaurs, birds, and crocodiles evolved from them. Endothermic animals are able to control their body temperature using their own metabolic processes, while ectothermic animals must use the environment to control their body temperature , e.g. Dinosaur download epub Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2005. Morphology of the gastrointestinal tract in primates: comparisons with other mammals in relation to diet. Journal of Morphology. 1980;166:337–386. [ PubMed ] Choy DSJ, Altman P. The cardiovascular system of Barosaurus: an educated guess. The Lancet. 1992;340:534–536. [ PubMed ] Christian A. Neck posture and body design in sauropods online. Or maybe, says Brusatte, when the non-bird dinosaurs grew large they passed some sort of point of no return that made it impossible for them ever to become tiny again. Bhart-Anjan Bhullar at Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, who helped establish that birds look like baby dinosaurs, thinks this might be the case. Dinosaurs like the giant sauropods may not have been able to shrink the “plumbing and wiring” of a working reproductive system to a size that would fit inside a really tiny animal, he says , source: Discovering Dinosaurs: read here Some researchers think that some at least were warm-blooded endotherms. The more modern view is that dinosaurs did not sprawl. Changes in the limbs and girdles allowed some of their thecodontian ancestors to develop a "semi-improved" stance and gait download. Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: Or help support us by subscribing to our page on Subbable: It does, however, ignore geography: Saltasaurus was from South America, Spinosaurus from Africa. In addition, Deinonychus and Kronosaurus were also from the Early Cretaceous, and the meteor impact is portrayed as happening in California, when it really took place in southeastern Mexico , e.g. Watching Dinosaurs: Jurassic Giants Watching Dinosaurs: Jurassic Giants. On the Pelorosaurus; an undescribed gigantic terrestrial reptile, whose remains are associated with those of the Iguanodon and other saurians in the strata of the Tilgate Forest, in Sussex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1850;140:391–392 Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life read here read here. Did it happen at the same time everywhere in the world My First Book About Dinosaurs read online These are mostly based on rather fragmentary remains, but if scaled up do suggest animals considerably bigger than Brachiosaurus Colorado's Dinosaurs Colorado's Dinosaurs. The LAGs, along with reconstructions of dinosaur growth curves, indicate that many dinosaurs grew rapidly during their early lives and slowed as they approached skeletal maturity. Looking at the LAGs in the pregnant T. rex, as well as two other dinosaurs containing traces of medullary bone—a beaked herbivore called Tenontosaurus and the carnivore Allosaurus—Lee and Werning concluded that all three dinosaurs were young moms when they died , e.g. BROCKHAUSEN Craft Book Vol. 1 - The Great Craft Book: Cutting out: Dinosaur (Little Explorers) (Volume 1) BROCKHAUSEN Craft Book Vol. 1 - The.

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Corruption in construction: building reform from the ground up

Union official Dave Noonan discussed the corruption scandal in terms of the industry’s “rotten apples”. This is a dangerous analogy to use. Not only does it suggest that successful reform lies in picking out the few corrupt officials, it fails to address how and why corruption has taken root.

With widespread allegations of corruption within the building unions involving accepted practices of extortion, death threats and collusion with organised crime, it is the systems and practices that have allowed this conduct to occur and continue – the rotten barrel – that must be addressed, not the rotten apples.

Increasingly, however, the media reports of corruption in the building industry are being framed in terms of how it can be fixed. Much attention has been given to the royal commission versus taskforce debate. Both sides have their merits: taskforces are generally cheaper and less time-consuming, whereas royal commissions are usually granted greater scope and investigative powers.

Focusing on how to fix the rotten barrel is both a positive and practical way of approaching the issue. The risk in taking this approach is that the issue becomes politicised. Scrutiny of the causes and true nature of corruption in the building industry risks being lessened in favour of focusing on the political role of unions.

We need to take the politics out of reform for it to be successful. This is difficult, but not impossible.

A number of royal commissions have been conducted into corrupt organisational cultures, most of which have met with varying success. Three prominent examples of successful commissions have examined the causes, not the politics, of corruption. These are:

These three reform inquiries investigated police corruption, not corruption in the building industry. However, similarities can be drawn between the current nature of corruption in Australia’s building unions and police corruption. Collusion with organised crime has appeared in both cases, and so too has the political influence of the bodies being investigated.

Further, with investigations into police corruption occurring at different points in history – and in different parts of the world – these provide a window through which successful outcomes can be evaluated.

The 1972 Knapp Commission into corruption in the NYPD focused on reform over politics. In fact, it was in the findings of this commission that the terms “rotten apple” and “rotten barrel” were first used in discussing anti-corruption reform. Similar to the current corruption scandal in Australia’s building unions, the true extent of malpractice in the NYPD only became apparent following the revelations made by a whistleblower, Detective Frank Serpico.

The actions of whistleblower NYPD cop Frank Serpico inspired a movie starring Al Pacino. euskadi 11

As a result of Serpico’s testimony and investigations conducted by the Knapp Commission, it was determined that the established practices of corruption were best addressed by examining and understanding what caused the barrel to rot, and that the rotten apple theory was not conducive to effective organisational reform.

A similar approach was taken by the 1973 Hong Kong police inquiry. Not only did this royal commission tackle widespread corruption within a popular and powerful agency, it did so from the viewpoint of wanting to reduce levels of corruption, not from an anti-police platform.

Further to this, a number of steps were taken to understand how and why corruption was able to reach such endemic levels within the Hong Kong police. The rotten barrel was addressed, while the rotten apples were reprimanded.

This understanding of corruption was also applied to the 1997 Royal Commission in NSW, in which the organisational culture and practices of the police force were interrogated. This interrogation was done at the same time as policies and laws were drafted to prevent individual officers from engaging in corruption. Here, the barrel was targeted without ignoring the apple.

While the extent of corruption in the building industry still remains unknown (and will stay so until any inquiry begins), the depth of these organisational practices needs to be questioned. The first expose of corruption in Australia’s building industry occurred in 1993. Since then 21 years have passed and very little has been done.

It was 20 years before that inquiry that Hong Kong undertook anti-corruption reform. There is now four decades of organisational anti-corruption knowledge and experience that can be applied to tackling corruption in Australia’s building industry.

Politics can be removed from reform without challenging its success. The unions were born from a desire to protect the worker, and there are workers who still need to be protected, just as there are undoubtedly unions that are not corrupt. What is happening in this case is corruption, misconduct and collusion with organised crime. This is a symptom of a rotten barrel, not a rotten movement.

For this issue to be adequately addressed, reform needs to examine the systems and processes that have allowed these practices to occur. But let’s not wait another 21 years.


Forest Ecosystem

Forests. For most in a city of Pune, the idea of a forest is something foreboding with huge trees either in the Konkan on in the Sahyadris where there live a wide variety of plants, animals, reptiles and insects. To most of us this is the standard definition of a forest with all its bells and whistles.

In reality forests have as much character as humans with as many variations and individuality. What, you may ask constitutes a forest ecosystem and where do the variations lie?

In the Indian context, a forest ecosystem consists of the following:

The non-life constituents: These typically include the location of a forest. It could be on the Deccan plateau, the Konkan/ Sahydri range of hills or right besides the sea. The land on which the forest grows and the other aspects such as location, availability of water, soil conditions, weather, temperature, airflows and rainfall etc contribute to the type of forest cover you find there.

The living inhabitants of the forest: Plant life, Animals, Insects, Fungi etc constitute the living life forms and can differ greatly from forest to forest. For example, the cold, high mountains of the north is the home for coniferous trees like the pine and what one may find as animals are snow leopards, wolves, large apso-like dogs and Himalayan eagles, mountain goats etc. The same cannot be said of forests along the coast where the ecosystems and animal life change drastically. Here you find leopards with lesser pelt, cows and buffaloes, dogs and cats. Life in the thick undergrowth is teeming with snakes, lizards, scorpions and crabs with caterpillars of various kinds giving the company. Bees and flying insects including various kinds of mosquitoes too abound here.

In the Indian context, forests can be broadly characterized as

– Coniferous: Found around the snowline of the Himalayas, the Pine constitutes its main type. There are no leaves on these trees; only downward sloped branches covered with pines in place of leaves. Given that these places are low on humidity with snow likely to cover them once a year, these pines are perfect as they do not give out any humidity and protect the tree from snow.

– Evergreen: Found abundantly in hot and humid places like the Konkan coast and the North-east, these form thick cover over high over the ground where they grow with very little sunlight penetrating the cover of leaves and branches. The ground thus remains moist and a breeding ground for countless species of fungi, insects, invertebrates and special kinds of plants like ferns. They appear green throughout the year as they sprout fresh leaves immediately on the old ones falling off, meaning there is no fixed period of fall as is the case of deciduous trees.

Deciduous: Most of Indian forest is of this kind. These have fixed time in the year when the leaves begin to fall which is mostly during the winters which begin re-growing around March before the arrival of the monsoons. The monsoons are when the leaves come back in full bloom. The ground below the trees is moist but nowhere near evergreen forests.

 Mangroves: These are found near river deltas and coasts typically where the rivers meet the sea. They are unique in that they can co-exist equally well in fresh and saline waters and have roots that grow partly in water and partly outside. Thick, small leaves characterize these plants which are quite difficult to uproot and are thus most suited to stop soil erosion which is a frequent occurrence near deltas.


created + found is a homeware range designed by jette virdi. designed to encapsulate slow living, functionality and aesthetics, she has focused on creating products that encourage memories and experiences to cherish around food. based on honesty and authenticity, jette is a big believer in community, not competition, and working in collaboration with local irish makers.

each piece is lovingly made by hand, taking into account environmental and traditional practices. only 50 pieces of each item have been made to make a collection that is in keeping with our slow living, maker-focused ethics. wood, ceramics, 100% irish linen and beeswax are the start of our journey.

  whilst all the makers who are part of the created+found community have their own shops and products, the items found in these pages are exclusively made for created+found.

trying to make everyday living a little more special.

jette brought her designs to life using the inspiration she found through her work as a food stylist, growing up in france, living in Africa and owning a hotel in mexico. her first memories revolve around cherry trees, blue skies and cooking with her parents. with a wanderlusty soul she seeks to gather a community of like minded, creative and authentic people. her favourite moments nowadays are cooking and eating with friends or going for walks along the beach with her two loves.


Political party development in Ukraine

What has been the pattern of political party development in Ukraine over the last 10 years and how have these parties performed in recent elections. We need to understand better who the main political parties have been over recent years, how they have changed, amalgamated and disbanded; who their leadership has been; their sources of finance; their performance in elections; which of them have formed alliances across party lines; who their membership is and particularly where this is drawn from regionally/urban/rural etc. within the country.

There are a combination of institutional and structural factors that account for party development in Ukraine. They include:

  • The weakness of ideology in political parties
  • Poor incentives for party institutionalisation due to the design and instability of the institutional rules of the game
  • Extensive use of state administrative resources by regime-supported parties
  • The dominance of party leaders at the expense of internal party democracy
  • The vast influence of financial industrial groups (FIGs) the vast influence of various FIGs on parties’ formation, operation, decision-making, legislative activity and voting records in parliament.

Regional differentiation is considered to be significantly more important in explaining patterns of party support than rural/urban distinctions. Regional differentiation of party support and the limited ability of any party to establish a truly national electorate has been a persistent feature of Ukrainian parliamentary elections. Regional identities were mobilised by parties during election campaigns in the absence of coherent ideological or programmatic party differentiation.

Political parties remain heavily dependent upon the presence of a charismatic leader to win votes, and the most successful parties/coalitions of the last decade have been excessively personalised. Parties therefore often function as the personal ‘project’ of a particular individual, and even the core ‘team’ can be quite fluid and change affiliation between elections.

Ukrainian voters have little idea about the ideological or programmatic orientation of the parties they vote for, instead tending to be guided by the ‘personal factor’ of the leader, which is not surprising given the amorphous positioning of parties and frequent changes in stated policy preferences of leaders. Given the dramatic restructuring of the party space during 2014, it is likely to be even harder for voters to identify the orientation of parties.


New Shining Force Set For DS

Sega teams up with Flight Plan for latest strategy title.

Sega has an all new Shining Force game in development for the DS. The latest issue of Famitsu has a first report on Shining Force Feather.

On one of his treasure hunts, Jin discovers Alfeen who, while looking like a young lady, is actually a machine. A remnant from the war of 3,000 years ago, Alfeen is used to control an air ship. The only reason she survived to modern times is that she was a backup control unit and was never put to use. Believing Jin to be her master, she powers up an air ship that was used during the Shining Force times.

This is where the story begins, with Jin and Alfeen traveling the world. Joining them is Bail, a centaur and childhood friend of Jin.

The title represents somewhat of multi-part collaborative effort for Sega. While Yoichi Shimosato is serving as producer, Sega is entrusting development to Flight Plan, a studio known for the Summon Night series. Character designs are being handled by both Pako (Shining Force EXA) and Noiji Ito (Haruhi Suzumiya series).

Shining Force Feather is currently 60% complete and will see Japanese release in Spring of 2009.


MOSUL, Iraq-- Iraqi security forces on Friday pushed forward slowly and freed new districts in the city of Mosul from the Daesh militants, as the extremist militants are using civilians as cover, security sources said.

The commandos of the Counter-Terrorism Service (CTS) broke through the Daesh defensive lines and entered the districts of Qadsiyah and Baker in the eastern side of Mosul, leaving many militants killed and destroying several booby-trapped cars, said a statement by a media office affiliated to the Joint Operations Command (JOC).

The troops managed to recapture more than half of the district in the afternoon after heavy street battles with the militants, according to Lieutenant General Abdul-Amir Yarallah from the JOC.

Earlier in the month, hundreds of the CTS commandos and Iraqi army made a significant progress from three directions at the eastern side of Mosul, locally known as the left bank of the Tigris River, and managed to seize six districts.

The advance unleashed the most intense street battles against Daesh militants since the offensive to retake the city began more than three weeks ago.

The offensive has slowed recently as the security forces, including the CTS commandos, have pushed into more densely populated areas of eastern Mosul, where they cannot rely as much on heavy shelling and airstrikes because of the risk to civilians who have been told to stay in their homes.

Nevertheless, the fierce battles inside Mosul pushed the number of civilians who were displaced from their homes to around 37,730 since the start of the military offensive on October 17, according to the recent report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

Mosul, some 400 km north of the Iraqi capital of Baghdad, has been under Daesh control since June 2014, when Iraqi government forces abandoned their weapons and fled, enabling Daesh militants to take control of parts of Iraq's northern and western regions.

Source: Nam News Network


Comcast (CMCSA) Shares Outstanding

Current and historical number of shares outstanding for Comcast (CMCSA) over the last 10 years.

Sector Industry Market Cap Revenue
Consumer Discretionary Cable TV Providers $190.986B $80.403B
Comcast Corp., among the world's leading communication companies, provides basic cable, digital cable and high speed internet services that connect people to what's important in their lives. They are in the process of deploying digital video applications and high-speed Internet access service to expand the products available on their cable communications networks.


The Benchtop Analysis System (a) consists of a medium-power, class IV laser, a four-port cuvette sampler holder, a spectrometer, laptop and software, and fiber-optic cables. (b) The microcentrifuge used in nanofiltration of the complexes.
The approach relies on NIR fluorescent dyes derivatized to specific antibody sets that are selected to bind and differentiate microbial surface proteins, termed antigens. In a solution containing an antigenic slurry, NIR conjugated antibodies are added to the mixture, and will bind to the respective antigens if present. To eliminate any false positives, excess antibodies, i.e., those antibodies not bound to an antigenic protein or those with no respective antigen present, are removed via the nanofiltration process using a portable, table-top centrifuge. The remaining NIR dye/ antibody and antigenic protein pairs left on the nanofilter are transferred to cuvette, excited by an NIR laser, and detected by spectrometer. Using simple computer software, the results are easily interpreted as intensity peaks at the appropriate NIR offset wavelength emission.

Initial data reveal the assay sensitively identified antigens at intensity counts of 100 IC or higher (or roughly 36 pW) with an accuracy of 85 percent for 2-hour incubations and 75 percent for 3-hour incubations. Interestingly, samples incubated for less time (2 hours vs 3 hours) produced an increased percentage of antigen detection. Further testing at incubation times such as 1 hour or lower could potentially increase positive predictability based on the study’s results. Also encouraging were negative control experiments with nonspecific antigens, beta galactosidase and thyroglobulin, which showed results of 100 percent accuracy, with no false positive detection.

This work was done by Maximilian C. Scardelletti and Vanessa Varaljay of Glenn Research Center.


Triathlon Club Details

All In Multisport

Little Rock, AR

Scott Philbrick

[email protected]

Competing in multisport events is an incredible challenge.  It pushes you to the limit and forces you to go places you didnt think you could.  It forces you to test yourself on a daily basis.  Sometimes you win that challenge...sometimes you dont, but you get up the next day and cha

<< Go back to clubs' list


Orton Sick, Trish Stratus News, Vince McMahon, Guerrero

Ryan Clark

The reason as to why Bob Orton Jr. hasn’t made any appearances since Armageddon is because he is suffering from Hepatitis. This illness has caused Orton to rest and seek some treatment.

Trish Stratus became the first WWE wrestler since Gillberg (Duane Gill) to hold on to any single WWE Championship belt for at least one full calender year. Trish has held the WWE Women’s Championship since January 9, 2005 when she defeated Lita at the first New Year’s Revolution.

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Should the Electoral College System be Preserved?

Many forces shape the conduct of presidential elections; few are more significant than the Electoral College. This complex, rather odd institution was another compromise at the Constitutional Convention, a means to moderate the “passions of the public” and to allow smaller states a greater say in the selection of the president.

Walter Berns, Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute says KEEP IT: “I doubt we could come up with a better system than they (the Founders) did.”

Senator Richard Durbin (D-IL) says DUMP IT: ” The Electoral College is an antiquated institution that has outlived its purpose… it represents a serious and persistent flaw in our current system.”

What do YOU think about the Electoral College – keep it, alter it, dump it??
(For full credit, offer evidence from your text OR FROM YOUR OWN RESEARCH to bolster your argument!)

Celebrity Candidates – Can Traditional Republicans Beat Them?

Source: Alabama Media Group

In the wake of last night’s GOP presidential candidates’ debate in Boulder, Colorado, two Senior Fellows in Governance Studies at The Brookings Institution have asked an interesting question: Can any Republican beat the celebrity candidates?

“The question in the Republican presidential nomination race,” according to William Galson and Elaine Kamarck, “is whether a traditional candidate—someone with government experience—will emerge in time to challenge and then defeat the celebrity candidates who have never spent a day in elected office but have been dominating the public’s attention and the polls so far.”

“With evident exasperation,” the Brookings Fellows note, Ohio Governor John Kasich described traditional Republicans’ challenge in his opening statement at the debate: “We’re on the verge of picking someone who can’t do this job.”

Latest data from shows Donald Trump polling nationally at 26.8% and Ben Carson polling at 22%. The leading traditional Republican, Senator Marco Rubio, sits a distant third at 9% followed by Governor Jeb Bush (7%) and Senator Ted Cruz (6.6%).

Galson and Kamarck offer their prediction as the conclusion of their post:

“If the Republican nominating campaign belatedly moves past the celebrity candidates and returns to its traditional pattern, it could end up pitting the leader of movement conservativism against the champion of the establishment, and we could end up with an all Cuban-American final.  Alternatively, the Republicans could offer us someone with gubernatorial experience opposing a senator who lacks such experience.  But if the nominating electorate continues to turn its back on the entire leadership of its party, the 2016 Republican presidential nominee could end up testing the public’s willingness to entrust the Oval Office to an untried and unpredictable candidate.  Unless all the rules of American politics have been abrogated, the odds are against it.”

Rubio versus Cruz? Bush, Kasich, or Christie? Can a traditional Republican candidate beat the celebrity candidates and win the GOP nomination for president?

Dr. O.

(NBC NEWS, September 3, 2015)

The Evolving Nature and Style of Representation

Rep. Albert Gore, Jr. of Tennessee was the first to speak when the U.S. House of Representatives first began live, televised debate on the House Floor in 1979. “It is a solution for the lack of confidence in government,” Congressman Gore said, alluding to the public’s post-Watergate demand for a more transparent government. “The marriage of this medium and of our open debate has the potential, Mr. Speaker, to revitalize representative democracy.”

2013-10-27-socialmediaiconsToday, we are in the midst of another media revolution: text, email, websites, wikis, blogs, Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Google+, Foursquare, Quora, RSS Feeds, Instagram, Vine… today, the Internet is social, interactive, and collaborative. Nonetheless, it’s possible that Representative Gore’s comment from 1979 has implications for us today – as we consider ways that social media shape legislators’ evolving relationships with their constituents. With today’s assignment in mind, please share your opinion on the question below:

What impact should social media have on the way legislators represent their constituents as trustees and delegates today?

Topical Debate Recap – Stop and Frisk

The stop and frisk law in New York City has made people question their views on the effectiveness of this new law. There are many pros and cons to abiding by this law, which were addressed in a debate during class. Both parties demonstrated good points on their sides, putting in a lot of time and research for their efforts.

On the pros side, Ashley and Ellie started off by talking about how stop and frisk was not in violation of the fourth amendment, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires a warrant. They brought up the Terry versus Ohio case in 1968, which can be directly linked to the stop and frisk law. A police officer needs reasonable suspicion to stop someone, and it is used for protection of the public. The New York Police Department has only been professional when they do their job. They have found over 7600 weapons, which is a large number of lives they could be saving. There have been around twenty-four million interactions. On average, each police officer has one stop every two weeks, which is not excessive.

Abby and Madeline, against stop and frisk, also had a very strong opening statement. They gave several reasons why it was a bad idea to have this law in effect. They believe that it is against the fourth amendment, because the police officers did not necessarily have reasonable cause. They said it was also against the fourteenth amendment, which is for equal protection of the law. It may damage the relationship between the police and citizens if they are always in fear of being frisked on the street. There is no watch for sexual harassment on women, and the law could be considered sexist or racist. Blacks and Hispanics make up 87% of the victims of stop and frisk.

Ashley and Ellie took into account everything that was said against the law, and came back with some good points. After every stop, a form has to be filled out for the reason why the person was stopped and information on the ethnicity of the accused. Only six percent were stopped without cause and unjustly. The stops mainly happen in areas that need police protection. Eighty-three percent of crimes that are committed are by blacks or hispanics, which means there is no racial profiling.

Madeline and Abby, after carefully planning together their next argument, brought in a real life story. A 17 year old black boy with straight A’s living in Brooklyn was stopped 70 times without ever actually doing anything wrong. This could be considered racial profiling. 90% of the stops do not uncover evidence of a crime, and 97% do not find any sort of contraband. They also challenged something that the other group mentioned; a warrant doesn’t count as justified if it is filled out after the search.

After both teams made their points, a vote was taken in the class. Almost everyone voted for the pro side, but said that both sides made excellent points. They mainly based their votes on opinions they had previously had. Both teams made good use of their numbers, but there were more pros than cons in the situation. The bringing up of race is what makes the law so controversial, and it is very difficult to take a position on this law.

After the voting, both groups were given another chance to say their final points. The pro side pointed out that people were stopped from behavior, and they were only pat down lightly on the outside of their clothing. It wasn’t done in the middle of the street. It wasn’t something that should be taken personally, because it was a part of being a member of the community. It was a minor inconvenience for a safer city. The cons side contradicted some of their statements by saying that it did happen in public and was an embarrassment. The definition of suspicion could be very broad. There are more cons that outweigh the pros. There is no exact protocol for how a stop and frisk should happen. They believe that it causes more problems than it’s worth.

Submitted by Browning S

(Teacher’s NOTE) General Details – Topical Debates:
* 2 or 3 debaters on each side; up to 8-12 minutes total: pro (1’-2’), con (1’-2’), pro (1’-2’), con (1’-2’)… and maybe pro (1’-2’), con (1’-2’)
* each individual debater will be evaluated on the cogency of his/her arguments, the quality of research, and the clarity of presentation
* debaters will NOT be graded on whether their side “wins” in the class vote
* Goals of Debates: to identify as many arguments and positions as possible with respect to the topic at hand
** option for third member of the team: prepare a blog post with an outline of your argument to extend our discussion online
1-2 minutes for first speaker on the PRO side
1-2 minutes for first speaker on the CON side
1-2 minutes 2nd speaker –> PRO
1-2 minutes 2nd speaker –> CON
       – Class vote –
Class: Why did you vote the way you did?
Debaters: Is there anything you wish you had said… but didn’t? (a rebuttal period –> this is where you’ll address other side’s arguments and classmates’ comments…)
Class: Are there any ideas that you wish you had heard from debaters… but didn’t?
Debaters: Last words – “In conclusion, our strongest argument is… / Vote for the (PRO/CON) because…”
    – Class vote #2 –

Welcome to our blog!

The posts on this blog are part of an ongoing assignment in our Government classes at All Saints’ Episcopal School (Ft. Worth, TX). The major goal of our course is to prepare students for responsible citizenship in the 21st century. Students post reflection pieces on a rotating basis. We invite you to return often and read what we write!

Please read the specifics of our class blog assignment here.

View our class blogging and commenting guidelines here.


Welcome to the first GROW Experiment!

Experiments(Last edited )
Naomi van der Velden
Naomi van der VeldenUnited Kingdom

The GROW Experiments aim to help you better understand your own growing practices and how to improve them and to answer key questions about sustainable growing practices on a broader scale.

This first experiment is designed to take place between August and October 2017, Citizen scientists like you will investigate if and how mulching (adding a layer of compost on top of the soil) affects key soil properties by comparing a plot of land with mulch added to one without to answer the following questions:

? Does mulching improve soils? ? How does location influence any effect of mulching? i.e. does it work better in some places than other places?

You can find out more about the experiment here and sign up here to take part.

This forum is the place to ask any questions about the experiment, to share your triumphs and frustrations and to celebrate becoming a citizen scientist.

We look forward to hearing from you.

Be the first to leave a comment.