ijms International Journal of Molecular Sciences Int. J. Mol. Sci. 1422-0067 Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) 10.3390/ijms12085070 ijms-12-05070 Review Identification and Role of Regulatory Non-Coding RNAs in Listeria monocytogenes IzarBenjamin12 MraheilMobarak Abu1 HainTorsten1* Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 107, Giessen 35392, Germany; E-Mails: Benjamin.Izar@med.uni-giessen.de (B.I.); Mobarak.Mraheil@mikrobio.med.uni-giessen.de (M.A.M.) Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Torsten.Hain@mikrobio.med.uni-giessen.de; Tel.: +49-641-985-46400; Fax: +49-641-985-46409. 10 8 2011 2011 12 8 5070 5079 28 6 2011 15 7 2011 8 8 2011 © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 2011

Bacterial regulatory non-coding RNAs control numerous mRNA targets that direct a plethora of biological processes, such as the adaption to environmental changes, growth and virulence. Recently developed high-throughput techniques, such as genomic tiling arrays and RNA-Seq have allowed investigating prokaryotic cis- and trans-acting regulatory RNAs, including sRNAs, asRNAs, untranslated regions (UTR) and riboswitches. As a result, we obtained a more comprehensive view on the complexity and plasticity of the prokaryotic genome biology. Listeria monocytogenes was utilized as a model system for intracellular pathogenic bacteria in several studies, which revealed the presence of about 180 regulatory RNAs in the listerial genome. A regulatory role of non-coding RNAs in survival, virulence and adaptation mechanisms of L. monocytogenes was confirmed in subsequent experiments, thus, providing insight into a multifaceted modulatory function of RNA/mRNA interference. In this review, we discuss the identification of regulatory RNAs by high-throughput techniques and in their functional role in L. monocytogenes.

Listeria monocytogenes sRNA asRNA riboswitch non-coding RNA regulatory RNA RNA-Seq whole genome tiling arrays infection UTR

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium that occurs ubiquitously in nature. Its genome bears a low G + C DNA content and is closely related to the genus of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Clostridium. Eight different species have been described for the Listeria genus, including Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria innocua, Listeria welshimeri, Listeria seeligeri, Listeria grayi, Listeria marthii and the recently isolated Listeria rocourtiae [14].

L. monocytogenes cause infections in humans and animals, such as meningitis and septicaemia that are associated with a high mortality rate up to 30%, despite antibiotic therapy [5]. A characteristic feature in the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes is the ability to actively induce its own phagocytosis by host cells mediated by internalins (inl) and escape from the phagosom/autophagosom using the virulence factors listerolysin (LLO) or ActA for actin polymerization. Once located in the host cytosol, it replicates and induces actin-based motion allowing the pathogen to move in infected cells and spread to adjacent cells [3]. With exception of inlA-C and hpt [6], the major virulence genes, responsible for the intracellular life cycle of L. monocytogenes are clustered in a ∼9 kb chromosomal region that is controlled by the principal virulence regulator PrfA [2,3,7].

L. monocytogenes has served as a model pathogen for the investigation of host-pathogen interactions and the immune response following infection intracellular bacteria and is now one of the best characterized microorganisms worldwide. Using recently developed high-throughput techniques, such as tiling arrays and next-generation DNA sequencing, which allows high-throughput RNA analysis through cDNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), several studies uncovered numerous non-coding RNAs in the listerial genome that were expressed under different conditions and introduce a new chapter of L. monocytogenes as an indispensable model organism for the investigation of prokaryotic transcriptomics [810].

Three major studies detected 180 regulatory RNAs that are almost exclusively non-coding [810]. Discovery of sRNAs in several other bacteria, including Escherichia coli [11,12], Salmonella typhimurium [13,14], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [15], Streptococcus pyogenes [1618], Streptococcus pneumoniae [19] and Staphylococcus aureus [20] extended our view to an unexpected complexity of prokaryotic genomes and transcriptomic regulation. These studies also emphasized that the portion of non-coding RNAs was much higher than previously expected [21].

Non-coding RNAs control the fate of mRNA through different mechanisms and thereby influence several biological processes and virulence in L. monocytogenes. In general, interference of regulatory RNA with mRNA leads to destabilization and degradation of the target mRNA [22]. Interaction generally occurs through (i) trans-acting sRNAs encoded in intergenic regions (IGRs) at a chromosomal locus distal to the target transcript, (ii) anti-sense RNA (asRNA) encoded on the opposite strand of the open reading frame (ORF) or overlapping 5′ or 3′ untranslated region (UTR), and (iii) cis-regulatory RNAs, including riboswitches and 5′UTRs located upstream of a target gene with possible overlap with the ORF [23]. However, bifunctional regulatory RNAs, such as the SAM riboswitch that also acts as trans-acting sRNA (discussed below), have recently been described and highlight an unexpected level of complexity of prokaryotic transcriptional regulation [24].

In this paper, we give an overview on non-coding RNAs in L. monocytogenes, their role in virulence and adaptation to environmental changes predominantly identified by genomewide approaches.

Identification of Regulatory RNAs in <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> Using High-Throughput Techniques

Gene expression analyses using microarrays provided us with comprehensive information on how L. monocytogenes adjusts to physiological and hostile environmental changes. For instance, previous studies investigated the intracellular expression signature and found that Listeria induces several metabolic and virulence genes that in concert allow survival and proliferation within host cells [25,26]. Further studies using mutant bacteria lacking transcription factor SigmaB (σB) characterized several stress response genes that are important for intracellular survival of the pathogen [27,28]. However, due to the microarray chip design and technology, only intensities of transcripts from protein-coding regions are assessed and leave non-coding regions unexamined.

Two innovative techniques, genomic tiling arrays and RNA-Seq have revolutionized the field of RNA research, because they provide an uninterrupted picture of the whole transcriptome, including non-coding RNAs [9,10,13,29,30]. In both cases, isolated RNA is reverse transcribed to cDNA. Prior to reverse transcription in RNA-Seq, mRNA enrichment may be performed by reducing rRNAs and tRNAs levels from the total RNA sample [21]. In RNA-Seq, cDNA is then subjected to high-throughput sequencing. Resulting sequences are mapped to the genome and deliver a detailed snapshot of the current transcriptome. Whole genomic tiling array are microarray that cover the entire genome, regardless of the position of annotated ORFs, by overlapping oligonucleotide probes and permits the identification of non-coding regions. cDNA is hybridized to the array to measure intensity of each transcript which then allows to analyze expression profiles.

The first sRNA in L. monocytogenes has been identified by Barry et al. in 1999 [31]. Subsequently, additional 20 sRNAs were identified using northern blots and co-immunoprecipitation using Hfq, a protein that binds to sRNAs and stabilizes the hybridization to target mRNAs [3234].

Using whole genome tiling arrays, Toledo-Arana et al. provided the first genome-wide study on the identification of regulatory RNA candidates expressed in L. monocytogenes and its deletion mutants under various physiological growth conditions in human blood, the intestinal lumen and other organs in mice [9]. They identified 103 putative regulatory RNA elements, several of which are absent in the non-pathogenic L. innocua. These data was largely confirmed by a following study using RNA-Seq by Oliver et al. who found 67 non-coding RNAs, of which 7 have not been described previously [8]. One trans-acting sRNA, sbrE was found to be directly regulated by σB. However, due to the RNA-Seq protocol, regulatory RNAs previously described to be coded anti-sense were not covered. In a more recent study, however, Hain and colleges provided the so far most detailed picture on sRNAs in L. monocytogenes using RNA-Seq that also allowed for directional reads [10]. 150 small non-coding RNA elements were found, which enclosed 75% [9] and 69% [8], respectively, of previously reported regulatory RNAs. Differences in the number of regulatory RNAs was mainly due to 25 newly discovered asRNAs by Mraheil et al. [10]. Furthermore, comparison with a computational analysis for the prediction of regulatory RNAs in L. monocytogenes revealed that only 33% of predicted sRNAs overlapped with the RNA-Seq data [10,35].

How Non-Coding Regulatory RNAs Control the Fate of mRNA in <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic>

L. monocytogenes survives at a broad range of temperatures (0–45 °C) and pH (4.5–9), at high salt concentrations (10% NaCl) and also in most hostile environment, such as the phagocytic vacuole and within infected macrophages [2,3,10]. For this reason, sensing the surrounding and rapid adaptation to environmental changes is essential for the bacterium in order to survive in its ecological niches. Both tasks may be accomplished by non-coding regulatory RNAs by interfering with different structures of the target transcript or due to regulation at the transcriptional level. Compared to regulatory proteins, RNAs offer some advantages, because they present a rapid connection between quorum sensing and direct destabilization of target mRNA, and allow a fine tuning of the response at a post-transcriptional level. In addition, unnecessary regulatory RNAs may be cleared quickly using less energy. Therefore, it is not surprising that several bacteria maintain a considerable set of regulatory RNAs that account for at least 3–13% of the whole genome [21].

5′UTRs and Multi-Functional Regulatory RNAs

5′UTRs are defined as the mRNA region starting at the promoter and ends with the start codon of the ORF. Since the transcription of an ORF may begin at different promoters, the length of the 5′UTR of a protein coding transcript may vary in length. 5′UTRs act as sensors for temperature and metabolites in L. monocytogenes and affect virulence and growth at the same time.

PrfA, the master virulence regulator in L. monocytogenes, is controlled by a thermosensor that is located 116 nucleotides 5′UTR upstream of the coding mRNA sequence [36]. At low temperatures (30 °C), the 5′UTR forms a complex secondary structure that hides the Shine–Dalgarno (SD) region and thus prevents the translation of prfA. An increase in temperature to 37 °C leads to formation of an alternative secondary structure that uncovers the SD site and allows for translation of the prfA transcript. Subsequently, PrfA induces expression of e.g. the major virulence factors LLO and ActA.

Metabolite-binding 5′UTRs that act as sensors for a substrate are also known as riboswitches. These RNA control elements possess an aptamer, an RNA region that is specific to a metabolite (e.g., lysine). Binding of the metabolite leads to an alteration of the riboswitch structure and results in transcription termination of the downstream gene. Several putative riboswitches have been identified for L. monocytogenes [9,10,24,37], of which the lysine riboswitch (LysRS) is one of the best characterized. The LysRS is located 280 nucleotides 5′UTR upstream of a lysine transporter gene (lmo0798). When present in abundance, lysine binds to the LysRS and stabilizes its tertiary structure leading to the formation of a Rho-independent transcriptional terminator (RITT) within the LysRS that prevents the expression of the downstream gene. RITT are strong secondary RNA structures that destabilize the binding of the RNA-polymerase to target DNA and thus stop transcription of downstream genes. In the absence of lysine, an anti-terminator structure is formed within the LysRS, which then allows for transcription of the lysine transporter gene. Interestingly, Toledo-Arana et al. discovered that LysRS regulates expression of the upstream protein coding gene lmo0799, thus, functions as a 3′UTR regulator as well [8]. The transcript of lmo0799 lacks an intrinsic 3′end terminator structure other than the LysRS that forms the RITT in lysine rich conditions. In contrast, lysine depletion leads to generation of a long transcript consisting of lmo0799-LysRS-lmo0798 [9]. Additional regulator elements with a dual 5′ and 3′UTR function have been identified in L. monocytogenes, including the cobalamin, T-box, M-box and S-adenosylmethionine binding (SAM) riboswitches [9]. Furthermore, a recent study discovered that two SAM riboswitches can also function as trans-acting sRNA [24]. SAM-binding leads to formation of a terminator structure, also known as SAM riboswitch element A (SreA), which blocks expression of downstream genes lmo2419, lmo2418 and lmo2417 that are involved in the cysteine or methionine metabolism. Strikingly, SreA also diffuses and binds to the 5′UTR of the prfA mRNA preventing its translation. Because the 5′UTR thermosensor of prfA exhibits a closed stem-loop structure at low temperatures, thus hiding the SD site, binding of SreA to prfA predominantly occurred at 37 °C, when the prfA thermosensor exhibits its open structure and allows SreA to target the SD region. These findings outline the complexity of the prokaryotic regulation by non-coding RNAs that are rather multifunctional and emphasize the potential flexibility of how bacteria control the expression of essential virulence genes.

Furthermore, a regulatory role in the connection between nutrient availability and growth was recently shown for the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) riboswitch [37]. Addition of roseoflavin, a riboflavin analog, which is the natural ligand of the FMN riboswitch, inhibited the expression of the downstream riboflavin transporter gene, but also drastically limited growth of Listeria. In contrast, mutation of the FMN riboswitch allowed the pathogen to proliferate in the presence of roseoflavin. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the FMN riboswitch directly controls bacterial growth.

<italic>Trans-</italic>Acting sRNAs

Trans-acting small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) are encoded in intergenic regions (IGR) distal to the target gene. To date, 101 sRNAs (including SreA) have been identified in L. monocyotenes, predominantly by using whole genome tiling-arrays and RNA-Seq [810]. However, this number may be underestimated since it was discovered that riboswitches can also act as trans-acting sRNAs [24]. The entire set of 21 sRNAs previously discovered by other methods was confirmed by whole genome tiling arrays [9]. With a few exceptions, sRNAs usually measure less than 500 nucleotides in length, while most are ranging between 50–150 nucleotides.

Although functional data on sRNAs is limited, recently some sRNAs, including rliB, rli31, rli33-1, rli38 and rli50 were shown to have a role in virulence and growth of L. monocytogenes [9,10]. Except for rli31, these sRNAs are absent in L. innocua and other apathogenic strains of Listeria. A rli38 knockout strain displayed attenuated growth in several mouse organs [9]. Δrli31, Δrli33-1 and Δrli50* (due to an overlap between rli50 and rli112 in the intergenic region, the authors decided to delete rli50 and the distal part of rli112 to create Δrli50*) had decreased survival rates in infected murine macrophages, mouse organs and in an invertebrate infection model, when compared to the wild type strain, indicating an important role in virulence [10]. ΔrliB displayed affected virulence, although it colonized the liver faster than the wild type strain [9].

29 sRNAs were shown to be exclusively transcribed by bacteria within infected host cells, indicating a role in response to intracellular stress [10]. Interestingly, in Listeriae grown in blood, five of these sRNAs (LhrC1-5) displayed expression patterns similar to that of the virulence gene locus and virulence genes vip (lmo0320), uhpT and inlC, suggesting a possible role in virulence regulation [9].

The complexity of regulatory networks by sRNAs is increased by potential interactions between sRNAs [9]. Considering, that translation of a certain mRNA may only occur when mRNA levels prevail over levels of its regulatory RNA, sRNA/sRNA interactions could partially neutralize destabilizing effects of regulatory RNAs and favour mRNA translation. Reliable target prediction of sRNAs and experimental confirmation is therefore essential and currently an intensively investigated field.

Anti-Sense RNAs

Anti-sense RNAs (asRNAs) are encoded on the complementary DNA strand to the target transcript. Among asRNAs, different types and mechanisms of action can be distinguished depending on the localization on the opposite strand: (i) asRNAs that cover one or more ORFs without overlap to the flanking regions and (ii) 5′ or 3′UTRs of an mRNA overlapping with the mRNA encoded on the opposite strand.

In the first case, promoter as well as terminator of the asRNA is located in a region between the ORFs located at the opposite strand. The length of asRNA substantially varies and may range from a few bases to kilobases. Certain asRNAs may target only the SD region of a transcript while others cover several ORFs.

Overlapping 5′UTRs occur when the promoter of a certain gene is located within the targeted opposite divergent ORFs, but transcription of this gene ends upstream of the target ORF promoter. Overlapping 3′UTRs are produced when the promoter of the asRNA lies downstream of the target ORF terminator region and the transcription of the asRNA terminates within the ORF of the opposite strand.

More than 50 anti-sense regulatory RNAs and overlapping UTRs have been discovered in L. monocytogenes [9,10]. Although the majority of asRNAs identified so far are less than 150 nucleotides in size and represent bona fide asRNAs, several large UTRs have also been discovered. Functional and mechanistic data on the role of asRNAs is very limited. 3 asRNAs were confirmed by northern blots [9]. Interestingly, these asRNAs cover more than one ORF. For instance, the promoter of asRNA anti2095 lies on the opposite strand of lmo2095 and covers, both lmo2096 and lmo2097, which encode for hypothetical proteins that may be implicated in carbohydrate metabolism. A similar organization was observed for anti2325 and anti2394 [9].

Furthermore, the genome of L. monocytogenes harbours 13 overlapping 3′UTRs (anti0360, anti0945, anti0946, anti2260 [10] and anti0111, anti0734, anti1909, anti1910, anti1980, anti1981, anti2044, anti2045 and anti2259 [9]) as well as 7 overlapping 5′UTRs (anti0943, anti0977, anti2224 [10] and anti0306, anti0647, anti0648 and mogR [9]). So far, only mogR has been characterized in further detail. MogR is a transcriptional repressor of flagellum genes lmo0675, lmo0676 and lmo0677. mogR possesses two promoters, P1, which is localized 1697 nucleotides from the start codon and P2 at 45 nucleotides from the ATG. Transcription start at P1 generates a long overlapping 5′UTR that covers three genes required for flagellum synthesis in L. monocytogenes, thus decreasing pathogen motility. In line with this, overexpression of the long mogR transcript was shown to reduce the motility of L. monocytogenes. Interestingly, P1 also contains a σB box. A subsequent experiment with a σB isogenic deletion mutant showed that expression of the long anti-sense transcript starting at P1 was directly regulated by σB. Consequently, σB dependent mogR induction at P1 resulted in the generation of a long mogR transcript resulting in decreased motility of L. monocytogenes [9]. This mechanism emphasizes a possible role of regulatory RNAs in the ability to colonize infected host organs.

Role of Hfq and Transcriptional Control of Regulatory RNAs

Interaction of trans-acting sRNAs with target mRNA often requires the RNA chaperone Hfq [23]. This protein increases the stability of sRNA/mRNA hybridizations by an unknown mechanism. In contrast to other Gram-positive bacteria Hfq has an important role in virulence of L. monocytogenes, whereas Hfq is commonly indispensable for virulence in Gram-negative pathogens. However, to date, homologues of Hfq have been found in only half of the sequenced bacteria. Although Hfq was shown to be required for target interaction of several sRNAs, such as LhrA-C, others interact with the target mRNA independently from Hfq [38]. Possibly, further RNA binding proteins are involved in binding stabilization of sRNAs as suggested for other intracellular bacteria [39].

Regulatory RNAs undergo transcriptional deregulation in a variety of conditions, most prominently in bacteria grown in blood and bacteria located in the intestinal lumen or within macrophages [9,10]. Transcriptional regulation of several sRNAs was shown to be mediated by σB, while PrfA and Hfq had little or no effect on sRNA expression [8,9].

Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook

Identification of a number of non-coding regulatory RNAs in many prokaryotic genomes has widened our view on the complexity of transcription regulation in bacteria. Recent developments in high-throughput techniques have been instrumental in this process. Tiling arrays and RNA-Seq have not only led to the detection of the vast majority of today’s known regulatory non-coding RNAs, but also channelled the discovery of new genes, the construction of the first operon map, the definition of untranslated regions and finally, the correction of previously annotated genes.

Although some insights have been obtained about how regulatory RNAs control mRNAs, precise functions and mechanisms remain largely unclear and need to be elucidated in further detail. Considering that only two years ago, the first sRNA has been described to have a role in virulence in Listeria, it becomes obvious that knowledge about the function of hundreds of regulatory RNAs and their target transcripts will have a remarkable impact on our understanding about several bacterial phenomena. For this process, L. monocytogenes serves as an unmatched model pathogen. Finally, regulatory RNAs may be attractive therapeutical targets to aim for with novel antibiotic treatments, such as PNAs [9,40] or possibly serve as diagnostic parameters.

This work was supported by grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF ERA-NET Pathogenomics Network to the sncRNAomics project (62080061) to T.H.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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The Code Of Handsome Lake

Doctrines The code of Handsome Lake is Gaiwiio, 'the Good Message', good because it finally reconciles human beings with the Creator; heaven is thus referred to in the Gaiwiio as the "New World" because former generations, not knowing the Creator's will, did not go there. Heaven is the "land of the Creator" (sect.48). There is , however, also an underworld, a dark region beneath the Earth's surface where the creations of the Devil or Tormentor had been imprisoned by the Creator. At the end of the world these evil creatures will be released and "many people will be captured and poisoned by them. Men will see these hardships when they fail to believe in Gaiwiio" (sect.74). Punishment for the wicked is a recurring theme. Those who dishonour Gaiwiio are likely to die mysteriously (sect.47), whilst the Tormentor "will punish the wicked when they depart this world" (sect.49) and numerous examples are given of these punishments.
Informing, then, the teachings of Handsome Lake is a dispute in the "heaven world" between the Creator and the Tormentor over humankind, the Tormentor claiming that he rules the Earth, that human beings obey him not the Creator whose voice they do not hear. Whenever Gaiwiio is taught a "messenger of the evil-minded spirit" attempts to sow doubt in the hearer's mind as to the efficacy of the teaching. The description of the Tormentor is notable for its resemblance to the well known image found in some Christian belief: "At times horns shot out from his forehead, at times a cloven hoof appeared and at times a tail was visible" (sect.101).
Despite the striking similarities between Handsome Lake's portrayal of the dispute between the Creator and the Tormentor and the punishment of the wicked in a kind of 'hell', and corresponding teachings in Christianity, Parker states that Handsome Lake's portrayal is here a "typical example of Iroquois philosophy. The Iroquois were fond of devising stories of this character [the Tormentor]..." (Parker on the Iroquois, 'The Code of Handsome Lake' p.48 n.1)1. At death the souls of the dead follow the "Sky Road" or Milky Way until reaching a fork, at which point the good follow the narrow road to heaven, whilst the evil soul travels the broad, rough, road to the Tormentor's Lodge. There is also a suggestion in Gaiwiio of a 'chosen people': "You have had the constant fear that the White race would exterminate you. The Creator will care for his Ongwe'owe (real people)" (sect.44).
Finally, the Gaiwiio comprehensively scrutinized social relations - much was in need of reform whilst some longstanding practices were to be abandoned. Gaiwiio identified "four evil words": Whisky/rum, witchcraft, witchpoison, and abortion (sterilization) - these were to be abandoned. Sexual promiscuity must cease also, along with abuse of one another; for example, the husband's abuse of his wife, and child abuse. The importance of living in communities is stressed along with sharing, care of the elderly, of orphans, and of the poor. Gaiwiio did not embody the wholesale revival of traditional culture, but it did signify an affirmation and rebuilding of much of it.

History Handsome Lake's people, the Seneca, were members of a six nation confederacy called the 'Iroquois,' which by the eighteenth century had been reduced to poverty with much loss of land, whilst its culture was in ruins. In 1779, during the American-British war (1777-1783), Maj. General John Sullivan, on the orders of General George Washington, led a campaign against the pro-British Iroquois, intended, he said, "...to destroy everything that contributes to their support". The result: forty towns were destroyed along with an estimated 160,000 bushels of corn, whilst fruit orchards were uprooted or chopped down, one of which contained 1500 trees; "Hardly a food plant remained for the oncoming Winter" (Parker Op.Cit. 'Iroquois uses of Maize' p.20). In addition, the Iroquois involvement in the war divided the Iroquois member tribes against each other; in 1783 Joseph Brant and his Mohawk followers, deserted by the British, migrated to Canada with other pro-British Iroquois. The Iroquois tribes remaining in New York State lost much land to the Whites in dubious treaties and through corrupt land speculators; it seems likely that the Iroquois' resulting poverty informed section 95 of Gaiwiio, which warns of eternal punishment for those who sell their land. By 1797 the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Cayuga Iroquois had little land left in New York State; in the same year the Seneca were tricked out of most of their land also. The respect once commanded by the Iroquois from its dependent tribes and others, including Whites2, had been lost, and was often replaced with contempt (Josephy:1995 pp.271, 281-282).
Like many others, among whom depression and suicide were widespread (Champagne:1994 p.493), Handsome Lake's response was to turn to Whisky to drown his grief, and in turn he became an alcoholic. Also, for four years immediately prior to his great vision (June 1799) he suffered, says Parker, from a "Wasting disease" which rendered him an invalid. This noble born Chief came to view himself as "evil and loathsome" before his Creator and resolved never again to touch "strong drink". As Gaiwiio has it, Handsome Lake suddenly died - or so people thought - only to wake hours later with a wonderful vision on his lips, recovering soon afterwards. In time, Handsome Lake's great vision restored to many of his people a sense of dignity and confidence, and did much to mark out the Iroquois as a distinct social group following the decline of traditional culture through European contacts. Notably, the early attention given to Handsome Lake's vision, probably owes much to the importance attached by the Iroquois to dreams. If the dreamer was of high status, as was Handsome Lake, then the dream was likely to be significant for the whole community; failure to fulfil the dream could have serious consequences for all the people (Snow:1994 p.160).
Two years after Handsome Lake began his mission, President Jefferson urged Secretary of War Dearborn to write a letter to the Iroquois commending the prophet's teachings. The "red people" were urged to follow the advice of Handsome Lake and to be "sober, honest, industrious and good, [then] there can be no doubt but the Great Spirit will take care of you and make you happy". This letter followed Handsome Lake's visit to Washington in 1802 with a delegation of Seneca and Onondaga leaders who hoped to enlist the President's support, and was taken to affirm the prophet's right to preach. (Parker states that at the time he was writing - early 1900's - a copy of this letter was in the possession of every religious leader of the Six Nations of Iroquois). It has been suggested that Handsome Lake aided the adaptation of traditional Iroquois belief to the realities of reservation life, and even that he might be responsible for the Iroquois' survival in the nineteenth century, in part, by rendering agricultural work acceptable to men (Snow:1996 p.162). In his own time, however, Handsome Lake was not without his enemies.
Red Jacket and other leaders denounced Handsome Lake as an imposter, and some tried to expose him as such; he was ridiculed, despised, and subjected to "bodily insults" (Parker Op. Cit. 'The Code of Handsome Lake' p.11), though finally his teachings triumphed. According to Parker, the older religious order had passed away by the time of the Civil War in 1861, leaving Gaiwiio and Christianity to compete with each other for followers; there would appear to have been little love lost between these two groups, and in Gaiwiio even Jesus instructs the Iroquois not to "follow the ways of the White Man" (sect.94).
The teachings of Handsome Lake as recounted by Jemmy Johnson, the former's grandson, were first recorded by Eli Parker, a Seneca Chief, in 1845, and then again in 1848 by the anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan, Parker's friend. In view, however, of the fact that Gaiwiio existed in different forms among those authorized to preach it, theological arguments developed as to the precise word order and proper number of chapters and paragraphs. Parker states that a Council had agreed on a standardized version of Gaiwiio which was written down by Chief John Jacket in the Seneca language; this copy was, however, lost by Chief Cornplanter once he had memorized it. Cornplanter began to rewrite Gaiwiio in 1903; when it was completed Parker persuaded him to entrust its keeping to the State of New York. Notably, the translator of the English version was a Christian, a Baptist Preacher called William Bluesky enlisted by Parker. Senecas have attested to the accuracy of this translation, which consists in 128 sections, although the sections are numbered up to section 130 and are missing sections 5 and 9.
Gaiwiio continues to be recited in shortened form in late August or early September at the Green Corn Festival, and at the Mid-Winter ceremony in January or February. In the Autumn of every other year, however, Gaiwiio is recited in full at a Solemn gathering of the Six Nations.

Symbols The White Dog: The Midwinter Thanksgiving Ceremony, beginning in late January or early February according to the arrival of the midwinter new moon, is the most important of the Iroquois festivals retained by Handsome Lake, and was the model for all the other calendrical festivals that apparently developed after it. Historically, it was a time when hunters, returning from the Autumn hunt, renewed their energies, brought news to the village, and prepared for the next round of hunting in the deep Winter snows. Handsome Lake added to the festival four sacred rituals: the Thanksgiving or Drum Dance, the Feather Dance, the Personal Chant, and the Bowl Game (also called the Peach Stone Game). Another important event at this festival of renewal, and practiced until 1885, was the Burning of the White Dog, symbolizing the purification of the whole community.
As the Iroquois prized their dogs and the one sacrificed was almost certainly someone's pet, this event was a profoundly emotional experience. The dog was firstly strangled and laid out in the longhouse, decorated with red spots, a string of wampum, feathers and coloured ribbons. Tobacco was burned so carrying a message of thanks to the Sky. Towards the end of the festival the dog was burned whereof the sins of the people were conveyed in the smoke to the Sky (Snow:1996 pp.7, 24, 181); a prayer was also delivered, in the tobacco smoke, to the Creator, imploring him to sustain the order of the world, the fruits of the Earth and all growing things, that the people may live (Parker on the Iroquois: 'The Code of Handsome Lake' pp.85-90). White baskets have sometimes been substituted for the sacrificial dog (Snow:1996 p.7).

Adherents The Handsome Lake religion has about 5000 adherents on reservations in New York State in the U.S.A., and in Ontario and Quebec in Canada; the Canadian reserves are Caughnawaga, Grand River, Oneida, and Akwasasne (St. Regis). (The Canadian Encyclopaedia vol.ii:1985 p.792; Encyclopaedia Britannica vol.5:1994 pp.680-681).

Main Centre
 Tonawanda reservation in New York State, became the center for the Handsome Lake Religion in the late 1820's, although I have been unable to confirm this to be so for the period since 1978. Traditionally, Tonawanda sent out invitations each Autumn to other reserves to meet there on a particular day in September to begin the Six Nations meetings. Also, the Handsome Lake Code, recited in a biennial cycle at the various reserves, was repeated yearly only at Tonawanda; moreover, the Tonawanda leaders decided who was able to preach at the Six Nations meetings. The bienniel cycle included, in one year, the Tonawanda, Caughnawaga, St.Regis, New York Onondaga, Allegany, Canadian Onondaga, and sometimes the Sour Springs (Upper Cayuga) reserves (or Longhouses); and the next year the Tonawanda, Cattaraugus (Newtown), Oneidatown, Canadian Seneca, Lower Cayuga, and sometimes the Sour Springs reserve the following year (Handbook of North American Indians vol.15:1978 pp.453-454).

1. This conflict is illustrated in a traditional origin myth, wherein Sky Woman or her daughter gives birth to the twins 'Good-Minded' and Evil-Minded'. The evil twin does all he can to thwart the good designs of his brother, and, though finally defeated by him, continues to ensure by way of his evil ambassadors that the good is always tainted by evil (Snow:1996 pp.3-4).

2. After calling a treaty meeting with the Iroquois at Fort Stanwix, New York State, in 1784, the American delegates took the advice of James Duane to undermine the now dwindling confidence of the divided Iroquois by treating them as inferiors. In Duane's view, the American delegates should dispense with any procedures that "...would revive or seem to confirm [the Iroquois'] former ideas of independence... they should rather be taught...that the public opinion of their importance has long since ceased" (Josephy:1995 p.278).


Wautoma-Dakota Dump

Date: 1967

Description: Dump where discarded mattresses were resold to growers for migrant laborer camp use. A sign identifying the dump and its hours stands behind a barbed wire...

Date: 1950

Description: A man holds a coil of tubing while standing near the opened back doors of an International truck with Metro body owned by Bowes Auto Products. The text on...

Wisconsin Landscape

Description: A Wisconsin landscape with a road in the foreground.

Date: 1914 ca.

Description: Man seated on a horse-drawn wagon loaded with bales of hay near railroad tracks.

Date:  date unknown

Description: View from Sexton's Landing of the steamboat the "Dell Queen".

Description: In the soft underside of war
The home point is to be home again with honor
without quite understanding why

Toy Boat in a Pond

Date: 1904-07-24

Description: Edgar Krueger standing in a lime kiln pond playing with a toy sailboat. An American flag is placed atop the mast of the sailboat. Florentina and Jennie Kru...

Flooded City

Date: 1907-01 ca.

Description: Elevated city view during a January flood.

Date: ????-12-25 ca.

Description: Syl standing with a rifle next to a Christmas tree surrounded by presents, including numerous books and an "Iron Clad" wagon.

Date: 1910 ca.

Freight Station

Date: 1963

Description: Railroad freight station and siding, with railroad cars.

Date: 1934

Description: Baby Richard Quinney held by his mother, Alice Quinney, standing next to a car on Christmas day.

Date: 1842

Chemistry Building

Date: 1929

Date: 1939

Description: Elevated view of students from the Drummond High School Band marching in a parade at the Music Festival, on Main Street. Students are wearing marching band...

Description: Close-up of a young camper sitting on a dock wearing a swimming suit, and holding a floating device shaped like a fish or seahorse. She has her hair in two...

Crowd at Picnic

Date: 1919-07-15

Date: 1938

Date: 1948-10

Description: "This overhead at Addison carried Hwy 41 (later Hwy 175) over Hwy 33."

Sterling Hall

Date: 1922

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What is the definition of equality?

The definition of equality is the quality or state of being equal. Would you like the definition of equal? AnswerParty on!

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The term "analytic philosophy" can refer to:

Equality Definition

Equality of outcome, equality of condition, or equality of results is a political concept which is central to some political ideologies and is used regularly in political discourse, often in contrast to the term equality of opportunity. It describes a state in which people have approximately the same material wealth or in which the general economic conditions of their lives are similar. Achieving equal results generally entails reducing or eliminating material inequalities between individuals or households in a society, and usually involves a transfer of income or wealth from wealthier to poorer individuals, or adopting other measures to promote equality of condition. A related way of defining equality of outcome is to think of it as "equality in the central and valuable things in life." One account in the Journal of Political Philosophy suggested that the term meant "equalising where people end up rather than where or how they begin" but described this sense of the term as "simplistic" since it failed to identify what was supposed to be made equal. There is widespread agreement that the term is controversial.

Equality of outcome is often compared to related concepts of equality, particularly with equality of opportunity. Generally, most senses of the concept of equality are controversial, and are seen differently by people having different political perspectives, but of all of the terms relating to equality, equality of outcome is the most "controversial" or "contentious".

People with differing political viewpoints often see the concept differently. The meaning of equal opportunity is debated in fields such as political philosophy, sociology and psychology. It is being applied to increasingly wider areas beyond employment including lending, housing, college admissions, voting rights, and elsewhere. In the classical sense, equality of opportunity is closely aligned with the concept of equality before the law and ideas of meritocracy.

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Experimental Particle Physics

The Experimental Particle Physics group concentrates its efforts on the following three activities: DØ, CMS, and the Pierre Auger Observatory.

Compact Muon Solenoid at LHC

The CMS detector recently began operations at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), located near Geneva, Switzerland. The LHC is currently colliding protons at 8 TeV, the highest energy available in the world, and is scheduled to run at 13 TeV starting in 2014. At Northeastern we are supporting the end cap muon detector and the electromagnetic detector, are studying the newly-found Higgs boson, and are searching for leptoquarks (exotic particles with properties of both leptons and quarks), massive new gauge bosons (Stueckelberg Z-primes), and looking for other new physics. Post-doctoral fellows include Dr Andreas Massironi and Daniele Trocino.

The DØ detector in the Tevatron collider at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Illinois measures the products of 2 TeV head-on collisions of protons and antiprotons. The large data set at D0 is used for the study of such massive particles as the top quark and for searches for new heavy states like the Higgs boson. At Northeastern we continue to mine this trove of data for new physics.

Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory makes use of the one accelerator bigger than either the Tevatron or the LHC-the one that gives us cosmic rays from intergalactic space. Currently taking data with a fully instrumented detector covering 3000 square kilometers in Argentina, the PAO observes the showers of particles coming from ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. Northeastern is providing the overall software infrastructure for data analysis and is participating in several research projects, including searches for exotic particles produced at extremely high energies. Research personnel: Dr Thomas Paul, Prof. John Swain.

The Experimental Particle Physics faculty include Professors George Alverson, Emanuela Barberis, Toyoko Orimoto, John Swain, and Darien Wood.


In film music this scale has been used extensively, starting with “Vaa Vaa Valarmathiye”( “Vanangamudi” ), where G Ramanathan roped in ML Vasantakumari to sing. The song starts with a viruttam that touches upon the famous Sanskrit works of Kalidasa. Clever sangatis in the pallavi- “Vaa” (GG SS NN) “Vaa” (SS NN PP) “Vaa” (NN PM G) make this a bright piece.

“Kangal Enge” from “Karnan” (music Viswanathan-Ramamurthy)is an ideal example of how this raga ought to be treated in films. P Suseela's flawless rendition and rich back-ups have made this melody live on till today. In the lines “Kanda podhe”... the raga is establised beyond doubt “PMGMP, NNPMG, / GMGN S,S”.

In the film “Bale Pandiya,” the song “Neeye unakku endrum nigaraanavan” is a spirited Suddhadhanyasi treat. A song that is peppered with swaras and zealous konnakol , this one often leaves the listener in splits. The fun element gushes forth, while the raga's purity remains uncompromised, an intelligent combination. TM Soundararajan sings this under the music direction of the duo Viswanathan-Ramamurthy.

“Thottal poo malarum” from “Padagotti” changed the outlook of this raga in films, a breezy enchanting piece. The use of the Hawaiian guitar in the backgrounds is sheer genius and weaves magic. The opening phrase establishes the raga “N, S, GGSNS,” and the voices of TMS and P Suseela add sheen.

Ilayaraja has explored this raga in various perspectives, each one different from the other.“Vizhiyil vizhundu” from “Alaigal Oyvadillai” is a striking piece, the opening lines itself outlining the raga's avarohana “S N P M G S N, S”. “Maalaiyil yaaro” from “Kshatriyan” is a melodious piece sung by Swarnalatha, conveying intense passion bordering on pangs of separation. The counters given in the flute entice as does the refrain “nenjame paattezhudhu..” lifting our spirits to the gandhara in the upper octave.

Interestingly ,the film “Alaigal Oyvadillai” has two songs based on this raga “Poovarasampoo” and “Manjolai Kilithano”, both colourful ones. This is a raga that brings out the mood of happiness as much as it helps to bring out meditative calmness. So essentially the music director's point of view determines its impact. “Illaya Nadhi” from “Manasellam” and “Enna solli paaduvatho” from “En Mana Vaanil” are more recent songs of the maestro in this raga.

In Hindustani music the raga Gaundgiri closely resembles Suddhadhanyasi. The song “Gori tera gaon bada pyara” from “Chitchor” (music Ravindra Jain) is largely based on the Gaundgiri scale. Sung by Yesudas, this all-time favourite has folk touches too.

In film songs sometimes the rishabha takes an inevitable peek into the song ,either in the melody itself or the background music. However the spirit of the raga outshines all else.


어떤 단어든 아래 칸에서 찾아보세요. 예를 들면 "fleek"
Retrocessionaire = a reinsurance company that accepts or takes a retrocession

retrocession = the transfer of risk from a reinsurer to another reinsurer

aire = a suffix that forms nouns denoting a person characterized by the stem - from French - example: millionaire
Retrocessionaire deals with liabilities insurance

Retrocessionaire deals with reinsurance

Retrocessionaire deals with - professional reinsurance, medical reinsurance, business reinsurance, other types of reinsurance
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Why do wolves howl at the moon?

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Have you ever heard a wolf howling at the moon? It’s a pretty unmistakable sound! So, why do wolves like the moon so much and always howl at it??

The answer is that scientists have found that wolves’ howling doesn’t actually have very much (if anything) to do with the moon. Most likely, the reason we associate the howling with the moon is that wolves are more active on bright, clear nights, so we mostly hear them howling on nights when we can also see the moon. It’s probably just a coincidence that the two so often occur together!

In truth, most researchers have found that wolves’ howling is much more about communicating with each other. Howls are used by wolves to say many things – they can express happiness, loneliness, or can be a way of letting other wolves know where they’re at! And even though they’re most famous for howling, wolves can also bark, yelp, growl, and whimper!

by   (whyzz writer)
  • Exploration

    Howl like an animal!

    Try out your best impersonation of a howling wolf! (Though make sure to warn the people in your house first so that no one accidentally gets a fright!)

    How many different kinds of howls can you come up with? What does each one mean, and why??


Series VI (Sacred Vocal Works) - Vol. 4: Gloria (1822) MWV A 1 - ed. by Ralf Wehner

First printing

The Gloria in E flat major (1822) is Mendelssohn’s first sacred work for a full-scale vocal and instrumental setting. The score vividly illustrates how the entire musical concept originated on the basis of the vocal parts. A number of passages are entrusted to the vocal parts, which proves to be an effective means of contrast. Mendelssohn clearly made an effort to give the wind parts independent passages and to make the most of their tone colours. (from the Preface)

SON 408   88,00 €


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Mystery Aircraft - Plane authorized by FAA to fly low over Quincy, MA without further explanation every night for past 2 weeks.


Why, hello there.

My name is Meghan.

I recently completed a master's degree in urban planning, with concentrations in technology and design, and wrote my thesis on analyzing social media data to understand how public spaces are used. My background is in design and mass communications and I'm currently a fellow at Hackbright Academy. This site features some of my past work and ongoing digital experiments.


Talking Robofish to Conduct Environmental Monitoring in Puget Sound

Why let a human handle a robot's job? Scientists at the University of Washington's Nonlinear Dynamics and Control Lab have developed a robot fish prototype, dubbed the "Fin Actuated Autonomous Underwater Vehicle," that will eventually be able to track marine life and monitor the spread of environmental contaminants -- particularly heavy metals and organics that occur in trace amounts. Kristi Morgansen, its inventor, is currently testing 3 robofish in her lab's swimming pool and hopes to carry out field trials in Puget Sound early next year, reports Discovery News' Eric Bland.

Each robofish is 20 in long, weighs just over 6 lbs and is equipped with pressure sensors, to monitor its depth, a 3D compass and acoustic transmitters that allows it to communicate wirelessly with other robofish. The robots, which swim by using a flapping tail, are powered by nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) rechargeable batteries -- the same battery technology found in Toyota's Prius and other hybrid vehicles.

Researchers will be unable to directly communicate with the robofish while they are underwater so the goal was to make them as autonomous as possible, Morgansen explains. Once they are dropped in the water, the fish will regularly resurface (approximately every 20 min) to transmit measurements to Morgansen and her colleagues using an embedded satellite link. In addition to downloading their data, the scientists can also upload new instructions to modify the fish's directives.

The robofish can run for roughly 6 months at a time before returning to home base or being retrieved by scientists from a boat. They could eventually provide a low cost, continuous monitoring system that will not only benefit researchers but also regulatory agencies such as the EPA and Fish and Wildlife Service. To see the fish in action, head over to the lab's website to peruse its extensive video gallery.

Via ::Discovery News: 'Talking' Robofish to Swim in Puget Sound (news website)

More Robots
::Andrew Maynard's Suburb-Eating Robots
::UK Deploying Armada of Robot Submarines and Sensors to Monitor Gulf Stream
::What Can Robots Learn From Rats?

Tags: Fish | Pollution


Researchers at the University of Texas at San Antonio examined the performance of nearly 7,000 teenagers aged 13 to 17 on 12 different tests of intelligence and mental speed, including tasks involving math, vocabulary and problem-solving.

They found that older teenagers scored higher and worked faster than younger kids. After analyzing the tests, the older teens' increased intelligence could be almost entirely attributed to an increase in their mental speed, researchers said.

The study was published Sept. 19 in Psychological Science.

The study's authors concluded mental processes related to how fast the brain is working, such as the speed of acquiring knowledge, learning things, and solving problems, improve during the teenage years.

The findings make "intuitive sense," they added in a journal news release.

More information

The U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke provides more information on the brain.


The health benefits of... eggs

  • By
    Jo Lewin - Nutritional therapist

The humble egg has impressive health credentials. Nutritionist Jo Lewin shares recipes, nutritional highlights and tips on choosing a good egg.

Boiled eggs with soldiers

An introduction to eggs...

Both the white and yolk of an egg are rich in nutrients - proteins, vitamins and minerals with the yolk also containing cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids. Eggs are an important and versatile ingredient for cooking, as their particular chemical make up is literally the glue of many important baking reactions.

Since the domestication of the chicken, people have been enjoying and nourishing themselves with eggs. As a long time symbol of fertility and rebirth, the egg has taken its place in religious as well as culinary history. In Christianity, the symbol of the decorated egg has become synonymous with Easter. There are lots of different types of egg available, the most commonly raised are chicken eggs while more gourmet choices include duck, goose and quail eggs.

Fried eggs
Nutritional highlights

Eggs are a very good source of inexpensive, high quality protein. More than half the protein of an egg is found in the egg white along with vitamin B2 and lower amounts of fat and cholesterol than the yolk. The whites are rich sources of selenium, vitamin D, B6, B12 and minerals such as zinc, iron and copper. Egg yolks contain more calories and fat. They are the source of cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K and lecithin - the compound that enables emulsification in recipes such as hollandaise or mayonnaise.

Some brands of egg now contain omega-3 fatty acids, depending on what the chickens have been fed (always check the box). Eggs are regarded a 'complete' source of protein as they contain all eight essential amino acids; the ones we cannot synthesise in our bodies and must obtain from our diet.

One large egg contains:
78 calories6.3g protein5.3g fat1.6g saturated fat212mg cholesterol

The cholesterol question

For years eggs have been considered more of a health risk than a healthy food. Since they are high in cholesterol, it was recommended that people with high cholesterol levels avoid eggs. But it turns out the cholesterol content for which they have been vilified is much lower than it was 10 years ago. This reduction has been attributed to the changes in hen feed since the BSE crisis in the 1990s. British research shows that a medium egg contains about 100mg of cholesterol, a third of the 300mg recommended daily limit. Also it is saturated fat in the diet, not dietary cholesterol that influences blood cholesterol levels the most.
If you are concerned about your cholesterol or are unsure whether it is safe for you to consume eggs please consult your GP.

Heart healthy...

Eggs benedictEggs are rich in several nutrients that promote heart health such as betaine and choline. During pregnancy and breast feeding, an adequate supply of choline is particularly important, since choline is essential for normal brain development. If you are eating eggs during pregnancy however, ensure you cook until the whites and yolks are solid. In traditional Chinese medicine, eggs are recommended to strengthen the blood and increase energy by enhancing digestive and kidney function.

Eggs also contain more Vitamin D than they did 10 years ago, which helps to protect bones, preventing osteoporosis and rickets. And they are filling too. Eggs for breakfast could help with weight loss as the high protein content makes us feel fuller for longer. Eggs should be included as part of a varied and balanced diet.

Quail eggs...

Quail eggs have a similar flavour to chicken eggs, but their petite size (five quail eggs are usually equal to one large chicken egg) and pretty, speckled shell have made them popular in gourmet cooking. The shells range in colour from dark brown to blue or white. Quail eggs are often hard-boiled and served with sea salt.

Duck eggs...

Duck eggs look like chicken eggs but are larger. As with chicken eggs, they are sold in sizes ranging from small to large. Duck eggs have more protein and are richer than chicken eggs, but they also have a higher fat content and more cholesterol. When boiled, the white turns bluish and the yolk turns red-orange.

EggsHow to select and store

Choose eggs from free-range or organically raised chickens. Eggs should always be visually inspected before buying. It is best to check for cracks or liquid in the box to ensure there are no broken ones. Eggs are best stored in the refrigerator where they may remain for up to one month (check the best-before-date on the box). Eggs with higher omega-3 fatty acid content are best eaten as early as possible to keep these oils fresh.

The main safety concern is risk of salmonella food poisoning. The best protection is to cook eggs at a high enough temperature for a long enough period of time, meaning poached, scrambled and hard boiled eggs carry a much lower salmonella risk. Another safety concern regarding eggs is that they are a common food allergen, particularly among young children. See your GP if you have any concerns regarding allergies to eggs. Substitutes can be used to bind ingredients together but they are not as good at helping mixtures rise. If using a replacement for eggs in baking, adding a little extra baking powder may help.

Top tip... A fresh egg will sink in water, a stale one will float

Recipe suggestionsWarm chorizo, sweet potato & egg salad

Eggs are paramount to a number of classic recipes so here are just a few of our favourites:

Healthy egg and chips - can it be true?
Healthy egg & chips

Boiled egg in a salad - a great lunchtime choice
Warm chorizo, sweet potato & egg salad
Lentil & red pepper salad with a soft egg

Egg-fried rice recipes:
Spicy vegetable egg-fried rice
Veggie egg-fried rice

Classic spaghetti carbonara:
Spaghetti carbonara

Eggs are crucial in a tortilla, omelette or quiche:
Ultimate quiche Lorraine
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Good article. I keep a few chickens and they produce by far the best eggs of any shop bought ones. Eggs are so versatile, and as a vegetarian, they provide a great source of protein, vitamins etc. Love them!


The corn–hog ratio is a financial term used in thepig market and presumably is related to the cost of feeding a piguntil it is large enough for market. It is defined as the ratio ofthe market price of a pig with a mass of 3.108 slugs to the marketprice of a U.S. bushel of corn. (The word “slug” isderived from an old German word that means “to hit”; wehave the same meaning for “slug” as a verb in modernEnglish.) A U.S. bushel is equal to 35.238 L. If the corn–hogratio is listed as 4.7 on the market exchange, what is it in themetric units of
(price of 1 kilogram of pig)/(price of 1 liter ofcorn) ?

1 slug= 14.59 kg
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rad bio quiz 2

rad bio quiz 2 questions, ch 34

Which type of interaction is most likely? indirect
What type of DNA damage may not be reversible? change or loss of a base
Considering cell survival curves, what measures cell radiosensitivity? D0
Which model do irradiated human cells follow? multitarget, single hit
What is the most resistant phase of the cell cycle? M
What is produced when water is irradiated? HOH+ and e-
What reactive molecular byproducts are formed during radiolysis of water? H* and OH*
A free radical is an uncharged molecule with a single unpaired electron
What are responses of DNA after radiation? Main chain scission, Rung breakage, Change or loss of a base
In the presence of oxygen, the ___ effect is amplified with ___ LET radiation indirect, low
Irradiating human cells with high LET radiation follows which model? single target, single hit
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Competition is essential if capitalism is to work well for the benefit of the consumers and the economy in general. It is, however, much disliked, notably by businessmen and trade unionists. The present system of management remuneration has very similar impacts on the economy as a decline in competition. Companies have a great deal of short-term monopoly power and chief executives are encouraged by their pay packages to exploit this more aggressively than they used to do. The result is a rise in profit margins, a fall in investment and productivity and a structural savings’ surplus in the business sector, which is the corollary of the structural fiscal deficits of the UK and the US.

I would like to see the damage done to our economies by these perverse incentives understood and the system changed. I was therefore pleased to contribute to a booklet published by the Trades Union Congress on the need for reform (though I pleaded in vain for its title, “Beyond Shareholder Value”, to be changed). As the author of one of the chapters I was asked to participate in a discussion organised for its launch. Read more

US gross domestic product was increased last year by much more than the growth of the economy. This sleight of hand was achieved by changing the way GDP is measured. The UK is due for a similar make-over this year. Reality won’t change and we need to be alert to the comments of those who will think it has.

“Nearly all scientists believe that there is a clear-cut distinction between fact and theory…William Whewell (1794-1866) denied that any such sharp distinction existed.” Peter Medawar, the Nobel laureate, whom I am quoting, agreed with the denial; and, as GDP data are generally considered to be facts, the revisions show that Whewell was spot on. The calculation of GDP depends on the theoretical model on which it is based. The change in GDP involves a change in the model being used and, in my view, the new model is worse than the old one. Read more

The US seems expensive relative to other major stock markets. As it is probable that cheaper markets will give better returns, this implies that investors should underweight US equities. This conclusion applies, however, only over the longer term. Timing matters and this involves other considerations.

Chart one illustrates that G5 stock markets are strongly correlated with the US and so, to a large extent, markets go up and down together. The chart also shows that this tendency has been strengthening over time. Read more

Abenomics, the term given to the reform package Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe launched to revive the country’s economy, is based on two myths. One is that the economy has performed badly and the second is that this non-existent failure has been due to deflation. Despite its lack of intellectual justification, the attempt to stop deflation has been a success as the accompanying rhetoric and monetary policy have produced yen weakness. This was an essential step towards solving Japan’s fiscal problem and, as the rhetoric has been about deflation rather than devaluation, the dramatic weakness of the currency has been achieved without international opprobrium.

Over time the devaluation should result in an improved current account. This will allow the fiscal deficit to fall while the economy moves ahead, but it is not enough on its own. The other essential is to reduce the cash flow surplus of the business sector. Having achieved success in step one, largely by accident, there is a chance that Abenomics will succeed in step two. If it does, it is again likely to be an accident. Read more

Ian McCafferty, an external member of the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee, believes “Britain’s ‘productivity puzzle’ will persist as the economy recovers because much of the decline in output is structurally entrenched.” As a result, Mr McCafferty believes that the Bank of England “should not ‘hold back too long’ on interest rate rises”.

Scarcely a day passes without some reference to the UK’s “productivity puzzle” and a claim that the poor productivity is “inexplicable”. This reflects a failure to understand how and why the economy has changed. Poor productivity is so readily explicable that it should cause no surprise. It is, as I have sought to explain before, the natural result of the change in management incentives. Read more

There are two fundamental and very different ways in which equity markets can be measured. One of these is q, by which the market value of companies is compared to the real value of their assets. This follows from the basic principle that, in any reasonably competitive economy, the value of anything depends on the cost of creating it — and it is therefore the macroeconomic approach. The other way treats equities as financial assets and values them by discounting the expected future returns at an appropriate rate. Cape is based on this approach and depends for its validity on the data for any particular stock market being consistent with the theory behind it. Read more


Canadian University Refuses to Dismiss War Criminal and Federal Government Refuses to Extradite Him

The University of British Columbia has refused to dismiss a convicted Nazi war criminal, Jakob Luitjens, from its faculty and the federal government has refused to extradite him.

Disclosure of the refusal to dismiss Luitjens, a botany lecturer, was made in a letter to the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles, which had sent a telegram to George Pedersen, president of the university, declaring Luitjens “cannot be allowed to maintain a position of honor” at the university.

The Wiesenthal Center said Luitjens should be dismissed even if all efforts failed to have him extradited to The Netherlands to serve a 20-year sentence on charges of wartime collaboration with the Nazis.

Robert Kaplan, Canada’s Solicitor General, in declaring he was refusing to extradite Luitjens, said the charge of collaboration for which Luitjens was tried and convicted in absentia in 1948, was not covered by the extradition treaty between Canada and The Netherlands.

A spokesman for the university said that the university’s position was that any action was up to the government and that the university considered Luitjens innocent until proven guilty. He added that the university dismisses employes on legal grounds and not because of the demands of “outside organizations.”

In his July 20 letter to the Wiesenthal Center, Pedersen said it was not “at all clear” that the courts in British Columbia “would hold that a conviction in absentia of a foreign person constituted reasonable cause for his dismissal, expecially when the conviction took place 35 years ago and the person concerned has been a satisfactory employe of the university for 20 years and is, moveover, now in the final year of his employment before his retirement.”

The Wiesenthal Center responded that the obstacles to dismissal Pedersen had listed “are indeed serious” but added that “a great university has moral responsibilities to the generation of young people it seeks to educate.” The Center asked whether the university “should be rewarding a convicted criminal for evading the bar of justice all these years.”

The Center suggested that the university urge Luitjens to return to Holland and make his appeal at the Hague with the understanding that his university position and tenure would be held for him pending his return.


Call Today for a free case evaluation 816.607.8860

Kansas City DUI Attorney

Facing a DUI/DWI charge in Kansas City?

Attorney Steve Schanker will fight for you at trial, or he can effectively plea bargain on your behalf to avoid a criminal conviction, receive probation, or receive minimum jail time with work release or house arrest if mandated by law. The threshold to prove alcohol impairment is very low. It is presumed as having a blood alcohol concentration of .08% (.04% for CDL holders; .02% for minors), but can also be established when a person refuses to take a breath test and exhibits other indicators of intoxication like bad driving, suspicious appearance, and poor performance on field sobriety tests.

A police officer will initiate two separate actions when arresting a person for DUI/DWI. First, a criminal charge is filed which carries penalties including jail time, fines and probation requiring alcohol counseling and treatment. Second, a civil suit is brought by the Department of Revenue to suspend, revoke and/or restrict driving privileges. Both matters are equally important and need to be urgently addressed. A successful DUI/DWI defense is based at least on a thorough review of the police reports, the in-car and jailhouse audio/videos, the breathalyzer maintenance records and in-depth meetings with the client and potential witnesses. A motion to suppress evidence may work to exclude a breath test result or a confession so that the prosecutor's job becomes difficult or impossible to secure a conviction.

A charge of driving under the influence is a serious matter which can affect your life greatly due to the severity of the penalties. Depending on the outcome of your case, you may end up being incarcerated, forced to pay heavy fines, facing mandatory alcohol or drug education or treatment, you could be required to have an ignition interlock device be installed in your vehicles , face a long period of probation, and more. In certain circumstances, you may be charged with felony DUI, which carries much more serious consequences if you are convicted. A Kansas City DUI lawyer can benefit you in seeking to avoid a conviction and DUI penalties. For more information, please read the following:

Drunk Driving Defense
Kansas and Missouri treat driving under the influence very seriously and offenders can face harsh consequences. By reviewing your case, the legal team could challenge the evidence against you and even get your charges dropped.

Driver's License Hearings
After being arrested for driving under the influence, you will be required to apply for a hearing. Although the time frame varies, hearings in both Kansas and Missouri will determine if you are able to keep you license.

DUI Sentencing
If convicted of a DUI in Kansas for the first time, it will be categorized as a Class B misdemeanor. You could be sentenced to jail for up to six months and lose your license for 30 days. In Missouri, you could be facing a $500 fines and probation for two years.

DUI Penalties
The penalties for a DUI conviction vary from Kansas to Missouri, but they are both serious. In Kanas, the most severe conviction you could face is a felony. This will result in up to one year in jail and a fine of up to $2,000. In Missouri, a felony will lead to five years in prison and fines of $5,000.

Breath & Blood Tests
Breath and blood tests are designed to determine the amount of alcohol in your system. If this level (blood alcohol concentration) is 0.08% or above, you could be convicted and penalized. However, what most people do not is this evidence does not always hold up in court.

Field Sobriety Tests
There are three standardized field sobriety tests administered in Kansas and Missouri. Although these tests are helpful to law enforcement officers in identifying drunk drivers, they are far from accurate.

In July 2011, it was decided that a record can be expunged in Kansas ten years after the sentence has been completed. To see if you qualify for this chance to start over, contact an attorney from the firm.

DUI Involving an Accident
When drunk driving leads to an accident, the penalties increase. Not only could you face jail time and fines, but you could be forced to place an ignition interlock device in your vehicle.

DUI Involving Drugs
If you were arrested for driving impaired by the use of drugs, you could be convicted of DUI. It does not only refer to illegal substances, but to any prescription drugs and over the counter drugs that impair your driving.

Driving While Suspended
After a DUI arrest, your license may have been suspended. If you have been found to be driving while suspended, you could be facing an increased suspension time as well as more fines and jail time.

Felony DUI
Felony DUI is the most serious type of DUI conviction. Although both states have harsh consequences, the penalties differ in Kansas and Missouri. In Kansas, offenders are given up to one year in jail and $2,500 in fines. In Missouri the same conviction results in five years in prison and a $5,000 fine.

First Time DUI
Authorities are the most lenient on first time DUI offenders. However, speaking with a legal representative could make the difference between a conviction and being acquitted.

Implied Consent Refusal
According to the implied consent law, if you refuse to take a breath or blood test, authorities are able to assume that you refused because you knew you would fail the test. An experienced attorney will be able to review your case in order fight for your rights.

Leaving the Scene
If you have been accused of leaving the scene of an accident, you could be convicted of a hit and run. In order to avoid this, speak with an attorney as soon as possible. Penalties will differ depending on the severity of the accident.

Multiple DUI
After being convicted of a DUI for the first time, the penalties will increase after each conviction. Because each charge is more serious than the last, it is crucial you have a strong legal advocate on your side throughout the process.

Underage DUI
Every parent wants what is best for their child and a DUI conviction on their record will negatively affect their future education and career options. That is why it is important to do everything in your power to get their charges dropped.

Unlawful Police Stops
There are cases of individuals being stopped and arrested based on illegally obtained evidence. If the law enforcement officer who pulled you over at the time of your arrest did anything illegal, the whole case could be dropped.

Kansas DUI
If you were found to have a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08% or above at the time of your arrest or three hours afterwards, it is enough to get you convicted of driving under the influence. You could be charged with a misdemeanor or felony based on the circumstances.

Missouri DWI
Driving under the influence of alcohol is taken very seriously in Missouri. If you have been charged with this crime, you need to speak with an attorney as soon as possible. A conviction could lead to up to five years in prison and fines of up to $5,000.

How a Kansas City DUI Attorney Could Help

Your attorney can review your breath and blood tests, which may bring your reported BAC into question. Your field sobriety tests can also be considered, along with any suggestion of an unlawful police stop. Attorney Steve Schanker knows how to help you in all types of DWI cases. He can help you if you have been involved in an implied consent refusal or charged with a DUI involving an accident, a DUI involving drugs, underage DUI, leaving the scene, or driving while suspended.

Whether it is a first time DUI or a case of multiple DUI he can fight for a dismissed case, an acquittal, or a lighter DUI sentencing. Not only can he assist you with your criminal defense, he can also represent you at your driver's license hearing and work to salvage your driving privileges. He can also assist you to pursue expungement. He will address your case in a manner consistent with your wishes, whether you wish to go to trial or simply control the damage and work out a plea. The firm has reasonable rates and accepts payments plans to make it easier on you. You will always speak directly with him as he is committed to providing personalized service and attention, part of what contributes to his consistent positive reviews and feedback. Contact a Kansas City DWI lawyer from our firm for help in your case!


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Laurence Wilfred "Laurie" Baker was a British-born Indian architect, renowned for his initiatives in cost-effective energy-efficient architecture and for his unique space utilisation and simple but aesthetic sensibility. Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, he sought to incorporate simple designs with local materials and achieved fame with his approach to sustainable architecture as well as in organic architecture. He has been called the "Gandhi of architecture"....

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CHINA/ASIA PACIFIC-RROE Column on Biden's Visit to China, Sino-US Cooperation

Released on 2012-10-17 17:00 GMT

Email-ID 2620947
Date 2011-08-18 12:34:21
RROE Column on Biden's Visit to China, Sino-US Cooperation
'Sea Watch Tower' Column by Shen Dingli, Director of American Studies at
Fudan University: "Cooperation for Win-Win Outcomes is the Main Theme of
Sino-US Relations" - Renmin Ribao (Overseas Edition) Online
Wednesday August 17, 2011 09:52:12 GMT
Sino-US relations have broad and profound connotations. Stabilizing and
safeguarding Sino-US relations is in the common interests of the people of
China and the United States as well as the vast Asia-Pacific region and
serves the fundamental interests of peace in the region and the world at
large. It is precisely as a result of the sustained cooperation between
the two countries since the establishment of diplomatic relations that
China and the United State have been able to witness a scene of prosperity
in East Asia and the entire Asia-Pacific region in the past 30-plus years.

The peaceful development of contemporary China depends on China's keen
determination to reform and open up and benefits from cooperation with the
United States and countries around the world. Of course this kind of
cooperation is two-way and mutually beneficial. China's peaceful efforts
in reform and development have also provided greater guarantee to the
prosperity and stability of the international system. China and the United
States overcoming difficulties and seeking common ground while reserving
differences and the international community reaping benefits from Sino-US
cooperation are the bright spots of our times.

The US economy encountered some difficulties in recent years. Its
financial supervision and fiscal balance both need improvement very badly.
Since the United States is still the acknowledged leader of the global
economy, the financial crisis in Washington has spread to the whole world
and is affecti ng every country in the globalized international financial
system. In the face of difficulties, China and the United States must work
together to push forward international cooperation in governance and take
important measures to revitalize their economies and restructure their
industries in order to live up to the expectations of the international

Security cooperation between China and the United States has also made
progress in various fields. Whether in the provision of escort services in
the Gulf of Aden, or in joint efforts to promote the resumption of the
six-party talks, or in coordination to curb international terrorism,
all-round cooperation has promoted the building of mutual trust on
security affairs between China and the United States. Vice President Biden
is an important statesman of the United States as well as a senior expert
on diplomatic and security affairs. He is well-praised for his long years
of service in promoting cooperation between the two countries.

The United States is facing a new round financial and debt crisis and all
countries are closely watching the relevant strategies and moves of the US
government. China, as the biggest creditor of the United States as well as
the biggest holder of US dollar foreign reserves, naturally is more
concerned about the relevant policies of the United States. We hope that
the US government would seriously assume its responsibility and take
effective measures. We are fully aware that the deepening of cooperation
will help the United States overcome its difficulties. Thus, we hope Vice
President Biden's visit will contribute toward communication and
coordination between the two countries and enhance the vital interest of
both sides.

There is no denying that there are still long-standing and unresolved
problems between China and the United States. On issues concerning Taiwan
and Tibet, the United States still adheres to certain practices that hur t
China' s dignity, including arms and equipment upgrades to Taiwan. These
behaviors are detrimental to the building of ties of mutual trust between
China and the United States. In the end, it is not just China but also the
United States that gets hurt. The underlying truth is self-evident.

After lying low for some time, the United States is beginning its "return
to Asia." However, some of the recent moves by the United States are very
worrying. Even though the freedom of navigation in the South China Sea has
not been impeded, the United States cannot wait to show its strength in
the region and is making frequent moves. This is not conducive to the
region's stability.

We believe that in the broad bilateral ties between China and the United
States, cooperation for win-win outcomes remains the main theme. Although
there are still structural contradictions between the two countries, they
have the common understanding and ability to control these contradictions.
T he US government needs to shoulder responsibility for improving its
financial system. Moreover, the economic, trade and financial imbalances
arising in the course of globalization also need to be resolved with the
joint efforts of all countries through the deepening of cooperation. In
this process, mutual trust and cooperation between the United States and
China, as the world's two biggest economies, are of great importance to
world stability. On this occasion of Biden's visit, we appeal for China
and the United States to cooperate and seek development together.

(Description of Source: Beijing Renmin Ribao (Overseas Edition) Online in
Chinese -- Online version of the daily newspaper (People's Daily Overseas
Edition) of the CPC Central Committee targeting overseas Chinese
audiences. URL:

Material in the World News Connection is generally copyrighted by the
source cited. Permission for use must be obtai ned from the copyright


Section 4: Impartiality

The Agreement accompanying the BBC Charter requires us to do all we can to ensure controversial subjects are treated with due impartiality in our news and other output dealing with matters of public policy or political or industrial controversy.  But we go further than that, applying due impartiality to all subjects.  However, its requirements will vary.

The term 'due' means that the impartiality must be adequate and appropriate to the output, taking account of the subject and nature of the content, the likely audience expectation and any signposting that may influence that expectation.

Due impartiality is often more than a simple matter of 'balance' between opposing viewpoints.  Equally, it does not require absolute neutrality on every issue or detachment from fundamental democratic principles.

The external activities of staff, presenters and others who contribute to our output can also affect the BBC's reputation for impartiality.  Consequently, this section should be read in conjunction with Section 15: Conflicts of Interest.


Who, That, Which

Anya is the one who rescued the bird.

Lokua is on the team that won first place.

Rule 2a. That introduces what is called an essential clause. Essential clauses add information that is vital to the point of the sentence.

Rule 2b. Which introduces a nonessential clause, which adds supplementary information.

The product is already identified. Therefore, which begins a nonessential clause containing additional, but not essential, information.

Example: That which doesn't kill you makes you stronger.

The distinction between that and which, though a useful guideline, is widely disregarded: Which is routinely used in place of that, even by great writers and journalists, perhaps because it sounds more elegant.

Are you ready for the quiz?


HCO+ Imaging of Comet C/1995 O1 Hale-Bopp

A.J. Lovell, F.P. Schloerb, C.H. De Vries, J.E. Dickens, W.M Irvine, M.C. Senay (FCRAO U. Massachusetts-Amherst)

We present maps of the HCO+ J=1-0 emission in the coma of comet C/1995 O1 Hale-Bopp. The maps were assembled over the time period from March to June of 1997 using the QUARRY 15-element focal plane array receiver on the Five-College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO) 14-m antenna. The HCO+ emission is detectable over an extended region corresponding to 300,000 km at the comet, compared to the 50,000 - 100,000 km scale that characterizes our observations of neutral species. Maps made throughout the apparition show significant day-to-day variability in the structure of the HCO+ coma. The strongest HCO+ features are not typically located at the nucleus position. A common morphology is a peak in the emission located 50,000 - 100,000 km anti-sunward from the nucleus. However, on some days the HCO+ emission forms a ring around the position of the nucleus. Individual spectra within the maps display broad (approximately 4 km/s) lines, redshifted by 1-2 km/s or more from the nominal nuclear velocity. Simple models of the production and outflow of HCO+ can account for the tailward offset of the peak emission, the enhanced line width, and the redshift of the lines with a tailward acceleration of the ions, presumably due to interaction with the solar wind. However, the explanation of the complex spatial distribution of intensities may require a more complex, MHD model.