Governments have duty to aid citizens caught in a nightmare

WATERLOO, Canada — Australian businessman Stern Hu has been convicted of taking bribes and stealing state secrets and sentenced to 10 years jail in China. International standards of a free and fair trial do not seem to have been met.

Did the Rudd government do all within its powers to help him? Did the Howard government do enough, and early enough, to help Australian citizen David Hicks who was caught up in the nightmare of Guantanamo?

Canadians too have been caught up in nightmarish situations overseas — from being trapped in Lebanon during the 2006 war to being renditioned to Syria, sent to Guantanamo, imprisoned in Mexico and detained in Kenya.

Seventeen Indians have just been sentenced to death in the United Arab Emirates for the murder of one man. What is the limit of assistance that the Indian government should provide them? Last Tuesday, Delhi announced that it would help the 17 to file an appeal in a superior court.

Occasionally some Japanese individuals or nongovernment organization worker gets caught in life-threatening situations while overseas, sometimes as a consequence of their own irresponsible or reckless behavior. Does this absolve the Japanese government of all responsibility for their welfare?

Given the numbers of people who travel internationally, it is easier for most of us to think “There but for the grace of God” for these types of problems than to empathize with foreign victims of atrocity crimes.

The responsibility to protect (R2P) doctrine was developed to help the latter. Does the notion of responsibility as sovereignty have anything to contribute to helping fellow-citizens trapped in difficulties abroad?

The idea of sovereignty as responsibility to people within and the world community without — rather than as a shield for internal abuses against external scrutiny — has been around for some time. Popularized by a Canadian-sponsored but independent international commission, it was adopted unanimously by world leaders at the U.N. summit in 2005 and reaffirmed by the U.N. General Assembly last year.

Sovereignty confers domestic and international responsibility as well as rights on a state. When a state cannot honor this responsibility, for whatever reason, the responsibility to protect at-risk populations from mass atrocities trips upward to the international community acting through the United Nations.

But responsible sovereignty cannot be restricted just to one function. In an age when travel is increasingly commonplace, does not a government have a corresponding duty to protect citizens on foreign soil? If Israeli Jews are taken hostage and face being killed in a foreign land, does Israel have a right but not the duty to use all means necessary to save them?

There are five critical differences between R2P as we outlined it in our original commission and the duty to protect as argued here.

First, R2P is about the responsibility of a state for actions within its own territory, whereas the duty to protect is about its responsibility in foreign jurisdictions.

Second, R2P applies to everyone physically present in a state: citizens, immigrants, tourists, students, etc. The duty to protect would be limited to citizens when overseas.

Third, R2P concerns mass atrocities (war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing). The duty to protect can be activated when crimes and injustices are committed against individuals.

Fourth, it is the large numbers and the gravity of the crimes (atrocities) that together would shock the international community’s conscience and activate the international responsibility to protect if and when the host government is unwilling or unable to do so.

But where the numbers affected are just one or a few, and in cases where the harm falls short of atrocity crimes, for example being falsely charged and imprisoned but not tortured or killed, there is no international or global remedy available today. This becomes a matter for the country in whose jurisdiction the breach occurs and for the country whose national is being harmed.

Fifth, R2P was carefully chosen to emphasize the moral dimension without stepping over into a legal obligation as exists, for example, under the Genocide Convention (which is one reason why the United States was so resistant to calling the Rwanda killings in 1994 genocide). The duty to protect, on the other hand, does impose a legal obligation.

Therein lies the problem. Leaving it as a state prerogative would, from a government’s perspective, permit it a welcome degree of discretionary latitude. It could choose to come to the assistance of citizens caught in nightmare situations in unpleasant or rogue regimes but stay away from cases in friendly countries. It could provide maximum help to “good” Australians or Canadians caught in bad countries but choose silence and indifference where they are held by allied governments for suspected terrorist offenses.

The difficulty with this is how do we know the discretion is applied fairly, objectively and on reliable and credible (“slam dunk”) evidence as opposed to willfully, whimsically and erroneously?

If we want to live in a nation of laws, there is little practical alternative to grounding our protection in the majesty of laws. It is not possible to be tough on terrorists and criminals while being soft on the rule of law and human rights protection.

Ramesh Thakur, director of the Balsillie School of International Affairs in Waterloo, Canada, was one of the original “R2P” commissioners. His book “Global Governance and the U.N.: An Unfinished Journey” has been published by Indiana University Press.


Beranda » Mass communication

Mass communication

KUSYANAVocational School is designed to give the lesson based on Competence Approach, Production Approach and Workplace Approach. Competence Approach is a holistic learning focusing on  student’s attitude, knowledge and skill. Production Approach is a learning focusing on product-making which is industrial standard. Slightly different, Workplace Approach allows the students to know more about workplace in real situation.  They should find matched company to be an intern for more or less three months. Even the students in the workplace, they are frequently monitored and supervised by the teachers. As they are not at school, they learn through different media by e-learning.

By e-learning, students can get the materials of school subjects, do the tasks given and do the test online so that they still get their grades in each school subjects without leaving the workplace. Moreover, they will get grades from the workplace and also form school. After finishing their internship program, they should back to school and study like usual.


[vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”ISUPK Programs” font_container=”tag:h1|font_size:90|text_align:center|color:%23dd0000″ css_animation=”fadeInUp”][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=”90px”][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]

Through a framework of regionally located centers the ISUPK offers:

(The ISUPK can solve any issue within the Black, Hispanic, and Native Indians communities. Using the Bible, all of our daily issues will be solved through counseling. Below is a  list of some of our programs.)

[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Education (Adult and Youth):  Besides the knowledge of the Bible that the I.S.U.P.K offers, we offer other educational services at our school.  We will teach both the adult and youth not only biblical knowledge but also historical knowledge as well.  If our students need assistance in GED courses or any other continuing education, our school provides these services too.

Food Distribution:  The I.S.U.P.K distributes food to any of our students. To ensure that all members of our school are not deprived of food, we have food distribution programs to reach our students.

Married Couples:  Commitment, patience, and mercy towards their spouse in a marriage.  The roles of males and females are the importance of a marriage union. The conflict resolution is taught through counseling, which will attend to each person’s grievances, ultimately establishing a clear judgment in the marital issue.

Mentoring and/or Counseling:  At the I.S.U.P.K mentoring and/or counseling is provided.  We give advise our students based on the words of the Bible to ensure that they make the correct decision in their life.  All questions or conflicts that may arise for our students, we will solve them through the teachings and wisdom of the Bible.

Sexually & Mentally Abused:  A crisis center, with an established bond, allows all victims to begin a pain-free life from a once abusive lifestyle.  Through an open-dialogue,  journal, autobiographical writing, and talking directly about the different types of abuse suffered; victim’sum’s issue will be solved.

Single-families:  Skills, patience, and wisdom are needed to raise a family. Single-parents will be taught through the laws of the Bible and counseling on the effects of bad parenting. Also, parental support systems are available.

Rehabilitation (Drug and/or Alcohol):  In the so-called Black, Hispanic, and/or Native Indian communities, drug and alcohol addiction is an epidemic.  Drug abuse is a common issue within our communities.  This issue can be easily solved through the knowledge of the Bible.  The consumption of alcohol is not against the Most High, but the abuse of it can propose an issue to a consumer of the substance.  If any of our students abuse the use of alcohol, counseling will be taken to confirm that alcohol will not harm any of our students.

Prison Program:  If you are in need of assistance, your family member, or your friend, the I.S.U.P.K can help one in the prison system.  The I.S.U.P.K outreach also provides teaching in the prison system as well.  Contact General Katham Gabar via email at kathamgabar@yahoo.com or mail 3807 Allison St. Brentwood, MD 20722.  When sending a person’s information, please include a viable name, location of their incarnation, and their DOB.  Visit the “Contact” page for more information.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]

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Lick ransomware removal instructions

Lick ransomware removal instructions

What is Lick?

First discovered by malware researcher, Jakub Kroustek, Lick is a ransomware-type virus similar to Kirk. Once infiltrated, Lick encrypts various files and appends filenames with the ".Licked" extension. For example, "sample.jpg" is renamed to "sample.jpg.Licked". Lick then creates the following files: 1) "ERRORLOG.txt", containing a ransom-demand message; 2) "stats.txt", containing a list of encrypted files, and; 3) a pwd file, containing a decryption password, which unfortunately is also encrypted.
The message informs victims of the encryption and claims that files can only be restored using a decryption tool together with a password stored within the aforementioned pwd file. In fact, to restore the encrypted password and receive a decryption tool, victims must pay a ransom in the Monero cryptocurrency. The cost depends on how much time victims wait before paying: 0-2 days - 50 Monero; 3-7 days - 100 Monero; 8-14 days - 200 Monero, and; 15-30 days - 500 Monero. At time of writing, 1 Monero was equivalent to ~$23 and, hence, the cost essentially fluctuates between $1000 and $10000. If the ransom is not paid within one month, the decryption key (used to restore the password stored within the pwd file) is permanently deleted. Despite these demands, cyber criminals should never be trusted. Research shows that ransomware developers often ignore victims once payments are submitted - paying does not guarantee that your files will ever be decrypted and there is a high probability that you will be scammed. Therefore, never attempt to contact these people or pay any ransom. Unfortunately, there are no tools capable of restoring data encrypted by Lick and this problem can only be resolved by restoring files/system from a backup.
Lick decrypt instructions
There are dozens of ransomware-type viruses virtually identical to Lick including ZinoCryptCrptxxx, and Revenge - these are just some examples from many. As with Lick, these malware infections also encrypt files and make ransom demands. The only major differences between ransomware-type viruses are size of ransom and type of encryption algorithm (symmetric or asymmetric) used. The distribution methods are also identical. Ransomware-type viruses are often distributed using spam emails (infectious attachments), peer-to-peer networks (eMule, torrents, etc.), third party software download sources (free file hosting websites, freeware download websites, etc.), fake software update tools, and trojans. Therefore, be cautious when opening files received from suspicious emails, and when downloading software from unofficial sources. Keep your installed applications up-to-date, but bear in mind that criminals often employ fake software updaters to proliferate malware. Therefore, never update your apps via third party tools. Using a legitimate anti-virus/anti-spyware suite is also very important. The key to computer safety is caution.
Screenshot of Lick text file:
Lick text file
Text presented within Lick pop-up and text file:
Thanks for your patience!
- Do not attempt to adjust your head. This output may appear to be
scrambled. It is not. Your view-port is too narrow. Drag the editors
edge to resize it and all will become clear.
Oh no! The Lick ransomware has encrypted your files!
Your computer has fallen victim to the Lick malware and important files have been encrypted - locked
mainly it has made a lot of files unreadable. 250 of your files are encrypted and currently cannot be
Here's a list of some the file extensions that were targetted: -
There are an additional 436 file extensions that were targetted.
been logged.
Any files with the extensions listed above will now have the extra extension '.Licked', these files
are encrypted using military grade encryption.
The note may also be named 'stats.txt' - this is a copy of this note, for your reference. There is also
a ERRORLOG.TXT file - this contains a list of all files that have been encrypted.
generated by your computer, you have no way of ever decrypting it. This is due to both the way
it was generated and the way it was encrypted. Your files were encrypted using this password.
Oh no indeed.
To decrypt your .Licked files back to their original state, you need your pwd file to be decrypted.
And also the file decryption program. We will not supply either without the proper payment.
1 ) Make the proper payment.
Payment Address (Monero Wallet):
Days : Monero : Offer Expires
0-2 : 50 : 03/22/17 16:38:41
3-7 : 100 : 03/27/17 16:38:41
8-14 : 200 : 04/03/17 16:38:41
15-30 : 500 : 04/19/17 16:38:41
2 ) Email us.
Include the payment ID from step 1.
Active email addresses:
3 ) Decrypt your files.
You will recieve your decrypted password file and a file decryption program.
Download these both to the same place and run the decryption program. This reads
your decrypted password file and uses it to decrypt all of the affected files on
your computer.
The password is unique to this infection.
Corrupted files cannot be fixed.
Don't fuck around.
4 ) Breathe.
Screenshot of file containing list of files encrypted by Lick:
List of files encrypted by Lick
Screenshot of a pop-up appearing when Lick ransomware starts encrypting files:
Lick decrypt pop-up
Screenshot of files encrypted by Lick (".Licked" extension):
Files encrypted by Lick

Lick ransomware removal:

Step 1
Safe Mode with Networking
Windows 8 Safe Mode with networking
windows 10 safe mode with networking
Step 2
Log in to the account infected with the Lick virus. Start your Internet browser and download a legitimate anti-spyware program. Update the anti-spyware software and start a full system scan. Remove all entries detected.
If you need assistance removing lick , give us a call 24/7:
Boot your computer in Safe Mode with Command Prompt
system restore using command prompt type cd restore
system restore using command prompt rstrui.exe
4. In the opened window, click "Next".
restore system files and settings
5. Select one of the available Restore Points and click "Next" (this will restore your computer system to an earlier time and date, prior to the Lick ransomware virus infiltrating your PC).
select a restore point
6. In the opened window, click "Yes".
run system restore
7. After restoring your computer to a previous date, download and scan your PC with recommended malware removal software to eliminate any remaining Lick ransomware files.
To restore individual files encrypted by this ransomware, try using Windows Previous Versions feature. This method is only effective if the System Restore function was enabled on an infected operating system. Note that some variants of Lick are known to remove Shadow Volume Copies of the files, so this method may not work on all computers.
Restoring files encrypted by CryptoDefense
To regain control of the files encrypted by Lick, you can also try using a program called Shadow Explorer. More information on how to use this program is available here.
shadow explorer screenshot
hitmanproalert ransomware prevention application
malwarebytes anti-ransomware


You Just Took an Amazing Photo, Now What?

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Photographers are really good at taking amazing photographs of the places they go, what they see, what inspires them, and great light. But a lot of photographers who want to start a business with their photography don’t know what they should do after they take that award winning shot.

The bad news is, there’s not exact answer for what you should do, and there’s certainly no science or pattern you can follow. Different things work for different people. It’s important to go through the process of post-shot excitement to achieve success with your photograph. Let’s look at some of the steps photographers can take after they take an amazing photo.

The first thing you need to do is edit your photograph. If you’re shooting your photos in RAW format (what is raw?) you’re basically telling your camera, “Take these photos as I say because I’m going to edit them later.” RAW files were designed to be edited and altered, thus they must be edited.

RAW is a file that is stored on your memory cards as close to what the sensor saw as possible. RAW files are extremely large because they store the most amount of information as possible.

When you hear photographers talk about digital negatives, they are talking about RAW files because RAW is the digital version of a negative in film photography. Instead of taking the negative into a dark room to create a print, digital negatives are imported into a RAW compatible editing software to develop the file into a photograph similar to what was seen in the field.

One of the most important things to know when you are working with RAW files is that in post processing, all of your digital data is stored after each change. For example, if you are editing a RAW image of a sunset, you might change the saturation and luminance of colors. Since you are editing a RAW file, every part of the image will maintain it’s quality. However, if you had been editing a JPEG file, each time the photograph is altered, the software would compress the image quality, making it a smaller file for each edit.

Build Your Audience

Building an audience that can’t get enough of your photography is crucial in the photography world. Not only do people want to see your photography, but they want to see new photos all the time. Your followers know which photos you’ve shared over and over, so if they keep seeing the same photos, they will become less interested. That’s why it’s always important to constantly take new photographs and build your portfolio.

I have a theory that the more portfolio worthy photos you take, the more followers you will get. So, how do photographers share their photos? Well, if you’ve been under a rock for the last five years or so, you don’t know about social media.

You should always share photos on major social sites; Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Google +. Don’t worry about the fact that you don’t have very few followers at first (aka just your mom), as you grow and get better while posting new content, your followers will grow.

Whenever you’re posting to social media, you should always be aware that you’re renting space on your followers feeds for free. That means you don’t want to bombard them with the fact that you want to make money. They all know you would like to make money. That’s like getting a plate of free food then asking them if they want to buy it back from you. It makes no sense and they don’t like it.

Instead, give them free content, a lot of free content, before you ask for anything in return. Post photos from your latest shoot and tell a funny story about the amazing photo. Do that over and over. Then, you can ask for a small amount of money with a post about your photo store.

If you find a sharing formula that highlights your amazing photo strategically, you will win in photography.

It takes time.

It takes patience.

It takes diligence.

Be willing to put in the work.

Join in the discussion by liking the Photography Roundtable Facebook page!


Russia-NATO: A Classic Security Dilemma

NATO’s new troop deployments near Russia aim to create a “tripwire” deterrent to reassure the Baltic States, but at the same time create a security dilemma, as Russia feels pressured to do the same, Paul Saunders, Executive Director of the Center for the National Interest, told in an interview.

“The decision on the troops is essentially a decision to try to create a symbolic tripwire, particularly in the Baltic States that would make very clear that the US and other countries committing to provide troops are standing behind the Article 5 guarantee. From that perspective, the numbers are much less important than the fact that there would be American, British or German troops in these countries,” Saunders said.

He noted that past Russian conduct in the region created alarm, and that the alliance is in part crafting a response to the Russian actions, based on various members’ concerns.

“There are multiple elements to it, and probably, the ultimate aim is a bit different, depending on who you ask. It is an alliance with 28 members and they all have their own perspectives. From a NATO perspective, there is a number of members who have been alarmed by Russian conduct, and there’s a concern that there may be some future Russian military action in Europe,” Saunders added.

With the Russian response to the actions, however, the benefits of such a strategy are less clear. According to Saunders, this is part of a security dilemma, in that measures to raise the Baltics’ security also lead to new risks for them.

“It is an inherent problem in any situation like this, that all sides are going to have different perspectives and points of view. Setting aside these specific deployments, the Russian perspective on NATO’s enlargement and its broader pattern of deployments is fundamentally different from the perspective that most people have in the West. From a political science perspective, it’s a classic security dilemma situation, where each side takes steps that it feels are necessary to its security, and those steps contribute to a sense of insecurity on the other side,” he added.

Concerning the anti-missile installation in Romania, Saunders noted that the missile system is in line with both US concerns about missile proliferation in the Middle East and individual states’ desire for a “tripwire” deterrent.

“There is clearly a continuing concern in the West about Iran. Obviously, there was a deal on nuclear weapons, but it is not a permanent agreement, it’s time-limited. It does not address every concern that many people in the United States have, so the deployment certainly is intended to address that. There is a broader American concern about the proliferation of missiles in the Middle East in general, and that is also an element of what’s happening,” Saunders said.

Saunders also compared the current situation to that of a decade ago, saying that Poland previously rejected a missile defense system on its territory.

“In the past, when the Bush administration came up with its initial missile defense plan, Poland actually did not want to host the missiles. There was a sense, at that time, on the part of the Polish government, that this was potentially provocative and that it might actually create greater security risks for Poland. Part of the original agreement with the Bush administration was that the latter would also do other things to help reassure and protect Poland. Obviously, we are not on that plane anymore, but it illustrates how countries in the region can have different perspectives,” Saunders concluded.

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North Korea’s largest nuclear test draws condemnation

The blast, on the 68th anniversary of North Korea’s founding, was more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, according to some estimates. It was condemned by the United States, which said it would work with partners to impose new sanctions on North Korea, and by China, Pyongyang’s main ally.

The United Nations Security Council would discuss the test and whether the 15-member body should punish the reclusive state by imposing further sanctions at a closed-door meeting on Friday requested by the United States, Japan and South Korea, diplomats said.

Under 32-year-old leader Kim Jong Un, North Korea has accelerated the development of its nuclear and missile programs, despite U.N. sanctions that were tightened in March and have further isolated the impoverished country.

U.S. President Barack Obama spoke by telephone with South Korean President Park Geun-hye and with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, saying afterward they had agreed to work with the U.N. Security Council and other powers to vigorously enforce existing measures against North Korea and to take “additional significant steps, including new sanctions.”

The test was a “grave threat to regional security and to international peace and stability,” Obama said in a statement, adding North Korea should face consequences for its “unlawful and dangerous actions.”

South Korea’s Park, in Laos after a summit of Asian leaders that Obama also attended, said Kim was showing “maniacal recklessness” in completely ignoring the world’s call to abandon his pursuit of nuclear weapons.

“The standardization of the nuclear warhead will enable the DPRK to produce at will and as many as it wants a variety of smaller, lighter and diversified nuclear warheads of higher strike power,” KCNA said, referring to the country’s formal name, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said she had no information to provide when asked if China had advance warning of the test, and would not be drawn on whether China would support tougher sanctions against its neighbor.

China says that THAAD is a threat to its own security and will do nothing to bring North Korea back to the negotiating table on its nuclear program.

South Korea’s military put the force of the blast at 10 kilotonnes, which would still be the North’s most powerful nuclear blast to date.

  • Reuters


Depression can be a crippling condition in which even everyday tasks can start to feel unbearable. It is a syndrome that leads us to shut down--our energy levels drop, our concentration and motivation dwindle, we may start to sleep more, we lose interest in activities we used to enjoy, and we isolate ourselves from friends and family. For most people struggling with depression, underneath these symptoms is a sense of hopelessness about the present and future, as well as a sense of shame for not being able to pull out of the syndrome.

Depression can be effectively treated through a combination of addressing the manifest symptoms as well as the underlying feelings of hopelessness and shame. I help people to explore the source of their hopelessness and work with them to develop a new perspective in which life feels more worth living. This often involves an exploration of their values and hopes, as well as how significant people in their lives have influenced their beliefs. I also directly address the manifest symptoms of depression using behavioral techniques designed to help people re-engage with their lives through healthy patterns of coping and self-care. Many people find that feeling heard and valued as they open up about their struggles helps their shame dissipate, making it easier to reconnect with those around them.


Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Wikipedia.

Ottone Visconti, 1207–95, archbishop of Milan, was recognized (1277) as lord of the city after he had defeated the opposition of the Della Torre family, established leaders of the popular party. To keep the lordship in the family, he had Matteo I Visconti, 1255–1322, elected captain of the people in 1287. Exiled (1302–10) by the Della Torre faction, Matteo returned with the help of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VIIHenry VII,
..... Click the link for more information.
 and became imperial vicar. He established his overlordship in all Lombard cities, but Guelph opposition (see Guelphs and GhibellinesGuelphs and Ghibellines
..... Click the link for more information.
) obliged him to retire (1322) in favor of his son, Galeazzo I Visconti, 1277?–1328, who continued the struggle against popes and Guelphs. Galeazzo's son Azzone Visconti, 1302–39, consolidated the state, made peace with the pope, and increased the Milanese territories. At his death his two uncles, Lucchino and Giovanni, were proclaimed dukes.

Lucchino Visconti, 1292–1349, who in fact ruled alone, continued his predecessor's conquests, acquiring territory in Piedmont, Tuscany, and the present Ticino canton of Switzerland. The expansion of Milan aroused the other Italian states, and coalitions were repeatedly formed against Lucchino and his successors. Lucchino's brother, Giovanni Visconti, 1290–1354, took over the government in 1349. At his death the Milanese possessions were divided among his three nephews, Matteo II, Galeazzo II, and Bernabò.

Matteo II Visconti, 1319–55, was probably poisoned by his brothers, who divided his possessions. Galeazzo II Visconti, 1320–78, an able diplomat, began the transformation of his various communal lordships into an organized state. He was a patron of the arts and letters and a friend of Petrarch. At Pavia, where he held his court, he built the castle and founded the university and the library. Bernabò Visconti, 1323–85, ruled in Milan. His intrigues and territorial ambitions kept him at war with the pope, Florence, Venice, and Savoy. He died in prison, arrested by his nephew, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, 1351?–1402, the son of Galeazzo II.

Left the sole ruler of all Visconti possessions, Gian Galeazzo embarked on a systematic program of conquest, first in Venetia, then in central Italy. He withstood hostile coalitions partly by skillful diplomacy, partly by employing the best condottieri of his time. He bought (1395) his investiture as hereditary duke of Milan from Holy Roman Emperor WenceslausWenceslaus,
..... Click the link for more information.
 and defeated (1401) Holy Roman Emperor RupertRupert,
..... Click the link for more information.
 when Rupert sought to restore imperial rule over Italy. Gian Galeazzo's ambition was to establish an Italian kingdom, but he died of the plague while preparing a final attack on Florence, his chief enemy.

Gian Galeazzo reformed and centralized the government and promoted the arts and industries. During his reign the cathedral of Milan and the Certosa di PaviaCertosa di Pavia
..... Click the link for more information.
 were begun. He allied his family with the ruling house of France by marrying Isabella, daughter of John II. His daughter by a second marriage, Valentina, married Louis d'OrléansOrléans, Louis, duc d'
, 1372–1407, brother of King Charles VI of France, whose chief counselor he was from 1388 to 1392. After 1392, when Charles VI suffered his first attack of insanity, Louis became involved in a long struggle for control with his uncle, Philip
..... Click the link for more information.
; it was through her that Louis XII and Francis I of France derived their claim to Milan in the Italian Wars.

During the regency of Gian Galeazzo's widow for her son, Giovanni Maria Visconti, 1389–1412, many cities were lost and political chaos prevailed. On reaching his majority Giovanni Maria revealed himself a dissolute and cruel ruler. He was assassinated, and the duchy passed to his brother, Filippo Maria Visconti, 1392–1447, who employed both diplomacy and force to restore the duchy. In his wars with Venice and Florence he was at first aided, then opposed, by the condottierri CarmagnolaCarmagnola, Francesco Bussone da
, c.1380?–1432, Italian condottiere. He fought for Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, in his wars against Florence and Venice but later fell out with Visconti and entered the service of Venice.
..... Click the link for more information.
. His daughter and sole heir, Bianca Maria, married Francesco I SforzaSforza, Francesco I
, 1401–66, duke of Milan (1450–66); illegitimate son of Muzio Attendolo Sforza. He succeeded his father as leader of his band of mercenaries, and by his valor and sagacity he became one of the most powerful condottieri of his time.
..... Click the link for more information.
, who became duke of Milan after the fall of the short-lived Ambrosian Republic (1447–50), set up after Filippo Maria's death.

a distinguished family of Lombardy feudal lords (known since the end of the tenth century); from 1277 to 1447 they were rulers of Milan. Ottone Visconti, arch-bishop of Milan from 1262, became the ruler of the city in 1227. By the beginning of the 14th century Ottone’s successors, relying in turn on popes and emperors, had essentially destroyed the republican establishments. In the 13th century the Visconti family embarked on a course of territorial expansion, appropriating Piacenza, Bergamo, Cremona, Vercelli, Brescia, Parma, and, within a short time, Bologna (1350-54) and Genoa (1353-56). In 1395, Giangaleazzo Visconti (1385-1402) received the title of duke of Milan, and in 1397, of duke of Lombardy; his holdings included a significant part of northern Italy. During the rule of Giovanni Maria Visconti (1402-12) most of the conquered territory was lost. Filippo Maria Visconti (1412-47) partially won back the Milan duchy in protracted wars with Venice and Florence. The Visconti dynasty came to an end in 1447.

1. the ruling family of Milan from 1277 to 1447
2. Luchino, real name Luchino Visconti de Modrone. 1906--76, Italian stage and film director, whose neorealist films include Ossessione (1942). His other films include The Leopard (1963), Death in Venice (1970), and The Innocents (1976)
References in periodicals archive ?
Visconti appears regularly on television and is often quoted on diversity issues in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Fortune magazine, BusinessWeek, and the Chicago Tribune.
Parigi's emphasis here is on the dual nature of the film's language, the fact that Visconti wrote a script that was altered and interpreted by his nonprofessional cast, and that the film uses conventional voice-over to give the action context but also to act as a ritualistic chorus.
HTC Columbia's Tejay Van Garderen and David Moncoutie from Cofidis followed Visconti to place second and third respectively.
Central to The Visconti House is the sense of difference and displacement that both Mr Visconti and Laura experience.
An art exhibition is also being held on the sidelines of the film festival, showcasing photographs, costumes, jewellery and other items related to Mr Visconti and his films.
When a resurgent Morrissey needed someone to help him relaunch his career, he turned to Tony Visconti and hit paydirt.
It seems to say that this building is different and special and to symbolize the revitalization of the central business district of the city, both of which turned out to be the main reasons Luke Visconti, a partner and co-founder of DiversityInc, leased the space for the new headquarters for his monthly business magazine and dot com business.
Among the "great authors" of Italian post-war cinema Luchino Visconti is the only one who has consistently worked on the border between high art and popular culture.
This album offers immersion in the musical universe of Rota, whose heart-tugging melodies and groundbreaking arrangements graced Fellini, Visconti and Coppola classics.
Pier Carlo Visconti, director of administration for St.
1980 There is a Wetherby double for Tony Dickinson and his stable jockey Tommy Carmody as Badsworth Boy, who had fallen at Newcastle only three days earlier, makes swift amends in the novices' chase, and then Visconti takes the juvenile hurdle.


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As most companies are tightening their belts, they seek better results with fewer resources. Coaching has become a significant trend in leadership development because it delivers results by increasing effectiveness and empowering employees. Here are four reasons why you could benefit from a professional coach.

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Sunday, April 29, 2012

Habitable zone around Red dwarf

Artist's conception of a the red dwarf star CHRX 73 A and its companion object CHRX 73 B. The companion object is around 12 Jupiter masses, and may either be a planet, a failed star or a brown dwarf

wikipedia tells

Tidally locked

Alternatively, a moon in orbit around a gas giant planet may be habitable. It would circumvent the tidal lock problem by becoming tidally locked to its planet. This way there would be a day/night cycle as the moon orbited its primary, and there would be distribution of heat.

Variability in stellar energy output may also have negative impacts on development of life. Red dwarfs are often covered by starspots, reducing stellar output by as much as 40% for months at a time. At other times, some red dwarfs, called flare stars, can emit gigantic flares, doubling their brightness in minutes. This variability may also make it difficult for life to develop and persist near a red dwarf star. Gibor Basri of the University of California, Berkeley claims a planet orbiting close to a red dwarf star could keep its atmosphere even if the star flares.

This is important stuff for Astrobiology considering planetary habitable zones around the billions of stars in the Universe.

It also and makes us praise even more our Heavenly Father for His Sun which He generously allows to shine to us also visible and ultraviolet light regardless of whether we are evil or good, as His only Son has said.

Matthew 5:44-45 KJ21

Update 3 June 2012  Search for intelligent life with highly focused technique BBC article

Red dwarf

Schematic Hertzsprung-Russel diagram.

wikipedia tells
A red dwarf is a small and relatively cool star on the main sequence, either late K or M spectral type. They have a mass of less than half that of the Sun (down to about 0.075 solar masses, below which stellar objects are brown dwarfs) and a surface temperature of less than 4,000 K.

Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Galaxy, at least in the neighborhood of the Sun. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf (Type M5, apparent magnitude 11.05), as are twenty of the next thirty nearest. However, due to their low luminosity, individual red dwarfs cannot easily be observed. From Earth, none is visible to the naked eye.

Timeless stars!
Stellar models indicate that red dwarfs with less than 35% of the Sun's mass are fully convective. Hence the helium produced by the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen is constantly remixed throughout the star, avoiding a buildup at the core.

Red dwarfs therefore develop very slowly, having a constant luminosity and spectral type for some hundreds of billions of years, until their fuel is depleted. Because of the comparatively short age of the universe, no red dwarfs of advanced evolutionary stages exist in the current era.

Personally, I really love this awesome sentence cleverly written by an anonymous contributor to the wikipedia article:

Inga Nielsen and a Red dwarf

A Dangerous Sunrise on Gliese 876 d
© 2012 Inga Nielsen

The amazing digital art by Inga Nielsen shows a flary Red dwarf Gliese 876 in action. The view is from one of the planets labelled Gliese 876 d. For a detailed description of the details shown in this image see NASA APOD.

The nice thing about this extra solar planet is that it is mere 15 light years from us.

The artist
Inga Nielsen (1983) uses TerraGen landscape generator from Terra Dreams for creating the basic landscape and continues working on it on Adobe PhotoShop visually combining facts with imagination.

The results of her skilled work are stunning as we can see from this example. Digital art necessarily involves both facts and imagination. The media is nevertheless highly educational in helping us to visualize the dry facts offered to us by astronomers describing environments that no camera of today can reach.

The planet
Gliese 876 d is an extrasolar planet approximately 15 light-years away in the constellation of Aquarius (the Water-bearer). The planet was the third planet discovered orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 876. At the time of its discovery, the planet had the lowest mass of any known extrasolar planet apart from the pulsar planets orbiting PSR B1257+12. Due to this low mass, it can be categorized as a super-Earth.

The star
Gliese 876 is a red dwarf star approximately 15 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Aquarius. As of 2011, it has been confirmed that four extrasolar planets orbit the star. Two of the middle planets are similar to Jupiter, while the closest planet is thought to be similar to a small Neptune or a large terrestrial planet, and the outer planet has mass similar to Uranus. The orbits of all but the closest planet are locked in a rare three-body Laplace resonance.

Saturday, April 28, 2012

There is something about Oxygen

When water gets frozen...

But take this oxygen, for example.

But there is something about oxygen.

So we gasp breath of air when we learn the following:

Oxygen solubility and temperature

This property of oxygen is truly remarkable!

Wikipedia gives accurate details about this wonder of Nature:

Scientist, please explain!

Fine tuning of creation

Genesis 1:31

Stellar oxygen

Fusion shells in a mature massive star

Where the pressure and temperature permit, concentric shells of elements are burning inside the star

Hydrogen (H)
Helium (He)
Carbon (C)
Neon/Magnesium (Ne)
Oxygen (O)
Silicon (Si) plasma

R. J. Hall

And so these fundamentally important elements are blown sky high into the deep space and everything, including oxygen and also us, is made of this stellar stuff.

Oxygen of life

We learned that although lithium with atomic number 3 is number three product in the creation of the universe it has surprisingly little importance for organic life. Somewhere there with tungsten or even less (tomorrow scientists may find out that this is not quite so, but as of today, this is the information we get.)

  • Oxygen with atomic number 8 is on the opposite end of importance for organic life and is abundant everywhere. Here are some facts about this among the most significant elements God has created and a perquisite for much of the life as we know it (there were and still are some anaerobic life forms).
  • Because it comprises most of the mass in water, oxygen comprises most of the mass of living organisms (for example, about two-thirds of the human body's mass). All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone.
  • About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen.[5] Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the Earth's crust by mass[3] and is the major component of the world's oceans (88.8% by mass).[5] Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the Earth's atmosphere, taking up 20.8% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass (some 1015 tonnes).

Planet Earth blessed with plenty of oxygen

The creation of green grass in the Bible

Genesis 1 story of creation is written at time when people had geocentric view of the universe. So we learn that green grass was created on the Third Day before Sun was set on the firmament above Earth on the Fourth Day of Creation.

And the evening and the morning were the third day.
Genesis 1:9-13

So it is written and I understand this factually from the way the Biblical writers understood reality. They certainly had no idea at that time almost 3000 years ago about the connection between Sun and green grass or about photosynthesis.

But then I learned the amazing fact about the very first life form known from Earth - cyanobacteria. And these tiny things that appeard some 3 billion years ago have this one ability - they use photosynthesis to produce oxygen.

So now always when I read the creation story in the Bible and remember how it was bugging me this green grass I start to think the wonder of the purposeful appearance of the forebringers of life to our planet - they came to create the atmosphere that the life forms to come would absolutely need. To prepare the stage, so to say.

I take the Biblical story as it is and give glory to the Creator, God of Israel, for this amazing feat of creation - oxygen producing bacteria.

Free oxygen is too chemically reactive to appear on Earth without the photosynthetic action of living organisms, which use the energy of sunlight to produce elemental oxygen from water. Elemental O2 only began to accumulate in the atmosphere after the evolutionary appearance of these organisms, roughly 2.5 billion years ago. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the volume of air.

Question and answer chain

Let me explain the road map on the posts in the Space Theology blog.

Launch of chain reaction
The process is ignited when I ask a question, in this case I was my curiosity about the element next to hydrogen and helium, the impressive fuels burning in the stars.

In addition to what I had in mind and asked, the online dictionary wikipedia told me about lithium many other things that I had never known before in a way that was making sense to me.

The additional information relating to the making of lithium merged with what I have learned before about stellar physics and introduced to me many new significant concepts that help me to understand the world we live in.

As a theologian, all this new information is also source of joy and happiness as I can see how incredibly smart our Heavenly Father is, who has made all this with such enormous energy and power that is unimaginable.

The three blogs I wrote from Lithium on is thus a chain-reaction of learning.

As a result I have new conceptual tools that will be very helpful should I want to learn more about these things.

Process stops
But since my purpose is not to write a handbook on nucleosynthesis - there are many good ones already in the Web and in libraries even more - but to act as a tour guide pointing at interesting and important things, I do not do so.

LIFO pipe
Those following me in on these tours should start with me from the first question, which makes the consequent questions and answers meaningful in the following blogs.

These blogs have LIFO pipe structure - text last in is first out - so that the starting point is buried back in the stack of messages.

Making of the elements - nucleosynthesis

Sections of the introduction to nuclesynthesis in wikipedia (paragraphs and emphasis added)

In the beginning primordial nucleosynthesis
Nucleosynthesis is the process of creating new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons).

It is thought that the primordial nucleons themselves were formed from the quark–gluon plasma from the Big Bang as it cooled below two trillion degrees.

A few minutes afterward, starting with only protons and neutrons, nuclei up to lithium and beryllium (both with mass number 7) were formed, but only in relatively small amounts.

Some boron may have been formed at this time, but the process stopped before significant carbon could be formed, because this element requires a far higher product of helium density and time than were present in the short nucleosynthesis period of the Big Bang.

The Big Bang fusion process essentially shut down due to drops in temperature and density as the universe continued to expand.

This first process of primordial nucleosynthesis was the first type of nucleogenesis to occur in the universe.

500 million human years later stellar nuclear reactions
The subsequent nucleosynthesis of the heavier elements required heavy stars and supernova explosions.

This theoretically happened as hydrogen and helium from the Big Bang condensed into the first stars 500 million years after the Big Bang.

The primordial elements still present on Earth that were once created in stellar nucleosynthesis range in atomic numbers from 6 (carbon) to 94 (plutonium).

Synthesis of these heavier elements occurs either by nuclear fusion (including both rapid and slow multiple neutron capture) or by nuclear fission, sometimes followed by beta decay.

Ongoing destruction of elements by cosmic rays
By contrast, many stellar processes actually tend to destroy deuterium and isotopes of beryllium, lithium, and boron which have collected in stars after their primordial formation in the Big Bang.

This effective destruction happens via the transmutation of these elements to higher atomic species.

Quantities of these lighter elements in the present universe are therefore thought to have been formed mainly through billions of years of cosmic ray (mostly high-energy proton) mediated breakup of heavier elements residing in interstellar gas and dust.

The making of additional elements found on Earth
In addition to the major processes of primordial nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang, stellar processes, and cosmic-ray nucleosynthesis in space, many minor natural processes continue to produce small amounts of new elements on Earth.

These nuclides are naturally produced on a continuing basis
via the decay of long-lived primordial radionuclides (via radiogenesis),
from natural nuclear reactions in cosmic ray bombardment of elements on Earth (cosmogenic nuclides)
from other natural nuclear reactions powered by particles from radioactive decay, (producing nucleogenic nuclides).

Big Bang: Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium

Wikipedia explains in its clear, concise and comprehensible way

Furthermore, lithium is produced in younger stars.

the low temperature necessary to destroy lithium, and
a lack of common processes to produce it

God has created the world in order of increasing complexity of atoms.

First we have plenty of hydrogen and then we have hydrogen fusion main sequence stars producing hydrogen.

One proton

Two protons

These two elements are gases

So why on earth (and heaven) is the next element with three protons in its nucleus a metal?

Lithium (from lithos, Greek for stone) is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. It is represented by the symbol Li, and it has the atomic number 3.

Is lithium important to humans?

Of course, it can and has been used in thermonuclear weapons so it is important to humans. (Has some civilian usages also...)

The nuclei of lithium verge on instability, since the two stable lithium isotopes found in nature have among the lowest binding energies per nucleon of all stable nuclides.

Lithium batteries, yes, but what about human bodies?
Trace amounts of lithium are present in all organisms.

Nonvital functions have not been ruled out. The lithium ion Li+ administered as any of several lithium salts has proved to be useful as a mood-stabilizing drug due to neurological effects of the ion in the human body.

Thursday, April 26, 2012

Tungsten and the Rods from God

Rods from God - Space based tungsten rods can cause
some serious havoc upon Earth

Tungsten - so what?

Let us get into the subject of tungsten and the real business of humanity - making war!

When President George Bush opened Star Wars debate, militarization of space, he just did what people have always done. For we are so made that we fight each other for power over other humans and resources and benefits and power and most of all, power.... ah, did I mention the word power?

By chance, the same day that Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith was released in theaters across the country, the world learned of the Bush administration's plans to weaponize space.

So while critics speculated about the parallels between the Evil Empire and the Bush administration, pundits debated the merits of "space superiority"--the allies it would alienate, the treaties it would violate, the billions it would cost.

The irony was not lost on Teresa Hitchens, vice president of the Center for Defense Information, whose insistence that the world would not "accept the U.S. developing something they see as the death star," was carried in the pages of the New York Times.
Michael Godlfarb

Rods from God

A kind of slingshot stationed in space.

No nuclear fall-out, no explosives, no fires and ignitions. Just simple rods of hardened tungsten hitting suddenly from the blue sky above with enormous speed stationary targets, such as bunkers or important enemy buildings. Leaving nothing undamaged.

Something like the fire and brimstone raining on Sodom and Gomorrah in the Bible or the huge hailstones thrown by God of Israel from sky causing great havoc to Canaanite kings and their soldiers on the way of Beth Horon.

Joshua 10:11

There is no way to stop them things falling from the sky, no way to detect in time the launch, no way to intercept the falling objects with missiles or other projectiles. They just come and do their thing.

In short, an ideal weapon for the militarily minded.

Based in militarized space around planet Earth.

HOW DO THE RODS WORK? The system would likely be comprised of tandem satellites, one serving as a communications platform, the other carrying an indeterminate number of tungsten rods, each up to 20 feet in length and 1 foot in diameter. These rods, which could be dropped on a target with as little as 15 minutes notice, would enter the Earth's atmosphere at a speed of 36,000 feet per second--about as fast as a meteor. Upon impact, the rod would be capable of producing all the effects of an earth-penetrating nuclear weapon, without any of the radioactive fallout. This type of weapon relies on kinetic energy, rather than high-explosives, to generate destructive force (as do smart spears, another weapon system which would rely on tungsten rods, though not space-based).
Michael Godlfarb

Welcome to the world of the most important source of funding for space research in all nations - Star Wars.

For from up there you have real power.

Tungsten 74

Electron shell 74 Tungsten

God has created the world so that also tungsten is made in those majestic supernova explosions that - according to our current understanding - generate all the heavier elements in the universe.

Like uranium and throium, also tungsten is a modern era discovery almost unknown to the ancients. It is used in many industries because of its resistance to heat, corrosion and extreme hardness, especially when combined with carbon. It is one of the modern things that humanity has discovered hidden in the soils and rocks of mother Earth and learned to take advantage of.

Tungsten filament lamp

Who has not heard of tungsten lights? Tungsten filaments do not melt under three thousand Celsius (some of us still remember those old times electric lamp bulps going off in the night with a crack just when most needed...)
Faceted tungsten carbide ring

Tungsten rings are very beautiful and durable unless you hit them with a hammer (don't).

There is natural tungsten on planet Earth in chemical compounds. It is extremely hard and has one of the highest melting points of any metals at 3,422 °C  (6,192 °F).

But really, what is it good for?

Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Nordic tung sten directly translatable to heavy stone.

Tungsten with minor amounts of impurities is often brittle and hard, making it difficult to work. However, very pure tungsten, though still hard, is more ductile, and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw.

Minerals and mining
Tungsten is found in the minerals
  • wolframite (iron-manganese tungstate, (Fe,Mn)WO4),
  • scheelite (calcium tungstate, (CaWO4),
  • ferberite (FeWO4)
  • hübnerite (MnWO4).
China produced 51,000 tonnes of tungsten concentrate in 2009, which was 83% of the world output. In the prelude to WWII China's production of tungsten played a role as China could use this leverage to demand material assistance from the US government.

Most of the remaining production originated from Russia (2,500 t), Canada (1,964 t), Bolivia (1,023 t), Austria (900 t), Portugal (900 t), Thailand (600 t), Brazil (500 t), Peru (500 t) and Rwanda (500 t).

Tungsten is also considered to be a conflict mineral due to the unethical mining practices observed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Tungsten in living beings
Tungsten, at atomic number 74, is the heaviest element known to be biologically functional, with the next heaviest being iodine (Z = 53). Although not in eukaryotes, tungsten is used by some bacteria.

Found in some bacteria?

So what?

Wednesday, April 25, 2012

Stellar evolution or lifecycle of stars?

Stellar evolution - or lifecycle?

As the title of this schematic drawing demonstrates astronomers frequently use the expression stellar evolution when actually talking about the lifecycles of stars.

The choice of terminology is a matter of language preferences, convenient usages, the associations a given term raises in our minds. But ultimately choice of words is also related to its exact contents and the accuracy of the expression.

Human evolution?
Human evolution - or lifecycle?

Scientists do not use the word evolution when describing the human life cycle from conception and birth to old age and death. Human evolution is something else altogether tracing the history of life of our species on Earth.

The life of a star from its conception in the Mother Hydrogen Cloud to its final demise as a dwarf, neutron star or black hole does not include evolutionary processes that biologists discuss when studying the history of life forms on Earth.

(Of course, we also need to consider in what context the word evolution is properly used in the study of life.)

IMHO, as a scientific expression evolution of stars is less accurate than lifecycle of stars.

UPDATE 24.6.2012
The following facts may explain the introduction of the evolutionary terminology

Russell was born in 1877 in Oyster Bay, New York. He studied astronomy at Princeton University, obtaining his B.A. in 1897 and his doctorate in 1899, studying under Charles Augustus Young. From 1903 to 1905, he worked at the Cambridge Observatory with Arthur Robert Hinks as a research assistant of the Carnegie Institution and came under the strong influence of George Darwin.

Monday, April 23, 2012

Light revisited

History of the Universe
Particle Data Group, LBNL, © 2008

The Particle Adventure - the fundamentals of matter and force.

This is a rare educational Web site in its ability to get us started in studying the fundamental elements in the Universe.

The chart is humbly called "History of the Universe" and contains much information in a very helpful graphic drawing.

It also illustrates the Theological point I have been making about the first Creation story in Genesis myBlog. Among all ancient religions Judaism is unique in the way personal God creates everything through words and sovereignly starts creation with light.

The first Words of Creation are Let there be light!
ויאמר אלהים יהי אור ויהי־אור
Gen 1:3

The chart shows that according to our current scientific understanding immediately after the Big Bang there are photons. Also visible light consists of photons, fundamental particles with no mass and speed of light in a vacuum. The study of light and electromagnetism with it led humanity at the end of 19th century to the track of theorizing and experimental research that has expanded our understanding of the Cosmos a bit better.

Thanks to the intensive research today we have much more light upon what God of Israel has done!

Gamma ray bursts upon Earth - chance or control?

Gamma-ray burst. Artist's view.

Several mass extinctions have taken place during the history of life upon Earth. Scientific discussion on the possible effects of Eta Carinae exploding as a supernova or hypernova so near to us, only 7500 ly, helps us to understand current theories on how the extinctions may have happened.

The end of the Mesozoic era when the asteroid hit Yucatan myBlog is a well known and visually spectacular theory that has inspired several Hollywood movies.

A more quiet death caused by invisible radiation hitting Earth from some stellar source is less spectacular but not less deadly. After the early deaths of Marie and Pierre Curie studying radioactivity, seeing the victims of Hiroshima, Nagasaki decades after the explosions in August 1945, humans in general are well aware of the possible effects of gamma radiation on organic life. We understand that even the genes carrying the Book of Life can be affected and gamma rays affect the future of all organic life upon planet Earth.

Chance or control?
A materialist will, of course, think that such events are random in the universe and the effects on Earth are not determined in anyway.

A believer will, of course, think that good God and not some impersonal matter/energy force is in control of also such events and that their occurrence and impact on Earth are in accurate control.

Astronomy, cosmology or any other branch of natural sciences cannot decide which one is the correct view. It is not a question to which science can give an answer. However, natural sciences cannot study the acts of God using Him as an explanation.

So if science cannot argue on divine intervention and natural sciences must limit themselves on studying what can be studied, what is the point of the theological view?

The point is quite significant.

A person adopting materialistic view that gamma ray bursts are random events with no-one in control have a different view of the world than a person, who trusts that God of Israel is in control of absolutely everything.

He has made a number of good Laws of Nature, so why not let them to work as intended?

But when intervention is required from God, why would He not intervene?

Excellent outcome
My main argument for the view that Gamma ray bursts upon Earth are strictly controlled is the excellent outcome of the massive extinctions they have caused.

Excellent to whom?

Well, the trilobites may not be too happy or other Paleozoic life-forms that had their time of living and then came the time to die.

Also, we might assume that the Raptors - if they were that intelligent - did not like to die when their turn came at the end of Mesozoic.

But we, the rulers of the world today, are starting to understand that the evolution of life upon Earth is indeed punctuated equilibrium and for us, the final outcome of deadly GRB and mass extinctions is excellent.

It is our world now.

When it comes our turn to die and to become extinct on Earth, well, God has some plans for that too.

Wolf-Rayet star WR 124

Wolf–Rayet star WR 124

One of the millions of wonders of creation revealed by the Hubble Space Telescope!

The blobs may result from the furious stellar wind that does not flow smoothly into space but has instabilities which make it clumpy. The surrounding nebula is estimated to be no older than 10,000 years, which means that it is so young it has not yet slammed into the gasses comprising the surrounding interstellar medium.

Gamma ray bursts

GRB ESO/A. Roquette

From the introduction from yet another excellent wikipedia article:

Bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several minutes; a typical burst lasts 20–40 seconds.

Most observed GRBs are believed to consist of a narrow beam of intense radiation released during a supernova event, as a rapidly rotating, high-mass star collapses to form a neutron star, quark star, or black hole.

Hundreds of theoretical models were proposed to explain these bursts in the years following their discovery, such as collisions between comets and neutron stars. Little information was available to verify these models until the 1997 detection of the first X-ray and optical afterglows and direct measurement of their redshifts using optical spectroscopy.

These discoveries, and subsequent studies of the galaxies and supernovae associated with the bursts, clarified the distance and luminosity of GRBs, definitively placing them in distant galaxies and connecting long GRBs with the deaths of massive stars.

Deadly Gamma radiaton on Earth? Eta Carinae

Deadly gamma ray burst might reach Earth from Eta Carinae.

Mass extinction on Earth?

  • one kiloton of TNT per square kilometer
  • over the entire hemisphere facing the star

Stellar art! - Eta Carinae Nebula

A Hubble Space Telescope image of NGC 3372.
The image is 50 light-years wide and a composite of 48 frames.

Because of their disproportionately high luminosities, very large stars such as Eta Carinae use up their fuel very quickly. Eta Carinae is expected to explode as a supernova or hypernova some time within the next million years or so.

As its current age and evolutionary path are uncertain, however, it could explode within the next several millennia or even in the next few years.

LBVs such as Eta Carinae may be a stage in the evolution of the most massive stars; the prevailing theory now holds that they will exhibit extreme mass loss and become Wolf-Rayet stars before they go supernova, if they are unable to hold their mass to explode as a hypernova.

Peculiar star - Eta Carinae

Eta Carinae Chandra X-Ray image
Credit: Chandra Science Center and NASA.(ref)

Chandra has revealed unexpected structures around the nova at the center of Eta Carina. The colors are artificial to help the viewer sort out details and structure.

The new X-ray observation shows three distinct structures:

  • an outer, horseshoe-shaped ring about 2 light years in diameter,
  • a hot inner core about 3 light-months in diameter

For a detailed article on this photo at Science@NASA see
Dr. John M. Horack, Chandra Takes X-ray Image of Repeat Offender Image of Eta Carina reveals shocking details of mysterious star. (url)

Heavenly impostor - Eta Carinae

Eta Carinae (wikimedia)
What a picture!

Heavenly impostor is a star explosion that looks like a supernova - but it only looks so, because the star itself survives the massive loss of material and does not collapse into a white dwarf.

Brilliant light from Eta Carinae explosion reached Earth and was the second brightest star on the sky. The Carina Nebula and the bright  visible only in the Southern Hemisphere.

One of the brightest stars in the Milky Way
Eta Carinae (η Carinae or η Car) is a stellar system in the constellation Carina, about 7,500 to 8,000 light-years from the Sun.

The system contains at least two stars, one of which is a Luminous Blue Variable (LBV), which during the early stages of its life had a mass of around 150 solar masses, of which it has lost at least 30 since.
It is thought that a Wolf-Rayet star of approximately 30 solar masses exists in orbit around its larger companion star, although an enormous thick red nebula surrounding Eta Carinae makes it impossible to see optically.

Its combined luminosity is about four million times that of the Sun and has an estimated system mass in excess of 100 solar masses.

Because of its mass and the stage of life, it is expected to explode in a supernova or even hypernova in the astronomically near future.

Heavenly impostor
Eta Carinae's chief significance for astrophysics is based on its giant eruption or supernova impostor event, which was observed around 1843.

In a few years, Eta Carinae produced almost as much visible light as a supernova explosion, but it survived.
Other supernova impostors have been seen in other galaxies, for example the possible false supernovae SN 1961v in NGC 1058 and SN 2006jc in UGC 4904, which produced a false supernova, noted in October 2004. Significantly, SN 2006jc was destroyed in a supernova explosion two years later, observed on October 9, 2006.

The supernova impostor phenomenon may represent a surface instability or a failed supernova.
Eta Carinae's giant eruption was the prototype for this phenomenon, and after nearly 170 years the star's internal structure has not fully recovered.

Friday, April 20, 2012

Bible and the Beginning

שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָד

Shema Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Eḥad

Jesus (John 4:22)

if perhaps they might feel after Him and find Him,

though He be not far from every one of us.

Acts 17:23-28 KJ21

But let us think.

If everything began from that original singularity.

So everything is from that original singularity.

In the Beginning

How could the ancients figure out the beginning of everything except by referring to something beginning that was familiar to them? Sexuality has a strong role in the origin myths of many nations exactly for this reason.

Modest ancient Finns believed - according to the epic poem Kalevala - that everything began from an egg of a pochard (Aythya ferina).

  ARKive photo - Common pochard eggs in the nest
Pochard nest

Not very scientific, we admit, but logical reasoning. All people have origins in a tiniest female egg but it is hidden in the womb. In contrast, we can wonder the birth of life in the hatching of an egg. Today very rare, pochard must have been an impressive bird in the beautiful nature of Finland.

Instead of a Primeval egg, modern Finns - like scientific people in the rest of the world - talk about a Primeval atom.

Science spares no effort in studying the amazing particle soup that was in it the beginning of everything.

Both the egg and the atom are still rather mysterious - there are many questions in the biological study of the genius of an egg.  Similarlym nuclear physics and other sciences have their questions in explaning the origin of atoms.

We are optimistic that we can solve all scientific problems given enough time.

But our amazing, almost divine, ability to figure out things has its limits. For example, we have little knowledge of a person before conception or after death.

Similarly, science recognises that it may never be able to describe the very beginning scientifically as it is something not from this world, so to say.

The very beginning is out of the reach of our empirical methods and leads to Philosophy and, yes, Theology.. what to do.

That's how it is.

From where the hydrogen?

The Ring Nebula M57
From hydrogen to iron ... and then Bang!!

So we have followed in very generic way the life cycle of stars - why they call it stellar evolution? - and learned about the important cosmic limit of iron with atomic number 26.

Cold mother hydrogen molecule gas is ignited and atom nuclei are fused into helium and more nuclear reactions occur in star factories generating energy and heavier elements - until they reach iron. When the iron producing red giant reaches the boiling point it explodes generating the rest of the elements we know from the Period Table.

But from where comes the oridinal hydrogen that floats in those dusty gas clouds in the nebulae forming those majestic Pillars of Creation where young bright stars are born as in the dagger of Orion visible to naked eye?

Big Bang!
We all know the catchy term for the Beginning somewhat jokingly introduced by Sir Fred Hoyle to ridicule the theory in a BBC program 1949 - Big Bang!

Especially in a blog discussing Astrotheology it is nice to notice that it was a Roman Catholic priest, Georges Lemaître, who first suggested in an article published 1927 the expansion of the Universe and suggested a "Primeval atom" from which the entire cosmos begins.

Lemaître is an example that religion does not have to stifle scientific study despite the fact that it can and does in many cases.

So what happens in the Beginning according to modern science?

From where the simplest atom, hydrogen?

Big Bang theory

After its initial expansion from a singularity,
  • the Universe cooled sufficiently to allow

Why can't iron fusion occur?

My astronomy prof. told me this the other day...BUT he wouldn't give the reason why...

Because to fuse iron into heavier elements requires more energy than is released by the fusion reaction, thus making the reaction unsustainable. Every element heavier than Iron was created in a stellar explosion (Supernova).
Al Bundy

[Poignant discussion in Yahoo! Answers]

Thursday, April 19, 2012

The age of the Universe, Uranium and Thorium

Thor's battle with the Ettins (1872), painting by Mårten Eskil Winge
We have had a look at the production of iron in the majestic nuclear fusion reactions in stars spreading iron into deep space in supernova explosions. Other products of these massive explosions of elements into star dust are uranium (Uranus named by German M.H. Klaproth in1789) and thorium (Thor named by Swedish J.J. Berzelius in 1828).

In the Periodic Table of the elements iron (Fe) has atomic number 26. The nucleus is very stable and most iron in nature is found in combinations. In comparison to iron, uranium (U) and thorium (Th) are much heavier metals - Thorium with atomic number 90 and weight 232, Uranium 92 and 238.

The heavy nuclei are less stable than iron. Nuclear decay of thorium and uranium produces bluish grey lead. Lead (Pb) has atomic number 82 and normal atomic weight 207. Thorium-232 decay series ends with lead-208 and when uranium-238 nucleus looses an alpha-particle the element turns into lead-206.

Very slow decay of thorium with half-life14 gy - the age of cosmos - and considerably faster uranium decay into lead with half-life 4.5 gy - the age of Sun - is going on all the time in the Universe. Thus uranium gives better atomic clock than thorium. [Recently a more accurate figure has been suggested for uranium.]

We humans have learned to hasten the decay of uranium and use nuclear fission to produce energy and also, of course, weapons of mass destruction the Iranian's are accused of today by those, who already have the Bomb. Thorium would be even more powerful - and destructive - source of energy but the technology is not yet there.

Age of the Universe
CS31082-001European Southern Observatory, Chile

If we can date an old star we will know that the minimum possible age of the entire universe must be equal or more than that. Sun is a relatively young star, near the half-life of uranium at 4.5 gy. A much older star, CS31082-001, has been studied to measure the decay of uranium that has taken place there.

In 2001 interesting results were reported from the atomic clock - or rather calendar - using uranium. I quote from a clearly written article in  The original article by R. Crayel in ESO has more details.

Astronomers have spotted for the first time the fingerprint of uranium-238 in an ancient star - and have used it to make the most reliable guess yet of the age of the universe. Roger Cayrel of the Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, France, and colleagues have used a kind of 'stellar carbon dating' to estimate the age of the star - and therefore the minimum age of the universe. The new estimate makes the universe 12.5 billion years old - give or take 3 billion years (R Cayrel et a l2001 Nature 409 691).

Physics world 2001

A Note on Throrium

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Stellar Astronomy, Aristotle, Hegel and God of Israel

They are all in the big picture.

Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) teaches classification, categorization and this is going on in descriptive way.

Stellar classification is today very accurate and much has been invested into it because grouping stars into classes helps us to understand these heavenly bodies in the way classification works in all sciences.

Most stars are currently classified using the letters O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, where O stars are the hottest and the letter sequence indicates successively cooler stars up to the coolest M class. According to informal tradition, O stars are called "blue", B "blue-white", A stars "white", F stars "yellow-white", G stars "yellow", K stars "orange", and M stars "red", even though the actual star colors perceived by an observer may deviate from these colors depending on visual conditions and individual stars observed.

Another dimension that is included in the Morgan-Keenan system is the luminosity class expressed by the Roman numbers I, II, III, IV and V, expressing the width of certain absorption lines in the star's spectrum. It has been shown that this feature is a general measure of the size of the star, and thus of the total luminosity output from the star. Class I are generally called supergiants, class III simply giants and class V either dwarfs or more properly main-sequence stars. For example, our Sun has the spectral type G2V, which might be interpreted as "a 'yellow' two tenths towards 'orange' main-sequence star". The apparently brightest star Sirius has type A1V.

Hegel (1770 – 1831) teaches us to search for logical processes, chain reactions, that provide scientific explanation how the stars described by various classification systems came to be what they are.

Stellar evolution is a fascinating and complex subject that requires experimental research but even more than that, theoretical considerations in human minds involving Mathematics, Theoretical Physics and other fields in Cosmological modelling.

All stars are born from collapsing clouds of gas and dust, often called nebulae or molecular clouds. Nuclear fusion powers a star for most of its life. Stars similar to our Sun gradually grow in size until they reach a red giant phase, after which the core collapses into a dense white dwarf and the outer layers are expelled as a planetary nebula. Larger stars can explode in a supernova as their cores collapse into an extremely dense neutron star or black hole. It is not clear how red dwarfs die because of their extremely long life spans, but they probably experience a gradual death in which their outer layers are expelled over time.

God of Israel
God of Israel is the only real God there is.

In His Book God says that He has created heavens and earth.

Space Theology does not mix religion and science in improper way.

There is no attempt to argue that in such and such way invisible God does this or that. The Book of Nature is open for all of us to study how things were created up to certain limit and regardless of our faith or lack of thereof.

Space Theology is worship
It takes science seriously and tries to understand what learned men and women have found out about Cosmos. It recognizes that God has made all this, that it really is His Sun as the Son of God says, and praises Him in worship for the grandeur and deep wisdom of His work.

Matthew 5:44-45 KJ21

What is the point? you ask
We are the point.

There are cosmologists who use their knowledge of Nature in order to deny that God exists.

This is nonsense.

Science does not ask the ultimate question - Aristotle describes stellar classification, Hegel explains stellar evolution, but neither can answer Why?

Bible does also not provide the big answer Why?

But it says that God has made it all and that our job is to praise Him for it, like Adam and Eve praise Lord in Joseph Haydn's oratorio Creation and Haydn praises the Sun.

There are cosmologists who user their knowledge of Nature in order to praise God.

The difference is in attitude.

Those have a slight ironic smile on their lips when looking at the less-informed humans holding to religious world views and imagine, that their materialism is objective science.

These have soft smiles and humility in heart in face of the majesty of creation.

This is not just IMHO

German Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) who passed away on April 18 was thinking in the same way, atheists tend to be proud but we should be humble.

British Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) was a truly humble man.

Both believed in God of Israel in their own way.

This in no way reduced from the quality and value of their scientific work.

Tuesday, April 17, 2012

How to make Steel

Allegheny-Ludlum steel furnace in action. wikimedia

Iron making is strictly divine business and is done in the heavens in enormously powerful furnaces, using nuclear processes inside supergiant stars.

Steel making is a human business that is made possible by inventions of the almost divine spirit God has breathed into us. It takes lots of energy, heat and furnaces, spectacular glows of red and yellow flames and molten materials... somewhat resembling iron making.

Luckily, steel making is not quite as demanding on resources and energy as iron making. It is not based on nuclear reactions that fuse atoms and molecules into something new. It is a more simple chemical reaction in which iron and oxygen are combined to produce a very useful material for all sorts of things.

Adding carbon to iron made Steel and changed the modern world in much the same way as adding tin to copper made Bronze and changed the ancient world. However, it was not all that easy, required some perquisites and so it took us some time. But now steel making is big business and major industry.

Metal Ages
Archaeologists divide human history by identifying the key metal used. The modern Three Age System was originally created by C.J. Thomsen (1788-1865) working as an antiquarian in the Danish National Museum in Copenhagen. Using principles of Aristotelian classification he arranged the collections by material into classes. The three-age system is so useful that it survives also in modern Archaeology although in significantly modified form.

Here is the schema with rough dates currently in use (early history in Eastern Mediterranean, some other regions may have lagged behind.)

Stone Ages 2 mya - 5000 BC.
First human tools were made of stones. Very soon people began to use silica (flint) because of the razor sharp edges it gives. Silicon is a kind of metallic mineral.

Chalcolithic (Copper/Stone) 5000 - 3500 BC
The use of copper in addition to stone tools identifies the Chalcolithic period.

Bronze Ages 3500 - 1200 BC
When copper was improved by adding a bit tin to the mixture a much harder metal was created called Bronze. This marks the beginning of the high River valley cultures.

Iron Age 1200 BC - 1600 AD
Most of the history familiar to us from school and books is from the period when Iron was the main material for tools. Since Iron Age is so long it is not practical and world history. Therefore archaeologists and historians use period names like Persian, Roman, Ottoman Turkish.

Steel Age 1600 AD - present

According to the schema based on metals we are living now in Steel Age. Since a dear child has many names, people commonly use terms like Plastic Age or Atomic Age. But the main metal for tools is definitely steel as future archaeologist of our settlements will also note.

Modern steel making
Making steel is not easy for humans and it took quite a time and some pretty smart people before it became reality. Introduction of steel making in Europe marks the beginning of the New Era and the rise of Western civilization, science and technology and first British Victorian rule of the world, then other Rulers of Steel passing in power even the Roman Rulers of Iron.

Since the 17th century the first step in European steel production has been the smelting of iron ore into pig iron in a blast furnace. Originally using charcoal, modern methods use coke, which has proven to be a great deal cheaper.

Processes starting from bar iron was used to make Blister steel and Crucible steel. In these processes pig iron was "fined" in a finery forge to produce bar iron (wrought iron), which was then used in steel-making.

The modern era in steelmaking began with the introduction of Henry Bessemer's Bessemer process in 1858. His raw material was pig iron. This enabled steel to be produced in large quantities cheaply, thus mild steel is now used for most purposes for which wrought iron was formerly used.

The Gilchrist-Thomas process (or basic Bessemer process) was an improvement to the Bessemer process, lining the converter with a basic material to remove phosphorus. Another improvement in steelmaking was the Siemens-Martin process, which complemented the Bessemer process.

These were rendered obsolete by the Linz-Donawitz process of basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS), developed in the 1950s, and other oxygen steelmaking processes. Basic oxygen steelmaking is superior to previous steelmaking methods because the oxygen pumped into the furnace limits impurities.

Now, electric arc furnaces (EAF) are a common method of reprocessing scrap metal to create new steel. They can also be used for converting pig iron to steel, but they use a lot of electricity (about 440 kWh per metric ton), and are thus generally only economical when there is a plentiful supply of cheap electricity


Monty Hall net worth

Monty Hall net worth

Net Worth: $10 Million

About Monty Hall

It has been stated that the total estimate of Monty Hall net worth is as high as 10 million dollars, as of right now. Monty Hall has earned his net worth through quite a few involvements, such as being a producer, singer, emcee and sportscaster. He became mostly known when he began to appear as a host of the TV show called “Let’s Make a Deal”, which has also added up a lot of revenues to the total amount of Monty Hall net worth.
He was born in 1921 in Winnipeg. His real birth name is Monte Halparin. He was raised in an Orthodox Jewish family. His father had a slaughterhouse. Monty Hall was educated at St. John’s High School. Then, he earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Manitoba. He got his Major’s degree in zoology and chemistry.
Monty Hall began his career as a radio host when he was living in Winnipeg. In 1946, he moved to Toronto to continue his radio work. He also became a host of such game shows as “Bingo at Home” on WABD-TV. Also, he was one of the hosts of more popular game shows, including “Twenty-One” and “Strike It Rich”. Monty Hall hosted a few shows for kids, examples of which included “Fun in the Morning” and “Cowboy Theater”.

Thus, these first appearances of him began to increase the total size of Monty Hall net worth.
In the season of 1959-1960, Monty Hall was a radio analyst for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League. In the period of 1960-1962, Monty Hall became known from his appearances on CBS, where he hosted the show called “Video Village”. He also hosted its spin-off version created for kids called “Video Village Junior”. When he moved to California, Monty Hall was chosen to be the host of the show that made him even more recognized, called “Let’s Make a Deal”. He worked as its producer and developer, too. Thus, his work on it has also added up to the total sum of Monty Hall net worth.
In 1979, he became a host of another show called “All-New Beat the Clock”. In 2001, Monty Hall appeared in one episode of the show called “That ‘70s Show”. Moreover, Monty Hall appeared as the emcee of the beauty pageant portrayed in the show called “American Dragon: Jake Long” on Disney.
In 1973, his career was crowned when he got his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2000, Monty Hall was awarded with his Golden Palm Star on the Walk of Stars in Palm Springs, California. In 2002, his name eventually became inducted into the Canada’s Walk of Fame. Monty Hall, in fact, became one of only three game show hosts, whose names have been inducted into both Hollywood’s and Canada’s Walks of Fame. The other two people are Howie Mandel and Alex Trebek. In 1988, for his services and humanitarian work, Monty Hall was given the Order of Canada from the Government of Canada.

Now you have an idea why Monty Hall net worth is this huge

monty hall net worth monty hall net worth monty hall net worth

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