When was ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam born?
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (Arabic: عبد الملك ابن مروان‎ ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwān, 646–8 October 705) was the 5th Umayyad caliph. He was born in Medina, Hejaz.[1][3] Abd al-Malik was a well-educated man and capable ruler who was able to solve many political problems that impeded his rule. The 14th-century Arab historian and philosopher Ibn Khaldun stated that "`Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan was one of the greatest Arab and Muslim Caliphs. He followed in the footsteps of `Umar ibn al-Khattab, the Commander of the Believers, in regulating state affairs".[4]
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
Sulayman bin Abd al-Malik () (c. 674 – 22 September 717) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 715 until 717. His father was Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, and he was a younger brother of the previous caliph, al-Walid I.