మణి శంకర్ అయ్యర్
మణి శంకర్ అయ్యర్ (హిందీ: मणि शंकर अय्यर | Tamil: மணிசங்கர் அய்யர்) (జననం ఏప్రిల్ 10, 1941, లాహోర్) ఒక మాజీ భారత దౌత్యవేత్త, 1989-1991 మధ్యకాలంలో రాజీవ్ గాంధీ కోసం పనిచేసేందుకు, విదేశాంగ శాఖలో తన విధులకు రాజీనామా చేసి ఆయన రాజకీయ నాయకుడిగా మారారు. భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్ పార్టీలో ఆయన ఒక సభ్యుడు, అంతేకాకుండా 2009 ఎన్నికల్లో తన సీటు కోల్పోయే వరకు పంచాయితీరాజ్ శాఖ మంత్రిగా పనిచేశారు. ఆయన మే 2004 నుంచి జనవరి 2006 వరకు కేంద్ర పెట్రోలియం మరియు సహజ వాయువు శాఖ మంత్రిగా పనిచేశారు, మరియు 2009 వరకు యువజన వ్యవహారాలు మరియు క్రీడల శాఖ మంత్రిగా విధులు నిర్వహించారు.
సి.ఎన్.అన్నాదురై
The Indian National Congress, which had been fighting for the independence of India from colonial British rule, was dominated by Brahmins. Periyar assumed that independent India would bring South Indians, especially Tamils, under the dominance of Brahmins and North Indians.
For these reasons Periyar called for 15 August 1947, the day of Indian independence, to be a day of mourning.
Annadurai opposed this move and the schism between his supporters and Periyar widened. He saw the gaining of independence as an overall achievement of India rather than solely that of Aryan North. Moreover, Periyar's decision on giving up participating in democratic elections was also opposed by Annadurai, in reaction to which he walked out of a party meeting in 1948. Periyar considered that candidates in elections must compromise their ideologies. Moreover, it was Periyar's idea that social reformation can be better achieved outside politics, through education and canvassing the masses, rather than governments. Eventually, when Periyar married Maniammai, who was 40 years younger than he, the personal differences between Annadurai and Periyar split their supporters. Annadurai launched his own party with his party fragment, along with E. V. K. Sampath (Periyar's nephew and until then considered his political heir). The new party was named Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. DMK's presence was initially restricted to urban centres and its surrounding areas. But by appealing to the urban lower, lower middle and working classes, students, Dalits and lower castes, Annadurai was able to accelerate its growth and spread. He fought for the social justice of the lower castes and thus rapidly gained popular support.