Assuming that quarks are confined, Mikhail Shifman, Arkady Vainshtein and Valentine Zakharov were able to compute the properties of many low-lying hadrons directly from QCD, with only a few extra parameters to describe the vacuum.
Za predpokladu vymedzenia kvarkov Nukhail Shifman, Arkady Vainshtein a Valentine Zharkov boli schopní vypočítať vlastnosti mnohých nízkopoložených hadrónov priamo z QCD a iba s málo extra parametrami popísali vákuum.