How do climate change skeptics engage with \\ opposing views? \\ \vspace*{0.5cm
Lisa ~Oswald\thanks{OrcidID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8418-282X
Twitter: @LisaFOswaldo
Does engagement with opposing views help break down ideological `echo chambers'; or does it backfire and reinforce them? This question remains critical as academics, policymakers and activists grapple with the question of how to regulate political discussion on social media. In this study, we contribute to the debate by examining the impact of opposing views within a major climate change skeptic online community on ‘Reddit’. A large sample of posts (N = 3000) was manually coded as either dissonant or consonant which allowed the automated classification of the full dataset of more than 50,000 posts, with codes inferred from linked websites. We find that ideologically dissonant submissions act as a stimulant to activity in the community: they received more attention (comments) than consonant submissions, even though they received lower scores through up-voting and down-voting. Users who engaged with dissonant submissions were also more likely to return to the forum. Consistent with identity theory, confrontation with opposing views triggered activity in the forum, particularly among users that are highly engaged with the community. In light of the findings, theory of social identity and echo chambers is discussed and enhanced.
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\title{How do climate change skeptics engage with \\ opposing views? \\
    \vspace*{0.5cm}
  \large Understanding mechanisms of social identity and cognitive dissonance in an online forum}


\author{
  Lisa ~Oswald\thanks{OrcidID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8418-282X, Twitter: @LisaFOswaldo} \\
  Hertie School \\ 
  Friedrichstraße 180 \\ 
  10117 Berlin, Germany \\
  \texttt{l.oswald@phd.hertie-school.org} \\

   \And
 Jonathan ~Bright \\
  Oxford Internet Institute \\
  University of Oxford \\
  1 St Giles', Oxford OX1 3JS, UK \\
  \texttt{jonathan.bright@oii.ox.ac.uk} \\
}

\begin{document}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
Does engagement with opposing views help break down ideological `echo chambers'; or does it backfire and reinforce them? This question remains critical as academics, policymakers and activists grapple with the question of how to regulate political discussion on social media. In this study, we contribute to the debate by examining the impact of opposing views within a major climate change skeptic online community on ‘Reddit’. A large sample of posts (N = 3000) was manually coded as either dissonant or consonant which allowed the automated classification of the full dataset of more than 50,000 posts, with codes inferred from linked websites. We find that ideologically dissonant submissions act as a stimulant to activity in the community: they received more attention (comments) than consonant submissions, even though they received lower scores through up-voting and down-voting. Users who engaged with dissonant submissions were also more likely to return to the forum. Consistent with identity theory, confrontation with opposing views triggered activity in the forum, particularly among users that are highly engaged with the community. In light of the findings, theory of social identity and echo chambers is discussed and enhanced. 
\end{abstract}

\keywords{Online community \and climate change skepticism \and reaction to opposition \and dissonance \and opinion polarisation \and social identity \and echo chamber}

\section*{Introduction}
Scientists worldwide consider climate change as one of the greatest challenges of our time \citep{ipcc_ar5_2015}. Its dynamics, consequences and roots in human activity attract enormous scientific consensus \citep{cook_consensus_2016}. However, despite this consensus public skepticism about climate change remains significant in many countries \citep{poberezhskaya2018blogging}. For example, only 29\% of U.S. conservatives attribute climate change to human activity \citep{funk2015chapter}, whilst the European Social Survey shows that climate change skepticism is expressed by 3 to 10\% of respondents in Western Europe. In Eastern European countries such as the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Estonia, as well as in Israel and in Russia, such skepticism is present in the answers of 10-15\% of respondents \citep{poortinga2019climate}. Findings from a representative UK study \citep{poortinga_uncertain_2011} and the Eurobarometer \citep{mccright_political_2016} reinforce these results. Such skepticism inevitably has the potential to impede both action on climate change in particular \citep{runciman_how_2017} and also trust in science more generally. \citep{almassi_climate_2012,beck_between_2012,hmielowski_attack_2014}.

While climate change skepticism has a long history, it currently often manifests itself in debates and discussions on social media (see, for example, studies by \citealt{pearce_social_2019}, \citealt{williams_network_2015}, \citealt{tyagi2020polarizing}, \citealt{samantray2019credibility} and \citealt{treen2020online}). Climate change skeptics have the opportunity to gather and organise in online forums, emphasising uncertainties about scientific findings, spreading contrary opinions and weakening the support for political action on mitigation and adaptation strategies. This largely informal and non-institutional communication often excludes robust scientific information \citep{schafer_online_2012}. Instead, those skeptical about climate change can establish a supportive, networked space linked to other climate change skeptical sites; one that distances readers from original sources of scientific information. Within this network, users engage in a variety of rhetorical strategies to echo skeptical opinions and to discredit opposing views \citep{bloomfield2019circulation}. In such spaces, climate skepticism acts as a local majority: and such `perceived consensus' has strong potential to affect opinion formation  \citep{lewandowsky2019science, marks1987ten}.

While many researchers in the field of such climate change `echo chambers' \citep{sunstein_law_2002} identify patterns of polarization but refrain from giving clear recommendations on how to prevent or mitigate them \citep{bruggemann2020mutual,elgesem2015structure,kaiser2017alliance}, current work has started to propose interventions that promote engagement with cross cutting views and opinions as a way of undermining this type of ideological enclave \citep{edwards2013participants,nordbrandt2020cross,van2020echo,walter_echo_2018,williams_network_2015}. However, more recent research in other contexts has suggested that such exposure may backfire \citep{bail_exposure_2018,paluck_is_2010}. Furthermore, experimental evidence shows that skepticism is a complex issue which is hard to address or `debunk' \citep{cook_quantifying_2013}. Communication attempts that focus on the scientific consensus \citep{myers2015simple,van2014communicate}, or that use targeted messages that resonate with audience values such as religion or a free market ideology \citep{campbell2014solution,dixon2017improving} offer some potential. However, \citet{dixon2017improving} did not find significant effects for scientific consensus messaging, and overall, backfire or boomerang effects \citep{lodge2013rationalizing} can increase climate change skepticism within these attempts \citep{cook_consensus_2016,hart2012boomerang,zhou2016boomerangs}. Hence, overall the effect of cross cutting and opposing information on climate change skeptic views remains highly unclear. 

In this study, we build on this previous literature with an observational study of how climate change skeptics react engage with opposing viewpoints. Our work is based on theories of social psychology and social cognition, which offer diverging expectations about the consequences of dissonant material when it enters an echo chamber. The empirical part of our work looks at r/climateskeptics, a part of Reddit that is dedicated to the critique of the concept of climate change. Our results show the nuanced ways in which individuals in an echo chamber are able to manage and cope with the dissonance they encounter towards their views. 

\section*{Theorising responses to opposition in climate change skeptic communities}

We ground our study in social identity theory. This theory deals with the portion of an individual’s self-concept that is derived from perceived membership of a social group \citep{tajfel_integrative_1979}. It argues that inter-group contact, in contrast to the literature on within group polarisation \citep{myers1976group,cialdini_social_2004,yardi2010dynamic,jones2000potential}, has the potential to intensify the need to maintain one’s identity by identifying with the ingroup and arguing against the outgroup \citep{hogg2007uncertainty,tajfel_integrative_1979,turner_social_1998}. The way individuals categorise the world into mental schemes is the core principle of social cognition \citep{fiske_social_1991} that can lead to ingroup preference, stereotypes and logic errors \citep{aronson_social_2014}. 

Following the suggestion of \citet{jost_ideological_2014}, who actively call for the incorporation of theories of motivated social cognition into studies of information-exposure, in this paper we test two lines of thinking about the nature of responses to opposing viewpoints within a climate change skeptic community: mechanisms of selective exposure and mechanisms of social identity and motivated social cognition. Such theories, it is worth highlighting, have been widely applied in previous studies of climate change skeptic communities \citep{douglas_psychology_2017,hakkinen_ideology_2014,corner2012uncertainty}, which have often connected such skepticism to issues of identity rather than simple lack of understanding or information \citep{hogg_uncertainty_2014,hogg_uncertaintyidentity_2013}. Such works build on the observation that there are often gaps between environmental attitudes and behaviour \citep{bamberg_twenty_2007,kollmuss_mind_2002}, and gaps between information and attitude \citep{arcury_environmental_1990,bradley_relationship_1999} in the context of climate change.

The empirical component of our paper is based on the social news aggregation, content rating and discussion platform `Reddit'. On Reddit, users are registered under a pseudonym. They are able to create `submissions' in a large number of `subreddits', which are parts of the site dedicated to the discussion of specific topics. These submissions are often links to other websites (though can also be text, images, or videos). Other users can then read, up-vote, down-vote, and comment on the submission. Reddit is a highly frequented website and most content is publicly available which makes it an interesting resource of organic content for social scientists \citep{amaya_new_2019}. It is also a good case for our study because it contains a large climate change skeptic subreddit: r/climateskeptics. This subreddit is the focus of our study. It represents, arguably, an echo chamber \citep{sunstein_law_2002}: a place where a radical, counter-cultural worldview which is a minority view in society at large can nevertheless thrive and be in a local majority \citep{bright_echo_2020}. In what follows below, we elaborate theoretical expectations for the types of reactions dissonant viewpoints might provoke in the context of such a space. 

We will begin by looking at the type of direct responses that dissonant submissions might provoke. In line with theories of social cognition, it is likely that members of a community rate opinions and information provided by  members of their ingroup higher than content coming from an outgroup. This is due to mechanisms of ingroup favoritism and negative outgroup stereotypes \citep{zebrowitz2007contribution}, as well as mechanisms of motivated social cognition \citep{jost2012political}. This is also supported by the theory of cognitive dissonance \citep{festinger_theory_1957,greenwald_twenty_1978} which states that information or media messages that challenge people’s beliefs typically create a feeling of dissonance, which is unpleasant and something most people avoid \citep{hart_feeling_2009}. Cognitive dissonance can be reduced by (amongst other methods) reducing the importance of dissonant cognitions, or increasing the importance of consonant cognitions \citep{harmon-jones_introduction_2019}.

In our particular case, the critical method for indicating the quality of a submission in Reddit is voting: users can `upvote' submissions they agree with or think are important, and `downvote' others. Upvotes and downvotes are combined together to form a score\footnote{The sum of positive up-votes and negative down-votes results in the `score' of a submission.} for each individual submission, which is a critical part of how Reddit organises the presentation of content to users. Hence, building on the theories outlined above, we expect that the importance of a dissonant submission could be lowered by undermining its legitimacy through `downvoting' it. Conversely, such opposing submissions can be further undermined by `upvoting' consonant ones. We hence develop our first hypothesis: 

\paragraph{Hypothesis 1:} Submissions featuring opposing views and dissonant information will receive lower scores than consonant ones. 
\hfill \break

The theory of motivated reasoning \citep{jost_exceptions_2003} assumes that attitude strength is an important moderator for cognitive biases. \citet{karlsen_echo_2017} found that to some extent, people seek supportive messages, but that it is more difficult to show that people avoid contradictory information \citep{brundidge_encountering_2010}. The theory further assumes that prior attitudes bias how people process arguments, and that this bias is reinforced not only through selective exposure, but also through selective judgement processes \citep{lebo_aggregated_2007,taber_motivated_2009,taber_motivated_2006}. The first mechanism, the confirmation bias or attitude congruency bias \citep{taber_motivated_2009}, assumes that people tend to evaluate arguments that support their views as strong and compelling, which would be in line with the argument that echo chambers lead to polarised opinions. The second mechanism is disconfirmation bias, according to which people use time and cognitive resources to degrade and counter argue opposing views \citep{taber_motivated_2009}. Therefore, when presented with contrasting arguments in online debates, these arguments may lead to even stronger beliefs in initial opinions. For example, \citet{karlsen_echo_2017} found that people engaged actively with dissonant content from the outgroup and that their opinions were reinforced by contradiction as well as confirmation.

In our particular context, apart from simply voting, contradiction can also be signalled by commenting on a submission. Of course, comments can be positive or negative, however we expect that dissonant posts provide a stronger motivation to respond than consonant ones, based on the reasoning above (it is worth noting that our twin hypotheses of lower score and higher comments goes against the general logic of Reddit, in which score and comments are typically positively correlated - see \cite{singer2016evidence}). Therefore, we develop our second hypothesis:

\paragraph{Hypothesis 2:} Submissions featuring opposing views and dissonant information will trigger more activity (comments) than climate change skeptic ones. 
\hfill \break

The temporal Need-Threat Model, originally developed in the context of social ostracism \citep{williams_ostracism_2009}, assumes that when fundamental needs (such as the needs for belonging, self-esteem, meaning, and control) are threatened, people initially react in a quick and reflexive way that includes strategies of need fortification. Needs for belonging and self-esteem can be fortified through attempts to become more socially attractive. This can be achieved by being attentive to social cues, as well as overall compliance and conformity. A threatened need for control and recognition can be rebalanced through provocation, gaining attention, lashing out, and retaliation. Considering these mechanisms in the context of online social platforms, engagement with information that strongly questions the worldview and identity of a user could potentially threaten needs for meaning, self-esteem and control. In addition to the demonstration of conformity by posting or up-voting climate change skeptic content, a provoking and aggressive response could also work as reaction mechanism to fortify threatened needs. Given this, we state our third hypothesis:

\paragraph{Hypothesis 3:} Submissions featuring opposing views and dissonant information are more likely to attract comments expressing negative sentiment.
\hfill \break

However, if these attempts to undermine or contradict dissonant information are unsuccessful people can reach a resignation stage \citep{williams_ostracism_2009}. With increasing frustration through ongoing inability to fortify needs of control and self-esteem, social withdrawal can occur. Another possible coping mechanism can be engagement with other, more pleasant activities. This form of distraction is conceptualized as an accommodative, secondary control coping strategy \citep{allen2010self}. 
In the case of online communities, we might imagine that, following engagement with a dissonant submission, people would possibly suspend their engagement with a forum and move on to something else, which would again align with the tendency to avoid information that induces cognitive dissonance \citep{case2005avoiding}. In contrast to hypotheses 1 to 3, this effect is in line with the mechanisms of selective exposure in online echo chambers, where people are predominantly seek exposure to attitude, control and self-esteem reinforcing information.

\paragraph{Hypothesis 4:} Engagement with opposing views and dissonant information makes users more likely to leave the forum.  
\hfill \break

It is also worth considering the type of user that responds to dissonant content. It is by now well known that the distribution of activity in online forums is skewed: a highly active minority typically accounts for a significant percentage of all the activity taking place \citep{bright_power_2019}. In the work of \citet{barbera_tweeting_2015}, these levels of contribution activity was also related to political extremism, suggesting that these highly active individuals also hold stronger views. The majority of content was created by a minority of extreme conservatives and extreme liberals; and the relationship between extremism and the formation of echo chambers has also been documented in other work \citep{bright_explaining_2018}.  

According to Social Identity Theory \citep{tajfel_integrative_1979}, the structure of an individual’s social identity depends on the relevance of perceived membership of a social group or community. Often, an individual is a member of various social groups, such as a family, a work team, sports teams, etc. In the digital sphere, this spectrum expands to online communities. Furthermore, the more strongly people engage with a community, the more relevant is this membership for their social identity. In case identification with one particular social group dominates the social identity concept of an individual, a threat to the identification with this group can pose substantial stress on the individual \citep{haslam_maintaining_2008,praharso_stressful_2017}. In the case of power users, who spend a considerable amount of time engaging with an online community, their social identity may be more strongly affected by external threats to or dissonances within the online community, compared to users whose social identity depends less on their identification with the online community due to a lower level of engagement. In line with the Need-Threat Model, this identity threat, or in other words, the threatened need to belong, can be dealt with in various forms, such as the active confrontation or counter argument against users who threaten the consistency of community beliefs when injecting opposing views and dissonant information into the community.

\paragraph{Hypothesis 5:} More senior users, those with higher levels of past community engagement, are more likely to engage in discussions in reaction to submissions featuring opposition to climate change skepticism, compared to users with a lower level of past engagement with the community.


\section*{Methods} 

\subsection*{Data Collection}

Data for the study was collected from the r/climateskeptics subreddit\footnote{See: \url{https://www.reddit.com/r/climateskeptics/}}. This subreddit was created in July 2008 and encourages skepticism and debate about the concept of climate change. It contains more than 50,000 submissions on the topic, the majority of which (92\%) are simply links to websites, blogs, articles or videos. These submissions have, at the time of writing, attracted more than 350,000 comments, made by over 13,000 users. The subreddit is open to everyone, but the content is moderated by four users with the right to delete submissions and comments and to `ban' users from the subreddit. No clear guidance is set out in terms of how submissions might be selected for deletion. The only rule explicitly mentioned in the description of the subreddit is that a `disparagement of the subreddit as a whole is a bannable offense'. However, criticism of climate change skeptics (dissonant viewpoints, in our terms) is a consistent feature of the forum. 

The data for the paper was collected from two different APIs. All submissions were collected through pushshift.io \citep{baumgartner_pushshift_2018}, which is known to provide a near complete repository of Reddit submission data \citep{baumgartner2020pushshift}. Once submissions had been collected, further metadata and comments were collected through the PRAW Reddit API  \citep{reddit_inc_api}. This next step revealed that 8.3\% of submissions (4,213) available through Pushshift have since been deleted. However, we are still able to include these submissions in our analysis as pushshift retains information about whether they contained a link or not, and if so what it was (which, as we will describe below, is the critical part of our coding methodology). We include a dummy variable indicating whether the submission was deleted or not as a control variable in our models (clearly, submissions which were swiftly deleted would be less likely to attract comments or gain a high score). We manually reviewed a random selection of 40 submissions that had not been deleted, and 129 associated comments, and found no missing data problems. 

The data was stored securely and usernames were pseudonymised. All results are reported only in aggregate to preserve the anonymity of those who had made use of the forum. The study received approval from the Oxford Internet Institute's internal research ethics committee (reference: SSH OII CIA 20 015). 

\subsection*{Measures}

The most important measure in our study concerns whether a submission to r/climateskeptics should be labelled `consonant' or `dissonant'. A consonant submission, in this context, would be one that supports the majority opinion on the forum by putting forward views that are skeptical  of climate change. A dissonant submission, by contrast, would be one that supports the scientific consensus on climate change \citep{cook_consensus_2016} and attacks or undermines climate change skeptics. This dichotomy is of course a simplification of the range of views someone can have on climate change: for example many of the people in r/climateskeptics were simply skeptical about some of the aspects of climate science such as the anthropogenic cause or the negative consequences for humans rather than denying outright the warming trend in the earth's climate (see \citet{leiserowitz_climate_2020} for an overview of different styles of reasoning on climate change). Nevertheless, this simplification captures the essence of what we want to study. 

We approached this labelling task in two ways. First, we took a randomly drawn sample of 3,000 submissions, and one author of the study manually coded each one as either `consonant' or `dissonant'. Such a manual approach seemed important because it allows for the interpretation of ironic or sarcastic content, image material or the disapproving reference of climate activist content, which would be mislabelled using an automated or purely semantic approach \citep{metag_content_2016,grimmer_text_2013,riffe_analyzing_2019}. A second author double coded a randomly drawn sample of 100 of these submissions, to calculate an estimate for the inter-rater reliability of the coding. Overall there was an 86\% agreement between coders, with a Krippendorff's alpha of 0.62, indicating a substantial accordance \citep{mchugh_interrater_2012}.  

Second, we leveraged the manual coding to assign an automatic dissonance code to every submission in the dataset. We did this by exploiting the fact that 92\% of the submissions in our dataset were simply links to external sites, as described above. We used the data from our manually coded sample to infer a code for these external sites, by taking an average of codes from submissions that contained this link in our manually coded sample. These inferred codes can then be applied to other submissions in the dataset. For example, the Daily Caller appeared 46 times in our manually coded data. Two of these submissions were coded as dissonant, and 44 of them were coded as consonant. Therefore, in our automatically coded data, all submissions containing the Daily Caller received an automatic dissonance code of \(\frac{2}{46} = 0.04\). One might question how some sites can be used to advance both consonant and dissonant positions. However, one thing we remarked on in the coding was how easy it was to use a link from an outlet to support whatever position the author of the submission wanted. For example, the Guardian is a site that clearly supports the idea that climate change is a substantial threat \citep{carrington_2019}. It featured 40 times in our data, however the outlet received an average dissonance code of 0.175 in our data, which means it was largely used to support climate change skeptical positions. 

Using these methods, we were able to infer an automatic dissonance code for 83\% of the submissions in our dataset. The remaining 17\% of submissions could not be assigned a code in this way, either because they did not contain a link, or because they contained a link which was not contained in our manually coded data. These submissions were given dissonance codes based on the average dissonance code of other submissions the author had made, on the basis that author were likely to be relatively consistent in their beliefs. If even that was not possible (if the author themselves had no other coded submissions), then the submission was given a code based on the average dissonance code of all other authors (see Appendix \ref{app:imputation} for more details). As part of our diagnostic checks, we checked the sensitivity of our results to this method of imputation, as described in Appendix \ref{app:diagnostics}. We found no evidence that the imputation substantially affected the results. 

We also coded the sentiment present in the comments in our dataset. We made use of a widely used approach, which  determines the sentiment of a text section as the sum of the sentiment content of the individual words \citep{silge2016tidytext}. Out of various general-purpose dictionaries that encode sentiment for single words, we chose the NRC sentiment dictionary \citep{mohammad2013crowdsourcing}. This dictionary, constructed using crowdsourcing, categorises words as positive or negative. The NRC sentiment dictionary was validated on online communication data such as restaurant or movie reviews \citep{kiritchenko2014nrc} and conversations on Twitter \citep{mohammad2013nrc} which is relatively close to the type of content we face in our project. Once we had applied the NRC dictionary to the text of the comments, the resulting sentiment for each comment was defined simply as the number of positive words minus the number of negative words. Of course, it is worth noting that sarcasm or negated text can be a challenge for the validity of automated sentiment analysis \citep{silge2016tidytext}.

In addition to these coding exercises we also collected a number of other variables which were relevant for the study. We recorded the `score' of each submission. This score is simply the number of up-votes minus the down-votes a submission receives. With this metric, absolute votes are concealed\footnote{For example, a score of 2 could mean that a submission received 3 up-votes and 1 down-vote, or that it received 50 up-votes and 48 down-votes.} to mitigate the influence of spam bots \citep{reddit_inc_score}. We recorded the number of comments a submission received, and the overall number of contributions (submissions and comments) by each user in the dataset. Finally, we recorded the timestamp of the submission and the number of comments in reaction to the submission. All of these pieces of data were collected from the PRAW API.

\begin{table}
\caption{Descriptive statistics} 
\label{tab:desc_stats} 
\centering
\resizebox{0.6\textwidth}{!}{\begin{tabular}[t]{lcc}
\toprule
& Manual labelling & Automatic labelling \\
\midrule
Dissonance (mean) & 0.094 & 0.095 \\
Dissonance (sd) & 0.292 & 0.151 \\
Score (mean) & 14.21 & 13.73  \\
Score (sd) & 31.79 & 30.31 \\
Num. comments (mean) & 6.88 & 7.02 \\
Num. comments (sd) & 14.65 &  14.74 \\
Comment sentiment (mean) & 0.49 & 0.54 \\
Comment sentiment (sd) & 1.47 & 1.51 \\
\% Text only & 92\% & 92\% \\
\% Deleted & 92\% & 92\% \\
Num.Obs. & 3,000 & 50,502 \\
\bottomrule
\multicolumn{3}{p{0.6\textwidth}}{\textit{Note.}`Dissonance' in relation to climate change skepticism; `score' as sum of upvotes and downvotes; `text only' representing submissions without links to external websites; `deleted' representing submissions which were subsequently removed.} \\
\end{tabular}}
\end{table}

Descriptive statistics for the measures are shown in Table \ref{tab:desc_stats}. The average dissonance code is low, as we would expect in a forum which is largely dedicated to the idea of climate change skepticism. The dissonance codes are also quite consistent between the manual and automatic labelling. The metrics for score, the number of comments and sentiment all show skewed distributions, which suggests they should be log transformed before analysis. 

\section*{Analysis}

\begin{table}
\caption{Immediate reaction to dissonant content} 
\label{tab:m1-3} 
\centering
\resizebox{0.7\textwidth}{!}{\begin{tabular}[t]{lcccccc}
\toprule
 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Score} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Comments} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Sentiment}\\
 & M1.1 & M1.2 & M2.1 & M2.2 & M3.1 & M3.2\\
  & (Manual) & (Auto) & (Manual) & (Auto) & (Manual) & (Auto)\\
\midrule
Dissonance & 0.32*** & 0.29*** & 2.00*** & 1.77*** & 1.00 & 1.00\\
Text Only & 0.61*** & 0.70*** & 1.80*** & 1.88*** & 1.01 & 1.01***\\
Deleted & 0.55*** & 0.54*** & 0.62*** & 0.62*** & 1.00 & 1.00\\
\midrule
Num.Obs. & 3,000 & 50,502 & 3,000 & 50,502 & 2,140 & 35,730\\
Adj. $R^2$ (full)  & 0.277 & 0.203 & 0.139 & 0.119 & -0.001 & 0.004\\
Adj. $R^2$ (proj.) & 0.143 & 0.080 & 0.056 & 0.044 & -0.020 & -0.000 \\
\bottomrule
\multicolumn{7}{l}{\textsuperscript{} * p $<$ 0.05, ** p $<$ 0.01, *** p $<$ 0.001}\\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{All coefficients are exponentiated}\\
\end{tabular}}
\end{table}

In Table \ref{tab:m1-3} we present our first set of results, examining the reactions generated by dissonant content within the r/skeptics subreddit. Each model in Table \ref{tab:m1-3} is a fixed effects linear regression, and each observation in the model is a different submission made to the forum. We include fixed effects on the year, day of week and hour of posting to control for temporal effects in the data, as both submission and comment levels vary strongly over time. We also include whether the post is a `text only' post (and contains no link within it) and whether the post has been deleted as control variables. We use HC1 robust standard errors for all models \citep{long2000using}. Standard diagnostic checks were applied which provided no reason to doubt the results. A full record of diagnostics can be found in Appendix \ref{app:diagnostics}. Each outcome variable is log transformed. All coefficients are exponentiated, and hence can be interpreted as percentage changes. 

We will begin with hypothesis 1, which suggested that dissonant submissions ought to receive a lower score than consonant ones. Models 1.1 and 1.2 test this proposition using our manually and automatically coded data. In both our manual and automatic models, dissonant submissions received around 70\% lower scores than submissions confirming climate change skepticism, hence providing strong supporting evidence for hypothesis 1.

Hypothesis 2 suggested that dissonant submissions ought to receive more comments. Again we find support for this idea in both our manual and automatic models: submissions undermining climate change skepticism received 100\% more comments than those which do not in our manually coded model, and 77\% more in the automatically coded model. Hence hypothesis 2 is also supported. 

Hypothesis 3 suggested that comments on dissonant submissions would have a more negative sentiment than comments on submissions supporting climate change skepticism. Here we find no evidence of any relationship in either our manual or automatic models, and an extremely low R\textsuperscript{2} value for both of them. So hypothesis 3 is not supported. It is worth noting that M3.1 and M3.2 can only be estimated for submissions that attracted at least one comment. Hence, the N is lower than in models M1.1 - M2.2.

One point worth noting across all models is the the consistency of results between our manual and automatic approaches. This suggests that our automatic approach offers a good proxy for the more reliable but smaller scale manual coding.  

Our next question concerned what happens after people have engaged with dissonant material, which we define here as having commented on a dissonant submission. We hypothesised (H4) that those having their beliefs challenged in this way would be less likely to return to the forum than those who had engaged with attitude confirming information. We address this question using a PWP-Gap Time model, a type of event history analysis \citep{amorim2015modelling}. This model (M4.1) is presented in Table \ref{tab:m4}. Each observation in the model is a comment to the subreddit made by one of the authors in the dataset on one of the submissions. By looking at the characteristics of the submission which attracted the comment, and the time elapsed until the next comment, we can analyse how engagement with either consonant or dissonant submissions relates to the probability of returning to the forum and commenting again. 

We only present a version of this model using automatically coded data, as it presupposes complete comment histories for each author, which of course cannot be achieved with the manual data. The model clusters standard errors at the author level, takes into account the number of previous comments made by each author, and also stratifies according to the hour, weekday and year of contribution. The number of comments made on the submission, and the average sentiment of the comments, are included as control variables. Diagnostic checks for this model can be found in Appendix A2: they also provide no reason to doubt the results.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{CLIMATE_nonprop_hazards.png}
\caption{Variation in effect of dissonant engagement on relative chance of commenting again over time. Horizontal line indicates average effect reported in M4.1} 
\label{prop_haz}
\end{figure}

The results of the model show that our hypothesis is reversed: those engaging with dissonant material were around 21\% more likely to post again compared to those who did not. Having commented on submissions which attracted more comments or which had more positive sentiment also increased the likelihood of coming back. A proportional hazards test for the model shows that the effect varies over time. We show this variation in Figure \ref{prop_haz}. The horizontal line in the figure indicates the average effect reported in M4.1. We can see that the effect of having engaged with a dissonant post stimulates a much stronger likelihood of coming back in the first hour or so (starting from around 50\% more in the first minute). This then declines progressively over time. It is also worth commenting on the very low Cox-Snell R\textsuperscript{2} observed: clearly the model has low explanatory power for understanding the full reasons why some people are more likely to return to a forum than others.

\begin{table}
\caption{Seniority of those engaging with dissonant content, and their next destination} 
\label{tab:m4} 
\centering
\begin{tabular}[t]{llll}
\toprule
  & Prob. post again & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Seniority}\\
  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{M4.1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{M5.1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{M5.2} \\
  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{(Auto)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{(Manual)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{(Auto)} \\
\midrule
Dissonance  & 1.21*** & 1.38*** & 1.43***\\
Text Only   & 1.18*** & 1.47*** & 1.53*** \\
Deleted        & 0.97  & 0.91 & 0.96*   \\
Avg. sentiment comments & 1.03***\\
Num. comments (log)  & 1.24***\\
\midrule
Num.Obs.     & 332,014 & 2,101 & 35,040      \\
Adj. $R^2$(full) & & 0.097 & 0.095         \\
Adj. $R^2$(proj.) & & 0.021 & 0.033  \\
Cox-Snell $R^2$    & 0.006     \\
\bottomrule
\multicolumn{4}{l}{\textsuperscript{} * p $<$ 0.05, ** p $<$ 0.01, *** p $<$ 0.001}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{All coefficients are exponentiated}\\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

In our final set of results we investigate the type of people who engage with dissonant submissions in the forum. In particular, we hypothesised (H5) that those engaging with such submissions would be more likely to be senior members of the forum. Models M5.1 and M5.2 in Table \ref{tab:m4} test this suggestion. Both are linear fixed effects models, and are specified in a similar way to models 1-3: each observation is a submission. The dependent variable is the mean number of previous contributions (both comments and submissions) that people commenting on this submission had made to the subreddit at the time of commenting. We should note that we can only estimate this for submissions which attracted comments from users who had not deleted their Reddit account at the time of writing. Hence, the N is slightly lower than it is in M3.1 and M3.2.

In the models, we find strong support for H5: in both our manual and automatic models, those commenting on dissonant submissions have made around 40\% more previous contributions than those commenting on consonant submissions. In other words, more dissonant posts attract more senior figures to respond.   


\section*{Discussion}

This study analysed the consequences of opposing views and dissonant information within a major climate change skeptic online community. A number of findings are worth emphasising. First, we showed that dissonant submissions to the forum attracted a lower score but a higher amount of comments. This finding, while expected from the literature we elaborate above, is an interesting reversal of general trends on Reddit where score and comments tend to be correlated \citep{singer2016evidence}. One thing this shows is how engagement in online discussion forums provides sophisticated tools for managing dissonance: individuals in the forum can at once undermine the credibility of the author (by down-voting it) but also engage strongly with it (by commenting). In a way, dissonance can be micro-managed in such settings, which (we speculate) may make minimising it easier. 

Furthermore, there is a tendency for more senior users to be especially engaged within the discussions in reaction to submissions that contain opposing views and dissonant information. This tendency hints towards the hypothesised effect of identity defence. Users highly engaged with r/climateskeptics might derive a greater part of their social identity from the identification with this social group. Consequentially, their experienced identity threat when confronted with opposing views leads to strategies of identity and community defence, in the form of argument countering engagement in the comments below an opposing post. Given that identity strength is an important moderator for motivated reasoning \citep{jost_exceptions_2003}, our results align with the theory: those highly engaged with the forum are more likely to engage in discussions triggered by opposing views. This is also in line with the findings suggesting that contribution activity is related to political extremism \citet{barbera_tweeting_2015}. However, the study of \citet{barbera_tweeting_2015} did not differentiate between activity levels after engagement with dissonant and congruent information.

Against our expectation of the long term effects of need threats, users who engaged with opposing views were more likely to return to the forum than those engaging with attitude confirming skeptic content. However, given that the resignation stage proposed by the Need-Threat model might not be reached, this finding actually aligns with the expectations from social identity theory. Identity threats produced by confrontation with opposing views may in fact increase the tendency to defend one's identity and to reduce feelings of dissonance by returning to the forum and posting identity reinforcing content into the subreddit. The fact that dissonant viewpoints are fundamental for stimulating activity in the forum and encouraging people to return may prompt a rethink of the overall idea of an echo chamber (which suggests that opposing voices must be entirely removed and marginalised). 

Even though active climate change skeptic community members appear to have a clear stance on the issue, commenting and countering dissonant posts from outgroup members who accept the scientific consensus, we do not find evidence for more negative sentiment in these discussion threads. This is in line with qualitative findings that climate change skeptics appear to aim for an argument-based discourse culture in the forum, rather than one focused on ad-hominem attacks. An interesting and closely related characteristic of the discourse in r/climateskeptics, which we remarked upon during the coding procedure, is the emphasis on climate knowledge and overall competencies in STEM subjects among its members (e.g. `It's easy to claim a skeptic is a denier, if one doesn't even know the names of the most fundamental temperature sets.'). 

Our study also contributes to the literature on modern climate change skepticism \citep{lewandowsky_nasa_2013,lewandowsky2019science,edwards2013participants,van2020echo,walter_echo_2018,williams_network_2015,bruggemann2020mutual,elgesem2015structure,kaiser2017alliance} and mechanisms of online polarization \citep{sunstein2018republic,sunstein_law_2002,nordbrandt2020cross,bail_exposure_2018}. Most previous studies focus on the detection and description of polarized networks. In contrast, we examine concrete responses to opposing views, a theoretically implied but barely studied mechanism. While some studies view active engagement with opposing views as part of the solution to climate change skepticism, we find empirical evidence that it may in fact be part of the problem, at least in our context. 
Methodologically, while most previous studies either focused exclusively on the issue of climate change in online blogs (e.g. \citealt{matthews2015people}), established media outlets (e.g. \citealt{walter_echo_2018}) or the social media context (e.g. \citealt{williams_network_2015}), we use a methodological approach that draws upon insights from various online arenas. For example, the in-depth examination of submissions with manual content coding allowed us to understand how publications like the \textit{Guardian} can be used to support climate change skeptic positions, by presenting isolated facts without context and reframing them to support climate change skepticism or by using them in a sarcastic way to mock the `alarmism' of the outlet. 
One can only speculate whether climate change skeptics generally perceive themselves as minority opinion. However, findings on other minorities suggest that they experience higher epistemic needs to maintain their identity with intergroup discrimination than majority groups \citep{mullen1992ingroup,leonardelli2001minority}, which is in line with our findings of identity defence patterns in the community. 


\subsection*{Limitations}

While we consider Reddit a good platform for our study, it is worth noting a key limitation of our focus here, which is that the sociodemographic characteristics of Reddit users are not comparable to the general population. During the registration process, no personal information is collected and the demographics of the 330 million active users remain largely unknown. However empirical investigations suggest that users are more likely to be male and younger than the general population \citep{duggan_6_2013,singer_evolution_2014}.

Another limitation was our reliance on manual coding. Nevertheless, given the highly context dependent and often ironic or sarcastic nature of submissions within r/climateskeptics, similar to the highly quantitative study of \citet{williams_network_2015}, a manual approach was chosen over automated content coding using NLP or machine learning techniques \citep{kirilenko_climate_2012,metag_content_2016,weitzel_comprehension_2016}. 

\subsection*{Conclusion}

A clear and possibly the most important finding of this study is, that in contrast to the classical theory of echo chambers, ‘breaking up the echo chamber’ with information on the consequences of climate change does not seem to work. While the major climate change skeptic community on Reddit, r/climateskeptics, is characterised by long-term stability, our study uncovered mechanisms of identity defence in reaction to opposing views and dissonant information. Therefore, we emphasise the need for the reconsideration of policy implications of promoting access to more cross cutting information. This line of reasoning proposes almost the opposite to the classical strategy of confronting problematic online communities with opposing information. However, further work is required to suggest more about what effective strategies are in such a context. 

Issues of conspiracy theory, involving lack of trust in scientists and politicians, have gained more importance when facing public reactions towards policies addressing the Covid-19 pandemic across various countries \citep{constantinou_is_2020}. When the consequences of climate change become equally pressing and visible, and more ambitious mitigation policies are implemented, the ground may be prepared for climate change skeptic conspiracy narratives to push into the mainstream with potentially catastrophic effects for effective policy making. It is therefore critical to understand and monitor climate change skepticism online in order to both gain insights about the discourse on climate change across the whole spectrum of the public sphere and to enable policy makers to act effectively when dynamics change. 



\textbf{Lisa Oswald} is pursuing a PhD in Governance at the Hertie School in Berlin. She graduated from the University of Oxford, UK, with a MSc degree in Social Data Science, and from the University of Kassel, Germany, with a BSc and MSc degree in Psychology. She is interested in the public perception of climate change, political opinion formation, online communication dynamics and the emergence of collective behaviour. 

\textbf{Jonathan Bright} is an Associate Professor and Senior Research Fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute who specialises in computational approaches to the social and political sciences. He has two major research interests: exploring the ways in which new digital technologies are changing political participation; and investigating how new forms of data can enable local and national governments to make better decisions.

\textbf{Conflict of interest:} none.

\textbf{Supplementary Material:} available upon request. After publication available in data repository of respective journal. 


\bibliography{references_sds_big}

\clearpage

\appendix

\section*{Appendix}

\section{Imputation} 
\label{app:imputation}

As described in the main body text we imputed values for submissions that could not be automatically labelled using our link based method. This occurred when the submissions did not contain a link or when the link was not contained in the coding dataset. In this case, the submission was given a value equal to the mean of all other submissions made by the author. In cases where the author themselves had no previously coded submissions, then these submissions were given a mean of the average submission value of all other authors. 

Of the 50,502 submissions, 8,645 (17\%) were imputed. 6,108 of these were imputed using the average of the author's submission history, and the remaining 2,537 were imputed using the average of all authors.  

All of the models reported in the text were also estimated on a subset of data without the imputed data points. The results were substantially the same: statistical significance and direction of effect was not altered, and size of effect was only altered fractionally. 

\section{Regression Diagnostics}
\label{app:diagnostics}

There are two types of models reported in the main text: our fixed effects regressions (M1.1 - M3.2, M5.1 and M5.2) and our PWP Gap Time model (M4.1). These two model types had two different diagnostic strategies. 

For the fixed effects regressions, we checked the distribution of errors for all models, and also whether there was any evidence of heteroscedasticity. This second check suggested that the use of robust standard errors would be advisable in some cases. In the end we have used these throughout for consistency (we make use of HC1 robust standard errors). We also checked for the presence of high leverage observations, of which at least some were found for most models. We used Cook's distance to perform this check: when points had a distance of greater than \( \frac{4}{Num. Obs}\) we labelled them as high leverage. We estimated further models without these high leverage observations, and the results were substantially the same.

For the Gap Time analysis, we also examined the potential impact of high leverage observations, using a cutoff of \( \frac{2}{\sqrt{Num. Obs}}\). Only one observation passed this threshold: a separate regression estimated without this observation did not show different results. Additionally, we estimated a further model which limited the amount of comments examined such that there were at least 50 per strata, a common correction for such models. Again, this model provided no major deviation from the main one reported in the text. Finally, we checked the proportional hazards assumption of the model. The results of this check are described in the main text in figure \ref{prop_haz}.

For all models, we also estimated versions where text only submissions were excluded (i.e. those without a link) and where submissions whose dissonance code was imputed were excluded. Again, this did not make a substantive difference to the results. 

\end{document}
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Journal of Computer-Mediated
  Communication}{23}{1}{17--33}.
\newblock
\APACrefnote{Publisher: Oxford University Press}
\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Bright%
, Bermudez%
, Pilet%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Soubiran%
}{%
Bright%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2019}}%
}]{%
bright_power_2019}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
bright_power_2019}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Bright, J.%
, Bermudez, S.%
, Pilet, J\BHBI B.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Soubiran, T.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2019}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Power users in online democracy: their origins and
  impact} {Power users in online democracy: their origins and impact}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Information, communication \& society}{}{}{1--16}.
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\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Bright%
, Marchal%
, Ganesh%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Rudinac%
}{%
Bright%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2020}}%
}]{%
bright_echo_2020}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
bright_echo_2020}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Bright, J.%
, Marchal, N.%
, Ganesh, B.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Rudinac, S.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2020}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Echo Chambers Exist!(But They're Full of Opposing
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\newblock
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Br{\"u}ggemann%
, Elgesem%
, Bienzeisler%
, Gertz%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Walter%
}{%
Br{\"u}ggemann%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2020}}%
}]{%
bruggemann2020mutual}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
bruggemann2020mutual}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Br{\"u}ggemann, M.%
, Elgesem, D.%
, Bienzeisler, N.%
, Gertz, H\BPBI D.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Walter, S.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2020}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Mutual group polarization in the blogosphere: Tracking
  the hoax discourse on climate change} {Mutual group polarization in the
  blogosphere: Tracking the hoax discourse on climate change}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Brundidge%
}{%
Brundidge%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2010}}%
}]{%
brundidge_encountering_2010}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
brundidge_encountering_2010}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Brundidge, J.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2010}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Encountering “difference” in the contemporary public
  sphere: The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political
  discussion networks} {Encountering “difference” in the contemporary
  public sphere: The contribution of the internet to the heterogeneity of
  political discussion networks}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Journal of Communication}{60}{4}{680--700}.
\newblock
\APACrefnote{Publisher: Oxford University Press}
\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Campbell%
\ \BBA {} Kay%
}{%
Campbell%
\ \BBA {} Kay%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2014}}%
}]{%
campbell2014solution}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
campbell2014solution}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Campbell, T\BPBI H.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Kay, A\BPBI C.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2014}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Solution aversion: On the relation between ideology and
  motivated disbelief.} {Solution aversion: On the relation between ideology
  and motivated disbelief.}{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Journal of personality and social
  psychology}{107}{5}{809}.
\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Carrington%
}{%
Carrington%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2019}}%
}]{%
carrington_2019}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
carrington_2019}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Carrington, D.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2019}{May}{}.
\newblock
\APACrefbtitle {Why the Guardian is changing the language it uses about the
  environment.} {Why the guardian is changing the language it uses about the
  environment.}
\newblock
\APACaddressPublisher{}{Guardian News and Media}.
\newblock
\begin{APACrefURL}
  \url{https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/17/why-the-guardian-is-changing-the-language-it-uses-about-the-environment}
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\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Case%
, Andrews%
, Johnson%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Allard%
}{%
Case%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2005}}%
}]{%
case2005avoiding}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
case2005avoiding}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Case, D\BPBI O.%
, Andrews, J\BPBI E.%
, Johnson, J\BPBI D.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Allard, S\BPBI L.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2005}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Avoiding versus seeking: the relationship of information
  seeking to avoidance, blunting, coping, dissonance, and related concepts}
  {Avoiding versus seeking: the relationship of information seeking to
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\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Journal of the Medical Library
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Cialdini%
\ \BBA {} Goldstein%
}{%
Cialdini%
\ \BBA {} Goldstein%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2004}}%
}]{%
cialdini_social_2004}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
cialdini_social_2004}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Cialdini, R\BPBI B.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Goldstein, N\BPBI J.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2004}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Social influence: Compliance and conformity} {Social
  influence: Compliance and conformity}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Annu. Rev. Psychol.}{55}{}{591--621}.
\newblock
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\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Constantinou%
, Kagialis%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Karekla%
}{%
Constantinou%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2020}}%
}]{%
constantinou_is_2020}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
constantinou_is_2020}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Constantinou, M.%
, Kagialis, A.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Karekla, M.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2020}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Is science failing to pass its message to people?
  Reasons and risks behind conspiracy theories and myths regarding {COVID}-19}
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  conspiracy theories and myths regarding {COVID}-19}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Cook%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
Cook%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2013-05}}%
}]{%
cook_quantifying_2013}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
cook_quantifying_2013}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Cook, J.%
, Nuccitelli, D.%
, Green, S\BPBI A.%
, Richardson, M.%
, Winkler, B.%
, Painting, R.%
\BDBL {}Skuce, A.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2013-05}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global
  warming in the scientific literature} {Quantifying the consensus on
  anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Cook%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
Cook%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2016}}%
}]{%
cook_consensus_2016}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
cook_consensus_2016}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Cook, J.%
, Oreskes, N.%
, Doran, P\BPBI T.%
, Anderegg, W\BPBI R\BPBI L.%
, Verheggen, B.%
, Maibach, E\BPBI W.%
\BDBL {}Rice, K.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2016}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus
  estimates on human-caused global warming} {Consensus on consensus: a
  synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Environmental Research Letters}{11}{4}{048002}.
\newblock
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Corner%
, Whitmarsh%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Xenias%
}{%
Corner%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2012}}%
}]{%
corner2012uncertainty}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
corner2012uncertainty}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Corner, A.%
, Whitmarsh, L.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Xenias, D.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2012}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Uncertainty, scepticism and attitudes towards climate
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  scepticism and attitudes towards climate change: biased assimilation and
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\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Climatic change}{114}{3-4}{463--478}.
\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Dixon%
, Hmielowski%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Ma%
}{%
Dixon%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2017}}%
}]{%
dixon2017improving}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
dixon2017improving}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Dixon, G.%
, Hmielowski, J.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Ma, Y.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2017}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Improving climate change acceptance among US
  conservatives through value-based message targeting} {Improving climate
  change acceptance among us conservatives through value-based message
  targeting}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Science Communication}{39}{4}{520--534}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Douglas%
, Sutton%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Cichocka%
}{%
Douglas%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2017}}%
}]{%
douglas_psychology_2017}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
douglas_psychology_2017}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Douglas, K\BPBI M.%
, Sutton, R\BPBI M.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Cichocka, A.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2017}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories} {The psychology
  of conspiracy theories}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Current Directions in Psychological
  Science}{26}{6}{538--542}.
\newblock
\begin{APACrefDOI} \doi{10.1177/0963721417718261} \end{APACrefDOI}
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Duggan%
\ \BBA {} Smith%
}{%
Duggan%
\ \BBA {} Smith%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2013}}%
}]{%
duggan_6_2013}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
duggan_6_2013}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Duggan, M.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Smith, A.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2013}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {6\% of online adults are reddit users} {6\% of online
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\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Pew Internet \& American Life Project}{3}{}{1--10}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Edwards%
}{%
Edwards%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2013}}%
}]{%
edwards2013participants}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
edwards2013participants}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Edwards, A.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2013}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {(How) do participants in online discussion forums create
  ‘echo chambers’?: The inclusion and exclusion of dissenting voices in an
  online forum about climate change} {(how) do participants in online
  discussion forums create ‘echo chambers’?: The inclusion and exclusion of
  dissenting voices in an online forum about climate change}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Journal of Argumentation in Context}{2}{1}{127--150}.
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Elgesem%
, Steskal%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Diakopoulos%
}{%
Elgesem%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2015}}%
}]{%
elgesem2015structure}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
elgesem2015structure}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Elgesem, D.%
, Steskal, L.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Diakopoulos, N.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2015}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Structure and content of the discourse on climate change
  in the blogosphere: The big picture} {Structure and content of the discourse
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\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Environmental Communication}{9}{2}{169--188}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Festinger%
}{%
Festinger%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {1957}}%
}]{%
festinger_theory_1957}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
festinger_theory_1957}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Festinger, L.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYear{1957}.
\newblock
\APACrefbtitle {A theory of cognitive dissonance} {A theory of cognitive
  dissonance}\ (\BVOL~2).
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\APACaddressPublisher{}{Stanford university press}.
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Fiske%
\ \BBA {} Taylor%
}{%
Fiske%
\ \BBA {} Taylor%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {1991}}%
}]{%
fiske_social_1991}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
fiske_social_1991}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Fiske, S\BPBI T.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Taylor, S\BPBI E.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
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\newblock
\APACrefYear{1991}.
\newblock
\APACrefbtitle {Social cognition} {Social cognition}.
\newblock
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Funk%
\ \BBA {} Rainie%
}{%
Funk%
\ \BBA {} Rainie%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2015}}%
}]{%
funk2015chapter}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
funk2015chapter}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Funk, C.%
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\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2015}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Chapter 2: Climate change and energy issues} {Chapter 2:
  Climate change and energy issues}.{\BBCQ}
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Americans, Politics and Science Issues: The general
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  issues. But politics is a less important factor on biomedical, food safety,
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Greenwald%
\ \BBA {} Ronis%
}{%
Greenwald%
\ \BBA {} Ronis%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {1978}}%
}]{%
greenwald_twenty_1978}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
greenwald_twenty_1978}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Greenwald, A\BPBI G.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Ronis, D\BPBI L.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{1978}{}{}.
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of the
  evolution of a theory.} {Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of
  the evolution of a theory.}{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Psychological review}{85}{1}{53}.
\newblock
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Grimmer%
\ \BBA {} Stewart%
}{%
Grimmer%
\ \BBA {} Stewart%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2013}}%
}]{%
grimmer_text_2013}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
grimmer_text_2013}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Grimmer, J.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Stewart, B\BPBI M.%
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\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2013}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Text as data: The promise and pitfalls of automatic
  content analysis methods for political texts} {Text as data: The promise and
  pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Political analysis}{21}{3}{267--297}.
\newblock
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Harmon-Jones%
\ \BBA {} Mills%
}{%
Harmon-Jones%
\ \BBA {} Mills%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2019}}%
}]{%
harmon-jones_introduction_2019}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
harmon-jones_introduction_2019}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Harmon-Jones, E.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Mills, J.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2019}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {An introduction to cognitive dissonance theory and an
  overview of current perspectives on the theory.} {An introduction to
  cognitive dissonance theory and an overview of current perspectives on the
  theory.}{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\BIn{} \APACrefbtitle {Cognitive dissonance: Reexamining a pivotal theory in
  psychology, 2nd ed.} {Cognitive dissonance: Reexamining a pivotal theory in
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\newblock
\APACaddressPublisher{}{American Psychological Association}.
\newblock
\begin{APACrefDOI} \doi{10.1037/0000135-001} \end{APACrefDOI}
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
P\BPBI S.~Hart%
\ \BBA {} Nisbet%
}{%
P\BPBI S.~Hart%
\ \BBA {} Nisbet%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2012}}%
}]{%
hart2012boomerang}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
hart2012boomerang}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Hart, P\BPBI S.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Nisbet, E\BPBI C.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2012}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Boomerang effects in science communication: How
  motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about
  climate mitigation policies} {Boomerang effects in science communication: How
  motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about
  climate mitigation policies}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Communication research}{39}{6}{701--723}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
W.~Hart%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
W.~Hart%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2009}}%
}]{%
hart_feeling_2009}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
hart_feeling_2009}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Hart, W.%
, Albarracín, D.%
, Eagly, A\BPBI H.%
, Brechan, I.%
, Lindberg, M\BPBI J.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Merrill, L.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2009}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Feeling valiyeard versus being correct: a meta-analysis
  of selective exposure to information.} {Feeling valiyeard versus being
  correct: a meta-analysis of selective exposure to information.}{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Psychological bulletin}{135}{4}{555}.
\newblock
\APACrefnote{Publisher: American Psychological Association}
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Haslam%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
Haslam%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2008}}%
}]{%
haslam_maintaining_2008}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
haslam_maintaining_2008}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Haslam, C.%
, Holme, A.%
, Haslam, S\BPBI A.%
, Iyer, A.%
, Jetten, J.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Williams, W\BPBI H.%
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\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2008}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Maintaining group memberships: Social identity
  continuity predicts well-being after stroke} {Maintaining group memberships:
  Social identity continuity predicts well-being after stroke}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Neuropsychological rehabilitation}{18}{5}{671--691}.
\newblock
\APACrefnote{Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Hmielowski%
, Feldman%
, Myers%
, Leiserowitz%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Maibach%
}{%
Hmielowski%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2014}}%
}]{%
hmielowski_attack_2014}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
hmielowski_attack_2014}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Hmielowski, J\BPBI D.%
, Feldman, L.%
, Myers, T\BPBI A.%
, Leiserowitz, A.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Maibach, E.%
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\APACrefYearMonthDay{2014}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {An attack on science? Media use, trust in scientists,
  and perceptions of global warming} {An attack on science? media use, trust in
  scientists, and perceptions of global warming}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Public Understanding of Science}{23}{7}{866--883}.
\newblock
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Hogg%
}{%
Hogg%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2014}}%
}]{%
hogg_uncertainty_2014}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
hogg_uncertainty_2014}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Hogg, M\BPBI A.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2014}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {From uncertainty to extremism: Social categorization and
  identity processes} {From uncertainty to extremism: Social categorization and
  identity processes}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Current Directions in Psychological
  Science}{23}{5}{338--342}.
\newblock
\APACrefnote{Publisher: Sage Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}}
\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Hogg%
\ \BBA {} Adelman%
}{%
Hogg%
\ \BBA {} Adelman%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2013}}%
}]{%
hogg_uncertaintyidentity_2013}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
hogg_uncertaintyidentity_2013}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Hogg, M\BPBI A.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Adelman, J.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2013}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Uncertainty–identity theory: Extreme groups, radical
  behavior, and authoritarian leadership} {Uncertainty–identity theory:
  Extreme groups, radical behavior, and authoritarian leadership}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Journal of Social Issues}{69}{3}{436--454}.
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\APACrefnote{Publisher: Wiley Online Library}
\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Hogg%
, Sherman%
, Dierselhuis%
, Maitner%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Moffitt%
}{%
Hogg%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2007}}%
}]{%
hogg2007uncertainty}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
hogg2007uncertainty}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Hogg, M\BPBI A.%
, Sherman, D\BPBI K.%
, Dierselhuis, J.%
, Maitner, A\BPBI T.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Moffitt, G.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2007}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification}
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\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Journal of experimental social
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\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Häkkinen%
\ \BBA {} Akrami%
}{%
Häkkinen%
\ \BBA {} Akrami%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2014}}%
}]{%
hakkinen_ideology_2014}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
hakkinen_ideology_2014}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Häkkinen, K.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Akrami, N.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2014}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Ideology and climate change denial} {Ideology and
  climate change denial}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Personality and Individual Differences}{70}{}{62--65}.
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\APACrefnote{Publisher: Elsevier}
\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
{IPCC}%
}{%
{IPCC}%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2015}}%
}]{%
ipcc_ar5_2015}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
ipcc_ar5_2015}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
{IPCC}.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2015}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {{AR}5 Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change
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\newblock
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Jones%
\ \BBA {} Roelofsma%
}{%
Jones%
\ \BBA {} Roelofsma%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2000}}%
}]{%
jones2000potential}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
jones2000potential}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Jones, P\BPBI E.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Roelofsma, P\BPBI H.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2000}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {The potential for social contextual and group biases in
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  potential for social contextual and group biases in team decision-making:
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\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Ergonomics}{43}{8}{1129--1152}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Jost%
\ \BBA {} Amodio%
}{%
Jost%
\ \BBA {} Amodio%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2012}}%
}]{%
jost2012political}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
jost2012political}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Jost, J\BPBI T.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Amodio, D\BPBI M.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2012}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Political ideology as motivated social cognition:
  Behavioral and neuroscientific evidence} {Political ideology as motivated
  social cognition: Behavioral and neuroscientific evidence}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Motivation and Emotion}{36}{1}{55--64}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Jost%
, Glaser%
, Kruglanski%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Sulloway%
}{%
Jost%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2003}}%
}]{%
jost_exceptions_2003}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
jost_exceptions_2003}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Jost, J\BPBI T.%
, Glaser, J.%
, Kruglanski, A\BPBI W.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Sulloway, F\BPBI J.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2003}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Exceptions that prove the rule–Using a theory of
  motivated social cognition to account for ideological incongruities and
  political anomalies: Reply to Greenberg and Jonas (2003).} {Exceptions that
  prove the rule–using a theory of motivated social cognition to account for
  ideological incongruities and political anomalies: Reply to greenberg and
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\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Psychological Bulletin}{129}{3}{383--393}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Jost%
\ \BBA {} Krochik%
}{%
Jost%
\ \BBA {} Krochik%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2014}}%
}]{%
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\APACinsertmetastar {%
jost_ideological_2014}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Jost, J\BPBI T.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Krochik, M.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2014}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Ideological differences in epistemic motivation:
  Implications for attitude structure, depth of information processing,
  susceptibility to persuasion, and stereotyping} {Ideological differences in
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  information processing, susceptibility to persuasion, and
  stereotyping}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
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\newblock
\APACaddressPublisher{}{Elsevier}.
\PrintBackRefs{\CurrentBib}

\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Kaiser%
\ \BBA {} Puschmann%
}{%
Kaiser%
\ \BBA {} Puschmann%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2017}}%
}]{%
kaiser2017alliance}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
kaiser2017alliance}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Kaiser, J.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Puschmann, C.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2017}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Alliance of antagonism: Counterpublics and polarization
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  Counterpublics and polarization in online climate change
  communication}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Karlsen%
, Steen-Johnsen%
, Wollebæk%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Enjolras%
}{%
Karlsen%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2017}}%
}]{%
karlsen_echo_2017}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
karlsen_echo_2017}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Karlsen, R.%
, Steen-Johnsen, K.%
, Wollebæk, D.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Enjolras, B.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2017}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Echo chamber and trench warfare dynamics in online
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\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{European Journal of Communication}{32}{3}{257--273}.
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\APACrefnote{Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England}
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Kirilenko%
\ \BBA {} Stepchenkova%
}{%
Kirilenko%
\ \BBA {} Stepchenkova%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2012}}%
}]{%
kirilenko_climate_2012}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
kirilenko_climate_2012}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Kirilenko, A\BPBI P.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Stepchenkova, S\BPBI O.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2012}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Climate change discourse in mass media: application of
  computer-assisted content analysis} {Climate change discourse in mass media:
  application of computer-assisted content analysis}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Journal of Environmental Studies and
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\newblock
\APACrefnote{Publisher: Springer}
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Kiritchenko%
, Zhu%
, Cherry%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Mohammad%
}{%
Kiritchenko%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2014}}%
}]{%
kiritchenko2014nrc}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
kiritchenko2014nrc}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Kiritchenko, S.%
, Zhu, X.%
, Cherry, C.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Mohammad, S.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYear{2014}.
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\APACrefbtitle {NRC-Canada-2014: Detecting aspects and sentiment in customer
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\newblock
\APACaddressPublisher{}{Association for Computational Linguistics}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Kollmuss%
\ \BBA {} Agyeman%
}{%
Kollmuss%
\ \BBA {} Agyeman%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2002}}%
}]{%
kollmuss_mind_2002}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
kollmuss_mind_2002}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Kollmuss, A.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Agyeman, J.%
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\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2002}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Environmental education research}{8}{3}{239--260}.
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\APACrefnote{Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Lebo%
\ \BBA {} Cassino%
}{%
Lebo%
\ \BBA {} Cassino%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2007}}%
}]{%
lebo_aggregated_2007}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
lebo_aggregated_2007}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Lebo, M\BPBI J.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Cassino, D.%
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\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2007}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {The aggregated consequences of motivated reasoning and
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  of motivated reasoning and the dynamics of partisan presidential
  approval}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Political Psychology}{28}{6}{719--746}.
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\APACrefnote{Publisher: Wiley Online Library}
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Leiserowitz%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
Leiserowitz%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2020}}%
}]{%
leiserowitz_climate_2020}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
leiserowitz_climate_2020}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Leiserowitz, A.%
, Maibach, E.%
, Rosenthal, S.%
, Kotcher, J.%
, Bergquist, P.%
, Ballew, M\BPBI T.%
\BDBL {}Gustafson, A.%
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\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2020}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Climate change in the American mind: November 2019}
  {Climate change in the american mind: November 2019}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{PsyArXiv}{}{}{}.
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Leonardelli%
\ \BBA {} Brewer%
}{%
Leonardelli%
\ \BBA {} Brewer%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2001}}%
}]{%
leonardelli2001minority}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
leonardelli2001minority}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Leonardelli, G\BPBI J.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Brewer, M\BPBI B.%
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\APACrefYearMonthDay{2001}{}{}.
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Minority and majority discrimination: When and why}
  {Minority and majority discrimination: When and why}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Journal of Experimental Social
  Psychology}{37}{6}{468--485}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Lewandowsky%
, Cook%
, Fay%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Gignac%
}{%
Lewandowsky%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2019}}%
}]{%
lewandowsky2019science}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
lewandowsky2019science}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Lewandowsky, S.%
, Cook, J.%
, Fay, N.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Gignac, G\BPBI E.%
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\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2019}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Science by social media: Attitudes towards climate
  change are mediated by perceived social consensus} {Science by social media:
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\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Memory \& cognition}{47}{8}{1445--1456}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Lewandowsky%
, Oberauer%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Gignac%
}{%
Lewandowsky%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2013}}%
}]{%
lewandowsky_nasa_2013}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
lewandowsky_nasa_2013}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Lewandowsky, S.%
, Oberauer, K.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Gignac, G\BPBI E.%
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\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2013}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {{NASA} faked the moon landing—therefore,(climate)
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  faked the moon landing—therefore,(climate) science is a hoax: An anatomy of
  the motivated rejection of science}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Psychological science}{24}{5}{622--633}.
\newblock
\APACrefnote{Publisher: Sage Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}}
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Lodge%
\ \BBA {} Taber%
}{%
Lodge%
\ \BBA {} Taber%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2013}}%
}]{%
lodge2013rationalizing}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
lodge2013rationalizing}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Lodge, M.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Taber, C\BPBI S.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYear{2013}.
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\APACrefbtitle {The rationalizing voter} {The rationalizing voter}.
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Long%
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}{%
Long%
\ \BBA {} Ervin%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2000}}%
}]{%
long2000using}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
long2000using}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Long, J\BPBI S.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Ervin, L\BPBI H.%
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\APACrefYearMonthDay{2000}{}{}.
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Using heteroscedasticity consistent standard errors in
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{The American Statistician}{54}{3}{217--224}.
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Marks%
\ \BBA {} Miller%
}{%
Marks%
\ \BBA {} Miller%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {1987}}%
}]{%
marks1987ten}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
marks1987ten}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Marks, G.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{1987}{}{}.
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An
  empirical and theoretical review.} {Ten years of research on the
  false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review.}{\BBCQ}
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Psychological bulletin}{102}{1}{72}.
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Matthews%
}{%
Matthews%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2015}}%
}]{%
matthews2015people}
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matthews2015people}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Matthews, P.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2015}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Why are people skeptical about climate change? Some
  insights from blog comments} {Why are people skeptical about climate change?
  some insights from blog comments}.{\BBCQ}
\newblock
\APACjournalVolNumPages{Environmental Communication}{9}{2}{153--168}.
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{McCright}%
, Dunlap%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Marquart-Pyatt%
}{%
{McCright}%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2016}}%
}]{%
mccright_political_2016}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
mccright_political_2016}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
{McCright}, A\BPBI M.%
, Dunlap, R\BPBI E.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Marquart-Pyatt, S\BPBI T.%
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\APACrefYearMonthDay{2016}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Political ideology and views about climate change in the
  European Union} {Political ideology and views about climate change in the
  european union}.{\BBCQ}
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Environmental Politics}{25}{2}{338--358}.
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{McHugh}%
}{%
{McHugh}%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2012}}%
}]{%
mchugh_interrater_2012}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
mchugh_interrater_2012}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
{McHugh}, M\BPBI L.%
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\APACrefYearMonthDay{2012}{}{}.
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic} {Interrater
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Biochemia medica: Biochemia medica}{22}{3}{276--282}.
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Content analysis in climate change communication}
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\BIn{} \APACrefbtitle {Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science} {Oxford
  research encyclopedia of climate science}\ (\BPGS\ 1--30).
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}{%
Mohammad%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2013}}%
}]{%
mohammad2013nrc}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
mohammad2013nrc}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Mohammad, S\BPBI M.%
, Kiritchenko, S.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Zhu, X.%
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\APACrefYearMonthDay{2013}{}{}.
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  analysis of tweets} {Nrc-canada: Building the state-of-the-art in sentiment
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{arXiv preprint arXiv:1308.6242}{}{}{}.
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Mohammad%
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}{%
Mohammad%
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}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2013}}%
}]{%
mohammad2013crowdsourcing}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
mohammad2013crowdsourcing}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Mohammad, S\BPBI M.%
\BCBT {}\ \BBA {} Turney, P\BPBI D.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Computational Intelligence}{29}{3}{436--465}.
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Mullen%
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}{%
Mullen%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {1992}}%
}]{%
mullen1992ingroup}
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mullen1992ingroup}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Mullen, B.%
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\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and
  status: An integration} {Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance,
  and status: An integration}.{\BBCQ}
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{European Journal of Social
  Psychology}{22}{2}{103--122}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
D\BPBI G.~Myers%
\ \BBA {} Lamm%
}{%
D\BPBI G.~Myers%
\ \BBA {} Lamm%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {1976}}%
}]{%
myers1976group}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
myers1976group}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Myers, D\BPBI G.%
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\end{APACrefauthors}%
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\APACrefYearMonthDay{1976}{}{}.
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {The group polarization phenomenon.} {The group
  polarization phenomenon.}{\BBCQ}
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Psychological bulletin}{83}{4}{602}.
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T\BPBI A.~Myers%
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}{%
T\BPBI A.~Myers%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2015}}%
}]{%
myers2015simple}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
myers2015simple}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Myers, T\BPBI A.%
, Maibach, E.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2015}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Simple messages help set the record straight about
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{PloS one}{10}{3}{e0120985}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Nordbrandt%
}{%
Nordbrandt%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2020}}%
}]{%
nordbrandt2020cross}
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nordbrandt2020cross}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Nordbrandt, M.%
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\APACrefYearMonthDay{2020}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Do cross-cutting discussions enhance pro-environmental
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Environmental Politics}{}{}{1--31}.
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Paluck%
}{%
Paluck%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2010}}%
}]{%
paluck_is_2010}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
paluck_is_2010}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Paluck, E\BPBI L.%
\end{APACrefauthors}%
\unskip\
\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2010}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Is it better not to talk? Group polarization, extended
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  it better not to talk? group polarization, extended contact, and perspective
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Personality and Social Psychology
  Bulletin}{36}{9}{1170--1185}.
\newblock
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Pearce%
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, Özkula%
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}{%
Pearce%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2019}}%
}]{%
pearce_social_2019}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
pearce_social_2019}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Pearce, W.%
, Niederer, S.%
, Özkula, S\BPBI M.%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Sánchez~Querubín, N.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2019}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {The social media life of climate change: Platforms,
  publics, and future imaginaries} {The social media life of climate change:
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate
  Change}{10}{}{}.
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\bibitem [\protect \citeauthoryear {%
Poberezhskaya%
}{%
Poberezhskaya%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2018}}%
}]{%
poberezhskaya2018blogging}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
poberezhskaya2018blogging}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Poberezhskaya, M.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2018}{}{}.
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Blogging about climate change in Russia: Activism,
  scepticism and conspiracies} {Blogging about climate change in russia:
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Environmental Communication}{12}{7}{942--955}.
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Poortinga%
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}{%
Poortinga%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2011}}%
}]{%
poortinga_uncertain_2011}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
poortinga_uncertain_2011}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Poortinga, W.%
, Spence, A.%
, Whitmarsh, L.%
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\APACrefYearMonthDay{2011}{}{}.
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Uncertain climate: An investigation into public
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Global environmental change}{21}{3}{1015--1024}.
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Poortinga%
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, B{\"o}hm%
\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Fisher%
}{%
Poortinga%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2019}}%
}]{%
poortinga2019climate}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
poortinga2019climate}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Poortinga, W.%
, Whitmarsh, L.%
, Steg, L.%
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\BCBL {}\ \BBA {} Fisher, S.%
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\APACrefYearMonthDay{2019}{}{}.
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Climate change perceptions and their individual-level
  determinants: A cross-European analysis} {Climate change perceptions and
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Global Environmental Change}{55}{}{25--35}.
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Praharso%
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}{%
Praharso%
\ \protect \BOthers {.}}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2017}}%
}]{%
praharso_stressful_2017}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
praharso_stressful_2017}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
Praharso, N\BPBI F.%
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Stressful life transitions and wellbeing: A comparison
  of the stress buffering hypothesis and the social identity model of identity
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{Psychiatry research}{247}{}{265--275}.
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\APACrefnote{Publisher: Elsevier}
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{Reddit Inc}%
}{%
{Reddit Inc}%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2021}}%
{\protect \APACexlab {{\protect \BCnt {1}}}}}]{%
reddit_inc_api}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
reddit_inc_api}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
{Reddit Inc}.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2021{\protect \BCnt {1}}}{}{}.
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Reddit API} {Reddit api}.{\BBCQ}
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{reddit}{}{}{}.
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{Reddit Inc}%
}{%
{Reddit Inc}%
}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2021}}%
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reddit_inc_score}
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reddit_inc_score}%
\begin{APACrefauthors}%
{Reddit Inc}.%
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\newblock
\APACrefYearMonthDay{2021{\protect \BCnt {2}}}{}{}.
\newblock
{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Reddit Wiki FAQ} {Reddit wiki faq}.{\BBCQ}
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\APACjournalVolNumPages{reddit}{}{}{}.
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Riffe%
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}{%
Riffe%
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{\protect \APACyear {2019}}%
}]{%
riffe_analyzing_2019}
\APACinsertmetastar {%
riffe_analyzing_2019}%
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Riffe, D.%
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\APACrefYear{2019}.
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  in research} {Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis
  in research}.
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Runciman%
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}]{%
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runciman_how_2017}%
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Runciman, D.%
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {How climate scepticism turned into something more
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Samantray%
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}{%
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}]{%
samantray2019credibility}
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samantray2019credibility}%
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schafer_online_2012}
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schafer_online_2012}%
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}{%
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}{%
{\protect \APACyear {2016}}%
}]{%
silge2016tidytext}
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silge2016tidytext}%
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Silge, J.%
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}{%
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{\protect \APACyear {2016}}%
}]{%
singer2016evidence}
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singer2016evidence}%
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Singer, P.%
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}{%
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{\protect \APACyear {2014}}%
}]{%
singer_evolution_2014}
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singer_evolution_2014}%
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Singer, P.%
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sunstein_law_2002}%
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Sunstein, C\BPBI R.%
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}{%
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}]{%
taber_motivated_2009}
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taber_motivated_2009}%
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Taber, C\BPBI S.%
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}{%
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}{%
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}]{%
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}{%
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}{%
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}]{%
turner_social_1998}
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turner_social_1998}%
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Turner, M\BPBI E.%
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}{%
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}{%
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}]{%
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}{%
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}]{%
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walter_echo_2018}%
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Walter, S.%
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Echo Chambers of Denial: Explaining User Comments on
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{\BBOQ}\APACrefatitle {Dynamic debates: An analysis of group polarization over
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}

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	title = {The limits of attention: Temporal constraints in human information processing.},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Shapiro, Kimron Ed},
	year = {2001}
}

@article{stern_ditto_2014,
	title = {“Ditto heads” do conservatives perceive greater consensus within their ranks than liberals?},
	volume = {40},
	pages = {1162--1177},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
	author = {Stern, Chadly and West, Tessa V and Jost, John T and Rule, Nicholas O},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}}
}

@article{brundidge_encountering_2010,
	title = {Encountering “difference” in the contemporary public sphere: The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks},
	volume = {60},
	pages = {680--700},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of Communication},
	author = {Brundidge, Jennifer},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press}
}

@article{stromer-galley_agreement_2009,
	title = {Agreement and disagreement in group deliberation: Effects on deliberation satisfaction, future engagement, and decision legitimacy},
	volume = {26},
	pages = {173--192},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Political communication},
	author = {Stromer-Galley, Jennifer and Muhlberger, Peter},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{mcpherson_birds_2001,
	title = {Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks},
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	pages = {415--444},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annual review of sociology},
	author = {{McPherson}, Miller and Smith-Lovin, Lynn and Cook, James M},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Publisher: Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, {PO} Box 10139, Palo Alto, {CA} 94303-0139, {USA}}
}

@article{negroponte_being_1995,
	title = {Being. Digital (Vintage Bo)},
	volume = {22},
	pages = {2019},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Toronto, Canada: Vintage books. Disponível em: https://www. amazon. com/Being-Digital-Nicholas-Negroponte/dp/0679762906. Acessado},
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@inproceedings{bamman_contextualized_2015,
	title = {Contextualized sarcasm detection on twitter},
	booktitle = {Ninth International {AAAI} Conference on Web and Social Media},
	author = {Bamman, David and Smith, Noah A},
	year = {2015}
}

@inproceedings{mohammad_emotions_2010,
	title = {Emotions evoked by common words and phrases: Using mechanical turk to create an emotion lexicon},
	pages = {26--34},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 workshop on computational approaches to analysis and generation of emotion in text},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Mohammad, Saif M and Turney, Peter D},
	year = {2010}
}

@book{noauthor_about_2017,
	title = {About},
	url = {https://snoopsnoo.com/about/},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publication Title: {SnoopSnoo}}
}

@incollection{weitzel_comprehension_2016,
	title = {The comprehension of figurative language: What is the influence of irony and sarcasm on {NLP} techniques?},
	pages = {49--74},
	booktitle = {Sentiment Analysis and Ontology Engineering},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Weitzel, Leila and Prati, Ronaldo Cristiano and Aguiar, Raul Freire},
	year = {2016}
}

@article{kirilenko_climate_2012,
	title = {Climate change discourse in mass media: application of computer-assisted content analysis},
	volume = {2},
	pages = {178--191},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences},
	author = {Kirilenko, Andrei P and Stepchenkova, Svetlana O},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Springer}
}

@book{festinger_theory_1957,
	title = {A theory of cognitive dissonance},
	volume = {2},
	publisher = {Stanford university press},
	author = {Festinger, Leon},
	year = {1957}
}

@article{lieberson_einstein_1992,
	title = {Einstein, Renoir, and Greeley: some thoughts about evidence in sociology: 1991 presidential address},
	pages = {1--15},
	journal = {American Sociological Review},
	author = {Lieberson, Stanley},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Publisher: {JSTOR}}
}

@article{united_nations_sustainable_2019,
	title = {Sustainable Development Goals report},
	author = {{United Nations}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: United Nations New York}
}

@article{frimer_liberals_2017,
	title = {Liberals and conservatives are similarly motivated to avoid exposure to one another's opinions},
	volume = {72},
	pages = {1--12},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
	author = {Frimer, Jeremy A and Skitka, Linda J and Motyl, Matt},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@article{constantinou_is_2020,
	title = {Is science failing to pass its message to people? Reasons and risks behind conspiracy theories and myths regarding {COVID}-19},
	journal = {Reasons and risks behind conspiracy theories and myths regarding {COVID}-19 (April 16, 2020)},
	author = {Constantinou, Marios and Kagialis, Antonios and Karekla, Maria},
	year = {2020}
}

@article{lewandowsky_nasa_2013,
	title = {{NASA} faked the moon landing—therefore,(climate) science is a hoax: An anatomy of the motivated rejection of science},
	volume = {24},
	pages = {622--633},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Psychological science},
	author = {Lewandowsky, Stephan and Oberauer, Klaus and Gignac, Gilles E},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}}
}

@article{mchugh_interrater_2012,
	title = {Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic},
	volume = {22},
	pages = {276--282},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Biochemia medica: Biochemia medica},
	author = {{McHugh}, Mary L},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Medicinska naklada}
}

@article{bruns_its_2019,
	title = {It’s not the technology, stupid: How the ‘Echo Chamber’and ‘Filter Bubble’metaphors have failed us},
	author = {Bruns, Axel},
	year = {2019}
}

@article{alves_internet_2014,
	title = {Internet public opinion on climate change: a world views analysis of online reader comments},
	journal = {International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management},
	author = {Alves, Fátima and Caeiro, Sandra and Azeiteiro, Ulisses Miranda and De Kraker, Joop and Kuijs, Sacha and Cörvers, Ron and Offermans, Astrid},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited}
}

@article{sunstein_law_2002,
	title = {The law of group polarization},
	volume = {10},
	pages = {175--195},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of political philosophy},
	author = {Sunstein, Cass R},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{obama_farewell_2017,
	title = {Farewell address},
	journal = {Reprinted in the New York Times},
	author = {Obama, Barack},
	year = {2017}
}

@book{pariser_filter_2011,
	title = {The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you},
	publisher = {Penguin {UK}},
	author = {Pariser, Eli},
	year = {2011}
}

@book{fukuyama_identity_2018,
	title = {Identity: Contemporary identity politics and the struggle for recognition},
	publisher = {Profile books},
	author = {Fukuyama, Francis},
	year = {2018}
}

@article{bright_explaining_2018,
	title = {Explaining the emergence of political fragmentation on social media: The role of ideology and extremism},
	volume = {23},
	pages = {17--33},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	author = {Bright, Jonathan},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press}
}

@article{bakshy_exposure_2015,
	title = {Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook},
	volume = {348},
	pages = {1130--1132},
	number = {6239},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Bakshy, Eytan and Messing, Solomon and Adamic, Lada A},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@article{karlsen_echo_2017,
	title = {Echo chamber and trench warfare dynamics in online debates},
	volume = {32},
	pages = {257--273},
	number = {3},
	journal = {European Journal of Communication},
	author = {Karlsen, Rune and Steen-Johnsen, Kari and Wollebæk, Dag and Enjolras, Bernard},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England}
}

@article{bright_power_2019,
	title = {Power users in online democracy: their origins and impact},
	pages = {1--16},
	journal = {Information, communication \& society},
	author = {Bright, Jonathan and Bermudez, Sandra and Pilet, Jean-Benoit and Soubiran, Thomas},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{barbera_tweeting_2015,
	title = {Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more than an echo chamber?},
	volume = {26},
	pages = {1531--1542},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Psychological science},
	author = {Barberá, Pablo and Jost, John T and Nagler, Jonathan and Tucker, Joshua A and Bonneau, Richard},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}}
}

@article{marsh_pairwise_1998,
	title = {Pairwise deletion for missing data in structural equation models: Nonpositive definite matrices, parameter estimates, goodness of fit, and adjusted sample sizes},
	volume = {5},
	pages = {22--36},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal},
	author = {Marsh, Herbert W},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{postmes_intergroup_2002,
	title = {Intergroup differentiation in computer-mediated communication: Effects of depersonalization.},
	volume = {6},
	pages = {3},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice},
	author = {Postmes, Tom and Spears, Russell and Lea, Martin},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publisher: Educational Publishing Foundation}
}

@article{harwood_intergroup_2013,
	title = {Intergroup contact: An integration of social psychological and communication perspectives},
	volume = {36},
	pages = {55--102},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Annals of the International Communication Association},
	author = {Harwood, Jake and Hewstone, Miles and Amichai-Hamburger, Yair and Tausch, Nicole},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
}

@book{hasler_online_2013,
	title = {Online intergroup contact.},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Hasler, Béatrice S and Amichai-Hamburger, Yair},
	year = {2013}
}

@article{feinberg_moral_2013,
	title = {The moral roots of environmental attitudes},
	volume = {24},
	pages = {56--62},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Psychological science},
	author = {Feinberg, Matthew and Willer, Robb},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}}
}

@article{deffuant_mixing_2000,
	title = {Mixing beliefs among interacting agents},
	volume = {3},
	pages = {87--98},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Advances in Complex Systems},
	author = {Deffuant, Guillaume and Neau, David and Amblard, Frederic and Weisbuch, Gérard},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: World Scientific}
}

@article{amaya_total_2018,
	title = {Total Error in a Big Data World: Adapting the {TSE} Framework to Big Data},
	author = {Amaya, Ashley and Biemer, Paul and Kinyon, David},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Working Paper}
}

@article{steger_illustration_2006,
	title = {An illustration of issues in factor extraction and identification of dimensionality in psychological assessment data},
	volume = {86},
	pages = {263--272},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of personality Assessment},
	author = {Steger, Michael F},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{auerswald_how_2019,
	title = {How to determine the number of factors to retain in exploratory factor analysis: A comparison of extraction methods under realistic conditions.},
	journal = {Psychological methods},
	author = {Auerswald, Max and Moshagen, Morten},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association}
}

@article{braeken_empirical_2017,
	title = {An empirical Kaiser criterion.},
	volume = {22},
	pages = {450},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Psychological Methods},
	author = {Braeken, Johan and Van Assen, Marcel {ALM}},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association}
}

@article{costello_best_2005,
	title = {Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis},
	volume = {10},
	pages = {7},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Practical assessment, research, and evaluation},
	author = {Costello, Anna B and Osborne, Jason},
	year = {2005}
}

@article{milfont_effects_2009,
	title = {The effects of social desirability on self-reported environmental attitudes and ecological behaviour},
	volume = {29},
	pages = {263--269},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The Environmentalist},
	author = {Milfont, Taciano L},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Springer}
}

@incollection{strack_order_1992,
	title = {“Order effects” in survey research: Activation and information functions of preceding questions},
	pages = {23--34},
	booktitle = {Context effects in social and psychological research},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Strack, Fritz},
	year = {1992}
}

@article{richman_meta-analytic_1999,
	title = {A meta-analytic study of social desirability distortion in computer-administered questionnaires, traditional questionnaires, and interviews.},
	volume = {84},
	pages = {754},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of applied psychology},
	author = {Richman, Wendy L and Kiesler, Sara and Weisband, Suzanne and Drasgow, Fritz},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association}
}

@article{capstick_what_2014,
	title = {What is climate change scepticism? Examination of the concept using a mixed methods study of the {UK} public},
	volume = {24},
	pages = {389--401},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Capstick, Stuart Bryce and Pidgeon, Nicholas Frank},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@online{noauthor_occupancy_noyear,
	title = {Occupancy rates of passenger vehicles},
	url = {https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/occupancy-rates-of-passenger-vehicles/occupancy-rates-of-passenger-vehicles},
	abstract = {Passenger car occupancy is falling in countries where data is available, but the rate of decline has slowed in recent years. Occupancy rates for air transport have been rising steadily. Rail and bus occupancy rate data is scarce and trends are inconclusive.},
	type = {Indicator Assessment},
	urlyear = {2020-02-10},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/RHGTUVVA/occupancy-rates-of-passenger-vehicles.html:text/html}
}

@inproceedings{geng_new_2011,
	title = {A new âsmart parkingâ system based on optimal resource allocation and reservations},
	isbn = {1-4577-2197-X},
	pages = {979--984},
	booktitle = {2011 14th International {IEEE} Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems ({ITSC})},
	publisher = {{IEEE}},
	author = {Geng, Yanfeng and Cassandras, Christos G.},
	year = {2011}
}

@online{anonymous_transport_2016,
	title = {Transport emissions},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport_en},
	abstract = {Transport emissions},
	type = {Text},
	author = {{Anonymous}},
	urlyear = {2020-02-10},
	year = {2016-11-23},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/96LRD9NI/transport_en.html:text/html}
}

@article{lathia_hidden_2012,
	title = {The hidden image of the city: sensing community well-being from urban mobility},
	pages = {91--98},
	journal = {International conference on pervasive computing},
	author = {Lathia, Neal and Quercia, Daniele and Crowcroft, Jon},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Springer}
}

@article{urry_governance_2008,
	title = {Governance, flows, and the end of the car system?},
	volume = {18},
	pages = {343--349},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Urry, John},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@online{republica_city_2020,
	title = {City},
	url = {https://20.re-publica.com/de/tracks/city},
	author = {{republica}},
	urlyear = {2020-02-11},
	year = {2020},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/JN5KLJTD/city.html:text/html}
}

@article{bouton_urban_2015,
	title = {Urban mobility at a tipping point},
	journal = {{McKinsey} and Company},
	author = {Bouton, Shannon and Knupfer, Stefan M. and Mihov, Ivan and Swartz, Steven},
	year = {2015}
}

@article{rashidi_exploring_2017,
	title = {Exploring the capacity of social media data for modelling travel behaviour: Opportunities and challenges},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {0968090X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0968090X16302625},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2016.12.008},
	shorttitle = {Exploring the capacity of social media data for modelling travel behaviour},
	abstract = {In the past few years, the social science literature has shown signiﬁcance attention to extracting information from social media to track and analyse human movements. In this paper the transportation aspect of social media is investigated and reviewed. A detailed discussion is provided about how social media data from different sources can be used to indirectly and with minimal cost extract travel attributes such as trip purpose, mode of transport, activity duration and destination choice, as well as land use variables such as home, job and school location and socio-demographic attributes including gender, age and income. The evolution of the ﬁeld of transport and travel behaviour around applications of social media over the last few years is studied. Further, this paper presents results of a qualitative survey from travel demand modelling experts around the world on applicability of social media data for modelling daily travel behaviour. The result of the survey reveals positive view of the experts about usefulness of such data sources.},
	pages = {197--211},
	journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
	author = {Rashidi, Taha H. and Abbasi, Alireza and Maghrebi, Mojtaba and Hasan, Samiul and Waller, Travis S.},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2017-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Rashidi et al. - 2017 - Exploring the capacity of social media data for mo.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/LXHIWH56/Rashidi et al. - 2017 - Exploring the capacity of social media data for mo.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inproceedings{abbasi_utilising_2015,
	location = {Bellevue, {WA}, {USA}},
	title = {Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Survey Methods: bringing Twitter data into the play},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-3975-9},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2830657.2830660},
	doi = {10.1145/2830657.2830660},
	shorttitle = {Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Survey Methods},
	abstract = {A growing body of literature has been devoted to harnessing the crowdsourcing power of social media by extracting knowledge from the huge amounts of information available online. This paper discusses how social media data can be used indirectly and with minimal cost to extract travel attributes such as trip purpose and activity location. As a result, the capacity of Twitter data in complementing other sources of transport related data such as household travel surveys or traffic count data is examined. Further, a detailed discussion is provided on how short term travellers, such as tourists, can be identified using Twitter data and how their travel pattern can be analysed. Having appropriate information about tourists/visitors – such as the places they visit, their origin and the pattern of their movements at their destination – is of great importance to urban planners. The available profile information of users and self-reported geolocation data on Twitter are used to identify tourists visiting Sydney as well as also those Sydney residents who made a trip outside Sydney. The presented data and analysis enable us to understand and track tourists’ movements in cities for better urban planning. The results of this paper open up avenues for travel demand modellers to explore the possibility of using big data (in this case Twitter data) to model short distance (day-today or activity based) and long distance (vacation) trips.},
	pages = {1--9},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th {ACM} {SIGSPATIAL} International Workshop on Location-Based Social Networks - {LBSN}'15},
	publisher = {{ACM} Press},
	author = {Abbasi, Alireza and Rashidi, Taha Hossein and Maghrebi, Mojtaba and Waller, S. Travis},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Abbasi et al. - 2015 - Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Su.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/WGBVW8IN/Abbasi et al. - 2015 - Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Su.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zhang_potentials_2017,
	title = {Potentials of using social media to infer the longitudinal travel behavior: A sequential model-based clustering method},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0968090X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2017.10.005},
	shorttitle = {Potentials of using social media to infer the longitudinal travel behavior},
	pages = {396--414},
	journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
	author = {Zhang, Zhenhua and He, Qing and Zhu, Shanjiang},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2017-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Zhang et al. - 2017 - Potentials of using social media to infer the long.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/A3JEYYNU/Zhang et al. - 2017 - Potentials of using social media to infer the long.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hasan_location_2015,
	title = {Location Contexts of User Check-Ins to Model Urban Geo Life-Style Patterns},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0124819},
	abstract = {Geo-location data from social media offers us information, in new ways, to understand people's attitudes and interests through their activity choices. In this paper, we explore the idea of inferring individual life-style patterns from activity-location choices revealed in social media. We present a model to understand life-style patterns using the contextual information (e. g. location categories) of user check-ins. Probabilistic topic models are developed to infer individual geo life-style patterns from two perspectives: i) to characterize the patterns of user interests to different types of places and ii) to characterize the patterns of user visits to different neighborhoods. The method is applied to a dataset of Foursquare check-ins of the users from New York City. The co-existence of several location contexts and the corresponding probabilities in a given pattern provide useful information about user interests and choices. It is found that geo life-style patterns have similar items—either nearby neighborhoods or similar location categories. The semantic and geographic proximity of the items in a pattern reflects the hidden regularity in user preferences and location choice behavior.},
	pages = {e0124819},
	number = {5},
	journal = {{PLOS} {ONE}},
	author = {Hasan, Samiul and Ukkusuri, Satish V.},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015-05},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Social media, Behavior, Decision making, Human mobility, Neighborhoods, New York, Social geography, Sports},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/TGNBBTDP/Hasan and Ukkusuri - 2015 - Location Contexts of User Check-Ins to Model Urban.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/2WEAK9WC/article.html:text/html}
}

@inproceedings{maghrebi_transportation_2016,
	location = {Rio de Janeiro, Brazil},
	title = {Transportation application of social media: Travel mode extraction},
	isbn = {978-1-5090-1889-5},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7795779/},
	doi = {10.1109/ITSC.2016.7795779},
	shorttitle = {Transportation application of social media},
	pages = {1648--1653},
	booktitle = {2016 {IEEE} 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems ({ITSC})},
	publisher = {{IEEE}},
	author = {Maghrebi, Mojtaba and Abbasi, Alireza and Waller, S. Travis},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2016-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Maghrebi et al. - 2016 - Transportation application of social media Travel.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/APQBUQVF/Maghrebi et al. - 2016 - Transportation application of social media Travel.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{huang_travel_2017,
	title = {Travel analytics: Understanding how destination choice and business clusters are connected based on social media data},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {0968-090X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2016.12.019},
	shorttitle = {Travel analytics},
	abstract = {Understanding how destination choice and business clusters are connected is of great importance for designing sustainable cities, fostering flourishing business clusters, and building livable communities. As sharing locations and activities on social media platforms becomes increasingly popular, such data can reveal destination choice and activity space which can shed light on human-environment relationships. To this end, this research models the relationship between characteristics of business clusters and check-in activities from Los Angeles County, California. Business clusters are analyzed via two lenses: the supply side (employment data by industry) and the demand side (on-line check-in data). Spatial and statistical analyses are performed to understand how land use and transportation network features affect the popularity of the identified clusters and their relationships. Our results suggest that a cluster with more employment opportunities and more types of employment is associated with more check-ins. A business cluster that has access to parks or recreational services is also more popular. A business cluster with a longer road network and better connectivity of roads is associated with more check-ins. The visualization of the common visitors between clusters reveals that there are a few clusters with outstanding strong ties, while most have modest ties with each other. Our findings have implications on the influence of urban design on the popularity of business clusters.},
	pages = {245--256},
	journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
	author = {Huang, Arthur and Gallegos, Luciano and Lerman, Kristina},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2017-04},
	keywords = {Social media, Check-in data, Destination choice, Land use},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/J3P4PDMC/S0968090X17300116.html:text/html}
}

@article{kang_determinants_2013,
	title = {Determinants of Sharing Travel Experiences in Social Media},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1054-8408, 1540-7306},
	doi = {10.1080/10548408.2013.751237},
	pages = {93--107},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Travel \& Tourism Marketing},
	author = {Kang, Myunghwa and Schuett, Michael A.},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2013-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Kang and Schuett - 2013 - Determinants of Sharing Travel Experiences in Soci.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/DHCUS2M5/Kang and Schuett - 2013 - Determinants of Sharing Travel Experiences in Soci.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{xiang_information_2015,
	title = {Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0969-6989},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969698914001131},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.08.005},
	shorttitle = {Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism},
	abstract = {Sustaining business success hinges upon a firm׳s ability to understand and capitalize on consumer behavior trends. Synthesizing information from a variety of sources, this paper discusses the nature of use of the Internet by American travelers. In general, the adoption of the Internet has reached a level of saturation and some traditional channels such as online travel agencies ({OTAs}) continue to dominate travel planning. While traditional means of Internet use for travel planning appears to be widespread across all customer segments, higher-order Internet uses (i.e., social media) are now prevalent among some segments, particularly among travelers of Generation Y. Also, there seems to be an important bifurcation in the traveler population in that the traditional online consumers remain unchanged with their pattern of use of online tools while sizable groups are adopting emergent information sources and transaction channels. This article details the particulars of these trends and offers managerial implications and future research directions.},
	pages = {244--249},
	journal = {Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services},
	author = {Xiang, Zheng and Magnini, Vincent P. and Fesenmaier, Daniel R.},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015-01},
	keywords = {Consumer behavior, Information technology, Internet, Marketing, Travel and tourism, Travel planning},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/9BXEVCNG/S0969698914001131.html:text/html}
}

@article{hu_summary_1999,
	title = {Summary of travel trends: 1995 nationwide personal transportation survey},
	author = {Hu, Patricia S. and Young, Jennifer R.},
	year = {1999}
}

@incollection{fotis_social_2012,
	location = {Vienna},
	title = {Social Media Use and Impact during the Holiday Travel Planning Process},
	isbn = {978-3-7091-1141-3 978-3-7091-1142-0},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/978-3-7091-1142-0_2},
	abstract = {Through an empirical study among holiday travellers, residing in the Former Soviet Union Republics, this paper presents a comprehensive view of role and impact of social media on the whole holiday travel planning process: Before, during and after the trip, providing insights on usage levels, scope of use, level of influence and trust. Findings suggest that social media are predominantly used after holidays for experience sharing. It is also shown that there is a strong correlation between perceived level of influence from social media and changes made in holiday plans prior to final decisions. Moreover, it is revealed that user-generated content is perceived as more trustworthy when compared to official tourism websites, travel agents and mass media advertising.},
	pages = {13--24},
	booktitle = {Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2012},
	publisher = {Springer Vienna},
	author = {Fotis, John and Buhalis, Dimitrios and Rossides, Nicos},
	editor = {Fuchs, Matthias and Ricci, Francesco and Cantoni, Lorenzo},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2012},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-7091-1142-0_2},
	file = {Fotis et al. - 2012 - Social Media Use and Impact during the Holiday Tra.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/S9IXLWUT/Fotis et al. - 2012 - Social Media Use and Impact during the Holiday Tra.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{neirotti_current_2014,
	title = {Current trends in Smart City initiatives: Some stylised facts},
	volume = {38},
	pages = {25--36},
	journal = {Cities},
	author = {Neirotti, Paolo and De Marco, Alberto and Cagliano, Anna Corinna and Mangano, Giulio and Scorrano, Francesco},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@article{geng_new_2011-1,
	title = {A new “smart parking” system based on optimal resource allocation and reservations},
	pages = {979--984},
	journal = {2011 14th International {IEEE} Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems ({ITSC})},
	author = {Geng, Yanfeng and Cassandras, Christos G},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: {IEEE}}
}

@book{european_commission_transport_2017,
	title = {Transport emissions},
	url = {https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport_en},
	author = {{European Commission}},
	year = {2017-02},
	note = {Publication Title: Climate Action - European Commission}
}

@article{world_health_organization_health_2003,
	title = {Health aspects of air pollution with particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide: report on a {WHO} working group, Bonn, Germany 13-15 January 2003},
	author = {{World Health Organization}},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: Copenhagen: {WHO} Regional Office for Europe}
}

@book{scassa_data_2018,
	title = {Data ownership},
	publisher = {Centre for International Governance Innovation},
	author = {Scassa, Teresa},
	year = {2018}
}

@article{zuboff_big_2015,
	title = {Big other: surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization},
	volume = {30},
	pages = {75--89},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Information Technology},
	author = {Zuboff, Shoshana},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Springer}
}

@book{lanier_who_2014,
	title = {Who owns the future?},
	publisher = {Simon and Schuster},
	author = {Lanier, Jaron},
	year = {2014}
}

@article{ritter_regulating_2017,
	title = {Regulating data as property: a new construct for moving forward},
	volume = {16},
	pages = {220},
	journal = {Duke L. \& Tech. Rev.},
	author = {Ritter, Jeffrey and Mayer, Anna},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}}
}

@article{de_filippi_cloud_2012,
	title = {Cloud computing: Centralization and data sovereignty},
	volume = {3},
	number = {2},
	journal = {European Journal of Law and Technology},
	author = {De Filippi, Primavera and {McCarthy}, Smari},
	year = {2012}
}

@article{voigt_eu_2017,
	title = {The eu general data protection regulation (gdpr)},
	journal = {A Practical Guide, 1st Ed., Cham: Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Voigt, Paul and Von dem Bussche, Axel},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Springer}
}

@book{gassmann_smart_2018,
	title = {Smart City: Innovationen für die vernetzte Stadt–Geschäftsmodelle und Management},
	publisher = {Carl Hanser Verlag {GmbH} Co {KG}},
	author = {Gassmann, Oliver and Böhm, Jonas and Palmié, Maximilian},
	year = {2018}
}

@article{snipp_what_2016,
	title = {What does data sovereignty imply: What does it look like},
	pages = {39--55},
	journal = {Indigenous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda},
	author = {Snipp, C Matthew},
	year = {2016}
}

@book{scassa_smart_2017,
	title = {Smart Cities: Data Ownership and Privacy Issues},
	author = {Scassa, Teresa},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publication Title: Teresa Scassa - Blog}
}

@article{sennet_building_2018,
	title = {Building and Dwelling},
	journal = {Ethics for the City. New York: Ferrar, Straus and Giroux},
	author = {Sennet, R},
	year = {2018}
}

@book{jacobs_death_1961,
	title = {The death and life of great American cities},
	publisher = {Pimlico, London},
	author = {Jacobs, Jane},
	year = {1961}
}

@book{sachsinger_smart_2019,
	title = {Smart City Songdo in Südkorea - An den Menschen vorbei geplant},
	author = {Sachsinger, Christian},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publication Title: Deutschlandfunk Kultur}
}

@article{introna_defining_2000,
	title = {Defining the web: The politics of search engines},
	volume = {33},
	pages = {54--62},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Computer},
	author = {Introna, Lucas and Nissenbaum, Helen},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: {IEEE}}
}

@article{google_sidewalk_labs_sidewalk_2020,
	title = {Sidewalk Labs},
	url = {https://www.sidewalklabs.com/},
	author = {{Google Sidewalk Labs}},
	year = {2020}
}

@article{de_souza_which_2010,
	title = {Which right to which city? In defence of political-strategic clarity},
	volume = {2},
	pages = {315--333},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Interface},
	author = {De Souza, Marcelo Lopes},
	year = {2010}
}

@inproceedings{froehlich_sensing_2009,
	title = {Sensing and predicting the pulse of the city through shared bicycling},
	booktitle = {Twenty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
	author = {Froehlich, Jon Edward and Neumann, Joachim and Oliver, Nuria},
	year = {2009}
}

@inproceedings{zheng_urban_2011,
	title = {Urban computing with taxicabs},
	pages = {89--98},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Ubiquitous computing},
	author = {Zheng, Yu and Liu, Yanchi and Yuan, Jing and Xie, Xing},
	year = {2011}
}

@article{eagle_reality_2006,
	title = {Reality mining: sensing complex social systems},
	volume = {10},
	pages = {255--268},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Personal and ubiquitous computing},
	author = {Eagle, Nathan and Pentland, Alex Sandy},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: Springer}
}

@inproceedings{rachuri_emotionsense_2010,
	title = {{EmotionSense}: a mobile phones based adaptive platform for experimental social psychology research},
	pages = {281--290},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th {ACM} international conference on Ubiquitous computing},
	author = {Rachuri, Kiran K and Musolesi, Mirco and Mascolo, Cecilia and Rentfrow, Peter J and Longworth, Chris and Aucinas, Andrius},
	year = {2010}
}

@inproceedings{soto_prediction_2011,
	title = {Prediction of socioeconomic levels using cell phone records},
	pages = {377--388},
	booktitle = {International Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Soto, Victor and Frias-Martinez, Vanessa and Virseda, Jesus and Frias-Martinez, Enrique},
	year = {2011}
}

@article{luo_explore_2016,
	title = {Explore spatiotemporal and demographic characteristics of human mobility via Twitter: A case study of Chicago},
	volume = {70},
	pages = {11--25},
	journal = {Applied Geography},
	author = {Luo, Feixiong and Cao, Guofeng and Mulligan, Kevin and Li, Xiang},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@article{jurdak_understanding_2015,
	title = {Understanding human mobility from Twitter},
	volume = {10},
	number = {7},
	journal = {{PloS} one},
	author = {Jurdak, Raja and Zhao, Kun and Liu, Jiajun and {AbouJaoude}, Maurice and Cameron, Mark and Newth, David},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science}
}

@article{longley_geo-temporal_2016,
	title = {Geo-temporal Twitter demographics},
	volume = {30},
	pages = {369--389},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science},
	author = {Longley, Paul A and Adnan, Muhammad},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
}

@book{gardner_biennials_2016,
	title = {Biennials, Triennials, and Documenta: The Exhibitions that Created Contemporary Art},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Gardner, Anthony and Green, Charles},
	year = {2016}
}

@article{arsanjani_openstreetmap_2015,
	title = {{OpenStreetMap} in {GIScience}},
	journal = {Lecture notes in geoinformation and cartography},
	author = {Arsanjani, Jamal Jokar and Zipf, Alexander and Mooney, Peter and Helbich, Marco},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Springer}
}

@article{knott_nation_2015,
	title = {The nation branding opportunities provided by a sport mega-event: South Africa and the 2010 {FIFA} World Cup},
	volume = {4},
	pages = {46--56},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Destination Marketing \& Management},
	author = {Knott, Brendon and Fyall, Alan and Jones, Ian},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@book{hall_hallmark_1992,
	title = {Hallmark tourist events: impacts, management and planning.},
	publisher = {Belhaven Press},
	author = {Hall, Colin Michael and {others}},
	year = {1992}
}

@article{rashidi_exploring_2017-1,
	title = {Exploring the capacity of social media data for modelling travel behaviour: Opportunities and challenges},
	volume = {75},
	issn = {0968090X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0968090X16302625},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2016.12.008},
	shorttitle = {Exploring the capacity of social media data for modelling travel behaviour},
	abstract = {In the past few years, the social science literature has shown signiﬁcance attention to extracting information from social media to track and analyse human movements. In this paper the transportation aspect of social media is investigated and reviewed. A detailed discussion is provided about how social media data from different sources can be used to indirectly and with minimal cost extract travel attributes such as trip purpose, mode of transport, activity duration and destination choice, as well as land use variables such as home, job and school location and socio-demographic attributes including gender, age and income. The evolution of the ﬁeld of transport and travel behaviour around applications of social media over the last few years is studied. Further, this paper presents results of a qualitative survey from travel demand modelling experts around the world on applicability of social media data for modelling daily travel behaviour. The result of the survey reveals positive view of the experts about usefulness of such data sources.},
	pages = {197--211},
	journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
	author = {Rashidi, Taha H. and Abbasi, Alireza and Maghrebi, Mojtaba and Hasan, Samiul and Waller, Travis S.},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2017-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Rashidi et al. - 2017 - Exploring the capacity of social media data for mo.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/KAUQDTYI/Rashidi et al. - 2017 - Exploring the capacity of social media data for mo.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inproceedings{abbasi_utilising_2015-1,
	location = {Bellevue, {WA}, {USA}},
	title = {Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Survey Methods: bringing Twitter data into the play},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-3975-9},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2830657.2830660},
	doi = {10.1145/2830657.2830660},
	shorttitle = {Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Survey Methods},
	abstract = {A growing body of literature has been devoted to harnessing the crowdsourcing power of social media by extracting knowledge from the huge amounts of information available online. This paper discusses how social media data can be used indirectly and with minimal cost to extract travel attributes such as trip purpose and activity location. As a result, the capacity of Twitter data in complementing other sources of transport related data such as household travel surveys or traffic count data is examined. Further, a detailed discussion is provided on how short term travellers, such as tourists, can be identified using Twitter data and how their travel pattern can be analysed. Having appropriate information about tourists/visitors – such as the places they visit, their origin and the pattern of their movements at their destination – is of great importance to urban planners. The available profile information of users and self-reported geolocation data on Twitter are used to identify tourists visiting Sydney as well as also those Sydney residents who made a trip outside Sydney. The presented data and analysis enable us to understand and track tourists’ movements in cities for better urban planning. The results of this paper open up avenues for travel demand modellers to explore the possibility of using big data (in this case Twitter data) to model short distance (day-today or activity based) and long distance (vacation) trips.},
	pages = {1--9},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th {ACM} {SIGSPATIAL} International Workshop on Location-Based Social Networks - {LBSN}'15},
	publisher = {{ACM} Press},
	author = {Abbasi, Alireza and Rashidi, Taha Hossein and Maghrebi, Mojtaba and Waller, S. Travis},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Abbasi et al. - 2015 - Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Su.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/IW7E9Q5Y/Abbasi et al. - 2015 - Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Su.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zhang_potentials_2017-1,
	title = {Potentials of using social media to infer the longitudinal travel behavior: A sequential model-based clustering method},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0968090X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0968090X17302784},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2017.10.005},
	shorttitle = {Potentials of using social media to infer the longitudinal travel behavior},
	pages = {396--414},
	journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
	author = {Zhang, Zhenhua and He, Qing and Zhu, Shanjiang},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2017-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Zhang et al. - 2017 - Potentials of using social media to infer the long.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/L38F6Z2P/Zhang et al. - 2017 - Potentials of using social media to infer the long.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hasan_location_2015-1,
	title = {Location Contexts of User Check-Ins to Model Urban Geo Life-Style Patterns},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0124819},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0124819},
	abstract = {Geo-location data from social media offers us information, in new ways, to understand people's attitudes and interests through their activity choices. In this paper, we explore the idea of inferring individual life-style patterns from activity-location choices revealed in social media. We present a model to understand life-style patterns using the contextual information (e. g. location categories) of user check-ins. Probabilistic topic models are developed to infer individual geo life-style patterns from two perspectives: i) to characterize the patterns of user interests to different types of places and ii) to characterize the patterns of user visits to different neighborhoods. The method is applied to a dataset of Foursquare check-ins of the users from New York City. The co-existence of several location contexts and the corresponding probabilities in a given pattern provide useful information about user interests and choices. It is found that geo life-style patterns have similar items—either nearby neighborhoods or similar location categories. The semantic and geographic proximity of the items in a pattern reflects the hidden regularity in user preferences and location choice behavior.},
	pages = {e0124819},
	number = {5},
	journal = {{PLOS} {ONE}},
	author = {Hasan, Samiul and Ukkusuri, Satish V.},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015-05},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Social media, Behavior, Decision making, Human mobility, Neighborhoods, New York, Social geography, Sports},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/58SU7JD9/Hasan and Ukkusuri - 2015 - Location Contexts of User Check-Ins to Model Urban.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/VHN4HQQV/article.html:text/html}
}

@inproceedings{maghrebi_transportation_2016-1,
	location = {Rio de Janeiro, Brazil},
	title = {Transportation application of social media: Travel mode extraction},
	isbn = {978-1-5090-1889-5},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7795779/},
	doi = {10.1109/ITSC.2016.7795779},
	shorttitle = {Transportation application of social media},
	pages = {1648--1653},
	booktitle = {2016 {IEEE} 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems ({ITSC})},
	publisher = {{IEEE}},
	author = {Maghrebi, Mojtaba and Abbasi, Alireza and Waller, S. Travis},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2016-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Maghrebi et al. - 2016 - Transportation application of social media Travel.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/NZUKWQXG/Maghrebi et al. - 2016 - Transportation application of social media Travel.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{huang_travel_2017-1,
	title = {Travel analytics: Understanding how destination choice and business clusters are connected based on social media data},
	volume = {77},
	issn = {0968-090X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968090X17300116},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trc.2016.12.019},
	shorttitle = {Travel analytics},
	abstract = {Understanding how destination choice and business clusters are connected is of great importance for designing sustainable cities, fostering flourishing business clusters, and building livable communities. As sharing locations and activities on social media platforms becomes increasingly popular, such data can reveal destination choice and activity space which can shed light on human-environment relationships. To this end, this research models the relationship between characteristics of business clusters and check-in activities from Los Angeles County, California. Business clusters are analyzed via two lenses: the supply side (employment data by industry) and the demand side (on-line check-in data). Spatial and statistical analyses are performed to understand how land use and transportation network features affect the popularity of the identified clusters and their relationships. Our results suggest that a cluster with more employment opportunities and more types of employment is associated with more check-ins. A business cluster that has access to parks or recreational services is also more popular. A business cluster with a longer road network and better connectivity of roads is associated with more check-ins. The visualization of the common visitors between clusters reveals that there are a few clusters with outstanding strong ties, while most have modest ties with each other. Our findings have implications on the influence of urban design on the popularity of business clusters.},
	pages = {245--256},
	journal = {Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies},
	author = {Huang, Arthur and Gallegos, Luciano and Lerman, Kristina},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2017-04},
	keywords = {Social media, Check-in data, Destination choice, Land use},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/6SAZNJ6T/S0968090X17300116.html:text/html}
}

@article{kang_determinants_2013-1,
	title = {Determinants of Sharing Travel Experiences in Social Media},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1054-8408, 1540-7306},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10548408.2013.751237},
	doi = {10.1080/10548408.2013.751237},
	pages = {93--107},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Travel \& Tourism Marketing},
	author = {Kang, Myunghwa and Schuett, Michael A.},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2013-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Kang and Schuett - 2013 - Determinants of Sharing Travel Experiences in Soci.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/J8NX8MFU/Kang and Schuett - 2013 - Determinants of Sharing Travel Experiences in Soci.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{xiang_information_2015-1,
	title = {Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0969-6989},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969698914001131},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.08.005},
	shorttitle = {Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism},
	abstract = {Sustaining business success hinges upon a firm׳s ability to understand and capitalize on consumer behavior trends. Synthesizing information from a variety of sources, this paper discusses the nature of use of the Internet by American travelers. In general, the adoption of the Internet has reached a level of saturation and some traditional channels such as online travel agencies ({OTAs}) continue to dominate travel planning. While traditional means of Internet use for travel planning appears to be widespread across all customer segments, higher-order Internet uses (i.e., social media) are now prevalent among some segments, particularly among travelers of Generation Y. Also, there seems to be an important bifurcation in the traveler population in that the traditional online consumers remain unchanged with their pattern of use of online tools while sizable groups are adopting emergent information sources and transaction channels. This article details the particulars of these trends and offers managerial implications and future research directions.},
	pages = {244--249},
	journal = {Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services},
	author = {Xiang, Zheng and Magnini, Vincent P. and Fesenmaier, Daniel R.},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015-01},
	keywords = {Consumer behavior, Information technology, Internet, Marketing, Travel and tourism, Travel planning},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/EH5TWAC4/S0969698914001131.html:text/html}
}

@article{hu_summary_1999-1,
	title = {Summary of travel trends: 1995 nationwide personal transportation survey},
	author = {Hu, Patricia S. and Young, Jennifer R.},
	year = {1999}
}

@incollection{fotis_social_2012-1,
	location = {Vienna},
	title = {Social Media Use and Impact during the Holiday Travel Planning Process},
	isbn = {978-3-7091-1141-3 978-3-7091-1142-0},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/978-3-7091-1142-0_2},
	abstract = {Through an empirical study among holiday travellers, residing in the Former Soviet Union Republics, this paper presents a comprehensive view of role and impact of social media on the whole holiday travel planning process: Before, during and after the trip, providing insights on usage levels, scope of use, level of influence and trust. Findings suggest that social media are predominantly used after holidays for experience sharing. It is also shown that there is a strong correlation between perceived level of influence from social media and changes made in holiday plans prior to final decisions. Moreover, it is revealed that user-generated content is perceived as more trustworthy when compared to official tourism websites, travel agents and mass media advertising.},
	pages = {13--24},
	booktitle = {Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2012},
	publisher = {Springer Vienna},
	author = {Fotis, John and Buhalis, Dimitrios and Rossides, Nicos},
	editor = {Fuchs, Matthias and Ricci, Francesco and Cantoni, Lorenzo},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2012},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-7091-1142-0_2},
	file = {Fotis et al. - 2012 - Social Media Use and Impact during the Holiday Tra.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/YQ95ZN4N/Fotis et al. - 2012 - Social Media Use and Impact during the Holiday Tra.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{zeng_what_2014,
	title = {What do we know about social media in tourism? A review},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2211-9736},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211973614000026},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tmp.2014.01.001},
	shorttitle = {What do we know about social media in tourism?},
	abstract = {The growing role of social media in tourism has been increasingly an emerging research topic. Social media plays a significant role in many aspects of tourism, especially in information search and decision-making behaviours, tourism promotion and in focusing on best practices for interacting with consumers. Leveraging off social media to market tourism products has proven to be an excellent strategy. This study reviews and analyses the research publications focusing on social media in tourism. Through a comprehensive literature review, this paper identifies what we know about social media in tourism, and recommends a future research agenda on the phenomenon. The paper suggests that research on social media in tourism is still in its infancy. It is critical to encourage comprehensive investigation into the influence and impact of social media (as part of tourism management/marketing strategy) on all aspects of the tourism industry including local communities, and to demonstrate the economic contribution of social media to the industry.},
	pages = {27--36},
	journal = {Tourism Management Perspectives},
	author = {Zeng, Benxiang and Gerritsen, Rolf},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2014-04},
	keywords = {Social media, Impact, Literature review, Research agenda, Tourism marketing},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/G742THSG/S2211973614000026.html:text/html}
}

@article{silvis_social_noyear,
	title = {Social Networks and Travel Behavior: Report from an Integrated Travel Diary},
	abstract = {This paper reports preliminary results of a survey designed to quantify how social networks influence travel behavior. Using a three-day activity diary, we simultaneously measured social interactions and travel behavior. Respondents were asked to record all trips, as well as all social interactions with friends and family for three days. We use a novel survey method—iterative recruitment—to uncover networks of social interactions. Respondents were asked to distribute postcards to individuals with whom they interacted, which gave each recipient the opportunity to volunteer to participate in the study. This method yielded strong response rates and had low overhead. Our survey provides a means of directly relating the characteristics of social trips to characteristics of the social interactions they enable, rather than being limited to relating general information on social networks to an individual diary of travel behavior. We hypothesized that respondents would travel longer times for greater social benefits, i.e., that people would be willing to travel further to see more people, or to see people whom they have known for a longer period of time. However, we found that only the number of nonimmediate kin at the destination affected respondents’ trip duration. Additionally, we found that both the total number of trips a respondent made and the number of different locations that a respondent visited were closely correlated both with size of his or her social network and with the number of repeated contacts. A repetitive social network actually resulted in a larger activity space. These effects were not uniform: we saw that a higher number of repeated interactions led to greater number of trips, while a larger social network size led to visiting more locations.},
	pages = {15},
	author = {Silvis, Julia and Niemeier, Deb and D’Souza, Raissa},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Silvis et al. - Social Networks and Travel Behavior Report from a.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/RHPYZA23/Silvis et al. - Social Networks and Travel Behavior Report from a.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{arentze_social_2008,
	title = {Social Networks, Social Interactions, and Activity-Travel Behavior: A Framework for Microsimulation},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0265-8135},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1068/b3319t},
	doi = {10.1068/b3319t},
	shorttitle = {Social Networks, Social Interactions, and Activity-Travel Behavior},
	abstract = {We argue that the social networks and activity-travel patterns of people interact and coevolve over time. Through social interaction, people exchange information about activity-travel choice alternatives and adapt their latent and overt preferences for alternatives to each other. At the same time, social networks are not static: new social links emerge and existing social links may dissolve in time, depending on activity-travel schedules and the attributes of persons. In this paper we propose a theoretical framework to incorporate these dynamics in microsimulations of activity-travel patterns. A core assumption of the proposed theory is that the utility that a person derives from social interaction is a function of dynamic social and information needs, on the one hand, and of similarity between the relevant characteristics of the persons involved, on the other. Furthermore, persons tend to adapt their preferences so as to increase the utility they derive from their social networks. We derive the theory and models from basic principles and discuss results of a first round of simulations conducted to examine the behavior of the model. We argue that the model is consistent with existing theories and findings in social network analysis.},
	pages = {1012--1027},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design},
	author = {Arentze, Theo and Timmermans, Harry},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2008-12},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{axhausen_social_2006,
	title = {Social networks, mobility biography and travel: the survey challenges},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/149419},
	doi = {10.3929/ethz-a-005226600},
	shorttitle = {Social networks, mobility biography and travel},
	abstract = {Social network membership and biography should influence a person’s travel behaviour through the shape of his/her mental map and social network geography. The paper discusses the survey contents, which need to be added to the current set of questions asked in travel behaviour surveys, if we want to capture these concepts. The discussion proceeds conceptually as there is little empirical work so far, on which one could draw.},
	journal = {{ETH} Zurich},
	author = {Axhausen, Kay W.},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2006},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Axhausen - 2006 - Social networks, mobility biography and travel th.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/CU4LDVM4/Axhausen - 2006 - Social networks, mobility biography and travel th.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dugundji_social_2008,
	title = {Social Networks, Choices, Mobility, and Travel},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0265-8135, 1472-3417},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/b3506ged},
	doi = {10.1068/b3506ged},
	pages = {956--960},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design},
	author = {Dugundji, Elenna and Páez, Antonio and Arentze, Theo},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2008-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Dugundji et al. - 2008 - Social Networks, Choices, Mobility, and Travel.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/7RTE5L3K/Dugundji et al. - 2008 - Social Networks, Choices, Mobility, and Travel.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{yue_zooming_2014,
	title = {Zooming into individuals to understand the collective: A review of trajectory-based travel behaviour studies},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2214-367X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214367X13000215},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tbs.2013.12.002},
	shorttitle = {Zooming into individuals to understand the collective},
	abstract = {Understanding travel behaviour is significant in travel demand management as well as in urban and transport planning. Over the past decade, with the advancement of data collection techniques, such as {GPS}, transit smart cards, and mobile phones, various types of travel trajectory data are increasingly complementing or replacing conventional travel diaries and stated preference data. Other location-aware data are used in studying human movement patterns, such as social network check-in data and banknote dispersal data. Abundance of the emerging trajectory data has driven a new wave of travel behaviour research, and introduced new research problems. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the travel behaviour studies categorised by trajectory data types. Based on the literature review, research challenges are discussed and promising research topics in this field are proposed for future studies.},
	pages = {69--78},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Travel Behaviour and Society},
	author = {Yue, Yang and Lan, Tian and Yeh, Anthony G. O. and Li, Qing-Quan},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2014-05},
	keywords = {Complex network theory, Human travel behaviour, Trajectory data},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/9AUZEG2L/S2214367X13000215.html:text/html}
}

@article{picornell_exploring_2015,
	title = {Exploring the potential of phone call data to characterize the relationship between social network and travel behavior},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0049-4488, 1572-9435},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11116-015-9594-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s11116-015-9594-1},
	pages = {647--668},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Transportation},
	author = {Picornell, Miguel and Ruiz, Tomás and Lenormand, Maxime and Ramasco, José J. and Dubernet, Thibaut and Frías-Martínez, Enrique},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Picornell et al. - 2015 - Exploring the potential of phone call data to char.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/FPAYLLKI/Picornell et al. - 2015 - Exploring the potential of phone call data to char.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wang_applying_2018,
	title = {Applying mobile phone data to travel behaviour research: A literature review},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2214367X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214367X17300224},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tbs.2017.02.005},
	shorttitle = {Applying mobile phone data to travel behaviour research},
	pages = {141--155},
	journal = {Travel Behaviour and Society},
	author = {Wang, Zhenzhen and He, Sylvia Y. and Leung, Yee},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2018-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Wang et al. - 2018 - Applying mobile phone data to travel behaviour res.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/KAP9DDAS/Wang et al. - 2018 - Applying mobile phone data to travel behaviour res.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{majid_context-aware_2013,
	title = {A context-aware personalized travel recommendation system based on geotagged social media data mining},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1365-8816},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2012.696649},
	doi = {10.1080/13658816.2012.696649},
	abstract = {The proliferation of digital cameras and the growing practice of online photo sharing using social media sites such as Flickr have resulted in huge volumes of geotagged photos available on the Web. Based on users' traveling preferences elicited from their travel experiences exposed on social media sites by sharing geotagged photos, we propose a new method for recommending tourist locations that are relevant to users (i.e., personalization) in the given context (i.e., context awareness). We obtain user-specific travel preferences from his/her travel history in one city and use these to recommend tourist locations in another city. Our technique is illustrated on a sample of publicly available Flickr dataset containing photos taken in various cities of China. Results show that our context-aware personalized method is able to predict tourists' preferences in a new or unknown city more precisely and generate better recommendations compared to other state-of-the-art landmark recommendation methods.},
	pages = {662--684},
	number = {4},
	journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science},
	author = {Majid, Abdul and Chen, Ling and Chen, Gencai and Mirza, Hamid Turab and Hussain, Ibrar and Woodward, John},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2013-04},
	keywords = {context-aware query, geo-referenced photographs, geographical gazetteer, spatiotemporal data mining, trip planning},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/747HGIBF/Majid et al. - 2013 - A context-aware personalized travel recommendation.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{memon_travel_2015,
	title = {Travel Recommendation Using Geo-tagged Photos in Social Media for Tourist},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0929-6212, 1572-834X},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11277-014-2082-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s11277-014-2082-7},
	abstract = {In recent years, million geo-tagged photos are available in online web service like Flickr, panoramio, etc. People contributing geo-tagged photo and share their travel experiences these media. The photo itself has important information sharing reveals like location, time, tags, title, and weather. We recommend the new method locations travel for tourists according their time and their preference. We get travel user preference according his/her past time in one city and recommendation another city. We examine our technique collect dataset from Flickr publically available and taken different cities of china. Experiment results show that our travel recommendation method according to tourist time capable to predict tourist location recommendation famous places or new places more precise and give better recommendation compare to state of art landmarks recommendation method and personalized travel method.},
	pages = {1347--1362},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Wireless Personal Communications},
	author = {Memon, Imran and Chen, Ling and Majid, Abdul and Lv, Mingqi and Hussain, Ibrar and Chen, Gencai},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Memon et al. - 2015 - Travel Recommendation Using Geo-tagged Photos in S.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/Y5NUEX65/Memon et al. - 2015 - Travel Recommendation Using Geo-tagged Photos in S.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{hoogendoorn-lanser_netherlands_2015,
	title = {The Netherlands Mobility Panel: An Innovative Design Approach for Web-based Longitudinal Travel Data Collection},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {23521465},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S235214651500318X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2015.12.027},
	shorttitle = {The Netherlands Mobility Panel},
	abstract = {This paper introduces a new household panel – ‘The Netherlands Mobility Panel’ (in Dutch: {MobiliteitsPanel} Nederland {MPN}). To collect trip and trip stage data for the {MPN}, we developed a state-of-the-art travel diary, the design philosophy of which will be explained in this paper. Further, the initial assessment results based on the first data collected autumn 2013 is presented, providing insights into the benefits of the travel diary design. We explain how differences in data quality relate to differences in diary design, diary layout, and diary content.},
	pages = {311--329},
	journal = {Transportation Research Procedia},
	author = {Hoogendoorn-Lanser, Sascha and Schaap, Nina T.W. and {OldeKalter}, Marie-José},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Hoogendoorn-Lanser et al. - 2015 - The Netherlands Mobility Panel An Innovative Desi.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/Q2HU96TE/Hoogendoorn-Lanser et al. - 2015 - The Netherlands Mobility Panel An Innovative Desi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pike_destination_noyear,
	title = {{DESTINATION} {DECISION} {SETS}: A {LONGITUDINAL} {COMPARISON} {OF} {STATED} {PREFERENCES} {WITH} {ACTUAL} {BEHAVIOUR}},
	abstract = {There have only been a small number of applications of consumer decision set theory to holiday destination choice, and these studies have tended to rely on a single cross sectional snapshot of research participants’ stated preferences. Very little has been reported on the relationship between stated destination preferences and actual travel. To what degree then can marketers rely on consumers’ stated attitudes if there is no supporting measure of actual behaviour? The paper presents a rare longitudinal examination of destination decision sets, and the first in the context of short break holidays by car in Queensland, Australia. Two questionnaires were administered, three months apart. The first identified destination preferences while the second examined actual travel and revisited destination preferences. The findings indicate a general consistency between attitude and behaviour in the short term. The results support the proposition that the positioning of a destination into a consumer’s decision set represents a source of competitive advantage. A key implication for the destination of interest, which launched a new brand campaign during the period of the project, is that a long term investment in a clearly differentiated brand message will be required to improve awareness and intent to travel by consumers in the region’s most important market. It is recommended that monitoring decision set composition represents an important and practical indicator of future performance for destination marketers.},
	pages = {45},
	author = {Pike, Dr Steven},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Pike - DESTINATION DECISION SETS A LONGITUDINAL COMPARIS.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/V9BMMB38/Pike - DESTINATION DECISION SETS A LONGITUDINAL COMPARIS.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{collins_gender_2002,
	title = {Gender and Differences in Travel Life Cycles},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0047-2875, 1552-6763},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/004728702237413},
	doi = {10.1177/004728702237413},
	pages = {133--143},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Travel Research},
	author = {Collins, Darrian and Tisdell, Clem},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2002-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Collins and Tisdell - 2002 - Gender and Differences in Travel Life Cycles.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/RFENHVS6/Collins and Tisdell - 2002 - Gender and Differences in Travel Life Cycles.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inproceedings{maghrebi_complementing_2015,
	location = {Gran Canaria, Spain},
	title = {Complementing Travel Diary Surveys with Twitter Data: Application of Text Mining Techniques on Activity Location, Type and Time},
	isbn = {978-1-4673-6596-3},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7313135/},
	doi = {10.1109/ITSC.2015.43},
	shorttitle = {Complementing Travel Diary Surveys with Twitter Data},
	abstract = {A growing body of literature in social science has been devoted to extracting new information from social media to assist authorities in manage crowd projects. In this paper geolocation (or spatial) based information provided in social media is investigated to utilize intelligent transportation services. Further, the general trend of travel activities during weekdays is studied. For this purpose, a dataset consisting of more than 14,517 tweets in south and west part of the Sydney metropolitan area is utilized. After a data processing effort, the tweets are clustered into seven main categories using text mining techniques, where each category represents a type of activity including shopping, recreation, and work. Unlike the previous studies in this area, the focus of this work is on the content of the tweets rather than only using geotagged data or sentiment analysis. Beside activity type, temporal and spatial distributions of activities are used in the classification exercise. Categories are mapped to the identified regions within the city of Sydney across four time slots (two peak periods and two off-peak periods). Each time slot is used to construct a network with nodes representing people, activities and locations and edges reflecting the association between the nodes. The constructed networks are used to study the trend of activities/locations in a typical working day.},
	pages = {208--213},
	booktitle = {2015 {IEEE} 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems},
	publisher = {{IEEE}},
	author = {Maghrebi, Mojtaba and Abbasi, Alireza and Rashidi, Taha Hossein and Waller, S. Travis},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Maghrebi et al. - 2015 - Complementing Travel Diary Surveys with Twitter Da.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/PC98Q7PW/Maghrebi et al. - 2015 - Complementing Travel Diary Surveys with Twitter Da.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inproceedings{abbasi_utilising_2015-2,
	location = {Bellevue, {WA}, {USA}},
	title = {Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Survey Methods: bringing Twitter data into the play},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-3975-9},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2830657.2830660},
	doi = {10.1145/2830657.2830660},
	shorttitle = {Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Survey Methods},
	abstract = {A growing body of literature has been devoted to harnessing the crowdsourcing power of social media by extracting knowledge from the huge amounts of information available online. This paper discusses how social media data can be used indirectly and with minimal cost to extract travel attributes such as trip purpose and activity location. As a result, the capacity of Twitter data in complementing other sources of transport related data such as household travel surveys or traffic count data is examined. Further, a detailed discussion is provided on how short term travellers, such as tourists, can be identified using Twitter data and how their travel pattern can be analysed. Having appropriate information about tourists/visitors – such as the places they visit, their origin and the pattern of their movements at their destination – is of great importance to urban planners. The available profile information of users and self-reported geolocation data on Twitter are used to identify tourists visiting Sydney as well as also those Sydney residents who made a trip outside Sydney. The presented data and analysis enable us to understand and track tourists’ movements in cities for better urban planning. The results of this paper open up avenues for travel demand modellers to explore the possibility of using big data (in this case Twitter data) to model short distance (day-today or activity based) and long distance (vacation) trips.},
	pages = {1--9},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th {ACM} {SIGSPATIAL} International Workshop on Location-Based Social Networks - {LBSN}'15},
	publisher = {{ACM} Press},
	author = {Abbasi, Alireza and Rashidi, Taha Hossein and Maghrebi, Mojtaba and Waller, S. Travis},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Abbasi et al. - 2015 - Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Su.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/2LHTCTZ5/Abbasi et al. - 2015 - Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Su.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{arlt_climate_2018,
	title = {Climate Engagement in a Digital Age: Exploring the Drivers of Participation in Climate Discourse Online in the Context of {COP}21},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1752-4032},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1394892},
	doi = {10.1080/17524032.2017.1394892},
	shorttitle = {Climate Engagement in a Digital Age},
	abstract = {Various scholars underscore the importance of public engagement with climate change to successfully respond to the challenges of global warming. However, although online media provide various new opportunities to actively engage in climate discourse so far very little is known about the drivers of this form of engagement. Against this background, this study tested a theoretical model on the effects of media and interpersonal communication on participation in climate discourse online using data from a representative online survey of German citizens (n = 1392) carried out while {COP}21. Overall, the results show that receiving information on climate change from social media (social networks, Twitter, blogs), active information seeking online and interpersonal conversations about {COP}21 strongly encourage participation in climate discourse online. Moreover, results provide relevant insights on the role of interest in climate politics, personal issue relevance and climate scepticism as preconditions of communication effects.},
	pages = {84--98},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental Communication},
	author = {Arlt, Dorothee and Hoppe, Imke and Schmitt, Josephine B. and Silva-Schmidt, Fenja De and Brüggemann, Michael},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2018-01},
	keywords = {Climate engagement, {COP}21, media effects, participation in climate discourse online, structural equation model}
}

@article{auer_potential_2014,
	title = {The potential of microblogs for the study of public perceptions of climate change},
	volume = {5},
	rights = {© 2014 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1757-7799},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.273},
	doi = {10.1002/wcc.273},
	abstract = {Microblogs are electronic platforms that convey brief communications posted by users. Keyword searches in popular microblogs, like Twitter, reveal fragments of users' knowledge of and views on issues like climate change. Evaluations of climate change communications in the microblogosphere are rare even compared with the few studies on the impacts of Web sites and blogs on users' perceptions of climate change. However, extant research focuses more often on appraising logic and evidence in microblog discourse than in discovering pathways of influence and impact. The limiting ‘frames’ imposed by strategic users of microblogs and the persuasive power of ‘influencers’ are often depicted as interfering with the open, egalitarian potential of microblogs, and also, as perpetrating bias and misinformation. But oversimplifying or biased framings and pronouncements by celebrities are the stock and trade of microblogs. Good or bad, they are part of a communication medium whose users plunge in to exchange views, to persuade, and to be persuaded. Tweets and posts on any number of issues are fodder for attitudinal analytics and predictive modelling. Tools of the analytical trade should be applied to climate change microblogging, too, considering the sheer number of people who post commentary on this topic, and considering the continuing need to better understand how people view and engage with climate change. This article is categorized under: Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change {\textbackslash}textgreater Perceptions of Climate Change},
	pages = {291--296},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
	author = {Auer, Matthew R. and Zhang, Yuman and Lee, Priscilla},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2014},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/45KGJTA7/wcc.html:text/html}
}

@article{cohen_war_2008,
	title = {War and peace: Possible approaches to reducing intergroup conflict},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1745-6924(Electronic),1745-6916(Print)},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00066.x},
	shorttitle = {War and peace},
	abstract = {We discuss four potential ways to reduce conflict between groups: consideration of future consequences, independent leadership, outgroup empathy, and coordination. We review relevant empirical findings for each method and discuss how each can be used to promote intergroup cooperation. ({PsycINFO} Database Record (c) 2016 {APA}, all rights reserved)},
	pages = {87--93},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
	author = {Cohen, Taya R. and Insko, Chester A.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Empathy, Conflict, Conflict Resolution, Consequence, Cooperation, Intergroup Dynamics, Leadership},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/U4LTPQLS/2008-03053-001.html:text/html}
}

@article{cook_consensus_2016,
	title = {Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002},
	shorttitle = {Consensus on consensus},
	abstract = {The consensus that humans are causing recent global warming is shared by 90\%–100\% of publishing climate scientists according to six independent studies by co-authors of this paper. Those results are consistent with the 97\% consensus reported by Cook et al (Environ. Res. Lett. 8 024024) based on 11 944 abstracts of research papers, of which 4014 took a position on the cause of recent global warming. A survey of authors of those papers (N = 2412 papers) also supported a 97\% consensus. Tol (2016 Environ. Res. Lett. 11 048001) comes to a different conclusion using results from surveys of non-experts such as economic geologists and a self-selected group of those who reject the consensus. We demonstrate that this outcome is not unexpected because the level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science. At one point, Tol also reduces the apparent consensus by assuming that abstracts that do not explicitly state the cause of global warming (‘no position’) represent non-endorsement, an approach that if applied elsewhere would reject consensus on well-established theories such as plate tectonics. We examine the available studies and conclude that the finding of 97\% consensus in published climate research is robust and consistent with other surveys of climate scientists and peer-reviewed studies.},
	pages = {048002},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	author = {Cook, John and Oreskes, Naomi and Doran, Peter T. and Anderegg, William R. L. and Verheggen, Bart and Maibach, Ed W. and Carlton, J. Stuart and Lewandowsky, Stephan and Skuce, Andrew G. and Green, Sarah A. and Nuccitelli, Dana and Jacobs, Peter and Richardson, Mark and Winkler, Bärbel and Painting, Rob and Rice, Ken},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2016},
	langid = {english},
	file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/NNTVELE3/Cook et al. - 2016 - Consensus on consensus a synthesis of consensus e.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{cook_quantifying_2013,
	title = {Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	abstract = {We analyze the evolution of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming ({AGW}) in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, examining 11 944 climate abstracts from 1991–2011 matching the topics ‘global climate change’ or ‘global warming’. We find that 66.4\% of abstracts expressed no position on {AGW}, 32.6\% endorsed {AGW}, 0.7\% rejected {AGW} and 0.3\% were uncertain about the cause of global warming. Among abstracts expressing a position on {AGW}, 97.1\% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming. In a second phase of this study, we invited authors to rate their own papers. Compared to abstract ratings, a smaller percentage of self-rated papers expressed no position on {AGW} (35.5\%). Among self-rated papers expressing a position on {AGW}, 97.2\% endorsed the consensus. For both abstract ratings and authors’ self-ratings, the percentage of endorsements among papers expressing a position on {AGW} marginally increased over time. Our analysis indicates that the number of papers rejecting the consensus on {AGW} is a vanishingly small proportion of the published research.},
	pages = {024024},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	author = {Cook, John and Nuccitelli, Dana and Green, Sarah A. and Richardson, Mark and Winkler, Bärbel and Painting, Rob and Way, Robert and Jacobs, Peter and Skuce, Andrew},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2013-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/A7CIQZBB/Cook et al. - 2013 - Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{douglas_psychology_2017,
	title = {The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0963-7214},
	doi = {10.1177/0963721417718261},
	abstract = {What psychological factors drive the popularity of conspiracy theories, which explain important events as secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups? What are the psychological consequences of adopting these theories? We review the current research and find that it answers the first of these questions more thoroughly than the second. Belief in conspiracy theories appears to be driven by motives that can be characterized as epistemic (understanding one’s environment), existential (being safe and in control of one’s environment), and social (maintaining a positive image of the self and the social group). However, little research has investigated the consequences of conspiracy belief, and to year, this research does not indicate that conspiracy belief fulfills people’s motivations. Instead, for many people, conspiracy belief may be more appealing than satisfying. Further research is needed to determine for whom, and under what conditions, conspiracy theories may satisfy key psychological motives.},
	pages = {538--542},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
	author = {Douglas, Karen M. and Sutton, Robbie M. and Cichocka, Aleksandra},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2017},
	langid = {english},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/LAU5ZWT9/Douglas et al. - 2017 - The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gonzalez-bailon_assessing_2012,
	title = {Assessing the Bias in Communication Networks Sampled from Twitter},
	abstract = {We collect and analyse messages exchanged in Twitter using two of the platform's publicly available {APIs} (the search and stream specifications). We assess the differences between the two samples, and compare the networks of communication reconstructed from them. The empirical context is given by political protests taking place in May 2012: we track online communication around these protests for the period of one month, and reconstruct the network of mentions and re-tweets according to the two samples. We find that the search {API} over-represents the more central users and does not offer an accurate picture of peripheral activity; we also find that the bias is greater for the network of mentions. We discuss the implications of this bias for the study of diffusion dynamics and collective action in the digital era, and advocate the need for more uniform sampling procedures in the study of online communication.},
	journal = {{arXiv}:1212.1684 [physics]},
	author = {González-Bailón, Sandra and Wang, Ning and Rivero, Alejandro and Borge-Holthoefer, Javier and Moreno, Yamir},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2012-12},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Physics - Physics and Society},
	file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/2BU94M4R/González-Bailón et al. - 2012 - Assessing the Bias in Communication Networks Sampl.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/UUCBRQF5/1212.html:text/html}
}

@article{hawkins_estimating_2017,
	title = {Estimating changes in global temperature since the preindustrial period},
	volume = {98},
	rights = {cc\_by\_4},
	issn = {1520-0477},
	abstract = {The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ({UNFCCC}) process agreed in Paris to limit global surface temperature rise to “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.” But what period is preindustrial? Somewhat remarkably, this is not defined within the {UNFCCC}’s many agreements and protocols. Nor is it defined in the {IPCC}’s Fifth Assessment Report ({AR}5) in the evaluation of when particular temperature levels might be reached because no robust definition of the period exists. Here we discuss the important factors to consider when defining a preindustrial period, based on estimates of historical radiative forcings and the availability of climate observations. There is no perfect period, but we suggest that 1720–1800 is the most suitable choice when discussing global temperature limits. We then estimate the change in global average temperature since preindustrial using a range of approaches based on observations, radiative forcings, global climate model simulations, and proxy evidence. Our assessment is that this preindustrial period was likely 0.55°–0.80°C cooler than 1986–2005 and that 2015 was likely the first year in which global average temperature was more than 1°C above preindustrial levels. We provide some recommendations for how this assessment might be improved in the future and suggest that reframing temperature limits with a modern baseline would be inherently less uncertain and more policy relevant.},
	pages = {1841--1856},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	author = {Hawkins, Ed and Ortega, Pablo and Suckling, Emma and Schurer, Andrew and Hegerl, Gabi and Jones, Phil and Joshi, Manoj and Osborn, Timothy J. and Masson-Delmotte, Valérie and Mignot, Juliette and Thorne, Peter and van Oldenborgh, Geert Jan},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2017-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/F4AX6MH3/Hawkins et al. - 2017 - Estimating changes in global temperature since the.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/IDACA6KH/73151.html:text/html}
}

@article{hobson_what_2013,
	title = {“What sceptics believe”: The effects of information and deliberation on climate change scepticism},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0963-6625},
	doi = {10.1177/0963662511430459},
	shorttitle = {“What sceptics believe”},
	abstract = {Scepticism about climate change now appears a pervasive social phenomenon. Research to year has examined the different forms that scepticism can take, from outright denial to general uncertainty. Less is known about what climate sceptics value and believe beyond their climate change doubt, as well as how “entrenched” such beliefs are. In response, this paper discusses research into public reactions to projected climate change in the Australian Capital Region. Using Q Methodology and qualitative data, it outlines five discourses of scepticism and explores the impact regional-scale climate scenarios and a deliberative forum had on these discourses. Results show that both forms of intervention stimulate “discourse migration” amongst research participants. However, migrations are rarely sustained, and sceptical positions are infrequently dispelled outright, suggesting the relationship between climate scepticism, broader beliefs, and the methods used to inform and debate about climate change, are pivotal to comprehending and addressing this issue.},
	pages = {396--412},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Public Understanding of Science},
	author = {Hobson, Kersty and Niemeyer, Simon},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2013-05},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{hogg2007uncertainty,
  title={Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification},
  author={Hogg, Michael A and Sherman, David K and Dierselhuis, Joel and Maitner, Angela T and Moffitt, Graham},
  journal={Journal of experimental social psychology},
  volume={43},
  number={1},
  pages={135--142},
  year={2007},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{meyer_technical_noyear,
	title = {Technical Support Unit for the Synthesis Report},
	pages = {169},
	author = {Meyer, Leo and Brinkman, Sander and van Kesteren, Line and Leprince-Ringuet, Noëmie and van Boxmeer, Fijke},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Meyer et al. - Technical Support Unit for the Synthesis Report.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/9B8ICUI5/Meyer et al. - Technical Support Unit for the Synthesis Report.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ipcc_ar5_2015,
	title = {{AR}5 Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change — {IPCC}},
	journal = {{AR}5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014},
	author = {{IPCC}},
	urlyear = {2019-03-04},
	year = {2015}
}

@article{jang_polarized_noyear,
	title = {Polarized frames on “climate change” and “global warming” across countries and states: Evidence from Twitter big data},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0959-3780},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/11583150/Polarized_frames_on_climate_change_and_global_warming_across_countries_and_states_Evidence_from_Twitter_big_data},
	shorttitle = {Polarized frames on “climate change” and “global warming” across countries and states},
	abstract = {Environmental communication researchers have focused on the role of media frames in the formation of public opinion. Yet, little is known about how citizens incorporate such frames into everyday conversations. We address this issue by examining the},
	pages = {11--17},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Jang, S. Mo and Hart, P. Sol},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/IZ5T9AP6/Polarized_frames_on_climate_change_and_global_warming_across_countries_and_states_Evidence_from.html:text/html}
}

@article{kruglanski_motivated_1996,
	title = {Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and "freezing."},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {1939-1471(Electronic),0033-295X(Print)},
	doi = {10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263},
	shorttitle = {Motivated closing of the mind},
	abstract = {A theoretical framework is outlined in which the key construct is the need for (nonspecific) cognitive closure. The need for closure is a desire for definite knowledge on some issue. It represents a dimension of stable individual differences as well as a situationally evocable state. The need for closure has widely ramifying consequences for social-cognitive phenomena at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and group levels of analysis. Those consequences derive from 2 general tendencies, those of urgency and permanence. The urgency tendency represents an individual's inclination to attain closure as soon as possible, and the permanence tendency represents an individual's inclination to maintain it for as long as possible. Empirical evidence for present theory attests to diverse need for closure effects on fundamental social psychological phenomena, including impression formation, stereotyping, attribution, persuasion, group decision making, and language use in intergroup contexts. ({PsycINFO} Database Record (c) 2016 {APA}, all rights reserved)},
	pages = {263--283},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Psychological Review},
	author = {Kruglanski, Arie W. and Webster, Donna M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Cognitive Processes, Knowledge Level, Social Psychology},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/LCY9TVVB/1996-01742-003.html:text/html}
}

@article{lorcher_dynamics_2015,
	title = {The Dynamics of Issue Attention in Online Communication on Climate Change},
	volume = {3},
	rights = {Copyright (c) 2015 Ines Lörcher, Irene Neverla},
	issn = {2183-2439},
	url = {https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/253},
	doi = {10.17645/mac.v3i1.253},
	pages = {17--33},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Media and Communication},
	author = {Lörcher, Ines and Neverla, Irene},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2015-09},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {climate change, dynamics of sub-topics, issue attention, online communication, online public arenas},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/GB3EFQKP/Lörcher and Neverla - 2015 - The Dynamics of Issue Attention in Online Communic.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/RL8JKY2F/253.html:text/html}
}

@article{lord_biased_1979,
	title = {Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1939-1315(Electronic),0022-3514(Print)},
	doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098},
	shorttitle = {Biased assimilation and attitude polarization},
	abstract = {People who hold strong opinions on complex social issues are likely to examine relevant empirical evidence in a biased manner. They are apt to accept "confirming" evidence at face value while subjecting "disconfirming" evidence to critical evaluation, and, as a result, draw undue support for their initial positions from mixed or random empirical findings. Thus, the result of exposing contending factions in a social dispute to an identical body of relevant empirical evidence may be not a narrowing of disagreement but rather an increase in polarization. To test these assumptions, 48 undergraduates supporting and opposing capital punishment were exposed to 2 purported studies, one seemingly confirming and one seemingly disconfirming their existing beliefs about the deterrent efficacy of the death penalty. As predicted, both proponents and opponents of capital punishment rated those results and procedures that confirmed their own beliefs to be the more convincing and probative ones, and they reported corresponding shifts in their beliefs as the various results and procedures were presented. The net effect of such evaluations and opinion shifts was the postulated increase in attitude polarization. (28 ref) ({PsycINFO} Database Record (c) 2016 {APA}, all rights reserved)},
	pages = {2098--2109},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
	author = {Lord, Charles G. and Ross, Lee and Lepper, Mark R.},
	year = {1979},
	keywords = {Attitude Change, Attitude Similarity, Capital Punishment},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/YEM9LR9Y/1981-05421-001.html:text/html}
}

@article{marx_communication_2007,
	title = {Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0959-3780},
	url = {https://www.researchwithnj.com/en/publications/communication-and-mental-processes-experiential-and-analytic-proc},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.10.004},
	shorttitle = {Communication and mental processes},
	pages = {47--58},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Marx, Sabine M. and Weber, Elke U. and Orlove, Benjamin S. and Leiserowitz, Anthony and Krantz, David H. and Roncoli, Carla and Phillips, Jennifer},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2007-02},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/MQJAUBPT/communication-and-mental-processes-experiential-and-analytic-proc.html:text/html}
}

@article{moser_communicating_2010,
	title = {Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future directions},
	volume = {1},
	rights = {Copyright © 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1757-7799},
	url = {http://undefined/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.11},
	doi = {10.1002/wcc.11},
	shorttitle = {Communicating climate change},
	abstract = {Since anthropogenic climate change first emerged on the public agenda in the mid-to-late 1980s, public communication of climate change and—more recently—the question of how to communicate it most effectively have witnessed a steep rise. This paper synthesizes what is known, presumed, and still unknown about how to effectively communicate this problem. An introductory historical overview of climate change communication is followed by a discussion of the challenges that communicators face in trying to convey the issue (invisibility of causes, distant impacts, lack of immediacy and direct experience of the impacts, lack of gratification for taking mitigative actions, disbelief in human's global influence, complexity and uncertainty, inadequate signals indicating the need for change, perceptual limits and self-interest). The core of the paper focuses on key aspects of the communication process (purpose and scope of the communication, audience, framing, messages, messengers, modes and channels of communication, and assessing the outcomes and effectiveness of a communication). These elements are placed in relationship to several contextual factors that affect the communication process. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research on climate change communication. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. This article is categorized under: Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change {\textbackslash}textgreater Communication},
	pages = {31--53},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
	author = {Moser, Susanne C.},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2010},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/LCHDK8WF/Moser - 2010 - Communicating climate change history, challenges,.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/MFDR65PN/wcc.html:text/html}
}

@article{pearce_social_2019,
	title = {The social media life of climate change: Platforms, publics, and future imaginaries},
	volume = {10},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.569},
	shorttitle = {The social media life of climate change},
	issue = {e569},
	journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change},
	author = {Pearce, W. and Niederer, S. and Özkula, S. M. and Sánchez Querubín, N.},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2019},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/ETXR8CWH/search.html:text/html}
}

@article{schafer_online_2012,
	title = {Online communication on climate change and climate politics: a literature review},
	volume = {3},
	rights = {Copyright © 2012 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1757-7799},
	doi = {10.1002/wcc.191},
	shorttitle = {Online communication on climate change and climate politics},
	abstract = {The study of climate change communication has become an important research field. As stakeholders such as scientists, politicians, corporations, or {NGOs} increasingly turn to the Internet and social media for providing information and mobilizing support, and as an increasing number of people use these media, online communication on climate change and climate politics has become a relevant topic. This article reviews the available scholarly literature on the role of online and social media in climate communication. It analyzes how stakeholders use online communication strategically, showing, for example, that climate scientists and scientific institutions do not seem to be major players in online debates about climate change and climate politics. Furthermore, it highlights the characteristics of online climate communication, outlining, for example, that although (or because) many stakeholders participate online, this does not lead to robust scientific information or better debates. Eventually, the review assesses what is known about the uses and effects of online climate communication, showing that impacts on the broader public seem to be limited so far. Research desiderata are identified in the end, and directions for further studies are shown. {WIREs} Clim Change 2012, 3:527–543. doi: 10.1002/wcc.191 This article is categorized under: Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change {\textbackslash}textgreater Communication},
	pages = {527--543},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
	author = {Schäfer, Mike S.},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2012},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/CTN4366Y/Schäfer - 2012 - Online communication on climate change and climate.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/S3KEV4V4/wcc.html:text/html}
}

@article{scheufele_conclusionhorizon_2017,
	title = {Conclusion—On the Horizon},
	url = {https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190497620-e-49},
	doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.49},
	abstract = {How we can best communicate about science within ever-shifting political, scientific and political landscapes is an empirical question. And how we can best involve the public and stakeholders in deliberation about complex and ethically fraught science is an open one that science communication is only beginning to answer. The importance of finding answers, however, is magnified by increasingly polarized political environments in countries like the {US}, the consequential nature of the scientific matters on the horizon, and the speed with which technologies, such as {CRISPR}, lead to societal applications and implications. Developing approaches to science communication that are effective within these broader political environments will be crucially important for enabling policy debates and decisions that are based on the best available science and responsible innovation for technologies that is coordinated across national boundaries.},
	journal = {The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication},
	author = {Scheufele, Dietram A. and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall and Kahan, Dan M.},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2017-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/DT8F6YW2/oxfordhb-9780190497620-e-49.html:text/html}
}

@article{schmid_reducing_2014,
	title = {Reducing aggressive intergroup action tendencies: effects of intergroup contact via perceived intergroup threat},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1098-2337},
	doi = {10.1002/ab.21516},
	shorttitle = {Reducing aggressive intergroup action tendencies},
	abstract = {Two studies tested the prediction that more positive intergroup contact would be associated with reduced aggressive intergroup action tendencies, an effect predicted to occur indirectly via reduced intergroup threat perceptions, and over and above well-established effects of contact on intergroup attitudes. Study 1, using data based on a cross-section of the general population of eight European countries (France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, and the {UK}; N = 7,042), examined this hypothesis in the context of aggressive action tendencies towards immigrants. Study 2, using longitudinal data obtained from a general population sample in Northern Ireland, considered effects on aggressive action tendencies between ethno-religious groups in conflict. Both studies confirmed our predictions, showing that while perceived threat was associated with greater intergroup aggressive tendencies, positive intergroup contact was indirectly associated with reduced aggressive action tendencies, via reduced intergroup threat. Findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical contributions of this research for understanding the relationship between intergroup contact and intergroup aggression.},
	pages = {250--262},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Aggressive Behavior},
	author = {Schmid, Katharina and Hewstone, Miles and Küpper, Beate and Zick, Andreas and Tausch, Nicole},
	year = {2014-06},
	pmid = {24338684},
	keywords = {United Kingdom, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Adolescent, Aged, 80 and over, Aggression, aggressive action tendencies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cross-Sectional Studies, Emigration and Immigration, Ethnic Violence, Europe, France, Germany, Group Processes, Hungary, intergroup conflict, intergroup contact, Interpersonal Relations, Italy, longitudinal data, Longitudinal Studies, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, perceived intergroup threat, Poland, Portugal, Social Behavior, Xenophobia},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/HH7Y3LSY/Schmid et al. - 2014 - Reducing aggressive intergroup action tendencies .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sharman_mapping_2014,
	title = {Mapping the climate sceptical blogosphere},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0959-3780},
	url = {http://www.journals.elsevier.com/global-environmental-change},
	abstract = {While mainstream scientific knowledge production has been extensively examined in the academic literature, comparatively little is known about alternative networks of scientific knowledge production. Online sources such as blogs are an especially under-investigated site of knowledge contestation. Using degree centrality and node betweenness tests from social network analysis, and thematic content analysis of individual posts, this research identifies and critically examines the climate sceptical blogosphere and investigates whether a focus on particular themes contributes to the positioning of the most central blogs. A network of 171 individual blogs is identified, with three blogs in particular found to be the most central: Climate Audit, {JoNova} and Watts Up With That. These blogs predominantly focus on the scientific element of the climate debate, providing either a direct scientifically-based challenge to mainstream climate science, or a critique of the conduct of the climate science system. This overt scientific framing, as opposed to explicitly highlighting differences in values, politics, or ideological worldview, appears to be an important contributory factor in the positioning of the most central blogs. It is suggested that these central blogs are key protagonists in a process of attempted expert knowledge de-legitimisation and contestation, acting not only as translators between scientific research and lay audiences, but, in their reinterpretation of existing climate science knowledge claims, are acting themselves as alternative public sites of expertise for a climate sceptical audience.},
	pages = {159--170},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Sharman, Amelia},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2014-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/A7N3S7NY/Sharman - 2014 - Mapping the climate sceptical blogosphere.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/PHG7PJKP/56519.html:text/html}
}

@article{taddicken_who_2016,
	title = {Who participates in the climate change online discourse? A typology of Germans’ online engagement},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0341-2059},
	url = {https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_2351513},
	doi = {10.1515/commun-2016-0012},
	shorttitle = {Who participates in the climate change online discourse?},
	abstract = {Author: Taddicken, Monika et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Published online: 2016-09; Keywords: climate change; social media; online engagement; search engine use; segmentation approach; Title: Who participates in the climate change online discourse? A typology of Germans’ online engagement},
	pages = {315--337},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Communications : The European Journal of Communication Research},
	author = {Taddicken, Monika and Reif, Anne},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2016-09},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/EGC3KJYE/ViewItemOverviewPage.html:text/html}
}

@book{hatch_organizational_2004,
	title = {Organizational Identity: A Reader},
	isbn = {978-0-19-926946-4},
	shorttitle = {Organizational Identity},
	abstract = {Organizational Identity presents the classic works on organizational identity alongside more current thinking on the issues. Ranging from theoretical contributions to empirical studies, the readings in this volume address the key issues of organizational identity, and show how these issues have developed through contributions from such diverse fields of study as sociology, psychology, management studies and cultural studies. The readings examine questions such as how organizations understand who they are, why organizations develop a sense of identity and belonging where the boundaries of identity lie and the implications of postmodern and critical theories' challenges to the concept of identity as deeply-rooted and authentic. Includes work by: Stuart Albert, Mats Alvesson, Blake E. Ashforth, Marilynn B. Brewer, George Cheney, Lars Thoger Christensen, C.H. Cooley, Kevin G. Corley, Barbara Czarniawska, Janet M. Dukerich, Jane E. Dutton, Kimberly D. Elsbach, Wendi Gardner, Linda E. Ginzela, Dennis A. Gioia, E. Goffman, Karen Golden-Biddle, Mary Jo Hatch, Roderick M. Kramer, Fred Rael, G.H. Mead, Michael G. Pratt, Anat Rafaeli, Hayagreeva Rao, Majken Schultz, Howard S. Schwartz, Robert I. Sutton, Henri Taijfel, John Turner, David A. Wherren, and Hugh Willmott. Intended to provide easy access to this material for students of organizational identity, it will also be of interest more broadly to students of business, sociology and psychology.},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Hatch, Mary Jo and Schultz, Majken},
	year = {2004},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Business \& Economics / Negotiating, Business \& Economics / Organizational Behavior}
}

@article{tajfel_integrative_1979,
	title = {An integrative theory of intergroup conflict},
	pages = {56--65},
	journal = {Organizational identity: A reader},
	author = {Tajfel, Henri and Turner, John C. and Austin, William G. and Worchel, Stephen},
	year = {1979}
}

@incollection{urry_climate_2015,
	location = {London},
	title = {Climate Change and Society},
	isbn = {978-1-137-26992-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137269928_4},
	abstract = {Contemporary societies are faced by a new spectre haunting the ‘globe’ — the changing of the world’s climate. This was not believed possible by scientists until fairly recently although the theoretical idea of a ‘greenhouse effect’ has been well established for a century or so.},
	pages = {45--59},
	booktitle = {Why the Social Sciences Matter},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan {UK}},
	author = {Urry, John},
	editor = {Michie, Jonathan and Cooper, Cary L.},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1057/9781137269928_4},
	keywords = {American Conserva, Climate Change, Climate Change Science, Climate Science, Stern Review}
}

@article{walter_echo_2018,
	title = {Echo Chambers of Denial: Explaining User Comments on Climate Change},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1752-4032},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1394893},
	doi = {10.1080/17524032.2017.1394893},
	shorttitle = {Echo Chambers of Denial},
	abstract = {Although there is a broad consensus among scientists and journalists about the existence of anthropogenic climate change as a global problem, some segments of the population remain doubtful about the human impact on it. The internet provides citizens with opportunities to publicly voice their doubts and user comment sections of online media are a popular form of user-generated content. This study identifies factors that foster comments that are sceptical or supportive of basic assumptions of anthropogenic climate change, drawing on online news in the {US}, the {UK}, Germany, India, and Switzerland. The results show that users adapt to the dominant opinion within the respective media outlet: user comment sections serve as echo chambers rather than as corrective mechanisms. Climate change denial is more visible in user comment sections in countries where the climate change debate reflects the scientific consensus on climate change and user comments create niches of denial.},
	pages = {204--217},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental Communication},
	author = {Walter, Stefanie and Brüggemann, Michael and Engesser, Sven},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2018-02},
	keywords = {climate change, content analysis, Journalism, user comments},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/RG9PXR5W/Walter et al. - 2018 - Echo Chambers of Denial Explaining User Comments .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{williams_network_2015,
	title = {Network analysis reveals open forums and echo chambers in social media discussions of climate change},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0959-3780},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.006},
	pages = {126--138},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {{Williams} and McMurray, James R. and Kurz, Tim and Lambert, F. Hugo},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2015},
	file = {Full Text:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/RU93HZZS/Williams et al. - 2015 - Network analysis reveals open forums and echo cham.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/2CYYYREJ/network-analysis-reveals-open-forums-and-echo-chambers-in-social-.html:text/html}
}

@article{bjornberg_climate_2017,
	title = {Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990–2015},
	volume = {167},
	pages = {229--241},
	journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
	author = {Björnberg, Karin Edvardsson and Karlsson, Mikael and Gilek, Michael and Hansson, Sven Ove},
	year = {2017}
}

@article{wang_role_2006,
	title = {The role of regulatory focus in preference construction},
	volume = {43},
	pages = {28--38},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Marketing research},
	author = {Wang, Jing and Lee, Angela Y},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}}
}

@article{webster_cognitive_1997,
	title = {Cognitive and social consequences of the need for cognitive closure},
	volume = {8},
	pages = {133--173},
	number = {1},
	journal = {European review of social psychology},
	author = {Webster, Donna M and Kruglanski, Arie W},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{conover_partisan_2012,
	title = {Partisan asymmetries in online political activity},
	volume = {1},
	pages = {6},
	number = {1},
	journal = {{EPJ} Data Science},
	author = {Conover, Michael D. and Gonçalves, Bruno and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo},
	year = {2012}
}

@article{gallois_communication_2015,
	title = {Communication accommodation theory},
	pages = {1--18},
	journal = {The international encyclopedia of language and social interaction},
	author = {Gallois, Cindy and Giles, Howard},
	year = {2015}
}

@article{tamburrini_twitter_2015,
	title = {Twitter users change word usage according to conversation-partner social identity},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0378-8733},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037887331400046X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socnet.2014.07.004},
	abstract = {This paper investigates how people express social identity at a large scale on a social network. We looked at communities of users on the Twitter website, and tested two established social-psychology theories that are usually performed at local scale. We found evidence of Communication Accommodation Theory, where community members vary their language characteristics depending on which community they are communicating with. We also found the level of linguistic variation correlated with how isolated a community was: evidence that there is Convergence between linked members. This demonstrates the power of methods which analyse subtle human behaviour on social networks.},
	pages = {84--89},
	journal = {Social Networks},
	author = {Tamburrini, Nadine and Cinnirella, Marco and Jansen, Vincent A. A. and Bryden, John},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2015-01},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Community structure, Language accommodation, Linguistic convergence, Social identity, Social network analysis, Twitter},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/FE9SL6X9/S037887331400046X.html:text/html}
}

@book{williams_virtually_2006,
	title = {Virtually criminal: Crime, deviance and regulation online},
	isbn = {1-134-22586-5},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Williams, Matthew},
	year = {2006}
}

@book{williams_virtually_2006-1,
	title = {Virtually criminal: Crime, deviance and regulation online},
	isbn = {1-134-22586-5},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Williams, Matthew},
	year = {2006}
}

@article{lash_technological_2001,
	title = {Technological Forms of Life},
	abstract = {{WE} {THINK} so naturally in terms of the notion of ‘forms of life’, that it is difficult to obtain any distance on the notion. Ludwig Wittgenstein made the concept of ‘forms of life ’ rather common currency across a range of scholarly disciplines. Indeed, in academic talk and everyday talk we speak incessantly of life and forms of life. We speak of ‘life-sciences’, psychologists look at the ‘life-course’; we organize our identities in terms of ‘life-narratives’. We ‘lead ’ our lives. Political philosophers speak of ‘the good life’; molecular biologists of ‘artificial life’. Conservatives in abortion debates call themselves, not pro-God or pro-Christ, but ‘pro-life’. We talk about lifestyles and, rather differently, about the ‘meaning of life’. We ask, are there forms of life on such and such a planet, in such and such a desert, at the bottom of such and such a sea? We are obsessed with life and the organic. We worry about {GM} foods with their modification of the organic. Middle-class liberals shop in the ‘organic ’ section of our supermarkets, if they can afford it. Poorer liberals may want an organic, holistic medicine. And conservatives will view the nation as an organic whole: as an organism. We encounter thus lots of chatter, lots of worry about ‘life’. ‘Life’, however, is different than ‘forms of life’. What might forms of life be? A form of life is a ‘way of life’, a mode of doing things. A culture, in the anthropological and the everyday sense, is a form of life, a way of doing things. Hence multiculturalism, promoting a plurality of forms of life, is seen by some as a threat to the integrity of French or British, German or Austrian culture. Multiculturalism is seen as a threat to ‘the American way of life’. Forms of life embrace both natural or biological forms of life, on the one hand, and social, or cultural forms of life, on the other. We think so naturally in terms of ‘life ’ and forms of life that it is strange to consider that this was not always the case. Michel Foucault (1966) in The Order of Things wrote that we only began to understand nature and society},
	pages = {105120},
	journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society},
	author = {Lash, Scott},
	year = {2001},
	file = {Citeseer - Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/W6NWXAGA/Lash - 2001 - Technological Forms of Life.pdf:application/pdf;Citeseer - Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/B9C2CPZJ/summary.html:text/html}
}

@article{pfeffer_understanding_2014,
	title = {Understanding online firestorms: Negative word-of-mouth dynamics in social media networks},
	volume = {20},
	pages = {117--128},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Marketing Communications},
	author = {Pfeffer, Jürgen and Zorbach, Thomas and Carley, Kathleen M.},
	year = {2014}
}

@article{zhang_withdrawal_2017,
	title = {The withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement and its impact on global climate change governance},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1674-9278},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674927817300849},
	doi = {10.1016/j.accre.2017.08.005},
	series = {Including special topic on U.S. withdraw from the Paris Agreement and its impacts},
	abstract = {The global community has prepared for the withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement since Donald Trump was elected as the president of the U.S. However, Trump's formal declaration of withdrawal still caused worldwide reaction. Trump will use the withdrawal to build his political reputation and to renegotiate the Paris Agreement despite its negative effects on the political credibility, international relationships, and potential long-term economic growth of the U.S. In general, the withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement will not change the development of low-carbon technologies and the transformation trend of the global climate governance regime. However, the long-term goals and international cooperation on climate change will be affected by budget cuts in American climate change research and the cancelation of donations from the multilateral environmental fund of the U.S. If the Paris Agreement is renegotiated, the common but differentiated principle of responsibility of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change will be challenged again. Nevertheless, climate change governance remains a main theme of future sustainable development. Instead of national governments, local governments and non-governmental organizations will develop strategies for technical innovation and emphasize pragmatic cooperation, thus expanding their roles in climate change governance. The capacity building on climate change research and public awareness should be enhanced as a long-term objective of global climate change governance.},
	pages = {213--219},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Advances in Climate Change Research},
	author = {Zhang, Yong-Xiang and Chao, Qing-Chen and Zheng, Qiu-Hong and Huang, Lei},
	urlyear = {2019-11-08},
	year = {2017-12},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Impact, Global climate change governance, U.S. withdraw Paris Agreement},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/I9SVTVJZ/Zhang et al. - 2017 - The withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreemen.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/XLIMKLYW/S1674927817300849.html:text/html}
}

@article{miller_resisting_2015,
	title = {Resisting meaningful action on climate change: Think tanks, 'merchants of doubt' and the 'corporate capture' of sustainable development},
	url = {https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/resisting-meaningful-action-on-climate-change-think-tanks-merchan},
	shorttitle = {Resisting meaningful action on climate change},
	journal = {The Routledge Handbook of Environment and Communication},
	author = {Miller, David and Dinan, William},
	urlyear = {2019-11-08},
	year = {2015-03},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/J38VRG7V/resisting-meaningful-action-on-climate-change-think-tanks-merchan.html:text/html}
}

@collection{arsanjani_openstreetmap_2015-1,
	title = {{OpenStreetMap} in {GIScience}: Experiences, Research, and Applications},
	isbn = {978-3-319-14279-1},
	url = {https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319142791},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography},
	shorttitle = {{OpenStreetMap} in {GIScience}},
	abstract = {This edited volume presents a collection of lessons learned with, and research conducted on, {OpenStreetMap}, the goal being to promote the project’s integration. The respective chapters address a) state-of-the-art and cutting-edge approaches to data quality analysis in {OpenStreetMap}, b) investigations on understanding {OpenStreetMap} contributors and the nature of their contributions, c) identifying patterns of contributions and contributors, d) applications of {OpenStreetMap} in different domains, e) mining value-added knowledge and information from {OpenStreetMap}, f) limitations in the analysis {OpenStreetMap} data, and g) integrating {OpenStreetMap} with commercial and non-commercial datasets. The book offers an ideal opportunity to present and disseminate a number of cutting-edge developments and applications in the field of geography, spatial statistics, {GIS}, social science, and cartography.},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	editor = {Arsanjani, Jamal Jokar and Zipf, Alexander and Mooney, Peter and Helbich, Marco},
	urlyear = {2019-11-10},
	year = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-14280-7},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/QC8JJY69/9783319142791.html:text/html}
}

@article{wang_mega-events_2012,
	title = {Mega-events and city branding: A case study of Shanghai World Expo 2010},
	volume = {9},
	pages = {1283--1293},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of {US}-China Public Administration},
	author = {Wang, Huachun and Xiaokaiti, Maerhaba and Zhou, Yue and Yang, Yi and Liu, Yingmei and Zhao, Rui},
	year = {2012}
}

@book{gardner_biennials_2016-1,
	title = {Biennials, Triennials, and Documenta: The Exhibitions that Created Contemporary Art},
	isbn = {1-4443-3665-7},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Gardner, Anthony and Green, Charles},
	year = {2016}
}

@book{welle_wwwdwcom_what_noyear,
	title = {What is drawing crowds to Germany's documenta art exhibition? {\textbackslash}textbar {DW} {\textbackslash}textbar 28.07.2017},
	url = {https://www.dw.com/en/what-is-drawing-crowds-to-germanys-documenta-art-exhibition/a-39871030},
	shorttitle = {What is drawing crowds to Germany's documenta art exhibition?},
	abstract = {From forbidden books to white smoke, the documenta contemporary art exhibition in Kassel, now at its half-time mark, is presenting fascinating works that are proving popular with visitors - but can also be confusing.},
	author = {Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche},
	urlyear = {2019-11-10},
	langid = {british},
	note = {Publication Title: {DW}.{COM}},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/BQS54XA2/a-39871030.html:text/html}
}

@book{welle_wwwdwcom_documenta_noyear,
	title = {Documenta art exhibition more political than ever {\textbackslash}textbar {DW} {\textbackslash}textbar 09.06.2017},
	url = {https://www.dw.com/en/documenta-art-exhibition-more-political-than-ever/a-39183125},
	abstract = {The international art show opens in Kassel, a month after its first part set in Athens debuted. Political works reflecting the world's current tensions grab the attention. Here's a tour of the highlights.},
	author = {Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche},
	urlyear = {2019-11-10},
	langid = {british},
	note = {Publication Title: {DW}.{COM}},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/YV3MY88D/a-39183125.html:text/html}
}

@article{european_university_institute_mega-events_2019,
	title = {Mega-events: national pride or city branding?},
	url = {https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/cultural-heritage-cities/0/steps/30918},
	shorttitle = {Mega-events},
	abstract = {Mega-events have become major tools for cities to display their singularity and to compete on the world stage.},
	journal = {{FutureLearn}},
	author = {{European University Institute}},
	urlyear = {2019-11-10},
	year = {2019},
	langid = {british},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/NA6ZC74C/30918.html:text/html}
}

@article{bright_openstreetmap_2018,
	title = {{OpenStreetMap} data for alcohol research: Reliability assessment and quality indicators},
	volume = {50},
	pages = {130--136},
	journal = {Health \& place},
	author = {Bright, Jonathan and De Sabbata, Stefano and Lee, Sumin and Ganesh, Bharath and Humphreys, David K},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@book{noauthor_pytrends_2019,
	title = {pytrends},
	url = {https://pypi.org/project/pytrends/},
	year = {2019}
}

@book{noauthor_index_2019,
	title = {Index of extracts},
	url = {http://odbl.poole.ch/extracts/},
	year = {2019}
}

@book{noauthor_osm_2019,
	title = {{OSM} Analytics Tool},
	url = {https://osm-analytics.org/#/},
	year = {2019}
}

@book{noauthor_google_2019,
	title = {Google Trends},
	url = {https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?year=all&q=Documenta},
	year = {2019}
}

@article{lehmann_dynamical_2012,
	title = {Dynamical classes of collective attention in twitter},
	pages = {251--260},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web},
	author = {Lehmann, Janette and Gonçalves, Bruno and Ramasco, José J and Cattuto, Ciro},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: {ACM}}
}

@book{noauthor_ohsome_2019,
	title = {Ohsome History Explorer},
	url = {https://ohsome.org/apps/osm-history-explorer/},
	year = {2019}
}

@article{bittner_openstreetmap_2017,
	title = {{OpenStreetMap} in Israel and Palestine–‘Game changer’or reproducer of contested cartographies?},
	volume = {57},
	pages = {34--48},
	journal = {Political Geography},
	author = {Bittner, Christian},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@article{plennert_socio-technical_2019,
	title = {The Socio-Technical Background of an Unconventional Software Architecture in {OpenStreetMap}: Understanding the Implementation of ‘Folksonomy’},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Computational Culture},
	author = {Plennert, Matthias and Glasze, Georg and Schlieder, Christoph},
	year = {2019}
}

@article{bittner_tracing_2013,
	title = {Tracing contingencies: analyzing the political in assemblages of web 2.0 cartographies},
	volume = {78},
	pages = {935--948},
	number = {6},
	journal = {{GeoJournal}},
	author = {Bittner, Christian and Glasze, Georg and Turk, Cate},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Springer}
}

@inproceedings{kumar_disinformation_2016,
	title = {Disinformation on the web: Impact, characteristics, and detection of wikipedia hoaxes},
	pages = {591--602},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th international conference on World Wide Web},
	publisher = {International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee},
	author = {Kumar, Srijan and West, Robert and Leskovec, Jure},
	year = {2016}
}

@article{smith_using_2017,
	title = {Using wikipedia to predict election outcomes: online behavior as a predictor of voting},
	volume = {81},
	pages = {714--735},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	author = {Smith, Benjamin K and Gustafson, Abel},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press {US}}
}

@article{gurstein_effective_2003,
	title = {Effective use: A community informatics strategy beyond the digital divide},
	volume = {8},
	number = {12},
	journal = {First Monday},
	author = {Gurstein, Michael},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: Valauskas, Edward J.}
}

@book{lessig_perspectives_2005,
	title = {Perspectives on free and open source software},
	publisher = {{MIT} press},
	author = {Lessig, Lawrence and Cusumano, Michael and Shirky, Clay},
	year = {2005}
}

@article{lessig_limits_1999,
	title = {The limits in open code: regulatory standards and the future of the net},
	volume = {14},
	pages = {759},
	journal = {Berkeley Tech. {LJ}},
	author = {Lessig, Lawrence},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}}
}

@book{noauthor_overpass_2019,
	title = {Overpass {API}/Overpass {QL}},
	url = {https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Overpass_API/Overpass_QL},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publication Title: Overpass {API}/Overpass {QL} - {OpenStreetMap} Wiki}
}

@book{noauthor_osmconvert_2019,
	title = {Osmconvert},
	url = {https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Osmconvert},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publication Title: Osmconvert - {OpenStreetMap} Wiki}
}

@article{lessig_open_2002,
	title = {Open source baselines: Compared to what},
	volume = {1},
	pages = {69--86},
	journal = {Government Policy toward Open Source Software. Washington, {DC}: {AEI}-Brooking Joint Center for Regulatory Studies},
	author = {Lessig, Lawrence},
	year = {2002}
}

@article{gurstein_open_2011,
	title = {Open data: Empowering the empowered or effective data use for everyone?},
	volume = {16},
	number = {2},
	journal = {First Monday},
	author = {Gurstein, Michael B},
	year = {2011}
}

@book{noauthor_about_2019,
	title = {About {OpenStreetMap}},
	url = {https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/About_OpenStreetMap},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publication Title: About {OpenStreetMap} - {OpenStreetMap} Wiki}
}

@article{dugas_influenza_2013,
	title = {Influenza forecasting with Google flu trends},
	volume = {8},
	pages = {e56176},
	number = {2},
	journal = {{PloS} one},
	author = {Dugas, Andrea Freyer and Jalalpour, Mehdi and Gel, Yulia and Levin, Scott and Torcaso, Fred and Igusa, Takeru and Rothman, Richard E},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science}
}

@book{noauthor_analyticsaqspageviews_2019,
	title = {Analytics/{AQS}/Pageviews},
	url = {https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Analytics/AQS/Pageviews},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publication Title: Wikitech}
}

@book{wikipedia_documenta_2019,
	title = {Documenta — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia},
	url = {http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Documenta&oldid=916435776},
	author = {{Wikipedia}},
	year = {2019}
}

@book{wikipedia_wikipedia_2019,
	title = {Wikipedia — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia},
	url = {http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&oldid=925991781},
	author = {{Wikipedia}},
	year = {2019}
}

@thesis{dittus_analysing_2017,
	title = {Analysing Volunteer Engagement in Humanitarian Crowdmapping},
	institution = {{UCL} (University College London)},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Dittus, Martin Sebastian},
	year = {2017}
}

@inproceedings{auer_towards_2018,
	title = {Towards Using the Potential of {OpenStreetMap} History for Disaster Activation Monitoring.},
	booktitle = {{ISCRAM}},
	author = {Auer, Michael and Eckle, Melanie and Fendrich, Sascha and Griesbaum, Luisa and Kowatsch, Fabian and Marx, Sabrina and Raifer, Martin and Schott, Moritz and Troilo, Rafael and Zipf, Alexander},
	year = {2018}
}

@article{reagle_gender_2011,
	title = {Gender bias in Wikipedia and Britannica},
	volume = {5},
	pages = {21},
	journal = {International Journal of Communication},
	author = {Reagle, Joseph and Rhue, Lauren},
	year = {2011}
}

@article{absalyamov_influence_2015,
	title = {The influence of cultural and sport mega-events on sustainable development of the city},
	volume = {188},
	pages = {197--201},
	journal = {Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences},
	author = {Absalyamov, Timur},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@article{wang_mega-events_2012-1,
	title = {Mega-events and city branding: A case study of Shanghai World Expo 2010},
	volume = {9},
	pages = {1283--1293},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of {US}-China Public Administration},
	author = {Wang, Huachun and Xiaokaiti, Maerhaba and Zhou, Yue and Yang, Yi and Liu, Yingmei and Zhao, Rui},
	year = {2012}
}

@online{institute_eui_mega-events_2019,
	title = {Mega-events: national pride or city branding?},
	url = {https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/cultural-heritage-cities/0/steps/30918},
	abstract = {Mega-events have become major tools for cities to display their singularity and to compete on the world stage.},
	author = {Institute ({EUI}), European University},
	urlyear = {2019-11-10},
	year = {2019}
}

@article{wang_mega-events_2012-2,
	title = {Mega-events and city branding: A case study of Shanghai World Expo 2010},
	volume = {9},
	pages = {1283--1293},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Journal of {US}-China Public Administration},
	author = {Wang, Huachun and Xiaokaiti, Maerhaba and Zhou, Yue and Yang, Yi and Liu, Yingmei and Zhao, Rui},
	year = {2012}
}

@book{welle_wwwdwcom_documenta_noyear-1,
	title = {Documenta art exhibition more political than ever {\textbackslash}textbar {DW} {\textbackslash}textbar 09.06.2017},
	url = {https://www.dw.com/en/documenta-art-exhibition-more-political-than-ever/a-39183125},
	abstract = {The international art show opens in Kassel, a month after its first part set in Athens debuted. Political works reflecting the world's current tensions grab the attention. Here's a tour of the highlights.},
	author = {Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche},
	urlyear = {2019-11-14},
	langid = {british},
	note = {Publication Title: {DW}.{COM}},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/A995KW4S/a-39183125.html:text/html}
}

@book{noauthor_documenta_2019,
	title = {\textit{documenta}},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution-{ShareAlike} License},
	url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Documenta&oldid=916435776},
	abstract = {documenta is an exhibition of contemporary art which takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. It was founded by artist, teacher and curator Arnold Bode in 1955 as part of the Bundesgartenschau (Federal Horticultural Show) which took place in Kassel at that time, and was an attempt to bring Germany up to speed with modern art, both banishing and repressing the cultural darkness of Nazism. This first documenta featured many artists who are generally considered to have had a significant influence on modern art (such as Picasso and Kandinsky). The more recent documentas feature art from all continents; nonetheless most of it is site-specific. Every documenta is limited to 100 days of exhibition, which is why it is often referred to as the "museum of 100 days". Documenta is not a selling exhibition. It rarely coincides with the three other major art world events: the Venice Biennale, Art Basel and Skulptur Projekte Münster, but in 2017, all four were open simultaneously.},
	urlyear = {2019-11-14},
	year = {2019-09},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publication Title: Wikipedia},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/UGA2XKT9/index.html:text/html}
}

@book{noauthor_analyticsaqspageviews_noyear,
	title = {Analytics/{AQS}/Pageviews - Wikitech},
	url = {https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Analytics/AQS/Pageviews},
	urlyear = {2019-11-14},
	file = {Analytics/AQS/Pageviews - Wikitech:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/ZYQWAKCR/Pageviews.html:text/html}
}

@book{noauthor_apimain_noyear,
	title = {{API}:Main page - {MediaWiki}},
	url = {https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Main_page},
	urlyear = {2019-11-14},
	file = {API\:Main page - MediaWiki:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/XSP8Z7UM/APIMain_page.html:text/html}
}

@book{noauthor_openstreetmap_noyear,
	title = {{OpenStreetMap} Wiki},
	url = {https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Main_Page},
	urlyear = {2019-11-14},
	file = {OpenStreetMap Wiki:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/9IJ75A8B/Main_Page.html:text/html}
}

@article{arsanjani_openstreetmap_2015-2,
	title = {{OpenStreetMap} in {GIScience}},
	journal = {Lecture notes in geoinformation and cartography},
	author = {Arsanjani, Jamal Jokar and Zipf, Alexander and Mooney, Peter and Helbich, Marco},
	year = {2015}
}

@book{goldsmith_wikipedia_noyear,
	title = {wikipedia: Wikipedia {API} for Python},
	rights = {{MIT} License},
	url = {https://github.com/goldsmith/Wikipedia},
	shorttitle = {wikipedia},
	author = {Goldsmith, Jonathan},
	urlyear = {2019-11-14},
	keywords = {{API}, Software Development - Libraries, python, wikipedia},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/UMDWXY2F/wikipedia.html:text/html}
}

@article{jun_ten_2018,
	title = {Ten years of research change using Google Trends: From the perspective of big data utilizations and applications},
	volume = {130},
	issn = {0040-1625},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162517315536},
	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2017.11.009},
	shorttitle = {Ten years of research change using Google Trends},
	abstract = {This study seeks to analyze the trends in research studies in the past decade which have utilized Google Trends, a new source of big data, to examine how the scope of research has expanded. Our purpose is to conduct a comprehensive and objective research into how the public use of Big Data from web searches has affected research, and furthermore, to discuss the implications of Google Trends in terms of Big Data utilization and application. To this end, we conducted a network analysis on 657 research papers that used Google Trends. We also identified the important nodes of the networks and reviewed the research directions of representative papers. The study reveals that Google Trends is used to analyze various variables in a wide range of areas, including {IT}, communications, medicine, health, business and economics. In addition, this study shows that research using Google Trends has increased dramatically in the last decade, and in the process, the focus of research has shifted to forecasting changes, whereas in the past the focus had been on merely describing and diagnosing research trends, such as surveillance and monitoring. This study also demonstrates that in recent years, there has been an expansion in analysis in linkage with other social Big Data sources, as researchers attempt to overcome the limitations of using only search information. Our study will provide various insights for researchers who utilize Google Trends as well as researchers who rely on various other sources of Big Data in their efforts to compare research trends and identify new areas for research.},
	pages = {69--87},
	journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
	author = {Jun, Seung-Pyo and Yoo, Hyoung Sun and Choi, San},
	urlyear = {2019-11-14},
	year = {2018-05},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Author keyword, Big data application, Big data utilization, Clustering, Google Trends, Networks analysis, Science Journal Classification},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/5NB683GY/Jun et al. - 2018 - Ten years of research change using Google Trends .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/95YCKTRC/S0040162517315536.html:text/html}
}

@article{tran_low_2017,
	title = {Low validity of Google Trends for behavioral forecasting of national suicide rates},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5558943/},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0183149},
	abstract = {Recent research suggests that search volumes of the most popular search engine worldwide, Google, provided via Google Trends, could be associated with national suicide rates in the {USA}, {UK}, and some Asian countries. However, search volumes have mostly been studied in an ad hoc fashion, without controls for spurious associations. This study evaluated the validity and utility of Google Trends search volumes for behavioral forecasting of suicide rates in the {USA}, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Suicide-related search terms were systematically collected and respective Google Trends search volumes evaluated for availability. Time spans covered 2004 to 2010 ({USA}, Switzerland) and 2004 to 2012 (Germany, Austria). Temporal associations of search volumes and suicide rates were investigated with time-series analyses that rigorously controlled for spurious associations. The number and reliability of analyzable search volume data increased with country size. Search volumes showed various temporal associations with suicide rates. However, associations differed both across and within countries and mostly followed no discernable patterns. The total number of significant associations roughly matched the number of expected Type I errors. These results suggest that the validity of Google Trends search volumes for behavioral forecasting of national suicide rates is low. The utility and validity of search volumes for the forecasting of suicide rates depend on two key assumptions (“the population that conducts searches consists mostly of individuals with suicidal ideation”, “suicide-related search behavior is strongly linked with suicidal behavior”). We discuss strands of evidence that these two assumptions are likely not met. Implications for future research with Google Trends in the context of suicide research are also discussed.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
	author = {Tran, Ulrich S. and Andel, Rita and Niederkrotenthaler, Thomas and Till, Benedikt and Ajdacic-Gross, Vladeta and Voracek, Martin},
	urlyear = {2019-11-14},
	year = {2017-08},
	pmid = {28813490},
	pmcid = {PMC5558943},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/D4GA7ZEY/Tran et al. - 2017 - Low validity of Google Trends for behavioral forec.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{nghiem_analysis_2016,
	title = {Analysis of the Capacity of Google Trends to Measure Interest in Conservation Topics and the Role of Online News},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4814066/},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0152802},
	abstract = {With the continuous growth of internet usage, Google Trends has emerged as a source of information to investigate how social trends evolve over time. Knowing how the level of interest in conservation topics—approximated using Google search volume—varies over time can help support targeted conservation science communication. However, the evolution of search volume over time and the mechanisms that drive peaks in searches are poorly understood. We conducted time series analyses on Google search data from 2004 to 2013 to investigate: (i) whether interests in selected conservation topics have declined and (ii) the effect of news reporting and academic publishing on search volume. Although trends were sensitive to the term used as benchmark, we did not find that public interest towards conservation topics such as climate change, ecosystem services, deforestation, orangutan, invasive species and habitat loss was declining. We found, however, a robust downward trend for endangered species and an upward trend for ecosystem services. The quantity of news articles was related to patterns in Google search volume, whereas the number of research articles was not a good predictor but lagged behind Google search volume, indicating the role of news in the transfer of conservation science to the public.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
	author = {Nghiem, Le T. P. and Papworth, Sarah K. and Lim, Felix K. S. and Carrasco, Luis R.},
	urlyear = {2019-11-14},
	year = {2016-03},
	pmid = {27028399},
	pmcid = {PMC4814066},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/RXVI5R6M/Nghiem et al. - 2016 - Analysis of the Capacity of Google Trends to Measu.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{noauthor_about_noyear,
	title = {About {OpenStreetMap} - {OpenStreetMap} Wiki},
	url = {https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/About_OpenStreetMap},
	urlyear = {2019-11-14},
	file = {About OpenStreetMap - OpenStreetMap Wiki:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/XYVF6KQ6/About_OpenStreetMap.html:text/html}
}

@book{noauthor_forschungs-_noyear,
	title = {Forschungs- und Lehrzentrum für unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln (Fludh): Periptero an {AStA}},
	url = {https://www.uni-kassel.de/ukt/forschungs-und-lehrzentrum-fuer-unternehmerisches-denken-und-handeln/aktuelles/meldung/article/periptero-an-asta.html},
	urlyear = {2019-11-14},
	file = {Forschungs- und Lehrzentrum für unternehmerisches Denken und Handeln (Fludh)\: Periptero an AStA:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/QWLYVZTP/periptero-an-asta.html:text/html}
}

@article{knott_leveraging_2016,
	title = {Leveraging nation branding opportunities through sport mega-events},
	volume = {10},
	pages = {105--118},
	number = {1},
	journal = {International journal of culture, tourism and hospitality research},
	author = {Knott, Brendon and Fyall, Alan and Jones, Ian},
	year = {2016}
}

@book{hall_hallmark_1992-1,
	title = {Hallmark tourist events: impacts, management and planning.},
	isbn = {1-85293-147-7},
	publisher = {Belhaven Press},
	author = {Hall, Colin Michael},
	year = {1992}
}

@article{jeong_resident_1996,
	title = {Resident perceptions of mega-event impacts: The Taejon International Exposition case},
	volume = {4},
	pages = {3--11},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Festival Management and Event Tourism},
	author = {Jeong, Gang-Hoan and Faulkner, Bill},
	year = {1996}
}

@article{snowball_breaking_2008,
	title = {Breaking into the conversation: cultural value and the role of the South African National Arts Festival from apartheid to democracy},
	volume = {14},
	pages = {149--164},
	number = {2},
	journal = {International journal of cultural policy},
	author = {Snowball, J. D. and Webb, A. C. M.},
	year = {2008}
}

@book{langen_measuring_2009,
	title = {Measuring the impacts of large scale cultural events: a literature review},
	publisher = {Impacts 08, Liverpool},
	author = {Langen, Floris and Garcia, Beatriz},
	year = {2009}
}

@book{rammler_schubumkehr-zukunft_2014,
	title = {Schubumkehr-Die Zukunft der Mobilität},
	publisher = {S. Fischer Verlag},
	author = {Rammler, Stephan},
	year = {2014}
}

@article{soliman_social_2017,
	title = {Social sensing of urban land use based on analysis of Twitter users’ mobility patterns},
	volume = {12},
	pages = {e0181657},
	number = {7},
	journal = {{PloS} one},
	author = {Soliman, Aiman and Soltani, Kiumars and Yin, Junjun and Padmanabhan, Anand and Wang, Shaowen},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science}
}

@inproceedings{hasan_understanding_2013,
	title = {Understanding urban human activity and mobility patterns using large-scale location-based data from online social media},
	pages = {1--8},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd {ACM} {SIGKDD} international workshop on urban computing},
	author = {Hasan, Samiul and Zhan, Xianyuan and Ukkusuri, Satish V},
	year = {2013}
}

@article{wu_intra-urban_2014,
	title = {Intra-urban human mobility and activity transition: Evidence from social media check-in data},
	volume = {9},
	number = {5},
	journal = {{PloS} one},
	author = {Wu, Lun and Zhi, Ye and Sui, Zhengwei and Liu, Yu},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science}
}

@inproceedings{lathia_hidden_2012-1,
	title = {The hidden image of the city: sensing community well-being from urban mobility},
	pages = {91--98},
	booktitle = {International conference on pervasive computing},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Lathia, Neal and Quercia, Daniele and Crowcroft, Jon},
	year = {2012}
}

@book{swyngedouw_designing_2011,
	title = {Designing the post-political city and the insurgent polis},
	publisher = {Bedford},
	author = {Swyngedouw, Erik},
	year = {2011}
}

@article{fuchs_theorising_2014,
	title = {Theorising and analysing digital labour: From global value chains to modes of production},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	journal = {The Political Economy of Communication},
	author = {Fuchs, Christian},
	year = {2014}
}

@article{european_commission_press_2013,
	title = {Press release–“Commission seeks feedback on commitments offered by Google to address competition concerns.” 25 April},
	url = {http://europa.eu/rapid/ press-release_MEMO-13-383_en.htm},
	author = {{European Commission}},
	year = {2013}
}

@article{burn-murdoch_study_2012,
	title = {Study: Less than 1\% of the world’s data is analysed, over 80\% is unprotected},
	journal = {The Guardian},
	author = {Burn-Murdoch, John},
	year = {2012}
}

@article{graham_regulate_2020,
	title = {Regulate, replicate, and resist–the conjunctural geographies of platform urbanism},
	pages = {1--5},
	journal = {Urban Geography},
	author = {Graham, Mark},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{shaw_informational_2017,
	title = {An informational right to the city? Code, content, control, and the urbanization of information},
	volume = {49},
	pages = {907--927},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Antipode},
	author = {Shaw, Joe and Graham, Mark},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{pastorello_occupancy_2010,
	title = {Occupancy rates of passenger vehicles},
	journal = {European Environment Agency},
	author = {Pastorello, Cinzia},
	year = {2010}
}

@article{washburn_helping_2009,
	title = {Helping {CIOs} understand “smart city” initiatives},
	volume = {17},
	pages = {1--17},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Growth},
	author = {Washburn, Doug and Sindhu, Usman and Balaouras, Stephanie and Dines, Rachel A and Hayes, N and Nelson, Lauren E},
	year = {2009}
}

@article{zeng_what_2014-1,
	title = {What do we know about social media in tourism? A review},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2211-9736},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211973614000026},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tmp.2014.01.001},
	shorttitle = {What do we know about social media in tourism?},
	abstract = {The growing role of social media in tourism has been increasingly an emerging research topic. Social media plays a significant role in many aspects of tourism, especially in information search and decision-making behaviours, tourism promotion and in focusing on best practices for interacting with consumers. Leveraging off social media to market tourism products has proven to be an excellent strategy. This study reviews and analyses the research publications focusing on social media in tourism. Through a comprehensive literature review, this paper identifies what we know about social media in tourism, and recommends a future research agenda on the phenomenon. The paper suggests that research on social media in tourism is still in its infancy. It is critical to encourage comprehensive investigation into the influence and impact of social media (as part of tourism management/marketing strategy) on all aspects of the tourism industry including local communities, and to demonstrate the economic contribution of social media to the industry.},
	pages = {27--36},
	journal = {Tourism Management Perspectives},
	author = {Zeng, Benxiang and Gerritsen, Rolf},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2014-04},
	keywords = {Social media, Impact, Literature review, Research agenda, Tourism marketing},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/UH4NDXN7/S2211973614000026.html:text/html}
}

@article{silvis_social_noyear-1,
	title = {Social Networks and Travel Behavior: Report from an Integrated Travel Diary},
	abstract = {This paper reports preliminary results of a survey designed to quantify how social networks influence travel behavior. Using a three-day activity diary, we simultaneously measured social interactions and travel behavior. Respondents were asked to record all trips, as well as all social interactions with friends and family for three days. We use a novel survey method—iterative recruitment—to uncover networks of social interactions. Respondents were asked to distribute postcards to individuals with whom they interacted, which gave each recipient the opportunity to volunteer to participate in the study. This method yielded strong response rates and had low overhead. Our survey provides a means of directly relating the characteristics of social trips to characteristics of the social interactions they enable, rather than being limited to relating general information on social networks to an individual diary of travel behavior. We hypothesized that respondents would travel longer times for greater social benefits, i.e., that people would be willing to travel further to see more people, or to see people whom they have known for a longer period of time. However, we found that only the number of nonimmediate kin at the destination affected respondents’ trip duration. Additionally, we found that both the total number of trips a respondent made and the number of different locations that a respondent visited were closely correlated both with size of his or her social network and with the number of repeated contacts. A repetitive social network actually resulted in a larger activity space. These effects were not uniform: we saw that a higher number of repeated interactions led to greater number of trips, while a larger social network size led to visiting more locations.},
	pages = {15},
	author = {Silvis, Julia and Niemeier, Deb and D’Souza, Raissa},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Silvis et al. - Social Networks and Travel Behavior Report from a.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/5Z6JRE2E/Silvis et al. - Social Networks and Travel Behavior Report from a.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{arentze_social_2008-1,
	title = {Social Networks, Social Interactions, and Activity-Travel Behavior: A Framework for Microsimulation},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0265-8135},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1068/b3319t},
	doi = {10.1068/b3319t},
	shorttitle = {Social Networks, Social Interactions, and Activity-Travel Behavior},
	abstract = {We argue that the social networks and activity-travel patterns of people interact and coevolve over time. Through social interaction, people exchange information about activity-travel choice alternatives and adapt their latent and overt preferences for alternatives to each other. At the same time, social networks are not static: new social links emerge and existing social links may dissolve in time, depending on activity-travel schedules and the attributes of persons. In this paper we propose a theoretical framework to incorporate these dynamics in microsimulations of activity-travel patterns. A core assumption of the proposed theory is that the utility that a person derives from social interaction is a function of dynamic social and information needs, on the one hand, and of similarity between the relevant characteristics of the persons involved, on the other. Furthermore, persons tend to adapt their preferences so as to increase the utility they derive from their social networks. We derive the theory and models from basic principles and discuss results of a first round of simulations conducted to examine the behavior of the model. We argue that the model is consistent with existing theories and findings in social network analysis.},
	pages = {1012--1027},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design},
	author = {Arentze, Theo and Timmermans, Harry},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2008-12},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{axhausen_social_2006-1,
	title = {Social networks, mobility biography and travel: the survey challenges},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/149419},
	doi = {10.3929/ethz-a-005226600},
	shorttitle = {Social networks, mobility biography and travel},
	abstract = {Social network membership and biography should influence a person’s travel behaviour through the shape of his/her mental map and social network geography. The paper discusses the survey contents, which need to be added to the current set of questions asked in travel behaviour surveys, if we want to capture these concepts. The discussion proceeds conceptually as there is little empirical work so far, on which one could draw.},
	journal = {{ETH} Zurich},
	author = {Axhausen, Kay W.},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2006},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Axhausen - 2006 - Social networks, mobility biography and travel th.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/YBU9DQJS/Axhausen - 2006 - Social networks, mobility biography and travel th.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dugundji_social_2008-1,
	title = {Social Networks, Choices, Mobility, and Travel},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {0265-8135, 1472-3417},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/b3506ged},
	doi = {10.1068/b3506ged},
	pages = {956--960},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design},
	author = {Dugundji, Elenna and Páez, Antonio and Arentze, Theo},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2008-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Dugundji et al. - 2008 - Social Networks, Choices, Mobility, and Travel.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/CZYV65HR/Dugundji et al. - 2008 - Social Networks, Choices, Mobility, and Travel.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{yue_zooming_2014-1,
	title = {Zooming into individuals to understand the collective: A review of trajectory-based travel behaviour studies},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2214-367X},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214367X13000215},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tbs.2013.12.002},
	shorttitle = {Zooming into individuals to understand the collective},
	abstract = {Understanding travel behaviour is significant in travel demand management as well as in urban and transport planning. Over the past decade, with the advancement of data collection techniques, such as {GPS}, transit smart cards, and mobile phones, various types of travel trajectory data are increasingly complementing or replacing conventional travel diaries and stated preference data. Other location-aware data are used in studying human movement patterns, such as social network check-in data and banknote dispersal data. Abundance of the emerging trajectory data has driven a new wave of travel behaviour research, and introduced new research problems. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of the travel behaviour studies categorised by trajectory data types. Based on the literature review, research challenges are discussed and promising research topics in this field are proposed for future studies.},
	pages = {69--78},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Travel Behaviour and Society},
	author = {Yue, Yang and Lan, Tian and Yeh, Anthony G. O. and Li, Qing-Quan},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2014-05},
	keywords = {Complex network theory, Human travel behaviour, Trajectory data},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/SKNXRKX3/S2214367X13000215.html:text/html}
}

@article{picornell_exploring_2015-1,
	title = {Exploring the potential of phone call data to characterize the relationship between social network and travel behavior},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {0049-4488, 1572-9435},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11116-015-9594-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s11116-015-9594-1},
	pages = {647--668},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Transportation},
	author = {Picornell, Miguel and Ruiz, Tomás and Lenormand, Maxime and Ramasco, José J. and Dubernet, Thibaut and Frías-Martínez, Enrique},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Picornell et al. - 2015 - Exploring the potential of phone call data to char.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/BHIE2ZXF/Picornell et al. - 2015 - Exploring the potential of phone call data to char.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wang_applying_2018-1,
	title = {Applying mobile phone data to travel behaviour research: A literature review},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2214367X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214367X17300224},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tbs.2017.02.005},
	shorttitle = {Applying mobile phone data to travel behaviour research},
	pages = {141--155},
	journal = {Travel Behaviour and Society},
	author = {Wang, Zhenzhen and He, Sylvia Y. and Leung, Yee},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2018-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Wang et al. - 2018 - Applying mobile phone data to travel behaviour res.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/BI3V9NPQ/Wang et al. - 2018 - Applying mobile phone data to travel behaviour res.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{majid_context-aware_2013-1,
	title = {A context-aware personalized travel recommendation system based on geotagged social media data mining},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1365-8816},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2012.696649},
	doi = {10.1080/13658816.2012.696649},
	abstract = {The proliferation of digital cameras and the growing practice of online photo sharing using social media sites such as Flickr have resulted in huge volumes of geotagged photos available on the Web. Based on users' traveling preferences elicited from their travel experiences exposed on social media sites by sharing geotagged photos, we propose a new method for recommending tourist locations that are relevant to users (i.e., personalization) in the given context (i.e., context awareness). We obtain user-specific travel preferences from his/her travel history in one city and use these to recommend tourist locations in another city. Our technique is illustrated on a sample of publicly available Flickr dataset containing photos taken in various cities of China. Results show that our context-aware personalized method is able to predict tourists' preferences in a new or unknown city more precisely and generate better recommendations compared to other state-of-the-art landmark recommendation methods.},
	pages = {662--684},
	number = {4},
	journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science},
	author = {Majid, Abdul and Chen, Ling and Chen, Gencai and Mirza, Hamid Turab and Hussain, Ibrar and Woodward, John},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2013-04},
	keywords = {context-aware query, geo-referenced photographs, geographical gazetteer, spatiotemporal data mining, trip planning},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/CZA3GKCS/Majid et al. - 2013 - A context-aware personalized travel recommendation.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{memon_travel_2015-1,
	title = {Travel Recommendation Using Geo-tagged Photos in Social Media for Tourist},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {0929-6212, 1572-834X},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11277-014-2082-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s11277-014-2082-7},
	abstract = {In recent years, million geo-tagged photos are available in online web service like Flickr, panoramio, etc. People contributing geo-tagged photo and share their travel experiences these media. The photo itself has important information sharing reveals like location, time, tags, title, and weather. We recommend the new method locations travel for tourists according their time and their preference. We get travel user preference according his/her past time in one city and recommendation another city. We examine our technique collect dataset from Flickr publically available and taken different cities of china. Experiment results show that our travel recommendation method according to tourist time capable to predict tourist location recommendation famous places or new places more precise and give better recommendation compare to state of art landmarks recommendation method and personalized travel method.},
	pages = {1347--1362},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Wireless Personal Communications},
	author = {Memon, Imran and Chen, Ling and Majid, Abdul and Lv, Mingqi and Hussain, Ibrar and Chen, Gencai},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015-02},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Memon et al. - 2015 - Travel Recommendation Using Geo-tagged Photos in S.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/F7LU7C3W/Memon et al. - 2015 - Travel Recommendation Using Geo-tagged Photos in S.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{boutyline_social_2011,
	title = {The social structure of political echo chambers: Ideology leads to asymmetries in online political communication networks},
	author = {Boutyline, Andrei G and Willer, Robb},
	year = {2011}
}

@article{united_nations_paris_2015,
	title = {Paris Agreement},
	url = {https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en},
	journal = {United Nations Treaty Collection, Chapter {XXVII} 7. d},
	author = {{United Nations}},
	urlyear = {2019-03-28},
	year = {2015}
}

@article{painter_cross-national_2012,
	title = {Cross-national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries, 2007–10},
	volume = {7},
	pages = {044005},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Environmental research letters},
	author = {Painter, James and Ashe, Teresa},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: {IOP} Publishing}
}

@article{zhang_withdrawal_2017-1,
	title = {The withdrawal of the {US} from the Paris Agreement and its impact on global climate change governance},
	volume = {8},
	pages = {213--219},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Advances in Climate Change Research},
	author = {Zhang, Yong-Xiang and Chao, Qing-Chen and Zheng, Qiu-Hong and Huang, Lei},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@article{pfeffer_understanding_2014-1,
	title = {Understanding online firestorms: Negative word-of-mouth dynamics in social media networks},
	volume = {20},
	pages = {117--128},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Marketing Communications},
	author = {Pfeffer, Jürgen and Zorbach, Thomas and Carley, Kathleen M},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{hoogendoorn-lanser_netherlands_2015-1,
	title = {The Netherlands Mobility Panel: An Innovative Design Approach for Web-based Longitudinal Travel Data Collection},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {23521465},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S235214651500318X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2015.12.027},
	shorttitle = {The Netherlands Mobility Panel},
	abstract = {This paper introduces a new household panel – ‘The Netherlands Mobility Panel’ (in Dutch: {MobiliteitsPanel} Nederland {MPN}). To collect trip and trip stage data for the {MPN}, we developed a state-of-the-art travel diary, the design philosophy of which will be explained in this paper. Further, the initial assessment results based on the first data collected autumn 2013 is presented, providing insights into the benefits of the travel diary design. We explain how differences in data quality relate to differences in diary design, diary layout, and diary content.},
	pages = {311--329},
	journal = {Transportation Research Procedia},
	author = {Hoogendoorn-Lanser, Sascha and Schaap, Nina T.W. and {OldeKalter}, Marie-José},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Hoogendoorn-Lanser et al. - 2015 - The Netherlands Mobility Panel An Innovative Desi.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/REJI7E8M/Hoogendoorn-Lanser et al. - 2015 - The Netherlands Mobility Panel An Innovative Desi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{pike_destination_noyear-1,
	title = {{DESTINATION} {DECISION} {SETS}: A {LONGITUDINAL} {COMPARISON} {OF} {STATED} {PREFERENCES} {WITH} {ACTUAL} {BEHAVIOUR}},
	abstract = {There have only been a small number of applications of consumer decision set theory to holiday destination choice, and these studies have tended to rely on a single cross sectional snapshot of research participants’ stated preferences. Very little has been reported on the relationship between stated destination preferences and actual travel. To what degree then can marketers rely on consumers’ stated attitudes if there is no supporting measure of actual behaviour? The paper presents a rare longitudinal examination of destination decision sets, and the first in the context of short break holidays by car in Queensland, Australia. Two questionnaires were administered, three months apart. The first identified destination preferences while the second examined actual travel and revisited destination preferences. The findings indicate a general consistency between attitude and behaviour in the short term. The results support the proposition that the positioning of a destination into a consumer’s decision set represents a source of competitive advantage. A key implication for the destination of interest, which launched a new brand campaign during the period of the project, is that a long term investment in a clearly differentiated brand message will be required to improve awareness and intent to travel by consumers in the region’s most important market. It is recommended that monitoring decision set composition represents an important and practical indicator of future performance for destination marketers.},
	pages = {45},
	author = {Pike, Dr Steven},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Pike - DESTINATION DECISION SETS A LONGITUDINAL COMPARIS.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/UJF7IFYS/Pike - DESTINATION DECISION SETS A LONGITUDINAL COMPARIS.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{collins_gender_2002-1,
	title = {Gender and Differences in Travel Life Cycles},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0047-2875, 1552-6763},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/004728702237413},
	doi = {10.1177/004728702237413},
	pages = {133--143},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Travel Research},
	author = {Collins, Darrian and Tisdell, Clem},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2002-11},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Collins and Tisdell - 2002 - Gender and Differences in Travel Life Cycles.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/J94FYXJK/Collins and Tisdell - 2002 - Gender and Differences in Travel Life Cycles.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inproceedings{maghrebi_complementing_2015-1,
	location = {Gran Canaria, Spain},
	title = {Complementing Travel Diary Surveys with Twitter Data: Application of Text Mining Techniques on Activity Location, Type and Time},
	isbn = {978-1-4673-6596-3},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7313135/},
	doi = {10.1109/ITSC.2015.43},
	shorttitle = {Complementing Travel Diary Surveys with Twitter Data},
	abstract = {A growing body of literature in social science has been devoted to extracting new information from social media to assist authorities in manage crowd projects. In this paper geolocation (or spatial) based information provided in social media is investigated to utilize intelligent transportation services. Further, the general trend of travel activities during weekdays is studied. For this purpose, a dataset consisting of more than 14,517 tweets in south and west part of the Sydney metropolitan area is utilized. After a data processing effort, the tweets are clustered into seven main categories using text mining techniques, where each category represents a type of activity including shopping, recreation, and work. Unlike the previous studies in this area, the focus of this work is on the content of the tweets rather than only using geotagged data or sentiment analysis. Beside activity type, temporal and spatial distributions of activities are used in the classification exercise. Categories are mapped to the identified regions within the city of Sydney across four time slots (two peak periods and two off-peak periods). Each time slot is used to construct a network with nodes representing people, activities and locations and edges reflecting the association between the nodes. The constructed networks are used to study the trend of activities/locations in a typical working day.},
	pages = {208--213},
	booktitle = {2015 {IEEE} 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems},
	publisher = {{IEEE}},
	author = {Maghrebi, Mojtaba and Abbasi, Alireza and Rashidi, Taha Hossein and Waller, S. Travis},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Maghrebi et al. - 2015 - Complementing Travel Diary Surveys with Twitter Da.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/YS6EA8J8/Maghrebi et al. - 2015 - Complementing Travel Diary Surveys with Twitter Da.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inproceedings{abbasi_utilising_2015-3,
	location = {Bellevue, {WA}, {USA}},
	title = {Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Survey Methods: bringing Twitter data into the play},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-3975-9},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2830657.2830660},
	doi = {10.1145/2830657.2830660},
	shorttitle = {Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Survey Methods},
	abstract = {A growing body of literature has been devoted to harnessing the crowdsourcing power of social media by extracting knowledge from the huge amounts of information available online. This paper discusses how social media data can be used indirectly and with minimal cost to extract travel attributes such as trip purpose and activity location. As a result, the capacity of Twitter data in complementing other sources of transport related data such as household travel surveys or traffic count data is examined. Further, a detailed discussion is provided on how short term travellers, such as tourists, can be identified using Twitter data and how their travel pattern can be analysed. Having appropriate information about tourists/visitors – such as the places they visit, their origin and the pattern of their movements at their destination – is of great importance to urban planners. The available profile information of users and self-reported geolocation data on Twitter are used to identify tourists visiting Sydney as well as also those Sydney residents who made a trip outside Sydney. The presented data and analysis enable us to understand and track tourists’ movements in cities for better urban planning. The results of this paper open up avenues for travel demand modellers to explore the possibility of using big data (in this case Twitter data) to model short distance (day-today or activity based) and long distance (vacation) trips.},
	pages = {1--9},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th {ACM} {SIGSPATIAL} International Workshop on Location-Based Social Networks - {LBSN}'15},
	publisher = {{ACM} Press},
	author = {Abbasi, Alireza and Rashidi, Taha Hossein and Maghrebi, Mojtaba and Waller, S. Travis},
	urlyear = {2019-10-06},
	year = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Abbasi et al. - 2015 - Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Su.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/WV3D38V6/Abbasi et al. - 2015 - Utilising Location Based Social Media in Travel Su.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{arlt_climate_2018-1,
	title = {Climate Engagement in a Digital Age: Exploring the Drivers of Participation in Climate Discourse Online in the Context of {COP}21},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1752-4032},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1394892},
	doi = {10.1080/17524032.2017.1394892},
	shorttitle = {Climate Engagement in a Digital Age},
	abstract = {Various scholars underscore the importance of public engagement with climate change to successfully respond to the challenges of global warming. However, although online media provide various new opportunities to actively engage in climate discourse so far very little is known about the drivers of this form of engagement. Against this background, this study tested a theoretical model on the effects of media and interpersonal communication on participation in climate discourse online using data from a representative online survey of German citizens (n = 1392) carried out while {COP}21. Overall, the results show that receiving information on climate change from social media (social networks, Twitter, blogs), active information seeking online and interpersonal conversations about {COP}21 strongly encourage participation in climate discourse online. Moreover, results provide relevant insights on the role of interest in climate politics, personal issue relevance and climate scepticism as preconditions of communication effects.},
	pages = {84--98},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Environmental Communication},
	author = {Arlt, Dorothee and Hoppe, Imke and Schmitt, Josephine B. and Silva-Schmidt, Fenja De and Brüggemann, Michael},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2018-01},
	keywords = {Climate engagement, {COP}21, media effects, participation in climate discourse online, structural equation model}
}

@article{auer_potential_2014-1,
	title = {The potential of microblogs for the study of public perceptions of climate change},
	volume = {5},
	rights = {© 2014 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1757-7799},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.273},
	doi = {10.1002/wcc.273},
	abstract = {Microblogs are electronic platforms that convey brief communications posted by users. Keyword searches in popular microblogs, like Twitter, reveal fragments of users' knowledge of and views on issues like climate change. Evaluations of climate change communications in the microblogosphere are rare even compared with the few studies on the impacts of Web sites and blogs on users' perceptions of climate change. However, extant research focuses more often on appraising logic and evidence in microblog discourse than in discovering pathways of influence and impact. The limiting ‘frames’ imposed by strategic users of microblogs and the persuasive power of ‘influencers’ are often depicted as interfering with the open, egalitarian potential of microblogs, and also, as perpetrating bias and misinformation. But oversimplifying or biased framings and pronouncements by celebrities are the stock and trade of microblogs. Good or bad, they are part of a communication medium whose users plunge in to exchange views, to persuade, and to be persuaded. Tweets and posts on any number of issues are fodder for attitudinal analytics and predictive modelling. Tools of the analytical trade should be applied to climate change microblogging, too, considering the sheer number of people who post commentary on this topic, and considering the continuing need to better understand how people view and engage with climate change. This article is categorized under: Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change {\textbackslash}textgreater Perceptions of Climate Change},
	pages = {291--296},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
	author = {Auer, Matthew R. and Zhang, Yuman and Lee, Priscilla},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2014},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/P6YY3CC9/wcc.html:text/html}
}

@article{cohen_war_2008-1,
	title = {War and peace: Possible approaches to reducing intergroup conflict},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1745-6924(Electronic),1745-6916(Print)},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00066.x},
	shorttitle = {War and peace},
	abstract = {We discuss four potential ways to reduce conflict between groups: consideration of future consequences, independent leadership, outgroup empathy, and coordination. We review relevant empirical findings for each method and discuss how each can be used to promote intergroup cooperation. ({PsycINFO} Database Record (c) 2016 {APA}, all rights reserved)},
	pages = {87--93},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
	author = {Cohen, Taya R. and Insko, Chester A.},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Empathy, Conflict, Conflict Resolution, Consequence, Cooperation, Intergroup Dynamics, Leadership},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/6ZWJU4X5/2008-03053-001.html:text/html}
}

@article{cook_quantifying_2013-1,
	title = {Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1748-9326},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F8%2F2%2F024024},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024},
	abstract = {We analyze the evolution of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming ({AGW}) in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, examining 11 944 climate abstracts from 1991–2011 matching the topics ‘global climate change’ or ‘global warming’. We find that 66.4\% of abstracts expressed no position on {AGW}, 32.6\% endorsed {AGW}, 0.7\% rejected {AGW} and 0.3\% were uncertain about the cause of global warming. Among abstracts expressing a position on {AGW}, 97.1\% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming. In a second phase of this study, we invited authors to rate their own papers. Compared to abstract ratings, a smaller percentage of self-rated papers expressed no position on {AGW} (35.5\%). Among self-rated papers expressing a position on {AGW}, 97.2\% endorsed the consensus. For both abstract ratings and authors’ self-ratings, the percentage of endorsements among papers expressing a position on {AGW} marginally increased over time. Our analysis indicates that the number of papers rejecting the consensus on {AGW} is a vanishingly small proportion of the published research.},
	pages = {024024},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
	author = {Cook, John and Nuccitelli, Dana and Green, Sarah A. and Richardson, Mark and Winkler, Bärbel and Painting, Rob and Way, Robert and Jacobs, Peter and Skuce, Andrew},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2013},
	langid = {english},
	file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/3QZGW3SU/Cook et al. - 2013 - Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{gonzalez-bailon_assessing_2012-1,
	title = {Assessing the Bias in Communication Networks Sampled from Twitter},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.1684},
	abstract = {We collect and analyse messages exchanged in Twitter using two of the platform's publicly available {APIs} (the search and stream specifications). We assess the differences between the two samples, and compare the networks of communication reconstructed from them. The empirical context is given by political protests taking place in May 2012: we track online communication around these protests for the period of one month, and reconstruct the network of mentions and re-tweets according to the two samples. We find that the search {API} over-represents the more central users and does not offer an accurate picture of peripheral activity; we also find that the bias is greater for the network of mentions. We discuss the implications of this bias for the study of diffusion dynamics and collective action in the digital era, and advocate the need for more uniform sampling procedures in the study of online communication.},
	journal = {{arXiv}:1212.1684 [physics]},
	author = {González-Bailón, Sandra and Wang, Ning and Rivero, Alejandro and Borge-Holthoefer, Javier and Moreno, Yamir},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2012-12},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Physics - Physics and Society},
	file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/8E49HIU3/González-Bailón et al. - 2012 - Assessing the Bias in Communication Networks Sampl.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/EIAE68GF/1212.html:text/html}
}

@article{hawkins_estimating_2017-1,
	title = {Estimating changes in global temperature since the preindustrial period},
	volume = {98},
	rights = {cc\_by\_4},
	issn = {1520-0477},
	url = {http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/73151/},
	abstract = {The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ({UNFCCC}) process agreed in Paris to limit global surface temperature rise to “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.” But what period is preindustrial? Somewhat remarkably, this is not defined within the {UNFCCC}’s many agreements and protocols. Nor is it defined in the {IPCC}’s Fifth Assessment Report ({AR}5) in the evaluation of when particular temperature levels might be reached because no robust definition of the period exists. Here we discuss the important factors to consider when defining a preindustrial period, based on estimates of historical radiative forcings and the availability of climate observations. There is no perfect period, but we suggest that 1720–1800 is the most suitable choice when discussing global temperature limits. We then estimate the change in global average temperature since preindustrial using a range of approaches based on observations, radiative forcings, global climate model simulations, and proxy evidence. Our assessment is that this preindustrial period was likely 0.55°–0.80°C cooler than 1986–2005 and that 2015 was likely the first year in which global average temperature was more than 1°C above preindustrial levels. We provide some recommendations for how this assessment might be improved in the future and suggest that reframing temperature limits with a modern baseline would be inherently less uncertain and more policy relevant.},
	pages = {1841--1856},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
	author = {Hawkins, Ed and Ortega, Pablo and Suckling, Emma and Schurer, Andrew and Hegerl, Gabi and Jones, Phil and Joshi, Manoj and Osborn, Timothy J. and Masson-Delmotte, Valérie and Mignot, Juliette and Thorne, Peter and van Oldenborgh, Geert Jan},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2017-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/2SEQJQWN/Hawkins et al. - 2017 - Estimating changes in global temperature since the.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/GUKI87C7/73151.html:text/html}
}

@article{hobson_what_2013-1,
	title = {“What sceptics believe”: The effects of information and deliberation on climate change scepticism},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {0963-6625},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662511430459},
	doi = {10.1177/0963662511430459},
	shorttitle = {“What sceptics believe”},
	abstract = {Scepticism about climate change now appears a pervasive social phenomenon. Research to year has examined the different forms that scepticism can take, from outright denial to general uncertainty. Less is known about what climate sceptics value and believe beyond their climate change doubt, as well as how “entrenched” such beliefs are. In response, this paper discusses research into public reactions to projected climate change in the Australian Capital Region. Using Q Methodology and qualitative data, it outlines five discourses of scepticism and explores the impact regional-scale climate scenarios and a deliberative forum had on these discourses. Results show that both forms of intervention stimulate “discourse migration” amongst research participants. However, migrations are rarely sustained, and sceptical positions are infrequently dispelled outright, suggesting the relationship between climate scepticism, broader beliefs, and the methods used to inform and debate about climate change, are pivotal to comprehending and addressing this issue.},
	pages = {396--412},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Public Understanding of Science},
	author = {Hobson, Kersty and Niemeyer, Simon},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2013-05},
	langid = {english}
}

@article{meyer_technical_noyear-1,
	title = {Technical Support Unit for the Synthesis Report},
	pages = {169},
	author = {Meyer, Leo and Brinkman, Sander and van Kesteren, Line and Leprince-Ringuet, Noëmie and van Boxmeer, Fijke},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Meyer et al. - Technical Support Unit for the Synthesis Report.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/3DKHCVX8/Meyer et al. - Technical Support Unit for the Synthesis Report.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{williams_virtually_2006-2,
	title = {Virtually criminal: Crime, deviance and regulation online},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Williams, Matthew},
	year = {2006}
}

@article{joinson_causes_1998,
	title = {Causes and effects of disinhibition on the Internet},
	pages = {43--60},
	journal = {The psychology of the Internet},
	author = {Joinson, Adam N},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: Academic Press New York, {NY}}
}

@article{lash_technological_2001-1,
	title = {Technological forms of life},
	volume = {18},
	pages = {105--120},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society},
	author = {Lash, Scott},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications}
}

@article{williams_towards_2017,
	title = {Towards an ethical framework for publishing Twitter data in social research: Taking into account users’ views, online context and algorithmic estimation},
	volume = {51},
	pages = {1149--1168},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Sociology},
	author = {Williams, Matthew L and Burnap, Pete and Sloan, Luke},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England}
}

@article{kruglanski_motivated_1996-1,
	title = {Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and "freezing."},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {1939-1471(Electronic),0033-295X(Print)},
	doi = {10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263},
	shorttitle = {Motivated closing of the mind},
	abstract = {A theoretical framework is outlined in which the key construct is the need for (nonspecific) cognitive closure. The need for closure is a desire for definite knowledge on some issue. It represents a dimension of stable individual differences as well as a situationally evocable state. The need for closure has widely ramifying consequences for social-cognitive phenomena at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and group levels of analysis. Those consequences derive from 2 general tendencies, those of urgency and permanence. The urgency tendency represents an individual's inclination to attain closure as soon as possible, and the permanence tendency represents an individual's inclination to maintain it for as long as possible. Empirical evidence for present theory attests to diverse need for closure effects on fundamental social psychological phenomena, including impression formation, stereotyping, attribution, persuasion, group decision making, and language use in intergroup contexts. ({PsycINFO} Database Record (c) 2016 {APA}, all rights reserved)},
	pages = {263--283},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Psychological Review},
	author = {Kruglanski, Arie W. and Webster, Donna M.},
	year = {1996},
	keywords = {Cognitive Processes, Knowledge Level, Social Psychology},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/HKNMEGEH/1996-01742-003.html:text/html}
}

@article{lorcher_dynamics_2015-1,
	title = {The Dynamics of Issue Attention in Online Communication on Climate Change},
	volume = {3},
	rights = {Copyright (c) 2015 Ines Lörcher, Irene Neverla},
	issn = {2183-2439},
	url = {https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/253},
	doi = {10.17645/mac.v3i1.253},
	pages = {17--33},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Media and Communication},
	author = {Lörcher, Ines and Neverla, Irene},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2015-09},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {climate change, dynamics of sub-topics, issue attention, online communication, online public arenas},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/3SGJAQXH/Lörcher and Neverla - 2015 - The Dynamics of Issue Attention in Online Communic.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/WSZBC4RT/253.html:text/html}
}

@article{marx_communication_2007-1,
	title = {Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {0959-3780},
	url = {https://www.researchwithnj.com/en/publications/communication-and-mental-processes-experiential-and-analytic-proc},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.10.004},
	shorttitle = {Communication and mental processes},
	pages = {47--58},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Marx, Sabine M. and Weber, Elke U. and Orlove, Benjamin S. and Leiserowitz, Anthony and Krantz, David H. and Roncoli, Carla and Phillips, Jennifer},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2007-02},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/B7ATM3GR/communication-and-mental-processes-experiential-and-analytic-proc.html:text/html}
}

@article{moser_communicating_2010-1,
	title = {Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future directions},
	volume = {1},
	rights = {Copyright © 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1757-7799},
	url = {http://undefined/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.11},
	doi = {10.1002/wcc.11},
	shorttitle = {Communicating climate change},
	abstract = {Since anthropogenic climate change first emerged on the public agenda in the mid-to-late 1980s, public communication of climate change and—more recently—the question of how to communicate it most effectively have witnessed a steep rise. This paper synthesizes what is known, presumed, and still unknown about how to effectively communicate this problem. An introductory historical overview of climate change communication is followed by a discussion of the challenges that communicators face in trying to convey the issue (invisibility of causes, distant impacts, lack of immediacy and direct experience of the impacts, lack of gratification for taking mitigative actions, disbelief in human's global influence, complexity and uncertainty, inadequate signals indicating the need for change, perceptual limits and self-interest). The core of the paper focuses on key aspects of the communication process (purpose and scope of the communication, audience, framing, messages, messengers, modes and channels of communication, and assessing the outcomes and effectiveness of a communication). These elements are placed in relationship to several contextual factors that affect the communication process. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research on climate change communication. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. This article is categorized under: Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change {\textbackslash}textgreater Communication},
	pages = {31--53},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
	author = {Moser, Susanne C.},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2010},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/P54GXVKH/Moser - 2010 - Communicating climate change history, challenges,.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/5Z3J9ALT/wcc.html:text/html}
}

@article{schafer_online_2012-1,
	title = {Online communication on climate change and climate politics: a literature review},
	volume = {3},
	rights = {Copyright © 2012 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1757-7799},
	url = {http://undefined/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.191},
	doi = {10.1002/wcc.191},
	shorttitle = {Online communication on climate change and climate politics},
	abstract = {The study of climate change communication has become an important research field. As stakeholders such as scientists, politicians, corporations, or {NGOs} increasingly turn to the Internet and social media for providing information and mobilizing support, and as an increasing number of people use these media, online communication on climate change and climate politics has become a relevant topic. This article reviews the available scholarly literature on the role of online and social media in climate communication. It analyzes how stakeholders use online communication strategically, showing, for example, that climate scientists and scientific institutions do not seem to be major players in online debates about climate change and climate politics. Furthermore, it highlights the characteristics of online climate communication, outlining, for example, that although (or because) many stakeholders participate online, this does not lead to robust scientific information or better debates. Eventually, the review assesses what is known about the uses and effects of online climate communication, showing that impacts on the broader public seem to be limited so far. Research desiderata are identified in the end, and directions for further studies are shown. {WIREs} Clim Change 2012, 3:527–543. doi: 10.1002/wcc.191 This article is categorized under: Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change {\textbackslash}textgreater Communication},
	pages = {527--543},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
	author = {Schäfer, Mike S.},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2012},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/QIR93KAG/Schäfer - 2012 - Online communication on climate change and climate.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/KYMBWZCM/wcc.html:text/html}
}

@article{scheufele_conclusionhorizon_2017-1,
	title = {Conclusion—On the Horizon},
	url = {https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190497620-e-49},
	doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.49},
	abstract = {How we can best communicate about science within ever-shifting political, scientific and political landscapes is an empirical question. And how we can best involve the public and stakeholders in deliberation about complex and ethically fraught science is an open one that science communication is only beginning to answer. The importance of finding answers, however, is magnified by increasingly polarized political environments in countries like the {US}, the consequential nature of the scientific matters on the horizon, and the speed with which technologies, such as {CRISPR}, lead to societal applications and implications. Developing approaches to science communication that are effective within these broader political environments will be crucially important for enabling policy debates and decisions that are based on the best available science and responsible innovation for technologies that is coordinated across national boundaries.},
	journal = {The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication},
	author = {Scheufele, Dietram A. and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall and Kahan, Dan M.},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2017-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/AEMDI77E/oxfordhb-9780190497620-e-49.html:text/html}
}

@article{schmid_reducing_2014-1,
	title = {Reducing aggressive intergroup action tendencies: effects of intergroup contact via perceived intergroup threat},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {1098-2337},
	doi = {10.1002/ab.21516},
	shorttitle = {Reducing aggressive intergroup action tendencies},
	abstract = {Two studies tested the prediction that more positive intergroup contact would be associated with reduced aggressive intergroup action tendencies, an effect predicted to occur indirectly via reduced intergroup threat perceptions, and over and above well-established effects of contact on intergroup attitudes. Study 1, using data based on a cross-section of the general population of eight European countries (France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, and the {UK}; N = 7,042), examined this hypothesis in the context of aggressive action tendencies towards immigrants. Study 2, using longitudinal data obtained from a general population sample in Northern Ireland, considered effects on aggressive action tendencies between ethno-religious groups in conflict. Both studies confirmed our predictions, showing that while perceived threat was associated with greater intergroup aggressive tendencies, positive intergroup contact was indirectly associated with reduced aggressive action tendencies, via reduced intergroup threat. Findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical contributions of this research for understanding the relationship between intergroup contact and intergroup aggression.},
	pages = {250--262},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Aggressive Behavior},
	author = {Schmid, Katharina and Hewstone, Miles and Küpper, Beate and Zick, Andreas and Tausch, Nicole},
	year = {2014-06},
	pmid = {24338684},
	keywords = {United Kingdom, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Adolescent, Aged, 80 and over, Aggression, aggressive action tendencies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cross-Sectional Studies, Emigration and Immigration, Ethnic Violence, Europe, France, Germany, Group Processes, Hungary, intergroup conflict, intergroup contact, Interpersonal Relations, Italy, longitudinal data, Longitudinal Studies, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, perceived intergroup threat, Poland, Portugal, Social Behavior, Xenophobia},
	file = {Submitted Version:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/UHXW2PGQ/Schmid et al. - 2014 - Reducing aggressive intergroup action tendencies .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sharman_mapping_2014-1,
	title = {Mapping the climate sceptical blogosphere},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {0959-3780},
	url = {http://www.journals.elsevier.com/global-environmental-change},
	abstract = {While mainstream scientific knowledge production has been extensively examined in the academic literature, comparatively little is known about alternative networks of scientific knowledge production. Online sources such as blogs are an especially under-investigated site of knowledge contestation. Using degree centrality and node betweenness tests from social network analysis, and thematic content analysis of individual posts, this research identifies and critically examines the climate sceptical blogosphere and investigates whether a focus on particular themes contributes to the positioning of the most central blogs. A network of 171 individual blogs is identified, with three blogs in particular found to be the most central: Climate Audit, {JoNova} and Watts Up With That. These blogs predominantly focus on the scientific element of the climate debate, providing either a direct scientifically-based challenge to mainstream climate science, or a critique of the conduct of the climate science system. This overt scientific framing, as opposed to explicitly highlighting differences in values, politics, or ideological worldview, appears to be an important contributory factor in the positioning of the most central blogs. It is suggested that these central blogs are key protagonists in a process of attempted expert knowledge de-legitimisation and contestation, acting not only as translators between scientific research and lay audiences, but, in their reinterpretation of existing climate science knowledge claims, are acting themselves as alternative public sites of expertise for a climate sceptical audience.},
	pages = {159--170},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Sharman, Amelia},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2014-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/4Q9DI24D/Sharman - 2014 - Mapping the climate sceptical blogosphere.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/VTNBCHSH/56519.html:text/html}
}

@article{taddicken_who_2016-1,
	title = {Who participates in the climate change online discourse? A typology of Germans’ online engagement},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0341-2059},
	url = {https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_2351513},
	doi = {10.1515/commun-2016-0012},
	shorttitle = {Who participates in the climate change online discourse?},
	abstract = {Author: Taddicken, Monika et al.; Genre: Journal Article; Published online: 2016-09; Keywords: climate change; social media; online engagement; search engine use; segmentation approach; Title: Who participates in the climate change online discourse? A typology of Germans’ online engagement},
	pages = {315--337},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Communications : The European Journal of Communication Research},
	author = {Taddicken, Monika and Reif, Anne},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2016-09},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/4XR3QAUN/ViewItemOverviewPage.html:text/html}
}

@book{hatch_organizational_2004-1,
	title = {Organizational Identity: A Reader},
	isbn = {978-0-19-926946-4},
	shorttitle = {Organizational Identity},
	abstract = {Organizational Identity presents the classic works on organizational identity alongside more current thinking on the issues. Ranging from theoretical contributions to empirical studies, the readings in this volume address the key issues of organizational identity, and show how these issues have developed through contributions from such diverse fields of study as sociology, psychology, management studies and cultural studies. The readings examine questions such as how organizations understand who they are, why organizations develop a sense of identity and belonging where the boundaries of identity lie and the implications of postmodern and critical theories' challenges to the concept of identity as deeply-rooted and authentic. Includes work by: Stuart Albert, Mats Alvesson, Blake E. Ashforth, Marilynn B. Brewer, George Cheney, Lars Thoger Christensen, C.H. Cooley, Kevin G. Corley, Barbara Czarniawska, Janet M. Dukerich, Jane E. Dutton, Kimberly D. Elsbach, Wendi Gardner, Linda E. Ginzela, Dennis A. Gioia, E. Goffman, Karen Golden-Biddle, Mary Jo Hatch, Roderick M. Kramer, Fred Rael, G.H. Mead, Michael G. Pratt, Anat Rafaeli, Hayagreeva Rao, Majken Schultz, Howard S. Schwartz, Robert I. Sutton, Henri Taijfel, John Turner, David A. Wherren, and Hugh Willmott. Intended to provide easy access to this material for students of organizational identity, it will also be of interest more broadly to students of business, sociology and psychology.},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Hatch, Mary Jo and Schultz, Majken},
	year = {2004},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Business \& Economics / Negotiating, Business \& Economics / Organizational Behavior}
}

@incollection{urry_climate_2015-1,
	location = {London},
	title = {Climate Change and Society},
	isbn = {978-1-137-26992-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137269928_4},
	abstract = {Contemporary societies are faced by a new spectre haunting the ‘globe’ — the changing of the world’s climate. This was not believed possible by scientists until fairly recently although the theoretical idea of a ‘greenhouse effect’ has been well established for a century or so.},
	pages = {45--59},
	booktitle = {Why the Social Sciences Matter},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan {UK}},
	author = {Urry, John},
	editor = {Michie, Jonathan and Cooper, Cary L.},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1057/9781137269928_4},
	keywords = {American Conserva, Climate Change, Climate Change Science, Climate Science, Stern Review}
}

@book{nasa_causes_2019,
	title = {The Causes of Climate Change},
	url = {https://climate.nasa.gov/causes},
	abstract = {Most climate scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the "greenhouse effect" â warming that results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space.},
	author = {{NASA}},
	year = {2019}
}

@article{ess_round_8_european_2016,
	title = {European Social Survey Round 8 Data},
	journal = {Data file edition 2.1. {NSD}-Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway–Data Archive and distributor of {ESS} data for {ESS} {ERIC}. doi: 10.21338/{NSD}-{ESS}8},
	author = {{ESS Round 8}},
	year = {2016}
}

@article{faul_g_2007,
	title = {G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences},
	volume = {39},
	pages = {175--191},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Behavior research methods},
	author = {Faul, Franz and Erdfelder, Edgar and Lang, Albert-Georg and Buchner, Axel},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: Springer}
}

@article{ess_round_8_european_2018,
	title = {European Social Survey},
	journal = {{ESS}-8 2016 Documentation Report. Edition 2.1. Bergen, European Social Survey Data Archive, {NSD} - Norwegian Centre for Research Data for {ESS} {ERIC}. doi:10.21338/{NSD}-{ESS}8-2016.},
	author = {{ESS Round 8}},
	year = {2018}
}

@inproceedings{gilbert_blogs_2009,
	title = {Blogs are echo chambers: Blogs are echo chambers},
	pages = {1--10},
	booktitle = {2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
	publisher = {{IEEE}},
	author = {Gilbert, Eric and Bergstrom, Tony and Karahalios, Karrie},
	year = {2009}
}

@book{lukes_power_1974,
	location = {London; New York},
	title = {Power : a radical view},
	isbn = {0-333-16672-8 978-0-333-16672-7},
	publisher = {Macmillan},
	author = {Lukes, Steven.},
	year = {1974}
}

@article{michaels_doubt_2005,
	title = {Doubt is their product},
	volume = {292},
	pages = {96--101},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Scientific American},
	author = {Michaels, David and Jones, Mindy},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{dunlap_bringing_2015,
	title = {Bringing Sociology into Climate Change Research and Climate Change into Sociology},
	pages = {412--436},
	journal = {Climate Change and Society: Sociological Perspectives},
	author = {Dunlap, Riley E and Brulle, Robert J},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press New York}
}

@article{mccright_anti-reflexivity_2010,
	title = {Anti-reflexivity},
	volume = {27},
	pages = {100--133},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society},
	author = {{McCright}, Aaron M and Dunlap, Riley E},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England}
}

@article{hakkinen_ideology_2014,
	title = {Ideology and climate change denial},
	volume = {70},
	pages = {62--65},
	journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
	author = {Häkkinen, Kirsti and Akrami, Nazar},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@article{berkhout_reconstructing_2010,
	title = {Reconstructing boundaries and reason in the climate debate},
	volume = {20},
	pages = {565--569},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Global Environmental Change},
	author = {Berkhout, Frans},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@article{de_kraker_internet_2014,
	title = {Internet public opinion on climate change: a world views analysis of online reader comments},
	volume = {6},
	pages = {19--33},
	number = {1},
	journal = {International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management},
	author = {De Kraker, Joop and Kuijs, Sacha and Cörvers, Ron and Offermans, Astrid},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited}
}

@book{jamieson_echo_2008,
	title = {Echo chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the conservative media establishment},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Jamieson, Kathleen Hall and Cappella, Joseph N},
	year = {2008}
}

@incollection{flache_social_2019,
	title = {Social Integration in a Diverse Society: Social Complexity Models of the Link Between Segregation and Opinion Polarization},
	pages = {213--228},
	booktitle = {New Perspectives and Challenges in Econophysics and Sociophysics},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Flache, Andreas},
	year = {2019}
}

@incollection{schroeder_big_2016,
	title = {Big data and communication research},
	booktitle = {Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication},
	author = {Schroeder, Ralph},
	year = {2016}
}

@article{sheeran_intentionbehavior_2016,
	title = {The intention–behavior gap},
	volume = {10},
	pages = {503--518},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Social and personality psychology compass},
	author = {Sheeran, Paschal and Webb, Thomas L},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{greenberg_terror_2008,
	title = {Terror management theory: Implications for understanding prejudice, stereotyping, intergroup conflict, and political attitudes},
	volume = {2},
	pages = {1881--1894},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Social and Personality Psychology Compass},
	author = {Greenberg, Jeff and Kosloff, Spee},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{burke_two_2010,
	title = {Two decades of terror management theory: A meta-analysis of mortality salience research},
	volume = {14},
	pages = {155--195},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
	author = {Burke, Brian L and Martens, Andy and Faucher, Erik H},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}}
}

@article{keijzer_communication_2018,
	title = {Communication in online social networks fosters cultural isolation},
	volume = {2018},
	journal = {Complexity},
	author = {Keijzer, Marijn A and Mäs, Michael and Flache, Andreas},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Hindawi}
}

@article{mcknight_change_2010,
	title = {A change in the climate? The journalism of opinion at News Corporation},
	volume = {11},
	pages = {693--706},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journalism},
	author = {{McKnight}, David},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England}
}

@article{dunlap_climate_2013,
	title = {Climate change denial books and conservative think tanks: Exploring the connection},
	volume = {57},
	pages = {699--731},
	number = {6},
	journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
	author = {Dunlap, Riley E and Jacques, Peter J},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}}
}

@article{ceccarelli_manufactured_2011,
	title = {Manufactured scientific controversy: Science, rhetoric, and public debate},
	volume = {14},
	pages = {195--228},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Rhetoric \& Public Affairs},
	author = {Ceccarelli, Leah},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Michigan State University Press}
}

@article{bonds_knowledge-shaping_2011,
	title = {The knowledge-shaping process: elite mobilization and environmental policy},
	volume = {37},
	pages = {429--446},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Critical Sociology},
	author = {Bonds, Eric},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England}
}

@article{jacques_organisation_2008,
	title = {The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism},
	volume = {17},
	pages = {349--385},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Environmental politics},
	author = {Jacques, Peter J and Dunlap, Riley E and Freeman, Mark},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge}
}

@article{vig_environmental_1984,
	title = {Environmental policy in the 1980s: Reagan's new agenda},
	author = {Vig, Norman J and Kraft, Michael E},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Publisher: Congressional Quarterly Inc., Washington, {DC}}
}

@book{mirowski_road_2015,
	title = {The Road from Mont Pelerin},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	author = {Mirowski, Philip and Plehwe, Dieter},
	year = {2015}
}

@inproceedings{liao_can_2014,
	title = {Can you hear me now?: mitigating the echo chamber effect by source position indicators},
	pages = {184--196},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {ACM} conference on Computer supported cooperative work \& social computing},
	publisher = {{ACM}},
	author = {Liao, Q Vera and Fu, Wai-Tat},
	year = {2014}
}

@article{dubois_echo_2018,
	title = {The echo chamber is overstated: the moderating effect of political interest and diverse media},
	volume = {21},
	pages = {729--745},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	author = {Dubois, Elizabeth and Blank, Grant},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{poortinga_uncertain_2011,
	title = {Uncertain climate: An investigation into public scepticism about anthropogenic climate change},
	volume = {21},
	pages = {1015--1024},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Global environmental change},
	author = {Poortinga, Wouter and Spence, Alexa and Whitmarsh, Lorraine and Capstick, Stuart and Pidgeon, Nick F},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier}
}

@book{dunlap_climate_2015,
	title = {Climate change and society: Sociological perspectives},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Dunlap, Riley E and Brulle, Robert J},
	year = {2015}
}

@article{deutsch_study_1955,
	title = {A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment.},
	volume = {51},
	pages = {629},
	number = {3},
	journal = {The journal of abnormal and social psychology},
	author = {Deutsch, Morton and Gerard, Harold B},
	year = {1955},
	note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association}
}

@article{cialdini_social_1998,
	title = {Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance.},
	author = {Cialdini, Robert B and Trost, Melanie R},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: {McGraw}-Hill}
}

@article{cialdini_social_2004,
	title = {Social influence: Compliance and conformity},
	volume = {55},
	pages = {591--621},
	journal = {Annu. Rev. Psychol.},
	author = {Cialdini, Robert B and Goldstein, Noah J},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publisher: Annual Reviews}
}

@book{fiske_social_1991,
	title = {Social cognition},
	publisher = {Mcgraw-Hill Book Company},
	author = {Fiske, Susan T and Taylor, Shelley E},
	year = {1991}
}

@article{jost_system_2011,
	title = {System justification theory},
	journal = {The encyclopedia of peace psychology},
	author = {Jost, John T and Andrews, Rick},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library}
}

@incollection{pyszczynski_thirty_2015,
	title = {Thirty years of terror management theory: From genesis to revelation},
	volume = {52},
	pages = {1--70},
	booktitle = {Advances in experimental social psychology},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Pyszczynski, Tom and Solomon, Sheldon and Greenberg, Jeff},
	year = {2015}
}

@article{white-ajmani_what_2011,
	title = {What Lies Beneath: Dogmatism, Intolerance, and Political Self-Identification.},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Individual Differences Research},
	author = {White-Ajmani, Mandi and Bursik, Krisanne},
	year = {2011}
}

@article{whitley_jr_right-wing_1999,
	title = {Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice.},
	volume = {77},
	pages = {126},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
	author = {Whitley Jr, Bernard E},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association}
}

@article{pratto_social_1994,
	title = {Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes.},
	volume = {67},
	pages = {741},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
	author = {Pratto, Felicia and Sidanius, Jim and Stallworth, Lisa M and Malle, Bertram F},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association}
}

@article{jost_political_2003,
	title = {Political conservatism as motivated social cognition.},
	volume = {129},
	pages = {339},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Psychological bulletin},
	author = {Jost, John T and Glaser, Jack and Kruglanski, Arie W and Sulloway, Frank J},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association}
}

@book{aronson_social_2014,
	title = {Social psychology.(8. utg.)},
	publisher = {Harlow: Pearson},
	author = {Aronson, E and Wilson, {TD} and Akert, {RM}},
	year = {2014}
}

@article{heine_meaning_2006,
	title = {The meaning maintenance model: On the coherence of social motivations},
	volume = {10},
	pages = {88--110},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Personality and social psychology review},
	author = {Heine, Steven J and Proulx, Travis and Vohs, Kathleen D},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}}
}

@book{robinson_climate_2018,
	title = {Climate justice: Hope, resilience, and the fight for a sustainable future},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing {USA}},
	author = {Robinson, Mary},
	year = {2018}
}

@article{bjornberg_climate_2017-1,
	title = {Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990–2015},
	volume = {167},
	pages = {229--241},
	journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
	author = {Björnberg, Karin Edvardsson and Karlsson, Mikael and Gilek, Michael and Hansson, Sven Ove},
	year = {2017}
}

@article{miller_think_2015,
	title = {Think tanks,‘merchants of doubt’and the ‘corporate capture’of sustainable development},
	pages = {86},
	journal = {The Routledge handbook of environment and communication},
	author = {Miller, David and Dinan, William},
	year = {2015}
}

@article{gallois_communication_2015-1,
	title = {Communication accommodation theory},
	pages = {1--18},
	journal = {The international encyclopedia of language and social interaction},
	author = {Gallois, Cindy and Giles, Howard},
	year = {2015}
}

@article{tamburrini_twitter_2015-1,
	title = {Twitter users change word usage according to conversation-partner social identity},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0378-8733},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037887331400046X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socnet.2014.07.004},
	abstract = {This paper investigates how people express social identity at a large scale on a social network. We looked at communities of users on the Twitter website, and tested two established social-psychology theories that are usually performed at local scale. We found evidence of Communication Accommodation Theory, where community members vary their language characteristics depending on which community they are communicating with. We also found the level of linguistic variation correlated with how isolated a community was: evidence that there is Convergence between linked members. This demonstrates the power of methods which analyse subtle human behaviour on social networks.},
	pages = {84--89},
	journal = {Social Networks},
	author = {Tamburrini, Nadine and Cinnirella, Marco and Jansen, Vincent A. A. and Bryden, John},
	urlyear = {2019-11-07},
	year = {2015-01},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Community structure, Language accommodation, Linguistic convergence, Social identity, Social network analysis, Twitter},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/WYBNWZ5Q/S037887331400046X.html:text/html}
}

@online{noauthor_sciencebrief_noyear,
	title = {{ScienceBrief} - keep up with Science},
	url = {https://sciencebrief.org/briefs/wildfires},
	urlyear = {2020-10-28},
	file = {ScienceBrief - keep up with Science:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/VUD9WU5K/wildfires.html:text/html}
}

@online{noauthor_2020_noyear,
	title = {2020 Statewide Fire Summary {\textbar} Welcome to {CAL} {FIRE}},
	url = {https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/},
	urlyear = {2020-10-28},
	file = {2020 Statewide Fire Summary | Welcome to CAL FIRE:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/8AVGZNUL/incidents.html:text/html}
}

@article{moernaut_hot_2020,
	title = {Hot weather, hot topic. Polarization and sceptical framing in the climate debate on Twitter},
	pages = {1--20},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	author = {Moernaut, Renée and Mast, Jelle and Temmerman, Martina and Broersma, Marcel},
	year = {2020},
	note = {{ISBN}: 1369-118X
Publisher: Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{ojala_climate_2015,
	title = {Climate change skepticism among adolescents},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1367-6261, 1469-9680},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13676261.2015.1020927},
	doi = {10.1080/13676261.2015.1020927},
	pages = {1135--1153},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Journal of Youth Studies},
	shortjournal = {Journal of Youth Studies},
	author = {Ojala, Maria},
	urlyear = {2020-11-30},
	year = {2015-10-21},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Ojala - 2015 - Climate change skepticism among adolescents.pdf:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/TZXY424I/Ojala - 2015 - Climate change skepticism among adolescents.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@online{noauthor_social_noyear,
	title = {A Social Identity Model of Pro-Environmental Action ({SIMPEA}). - {PsycNET}},
	url = {/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Frev0000090},
	abstract = {{APA} {PsycNet} {DoiLanding} page},
	urlyear = {2020-12-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/lisaoswald/Zotero/storage/K78P6C78/doiLanding.html:text/html}
}