Radio to TeV radiation initiated by termination of hadronic jets from microquasars in the ISM
V. Bosch-Ramon
Microquasars (MQs) are potential candidates to produce a non-negligible fraction of the observed galactic cosmic rays. The protons accelerated at the jet termination shock interact with the interstellar medium and may produce extended emission detectable at different energy bands through several processes: neutral pion-decay produce high-energy and very high-energy gamma-rays, secondary electrons produced by charged pion-decay generate synchrotron and bremsstrahlung emission. In addition, the jets of MQs themselves are likely sources of gamma-rays. We discuss about the association between the intrinsic and the indirect emission coming from these objects.
aipcheck.tex
%
% $Id: aipcheck.tex,v 1.7 2002/01/11 19:50:46 frank Exp $
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Testing for potential problems with this class
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newif\ifproblem
\newif\iftimesok

\makeatletter
\def\IfStandaloneCheck{\def\next{aipcheck}
  \edef\currjob{\jobname}
  \edef\next{\meaning\next}
  \edef\currjob{\meaning\currjob}
  \ifx\currjob\next
    \expandafter\@firstoftwo
  \else
    \expandafter\@secondoftwo
  \fi
}
\makeatother

\typeout{***********************************************}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Testing if all files required for the aipproc}
\typeout{* class are available ...}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{***********************************************}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for LaTeX2e ... }
\ifx\documentclass\undefined
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* The aipproc class can only be used with LaTeX2e which is}
 \typeout{* the standard LaTeX since 1994!}
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* Please make sure that your version of LaTeX is up-to-date}
 \typeout{* before attempting to use this class.}
 \typeout{*}
 \expandafter\stop
\else
 \typeout{* ... ok }
\fi


\def\next#1/#2/#3\next{#1#2}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Testing that LaTeX2e is not too old ... }
\ifnum\expandafter\next\fmtversion\next<199612 \relax
 \typeout{* ... what a vintage! }
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* The aipproc class can only be used with a recent version}
 \typeout{* of LaTeX2e. Your version is dated \fmtversion\space --- but}
 \typeout{* at least the 1996/12/01 version is required!}
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* Please make sure that your version of LaTeX is up-to-date}
 \typeout{* before attempting to use this class.}
 \typeout{*}
 \expandafter\stop
\else
 \ifnum\expandafter\next\fmtversion\next<199806 \relax
   \typeout{* ... probably ok }
   \typeout{*}
   \typeout{* Your version of LaTeX2e is quite old --- the aipproc class}
   \typeout{* hasn't been tested with your release.}
   \typeout{*}
   \typeout{* We believe that it will probably work, but if you encounter}
   \typeout{* problems you will need upgrade your installation.}
   \typeout{*}
   \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
   \problemtrue
 \else
   \typeout{* ... ok }
 \fi
\fi


\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aipproc.cls ... }
\IfFileExists{aipproc.cls}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Before you can use the aipproc class you have to unpack}
     \typeout{* it from the documented source.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Run LaTeX on the file 'aipproc.ins', e.g.,}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* \space\space latex aipproc.ins}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* or whatever is necessary on your installation to process}
     \typeout{* a file with LaTeX. This should unpack a number of files for you:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* aipproc.cls \space and \space aip-*.clo}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* After that retry processing this guide.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aipxfm.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{aipxfm.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The aipxfm.sty file which is part of the aipproc distribution}
     \typeout{* must be installed in a directory which is searched by LaTeX.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please install this file and retry.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aip-8s.clo ... }
\IfFileExists{aip-8s.clo}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The aip-8s.clo file which is part of the aipproc distribution}
     \typeout{* must be installed in a directory which is searched by LaTeX.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please install this file and retry.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aip-8d.clo ... }
\IfFileExists{aip-8d.clo}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The aip-8d.clo file which is part of the aipproc distribution}
     \typeout{* must be installed in a directory which is searched by LaTeX.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please install this file and retry.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}


\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aip-6s.clo ... }
\IfFileExists{aip-6s.clo}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The aip-6s.clo file which is part of the aipproc distribution}
     \typeout{* must be installed in a directory which is searched by LaTeX.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please install this file and retry.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}


\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aip-arlo.clo ... }
\IfFileExists{aip-arlo.clo}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The aip-arlo.clo file which is part of the aipproc distribution}
     \typeout{* must be installed in a directory which is searched by LaTeX.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please install this file and retry.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for fixltx2e.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{fixltx2e.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found, trying fix2col.sty instead ... }
     \typeout{*}
     \IfFileExists{fix2col.sty}
	 {
	  \typeout{* ... ok }
	 }
	 {
	  \typeout{* ... not found! }
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* Your LaTeX distribution contains neither fixltx2e.sty}
	  \typeout{* nor fix2col.sty.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* This means that it is either too old or incompletely}
	  \typeout{* installed.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* fixltx2e.sty is part of the standard LaTeX distribution}
	  \typeout{* since 1999; fix2col.sty is an earlier version of this}
	  \typeout{* package.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* Best solution is to get the latest LaTeX distribution.}
	  \typeout{* If this is impossible for you, download fix2col.sty.}
	  \typeout{* You can get this software from a CTAN host.}
          \typeout{* Refer to http://www.ctan.org and search for "fix2col".}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* After you have updated your LaTeX distribution}
	  \typeout{* retry processing this guide.}
	  \stop
     }
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for fontenc.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{fontenc.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fontenc package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (base distribution) has to be installed at the site to}
     \typeout{* run the aipproc class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* improperly.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please make sure that your version of LaTeX is okay}
     \typeout{* before attempting to use this class. The LaTeX distribution}
     \typeout{* contains the file "ltxcheck.tex" which can be used to}
     \typeout{* test the basic functionality and integrity of your installation.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for calc.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{calc.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The calc package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (tool distribution) has to be installed at the site}
     \typeout{* to run the aipproc class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please make sure that the tools distribution of LaTeX}
     \typeout{* is installed before attempting to use this class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* (You might be able to get calc.sty separately for your}
     \typeout{* installation if you are unable to upgrade to a recent}
     \typeout{* distribution for some reason.)}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for varioref.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{varioref.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
     \gdef\variorefoptionifavailable{varioref,}
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The varioref package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (tool distribution) is not installed at this site.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you cannot make use of the options "varioref" or "nonvarioref".}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please also note that the aipguide.tex documentation}
     \typeout{* normally uses the "varioref" option to show its}
     \typeout{* effects (which  will now fail).}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
     \gdef\variorefoptionifavailable{}
     \let\vpageref\pageref
     \let\vref\ref
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for times.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{times.sty}
    {
     \begingroup
% load times and forget it immediately again
       \RequirePackage{times}
       \global\expandafter\let\csname ver@times.sty\endcsname\relax    
       \long\def\next{ptm}
       \ifx\rmdefault\next
         \typeout{* ... ok }
         \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{}
         \endgroup
         \timesoktrue
       \else
         \endgroup
     \typeout{* ... obsolete! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Serious problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The times package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) is obsolete at this site.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it contains incorrect code either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts with old files remaining!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but}
     \typeout{* you have to specify the option "cmfonts" which result in}
     \typeout{* documents which are not conforming to the AIP layout specification!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can also try using the class in the following way:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* \space\space \string\documentclass[cmfonts]{aipproc}}
     \typeout{* \space\space \string\usepackage{times}}
     \typeout{* \space\space ...}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* With luck this will result in Times Roman output but chances}
     \typeout{* are that you will get a larger number of error messages in}
     \typeout{* which case you have to remove the \string\usepackage declaration.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
          \problemtrue
          \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{cmfonts}
          \def\textdegree{$^\circ$}            % used below but now
                                               % not setup
       \fi
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Serious problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The times package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you have to specify the option "cmfonts" which result in}
     \typeout{* documents which are not conforming to the AIP layout specification!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
     \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{cmfonts,}
    }

\iftimesok % don't bother testing other font options if times already
           % bad

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for t1ptm.fd or T1ptm.fd ... }
\IfFileExists{t1ptm.fd}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found, trying T1ptm.fd ... }
     \IfFileExists{T1ptm.fd}
          {
           \typeout{* ... ok }
          }
          {
           \typeout{* ... not found}
           \typeout{* Serious problem detected:}
           \typeout{*}
           \typeout{* The times package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
           \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) is available but the corresponding}
           \typeout{* .fd file (defining how to load Times Roman) is missing.}
           \typeout{*}
           \typeout{* The fact that this package is only partially installed}
           \typeout{* means that you LaTeX installation is unable to use Times}
           \typeout{* Roman fonts!}
           \typeout{*}
           \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
           \typeout{* you have to specify the option "cmfonts" which result in}
           \typeout{* documents which are not conforming to the AIP layout}
           \typeout{* specification!}
           \typeout{*}
           \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
           \problemtrue
           \timesokfalse
           \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{cmfonts,}
          }
    }

\fi


\newcommand\CheckFDFile[3]{%
  \typeout{*}
  \typeout{* Looking for #1#3.fd or #2#3.fd ... }
  \IfFileExists{#1#3.fd}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \IfFileExists{#2#3.fd}
      {
       \typeout{* ... ok }
      }
      {\problemtrue
       \typeout{* ... not found! }
      }
    }
}

\iftimesok % don't bother testing other font options if Times already bad

%\CheckFDFile{ot1}{OT1}{ot1ztmcm}
%\CheckFDFile{oml}{OML}{omlztmcm}
%\CheckFDFile{oms}{OMS}{omsztmcm}
%\CheckFDFile{omx}{OMX}{omxztmcm}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for mathptm.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{mathptm.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
     \CheckFDFile{ot1}{OT1}{ptmcm}
     \CheckFDFile{oml}{OML}{ptmcm}
     \CheckFDFile{oms}{OMS}{pzccm}
     \CheckFDFile{omx}{OMX}{psycm}
     \ifproblem
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* Problem detected:}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* The mathptm package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
      \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) was found but some or all of its}
      \typeout{* support files describing which fonts to load are missing!}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* The fact that this package is only partially installed}
      \typeout{* means that the mathptm package cannot be used!}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
      \typeout{* you have to specify the option "nomathfonts" so that}
      \typeout{* math formulas will be typeset using Computer Modern.}
      \typeout{*}
      \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
      \problemtrue
      \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{nomathfonts,}
     \else
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* Looking for mathptmx.sty ... }
      \IfFileExists{mathptmx.sty}
       {
        \typeout{* ... ok }
        \CheckFDFile{ot1}{OT1}{ztmcm}
        \CheckFDFile{oml}{OML}{ztmcm}
        \CheckFDFile{oms}{OMS}{ztmcm}
        \CheckFDFile{omx}{OMX}{ztmcm}
        \ifproblem
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* Problem detected:}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* The mathptmx package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
	  \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) was found but some or all of its}
	  \typeout{* support files describing which fonts to load are missing!}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* The fact that this package is only partially installed}
	  \typeout{* means that the mathptmx package cannot be used!}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
	  \typeout{* you have to specify the option "mathptm" (no x) so that}
	  \typeout{* math formulas use the older version with upright greek letters.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
	  \problemtrue
	  \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{mathptm,}
        \fi
       }
       {
	\typeout{* ... not found! }
	\typeout{*}
	\typeout{* Problem detected:}
	\typeout{*}
	\typeout{* The mathptmx package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
	\typeout{* (psnfss distribution) can not be found.}
	\typeout{*}
	\typeout{* This is unfortunate but not a disaster as the older}
	\typeout{* version of the package "mathptm" (no x) seems to exist.}
	\typeout{*}
	\typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
	\typeout{* you have to specify the option "mathptm" so that}
	\typeout{* math formulas use the older version with upright greek letters.}
	\typeout{*}
	\typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
	\problemtrue
	\gdef\psnfssproblemoption{mathptm,}
       }
      \fi
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The mathptm package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you have to specify the option "nomathfonts" so that}
     \typeout{* math formulas will be typeset using Computer Modern.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
     \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{nomathfonts,}
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for mathtime.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{mathtime.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The mathime package can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* This is not a serious problem because this package is}
     \typeout{* only of interest if you own the commerical MathTime fonts.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you cannot use the "mathtime" option of the class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
    }
\else
\fi % iftimesok

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for graphicx.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{graphicx.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The graphics package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (graphics distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you cannot use commands like \protect\includegraphics
                or \protect\resizebox}
     \typeout{* in this case.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please note that you will get a further error message below}
     \typeout{* about: "graphicx.sty not found" because the class will try}
     \typeout{* to load this package! Type return in response to that error.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* As a result the illustrations in aipguide will look strange.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}

     \gdef\resizebox##1##2{}
     \gdef\includegraphics{\textbf{graphics package missing:}}
     \problemtrue
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for textcomp.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{textcomp.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The textcomp package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (base distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you will always get the error: "textcomp.sty not found"}
     \typeout{* because the class will try to load this package!}
     \typeout{* Type return in response to that error.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}

     \def\textdegree{$^\circ$}         % used below but now
                                       % not set up
     \problemtrue
    }


\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for url.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{url.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The url package, which should be part of a good LaTeX}
     \typeout{* distribution, can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Without this package you will not be able to use the \string\url}
     \typeout{* command. Try to download this package from a CTAN  host.}
     \typeout{* Refer to http://www.ctan.org and search for "url".}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}

     \problemtrue
    }


\makeatletter

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for natbib.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{natbib.sty}
    {
     \IfStandaloneCheck
       {\begingroup
        \let\@listi\relax
        \let\thebibliography\@empty
        \let\bibstyle\@empty
        \RequirePackage{natbib}
        \@ifpackagelater{natbib}{1999/05/29}
	  {
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vbosch.tex
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\begin{document}

\title{Radio to TeV radiation initiated by termination of 
hadronic jets from microquasars in the ISM}

\classification{97.80.Jp,98.70.Rz 
%<Replace this text with PACS numbers; choose from this list:
%                \texttt{http://www.aip..org/pacs/index.html}>
}
\keywords      {X-ray binaries, gamma-ray sources 
%X-rays: binaries
%-- stars: winds, outflows -- gamma-rays: observations -- stars: individual: 
%LS~5039 -- gamma-rays: theory
}
\author{V. Bosch-Ramon}{
  address={Departament d'Astronomia i Meteorologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 
  Av. Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain}
}

\author{F. A. Aharonian}{
  address={Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik,
Saupfercheckweg 1, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany}
}
\author{J.M. Paredes}{
  address={Departament d'Astronomia i Meteorologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 
  Av. Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain}
}

\begin{abstract} 
Microquasars (MQs) are potential candidates to produce a
non-negligible fraction of the observed galactic cosmic rays. The protons
accelerated at the jet termination shock interact with the interstellar medium and
may produce extended emission detectable at different energy bands through 
several processes:
neutral pion-decay produce high-energy and very high-energy gamma-rays, 
secondary electrons produced by charged pion-decay generate 
synchrotron and bremsstrahlung emission. In addition, the jets of MQs themselves
are likely  sources of gamma-rays. We discuss about the association between the
intrinsic and the indirect emission coming from these objects. 
\end{abstract}

\maketitle

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\section{Introduction}  

MQs are X-ray binary systems with relativistic jets or outflows emitting non-thermal
radio emission (\cite{Mirabel99}). Although the mechanisms of jet generation are
still under discussion (\cite{Meier03}), it is known that these outflows are
magnetized, and they contain and likely accelerate relativistic particles that 
produce the observed extended radio structures. Moreover, the radio band seems to be not
the only energy range which these jets emit at. The likely association between MQs
and gamma-ray sources based on observational (for LS~5039, see \cite{Paredes00} 
and \cite{Aharonian05}; for
LS~I~+61~303, see \cite{Massi04}) and theoretical grounds (\cite{Atoyan99}, \cite{Romero03},
\cite{Bosch05a}) point strongly to these objects as very high energy cosmic ray
accelerators, not only of leptons, but perhaps also of hadrons
(\cite{Migliari02}, \cite{Bosch05b}). 

If relativistic hadrons leave the region of acceleration, they can interact further
away with high density regions of the ISM (e.g. clouds), and the electromagnetic
spectrum generated in such interactions would present features depending on the
propagation effects (\cite{Aharonian96}) linked to the diffusive medium as well as
on the properties of the cloud and the jet itself. We have explored here which
consequences in the observed spectrum, as well as concerning the gamma-ray imaging, would
arise from a region where a gamma-ray emitting microquasar jet is interacting with a
nearby cloud.

\section{Emission from regions containing MQ and clouds}

We assume that a significant amount of protons, accelerated in the
region where the jet ends, are released interacting further away 
with the ISM (see \cite{Heinz02}). These
protons diffuse through the ISM with a diffusion coefficient homogenous in spaces 
that follows a power-law in energy. Due to propagation effects, the outcomes of the
interactions between the protons released from the jet and cloud hydrogen nuclei can
differ strongly depending on the age, the nature (impulsive or continuous) of the
accelerator and the distance between this and the cloud. The proton-proton
collisions within the cloud lead to the creation of neutral and charged pions. Then,
neutral pions will decay to gamma-ray photons while charged pions will decay to e$^-$ and
e$^+$. These secondary particles can produce significant levels of synchrotron
(from radio frequencies to X-rays) and Bremsstrahlung emission (from soft gamma-rays
to TeV range), and generally with much less efficiency, inverse Compton emission
through interaction with the ambient infrared photons. In Table~\ref{tab:a}, we
present parameter values adopted concerning relevant physical quantities for a
middle size molecular cloud, the ISM and a jet of a MQ. Also, in Figs.~1 and 2, we
show the computed broad-band spectral energy distribution (SED) of the radiation
coming from the bombarded cloud for the continuous and the impulsive case respectively. 

\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\hline
Parameter & Value \\
\hline
diffusion coefficient normalization constant at 10 GeV & $10^{27}$~cm$^2$~s$^{-1}$ \\
diffusion power-law index & 0.5 \\
ISM medium density & 0.1~cm$^{-3}$ \\
cloud density & 10$^4$~cm$^{-3}$ \\
mass of the high density region/cloud & $3\times10^4~M_{\odot}$ \\
magnetic field within the cloud & $5\times10^{-4}$~G \\
IR radiation energy density within the cloud & 10~eV~cm$^{-3}$ \\
power-law index of the high energy protons & 2 \\
maximum energy of the high energy protons & $10^5$~GeV \\
kinetic luminosity of accelerated protons in the MQ jet & 10$^{37}$~erg~s$^{-1}$ \\
kinetic energy of accelerated protons in the impulsive ejection & 10$^{48}$~erg \\
distance between the MQ and the cloud & 10~pc \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Adopted parameter values}
\label{tab:a}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=10cm]{sed1}
  \caption{SED for a continuous MQ from radio to very high-energy gamma-rays at two
different ages: t=100 yr (1), t=10000 yr (2). It is plotted the neutral pion-decay 
gamma-rays (solid line), Bremsstrahlung (dashed line) and synchrotron emission
(dotted line).}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=10cm]{sed2}
  \caption{The same as in Fig. 1, but for an impulsive microquasar.}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion}

From the figures shown in the previous section, it is seen that a cloud interacting with the
cosmic rays released from jet of a MQ could be detected  by ground-based cherenkov
telescopes, and the same applies at high-energy gamma-rays for satellite-borne instruments.
However, as noted above, MQs are also intrinsic sources of very high-energy gamma-rays,
detected already at TeV energies, and likely sources of high-energy gamma-rays. Theoretical
studies show also that jets could be emitting emission in the whole spectral range
(\cite{Paredes05}). This implies that these objects, when observed with good sensitivity and
angular resolution instruments, could appear as compact sources with nearby 
extended hot spots, being the spectra of both related to each other and to the separation
distance and age and nature of the accelerator. The discovery of such double sources would
provide of information about the physical properties of the clouds and the MQs themselves.
For instance, it would be possible to estimate the magnetic field and hydrogen density in the
cloud, the magnetic field, the accelerated particle spectrum and the relativistic hadronic
content in the jet, and finally the diffusion coefficient of the ISM. 

\section{Summary}

We have shown that jets of MQs can indirectly generate broad-band emission up to very high
energies through interactions between their hadronic content, accelerated in and released
from the jet, and the hydrogen nuclei of nearby molecular clouds. Due to the intrinsic nature
of these objects as gamma-ray emitters, the new ground-based Cherenkov telescopes and
satellite-borne gamma-ray instrumens could detect double sources in their fields of view: the
MQ itself and the jet proton bombarded high density ISM.


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\begin{theacknowledgments}
V.B-R. and J.M.P. acknowledge partial support by DGI of the spanish Ministerio 
de Educaci�n y Ciencia (MEC) under grant AYA2004-07171-C02-01, as well as additional 
support from the European Regional Development Fund  (ERDF/FEDER). V.B-R. is 
supported by the DGI of the spanish MEC under the fellowship BES-2002-2699. 
\end{theacknowledgments}

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\begin{thebibliography}{}

\bibitem[1]{Mirabel99}
Mirabel, I.~F.~\& Rodr{\'{\i}}guez, L.~F. 1999, ARA\&A, 37, 409 

\bibitem[2]{Meier03}
Meier, D.~L.\ 2003, New Astronomy Review, 47, 667 

\bibitem[3]{Paredes00}
Paredes, J. M., Rib\'o, M., Mart\'i, J., \& Massi, M. 2000, Science, 288, 2340

\bibitem[4]{Aharonian05}
Aharonian, F., Akhperjanian, A. G., Bazer-Bachi, A. R., et~al. 2005, Science, on-line
release

\bibitem[5]{Massi04}
Massi, M., Rib\'o, M, Paredes, J. M., Garrington, S. T., 
Peracaula, M., Mart\'i, J. 2004, A\&A, 414, 1

\bibitem[6]{Atoyan99}
Atoyan, A. M. \& Aharonian, F. A. 1999, MNRAS, 302, 253

\bibitem[7]{Romero03}
Romero, G. E., Torres, D. F., Kaufman Bernad�, M. 
\& Mirabel, I. F. 2003, A\&A, 410, 1

\bibitem[8]{Bosch05a}
Bosch-Ramon, V., Romero, G. E., \& Paredes J. M. 2005, A\&A, 429, 267

\bibitem[9]{Migliari02}
Migliari, S., Fender, R., M\'endez, M. 2002, Science, 297, 1673

\bibitem[10]{Bosch05b}
Bosch-Ramon, V., Aharonian, F. A., \& Paredes, J. M. 2005, A\&A, 432, 609

\bibitem[11]{Aharonian96}
Aharonian F. A. \& Atoyan, A. M. 1996, A\&A, 309, 917

\bibitem[12]{Heinz02}
Heinz, S. \& Sunyaev, R. 2002, A\&A, 390, 751

\bibitem[13]{Paredes05}
Paredes, J. M., Bosch-Ramon, V., \& Romero, G. E. 2005, A\&A, submitted

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

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astro-ph0605489.extracted_bib
\begin{thebibliography}{}

\bibitem[1]{Mirabel99}
Mirabel, I.~F.~\& Rodr{\'{\i}}guez, L.~F. 1999, ARA\&A, 37, 409 

\bibitem[2]{Meier03}
Meier, D.~L.\ 2003, New Astronomy Review, 47, 667 

\bibitem[3]{Paredes00}
Paredes, J. M., Rib\'o, M., Mart\'i, J., \& Massi, M. 2000, Science, 288, 2340

\bibitem[4]{Aharonian05}
Aharonian, F., Akhperjanian, A. G., Bazer-Bachi, A. R., et~al. 2005, Science, on-line
release

\bibitem[5]{Massi04}
Massi, M., Rib\'o, M, Paredes, J. M., Garrington, S. T., 
Peracaula, M., Mart\'i, J. 2004, A\&A, 414, 1

\bibitem[6]{Atoyan99}
Atoyan, A. M. \& Aharonian, F. A. 1999, MNRAS, 302, 253

\bibitem[7]{Romero03}
Romero, G. E., Torres, D. F., Kaufman Bernad�, M. 
\& Mirabel, I. F. 2003, A\&A, 410, 1

\bibitem[8]{Bosch05a}
Bosch-Ramon, V., Romero, G. E., \& Paredes J. M. 2005, A\&A, 429, 267

\bibitem[9]{Migliari02}
Migliari, S., Fender, R., M\'endez, M. 2002, Science, 297, 1673

\bibitem[10]{Bosch05b}
Bosch-Ramon, V., Aharonian, F. A., \& Paredes, J. M. 2005, A\&A, 432, 609

\bibitem[11]{Aharonian96}
Aharonian F. A. \& Atoyan, A. M. 1996, A\&A, 309, 917

\bibitem[12]{Heinz02}
Heinz, S. \& Sunyaev, R. 2002, A\&A, 390, 751

\bibitem[13]{Paredes05}
Paredes, J. M., Bosch-Ramon, V., \& Romero, G. E. 2005, A\&A, submitted

\end{thebibliography}