NUFACT'03: The Fate of the Clones
We present a Neutrino-Factory-based setup with three detectors of different kind in principle capable to solve the eightfold-degeneracy in the simultaneous measurement of $\theta_{13}$ and $\delta$, for $\theta_{13} \geq 1^\circ$ ($\sin^2 (2 \theta_{13}) \geq 10^{-3}$). Our setup includes a Superbeam-driven water Cherenkov (the Superbeam conceived as the first stage of the Neutrino Factory); two muon-storage-ring-driven detectors (namely, a large magnetized iron calorimeter and an emulsion cloud chamber) to take advantage of both the so-called ``golden'' ($\nu_e \to \nu_\mu$) and ``silver'' ($\nu_e \to \nu_\tau$) channels.
nuf03aip.tex
%%
%% This is file `template-6s.tex',
%% generated with the docstrip utility.
%%
%% The original source files were:
%%
%% template.raw  (with options: `6s')
%% 
%% Template for the LaTeX class aipproc.
%% 
%% (C) 1998,2000,2001 American Institute of Physics and Frank Mittelbach
%% All rights reserved
%% 
%%
%% $Id: template.raw,v 1.8 2002/06/02 15:34:15 frank Exp $
%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Please remove the next line of code if you
%% are satisfied that your installation is
%% complete and working.
%%
%% It is only there to help you in detecting
%% potential problems.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%\input{aipcheck}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% SELECT THE LAYOUT
%%
%% The class supports further options.
%% See aipguide.pdf for details.
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\documentclass[
%    ,final            % use final for the camera ready runs
  draft            % use draft while you are working on the paper
%%  ,numberedheadings % uncomment this option for numbered sections
%%  ,                 % add further options here if necessary
  ]
  {aipproc}

\usepackage{epsfig}
\layoutstyle{6x9}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% FRONTMATTER
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{document}

\title{NUFACT'03: The Fate of the Clones}

\author{A. Donini\footnote{E-mail andrea.donini@roma1.infn.it}}{
 address={IFT, Universidad Autonoma Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain}
}

\begin{abstract}
We present a Neutrino-Factory-based setup with three detectors of different kind
in principle capable to solve the eightfold-degeneracy in the simultaneous measurement
of $\theta_{13}$ and $\delta$, for $\theta_{13} \geq 1^\circ$ 
($\sin^2 (2 \theta_{13}) \geq 10^{-3}$). Our setup includes a Superbeam-driven 
water Cherenkov (the Superbeam conceived as the first stage of the Neutrino Factory); 
two muon-storage-ring-driven detectors (namely, a large magnetized iron calorimeter and 
an emulsion cloud chamber) to take advantage of both the so-called
``golden'' ($\nu_e \to \nu_\mu$) and ``silver'' ($\nu_e \to \nu_\tau$) channels.
\end{abstract}

\maketitle

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% MAINMATTER
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The planned long baseline experiments~\cite{planned}
will improve the measurement of $\Delta m^2_{atm}$ and of $\theta_{23}$
and measure or increase the bound on $\theta_{13}$~\cite{komatsu,minosIN} 
(see also~\cite{Migliozzi:2003pw}). This new generation of experiments,
however, is only the first step of a long-lasting experimental program 
including the development of some ``superbeam'' facilities (whose combination 
can strongly improve our knowledge on $\theta_{13}$, see~\cite{Huber:2002mx}) 
and, eventually, of a ``Neutrino Factory'' \cite{Geer:1998iz,DeRujula:1998hd}. 
One of the main goals of the Neutrino Factory program (see for example 
\cite{Blondel:2000gj,Apollonio:2002en} and refs. therein) would be 
the discovery of leptonic CP violation and, possibly, 
its study~\cite{Dick:1999ed}-\cite{Cervera:2000kp}.

The transition probabilities $\nu_e \to \nu_\mu$ and $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$
are extremely sensitive to $\theta_{13}$ and $\delta$: this is what is called 
the ``{\it golden measurement at the Neutrino Factory}''~\cite{Cervera:2000kp} 
and can be easily studied by searching for wrong-sign muons,
provided the considered detector has a good muon charge 
identification capability. The determination of ($\theta_{13},\delta$) from this 
channel is not at all free of ambiguities: in~\cite{Burguet-Castell:2001ez} 
it was shown that, for a given physical input parameter pair ($\bar \theta_{13},\bar \delta$),
measuring the oscillation probability for $\nu_e \to \nu_\mu$ and
$\bar \nu_e \to \bar \nu_\mu$ will generally result in two allowed
regions of the parameter space. The first one contains the physical
input parameter pair and the second, the ``intrinsic ambiguity'', is
located elsewhere. Worse than that, new degeneracies have later been
noticed~\cite{Minakata:2001qm,Barger:2001yr}, resulting from our
ignorance of the sign of the $\Delta m^2_{atm}$ squared mass
difference and from the approximate $[\theta_{23}, \pi/2 -
\theta_{23}]$ symmetry for the atmospheric angle. In general, for each
physical input pair the measure of $P(\nu_e \to \nu_\mu)$ and $P(\bar
\nu_e \to \bar \nu_\mu)$ will result in eight allowed regions of the
parameter space, the {\it eightfold-degeneracy}~\cite{Barger:2001yr}.

From what learned in the previous papers \cite{Minakata:2003ca}-\cite{Donini:2002rm}
we conclude that the optimal combination to deal with the eightfold-degeneracy
consists in taking advantage of all the neutrino beams
produced in a Neutrino Factory Complex (i.e. factory plus detectors).
The Neutrino Factory Complex that we consider consists of a SPL-like superbeam 
\cite{Gomez-Cadenas:2001eu} and a 50 GeV muon storage ring \cite{Apollonio:2002en}, plus
a network of three detectors of different technology: 
\begin{enumerate}
\item a 40 Kton Magnetized Iron Detector (MID) at $L = 2810$ Km, \cite{Cervera:2000vy};
\item a 4 Kton Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC) at $L= 732,2810$ Km, \cite{Donini:2002rm};
\item a 400 Kton Water Cherenkov (WC) at $L = 130$ Km, \cite{Blondel:2001jk}.
\end{enumerate}
This proposal, resulting from the combination of 
\cite{Burguet-Castell:2001ez,Burguet-Castell:2002qx} and \cite{Donini:2002rm}, 
corresponds to the design of a possible CERN-based Neutrino Factory Complex, 
with detectors located at the Frejus (the WC), at Gran Sasso
(the ECC) and at a third site to be defined (the MID and possibly the ECC).
Each one of these detectors is especially optimized to look for a particular signal: 
$\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ oscillations for the 400 Kton WC, $\nu_e \to \nu_\mu$ for the 40 Kton MID
and $\nu_e \to \nu_\tau$ for the 4 Kton ECC. 

The physical parameters to be measured at the Neutrino Factory Complex
are, in the worst case (i.e. if the planned experiment are not able 
to measure some of them earlier), the two PMNS mixing matrix parameters $\bar \theta_{13}$ 
and $\bar \delta$, the sign of $\Delta_{atm}$, $\bar s_{atm}$, and the $\theta_{23}$-octant,
$\bar s_{oct}$, where
\begin{equation}
\bar s_{atm} = sign [ \Delta m^2_{atm} ] \, ; \qquad 
\bar s_{oct} = sign [ \tan (2 \theta_{23}) ] \, .
\end{equation}
Both discrete variables can assume the values $\pm 1$, depending on the physical assignments of 
the sign of $\Delta m^2_{atm}$ and of the $\theta_{23}$-octant ($s_{oct} =1$ for 
$\theta_{23} < \pi/4$ and $s_{oct} = -1$ for $\theta_{23} > \pi/4$).
The other parameters have been considered as fixed quantities, supposed to be 
known with good precision by the time when the Neutrino Factory will be operational. 
In particular: $\theta_{12} = 35^\circ$ and $\Delta m^2_\odot = 7 \times 10^{-5}$ eV$^2$; 
$\theta_{23} = 40^\circ,50^\circ $ (a generic value in the allowed 
region $\sin^2 (2 \theta_{23}) > 0.9$ with both possible octant choices) 
and $| \Delta m^2_{atm}| = 2.9 \times 10^{-3} $ eV$^2$; $A = 1.1 \times 10^{-4} $ eV$^2$/GeV. 

The experimental information consists of the number of muons in the detector with charge 
opposite to that of the muons circulating in the storage ring. 
We group the events in bins of the final muon energy $E_\mu$ 
and call $N^{g,s}(\bar \theta_{13}, \bar \delta)$ the number of ``golden'' or 
``silver'' in the i-th energy bin for the input pair ($\bar \theta_{13}, \bar \delta$) 
\cite{Cervera:2000kp}. In the case of the Superbeam, 
$N$ represents the number of electrons in the water Cherenkov, grouped in one single bin.
For a given energy bin and fixed input parameters ($\bar \theta_{13},\bar \delta$), 
we can draw a set of curves of equal number of events \cite{Donini:2002rm}
in the ($\theta_{13}, \delta$) plane, 
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:ene0}
N^i_{\mu^\pm}(\bar \theta_{13}, \bar \delta; \bar s_{atm}, \bar s_{oct}) &=& 
N^i_{\mu^\pm} (\theta_{13}, \delta; s_{atm} = \bar s_{atm}, s_{oct} = \bar s_{oct}) )\, , \\
\label{eq:ene0sign}
N^i_{\mu^\pm}(\bar \theta_{13}, \bar \delta; \bar s_{atm}, \bar s_{oct} ) &=& 
N^i_{\mu^\pm} (\theta_{13}, \delta; s_{atm} = -\bar s_{atm}, s_{oct} = \bar s_{oct}) )\, , \\
\label{eq:ene0t23}
N^i_{\mu^\pm}(\bar \theta_{13}, \bar \delta; \bar s_{atm}, \bar s_{oct}) &=& 
N^i_{\mu^\pm} (\theta_{13}, \delta; s_{atm} = \bar s_{atm}, s_{oct} = -\bar s_{oct}))\, , \\
\label{eq:ene0t23sign}
N^i_{\mu^\pm}(\bar \theta_{13}, \bar \delta; \bar s_{atm}, \bar s_{oct} ) &=& 
N^i_{\mu^\pm} (\theta_{13}, \delta; s_{atm} = -\bar s_{atm}, s_{oct} = -\bar s_{oct}))\, , 
\end{eqnarray}

Following the procedure outlined in \cite{Burguet-Castell:2001ez,Donini:2002rm} we can
numerically solve eqs.~(\ref{eq:ene0})-(\ref{eq:ene0t23sign}) and found the theoretical
location of the clones in the ($\theta_{13},\delta$) plane. We present in Fig.\ref{fig:clones}
the outcome of this procedure for the different degeneracies with fixed $\bar \delta = 90^\circ$
and changing $\bar \theta_{13} \in [0.1^\circ,10^\circ]$. 
Apart from some exceptional abrupt change (remind $2 \pi$-periodicity in the $\delta$ axis), 
a small change in the input parameter $\bar \theta_{13}$ results in a small shift of the clone 
location. (Almost) continuous geometrical regions where degeneracies lie are defined 
for a given interval in $\bar \theta_{13}$, illustrating how the clones move due to a change 
in the input parameters: we will call this the ``clone flow''.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:clones}(left) we plotted the intrinsic clone flow for a set of different 
experiments and channels; in Fig.~\ref{fig:clones}(right) the clone flows for 
the eightfold-degeneracy are presented, for the NF-golden channel only. 

\begin{figure}[h!]
%\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\epsfxsize5cm\epsffile{Deg_int_all.ps} & 
\epsfxsize5cm\epsffile{Deg_all.ps}  \\
\end{tabular}
\caption{{\it 
(left) Intrinsic clone flows for the SPL and the NuMI Off-Axis
superbeams and for the NF golden and silver channels;
(right) The eightfold-degeneracy for the NF golden channel.
The thick dot is the true solution, the thin dots the clones location 
for changing $\bar \theta_{13} \in [0.1^\circ,10^\circ]$ and fixed $\bar \delta = 90^\circ$.
}}
\label{fig:clones}
%\end{center}
\end{figure} 

Fig.~\ref{fig:clones}(left) shows that the combination of any two facilities solves the 
intrinsic degeneracy \cite{Burguet-Castell:2002qx,Donini:2002rm}. More difficult is
the case when all the degeneracies are treated on equal footing, Fig.\ref{fig:clones} (right),
where the need of the combination of (at least) three facilities is manifest. This is exemplified
in Fig.~\ref{fig:allfits}, where we present the outcome of combined $\chi^2$ fits performed 
as in \cite{Cervera:2000kp} for different combinations of the three detectors, 
for a fixed input pair $\bar \theta_{13} = 2^\circ, \bar \delta = 90^\circ$.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:allfits}(a) four degeneracies can be seen when using the 40 Kton MID only;
in Fig.~\ref{fig:allfits}(b) and Fig.~\ref{fig:allfits}(c) we notice how two of the 
degeneracies disappear when combining the 40 Kton MID with the 400 Kton WC or the 4 Kton ECC,
respectively; eventually, in Fig.~\ref{fig:allfits}(d) the combination of the three
detectors solve all the degeneracies reconstructing with a good precision the physical input
values. CL contours up to 4 sigma are plotted.

\begin{figure}[h!]
%\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\hspace{-1cm} \epsfxsize6cm\epsffile{golden2810_2_n.eps} & 
              \epsfxsize6cm\epsffile{golden2810+sb_2_n.eps} \\
\hspace{-1cm} \epsfxsize6cm\epsffile{golden2810+silver732_2_n.eps} & 
              \epsfxsize6cm\epsffile{golden2810+silver732+sb_2_n.eps} \\
\end{tabular}
\caption{\it 
The results of a $\chi^2$ fit for $\bar \theta_{13} = 2^\circ; \bar \delta = 90^\circ$.
Four different combinations of experimental data are presented: 
a) MID; b) MID plus WC; c) MID plus ECC; d) The three detectors together. 
%Notice how in case (d) the eightfold-degeneracy is solved and a good reconstruction 
%of the physical $\theta_{13},\delta$ values is achieved.
}
\label{fig:allfits}
%\end{center}
\end{figure}

Two comments are in order: first, the physical input pair $\bar \theta_{13} = 2^\circ, 
\bar \delta = 90^\circ$ is generic and similar results are obtained for different input
parameters for $\bar \theta_{13} > 1^\circ$; 
second, these results, although promising, are still preliminar and
a new study where particular care is devoted to systematics in the three detectors
is currently underway \cite{superpaper}. 

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% BACKMATTER
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{thebibliography}{999}

\bibitem{planned} 
F.~Arneodo {\it et al.}  [ICARUS Coll.], ICARUS-TM/2001-08 LNGS-EXP 13/89 add.2/01;
M. Guler et al., OPERA Collaboration, CERN/SPSC 2000-028, SPSC/P318, LNGS P25/2000;
E.~Ables {\it et al.} [MINOS Coll.], FERMILAB-PROPOSAL-P-875;
Y.~Itow {\it et al.}, KEK-REPORT-2001-4, arXiv:hep-ex/0106019.

\bibitem{komatsu}
M.~Komatsu, P.~Migliozzi and F.~Terranova,
%``Sensitivity to Theta(13) of the CERN to Gran Sasso neutrino beam,''
J.\ Phys.\ G {\bf 29} (2003) 443
[arXiv:hep-ph/0210043].
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0210043;%%

\bibitem{minosIN}
M.~Diwan et al., NuMI-NOTE-SIM-0714.

%\cite{Migliozzi:2003pw}
\bibitem{Migliozzi:2003pw}
P.~Migliozzi and F.~Terranova,
%``Next generation long baseline experiments on the path to leptonic CP  violation,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0302274.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0302274;%%

%\cite{Huber:2002mx}
\bibitem{Huber:2002mx}
P.~Huber {\em et al.},
%``Synergies between the first-generation JHF-SK and NuMI superbeam  experiments,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 654} (2003) 3;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0211300;%%
W.~Winter,
%``Resolving degeneracies for different values of theta(13),''
arXiv:hep-ph/0308227.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0308227;%%

%\cite{Geer:1998iz}
\bibitem{Geer:1998iz}
S.~Geer,
%``Neutrino beams from muon storage rings: Characteristics and physics  potential,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 57} (1998) 6989
[Erratum-ibid.\ D {\bf 59} (1998) 039903].
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 9712290;%%

%\cite{DeRujula:1998hd}
\bibitem{DeRujula:1998hd}
A.~De Rujula, M.~B.~Gavela and P.~Hernandez,
%``Neutrino oscillation physics with a neutrino factory,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 547} (1999) 21.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 9811390;%%

%\cite{Blondel:2000gj}
\bibitem{Blondel:2000gj}
A.~Blondel {\it et al.},
%``The neutrino factory: Beam and experiments,''
Nucl.\ Instrum.\ Meth.\ A {\bf 451} (2000) 102.
%%CITATION = NUIMA,A451,102;%%

%\cite{Apollonio:2002en}
\bibitem{Apollonio:2002en}
M.~Apollonio {\it et al.},
%``Oscillation physics with a neutrino factory,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0210192.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0210192;%%

%\cite{Dick:1999ed}
\bibitem{Dick:1999ed}
K.~Dick {\em et al.},
%``CP-violation in neutrino oscillations,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 562} (1999) 29;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 9903308;%%
V.~Barger, S.~Geer and K.~Whisnant,
%``Long baseline neutrino physics with a muon storage ring neutrino  source,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 61} (2000) 053004;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 9906487;%%
A.~Bueno, M.~Campanelli and A.~Rubbia,
%``Direct detection of earth matter effects (MSW) in flavor oscillations  at neutrino beams from stored muon decays,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 573} (2000) 27.
%%CITATION = NUPHA,B573,27;%%

%\cite{Cervera:2000kp}
\bibitem{Cervera:2000kp}
A.~Cervera {\it et al.},
%``Golden measurements at a neutrino factory,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 579} (2000) 17
[Erratum-ibid.\ B {\bf 593} (2001) 731].
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0002108;%%

%\cite{Burguet-Castell:2001ez}
\bibitem{Burguet-Castell:2001ez} 
J.~Burguet-Castell {\em et al.},
%``On the measurement of leptonic CP violation,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 608} (2001) 301.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0103258;%%

%\cite{Minakata:2001qm}
\bibitem{Minakata:2001qm}
H.~Minakata and H.~Nunokawa,
%``Exploring neutrino mixing with low energy superbeams,''
JHEP {\bf 0110} (2001) 001.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0108085;%%

%\cite{Barger:2001yr}
\bibitem{Barger:2001yr}
V.~Barger, D.~Marfatia and K.~Whisnant,
%``Breaking eight-fold degeneracies in neutrino CP violation, mixing, and  mass hierarchy,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 65}, 073023 (2002).
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0112119;%%

%\cite{Minakata:2003ca}
\bibitem{Minakata:2003ca}
H.~Minakata {\em et al.},
%``The complementarity of eastern and western hemisphere long-baseline  neutrino oscillation experiments,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 68} (2003) 013010;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0301210;%%
H.~Minakata {\em et al.},
%``Reactor measurement of Theta(13) and its complementarity to  long-baseline experiments,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 68} (2003) 033017;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0211111;%%
M.~Freund {\em et al.},
%``Systematic exploration of the neutrino factory parameter space  including errors and correlations,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 615} (2001) 331;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0105071;%%
A.~Rubbia,
%``Neutrino Factories: Detector Concepts for studies of CP and T violation effects in neutrino oscillations,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0106088;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0106088;%%
A.~Bueno {\em et al.},
%``On the energy and baseline optimization to study effects related to the  delta-phase (CP-/T-violation) in neutrino oscillations at a neutrino factory,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 631} (2002) 239;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0112297;%%
T.~Kajita {\em et al.},
%``Method for determination of $|$U(e3)$|$ in neutrino oscillation appearance  experiments,''
Phys.\ Lett.\ B {\bf 528} (2002) 245.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0112345;%%

%\cite{Burguet-Castell:2002qx}
\bibitem{Burguet-Castell:2002qx}
J.~Burguet-Castell {\em et al.},
%``Superbeams plus neutrino factory: The golden path to leptonic CP  violation,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 646} (2002) 301.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0207080;%%

%\cite{Donini:2002rm}
\bibitem{Donini:2002rm}
A.~Donini, D.~Meloni and P.~Migliozzi,
%``The silver channel at the neutrino factory,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 646} (2002) 321;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0206034;%%
%``The nu/e $\to$ nu/tau channel as a tool to solve ambiguities,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0209240;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0209240;%%
D.~Autiero {\it et al.},
%``The synergy of the golden and silver channels at the Neutrino Factory,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0305185.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0305185;%%

%\cite{Gomez-Cadenas:2001eu}
\bibitem{Gomez-Cadenas:2001eu}
J.~J.~Gomez-Cadenas {\it et al.}  
%``Physics potential of very intense conventional neutrino beams,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0105297.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0105297;%%

%\cite{Cervera:2000vy}
\bibitem{Cervera:2000vy}
A.~Cervera, F.~Dydak and J.~Gomez Cadenas,
%``A large magnetic detector for the neutrino factory,''
Nucl.\ Instrum.\ Meth.\ A {\bf 451} (2000) 123.
%%CITATION = NUIMA,A451,123;%%

%\cite{Blondel:2001jk}
\bibitem{Blondel:2001jk}
A.~Blondel {\it et al.},
%``Superbeam studies at CERN,''
Nucl.\ Instrum.\ Meth.\ A {\bf 503} (2001) 173.
%%CITATION = NUIMA,A503,173;%%

\bibitem{superpaper}
J. Burguet-Castell {\em et al.}, in preparation.

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

\endinput
%%
%% End of file `template-6s.tex'.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% You may have to change the BibTeX style below, depending on your
%% setup or preferences.
%%
%% If the bibliography is produced without BibTeX comment out the
%% following lines and see the aipguide.pdf for further information.
%%
%% For The AIP proceedings layouts use either
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%\bibliographystyle{aipproc}   % if natbib is available
%\bibliographystyle{aipprocl} % if natbib is missing

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% You probably want to use your own bibtex database here
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\bibliography{sample}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Just a reminder that you may have to run bibtex
%% All of it up to \end{document} can be removed
%% if you don't like the warning.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\IfFileExists{\jobname.bbl}{}
 {\typeout{}
  \typeout{******************************************}
  \typeout{** Please run "bibtex \jobname" to optain}
  \typeout{** the bibliography and then re-run LaTeX}
  \typeout{** twice to fix the references!}
  \typeout{******************************************}
  \typeout{}
 }

%\cite{Pontecorvo:1957yb}
\bibitem{Pontecorvo:1957yb}
B.~Pontecorvo,
%``Mesonium And Antimesonium,''
Sov.\ Phys.\ JETP {\bf 6} (1957) 429
[Zh.\ Eksp.\ Teor.\ Fiz.\  {\bf 33} (1957) 549];
%%CITATION = SPHJA,6,429.1957\ ZETFA,33,549;%%
Z.~Maki, M.~Nakagawa and S.~Sakata,
%``Remarks On The Unified Model Of Elementary Particles,''
Prog.\ Theor.\ Phys.\ {\bf 28} (1962) 870;
%%CITATION = PTPKA,28,870;%%
B.~Pontecorvo,
%``Neutrino experiments and the question of leptonic-charge  conservation,''
Sov.\ Phys.\ JETP {\bf 26} (1968) 984;
%%CITATION = SPHJA,26,984;%%
V.~N.~Gribov and B.~Pontecorvo,
%``Neutrino Astronomy And Lepton Charge,''
Phys.\ Lett.\ B {\bf 28} (1969) 493.
%%CITATION = PHLTA,B28,493;%%

\bibitem{evidence_osc}
Y.~Fukuda {\it et al.}  [Super-Kamiokande Coll.],
Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\  {\bf 81}, 1562 (1998) \\
M.~Ambrosio {\it et al.}  [MACRO Coll.],
Phys.\ Lett.\ {\bf B517} (2001) 59 \\
B.T.~Cleveland {\it et al.},
Astrophys.\ J.\  {\bf 496}, 505 (1998) \\
J.N.~Abdurashitov {\it et al.}  [SAGE Coll.],
Phys.\ Rev.\ {\bf C60}, 055801 (1999) \\
W.~Hampel {\it et al.}  [GALLEX Coll.],
Phys.\ Lett.\ {\bf B447}, 127 (1999) \\
S.~Fukuda {\it et al.}  [Super-Kamiokande Coll.],
Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\  {\bf 86}, 5651 (2001) \\
Q.R.~Ahmad {\it et al.}  [SNO Coll.],
Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\  {\bf 87}, 071301 (2001). \\
M.H.~Ahn {\it et al.}  [K2K Coll.],
Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\  {\bf 90} (2003) 041801.\\
%\cite{DeLellis:2002mf}
\bibitem{DeLellis:2002mf}
G.~De Lellis, A.~Marotta and P.~Migliozzi,
%``A combined analysis of all data on nu and anti-nu induced single-charm  production,''
J.\ Phys.\ G {\bf 28} (2002) 713
[Erratum-ibid.\  {\bf G28} (2002) 1515]
[arXiv:hep-ph/0201050].
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0201050;%%

\bibitem{fractions}
G.~De Lellis, F.~Di Capua and P.~Migliozzi,
%``Prediction of charm-production fractions in neutrino interactions,''
Phys.\ Lett.\ B {\bf 550} (2002) 16
[arXiv:hep-ph/0210383].
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0210383;%%

%\cite{Kayis-Topaksu:2002xq}
\bibitem{Kayis-Topaksu:2002xq}
A.~Kayis-Topaksu {\it et al.}  [CHORUS Collaboration],
%``Determination of the semi-leptonic branching fraction of charm hadrons  produced in neutrino charged-current interactions,''
Phys.\ Lett.\ B {\bf 549} (2002) 48.
%%CITATIO = PHLTA,B549,48;%%

%\cite{Fasso:2000hd}
\bibitem{fluka}
A.~Fasso, A.~Ferrari, P.~R.~Sala and J.~Ranft,
%``FLUKA: Status and prospects for hadronic applications,''
SLAC-REPRINT-2000-117
%\href{http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?r=slac-reprint-2000-117}{SPIRES entry}
{\it Prepared for International Conference on Advanced Monte Carlo for
  Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications
  (MC 2000), Lisbon, Portugal, 23-26 Oct 2000}

A.~Fasso, A.~Ferrari and P.~Sala,
%``Electron photon transport in FLUKA: Status,''
SLAC-REPRINT-2000-116
%\href{http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?r=slac-reprint-2000-116}{SPIRES entry}
{\it Prepared for International Conference on Advanced Monte Carlo for
  Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications
  (MC 2000), Lisbon, Portugal, 23-26 Oct 2000}

%\cite{Mangano:2001mj}
\bibitem{Mangano:2001mj}
M.~L.~Mangano {\it et al.},
%``Physics at the front-end of a neutrino factory: A quantitative  appraisal,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0105155.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0105155;%%

%\cite{Harris:1999uv}
\bibitem{Harris:1999uv}
D.~A.~Harris {\it et al.}  [NuTeV Collaboration],
%``Precision calibration of the NuTeV calorimeter,''
Nucl.\ Instrum.\ Meth.\ A {\bf 447} (2000) 377
[arXiv:hep-ex/9908056].
%%CITATION = HEP-EX 9908056;%%
\bibitem{Zardetto}
P.~Lipari, M.~Lusignoli, D.~Meloni and D.~Zardetto, in preparation.

%\cite{Conrad:1997ne}
\bibitem{Conrad:1997ne}
J.~M.~Conrad, M.~H.~Shaevitz and T.~Bolton,
%``Precision measurements with high energy neutrino beams,''
Rev.\ Mod.\ Phys.\  {\bf 70} (1998) 1341
[arXiv:hep-ex/9707015].
%%CITATION = HEP-EX 9707015;%%

\bibitem{Paolo} 
P.~Lipari, private communications

%\cite{Broncano:2002hs}
\bibitem{Broncano:2002hs}
A.~Broncano and O.~Mena,
%``Corrections to the fluxes of a neutrino factory,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0203052.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0203052;%%

\bibitem{mcsnim} M. De Serio et al., {\it Momentum measurement by the
  angular method in the Emulsion Cloud Chamber}, Accepted for
  publication on Nuclear Instruments and Methods.

\bibitem{powell} C.F. Powell et al., {\it The study of elementary
  particles by the photographic method}, Pergamon Press (1959).

\bibitem{earthmodel} A. M. Dziewonski and D.L. Anderson, Phys. Earth
Planet. Int. {\bf 25} (1981) 297.

%\cite{Lipari:2002at}
\bibitem{Lipari:2002at}
P.~Lipari,
%``Neutrino oscillation studies and the neutrino cross section,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ Proc.\ Suppl.\  {\bf 112} (2002) 274
[arXiv:hep-ph/0207172].
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0207172;%%


\bibitem{KAMLAND}
K.~Eguchi {\it et al.}  [KamLAND Coll.],
Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\  {\bf 90} (2003) 021802.

\bibitem{Athanassopoulos:1998pv}
C.~Athanassopoulos {\it et al.}  [LSND Collaboration],
%``Evidence for nu/mu --> nu/e neutrino oscillations from LSND,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\  {\bf 81} (1998) 1774;
%%CITATION = NUCL-EX 9709006;%%
A.~Aguilar {\it et al.}  [LSND Collaboration],
%``Evidence for neutrino oscillations from the observation of  anti-nu/e appearance in a anti-nu/mu beam,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 64} (2001) 112007.
%%CITATION = HEP-EX 0104049;%%

\bibitem{zimmermann}
E. Zimmerman, talk at NOON 2003, http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/noon2003/.

\bibitem{yanagisawa}
C. Yanagisawa, talk at NOON2003, http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/noon2003/.

%\cite{Ahmad:2002jz}
\bibitem{Ahmad:2002jz}
Q.~R.~Ahmad {\it et al.}  [SNO Collaboration],
%``Direct evidence for neutrino flavor transformation from neutral-current  interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\  {\bf 89} (2002) 011301
[arXiv:nucl-ex/0204008];
%%CITATION = NUCL-EX 0204008;%%
%``Measurement of day and night neutrino energy spectra at SNO and  constraints on neutrino mixing parameters,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.\  {\bf 89} (2002) 011302
[arXiv:nucl-ex/0204009].
%%CITATION = NUCL-EX 0204009;%%

\bibitem{MSW} 
L. Wolfenstein, 
Phys. Rev. {\bf D 17} (1978) 2369; 
Phys. Rev. {\bf D 20} (1979) 2634; 
S.P. Mikheyev and A. Yu. Smirnov, 
Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. {\bf 42} (1986) 913.

%\cite{Fogli:2002au}
\bibitem{Fogli:2002au}
G.~L.~Fogli, E.~Lisi, A.~Marrone, D.~Montanino, A.~Palazzo and A.~M.~Rotunno,
%``Solar neutrino oscillation parameters after first KamLAND results,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 67} (2003) 073002
[arXiv:hep-ph/0212127].\\
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0212127;%%
A.~Bandyopadhyay, S.~Choubey, R.~Gandhi, S.~Goswami and D.~P.~Roy,
%``The solar neutrino problem after the first results from KamLAND,''
Phys.\ Lett.\ B {\bf 559} (2003) 121
[arXiv:hep-ph/0212146].\\
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0212146;%%

%\cite{Bahcall:2002ij}
\bibitem{Bahcall:2002ij}
J.~N.~Bahcall, M.~C.~Gonzalez-Garcia and C.~Pena-Garay,
JHEP {\bf 0302} (2003) 009
[arXiv:hep-ph/0212147].\\

M.~Maltoni, T.~Schwetz and J.~W.~Valle,
arXiv:hep-ph/0212129.  

\bibitem{chooz}
M.~Apollonio {\it et al.} [CHOOZ Coll.],
%``Search for neutrino oscillations on a long base-line at the CHOOZ  nuclear power station,''
Eur.\ Phys.\ J.\ C {\bf 27} (2003) 331
[arXiv:hep-ex/0301017].
%%CITATION = HEP-EX 0301017;%%


\bibitem{doniniNOON}
A. Donini, talk at NOON2003, http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/noon2003/.

%\cite{Guler:2001hz}
\bibitem{Guler:2001hz}
M.~Guler {\it et al.}  [OPERA Collaboration],
%``Status report on the OPERA experiment,''
CERN-SPSC-2001-025.

%\cite{Feldman:1997qc}
\bibitem{Feldman:1997qc}
G.~J.~Feldman and R.~D.~Cousins,
%``A Unified approach to the classical statistical analysis of small signals,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 57} (1998) 3873
[arXiv:physics/9711021].
%%CITATION = PHYS-ICS 9711021;%%

%\cite{Freund:2001pn}
\bibitem{Freund:2001pn}
M.~Freund,
%``Analytic approximations for three neutrino oscillation parameters and  probabilities in matter,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 64} (2001) 053003.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0103300;%%

%\cite{Kimura:2002hb}
\bibitem{Kimura:2002hb}
K.~Kimura, A.~Takamura and H.~Yokomakura,
%``Exact formula of probability and CP violation for neutrino oscillations  in matter,''
Phys.\ Lett.\ B {\bf 537} (2002) 86
[arXiv:hep-ph/0203099].\\
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0203099;%%
K.~Kimura, A.~Takamura and H.~Yokomakura,
%``All you ever want to know about neutrino oscillation probabilities in  constant matter,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 66} (2002) 073005
[arXiv:hep-ph/0205295].
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0205295;%%

%\cite{Minakata:2002qe}
\bibitem{Minakata:2002qe}
H.~Minakata, H.~Nunokawa and S.~Parke,
%``CP and T trajectory diagrams for a unified graphical representation of  neutrino oscillations,''
Phys.\ Lett.\ B {\bf 537} (2002) 249
[arXiv:hep-ph/0204171].
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0204171;%%



%``Superbeams versus neutrino factories,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 645} (2002) 3
[arXiv:hep-ph/0204352];
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0204352;%%
P.~Huber and W.~Winter,
%``Neutrino factories and the 'magic' baseline,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0301257.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0301257;%%




hep-ph0310014.extracted_bib
\begin{thebibliography}{999}

\bibitem{planned} 
F.~Arneodo {\it et al.}  [ICARUS Coll.], ICARUS-TM/2001-08 LNGS-EXP 13/89 add.2/01;
M. Guler et al., OPERA Collaboration, CERN/SPSC 2000-028, SPSC/P318, LNGS P25/2000;
E.~Ables {\it et al.} [MINOS Coll.], FERMILAB-PROPOSAL-P-875;
Y.~Itow {\it et al.}, KEK-REPORT-2001-4, arXiv:hep-ex/0106019.

\bibitem{komatsu}
M.~Komatsu, P.~Migliozzi and F.~Terranova,
%``Sensitivity to Theta(13) of the CERN to Gran Sasso neutrino beam,''
J.\ Phys.\ G {\bf 29} (2003) 443
[arXiv:hep-ph/0210043].
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0210043;%%

\bibitem{minosIN}
M.~Diwan et al., NuMI-NOTE-SIM-0714.

%\cite{Migliozzi:2003pw}
\bibitem{Migliozzi:2003pw}
P.~Migliozzi and F.~Terranova,
%``Next generation long baseline experiments on the path to leptonic CP  violation,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0302274.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0302274;%%

%\cite{Huber:2002mx}
\bibitem{Huber:2002mx}
P.~Huber {\em et al.},
%``Synergies between the first-generation JHF-SK and NuMI superbeam  experiments,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 654} (2003) 3;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0211300;%%
W.~Winter,
%``Resolving degeneracies for different values of theta(13),''
arXiv:hep-ph/0308227.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0308227;%%

%\cite{Geer:1998iz}
\bibitem{Geer:1998iz}
S.~Geer,
%``Neutrino beams from muon storage rings: Characteristics and physics  potential,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 57} (1998) 6989
[Erratum-ibid.\ D {\bf 59} (1998) 039903].
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 9712290;%%

%\cite{DeRujula:1998hd}
\bibitem{DeRujula:1998hd}
A.~De Rujula, M.~B.~Gavela and P.~Hernandez,
%``Neutrino oscillation physics with a neutrino factory,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 547} (1999) 21.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 9811390;%%

%\cite{Blondel:2000gj}
\bibitem{Blondel:2000gj}
A.~Blondel {\it et al.},
%``The neutrino factory: Beam and experiments,''
Nucl.\ Instrum.\ Meth.\ A {\bf 451} (2000) 102.
%%CITATION = NUIMA,A451,102;%%

%\cite{Apollonio:2002en}
\bibitem{Apollonio:2002en}
M.~Apollonio {\it et al.},
%``Oscillation physics with a neutrino factory,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0210192.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0210192;%%

%\cite{Dick:1999ed}
\bibitem{Dick:1999ed}
K.~Dick {\em et al.},
%``CP-violation in neutrino oscillations,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 562} (1999) 29;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 9903308;%%
V.~Barger, S.~Geer and K.~Whisnant,
%``Long baseline neutrino physics with a muon storage ring neutrino  source,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 61} (2000) 053004;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 9906487;%%
A.~Bueno, M.~Campanelli and A.~Rubbia,
%``Direct detection of earth matter effects (MSW) in flavor oscillations  at neutrino beams from stored muon decays,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 573} (2000) 27.
%%CITATION = NUPHA,B573,27;%%

%\cite{Cervera:2000kp}
\bibitem{Cervera:2000kp}
A.~Cervera {\it et al.},
%``Golden measurements at a neutrino factory,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 579} (2000) 17
[Erratum-ibid.\ B {\bf 593} (2001) 731].
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0002108;%%

%\cite{Burguet-Castell:2001ez}
\bibitem{Burguet-Castell:2001ez} 
J.~Burguet-Castell {\em et al.},
%``On the measurement of leptonic CP violation,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 608} (2001) 301.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0103258;%%

%\cite{Minakata:2001qm}
\bibitem{Minakata:2001qm}
H.~Minakata and H.~Nunokawa,
%``Exploring neutrino mixing with low energy superbeams,''
JHEP {\bf 0110} (2001) 001.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0108085;%%

%\cite{Barger:2001yr}
\bibitem{Barger:2001yr}
V.~Barger, D.~Marfatia and K.~Whisnant,
%``Breaking eight-fold degeneracies in neutrino CP violation, mixing, and  mass hierarchy,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 65}, 073023 (2002).
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0112119;%%

%\cite{Minakata:2003ca}
\bibitem{Minakata:2003ca}
H.~Minakata {\em et al.},
%``The complementarity of eastern and western hemisphere long-baseline  neutrino oscillation experiments,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 68} (2003) 013010;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0301210;%%
H.~Minakata {\em et al.},
%``Reactor measurement of Theta(13) and its complementarity to  long-baseline experiments,''
Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 68} (2003) 033017;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0211111;%%
M.~Freund {\em et al.},
%``Systematic exploration of the neutrino factory parameter space  including errors and correlations,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 615} (2001) 331;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0105071;%%
A.~Rubbia,
%``Neutrino Factories: Detector Concepts for studies of CP and T violation effects in neutrino oscillations,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0106088;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0106088;%%
A.~Bueno {\em et al.},
%``On the energy and baseline optimization to study effects related to the  delta-phase (CP-/T-violation) in neutrino oscillations at a neutrino factory,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 631} (2002) 239;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0112297;%%
T.~Kajita {\em et al.},
%``Method for determination of $|$U(e3)$|$ in neutrino oscillation appearance  experiments,''
Phys.\ Lett.\ B {\bf 528} (2002) 245.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0112345;%%

%\cite{Burguet-Castell:2002qx}
\bibitem{Burguet-Castell:2002qx}
J.~Burguet-Castell {\em et al.},
%``Superbeams plus neutrino factory: The golden path to leptonic CP  violation,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 646} (2002) 301.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0207080;%%

%\cite{Donini:2002rm}
\bibitem{Donini:2002rm}
A.~Donini, D.~Meloni and P.~Migliozzi,
%``The silver channel at the neutrino factory,''
Nucl.\ Phys.\ B {\bf 646} (2002) 321;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0206034;%%
%``The nu/e $\to$ nu/tau channel as a tool to solve ambiguities,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0209240;
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0209240;%%
D.~Autiero {\it et al.},
%``The synergy of the golden and silver channels at the Neutrino Factory,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0305185.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0305185;%%

%\cite{Gomez-Cadenas:2001eu}
\bibitem{Gomez-Cadenas:2001eu}
J.~J.~Gomez-Cadenas {\it et al.}  
%``Physics potential of very intense conventional neutrino beams,''
arXiv:hep-ph/0105297.
%%CITATION = HEP-PH 0105297;%%

%\cite{Cervera:2000vy}
\bibitem{Cervera:2000vy}
A.~Cervera, F.~Dydak and J.~Gomez Cadenas,
%``A large magnetic detector for the neutrino factory,''
Nucl.\ Instrum.\ Meth.\ A {\bf 451} (2000) 123.
%%CITATION = NUIMA,A451,123;%%

%\cite{Blondel:2001jk}
\bibitem{Blondel:2001jk}
A.~Blondel {\it et al.},
%``Superbeam studies at CERN,''
Nucl.\ Instrum.\ Meth.\ A {\bf 503} (2001) 173.
%%CITATION = NUIMA,A503,173;%%

\bibitem{superpaper}
J. Burguet-Castell {\em et al.}, in preparation.

\end{thebibliography}