White dwarfs with jets as non-relativistic analogues of quasars and microquasars?
R. Zamanov
We explore the similarities between accreting white dwarfs (CH Cyg and MWC 560) and the much more energetic jet sources - quasars and microquasars. To-date we have identified several common attributes: (1) they exhibit collimated outflows (jets); (2) the jets are precessing; (3) these two symbiotic stars exhibit quasar-like emission line spectra; (4) there is a disk-jet connection like that observed in microquasars. Additionally they may have a similar energy source (extraction of rotational energy from the accreting object). Study of the low energy analogues could have important implications for our understanding of their higher energy cousins.
aipcheck.tex
%
% $Id: aipcheck.tex,v 1.7 2002/01/11 19:50:46 frank Exp $
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Testing for potential problems with this class
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newif\ifproblem
\newif\iftimesok

\makeatletter
\def\IfStandaloneCheck{\def\next{aipcheck}
  \edef\currjob{\jobname}
  \edef\next{\meaning\next}
  \edef\currjob{\meaning\currjob}
  \ifx\currjob\next
    \expandafter\@firstoftwo
  \else
    \expandafter\@secondoftwo
  \fi
}
\makeatother

\typeout{***********************************************}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Testing if all files required for the aipproc}
\typeout{* class are available ...}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{***********************************************}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for LaTeX2e ... }
\ifx\documentclass\undefined
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* The aipproc class can only be used with LaTeX2e which is}
 \typeout{* the standard LaTeX since 1994!}
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* Please make sure that your version of LaTeX is up-to-date}
 \typeout{* before attempting to use this class.}
 \typeout{*}
 \expandafter\stop
\else
 \typeout{* ... ok }
\fi


\def\next#1/#2/#3\next{#1#2}
\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Testing that LaTeX2e is not too old ... }
\ifnum\expandafter\next\fmtversion\next<199612 \relax
 \typeout{* ... what a vintage! }
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* The aipproc class can only be used with a recent version}
 \typeout{* of LaTeX2e. Your version is dated \fmtversion\space --- but}
 \typeout{* at least the 1996/12/01 version is required!}
 \typeout{*}
 \typeout{* Please make sure that your version of LaTeX is up-to-date}
 \typeout{* before attempting to use this class.}
 \typeout{*}
 \expandafter\stop
\else
 \ifnum\expandafter\next\fmtversion\next<199806 \relax
   \typeout{* ... probably ok }
   \typeout{*}
   \typeout{* Your version of LaTeX2e is quite old --- the aipproc class}
   \typeout{* hasn't been tested with your release.}
   \typeout{*}
   \typeout{* We believe that it will probably work, but if you encounter}
   \typeout{* problems you will need upgrade your installation.}
   \typeout{*}
   \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
   \problemtrue
 \else
   \typeout{* ... ok }
 \fi
\fi


\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aipproc.cls ... }
\IfFileExists{aipproc.cls}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Before you can use the aipproc class you have to unpack}
     \typeout{* it from the documented source.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Run LaTeX on the file 'aipproc.ins', e.g.,}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* \space\space latex aipproc.ins}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* or whatever is necessary on your installation to process}
     \typeout{* a file with LaTeX. This should unpack a number of files for you:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* aipproc.cls \space and \space aip-*.clo}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* After that retry processing this guide.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aipxfm.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{aipxfm.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The aipxfm.sty file which is part of the aipproc distribution}
     \typeout{* must be installed in a directory which is searched by LaTeX.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please install this file and retry.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aip-8s.clo ... }
\IfFileExists{aip-8s.clo}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The aip-8s.clo file which is part of the aipproc distribution}
     \typeout{* must be installed in a directory which is searched by LaTeX.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please install this file and retry.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aip-8d.clo ... }
\IfFileExists{aip-8d.clo}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The aip-8d.clo file which is part of the aipproc distribution}
     \typeout{* must be installed in a directory which is searched by LaTeX.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please install this file and retry.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}


\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aip-6s.clo ... }
\IfFileExists{aip-6s.clo}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The aip-6s.clo file which is part of the aipproc distribution}
     \typeout{* must be installed in a directory which is searched by LaTeX.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please install this file and retry.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}


\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for aip-arlo.clo ... }
\IfFileExists{aip-arlo.clo}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The aip-arlo.clo file which is part of the aipproc distribution}
     \typeout{* must be installed in a directory which is searched by LaTeX.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please install this file and retry.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for fixltx2e.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{fixltx2e.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found, trying fix2col.sty instead ... }
     \typeout{*}
     \IfFileExists{fix2col.sty}
	 {
	  \typeout{* ... ok }
	 }
	 {
	  \typeout{* ... not found! }
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* Your LaTeX distribution contains neither fixltx2e.sty}
	  \typeout{* nor fix2col.sty.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* This means that it is either too old or incompletely}
	  \typeout{* installed.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* fixltx2e.sty is part of the standard LaTeX distribution}
	  \typeout{* since 1999; fix2col.sty is an earlier version of this}
	  \typeout{* package.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* Best solution is to get the latest LaTeX distribution.}
	  \typeout{* If this is impossible for you, download fix2col.sty.}
	  \typeout{* You can get this software from a CTAN host.}
          \typeout{* Refer to http://www.ctan.org and search for "fix2col".}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* After you have updated your LaTeX distribution}
	  \typeout{* retry processing this guide.}
	  \stop
     }
}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for fontenc.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{fontenc.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fontenc package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (base distribution) has to be installed at the site to}
     \typeout{* run the aipproc class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* improperly.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please make sure that your version of LaTeX is okay}
     \typeout{* before attempting to use this class. The LaTeX distribution}
     \typeout{* contains the file "ltxcheck.tex" which can be used to}
     \typeout{* test the basic functionality and integrity of your installation.}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for calc.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{calc.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Sorry this is a fatal error:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The calc package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (tool distribution) has to be installed at the site}
     \typeout{* to run the aipproc class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please make sure that the tools distribution of LaTeX}
     \typeout{* is installed before attempting to use this class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* (You might be able to get calc.sty separately for your}
     \typeout{* installation if you are unable to upgrade to a recent}
     \typeout{* distribution for some reason.)}
     \typeout{*}
     \stop
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for varioref.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{varioref.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
     \gdef\variorefoptionifavailable{varioref,}
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The varioref package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (tool distribution) is not installed at this site.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you cannot make use of the options "varioref" or "nonvarioref".}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please also note that the aipguide.tex documentation}
     \typeout{* normally uses the "varioref" option to show its}
     \typeout{* effects (which  will now fail).}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
     \gdef\variorefoptionifavailable{}
     \let\vpageref\pageref
     \let\vref\ref
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for times.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{times.sty}
    {
     \begingroup
% load times and forget it immediately again
       \RequirePackage{times}
       \global\expandafter\let\csname ver@times.sty\endcsname\relax    
       \long\def\next{ptm}
       \ifx\rmdefault\next
         \typeout{* ... ok }
         \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{}
         \endgroup
         \timesoktrue
       \else
         \endgroup
     \typeout{* ... obsolete! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Serious problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The times package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) is obsolete at this site.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that it contains incorrect code either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts with old files remaining!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but}
     \typeout{* you have to specify the option "cmfonts" which result in}
     \typeout{* documents which are not conforming to the AIP layout specification!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can also try using the class in the following way:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* \space\space \string\documentclass[cmfonts]{aipproc}}
     \typeout{* \space\space \string\usepackage{times}}
     \typeout{* \space\space ...}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* With luck this will result in Times Roman output but chances}
     \typeout{* are that you will get a larger number of error messages in}
     \typeout{* which case you have to remove the \string\usepackage declaration.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
          \problemtrue
          \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{cmfonts}
          \def\textdegree{$^\circ$}            % used below but now
                                               % not setup
       \fi
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Serious problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The times package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you have to specify the option "cmfonts" which result in}
     \typeout{* documents which are not conforming to the AIP layout specification!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
     \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{cmfonts,}
    }

\iftimesok % don't bother testing other font options if times already
           % bad

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for t1ptm.fd or T1ptm.fd ... }
\IfFileExists{t1ptm.fd}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found, trying T1ptm.fd ... }
     \IfFileExists{T1ptm.fd}
          {
           \typeout{* ... ok }
          }
          {
           \typeout{* ... not found}
           \typeout{* Serious problem detected:}
           \typeout{*}
           \typeout{* The times package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
           \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) is available but the corresponding}
           \typeout{* .fd file (defining how to load Times Roman) is missing.}
           \typeout{*}
           \typeout{* The fact that this package is only partially installed}
           \typeout{* means that you LaTeX installation is unable to use Times}
           \typeout{* Roman fonts!}
           \typeout{*}
           \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
           \typeout{* you have to specify the option "cmfonts" which result in}
           \typeout{* documents which are not conforming to the AIP layout}
           \typeout{* specification!}
           \typeout{*}
           \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
           \problemtrue
           \timesokfalse
           \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{cmfonts,}
          }
    }

\fi


\newcommand\CheckFDFile[3]{%
  \typeout{*}
  \typeout{* Looking for #1#3.fd or #2#3.fd ... }
  \IfFileExists{#1#3.fd}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \IfFileExists{#2#3.fd}
      {
       \typeout{* ... ok }
      }
      {\problemtrue
       \typeout{* ... not found! }
      }
    }
}

\iftimesok % don't bother testing other font options if Times already bad

%\CheckFDFile{ot1}{OT1}{ot1ztmcm}
%\CheckFDFile{oml}{OML}{omlztmcm}
%\CheckFDFile{oms}{OMS}{omsztmcm}
%\CheckFDFile{omx}{OMX}{omxztmcm}

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for mathptm.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{mathptm.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
     \CheckFDFile{ot1}{OT1}{ptmcm}
     \CheckFDFile{oml}{OML}{ptmcm}
     \CheckFDFile{oms}{OMS}{pzccm}
     \CheckFDFile{omx}{OMX}{psycm}
     \ifproblem
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* Problem detected:}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* The mathptm package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
      \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) was found but some or all of its}
      \typeout{* support files describing which fonts to load are missing!}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* The fact that this package is only partially installed}
      \typeout{* means that the mathptm package cannot be used!}
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
      \typeout{* you have to specify the option "nomathfonts" so that}
      \typeout{* math formulas will be typeset using Computer Modern.}
      \typeout{*}
      \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
      \problemtrue
      \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{nomathfonts,}
     \else
      \typeout{*}
      \typeout{* Looking for mathptmx.sty ... }
      \IfFileExists{mathptmx.sty}
       {
        \typeout{* ... ok }
        \CheckFDFile{ot1}{OT1}{ztmcm}
        \CheckFDFile{oml}{OML}{ztmcm}
        \CheckFDFile{oms}{OMS}{ztmcm}
        \CheckFDFile{omx}{OMX}{ztmcm}
        \ifproblem
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* Problem detected:}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* The mathptmx package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
	  \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) was found but some or all of its}
	  \typeout{* support files describing which fonts to load are missing!}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* The fact that this package is only partially installed}
	  \typeout{* means that the mathptmx package cannot be used!}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
	  \typeout{* you have to specify the option "mathptm" (no x) so that}
	  \typeout{* math formulas use the older version with upright greek letters.}
	  \typeout{*}
	  \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
	  \problemtrue
	  \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{mathptm,}
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       }
       {
	\typeout{* ... not found! }
	\typeout{*}
	\typeout{* Problem detected:}
	\typeout{*}
	\typeout{* The mathptmx package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
	\typeout{* (psnfss distribution) can not be found.}
	\typeout{*}
	\typeout{* This is unfortunate but not a disaster as the older}
	\typeout{* version of the package "mathptm" (no x) seems to exist.}
	\typeout{*}
	\typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
	\typeout{* you have to specify the option "mathptm" so that}
	\typeout{* math formulas use the older version with upright greek letters.}
	\typeout{*}
	\typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
	\problemtrue
	\gdef\psnfssproblemoption{mathptm,}
       }
      \fi
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The mathptm package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (psnfss distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you have to specify the option "nomathfonts" so that}
     \typeout{* math formulas will be typeset using Computer Modern.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
     \gdef\psnfssproblemoption{nomathfonts,}
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for mathtime.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{mathtime.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The mathime package can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* This is not a serious problem because this package is}
     \typeout{* only of interest if you own the commerical MathTime fonts.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you cannot use the "mathtime" option of the class.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}
     \problemtrue
    }
\else
\fi % iftimesok

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for graphicx.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{graphicx.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The graphics package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (graphics distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you cannot use commands like \protect\includegraphics
                or \protect\resizebox}
     \typeout{* in this case.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Please note that you will get a further error message below}
     \typeout{* about: "graphicx.sty not found" because the class will try}
     \typeout{* to load this package! Type return in response to that error.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* As a result the illustrations in aipguide will look strange.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}

     \gdef\resizebox##1##2{}
     \gdef\includegraphics{\textbf{graphics package missing:}}
     \problemtrue
    }

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for textcomp.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{textcomp.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The textcomp package, which is part of standard LaTeX}
     \typeout{* (base distribution) can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The fact that this package cannot be found either means that}
     \typeout{* this LaTeX release is too old or that it was installed}
     \typeout{* only in parts!}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* You can use the aipproc class without this package but }
     \typeout{* you will always get the error: "textcomp.sty not found"}
     \typeout{* because the class will try to load this package!}
     \typeout{* Type return in response to that error.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}

     \def\textdegree{$^\circ$}         % used below but now
                                       % not set up
     \problemtrue
    }


\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for url.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{url.sty}
    {
     \typeout{* ... ok }
    }
    {
     \typeout{* ... not found! }
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Problem detected:}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* The url package, which should be part of a good LaTeX}
     \typeout{* distribution, can not be found.}
     \typeout{*}
     \typeout{* Without this package you will not be able to use the \string\url}
     \typeout{* command. Try to download this package from a CTAN  host.}
     \typeout{* Refer to http://www.ctan.org and search for "url".}
     \typeout{*}
     \typein{* Type <return> to continue ...}

     \problemtrue
    }


\makeatletter

\typeout{*}
\typeout{* Looking for natbib.sty ... }
\IfFileExists{natbib.sty}
    {
     \IfStandaloneCheck
       {\begingroup
        \let\@listi\relax
        \let\thebibliography\@empty
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zamanov.tex
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\documentclass[
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\begin{document}

\title{White dwarfs with jets as non-relativistic 
        analogues of quasars and microquasars?}
        
 \classification{}
 \keywords      {}


\author{R. Zamanov}{
  address={Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, UK}
}

\author{M.F.Bode}{
  address={Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, UK}
 % ,altaddress={<author1 address>}
}

\author{P.Marziani}{
  address={Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, INAF,  Padova, Italy}
 % ,altaddress={<author1 address>} % additional visiting address
}
\author{R.J. Davis}{
  address={Jodrell Bank Observatory, University of Manchester, UK }
 % ,altaddress={<author1 address>} % additional visiting address
}
\author{ S.P.S. Eyres}{
  address={Centre for Astrophysics, University of Central Lancashire, UK}
 % ,altaddress={<author1 address>} % additional visiting address
}
\author{ A. Gomboc}{
 address={Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, UK}
 % address={<common address for author2 and author3>}
 % ,altaddress={<author1 address>} % additional visiting address
}
\author{J. Porter }{
 address={Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, UK}
%  address={<common address for author2 and author3>}
%  ,altaddress={<author1 address>} % additional visiting address
}
\author{A. Skopal }{
  address={Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia}
 % ,altaddress={<author1 address>} % additional visiting address
}


\begin{abstract}
We explore the similarities between accreting white dwarfs  (CH Cyg and MWC 560) and  the much 
more energetic jet sources - quasars and microquasars.  To-date we have identified several common  
attributes:  
	(1) they exhibit collimated outflows (jets);
	(2) the jets are precessing;
	(3) these two symbiotic stars exhibit quasar-like emission line spectra;
	(4) there is a disk-jet connection like that observed in microquasars.
Additionally they may have a similar energy source (extraction of rotational energy from the 
accreting object). Study of the low energy analogues could have important implications for our 
understanding of their higher energy cousins.
\end{abstract}

\maketitle

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\section{Emission line similarities}
As illustrated in Zamanov \& Marziani (2002), 
there are striking similarities between the optical spectra of 
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) and two accreting white dwarfs. Almost every emission line visible 
in the  AGN spectrum of I Zw 1 shows a corresponding  feature in the spectra of CH Cyg and MWC 560. 
The similarity between the UV spectrum of CH Cyg and  I Zw 1 is demonstrated in Fig.1.

In AGN, hydrogen and  FeII emission lines  are emitted from the so-called Broad Line Region. 
This region is thought to lie within $<$1 pc of the central black hole. Its structure is still poorly 
understood. The clear similarity between the emission lines  
suggests  that  we are observing a scaled down version of the quasar 
Broad Line Region in galactic objects like MWC560 and CH Cyg 
(see also Zamanov and Marziani, 2002).
\begin{figure}
% \includegraphics[width=5cm,height=5cm,scale=1.0,clip=true, draft=true]{fig1uv.eps}
 \includegraphics[width=15.0cm]{zamanov1.eps}
 \caption{The UV spectra of symbiotic star CH Cyg and Narrow Line Seyfert 1
 galaxy I~Zw~1. Clear similarity in the emission lines is visible.}
\end{figure}
% \begin{figure}
% \includegraphics[width=5cm,height=5cm,scale=1.0,clip=true, draft=true]{fig1uv.eps}
% \includegraphics[width=15.0cm]{fig1uv.ps}
% \caption{Picture to fixed height}
% \end{figure}

\section{Disk-Jet connection}

\begin{figure}
% \includegraphics[width=5cm,height=5cm,scale=1.0,clip=true, draft=true]{fig1uv.eps}
 \includegraphics[height=.3\textheight]{zamanov2.eps}
 \caption{The flickering behaviour of MWC~560 and T~CrB. }
\end{figure}
Comparison of the flickering behaviour of T CrB (February 28, 1995) and MWC 560 (March 05, 1990)
is shown on Fig. 2. In the case of MWC 560, the short term variability 
(on a time scale of minutes) is missing. 
Only smooth, hour-timescale variations are present. 
This indicates disruption of the inner part of the accretion disk during the time of jet ejection. 
 A disruption of the inner disk (disk-jet) connection is also observed 
 in CH Cyg (Sokoloski \& Kenyon 2003). 
 The behaviour is closely analogous to that of the microquasar GRS1915+105. 
 This supports the view that there may be a common mechanism for jets in quasars, 
 microquasars and symbiotic stars (see also Livio, Pringle \& King 2003). 
%\begin{figure*}
%\centering
%\includegraphics[width=1cm]{f1.eps}
%\caption{A comparison of optical spectra in the H? - H? region for the low redshift quasar I Zw1 
%as well as for the interacting binaries CH Cyg and MWC 560. A clear similarity between the emission 
%line pattern is visible. Despite the general similarity, some differences are also found. MWC 560 
%shows absorption components in the Balmer lines. These  are due to the expanding jet coinciding with 
%the line of sight (Tomov et al. 1992). They also dominate the UV spectrum of MWC 560 (not shown here) 
%making it quite different from those for CH Cyg and I Zw 1. In the optical spectrum of CH Cyg 
%numerous photospheric absorption lines are visible.   
%}
%\label{cool}
%\end{figure*}

%\begin{figure*}
%\centering
%\includegraphics[width=1cm]{f1.eps}
%\caption{Comparison between the UV spectra  of CH Cyg and the quasar I Zw 1. All the lines visible 
%in the I Zw 1 spectrum have counterparts in CH Cyg. The spectra of  CH Cyg and MWC 560 are similar 
%to low-redshift quasars approximately during the times when jet activity is detected (CH Cyg - 
%July 1984, MWC~560 - November 1998).}
%\label{cool}
%\end{figure*}

%\begin{figure*}
%\centering
%\includegraphics[width=1cm]{f1.eps}
%\caption{The optical emission line spectra of CH Cyg and MWC 560 are subtracted, broadened and 
%scaled to imitate I Zw 1.  This standard procedure is widely used for the emission line measurements 
%of AGN, with I Zw 1 often used as a template (Boroson and Green 1992, Marziani et al. 1996).  
%After this processing, a good match with the spectrum of I Zw 1 is achieved. Our best fit 
%corresponds to a width FWHM(FeII)= 970$\pm$90 kms$^{-1}$.
%}
%\label{cool}
%\end{figure*}

%\begin{figure*}
%\centering
%\includegraphics[width=1cm]{f1.eps}
%\caption{
%The FeII-H$\beta$ (optical Eigenvector-1) diagram. X-axis is the rest frame equivalent 
%width ratio between FeII-complex and H$\beta$; the Y-axis is FWHM of the H$\beta$ broad component. 
%The crosses represent the Active Galactic Nuclei from the  sample of Marziani et al. (2003). 
%The triangles indicate the "nano-quasars"  MWC 560 (X=1.1) and CH Cyg (X=0.8). The plotted lines  
%(from top to bottom) represent M$_{BH}$=1$\cdot\rm{10^{9}}$ M$_{\odot}$, M$_{BH}$=5$\cdot \rm{10^7}$ M$_{\odot}$,
%and white dwarf mass M$_{WD}$=1.0 M$_\odot$. 
%The L/M ratio covered the range 2.5-4.6 for M$_{BH}$=1$\cdot \rm{10^9}$ M$_\odot$; 2.5-5.1 for 
%M$_{BH}$=5$\cdot \rm{10^7}$ M$_\odot$; 2.7-3.5 for white dwarf mass M$_{WD}$=1.0 M$_\odot$.  
%The ratio (L/M) is in solar units with the solar value L$_\odot$/M$_\odot$=1.92 ergs $\rm{s^{-1}\, g^{-1}}$. 
%The inclusion of the symbiotic stars on this AGN diagram reinforces the interpretation of quasar 
%correlations as driven mainly from the L/M ratio and the mass of the central object.
%}
%\label{cool}
%\end{figure*}



\section{Precessing jets}
The best known precessing jets in astrophysics 
are probably those of SS 433. In recent years precessing jets have 
been identified in two symbiotic stars: CH Cyg (on the basis of radio imaging by Crocker et al. 2002)
and MWC 560 (from optical spectroscopy by Iijima 2002). In both cases the model of the jets of the 
microquasar  SS 433 has been adopted to fit the evolution of the morphology of the outflows 
(using velocities appropriate for  white dwarfs).


%\begin{figure*}
%\centering
%\includegraphics[width=1cm]{f1.eps}
%\caption{VLA 5 GHz images of CH Cyg from 1986-2000 compared with the simple ballistic model 
%(dashed lines). Each box is ~4 arcsec on a side (from Crocker et al. 2002). 
%Variation of the position angle of the extended emission in the central region of CH Cyg between 
%1985 and 2000, along with a curve representing the precessing jet model, adapted from that for 
%the high-velocity jets of SS 433}
%\label{cool}
%\end{figure*}
\begin{figure}
 \includegraphics[height=.3\textheight]{zamanov3.eps}
 \caption{Variation of the position angle of the extended emission in the central region 
 of CH Cyg between 1985 and 2000, along with a curve representing the precessing jet model, 
 adapted from that for the high-velocity jets of SS 433.}
\end{figure}

%\section{Disk jet connection}
%\begin{figure*}
%\centering
%\includegraphics[width=1cm]{f1.eps}
%\caption{Fig.7. Comparison of the flickering behaviour of T CrB (February 28, 1995) and MWC 560 
%(March 05, 1990). In the case of MWC 560, the short term variability (on a time scale of minutes) 
%is missing. Only smooth, hour-timescale variations are present. This indicates disruption of the 
%inner part of the accretion disk during the time of jet ejection.  A disk-jet connection is also 
%observed in CH Cyg (Sokoloski and Kenyon 2003). The behaviour is closely analogous to that of the 
%microquasar GRS1915+105. This supports the view that there may be a common mechanism for jets in 
%quasars, microquasars and symbiotic stars (see also Livio, Pringle and King 2003). 
%}
%\label{cool}
% \end{figure*}

\section{Energy Source of Jets}
It is worth noting that interacting binaries, where a white dwarf accretes material from the wind 
of a red giant (usually classified as symbiotic stars), are strongly variable objects. We show above 
that the spectra of CH Cyg and MWC 560 are similar to low-redshift quasars around the times when jet 
activity is detected (CH Cyg - July 1984, MWC 560 - November 1990).

Jets are detected in systems quite different from those harboring black holes (for a review see 
Livio, 2001): young stellar objects (velocity v$\sim$200 km s$^{-1}$), planetary nebulae 
(v$\sim$200-1000 km s-1),
supersoft X-ray sources (v$\sim$1000 km s$^{-1}$). 
The jet velocities observed in the accreting white dwarfs 
(we call them {\it ``nanoquasars''}) are  $\sim$1000 km s$^{-1}$ in CH Cyg 
(Taylor et al. 1986) and 1000-6000 km s$^{-1}$  in MWC 560 (Tomov et al. 1992). 
They are consistent with an overall picture in which the jet 
velocity is of the same order as the escape velocity from the accretor (Livio 2001).

The luminosities of MWC 560 and CH Cyg are considerably less than the Eddington limit. The mass 
accretion rate is about 
M$_{acc} \sim $0.05 M$_{Edd}$. At such mass accretion rates the most probable jet energy 
source  involves extraction of rotational energy from the compact object. In the case of 
nano-quasars the extraction is probably occurring via the propeller action of a magnetic white 
dwarf (Mikolajewski et al. 1996). The most probable source of jet formation in quasars is the 
extraction of energy and angular momentum via the Blandford and Znajek (1977) mechanism. In this 
sense the jets in the ``nanoquasars''  probably represent a low energy (non-relativistic) analogue 
of the jets in quasars and microquasars. They involve a  similar energy source - the extraction of 
rotational energy from the central compact object.

\section{Conclusions}
We think it is appropriate to call the two accreting white dwarfs discussed here "nanoquasars" 
because they represent the very low energy analogue of quasars and microquasars. The name is 
chosen by analogy with the quasar and microquasar denominations, and also because 
$\nu \alpha \nu  o  \varsigma $
(ancient greek) = nano (ital.) = dwarf(engl.).


We suggest that the "nanoquasars" could be  an important link in our understanding of  a broad 
range of  accreting sources. They could help us to create a unified picture of accreting objects 
from cataclysmic variables and stellar-mass black holes up to the most powerful quasars. 

\vskip 0.4cm 
{\bf References}  \\
Blandford R. \& Znajek R., 1977, MNRAS 179, 433  \\
Crocker et al., 2002, MNRAS 335, 1100  \\
Iijima, T., 2002, A\&A 391, 617 \\
Livio M., 2001, ASP Conf. Ser., v.224, p.225  \\
Livio M., Pringle J.E., King A.R., 2003, ApJ 593, 184 \\
Mikolajewski, M., Milkolajewska, J., Tomov, T. 1996, IAUS 165, 451 \\
Sokoloski J. \& Kenyon S., 2003, ApJ 584, 1021    \\
Taylor  A.R., Seaquist E.R., Mattei J.A., 1986, Nature 319, 38  \\
Tomov T., Zamanov R., Kolev D., et al. 1992, MNRAS 258, 23 \\
Zamanov, R., Marziani, P., 2002, ApJ 571, L77 \\

\end{document}


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