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+IMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS CONCERNING NFPA DOCUMENTS
+NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY CONCERNING THE USE OF NFPA DOCUMENTS
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+This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on fire and
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+Any certification or other statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to
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+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ADDITIONAL NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS
+Updating of NFPA Documents
+Users of NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides should be aware that
+these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be
+amended from time to time through the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments. An offi-
+cial NFPA document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document
+together with any Tentative Interim Amendments and any Errata then in effect. In order to
+determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended
+through the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments or corrected through the issuance of
+Errata, consult appropriate NFPA publications such as the National Fire Codes® Subscription
+Service, visit the NFPA website at www.nfpa.org, or contact the NFPA at the address listed
+below.
+Interpretations of NFPA Documents
+A statement, written or oral, that is not processed in accordance with Section 6 of the Reg-
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+respect to patents. For further information contact the NFPA at the address listed below.
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+Copyrights
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+Use of NFPA documents for regulatory purposes should be accomplished through adop-
+tion by reference. The term “adoption by reference” means the citing of title, edition, and
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+1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
+For more information about NFPA, visit the NFPA website at www.nfpa.org.
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Copyright © 2008, National Fire Protection Association®. All Rights Reserved
+NFPA® 1
+Fire Code
+2009 Edition
+This edition of NFPA 1, Fire Code, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Uniform
+Fire Code and acted on by NFPA at its June Association Technical Meeting held June 2–5,
+2008, in Las Vegas, NV . It was issued by the Standards Council on July 24, 2008, with an
+effective date of October 10, 2008, and supersedes all previous editions.
+This edition of NFPA 1 was approved as an American National Standard on October 10, 2008.
+Origin and Development of NFPA 1
+This Code was originally developed as a result of the requests of many members of the
+National Fire Protection Association for a document covering all aspects of fire protection
+and prevention that used the other developed NFPA codes and standards. NFPA staff initiated
+this work in 1971 upon a directive from the NFPA Board of Directors.
+The original code was written around a format that served as a guide for the development
+of a local fire prevention code. Prerogatives of local officials were excluded from the main
+text of the document but included within appendices as guidance for exercising desired
+prerogatives.
+In the late 1980s, the Fire Marshals Association of North America undertook the task of
+developing a code that was more self-contained, adding administrative sections and extract-
+ing heavily from other NFPA codes and standards. The draft was submitted to the Fire Preven-
+tion Code Committee. The Committee examined changes in the built environment as it is
+affected by fire and incorporated significant portions of theLife Safety Code ®. A special task
+group on hazardous materials examined technological changes in the handling, storage, and
+use of flammable and combustible materials. Chapters extracting hazardous material require-
+ments placed a greater emphasis on protection of life and property from chemical products
+made and used in the environment. A major rewrite resulted in the 1992 edition of theFire
+Prevention Code.
+The 1997 edition updated the text extracted from other NFPA codes and standards and
+added compliance with additional NFPA codes and standards as part of the requirements of
+NFPA 1.
+The 2000 edition of NFPA 1 was a complete revision that updated the text extracted from
+other NFPA codes and standards. Additional direct references from NFPA codes and stan-
+dards that are essential to a code official’s use of the document were added. The Committee
+also added a new section on performance-based design as a valuable tool for code officials and
+design professionals. NFPA 1 was restructured to be more functional with respect to adminis-
+tration, code enforcement, and regulatory adoption processes.
+The 2003 edition of NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code™, was a complete revision. It incorporated
+provisions from the Western Fire Chiefs, Uniform Fire Code™ , under a partnership between
+NFPA and Western Fire Chiefs, while it updated and expanded the provisions extracted from
+other key NFPA codes and standards. To emphasize the partnership, the document was re-
+named NFPA 1,Uniform Fire Code™. The Uniform Fire Code is a trademark of the Western Fire
+Chiefs Association.
+NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code™, was restructured into parts to be more compatible with the
+regulatory adoption procedures, including administration and code enforcement, occupan-
+cies, processes, equipment, and hazardous materials provisions. The Committee included a
+newly expanded chapter on performance-based design as an enhanced tool for code officials
+and design professionals. Additional extracts and references from NFPA codes and standards
+that are essential to a code official’s use of the document were added, bringing the number of
+referenced NFPA codes and standards to over 125. Additional chapters on hazardous materi-
+als were included that incorporate the provisions covered in theUniform Fire Code™.
+1–1
+NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts, 02169.
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+The 2006 edition of NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code™, was a complete revision of the Code that incorporated the provi-
+sions from NFPA 230, Standard for the Fire Protection of Storage . The Technical Committee on Uniform Fire Code had
+been given responsibility for NFPA 230 by the NFPA Standards Council, so they incorporated the requirements into
+NFPA 1 UFC rather than maintain a separate standard.
+The 2006 edition of NFPA 1 included new chapters on classification of occupancy, motion picture studios, outdoor
+tire storage, and general storage, along with other extracted provisions updated and expanded the from other key
+NFPA codes and standards that were essential to a code official’s use of the document. The number of NFPA codes and
+standards referenced in this edition was 117.
+With the 2009 edition of NFPA 1, the title of the document was changed from Uniform Fire Code to Fire Code. The
+revision updates all the extracted provisions from the 117 codes and standards that were included as mandatory
+reference publications in the 2006 edition. The revisions also include an expansion of Section 12.5 on interior finish to
+contain extracted provisions from NFPA101; an expansion of Section 12.6 on furnishings, contents, decorations, and
+treated fabrics to contain extracted provisions from NFPA101; a new Section 18.4, which moves fire flow requirements
+for buildings from Annex H; a new Section 32.5 for regulating locations for motion picture and television production
+studios, soundstages, and approved production facilities with extracted provisions from NFPA 140; and new Sections
+40.3 through 40.7 on combustible dust explosion protection and fire prevention with extracted provisions from
+NFPA 654. Additional information on hazardous materials classifications was added to Annex B. This revision also
+added three annexes to the 2009 edition, including Annex O, In-Building Public Safety Radio Enhancement Systems;
+Annex P, Fire Department Service Delivery Concurrency Evaluation; and Annex Q, Fire Fighter Safety Building Mark-
+ing System. The number of NFPA codes and standards referenced in this edition is 119.
+Six annexes were deleted from the 2006 edition, including Annex E, Model Citation Program; Annex F, Model Fees
+and Charges Program; Annex H, Fire Flow Requirements for Buildings; Annex J, Protection of Outdoor Storage;
+Annex M, Recommendations for Fighting Rubber Tire Fires in Sprinklered Buildings; and Annex N, AHJ Minimum
+Qualifications and Job Descriptions for Code Enforcement Personnel.
+NFPA 1 reflects the technical knowledge of the committees who are responsible for the codes and standards that are
+referenced in and from which text is extracted and incorporated into the technical provisions of NFPA 1. ThisCode is
+intended to provide state, county, and local jurisdictions with an effective fire code.
+1–2 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Technical Committee on Uniform Fire Code
+Ronald R. Farr,Chair
+Kalamazoo Township Fire Department, MI [E]
+Rep. International Fire Marshals Association
+Scott W. Adams,Park City Fire Service District, UT [E]
+Rep. Western Fire Chiefs Association
+Tony Apfelbeck, Altamonte Springs Building/Fire Safety
+Division, FL [E]
+Rep. NFPA Architects, Engineers, & Building Officials
+Section
+Carl F. Baldassarra,Schirmer Engineering Corporation,
+IL [I]
+Jim Budzinski, City of Tamarac Fire Rescue, FL [E]
+Rep. International Association of Fire Chiefs
+Kenneth E. Bush, Maryland State Fire Marshals Office,
+MD [E]
+Jeffrey P. Collins,Palm Beach County Fire/Rescue, FL [E]
+Rep. NFPA Fire Service Section
+Douglas P. Erickson,American Society for Healthcare
+Engineering, VI [U]
+F. Tom Fangmann,Sara Lee Corporation, IL [U]
+Rep. NFPA Industrial Fire Protection Section
+Keith L. Farmer,The DuPont Company, DE [U]
+Robert Fash, Las Vegas Fire & Rescue, NV [E]
+Reinhard Hanselka, Integrated Engineering Services
+Inc., FL [SE]
+Bill Hopple, Tyco/SimplexGrinnell, CA [M]
+Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association
+Thomas W. Jaeger,Jaeger and Associates, LLC, V A [SE]
+Robert J. James, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., FL [RT]
+Richard S. Kraus, PSC Petroleum Safety Consultants,
+V A [U]
+Rep. American Petroleum Institute
+Michael J. Laderoute, MJL Associates, Inc., V A [M]
+Rep. Fire Equipment Manufacturers’ Association
+James K. Lathrop, Koffel Associates, Inc., CT [SE]
+Wayne D. Moore,Hughes Associates, Inc., RI [M]
+Rep. Automatic Fire Alarm Association, Inc.
+Joseph L. Navarra, Pepco Holdings Inc., DC [U]
+Rep. Edison Electric Institute
+Steven Orlowski, National Association of Home Builders,
+DC [U]
+James S. Peterkin, Heery-HLM Design International,
+PA [U]
+Rep. NFPA Health Care Section
+Kenneth R. Quick, Jr.,City of Culver City Fire
+Department, CA [E]
+Rep. South Bay Section Fire Prevention Officer
+Association
+Jeffrey M. Shapiro,International Code Consultants,
+TX [M]
+Rep. The Chlorine Institute, Inc.
+Catherine L. Stashak, Office of the Illinois State Fire
+Marshal, IL [E]
+Rick Thornberry, The Code Consortium, Inc., CA [M]
+Rep. Alliance for Fire & Smoke Containment
+& Control, Inc.
+Randolph W. Tucker,The RJA Group, Inc., TX [SE]
+Wayne Waggoner, National Fire Sprinkler Association,
+Inc., TN [M]
+Peter J. Willse,Swiss Re, Global Asset Protection Services,
+CT [I]
+Alternates
+Timothy A. Bancroft,Integrated Engineering Services
+Inc., CA [SE]
+(Alt. to R. Hanselka)
+John F. Bender,Underwriters Laboratories Inc., MD [RT]
+(Alt. to R. J. James)
+Lawrence Brown, National Association of Home Builders,
+DC [U]
+(Alt. to S. Orlowski)
+Shane M. Clary,Bay Alarm Company, CA [M]
+(Alt. to W. D. Moore)
+Daniel F. Gemeny,The RJA Group, Inc., CA [SE]
+(Alt. to R. W. Tucker)
+Jeffrey M. Hugo, National Fire Sprinkler Association,
+Inc., MI [M]
+(Alt. to W. Waggoner)
+Roy C. Kimball, Brooks Equipment Company, Inc.,
+NC [M]
+(Alt. to M. J. Laderoute)
+William E. Koffel,Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
+(Alt. to J. K. Lathrop)
+John Lake, Marion County Fire Rescue, FL [E]
+(Alt. to J. P. Collins)
+Joseph M. Perry,University of California-Davis, CA [E]
+(V oting Alt. to WFCA-Urban Rep.)
+Tony Sanfilippo, Michigan Dept. of Labor & Economic
+Growth, MI [E]
+(Alt. to R. R. Farr)
+Chester W. Schirmer,Schirmer Engineering
+Corporation, NC [I]
+(Alt. to C. F. Baldassarra)
+Gary F. Trojak,The Chlorine Institute, Inc., V A [M]
+(Alt. to J. M. Shapiro)
+James M. Weigand,Carlsbad Fire Department, CA [E]
+(Alt. to S. W. Adams)
+1–3COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Nonvoting
+Robert Bourke, Lynn Fire Department, MA [E]
+Rep. Northeast Regional Fire Code Development
+Committee
+James E. Everitt, Tualatin Valley Fire/Rescue, OR [E]
+Rep. Western Regional Fire Code Development
+Committee
+Jon Nisja, Minnesota State Fire Marshal Division, MN [E]
+Rep. North Central Regional Fire Code Development
+Committee
+Eddie Phillips, City of East Ridge Public Safety, TN [E]
+Rep. Southern Regional Fire Code Development
+Committee
+Walter Smittle, Ripley, WV [SE]
+(Member Emeritus)
+Martha H. Curtis,NFPA Staff Liaison
+This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time,
+changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.
+NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or
+any document developed by the committee on which the member serves.
+Committee Scope:This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on a Fire Prevention
+Code that includes appropriate administrative provisions, to be used with the National Fire Codes for the
+installation, operation, and maintenance of buildings, structures, and premises for the purpose of providing
+safety to life and property from fire and explosion. This includes development of requirements for, and
+maintenance of, systems and equipment for fire control and extinguishment. Safety to life of occupants of
+buildings and structures is under the primary jurisdiction of the Committee on Safety to Life.
+1–4 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Contents
+Part I Administration ....................................... 1–1 1
+Chapter 1 Administration ................................. 1–1 1
+1.1 Scope ............................................... 1–1 1
+1.2 Purpose ............................................ 1–1 1
+1.3 Application ........................................ 1–1 1
+1.4 Equivalencies, Alternatives, and
+Modifications ..................................... 1–1 2
+1.5 Units ................................................ 1–1 2
+1.6 Enforcement ...................................... 1–1 2
+1.7 Authority .......................................... 1–1 2
+1.8 Duties and Powers of the Incident
+Commander ...................................... 1–1 3
+1.9 Liability ............................................ 1–1 4
+1.10 Board of Appeals ................................ 1–1 4
+1.11 Records and Reports ............................ 1–1 5
+1.12 Permits and Approvals .......................... 1–1 5
+1.13 Certificates of Fitness ........................... 1–2 2
+1.14 Plan Review ....................................... 1–2 2
+1.15 Technical Assistance ............................ 1–2 2
+1.16 Notice of Violations and Penalties ........... 1–2 3
+Chapter 2 Referenced Publications .................... 1–2 3
+2.1 General ............................................ 1–2 3
+2.2 NFPA Publications ............................... 1–2 5
+2.3 Other Publications .............................. 1–2 5
+2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory
+Sections ............................................ 1–2 8
+Chapter 3 Definitions ...................................... 1–2 9
+3.1 General ............................................ 1–2 9
+3.2 NFPA Official Definitions ...................... 1–2 9
+3.3 General Definitions ............................. 1–2 9
+3.4 Special Performance-Based Definitions .... 1–4 6
+Chapter 4 General Requirements ....................... 1–4 6
+4.1 Goals and Objectives ............................ 1–4 6
+4.2 Assumptions ...................................... 1–4 7
+4.3 Compliance Options ............................ 1–4 8
+4.4 Fundamental Requirements .................. 1–4 8
+4.5 General Requirements ......................... 1–4 8
+Chapter 5 Performance-Based Option ................. 1–4 9
+5.1 General ............................................ 1–4 9
+5.2 Performance Criteria ........................... 1–5 0
+5.3 Retained Prescriptive Requirements ........ 1–5 1
+5.4 Design Scenarios ................................ 1–5 1
+5.5 Evaluation of Proposed Designs ............. 1–5 3
+5.6 Safety Factors ..................................... 1–5 3
+5.7 Documentation Requirements ............... 1–5 3
+Chapter 6 Classification of Occupancy................ 1–5 3
+6.1 Classification of Occupancy ................... 1–5 3
+Chapter 7 Reserved ........................................ 1–5 6
+Chapter 8 Reserved ........................................ 1–5 6
+Chapter 9 Reserved ........................................ 1–5 6
+Part II General .............................................. 1–5 6
+Chapter 10 General Safety Requirements............. 1–5 6
+10.1 Fundamental Requirements .................. 1–5 6
+10.2 Owner/Occupant Responsibilities .......... 1–5 8
+10.3 Occupancy ........................................ 1–5 8
+10.4 Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing ..... 1–5 8
+10.5 Building Evacuation ............................ 1–5 8
+10.6 Fire Drills .......................................... 1–5 8
+10.7 Reporting of Fires and Other
+Emergencies ...................................... 1–5 8
+10.8 Tampering with Fire Safety Equipment .... 1–5 9
+10.9 Emergency Plans ................................ 1–5 9
+10.10 Smoking ........................................... 1–5 9
+10.11 Open Flame, Candles, Open Fires, and
+Incinerators ....................................... 1–5 9
+10.12 Fire Protection Markings ...................... 1–6 0
+10.13 Vacant Buildings and Premises ............... 1–6 1
+10.14 Combustible Vegetation ........................ 1–6 1
+10.15 Special Outdoor Events, Carnivals, and
+Fairs ................................................. 1–6 2
+10.16 Outside Storage .................................. 1–6 3
+10.17 Parade Floats ..................................... 1–6 3
+10.18 Powered Industrial Trucks .................... 1–6 3
+10.19 Storage of Combustible Materials ........... 1–6 4
+10.20 Indoor Children’s Playground
+Structures ......................................... 1–6 4
+Chapter 11 Building Services ............................. 1–6 4
+11.1 Electrical Fire Safety ............................ 1–6 4
+11.2 Heating, Ventilation, and
+Air-Conditioning ................................ 1–6 5
+11.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors ........ 1–6 5
+11.4 Utilities ............................................. 1–6 6
+11.5 Heating Appliances ............................. 1–6 6
+11.6 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and
+Laundry Chutes .................................. 1–6 7
+11.7 Stationary Generators and Standby
+Power Systems .................................... 1–6 7
+11.8 Smoke Control ................................... 1–6 8
+11.9 Emergency Command Center ................ 1–6 8
+Chapter 12 Features of Fire Protection................ 1–6 8
+12.1 General ............................................ 1–6 8
+12.2 Construction ...................................... 1–6 8
+12.3 Fire-Resistive Materials and
+Construction ...................................... 1–6 8
+12.4 Fire Doors and Windows ....................... 1–6 8
+12.5 Interior Finish .................................... 1–7 1
+12.6 Contents and Furnishings ..................... 1–7 3
+1–5CONTENTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+12.7 Fire Barriers ...................................... 1–7 4
+12.8 Smoke Partitions ................................. 1–7 7
+12.9 Smoke Barriers ................................... 1–7 8
+Chapter 13 Fire Protection Systems.................... 1–8 0
+13.1 General ............................................ 1–8 0
+13.2 Standpipe Systems ............................... 1–8 0
+13.3 Automatic Sprinklers ........................... 1–8 1
+13.4 Fire Pumps ........................................ 1–9 3
+13.5 Water Supply ...................................... 1–9 6
+13.6 Portable Fire Extinguishers ................... 1–9 6
+13.7 Detection, Alarm, and
+Communications Systems ..................... 1–107
+13.8 Other Fire Protection Systems ................ 1–123
+Chapter 14 Means of Egress.............................. 1–123
+14.1 Application ....................................... 1–123
+14.2 Exit Access Corridors ........................... 1–123
+14.3 Exits ................................................ 1–123
+14.4 Means of Egress Reliability .................... 1–124
+14.5 Door Openings .................................. 1–125
+14.6 Enclosure and Protection of Stairs .......... 1–129
+14.7 Exit Passageways ................................. 1–129
+14.8 Capacity of Means of Egress .................. 1–130
+14.9 Number of Means of Egress ................... 1–132
+14.10 Arrangement of Means of Egress ............ 1–133
+14.11 Discharge from Exits ........................... 1–134
+14.12 Illumination of Means of Egress ............. 1–135
+14.13 Emergency Lighting ............................ 1–136
+14.14 Marking of Means of Egress ................... 1–136
+14.15 Secondary Means of Escape ................... 1–138
+Chapter 15 Reserved ....................................... 1–139
+Chapter 16 Safeguards During Building
+Construction, Alteration, and
+Demolition Operations..................... 1–139
+16.1 General Requirements ......................... 1–139
+16.2 Processes and Hazards ......................... 1–139
+16.3 Fire Protection ................................... 1–140
+16.4 Safeguarding Construction and
+Alteration Operations .......................... 1–141
+16.5 Fire Safety During Demolition ............... 1–142
+16.6 Torch-Applied Roofing Systems .............. 1–142
+16.7 Tar Kettles ......................................... 1–142
+16.8 Asbestos Removal ................................ 1–143
+Chapter 17 Wildland Urban Interface................. 1–143
+17.1 General ............................................ 1–143
+17.2 Plans ................................................ 1–144
+17.3 Wildland Fire–Prone Areas .................... 1–144
+Chapter 18 Fire Department Access and Water
+Supply .......................................... 1–145
+18.1 General ............................................ 1–145
+18.2 Fire Department Access ........................ 1–145
+18.3 Water Supplies and Fire Hydrants ........... 1–146
+18.4 Fire Flow Requirements for Buildings ...... 1–147
+Chapter 19 Combustible Waste and Refuse.......... 1–147
+19.1 General ............................................ 1–147
+19.2 Combustible Waste and Refuse ............... 1–148
+Part III Occupancy ......................................... 1–149
+Chapter 20 Occupancy Fire Safety...................... 1–149
+20.1 Assembly Occupancies ......................... 1–149
+20.2 Educational Occupancies ..................... 1–153
+20.3 Day-Care Occupancies ......................... 1–155
+20.4 Health Care Occupancies ..................... 1–156
+20.5 Residential Board and Care
+Occupancies ...................................... 1–158
+20.6 Ambulatory Health Care Centers ............ 1–160
+20.7 Detention and Correctional
+Occupancies ...................................... 1–162
+20.8 Hotels and Dormitories ........................ 1–163
+20.9 Apartment Buildings ........................... 1–164
+20.10 Lodging or Rooming Houses ................. 1–164
+20.11 One- and Two-Family Dwellings and
+Manufactured Housing ........................ 1–164
+20.12 Mercantile Occupancies ....................... 1–164
+20.13 Business Occupancies .......................... 1–165
+20.14 Industrial Occupancies ........................ 1–165
+20.15 Storage Occupancies ........................... 1–165
+20.16 Special Structures and High-Rise
+Buildings .......................................... 1–166
+20.17 Historic Buildings and Cultural
+Resources .......................................... 1–166
+Chapter 21 Airports and Heliports ..................... 1–166
+21.1 Hangars ............................................ 1–166
+21.2 Terminals .......................................... 1–167
+21.3 Rooftop Heliport Construction and
+Protection ......................................... 1–168
+Chapter 22 Automobile Wrecking Yards............... 1–170
+22.1 General ............................................ 1–170
+22.2 Permits ............................................. 1–170
+22.3 Fire Department Access Roads ............... 1–170
+22.4 Welding and Cutting ............................ 1–170
+22.5 Housekeeping .................................... 1–170
+22.6 Fire Extinguishers ............................... 1–170
+22.7 Tire Storage ....................................... 1–170
+22.8 Burning Operations ............................ 1–171
+22.9 Motor Vehicle Fluids and Hazardous
+Materials ........................................... 1–171
+Chapter 23 Cleanrooms ................................... 1–171
+23.1 General ............................................ 1–171
+23.2 Applicability ...................................... 1–171
+23.3 Permits ............................................. 1–171
+1–6 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Chapter 24 Drycleaning ................................... 1–171
+24.1 General ............................................ 1–171
+24.2 Permits ............................................. 1–171
+Chapter 25 Grandstands and Bleachers,
+Folding and Telescopic Seating,
+Tents, and Membrane
+Structures ...................................... 1–171
+25.1 General ............................................ 1–171
+25.2 Tents ................................................ 1–173
+25.3 Grandstands ...................................... 1–174
+25.4 Folding and Telescopic Seating .............. 1–175
+25.5 Permanent Membrane Structures ........... 1–176
+25.6 Temporary Membrane Structures ........... 1–177
+Chapter 26 Laboratories Using Chemicals............ 1–178
+26.1 General ............................................ 1–178
+26.2 Laboratories in Health Care
+Occupancies ...................................... 1–179
+26.3 Permits ............................................. 1–179
+Chapter 27 Manufactured Home and
+Recreational Vehicle Sites................. 1–179
+27.1 General ............................................ 1–179
+27.2 Manufactured Home Sites .................... 1–179
+27.3 Recreational Vehicle Parks and
+Campgrounds .................................... 1–179
+Chapter 28 Marinas, Boatyards, Marine
+Terminals, Piers, and Wharves........... 1–179
+28.1 Marinas, Boatyards, and Other
+Recreational Marine Facilities ................ 1–179
+28.2 Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves ..... 1–182
+28.3 Construction, Conversion, Repair, and
+Lay-Up of Vessels ................................. 1–182
+Chapter 29 Parking Garages ............................. 1–182
+29.1 General ............................................ 1–182
+Chapter 30 Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities
+and Repair Garages......................... 1–183
+30.1 Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities ............. 1–183
+30.2 Repair Garages ................................... 1–183
+30.3 Operational Requirements .................... 1–185
+Chapter 31 Forest Products .............................. 1–185
+31.1 General ............................................ 1–185
+31.2 Permits ............................................. 1–186
+31.3 Protection of Storage of Forest
+Products ........................................... 1–186
+Chapter 32 Motion Picture and Television
+Production Studio Soundstages
+and Approved Production
+Facilities ....................................... 1–189
+32.1 General ............................................ 1–189
+32.2 Permits ............................................. 1–190
+32.3 Housekeeping .................................... 1–190
+32.4 Soundstages and Approved Production
+Facilities ........................................... 1–190
+32.5 Production Locations .......................... 1–191
+32.6 Operating Features ............................. 1–192
+Chapter 33 Outside Storage of Tires................... 1–192
+33.1 General ............................................ 1–192
+33.2 Individual Piles ................................... 1–193
+33.3 Emergency Response Plan .................... 1–193
+33.4 Fire Control Measures .......................... 1–193
+33.5 Site Access ......................................... 1–193
+33.6 Signs and Security ............................... 1–193
+33.7 Outdoor Storage of Altered Tire
+Material ............................................ 1–194
+Chapter 34 General Storage .............................. 1–194
+34.1 General ............................................ 1–194
+34.2 Classification of Commodities ................ 1–194
+34.3 Building Construction ......................... 1–196
+34.4 Storage Arrangement ........................... 1–196
+34.5 General Fire Protection ........................ 1–196
+34.6 Building Equipment, Maintenance,
+and Operations .................................. 1–197
+34.7 Protection of Rack Storage .................... 1–197
+34.8 Protection of Rubber Tires .................... 1–198
+34.9 Protection of Roll Paper ....................... 1–198
+34.10 Storage of Idle Pallets .......................... 1–199
+Chapter 35 Animal Housing Facilities.................. 1–199
+35.1 General ............................................ 1–199
+35.2 Permits ............................................. 1–199
+Chapter 36 Reserved ....................................... 1–199
+Chapter 37 Reserved ....................................... 1–199
+Chapter 38 Reserved ....................................... 1–199
+Chapter 39 Reserved ....................................... 1–199
+Part IV Processes ........................................... 1–199
+Chapter 40 Dust Explosion and Fire Prevention.... 1–199
+40.1 General ............................................ 1–199
+40.2 Permits ............................................. 1–199
+40.3 Fugitive Dust Control and
+Housekeeping .................................... 1–200
+40.4 Ignition Sources ................................. 1–200
+40.5 Fire Protection ................................... 1–201
+40.6 Training and Procedures ...................... 1–202
+40.7 Inspection and Maintenance ................. 1–203
+Chapter 41 Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot
+Work ............................................ 1–203
+41.1 General ............................................ 1–203
+41.2 Responsibility for Hot Work .................. 1–204
+41.3 Fire Prevention Precautions .................. 1–205
+1–7CONTENTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+41.4 Sole Proprietors and Individual
+Operators ......................................... 1–206
+41.5 Public Exhibitions and
+Demonstrations .................................. 1–206
+41.6 Arc Welding Equipment ....................... 1–207
+Chapter 42 Refueling ...................................... 1–207
+42.1 General ............................................ 1–207
+42.2 Automotive Fuel Servicing .................... 1–207
+42.3 Storage of Liquids ............................... 1–207
+42.4 Piping for Liquids ............................... 1–211
+42.5 Fuel Dispensing Systems ....................... 1–211
+42.6 Building Construction Requirements ...... 1–213
+42.7 Operational Requirements .................... 1–214
+42.8 Additional Requirements for CNG,
+LNG, Hydrogen, and LPG .................... 1–216
+42.9 Marine Fueling ................................... 1–217
+42.10 Aircraft Fuel Servicing .......................... 1–220
+42.11 Alternate Fuels ................................... 1–226
+Chapter 43 Spraying, Dipping, and Coating
+Using Flammable or
+Combustible Materials ..................... 1–228
+43.1 Application ....................................... 1–228
+43.2 Automated Electrostatic Spray
+Equipment ........................................ 1–240
+43.3 Handheld Electrostatic Spray
+Equipment ........................................ 1–240
+43.4 Drying, Curing, or Fusion Processes ........ 1–240
+43.5 Miscellaneous Spray Operations ............. 1–240
+43.6 Powder Coating .................................. 1–242
+43.7 Organic Peroxides and Plural
+Component Coatings ........................... 1–242
+43.8 Styrene Cross-Linked Composites
+Manufacturing (Glass
+Fiber–Reinforced Plastics) .................... 1–242
+43.9 Dipping and Coating Processes .............. 1–243
+43.10 Training ........................................... 1–243
+Chapter 44 Solvent Extraction ........................... 1–243
+44.1 General ............................................ 1–243
+44.2 Application ....................................... 1–243
+44.3 Permits ............................................. 1–243
+44.4 Special Requirements .......................... 1–243
+Chapter 45 Combustible Fibers ......................... 1–243
+45.1 General ............................................ 1–243
+45.2 Electrical Wiring ................................. 1–244
+45.3 No Smoking ...................................... 1–244
+45.4 Vehicles and Material Handling
+Equipment ........................................ 1–244
+45.5 Loose Storage of Combustible Fibers ....... 1–244
+45.6 Baled Storage ..................................... 1–244
+45.7 Storage of Hay, Straw, and Other
+Similar Agricultural Products ................. 1–244
+45.8 Hazardous Materials ............................ 1–245
+Chapter 46 Reserved ....................................... 1–245
+Chapter 47 Reserved ....................................... 1–245
+Chapter 48 Reserved ....................................... 1–245
+Chapter 49 Reserved ....................................... 1–245
+Part V Equipment ........................................... 1–245
+Chapter 50 Commercial Cooking Equipment........ 1–245
+50.1 Application ....................................... 1–245
+50.2 General Requirements ......................... 1–245
+50.3 Protection of Coverings and Enclosure
+Materials ........................................... 1–246
+50.4 Fire-Extinguishing Equipment ............... 1–246
+50.5 Procedures for the Use and
+Maintenance of Equipment ................... 1–248
+50.6 Minimum Safety Requirements for
+Cooking Equipment ............................ 1–249
+Chapter 51 Industrial Ovens and Furnaces........... 1–250
+51.1 General ............................................ 1–250
+51.2 Location ........................................... 1–250
+51.3 Safety Controls ................................... 1–250
+Chapter 52 Stationary Storage Battery Systems...... 1–250
+52.1 General ............................................ 1–250
+52.2 Permits ............................................. 1–250
+52.3 Safety Features ................................... 1–250
+Chapter 53 Mechanical Refrigeration .................. 1–251
+53.1 General ............................................ 1–251
+53.2 Safety Features ................................... 1–252
+53.3 Operations, Maintenance, and Testing ..... 1–254
+Chapter 54 Reserved ....................................... 1–255
+Chapter 55 Reserved ....................................... 1–255
+Chapter 56 Reserved ....................................... 1–255
+Chapter 57 Reserved ....................................... 1–255
+Chapter 58 Reserved ....................................... 1–255
+Chapter 59 Reserved ....................................... 1–255
+Part VI Hazardous Materials ............................. 1–255
+Chapter 60 Hazardous Materials ........................ 1–255
+60.1 General Requirements ......................... 1–255
+60.2 Requirements for All Occupancies
+Containing High Hazard Contents .......... 1–270
+60.3 Requirements for Occupancies
+Exceeding the Maximum Allowable
+Quantity (MAQ) per Control Area
+for High Hazard Contents .................... 1–271
+60.4 Supplemental Requirements for Use
+and Handling of Hazardous
+Materials in Amounts Exceeding
+Maximum Allowable Quantities .............. 1–277
+1–8 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Chapter 61 Aerosol Products ............................. 1–280
+61.1 General Provisions .............................. 1–280
+61.2 Basic Requirements ............................. 1–280
+61.3 Storage in Warehouses and Storage
+Areas ............................................... 1–281
+61.4 Mercantile Occupancies ....................... 1–283
+61.5 Operations and Maintenance ................ 1–284
+Chapter 62 Reserved ....................................... 1–284
+Chapter 63 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic
+Fluids ........................................... 1–284
+63.1 General Provisions .............................. 1–284
+63.2 Building-Related Controls ..................... 1–285
+63.3 Compressed Gases .............................. 1–290
+63.4 Cryogenic Fluids ................................. 1–299
+63.5 Bulk Oxygen Systems ........................... 1–305
+63.6 Gaseous Hydrogen Systems ................... 1–305
+63.7 Liquefied Hydrogen Systems ................. 1–305
+Chapter 64 Corrosive Solids and Liquids............. 1–305
+64.1 General ............................................ 1–305
+64.2 Outdoor Storage ................................. 1–305
+Chapter 65 Explosives, Fireworks, and Model
+Rocketry ....................................... 1–305
+65.1 General ............................................ 1–305
+65.2 Display Fireworks ................................ 1–305
+65.3 Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate
+Audience .......................................... 1–305
+65.4 Flame Effects Before an Audience ........... 1–305
+65.5 Fireworks Manufacturing ...................... 1–305
+65.6 Model Rocketry .................................. 1–305
+65.7 Rocketry Manufacturing ....................... 1–305
+65.8 High Power Rocketry ........................... 1–305
+65.9 Explosives ......................................... 1–306
+65.10 Ammonium Nitrate ............................. 1–306
+65.11 Sale, Handling, and Storage of
+Consumer Fireworks ............................ 1–306
+Chapter 66 Flammable and Combustible
+Liquids ......................................... 1–313
+66.1 General ............................................ 1–313
+66.2 Reserved ........................................... 1–314
+66.3 Definitions ........................................ 1–314
+66.4 Definition and Classification of
+Liquids ............................................. 1–314
+66.5 Reserved ........................................... 1–315
+66.6 Fire Prevention and Fire Risk Control ...... 1–315
+66.7 Electrical Systems ................................ 1–317
+66.8 Reserved ........................................... 1–317
+66.9 Storage of Liquids in Containers —
+General Requirements ......................... 1–320
+66.10 Reserved ........................................... 1–326
+66.11 Reserved ........................................... 1–326
+66.12 Reserved ........................................... 1–326
+66.13 Reserved ........................................... 1–326
+66.14 Hazardous Materials Storage Lockers ...... 1–326
+66.15 Outdoor Storage ................................. 1–327
+66.16 Automatic Fire Protection for Inside
+Liquid Storage Areas ........................... 1–329
+66.17 Processing Facilities ............................. 1–348
+66.18 Dispensing, Handling, Transfer, and
+Use of Liquids .................................... 1–352
+66.19 Specific Operations ............................. 1–354
+66.20 Reserved ........................................... 1–356
+66.21 Storage of Liquids in Tanks —
+Requirements for All Storage Tanks ........ 1–356
+66.22 Storage of Liquids in Tanks —
+Aboveground Storage Tanks .................. 1–361
+66.23 Storage of Liquids in Tanks —
+Underground Tanks ............................ 1–370
+66.24 Storage Tank Buildings ........................ 1–371
+66.25 Storage Tank Vaults ............................. 1–375
+66.26 Reserved ........................................... 1–376
+66.27 Piping Systems ................................... 1–376
+66.28 Bulk Loading and Unloading Facilities
+for Tank Cars and Tank Vehicles............. 1–379
+66.29 Wharves ............................................ 1–381
+Chapter 67 Flammable Solids ............................ 1–383
+67.1 General ............................................ 1–383
+67.2 Outdoor Storage ................................. 1–383
+Chapter 68 Highly Toxic and Toxic Solids and
+Liquids ......................................... 1–383
+68.1 General ............................................ 1–383
+68.2 Indoor Storage ................................... 1–383
+68.3 Outdoor Storage ................................. 1–383
+Chapter 69 Liquefied Petroleum Gases and
+Liquefied Natural Gases................... 1–384
+69.1 General Provisions .............................. 1–384
+69.2 LP-Gas Equipment and Appliances ......... 1–384
+69.3 Installation of LP-Gas Systems ................ 1–386
+69.4 LP-Gas Liquid Transfer ........................ 1–397
+69.5 Storage of Cylinders Awaiting Use,
+Resale, or Exchange ............................ 1–398
+69.6 Vehicular Transportation of LP-Gas ......... 1–401
+69.7 LP-Gases at Utility Plants ...................... 1–403
+69.8 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) ................ 1–403
+Chapter 70 Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides....... 1–403
+70.1 General ............................................ 1–403
+70.2 Liquid and Solid Oxidizers .................... 1–403
+70.3 Organic Peroxide Formulations ............. 1–411
+Chapter 71 Pyrophoric Solids and Liquids........... 1–415
+71.1 General ............................................ 1–415
+71.2 Outdoor Storage ................................. 1–415
+1–9CONTENTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Chapter 72 Unstable (Reactive) Solids and
+Liquids ......................................... 1–415
+72.1 General ............................................ 1–415
+72.2 Outdoor Storage ................................. 1–415
+Chapter 73 Water-Reactive Solids and Liquids....... 1–415
+73.1 General ............................................ 1–415
+73.2 Outdoor Storage ................................. 1–415
+Annex A Explanatory Material ........................... 1–416
+Annex B Hazardous Materials Classifications........ 1–552
+Annex C Sample Ordinance Adopting the
+NFPA 1,Fire Code ............................... 1–566
+Annex D Hazardous Materials Management
+Plans and Hazardous Materials
+Inventory Statements .......................... 1–567
+Annex E Reserved .......................................... 1–576
+Annex F Reserved .......................................... 1–576
+Annex G Ozone Gas–Generating Equipment........ 1–576
+Annex H Reserved .......................................... 1–577
+Annex I Fire Hydrant Locations and
+Distribution ....................................... 1–577
+Annex J Reserved ........................................... 1–578
+Annex K Explanation of Rack Storage Test Data
+and Procedures.................................. 1–578
+Annex L Protection of Baled Cotton: History of
+Guidelines ........................................ 1–581
+Annex M Reserved ......................................... 1–591
+Annex N Reserved .......................................... 1–591
+Annex O In-Building Public Safety Radio
+Enhancement Systems......................... 1–591
+Annex P Fire Department Service Delivery
+Concurrency Evaluation ....................... 1–594
+Annex Q Fire Fighter Safety Building Marking
+System ............................................. 1–594
+Annex R Additional Adoptable NFPA Codes
+and Standards.................................... 1–596
+Annex S Informational References ..................... 1–597
+Index ............................................................. 1–604
+1–10 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 1
+Fire Code
+2009 Edition
+IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for
+use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices
+and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document
+and may be found under the heading “Important Notices and Dis-
+claimers Concerning NFPA Documents.” They can also be obtained
+on request from NFPA or viewed at www.nfpa.org/disclaimers.
+NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter
+designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material
+on the paragraph can be found in Annex A.
+A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph
+indicates material that has been extracted from another NFPA
+document. As an aid to the user, the complete title and edition
+of the source documents for extracts in mandatory sections of
+the document are given in Chapter 2 and those for extracts in
+informational sections are given in Annex S. Editorial changes
+to extracted material consist of revising references to an ap-
+propriate division in this document or the inclusion of the
+document number with the division number when the refer-
+ence is to the original document. Requests for interpretations
+or revisions of extracted text shall be sent to the technical
+committee responsible for the source document.
+Information on referenced publications can be found in
+Chapter 2 and Annex S.
+Chapter 1 Administration
+1.1 Scope.
+1.1.1 The scope includes, but is not limited to, the following:
+(1) Inspection of permanent and temporary buildings, pro-
+cesses, equipment, systems, and other fire and related
+life safety situations
+(2) Investigation of fires, explosions, hazardous materials in-
+cidents, and other related emergency incidents
+(3) Review of construction plans, drawings, and specifica-
+tions for life safety systems, fire protection systems, ac-
+cess, water supplies, processes, hazardous materials, and
+other fire and life safety issues
+(4) Fire and life safety education of fire brigades, employees,
+responsible parties, and the general public
+(5) Existing occupancies and conditions, the design and
+construction of new buildings, remodeling of existing
+buildings, and additions to existing buildings
+(6) Design, alteration, modification, construction, mainte-
+nance, and testing of fire protection systems and equip-
+ment
+(7) Access requirements for fire department operations
+(8) Hazards from outside fires in vegetation, trash, building
+debris, and other materials
+(9) Regulation and control of special events including, but
+not limited to, assemblage of people, exhibits, trade
+shows, amusement parks, haunted houses, outdoor
+events, and other similar special temporary and perma-
+nent occupancies
+(10) Interior finish, decorations, furnishings, and other com-
+bustibles that contribute to fire spread, fire load, and
+smoke production
+(11) Storage, use, processing, handling, and on-site transpor-
+tation of flammable and combustible gases, liquids, and
+solids
+(12) Storage, use, processing, handling, and on-site transpor-
+tation of hazardous materials
+(13) Control of emergency operations and scenes
+(14) Conditions affecting fire fighter safety
+(15) Arrangement, design, construction, and alteration of
+new and existing means of egress
+1.1.2 Title. The title of this Code shall be NFPA 1, Fire Code,o f
+the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
+1.2* Purpose. The purpose of this Code is to prescribe mini-
+mum requirements necessary to establish a reasonable level of
+fire and life safety and property protection from the hazards
+created by fire, explosion, and dangerous conditions.
+1.3 Application.
+1.3.1 This Code shall apply to both new and existing conditions.
+1.3.2* Referenced Standards.
+1.3.2.1 Details regarding processes, methods, specifications,
+equipment testing and maintenance, design standards, per-
+formance, installation, or other pertinent criteria contained
+in those codes and standards listed in Chapter 2 of this Code
+shall be considered a part of this Code.
+1.3.2.2 Where no applicable codes, standards, or require-
+ments are set forth in thisCode or contained within other laws,
+codes, regulations, ordinances, or bylaws adopted by the au-
+thority having jurisdiction (AHJ), compliance with applicable
+codes and standards of NFPA or other nationally recognized
+standards as are approved shall be deemed as prima facie evi-
+dence of compliance with the intent of thisCode. (See Annex R.)
+1.3.2.3 Nothing herein shall diminish the authority of the
+AHJ to determine compliance with codes or standards for
+those activities or installations within the AHJ’s responsibility.
+1.3.2.4 Retroactivity of Referenced Standards to Existing Condi-
+tions.Unless otherwise specified by 1.3.2.4.1 through 1.3.2.4.3,
+the current provisions of the reference standards shall not ap-
+ply to facilities, equipment, structures, or installations that ex-
+isted or were approved for construction or installation prior to
+the effective date of this Code.
+1.3.2.4.1 Where specified by a reference standard for existing
+occupancies, conditions, or systems, the provisions of the ref-
+erenced standards shall be retroactive.
+1.3.2.4.2 Facilities, equipment, structures, and installations,
+installed in accordance with a reference standard, shall be
+maintained in accordance with the edition of the standard in
+effect at the time of installation.
+1.3.2.4.3 In those cases where the AHJ determines that the
+existing situation constitutes an imminent danger, the AHJ
+shall be permitted to apply retroactively any portions of the
+current referenced standards deemed appropriate.
+1.3.3 Conflicts.
+1.3.3.1 When a requirement differs between this Code and a
+referenced document, the requirement of thisCode shall apply.
+1.3.3.2 When a conflict between a general requirement and a
+specific requirement occurs, the specific requirement shall apply.
+1–11ADMINISTRATION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+1.3.4 Multiple Occupancies.Where two or more classes of oc-
+cupancy occur in the same building or structure and are so
+intermingled that separate safeguards are impractical, means
+of egress facilities, construction, protection, and other safe-
+guards shall comply with the most restrictive fire safety re-
+quirements of the occupancies involved.
+1.3.5 Vehicles and Vessels.Vehicles, vessels, or other similar
+conveyances, when in fixed locations and occupied as build-
+ings, as described by Section 11.6 of NFPA101, Life Safety Code,
+shall be treated as buildings and comply with this Code.
+1.3.6 Buildings.
+1.3.6.1 Buildings permitted for construction after the adop-
+tion of this Code shall comply with the provisions stated herein
+for new buildings.
+1.3.6.2* Buildings in existence or permitted for construction
+prior to the adoption of this Code shall comply with the provi-
+sions stated herein or referenced for existing buildings (see
+10.3.2).
+1.3.6.3 Repairs, renovations, alterations, reconstruction,
+change of occupancy, and additions to buildings shall con-
+form to this Code, NFPA101, and the building code.
+1.3.6.4 Newly introduced equipment, materials, and opera-
+tions regulated by this Code shall comply with the require-
+ments for new construction or processes.
+1.3.7 Severability. If any provision of this Code or the applica-
+tion thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the
+remainder of theCode and the application of such provision to
+other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby.
+1.4 Equivalencies, Alternatives, and Modifications.
+1.4.1 Equivalencies. Nothing in this Code is intended to pre-
+vent the use of systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or
+superior quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, dura-
+bility, and safety to those prescribed by this Code, provided
+technical documentation is submitted to the AHJ to demon-
+strate equivalency and the system, method, or device is ap-
+proved for the intended purpose.
+1.4.2 Alternatives. The specific requirements of thisCode shall
+be permitted to be altered by the AHJ to allow alternative
+methods that will secure equivalent fire safety, but in no case
+shall the alternative afford less fire safety than, in the judg-
+ment of the AHJ, that which would be provided by compliance
+with the provisions contained in this Code.
+1.4.3 Modifications. The AHJ is authorized to modify any of
+the provisions of this Code upon application in writing by the
+owner, a lessee, or a duly authorized representative where
+there are practical difficulties in the way of carrying out the
+provisions of the Code, provided that the intent of the Code
+shall be complied with, public safety secured, and substantial
+justice done.
+1.4.4 Buildings with equivalency, alternatives, or modifica-
+tions, approved by the AHJ shall be considered as conforming
+with this Code.
+1.4.5 Each application for an alternative fire protection fea-
+ture shall be filed with the AHJ and shall be accompanied by
+such evidence, letters, statements, results of tests, or other sup-
+porting information as required to justify the request. The
+AHJ shall keep a record of actions on such applications, and a
+signed copy of the AHJ’s decision shall be provided for the
+applicant.
+1.4.6 Approval. The AHJ shall approve such alternative con-
+struction systems, materials, or methods of design when it is
+substantiated that the standards of this Code are at least
+equaled. If, in the opinion of the AHJ, the standards of this
+Code shall not be equaled by the alternative requested, ap-
+proval for permanent work shall be refused. Consideration
+shall be given to test or prototype installations.
+1.4.7 Tests.
+1.4.7.1 Whenever evidence of compliance with the require-
+ments of this Code is insufficient or evidence that any material
+or method of construction does not conform to the require-
+ments of this Code, or to substantiate claims for alternative
+construction systems, materials, or methods of construction,
+the AHJ shall be permitted to require tests for proof of com-
+pliance to be made by an approved agency at the expense of
+the owner or his/her agent.
+1.4.7.2 Test methods shall be as specified by this Code for the
+material in question. If appropriate test methods are not speci-
+fied in this Code, the AHJ is authorized to accept an applicable
+test procedure from another recognized source.
+1.4.7.3 Copies of the results of all such tests shall be retained
+in accordance with Section 1.11.
+1.5 Units.
+1.5.1 International System of Units.Metric units of measure-
+ment in this Code are in accordance with the modernized met-
+ric system known as the International System of Units (SI).
+1.5.2 Primary and Equivalent Values.If a value for a measure-
+ment as given in this Code is followed by an equivalent value in
+other units, the first stated value shall be regarded as the re-
+quirement. A given equivalent value could be approximate.
+1.6 Enforcement. This Code shall be administered and en-
+forced by the AHJ designated by the governing authority. (See
+Annex C for sample wording for enabling legislation.)
+1.7 Authority.
+1.7.1 Administration. The provisions of this Code shall apply
+without restriction, unless specifically exempted.
+1.7.2* Minimum Qualifications to Enforce thisCode. The AHJ
+shall establish minimum qualifications for all persons assigned
+the responsibility of enforcing this Code.
+1.7.3 Interpretations.
+1.7.3.1 The AHJ is authorized to render interpretations of
+this Code and to make and enforce rules and supplemental
+regulations in order to carry out the application and intent of
+its provisions.
+1.7.3.2 Such interpretations, rules, and regulations shall be
+in conformance with the intent and purpose of this Code and
+shall be available to the public during normal business hours.
+1.7.4 Enforcement Assistance.Police and other enforcement
+agencies shall have authority to render necessary assistance in
+the enforcement of this Code when requested to do so by the
+AHJ.
+1.7.5 Delegation of Authority.The AHJ shall be permitted to
+delegate to other qualified individuals such powers as neces-
+sary for the administration and enforcement of this Code.
+1–12 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+1.7.6 Inspection.
+1.7.6.1 The AHJ shall be authorized to inspect, at all reason-
+able times, any building or premises for dangerous or hazard-
+ous conditions or materials as set forth in this Code.
+1.7.6.2 The AHJ shall have authority to order any person(s)
+to remove or remedy such dangerous or hazardous condition
+or material. Any person(s) failing to comply with such order
+shall be in violation of this Code.
+1.7.6.3 To the full extent permitted by law, any AHJ engaged
+in fire prevention and inspection work shall be authorized at
+all reasonable times to enter and examine any building, struc-
+ture, marine vessel, vehicle, or premises for the purpose of
+making fire safety inspections.
+1.7.6.4 Before entering, the AHJ shall obtain the consent of
+the occupant thereof or obtain a court warrant authorizing
+entry for the purpose of inspection except in those instances
+where an emergency exists.
+1.7.6.5 As used in 1.7.6.4, emergency shall mean circum-
+stances that the AHJ knows, or has reason to believe, exist and
+that can constitute imminent danger.
+1.7.6.6 Persons authorized to enter and inspect buildings,
+structures, marine vessels, vehicles, and premises as herein set
+forth shall be identified by credentials issued by the governing
+authority.
+1.7.7 Where conditions exist and are deemed hazardous to
+life or property by the AHJ, the AHJ shall have the authority to
+summarily abate such hazardous conditions that are in viola-
+tion of this Code.
+1.7.8 Interference with Enforcement.Persons shall not inter-
+fere or cause conditions that would interfere with an AHJ car-
+rying out any duties or functions prescribed by this Code.
+1.7.9 Impersonation. Persons shall not use a badge, uniform,
+or other credentials to impersonate the AHJ.
+1.7.10 Investigation.
+1.7.10.1 Authority. The AHJ shall have the authority to investi-
+gate the cause, origin, and circumstances of any fire, explosion,
+release of hazardous materials, or other hazardous condition.
+1.7.10.2 Evidence. The AHJ shall have the authority to take
+custody of all physical evidence relating to the cause of the
+fire, explosion, release of hazardous materials, or other haz-
+ardous condition.
+1.7.10.3 Limiting Access.The AHJ shall have the authority to
+limit access to emergencies or other similar situations.
+1.7.10.4 Trade Secret.Information that could be related to
+trade secrets or processes shall not be made part of the public
+record except as could be directed by a court of law.
+1.7.11 Plans and Specifications.The AHJ shall have the au-
+thority to require plans and specifications to ensure compli-
+ance with applicable codes and standards.
+1.7.12 Inspection of Construction and Installation.
+1.7.12.1 The AHJ shall be notified by the person performing
+the work when the installation is ready for a required inspection.
+1.7.12.2 Whenever any installation subject to inspection
+prior to use is covered or concealed without having first been
+inspected, the AHJ shall have the authority to require that
+such work be exposed for inspection.
+1.7.12.3 When any construction or installation work is being
+performed in violation of the plans and specifications as ap-
+proved by the AHJ, a written notice shall be issued to the re-
+sponsible party to stop work on that portion of the work that is
+in violation.
+1.7.12.4 The notice shall state the nature of the violation, and
+no work shall be continued on that portion until the violation
+has been corrected.
+1.7.13 Certificate of Occupancy.When the building code re-
+quires a certificate of occupancy, the certificate of occupancy
+shall not be issued until approved by the AHJ for fire code
+enforcement.
+1.7.14 Stop Work or Evacuation.
+1.7.14.1 The AHJ shall have the authority to order an opera-
+tion or use stopped and the immediate evacuation of any oc-
+cupied building or area when such building or area has haz-
+ardous conditions that present imminent danger.
+1.7.14.2 Whenever any work is being done contrary to provi-
+sions of this Code, the AHJ is hereby authorized to order such
+work stopped.
+1.7.14.3 Such work shall immediately stop until authorized
+by the AHJ to proceed.
+1.7.15 Standby Fire Personnel.
+1.7.15.1 The AHJ shall have the authority to require standby
+fire personnel or an approved fire watch when potentially haz-
+ardous conditions or a reduction in a life safety feature exist
+due to the type of performance, display, exhibit, occupancy,
+contest or activity, an impairment to a fire protection feature,
+or the number of persons present.
+1.7.15.2 The owner, agent, or lessee shall employ one or more
+qualified persons, as required and approved, to be on duty.
+1.7.15.2.1 The cost of standby fire personnel shall be at no
+cost to the AHJ.
+1.7.15.3* Such standby fire personnel or fire watch personnel
+shall be subject to the AHJ’s orders at all times and shall be
+identifiable and remain on duty during the times such places
+are open to the public, when such activity is being conducted,
+or as required by the AHJ.
+1.7.16 Public Fire Education.
+1.7.16.1 The AHJ shall have the authority to develop and
+implement a public fire safety education program as deemed
+necessary for the general welfare with respect to the potential
+fire hazards within the jurisdiction.
+1.7.16.2 The AHJ shall have the authority to ensure duly au-
+thorized public fire safety education programs or public fire
+safety messages are disseminated to the general public.
+1.8 Duties and Powers of the Incident Commander.
+1.8.1 Authority. The incident commander conducting opera-
+tions in connection with the extinguishment and control of
+any fire, explosion, hazardous materials incident, natural di-
+saster, rescue, and/or other emergency shall have authority to
+direct all operations of fire extinguishment, mitigation of a
+hazardous materials incident, natural disaster, rescue, and/or
+control and to take necessary precautions to save life, protect
+property, and prevent further injury or damage.
+1–13ADMINISTRATION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+1.8.2 Controlling Scene.During any emergency described in
+1.8.1, including the investigation of the cause of such emer-
+gency, the incident commander or authorized representative
+shall be permitted to control or prohibit the approach to the
+scene of such emergency by any vehicle, vessel, or person.
+1.8.3 Obstruction of Operations.Persons shall not obstruct
+the operations of the fire department or disobey any com-
+mand of the incident commander or authorized representa-
+tive or any part thereof, or any order of a police officer assist-
+ing the fire department.
+1.8.4 Scene Barrier.The incident commander or authorized
+representative in charge of an emergency scene shall have the
+authority to establish barriers to control access in the vicinity
+of such emergency and to place, or cause to be placed, ropes,
+guards, barricades, or other obstructions across any street or
+alley to delineate such emergency scene barrier.
+1.8.5 Persons, except as authorized by the incident com-
+mander in charge of the emergency, shall not be permitted to
+cross barriers established in accordance with 1.8.4.
+1.9 Liability.
+1.9.1 The AHJ, and other individuals charged by the AHJ, or
+the incident commander of emergency operations, charged
+with the enforcement of this Code or any other official duties,
+acting in good faith and without malice in the discharge of
+their duties, shall not thereby be rendered personally liable
+for any damage that could accrue to persons or property as a
+result of any act or by reason of any act or omission in the
+discharge of their duties.
+1.9.2 The fire department and AHJ, acting in good faith and
+without malice in the discharge of the organizations’ public
+duty, shall not thereby be rendered liable for any damage that
+could accrue to persons or property as a result of any act or by
+reason of any act or omission in the discharge of such duties.
+1.9.3 Any suit brought against the AHJ, the incident com-
+mander, or such individuals because of such act or omission
+performed in the enforcement of any provision of such codes
+or other pertinent laws or ordinances implemented through
+the enforcement of this Code or enforced by the code enforce-
+ment agency shall be defended by this jurisdiction until final
+termination of such proceedings, and any judgment resulting
+therefrom shall be assumed by this jurisdiction.
+1.9.4 This Code shall not be construed to relieve from or
+lessen the responsibility of any person owning, operating, or
+controlling any building or structure for any damages to per-
+sons or property caused by defects, nor shall the code enforce-
+ment agency or its parent jurisdiction be held as assuming any
+such liability by reason of the inspections authorized by this
+Code or any permits or certificates issued under this Code.
+1.10 Board of Appeals.
+1.10.1 Establishment of Board of Appeals.
+1.10.1.1 A Board of Appeals shall be established consisting of
+members and alternate members who shall be appointed by
+the appointing official of the jurisdiction by reason of educa-
+tion, experience, and knowledge and are deemed to be com-
+petent to sit in judgment on matters concerning thisCode and
+its enforcement.
+1.10.1.2 No more than one of said members or their alter-
+nates shall be engaged in the same business, profession, or
+line of endeavor.
+1.10.1.3 The members shall serve for a term of three years,
+except for the initial appointees who shall serve as follows: two
+for a term of one year, two for a term of two years, and three
+for a term of three years.
+1.10.1.4 All members and any alternate members shall be
+appointed and shall serve in accordance with the terms and
+conditions of the AHJ.
+1.10.2 Rules of Board of Appeals.The Board of Appeals shall
+establish rules and regulations for conducting its business and
+shall render all decisions and findings in writing to the AHJ,
+with a copy to the appellant.
+1.10.3 Conflicts of Interest.
+1.10.3.1 Board of Appeals members shall not be officers,
+agents, or employees of the jurisdiction.
+1.10.3.2 No member of the Board of Appeals shall sit in judg-
+ment on any case in which the member, personally, is directly
+interested.
+1.10.4 Duties of Board of Appeals.
+1.10.4.1 The Board of Appeals shall provide for reasonable
+interpretation of the provisions of this Code and rule on ap-
+peals from decisions of the AHJ.
+1.10.4.2 The ruling of the Board of Appeals shall ensure that
+the intent of the Code is complied with and public safety is
+secured.
+1.10.4.3 The Board of Appeals shall be permitted to grant
+alternatives or modifications through the procedures outlined
+in Section 1.4 of this Code.
+1.10.4.4 The Board of Appeals shall not have the authority to
+waive the requirements of this Code.
+1.10.4.5 Rulings of the Board of Appeals shall not be prece-
+dence setting.
+1.10.5 Meetings of Board of Appeals.
+1.10.5.1 The Board of Appeals shall meet whenever directed
+by the appointing authority to interpret the provisions of this
+Code and to consider and rule on any properly filed appeal
+from a decision of the AHJ, giving at least five days’ notice of
+hearing, but in no case shall it fail to meet on an appeal within
+30 calendar days of the filing of notice of appeal.
+1.10.5.2 All of the meetings of the Board of Appeals shall be
+open to the public.
+1.10.6 Quorum. Two-thirds, but not less than four members,
+of the Board of Appeals shall constitute a quorum. In varying
+the application of any provision of this Code, or in modifying
+an order of the AHJ, a majority vote shall be required.
+1.10.7 Meetings and Records.
+1.10.7.1 Meetings of the Board of Appeals shall be held at the
+call of the chair and at such other times as the board determines.
+1.10.7.2 All hearings before the Board of Appeals shall be
+open to the public.
+1.10.7.3 The Board of Appeals shall keep minutes of its pro-
+ceedings showing the vote of each member on every question,
+or if the member is absent or fails to vote, indicating such
+actions.
+1.10.7.4 The Board of Appeals shall also keep records of its
+examinations and other official actions.
+1–14 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+1.10.7.5 Minutes and records of the Board of Appeals shall be
+public record.
+1.10.8 Procedures.The Board of Appeals shall establish rules
+and regulations for its own procedures consistent with the pro-
+visions of this Code.
+1.10.9 Means of Appeals.
+1.10.9.1 Any person shall be permitted to appeal a decision
+of the AHJ to the Board of Appeals when it is claimed that any
+one or more of the following conditions exist:
+(1) The true intent of the codes or ordinances described in
+this Code has been incorrectly interpreted.
+(2) The provisions of the codes or ordinances do not fully apply.
+(3) A decision is unreasonable or arbitrary as it applies to al-
+ternatives or new materials.
+1.10.9.2 An appeal shall be submitted to the AHJ in writing
+within 30 calendar days of notification of violation outlining
+the Code provision from which relief is sought and the remedy
+proposed.
+1.10.9.3* All documentation supporting an appeal shall be
+submitted to the AHJ.
+1.11 Records and Reports.
+1.11.1 A record of examinations, approvals, equivalencies,
+and alternates shall be maintained by the AHJ and shall be
+available for public inspection during business hours in accor-
+dance with applicable laws.
+1.11.2 The AHJ shall keep a record of all fire prevention in-
+spections, including the date of such inspections and a sum-
+mary of any violations found to exist, the date of the services of
+notices, and a record of the final disposition of all violations.
+1.11.3 Emergency Response Records.
+1.11.3.1 The fire department shall keep a record of fire and
+other emergency responses occurring within its jurisdiction
+and of facts concerning the same, including statistics as to the
+extent and damage caused by such fires or emergencies.
+1.11.3.2 The fire department shall report its incident record
+data, collected in accordance with 1.11.3, to the recognized
+state agency responsible for collecting such data.
+1.11.4 All records required to be kept shall be maintained
+until their usefulness has been served or as required by law.
+1.12 Permits and Approvals.
+1.12.1 The AHJ shall be authorized to establish and issue
+permits, certificates, and approvals pertaining to conditions,
+operations, or materials hazardous to life or property pursu-
+ant to Section 1.12.
+1.12.2 Applications for permits shall be made to the AHJ on
+forms provided by the jurisdiction and shall include the appli-
+cant’s answers in full to inquiries set forth on such forms.
+1.12.2.1 Applications for permits shall be accompanied by
+such data as required by the AHJ and fees as required by the
+jurisdiction.
+1.12.2.2 The AHJ shall review all applications submitted and
+issue permits as required.
+1.12.2.3 If an application for a permit is rejected by the AHJ,
+the applicant shall be advised of the reasons for such rejection.
+1.12.2.4 Permits for activities requiring evidence of financial
+responsibility by the jurisdiction shall not be issued unless
+proof of required financial responsibility is furnished.
+1.12.3 Approvals by Other Authorities Having Jurisdiction.
+1.12.3.1 The AHJ shall have the authority to require evidence
+to show that other regulatory agencies having jurisdiction over
+the design, construction, alteration, repair, equipment, main-
+tenance, process, and relocation of structures have issued ap-
+propriate approvals.
+1.12.3.2 The AHJ shall not be held responsible for enforcement
+of the regulations of such other regulatory agencies unless spe-
+cifically mandated to enforce those agencies’ regulations.
+1.12.4 Misrepresentation.
+1.12.4.1 Any attempt to misrepresent or otherwise deliber-
+ately or knowingly design; install; service; maintain; operate;
+sell; represent for sale; falsify records, reports, or applications;
+or other related activity in violation of the requirements pre-
+scribed by this Code shall be a violation of this Code.
+1.12.4.2 Such violations shall be cause for immediate suspen-
+sion or revocation of any related approvals, certificates, or per-
+mits issued by this jurisdiction.
+1.12.4.3 Such violations shall be subject to any other criminal
+or civil penalties as available by the laws of this jurisdiction.
+1.12.5 Permits.
+1.12.5.1 A permit shall be predicated upon compliance with
+the requirements of this Code and shall constitute written au-
+thority issued by the AHJ to maintain, store, use, or handle
+materials; to conduct processes that could produce conditions
+hazardous to life or property; or to install equipment used in
+connection with such activities.
+1.12.5.2 Any permit issued under this Code shall not take the
+place of any other approval, certificate, license, or permit re-
+quired by other regulations or laws of this jurisdiction.
+1.12.5.3 Where additional permits, approvals, certificates, or
+licenses are required by other agencies, approval shall be ob-
+tained from those other agencies.
+1.12.5.4 The AHJ shall have the authority to require an in-
+spection prior to the issuance of a permit.
+1.12.5.5 A permit issued under this Code shall continue until
+revoked or for the period of time designated on the permit.
+1.12.5.6 The permit shall be issued to one person or business
+only and for the location or purpose described in the permit.
+1.12.5.7 Any change that affects any of the conditions of the
+permit shall require a new or amended permit.
+1.12.5.8 The AHJ shall have the authority to grant an exten-
+sion of the permit time period upon presentation by the per-
+mittee of a satisfactory reason for failure to start or complete
+the work or activity authorized by the permit.
+1.12.5.9 A copy of the permit shall be posted or otherwise
+readily accessible at each place of operation and shall be sub-
+ject to inspection as specified by the AHJ.
+1.12.5.10 Any activity authorized by any permit issued under
+this Code shall be conducted by the permittee or the permit-
+tee’s agents or employees in compliance with all requirements
+of this Code applicable thereto and in accordance with the
+approved plans and specifications.
+1–15ADMINISTRATION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+1.12.5.11 No permit issued under this Code shall be inter-
+preted to justify a violation of any provision of thisCode or any
+other applicable law or regulation.
+1.12.5.12 Any addition or alteration of approved plans or
+specifications shall be approved in advance by the AHJ, as evi-
+denced by the issuance of a new or amended permit.
+1.12.5.13* Permits shall be issued by the AHJ and shall bear
+the name and signature of the AHJ or that of the AHJ’s desig-
+nated representative. In addition, the permit shall indicate the
+following:
+(1) Operation or activities for which the permit is issued
+(2) Address or location where the operation or activity is to be
+conducted
+(3) Name and address of the permittee
+(4) Permit number and date of issuance
+(5) Period of validity of the permit
+(6) Inspection requirements and other permit conditions
+1.12.5.14 Any application for, or acceptance of, any permit
+requested or issued pursuant to this Code shall constitute
+agreement and consent by the person making the application
+or accepting the permit to allow the AHJ to enter the premises
+at any reasonable time to conduct such inspections as re-
+quired by this Code.
+1.12.6 Revocation or Suspension of Permits.
+1.12.6.1 The AHJ shall be permitted to revoke or suspend a
+permit or approval issued if any violation of this Code is found
+upon inspection or in case any false statements or misrepre-
+sentations have been submitted in the application or plans on
+which the permit or approval was based.
+1.12.6.2 Revocation or suspension shall be constituted when
+the permittee is duly notified by the AHJ.
+1.12.6.3 Any person who engages in any business, operation,
+or occupation, or uses any premises, after the permit issued
+therefore has been suspended or revoked pursuant to the pro-
+visions of this Code, and before such suspended permit has
+been reinstated or a new permit issued, shall be in violation of
+this Code.
+1.12.7 Permits shall be required in accordance with Table
+1.12.7(a) through Table 1.12.7(d).
+Table 1.12.7(a) Permit Requirements
+Operations and Materials Permit Required
+Cross Reference
+Section No.
+Aerosol Products To store or handle an aggregate quantity of Level 2 or
+Level 3 aerosol products in excess of 500 lb (226.8 kg)
+61.1.2
+Aircraft Fuel Servicing To provide aircraft fuel servicing 42.10.1.2
+Aircraft Hangars For servicing or repairing aircraft 21.1.1
+Aircraft Refueling Vehicles To operate aircraft refueling vehicles 42.10.1.2
+Airport Terminal Buildings For construction and alteration 21.2.2.1
+Ammonium Nitrate For storage 65.10.2
+Amusement Parks For construction, alteration, or operation of amusement park
+fire protection safety features
+10.15.1
+Asbestos Removal For the removal of asbestos 16.8.2
+Automatic Fire Suppression
+Systems
+For installation or modification 13.1.1.1; 50.4.2
+Automobile Wrecking Yards To operate automobile wrecking yards 22.2
+Automotive Fuel Servicing To provide automotive fuel servicing 42.2.2.1; 42.11.2.2.4;
+42.11.3.1
+Battery System To install or operate stationary lead-acid battery systems
+having an electrolyte capacity of more than 100 gal (379 L)
+in sprinklered buildings or 50 gal (189 L) in nonsprinklered
+buildings
+52.2
+Candles, Open Flames, and
+Portable Cooking
+To use in connection with assembly areas, dining areas of
+restaurants, or drinking establishments
+17.3.2; 20.1.1.1
+Carnivals and Fairs To conduct a carnival or fair 10.15.1
+Cellulose Nitrate Film To store, handle, use, or display 20.15.7.2
+1–16 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 1.12.7(a) Continued
+Operations and Materials Permit Required
+Cross Reference
+Section No.
+Cellulose Nitrate Plastic To store or handle more than 25 lb (11.3 kg) 43.1.1.4
+Cleanrooms For construction, alteration, or operation 23.3
+Combustible Fibers For storage or handling of combustible fibers greater than
+100 ft3 (2.8 m3)
+45.1.3
+Combustible Material Storage To store more than 2500 ft 3 (70.8 m3) gross volume 10.19.2; 19.1.1; 31.2
+Commercial Rubbish-Handling
+Operation
+To operate 19.1.1
+Compressed Gases 1. To store, use, or handle compressed gases in excess of the
+amounts listed in Table 1.12.7(b)
+2. When the compressed gases in use or storage exceed the
+amounts listed in Table 1.12.7(b), a permit is required to
+install, repair damage to, abandon, remove, place
+temporarily out of service, close, or substantially modify a
+compressed gas system
+3. For additional permit requirements for compressed gases
+facility closures, see 63.1.2
+63.1.2
+Consumer Fireworks (1.4G) 1. For the sale, on-site handling, and manufacture of
+consumer fireworks (1.4G)
+65.5.2
+2. For the storage of consumer fireworks (1.4G) in excess of
+the amount listed in Table 1.12.7(d)
+65.11.3.2
+Covered Mall Buildings Annual requirement for facilities that utilize mall area for
+exhibits or displays with 4 conditions
+20.1.5.5.1
+Crop Maze To operate a crop maze 10.15.11.1
+Cryogens To produce, store, or handle cryogens in excess of amounts
+listed in Table 1.12.7(c)
+Exception: Where federal or state regulations apply or for fuel systems
+of a vehicle.
+63.1.2
+Cutting and Welding Operation For operations within a jurisdiction 41.1.5; 41.3.1.2; 41.3.3.1
+Display Fireworks (1.3G) For possession, transportation, storage, manufacture, sale,
+handling, and discharge of display fireworks within the
+jurisdiction
+65.2.3; 65.5.2
+Drycleaning Plants To engage in business of drycleaning or to change to a more
+hazardous cleaning solvent
+24.2
+Dust-Producing Operations To operate a grain elevator, flour mill, starch mill, feed mill,
+or plant pulverizing aluminum, coal, cocoa, magnesium,
+spices, sugar, or other similar combustible material
+40.2
+Exhibit and Trade Shows For operation of all exhibits and trade shows held within a
+jurisdiction
+20.1.5.5.1
+Explosives 1. Manufacture, sell, dispose, purchase, storage, use, possess,
+or transport of explosives within the jurisdiction.
+2. For additional permit requirements for blasting
+operations, see 65.9.2
+65.9.2
+Fire Alarm and Detection Systems
+and Related Equipment
+Installation or modification to fire alarm and detection
+systems and related equipment*
+13.1.1.1
+(continues)
+1–17ADMINISTRATION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 1.12.7(a) Continued
+Operations and Materials Permit Required
+Cross Reference
+Section No.
+Fire Hydrants and Water-Control
+Valves
+To use a fire hydrant or operate a water-control valve
+intended for fire suppression purposes
+13.1.1.1
+Fire Pumps and Related
+Equipment
+Installation of or modification to fire pumps, jockey pumps,
+controllers, and generators*
+13.1.1.1
+Flame Effects Use of flame effects before an audience 65.4.2
+Flammable and Combustible
+Liquids
+1. To use or operate, repair, or modify a pipeline for the
+on-site transportation of flammable or combustible liquids
+2. To store, handle, or use Class I liquids in excess of 5 gal
+(18.9 L) in a building or in excess of 10 gal (37.9 L) outside
+of a building
+Exception to item (2): A permit is not required for the following:
+(a) The storage or use of Class I liquids in the fuel tank of a motor
+vehicle, aircraft, motorboat, mobile power plant, or mobile heating
+plant unless such storage in the opinion of the chief would cause an
+unsafe condition
+(b) The storage or use of paints, oils, varnishes, or similar flammable
+mixtures when such liquids are stored for maintenance, painting, or
+similar purposes for a period of not more than 30 days
+3. To store, handle, or use Class II or Class III-A liquids in
+excess of 25 gal (94.6 L) in a building or in excess of 60 gal
+(227.1 L) outside a building
+Exception to item (3): Fuel oil used in connection with oil-burning
+equipment
+4. To remove Class I or Class II liquids from an underground
+storage tank used for fueling motor vehicles by any means
+other than the approved, stationary on-site pumps normally
+used for dispensing purposes
+5. To install, construct, alter, or operate tank vehicles,
+equipment, tanks, plants, terminals, wells, fuel-dispensing
+stations, refineries, distilleries, and similar facilities where
+flammable and combustible liquids are produced, processed,
+transported, stored, dispensed, or used
+6. To install, alter, clean, repair, line with a protective
+coating, remove, abandon, place temporarily out of service,
+or otherwise dispose of a flammable or combustible liquid
+tank
+7. To change the type of contents stored in a flammable or
+combustible liquid tank to a material other than those for
+which the tank was designed and constructed
+66.1.5
+Fruit Ripening To operate a fruit-ripening process 60.2.2; 63.1.2
+General Storage To store materials indoors or outdoors, representing a broad
+range of combustibles, including plastics, rubber tires, and
+roll paper
+34.1.2
+Grandstands, Bleachers, and
+Folding and Telescopic Seating
+For construction, location, erection, or placement of
+grandstands, bleachers, and folding and telescopic seating
+25.1.2
+Hazardous Materials 1. To store, transport on site, dispense, use, or handle
+hazardous materials in excess of the amounts listed in
+Table 1.12.7(d)
+2. To install, repair, abandon, remove, place temporarily out
+of service, close, or substantially modify a storage facility or
+other area regulated by Chapter 60 when the hazardous
+materials in use or storage exceed the amounts listed in
+Table 1.12.7(d)
+60.2.2
+1–18 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 1.12.7(a) Continued
+Operations and Materials Permit Required
+Cross Reference
+Section No.
+High-Piled Combustible Storage To use any building or portion thereof as a high-piled
+storage area exceeding 500 ft2 (46.45 m2)
+20.15.8.2
+High-Powered Rocketry For the manufacturing, sale, and use of high-powered
+rocketry
+65.8.2; 65.7.2
+Hot Work Operations To conduct hot work 17.3.2; 41.1.5; 41.3.3.1
+Industrial Ovens and Furnaces For operation of industrial ovens and furnaces covered by
+Chapter 51
+51.1.2.1
+Laboratories For construction, alteration, or operation 26.3
+Liquefied Petroleum Gases 1. To store, use, handle, or dispense LP-Gas of 125 gal
+(0.5 m3) (water capacity) aggregate capacity or greater
+42.11.2.2.4
+2. To install or modify LP-Gas systems 69.1.2
+Liquid- or Gas-Fueled Vehicles To display, compete, or demonstrate liquid- or gas-fueled
+vehicles or equipment in assembly buildings
+20.1.5.5.1
+Lumberyards and Woodworking
+Plants
+For storage of lumber exceeding 100,000 board ft 31.2
+Marine Craft Fuel Servicing To provide marine craft fuel servicing 42.9.1.4
+Membrane Structures, Tents, and
+Canopies — Permanent
+For construction, location, erection, or placement 25.1.2
+Membrane Structures, Tents, and
+Canopies — Temporary
+To erect or operate an air-supported temporary membrane
+structure or tent having an area in excess of 200 ft2 (18.6 m2)
+or a canopy in excess of 400 ft2 (37.2 m2)
+Exception: Temporary membrane structures, tents, or canopy
+structures used exclusively for camping
+25.1.2
+Motion Picture and Television
+Production Studio Soundstages
+and Approved Production
+Facilities
+To design, construct, operate, and maintain soundstages and
+approved production facilities used in motion picture and
+television industry productions
+32.2
+Oil- and Gas-Fueled Heating
+Appliances
+To install oil- and gas-fired heating appliances 11.5.1.8
+Open Burning 1. To conduct open burning
+2. For additional permit requirements for open burning, see
+10.11.1
+10.11.1
+Open Fires 1. For kindling or maintaining an open fire
+2. For additional permit requirements for open fires, see
+10.11.4†
+10.11.1
+Organic Coatings For operation and maintenance of a facility that
+manufactures organic coatings
+43.1.1.4
+Organic Peroxide Formulations To store, transport on site, use, or handle materials in excess
+of amounts listed in Tables 1.12.7(c) and (d)
+70.1.2
+Outside Storage of Tires To store more than 500 tires outside 33.1.2
+Oxidizers To store, transport on site, use, or handle materials in excess
+of amounts listed in Tables 1.12.7(c) and (d)
+70.1.2
+(continues)
+1–19ADMINISTRATION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 1.12.7(a) Continued
+Operations and Materials Permit Required
+Cross Reference
+Section No.
+Parade Floats To use a parade float for public performance, presentation,
+spectacle, entertainment, or parade
+10.17.1
+Places of Assembly To operate a place of assembly 10.15.1; 20.1.1.1
+Pyrotechnic Articles For the manufacture, storage, sale, or use of pyrotechnic
+articles within the jurisdiction
+65.2.3; 65.3.3; 65.5.2;
+65.11.3.2
+Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate
+Audience
+For the display and use of pyrotechnic materials before a
+proximate audience
+65.3.3
+Pyroxylin Plastics For storage, handling, assembly, or manufacture of pyroxylin
+plastics
+43.1.1.4
+Private Fire Hydrants For installation, modification, or removal from service of any
+private fire hydrants
+13.1.1.1
+Refrigeration Equipment To install or operate a mechanical refrigeration unit or
+system regulated by this Code
+53.1.3
+Repair Garages and Service
+Stations
+For operation of service stations and repair garages 30.1.1.3; 30.2.1.1
+Rocketry Manufacturing For the manufacturing of model rocket motors 65.7.2
+Rooftop Heliports For construction, modification, or operation of a rooftop
+heliport
+21.3.2.1
+Solvent Extraction For storage, use, and handling 44.3
+Spraying or Dipping of
+Flammable Finish
+For installation or modification of any spray room, spray
+booth, or preparation work station, or to conduct a spraying
+or dipping operation utilizing flammable or combustible
+liquids or powder coating
+43.1.1.4
+Standpipe Systems For installation, modification, or removal from service of any
+standpipe system*
+13.1.1.1
+Special Outdoor Events For the location and operation of special outdoor events 10.15.1
+Tar Kettles To place a tar kettle, a permit must be obtained prior to the
+placement of a tar kettle
+16.7.1.2; 17.3.2
+Tire-Rebuilding Plants For operation and maintenance of a tire-rebuilding plant 34.1.2
+Tire Storage To use an open area or portion thereof to store tires in
+excess of 500 tires
+33.1.2; 34.1.2
+Torch-Applied Roofing Operation For the use of a torch for application of roofing materials 16.6.1
+Wildland Fire–Prone Areas For use of hazardous areas within fire-prone areas 17.3.2
+Wood Products To store wood chips, hogged material, wood by-products,
+lumber, or plywood in excess of 200 ft3 (5.7 m3)
+31.2
+*Maintenance performed in accordance with this Code is not considered a modification and does not require a permit.
+†Cooking and recreational fires are exempt and do not require a permit.
+1–20 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 1.12.7(d) Permit Amounts for Hazardous Materials
+Amount
+Type of Material U.S. Unit Metric Unit
+Cellulose nitrate 25 lb 11.3 kg
+Combustible fiber 100 ft 3 2.8 m3
+Combustible liquids See Table 1.12.7(a)
+Consumer fireworks (1.4G) 10 lb 4.5 kg*
+Corrosive gases See Table 1.12.7(b)
+Corrosive liquids 55 gal 208 L
+Corrosive solids 500 lb 227 kg
+Cryogens See Table 1.12.7(c)
+Display fireworks (1.3G) Any amount
+Explosives Any amount
+Flammable gases See Table 1.12.7(b)
+Flammable liquids See Table 1.12.7(a)
+Flammable solids 100 lb 45.4 kg
+Highly toxic gases See Table 1.12.7(b)
+Highly toxic liquids Any amount
+Highly toxic solids Any amount
+LP-Gas See Table 1.12.7(b)
+Nitrate film (cellulose) Any amount
+Organic peroxides: See Table 1.12.7(a)
+Table 1.12.7(d) Continued
+Amount
+Type of Material U.S. Unit Metric Unit
+Class I Any amount
+Class II Any amount
+Class III 10 lb 4.5 kg
+Class IV 20 lb 9 kg
+Class V Not required
+Unclassified detonatable Any amount
+Oxidizing gases See Table 1.12.7(b)
+Oxidizing liquids: See Table 1.12.7(a)
+Class 4 Any amount
+Class 3 1 gal 3.8 L
+Class 2 10 gal 38 L
+Class 1 55 gal 208 L
+Oxidizing solids: See Table 1.12.7(a)
+Class 4 Any amount
+Class 3 10 lb 4.5 kg
+Class 2 100 lb 45 kg
+Class 1 500 lb 227 kg
+Pyrophoric gases See Table 1.12.7(b)
+Pyrophoric liquids Any amount
+Pyrophoric solids Any amount
+Toxic gases See Table 1.12.7(b)
+Toxic liquids 10 gal 38 L
+Toxic solids 100 lb 45 kg
+Unstable (reactive) gases See Table 1.12.7(b)
+Unstable (reactive) liquids:
+Class 4 Any amount
+Class 3 Any amount
+Class 2 5 gal 19 L
+Class 1 10 gal 38 L
+Unstable (reactive) solids:
+Class 4 Any amount
+Class 3 Any amount
+Class 2 50 lb 22.7 kg
+Class 1 100 lb 45 kg
+Water reactive liquids:
+Class 3 Any amount
+Class 2 5 gal 19 L
+Class 1 10 gal 38 L
+Water reactive solids:
+Class 3 Any amount
+Class 2 50 lb 22.7 kg
+Class 1 100 lb 45 kg
+Note: See Chapter 60 for additional requirements and exceptions.
+*Unless the actual weight of the pyrotechnic composition of the con-
+sumer fireworks, 1.4G, is known, 25 percent of the gross weight of the
+fireworks, including packaging, is permitted to be used to determine
+the weight of the fireworks for the purpose of this table.
+Table 1.12.7(b) Permit Amounts for Compressed Gases
+Type of Gas
+Amount*
+ft3 m3
+Corrosive 200 0.57
+Flammable 200 0.57
+Highly toxic Any amount
+Inert and simple asphyxiant 6000 169.9
+Oxidizing (including oxygen) 504 14.3
+Pyrophoric Any amount
+Toxic Any amount
+Unstable (reactive) Any amount
+Note: See Chapters 41, 42, 60, 63, and 69 for additional requirements
+and exceptions.
+*Cubic feet measured at normal temperature and pressure.
+Table 1.12.7(c) Permit Amounts for Cryogens
+Type of Cryogen
+Inside Building
+(gal)
+Outside Building
+(gal)
+Corrosive Over 1 Over 1
+Flammable Over 1 60
+Toxic/Highly
+toxic
+Over 1 Over 1
+Nonflammable 60 500
+Oxidizer
+(includes
+oxygen)
+10 50
+Note: See Chapter 63.
+1–21ADMINISTRATION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+1.13 Certificates of Fitness.
+1.13.1 Authorization. The AHJ shall have the authority to re-
+quire certificates of fitness and collect fees for individuals or
+companies performing activities related to fire or life safety
+within the jurisdiction such as the following:
+(1) Use of explosive materials
+(2) Blasting or demolition operations
+(3) Fireworks displays
+(4) Inspection, servicing, or recharging of portable fire extin-
+guishers
+(5) Installation, servicing, or recharging of fixed fire extin-
+guishing systems
+(6) Installation or servicing of fire alarm or fire communica-
+tion systems
+(7) Servicing of gas- or oil-burning heating systems
+(8) Chimney sweep operations
+(9) Installation, inspection, or servicing of range-hood
+systems
+1.13.2 Where certificates of fitness are required, the AHJ
+shall be responsible for their issuance.
+1.13.3 All applications for a certificate of fitness shall be filed
+with the AHJ on forms provided by the AHJ.
+1.13.4 Every individual or company applying for a certificate
+of fitness shall furnish evidence to the AHJ of familiarity with
+the codes and standards for which the certificate of fitness is
+issued.
+1.13.5 Investigation of Applicant.
+1.13.5.1 The AHJ shall investigate every application for a cer-
+tificate of fitness.
+1.13.5.2 The investigation shall include an examination of
+the applicant’s experience and training in the field of the cer-
+tificate of fitness for which application has been made.
+1.13.5.3 When the AHJ determines that an applicant is not fit
+to receive the certificate of fitness because of the applicant’s
+inability to comply with the provisions of this Code, the AHJ
+shall refuse to issue the certificate of fitness.
+1.13.5.4 If the refusal is based on the applicant’s inability to
+pass an examination given to determine competency, the ap-
+plicant shall not be permitted to apply again for the certificate
+of fitness within a 10-day period following the examination.
+1.13.6 Certificates of fitness shall not be transferable.
+1.13.7 Certificates of fitness shall be issued for the period of
+time as indicated on the certificate of fitness as determined by
+the AHJ, but such period of time shall not exceed 3 years.
+1.13.8 Applications for renewal of a certificate of fitness shall
+be filed in the same manner as an application for an original
+certificate.
+1.13.9 Each individual or company holding a certificate of
+fitness shall notify the AHJ in writing of any address change
+within 10 days after such change.
+1.13.10 A certificate of fitness shall be in the form of an identi-
+fication card. The card shall contain the following information:
+(1) Purpose for which the certificate of fitness is issued
+(2) Date of expiration
+(3) Information necessary to easily identify the individual to
+whom the certificate of fitness is issued
+(4) Signature of the individual to whom the certificate of fit-
+ness is issued
+(5) Name and signature of the AHJ or a designated represen-
+tative
+(6) Statement printed thereon in bold type the following:
+THIS CERTIFICATE IS NOT AN ENDORSEMENT OF
+THIS INDIVIDUAL OR COMPANY BY THE AUTHOR-
+ITY HA VING JURISDICTION.
+1.13.11 Any individual or company to whom a certificate of fit-
+ness has been granted shall, upon request, produce and show
+proper identification and the certificate of fitness to anyone for
+whom that individual seeks to render services or to the AHJ.
+1.13.12 Revocation or Suspension of Permits.
+1.13.12.1 The AHJ shall be permitted to revoke or suspend a
+certificate of fitness issued if any violation of thisCode is found
+upon inspection or where any false statements or misrepresen-
+tations are submitted in the application on which the approval
+was based.
+1.13.12.2 Revocation or suspension shall be constituted
+when the certificate holder is duly notified by the AHJ.
+1.13.12.3 Failure on the part of an individual to give such
+notification of a change of address required by 1.13.9 shall
+constitute grounds for revocation of the certificate of fitness.
+1.14 Plan Review.
+1.14.1 Where required by the AHJ for new construction,
+modification, or rehabilitation, construction documents and
+shop drawings shall be submitted, reviewed, and approved
+prior to the start of such work as provided in Section 1.14.
+1.14.2 The applicant shall be responsible to ensure that the
+following conditions are met:
+(1) The construction documents include all of the fire pro-
+tection requirements.
+(2) The shop drawings are correct and in compliance with
+the applicable codes and standards.
+(3) The contractor maintains an approved set of construction
+documents on site.
+1.14.3 It shall be the responsibility of the AHJ to promulgate
+rules that cover the following:
+(1) Criteria to meet the requirements of Section 1.14
+(2) Review of documents and construction documents within
+established time frames for the purpose of acceptance or
+providing reasons for nonacceptance
+1.14.4 Review and approval by the AHJ shall not relieve the
+applicant of the responsibility of compliance with this Code.
+1.14.5 When required by the AHJ, revised construction docu-
+ments or shop drawings shall be prepared and submitted for
+review and approval to illustrate corrections or modifications
+necessitated by field conditions or other revisions to approved
+plans.
+1.15 Technical Assistance.
+1.15.1 The AHJ shall be permitted to require a review by an
+approved independent third party with expertise in the matter
+to be reviewed at the submitter’s expense.
+1.15.2 The independent reviewer shall provide an evaluation
+and recommend necessary changes of the proposed design,
+operation, process, or new technology to the AHJ.
+1–22 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+1.15.3 The AHJ shall be authorized to require design submit-
+tals to bear the stamp of a registered design professional.
+1.15.4 The AHJ shall make the final determination as to
+whether the provisions of this Code have been met.
+1.16 Notice of Violations and Penalties.
+1.16.1 Whenever the AHJ determines violations of thisCode,a
+written notice shall be issued to confirm such findings.
+1.16.2 Serving Notice.
+1.16.2.1 Any order or notice issued pursuant to thisCode shall
+be served upon the owner, operator, occupant, or other per-
+son responsible for the condition or violation, either by per-
+sonal service, by mail, or by delivering the same to, and leaving
+it with, some person of responsibility upon the premises.
+1.16.2.2 For unattended or abandoned locations, a copy of
+such order or notice shall be posted on the premises in a con-
+spicuous place at or near the entrance to such premises and
+the order or notice shall be mailed by registered or certified
+mail, with return receipt requested, to the last known address
+of the owner, occupant, or both or publication in a newspaper
+of general circulation wherein the subject premises is located.
+1.16.3 Any person who mutilates, destroys, or removes posted
+orders or notices without the authorization of the AHJ shall be
+subject to the penalties established by the jurisdiction.
+1.16.4 Any person who fails to comply with the provisions of
+this Code or who fails to carry out an order made pursuant of
+this Code or violates any condition attached to a permit, ap-
+proval, or certificate shall be subject to the penalties estab-
+lished by the jurisdiction.
+1.16.5 Failure to comply with the time limits of an abatement
+notice or other corrective notice issued by the AHJ shall result
+in each day that such violation continues being regarded as a
+new and separate offense.
+Chapter 2 Referenced Publications
+2.1 General. The documents or portions thereof listed in this
+chapter are referenced within this code and shall be consid-
+ered part of the requirements of this document.
+2.2 NFPA Publications.National Fire Protection Association,
+1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
+NFPA 10,Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers,2007 edition.
+NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion
+Foam, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems,
+2008 edition.
+NFPA 12A,Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems,
+2009 edition.
+NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems,2007
+edition.
+NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in
+One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in
+Residential Occupancies up to and Including Four Stories in Height,
+2007 edition.
+NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose
+Systems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 15,Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protec-
+tion, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler
+and Foam-Water Spray Systems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems,
+2009 edition.
+NFPA 17A, Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems,
+2009 edition.
+NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for
+Fire Protection, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection,
+2008 edition.
+NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service
+Mains and Their Appurtenances, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 25,Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
+of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems,2008 edition.
+NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2008 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 30A,Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair
+Garages, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 30B,Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Prod-
+ucts, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equip-
+ment, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 32,Standard for Drycleaning Plants, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or
+Combustible Materials, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 34, Standard for Dipping and Coating Processes Using
+Flammable or Combustible Liquids, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 35, Standard for the Manufacture of Organic Coatings,
+2005 edition.
+NFPA 36,Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants,2004 edition.
+NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary
+Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose
+Nitrate Film, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using
+Chemicals, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 51,Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen–Fuel
+Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes,2007 edition.
+NFPA 51A, Standard for Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants,
+2006 edition.
+NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cut-
+ting, and Other Hot Work, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 52,Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 55, Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of Com-
+pressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary Con-
+tainers, Cylinders, and Tanks, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 58,Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 59,Utility LP-Gas Plant Code, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 59A,Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling
+of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 2009 edition.
+NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explo-
+sions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 68,Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Vent-
+ing, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, 2008 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm Code®, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 80,Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives,
+2007 edition.
+NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Han-
+dling Systems and Equipment, 2004 edition.
+1–23REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 85, Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code, 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 86,Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 88A,Standard for Parking Structures, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 90A,Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and
+Ventilating Systems, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating
+and Air-Conditioning Systems, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 91,Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors,
+Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids,2004 edition.
+NFPA 92A,Standard for Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers
+and Pressure Differences, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 92B, Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls,
+Atria, and Large Spaces, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 96,Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of
+Commercial Cooking Operations, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 99,Standard for Health Care Facilities, 2005 edition.
+NFPA101®, Life Safety Code®, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 102, Standard for Grandstands, Folding and Telescopic
+Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 105,Standard for the Installation of Smoke Door Assemblies
+and Other Opening Protectives, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems,
+2005 edition.
+NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and
+Standby Power Systems, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 120, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Coal
+Mines, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 122, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Metal/
+Nonmetal Mining and Metal Mineral Processing Facilities, 2004
+edition.
+NFPA 140, Standard on Motion Picture and Television Produc-
+tion Studio Soundstages, Approved Production Facilities, and Produc-
+tion Locations, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 150,Standard on Fire and Life Safety in Animal Housing
+Facilities, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 160, Standard for the Use of Flame Effects Before an Audi-
+ence, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 170,Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols,2006
+edition.
+NFPA 204,Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting,2007 edition.
+NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid
+Fuel–Burning Appliances, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, 2009
+edition.
+NFPA 221, Standard for High Challenge Fire Walls, Fire Walls,
+and Fire Barrier Walls, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 232,Standard for the Protection of Records,2007 edition.
+NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration,
+and Demolition Operations, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 251,Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Build-
+ing Construction and Materials, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,
+2008 edition.
+NFPA 253, Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of
+Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 2006
+edition.
+NFPA 255,Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Charac-
+teristics of Building Materials, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 256,Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Covering,2003
+edition.
+NFPA 257, Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block
+Assemblies, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building
+Materials, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 260, Standard Methods of Tests and Classification System
+for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furni-
+ture, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 261,Standard Method of Test for Determining Resistance of
+Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Material Assemblies to Ignition by
+Smoldering Cigarettes, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 265, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room
+Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Coverings on Full Height Panels
+and Walls, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 271, Standard Method of Test for Heat and Visible Smoke
+Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consump-
+tion Calorimeter, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 286,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contri-
+bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth,2006
+edition.
+NFPA 288, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Floor Fire Door As-
+semblies Installed Horizontally in Fire Resistance–Rated Floor Sys-
+tems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 302,Fire Protection Standard for Pleasure and Commercial
+Motor Craft, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 303,Fire Protection Standard for Marinas and Boatyards,
+2006 edition.
+NFPA 307, Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of
+Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 312, Standard for Fire Protection of Vessels During Con-
+struction, Conversion, Repair, and Lay-Up, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 318,Standard for the Protection of Semiconductor Fabrica-
+tion Facilities, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 326,Standard for the Safeguarding of Tanks and Contain-
+ers for Entry, Cleaning, or Repair,2005 edition.
+NFPA 385, Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Com-
+bustible Liquids, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 407,Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 409,Standard on Aircraft Hangars, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 410,Standard on Aircraft Maintenance, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 415, Standard on Airport Terminal Buildings, Fueling
+Ramp Drainage, and Loading Walkways, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 418,Standard for Heliports, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 430, Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers,
+2004 edition.
+NFPA 432,Code for the Storage of Organic Peroxide Formulations,
+2002 edition.
+NFPA 434,Code for the Storage of Pesticides, 2002 edition.
+NFPA 472,Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous
+Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 484,Standard for Combustible Metals, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 490,Code for the Storage of Ammonium Nitrate,2002 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 495,Explosive Materials Code, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 498, Standard for Safe Havens and Interchange Lots for
+Vehicles Transporting Explosives,2006 edition.
+NFPA 501,Standard on Manufactured Housing, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 501A, Standard for Fire Safety Criteria for Manufactured
+Home Installations, Sites, and Communities, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks
+Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions, Mainte-
+nance, and Operations, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 560, Standard for the Storage, Handling, and Use of Eth-
+ylene Oxide for Sterilization and Fumigation, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 601,Standard for Security Services in Fire Loss Prevention,
+2005 edition.
+NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explo-
+sions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combus-
+tible Particulate Solids, 2006 edition.
+1–24 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 655, Standard for Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explo-
+sions, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 664,Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Explosions in
+Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities,2007 edition.
+NFPA 701,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation
+of Textiles and Films, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 703, Standard for Fire Retardant–Treated Wood and Fire-
+Retardant Coatings for Building Materials, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 704,Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards
+of Materials for Emergency Response, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 750,Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems,2006
+edition.
+NFPA 801, Standard for Fire Protection for Facilities Handling
+Radioactive Materials, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 909,Code for the Protection of Cultural Resource Properties —
+Museums, Libraries, and Places of Worship,2005 edition.
+NFPA 914, Code for Fire Protection of Historic Structures, 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 1031,Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire In-
+spector and Plan Examiner, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 1122,Code for Model Rocketry, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 1123,Code for Fireworks Display, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 1124,Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Storage,
+and Retail Sales of Fireworks and Pyrotechnic Articles,2006 edition.
+NFPA 1125,Code for the Manufacture of Model Rocket and High
+Power Rocket Motors, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proxi-
+mate Audience, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 1127,Code for High Power Rocketry, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 1141,Standard for Fire Protection Infrastructure for Land
+Development in Suburban and Rural Areas, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 1142,Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural
+Fire Fighting, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 1144, Standard for Reducing Structure Ignition Hazards
+from Wildland Fire, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 1192,Standard on Recreational Vehicles, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 1194, Standard for Recreational Vehicle Parks and Camp-
+grounds, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 1600, Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and
+Business Continuity Programs, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 1963,Standard for Fire Hose Connections, 2003 edition.
+NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Sys-
+tems, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 5000®, Building Construction and Safety Code ®, 2009
+edition.
+2.3 Other Publications.
+2.3.1 ANSI Publications. American National Standards Insti-
+tute, Inc., 25 West 43rd Street, 4th floor, New York, NY 10036.
+ICC/ANSI A117.1, American National Standard for Accessible
+and Usable Buildings and Facilities, 2003.
+ANSI/AIHA 29.7 Recirculation of Air from Industrial Process
+Exhaust Systems.
+ANSI B15.1 Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus.
+ANSI Z223.1 National Fuel Gas Code.
+2.3.2 API Publications. American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L
+Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070.
+API-ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels for Petroleum Liquids
+and Gases, Pre-July 1, 1961.
+API 12B Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids.
+API 12D Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids.
+API 12F Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids.
+API 620 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure
+Storage Tanks, 2008.
+API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage,2007.
+API 653 Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction,
+2003.
+API 2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks.
+API 2350 Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petroleum Fa-
+cilities, 2nd ed., 2005.
+API BULL 1529, Aviation Fueling Hose, 1998.
+API 607, Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn Valves, 1993.
+2.3.3 ASHRAE Publications. American Society of Heating,
+Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tul-
+lie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305.
+ASHRAE 15, Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration, 1994.
+2.3.4 ASME Publications. American Society of Mechanical
+Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.
+ASME A13.1,Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems, 1996.
+ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators ,
+2006.
+ASME/ANSI A17.3, Safety Code for Existing Elevators and Es-
+calators, 2005.
+ASME B31, Code for Pressure Piping, 1998.
+ASME B31.3, Process Piping, 2004.
+ASME B56.1, Safety Standard for Low-Lift and High-Lift
+Trucks, 2004.
+ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, “Rules for
+the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels,” 2004.
+2.3.5 ASTM Publications. ASTM International, 100 Barr
+Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
+2959.
+ASTM A 395, Standard Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron
+Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevated Temperatures.
+ASTM D 5, Standard Method of Test for Penetration of Bitumi-
+nous Materials, 2005.
+ASTM D 56, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed
+Cup Tester.
+ASTM D 92, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by
+Cleveland Open Cup Tester, 2002.
+ASTM D 93, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-
+Martens Closed Cup Tester.
+ASTM D 323, Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of
+Petroleum Products (Reid Method), 1999.
+ASTM D 635, Standard Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or
+Extent and Time of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal Position, 2006.
+ASTM D 1929, Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition
+Temperature of Plastics, 2001.
+ASTM D 2843, Standard Test Method for Density of Smoke from
+the Burning or Decomposition of Plastics, 2004.
+ASTM D 2859,Standard Test Method for Ignition Characteristics
+of Finished Textile Floor Covering Materials.
+1–25REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ASTM D 2898, Test Method for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-
+Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire Testing, 2004.
+ASTM D 3278, Standard Test Method for Flash Point of Liquids
+by Small Scale Closed Cup Apparatus.
+ASTM D 3828, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Small
+Scale Closed Cup Tester.
+ASTM D 4359, Standard Test for Determining Whether a Mate-
+rial is a Liquid or a Solid.
+ASTM D 5391, Standard Test for Electrical Conductivity and
+Resistivity of a Flowing High Purity Water Sample, 2005.
+ASTM E 84, Standard Test Method of Surface Burning Charac-
+teristics of Building Materials, 2001.
+ASTM E 108, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Cover-
+ings, 2000.
+ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building
+Construction and Materials, 2000.
+ASTM E 136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in
+a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 Degrees C, 2004.
+ASTM E 648, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of
+Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source.
+ASTM E 681, Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of
+Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors and Gases), 2001.
+ASTM E 814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through
+Penetration Fire Stops, 2002.
+ASTM E 1352, Standard Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Re-
+sistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Assemblies.
+ASTM E 1353, Standard Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Re-
+sistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture.
+ASTM E 1354, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke
+Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consump-
+tion Calorimeter, 2002.
+ASTM E 1537, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Uphol-
+stered Furniture.
+ASTM E 1590, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Mat-
+tresses, 2002.
+ASTM E 1591,Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Determin-
+istic Fire Models, 2000.
+ASTM E 2010, Standard Test Method for Positive Pressure Fire
+Tests of Window Assemblies, 2001.
+ASTM E 2074,Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assem-
+blies, Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged and Pivoted
+Swinging Door Assemblies, 2000.
+ASTM E 2307,Standard Test Method for Fire Resistance of Perim-
+eter Fire Barriers Using Intermediate-Scale, Multi-story Apparatus.
+ASTM F 852, Standard for Portable Gasoline Containers for Con-
+sumer Use, 1999.
+ASTM F 976, Standard for Portable Kerosene Containers for Con-
+sumer Use, 2002.
+2.3.6 ATA Publications. American Trucking Association
+Traffic Department, 950 North Glebe Road, Arlington, V A
+22203-4181.
+National Motor Freight Classification, 2002.
+2.3.7 CGA Publications. Compressed Gas Association, 4221
+Walney Road, 5th Floor, Chantilly, V A 20151-2923.
+CGA C-7,Guide to the Preparation of Precautionary Labeling and
+Marking of Compressed Gas Containers, 2004.
+CGA P-1,Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers,2000.
+CGA P-18, Standard for Bulk Inert Gas Systems at Consumer
+Sites, 1992.
+CGA P-20, Standard for the Classification of Toxic Gas Mixtures,
+1995.
+CGA P-23, Standard for Categorizing Gas Mixtures Containing
+Flammable and Nonflammable Component, 1995.
+CGA P-32, Safe Storage and Handling of Silane and Silane Mix-
+tures, 2000.
+CGA S-1.1, Pressure Relief Device Standards — Part 1— Cylin-
+ders for Compressed Gases, 2003.
+CGA S-1.2, Pressure Relief Device Standards — Part 2 — Cargo
+and Portable Tanks for Compressed Gases,1995.
+CGA S-1.3, Pressure Relief Device Standards — Par t 3 – Station-
+ary Storage Containers for Compressed Gases, 2003.
+2.3.8 FM Publications. FM Global, 1301 Atwood Avenue,
+P.O. Box 7500, Johnston, RI 02919.
+FM Global Approval Standard for Safety Containers and Filling,
+Supply, and Disposal Containers— Class Number 6051 and 6052.
+FM 4880 Approval Standard for Class I Insulated Wall or Wall
+and Roof/Ceiling Panels; Plastic Interior Finish Materials; Plastic
+Exterior Building Panels; Wall/Ceiling Coating Systems; Interior or
+Exterior Finish Systems.
+FMRC Class 6083,Examination Program for Fusible Closures for
+Steel Drums.
+2.3.9 ISO Publications. International Organization for Stan-
+dardization, 1, ch. de la V oie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211
+Geneve 20, Switzerland.
+ISO 10298,Determination of toxicity of a gas or gas mixture, 1995.
+ISO 10156,Gases and gas mixtures — Determination of fire poten-
+tial and oxidizing ability for the selection of cylinder valve outlets, 1996.
+2.3.10 NBBPVI Publications. National Board of Boiler and
+Pressure Vessel Inspectors, 1055 Crupper Avenue, Columbus,
+OH 43229.
+National Board Inspection Code, 2001.
+2.3.11 NRFC Publications. National Railroad Freight Com-
+mittee, 222 South Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606-5945.
+Uniform Freight Classification, 2005.
+2.3.12 RVIA Publications. Recreation Vehicle Industry Asso-
+ciation, 1896 Preston White Drive, P.O. Box 2999, Reston, V A
+20195-0999.
+RVIA/ANSI A119.5,Standard for Recreational Park Trailers,1998.
+2.3.13 Scott Specialty Gases Publications. Scott Specialty
+Gases, 6141 Easton Road, Box 310, Plumsteadville, PA 18949.
+Design & Safety Handbook, 2004.
+1–26 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+2.3.14 UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333
+Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096.
+ANSI/UL 8, Standard for Foam Fire Extinguishers , 2005. Re-
+vised 2007.
+ANSI/UL 9, Standard for Safety Fire Tests of Window Assemblies,
+2004. Revised 2005.
+ANSI/UL 10B, Standard for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, 2001.
+ANSI/UL 10C, Standard for Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door
+Assemblies, 2001.
+ANSI/UL 30 Standard for Metal Safety Cans.
+UL 58 Standard for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and
+Combustible Liquids.
+UL 80 Standard for Steel Tanks for Oil Burner Fuel.
+UL 142Standard for Steel Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and
+Combustible Liquids.
+ANSI/UL 147A, Standard for Nonrefillable (Disposable) Type
+Fuel Gas Cylinder Assemblies, 2006.
+ANSI/UL 147B, Standard for Nonrefillable (Disposable) Type
+Metal Container Assemblies for Butane, 2006.
+ANSI/UL 154, Standard for Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers,
+2007.
+ANSI/UL 197, Standard for Commercial Electric Cooking Appli-
+ances, 2004. Revised 2006.
+ANSI/UL 263, Standard for Fire Tests of Building Construction
+and Materials, 2003.
+UL 296AStandard for Waste Oil-Burning Air-Heating Appliances.
+ANSI/UL 299, Standard for Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers ,
+2007.
+ANSI/UL 300, Standard for Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishing
+Systems for Protection of Restaurant Cooking Areas, 2005.
+ANSI/UL 340,Test for Comparative Flammability of Liquids, 1997.
+ANSI/UL 555, Standard for Fire Dampers, 2006.
+ANSI/UL 555S, Standard for Smoke Dampers, 2006.
+ANSI/UL 567, Standard for Emergency Breakaway Fittings,
+Swivel Connectors and Pipe Connection Fittings for Petroleum Prod-
+ucts and LP-Gas, 2004.
+ANSI/UL 626, Standard for Water Fire Extinguishers, 2007.
+ANSI/UL 711, Standard Rating and Testing of Fire Extinguish-
+ers, 2007.
+ANSI/UL 723, Standard for Test for Surface Burning Character-
+istics of Building Materials, 2005.
+ANSI/UL 790, Standard for Safety for Tests for Fire Resistance of
+Roof Covering Materials, 2004.
+ANSI/UL 842, Standard for Valves for Flammable Fluids, 2007.
+ANSI/UL 900, Standard for Test Performance of Air Filter Units,
+2004.
+ANSI/UL 913, Standard for Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and
+Associated Apparatus for Use in Class I, II, and III Division 1, Haz-
+ardous (Classified) Locations, 2006.
+ANSI/UL 924, Standard for Emergency Lighting and Power
+Equipment, 2006.
+ANSI/UL 971 Standard for Nonmetallic Underground Piping
+for Flammable Liquids.
+ANSI/UL 1040 Standard for Fire Test of Insulated Wall Con-
+struction.
+ANSI/UL 1093, Standard for Halogenated Agent Fire Extin-
+guishers, 2000.
+ANSI/UL 1313, Nonmetallic Safety Cans for Petroleum Prod-
+ucts, 2003.
+ANSI/UL 1314 Standard for Special Purpose Metal Containers.
+ANSI/UL 1316 Standard for Glass-Fiber Reinforced Plastic Un-
+derground Storage Tanks for Petroleum Products, Alcohols, and
+Alcohol-Gasoline Mixtures.
+ANSI/UL 1479, Standard for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration
+Firestops, 2006. Revised 2007.
+ANSI/UL 1573 Standard for Stage and Studio Luminaires and
+Connector Strips.
+ANSI/UL 1640 Standard for Portable Power-Distribution Equip-
+ment.
+ANSI/UL 1715Standard for Fire Test of Interior Finish Material.
+ANSI/UL 1746 Standard for External Corrosion Protection Sys-
+tems for Steel Underground Storage Tanks.
+ANSI/UL 1803, Standard for Factory Follow-up on Third Party
+Certified Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2006.
+ANSI/UL 1975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used
+for Decorative Purposes, 2006.
+ANSI/UL 1994 Standard for Luminous Egress Path Marking
+Systems.
+ANSI/UL 2079, Standard for Tests for Fire Resistance of Build-
+ing Joint Systems, 2006.
+UL 2080, Standard for Fire Resistant Tanks for Flammable and
+Combustible Liquids, 2000.
+ANSI/UL 2085, Standard for Insulated Aboveground Tanks for
+Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 1999.
+ANSI/UL 2129, Standard for Halocarbon Clean Agent Fire Ex-
+tinguishers, 2007.
+ANSI/UL 2208, Standard for Solvent Distillation Units, 2006.
+ANSI/UL 2245, Standard for Below-Grade Vaults for Flammable
+Liquid Storage Tanks, 2006.
+UL 2368,Standard for Fire Exposure Testing of Intermediate Bulk
+Containers for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 2001.
+2.3.15 ULC Publications. Underwriters’ Laboratories of
+Canada, 7 Underwriters Road, Toronto, Ontario M1R 3B4,
+Canada.
+CAN/ULC-S503, Standard for Carbon-Dioxide Fire Extinguish-
+ers, 2007.
+CAN/ULC-S504, Standard for Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers,
+2007.
+CAN/ULC-S507, Standard for Water Fire Extinguishers, 2007.
+CAN/ULC-S508, Standard for Rating and Testing of Fire Extin-
+guishers and Fire Extinguishing Agents, 2007.
+CAN/ULC-S512, Standard for Halogenated Agent Hand and
+Wheeled Fire Extinguishers, 2007.
+1–27REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+CAN/ULC-S554, Standard for Water Based Agent Fire Extin-
+guishers.
+CAN/ULC-S566, Standard for Halocarbon Clean Agent Fire Ex-
+tinguishers.
+2.3.16 UN Publications. United Nations Headquarters, New
+York, NY 10017.
+United Nations, Recommendations on the Transport of Danger-
+ous Goods, Chapter 6, Rev. 4, 2004.
+2.3.17 U.S. Government Publications. U.S. Government
+Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
+FAA A/C 150/5390-2A, Heliport Design Advisory Circular ,
+January 20, 1994.
+FAA A/C 150/5390-2B,Heliport Design Advisory Circular.
+ICC, Rules for Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels, prior to
+April 1, 1967.
+Title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 1500 and 1507,
+U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
+Title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1632, Standard for
+the Flammability of Mattresses and Mattress Pads, January 1,
+1990.
+Title 18, Code of Federal Regulations, “Importation, Manu-
+facture, Distribution and Storage of Explosive Materials.”
+Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 1910.1000 and
+1910.1200.
+Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 152.175 and
+156.10(i)(A).
+Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Transportation.
+2.3.18 Other Publications.
+Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam-
+Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003.
+APA Standard 87–1.
+2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.
+NFPA 10,Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers,2007 edition.
+NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems,2007
+edition.
+NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose
+Systems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for
+Fire Protection, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 25,Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
+of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems,2008 edition.
+NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2008 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 30A,Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair
+Garages, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 30B,Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Prod-
+ucts, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equip-
+ment, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or
+Combustible Materials, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 34, Standard for Dipping and Coating Processes Using
+Flammable or Combustible Liquids, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using
+Chemicals, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cut-
+ting, and Other Hot Work, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 52,Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 55, Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of Com-
+pressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary Con-
+tainers, Cylinders, and Tanks, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 58,Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explo-
+sions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 68,Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Vent-
+ing, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, 2008 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm Code®, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 80,Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives,
+2007 edition.
+NFPA 88A,Standard for Parking Structures, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 90A,Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and
+Ventilating Systems, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 96,Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of
+Commercial Cooking Operations, 2008 edition.
+NFPA101®, Life Safety Code®, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 102, Standard for Grandstands, Folding and Telescopic
+Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 140, Standard on Motion Picture and Television Produc-
+tion Studio Soundstages, Approved Production Facilities, and Produc-
+tion Locations, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid
+Fuel–Burning Appliances, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration,
+and Demolition Operations, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 303,Fire Protection Standard for Marinas and Boatyards,
+2006 edition.
+NFPA 307, Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of
+Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 312, Standard for Fire Protection of Vessels During Con-
+struction, Conversion, Repair, and Lay-Up, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 318,Standard for the Protection of Semiconductor Fabrica-
+tion Facilities, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 402, Guide for Aircraft Rescue and Fire-Fighting Opera-
+tions, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 407,Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 415, Standard on Airport Terminal Buildings, Fueling
+Ramp Drainage, and Loading Walkways, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 418,Standard for Heliports, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 430, Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers,
+2004 edition.
+NFPA 432,Code for the Storage of Organic Peroxide Formulations,
+2002 edition.
+NFPA 434,Code for the Storage of Pesticides, 2002 edition.
+NFPA 472,Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous
+Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explo-
+sions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combus-
+tible Particulate Solids, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 914, Code for Fire Protection of Historic Structures, 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 1031,Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire In-
+spector and Plan Examiner, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 1124,Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Storage,
+and Retail Sales of Fireworks and Pyrotechnic Articles,2006 edition.
+NFPA 1141,Standard for Fire Protection Infrastructure for Land
+Development in Suburban and Rural Areas, 2008 edition.
+1–28 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 1600, Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and
+Business Continuity Programs, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 5000®, Building Construction and Safety Code ®, 2009
+edition.
+ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Struc-
+tures, 2005.
+Chapter 3 Definitions
+3.1 General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall
+apply to the terms used in this Code. Where terms are not de-
+fined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be
+defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within the
+context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dic-
+tionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily ac-
+cepted meaning.
+3.2 NFPA Official Definitions.
+3.2.1* Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdic-
+tion.
+3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).An organization,
+office, or individual responsible for enforcing the require-
+ments of a code or standard, or for approving equipment,
+materials, an installation, or a procedure.
+3.2.3* Code. A standard that is an extensive compilation of pro-
+visions covering broad subject matter or that is suitable for adop-
+tion into law independently of other codes and standards.
+3.2.4 Guide. A document that is advisory or informative in
+nature and that contains only nonmandatory provisions. A
+guide may contain mandatory statements such as when a
+guide can be used, but the document as a whole is not suitable
+for adoption into law.
+3.2.5 Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been
+attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an orga-
+nization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction
+and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains peri-
+odic inspection of production of labeled equipment or mate-
+rials, and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates com-
+pliance with appropriate standards or performance in a
+specified manner.
+3.2.6* Listed. Equipment, materials, or services included in a
+list published by an organization that is acceptable to the au-
+thority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of
+products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of
+production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evalu-
+ation of services, and whose listing states that either the equip-
+ment, material, or service meets appropriate designated stan-
+dards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified
+purpose.
+3.2.7 Recommended Practice. A document that is similar in
+content and structure to a code or standard but that contains
+only nonmandatory provisions using the word “should” to in-
+dicate recommendations in the body of the text.
+3.2.8 Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.
+3.2.9 Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is
+advised but not required.
+3.2.10 Standard. A document, the main text of which con-
+tains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indi-
+cate requirements and which is in a form generally suitable for
+mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adop-
+tion into law. Nonmandatory provisions shall be located in an
+appendix or annex, footnote, or fine-print note and are not to
+be considered a part of the requirements of a standard.
+3.3 General Definitions.
+3.3.1* Absolute Pressure.Pressure based on a zero reference
+point, the perfect vacuum. [55, 2005]
+3.3.2 Access Box. An approved secure box, accessible by the
+authority having jurisdiction’s master key or control, contain-
+ing entrance keys or other devices to gain access to a structure
+or area.
+3.3.3 Addition. An increase in building area, aggregate floor
+area, height or number of stories of a structure. [ASCE 7:11.2]
+3.3.4* Aerosol. A product that is dispensed from an aerosol
+container by a propellant. [30B, 2007]
+3.3.5 Airport (Aerodrome). An area on land or water that is
+used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of
+aircraft and includes buildings and facilities. [402, 2008]
+3.3.6 Airport Ramp. Any outdoor area, including aprons and
+hardstands, where aircraft can be positioned, stored, serviced,
+or maintained, irrespective of the nature of the surface of the
+area. [415, 2008]
+3.3.7* Aisle Width for Rack Storage.The horizontal dimen-
+sion between the face of the loads in racks under consider-
+ation. (See Figure A.3.3.7.) [13, 2007]
+3.3.8 Alarm. A warning of danger.
+3.3.9 Alarm Signal. See 3.3.212.1.
+3.3.10 Alleyway. An accessible clear space between storage piles
+or groups of piles suitable for housekeeping operations, visual
+inspection of piling areas, and initial fire-fighting operations.
+3.3.11 Alternative. A system, condition, arrangement, mate-
+rial, or equipment submitted for approval to the authority hav-
+ing jurisdiction and the fire chief as a substitute for a code
+requirement.
+3.3.12 ANSI/ASME. The designation for American National
+Standards Institute publication sponsored and published by
+the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
+3.3.13 Area.
+3.3.13.1 Back Stock Area. The area of a mercantile occu-
+pancy that is physically separated from the sales area and
+not intended to be accessible to the public. [30B, 2007]
+3.3.13.2 Consumer Fireworks Retail Sales (CFRS) Area.The
+portion of a consumer fireworks retail sales facility or store,
+including the immediately adjacent aisles, where consumer
+fireworks are located for the purpose of retail display and
+sale to the public. [1124, 2006]
+3.3.13.3 Control Area. A designated area, either indoors or
+outdoors, within which hazardous materials are allowed to
+be stored, used, handled, or dispensed in quantities not
+exceeding the maximum allowable quantity (MAQ).
+3.3.13.4 Fire Area. An area of a building separated from
+the remainder of the building by construction having a fire
+resistance of at least 1 hour and having all communicating
+openings properly protected by an assembly having a fire
+resistance rating of at least 1 hour. [30, 2008]
+1–29DEFINITIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.13.5 Indoor Area. An area that is within a building or
+structure having overhead cover, other than a structure
+qualifying as “weather protection” in accordance with 6.5.2
+of NFPA 55, Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of
+Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Station-
+ary Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks . (See also 3.3.13.9, Out-
+door Area.) [55, 2005]
+3.3.13.6 Fire Flow Area. The floor area, in square feet,
+used to determine the required fire flow.
+3.3.13.7 Inside Liquid Storage Area.A room or building used
+for the storage of liquids in containers or portable tanks, sepa-
+rated from other types of occupancies. [30, 2008]
+3.3.13.8 Organic Peroxide Storage Area. An area used for
+the storage of organic peroxide formulations. [432, 2002]
+3.3.13.9 Outdoor Area. An area that is either outside the
+confines of a building, or an area sheltered from the ele-
+ments by overhead cover, that is protected from weather
+exposure by an exterior wall that obstructs not more than
+25 percent of the building boundary.
+3.3.13.10 Sales Display Area.The area of a mercantile occu-
+pancy that is open to the public for the purpose of viewing
+and purchasing goods, wares, and merchandise. Individuals
+are free to circulate among the items, which are typically dis-
+played on shelves, racks, or on the floor. [30B, 2007]
+3.3.13.11 Smoking Area. A designated area where smoking
+is permitted within a premises in which smoking is other-
+wise generally prohibited.
+3.3.13.12* Spray Area. Any fully enclosed, partly enclosed,
+or unenclosed area in which dangerous quantities of flam-
+mable or combustible vapors, mists, residues, dusts, or de-
+posits are present due to the operation of spray processes,
+including (a) any area in the direct path of a spray applica-
+tion process; (b) the interior of a spray booth or spray
+room or limited finishing workstation, as herein defined;
+(c) the interior of any exhaust plenum, eliminator section,
+or scrubber section; (d) the interior of any exhaust duct or
+exhaust stack leading from a spray application process; (e)
+the interior of any air recirculation filter house or enclo-
+sure, including secondary recirculation particulate filters;
+(f) any solvent concentrator (pollution abatement) unit or
+solvent recovery (distillation) unit. [33, 2007]
+3.3.14 ASME. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
+[58, 2008]
+3.3.15 ASME Container (or Tank).See 3.3.66.1.
+3.3.16* Available Height for Storage.The maximum height at
+which commodities can be stored above the floor and still
+maintain necessary clearance from structural members and
+the required clearance below sprinklers. [13, 2007]
+3.3.17* Baled Cotton. A natural seed fiber wrapped and se-
+cured in industry-accepted materials, usually consisting of bur-
+lap, woven polypropylene, or sheet polyethylene, and secured
+with steel, synthetic, or wire bands, or wire; also includes lint-
+ers (lint removed from the cottonseed) and motes (residual
+materials from the ginning process).
+3.3.17.1 Block. A basic yard storage unit for baled cotton
+comprising multiple-row storage with clear spaces on all
+sides.
+3.3.17.2* Densely Packed Baled Cotton. Cotton, made into
+banded bales, with a packing density of at least 22 lb/ft 3
+(360 kg/m2), and dimensions complying with the follow-
+ing: a length of 55 in. (ca. 1400 mm ± 20 mm), a width of
+21 in. (ca. 530 mm ± 20 mm), and a height of 27.6 in. to
+35.4 in. (700 mm to 900 mm).
+3.3.17.3 Fire-Packed Baled Cotton. A cotton bale within
+which a fire has been packed as a result of a process in
+which ginning is the most frequent cause.
+3.3.17.4 Naked Cotton Bale. An unwrapped cotton bale se-
+cured with wire or steel straps.
+3.3.18 Barrel. A unit of volume used in the petroleum indus-
+try that is equal to 42 gal (159 L). [30, 2008]
+3.3.19 Barricade (Explosives or Fireworks).A natural or artifi-
+cial barrier that effectively screens a magazine, building, rail-
+way, or highway from the effects of an explosion in a magazine
+or building containing explosives. [1124, 2006]
+3.3.19.1 Artificial Barricade (Explosives or Fireworks). An
+artificial mound or revetted wall of earth of a minimum
+thickness of 3 ft (0.9 m). [1124, 2006]
+3.3.19.2 Natural Barricade (Explosives or Fireworks). A
+natural outdoor feature(s), such as hills or trees, with a
+density sufficient to prevent surrounding exposures that
+require protection from being seen from a magazine or
+building containing explosives when the trees are bare of
+leaves. [1124, 2006]
+3.3.20 Basement. For the purposes of this code, a story of a
+building or structure having one-half or more of its height
+below ground level and to which access for fire-fighting pur-
+poses is restricted. [30, 2008]
+3.3.21 Battery System. A system that consists of these intercon-
+nected subsystems: (1) stationary storage batteries, (2) battery
+chargers, and (3) a collection of rectifiers, inverters, converters,
+and associated electrical equipment as required for a particular
+application.
+3.3.22 Battery Types, Stationary.
+3.3.22.1 Lithium-Ion Battery. A storage battery that consists
+of lithium ions imbedded in a carbon graphite or nickel
+metal-oxide substrate. The electrolyte is a carbonate mix-
+ture or a gelled polymer. The lithium ions are the charge
+carriers of the battery.
+3.3.22.2 Lithium Metal Polymer Battery. A storage battery
+that is comprised of nonaqueous liquid or polymerized
+electrolytes, which provide ionic conductivity between lithi-
+ated positive active material electrically separated from me-
+tallic lithium or lithiated negative active material.
+3.3.22.3 Nickel Cadmium (NiCad) Battery.An alkaline stor-
+age battery in which the positive active material is nickel
+oxide, the negative contains the cadmium, and the electro-
+lyte is potassium hydroxide.
+3.3.22.4* Valve-Regulated (VRLA). A lead-acid battery con-
+sisting of sealed cells furnished with a valve that opens to
+vent the battery whenever the internal pressure of the bat-
+tery exceeds the ambient pressure by a set amount.
+3.3.22.5* Vented (Flooded). A lead-acid battery consisting of
+cells that have electrodes immersed in liquid electrolyte.
+3.3.23 Block. See 3.3.17.1.
+1–30 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.24 Board of Appeals. A group of persons appointed by
+the governing body of the jurisdiction adopting this Code for
+the purpose of hearing and adjudicating differences of opin-
+ion between the authority having jurisdiction and the citizenry
+in the interpretation, application, and enforcement of this
+Code.
+3.3.25* Boiling Point. The temperature at which the vapor
+pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pres-
+sure. [30, 2008]
+3.3.26* Boil-Over. An event in the burning of certain oils in
+an open-top tank when, after a long period of quiescent burn-
+ing, there is a sudden increase in fire intensity associated with
+expulsion of burning oil from the tank. [30, 2008]
+3.3.27* Building. Any structure used or intended for support-
+ing or sheltering any use or occupancy. [101, 2009]
+3.3.27.1* Airport Terminal Building. A structure used pri-
+marily for air passenger enplaning or deplaning, including
+ticket sales, flight information, baggage handling, and
+other necessary functions in connection with air transport
+operations. This term includes any extensions and satellite
+buildings used for passenger handling or aircraft flight ser-
+vice functions. Aircraft loading walkways and “mobile
+lounges” are excluded. [415, 2008]
+3.3.27.2 Apartment Building. See 3.3.170.2.
+3.3.27.3 Attached Building. A building having only one
+common wall with another building having other types of
+occupancies.
+3.3.27.4 Bulk Merchandising Retail Building.See 3.3.170.4.
+3.3.27.5* Existing Building. A building erected or officially
+authorized prior to the effective date of the adoption of this
+edition of theCode by the agency or jurisdiction. [101, 2009]
+3.3.27.6* High-Rise Building. A building where the floor of
+an occupiable story is greater than 75 ft (23 m) above the
+lowest level of fire department vehicle access. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.27.7* Important Building. A building that is considered
+not expendable in an exposure fire. [30, 2008]
+3.3.27.8 Mini-Storage Building. See 3.3.170.25.1.
+3.3.27.9 Private Building. A building or the portion of a
+building that normally is not frequented by or open to the
+public.
+3.3.27.10 Satellite. A structure that can be adjacent to but
+separated from the airport terminal building, accessible
+aboveground or through subway passages, and used to pro-
+vide flight service operations, such as passenger check-in,
+waiting rooms, food service, enplaning or deplaning, etc.
+[415, 2008]
+3.3.27.11* Special Amusement Building. A building that is
+temporary, permanent, or mobile and contains a device or
+system that conveys passengers or provides a walkway
+along, around, or over a course in any direction as a form
+of amusement arranged so that the egress path is not
+readily apparent due to visual or audio distractions or an
+intentionally confounded egress path, or is not readily
+available due to the mode of conveyance through the
+building or structure. [101, 2009]
+3.3.27.12 Storage Tank Building. A three-dimensional
+space that is enclosed by a roof and walls that cover more
+than one-half of the possible area of the sides of the space,
+is of sufficient size to allow entry by personnel, will likely
+limit the dissipation of heat or dispersion of vapors, and
+restricts access for fire fighting. [30, 2008]
+3.3.28 Bulk Oxygen System.See 3.3.238.1.
+3.3.29 Bulk Plant or Terminal.That portion of a property
+where liquids are received by tank vessel, pipelines, tank car,
+or tank vehicle and are stored or blended in bulk for the pur-
+pose of distributing such liquids by tank vessel, pipeline, tank
+car, tank vehicle, portable tank, or container.
+3.3.30 Burn-It. A fire-fighting strategy that allows for the free-
+burn of a tire fire.
+3.3.31 Bury-It. A fire-fighting strategy in which a tire pile is bur-
+ied with soil, sand, gravel, cement dust, or other cover material.
+3.3.32 Certificate of Fitness. A written document issued by
+the authority having jurisdiction to any person for the purpose
+of granting permission to such person to conduct or engage in
+any operation or act for which certification is required.
+3.3.33 CFR. The Code of Federal Regulations of the United
+States Government.
+3.3.34 CGA. Compressed Gas Association.
+3.3.35 Chemical Heat of Combustion (Hc). The amount of
+heat released, in Btu/lb (kJ/g), when a substance is oxidized
+to yield stable end products, including water as a vapor, as
+measured under actual fire conditions in a normal ambient
+(air) atmosphere. [30B, 2007]
+3.3.36 Chemical Name. The scientific designation of a chemi-
+cal in accordance with the nomenclature system developed by
+the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry or the
+Chemical Abstracts Service rules of nomenclature, or a name that
+clearly identifies a chemical for the purpose of conducting an
+evaluation.
+3.3.37 Chemical Plant. A large integrated plant or that por-
+tion of such a plant, other than a refinery or distillery, where
+liquids are produced by chemical reactions or used in chemi-
+cal reactions. [30, 2008]
+3.3.38* Chip. A wood chip of various species used in the
+manufacture of pulp.
+3.3.39 Classification of Occupancy Hazards for Portable Fire
+Extinguishers.
+3.3.39.1* Extra (High) Hazards. Extra (high) hazard occu-
+pancies shall be classified as locations where the quantity
+and combustibility of Class A combustible material is high
+or where high amounts of Class B flammables are present
+and rapidly developing fires with high rates of heat release
+are expected. These occupancies consist of fire hazards in-
+volved with the storage, packaging, handling, or manufac-
+ture of Class A combustibles and/or the total quantity of
+Class B flammables expected to be present in more than
+5 gal (18.9 L) in any room or area. [10, 2007]
+3.3.39.2* Light (Low) Hazards. Light (low) hazard occu-
+pancies shall be classified as locations where the quantity
+and combustibility of Class A combustibles and Class B
+flammables is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat
+release are expected. These occupancies consist of fire haz-
+ards having normally expected quantities of Class A com-
+bustible furnishings and/or the total anticipated quantity
+1–31DEFINITIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+of Class B flammables present is expected to be less than
+1 gal (3.8 L) in any room or area. [10, 2007]
+3.3.39.3* Ordinary (Moderate) Hazards. Ordinary (moder-
+ate) hazard occupancies shall be classified as locations where
+the quantity and combustibility of Class A combustible materi-
+als and Class B flammables is moderate and fires with moder-
+ate rates of heat release are expected. These occupancies con-
+sist of fire hazards that only occasionally contain Class A
+combustible materials beyond normal anticipated furnishings
+and/or the total quantity of Class B flammables typically ex-
+pected to be present is from 1 gal to 5 gal (3.8 L to 18.9 L) in
+any room or area. [10, 2007]
+3.3.40 Clean Zone. A defined space in which the concentration
+of airborne particles is controlled to specified limits. [318, 2009]
+3.3.41 Cleanroom. A room in which the concentration of air-
+borne particles is controlled to specified limits, including ar-
+eas below the raised floor and above the ceiling grid if these
+areas are part of the air path and within the rated construc-
+tion. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.42 Clear Space.An area free of combustible materials but
+that can contain noncombustible materials that cannot trans-
+mit an exposure fire.
+3.3.43 Closed System Use.See 3.3.249.1.
+3.3.44 Closed-Top Diking. A dike with a cover intended to
+minimize the entrance of precipitation into the diked area.
+[30, 2008]
+3.3.45 Clothes Dryer. A device used to dry wet laundry by
+means of heat derived from the combustion of fuel or from
+electric heating elements. [211, 2006]
+3.3.46 Code.
+3.3.46.1 Building Code. The building code referenced in
+Section 2.2.
+3.3.46.2 Electrical Code. The electrical code referenced in
+Section 2.2.
+3.3.46.3 Mechanical Code. The mechanical code refer-
+enced in Section 2.2.
+3.3.46.4 Plumbing Code. The plumbing code referenced
+in Section 2.2.
+3.3.47 Cold Deck. A single ranked pile of logs with individual
+logs of regular or irregular length usually 20 ft to 50 ft (6.1 m
+to 15.2 m) long, but greater than 8 ft (2.4 m) long.
+3.3.48 Column (Paper).A single vertical stack of rolls of paper.
+3.3.49 Combustible (Material).A material that, in the form in
+which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will
+ignite and burn; a material that does not meet the definition
+of noncombustible or limited-combustible. [101, 2009]
+3.3.50* Combustible Dust. A combustible particulate solid
+that presents a fire or deflagration hazard when suspended in
+air or some other oxidizing medium over a range of concen-
+trations, regardless of particle size or shape. [654, 2006]
+3.3.51* Combustible Fiber.Any material in a fibrous or shred-
+ded form that readily ignites when heat sources are present.
+3.3.52 Combustible Liquid.See 3.3.153.1.
+3.3.53 Combustible Particulate Solid.See 3.3.220.1.
+3.3.54 Combustible Refuse. All combustible or loose rub-
+bish, litter, or waste materials generated by an occupancy that
+are refused, rejected, or considered worthless and are dis-
+posed of by incineration on the premises where generated or
+periodically transported from the premises.
+3.3.55* Combustible Waste.Combustible or loose waste mate-
+rial that is generated by an establishment or process and, if sal-
+vageable, is retained for scrap or reprocessing on the premises
+where generated or transported to a plant for processing.
+3.3.56 Combustion. A chemical process of oxidation that oc-
+curs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in
+the form of either a glow or flame.
+3.3.57 Commodity. The combination of products, packing
+material, and container that determines commodity classifica-
+tion. [13, 2007]
+3.3.58* Common Path of Travel.The portion of exit access
+that must be traversed before two separate and distinct paths
+of travel to two exits are available. [101, 2009]
+3.3.59 Compartment.
+3.3.59.1* Fire Compartment. A space within a building that
+is enclosed by fire barriers on all sides, including the top
+and bottom. [101, 2009]
+3.3.59.2* Smoke Compartment. A space within a building
+enclosed by smoke barriers on all sides, including the top
+and bottom. [101, 2009]
+3.3.60 Condition, Existing.See 3.3.93.
+3.3.61 Construction Documents. Documents that consist of
+scaled design drawings and specifications for the purpose of
+construction of new facilities or modification to existing facili-
+ties. (See also 3.3.211, Shop Drawings.)
+3.3.62 Consumer Fireworks.See 3.3.115.1.
+3.3.63 Consumer Fireworks Retail Sales Area.See 3.3.13.2.
+3.3.64 Consumer Fireworks Retail Sales Facility (CFRS Facility).
+A permanent or temporary building or structure, CFRS
+stand, tent, canopy, or membrane structure that is used prima-
+rily for the retail display and sale of consumer fireworks to the
+public. [1124, 2006]
+3.3.65* Consumer Fireworks Retail Sales (CFRS) Stand.A tem-
+porary or permanent building or structure that has a floor
+area not greater than 800 ft2 (74 m2), other than tents, cano-
+pies, or membrane structures, that is used primarily for the
+retail display and sale of consumer fireworks to the public.
+[1124, 2006]
+3.3.66 Container. A vessel, including cylinders, tanks, por-
+table tanks, and cargo tanks, used for transporting or storing
+materials.
+3.3.66.1 ASME Container. A container constructed in ac-
+cordance with the ASME Code. [58, 2008]
+3.3.66.2 Closed Container. A container as herein defined,
+so sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither
+liquid nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary tempera-
+tures. [30A, 2008]
+3.3.66.3 Compressed Gas Container. A pressure vessel de-
+signed to hold compressed gas at an absolute pressure
+greater than 1 atmosphere at 68°F (20°C) that includes
+cylinders, containers, and tanks. [55, 2005]
+1–32 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.66.4* Container (Flammable or Combustible Liquid).Any
+vessel of 119 gal (450 L) or less capacity used for transport-
+ing or storing liquids. [30, 2008]
+3.3.66.5 Cryogenic Fluids Container. A cryogenic vessel
+used for transportation, handling, or storage.
+3.3.66.6 Intermediate Bulk Container.Any closed vessel hav-
+ing a liquid capacity not exceeding 3000 L (793 gal) and
+intended for storing and transporting liquids, as defined in
+Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 100 through
+199 or in Part 6 of the United Nations Recommendations on
+the Transport of Dangerous Goods.[ 30, 2008]
+3.3.66.7 LP-Gas Container. Any vessel, including cylinders,
+tanks, portable tanks, and cargo tanks, used for the trans-
+porting or storing of LP-Gases. [58, 2008]
+3.3.67 Control Area.See 3.3.13.3.
+3.3.68* Conventional Pallets. A material-handling aid de-
+signed to support a unit load with openings to provide access
+for material-handling devices. (See Figure A.3.3.68.) [13, 2007]
+3.3.69 Cooking Fire. The noncommercial, residential burn-
+ing of materials not exceeding 3 ft (0.9 m) in diameter and 2 ft
+(0.6 m) in height, other than rubbish in which the fuel burned
+is contained in an outdoor fireplace, a barbecue grill, or a
+barbecue pit for the purpose of preparing food.
+3.3.70 Cordwood. Logs 8 ft (2.4 m) or less in length custom-
+arily intended for pulpwood or fuel uses.
+3.3.71 Core. The central tube around which paper is wound
+to form a roll. [13, 2007]
+3.3.72* Corrosive. A chemical that causes visible destruction
+of, or irreversible alterations in, materials by chemical action
+at the site of contact.
+3.3.73* Covered Fuse. A fuse or designed point of ignition
+that is protected against accidental ignition by contact with a
+spark, smoldering items, or small open flame. [1124, 2006]
+3.3.74 Crude Petroleum. Hydrocarbon mixtures that have a
+flash point below 150°F (65.6°C) and that have not been pro-
+cessed in a refinery. [30, 2008]
+3.3.75 Cryogenic Fluid. A fluid with a boiling point lower
+than –130°F (–90°C) at an absolute pressure of 14.7 psia
+(101.325 kPa). [55, 2005]
+3.3.76* Cultural Resource Properties.Buildings, structures, or
+sites, or portions thereof, that are culturally significant, or that
+house culturally significant collections. [914, 2007]
+3.3.77 Cylinder. A pressure vessel designed for pressures
+higher than 40 psia (276 kPa) and having a circular cross-
+section. It does not include a portable tank, multiunit tank car
+tank, cargo tank, or tank car. [55, 2005]
+3.3.77.1 Cylinder Containment Vessel. A gastight recovery
+vessel designed so that a leaking compressed gas container
+can be placed within its confines, thereby encapsulating
+the leaking container. [55, 2005]
+3.3.78 Damage-Limiting Construction. For the purposes of
+this code, any set of construction elements, used individually
+or in combination, which will act to limit damage from an
+explosion, including open structures, pressure relieving con-
+struction, or pressure resistant construction. [30, 2008]
+3.3.79 Deflagration. Propagation of a combustion zone at a
+velocity that is less than the speed of sound in the unreacted
+medium. [68, 2007]
+3.3.80 Detector. A device suitable for connection to a circuit
+that has a sensor that responds to a physical stimulus such as
+heat or smoke. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.1 Air Sampling–Type Detector. A detector that con-
+sists of a piping or tubing distribution network that runs
+from the detector to the area(s) to be protected. An aspira-
+tion fan in the detector housing draws air from the pro-
+tected area back to the detector through air sampling
+ports, piping, or tubing. At the detector, the air is analyzed
+for fire products. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.2 Automatic Fire Detector. A device designed to de-
+tect the presence of a fire signature and to initiate action. For
+the purpose of thisCode, automatic fire detectors are classified
+as follows: Automatic Fire Extinguishing or Suppression Sys-
+tem Operation Detector, Fire–Gas Detector, Heat Detector,
+Other Fire Detectors, Radiant Energy–Sensing Fire Detector,
+Smoke Detector. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.3 Automatic Fire Extinguishing or Suppression System
+Operation Detector. A device that automatically detects the
+operation of a fire extinguishing or suppression system by
+means appropriate to the system employed. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.4* Combination Detector. A device that either re-
+sponds to more than one of the fire phenomena or em-
+ploys more than one operating principle to sense one of
+these phenomena. Typical examples are a combination of a
+heat detector with a smoke detector or a combination rate-
+of-rise and fixed-temperature heat detector. This device
+has listings for each sensing method employed. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.5 Electrical Conductivity Heat Detector.A line-type or
+spot-type sensing element in which resistance varies as a
+function of temperature. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.6 Fire–Gas Detector. A device that detects gases pro-
+duced by a fire. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.7* Fixed-Temperature Detector. A device that re-
+sponds when its operating element becomes heated to a
+predetermined level. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.8* Flame Detector. A radiant energy–sensing fire de-
+tector that detects the radiant energy emitted by a flame.
+(Refer to A.5.8.2 of NFPA 72)[ 72, 2007]
+3.3.80.9 Heat Detector. A fire detector that detects either
+abnormally high temperature or rate of temperature rise,
+or both. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.10 Line-Type Detector. A device in which detection is
+continuous along a path. Typical examples are rate-of-rise
+pneumatic tubing detectors, projected beam smoke detec-
+tors, and heat-sensitive cable. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.11* Multi-Criteria Detector. A device that contains
+multiple sensors that separately respond to physical stimu-
+lus such as heat, smoke, or fire gases, or employs more than
+one sensor to sense the same stimulus. This sensor is ca-
+pable of generating only one alarm signal from the sensors
+employed in the design either independently or in combi-
+nation. The sensor output signal is mathematically evalu-
+ated to determine when an alarm signal is warranted. The
+evaluation can be performed either at the detector or at
+1–33DEFINITIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+the control unit. This detector has a single listing that es-
+tablishes the primary function of the detector. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.12* Multi-Sensor Detector. A device that contains
+multiple sensors that separately respond to physical stimu-
+lus such as heat, smoke, or fire gases, or employs more than
+one sensor to sense the same stimulus. A device capable of
+generating multiple alarm signals from any one of the sen-
+sors employed in the design, independently or in combina-
+tion. The sensor output signals are mathematically evalu-
+ated to determine when an alarm signal is warranted. The
+evaluation can be performed either at the detector or at
+the control unit. This device has listings for each sensing
+method employed. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.13 Other Fire Detectors. Devices that detect a phe-
+nomenon other than heat, smoke, flame, or gases pro-
+duced by a fire. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.14 Pneumatic Rate-of-Rise Tubing Heat Detector. A
+line-type detector comprising small-diameter tubing, usu-
+ally copper, that is installed on the ceiling or high on the
+walls throughout the protected area. The tubing is termi-
+nated in a detector unit containing diaphragms and associ-
+ated contacts set to actuate at a predetermined pressure.
+The system is sealed except for calibrated vents that com-
+pensate for normal changes in temperature. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.15 Projected Beam–Type Detector. A type of photo-
+electric light obscuration smoke detector wherein the
+beam spans the protected area. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.16 Radiant Energy–Sensing Fire Detector. A device
+that detects radiant energy, such as ultraviolet, visible, or
+infrared, that is emitted as a product of combustion reac-
+tion and obeys the laws of optics. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.17* Rate Compensation Detector. A device that re-
+sponds when the temperature of the air surrounding the
+device reaches a predetermined level, regardless of the rate
+of temperature rise. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.18* Rate-of-Rise Detector. A device that responds
+when the temperature rises at a rate exceeding a predeter-
+mined value. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.19 Smoke Detector. A device that detects visible or
+invisible particles of combustion. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.20 Spark/Ember Detector. A radiant energy–sensing
+fire detector that is designed to detect sparks or embers, or
+both. These devices are normally intended to operate in
+dark environments and in the infrared part of the spec-
+trum. [72, 2007]
+3.3.80.21 Spot-Type Detector. A device in which the detect-
+ing element is concentrated at a particular location. Typical
+examples are bimetallic detectors, fusible alloy detectors, cer-
+tain pneumatic rate-of-rise detectors, certain smoke detectors,
+and thermoelectric detectors. [72, 2007]
+3.3.81 Detonation. Propagation of a combustion zone at a
+velocity that is greater than the speed of sound in the unre-
+acted medium. [68, 2007]
+3.3.82 Distillery. A plant or that portion of a plant where liq-
+uids produced by fermentation are concentrated and where
+the concentrated products are also mixed, stored, or pack-
+aged. [30, 2008]
+3.3.83 Distributor. A business engaged in the sale or resale, or
+both of compressed gases or cryogenic fluids, or both. [55, 2005]
+3.3.84 DOT. U.S. Department of Transportation.
+3.3.85 Driveway. A clear space suitable for fire-fighting op-
+erations by motorized fire apparatus.
+3.3.86 Dwelling Unit. One or more rooms arranged for com-
+plete, independent housekeeping purposes, with space for
+eating, living, and sleeping; facilities for cooking; and provi-
+sions for sanitation. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.86.1 One- and Two-Family Dwelling Unit.See 3.3.170.20.1.
+3.3.87 Emergency. A fire, explosion, or hazardous condition
+that poses an immediate threat to the safety of life or damage
+to property.
+3.3.88 Emergency Relief Vent. An opening, construction
+method, or device that will automatically relieve excessive in-
+ternal pressure due to an exposure fire. [30, 2008]
+3.3.89 Excess Flow Control. A fail-safe system or approved
+means designed to shut off flow due to a rupture in pressur-
+ized piping systems. [55, 2005]
+3.3.90 Excess Flow Valve.A valve inserted into a compressed
+gas cylinder, portable tank, or stationary tank that is designed
+to positively shut off the flow of gas in the event that its prede-
+termined flow is exceeded.
+3.3.91* Exhausted Enclosure.An appliance or piece of equip-
+ment that consists of a top, a back, and two sides providing a
+means of local exhaust for capturing gases, fumes, vapors, and
+mists. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.92* Existing. That which is already in existence on the
+date this edition of the Code goes into effect. [101, 2009]
+3.3.93 Existing Condition. Any situation, circumstance, or
+physical makeup of any structure, premise, or process that was
+ongoing or in effect prior to the adoption of this Code.
+3.3.94* Exit. That portion of a means of egress that is sepa-
+rated from all other spaces of a building or structure by con-
+struction or equipment as required to provide a protected way
+of travel to the exit discharge. [101, 2009]
+3.3.94.1* Horizontal Exit. A way of passage from one build-
+ing to an area of refuge in another building on approxi-
+mately the same level, or a way of passage through or
+around a fire barrier to an area of refuge on approximately
+the same level in the same building that affords safety from
+fire and smoke originating from the area of incidence and
+areas communicating therewith. [101, 2009]
+3.3.95 Exit Access. That portion of a means of egress that
+leads to an exit. [101, 2009]
+3.3.96 Exit Discharge. That portion of a means of egress be-
+tween the termination of an exit and a public way. [101, 2009]
+3.3.97 Explosion. The bursting or rupture of an enclosure or
+a container due to the development of internal pressure from
+a deflagration. [69, 2008]
+3.3.98* Explosive Material. A chemical compound, mixture,
+or device, the primary or common purpose of which is to func-
+tion by explosion. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.99 Facility. As applied to access and water supply, a struc-
+ture or use in a fixed location including exterior storage, use,
+1–34 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+and handling areas that relates to the occupancies and opera-
+tions covered by this Code.
+3.3.99.1 Hazardous Material Storage Facility.See 3.3.135.
+3.3.99.2 Limited Care Facility. See 3.3.170.15.
+3.3.99.3 Motor Fuel Dispensing Facility.See 3.3.170.18.
+3.3.99.3.1 Fleet Vehicle Motor Fuel Dispensing Facility.See
+3.3.170.18.1.
+3.3.99.3.2 Marine Motor Fuel Dispensing Facility. See
+3.3.170.18.2.
+3.3.99.3.3 Motor Fuel Dispensing Facility Located Inside a
+Building. See 3.3.170.18.3.
+3.3.100 Fines (Wood). Small pieces or splinters of wood by-
+products that can pass through a 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) screen.
+3.3.101 Finish.
+3.3.101.1 Interior Ceiling Finish. The interior finish of ceil-
+ings. [101, 2009]
+3.3.101.2* Interior Finish. The exposed surfaces of walls,
+ceilings, and floors within buildings. [101, 2009]
+3.3.101.3* Interior Floor Finish. The interior finish of
+floors, ramps, stair treads and risers, and other walking sur-
+faces. [101, 2009]
+3.3.101.4 Interior Wall Finish. The interior finish of col-
+umns, fixed or movable walls, and fixed or movable parti-
+tions. [101, 2009]
+3.3.102 Fire,Classification of.
+3.3.102.1 Class A Fires. Class A fires are fires in ordinary
+combustible materials, such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber,
+and many plastics. [10, 2007]
+3.3.102.2 Class B Fires. Class B fires are fires in flammable
+liquids, combustible liquids, petroleum greases, tars, oils,
+oil-based paints, solvents, lacquers, alcohols, and flam-
+mable gases. [10, 2007]
+3.3.102.3 Class C Fires. Class C fires are fires that involve
+energized electrical equipment. [10, 2007]
+3.3.102.4 Class D Fires.Class D fires are fires in combustible
+metals, such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium,
+lithium, and potassium. [10, 2007]
+3.3.102.5 Class K Fires. Class K fires are fires in cooking
+appliances that involve combustible cooking media (veg-
+etable or animal oils and fats). [10, 2007]
+3.3.103 Fire,Recreational. See 3.3.201.
+3.3.104 FireAlarm System. See 3.3.238.7.
+3.3.105 FireCompartment. See 3.3.59.1.
+3.3.106 Fire Department Access Road. The road or other
+means developed to allow access and operational setup for
+fire-fighting and rescue apparatus.
+3.3.107 FireDoor Assembly.Any combination of a fire door, a
+frame, hardware, and other accessories that together provide a
+specific degree of fire protection to the opening. [80, 2007]
+3.3.108 FireFlow. The flow rate of a water supply, measured
+at 20 psi (137.9 kPa) residual pressure, that is available for fire
+fighting.
+3.3.109 FireHazard. Any situation, process, material, or con-
+dition that, on the basis of applicable data, can cause a fire or
+explosion or that can provide a ready fuel supply to augment
+the spread or intensity of a fire or explosion, all of which pose
+a threat to life or property. [914, 2007]
+3.3.110* FireHydrant. A valved connection on a water supply
+system having one or more outlets and that is used to supply
+hose and fire department pumpers with water. [1141, 2008]
+3.3.111* FireLane. A fire department access road, which is
+marked with approved signs or other approved notices.
+3.3.112 FirePoint. The lowest temperature at which a liquid
+will ignite and achieve sustained burning when exposed to a
+test flame in accordance with ASTM D 92,Standard Test Method
+for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester.[30, 2008]
+3.3.113 Fire Retardant. A liquid, solid, or gas that tends to
+inhibit combustion when applied on, mixed in, or combined
+with combustible materials.
+3.3.114 Fire Watch. The assignment of a person or persons to
+an area for the express purpose of notifying the fire depart-
+ment, the building occupants, or both of an emergency; pre-
+venting a fire from occurring; extinguishing small fires; or
+protecting the public from fire or life safety dangers.
+3.3.115* Fireworks. Any composition or device for the pur-
+pose of producing a visible or an audible effect for entertain-
+ment purposes by combustion, deflagration, or detonation,
+and that meets the definition of Consumer Fireworks or Display
+Fireworks as set forth in this Code.[ 1124, 2006]
+3.3.115.1* Consumer Fireworks. Small fireworks devices
+containing restricted amounts of pyrotechnic composition,
+designed primarily to produce visible or audible effects by
+combustion, that comply with the construction, chemical
+composition, and labeling regulations of the U.S. Con-
+sumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), as set forth in
+CPSC 16 CFR 1500 and 1507, 49 CFR 172, and APA Stan-
+dard 87-1, Standard for the Construction and Approval for Trans-
+portation of Fireworks, Novelties, and Theatrical Pyrotechnics .
+[1124, 2006]
+3.3.115.2* Display Fireworks. Large fireworks devices that
+are explosive materials intended for use in fireworks dis-
+plays and designed to produce visible or audible effects by
+combustion, deflagration, or detonation, as set forth in
+CPSC 16 CFR 1500 and 1507, 49 CFR 172, and APA Stan-
+dard 87-1, Standard for the Construction and Approval for Trans-
+portation of Fireworks, Novelties, and Theatrical Pyrotechnics .
+[1124, 2006]
+3.3.116 Flame Break. A solid material without holes or other
+openings, used to retard the spread of flame. [1124, 2006]
+3.3.117* Flame Spread. The propagation of flame over a sur-
+face. [101, 2009]
+3.3.118 Flame Spread Index. A comparative measure, ex-
+pressed as a dimensionless number, derived from visual
+measurements of the spread of flame versus time for a ma-
+terial tested in accordance with ASTM E 84, Standard Test
+Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials ,
+or ANSI/UL 723, Standard for Test for Surface Burning Charac-
+teristics of Building Materials .[ 101, 2009]
+3.3.119 Flammable Vapors. Flammable vapors are the con-
+centration of flammable constituents in air that exceed 25 per-
+cent of their lower flammability limit (LFL).
+1–35DEFINITIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.120* Flash Point. The minimum temperature of a liquid
+at which sufficient vapor is given off to form an ignitible mix-
+ture with the air, near the surface of the liquid or within the
+vessel used, as determined by the appropriate test procedure
+and apparatus specified in Section 4.4 of NFPA 30, Flammable
+and Combustible Liquids Code.[ 30, 2008]
+3.3.121 Floor Area.
+3.3.121.1* Gross Floor Area.The floor area within the inside
+perimeter of the outside walls of the building under consider-
+ation with no deduction for hallways, stairs, closets, thickness
+of interior walls, columns, or other features. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.121.2 Net Floor Area. The floor area within the inside
+perimeter of the outside walls, or the outside walls and fire
+walls of the building under consideration with deductions
+for hallways, stairs, closets, thickness of interior walls, col-
+umns, or other features. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.122 Forecasting. The ability to predict fire progression in
+a scrap tire storage location prior to the completion of the
+inventory fire break using heavy equipment.
+3.3.123* Fugitive Emissions.Releases of flammable vapor that
+continuously or intermittently occur from process equipment
+during normal operations. [30, 2008]
+3.3.124 Gallon. U.S. Standard.1 U.S. gal = 0.833 Imperial gal
+= 231 in.3 = 3.785 L. [58, 2008]
+3.3.125 Garage. A building or portion of a building in which
+one or more self-propelled vehicles carrying volatile flam-
+mable liquid for fuel or power are kept for use, sale, storage,
+rental, repair, exhibition, or demonstrating purposes, and all
+that portion of a building that is on or below the floor or floors
+in which such vehicles are kept and that is not separated there-
+from by suitable cutoffs. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.126 Gas.
+3.3.126.1* Compressed Gas. A material, or mixture of ma-
+terials, that (1) is a gas at 68°F (20°C) or less at 14.7 psia
+(101.3 kPa) of pressure, and (2) has a boiling point of 68°F
+(20°C) or less at 14.7 psia (101.3 kPa) that is either lique-
+fied, nonliquefied, or in solution, except those gases that
+have no other health or physical hazard properties are not
+considered to be compressed until the pressure in the
+packaging exceeds 41 psia (282.5 kPa) at 68° (20°C).
+[5000, 2009]
+3.3.126.1.1 Compressed Gas Mixtures. A mixture of two or
+more compressed gases contained in a packaging, the haz-
+ard properties of which are represented by the properties
+of the mixture as a whole.
+3.3.126.1.2 Compressed Gases in Solution. Nonliquefied
+gases that are dissolved in a solvent.
+3.3.126.1.3 Liquefied Compressed Gases. Gases that are
+contained in a packaging under the charged pressure and
+are partially liquid at a temperature of 68°F (20°C).
+3.3.126.1.4 Nonliquefied Compressed Gases. Gases, other
+than those in solution, that are contained in a packaging
+under the charged pressure and are entirely gaseous at a
+temperature of 68°F (20°C).
+3.3.126.2 Corrosive Gas. A gas that causes visible destruc-
+tion of or irreversible alterations in living tissue by chemi-
+cal action at the site of contact. [55, 2005]
+3.3.126.3 Flammable Gas. A material that is a gas at 68°F
+(20°C) or less at an absolute pressure of 14.7 psia
+(101.325 kPa), that is ignitable at an absolute pressure of
+14.7 psia (101.325 kPa) when in a mixture of 13 percent or
+less by volume with air, or that has a flammable range at an
+absolute pressure of 14.7 psia (101.325 kPa) with air of at
+least 12 percent, regardless of the lower limit. [55, 2005]
+3.3.126.4 Flammable Liquefied Gas. A liquefied com-
+pressed gas that, when under a charged pressure, is par-
+tially liquid at a temperature of 68°F (20°C) and is flam-
+mable. [55, 2005]
+3.3.126.5 Highly Toxic Gas. A chemical that has a median
+lethal concentration (LC50) in air of 200 ppm by volume or
+less of gas or vapor, or 2 mg/L or less of mist, fume, or dust,
+when administered by continuous inhalation for 1 hour (or
+less if death occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats weighing
+between 0.44 lb and 0.66 lb (200 g and 300 g) each. [55,2005]
+3.3.126.6* Inert Gas. Any gas that is nonflammable, nonre-
+active, and noncontaminating.
+3.3.126.7 Irritant Gas. A chemical that is not corrosive,
+but that causes a reversible inflammatory effect on living
+tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. A chemical is
+a skin irritant if, when tested on the intact skin of albino
+rabbits by the methods of 16 CFR 1500.41, for an exposure
+of 4 or more hours or by other appropriate techniques, it
+results in an empirical score of 5 or more. A chemical is
+classified as an eye irritant if so determined under the pro-
+cedure listed in 16 CFR 1500.42, or other appropriate tech-
+niques. [55, 2005]
+3.3.126.8 Liquefied Gas. A gas, other than in solution, that
+in a packaging under the charged pressure exists both as a
+liquid and a gas at a temperature of 68°F (20°C). [30, 2008]
+3.3.126.9 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). A fluid in the
+cryogenic liquid state that is composed predominantly of
+methane and that can contain minor quantities of
+ethane, propane, or nitrogen. [ 52, 2008]
+3.3.126.10 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP-Gas).Any material
+having a vapor pressure not exceeding that allowed for
+commercial propane that is composed predominantly of
+the following hydrocarbons, either by themselves or as mix-
+tures: propane, propylene, butane (normal butane or
+isobutane), and butylenes. [58, 2008]
+3.3.126.11 Nonflammable Gas. A gas that does not meet
+the definition of a flammable gas. [55, 2005]
+3.3.126.12* Other Gas. A gas that is not a corrosive gas,
+flammable gas, highly toxic gas, oxidizing gas, pyrophoric
+gas, toxic gas, or unstable reactive gas with a hazard rating
+of Class 2, Class 3, or Class 4 gas. [55, 2005]
+3.3.126.13 Oxidizing Gas. A gas that can support and ac-
+celerate combustion of other materials. [55, 2005]
+3.3.126.14 Pyrophoric Gas. A gas with an autoignition tem-
+perature in air at or below 130°F (54.4°C). [55, 2005]
+3.3.126.15 Scavenged Gas. A residual process gas that is
+collected for treatment or release at a location remote
+from the site of use.
+3.3.126.16 Simple Asphyxiant Gas. A gas that does not pro-
+vide sufficient oxygen to support life and that has none of
+the other physical or health hazards.
+1–36 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.126.17 Toxic Gas. A gas with a median lethal concentra-
+tion (LC50) in air of more than 200 ppm, but not more than
+2000 ppm by volume of gas or vapor, or more than 2 mg/L,
+but not more than 20 mg/L of mist, fume, or dust, when ad-
+ministered by continuous inhalation for 1 hour (or less if
+death occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats weighing between
+0.44 lb and 0.66 lb (200 g and 300 g) each. [55, 2005]
+3.3.126.18* Unstable Reactive Gas. A gas that, in the pure
+state or as commercially produced, will vigorously polymer-
+ize, decompose, or condense, become self-reactive, or oth-
+erwise undergo a violent chemical change under condi-
+tions of shock, pressure, or temperature. [55, 2005]
+3.3.127* GasCabinet. A fully enclosed, noncombustible en-
+closure used to provide an isolated environment for com-
+pressed gas cylinders in storage or use. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.128 GasManufacturer/Producer.A business that produces
+compressed gases or cryogenic fluids, or both, or fills portable or
+stationary gas containers, cylinders, or tanks. [55, 2005]
+3.3.129* Gas Room. A separately ventilated, fully enclosed
+room in which only compressed gases, cryogenic fluids, associ-
+ated equipment and supplies are stored or used. [55, 2005].
+3.3.130 Ground Kettle. A container that could be mounted on
+wheels and is used for heating tar, asphalt, or similar substances.
+3.3.131 Handling. The deliberate movement of material by
+any means to a point of storage or use.
+3.3.132* Hazard of Contents.
+3.3.132.1 High Hazard. High hazard contents include ma-
+terials defined as hazardous materials in 3.3.161.3, whether
+stored, used, or handled. [5000:6.3.2.4.1.1]
+3.3.132.1.1 High Hazard Level 1 Contents. High hazard
+Level 1 contents include materials that present a detonation
+hazard, but not limited to, explosives; unclassified detonable
+organic peroxides; Class 4 oxidizers; detonable pyrophoric
+materials ; and unstable (reactive) materials, Class 3 deton-
+able, and Class 4. [5000:6.3.2.4.2]
+3.3.132.1.2 High Hazard Level 2 Contents. High hazard
+Level 2 contents include materials that present a deflagra-
+tion hazard or a hazard from accelerated burning, includ-
+ing but not limited to: Class I, Class II or Class III-A flam-
+mable or combustible liquids that are used or stored in
+normally open containers or systems, or in closed contain-
+ers or systems at gauge pressures of more than 15 psi
+(103 kPa); combustible dusts stored, used, or generated in
+a manner creating a severe fire or explosion hazard; flam-
+mable gases and flammable cryogenic liquids; Class I or-
+ganic peroxides; Class 3 solid or liquid oxidizers that are
+used or stored in normally open containers or systems, or
+in closed containers or systems at gauge pressures of more
+than 15 psi (103 kPa); nondetonable pyrophoric materials;
+Class 3 nondetonable unstable (reactive) materials; and
+Class 3 water-reactive materials. [5000:6.3.2.4.3]
+3.3.132.1.3 High Hazard Level 3 Contents. High hazard
+Level 3 contents include materials that readily support
+combustion or present a physical hazard including, but not
+limited to, Level 2 and Level 3 aerosols; Class I, Class II, or
+Class III-A flammable or combustible liquids that are used
+or stored in normally closed containers or systems at gauge
+pressures of less than 15 psi (103 kPa); consumer fireworks,
+1.4 G; flammable solids, other than dusts classified as high
+hazard Level 2, stored, used, or generated in a manner
+creating a high fire hazard; Class II and Class III organic
+peroxides; Class 2 solid or liquid oxidizers; Class 3 solid or
+liquid oxidizers that are used or stored in normally closed
+containers or systems at gauge pressures of less than 15 psi
+(103 kPa); oxidizing gases and oxidizing cryogenic liquids;
+Class 2 unstable (reactive) materials; and Class 2 water-
+reactive materials. [5000:6.3.2.4.4]
+3.3.132.1.4 High Hazard Level 4 Contents. High hazard
+Level 4 contents include materials that are acute health
+hazards including, but not limited to, corrosives; highly
+toxic materials; and toxic materials [5000:6.3.2.4.5]
+3.3.132.1.5 High Hazard Level 5 Contents. High hazard
+Level 5 contents include hazardous production materials
+(HPM) used in the fabrication of semiconductors or semi-
+conductor research and development. [5000:6.3.2.4.6]
+3.3.132.2* Low Hazard Contents. Contents that are of such
+low combustibility that no self-propagating fire therein can
+occur. [5000:6.3.2.2]
+3.3.132.3* Ordinary Hazard Contents. Contents that are
+likely to burn with moderate rapidity or to give off a consid-
+erable volume of smoke. [5000:6.3.2.3]
+3.3.133* Hazard Rating. The numerical rating of the health,
+flammability, and self-reactivity, and other hazards of the ma-
+terial, including its reaction with water, specified in NFPA 704,
+Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for
+Emergency Response.[ 55, 2005]
+3.3.134 Hazardous Material.See 3.3.161.3.
+3.3.135 Hazardous Material Storage Facility.A building, a por-
+tion of a building, or exterior area used for the storage of
+hazardous materials in excess of exempt amounts.
+3.3.136 Hazardous Materials Storage Locker.A movable pre-
+fabricated structure, manufactured primarily at a site other than
+the final location of the structure and transported completely
+assembled or in a ready-to-assemble package to the final location,
+and intended to meet local, state, and federal requirements for
+outside storage of hazardous materials. [30, 2008]
+3.3.137* Hazardous Reaction or Hazardous Chemical Reaction.
+Reactions that result in dangers beyond the fire problems re-
+lating to flash point and boiling point of either the reactants
+or of the products. [30, 2008]
+3.3.138 Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF).A liquid that is used as a
+medium to transfer heat energy from a heater or vaporizer to a
+remote heat consumer (e.g., injection molding machine,
+oven, or dryer, or jacketed chemical reactor). [30, 2008]
+3.3.139* Heliport. An identifiable area located on land, on
+water, or on a structure, that also includes any existing build-
+ings or facilities thereon, used or intended to be used for land-
+ing and takeoff of helicopters. [418, 2006]
+3.3.140 Hogged Material. Mill waste consisting mainly of
+hogged bark but possibly including a mixture of bark, chips,
+dust, or other by-products from trees; also includes material
+designated as hogged fuel.
+3.3.141 Home.
+3.3.141.1 Day-Care Home. See 3.3.170.6.
+3.3.141.2 Nursing Home. See 3.3.170.19.
+3.3.142 Horizontal Exit. See 3.3.94.1.
+1–37DEFINITIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.143* Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH).A
+concentration of airborne contaminants, normally expressed
+in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic meter, that
+represents the maximum level from which one could escape
+within 30 minutes without any escape-impairing symptoms or
+irreversible health effects. [55, 2005]
+3.3.144 Imminent Danger.A condition or practice in an occu-
+pancy or structure that poses a danger that could reasonably
+be expected to cause death, serious physical harm, or serious
+property loss.
+3.3.145* Incident Commander (IC).The individual respon-
+sible for all incident activities, including the development of
+strategies and tactics and the ordering and the release of re-
+sources. [472, 2008]
+3.3.146 Incidental Liquid Use or Storage.Use or storage as a
+subordinate activity to that which establishes the occupancy or
+area classification. [30, 2008]
+3.3.147 Indicating Valve.See 3.3.250.1.
+3.3.148 Initiating Device Circuit. A circuit to which auto-
+matic or manual initiating devices are connected where the
+signal received does not identify the individual device oper-
+ated. [ 72, 2007]
+3.3.149 Inside Liquid Storage Area.See 3.3.13.7.
+3.3.150 Jurisdiction. A governmental unit or political divi-
+sion or a subdivision.
+3.3.151 Limit.
+3.3.151.1* Ceiling Limit. The maximum concentration of
+an airborne contaminant to which one can be exposed.
+[5000, 2009]
+3.3.151.2* Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL). The maxi-
+mum permitted 8-hour, time-weighted average concentration
+of an airborne contaminant. [55, 2005]
+3.3.151.3* Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL).The concen-
+tration to which it is believed that workers can be exposed
+continuously for a short period of time without suffering
+from irritation, chronic or irreversible tissue damage, or
+narcosis of a degree sufficient to increase the likelihood of
+accidental injury, impairment of self-rescue, or the material
+reduction of work efficiency, without exceeding the daily
+permissible exposure limit (PEL). [55, 2005]
+3.3.152* Limited-Combustible (Material).Refers to a building
+construction material not complying with the definition of
+noncombustible (see 3.3.161.9) that, in the form in which it is
+used, has a potential heat value not exceeding 3500 Btu/lb
+(8141 kJ/kg), where tested in accordance with NFPA 259,Stan-
+dard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials , and in-
+cludes either of the following: (1) materials having a structural
+base of noncombustible material, with a surfacing not exceed-
+ing a thickness of1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) that has a flame spread index
+not greater than 50; (2) materials, in the form and thickness
+used, having neither a flame spread index greater than 25 nor
+evidence of continued progressive combustion, and of such
+composition that surfaces that would be exposed by cutting
+through the material on any plane would have neither a flame
+spread index greater than 25 nor evidence of continued pro-
+gressive combustion. [101, 2009]
+3.3.153 Liquid.
+3.3.153.1 Combustible Liquid. Any liquid that has a closed-
+cup flash point at or above 100°F (37.8°C), as determined
+by the test procedures and apparatus set forth in Section 4.4
+of NFPA 30,Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. Combus-
+tible liquids are classified according to Section 4.3 of NFPA 30.
+[30, 2008]
+3.3.153.2* Flammable Liquid. Any liquid that has a closed-
+cup flash point below 100°F (37.8°C), as determined by the
+test procedures and apparatus set forth in Section 4.4 of
+NFPA 30,Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, and a Reid
+vapor pressure that does not exceed an absolute pressure
+of 40 psi (76 kPa) at 100°F (37.8°C), as determined by
+ASTM D 323, Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petro-
+leum Products (Reid Method).Flammable liquids are classified
+according to Section 4.3 of NFPA 30. [30, 2008]
+3.3.153.3 Highly Volatile Liquid. A liquid with a boiling
+point of less than 68°F (20°C).
+3.3.153.4 Stable Liquid. Any liquid not defined as unstable.
+[30, 2008]
+3.3.154 Log. Felled tree from which all the branches have
+been removed.
+3.3.155 Loose House. A separate detached building in which
+unbaled combustible fibers are stored.
+3.3.156 Lumber. Wood from felled trees having a section
+produced by lengthwise sawing or chipping of logs or other
+solid wood of large dimensions and possible crosscutting
+and/or further machining to obtain a certain size and in-
+cludes boards, dimension lumber, timber, and similar wood
+products.
+3.3.157 Manual Fire Alarm Box.A manually operated device
+used to initiate an alarm signal. [72, 2007]
+3.3.158 Manual Pull Station.See 3.3.157, Manual Fire Alarm
+Box.
+3.3.159 Marine Terminal. A facility comprising one or more
+berths, slips, piers, wharves, loading and unloading areas, ware-
+houses, and storage yards used for the transfer of people and/or
+cargo between waterborne carriers and land. [307, 2006]
+3.3.160 Marine Vessel.A water craft or other artificial contriv-
+ance used as a means of transportation in or on the water.
+3.3.161 Material.
+3.3.161.1 Combustible (Material). See 3.3.49.
+3.3.161.2 Compatible Material. A material that, when in
+contact with an oxidizer, will not react with the oxidizer or
+promote or initiate its decomposition. [430, 2004]
+3.3.161.3 Hazardous Material. A chemical or substance that
+is classified as a physical hazard material or a health hazard
+material, whether the chemical or substance is in usable or
+waste condition.(See also 3.3.161.5, Health Hazard Material, and
+3.3.161.10, Physical Hazard Material.)[5000, 2009]
+3.3.161.4 Hazardous Production Material (HPM). A solid,
+liquid, or gas associated with semiconductor manufactur-
+ing that has a degree-of-hazard rating of 3 or 4 in health,
+flammability, instability, or water reactivity in accordance
+with NFPA 704 and that is used directly in research, labora-
+tory, or production processes that have as their end prod-
+uct materials that are not hazardous. [5000, 2009]
+1–38 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.161.5 Health Hazard Material. A chemical or sub-
+stance classified as a toxic, highly toxic, or corrosive mate-
+rial in accordance with the definitions set forth in thisCode.
+[5000, 2009]
+3.3.161.6* Highly Toxic Material.A material that produces a
+lethal dose or lethal concentration that falls within any of fol-
+lowing categories: (1) a chemical that has a median lethal
+dose (LD50) of 50 mg/kg or less of body weight when admin-
+istered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 g and 300 g
+each; (2) a chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50)o f
+200 mg/kg or less of body weight when administered by con-
+tinuous contact for 24 hours, or less if death occurs within
+24 hours, with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing be-
+tween 2 kg and 3 kg each or albino rats weighing 200 g to
+300 g each; (3) a chemical that has a median lethal concentra-
+tion (LC50) in air of 200 parts per million by volume or less of
+gas or vapor, or 2 mg/L or less of mist, fume, or dust, when
+administered by continuous inhalation for 1 hour, or less if
+death occurs within 1 hour, to albino rats weighing between
+200 g and 300 g each. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.161.7 Hogged Material. See 3.3.140.
+3.3.161.8 Incompatible Material. Materials that, when in
+contact with each other, have the potential to react in a
+manner that generates heat, fumes, gases or by-products
+that are hazardous to life or property. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.161.9 Noncombustible Material. A material that, in the
+form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated,
+will not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flam-
+mable vapors, when subjected to fire or heat. Materials that
+are reported as passing ASTM E 136,Standard Test Method for
+Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 Degrees C,
+shall be considered noncombustible materials. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.161.10 Physical Hazard Material. A chemical or sub-
+stance classified as a combustible liquid, explosive, flammable
+cryogen, flammable gas, flammable liquid, flammable solid,
+organic peroxide, oxidizer, oxidizing cryogen, pyrophoric,
+unstable (reactive), or water-reactive material. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.161.11 Toxic Material. A material that produces a lethal
+dose or a lethal concentration within any of the following cat-
+egories: (1) a chemical or substance that has a median lethal
+dose (LD50) of more than 50 mg/kg but not more than
+500 mg/kg of body weight when administered orally to albino
+rats weighing between 200 g and 300 g each; (2) a chemical or
+substance that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more than
+200 mg/kg but not more than 1000 mg/kg of body weight
+when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours, or less
+if death occurs within 24 hours, with the bare skin of albino
+rabbits weighing between 2 kg and 3 kg each, or albino rats
+weighing 200 g to 300 g each; (3) a chemical or substance that
+has a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of more than
+200 parts per million but not more than 2000 parts per mil-
+lion by volume of gas or vapor, or more than 2 mg/L but not
+more than 20 mg/L, of mist, fume, or dust when adminis-
+tered by continuous inhalation for 1 hour, or less if death
+occurs within 1 hour, to albino rats weighing between 200 g
+and 300 g each. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.161.12* Unstable (Reactive) Material. A material that, in
+the pure state or as commercially produced, will vigorously
+polymerize, decompose or condense, become self-reactive, or
+otherwise undergo a violent chemical change under condi-
+tions of shock, pressure, or temperature. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.161.13* Water-Reactive Material. A material that ex-
+plodes; violently reacts; produces flammable, toxic, or
+other hazardous gases; or evolves enough heat to cause self-
+ignition or ignition of nearby combustibles upon exposure
+to water or moisture. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.162 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).Written or printed
+material concerning a hazardous material that is prepared in ac-
+cordance with the provisions of OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200.
+3.3.163* Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ).The quantity
+of hazardous material permitted in a control area.
+3.3.164* Means of Egress.A continuous and unobstructed way
+of travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way
+consisting of three separate and distinct parts: (1) the exit access,
+(2) the exit, and (3) the exit discharge. [101, 2009]
+3.3.165 Means of Escape.A way out of a building or structure
+that does not conform to the strict definition of means of
+egress but does provide an alternate way out. [101, 2009]
+3.3.166 Mezzanine. An intermediate level between the floor
+and the ceiling of any room or space. [101, 2009]
+3.3.167 Motor Vehicle Fluid.A fluid that is a flammable, com-
+bustible, or hazardous material, such as crankcase fluids, fuel,
+brake fluids, transmission fluids, radiator fluids, and gear oil.
+3.3.168 Nesting. A method of securing cylinders upright in a
+tight mass using a contiguous three-point contact system
+whereby all cylinders in a group have a minimum of three
+contact points with other cylinders or a solid support structure
+(for example, a wall or railing). [55, 2005]
+3.3.169 Normal Temperature and Pressure (NTP).A tempera-
+ture of 70°F (21.1°C) and a pressure of 1 atmosphere [14.7 psia
+(101.3 kPa)].
+3.3.170 Occupancy. The purpose for which a building or
+other structure, or part thereof, is used or intended to be
+used. [ASCE/SEI 7:1.2]
+3.3.170.1* Ambulatory Health Care Occupancy. An occu-
+pancy used to provide services or treatment simultaneously
+to four or more patients that provides, on an outpatient
+basis, one or more of the following: (1) treatment for pa-
+tients that renders the patients incapable of taking action
+for self-preservation under emergency conditions without
+the assistance of others; (2) anesthesia that renders the pa-
+tients incapable of taking action for self-preservation under
+emergency conditions without the assistance of others; (3)
+emergency or urgent care for patients who, due to the na-
+ture of their injury or illness, are incapable of taking action
+for self-preservation under emergency conditions without
+the assistance of others [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.2* Apartment Building. A building or portion
+thereof containing three or more dwelling units with inde-
+pendent cooking and bathroom facilities. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.3* Assembly Occupancy. An occupancy (1) used for a
+gathering of 50 or more persons for deliberation, worship,
+entertainment, eating, drinking, amusement, awaiting trans-
+portation, or similar uses; or (2) used as a special amusement
+building, regardless of occupant load. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.4 Bulk Merchandising Retail Building.A building in
+which the sales area includes the storage of combustible
+materials on pallets, in solid piles, or in racks in excess of
+12 ft (3660 mm) in storage height. [5000, 2009]
+1–39DEFINITIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.170.5* Business Occupancy. An occupancy used for the
+transaction of business other than mercantile. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.6* Day-Care Home. A building or portion of a
+building in which more than 3 but not more than 12 clients
+receive care, maintenance, and supervision, by other than
+their relative(s) or legal guardian(s), for less than 24 hours
+per day. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.7* Day-Care Occupancy. An occupancy in which
+four or more clients receive care, maintenance, and super-
+vision, by other than their relatives or legal guardians, for
+less than 24 hours per day. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.8* Detention and Correctional Occupancy. An occu-
+pancy used to house one or more persons under varied
+degrees of restraint or security where such occupants are
+mostly incapable of self-preservation because of security
+measures not under the occupants’ control. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.8.1 Detention and Correctional Use Condition. For
+application of the life safety requirements in Section 20.7,
+the resident user category is divided into the five use con-
+ditions.
+3.3.170.8.1.1 Use Condition I — Free Egress. Free move-
+ment is allowed from sleeping areas and other spaces
+where access or occupancy is permitted to the exterior via
+means of egress that meet the requirements of NFPA 101,
+Life Safety Code.[ 101, 2009]
+3.3.170.8.1.2 Use Condition II — Zoned Egress. Free move-
+ment is allowed from sleeping areas and any other occu-
+pied smoke compartment to one or more other smoke
+compartments. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.8.1.3 Use Condition III — Zoned Impeded Egress.Free
+movement is allowed within individual smoke compart-
+ments, such as within a residential unit comprised of indi-
+vidual sleeping rooms and a group activity space, with
+egress impeded by remote-controlled release of means of
+egress from such a smoke compartment to another smoke
+compartment. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.8.1.4 Use Condition IV — Impeded Egress. Free
+movement is restricted from an occupied space, and
+remote-controlled release is provided to allow movement
+from all sleeping rooms, activity spaces, and other occu-
+pied areas within the smoke compartment to another
+smoke compartment. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.8.1.5 Use Condition V — Contained. Free move-
+ment is restricted from an occupied space, and staff-
+controlled manual release at each door is provided to allow
+movement from all sleeping rooms, activity spaces, and
+other occupied areas within the smoke compartment to
+another smoke compartment.[101, 2009]
+3.3.170.9* Dormitory. A building or a space in a building in
+which group sleeping accommodations are provided for
+more than 16 persons who are not members of the same
+family in one room, or a series of closely associated rooms
+under joint occupancy and single management, with or
+without meals, but without individual cooking facilities.
+[101, 2009]
+3.3.170.10* Educational Occupancy. An occupancy used
+for educational purposes through the twelfth grade by
+six or more persons for 4 or more hours per day or more
+than 12 hours per week. [ 5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.11* Health Care Occupancy. An occupancy used to
+provide medical or other treatment or care simultaneously
+to four or more patients on an inpatient basis, where such
+patients are mostly incapable of self-preservation due to
+age, physical or mental disability, or because of security
+measures not under the occupants’ control. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.12 Hospital. A building or portion thereof used
+on a 24-hour basis for the medical, psychiatric, obstetrical,
+or surgical care of four or more inpatients. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.13* Hotel. A building or groups of buildings under
+the same management in which there are sleeping accom-
+modations for more than 16 persons and primarily used by
+transients for lodging with or without meals. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.14* Industrial Occupancy. An occupancy in which
+products are manufactured or in which processing, assem-
+bling, mixing, packaging, finishing, decorating, or repair
+operations are conducted. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.15* Limited Care Facility. A building or portion of a
+building used on a 24-hour basis for the housing of four or
+more persons who are incapable of self-preservation because
+of age; physical limitations due to accident or illness; or limi-
+tations such as mental retardation/developmental disability,
+mental illness, or chemical dependency. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.16 Lodging or Rooming House. A building or por-
+tion thereof that does not qualify as a one- or two-family
+dwelling, that provides sleeping accommodations for a to-
+tal of 16 or fewer people on a transient or permanent basis,
+without personal care services, with or without meals, but
+without separate cooking facilities for individual occu-
+pants. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.17* Mercantile Occupancy. An occupancy used for
+the display and sale of merchandise. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.17.1 Class A Mercantile Occupancy. All mercantile
+occupancies having an aggregate gross area of more than
+30,000 ft2 (2800 m2) or occupying more than three stories
+for sales purposes. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.17.2 Class B Mercantile Occupancy. All mercantile
+occupancies of more than 3000 ft2 (280 m2), but not more
+than 30,000 ft2 (2800 m2), aggregate gross area and occu-
+pying not more than three stories for sales purposes.
+Class B also includes all mercantile occupancies of not
+more than 3000 ft2 (280 m2) gross area and occupying two
+or three stories for sales purposes.[101, 2009]
+3.3.170.17.3 Class C Mercantile Occupancy.All mercantile
+occupancies of not more than 3000 ft 2 (280 m 2) gross
+area and used for sales purposes occupying one story
+only. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.18 Motor Fuel Dispensing Facility.That portion of a
+property where motor fuels are stored and dispensed from
+fixed equipment into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles or
+marine craft or into approved containers, including all
+equipment used in connection therewith. [30A, 2008]
+3.3.170.18.1 Fleet Vehicle Motor Fuel Dispensing Facility.A
+motor fuel dispensing facility at a commercial, industrial,
+governmental, or manufacturing property where motor fu-
+els are dispensed into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles that
+are used in connection with the business or operation of
+that property by persons within the employ of such busi-
+ness or operation. [30A, 2008]
+1–40 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.170.18.2 Marine Motor Fuel Dispensing Facility. A mo-
+tor fuel dispensing facility at or adjacent to shore, a pier, a
+wharf, or a floating dock where motor fuels are dispensed
+into the fuel tanks of marine craft. [30A, 2008]
+3.3.170.18.3* Motor Fuel Dispensing Facility Located Inside a
+Building. That portion of a motor fuel dispensing facility
+located within the perimeter of a building or building
+structure that also contains other occupancies. [30A, 2008]
+3.3.170.19 Nursing Home. A building or portion of a build-
+ing used on a 24-hour basis for the housing and nursing
+care of four or more persons who, because of mental or
+physical incapacity, might be unable to provide for their
+own needs and safety without the assistance of another per-
+son. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.20 One- and Two-Family Dwelling. One- and two-
+family dwellings include buildings containing not more
+than two dwelling units in which each dwelling unit is occu-
+pied by members of a single family with not more than
+three outsiders, if any, accommodated in rented rooms.
+3.3.170.20.1 One- and Two-Family Dwelling Unit.A building
+that contains not more than two dwelling units with indepen-
+dent cooking and bathroom facilities. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.21* Parking Structure. A building, structure, or
+portion thereof used for the parking, storage, or both, of
+motor vehicles. [88A, 2007]
+3.3.170.21.1 Basement and Underground Parking Struc-
+tures. Parking structures that are located below grade. A
+basement parking structure has other occupancies above it
+and an underground parking structure has no occupancy
+other than parking above it. Basement and underground
+parking structures are considered as specific cases of en-
+closed parking structures.
+3.3.170.21.2 Enclosed Parking Structure. Any parking struc-
+ture that is not an open parking structure. [88A, 2007]
+3.3.170.21.3 Open Parking Structure. A parking structure
+that meets the requirements of 4.7.1 of NFPA 88A,Standard
+for Parking Structures.[ 88A, 2007]
+3.3.170.22 Repair Garages.
+3.3.170.22.1 Major Repair Garage. A building or portions
+of a building where major repairs, such as engine over-
+hauls, painting, body and fender work, and repairs that
+require draining of the motor vehicle fuel tank are per-
+formed on motor vehicles, including associated floor space
+used for offices, parking, or showrooms.
+3.3.170.22.2 Minor Repair Garage. A building or portions
+of a building used for lubrication, inspection, and minor
+automotive maintenance work, such as engine tune-ups,
+replacement of parts, fluid changes (e.g., oil, antifreeze,
+transmission fluid, brake fluid, air conditioning refriger-
+ants, etc.), brake system repairs, tire rotation, and similar
+routine maintenance work, including associated floor
+space used for offices, parking, or showrooms.
+3.3.170.23* Residential Board and Care Occupancy.An oc-
+cupancy used for lodging and boarding of four or more
+residents, not related by blood or marriage to the owners
+or operators, for the purpose of providing personal care
+services. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.24* Residential Occupancy. An occupancy that pro-
+vides sleeping accommodations for purposes other than
+health care or detention and correctional. [101, 2009]
+3.3.170.25* Storage Occupancy. An occupancy used prima-
+rily for the storage or sheltering of goods, merchandise,
+products, or vehicles. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.170.25.1* Mini-Storage Building. A storage occupancy
+partitioned into storage units that are rented or leased for
+the purposes of storing personal or business items where all
+of the following apply: (1) the storage units are separated
+from each other by less than a 1-hour fire resistance rated
+barrier, (2) the owner of the facility does not have unre-
+stricted access to the storage units, and (3) the items being
+stored are concealed from view from outside the storage
+unit.
+3.3.171 Occupant Load. The total number of persons that
+might occupy a building or portion thereof at any one time.
+[5000, 2009]
+3.3.172 Open System Use.See 3.3.249.2.
+3.3.173 Operating Pressure. The pressure at which a system
+operates.
+3.3.174* Operating Unit (Vessel) or Process Unit (Vessel).The
+equipment in which a unit operation or unit process is con-
+ducted.(See also 3.3.245, Unit Operation or Unit Process.)[30, 2008]
+3.3.175 Operations. A general term that includes, but is not
+limited to, the use, transfer, storage, and processing of liquids.
+[30, 2008]
+3.3.176 Organic Peroxide. Any organic compound having a
+double oxygen or peroxy (-O-O-) group in its chemical struc-
+ture. [432, 2002]
+3.3.176.1* Organic Peroxide Formulation. A pure organic
+peroxide or a mixture of one or more organic peroxides
+with one or more other materials in various combinations
+and concentrations. [432, 2002]
+3.3.176.2 Organic Peroxide Storage Area.See 3.3.13.8.
+3.3.177 OSHA. The Occupational Safety and Health Admin-
+istration of the U.S. Department of Labor. [55, 2005]
+3.3.178 Overcrowded. A situation where the occupant load
+exceeds the exit capacity or the posted occupant load.
+3.3.179* Oxidizer. Any material that readily yields oxygen or
+other oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to promote or ini-
+tiate combustion of combustible materials and can undergo a
+vigorous self-sustained decomposition due to contamination
+or heat exposure. For the purpose of this Code, oxidizers are
+classified according to the system listed in 3.3.179.1 through
+3.3.179.4. [430, 2004]
+3.3.179.1 Class 1. An oxidizer that does not moderately
+increase the burning rate of combustible materials with
+which it comes into contact.
+3.3.179.2 Class 2. An oxidizer that causes a moderate in-
+crease in the burning rate of combustible materials with
+which it comes into contact.
+3.3.179.3 Class 3. An oxidizer that causes a severe in-
+crease in the burning rate of combustible materials with
+which it comes into contact.
+1–41DEFINITIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.179.4 Class 4. An oxidizer that can undergo an explo-
+sive reaction due to contamination or exposure to thermal
+or physical shock and that causes a severe increase in the
+burning rate of combustible materials with which it comes
+into contact.
+3.3.180* Packaged Fireworks Merchandise.A consumer fire-
+works device or group of consumer fireworks devices that has
+been packaged within an unperforated container or packag-
+ing material by the manufacturer, distributor, or seller for re-
+tail display and sale as a unit. [1124, 2006]
+3.3.181 Packaging. A commodity wrapping, cushioning, or
+container. [13, 2007]
+3.3.182 Paper. Felted sheets made from natural fibrous materi-
+als, usually vegetable but sometimes mineral or animal, and
+formed on a fine wire screen by means of water suspension.
+3.3.183 Patch Kettle. Any pot or container with a capacity of
+less than 6 gal (22.7 L) used for preheating tar, asphalt, pitch,
+or similar substances for the repair of roofs, streets, floors,
+pipes, or similar objects.
+3.3.184 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL).See 3.3.151.2.
+3.3.185 Permit. A document issued by the authority having
+jurisdiction for the purpose of authorizing performance of a
+specified activity.
+3.3.186 Peroxide-Forming Chemical. A chemical that, when
+exposed to air, forms explosive peroxides that are shock sensi-
+tive, pressure sensitive, or heat sensitive.
+3.3.187* Personal Care. The care of residents who do not
+require chronic or convalescent medical or nursing care.
+[101, 2009]
+3.3.188 Pesticide. Any substance or mixture of substances in-
+tended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any
+pest or for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.
+[434, 2002]
+3.3.189 Physical Hazard.A chemical for which there is scien-
+tifically valid evidence that the chemical is an organic perox-
+ide or oxidizer.
+3.3.190* Pier. A structure, usually of greater length than
+width and projecting from the shore into a body of water with
+direct access from land, that can be either open deck or pro-
+vided with a superstructure. [307, 2006]
+3.3.191 Primary Containment.The first level of containment,
+consisting of the inside portion of that container that comes
+into immediate contact on its inner surface with the material
+being contained.
+3.3.192 Private Building. See 3.3.27.9.
+3.3.193* Process or Processing.An integrated sequence of op-
+erations. [30, 2008]
+3.3.194 Process Unit (Vessel). See 3.3.174, Operating Unit
+(Vessel) or Process Unit (Vessel).
+3.3.195 Proprietary Information.Information regarding com-
+pounds or ingredients used in a process or production that do
+not qualify as trade secrets but that provide an industry or busi-
+ness with a competitive advantage.
+3.3.196 Protection for Exposures.Fire protection for struc-
+tures on property adjacent to liquid storage that is provided by
+(1) a public fire department or (2) a private fire brigade main-
+tained on the property adjacent to the liquid storage, either of
+which is capable of providing cooling water streams to protect
+the property adjacent to the liquid storage. [30, 2008]
+3.3.197 Public Way. A street, alley, or other similar parcel of
+land essentially open to the outside air deeded, dedicated, or
+otherwise permanently appropriated to the public for public
+use and having a clear width and height of not less than 10 ft
+(3050 mm). [101, 2009]
+3.3.198 Pyrophoric. A chemical that spontaneously ignites in
+air at or below a temperature of 130°F (54.5°C).
+3.3.199* Rack. Any combination of vertical, horizontal, and
+diagonal members that supports stored materials.
+3.3.199.1 Double-Row Racks. Racks less than or equal to
+12 ft (3.7 m) in depth or single-row racks placed back to
+back having an aggregate depth up to 12 ft (3.7 m), with
+aisles having an aisle width of at least 3.5 ft (1.1 m) between
+loads on racks. [13, 2007]
+3.3.199.2* Movable Racks. Racks on fixed rails or guides.
+3.3.199.3 Multiple-Row Racks. Racks greater than 12 ft
+(3.7 m) in depth or single- or double-row racks separated
+by aisles less than 3.5 ft (1.1 m) wide having an overall
+width greater than 12 ft (3.7 m). [13, 2007]
+3.3.199.4* Portable Racks. Racks that are not fixed in place.
+3.3.199.5 Single-Row Racks. Racks that have no longitudi-
+nal flue space and that have a depth up to 6 ft (1.8 m) with
+aisles having a width of at least 3.5 ft (1.1 m) between loads
+on racks. [13, 2007]
+3.3.200* Ramp. A walking surface that has a slope steeper
+than 1 in 20. [101, 2009]
+3.3.201 Recreational Fire. The noncommercial burning of
+materials other than rubbish for pleasure, religious, ceremo-
+nial, cooking, or similar purposes in which the fuel burned is
+not contained in an incinerator, a barbecue grill, or a barbe-
+cue pit, and the total fuel area is not exceeding 3 ft (0.9 m) in
+diameter and 2 ft (0.6 m) in height.
+3.3.202 Refinery. A plant in which flammable or combustible
+liquids are produced on a commercial scale from crude petro-
+leum, natural gasoline, or other hydrocarbon sources. [30, 2008]
+3.3.203 Registered Design Professional (RDP).An individual
+who is registered or licensed to practice his/her respective
+design profession as defined by the statutory requirements of
+the professional registration laws of the state or jurisdiction in
+which the project is to be constructed. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.204 Relocatable Power Tap.A device for indoor use con-
+sisting of an attachment plug on one end of a flexible cord
+and two or more receptacles on the opposite end, and has
+overcurrent protection.
+3.3.205 Row. A minimum yard storage unit comprised of ad-
+joining cotton bales.
+3.3.206* Safety Can. A listed container of not more than 5.3 gal
+(20 L) capacity having a spring-closing lid and spout cover, and
+so designed that it will safely relieve internal pressure when sub-
+jected to fire exposure. [30, 2008]
+3.3.207 Sales Display Area.See 3.3.13.10.
+3.3.208 Salvage Vehicle.A vehicle that is dismantled for parts
+or awaiting destruction.
+1–42 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.209 Self-Closing. Equipped with an approved device that
+ensures closing after opening. [101, 2009]
+3.3.210 Separation of Hazards. Physically separated by a
+specified distance, construction, or appliance. [55, 2005]
+3.3.211 Shop Drawings.Scaled working drawings, equipment
+cutsheets, and design calculations. (See 3.3.12, Plan, of
+NFPA 1031.) [1031, 2009]
+3.3.212 Signal.
+3.3.212.1 Alarm Signal. A signal indicating an emergency
+condition or an alert that requires action. [72, 2007]
+3.3.212.2 Fire Alarm Signal. A signal initiated by a fire
+alarm-initiating device such as a manual fire alarm box,
+automatic fire detector, waterflow switch, or other device in
+which activation is indicative of the presence of a fire or fire
+signature. [72, 2007]
+3.3.212.3 Supervisory Signal. A signal indicating the need
+for action in connection with the supervision of guard
+tours, the fire suppression systems or equipment, or the
+maintenance features of related systems. [72, 2007]
+3.3.212.4 Trouble Signal. A signal initiated by a system or
+device indicative of a fault in a monitored circuit, system, or
+component. [72, 2007]
+3.3.213 Simple Asphyxiant Gas.See 3.3.126.16.
+3.3.214 Smoke Alarm. A single or multiple station alarm re-
+sponsive to smoke. [72, 2007]
+3.3.215* Smoke Barrier.A continuous membrane, or a mem-
+brane with discontinuities created by protected openings,
+where such membrane is designed and constructed to restrict
+the movement of smoke. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.216 Smoke Compartment.See 3.3.59.2.
+3.3.217* Smoke Partition. A continuous membrane that is
+designed to form a barrier to limit the transfer of smoke.
+[101, 2009]
+3.3.218 Smoking. The use or carrying of a lighted pipe, cigar,
+cigarette, tobacco, or any other type of smoking substance.
+3.3.219 Smoking Area. See 3.3.13.11.
+3.3.220 Solid.
+3.3.220.1* Combustible Particulate Solid.A combustible solid
+material comprised of distinct particles or pieces, regardless
+of size, shape, or chemical composition, that is capable of be-
+ing pneumatically conveyed. [69, 2008]
+3.3.220.2* Flammable Solid. A solid substance, other than a
+substance defined as a blasting agent or explosive, that is
+liable to cause fire resulting from friction or retained heat
+from manufacture, that has an ignition temperature below
+212°F (100°C), or which burns so vigorously or persistently
+when ignited that it creates a serious hazard.
+3.3.221 Solid Shelving. Solid, slatted, and other types of
+shelving located within racks that obstruct sprinkler water
+penetration down through the racks.
+3.3.222 Special Use. See 3.3.249.3.
+3.3.223 Spray Area. See 3.3.13.12.
+3.3.224* Spray Booth. A power-ventilated enclosure for a
+spray application operation or process that confines and limits
+the escape of the material being sprayed, including vapors,
+mists, dusts, and residues that are produced by the spraying
+operation and conducts or directs these materials to an ex-
+haust system. [33, 2007]
+3.3.225* Spray Room. A power-ventilated fully enclosed room
+used exclusively for open spraying of flammable or combus-
+tible materials. [33, 2007]
+3.3.226 Standard Cubic Foot of Gas. Cubic foot of gas at
+14.7 psia (101 kPa) and 70°F (21°C). [55, 2005]
+3.3.227 Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP).A tempera-
+ture of 70°F (21°C) and a pressure of 1 atmosphere (14.7 psi or
+760 mm Hg).
+3.3.228 Standpipe System. See 3.3.238.10.
+3.3.229 Storage.
+3.3.229.1 Banded Tire Storage. Storage in which a number
+of tires are strapped together.
+3.3.229.2 Cartoned Storage. Storage consisting of corru-
+gated cardboard or paperboard containers that fully en-
+close the commodity.
+3.3.229.3 Detached Storage. Storage in a separate building
+or in an outside area located away from all structures.
+3.3.229.4 High-Piled Storage. Solid-piled, palletized, rack
+storage, bin box, and shelf storage in excess of 12 ft (3.7 m)
+in height. [13, 2007]
+3.3.229.5 Isolated Storage. Storage in a different storage
+room or in a separate and detached building located at a
+safe distance.
+3.3.229.6* Laced Tire Storage. Tires stored where the sides
+of the tires overlap, creating a woven or laced appearance.
+[See Figure A.34.8.1(g).] [13, 2007]
+3.3.229.7* Miscellaneous Tire Storage. The storage of rub-
+ber tires that is incidental to the main use of the building.
+Storage areas shall not exceed 2000 ft2 (186 m2). On-tread
+storage piles, regardless of storage method, shall not
+exceed 25 ft (7.6 m) in the direction of the wheel holes.
+Acceptable storage arrangements include (a) on-floor, on-
+side storage up to 12 ft (3.7 m) high; (b) on-floor, on-tread
+storage up to 5 ft (1.5 m) high; (c) double-row or multirow
+fixed or portable rack storage on-side or on-tread up to 5 ft
+(1.5 m) high; (d) single row fixed or portable rack storage
+on-side or on-tread up to 12 ft (3.7 m) high; and (e) laced
+tires in racks up to 5 ft (1.5 m) in height. [13, 2007]
+3.3.229.8 On-Side Tire Storage.Tires stored horizontally or
+flat. [13, 2007]
+3.3.229.9 On-Tread Tire Storage. Tires stored vertically or
+on their treads. [13, 2007]
+3.3.229.10 Palletized Tire Storage. Storage on portable
+racks of various types utilizing a conventional pallet as a
+base. [13, 2007]
+3.3.229.11 Segregated Storage. Storage located in the same
+room or inside area that is physically separated by distance
+from incompatible materials.
+3.3.229.12 Yard Storage. Storage of commodities in out-
+door areas.
+3.3.230 Storage Aids. Commodity storage devices, such as
+pallets, dunnage, separators, and skids. [13, 2007]
+1–43DEFINITIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.231* Store. As used in Chapter 65, a building classified as
+a mercantile occupancy that contains a variety of merchandise
+and that is not used primarily for the retail sales of consumer
+fireworks. [1124, 2006]
+3.3.232 Story. The portion of a building located between the
+upper surface of a floor and the upper surface of the floor or
+roof next above. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.232.1* Occupiable Story. A story occupied by people on
+a regular basis. [101, 2009]
+3.3.233 Street. A public thoroughfare that has been dedi-
+cated for vehicular use by the public and can be used for ac-
+cess by fire department vehicles. [101, 2009]
+3.3.234* StreetFloor. A story or floor level accessible from the
+street or from outside the building at the finished ground
+level, with the floor level at the main entrance located not
+more than three risers above or below the finished ground
+level, and arranged and utilized to qualify as the main floor.
+[101, 2009]
+3.3.235 Structural Element. The columns and girders, beams,
+trusses, joists, braced frames, moment-resistant frames, and verti-
+cal and lateral resisting elements, and other framing members
+that are designed to carry any portion of the dead or live load and
+lateral forces, that are essential to the stability of the building or
+structure. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.236* Structure. That which is built or constructed.
+[101, 2009]
+3.3.237 Summarily Abate. To immediately judge a condition
+to be a fire hazard to life or property and to order immediate
+correction of such condition.
+3.3.238 System. Several items of equipment assembled,
+grouped, or otherwise interconnected for the accomplish-
+ment of a purpose or function.
+3.3.238.1 Bulk Oxygen System. An assembly of equipment,
+such as oxygen storage containers, pressure regulators,
+pressure relief devices, vaporizers, manifolds, and inter-
+connecting piping, with a storage capacity of more than
+20,000 ft3 (scf) (566 m3) of oxygen including unconnected
+reserves on hand at the site. The bulk oxygen system termi-
+nates at the point where oxygen at service pressure first
+enters the supply line. The oxygen containers are either
+stationary or movable, and the oxygen is stored as a com-
+pressed gas or cryogenic fluid. [55, 2005]
+3.3.238.2 Central Station Service Fire Alarm System.A system
+or group of systems in which the operations of circuits and
+devices are transmitted automatically to, recorded in,
+maintained by, and supervised from a listed central station
+that has competent and experienced servers and operators
+who, upon receipt of a signal, take such action as required
+by NFPA 72. Such service is to be controlled and operated
+by a person, firm, or corporation whose business is the fur-
+nishing, maintaining, or monitoring of supervised fire
+alarm systems. [72, 2007]
+3.3.238.3 Compressed Gas System. An assembly of equip-
+ment designed to contain, distribute, or transport com-
+pressed gases. [318, 2009]
+3.3.238.4 Continuous Gas Detection System.A gas detection
+system in which the instrument is maintained in continu-
+ous operation and the interval between sampling of any
+point does not exceed 30 minutes. [55, 2005]
+3.3.238.5 Cylinder Containment System. A gastight recovery
+system comprised of equipment or devices that can be
+placed over a leak in a compressed gas container, thereby
+stopping or controlling the escape of gas from the leaking
+container. [55, 2005]
+3.3.238.6 Dedicated Smoke-Control System. A system that is
+intended for the purpose of smoke control only, which are
+separate systems of air moving and distribution equipment
+that do not function under normal building operating con-
+ditions.
+3.3.238.7 Fire Alarm System. A system or portion of a com-
+bination system that consists of components and circuits
+arranged to monitor and annunciate the status of fire
+alarm or supervisory signal-initiating devices and to initiate
+the appropriate response to those signals. [72, 2007]
+3.3.238.8 Fire Protection System. Any fire alarm device or
+system or fire-extinguishing device or system, or combina-
+tion thereof, that is designed and installed for detecting,
+controlling, or extinguishing a fire or otherwise alerting
+occupants, or the fire department, or both, that a fire has
+occurred. [1141, 2008]
+3.3.238.9 Nondedicated Smoke-Control System. A smoke-
+control system that shares components with some other
+system(s), such as the building HV AC system, which
+changes its mode of operation to achieve the smoke-
+control objective.
+3.3.238.10* Standpipe System. An arrangement of piping,
+valves, hose connections, and allied equipment installed in
+a building or structure, with the hose connections located
+in such a manner that water can be discharged in streams
+or spray patterns through attached hose and nozzles, for
+the purpose of extinguishing a fire, thereby protecting a
+building or structure and its contents in addition to pro-
+tecting the occupants. [14, 2007]
+3.3.238.11 Treatment System. An assembly of equipment
+capable of processing a hazardous gas and reducing the gas
+concentration to a predetermined level at the point of dis-
+charge from the system to the atmosphere. [55, 2005]
+3.3.238.12* Vapor Processing System. A system designed to
+capture and process vapors displaced during transfer or
+filling operations by use of mechanical or chemical means.
+[30, 2008]
+3.3.238.13* Vapor Recovery System. A system designed to
+capture and retain, without processing, vapors displaced
+during transfer or filling operations. [30, 2008]
+3.3.239 Tactics. The method of securing the objectives laid
+out in the strategy through the use of personnel and equip-
+ment to achieve optimum results.
+3.3.240 Tank.
+3.3.240.1 Aboveground Storage Tank. A horizontal or verti-
+cal tank that is listed and intended for fixed installation,
+without backfill, above or below grade and is used within
+the scope of its approval or listing. [30A, 2008]
+3.3.240.2 Aboveground Tank. A tank that is installed above
+grade, at grade, or below grade without backfill. [30, 2008]
+3.3.240.2.1 Protected Aboveground Tank. An atmospheric
+aboveground storage tank with integral secondary contain-
+ment and thermal insulation that has been evaluated for resis-
+1–44 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+tance to physical damage and for limiting the heat transferred
+to the primary tank when exposed to a hydrocarbon pool fire
+and is listed in accordance with ANSI/UL 2085,Standard for
+Protected Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liq-
+uids, or an equivalent test procedure. [30, 2008]
+3.3.240.3 ASME Tank. See 3.3.66.1, ASME Container.
+3.3.240.4 Portable Tank. Any vessel having a liquid capac-
+ity over 60 gal (230 L) intended for storing liquids and not
+intended for fixed installation. [30, 2008]
+3.3.240.5 Secondary Containment Tank. A tank that has an
+inner and outer wall with an interstitial space (annulus)
+between the walls and that has a means for monitoring the
+interstitial space for a leak. [30, 2008]
+3.3.240.6* Stationary Tank. A packaging designed prima-
+rily for stationary installations not intended for loading,
+unloading, or attachment to a transport vehicle as part of
+its normal operation in the process of use. [55, 2005]
+3.3.240.7 Storage Tank. Any vessel having a liquid capacity
+that exceeds 60 gal (230 L), is intended for fixed installa-
+tion, and is not used for processing. [30, 2008]
+3.3.241 Temporary Wiring. Approved wiring for power and
+lighting during a period of construction, remodeling, mainte-
+nance, repair, or demolition, and decorative lighting, carnival
+power and lighting, and similar purposes.
+3.3.242 Tire.
+3.3.242.1 Rubber Tires. Pneumatic tires for passenger au-
+tomobiles, aircraft, light and heavy trucks, trailers, farm
+equipment, construction equipment (off-the-road), and
+buses. [13, 2007]
+3.3.242.2 Scrap Tire. A tire that can no longer be used for
+its original purpose due to wear or damage.
+3.3.243 Toxic Material. See 3.3.161.11.
+3.3.244 Unauthorized Discharge.A release or emission of ma-
+terials in a manner that does not conform to the provisions of
+this Code or applicable public health and safety regulations.
+3.3.245 Unit Operation or Unit Process.A segment of a physi-
+cal or chemical process that might or might not be integrated
+with other segments to constitute the manufacturing se-
+quence. [30, 2008]
+3.3.246 Unit Process. See 3.3.245, Unit Operation or Unit
+Process.
+3.3.247 Unit (Vessel), Operating or Process.See 3.3.174.
+3.3.248 Unstable (Reactive) Material.See 3.3.161.12.
+3.3.249 Use.
+3.3.249.1* Closed System Use (Material). A solid or liquid
+hazardous material in a closed vessel or system that remains
+closed during normal operations where vapors emitted by
+the product are not liberated outside of the vessel or system
+and the product is not exposed to the atmosphere during
+normal operations, and all uses of compressed gases.
+[5000, 2009]
+3.3.249.2* Open System Use (Material). Use of a solid or
+liquid hazardous material in a vessel or system that is continu-
+ously open to the atmosphere during normal operations and
+where vapors are liberated, or the product is exposed to the
+atmosphere during normal operations. [5000, 2009]
+3.3.249.3 Special Use. A use that includes, but is not lim-
+ited to, events or occurrences during which life safety–
+threatening situations or fire hazards exist or are likely to
+exist as determined by the AHJ.
+3.3.250 Valve.
+3.3.250.1 Indicating Valve. A valve that has components
+that show if the valve is open or closed. Examples are out-
+side screw and yoke (OS&Y) gate valves and underground
+gate valves with indicator posts.
+3.3.250.2 Reduced Flow Valve. A valve equipped with a re-
+stricted flow orifice that is designed to reduce the maxi-
+mum flow from the valve under full flow conditions.
+3.3.250.3 Valve Outlet Cap or Plug.A removable device that
+forms a gastight seal on the outlet to the control valve that
+is provided on a source containing a compressed gas or
+cryogenic fluid. [55, 2005]
+3.3.250.4 Valve Protection Cap. A rigid, removable cover
+provided for container valve protection during handling,
+transportation, and storage. [55, 2005]
+3.3.250.5 Valve Protection Device. A device attached to the
+neck ring or body of a cylinder for the purpose of protect-
+ing the cylinder valve from being struck or from being
+damaged by the impact resulting from a fall or an object
+striking the cylinder.
+3.3.251* Vapor Pressure. The pressure, measured in pounds
+per square inch, absolute (psia), exerted by a liquid, as deter-
+mined by ASTM D 323,Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of
+Petroleum Products (Reid Method). [30, 2008]
+3.3.252 Vapor Processing System.See 3.3.238.12.
+3.3.253 Vapor Recovery System.See 3.3.238.13.
+3.3.254 Warehouse.
+3.3.254.1 General-Purpose Warehouse. A separate, detached
+building or portion of a building used only for warehousing-
+type operations and classified as a “storage — low hazard” or
+“storage — ordinary hazard” occupancy by the building code
+and by NFPA101, Life Safety Code.[ 30, 2008]
+3.3.254.2 Liquid Warehouse. A separate, detached building
+or an attached building that is used for warehousing-type op-
+erations for liquids and whose exterior wall comprises at least
+25 percent of the building perimeter. [30, 2008]
+3.3.255 Water Capacity. The amount of water at 60°F (16°C)
+required to fill a container. [58, 2008]
+3.3.256* Wharf. A structure at the shoreline that has a plat-
+form built along and parallel to a body of water with either an
+open deck or a superstructure. [307, 2006]
+3.3.257 Wildland/Urban Interface.The presence of structures
+in locations in which the AHJ determines that topographical fea-
+tures, vegetation fuel types, local weather conditions, and prevail-
+ing winds result in the potential for ignition of the structures
+within the area from flames and firebrands of a wildland fire.
+[1144,2008]
+3.3.258 WoodPanel. Board or sheet made from veneers, par-
+ticles, or fibers of wood and includes plywood, oriented
+strandboard, and similar wood products.
+3.3.259 Written Notice. A notification in writing delivered in
+person to the individual or parties intended, or delivered at,
+1–45DEFINITIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+or sent by certified or registered mail to, the last residential or
+business address of legal record.
+3.4 Special Performance-Based Definitions.
+3.4.1 Alternative Calculation Procedure.A calculation proce-
+dure that differs from the procedure originally employed by
+the design team but that provides predictions for the same
+variables of interest. [101, 2009]
+3.4.2 Analysis.
+3.4.2.1 Sensitivity Analysis. An analysis performed to deter-
+mine the degree to which a predicted output will vary given
+a specified change in an input parameter, usually in rela-
+tion to models. [5000, 2009]
+3.4.2.2 Uncertainty Analysis. An analysis performed to de-
+termine the degree to which a predicted value will vary.
+[5000, 2009]
+3.4.3 Data Conversion. The process of developing the input
+data set for the assessment method of choice. [101, 2009]
+3.4.4 Design Fire Scenario.See 3.4.9.1.
+3.4.5* Design Specification. A building characteristic and
+other conditions that are under the control of the design
+team. [5000, 2009]
+3.4.6 Design Team. A group of stakeholders including, but
+not limited to, representatives of the architect, client, and any
+pertinent engineers and other designers. [101, 2009]
+3.4.7* Exposure Fire. A fire that starts at a location that is
+remote from the area being protected and grows to expose
+that which is being protected. [101, 2009]
+3.4.8* FireModel. A structured approach to predicting one
+or more effects of a fire. [101, 2009]
+3.4.9* FireScenario. A set of conditions that defines the devel-
+opment of fire, the spread of combustion products throughout a
+building or portion of a building, the reactions of people to fire,
+and the effects of combustion products. [101, 2009]
+3.4.9.1 Design Fire Scenario. A fire scenario selected for
+evaluation of a proposed design. [914, 2007]
+3.4.10* Fuel Load. The total quantity of combustible contents
+of a building, space, or fire area. [5000, 2009]
+3.4.11 Incapacitation. A condition under which humans do
+not function adequately and become unable to escape unten-
+able conditions. [101, 2009]
+3.4.12 Input Data Specification.Information required by the
+verification method. [101, 2009]
+3.4.13 Occupant Characteristics.The abilities or behaviors of
+people before and during a fire. [101, 2009]
+3.4.14* Performance Criteria. Threshold values on measure-
+ment scales that are based on quantified performance objec-
+tives. [101, 2009]
+3.4.15* Proposed Design. A design developed by a design
+team and submitted to the authority having jurisdiction for
+approval. [101, 2009]
+3.4.16 Safe Location. A location remote or separated from
+the effects of a fire so that such effects no longer pose a threat.
+[101, 2009]
+3.4.17 Safety Factor. A factor applied to a predicted value to
+ensure that a sufficient safety margin is maintained. [101, 2009]
+3.4.18 Safety Margin. The difference between a predicted
+value and the actual value where a fault condition is expected.
+[101, 2009]
+3.4.19 Sensitivity Analysis.See 3.4.2.1.
+3.4.20 Stakeholder. An individual, or representative of same,
+having an interest in the successful completion of a project.
+[101, 2009]
+3.4.21 Uncertainty Analysis.See 3.4.2.2.
+3.4.22 Verification Method. A procedure or process used to
+demonstrate or confirm that the proposed design meets the
+specified criteria. [101, 2009]
+Chapter 4 General Requirements
+4.1* Goals and Objectives.
+4.1.1* Goals.The goals of this Code shall be to provide a rea-
+sonable level of safety, property protection, and public welfare
+from the hazards created by fire, explosion, and other hazard-
+ous conditions.
+4.1.2* Objectives. To achieve the goals stated in 4.1.1, the
+goals and objectives of 4.1.3 through 4.1.5 shall be used to
+determine the intent of this Code.
+4.1.3* Safety.This Code shall provide for life safety by reducing
+the probability of injury or death from fire, explosions, or
+events involving hazardous materials.
+4.1.3.1 Safety from Fire.
+4.1.3.1.1* Safety-from-Fire Goals.The fire safety goals of this
+Code shall be as follows:
+(1) To provide an environment for the occupants in a build-
+ing or facility and for the public near a building or facility
+that is reasonably safe from fire and similar emergencies
+(2) To protect fire fighters and emergency responders
+4.1.3.1.2 Safety-from-Fire Objectives.
+4.1.3.1.2.1 Buildings and facilities shall be designed, con-
+structed, and maintained to protect occupants who are not
+intimate with the initial fire development for the amount of
+time needed to evacuate, relocate, or defend in place.
+4.1.3.1.2.2* Buildings shall be designed and constructed to
+provide reasonable safety for fire fighters and emergency re-
+sponders during search and rescue operations.
+4.1.3.1.2.3 Buildings shall be designed, located, and con-
+structed to reasonably protect adjacent persons from injury or
+death as a result of a fire.
+4.1.3.1.2.4 Buildings shall be designed, located, and con-
+structed to provide reasonable access to the building for emer-
+gency responders.
+4.1.3.1.2.5* Operations shall be conducted at facilities in a
+safe manner that minimizes, reduces, controls, or mitigates
+the risk of fire injury or death for the operators, while protect-
+ing the occupants not intimate with initial fire development
+for the amount of time needed to evacuate, relocate, or de-
+fend in place.
+1–46 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
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+4.1.3.2 Safety During Building Use.
+4.1.3.2.1* Safety-During-Building-Use Goal. The safety-
+during-building-use goal of this Code shall be to provide an
+environment for the occupants of the building that is reason-
+ably safe during the normal use of the building.
+4.1.3.2.2 Safety-During-Building-Use Objectives.
+4.1.3.2.2.1 Buildings shall be designed and constructed to
+reduce the probability of death or injury of persons from fall-
+ing during normal use of the building.
+4.1.3.2.2.2 Buildings shall be designed and constructed to
+provide for reasonably safe crowd movement during emer-
+gency and nonemergency conditions.
+4.1.3.2.2.3 Buildings shall be designed and constructed to
+provide reasonable life safety for occupants and workers dur-
+ing construction and demolition.
+4.1.3.2.2.4 Buildings shall be designed and constructed to
+provide reasonable notification to occupants of fire and other
+emergency situations.
+4.1.3.2.2.5 Buildings shall be designed and constructed to
+provide reasonable signage and lighting to identify hazards,
+exits, means of egress, and other building safety features.
+4.1.3.3 Safety from Hazardous Materials.
+4.1.3.3.1 Safety-from-Hazardous-Materials Goal. The safety-
+from-hazardous-materials goal of this Code shall be to provide
+an environment for the occupants in a building or facility and
+to those adjacent to a building or facility that is reasonably safe
+from exposures to adverse affects from hazardous materials
+present therein.
+4.1.3.3.2 Safety-from-Hazardous-Materials Objectives.
+4.1.3.3.2.1 The storage, use, or handling of hazardous mate-
+rials in a building or facility shall be accomplished in a manner
+that provides a reasonable level of safety for occupants and for
+those adjacent to a building or facility from health hazards,
+illness, injury, or death during normal storage, use, or han-
+dling operations and conditions.
+4.1.3.3.2.2* The storage, use, or handling of hazardous mate-
+rials in a building or facility shall be accomplished in a manner
+that provides a reasonable level of safety for occupants and for
+those adjacent to a building or facility from illness, injury, or
+death due to the following conditions:
+(1) An unplanned release of the hazardous material
+(2) A fire impinging upon the hazardous material or the in-
+volvement of the material in a fire
+(3) The application of an external force on the hazardous
+material that is likely to result in an unsafe condition
+4.1.4 Property Protection.
+4.1.4.1 Property Protection Goal. The property protection
+goal of thisCode shall be to limit damage created by a fire, explo-
+sion, or event associated with hazardous materials to a reasonable
+level to the building or facility and adjacent property.
+4.1.4.2 Property Protection Objectives.
+4.1.4.2.1* Prevention of Ignition. The facility shall be de-
+signed, constructed, and maintained, and operations associ-
+ated with the facility shall be conducted, to prevent uninten-
+tional explosions and fires that result in failure of or damage
+to adjacent compartments, emergency life safety systems, adja-
+cent properties, adjacent outside storage, and the facility’s
+structural elements.
+4.1.4.2.2* Fire Spread and Explosions.In the event that a fire
+or explosion occurs, the building or facility shall be sited, de-
+signed, constructed, or maintained, and operations associated
+with the facility shall be conducted and protected, to reason-
+ably reduce the impact of unwanted fires and explosions on
+the adjacent compartments, emergency life safety systems, ad-
+jacent properties, adjacent outside storage, and the facility’s
+structural elements.
+4.1.4.2.3 Structural Integrity. The facility shall be designed,
+constructed, protected, and maintained, and operations associ-
+ated with the facility shall be conducted, to provide a reasonable
+level of protection for the facility, its contents, and adjacent prop-
+erties from building collapse due to a loss of structural integrity
+resulting from a fire.
+4.1.4.2.4 Hazardous Materials.The facility shall be designed,
+constructed, and maintained, and operations associated with
+the facility shall be conducted, to provide reasonable property
+protection from damage resulting from fires, explosions, and
+other unsafe conditions associated with the storage, use, and
+handling of hazardous materials therein.
+4.1.5 Public Welfare.
+4.1.5.1* Public Welfare Goal.The public welfare goal of this
+Code shall be to maintain a high probability that buildings and
+facilities that provide a public welfare role for a community
+continue to perform the function for their intended purpose
+following a fire, explosion, or hazardous materials event.
+4.1.5.2* Public Welfare Objective.Buildings and facilities that
+provide a public welfare role for a community shall be de-
+signed, constructed, maintained, and operated to provide rea-
+sonable assurance of continued function following a fire, ex-
+plosion, or hazardous materials event.
+4.2 Assumptions.
+4.2.1* Single Fire Source.
+4.2.1.1 The fire protection methods of this Code shall assume
+that multiple simultaneous fire incidents will not occur.
+4.2.1.2 The single fire source assumption shall not preclude
+the evaluation of multiple design fire scenarios as required by
+Section 5.4.
+4.2.2* Single Hazardous Material Release.
+4.2.2.1 The protection methods of thisCode shall assume that
+multiple simultaneous unauthorized releases of hazardous
+materials from different locations will not occur.
+4.2.2.2 The single hazardous material release assumption
+shall not preclude the evaluation of multiple design scenarios
+as required by Section 5.4.
+4.2.3* Incidents Impinging on Hazardous Materials.The pro-
+tection methods of thisCode shall assume that a fire, explosion,
+hazardous materials release, or external force that creates a dan-
+gerous condition has the potential to impinge on hazardous ma-
+terials being stored, handled, or used in the building or facility
+under normal conditions.(See Section 5.4 for performance-based de-
+sign scenarios.)
+1–47GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
+2009 Edition
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+4.3 Compliance Options.Compliance with the goals and ob-
+jectives of Section 4.1 shall be provided in accordance with
+either of the following:
+(1) The prescriptive-based provisions per 4.3.1
+(2) The performance-based provisions per 4.3.2
+4.3.1 Prescriptive-Based Option.
+4.3.1.1 A prescriptive-based option shall be in accordance
+with Chapter 1 through Chapter 4 and Chapter 10 through
+Chapter 73 of this Code.
+4.3.1.2 Where specific requirements contained in Chapter 20
+for occupancies differ from general requirements contained
+in Chapter 1 through Chapter 4 and Chapter 10 through
+Chapter 73, the requirements of Chapter 20 shall govern.
+4.3.2 Performance-Based Option.
+4.3.2.1 A performance-based option shall be in accordance
+with Chapter 1 through Chapter 5 of this Code.
+4.3.2.2 Prescriptive requirements shall be permitted to be
+used as part of the performance approach, if they, in conjunc-
+tion with the performance features, meet the overall goals and
+objectives of this Code.
+4.4 Fundamental Requirements.
+4.4.1 Multiple Safeguards.
+4.4.1.1 The design of every building or structure intended
+for human occupancy shall be such that reliance for property
+protection and safety to life does not depend solely on any
+single safeguard.
+4.4.1.2 Additional safeguard(s) shall be provided for prop-
+erty protection and life safety in the event that any single safe-
+guard is ineffective due to inappropriate human actions,
+building failure, or system failure.
+4.4.2 Appropriateness of Safeguards.Every building or struc-
+ture shall be provided with means of egress and other safe-
+guards of the kinds, numbers, locations, and capacities appro-
+priate to the individual building or structure, with due regard
+to the following:
+(1) Characteristics of the occupancy
+(2) Capabilities of the occupants
+(3) Number of persons exposed
+(4) Fire protection available
+(5) Capabilities of response personnel
+(6) Height and type of construction of the building or structure
+(7) Other factors necessary to provide occupants with a rea-
+sonable degree of safety
+(8) Other factors necessary to protect the building and con-
+tents from damage
+4.4.3 Means of Egress.
+4.4.3.1 Unobstructed Egress.
+4.4.3.1.1 In every occupied building or structure, means of
+egress from all parts of the building shall be maintained free
+and unobstructed.
+4.4.3.1.2 No lock or fastening shall be permitted that pre-
+vents free escape from the inside of any building other than in
+health care occupancies and detention and correctional occu-
+pancies where staff are continually on duty and effective pro-
+visions are made to remove occupants in case of fire or other
+emergency.
+4.4.3.1.3 Means of egress shall be accessible to the extent
+necessary to ensure reasonable safety for occupants having im-
+paired mobility.
+4.4.3.2 Awareness of Egress System.
+4.4.3.2.1 Every exit shall be clearly visible, or the route to
+reach every exit shall be conspicuously indicated.
+4.4.3.2.2 Each means of egress, in its entirety, shall be ar-
+ranged or marked so that the way to a place of safety is indi-
+cated in a clear manner.
+4.4.3.2.3 Lighting. Illumination of means of egress shall be
+provided. [See 5.3.4(10).]
+4.4.4* Occupant Notification.In every building or structure of
+such size, arrangement, or occupancy that a fire itself could
+not provide adequate occupant warning, fire alarm systems
+shall be provided where necessary to warn occupants of the
+existence of fire.
+4.4.5 Vertical Openings.Every vertical opening between the
+floors of a building shall be suitably enclosed or protected, as
+necessary, to provide the following:
+(1) Reasonable safety to occupants while using the means of
+egress by preventing spread of fire, smoke, or fumes
+through vertical openings from floor to floor to allow oc-
+cupants to complete their use of the means of egress
+(2) Limitation of damage to the buildings and its contents
+4.4.6 System Design/Installation.Any fire protection system,
+building service equipment, feature of protection, or safe-
+guard provided to achieve the goals of this Code shall be de-
+signed, installed, and approved in accordance with applicable
+codes and standards referenced in Chapter 2.
+4.5 General Requirements.
+4.5.1 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).
+4.5.1.1 The AHJ shall determine whether the provisions of
+this Code are met.
+4.5.1.2 Where it is evident that a reasonable degree of safety
+is provided, any requirement shall be permitted to be modi-
+fied if its application would be hazardous under normal occu-
+pancy conditions in the judgment of the AHJ.
+4.5.2 Historic Structures and Cultural Resource Buildings.
+The provisions of this Code shall be permitted to be modified
+by the AHJ for buildings or structures identified and classified
+as historic structures in accordance with Section 20.17.
+4.5.3 Provisions in Excess ofCode Requirements. Nothing in
+this Code shall be construed to prohibit a better type of
+building construction, an additional means of egress, or an
+otherwise safer condition than that specified by the mini-
+mum requirements of this Code.
+4.5.4 Conditions for Occupancy.No new construction or ex-
+isting building shall be occupied in whole or in part in vio-
+lation of the provisions of this Code unless the following
+conditions exist:
+(1) A plan of correction has been approved.
+(2) The occupancy classification remains the same.
+(3) No serious life safety hazard exists as judged by the AHJ.
+4.5.5 Warrant of Fitness.
+4.5.5.1 Where compliance with this Code is effected by means
+of a performance-based design, the owner shall annually cer-
+tify compliance with the conditions and limitations of the de-
+sign by submitting a warrant of fitness acceptable to the AHJ.
+1–48 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
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+4.5.5.2 The warrant of fitness shall attest that the building fea-
+tures, systems, and use have been inspected and confirmed to
+remain consistent with design specifications outlined in the
+documentation required by 5.1.8 and 5.7.3 and that they con-
+tinue to satisfy the goals and objectives specified in Section 4.1.
+(See 5.1.11.)
+4.5.6 Construction, Repair, and Improvement Operations.
+4.5.6.1 Buildings or portions of buildings shall be permitted
+to be occupied during construction, repair, alterations, or ad-
+ditions only where required means of egress and required fire
+protection features are in place and continuously maintained
+for the portion occupied or where alternative life safety mea-
+sures and building protection measures acceptable to the AHJ
+are in place.
+4.5.6.2 Escape Facilities.
+4.5.6.2.1 In buildings under construction, adequate escape
+facilities shall be maintained at all times for the use of con-
+struction workers.
+4.5.6.2.2 Escape facilities shall consist of doors, walkways,
+stairs, ramps, fire escapes, ladders, or other approved means
+or devices arranged in accordance with the general principles
+of the Code insofar as they can reasonably be applied to build-
+ings under construction.
+4.5.6.3 Flammable, hazardous, or explosive substances or
+equipment for repairs or alterations shall be permitted in a
+building while the building is occupied if the condition of use
+and safeguards provided do not create any additional danger
+or impediment to egress beyond the normally permissible
+conditions in the building and is such that materials are safe-
+guarded when the building is unoccupied.
+4.5.7* Changes of Occupancy.
+4.5.7.1 In any building or structure, whether or not a physical
+alteration is needed, a change from one occupancy classifica-
+tion to another shall be permitted only where such a structure,
+building, or portion thereof conforms with the requirements
+of this Code that apply to new construction for the proposed
+new use, except as follows:
+(1) Where, in the opinion of the AHJ, the proposed occupancy
+or change in use is not more hazardous than the existing
+use, based on life safety and fire risk, the AHJ shall be permit-
+ted to approve such change of occupancy provided compli-
+ance with the requirements of thisCode for buildings of like
+occupancy or use are specifically incorporated to safeguard
+the life, health, and welfare of persons.
+(2) Change of tenants or ownership shall not be construed to be
+a change of occupancy classification where the nature of use
+and assigned occupancy classification remain the same.
+4.5.7.2 Where specifically permitted elsewhere in the Code,
+existing construction features shall be permitted to be contin-
+ued in use in conversions.
+4.5.8 Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing.
+4.5.8.1 Whenever or wherever any device, equipment, sys-
+tem, condition, arrangement, level of protection, fire-resistive
+construction, or any other feature is required for compliance
+with the provisions of this Code, such device, equipment, sys-
+tem, condition, arrangement, level of protection, fire-resistive
+construction, or other feature shall thereafter be continuously
+maintained. Maintenance shall be provided in accordance
+with applicable NFPA requirements or requirements devel-
+oped as part of a performance-based design, or as directed by
+the AHJ. [101:4.6.13.1]
+4.5.8.2 No existing life safety feature shall be removed or
+reduced where such feature is a requirement for new con-
+struction. [101:4.6.13.2]
+4.5.8.3* Existing life safety features obvious to the public, if
+not required by the Code, shall be either maintained or re-
+moved. [101:4.6.13.3]
+4.5.8.4* Existing life safety features that exceed the require-
+ments for new buildings shall be permitted to be decreased to
+those required for new buildings. [101:4.6.8.4]
+4.5.8.5* Existing life safety features that do not meet the re-
+quirements for new buildings, but that exceed the require-
+ments for existing buildings, shall not be further diminished.
+[101:4.6.8.5]
+4.5.8.6 Any device, equipment, system, condition, arrange-
+ment, level of protection, fire-resistive construction, or any
+other feature requiring periodic testing, inspection, or opera-
+tion to ensure its maintenance shall be tested, inspected, or
+operated as specified elsewhere in this Code or as directed by
+the AHJ. [101:4.6.13.4]
+4.5.8.7 Maintenance, inspection, and testing shall be per-
+formed under the supervision of a responsible person who
+shall ensure that testing, inspection, and maintenance are
+made at specified intervals in accordance with applicable
+NFPA standards or as directed by the AHJ. [101:4.6.13.5]
+Chapter 5 Performance-Based Option
+5.1* General.
+5.1.1 Application. The requirements of this chapter shall ap-
+ply to facilities designed to the performance-based option per-
+mitted by Section 4.3.
+5.1.2 Goals and Objectives.The performance-based design
+shall meet the goals and objectives of this Code in accordance
+with Section 4.1 and Section 4.2.
+5.1.3* Approved Qualifications.The performance-based de-
+sign shall be prepared by a person with qualifications accept-
+able to the AHJ.
+5.1.4* Plan Submittal Documentation.When a performance-
+based design is submitted to the AHJ for review and approval,
+the owner shall document, in an approved format, each per-
+formance objective and applicable scenario, including any cal-
+culation methods or models used in establishing the proposed
+design’s fire and life safety performance.
+5.1.5* Independent Review.The AHJ shall be permitted to
+require an approved, independent third party to review the
+proposed design and provide an evaluation of the design to
+the AHJ at the expense of the owner.
+5.1.6 Sources of Data.Data sources shall be identified and
+documented for each input data requirement that is required
+to be met using a source other than a required design sce-
+nario, an assumption, or a facility design specification.
+5.1.6.1 The degree of conservatism reflected in such data
+shall be specified, and a justification for the source shall be
+provided.
+1–49PERFORMANCE-BASED OPTION
+2009 Edition
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+5.1.6.2 Copies of all references relied upon by the
+performance-based design to support assumptions, design fea-
+tures, or any other part of the design shall be made available to
+the AHJ if requested.
+5.1.7 Final Determination.The AHJ shall make the final de-
+termination as to whether the performance objectives have
+been met.
+5.1.8* Operations and Maintenance Manual. An approved
+Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Manual shall be pro-
+vided by the owner to the AHJ and the fire department and
+shall be maintained at the facility in an approved location.
+5.1.9* Information Transfer to the Fire Service. Where a
+performance-based design is approved and used, the designer
+shall ensure that information regarding the operating proce-
+dures of the performance-based designed fire protection sys-
+tem is transferred to the owner and to the local fire service for
+inclusion in the pre-fire plan.
+5.1.10* Design Feature Maintenance.
+5.1.10.1 The design features required for the facility to meet
+the performance goals and objectives shall be maintained by
+the owner and be readily accessible to the AHJ for the life of
+the facility.
+5.1.10.2 The facility shall be maintained in accordance with
+all documented assumptions and design specifications.
+5.1.10.2.1 Any proposed changes or variations from the ap-
+proved design shall be approved by the AHJ prior to the actual
+change.
+5.1.10.2.2 Any approved changes to the original design shall
+be maintained in the same manner as the original design.
+5.1.11* Annual Certification.Where a performance-based de-
+sign is approved and used, the property owner shall annually
+certify that the design features and systems have been main-
+tained in accordance with the approved original performance-
+based design and assumptions and any subsequent approved
+changes or modifications to the original performance-based
+design.
+5.1.12 Hazardous Materials.
+5.1.12.1 Performance-based designs for facilities containing
+high hazard contents shall identify the properties of hazard-
+ous materials to be stored, used, or handled and shall provide
+adequate and reliable safeguards to accomplish the following
+objectives, considering both normal operations and possible
+abnormal conditions:
+(1) Minimize the potential occurrence of unwanted re-
+leases, fire, or other emergency incidents resulting from
+the storage, use, or handling of hazardous materials
+(2) Minimize the potential failure of buildings, equipment,
+or processes involving hazardous materials by ensuring
+that such buildings, equipment, or processes are reliably
+designed and are suitable for the hazards present
+(3) Minimize the potential exposure of people or property
+to unsafe conditions or events involving an unintended
+reaction or release of hazardous materials
+(4) Minimize the potential for an unintentional reaction that
+results in a fire, explosion, or other dangerous condition
+(5) Provide a means to contain, treat, neutralize, or other-
+wise handle plausible releases of hazardous materials to
+minimize the potential for adverse impacts to persons or
+property outside of the immediate area of a release
+(6) Provide appropriate safeguards to minimize the risk of
+and limit damage and injury that could result from an
+explosion involving hazardous materials that present ex-
+plosion hazards
+(7) Detect hazardous levels of gases or vapors that are dan-
+gerous to health and alert appropriate persons or miti-
+gate the hazard when the physiological warning proper-
+ties for such gases or vapors are inadequate to warn of
+danger prior to personal injury
+(8) Maintain power to provide for continued operation of
+safeguards and important systems that are relied upon to
+prevent or control an emergency condition involving
+hazardous materials
+(9) Maintain ventilation where ventilation is relied upon to
+minimize the risk of emergency conditions involving
+hazardous materials
+(10) Minimize the potential for exposing combustible haz-
+ardous materials to unintended sources of ignition and
+for exposing any hazardous material to fire or physical
+damage that can lead to endangerment of people or
+property
+5.1.12.2 A process hazard analysis and off-site consequence
+analysis shall be conducted when required by the AHJ to en-
+sure that people and property are satisfactorily protected from
+potentially dangerous conditions involving hazardous materi-
+als. The results of such analyses shall be considered when de-
+termining active and passive mitigation measures used in ac-
+complishing the objectives of 4.1.3.3.2 and 4.1.4.2.
+5.1.12.3 Written procedures for pre-start-up safety reviews,
+normal and emergency operations, management of change,
+emergency response, and accident investigation shall be devel-
+oped prior to beginning operations at a facility designed in
+accordance with Section 5.1. Such procedures shall be devel-
+oped with the participation of employees.
+5.1.13 Special Definitions.A list of special terms used in this
+chapter shall be as follows:
+(1) Design Fire Scenario. (See 3.4.9.1.)
+(2) Design Specification. (See 3.4.5.)
+(3) Design Team. (See 3.4.6.)
+(4) Exposure Fire. (See 3.4.7.)
+(5) Fire Model. (See 3.4.8.)
+(6) Fire Scenario. (See 3.4.9.)
+(7) Fuel Load. (See 3.4.10.)
+(8) Input Data Specification. (See 3.4.12.)
+(9) Occupant Characteristics. (See 3.4.13.)
+(10) Performance Criteria. (See 3.4.14.)
+(11) Proposed Design. (See 3.4.15.)
+(12) Safety Factor. (See 3.4.17.)
+(13) Safety Margin. (See 3.4.18.)
+(14) Sensitivity Analysis. (See 3.4.2.1.)
+(15) Stakeholder. (See 3.4.20.)
+(16) Uncertainty Analysis. (See 3.4.2.2.)
+(17) Verification Method. (See 3.4.22.)
+5.2 Performance Criteria.
+5.2.1 General. A design shall meet the objectives specified
+in Section 4.1 if, for each required design scenario, assump-
+tion, and design specification, the performance criteria of
+5.2.2 are met.
+5.2.2* Specific Performance Criteria.
+5.2.2.1* Fire Conditions. No occupant who is not intimate
+with ignition shall be exposed to instantaneous or cumulative
+untenable conditions.
+1–50 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+5.2.2.2* Explosion Conditions.The facility design shall pro-
+vide an acceptable level of safety for occupants and for indi-
+viduals immediately adjacent to the property from the effects
+of unintentional detonation or deflagration.
+5.2.2.3* Hazardous Materials Exposure.The facility design
+shall provide an acceptable level of safety for occupants and
+for individuals immediately adjacent to the property from the
+effects of an unauthorized release of hazardous materials or
+the unintentional reaction of hazardous materials.
+5.2.2.4* Property Protection.The facility design shall limit the
+effects of all required design scenarios from causing an unac-
+ceptable level of property damage.
+5.2.2.5* Public Welfare.For facilities that serve a public wel-
+fare role as defined in 4.1.5, the facility design shall limit the
+effects of all required design scenarios from causing an unac-
+ceptable interruption of the facility’s mission.
+5.2.2.6 Occupant Protection from Untenable Conditions.
+Means shall be provided to evacuate, relocate, or defend in
+place occupants not intimate with ignition for sufficient time
+so that they are not exposed to instantaneous or cumulative
+untenable conditions from smoke, heat, or flames.
+5.2.2.7 Emergency Responder Protection.Buildings shall be
+designed and constructed to reasonably prevent structural
+failure under fire conditions for sufficient time to enable fire
+fighters and emergency responders to conduct search and res-
+cue operations.
+5.2.2.8 Occupant Protection from Structural Failure.Build-
+ings shall be designed and constructed to reasonably prevent
+structural failure under fire conditions for sufficient time to
+protect the occupants.
+5.3 Retained Prescriptive Requirements.
+5.3.1 Systems and Features.All fire protection systems and
+features of the building shall comply with applicable NFPA
+standards for those systems and features.
+5.3.2 Electrical Systems.Electrical systems shall comply with
+applicable NFPA standards for those systems.
+5.3.3 General. The design shall comply with the following re-
+quirements in addition to the performance criteria of Section 5.2
+and the methods of Section 5.4 through Section 5.7:
+(1) Fundamental requirements in Section 10.1
+(2) Fire drills in Section 10.6
+(3) Smoking in Section 10.10
+(4) Open Flame, Candles, Open Fires, and Incinerators in
+Section 10.11
+(5) Fire department access in 18.2.3
+Exception: A performance-based design shall be permitted subject to
+acceptance by the AHJ where local conditions do not permit compliance
+with Section 18.2.
+(6) Access to structures or areas in Section 18.2
+(7) Fire protection markings in Section 10.12
+(8) Vacant buildings and premises in Section 10.13
+(9) Combustible vegetation in Section 10.14
+(10) Safeguards during building construction, alteration,
+and demolition operations in Chapter 16
+5.3.4 Means of Egress.The design shall comply with the fol-
+lowing NFPA101, Life Safety Code, requirements in addition to
+the performance criteria of Section 5.2 and the methods of
+Section 5.4 through Section 5.7:
+(1) Changes in level in means of egress: 7.1.7 of NFPA 101
+(2) Guards: 7.1.8 of NFPA 101
+(3) Doors: 7.2.1 of NFPA 101
+(4) Stairs: 7.2.2 of NFPA 101
+Exception: The provisions of 7.2.2.5.1, 7.2.2.5.2, 7.2.2.6.2,
+7.2.2.6.3, and 7.2.2.6.4 of NFPA 101 shall be exempted.
+(5) Ramps: 7.2.5 of NFPA 101
+Exception: The provisions of 7.2.5.3.1, 7.2.5.5, and 7.2.5.6.1 of
+NFPA 101 shall be exempted.
+(6) Fire escape ladders: 7.2.9 of NFPA 101
+(7) Alternating tread devices: 7.2.11 of NFPA 101
+(8) Capacity of means of egress: Section 7.3 of NFPA 101
+Exception: The provisions of 7.3.3 and 7.3.4 of NFPA 101 shall be
+exempted.
+(9) Impediments to egress: 7.5.2 of NFPA 101
+(10) Illumination of means of egress: Section 7.8 of NFPA101
+(11) Emergency lighting: Section 7.9 of NFPA 101
+(12) Marking of means of egress: Section 7.10 of NFPA 101
+5.3.5 Equivalency.Equivalent designs for the features covered
+in the retained prescriptive requirements mandated by 5.3.1
+through 5.3.4 shall be addressed in accordance with the
+equivalency provisions of Section 1.4.
+5.4* Design Scenarios.
+5.4.1 General.
+5.4.1.1 The proposed design shall be considered to meet the
+goals and objectives if it achieves the performance criteria for
+each required design scenario. The AHJ shall approve the pa-
+rameters involved with required design scenarios.
+5.4.1.2* Design scenarios shall be evaluated for each required
+scenario using a method acceptable to the AHJ and appropriate
+for the conditions. Each scenario shall be as challenging and re-
+alistic as any that could realistically occur in the building.
+5.4.1.3* Scenarios selected as design scenarios shall include,
+but not be limited to, those specified in 5.4.2 through 5.4.5.
+5.4.1.3.1 Design fire scenarios demonstrated by the design
+team to the satisfaction of the AHJ as inappropriate for the
+building use and conditions shall not be required to be evalu-
+ated fully.
+5.4.1.3.2 Fire Design Scenario 8 (see 5.4.2.8) shall not be re-
+quired to be applied to fire protection systems or features for
+which both the level of reliability and the design performance
+in the absence of the system or feature are acceptable to the
+AHJ.
+5.4.1.4 Each design scenario used in the performance-based
+design proposal shall be translated into input data specifica-
+tions, as appropriate for the calculation method or model.
+5.4.1.5 Any design scenario specifications that the design
+analyses do not explicitly address or incorporate and that are,
+therefore, omitted from input data specifications shall be
+identified, and a sensitivity analysis of the consequences of
+that omission shall be performed.
+5.4.1.6 Any design scenario specifications modified in input
+data specifications, because of limitations in test methods or
+other data generation procedures, shall be identified, and a
+1–51PERFORMANCE-BASED OPTION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+sensitivity analysis of the consequences of the modification
+shall be performed.
+5.4.2 Required Design Scenarios — Fire.
+5.4.2.1* Fire Design Scenario 1.Fire Design Scenario 1 involves
+an occupancy-specific design scenario representative of a typical
+fire for the occupancy.
+5.4.2.1.1 This design scenario shall explicitly account for the
+following:
+(1) Occupant activities
+(2) Number and location
+(3) Room size
+(4) Furnishings and contents
+(5) Fuel properties and ignition sources
+(6) Ventilation conditions
+5.4.2.1.2 The first item ignited and its location shall be ex-
+plicitly defined.
+5.4.2.2* Fire Design Scenario 2.Fire Design Scenario 2 involves
+an ultrafast-developing fire in the primary means of egress with
+interior doors open at the start of the fire. This design scenario
+shall address the concern regarding a reduction in the number
+of available means of egress.
+5.4.2.3* Fire Design Scenario 3.Fire Design Scenario 3 involves
+a fire that starts in a normally unoccupied room that can poten-
+tially endanger a large number of occupants in a large room or
+other area. This design scenario shall address the concern re-
+garding a fire starting in a normally unoccupied room and mi-
+grating into the space that can, potentially, hold the greatest
+number of occupants in the building.
+5.4.2.4* Fire Design Scenario 4.Fire Design Scenario 4 involves
+a fire that originates in a concealed wall or ceiling space adjacent
+to a large occupied room. This design scenario shall address the
+concern regarding a fire originating in a concealed space that
+does not have either a detection system or suppression system
+and then spreading into the room within the building that can,
+potentially, hold the greatest number of occupants.
+5.4.2.5* Fire Design Scenario 5.Fire Design Scenario 5 involves
+a slow-developing fire, shielded from fire protection systems, in
+close proximity to a high occupancy area. This design scenario
+shall address the concern regarding a relatively small ignition
+source causing a significant fire.
+5.4.2.6* Fire Design Scenario 6.Fire Design Scenario 6 involves
+the most severe fire resulting from the largest possible fuel load
+characteristic of the normal operation of the building. This de-
+sign scenario shall address the concern regarding a rapidly devel-
+oping fire with occupants present.
+5.4.2.7* Fire Design Scenario 7.Fire Design Scenario 7 involves
+an outside exposure fire. This design scenario shall address the
+concern regarding a fire starting at a location remote from the
+area of concern and either spreading into the area, blocking es-
+cape from the area, or developing untenable conditions within
+the area.
+5.4.2.8* Fire Design Scenario 8.Fire Design Scenario 8 involves
+a fire originating in ordinary combustibles in a room or area with
+each passive or active fire protection system or feature indepen-
+dently rendered ineffective. This set of design scenarios shall ad-
+dress concerns regarding each fire protection system or fire pro-
+tection feature, considered individually, being unreliable or
+becoming unavailable. This scenario shall not be required to be
+applied to fire protection systems or features for which both the
+level of reliability and the design performance in the absence of
+the system are acceptable to the AHJ.
+5.4.3 Required Design Scenarios — Explosion.
+5.4.3.1* Explosion Design Scenario 1.
+5.4.3.1.1 Explosion Design Scenario 1 is the detonation or
+deflagration of explosive materials being manufactured,
+stored, handled, or used in a facility.
+5.4.3.1.2 Explosion Design Scenario 1 shall address the con-
+cern regarding safety of individuals not intimate with the ex-
+plosion and property protection of adjacent properties and
+buildings.
+5.4.4* Required Design Scenarios — Hazardous Materials.
+5.4.4.1 Hazardous Materials Design Scenario 1.Hazardous
+Materials Design Scenario 1 involves an unauthorized release
+of hazardous materials from a single control area. This design
+scenario shall address the concern regarding the spread of
+hazardous conditions from the point of release.
+5.4.4.2 Hazardous Materials Design Scenario 2.Hazardous
+Materials Design Scenario 2 involves an exposure fire on a
+location where hazardous materials are stored, used, handled,
+or dispensed. This design scenario shall address the concern
+regarding how a fire in a facility affects the safe storage, han-
+dling, or use of hazardous materials.
+5.4.4.3 Hazardous Materials Design Scenario 3.Hazardous
+Materials Design Scenario 3 involves the application of an ex-
+ternal factor to the hazardous material that is likely to result in
+a fire, explosion, toxic release, or other unsafe condition. This
+design scenario shall address the concern regarding the initia-
+tion of a hazardous materials event by the application of heat,
+shock, impact, or water onto a hazardous material being
+stored, used, handled, or dispensed in the facility.
+5.4.4.4 Hazardous Materials Design Scenario 4.
+5.4.4.4.1 Hazardous Materials Design Scenario 4 involves an
+unauthorized discharge with each protection system indepen-
+dently rendered ineffective. This set of design hazardous ma-
+terials scenarios shall address concern regarding each protec-
+tion system or protection feature, considered individually,
+being unreliable or becoming unavailable.
+5.4.4.4.2* Hazardous Materials Design Scenario 4 shall not be
+required to be applied to protection systems or features for
+which both the level of reliability and the design performance
+in the absence of the system are acceptable to the AHJ.
+5.4.5 Required Design Scenarios — Safety During Building Use.
+5.4.5.1* Building Use Design Scenario 1.Building Use Design
+Scenario 1 involves an event in which the maximum occupant
+load is in the assembly building and an emergency event occurs
+blocking the principal exit/entrance to the building. This design
+scenario shall address the concern of occupants having to take
+alternative exit routes under crowded conditions.
+5.4.5.2 Building Use Design Scenario 2.Building Use Design
+Scenario 2 involves a fire in an area of a building undergoing
+construction or demolition while the remainder of the build-
+ing is occupied. The normal fire suppression system in the
+area undergoing construction or demolition has been taken
+out of service. This design scenario shall address the concern
+regarding the inoperability of certain building fire safety fea-
+tures during construction and demolition in a partially occu-
+pied building.
+1–52 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+5.5 Evaluation of Proposed Designs.
+5.5.1 General.
+5.5.1.1 A proposed design’s performance shall be assessed
+relative to each performance objective in Section 4.1 and each
+applicable scenario in Section 5.4, with the assessment con-
+ducted through the use of appropriate calculation methods.
+5.5.1.2 The choice of assessment methods shall require the
+approval of the AHJ.
+5.5.2 Use. The design professional shall use the assessment
+methods to demonstrate that the proposed design achieves
+the goals and objectives, as measured by the performance cri-
+teria in light of the safety margins and uncertainty analysis, for
+each scenario, given the assumptions.
+5.5.3 Input Data.
+5.5.3.1 Data.
+5.5.3.1.1 Input data for computer fire models shall be ob-
+tained in accordance with ASTM E 1591, Standard Guide for
+Data for Fire Models.
+5.5.3.1.2 Data for use in analytical models that are not
+computer-based fire models shall be obtained using appropri-
+ate measurement, recording, and storage techniques to en-
+sure the applicability of the data to the analytical method be-
+ing used.
+5.5.3.2 Data Requirements.A complete listing of input data
+requirements for all models, engineering methods, and other
+calculation or verification methods required or proposed as
+part of the performance-based design shall be provided.
+5.5.3.3 Uncertainty and Conservatism of Data.Uncertainty in
+input data shall be analyzed and, as determined appropriate
+by the AHJ, addressed through the use of conservative values.
+5.5.4 Output Data.The assessment methods used shall accu-
+rately and appropriately produce the required output data
+from input data based on the design specifications, assump-
+tions, and scenarios.
+5.5.5 Validity.Evidence shall be provided confirming that the
+assessment methods are valid and appropriate for the pro-
+posed facility, use, and conditions.
+5.6* Safety Factors.Approved safety factors shall be included
+in the design methods and calculations to reflect uncertainty
+in the assumptions, data, and other factors associated with the
+performance-based design.
+5.7 Documentation Requirements.
+5.7.1* General.
+5.7.1.1 All aspects of the design, including those described in
+5.7.2 through 5.7.14, shall be documented.
+5.7.1.2 The format and content of the documentation shall
+be acceptable to the AHJ.
+5.7.2* Technical References and Resources.
+5.7.2.1 The AHJ shall be provided with sufficient documenta-
+tion to support the validity, accuracy, relevance, and precision
+of the proposed methods.
+5.7.2.2 The engineering standards, calculation methods, and
+other forms of scientific information provided shall be appro-
+priate for the particular application and methodologies used.
+5.7.3 Facility Design Specifications. All details of the pro-
+posed facility design that affect the ability of the facility to
+meet the stated goals and objectives shall be documented.
+5.7.4 Performance Criteria.Performance criteria, with sources,
+shall be documented.
+5.7.5 Occupant Characteristics.Assumptions about occupant
+characteristics shall be documented.
+5.7.6 Design Scenarios. Descriptions of design hazards sce-
+narios shall be documented.
+5.7.7 Input Data.Input data to models and assessment meth-
+ods, including sensitivity analysis, shall be documented.
+5.7.8 Output Data.Output data from models and assessment
+methods, including sensitivity analysis, shall be documented.
+5.7.9 Safety Factors.Safety factors utilized shall be documented.
+5.7.10 Prescriptive Requirements. Retained prescriptive re-
+quirements shall be documented.
+5.7.11* Modeling Features.
+5.7.11.1 Assumptions made by the model user, and descrip-
+tions of models and methods used, including known limita-
+tions, shall be documented.
+5.7.11.2 Documentation shall be provided that the assess-
+ment methods have been used validly and appropriately to
+address the design specifications, assumptions, and scenarios.
+5.7.12 Evidence of Modeler Capability.The design team’s rel-
+evant experience with the models, test methods, databases,
+and other assessment methods used in the performance-based
+design proposal shall be documented.
+5.7.13 Performance Evaluation.The performance evaluation
+summary shall be documented.
+5.7.14 Use of Performance-Based Design Option. Design
+proposals shall include documentation that provides anyone
+involved in ownership or management of the facility with all of
+the following notification:
+(1) The facility was approved as a performance-based design
+with certain specified design criteria and assumptions.
+(2) Any remodeling, modification, renovation, change in use,
+or change in the established assumptions requires a re-
+evaluation and re-approval.
+Chapter 6 Classification of Occupancy
+6.1 Classification of Occupancy.
+6.1.1 General.
+6.1.1.1 Occupancy Classification.The occupancy of a build-
+ing or structure, or portion of a building or structure, shall be
+classified in accordance with 6.1.2 through 6.1.13. Occupancy
+classification shall be subject to the ruling of the AHJ where
+there is a question of proper classification in any individual
+case. [101:6.1.1.1]
+6.1.1.2 Special Structures. Occupancies in special structures
+shall conform to the requirements of Section 20.16. [101:6.1.1.2]
+6.1.2 Assembly.For requirements, see Section 20.1. [101:6.1.2]
+1–53CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+6.1.2.1* Definition — Assembly Occupancy. An occupancy
+(1) used for a gathering of 50 or more persons for delibera-
+tion, worship, entertainment, eating, drinking, amusement,
+awaiting transportation, or similar uses; or (2) used as a
+special amusement building, regardless of occupant load.
+[101:6.1.2.1]
+6.1.2.2 Other. (Reserved)
+6.1.3 Educational. For requirements, see Section 20.2.
+[101:6.1.3]
+6.1.3.1* Definition — Educational Occupancy.An occupancy
+used for educational purposes through the twelfth grade by
+six or more persons for 4 or more hours per day or more than
+12 hours per week. [101:6.1.3.1]
+6.1.3.2 Other Occupancies. Other occupancies associated
+with educational institutions shall be in accordance with the
+appropriate parts of this Code and NFPA101.[ 101:6.1.3.2]
+6.1.3.3 Incidental Instruction.In cases where instruction is in-
+cidental to some other occupancy, the section of thisCode and
+NFPA 101 governing such other occupancy shall apply.
+[101:6.1.3.3]
+6.1.4 Day Care.For requirements, see Section 20.3. [101:6.1.4]
+6.1.4.1* Definition — Day-Care Occupancy.An occupancy in
+which four or more clients receive care, maintenance, and
+supervision, by other than their relatives or legal guardians,
+for less than 24 hours per day. [101:6.1.4.1]
+6.1.4.2 Other. (Reserved)
+6.1.5 Health Care. For requirements, see Section 20.4.
+[101:6.1.5]
+6.1.5.1* Definition — Health Care Occupancy.An occupancy
+used to provide medical or other treatment or care simulta-
+neously to four or more patients on an inpatient basis, where
+such patients are mostly incapable of self-preservation due to
+age, physical or mental disability, or because of security mea-
+sures not under the occupants’ control. [101:6.1.5.1]
+6.1.5.2 Other. (Reserved)
+6.1.6 Ambulatory Health Care.For requirements, see Sec-
+tion 20.6. [ 101:6.1.6]
+6.1.6.1* Definition — Ambulatory Health Care Occupancy.
+An occupancy used to provide services or treatment simulta-
+neously to four or more patients that provides, on an outpa-
+tient basis, one or more of the following:
+(1) Treatment for patients that renders the patients inca-
+pable of taking action for self-preservation under emer-
+gency conditions without the assistance of others
+(2) Anesthesia that renders the patients incapable of taking
+action for self-preservation under emergency conditions
+without the assistance of others
+(3) Emergency or urgent care for patients who, due to the
+nature of their injury or illness, are incapable of taking
+action for self-preservation under emergency conditions
+without the assistance of others [101:6.1.6.1]
+6.1.6.2 Other. (Reserved)
+6.1.7 Detention and Correctional.For requirements, see Sec-
+tion 20.7. [101:6.1.7]
+6.1.7.1* Definition — Detention and Correctional Occupancy.
+An occupancy used to house one or more persons under var-
+ied degrees of restraint or security where such occupants are
+mostly incapable of self-preservation because of security mea-
+sures not under the occupants’ control. [101:6.1.7.1]
+6.1.7.2* Nonresidential Uses. Within detention and correc-
+tional facilities, uses other than residential housing shall be in
+accordance with the appropriate chapter of this Code and
+NFPA101. (See 22.1.2.3 and 23.1.2.3 of NFPA 101.) [101:6.1.7.2]
+6.1.8 Residential. For requirements, see Sections 20.5 and
+20.8 through 20.11. [101:6.1.8]
+6.1.8.1 Definition — Residential Occupancy. An occupancy
+that provides sleeping accommodations for purposes other
+than health care or detention and correctional. [101:6.1.8.1]
+6.1.8.1.1* Definition — One- and Two-Family Dwelling Unit.A
+building that contains not more than two dwelling units with
+independent cooking and bathroom facilities. [101:6.1.8.1.1]
+6.1.8.1.2 Definition — Lodging or Rooming House.A build-
+ing or portion thereof that does not qualify as a one- or two-family
+dwelling, that provides sleeping accommodations for a total of
+16 or fewer people on a transient or permanent basis, without
+personal care services, with or without meals, but without sepa-
+rate cooking facilities for individual occupants. [101:6.1.8.1.2]
+6.1.8.1.3* Definition — Hotel.A building or groups of build-
+ings under the same management in which there are sleeping
+accommodations for more than 16 persons and primarily used
+by transients for lodging with or without meals. [101:6.1.8.1.3]
+6.1.8.1.4* Definition — Dormitory.A building or a space in a
+building in which group sleeping accommodations are pro-
+vided for more than 16 persons who are not members of the
+same family in one room, or a series of closely associated
+rooms, under joint occupancy and single management, with
+or without meals, but without individual cooking facilities.
+[101:6.1.8.1.4]
+6.1.8.1.5 Definition — Apartment Building.A building or por-
+tion thereof containing three or more dwelling units with in-
+dependent cooking and bathroom facilities. [101:6.1.8.1.5]
+6.1.8.2 Other. (Reserved)
+6.1.9 Residential Board and Care.For requirements, see Sec-
+tion 20.5. [101:6.1.9]
+1–54 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+6.1.9.1* Definition — Residential Board and Care Occupancy.
+An occupancy used for lodging and boarding of four or more
+residents, not related by blood or marriage to the owners or
+operators, for the purpose of providing personal care services.
+[101:6.1.9.1]
+6.1.9.2 Other. (Reserved)
+6.1.10 Mercantile. For requirements, see Section 20.12.
+[101:6.1.10]
+6.1.10.1* Definition — Mercantile Occupancy.An occupancy
+used for the display and sale of merchandise. [101:6.1.10.1]
+6.1.10.2 Other. (Reserved)
+6.1.11 Business. For requirements, see Section 20.13.
+[101:6.1.11]
+6.1.11.1* Definition — Business Occupancy. An occupancy
+used for the transaction of business other than mercantile.
+[101:6.1.11.1]
+6.1.11.2 Other. (Reserved)
+6.1.12 Industrial. For requirements, see Section 20.14.
+[101:6.1.12]
+6.1.12.1* Definition — Industrial Occupancy.An occupancy
+in which products are manufactured or in which processing,
+assembling, mixing, packaging, finishing, decorating, or re-
+pair operations are conducted. [101:6.1.12.1]
+6.1.12.2 Other. (Reserved)
+6.1.13 Storage. For requirements, see Section 20.15.
+[101:6.1.13]
+6.1.13.1* Definition — Storage Occupancy. An occupancy
+used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, mer-
+chandise, products, vehicles, or animals. [101:6.1.13.1]
+6.1.13.2 Other. (Reserved)
+6.1.14 Multiple Occupancies.
+6.1.14.1 General.
+6.1.14.1.1 Multiple occupancies shall comply with the re-
+quirements of 6.1.14.1 and one of the following:
+(1) Mixed occupancies — 6.1.14.3
+(2) Separated occupancies — 6.1.14.4 [ 101:6.1.14.1.1]
+6.1.14.1.2 Where exit access from an occupancy traverses an-
+other occupancy, the multiple occupancy shall be treated as a
+mixed occupancy. [101:6.1.14.1.2]
+6.1.14.1.3* Where incidental to another occupancy, areas
+used as follows shall be permitted to be considered part of the
+predominant occupancy and shall be subject to the provisions
+of this Code and NFPA 101 that apply to the predominant oc-
+cupancy:
+(1) Mercantile, business, industrial, or storage use
+(2)*Nonresidential use with an occupant load fewer than that
+established by Section 6.1 for the occupancy threshold
+[101:6.1.14.1.3]
+6.1.14.2 Definitions.
+6.1.14.2.1 Multiple Occupancy. A building or structure in
+which two or more classes of occupancy exist. [101:6.1.14.2.1]
+6.1.14.2.2 Mixed Occupancy. A multiple occupancy where
+the occupancies are intermingled. [101:6.1.14.2.2]
+6.1.14.2.3 Separated Occupancy. A multiple occupancy
+where the occupancies are separated by fire resistance–rated
+assemblies. [101:6.1.14.2.3]
+6.1.14.3 Mixed Occupancies.
+6.1.14.3.1 Each portion of the building shall be classified as
+to its use in accordance with Section 6.1. [101:6.1.14.3.1]
+6.1.14.3.2 The means of egress facilities, construction type,
+protection, and other safeguards in the building shall comply
+with the most restrictive fire and life safety requirements of the
+occupancies involved. [101:6.1.14.3.2]
+6.1.14.4 Separated Occupancies.
+6.1.14.4.1 Where separated occupancies are provided, each
+part of the building comprising a distinct occupancy, as de-
+scribed in this chapter, shall be completely separated from other
+occupancies by fire-resistive assemblies as specified in 6.1.14.4.2,
+6.1.14.4.3, and Table 6.1.14.4.1(a) and Table 6.1.14.4.1(b), un-
+less separation is provided by approved existing separations.
+[101:6.1.14.4.1]
+6.1.14.4.2 Occupancy separations shall be classified as 3-hour
+fire resistance–rated, 2-hour fire resistance–rated, or 1-hour
+fire resistance–rated and shall meet the requirements of
+Chapter 8 of NFPA101.[ 101:6.1.14.4.2]
+6.1.14.4.3 The fire resistance rating specified in Table
+6.1.14.4.1(a) and Table 6.1.14.4.1(b) shall be permitted to be
+reduced by 1 hour, but in no case shall it be reduced to less
+than 1 hour, where the building is protected throughout by an
+approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
+NFPA 13 and supervised in accordance with 13.3.1.7, unless
+prohibited by the “daggered” footnote entries in the tables.
+[101:6.1.14.4.3]
+6.1.14.4.4 Occupancy separations shall be vertical, horizon-
+tal, or both or, when necessary, of such other form as required
+to provide complete separation between occupancy divisions
+in the building. [101:6.1.14.4.4]
+1–55CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Chapter 7 Reserved
+Chapter 8 Reserved
+Chapter 9 Reserved
+Chapter 10 General Safety Requirements
+10.1 Fundamental Requirements.
+10.1.1 Every new and existing building or structure shall be
+constructed, arranged, equipped, maintained, and operated
+in accordance with thisCode so as to provide a reasonable level
+of life safety, property protection, and public welfare from the
+actual and potential hazards created by fire, explosion, and
+other hazardous conditions.
+10.1.2* Life Safety Code.Every new and existing building shall
+comply with this Code and NFPA101, Life Safety Code.
+10.1.3 Building Code. Where a building code has been
+adopted, all new construction shall comply with this Code and
+the building code.
+10.1.4 Structural Hazards.
+10.1.4.1 Where structural elements have visible damage, the
+AHJ shall be permitted to require a technical analysis pre-
+pared in accordance with Section 1.15 to determine if repairs
+are necessary to restore structural integrity.
+10.1.4.2 Where the technical analysis recommends repairs to
+the structure, such repairs shall be made.
+10.1.5 Any person who deliberately, or through negligence,
+sets fire to or causes the burning of any combustible material
+in such a manner as to endanger the safety of any person or
+property shall be deemed to be in violation of this Code.
+10.1.6 The AHJ shall have the authority to prohibit any or all
+open flames or other sources of ignition where circumstances
+make such conditions hazardous.
+10.1.7 Listed and Labeled.Listed and labeled equipment, de-
+vices, and materials shall be installed and used in accordance
+with the listing limitations and the manufacturers’ instructions.
+Table 6.1.14.4.1(a) Required Separation of Occupancies (hours)*, Part 1
+Occupancy
+Assembly
+≤300
+Assembly
+>300 to
+≤1000
+Assembly
+>1000 Educational
+Day-Care
+>12
+Clients
+Day-Care
+Homes
+Health
+Care
+Ambulatory
+Health
+Care
+Detention &
+Correctional
+One- &
+Two-Family
+Dwellings
+Lodging
+or
+Rooming
+Houses
+Hotels
+&
+Dormitories
+Assembly
+≤300
+—0 0 2 21 2 † 22 † 22 2
+Assembly
+>300 to
+≤1000
+—0 22 2 2 † 22 † 22 2
+Assembly
+>1000
+—22 2 2 † 22 † 22 2
+Educational —22 2 † 22 † 22 2
+Day-Care >12
+Clients
+—1 2 † 22 † 22 2
+Day-Care
+Homes
+—2 † 22 † 22 2
+Health Care —2 † 2† 2† 2† 2†
+Ambulatory
+Health
+Care
+—2 † 22 2
+Detention &
+Correctional
+—2 † 2† 2†
+One-
+& Two-Family
+Dwellings
+—1 1
+Lodging or
+Rooming
+Houses
+—1
+Hotels and
+Dormitories
+—
+*Minimum Fire Resistance Rating. The fire resistance rating is permitted to be reduced by 1 hour, but in no case to less than
+1 hour, where the building is protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13
+and supervised in accordance with 13.3.1.7.
+† The 1-hour reduction due to the presence of sprinklers in accordance with the asterisk footnote is not permitted.
+[101: Table 6.1.14.4.1(a)]
+1–56 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 6.1.14.4.1(b) Required Separation of Occupancies (hours)*, Part 2
+Occupancy
+Apartment
+Buildings
+Board &
+Care,
+Small
+Board &
+Care,
+Large Mercantile
+Mercantile,
+Mall
+Mercantile,
+Bulk
+Retail Business
+Industrial,
+General
+Purpose
+Industrial,
+Special
+Purpose
+Industrial,
+High
+Hazard
+Storage,
+Low &
+Ordinary
+Hazard
+Storage,
+High
+Hazard
+Assembly
+≤300
+22 2 22312 2 323
+Assembly >300
+to ≤1000
+22 2 22322 2 323
+Assembly >1000 22 2 22323 2 333
+Educational 22 2 22323 3 333
+Day-Care
+>12 Clients
+22 2 22323 3 333
+Day-Care Homes 22 2 22323 3 323
+Health Care 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2†
+Ambulatory
+Health Care
+2 222 22 † 12 2 2 † 22 †
+Detention &
+Correctional
+2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† NP 2 † NP
+One- &
+Two- Family
+Dwellings
+11 2 22322 2 323
+Lodging or
+Rooming
+Houses
+12 2 22322 2 323
+Hotels &
+Dormitories
+12 2 22322 2 323
+Apartment
+Buildings
+— 2 2 22322 2 323
+Board &
+Care, Small
+— 1 22323 3 333
+Board &
+Care, Large
+— 22323 3 333
+Mercantile — 0322 2 323
+Mercantile, Mall — 323 3 323
+Mercantile, Bulk
+Retail
+— 22 2 322
+Business — 2 2 222
+Industrial,
+General
+Purpose
+— 1 111
+Industrial,
+Special
+Purpose
+— 111
+Industrial, High
+Hazard
+—1 1
+Storage,
+Low &
+Ordinary
+Hazard
+—1
+Storage,
+High Hazard
+—
+NP: Not permitted.
+*Minimum Fire Resistance Rating. The fire resistance rating is permitted to be reduced by 1 hour, but in no case to less than
+1 hour, where the building is protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13
+and supervised in accordance with 13.3.1.7.
+† The 1-hour reduction due to the presence of sprinklers in accordance with the asterisk footnote is not permitted.
+[101: Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)]
+1–57GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+10.2 Owner/Occupant Responsibilities.
+10.2.1 The owner, operator, or occupant shall be responsible
+for compliance with this Code.
+10.2.2 The AHJ shall be permitted to require the owner, op-
+erator, or occupant to provide tests or test reports, without
+expense to the AHJ, as proof of compliance with the intent of
+this Code.
+10.2.3 The owner, operator, or occupant of a building that is
+deemed unsafe by the AHJ shall abate, through corrective ac-
+tion approved by the AHJ, the condition causing the building
+to be unsafe either by repair, rehabilitation, demolition, or
+other corrective action approved by the AHJ.
+10.2.4 The owner, operator, or occupant, or any person in
+control of a building or premises shall keep records of all
+maintenance, inspections, and testing of fire protection sys-
+tems, fire alarm systems, smoke control systems, emergency
+evacuation and relocation drills, emergency plans, emergency
+power, elevators, and other equipment as required by the AHJ.
+10.2.5 All records required to be kept shall be maintained
+until their useful life has been served, as required by law, or as
+required by the AHJ.
+10.3 Occupancy.
+10.3.1 No new construction or existing building shall be oc-
+cupied in whole or in part in violation of the provisions of this
+Code.
+10.3.2 Existing buildings that are occupied at the time of
+adoption of this Code shall remain in use provided that the
+following conditions are met:
+(1) The occupancy classification remains the same.
+(2) No condition deemed hazardous to life or property exists
+that would constitute an imminent danger.
+10.3.3* Buildings or portions of buildings, except for routine
+maintenance or repair, shall not be occupied during construc-
+tion, repair, or alteration without the approval of the AHJ if
+required means of egress are impaired or required fire protec-
+tion systems are out of service.
+10.3.4 Change of Use or Occupancy Classification.
+10.3.4.1 In any building or structure, whether or not a physi-
+cal alteration is needed, a change from one use or occupancy
+classification to another shall comply with 4.6.8 of NFPA 101.
+[101:4.6.12]
+10.3.4.2 Occupancy classifications and subclassifications, as
+defined, shall be in accordance with Chapter 6.
+10.4 Maintenance, Inspection, and Testing.Also see 4.5.8.
+10.4.1 Whenever or wherever any device, equipment, system,
+condition, arrangement, level of protection, fire-resistive con-
+struction, or any other feature is required for compliance with
+the provisions of this Code, such device, equipment, system,
+condition, arrangement, level of protection, fire-resistive con-
+struction, or other feature shall thereafter be continuously
+maintained. Maintenance shall be provided in accordance
+with applicable NFPA requirements or requirements devel-
+oped as part of a performance-based design, or as directed by
+the AHJ. [101:4.6.13.1]
+10.4.2 No existing life safety feature shall be removed or re-
+duced where such feature is a requirement for new construc-
+tion. [101:4.6.13.2]
+10.4.3* Existing life safety features obvious to the public, if not
+required by the Code, shall be either maintained or removed.
+[101:4.6.13.3]
+10.4.4 Any device, equipment, system, condition, arrange-
+ment, level of protection, fire-resistive construction, or any
+other feature requiring periodic testing, inspection, or opera-
+tion to ensure its maintenance shall be tested, inspected, or
+operated as specified elsewhere in this Code or as directed by
+the AHJ. [101:4.6.13.4]
+10.4.5 Maintenance, inspection, and testing shall be per-
+formed under the supervision of a responsible person who
+shall ensure that testing, inspection, and maintenance are
+made at specified intervals in accordance with applicable
+NFPA standards or as directed by the AHJ. [101:4.6.13.5]
+10.5 Building Evacuation.
+10.5.1 Persons shall not fail to leave a building when notified
+to do so or when directed by the AHJ as a result of a known or
+perceived emergency.
+10.5.2* Persons shall not fail to leave any overcrowded pre-
+mises when ordered to do so by the AHJ.
+10.5.3* Persons shall not fail to leave a building when a fire
+alarm system is activated, unless otherwise provided for in an
+approved building fire evacuation plan or during routine test-
+ing or maintenance.
+10.6* Fire Drills.
+10.6.1 Where Required. Emergency egress and relocation
+drills conforming to the provisions of this Code shall be con-
+ducted as specified by the provisions of Chapter 20 of thisCode
+or Chapters 11 through 42 of NFPA 101, or by appropriate
+action of the AHJ. Drills shall be designed in cooperation with
+the local authorities. [101:4.7.1]
+10.6.2* Drill Frequency.Emergency egress and relocation drills,
+where required by Chapter 20 of this Code or Chapters 11
+through 42 of NFPA101, or the AHJ, shall be held with sufficient
+frequency to familiarize occupants with the drill procedure and
+to establish conduct of the drill as a matter of routine. Drills shall
+include suitable procedures to ensure that all persons subject to
+the drill participate. [101:4.7.2]
+10.6.3 Competency. Responsibility for the planning and con-
+ducting of drills shall be assigned only to competent persons
+qualified to exercise leadership.
+10.6.4 Orderly Evacuation.When conducting drills, emphasis
+shall be placed on orderly evacuation rather than on speed.
+[101:4.7.3]
+10.6.5* Simulated Conditions.Drills shall be held at expected
+and unexpected times and under varying conditions to simu-
+late the unusual conditions that can occur in an actual emer-
+gency. [101:4.7.4]
+10.6.6 Relocation Area.Drill participants shall relocate to a
+predetermined location and remain at such location until a
+recall or dismissal signal is given. [101:4.7.5]
+10.6.7* A written record of each drill shall be completed by
+the person responsible for conducting the drill and main-
+tained in an approved manner. [101:4.7.6]
+10.7 Reporting of Fires and Other Emergencies.
+10.7.1 Fire Reporting.
+10.7.1.1 The person discovering any unwanted fire, regardless
+of magnitude, shall immediately notify the fire department.
+1–58 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+10.7.1.2 Facilities that have established on-premises fire-
+fighting organizations and have coordinated and arranged
+procedures approved by the AHJ shall not need to notify the
+fire department.
+10.7.1.3* The owner, manager, occupant, or any person in
+control of such building or premises, upon discovery of an
+unwanted fire or evidence of a previous unwanted fire that
+had apparently been extinguished, shall immediately notify
+the fire department.
+10.7.1.4 Persons shall not make, issue, post, or maintain any
+regulation or order, written or verbal, that would require any
+person to take any unnecessary delaying action prior to report-
+ing a fire to the fire department.
+10.7.2 Persons shall not deliberately or maliciously turn in an
+alarm of fire when in fact that person knows that no fire exists.
+10.7.3 Notification of unauthorized discharge of hazardous
+materials shall be in accordance with Chapter 60.
+10.7.4 Any person who willfully makes any false, fraudulent,
+misleading, or unfounded report or statement or willfully mis-
+represents any fact with the intention of misleading any fire
+department personnel or who interferes with the operation of
+the fire department shall be in violation of this code.
+10.8 Tampering with Fire Safety Equipment.
+10.8.1 Persons shall not render any portable or fixed fire-
+extinguishing system or device or any fire-warning system or
+device inoperative or inaccessible.
+10.8.1.1 As necessary during emergencies, maintenance,
+drills, prescribed testing, alterations, or renovations, portable
+or fixed fire-extinguishing systems or devices or any fire-
+warning system or device shall be permitted to be made inop-
+erative or inaccessible.
+10.8.2 Persons shall not render a fire protection system or
+device inoperative during an emergency unless by direction of
+the incident commander.
+10.8.3 Persons, except a person authorized by the AHJ, shall not
+remove, unlock, destroy, or tamper with in any manner any
+locked gate, door, or barricade; chain; enclosure; sign; tag; or
+seal that has been required by the AHJ pursuant to thisCode.
+10.9 Emergency Plans.
+10.9.1 Where Required.Emergency plans shall be provided
+for high-rise, health care, ambulatory health care, residential
+board and care, assembly, day-care centers, special amuse-
+ment buildings, detention and correctional occupancies, edu-
+cational, underground and windowless structures, facilities
+storing or handling materials covered by Chapter 60, or where
+required by the AHJ.
+10.9.2* Plan Requirements.
+10.9.2.1 Emergency plans shall include the procedures for
+reporting of emergencies, occupant and staff response to
+emergencies, the type and coverage of building fire protection
+systems, and other items required by the AHJ.
+10.9.2.2 Emergency plans for health care occupancies shall
+address egress control during periods of quarantine and simi-
+lar type events.
+10.9.2.3 Review. When required, emergency plans shall be
+submitted to the AHJ for review.
+10.9.2.4 Maintenance.
+10.9.2.4.1 Emergency plans shall be reviewed and updated
+annually.
+10.9.2.4.2 Where required by the AHJ, revised plans shall be
+submitted for review and updates shall be provided whenever
+changes are made in the occupancy or physical arrangement
+of the building or fire protection systems or features.
+10.9.2.5 Where required by the AHJ, the owner shall provide
+floor plans to the fire department in a manner approved by
+the AHJ and the fire department.
+10.9.3 Training.
+10.9.3.1 The entity shall develop and implement a training/
+educational curriculum to support the program. [1600:5.13.1]
+10.9.3.2 The objective of the training shall be to create aware-
+ness and enhance the skills required to develop, implement,
+maintain, and execute the program. [1600:5.13.2]
+10.9.3.3 Frequency and scope of training shall be identified.
+[1600:5.13.3]
+10.9.3.4 Personnel shall be trained in the entity’s incident
+management system. [1600:5.13.4]
+10.9.3.5 Training records shall be maintained. [1600:5.13.5]
+10.9.3.6 The training and education curriculum shall comply
+with all applicable regulatory requirements. [1600:5.13.6]
+10.10 Smoking.
+10.10.1 Where smoking is considered a fire hazard, the AHJ
+shall be authorized to order the owner in writing to post “No
+Smoking” signs in conspicuous, designated locations where
+smoking is prohibited.
+10.10.2 In areas where smoking is permitted, noncombus-
+tible ashtrays shall be provided.
+10.10.3 Removal or destruction of any required “No Smoking”
+sign shall be prohibited.
+10.10.4 Smoking or depositing any lighted or smoldering
+substance in a place where required “No Smoking” signs are
+posted shall be prohibited.
+10.11 Open Flame, Candles, Open Fires, and Incinerators.
+10.11.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+10.11.1.1 Permits shall not be required for cooking and rec-
+reational fires.
+10.11.1.2 Where burning is conducted on public property or
+the property of someone other than the permit applicant, the
+permit applicant shall demonstrate that permission has been
+obtained by the appropriate government agency, the owner,
+or the owner’s authorized agent.
+10.11.1.3 When limits for atmospheric conditions or hours
+restrict burning, such limits shall be designated in the permit
+restrictions.
+10.11.1.4 Instructions or stipulations of permit shall be fol-
+lowed.
+10.11.2 The AHJ shall have the authority to prohibit any or all
+open flames, and open, recreational, and cooking fires or
+other sources of ignition, or establish special regulations on
+1–59GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+the use of any form of fire or smoking material where circum-
+stances make such conditions hazardous.
+10.11.3 Outdoor Fires.
+10.11.3.1* Outdoor fires shall not be built, ignited, or main-
+tained in or upon hazardous fire areas, except by permit from
+the AHJ.
+10.11.3.2 Permanent barbecues, portable barbecues, out-
+door fireplaces, or grills shall not be used for the disposal of
+rubbish, trash, or combustible waste material.
+10.11.4 Open Fires.
+10.11.4.1 Permitted open fires shall be located not less than
+50 ft (15 m) from any structure.
+10.11.4.2 Burning hours shall be prescribed by the AHJ.
+10.11.4.3 Recreational fires shall not be located within 25 ft
+(7.6 m) of a structure or combustible material unless con-
+tained in an approved manner.
+10.11.4.4 Conditions that could cause a fire to spread to
+within 25 ft (7.6 m) of a structure shall be eliminated prior to
+ignition.
+10.11.5 Fire Attendant.
+10.11.5.1 Open, recreational, and cooking fires shall be con-
+stantly attended by a competent person until such fire is extin-
+guished.
+10.11.5.2 This person shall have a garden hose connected to
+the water supply or other fire-extinguishing equipment
+readily available for use.
+10.11.6 For other than one- and two-family dwellings, no hi-
+bachi, grill, or other similar devices used for cooking, heating,
+or any other purpose shall be used or kindled on any balcony,
+under any overhanging portion, or within 10 ft (3 m) of any
+structure.
+10.11.6.1* Listed equipment permanently installed in accor-
+dance with its listing, applicable codes, and manufacturer’s
+instructions shall be permitted.
+10.11.6.2 Installation of Patio Heaters.
+10.11.6.2.1 Patio heaters utilizing an integral LP-Gas container
+greater than 1.08 lb (0.49 kg) propane capacity shall comply with
+10.11.6.2.2 and 10.11.6.2.3. [58:6.20.2.1]
+10.11.6.2.2 Patio heaters shall be listed and used in accor-
+dance with their listing and the manufacturer’s instructions.
+[58:6.20.2.2]
+10.11.6.2.3 Patio heaters shall not be located within 5 ft (1.5 m)
+of exits from an assembly occupancy. [58:6.20.2.3]
+10.11.7 Incinerators and Fireplaces.
+10.11.7.1 Incinerators, outdoor fireplaces, permanent barbe-
+cues, and grills shall not be built, installed, or maintained with-
+out prior approval of the AHJ.
+10.11.7.2 Incinerators, outdoor fireplaces, permanent barbe-
+cues, and grills shall be maintained in good repair and in a
+safe condition at all times.
+10.11.7.3 Openings in incinerators, outdoor fireplaces, per-
+manent barbecues, and grills shall be provided with an ap-
+proved spark arrester, screen, or door.
+10.11.8 Open-Flame Devices.
+10.11.8.1* Welding torches, tar pots, decorative torches, and
+other devices, machines, or processes liable to start or cause
+fire shall not be operated or used in or upon any areas, except
+by permit from the AHJ.
+10.11.8.2 Flame-employing devices, such as lanterns or kero-
+sene road flares, and fuses shall not be operated or used as a
+signal or marker in or upon any areas unless at the scene of emer-
+gencies or railroad operations.(See Chapter 16 and Chapter 65 for
+additional guidance.)
+10.11.9 Discontinuance. The AHJ shall be authorized to re-
+quire any fire to be immediately discontinued if the fire is
+determined to constitute a hazardous condition.
+10.12 Fire Protection Markings.
+10.12.1 Premises Identification.
+10.12.1.1* New and existing buildings shall have approved ad-
+dress numbers placed in a position to be plainly legible and
+visible from the street or road fronting the property.
+10.12.1.2 Address numbers shall contrast with their back-
+ground.
+10.12.1.3 Address numbers shall be arabic numerals or al-
+phabet letters.
+10.12.2 Shaftways to Be Marked for Fire Fighter Safety.
+10.12.2.1 Every outside opening accessible to the fire depart-
+ment that opens directly on any hoistway or shaftway commu-
+nicating between two or more floors in a building shall be
+plainly marked with a sign in accordance with 10.12.2.2.
+10.12.2.2 Shaftway signs shall be in red letters at least 6 in.
+(152 mm) high on a white background stating “SHAFTWAY .”
+10.12.2.3 Such warning signs shall be placed so as to be
+readily discernible from the outside of the building.
+10.12.3* Stairway Identification.
+10.12.3.1 New enclosed stairs serving three or more stories
+and existing enclosed stairs serving five or more stories shall
+comply with 10.12.3.1.1 through 10.12.3.1.13:
+10.12.3.1.1 The stairs shall be provided with special signage
+within the enclosure at each floor landing. [101:7.2.2.5.4.1(A)]
+10.12.3.1.2 The signage shall indicate the floor level.
+[101:7.2.2.5.4.1(B)]
+10.12.3.1.3 The signage shall indicate the terminus of the top
+and bottom of the stair enclosure. [101:7.2.2.5.4.1(C)]
+10.12.3.1.4 The signage shall indicate the identification of
+the stair enclosure. [101:7.2.2.5.4.1(D)]
+10.12.3.1.5 The signage shall indicate the floor level of, and
+the direction to, exit discharge. [101:7.2.2.5.4.1(E)]
+10.12.3.1.6 The signage shall be located inside the enclosure
+approximately 60 in. (1525 mm ) above the floor landing in a
+position that is visible when the door is in the open or closed
+position. [101:7.2.2.5.4.1(F)]
+10.12.3.1.7 The signage shall comply with 14.14.8.1 and
+14.14.8.2. [101:7.2.2.5.4.1(G)]
+10.12.3.1.8 The floor level designation shall also be tactile in
+accordance with ICC/ANSI A117.1,American National Standard
+for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities.[ 101:7.2.2.5.4.1(H)]
+1–60 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+10.12.3.1.9 The signage shall be painted or stenciled on the
+wall or on a separate sign securely attached to the wall.
+[101:7.2.2.5.4.1(I)]
+10.12.3.1.10 The stairway identification letter shall be lo-
+cated at the top of the sign in minimum 1 in. (25 mm) high
+lettering and shall be in accordance with 14.14.8.2.
+[101:7.2.2.5.4.1(J)]
+10.12.3.1.11* Signage that reads NO ROOF ACCESS and is
+located under the stairway identification letter shall designate
+stairways that do not provide roof access. Lettering shall be a
+minimum of 1 in. (25 mm) high and shall be in accordance
+with 14.14.8.2. [101:7.2.2.5.4.1(K)]
+10.12.3.1.12 The floor level number shall be located in the
+middle of the sign in minimum 5 in. (125 mm) high numbers
+and shall be in accordance with 14.14.8.2. Mezzanine levels
+shall have the letter “M��� or other appropriate identification
+letter preceding the floor number, while basement levels shall
+have the letter “B” or other appropriate identification letter
+preceding the floor level number. [101:7.2.2.5.4.1(L)]
+10.12.3.1.13 Identification of the lower and upper terminus
+of the stairway shall be located at the bottom of the sign in
+minimum 1 in. (25 mm) high letters or numbers and shall be
+in accordance with 14.14.8.2. [101:7.2.2.5.4.1(M)]
+10.12.3.2 Wherever an enclosed stair requires travel in an
+upward direction to reach the level of exit discharge, special
+signs with directional indicators showing the direction to the
+level of exit discharge shall be provided at each floor level
+landing from which upward direction of travel is required,
+unless otherwise provided in 10.12.3.2.1 and 10.12.3.2.2, and
+the following also shall apply:
+(1) Such signage shall comply with 14.14.8.1 and 14.14.8.2.
+(2) Such signage shall be visible when the door is in the open
+or closed position. [101:7.2.2.5.4.2]
+10.12.3.2.1 The requirement of 10.12.3.2 shall not apply where
+signs required by 10.12.3.1.1 are provided. [101:7.2.2.5.4.2(A)]
+10.12.3.2.2 The requirement of 10.12.3.2 shall not apply to
+stairs extending not more than one story below the level of
+exit discharge where the exit discharge is clearly obvious.
+[101:7.2.2.5.4.2(B)]
+10.12.3.3* Stairway Tread Marking.Where new contrasting
+marking is applied to stairs, such marking shall comply with
+the following:
+(1) The marking shall include a continuous strip as a coating
+on, or as a material integral with, the full width of the
+leading edge of each tread.
+(2) The marking shall include a continuous strip as a coating
+on, or as a material integral with, the full width of the
+leading edge of each landing nosing.
+(3) The marking strip width, measured horizontally from the
+leading vertical edge of the nosing, shall be consistent at
+all nosings.
+(4) The marking strip width shall be 1 in. to 2 in. (25 mm to
+51 mm).
+[101:7.2.2.5.4.3]
+10.12.3.4* Where new contrast marking is provided for stair-
+way handrails, it shall be applied to, or be part of, at least the
+upper surface of the handrail; have a minimum width of1⁄2 in.
+(13 mm); and extend the full length of each handrail. After
+marking, the handrail shall comply with 7.2.2.4.4 of NFPA101.
+[101:7.2.2.5.4.4]
+10.12.3.5 These signs shall be maintained in an approved
+manner.
+10.12.3.6 Existing approved signs shall be permitted.
+10.13 Vacant Buildings and Premises.
+10.13.1 Every person owning or having charge or control of
+any vacant building, premises, or portion thereof shall remove
+all combustible storage, waste, refuse, and vegetation and shall
+lock, barricade, or otherwise secure the building or premises
+to prohibit entry by unauthorized persons.
+10.13.1.1 The requirement of 10.13.1 shall not apply to vaca-
+tion or resort facilities, buildings used on a seasonal basis, or
+the temporary vacancy of a building for tenant change or re-
+modeling purposes.
+10.13.2 All fire protection systems shall be maintained in service
+in vacant buildings, unless otherwise approved by the AHJ.
+10.13.2.1* With the approval of the AHJ, fire protection and
+fire alarm systems in vacant buildings shall be permitted to be
+removed from service.
+10.13.2.2 When required by the AHJ, other systems or com-
+ponents pertaining to fire protection shall be maintained.
+10.13.3 The AHJ shall have the authority to require an in-
+spection and test of any fire protection system or fire alarm
+system that has been out of service for 30 days or more before
+restored back into service.
+10.14 Combustible Vegetation.
+10.14.1 Combustible vegetation, including natural cut
+Christmas trees, shall be in accordance with Section 10.14.
+10.14.1.1 Christmas tree placement within buildings shall
+comply with Table 10.14.1.1.
+10.14.2 In any occupancy, limited quantities of combustible
+vegetation shall be permitted where the AHJ determines that
+adequate safeguards are provided based on the quantity and
+nature of the combustible vegetation.
+10.14.3* Provisions for Fire Retardance for Artificial Vegetation.
+10.14.3.1 Artificial vegetation and artificial Christmas trees
+shall be labeled or otherwise identified or certified by the
+manufacturer as being fire retardant.
+10.14.3.2 Such fire retardance shall be demonstrated by each
+individual decorative vegetation item, including any decora-
+tive lighting, in an approved manner.
+10.14.4 Vegetation and Christmas trees shall not obstruct cor-
+ridors, exit ways, or other means of egress.
+10.14.5 Only listed electrical lights and wiring shall be used
+on natural or artificial combustible vegetation, natural or arti-
+ficial Christmas trees, and other similar decorations.
+10.14.6 Electrical lights shall be prohibited on metal artificial
+trees.
+10.14.7 Open flames such as from candles, lanterns, kero-
+sene heaters, and gas-fired heaters shall not be located on or
+near combustible vegetation, Christmas trees, or other similar
+combustible materials.
+1–61GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+10.14.8 Combustible vegetation and natural cut Christmas
+trees shall not be located near heating vents or other fixed or
+portable heating devices that could cause it to dry out prema-
+turely or to be ignited.
+10.14.9 Provisions for Natural Cut Trees.
+10.14.9.1 Where a natural cut tree is permitted, the bottom
+end of the trunk shall be cut off with a straight fresh cut at least
+1⁄2 in. (13 mm) above the end prior to placing the tree in a
+stand to allow the tree to absorb water.
+10.14.9.2 The tree shall be placed in a suitable stand with water.
+10.14.9.3 The water level shall be maintained above the fresh
+cut and checked at least once daily.
+10.14.9.4* The tree shall be removed from the building imme-
+diately upon evidence of dryness.
+10.14.10 Exterior Vegetation.
+10.14.10.1 Cut or uncut weeds, grass, vines, and other vegeta-
+tion shall be removed when determined by the AHJ to be a fire
+hazard.
+10.14.10.2 When the AHJ determines that total removal of
+growth is impractical due to size or environmental factors, ap-
+proved fuel breaks shall be established.
+10.14.10.3 Designated areas shall be cleared of combustible
+vegetation to establish the fuel breaks.
+10.15 Special Outdoor Events, Carnivals, and Fairs.
+10.15.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+10.15.2 The AHJ shall be permitted to regulate all outdoor
+events such as carnivals and fairs as it pertains to access for emer-
+gency vehicles; access to fire protection equipment; placement of
+stands, concession booths, and exhibits; and the control of haz-
+ardous conditions dangerous to life and property.
+10.15.3 Life Safety Evaluation.The AHJ shall be permitted to
+order a life safety evaluation in accordance with this subsection.
+10.15.3.1* Where a life safety evaluation is required by other
+provisions of the Code, it shall comply with the following:
+(1) The life safety evaluation shall be performed by persons
+acceptable to the AHJ.
+(2) The life safety evaluation shall include a written assess-
+ment of safety measures for conditions listed in 10.15.3.2.
+(3) The life safety evaluation shall be approved annually by
+the AHJ and shall be updated for special or unusual con-
+ditions. [101:12.4.1.1]
+10.15.3.2 Life safety evaluations shall include an assessment
+of the following conditions and related appropriate safety
+measures:
+(1) Nature of the events and the participants and attendees
+(2) Access and egress movement, including crowd density
+problems
+(3) Medical emergencies
+(4) Fire hazards
+(5) Permanent and temporary structural systems
+(6) Severe weather conditions
+(7) Earthquakes
+(8) Civil or other disturbances
+(9) Hazardous materials incidents within and near the facility
+(10) Relationships among facility management, event par-
+ticipants, emergency response agencies, and others
+having a role in the events accommodated in the facil-
+ity [101:12.4.1.2]
+10.15.3.3* Life safety evaluations shall include assessments of
+both building systems and management features upon which
+reliance is placed for the safety of facility occupants, and such
+assessments shall consider scenarios appropriate to the facility.
+[101:12.4.1.3]
+10.15.4 Standby Fire Personnel.Where required by the AHJ,
+standby fire personnel shall be provided and comply with
+1.7.15.
+Table 10.14.1.1 Provisions for Christmas Trees by
+Occupancy
+Occupancy
+No Trees
+Permitted
+Cut Tree
+Permitted
+with
+Automatic
+Sprinkler
+Systems
+Cut Tree
+Permitted
+Without
+Automatic
+Sprinkler
+Systems
+Balled
+Tree
+Permitted
+Ambulatory
+health
+care
+X
+Apartment
+buildings
+Within
+unit
+Within
+unit
+X
+Assembly X
+Board and
+care
+X
+Business X X
+Day-care X X
+Detention
+and
+correctional
+X
+Dormitories X
+Educational X
+Health
+care
+X
+Hotels X
+Industrial X X X
+Lodging
+and
+rooming
+X
+Mercantile X X
+One and
+two
+family
+XXX
+Storage X X X
+1–62 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+10.15.5 Portable Fire Extinguishers.A minimum of one por-
+table fire extinguisher shall be provided for each conces-
+sion stand where required by the AHJ in accordance with
+Section 13.6.
+10.15.6 Smoke Alarms. A minimum of one single station
+smoke alarm shall be located in all stock or equipment trailers
+when they are used for sleeping purposes.
+10.15.7 Electrical Equipment. Electrical equipment and in-
+stallations shall comply with Section 11.1.
+10.15.8 Cooking. Concession stands utilized for cooking shall
+have a minimum of 10 ft (3 m) of clearance on two sides and
+shall not be located within 10 ft (3 m) of amusement rides or
+devices.
+10.15.9 Communications. Where required by the AHJ, a
+method of notifying the fire department in the event of an
+emergency shall be provided.
+10.15.9.1 Methods of notifying the fire department shall consist
+of a telephone, an alarm system connected to the fire depart-
+ment or other approved agency, or other approved means.
+10.15.9.2 Methods of notifying the fire department shall be
+readily available to the public.
+10.15.10 Internal Combustion Power Sources.
+10.15.10.1 Fueling. Fuel tanks shall be of adequate capacity to
+permit uninterrupted operation during normal operating hours.
+10.15.10.2 Refueling. Refueling shall be conducted only
+when not in use.
+10.15.10.3 Protection. Internal combustion power sources
+shall be isolated from contact with the public by either physi-
+cal guards, fencing, or an enclosure.
+10.15.10.4 Fire Extinguishers. A minimum of one portable
+fire extinguisher with a rating of not less than 2-A:10-B:C shall
+be provided.
+10.15.11 Crop Maze.
+10.15.11.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply
+with Section 1.12.
+10.15.11.2 General.
+10.15.11.2.1 The owner or operator of a crop maze amuse-
+ment attraction shall advise all employees of the fire and life
+safety regulations established in this subsection prior to the
+employees assuming their respective duties.
+10.15.11.2.2 The owner or operator of a crop maze or their
+employees shall provide safety instructions to the visitors and
+patrons of a crop maze prior to their entrance to the maze.
+10.15.11.2.3 Employee Monitor.
+10.15.11.2.3.1 A minimum of two employees shall be on duty
+to monitor a crop maze during hours of operation.
+10.15.11.2.3.2 A minimum of one of the employees shall be
+located on an elevated platform a minimum of 10 ft (3 m)
+above the maze.
+10.15.11.2.4 The owner or operator of a crop maze shall con-
+tact the local fire department and provide the fire department
+with the opportunity to prepare a pre-plan of the crop maze
+amusement attraction prior to the start of seasonal operations.
+10.15.11.2.5 Motorized vehicles shall not be parked within
+75 ft (23 m) of a crop maze.
+10.15.11.2.6 A fuel break of a minimum of 20 ft (6 m) wide
+shall be cleared between a crop maze and any vehicles or veg-
+etation outside the maze.
+10.15.11.2.7 Public Address System.
+10.15.11.2.7.1 A public address system shall be readily avail-
+able to employees at a crop maze to assist them in making
+announcements to the visitors or patrons of a crop maze in the
+event of an emergency.
+10.15.11.2.7.2 A bull horn or loud speaker shall suffice as a
+public address system.
+10.15.11.2.8 The entrance and exit from a crop maze shall
+not be blocked or obstructed at any time the maze is open for
+business and occupied by the public.
+10.15.11.2.9 No more than 200 persons per acre, including
+adults and children, shall occupy the crop maze at any one time.
+10.15.11.3 Prohibited.
+10.15.11.3.1* No open flame-producing devices or equipment
+shall be permitted within the confines of the crop maze.
+10.15.11.3.2 No smoking shall be permitted within the con-
+fines of the crop maze.
+10.15.11.4 Fireworks.
+10.15.11.4.1 Fireworks shall not be discharged within a mini-
+mum of 300 ft (91 m) of any crop maze at any time.
+10.15.11.4.2 The use of display fireworks shall comply with
+Chapter 65 in addition to the requirements of 10.15.11.4.
+10.16* Outside Storage.
+10.16.1 Outside storage of combustible materials shall not be
+located within 10 ft (3 m) of a property line.
+10.16.2 The separation distance shall be allowed to be reduced
+to 3 ft (0.9 m) for storage not exceeding 6 ft (1.8 m) in height.
+10.16.3 The separation distance shall be allowed to be re-
+duced where the AHJ determines that no hazard to the adjoin-
+ing property exists.
+10.16.4 Combustible material shall not be stored beneath a
+building or structure unless specifically constructed or pro-
+tected for this purpose.
+10.16.5 Combustible storage in the open shall not exceed
+20 ft (6.1 m) in height.
+10.17 Parade Floats.
+10.17.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+10.17.2 Fire Protection.Motorized parade floats and towing
+apparatus shall be provided with a minimum 2-A:10-B:C-rated
+portable fire extinguisher readily accessible to the operator.
+10.18 Powered Industrial Trucks.Powered industrial trucks
+shall be operated and maintained in accordance with
+NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks In-
+cluding Type Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions, Maintenance,
+and Operations.
+1–63GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+10.19* Storage of Combustible Materials.
+10.19.1 General. Storage of combustible materials shall be
+orderly.
+10.19.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+10.19.3 Ceiling Clearance.
+10.19.3.1 Storage shall be maintained 2 ft (0.61 m) or more
+from the ceiling in nonsprinklered areas of buildings.
+10.19.3.2* The clearance between the deflector and the top of
+storage shall be 18 in. (457 mm) or greater. [13:8.6.6.1]
+10.19.3.2.1 The clearance between the deflector and the top
+of storage shall be permitted to be less than 18 in. (457 mm)
+when permitted by NFPA 13.
+10.19.3.3 Where other standards specify greater clearance to
+storage minimums, they shall be followed. [13:8.6.6.2]
+10.19.4 Means of Egress.Combustible material shall not be
+stored in exits.
+10.19.5 Equipment Rooms.
+10.19.5.1 Combustible material shall not be stored in boiler
+rooms, mechanical rooms, or electrical equipment rooms.
+10.19.5.2 Materials and supplies for the operation and main-
+tenance of the equipment in the room shall be permitted.
+10.19.6 Attic, Under-Floor, and Concealed Spaces. Attic,
+under-floor, and concealed spaces used for storage of combus-
+tible materials shall comply with the protection from hazards
+requirements for storage rooms in NFPA101.
+10.19.7 Fueled Equipment.Fueled equipment, including but
+not limited to motorcycles, mopeds, lawn-care equipment,
+and portable cooking equipment, shall not be stored, oper-
+ated, or repaired within a building except under one of the
+following conditions:
+(1) The building or room has been constructed for such use
+in accordance with the building code.
+(2) The use is allowed by other provisions of this Code.
+10.20 Indoor Children’s Playground Structures.
+10.20.1 Structures intended as children’s playgrounds, in-
+stalled indoors and that which exceed 10 ft (3.1 m) in height
+and 160 ft2 (14.9 m2) in area, shall comply with the specifica-
+tions in 10.20.1.1.
+10.20.1.1 Indoor children’s playground structures shall be
+constructed of noncombustible materials or of combustible
+materials that comply with the following:
+(1) Fire retardant–treated wood.
+(2) Light-transmitting plastics complying with the require-
+ments in 10.20.1.2.
+(3) Foam plastics (including the pipe foam used in soft-
+contained play equipment structures) having a maximum
+heat-release rate not greater than 100 kW when tested in
+accordance with UL 1975.
+(4) Aluminum composite material (ACM) meeting the re-
+quirements of Class A interior finish in accordance with
+Chapter 10 of NFPA101, Life Safety Code, when tested as an
+assembly in the maximum thickness intended for use.
+(5) Textiles and films complying with the flame propagation
+performance criteria contained in NFPA 701.
+(6) Plastic materials used to construct rigid components of
+soft-contained play equipment structures (such as tubes,
+windows, panels, junction boxes, pipes, slides, and decks)
+exhibiting a peak rate of heat release not exceeding
+400 kW/m2 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 1354
+at an incident heat flux of 0.24 in. (50 kW/m 2)i nt h e
+horizontal orientation at a thickness of 0.24 in. (6 mm).
+(7) Balls used in ball pools, in soft-contained play equip-
+ment structures, shall have a maximum heat release
+rate not greater than 100 kW when tested in accor-
+dance with UL 1975. The minimum specimen test size
+shall be 36 in. × 36 in. (0.9 1 m × 0.91 m) by an average
+of 21 in. (0.56 m) deep, and the balls shall be held in a
+box constructed of galvanized steel poultry netting wire
+mesh.
+(8) Foam plastics shall be covered by a fabric, coating, or film
+meeting the flame propagation performance criteria of
+NFPA 701.
+(9) The floor covering within the children’s playground
+structure shall exhibit a Class I interior floor finish classi-
+fication, as described in Chapter 10 of NFPA 101 when
+tested in accordance with NFPA 253.
+10.20.1.2* Light-transmitting plastics used for children’s play-
+grounds shall meet all of the following criteria:
+(1) They shall have a self-ignition temperature of 650°F (343°C)
+or greater when tested in accordance with ASTM D 1929.
+(2) They shall have a smoke developed index not greater
+than 450 when tested in the manner intended for use in
+accordance with NFPA 255, or not greater than 75 when
+tested in the thickness intended for use in accordance
+with ASTM D 2843,Standard Test Method for Density of Smoke
+from the Burning or Decomposition of Plastics.
+(3) They shall meet the criteria of one of the following classi-
+fications:
+(a) CC1 — Plastic materials that have a burn length of
+1 in. (25 mm) or less and flame extinguishment when
+tested at a nominal thickness of 0.060 in. (1.5 mm),
+or in the thickness intended for use, in accordance
+with ASTM D 635,Standard Test Method for Rate of Burn-
+ing and/or Extent and Time of Burning of Plastics in a
+Horizontal Position
+(b) CC2 — Plastic materials that have a burning rate of
+21⁄2 in./min (64 mm/min) or less when tested at a nomi-
+nal thickness of 0.060 in. (1.5 mm), or at a thickness
+intended for use, in accordance with ASTM D 635
+10.20.1.3 Indoor children’s playground structures shall have
+a minimum horizontal separation from other structures of
+20 ft (6.1 m).
+10.20.1.4 Indoor children’s playground structures shall not
+exceed 300 ft2 (28 m2) in area, unless approved by the AHJ.
+Chapter 11 Building Services
+11.1 Electrical Fire Safety.
+11.1.1 Section 11.1 shall apply to new, existing, permanent,
+or temporary electrical appliances, equipment, fixtures, or
+wiring.
+11.1.1.1 Existing installations shall be permitted to be contin-
+ued in use provided the lack of conformity does not present an
+imminent hazard danger.
+1–64 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+11.1.2 All electrical appliances, fixtures, equipment, or wir-
+ing shall be installed and maintained in accordance with
+NFPA 70,National Electrical Code.
+11.1.3 Permanent wiring shall be installed and maintained in
+accordance with NFPA 70.
+11.1.4 Permanent wiring abandoned in place shall be tagged
+or otherwise identified at its termination and junction points
+as “Abandoned in Place” or removed from all accessible areas
+and insulated from contact with other live electrical wiring or
+devices.
+11.1.5 Multiplug Adapters.
+11.1.5.1 Multiplug adapters, such as multiplug extension
+cords, cube adapters, strip plugs, and other devices, shall be
+listed and used in accordance with their listing.
+11.1.5.2 Multiplug adapters shall not be used as a substitute
+for permanent wiring or receptacles.
+11.1.6 Relocatable Power Taps.
+11.1.6.1 Relocatable power taps shall be of the polarized or
+grounded type with overcurrent protection and shall be listed.
+11.1.6.2 The relocatable power taps shall be directly con-
+nected to a permanently installed receptacle.
+11.1.6.3 Relocatable power tap cords shall not extend
+through walls, ceilings, or floors; under doors or floor cover-
+ings; or be subject to environmental or physical damage.
+11.1.7 Extension Cords.
+11.1.7.1 Extension cords shall be plugged directly into an
+approved receptacle, power tap, or multiplug adapter and
+shall, except for approved multiplug extension cords, serve
+only one portable appliance.
+11.1.7.2* The ampacity of the extension cords shall not be less
+than the rated capacity of the portable appliance supplied by
+the cord.
+11.1.7.3 The extension cords shall be maintained in good
+condition without splices, deterioration, or damage.
+11.1.7.4 Extension cords shall be grounded when servicing
+grounded portable appliances.
+11.1.7.5 Extension cords and flexible cords shall not be af-
+fixed to structures; extend through walls, ceilings, or floors, or
+under doors or floor coverings; or be subject to environmental
+or physical damage.
+11.1.7.6 Extension cords shall not be used as a substitute for
+permanent wiring.
+11.1.8 Temporary Installations.
+11.1.8.1 Other Articles. Except as specifically modified in
+Article 590, all other requirements of NFPA 70 for perma-
+nent wiring shall apply to temporary wiring installations.
+[70:590.2(A)]
+11.1.8.2 Approval. Temporary wiring methods shall be ac-
+ceptable only if approved based on the conditions of use
+and any special requirements of the temporary installation.
+[70:590.2(B)]
+11.1.8.3 During the Period of Construction.Temporary elec-
+trical power and lighting installations shall be permitted dur-
+ing the period of construction, remodeling, maintenance, re-
+pair, or demolition of buildings, structures, equipment, or
+similar activities. [70:590.3(A)]
+11.1.8.4 90 Days.Temporary electrical power and lighting in-
+stallations shall be permitted for a period not to exceed
+90 days for holiday decorative lighting and similar purposes.
+[70:590.3(B)]
+11.1.8.5 Emergencies and Tests.Temporary electrical power
+and lighting installations shall be permitted during emergen-
+cies and for tests, experiments, and developmental work.
+[70:590.3(C)]
+11.1.8.6 Removal.Temporary wiring shall be removed imme-
+diately upon completion of construction or purpose for which
+the wiring was installed. [70:590.3(D)]
+11.1.9 Building Disconnect.
+11.1.9.1* Means shall be provided for the fire department to
+disconnect the electrical service to a building, structure, or
+facility when the electrical installation is covered under the
+scope of NFPA 70.
+11.1.9.2 The disconnecting means shall be maintained acces-
+sible to the fire department.
+11.1.9.3 Identification of Disconnecting Means.
+11.1.9.3.1 Each disconnecting means shall be legibly marked
+to indicate its purpose unless located and arranged so the pur-
+pose is evident. [70:110.22]
+11.1.9.3.2 The marking shall be of sufficient durability to
+withstand the environment involved. [70:110.22]
+11.1.10 Covers. All panel board and switch boards, pull boxes,
+junction boxes, switches, receptacles,and conduit bodies shall be
+provided with covers compatible with the box or conduit body
+construction and suitable for the conditions of use.
+11.2 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning.
+11.2.1 Air-Conditioning, Heating, Ventilating Ductwork, and
+Related Equipment.Air-conditioning, heating, ventilating duct-
+work, and related equipment shall be in accordance with
+NFPA 90A,Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Venti-
+lating Systems, or NFPA 90B,Standard for the Installation of Warm Air
+Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems, as applicable, unless such in-
+stallations are approved existing installations, which shall be per-
+mitted to be continued in service. [101:9.2.1]
+11.2.2 Ventilating or Heat-Producing Equipment.Ventilating
+or heat-producing equipment shall be in accordance with
+NFPA 91,Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors,
+Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids ; NFPA 211,
+Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel–Burning
+Appliances; NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning
+Equipment; NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code ; or NFPA 70, as
+applicable, unless such installations are approved existing in-
+stallations, which shall be permitted to be continued in ser-
+vice. [101:9.2.2]
+11.3 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors.
+11.3.1 Fire Fighters’ Emergency Operations.
+11.3.1.1 All new elevators shall conform to the Fire Fighters’
+Emergency Operations requirements of ASME A17.1/CSA B44,
+Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators.[ 101:9.4.3.1]
+11.3.1.2 All existing elevators having a travel distance of 25 ft
+(7620 mm) or more above or below the level that best serves
+1–65BUILDING SERVICES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+the needs of emergency personnel for fire-fighting or rescue
+purposes shall conform to the Fire Fighters’ Emergency Op-
+erations requirements of ASME A17.3, Safety Code for Existing
+Elevators and Escalators.[ 101:9.4.3.2]
+11.3.2 Number of Cars.The number of elevator cars permitted
+in a hoistway shall be in accordance with 8.6.8.3 of NFPA 101.
+[101:9.4.4]
+11.3.3* Elevator Machine Rooms.Elevator machine rooms that
+contain solid-state equipment for elevators, other than existing
+elevators, having a travel distance exceeding 50 ft (15 m) above
+the level of exit discharge or exceeding 30 ft (9150 mm) below
+the level of exit discharge shall be provided with independent
+ventilation or air-conditioning systems to maintain temperature
+during fire fighters’ emergency operations for elevator operation
+(see 11.3.1). The operating temperature shall be established by
+the elevator equipment manufacturer’s specifications. When
+standby power is connected to the elevator, the machine room
+ventilation or air-conditioning shall be connected to standby
+power. [101:9.4.5]
+11.3.4 Elevator Testing.
+11.3.4.1 Elevators shall be subject to periodic inspections and
+tests as specified in ASME A17.1/CSA B44,Safety Code for Eleva-
+tors and Escalators.[ 101:9.4.6.1]
+11.3.4.2 All elevators equipped with fire fighters’ emergency
+operations in accordance with 11.3.1 shall be subject to a
+monthly operation with a written record of the findings made
+and kept on the premises as required by ASME A17.1/CSA B44,
+Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators.[ 101:9.4.6.2]
+11.3.4.3 The elevator inspections and tests required by
+11.3.4.1 shall be performed at frequencies complying with one
+of the following:
+(1) Inspection and test frequencies specified in Appendix N
+of ASME A17.1/CSA B44,Safety Code for Elevators and Esca-
+lators
+(2) Inspection and test frequencies specified by the AHJ
+[101:9.4.6.3]
+11.3.5 Openings to Exit Enclosures. Conveyors, elevators,
+dumbwaiters, and pneumatic conveyors serving various stories
+of a building shall not open to an exit enclosure. [101:9.4.7]
+11.4 Utilities. Equipment using fuel gas and related gas pip-
+ing shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 54,National Fuel
+Gas Code, or NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code. (See Chapter
+69 for LP-Gas fuel supply and storage installations.)
+11.4.1 Existing installations shall be permitted to be contin-
+ued in service, subject to approval by the AHJ.
+11.4.2 Aboveground gas meters, regulators, and piping ex-
+posed to vehicular damage shall be protected in accordance
+with 60.1.15.
+11.5 Heating Appliances.
+11.5.1 General.
+11.5.1.1 The installation of stationary oil-burning equipment
+and appliances, including but not limited to industrial-,
+commercial-, and residential-type steam, hot water, or warm
+air heating plants; domestic-type range burners and space
+heaters; and portable oil-burning equipment shall comply
+with Section 11.5 and NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of
+Oil-Burning Equipment.
+11.5.1.2 Section 11.5 shall also apply to all accessory equip-
+ment and control systems, whether electric, thermostatic, or
+mechanical, and all electrical wiring connected to oil-fired
+equipment, and shall comply with Section 11.5 and NFPA 31,
+Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment.[ 31:1.1.2]
+11.5.1.3 Section 11.5 shall also apply to the installation of oil
+storage and supply systems connected to oil-fired equipment
+and appliances, and shall comply with Section 11.5 and
+NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment .
+[31:1.1.3]
+11.5.1.4 Section 11.5 shall also apply to those multi-fueled
+appliances in which fuel oil is one of the optional fuels.
+[31:1.1.4]
+11.5.1.5* Section 11.5 shall not apply to internal combustion
+engines, oil lamps, or portable devices not specifically covered
+in NFPA 31.(See Chapter 11 of NFPA 31 for portable devices that are
+covered by this section.) [31:1.1.5]
+11.5.1.6 The installation of gas-fired heating appliances shall
+comply with Section 11.5 and NFPA 54. (See Chapter 69 for LP-
+Gas fuel supply and storage installations.)
+11.5.1.7 All heating appliances shall be approved or listed.
+11.5.1.8 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+11.5.1.9 Electrical wiring and utilization equipment used in
+connection with oil-burning appliances or equipment shall be
+installed in accordance with Section 11.1. [31:4.4.1]
+11.5.1.10 Acceptable Fuels.
+11.5.1.10.1 The grade of fuel oil used in an oil burner shall be
+that for which the burner is approved and as stipulated by the
+manufacturer. Oil containing gasoline shall not be used as
+fuel. (For use of oil fuels other than those described in this paragraph,
+see Chapters 11, 12, and 13 of NFPA 31.)[31:4.5.1]
+11.5.1.10.2 Crankcase oil or used oil shall not be used as fuel
+unless all of the following conditions are met:
+(1) The installation is in a commercial or industrial occupancy.
+(2) The oil-burning appliance is designed to burn crankcase
+oil or used oil and is listed for such use.
+(3) The appliance is installed in accordance with the manu-
+facturer’s instructions and with the terms of its listing.
+(4) The installation meets the applicable requirements of
+Section 4.6 and Chapter 12 of NFPA 31. [31:4.5.2]
+11.5.1.10.3* Where heavy oils are used, the following shall be
+required:
+(1) The oil-burning appliance shall be designed to burn such
+fuels.
+(2) Means shall be provided to maintain the oil at its proper
+atomizing temperature.
+(3) Automatically operated burners that require preheating
+of oil shall be arranged so that no oil can be delivered for
+combustion until the oil is at the proper atomizing tem-
+perature.
+(4)*Use of an oil-fired appliance that is listed in accordance
+with UL 296A, Standard for Waste Oil-Burning Air-Heating
+Appliances, shall be deemed as meeting the intent of
+11.5.1.10.3(1) through 11.5.1.10.3(3). [31:4.5.3]
+11.5.1.10.4 A properly sized and rated oil filter or strainer
+shall be installed in the oil supply line to an oil burner.
+[31:4.5.4]
+1–66 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+11.5.1.11 Clothes Dryers.
+11.5.1.11.1 Clothes dryers shall be cleaned to maintain the
+lint trap and keep the mechanical and heating components
+free from excessive accumulations of lint.
+11.5.1.11.2 The requirements of 11.5.1.11.1 shall not apply to
+clothes dryers in individual dwelling units of residential occu-
+pancies.
+11.5.2 Kerosene Burners and Oil Stoves.
+11.5.2.1 Kerosene burners and oil stoves shall be equipped
+with a primary safety control furnished as an integral part of
+the appliance by the manufacturer to stop the flow of oil in the
+event of flame failure. Barometric oil feed shall not be consid-
+ered a primary safety control.
+11.5.2.2 A conversion range oil burner shall be equipped
+with a thermal (heat-actuated) valve in the oil supply line, lo-
+cated in the burner compartment of the stove.
+11.5.2.3 Only listed kerosene heaters shall be used. The fol-
+lowing safeguards shall apply:
+(1) Provide adequate ventilation
+(2) Do not place on carpeting
+(3) Keep 3 ft (0.9 m) away from combustible furnishings or
+drapes
+(4) Use only approved Type 1-K water clear kerosene
+(5) Allow to cool before refueling
+11.5.3 Portable Electric Heater.
+11.5.3.1 The AHJ shall be permitted to prohibit use of por-
+table electric heaters in occupancies or situations where such
+use or operation would present an undue danger to life or
+property.
+11.5.3.2 Portable electric heaters shall be designed and lo-
+cated so that they cannot be easily overturned.
+11.5.3.3 All portable electric heaters shall be listed.
+11.5.4 Vents.All chimneys, smokestacks, or similar devices for
+conveying smoke or hot gases to the outer air and the stoves,
+furnaces, incinerators, boilers, or any other heat-producing
+devices or appliances shall be installed and maintained in ac-
+cordance with NFPA 54 and NFPA 211.
+11.6 Rubbish Chutes, Incinerators, and Laundry Chutes.
+11.6.1 Enclosure.
+11.6.1.1 Rubbish chutes and laundry chutes shall be sepa-
+rately enclosed by walls or partitions in accordance with the
+provisions of Section 12.7. [101:9.5.1.1]
+11.6.1.2 Inlet openings serving chutes shall be protected in
+accordance with Section 12.7. [101:9.5.1.2]
+11.6.1.3 The doors of chutes specified in 11.6.1.2 shall open
+only to a room that is designed and used exclusively for access-
+ing the chute opening. [101:9.5.1.3]
+11.6.1.4 The room used for accessing the chute opening shall
+be separated from other spaces in accordance with Section 8.7
+of NFPA101.[ 101:9.5.1.4]
+11.6.1.5 The requirements of 11.6.1.1 through 11.6.1.4 shall
+not apply where otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) Existing installations having properly enclosed service
+chutes and properly installed and maintained service
+openings shall be permitted to have inlets open to a cor-
+ridor or normally occupied space.
+(2) Rubbish chutes and laundry chutes shall be permitted to
+open into rooms not exceeding 400 ft 2 (37 m2) that are
+used for storage, provided that the room is protected by
+automatic sprinklers. [101:9.5.1.5]
+11.6.2 Installation and Maintenance.Rubbish chutes, laundry
+chutes, and incinerators shall be installed and maintained in
+accordance with NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste
+and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment, unless such installa-
+tions are approved existing installations, which shall be per-
+mitted to be continued in service. [101:9.5.2]
+11.7 Stationary Generators and Standby Power Systems.
+11.7.1 Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines In-
+stallation. Stationary generator sets shall be installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Sta-
+tionary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, and NFPA 70.
+11.7.2 Portable Generators.
+11.7.2.1* Portable generators shall not be operated or refu-
+eled within buildings, on balconies, or on roofs.
+11.7.2.1.1 Portable generators shall be permitted to be oper-
+ated or refueled in a building or room that has been con-
+structed for such use in accordance with the building code.
+11.7.2.1.2 Fueling from a container shall be permitted when
+the engine is shut down and engine surface temperature is
+below the autoignition temperature of the fuel.
+11.7.2.2 Portable generators shall be positioned so that the
+exhaust is directed as follows:
+(1) At least 5 ft (1.5 m) in any direction away from any open-
+ings or air intakes
+(2) Away from the building
+11.7.3 Emergency and Standby Power Systems.
+11.7.3.1 General.Stationary generators for emergency use or
+standby power required by this Code, the building code, or
+other codes and standards shall be installed in accordance
+with NFPA 110,Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems.
+11.7.3.2 Acceptance.Newly installed stationary generators for
+emergency use or for standby power for fire protection sys-
+tems and features shall demonstrate the capacity of the energy
+converter, with its controls and accessories, to survive without
+damage from common and abnormal disturbances in actual
+load circuits by any of the following means:
+(1) By tests on separate prototype models
+(2) By acceptance tests on the system components as per-
+formed by the component suppliers
+(3) By listing for emergency service as a completely factory-
+assembled and factory-tested apparatus
+11.7.4 Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby
+Power System Installation.Stored electrical energy systems re-
+quired by this Code, the building code, or other NFPA codes
+and standards shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 111,
+Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power
+Systems, and NFPA 70.
+11.7.5 Maintenance and Testing.
+11.7.5.1 Stationary generators used for standby power shall
+be tested and maintained in accordance with NFPA 110 and
+NFPA 37.
+1–67BUILDING SERVICES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+11.7.5.2 Stationary generators required by this Code, the
+building code, or other NFPA codes and standards shall be
+maintained in accordance with NFPA 110.
+11.7.5.3 Stored electrical energy systems required by this
+Code, the building code, or other NFPA codes and standards
+shall be maintained in accordance with NFPA 111.
+11.8* Smoke Control.
+11.8.1 Newly installed smoke-control systems shall be in-
+spected by the AHJ and tested in accordance with the criteria
+established in the approved design documents, NFPA 204,
+NFPA 92A, and NFPA 92B.
+11.8.2 Smoke-control systems shall have an approved mainte-
+nance and testing program to ensure operational integrity.
+11.8.3 All smoke-control systems and devices shall be main-
+tained in a reliable operating condition and shall be replaced
+or repaired where defective.
+11.8.4 The AHJ shall be notified when any smoke-control sys-
+tem is out of service for more than 4 hours in a 24-hour period
+and again upon restoration of service of such systems.
+11.8.5 The AHJ shall be permitted to require the building to
+be evacuated or an approved fire watch to be provided for all
+portions left unprotected by the fire protection system shut-
+down until the fire protection system has been returned to
+service.
+11.9 Emergency Command Center.Where required, emer-
+gency command centers shall comply with Section 11.9.
+11.9.1 The location, design, content, and fire department
+access of the emergency command center shall be approved
+by the fire department.
+11.9.2 The emergency command center shall be separated
+from the remainder of the building by a fire barrier having a
+fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour.
+11.9.3 The emergency command center room shall be a
+minimum of 96 ft2 (8.9 m2) with a minimum dimension of 8 ft
+(2.4 m).
+11.9.4 The following shall be provided in the emergency
+command center:
+(1) The fire department communication unit
+(2) A telephone for fire department use with controlled ac-
+cess to the public telephone system
+(3) Schematic building plans indicating the typical floor plan
+and detailing the building core means of egress, fire pro-
+tection systems, fire-fighting equipment, and fire depart-
+ment access
+(4) Work table
+(5) If applicable, hazardous material management plans for
+the building
+11.9.5 Where otherwise required, the following devices or
+functions shall be provided within the emergency command
+center:
+(1) The emergency voice/alarm communication system unit
+(2) Fire detection and alarm system annunciator unit
+(3) Annunciator visually indicating the location of the eleva-
+tors and whether they are operational
+(4) Status indicators and controls for air-handling systems
+(5) Controls for unlocking stairway doors simultaneously
+(6) Sprinkler valve and waterflow detector display panels
+(7) Emergency and standby power status indicators
+(8) Fire pump status indicators
+(9) Generator supervision devices and manual start and
+transfer features
+(10) Public address system, where specifically required by
+other sections of this Code
+(11) Controls required for smoke control
+11.9.6 Emergency Command Center Acceptance Testing.De-
+vices, equipment, components, and sequences shall be indi-
+vidually tested in accordance with appropriate standards and
+manufacturers’ documented instructions.
+Chapter 12 Features of Fire Protection
+12.1 General. This chapter shall apply to new, existing, per-
+manent, or temporary buildings.
+12.2* Construction.
+12.2.1* Where required by this Code, a type of building con-
+struction shall comply with NFPA 220, Standard on Types of
+Building Construction.
+12.2.2 Fire safety construction features for new and existing
+occupancies shall comply with this Code and the referenced
+edition of NFPA101.
+12.3 Fire-Resistive Materials and Construction.
+12.3.1 The design and construction of fire walls and fire bar-
+rier walls that are required to separate buildings or subdivide a
+building to prevent the spread of fire shall comply with Sec-
+tion 12.3 and NFPA 221, Standard for High Challenge Fire Walls,
+Fire Walls, and Fire Barrier Walls.
+12.3.2* Maintenance of Fire-Resistive Construction.
+12.3.2.1 Required fire-resistive construction, including fire
+barriers, fire walls, exterior walls due to location on property,
+fire-resistive requirements based on type of construction,
+draft-stop partitions, and roof coverings, shall be maintained
+and shall be properly repaired, restored, or replaced where
+damaged, altered, breached, penetrated, removed, or improp-
+erly installed.
+12.3.2.2 Where required, fire-rated gypsum wallboard walls
+or ceilings that are damaged to the extent that through open-
+ings exist, the damaged gypsum wallboard shall be replaced or
+returned to the required level of fire resistance using a listed
+repair system or using materials and methods equivalent to
+the original construction.
+12.3.2.3 Where readily accessible, required fire-resistance-
+rated assemblies in high-rise buildings shall be visually in-
+spected for integrity at least once every 5 years.
+12.3.2.3.1 A written report shall be submitted to the AHJ in-
+dicating the inspection results.
+12.4 Fire Doors and Windows.
+12.4.1* The installation and maintenance of assemblies and
+devices used to protect openings in walls, floors, and ceilings
+against the spread of fire and smoke within, into, or out of
+buildings shall comply with Section 12.4 and NFPA 80, Stan-
+dard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives.[ 80:1.1]
+12.4.2* With the exception of fabric fire safety curtain assem-
+blies, Section 12.4 addresses assemblies that have been sub-
+1–68 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+jected to standardized fire tests. (See Chapter 20 of NFPA 80,
+Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives.) [80:1.1.1]
+12.4.3* Incinerator doors, record room doors, and vault doors
+are not covered in Section 12.4. [80:1.1.2]
+12.4.4* Requirements for horizontally sliding, vertically slid-
+ing, and swinging doors as used in this Code do not apply to
+hoistway doors for elevators and dumbwaiters. [80:1.1.3]
+12.4.5* Section 12.4 shall not cover fire-resistant glazing mate-
+rials and horizontally sliding accordion or folding assemblies
+fabricated for use as walls and tested as wall assemblies in ac-
+cordance with NFPA 251. [80:1.1.4]
+12.4.6 Care and Maintenance of Fire Doors and Other Open-
+ing Protectives.
+12.4.6.1 Subsection 12.4.6 shall cover the care and mainte-
+nance of fire doors and other opening protectives.
+12.4.6.2 Removal of Door or Window.Where a door or win-
+dow opening is no longer in use, the opening shall be filled
+with construction equivalent to that of the wall. [80:5.1.2]
+12.4.6.3 Operability.
+12.4.6.3.1 Doors, shutters, and windows shall be operable at
+all times. [80:5.1.3.1]
+12.4.6.3.2 Doors, shutters, and windows shall be kept closed
+and latched or arranged for automatic closing. [80:5.1.3.2]
+12.4.6.4 Replacement. Where it is necessary to replace fire
+doors, shutters, windows or their frames, glazing materials,
+hardware, and closing mechanisms, replacements shall meet
+the requirements for fire protection and shall be installed as
+required by this section for new installations. [80:5.1.4]
+12.4.6.5 Repairs and Field Modifications.
+12.4.6.5.1 Repairs shall be made, and defects that could inter-
+fere with operation shall be corrected without delay. [80:5.1.5.1]
+12.4.6.5.2 Field Modifications.
+12.4.6.5.2.1 In cases where a field modification to a fire door
+assembly is desired, the laboratory whose label is on the assem-
+bly shall be contacted and a description of the modifications
+shall be presented to the laboratory. [80:5.1.5.2.1]
+12.4.6.5.2.2 If the laboratory finds that the modifications will
+not compromise the integrity and fire resistance capabilities
+of the assembly, the modifications shall be permitted to be
+authorized by the laboratory without a field visit from the labo-
+ratory. [80:5.1.5.2.2]
+12.4.6.6* Inspections.
+12.4.6.6.1* Fire door assemblies shall be inspected and tested
+not less than annually, and a written record of the inspection
+shall be signed and kept for inspection by the AHJ. [80:5.2.1]
+12.4.6.7 Performance-Based Option.
+12.4.6.7.1 As an alternate means of compliance with
+12.4.6.6.1, subject to the AHJ, fire door assemblies shall be
+permitted to be inspected, tested, and maintained under a
+written performance-based program. [80:5.2.2.1]
+12.4.6.7.2 Goals established under a performance-based pro-
+gram shall provide assurance that the fire door assembly will
+perform its intended function when exposed to fire condi-
+tions. [80:5.2.2.2]
+12.4.6.7.3 Technical justification for inspection, testing, and
+maintenance intervals shall be documented. [80:5.2.2.3]
+12.4.6.7.4 The performance-based option shall include his-
+torical data acceptable to the AHJ. [80:5.2.2.4]
+12.4.6.8 Functional Testing.
+12.4.6.8.1 Functional testing of fire door and window assem-
+blies shall be performed by individuals with knowledge and
+understanding of the operating components of the type of
+door being subject to testing. [80:5.2.3.1]
+12.4.6.8.2 Before testing, a visual inspection shall be per-
+formed to identify any damaged or missing parts that can cre-
+ate a hazard during testing or affect operation or resetting.
+[80:5.2.3.2]
+12.4.6.9 Swinging Doors with Builders Hardware or Fire Door
+Hardware.
+12.4.6.9.1 Fire door assemblies shall be visually inspected
+from both sides to assess the overall condition of the door
+assembly. [80:5.2.4.1]
+12.4.6.9.2 As a minimum, the following items shall be verified:
+(1) No open holes or breaks exist in surfaces of either the
+door or frame.
+(2) Glazing, vision light frames, and glazing beads are intact
+and securely fastened in place, if so equipped.
+(3) The door, frame, hinges, hardware, and noncombustible
+threshold are secured, aligned, and in working order
+with no visible signs of damage.
+(4) No parts are missing or broken.
+(5) Door clearances at the door edge to the frame, on the
+pull side of the door, do not exceed clearances listed in
+4.8.4 and 6.3.1 of NFPA 80.
+(6) The self-closing device is operational, that is, the active
+door completely closes when operated from the full
+open position.
+(7) If a coordinator is installed, the inactive leaf closes be-
+fore active leaf.
+(8) Latching hardware operates and secures the door when
+it is in the closed position.
+(9) Auxiliary hardware items that interfere or prohibit op-
+eration are not installed on the door or frame.
+(10) No field modifications to the door assembly have been
+performed that void the label.
+(11) Gasketing and edge seals, where required, are inspected
+to verify their presence and integrity. [80:5.2.4.2]
+12.4.6.10 Horizontally Sliding, Vertically Sliding, and Rolling
+Doors.
+12.4.6.10.1 Fire door assemblies shall be visually inspected
+from both sides to assess the overall condition of door assem-
+bly. [80:5.2.5.1]
+12.4.6.10.2 The following items shall be verified:
+(1) No open holes or breaks exist in surfaces of either the
+door or frame.
+(2) Slats, endlocks, bottom bar, guide assembly, curtain entry
+hood, and flame baffle are correctly installed and intact.
+(3) Glazing, vision light frames, and glazing beads are intact
+and securely fastened in place, if so equipped.
+(4) Curtain, barrel, and guides are aligned, level, plumb,
+and true.
+(5) Expansion clearance is maintained in accordance with
+manufacturer’s listing.
+1–69FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(6) Drop release arms and weights are not blocked or
+wedged.
+(7) Mounting and assembly bolts are intact and secured.
+(8) Attachment to jambs are with bolts, expansion anchors,
+or as otherwise required by the listing.
+(9) Smoke detectors, if equipped, are installed and opera-
+tional.
+(10) No parts are missing or broken.
+(11) Fusible links, if equipped, are in the location; chain/
+cable, s-hooks, eyes, and so forth, are in good condition
+(i.e., no kinked or pinched cable, no twisted or inflex-
+ible chain); and links are not painted or coated with dust
+or grease.
+(12) Auxiliary hardware items that interfere or prohibit op-
+eration are not installed on the door or frame.
+(13) No field modifications to the door assembly have been
+performed that void the label. [80:5.2.5.2]
+12.4.6.11 Inspection shall include an operational test for
+automatic-closing doors and windows to verify that the assem-
+bly will close under fire conditions. [80:5.2.6]
+12.4.6.12 Assembly shall be reset after a successful test.
+[80:5.2.7]
+12.4.6.13 Resetting of the release mechanism shall be done
+in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. [80:5.2.8]
+12.4.6.14 Hardware shall be examined, and inoperative hard-
+ware, parts, or other defects shall be replaced without delay.
+[80:5.2.9]
+12.4.6.15 Tin-clad and kalamein doors shall be inspected for
+dry rot of the wood core. [80:5.2.10]
+12.4.6.16 Chains or cables employed shall be inspected for
+excessive wear and stretching. [80:5.2.11]
+12.4.6.17 Lubrication and Adjustments.
+12.4.6.17.1 Guides and bearings shall be kept well lubricated
+to facilitate operation. [80:5.2.12.1]
+12.4.6.17.2 Chains or cables on biparting, counterbalanced
+doors shall be checked and adjustments shall be made to en-
+sure latching and to keep the doors in proper relation to the
+opening. [80:5.2.12.2]
+12.4.6.18 Prevention of Door Blockage.
+12.4.6.18.1 Door openings and the surrounding areas shall
+be kept clear of anything that could obstruct or interfere with
+the free operation of the door. [80:5.2.13.1]
+12.4.6.18.2 Where necessary, a barrier shall be built to pre-
+vent the piling of material against sliding doors. [80:5.2.13.2]
+12.4.6.18.3 Blocking or wedging of doors in the open posi-
+tion shall be prohibited. [80:5.2.13.3]
+12.4.6.19 Maintenance of Closing Mechanisms.
+12.4.6.19.1 Self-closing devices shall be kept in working con-
+dition at all times. [80:5.2.14.1]
+12.4.6.19.2 Swinging doors normally held in the open posi-
+tion and equipped with automatic-closing devices shall be op-
+erated at frequent intervals to ensure operation. [80:5.2.14.2]
+12.4.6.19.3 All horizontal or vertical sliding and rolling fire
+doors shall be inspected and tested annually to check for op-
+eration and full closure. [80:5.2.14.3]
+12.4.6.19.3.1 Resetting of the release mechanism shall be
+done in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
+[80:5.2.14.3.1]
+12.4.6.19.3.2 A written record shall be maintained and shall
+be made available to the AHJ. [80:5.2.14.3.2]
+12.4.6.19.3.3 When conducting the annual test for operation
+and full closure, rolling steel fire doors shall be drop tested
+twice. [80:5.2.14.3.3]
+12.4.6.19.3.4 The first test shall be to check for operation and
+full closure. [80:5.2.14.3.4]
+12.4.6.19.3.5 A second test shall be done to verify that the
+automatic-closing device has been reset. [80:5.2.14.3.5]
+12.4.6.19.4 Fusible links or other heat-actuated devices and
+release devices shall not be painted. [80:5.2.14.4]
+12.4.6.19.5* Paint shall be prevented from accumulating on
+any movable part. [80:5.2.14.5]
+12.4.6.20 Repair of Fire Doors and Windows.
+12.4.6.20.1 Damaged glazing material shall be replaced with
+labeled glazing. [80:5.2.15.1]
+12.4.6.20.1.1 Replacement glazing materials shall be installed
+in accordance with their individual listing. [80:5.2.15.1.1]
+12.4.6.20.2 Any breaks in the face covering of doors shall be
+repaired immediately. [80:5.2.15.2]
+12.4.6.20.3 Where a fire door, frame, or any part of its appur-
+tenances is damaged to the extent that it could impair the
+door’s proper emergency function, the following actions shall
+be performed:
+(1) The fire door, frame, or any part of its appurtenances
+shall be repaired with parts obtained from the door’s
+manufacturer.
+(2) The door shall be tested to ensure emergency operation
+and closing upon completion of the repairs. [80:5.2.15.3]
+12.4.6.20.4 When holes are left in a door or frame due to
+changes or removal of hardware or plant-ons, the holes shall
+be repaired by the following methods:
+(1) Install steel fasteners that completely fill the holes
+(2) Fill the screw or bolt holes with the same material as the
+door or frame [80:5.2.15.4]
+12.4.6.21 Retrofit Operators.
+12.4.6.21.1 The operator, governor, and automatic-closing
+device on rolling steel fire doors shall be permitted to be ret-
+rofitted with a labeled retrofit operator under the conditions
+specified in 12.4.6.21.2 through 12.4.6.21.5. [80:5.3.1]
+12.4.6.21.2 The retrofit operator shall be labeled as such.
+[80:5.3.2]
+12.4.6.21.3 The retrofit operator shall be installed in accor-
+dance with its installation instructions and listing. [80:5.3.3]
+12.4.6.21.4 The installation shall be acceptable to the AHJ.
+[80:5.3.4]
+12.4.6.21.5 The retrofit operator shall be permitted to be
+provided by a manufacturer other than the original manufac-
+turer of the rolling steel fire door on which it is retrofitted,
+provided its listing allows it to be retrofitted on that manufac-
+turer’s doors. [80:5.3.5]
+1–70 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+12.5* Interior Finish.
+12.5.1 Interior finish in buildings and structures shall meet
+the requirements of NFPA101 and this Code.
+12.5.2* General.
+12.5.2.1 Classification of interior finish materials shall be in
+accordance with tests made under conditions simulating ac-
+tual installations, provided that the AHJ shall be permitted to
+establish the classification of any material on which a rating by
+standard test is not available, unless otherwise provided in
+12.5.2.2. [101:10.2.1.1]
+12.5.2.2 Materials applied directly to the surface of walls and
+ceilings in a total thickness of less than 1⁄28 in. (0.9 mm) shall
+not be considered interior finish and shall be exempt from
+tests simulating actual installation if they meet the require-
+ments of Class A interior wall or ceiling finish when tested in
+accordance with 12.5.4 using fiber cement board as the sub-
+strate material. [101:10.2.1.2]
+12.5.2.3* Fixed or movable walls and partitions, paneling, wall
+pads, and crash pads applied structurally or for decoration,
+acoustical correction, surface insulation, or other purposes
+shall be considered interior finish and shall not be considered
+decorations or furnishings. [101:10.2.1.3]
+12.5.3* Use of Interior Finishes.
+12.5.3.1 Requirements for interior wall and ceiling finish
+shall apply as follows:
+(1) Where specified elsewhere in this Code for specific occu-
+pancies in Chapter 20 and NFPA 101 (see Chapter 7 and
+Chapter 11 through Chapter 43 of NFPA 101)
+(2) As specified in 12.5.5. [ 101:10.2.2.1]
+12.5.3.2* Requirements for interior floor finish shall apply un-
+der any of the following conditions:
+(1) Where floor finish requirements are specified elsewhere
+in the Code
+(2)*Where carpet or carpet-like material not meeting the re-
+quirements of ASTM D 2859, Standard Test Method for Igni-
+tion Characteristics of Finished Textile Floor Covering Materials,
+is used
+(3) Where the fire performance of the floor finish cannot be
+demonstrated to be equivalent to floor finishes with a
+critical radiant flux of at least 0.1 W/cm2
+(4) Where the fire performance of the floor finish is un-
+known [101:10.2.2.2]
+12.5.4* Interior Wall or Ceiling Finish Testing and Classifica-
+tion. Interior wall or ceiling finish that is required elsewhere in
+this Code to be Class A, Class B, or Class C shall be classified based
+on test results from ASTM E 84, Standard Test Method for Surface
+Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, or ANSI/UL 723,Stan-
+dard for Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials,
+except as indicated in 12.5.4.1 or 12.5.4.2. [101:10.2.3]
+12.5.4.1 Exposed portions of structural members complying
+with the requirements for Type IV(2HH) construction in ac-
+cordance with NFPA 220,Standard on Types of Building Construc-
+tion, or with 7.2.5 ofNFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety
+Code, shall be exempt from testing and classification in accor-
+dance with ASTM E 84, or ANSI/UL 723. [101:10.2.3.1]
+12.5.4.2 Interior wall and ceiling finish tested in accordance
+with NFPA 286,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Con-
+tribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth ,
+and meeting the conditions of 12.5.4.7.2 shall be permitted to
+be used where interior wall and ceiling finish is required to be
+Class A in accordance with ASTM E 84 or ANSI/UL 723.
+[101:10.2.3.2]
+12.5.4.3 For fire-retardant coatings, see 12.5.7. [101:10.2.3.3]
+12.5.4.4* Products required to be tested in accordance with
+ASTM E 84 or ANSI/UL 723 shall be classified as follows in
+accordance with their flame spread and smoke development,
+except as indicated in 12.5.4.4(4):
+(1) Class A interior wall and ceiling finish shall be character-
+ized by the following:
+(a) Flame spread index, 0–25
+(b) Smoke developed index, 0–450
+(2) Class B interior wall and ceiling finish shall be character-
+ized by the following:
+(a) Flame spread index, 26–75
+(b) Smoke developed index, 0–450
+(3) Class C interior wall and ceiling finish shall be character-
+ized by the following:
+(a) Flame spread index, 76–200
+(b) Smoke developed index, 0–450
+(4) Existing interior finish shall be exempt from the smoke
+development criteria of 12.5.4.4(1)(b), 12.5.4.4(2)(b),
+and 12.5.4.4(3)(b). [101:10.2.3.4]
+12.5.4.5 The classification of interior finish specified in
+12.5.4.4 shall be that of the basic material used by itself or in
+combination with other materials. [101:10.2.3.5]
+12.5.4.6 Wherever the use of Class C interior wall and ceiling
+finish is required, Class A or Class B shall be permitted. Where
+Class B interior wall and ceiling finish is required, Class A shall
+be permitted. [101:10.2.3.6]
+12.5.4.7* Products tested in accordance with NFPA 265,Standard
+Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of
+Textile Coverings on Full Height Panels and Walls, shall comply with
+the criteria of 12.5.4.7.1. Products tested in accordance with
+NFPA 286,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribution
+of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth, shall comply
+with the criteria of 12.5.4.7.2. [101:10.2.3.7]
+12.5.4.7.1 Products shall be tested using method B of the test
+protocol of NFPA 265,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluat-
+ing Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Coverings on Full
+Height Panels and Walls. The following conditions shall be met:
+(1) Flame shall not spread to the ceiling during the 40 kW
+exposure.
+(2) During the 150 kW exposure, the following criteria shall
+be met:
+(a) Flame shall not spread to the outer extremities of the
+sample on the 8 ft × 12 ft (2440 mm × 3660 mm) wall.
+(b) Flashover shall not occur. [ 101:10.2.3.7.1]
+12.5.4.7.2 The following conditions shall be met when using
+the test protocol of NFPA 286, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for
+Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room
+Fire Growth:
+(1) Flames shall not spread to the ceiling during the 40 kW
+exposure.
+1–71FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) During the 160 kW exposure, the following criteria shall
+be met:
+(a) Flame shall not spread to the outer extremities of the
+sample on the 8 ft × 12 ft (2440 mm × 3660 mm) wall.
+(b) Flashover shall not occur.
+(3) The peak heat release rate throughout the test shall not
+exceed 800 kW.
+(4) For new installations, the total smoke released through-
+out the test shall not exceed 1000 m2.[ 101:10.2.3.7.2]
+12.5.5* Specific Materials.
+12.5.5.1* Textile Wall and Textile Ceiling Materials.The use of
+textile materials on walls or ceilings shall comply with one of
+the following conditions:
+(1) Textile materials having a Class A rating(see 12.5.4.4) shall
+be permitted on the walls or ceilings of rooms or areas
+protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system.
+(2) Textile materials having a Class A rating(see 12.5.4.4) shall
+be permitted on partitions that do not exceed three-
+quarters of the floor-to-ceiling height or do not exceed
+8 ft (2440 mm) in height, whichever is less.
+(3) Textile materials having a Class A rating(see 12.5.4.4) shall
+be permitted to extend not more than 48 in. (1220 mm)
+above the finished floor on ceiling-height walls and
+ceiling-height partitions.
+(4) Previously approved existing installations of textile mate-
+rial having a Class A rating(see 12.5.4.4) shall be permitted
+to be continued to be used.
+(5) Textile materials shall be permitted on walls and parti-
+tions where tested in accordance with NFPA 265,Standard
+Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribu-
+tion of Textile Coverings on Full Height Panels and Walls . (See
+12.5.4.7.)
+(6) Textile materials shall be permitted on walls, partitions,
+and ceilings where tested in accordance with NFPA 286,
+Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribution of
+Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth . (See
+12.5.4.7.) [101:10.2.4.1]
+12.5.5.2* Expanded Vinyl Wall and Expanded Vinyl Ceiling
+Materials. The use of expanded vinyl wall or expanded vinyl ceil-
+ing materials shall comply with one of the following conditions:
+(1) Materials having a Class A rating (see 12.5.4.4) shall be
+permitted on the walls or ceilings of rooms or areas pro-
+tected by an approved automatic sprinkler system.
+(2) Materials having a Class A rating (see 12.5.4.4) shall be
+permitted on partitions that do not exceed three-quarters
+of the floor-to-ceiling height or do not exceed 8 ft
+(2440 mm) in height, whichever is less.
+(3) Materials having a Class A rating (see 12.5.4.4) shall be
+permitted to extend not more than 48 in. (1220 mm)
+above the finished floor on ceiling-height walls and
+ceiling-height partitions.
+(4) Existing installations of materials with the appropriate
+wall finish classification for the occupancy involved, and
+with classification in accordance with the provisions in
+12.5.4.4, shall be permitted to be continued to be used.
+(5) Materials shall be permitted on walls and partitions where
+tested in accordance with NFPA 265, Standard Methods of
+Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Tex-
+tile Coverings on Full Height Panels and Walls. (See 12.5.4.7.)
+(6) Textile materials shall be permitted on walls, partitions,
+and ceilings where tested in accordance with NFPA 286,
+Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribution of
+Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth . (See
+12.5.4.7.) [101:10.2.4.2]
+12.5.5.3 Cellular or Foamed Plastic.Cellular or foamed plas-
+tic materials shall not be used as interior wall and ceiling finish
+unless specifically permitted by 12.5.5.3.1 or 12.5.5.3.2. The
+requirements of 12.5.5.3 through 12.5.5.3.2 shall apply both
+to exposed foamed plastics and to foamed plastics used in con-
+junction with a textile or vinyl facing or cover. [101:10.2.4.3]
+12.5.5.3.1* Cellular or foamed plastic materials shall be permit-
+ted where subjected to large-scale fire tests that substantiate their
+combustibility and smoke release characteristics for the use in-
+tended under actual fire conditions. The tests shall be performed
+on a finished foamed plastic assembly related to the actual end-
+use configuration, including any cover or facing, and at the maxi-
+mum thickness intended for use. Suitable large-scale fire tests
+shall include those shown in 12.5.5.3.1.1. [101:10.2.4.3.1]
+12.5.5.3.1.1 The following are suitable fire tests for assessing
+the combustibility of cellular or foamed plastic materials as
+interior finish:
+(1) NFPA 286, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Con-
+tribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire
+Growth, with the acceptance criteria of 12.5.4.7.2
+(2) ANSI/UL 1715, Standard for Fire Test of Interior Finish Material
+(3) ANSI/UL 1040, Standard for Fire Test of Insulated Wall Con-
+struction
+(4) FM 4880, Approval Standard for Class 1 Insulated Wall or Wall
+and Roof/Ceiling Panels; Plastic Interior Finish Materials; Plas-
+tic Exterior Building Panels; Wall/Ceiling Coating Systems; In-
+terior or Exterior Finish Systems
+[101:10.2.4.3.1.1]
+12.5.5.3.1.2 New installations of cellular or foamed plastic
+materials tested in accordance with ANSI/UL 1040, Standard
+for Fire Test of Insulated Wall Construction, or FM 4880, Approval
+Standard for Class 1 Insulated Wall or Wall and Roof/Ceiling Panels;
+Plastic Interior Finish Materials; Plastic Exterior Building Panels;
+Wall/Ceiling Coating Systems; Interior or Exterior Finish Systems ,
+shall also be tested for smoke release. Suitable smoke release
+tests include the following:
+(1) Additional measurements of smoke release into the duct
+that demonstrate that the total smoke released through-
+out the test does not exceed 10,764 ft2 (1000 m2)
+(2) NFPA 286, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Con-
+tribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire
+Growth, with the acceptance criterion of 12.5.4.7.2(4)
+(3) ASTM E 84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Char-
+acteristics of Building Materials ; or ANSI/UL 723, Standard
+for Test for Surface Burning Characteristics for Building Materi-
+als; with a smoke developed index not exceeding 450
+[101:10.2.4.3.1.2]
+12.5.5.3.2 Cellular or foamed plastic shall be permitted for trim
+not in excess of 10 percent of the wall or ceiling area, provided
+that it is not less than 20 lb/ft3 (320 kg/m3) in density, is limited
+to 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) in thickness and 4 in. (100 mm) in width, and
+complies with the requirements for Class A or Class B interior wall
+and ceiling finish as described in 12.5.4.4; however, the smoke
+developed index shall not be limited. [101:10.2.4.3.2]
+12.5.5.4* Light-Transmitting Plastics.Light-transmitting plas-
+tics shall be permitted to be used as interior wall and ceiling
+finish if approved by the AHJ. [101:10.2.4.4]
+1–72 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+12.5.5.5 Decorations and Furnishings.Decorations and fur-
+nishings that do not meet the definition of interior finish, as
+defined in 3.3.101.2, shall be regulated by the provisions of
+Section 12.6. [101:10.2.4.5]
+12.5.5.6 Metal Ceiling and Wall Panels.Listed factory finished
+Class A metal ceiling and wall panels shall be permitted to be
+finished with one additional application of paint. Such
+painted panels shall be permitted for use in areas where Class
+A interior finishes are required. The total paint thickness shall
+not exceed 1⁄28 in. (0.9 mm). [101:10.2.4.6]
+12.5.6 Trim and Incidental Finish.
+12.5.6.1 General. Interior wall and ceiling trim and incidental
+finish, other than wall base in accordance with 12.5.6.2 and
+bulletin boards, posters, and paper in accordance with
+12.5.6.3, not in excess of 10 percent of the aggregate wall and
+ceiling areas of any room or space shall be permitted to be
+Class C materials in occupancies where interior wall and ceil-
+ing finish of Class A or Class B is required. [101:10.2.5.1]
+12.5.6.2 Wall Base. Interior floor trim material used at the
+junction of the wall and the floor to provide a functional or
+decorative border, and not exceeding 6 in. (150 mm) in
+height, shall meet the requirements for interior wall finish for
+its location or the requirements for Class II interior floor fin-
+ish as described in 12.5.8.4 using the test described in 12.5.8.3.
+If a Class I floor finish is required, the interior floor trim shall
+be Class I. [101:10.2.5.2]
+12.5.6.3 Bulletin Boards, Posters, and Paper.
+12.5.6.3.1 Bulletin boards, posters, and paper attached di-
+rectly to the wall shall not exceed 20 percent of the aggregate
+wall area to which they are applied. [101:10.2.5.3.1]
+12.5.6.3.2 The provision of 12.5.6.3.1 shall not apply to art-
+work and teaching materials in sprinklered educational or
+day-care occupancies in accordance with 20.2.4.4.3 and
+20.3.4.2.3.5.3. [101:10.2.5.3.2]
+12.5.7* Fire-Retardant Coatings.
+12.5.7.1* The required flame spread or smoke development
+classification of existing surfaces of walls, partitions, columns,
+and ceilings shall be permitted to be secured by applying ap-
+proved fire-retardant coatings to surfaces having higher flame
+spread ratings than permitted. Such treatments shall be tested, or
+shall be listed and labeled for application to the material to which
+they are applied, and shall comply with the requirements of
+NFPA 703, Standard for Fire Retardant–Treated Wood and Fire-
+Retardant Coatings for Building Materials.[ 101:10.2.6.1]
+12.5.7.2 Fire-retardant coatings shall possess the desired de-
+gree of permanency and shall be maintained so as to retain
+the effectiveness of the treatment under the service conditions
+encountered in actual use. [101:10.2.6.2]
+12.5.8 Interior Floor Finish Testing and Classification.
+12.5.8.1 Carpet and carpet-like interior floor finishes shall
+comply with ASTM D 2859, Standard Test Method for Ignition
+Characteristics of Finished Textile Floor Covering Materials .
+[101:10.2.7.1]
+12.5.8.2* Floor coverings, other than carpet for which 12.5.3.2
+establishes requirements for fire performance, shall have a
+minimum critical radiant flux of 0.1 W/cm2.[ 101:10.2.7.2]
+12.5.8.3* Interior floor finishes shall be classified in accordance
+with 12.5.8.4, based on test results from NFPA 253, Standard
+Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using
+a Radiant Heat Energy Source, or ASTM E 648,Standard Test Method
+for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant
+Heat Energy Source.[101:10.2.7.3]
+12.5.8.4 Interior floor finishes shall be classified as follows in
+accordance with the critical radiant flux ratings:
+(1) Class I interior floor finish shall be characterized by a criti-
+cal radiant flux not less than 0.45 W/cm2, as determined
+by the test described in 12.5.8.3.
+(2) Class II interior floor finish shall be characterized by a
+critical radiant flux not less than 0.22 W/cm2 but less than
+0.45 W/cm 2, as determined by the test described in
+12.5.8.3. [101:10.2.7.4]
+12.5.8.5 Wherever the use of Class II interior floor finish is
+required, Class I interior floor finish shall be permitted.
+[101:10.2.7.5]
+12.5.9 Automatic Sprinklers.
+12.5.9.1 Unless specifically prohibited elsewhere in thisCode,
+where an approved automatic sprinkler system is in accor-
+dance with Section 13.3, Class C interior wall and ceiling finish
+materials shall be permitted in any location where Class B is
+required, and Class B interior wall and ceiling finish materials
+shall be permitted in any location where Class A is required.
+[101:10.2.8.1]
+12.5.9.2 Unless specifically prohibited elsewhere in thisCode,
+where an approved automatic sprinkler system is in accor-
+dance with Section 13.3, Class II interior floor finish shall be
+permitted in any location where Class I interior floor finish is
+required, and where Class II is required, no critical radiant
+flux rating shall be required. [101:10.2.8.2]
+12.6 Contents and Furnishings.
+12.6.1 Furnishings, contents, decorations, and treated fin-
+ishes in buildings and structures shall meet the requirements
+of NFPA101 and this Code.
+12.6.2* Where required by the applicable provisions of thisCode,
+draperies, curtains, and other similar loosely hanging furnishings
+and decorations shall meet the flame propagation performance
+criteria contained in NFPA 701,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for
+Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films.[ 101:10.3.1]
+12.6.3 Smoldering Ignition of Upholstered Furniture and
+Mattresses.
+12.6.3.1* Upholstered Furniture. Newly introduced uphol-
+stered furniture, except as otherwise permitted by Chapter 20,
+shall be resistant to a cigarette ignition (i.e., smoldering) in
+accordance with one of the following:
+(1) The components of the upholstered furniture shall meet
+the requirements for Class I when tested in accordance
+with NFPA 260, Standard Methods of Tests and Classification
+System for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Uphol-
+stered Furniture, or with ASTM E 1353,Standard Test Methods
+for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered
+Furniture.
+(2) Mocked-up composites of the upholstered furniture shall
+have a char length not exceeding 1 1⁄2 in. (38 mm) when
+tested in accordance with NFPA 261, Standard Method of
+Test for Determining Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furni-
+ture Material Assemblies to Ignition by Smoldering Cigarettes,o r
+with ASTM E 1352, Standard Test Method for Cigarette Igni-
+tion Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Assemblies .
+[101:10.3.2.1]
+1–73FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+12.6.3.2* Mattresses.Newly introduced mattresses, except as
+otherwise permitted by Chapter 20, shall have a char length
+not exceeding 2 in. (51 mm) when tested in accordance with
+16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability of Mattresses
+and Mattress Pads” (FF 4-72). [101:10.3.2.2]
+12.6.3.2.1* Where required by the applicable provisions of
+this Code, upholstered furniture, unless the furniture is located
+in a building protected throughout by an approved automatic
+sprinkler system, shall have limited rates of heat release when
+tested in accordance with ASTM E 1537, Standard Test Method
+for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture,as follows:
+(1) The peak rate of heat release for the single upholstered
+furniture item shall not exceed 80 kW.
+(2) The total energy released by the single upholstered furni-
+ture item during the first 10 minutes of the test shall not
+exceed 25 MJ. [101:10.3.3]
+12.6.3.2.2* Where required by the applicable provisions of
+this Code, mattresses, unless the mattress is located in a build-
+ing protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler
+system, shall have limited rates of heat release when tested in
+accordance with ASTM E 1590, Standard Test Method for Fire
+Testing of Mattresses, as follows:
+(1) The peak rate of heat release for the mattress shall not
+exceed 100 kW.
+(2) The total energy released by the mattress during the first
+10 minutes of the test shall not exceed 25 MJ. [101:10.3.4]
+12.6.4* Furnishings or decorations of an explosive or highly
+flammable character shall not be used. [101:10.3.5]
+12.6.5 Fire-retardant coatings shall be maintained to retain
+the effectiveness of the treatment under service conditions en-
+countered in actual use. [101:10.3.6]
+12.6.6* Where required by the applicable provisions of this
+Code, furnishings and contents made with foamed plastic ma-
+terials that are unprotected from ignition shall have a heat
+release rate not exceeding 100 kW when tested in accordance
+with UL 1975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for
+Decorative Purposes.[ 101:10.3.7]
+12.7 Fire Barriers.
+12.7.1 General. Fire barriers used to provide enclosure, sub-
+division, or protection under NFPA 101 and this Code shall be
+classified in accordance with one of the following fire resis-
+tance ratings:
+(1) 3-hour fire resistance rating
+(2) 2-hour fire resistance rating
+(3) 1-hour fire resistance rating
+(4)*1⁄2-hour fire resistance rating [101:8.3.1]
+12.7.2 Walls.
+12.7.2.1 The fire-resistive materials, assemblies, and systems
+used shall be limited to those permitted in this Code and this
+subsection. [101:8.3.2.1]
+12.7.2.1.1* Fire resistance–rated glazing tested in accordance
+with NFPA 251 shall be permitted. [101:8.3.2.1.1]
+12.7.2.1.2 New fire resistance–rated glazing shall bear the
+identifier “W-XXX” where “XXX” is the fire resistance rating
+in minutes. Such identification shall be permanently affixed.
+[101:8.3.2.1.2]
+12.7.2.2 The construction materials and details for fire-
+resistive assemblies and systems for walls described shall com-
+ply with all other provisions of this Code, except as modified
+herein. [101:8.3.2.2]
+12.7.2.3 Interior walls and partitions of nonsymmetrical con-
+struction shall be evaluated from both directions and assigned
+a fire resistance rating based on the shorter duration obtained
+in accordance with NFPA 251; ASTM E 119,Standard Test Meth-
+ods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials ;o r
+ANSI/UL 263,Standard for Fire Tests of Building Construction and
+Materials. When the wall is tested with the least fire-resistive
+side exposed to the furnace, the wall shall not be required to
+be subjected to tests from the opposite side. [101:8.3.2.3]
+12.7.3 Fire Doors and Windows.
+12.7.3.1 Openings required to have a fire protection rating
+by Table 12.7.4.2 shall be protected by approved, listed, la-
+beled fire door assemblies and fire window assemblies and
+their accompanying hardware, including all frames, closing
+devices, anchorage, and sills in accordance with the require-
+ments of Section 12.4, except as otherwise specified in this
+Code.[ 101:8.3.3.1]
+12.7.3.2* Fire protection ratings for products required to com-
+ply with 12.7.3 shall be as determined and reported by a nation-
+ally recognized testing agency in accordance with NFPA 252;
+ASTM E 2074,Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,
+Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged and Pivoted Swinging
+Door Assemblies; ANSI/UL 10B,Standard for Fire Tests of Door Assem-
+blies; or ANSI/UL 10C,Standard for Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door
+Assemblies; or NFPA 257; ASTM E 2010, Standard Test Method for
+Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Window Assemblies; or ANSI/UL 9,Stan-
+dard for Fire Tests of Window Assemblies.[ 101:8.3.3.2]
+12.7.3.2.1 Fire protection–rated glazing shall be evaluated
+under positive pressure in accordance with NFPA 257.
+[101:8.3.3.2.1]
+12.7.3.2.2 All products required to comply with 12.7.3.2 shall
+bear an approved label. [101:8.3.3.2.2]
+12.7.3.2.3* Labels on fire door assemblies shall be maintained
+in a legible condition. [101:8.3.3.2.3]
+12.7.3.3 Unless otherwise specified, fire doors shall be self-
+closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 14.5.4.
+[101:8.3.3.3]
+12.7.3.4 Floor fire door assemblies, shall be tested in accor-
+dance with NFPA 288, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Floor Fire
+Door Assemblies Installed Horizontally in Fire Resistance–Rated Floor
+Systems, and shall achieve a fire resistance rating not less than
+the assembly being penetrated. Floor fire doors assemblies
+shall be listed and labeled. [101:8.3.3.4]
+12.7.3.5 Fire protection–rated glazing shall be permitted in
+fire barriers having a required fire resistance rating of 1 hour
+or less and shall be of an approved type with the appropriate
+fire protection rating for the location in which the barriers are
+installed. [101:8.3.3.5]
+12.7.3.6* Glazing in fire window assemblies, other than in exist-
+ing fire window installations of wired glass and other fire-rated
+glazing material, shall be of a design that has been tested to meet
+the conditions of acceptance of NFPA 257; ASTM E 2010,Stan-
+dard Test Method for Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Window Assemblies;o r
+1–74 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ANSI/UL 9, Standard for Fire Tests of Window Assemblies . Fire
+protection–rated glazing in fire door assemblies, other than in
+existing fire-rated door assemblies, shall be of a design that has
+been tested to meet the conditions of acceptance of NFPA 252;
+ASTM E 2074,Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,
+Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged and Pivoted Swinging
+Door Assemblies; ANSI/UL 10B,Standard for Fire Tests of Door Assem-
+blies; or ANSI/UL 10C,Standard for Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door
+Assemblies.[ 101:8.3.3.6]
+12.7.3.7 Fire resistance–rated glazing complying with
+12.7.2.1.1 shall be permitted in fire doors and fire window
+assemblies in accordance with their listings. [101:8.3.3.7]
+12.7.3.8 Wired glass of1⁄4 in. (6 mm) in thickness and labeled
+for fire protection purposes shall be permitted to be used in ap-
+proved opening protectives, provided the maximum size speci-
+fied by the listing is not exceeded. Other glazing materials that
+have been tested and labeled to indicate the type of opening to
+be protected for fire protection purposes shall be permitted to be
+used in approved opening protectives in accordance with their
+listing, with the maximum sizes tested. [101:8.3.3.8]
+12.7.3.9 Nonsymmetrical fire protection–rated glazing sys-
+tems shall be tested with each face exposed to the furnace, and
+the assigned fire protection rating shall be that of the shortest
+duration obtained from the two tests conducted in compli-
+ance with NFPA 257; ASTM E 2010, Standard Test Method for
+Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Window Assemblies ; or ANSI/UL 9,
+Standard for Fire Tests of Window Assemblies.[ 101:8.3.3.9]
+12.7.3.10 The total combined area of glazing in fire-rated
+window assemblies and fire-rated door assemblies used in fire
+barriers shall not exceed 25 percent of the area of the fire
+barrier that is common with any room, unless the installation
+meets one of the following criteria:
+(1) The installation is an existing fire window installation of
+wired glass and other fire-rated glazing material in ap-
+proved metal frames.
+(2) The installation is an existing fire window installation of
+wired glass and other fire-rated glazing materials in ap-
+proved frames.
+(3) The fire protection–rated glazing material is installed in
+approved existing frames. [101:8.3.3.10]
+12.7.3.11 Fire protection–rated glazing shall bear identifica-
+tion as described in 12.7.3.11.1 or 12.7.3.11.2 and shall be per-
+manently affixed. [101:8.3.3.11]
+12.7.3.11.1 Fire protection–rated glazing used in doors shall
+bear a four-part identification in the form ofD — H (or NH) — T
+(or NT) — XXX with the component parts defined as follows:
+(1) D, which indicates that the glazing is to be used in fire
+door assemblies and that the glazing meets the fire endur-
+ance requirements of NFPA 252
+(2) H, which indicates that the glazing meets the hose stream
+requirements of the test standard
+(3) NH, which indicates that the glazing does not meet the
+hose stream requirements of the test standard
+(4) T, which indicates that the glazing has a maximum trans-
+mitted temperature endpoint of not more than 450°F
+(250°C) above ambient at the end of 30 minutes of stan-
+dard fire test exposure
+(5) NT, which indicates that the glazing does not have a tem-
+perature rise rating
+(6) XXX, which is the placeholder that specifies the fire pro-
+tection rating period, in minutes [101:8.3.3.11.1]
+12.7.3.11.2 Fire protection–rated glazing used in fire
+resistance–rated walls and partitions shall bear the identifica-
+tion OH-XXX, which is defined as follows:
+(1) OH indicates that the glazing meets both the fire endur-
+ance and the hose stream requirements of NFPA 257;
+ASTM E 2010, Standard Test Method for Positive Pressure Fire
+Tests of Window Assemblies; or ANSI/UL 9, Standard for Fire
+Tests of Window Assemblies; and is permitted to be used in
+openings.
+(2) XXX indicates the fire protection rating period, in min-
+utes, that was tested. [101:8.3.3.11.2]
+12.7.4 Opening Protectives.
+12.7.4.1 Every opening in a fire barrier shall be protected to
+limit the spread of fire and restrict the movement of smoke
+from one side of the fire barrier to the other. [101:8.3.4.1]
+12.7.4.2* The fire protection rating for opening protectives in
+fire barriers, fire-rated smoke barriers, and fire-rated smoke par-
+titions shall be in accordance with Table 12.7.4.2. [101:8.3.4.2]
+Table 12.7.4.2 Minimum Fire Protection Ratings for
+Opening Protectives in Fire Resistance–Rated Assemblies
+Component
+Walls and
+Partitions
+(hr)
+Fire Door
+Assemblies
+(hr)
+Fire Window
+Assemblies
+(hr)
+Elevator hoistways 2 1 1⁄2 NP
+11 N P
+Vertical shafts
+(including
+stairways, exits,
+and refuse
+chutes)
+21 1⁄2 NP
+11 N P
+1⁄2 1⁄3 NP
+Fire barriers 3 3 NP
+21 1⁄2 NP
+1 3⁄4 3⁄4
+1⁄2 1⁄3* 1⁄3
+Horizontal exits 2 1 1⁄2 NP
+Horizontal exits
+served by
+bridges
+between
+buildings
+2 3⁄4 3⁄4
+Exit access
+corridors*
+1 1⁄3 3⁄4
+1⁄2 1⁄3 1⁄3
+Smoke barriers* 1 1⁄3 3⁄4
+Smoke
+partitions*,†
+1⁄2 1⁄3 1⁄3
+NP: Not permitted.
+* Fire doors are not required to have a hose stream test per NFPA 252;
+ASTM E 2074,Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, Includ-
+ing Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged and Pivoted Swinging Door As-
+semblies; ANSI/UL 10B, Standard for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies ;o r
+ANSI/UL 10C, Standard for Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door Assemblies.
+† For residential board and care, see 32.2.3.1 and 33.2.3.1 of NFPA101.
+[101: Table 8.3.4.2]
+1–75FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+12.7.4.3 Existing fire door assemblies having a minimum
+3⁄4-hour fire protection rating shall be permitted to con-
+tinue to be used in vertical openings and in exit enclosures
+in lieu of the minimum 1-hour fire protection rating re-
+quired by Table 12.7.4.2. [ 101:8.3.4.3]
+12.7.4.4 Where a 20-minute fire protection–rated door is re-
+quired in existing buildings, an existing 13⁄4 in. (44 mm) solid-
+bonded wood-core door, an existing steel-clad (tin-clad) wood
+door, or an existing solid-core steel door with positive latch
+and closer shall be permitted, unless otherwise specified by
+Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101.[ 101:8.3.4.4]
+12.7.5 Penetrations. The provisions of 12.7.5 shall govern the
+materials and methods of construction used to protect
+through-penetrations and membrane penetrations in fire
+walls, fire barrier walls, and fire resistance–rated horizontal
+assemblies. The provisions of 12.7.5 shall not apply to ap-
+proved existing materials and methods of construction used to
+protect existing through-penetrations and existing membrane
+penetrations in fire walls, fire barrier walls, or fire resistance–
+rated horizontal assemblies, unless otherwise required by
+Chapter 11 through 43 of NFPA101.[ 101:8.3.5]
+12.7.5.1* Firestop Systems and Devices Required.Penetra-
+tions for cables, cable trays, conduits, pipes, tubes, combustion
+vents and exhaust vents, wires, and similar items to accommodate
+electrical, mechanical, plumbing, and communications systems
+that pass through a wall, floor, or floor/ceiling assembly con-
+structed as a fire barrier shall be protected by a firestop system or
+device. The firestop system or device shall be tested in accor-
+dance with ASTM E 814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of
+Through Penetration Fire Stops, or ANSI/UL 1479,Standard for Fire
+Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops, at a minimum positive pres-
+sure differential of 0.01 in. water column (2.5 N/m2) between
+the exposed and the unexposed surface of the test assembly.
+[101:8.3.5.1]
+12.7.5.1.1 The requirements of 12.7.5.1 shall not apply where
+otherwise permitted by any one of the following:
+(1) Where penetrations are tested and installed as part of an
+assembly tested and rated in accordance with NFPA 251;
+ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building
+Construction and Materials ; or ANSI/UL 263, Standard for
+Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
+(2) Where penetrations through floors are enclosed in a shaft
+enclosure designed as a fire barrier
+(3) Where concrete, grout, or mortar has been used to fill the
+annular spaces around cast-iron, copper, or steel piping
+that penetrates one or more concrete or masonry fire
+resistance–rated assemblies and both of the following cri-
+teria are also met:
+(a) The nominal diameter of each penetrating item shall
+not exceed 6 in. (150 mm), and the opening size shall
+not exceed 1 ft2 (0.09 m2).
+(b) The thickness of the concrete, grout, or mortar shall
+be the full thickness of the assembly.
+(4) Where firestopping materials are used with the following
+penetrating items, the penetration is limited to one floor,
+and the firestopping material is capable of preventing the
+passage of flame and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton
+waste when subjected to the time–temperature fire condi-
+tions of NFPA 251 under a minimum positive pressure differ-
+ential of 0.01 in. water column (2.5 Pa) at the location of the
+penetration for the time period equivalent to the required
+fire resistance rating of the assembly penetrated:
+(a) Steel, ferrous, or copper cables
+(b) Cable or wire with steel jackets
+(c) Cast-iron, steel, or copper pipes
+(d) Steel conduit or tubing
+[101:8.3.5.1.1]
+12.7.5.1.2 The maximum nominal diameter of the penetrat-
+ing item, as indicated in 12.7.5.1.1(4)(a) through (d), shall
+not be greater than 4 in. (100 mm) and shall not exceed an
+aggregate 100 in. 2 (64,520 mm 2) opening in any 100 ft 2
+(9.3 m2) of floor or wall area. [101:8.3.5.1.2]
+12.7.5.1.3 Firestop systems and devices shall have a minimum
+1-hour F rating, but not less than the required fire resistance
+rating of the fire barrier penetrated. [101:8.3.5.1.3]
+12.7.5.1.4 Penetrations in fire-rated horizontal assemblies
+shall have a minimum 1-hour T rating, but not less than the
+fire resistance rating of the horizontal assembly. Rated pen-
+etrations shall not be required for the following:
+(1) Floor penetrations contained within the cavity of a wall
+assembly
+(2) Penetrations through floors or floor assemblies where the
+penetration is not in direct contact with combustible ma-
+terial [101:8.3.5.1.4]
+12.7.5.2 Sleeves. Where the penetrating item uses a sleeve to
+penetrate the wall or floor, the sleeve shall be securely set in
+the wall or floor, and the space between the item and the
+sleeve shall be filled with a material that complies with
+12.7.5.1. [101:8.3.5.2]
+12.7.5.3 Insulation and Coverings.Insulation and coverings
+for penetrating items shall not pass through the wall or floor
+unless the insulation or covering has been tested as part of the
+firestop system or device. [101:8.3.5.3]
+12.7.5.4 Transmission of Vibrations. Where designs take
+transmission of vibrations into consideration, any vibration
+isolation shall meet one of the following conditions:
+(1) It shall be provided on either side of the wall or floor.
+(2) It shall be designed for the specific purpose. [101:8.3.5.4]
+12.7.5.5 Transitions.
+12.7.5.5.1 Where piping penetrates a fire resistance–rated
+wall or floor assembly, combustible piping shall not connect to
+noncombustible piping within 36 in. (915 mm) of the firestop
+system or device without demonstration that the transition will
+not reduce the fire resistance rating, except in the case of
+previously approved installations. [101:8.3.5.5.1]
+12.7.5.5.2 Unshielded couplings shall not be used to connect
+noncombustible piping to combustible piping unless it can be
+demonstrated that the transition complies with the fire-
+resistive requirements of 12.7.5.1. [101:8.3.5.5.2]
+12.7.5.6 Membrane Penetrations.
+12.7.5.6.1 Membrane penetrations for cables, cable trays,
+conduits, pipes, tubes, combustion vents and exhaust vents,
+wires, and similar items to accommodate electrical, mechani-
+cal, plumbing, and communications systems that pass through
+a membrane of a wall, floor, or floor/ceiling assembly con-
+structed as a fire barrier shall be protected by a firestop system
+1–76 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+or device and shall comply with 12.7.5.1 through 12.7.5.5.2.
+[101:8.3.5.6.1]
+12.7.5.6.2 The firestop system or device shall be tested in
+accordance with ASTM E 814,Standard Test Method for Fire Tests
+of Through Penetration Fire Stops, or ANSI/UL 1479, Standard for
+Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops, at a minimum positive
+pressure differential of 0.01 in. water column (2.5 N/m 2) be-
+tween the exposed and the unexposed surface of the test as-
+sembly, unless one of the following applies:
+(1) Membrane penetrations of ceilings that are not an inte-
+gral part of a fire resistance–rated floor/ceiling or roof/
+ceiling assembly shall be permitted.
+(2) Membrane penetrations of steel, ferrous, or copper con-
+duits, pipes, tubes, or combustion vents or exhaust vents
+shall be permitted where the annular space is protected
+with an approved material, and the aggregate area of the
+openings does not exceed 0.7 ft2 (0.06 m2) in any 100 ft2
+(9.3 m2) of ceiling area.
+(3) Electrical outlet boxes and fittings shall be permitted,
+provided that such devices are listed for use in fire
+resistance–rated assemblies and are installed in accor-
+dance with their listing.
+(4) The annular space created by the membrane penetration of
+a fire sprinkler shall be permitted, provided that the space is
+covered by a metal escutcheon plate. [101:8.3.5.6.2]
+12.7.5.6.3 Where walls or partitions are required to have a
+minimum 1-hour fire resistance rating, recessed fixtures shall
+be installed in the wall or partition in such a manner that the
+required fire resistance is not reduced, unless one of the fol-
+lowing is met:
+(1) Any steel electrical box not exceeding 0.1 ft2 (0.01 m2) shall
+be permitted where the aggregate area of the openings pro-
+vided for the boxes does not exceed 0.7 ft2 (0.06 m2)i na n y
+100 ft2 (9.3 m2) of wall area, and, where outlet boxes are
+installed on opposite sides of the wall, the boxes shall be
+separated by one of the following:
+(a) Horizontal distance of not less than 24 in. (610 mm)
+(b) Horizontal distance of not less than the depth of the
+wall cavity, where the wall cavity is filled with cellulose
+loose-fill, rock wool, or slag wool insulation
+(c)*Solid fireblocking
+(d) Other listed materials and methods
+(2) Membrane penetrations for any listed electrical outlet
+box made of any material shall be permitted, provided
+that such boxes have been tested for use in fire resistance–
+rated assemblies and are installed in accordance with the
+instructions included in the listing.
+(3) The annular space created by the membrane penetration of
+a fire sprinkler shall be permitted, provided that the space is
+covered by a metal escutcheon plate. [101:8.3.5.6.3]
+12.7.5.7 Openings for Air-Handling Ductwork.Openings in
+fire barriers for air-handling ductwork or air movement shall
+be protected in accordance with 11.2.1. [101:8.3.5.7]
+12.7.5.8 Joints.
+12.7.5.8.1 The provisions of 12.7.5.8 shall govern the materi-
+als and methods of construction used to protect joints in be-
+tween and at the perimeter of fire barriers or, where fire bar-
+riers meet other fire barriers, the floor or roof deck above, or
+the outside walls. The provisions of 12.7.5.8 shall not apply to
+approved existing materials and methods of construction used
+to protect existing joints in fire barriers, unless otherwise re-
+quired by Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101.[ 101:8.3.6.1]
+12.7.5.8.2 Joints made within or at the perimeter of fire bar-
+riers shall be protected with a joint system that is capable of
+limiting the transfer of smoke. [101:8.3.6.2]
+12.7.5.8.3 Joints made within or between fire barriers shall be
+protected with a smoke-tight joint system that is capable of
+limiting the transfer of smoke. [101:8.3.6.3]
+12.7.5.8.4 Testing of the joint system in a fire barrier shall be
+representative of the actual installation suitable for the re-
+quired engineering demand without compromising the fire
+resistance rating of the assembly or the structural integrity of
+the assembly. [101:8.3.6.4]
+12.7.5.8.5 Joints made within or between fire resistance–
+rated assemblies shall be protected with a joint system that is
+designed and tested to prevent the spread of fire for a time
+period equal to that of the assembly in which the joint is lo-
+cated. Such materials, systems, or devices shall be tested as
+part of the assembly in accordance with the requirements of
+ASTM E 1966,Standard Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint Systems,
+or ANSI/UL 2079,Standard for Tests for Fire Resistance of Building
+Joint Systems.[ 101:8.3.6.5]
+12.7.5.8.6 All joint systems shall be tested at their maximum
+joint width in accordance with the requirements of ASTM E 1966
+or ANSI/UL 2079, under a minimum positive pressure differen-
+tial of 0.01 in. water column (2.5 N/m2) for a time period equal
+to that of the assembly. All test specimens shall comply with the
+minimum height or length required by the standard. Wall assem-
+blies shall be subjected to a hose stream test in accordance with
+NFPA 251, ASTM E 119, or ANSI/UL 263. [101:8.3.6.6]
+12.7.5.8.7 Exterior Curtain Walls and Perimeter Joints.
+12.7.5.8.7.1 V oids created between the fire resistance–rated
+floor assembly and the exterior curtain wall shall be protected
+with a perimeter joint system that is designed and tested in
+accordance with ASTM E 2307, Standard Test Method for Fire
+Resistance of Perimeter Fire Barriers Using Intermediate-Scale, Multi-
+story Apparatus.[ 101:8.3.6.7.1]
+12.7.5.8.7.2 The perimeter joint system shall have an F rating
+equal to the fire resistance rating of the floor assembly.
+[101:8.3.6.7.2]
+12.8 Smoke Partitions.
+12.8.1* General. Where required elsewhere in this Code,
+smoke partitions shall be provided to limit the transfer of
+smoke. [101:8.4.1]
+12.8.2 Continuity. The following shall apply to smoke parti-
+tions:
+(1) They shall extend from the floor to the underside of the
+floor or roof deck above, through any concealed spaces,
+such as those above suspended ceilings, and through in-
+terstitial structural and mechanical spaces.
+(2)*They shall be permitted to extend from the floor to the
+underside of a monolithic or suspended ceiling system
+where the following conditions are met:
+(a) The ceiling system forms a continuous membrane.
+(b) A smoke-tight joint is provided between the top of the
+smoke partition and the bottom of the suspended
+ceiling.
+(c) The space above the ceiling is not used as a plenum.
+1–77FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(3) Smoke partitions enclosing hazardous areas shall be per-
+mitted to terminate at the underside of a monolithic or
+suspended ceiling system where the following conditions
+are met:
+(a) The ceiling system forms a continuous membrane.
+(b) A smoke-tight joint is provided between the top of the
+smoke partition and the bottom of the suspended
+ceiling.
+(c) Where the space above the ceiling is used as a ple-
+num, return grilles from the hazardous area into the
+plenums are not permitted. [101:8.4.2]
+12.8.3 Opening Protectives.
+12.8.3.1 Doors in smoke partitions shall comply with 12.8.3.2
+through 12.8.3.5. [101:8.4.3.1]
+12.8.3.2 Doors shall comply with the provisions of 7.2.1 of
+NFPA101.[ 101:8.4.3.2]
+12.8.3.3 Doors shall not include louvers. [101:8.4.3.3]
+12.8.3.4* Door clearances shall be in accordance with 12.4.1.
+[101:8.4.3.4]
+12.8.3.5 Doors shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in
+accordance with 14.5.4. [101:8.4.3.5]
+12.8.4 Penetrations. The provisions of 12.8.4 shall govern the
+materials and methods of construction used to protect
+through-penetrations and membrane penetrations of smoke
+partitions. [101:8.4.4]
+12.8.4.1 Penetrations for cables, cable trays, conduits, pipes,
+tubes, vents, wires, and similar items to accommodate electri-
+cal, mechanical, plumbing, and communications systems that
+pass through a smoke partition shall be protected by a system
+or material that is capable of limiting the transfer of smoke.
+[101:8.4.4.1]
+12.8.4.2 Where designs take transmission of vibrations into
+consideration, any vibration isolation shall meet one of the
+following conditions:
+(1) It shall be provided on either side of the smoke partition.
+(2) It shall be designed for the specific purpose. [101:8.4.4.2]
+12.8.5 Joints.
+12.8.5.1 The provisions of 12.8.5 shall govern the materials
+and methods of construction used to protect joints in between
+and at the perimeter of smoke partitions or, where smoke par-
+titions meet other smoke partitions, the floor or roof deck
+above, or the outside walls. The provisions of 12.8.5 shall not
+apply to approved existing materials and methods of construc-
+tion used to protect existing joints in smoke partitions, unless
+otherwise required by Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA 101.
+[101:8.4.5.1]
+12.8.5.2 Joints made within or at the perimeter of smoke par-
+titions shall be protected with a joint system that is capable of
+limiting the transfer of smoke. [101:8.4.5.2]
+12.8.6 Air-Transfer Openings.
+12.8.6.1 General. The provisions of 12.8.6 shall govern the
+materials and methods of construction used to protect air-
+transfer openings in smoke partitions. [101:8.4.6.1]
+12.8.6.2* Smoke Dampers. Air-transfer openings in smoke
+partitions shall be provided with approved smoke dampers
+designed and tested in accordance with the requirements of
+ANSI/UL 555S, Standard for Smoke Dampers, to limit the trans-
+fer of smoke. [101:8.4.6.2]
+12.8.6.3 Smoke Damper Ratings.Smoke damper leakage rat-
+ings shall be not less than Class II. Elevated temperature rat-
+ings shall be not less than 250°F (140°C). [101:8.4.6.3]
+12.8.6.4 Smoke Detectors.Dampers in air-transfer openings
+shall close upon detection of smoke by approved smoke detec-
+tors installed in accordance with NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm
+Code and Section 13.7. [101:8.4.6.4]
+12.9 Smoke Barriers.
+12.9.1* General.Where required by Chapters 11 through 43
+of NFPA 101, smoke barriers shall be provided to subdivide
+building spaces for the purpose of restricting the movement
+of smoke. [101:8.5.1]
+12.9.2* Continuity.
+12.9.2.1 Smoke barriers required by this Code shall be con-
+tinuous from an outside wall to an outside wall, from a floor to
+a floor, or from a smoke barrier to a smoke barrier, or by use of
+a combination thereof. [101:8.5.2.1]
+12.9.2.2 Smoke barriers shall be continuous through all con-
+cealed spaces, such as those found above a ceiling, including
+interstitial spaces. [101:8.5.2.2]
+12.9.2.3 A smoke barrier required for an occupied space be-
+low an interstitial space shall not be required to extend
+through the interstitial space, provided that the construction
+assembly forming the bottom of the interstitial space provides
+resistance to the passage of smoke equal to that provided by
+the smoke barrier. [101:8.5.2.3]
+12.9.3 Fire Barrier Used as Smoke Barrier.A fire barrier shall
+be permitted to be used as a smoke barrier, provided that it
+meets the requirements of Section 12.9. [101:8.5.3]
+12.9.4 Opening Protectives.
+12.9.4.1* Doors in smoke barriers shall close the opening,
+leaving only the minimum clearance necessary for proper op-
+eration, and shall be without undercuts, louvers, or grilles.
+[101:8.5.4.1]
+12.9.4.2 Where required by Chapters 11 through 43 of
+NFPA 101, doors in smoke barriers shall comply with the
+requirements of 8.2.2.5 of NFPA 101.[ 101:8.5.4.2]
+12.9.4.3 Latching hardware shall not be required on doors in
+smoke barriers where permitted by Chapters 11 through 43 of
+NFPA101.[ 101:8.5.4.3]
+12.9.4.4* Doors in smoke barriers shall be self-closing or
+automatic-closing in accordance with 14.5.4 and shall comply
+with the provisions of 7.2.1 of NFPA101.[ 101:8.5.4.4]
+12.9.4.5 Fire window assemblies shall comply with 12.7.3.
+[101:8.5.4.5]
+12.9.5 Ducts and Air-Transfer Openings.
+12.9.5.1 General. The provisions of 12.9.5 shall govern the
+materials and methods of construction used to protect ducts
+and air-transfer openings in smoke barriers. [101:8.5.5.1]
+12.9.5.2 Smoke Dampers. Where a smoke barrier is pen-
+etrated by a duct or air-transfer opening, a smoke damper
+designed and tested in accordance with the requirements of
+ANSI/UL 555S shall be installed. Where a smoke barrier is
+also constructed as a fire barrier, a combination fire/smoke
+1–78 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+damper designed and tested in accordance with the require-
+ments of ANSI/UL 555 and ANSI/UL 555S shall be installed.
+[101:8.5.5.2]
+12.9.5.3 Smoke Damper Exemptions.Smoke dampers shall
+not be required under any of the following conditions:
+(1) Where specifically exempted by provisions in Chapters 11
+through 43 of NFPA101
+(2) Where ducts or air-transfer openings are part of an engi-
+neered smoke control system
+(3) Where the air in ducts continues to move and the air-
+handling system installed is arranged to prevent recir-
+culation of exhaust or return air under fire emergency
+conditions
+(4) Where the air inlet or outlet openings in ducts are limited
+to a single smoke compartment
+(5) Where ducts penetrate floors that serve as smoke barriers
+(6) Where ducts penetrate smoke barriers forming a commu-
+nicating space separation in accordance with 8.6.6(4)(a)
+of NFPA101 [101:8.5.5.3]
+12.9.5.4 Installation, Testing, and Maintenance.
+12.9.5.4.1 Air-conditioning, heating, ventilating ductwork,
+and related equipment, including smoke dampers and
+combination fire and smoke dampers, shall be installed in
+accordance with NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of
+Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems , and NFPA 105, Stan-
+dard for the Installation of Smoke Door Assemblies and Other Open-
+ing Protectives .[ 101:8.5.5.4.1]
+12.9.5.4.2 Smoke dampers and combination fire and smoke
+dampers shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in accor-
+dance with NFPA 105. [101:8.5.5.4.2]
+12.9.5.4.3 The equipment specified in 12.9.5.4.1 shall be in-
+stalled in accordance with the requirements of 12.9.5, the
+manufacturer’s installation instructions, and the equipment
+listing. [101:8.5.5.4.3]
+12.9.5.5 Access and Identification. Access to the dampers
+shall be provided for inspection, testing, and maintenance.
+The access openings shall not reduce the fire resistance rating
+of the fire barrier assembly. [101:8.5.5.5]
+12.9.5.6 Smoke Damper Ratings.Smoke damper leakage rat-
+ings shall be not less than Class II. Elevated temperature rat-
+ings shall be not less than 250°F (140°C). [101:8.5.5.6]
+12.9.5.7 Smoke Detectors.
+12.9.5.7.1 Required smoke dampers in ducts penetrating
+smoke barriers shall close upon detection of smoke by ap-
+proved smoke detectors in accordance with NFPA 72, unless
+one of the following conditions exists:
+(1) The ducts penetrate smoke barriers above the smoke bar-
+rier doors, and the door release detector actuates the
+damper.
+(2) Approved smoke detector installations are located within
+the ducts in existing installations. [101:8.5.5.7.1]
+12.9.5.7.2 Where a duct is provided on one side of the smoke
+barrier, the smoke detectors on the duct side shall be in accor-
+dance with 12.9.5.7.1. [101:8.5.5.7.2]
+12.9.5.7.3 Required smoke dampers in air-transfer openings
+shall close upon detection of smoke by approved smoke detec-
+tors in accordance with NFPA 72.[ 101:8.5.5.7.3]
+12.9.6 Penetrations.
+12.9.6.1 The provisions of 12.9.6 shall govern the materials
+and methods of construction used to protect through-
+penetrations and membrane penetrations of smoke barriers.
+[101:8.5.6.1]
+12.9.6.2 Penetrations for cables, cable trays, conduits, pipes,
+tubes, vents, wires, and similar items to accommodate electri-
+cal, mechanical, plumbing, and communications systems that
+pass through a wall, floor, or floor/ceiling assembly con-
+structed as a smoke barrier, or through the ceiling membrane
+of the roof/ceiling of a smoke barrier assembly, shall be pro-
+tected by a system or material capable of restricting the trans-
+fer of smoke. [101:8.5.6.2]
+12.9.6.3 Where a smoke barrier is also constructed as a fire
+barrier, the penetrations shall be protected in accordance
+with the requirements of 12.7.5 to limit the spread of fire for a
+time period equal to the fire resistance rating of the assembly
+and 12.9.6 to restrict the transfer of smoke, unless the require-
+ments of 12.9.6.4 are met. [101:8.5.6.3]
+12.9.6.4 Where sprinklers penetrate a single membrane of a
+fire resistance–rated assembly in buildings equipped through-
+out with an approved automatic fire sprinkler system, non-
+combustible escutcheon plates shall be permitted, provided
+that the space around each sprinkler penetration does not
+exceed 1⁄2 in. (13 mm), measured between the edge of the
+membrane and the sprinkler. [101:8.5.6.4]
+12.9.6.5 Where the penetrating item uses a sleeve to pen-
+etrate the smoke barrier, the sleeve shall be securely set in the
+smoke barrier, and the space between the item and the sleeve
+shall be filled with a material capable of restricting the transfer
+of smoke. [101:8.5.6.5]
+12.9.6.6 Where designs take transmission of vibrations into
+consideration, any vibration isolation shall meet one of the
+following conditions:
+(1) It shall be provided on either side of the smoke barrier.
+(2) It shall be designed for the specific purpose. [101:8.5.6.6]
+12.9.7 Joints.
+12.9.7.1 The provisions of 12.9.7 shall govern the materials
+and methods of construction used to protect joints in between
+and at the perimeter of smoke barriers or, where smoke barri-
+ers meet other smoke barriers, the floor or roof deck above, or
+the outside walls. The provisions of 12.9.7 shall not apply to
+approved existing materials and methods of construction used
+to protect existing joints in smoke barriers, unless otherwise
+required by Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA 101.
+[101:8.5.7.1]
+12.9.7.2 Joints made within or at the perimeter of smoke bar-
+riers shall be protected with a joint system that is capable of
+limiting the transfer of smoke. [101:8.5.7.2]
+12.9.7.3 Joints made within or between smoke barriers shall
+be protected with a smoke-tight joint system that is capable of
+limiting the transfer of smoke. [101:8.5.7.3]
+12.9.7.4 Smoke barriers that are also constructed as fire bar-
+riers shall be protected with a joint system that is designed and
+tested to resist the spread of fire for a time period equal to the
+required fire resistance rating of the assembly and restrict the
+transfer of smoke. [101:8.5.7.4]
+1–79FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+12.9.7.5 Testing of the joint system in a smoke barrier that
+also serves as fire barrier shall be representative of the actual
+installation suitable for the required engineering demand
+without compromising the fire resistance rating of the assem-
+bly or the structural integrity of the assembly. [101:8.5.7.5]
+Chapter 13 Fire Protection Systems
+13.1 General.
+13.1.1 The AHJ shall have the authority to require that con-
+struction documents for all fire protection systems be submitted
+for review and approval and a permit be issued prior to the instal-
+lation, rehabilitation, or modification.(For additional information
+concerning construction documents, see Section 1.14.)Further, the AHJ
+shall have the authority to require that full acceptance tests of the
+systems be performed in the AHJ’s presence prior to final system
+certification.
+13.1.1.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+13.1.2 The property owner shall be responsible for the proper
+testing and maintenance of the equipment and systems.
+13.1.3 Obstructions shall not be placed or kept near fire hy-
+drants, fire department inlet connections, or fire protection
+system control valves in a manner that would prevent such
+equipment or fire hydrants from being immediately visible
+and accessible.
+13.1.4 A minimum 36 in. (91 mm) of clear space shall be
+maintained to permit access to and operation of fire protec-
+tion equipment, fire department inlet connections, or fire
+protection system control valves. The fire department shall
+not be deterred or hindered from gaining immediate access to
+fire protection equipment.
+13.1.4.1 An approved clear and unobstructed path shall be
+provided and maintained for access to the fire department
+inlet connections.
+13.1.5 Detailed records documenting all systems and equip-
+ment testing and maintenance shall be kept by the property
+owner and shall be made available upon request for review by
+the AHJ.
+13.1.6 Existing systems shall be in accordance with 1.3.6.2
+and 10.3.2.
+13.1.7 All fire protection systems and devices shall be main-
+tained in a reliable operating condition and shall be replaced
+or repaired where defective or recalled.
+13.1.8 The AHJ shall be notified when any fire protection
+system is out of service and on restoration of service.
+13.1.9 When a fire protection system is out of service for
+more than 4 hours in a 24-hour period, the AHJ shall be per-
+mitted to require the building to be evacuated or an approved
+fire watch to be provided for all portions left unprotected by
+the fire protection system shutdown until the fire protection
+system has been returned to service.
+13.1.10 In the event of a failure of a fire protection system or
+an excessive number of accidental activations, the AHJ shall be
+permitted to require an approved fire watch until the system is
+repaired.
+13.1.11* For occupancies of an especially hazardous nature or
+where special hazards exist in addition to the normal hazard
+of the occupancy, or where access for fire apparatus is unduly
+difficult, or where the size or configuration of the building or
+contents limits normal fire suppression efforts, the AHJ shall
+have the authority to require additional safeguards consisting
+of additional fire safety equipment, more than one type of fire
+safety equipment, or special systems suitable for the protec-
+tion of the hazard involved.
+13.1.12 The AHJ shall have the authority to require locking
+fire department connection (FDC) plugs or caps on all water-
+based fire protection systems.
+13.2 Standpipe Systems.
+13.2.1 General. The design and installation of standpipe sys-
+tems shall be in accordance with Section 13.2 and NFPA 14,
+Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems.
+13.2.2 Where Required.
+13.2.2.1 Where required by thisCode or the referenced codes
+and standards listed in Chapter 2, standpipe systems shall be
+installed in accordance with 13.2.1.
+13.2.2.2 New buildings shall be equipped with a Class I stand-
+pipe system installed in accordance with the provisions of Sec-
+tion 13.2 where any of the following conditions exist:
+(1) More than three stories above grade
+(2) More than 50 ft (15 m) above grade and containing inter-
+mediate stories or balconies
+(3) More than one story below grade
+(4) More than 20 ft (6.1 m) below grade
+13.2.2.3 High-rise buildings shall be protected throughout by a
+Class I standpipe system in accordance with 13.2.2. [101:11.8.3.2]
+13.2.2.4* In new assembly occupancies, regular stages over
+1000 ft 2 (93 m 2) in area and all legitimate stages shall be
+equipped with 1 1⁄2 in. (38 mm) hose lines for first aid fire
+fighting at each side of the stage. [101:12.4.5.12.1]
+13.2.2.4.1 In existing assembly occupancies, stages over
+1000 ft 2 (93 m 2) in area shall be equipped with 1 1⁄2 in.
+(38 mm) hose lines for first aid fire fighting at each side of the
+stage. [101:13.4.5.12.1]
+13.2.2.4.2 Hose connections shall be in accordance with
+NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, unless
+Class II or Class III standpipes in accordance with NFPA 14 are
+used. [101:12.4.5.12.2; 101:13.4.5.12.2]
+13.2.2.5 New and Existing Detention and Correctional Facili-
+ties. Standpipe and hose systems shall be provided in accor-
+dance with 9.7.4.2 of NFPA 101 as follows, unless otherwise
+permitted by 13.2.2.5.1:
+(1) Class I standpipe systems shall be provided for any build-
+ing three or more stories in height.
+(2) Class III standpipe and hose systems shall be provided for
+all nonsprinklered buildings three or more stories in
+height. [101:22.3.5.5; 101:23.3.5.5]
+13.2.2.5.1 The requirements of 13.2.2.5 shall not apply where
+otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) Formed hose, 1 in. (25 mm) in diameter, on hose reels
+shall be permitted to provide Class II service.
+(2) Separate Class I and Class II systems shall be permitted in
+lieu of a Class III system. [101:22.3.5.6; 101:23.3.5.6]
+1–80 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.2.3 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance.
+13.2.3.1 A standpipe system installed in accordance with this
+Code shall be properly maintained to provide at least the same
+level of performance and protection as designed.
+13.2.3.2 The owner shall be responsible for maintaining the
+standpipe system and keeping it in good working condition.
+13.2.3.3 A standpipe system installed in accordance with this
+Code shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in accordance
+with NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Mainte-
+nance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems.
+13.2.3.4 Existing Systems. Where an existing standpipe sys-
+tem, including yard piping and fire department connection, is
+modified, the new piping shall be tested in accordance with
+11.4.1 of NFPA 14. [14:11.4.7]
+13.3 Automatic Sprinklers.
+13.3.1 General.
+13.3.1.1* Automatic sprinklers shall be installed and maintained
+in full operating condition in the occupancies specified in this
+Code or in the codes or standards referenced in Chapter 2.
+13.3.1.2 Installations shall be in accordance with NFPA 13,Stan-
+dard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems; NFPA 13R,Standard for
+the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies up to and
+Including Four Stories in Height; or NFPA 13D,Standard for the Instal-
+lation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and
+Manufactured Homes, as appropriate.
+13.3.1.3 Existing systems shall be in accordance with 1.3.6.2
+and 10.3.2.
+13.3.1.4 Sprinkler piping serving not more than six sprin-
+klers for any isolated hazardous area shall be permitted to be
+connected directly to a domestic water supply system having a
+capacity sufficient to provide 0.15 gpm/ft 2 (6.1 mm/min)
+throughout the entire enclosed area. An indicating shutoff
+valve, supervised in accordance with 13.3.1.7 or NFPA 13, shall
+be installed in an accessible, visible location between the
+sprinklers and the connection to the domestic water supply.
+[101:9.7.1.2]
+13.3.1.5* In areas protected by automatic sprinklers, auto-
+matic heat-detection devices required by other sections of this
+Code shall not be required. [101:9.7.1.3]
+13.3.1.6 Automatic sprinkler systems installed to make use of
+an alternative permitted by this Code shall be considered re-
+quired systems and shall meet the provisions of this Code that
+apply to required systems. [101:9.7.1.4]
+13.3.1.7 Supervision.
+13.3.1.7.1* Supervisory Signals.Where supervised automatic
+sprinkler systems are required by another section of this Code,
+supervisory attachments shall be installed and monitored for
+integrity in accordance with NFPA 72, and a distinctive super-
+visory signal shall be provided to indicate a condition that
+would impair the satisfactory operation of the sprinkler sys-
+tem. System components and parameters that shall be moni-
+tored shall include, but shall not be limited to, control valves,
+fire pump power supplies and running conditions, water tank
+levels and temperatures, tank pressure, and air pressure on
+dry-pipe valves. Supervisory signals shall sound and shall be
+displayed either at a location within the protected building
+that is constantly attended by qualified personnel or at an ap-
+proved, remotely located receiving facility. [101:9.7.2.1]
+13.3.1.7.2 Alarm Signal Transmission.Where supervision of
+automatic sprinkler systems is provided in accordance with
+another provision of this Code, waterflow alarms shall be trans-
+mitted to an approved, proprietary alarm-receiving facility, a
+remote station, a central station, or the fire department. Such
+connection shall be in accordance with 13.7.1.1. [101:9.7.2.2]
+13.3.1.8 The following practices shall be observed to provide
+sprinklers of other than ordinary-temperature classification
+unless other temperatures, are determined or unless high-
+temperature sprinklers are used throughout, and tempera-
+ture selection shall be in accordance with Table 13.3.1.8(a),
+Table 13.3.1.8(b), and Figure 13.3.1.8:
+(1) Sprinklers in the high-temperature zone shall be of the
+high-temperature classification, and sprinklers in the
+intermediate-temperature zone shall be of the
+intermediate-temperature classification.
+(2) Sprinklers located within 12 in. (305 mm) to one side or
+30 in. (762 mm) above an uncovered steam main, heating
+coil, or radiator shall be of the intermediate-temperature
+classification.
+(3) Sprinklers within 7 ft (2.1 m) of a low-pressure blowoff
+valve that discharges free in a large room shall be of the
+high-temperature classification.
+(4) Sprinklers under glass or plastic skylights exposed to the
+direct rays of the sun shall be of the intermediate-
+temperature classification.
+(5) Sprinklers in an unventilated, concealed space, under an
+uninsulated roof, or in an unventilated attic shall be of
+the intermediate-temperature classification.
+B 
+5 ft 9⁵⁄₁₆ in.
+B 
+8 ft 7⁷⁄₈ in.
+B 
+11 ft 6¹¹⁄₁₆ in.
+zone B = 0.5774 ¥ A
+C = 1.1547 ¥ A
+Intermediate-temperature              zone
+Unit heater
+7 ft 0 in.
+10 ft 0 in.5 ft 0 in.
+20 ft 0 in.
+30∞
+A C 
+High- 
+temperature
+5 ft 0 in.
+SI units: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.31 m.
+Airflow
+FIGURE 13.3.1.8 High-Temperature and Intermediate-
+Temperature Zones at Unit Heaters. [13:Figure 8.3.2.5]
+1–81FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 13.3.1.8(a) Temperature Ratings of Sprinklers Based on Distance from Heat Sources
+Type of Heat Condition Ordinary Degree Rating Intermediate Degree Rating High Degree Rating
+(1) Heating ducts
+(a) Above More than 2 ft 6 in. 2 ft 6 in. or less
+(b) Side and below More than 1 ft 0 in. 1 ft 0 in. or less
+(c) Diffuser Any distance except as shown
+under Intermediate Degree
+Rating column
+Downward discharge: Cylinder
+with 1 ft 0 in. radius from
+edge extending 1 ft 0 in.
+below and 2 ft 6 in. above
+Horizontal discharge:
+Semicylinder with 2 ft 6 in.
+radius in direction of flow
+extending 1 ft 0 in. below
+and 2 ft 6 in. above
+(2) Unit heater
+(a) Horizontal discharge Discharge side: 7 ft 0 in. to 20 ft
+0 in. radius pie-shaped
+cylinder (see Figure 13.3.1.8)
+extending 7 ft 0 in. above
+and 2 ft 0 in. below heater;
+also 7 ft 0 in. radius cylinder
+more than 7 ft 0 in. above
+unit heater
+7 ft 0 in. radius cylinder
+extending 7 ft 0 in. above
+and 2 ft 0 in. below unit
+heater
+(b) Vertical downward
+discharge (for sprinklers
+below unit heater, see
+Figure 13.3.1.8)
+7 ft 0 in. radius cylinder
+extending upward from an
+elevation 7 ft 0 in. above unit
+heater
+7 ft 0 in. radius cylinder
+extending from the top of
+the unit heater to an
+elevation 7 ft 0 in. above unit
+heater
+(3) Steam mains (uncovered)
+(a) Above More than 2 ft 6 in. 2 ft 6 in. or less
+(b) Side and below More than 1 ft 0 in. 1 ft 0 in. or less
+(c) Blowoff valve More than 7 ft 0 in. 7 ft 0 in. or less
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
+[13: Table 8.3.2.5(a)]
+Table 13.3.1.8(b) Ratings of Sprinklers in Specified Locations
+Location Ordinary Degree Rating Intermediate Degree Rating High Degree Rating
+Skylights Glass or plastic
+Attics Ventilated Unventilated
+Peaked roof: metal or thin
+boards, concealed or not
+concealed, insulated or
+uninsulated
+Ventilated Unventilated
+Flat roof: metal, not concealed Ventilated or
+unventilated
+Note: For uninsulated
+roof, climate and
+insulated or
+uninsulated occupancy
+can necessitate
+intermediate sprinklers.
+Check on job.
+Flat roof: metal, concealed,
+insulated or uninsulated
+Ventilated Unventilated
+Show windows Ventilated Unventilated
+Note: A check of job condition by means of thermometers might be necessary.
+[13: Table 8.3.2.5(b)]
+1–82 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(6) Sprinklers in unventilated show windows having high-
+powered electric lights near the ceiling shall be of the
+intermediate-temperature classification.
+(7) Sprinklers protecting commercial-type cooking equip-
+ment and ventilation systems shall be of the high- or extra
+high–temperature classification as determined by use of a
+temperature-measuring device. (See 7.10.6 of NFPA 13.)
+(8) Sprinklers protecting residential areas installed near spe-
+cific heat sources identified in Table 13.3.1.8(c) shall be
+installed in accordance with Table 13.3.1.8(c).
+(9) Sprinklers in walk-in type coolers and freezers with auto-
+matic defrosting shall be of the intermediate-temperature
+classification or higher. [13:8.3.2.5]
+13.3.2 Where Required.
+13.3.2.1 Where required by thisCode or the referenced codes
+and standards listed in Chapter 2, automatic sprinkler systems
+shall be installed in accordance with 13.3.1.
+13.3.2.2 Basements exceeding 2500 ft 2 (232 m 2)i nn e w
+buildings shall be protected throughout by an approved auto-
+matic sprinkler system.
+13.3.2.3 New buildings housing emergency fire, rescue, or
+ambulance services shall be protected throughout by ap-
+proved automatic sprinkler systems.
+13.3.2.4* Exterior Roofs, Canopies, and Porte-Cocheres.In
+buildings protected throughout by automatic sprinklers in ac-
+cordance with NFPA 13, automatic sprinkler protection shall be
+provided for the exterior spaces in accordance with 13.3.2.4.
+13.3.2.4.1* Unless the requirements of 13.3.2.4.2, 13.3.2.4.3,
+or 13.3.2.4.4 are met, sprinklers shall be installed under exte-
+rior roof, canopies, or porte-cocheres exceeding 4 ft (1.2 m)
+in width. [13:8.15.7.1]
+13.3.2.4.2* Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted where
+the canopy, roof, or porte-cochere is constructed with materi-
+als that are noncombustible, limited-combustible, or fire retar-
+dant treated wood as defined in NFPA 703, Standard for Fire
+Retardant–Treated Wood and Fire-Retardant Coatings for Building
+Materials.[ 13:8.15.7.2]
+13.3.2.4.3 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from be-
+low the canopy, roof, or porte-cochere of combustible construc-
+tion, provided the exposed finish material on the roof, canopy, or
+porte-cochere is noncombustible, limited-combustible, or fire re-
+tardant treated wood as defined in NFPA 703, Standard for Fire
+Retardant–Treated Wood and Fire-Retardant Coatings for Building Ma-
+terials, and the roof, canopy, or porte-cochere contains only sprin-
+klered concealed spaces or any of the following unsprinklered
+combustible concealed spaces:
+(1) Combustible concealed spaces filled entirely with non-
+combustible insulation
+(2) Light or ordinary hazard occupancies where noncombus-
+tible or limited-combustible ceilings are directly attached
+to the bottom of solid wood joists so as to create enclosed
+joist spaces 160 ft 3 (4.5 m3) or less in volume, including
+space below insulation that is laid directly on top or within
+the ceiling joists in an otherwise sprinklered attic [See
+11.2.3.1.4(4)(d) of NFPA 13.]
+(3) Concealed spaces over isolated small roofs, canopies, or
+porte-cocheres not exceeding 55 ft2 (5.1 m2) in area
+[13:8.15.7.3]
+13.3.2.4.4 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from
+exterior exit corridors when the exterior walls of the corridor
+are at least 50 percent open and when the corridor is entirely
+of noncombustible construction. [13:8.15.7.4]
+Table 13.3.1.8(c) Ratings of Sprinklers in Specified Residential Areas
+Minimum Distance from
+Edge of Source to
+Ordinary-Temperature
+Sprinkler
+Minimum Distance from
+Edge of Source to
+Intermediate-Temperature
+Sprinkler
+Heat Source in. mm in. mm
+Side of open or recessed
+fireplace
+36 914 12 305
+Front of recessed fireplace 60 1524 36 914
+Coal- or wood-burning stove 42 1067 12 305
+Kitchen range 18 457 9 229
+Wall oven 18 457 9 229
+Hot air flues 18 457 9 229
+Uninsulated heat ducts 18 457 9 229
+Uninsulated hot water pipes 12 305 6 152
+Side of ceiling- or
+wall-mounted hot air
+diffusers
+24 607 12 305
+Front of wall-mounted hot
+air diffusers
+36 914 18 457
+Hot water heater or furnace 6 152 3 76
+Light fixture:
+0 W–250 W 6 152 3 76
+250 W–499 W 12 305 6 152
+[13: Table 8.3.2.5(c)]
+1–83FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.3.2.4.5* Sprinklers shall be installed under roofs, canopies,
+or porte-cocheres over areas where combustibles are stored
+and handled. [13:8.15.7.5]
+13.3.2.5 New Assembly Occupancies.
+13.3.2.5.1 The following assembly occupancies shall be pro-
+tected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic
+sprinkler system in accordance with 13.3.1.2:
+(1) Bars with live entertainment
+(2) Dance halls
+(3) Discotheques
+(4) Nightclubs
+(5) Assembly occupancies with festival seating [ 101:12.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.5.2 Any building containing one or more assembly oc-
+cupancies where the aggregate occupant load of the assembly
+occupancies exceeds 300 shall be protected by an approved,
+supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3 of this Code as follows (see also 12.1.6, 12.2.6, 12.3.2,
+and 12.3.6 of NFPA 101):
+(1) Throughout the story containing the assembly occupancy
+(2) Throughout all stories below the story containing the as-
+sembly occupancy
+(3) In the case of an assembly occupancy located below the
+level of exit discharge, throughout all stories intervening
+between that story and the level of exit discharge, includ-
+ing the level of exit discharge [101:12.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.5.3 The requirements of 13.3.2.5.2 shall not apply to
+the following:
+(1)*Assembly occupancies consisting of a single multipurpose
+room of less than 12,000 ft2 (1115 m2) that are not used for
+exhibition or display and are not part of a mixed occupancy
+(2) Gymnasiums, skating rinks, and swimming pools used ex-
+clusively for participant sports with no audience facilities
+for more than 300 persons
+(3) Locations in stadia and arenas as follows:
+(a) Over the floor area used for contest, performance, or
+entertainment
+(b) Over the seating areas
+(c) Over open-air concourses where an approved engi-
+neering analysis substantiates the ineffectiveness of
+the sprinkler protection due to building height and
+combustible loading
+(4) Locations in unenclosed stadia and arenas as follows:
+(a) Press boxes of less than 1000 ft 2 (93 m2)
+(b) Storage facilities of less than 1000 ft 2 (93 m2)i fe n -
+closed with not less than 1-hour fire resistance–rated
+construction
+(c) Enclosed areas underneath grandstands that comply
+with 25.3.4 [101:12.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.5.4 Where another provision of Chapter 12 of NFPA
+101 requires an automatic sprinkler system, the sprinkler sys-
+tem shall be installed in accordance with Section 13.3.
+[101:12.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.5.5 Fire Protection.Every stage shall be protected by
+an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in compli-
+ance with Section 13.3. [101:12.4.5.10]
+13.3.2.5.5.1 Protection shall be provided throughout the stage
+and in storerooms, workshops, permanent dressing rooms, and
+other accessory spaces contiguous to stages. [101:12.4.5.10.1]
+13.3.2.5.5.2 Sprinklers shall not be required for stages
+1000 ft2 (93 m2) or less in area and 50 ft (15 m) or less in
+height where the following criteria are met:
+(1) Curtains, scenery, or other combustible hangings are not
+retractable vertically.
+(2) Combustible hangings are limited to borders, legs, a single
+main curtain, and a single backdrop.
+[101:12.4.5.10.2]
+13.3.2.5.5.3 Sprinklers shall not be required under stage ar-
+eas less than 48 in. (1220 mm) in clear height that are used
+exclusively for chair or table storage and lined on the inside
+with 5⁄8 in. (16 mm) Type X gypsum wallboard or the approved
+equivalent. [101:12.4.5.10.3]
+13.3.2.6 Existing Assembly Occupancies.
+13.3.2.6.1 Where the occupant load exceeds 100, the follow-
+ing assembly occupancies shall be protected throughout by an
+approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accor-
+dance with 13.3.1.2:
+(1) Bars with live entertainment
+(2) Dance halls
+(3) Discotheques
+(4) Nightclubs
+(5) Assembly occupancies with festival seating [ 101:13.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.6.2 Any assembly occupancy used or capable of being
+used for exhibition or display purposes shall be protected
+throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in ac-
+cordance with Section 13.3 where the exhibition or display
+area exceeds 15,000 ft2 (1400 m2). [101:13.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.6.3 The sprinklers specified by 13.3.2.6.2 shall not
+be required where otherwise permitted in the following lo-
+cations:
+(1) Locations in stadia and arenas as follows:
+(a) Over the floor area used for contest, performance, or
+entertainment
+(b) Over the seating areas
+(c) Over open-air concourses where an approved engi-
+neering analysis substantiates the ineffectiveness of
+the sprinkler protection due to building height and
+combustible loading
+(2) Locations in unenclosed stadia and arenas as follows:
+(a) Press boxes of less than 1000 ft 2 (93 m2)
+(b) Storage facilities of less than 1000 ft 2 (93 m2)i fe n -
+closed with not less than 1-hour fire resistance–rated
+construction
+(c) Enclosed areas underneath grandstands that comply
+with 25.3.4 [101:13.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.6.4 Where another provision of this chapter and
+Chapter 13 of NFPA 101 requires an automatic sprinkler sys-
+tem, the sprinkler system shall be installed in accordance with
+Section 13.3. [101:13.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.6.5 Fire Protection.Every stage shall be protected by
+an approved automatic sprinkler system in compliance with
+Section 13.3. [101:13.4.5.10]
+13.3.2.6.5.1 Protection shall be provided throughout the
+stage and in storerooms, workshops, permanent dressing
+rooms, and other accessory spaces contiguous to such stages.
+[101:13.4.5.10.1]
+13.3.2.6.5.2 Sprinklers shall not be required for stages 1000 ft2
+(93 m2) or less in area where the following criteria are met:
+(1) Curtains, scenery, or other combustible hangings are not
+retractable vertically.
+1–84 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Combustible hangings are limited to borders, legs, a single
+main curtain, and a single backdrop.
+[101:13.4.5.10.2]
+13.3.2.6.5.3 Sprinklers shall not be required under stage ar-
+eas less than 48 in. (1220 mm) in clear height that are used
+exclusively for chair or table storage and lined on the inside
+with 5⁄8 in. (16 mm) Type X gypsum wallboard or the approved
+equivalent. [101:13.4.5.10.3]
+13.3.2.7 New Educational Occupancies.
+13.3.2.7.1* Educational occupancy buildings exceeding
+20,000 ft2 (1860 m2) shall be protected throughout by an ap-
+proved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance
+with Section 13.3. [101:14.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.7.2 Educational occupancy buildings four or more sto-
+ries in height shall be protected throughout by an approved,
+supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3. [101:14.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.7.3 Every portion of educational buildings below the
+level of exit discharge shall be protected throughout by an
+approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accor-
+dance with Section 13.3. [101:14.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.7.4 Buildings with unprotected openings in accor-
+dance with 8.6.6 of NFPA101 shall be protected throughout by
+an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accor-
+dance with Section 13.3. [101:14.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.7.5 Where another provision of Chapter 14 of NFPA101
+requires an automatic sprinkler system, the sprinkler system shall
+be installed in accordance with Section 13.3. [101:14.3.5.5]
+13.3.2.8 Existing Educational Occupancies.
+13.3.2.8.1 Where student occupancy exists below the level of
+exit discharge, every portion of such floor shall be protected
+throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in ac-
+cordance with Section 13.3. [101:15.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.8.2 Where student occupancy does not exist on floors
+below the level of exit discharge, such floors shall be separated
+from the rest of the building by 1-hour fire resistance–rated
+construction or shall be protected throughout by an approved
+automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3.
+[101:15.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.8.3 Automatic sprinkler protection shall not be re-
+quired where student occupancy exists below the level of exit
+discharge, provided that both of the following criteria are met:
+(1) The approval of the AHJ shall be required.
+(2) Windows for rescue and ventilation shall be provided in
+accordance with 15.2.11.1 of NFPA101.[ 101:15.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.8.4 Buildings with unprotected openings in accor-
+dance with 8.6.6 of NFPA101 shall be protected throughout by
+an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accor-
+dance with Section 13.3. [101:15.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.8.5 Where another provision of Chapter 15 of NFPA101
+requires an automatic sprinkler system, the sprinkler system shall
+be installed in accordance with Section 13.3. [101:15.3.5.5]
+13.3.2.9 New Health Care Occupancies.
+13.3.2.9.1* Buildings containing health care occupancies
+shall be protected throughout by an approved, supervised au-
+tomatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3, un-
+less otherwise permitted by 13.3.2.9.3. [101:18.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.9.2 The sprinkler system required by 13.3.2.9.1 shall
+be installed in accordance with Section 13.3. [101:18.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.9.3 In Type I and Type II construction, alternative pro-
+tection measures shall be permitted to be substituted for sprin-
+kler protection, without causing a building to be classified as
+nonsprinklered, in specified areas where the AHJ has prohib-
+ited sprinklers. [101:18.3.5.5]
+13.3.2.9.4* Listed quick-response or listed residential sprin-
+klers shall be used throughout smoke compartments contain-
+ing patient sleeping rooms. [101:18.3.5.6]
+13.3.2.9.5* Sprinklers in areas where cubicle curtains are
+installed shall be in accordance with Section 13.3.
+[101:18.3.5.10]
+13.3.2.10 Existing Health Care Occupancies.
+13.3.2.10.1 Buildings containing nursing homes shall be
+protected throughout by an approved, supervised auto-
+matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3 and
+Section 9.7 of NFPA 101, unless otherwise permitted by
+13.3.2.10.5. [ 101:19.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.10.2 High-rise buildings shall comply with 19.4.2 of
+NFPA101.[ 101:19.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.10.3 Where required by 19.1.6 of NFPA101, buildings
+containing hospitals or limited care facilities shall be pro-
+tected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic
+sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3 and Sec-
+tion 9.7 of NFPA 101, unless otherwise permitted by
+13.3.2.10.5. [101:19.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.10.4* The sprinkler system required by 13.3.2.10.1 or
+13.3.2.10.3 shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13.
+[101:19.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.10.5 In Type I and Type II construction, alternative
+protection measures shall be permitted to be substituted for
+sprinkler protection in specified areas where the AHJ has pro-
+hibited sprinklers, without causing a building to be classified
+as nonsprinklered. [101:19.3.5.5]
+13.3.2.10.6* Where this Code permits exceptions for fully
+sprinklered buildings or smoke compartments, the sprinkler
+system shall meet the following criteria:
+(1) It shall be in accordance with Section 13.3.
+(2) It shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13, unless it
+is an approved existing system.
+(3) It shall be electrically connected to the fire alarm system.
+(4) It shall be fully supervised.
+(5) In Type I and Type II construction, where the AHJ has
+prohibited sprinklers, approved alternative protection
+measures shall be permitted to be substituted for sprin-
+kler protection in specified areas without causing a build-
+ing to be classified as nonsprinklered. [101:19.3.5.7]
+13.3.2.10.7* Where this Code permits exceptions for fully
+sprinklered buildings or smoke compartments and specifically
+references this paragraph, the sprinkler system shall meet the
+following criteria:
+(1) It shall be installed throughout the building or smoke
+compartment in accordance with Section 13.3.
+(2) It shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13, unless it
+is an approved existing system.
+1–85FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(3) It shall be electrically connected to the fire alarm system.
+(4) It shall be fully supervised.
+(5) It shall be equipped with listed quick-response or listed
+residential sprinklers throughout all smoke compart-
+ments containing patient sleeping rooms.
+(6) Standard-response sprinklers shall be permitted to be
+continued to be used in approved existing sprinkler sys-
+tems where quick-response and residential sprinklers
+were not listed for use in such locations at the time of
+installation.
+(7) Standard-response sprinklers shall be permitted for use in
+hazardous areas protected in accordance with 19.3.2.1 of
+NFPA101.[ 101:19.3.5.8]
+13.3.2.10.8 Isolated hazardous areas shall be permitted to be
+protected in accordance with 13.3.1.4. For new installations in
+existing health care occupancies, where more than two sprin-
+klers are installed in a single area, waterflow detection shall be
+provided to sound the building fire alarm or to notify, by a
+signal, any constantly attended location, such as PBX, security,
+or emergency room, at which the necessary corrective action
+shall be taken. [101:19.3.5.9]
+13.3.2.10.9* Newly introduced cubicle curtains in sprinklered
+areas shall be installed in accordance with Section 13.3.
+[101:19.3.5.10]
+13.3.2.11 New Detention and Correctional Facilities.
+13.3.2.11.1 All buildings classified as Use Condition II, Use
+Condition III, Use Condition IV , or Use Condition V shall be
+protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic
+sprinkler system in accordance with 13.3.2.11.2. [101:22.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.11.2 The automatic sprinkler system required by
+13.3.2.11.1 shall be as follows:
+(1) In accordance with Section 13.3
+(2) Installed in accordance with NFPA 13
+(3) Electrically connected to the fire alarm system
+(4) Fully supervised [ 101:22.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.12 Existing Detention and Correctional Facilities.
+13.3.2.12.1* Where required by Table 23.1.6.1 of NFPA 101,
+facilities shall be protected throughout by an approved, super-
+vised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
+13.3.2.12.2. [101:23.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.12.2 Where this Code permits exceptions for fully
+sprinklered detention and correctional occupancies or sprin-
+klered smoke compartments, the sprinkler system shall be as
+follows:
+(1) In accordance with Section 13.3
+(2) Installed in accordance with NFPA 13
+(3) Electrically connected to the fire alarm system
+(4) Fully supervised [ 101:23.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.13 New Hotels and Dormitories.
+13.3.2.13.1 All buildings, other than those complying with
+13.3.2.13.2, shall be protected throughout by an approved,
+supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
+13.3.2.13.3. [101:28.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.13.2 Automatic sprinkler protection shall not be re-
+quired in buildings where all guest sleeping rooms or guest
+suites have a door opening directly to either of the following:
+(1) Outside at the street or grade level
+(2) Exterior exit access arranged in accordance with 7.5.3 of
+NFPA101 in buildings up to and including three stories in
+height above grade [101:28.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.13.3 Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed,
+either for total or partial building coverage, the system shall be
+in accordance with Section 13.3, as modified by 13.3.2.13.4.In
+buildings four or fewer stories above grade plane, systems in
+accordance with NFPA 13R shall be permitted. [101:28.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.13.4 The provisions for draft stops and closely spaced
+sprinklers in NFPA 13 shall not be required for openings com-
+plying with 8.6.8.2 of NFPA 101 where the opening is within
+the guest room or guest suite. [101:28.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.13.5 Listed quick-response or listed residential sprin-
+klers shall be used throughout guest rooms and guest room
+suites. [101:28.3.5.6]
+13.3.2.13.6 Open parking structures that comply with
+NFPA 88A, Standard for Parking Structures , and are contiguous
+with hotels or dormitories shall be exempt from the sprinkler
+requirements of 13.3.2.13.1. [101:28.3.5.7]
+13.3.2.14 Existing Hotels and Dormitories.
+13.3.2.14.1 All high-rise buildings, other than those where
+each guest room or guest suite has exterior exit access in ac-
+cordance with 7.5.3 of NFPA 101, shall be protected through-
+out by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in
+accordance with 13.3.2.14.2. [101:29.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.14.2* Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed,
+either for total or partial building coverage, the system shall be
+in accordance with Section 13.3, as modified by 13.3.2.14.3
+and 13.3.2.14.4; in buildings up to and including four stories
+in height above grade, systems in accordance with NFPA 13R
+shall be permitted. [101:29.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.14.3 The provisions for draft stops and closely spaced
+sprinklers in NFPA 13 shall not be required for openings com-
+plying with 8.6.8.2 of NFPA 101 where the opening is within
+the guest room or guest suite. [101:29.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.14.4 In guest rooms and in guest room suites, sprinkler
+installations shall not be required in closets not exceeding 24 ft2
+(2.2 m 2) and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft 2 (5.1 m 2).
+[101:29.3.5.5]
+13.3.2.15 New Apartment Buildings.
+13.3.2.15.1 All buildings shall be protected throughout by an
+approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system installed in
+accordance with 13.3.2.15.2. [101:30.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.15.2 Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed,
+either for total or partial building coverage, the system shall be
+installed in accordance with Section 13.3, as modified by
+13.3.2.15.3 and 13.3.2.15.4. In buildings four or fewer stories
+in height above grade plane, systems in accordance with
+NFPA 13R shall be permitted. [101:30.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.15.3 In buildings sprinklered in accordance with
+NFPA 13, closets less than 12 ft2 (1.1 m2) in area in individual
+dwelling units shall not be required to be sprinklered. Closets
+that contain equipment such as washers, dryers, furnaces, or wa-
+ter heaters shall be sprinklered regardless of size. [101:30.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.15.4 The draft stop and closely spaced sprinkler re-
+quirements of NFPA 13 shall not be required for convenience
+openings complying with 8.6.8.2 of NFPA 101 where the con-
+venience opening is within the dwelling unit. [101:30.3.5.4]
+1–86 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.3.2.15.5 Listed quick-response or listed residential sprin-
+klers shall be used throughout all dwelling units. [101:30.3.5.5]
+13.3.2.15.6 Open parking structures complying with
+NFPA 88A, Standard for Parking Structures, that are contiguous
+with apartment buildings shall be exempt from the sprinkler
+requirements of 13.3.2.15.1. [101:30.3.5.6]
+13.3.2.15.7 Buildings with unprotected openings in accor-
+dance with 8.6.6 of NFPA101 shall be protected throughout by
+an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accor-
+dance with 13.3.2.15.1. [101:30.3.5.7]
+13.3.2.16 Existing Apartment Buildings.
+13.3.2.16.1* Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed,
+either for total or partial building coverage, the system shall be
+installed in accordance with Section 13.3, as modified by
+13.3.2.16.2 and 13.3.2.16.3. In buildings up to and including
+four stories in height above grade, systems in accordance with
+NFPA 13R shall be permitted. [101:31.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.16.2 In individual dwelling units, sprinkler installation
+shall not be required in closets not exceeding 24 ft 2 (2.2 m2)
+and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft 2 (5.1 m2). Closets that
+contain equipment such as washers, dryers, furnaces, or water
+heaters shall be sprinklered regardless of size. [101:31.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.16.3 The draft stop and closely spaced sprinkler re-
+quirements of NFPA 13 shall not be required for convenience
+openings complying with 8.6.8.2 of NFPA 101 where the con-
+venience opening is within the dwelling unit. [101:31.3.5.5]
+13.3.2.16.4 Buildings using Option 3 shall be provided with
+automatic sprinkler protection installed in accordance with
+13.3.2.16.4.1 through 13.3.2.16.4.4. [101:31.3.5.9]
+13.3.2.16.4.1 Automatic sprinklers shall be installed in the
+corridor, along the corridor ceiling, utilizing the maximum
+spacing requirements of the standards referenced in 13.3.1.2.
+[101:31.3.5.9.1]
+13.3.2.16.4.2 An automatic sprinkler shall be installed within
+every dwelling unit that has a door opening to the corridor, with
+such sprinkler positioned over the center of the door, unless the
+door to the dwelling unit has not less than a 20-minute fire pro-
+tection rating and is self-closing. [101:31.3.5.9.2]
+13.3.2.16.4.3 The workmanship and materials of the sprin-
+kler installation specified in 13.3.2.16.4 shall meet the require-
+ments of 13.3.1.2. [101:31.3.5.9.3]
+13.3.2.16.4.4 Where Option 3 is being used to permit the use
+of 1 3⁄4 in. (44 mm) thick, solid-bonded wood-core doors in
+accordance with 31.2.2.1.3 of NFPA 101, sprinklers shall be
+provided within the exit enclosures in accordance with
+NFPA 13. [101:31.3.5.9.4]
+13.3.2.16.5 Buildings using Option 4 shall be protected
+throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in ac-
+cordance with 13.3.2.16.1 and meeting the requirements of
+Section 13.3 for supervision for buildings more than six stories
+in height. [101:31.3.5.10]
+13.3.2.16.6* Where sprinklers are being used as an option to
+any requirement in this Code, the sprinklers shall be installed
+throughout the space in accordance with the requirements of
+that option. [101:31.3.5.11]
+13.3.2.17 Lodging and Rooming Houses.
+13.3.2.17.1 All new lodging or rooming houses, other than
+those meeting 13.3.2.17.2, shall be protected throughout by
+an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
+13.3.2.17.3. [101:26.3.6.1]
+13.3.2.17.2 An automatic sprinkler system shall not be required
+where every sleeping room has a door opening directly to the
+outside of the building at street or ground level, or has a door
+opening directly to the outside leading to an exterior stairway
+that meets the requirements of 26.2.1.1.2 of NFPA 101.
+[101:26.3.6.2]
+13.3.2.17.3 Where an automatic sprinkler system is required
+or is used as an alternative method of protection, either for
+total or partial building coverage, the system shall be in accor-
+dance with Section 13.3 of thisCode and 13.3.2.17.3.1 through
+13.3.2.17.3.6. [101:26.3.6.3]
+13.3.2.17.3.1 Activation of the automatic sprinkler system
+shall actuate the fire alarm system in accordance with Section
+13.7. [101:26.3.6.3.1]
+13.3.2.17.3.2 In buildings four or fewer stories above grade
+plane, systems in accordance with NFPA 13R shall be permit-
+ted. [101:26.3.6.3.2]
+13.3.2.17.3.3* Systems in accordance with NFPA 13D shall be
+permitted where the following requirements are met:
+(1) The lodging or rooming house shall not be part of a
+mixed occupancy.
+(2) Entrance foyers shall be sprinklered.
+(3) Lodging or rooming houses with sleeping accommoda-
+tions for more than eight occupants shall be treated as
+two-family dwellings with regard to the water supply.
+[101:26.3.6.3.3]
+13.3.2.17.3.4 In buildings sprinklered in accordance with
+NFPA 13, closets less than 12 ft2 (1.1 m2) in area in individual
+dwelling units shall not be required to be sprinklered.
+[101:26.3.6.3.4]
+13.3.2.17.3.5 In buildings sprinklered in accordance with
+NFPA 13, closets that contain equipment such as washers, dry-
+ers, furnaces, or water heaters shall be sprinklered regardless
+of size. [101:26.3.6.3.5]
+13.3.2.17.3.6 In existing lodging or rooming houses, sprinkler
+installations shall not be required in closets not exceeding 24 ft2
+(2.2 m 2) and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft 2 (5.1 m 2).
+[101:26.3.6.3.6]
+13.3.2.18 One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
+13.3.2.18.1 All new one- and two-family dwellings shall be
+protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler sys-
+tem in accordance with 13.3.2.18.2. [101:24.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.18.2 Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed,
+either for total or partial building coverage, the system shall be
+in accordance with Section 9.7 of NFPA101; in buildings up to
+and including four stories in height, systems in accordance
+with NFPA 13R and with NFPA 13D shall also be permitted.
+[101:24.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.19 New Residential Board and Care Occupancies.
+13.3.2.19.1 Large Facilities.
+13.3.2.19.1.1 General. All buildings shall be protected through-
+out by an approved automatic sprinkler system installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13 and provided with quick-response or resi-
+dential sprinklers throughout. [101:32.3.3.5.1]
+1–87FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.3.2.19.1.2 Supervision. Automatic sprinkler systems shall
+be provided with electrical supervision in accordance with
+13.3.1.7. [101:32.3.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.19.2 Small Facilities.
+13.3.2.19.2.1* All facilities, other than those meeting the re-
+quirement of 13.3.2.19.2.2, shall be protected throughout by
+an approved automatic sprinkler system, installed in accor-
+dance with 13.3.2.19.2.3, using quick-response or residential
+sprinklers. [101:32.2.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.19.2.2* In conversions, sprinklers shall not be required
+in small board and care homes serving eight or fewer residents
+when all occupants have the ability as a group to move reliably
+to a point of safety within 3 minutes. [101:32.2.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.19.2.3 Where an automatic sprinkler system is in-
+stalled, for either total or partial building coverage, the follow-
+ing requirements shall be met:
+(1) The system shall be in accordance with NFPA 13 and
+shall initiate the fire alarm system in accordance with
+13.7.2.15.1.1.
+(2) The adequacy of the water supply shall be documented to
+the AHJ. [101:32.2.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.19.2.3.1 In buildings four or fewer stories above grade
+plane, an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
+NFPA 13R shall be permitted. All habitable areas and closets
+shall be sprinklered. [101:32.2.3.5.3.1]
+13.3.2.19.2.3.2* An automatic sprinkler system with a 30-minute
+water supply, and complying with the following requirements
+and with NFPA 13D, shall be permitted:
+(1) All habitable areas and closets shall be sprinklered.
+(2) Facilities with more than eight residents shall be treated
+as two-family dwellings with regard to water supply.
+[101:32.2.3.5.3.2]
+13.3.2.19.2.4 Automatic sprinkler systems installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13 and NFPA 13R shall be provided with electri-
+cal supervision in accordance with 13.3.1.7. [101:32.2.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.19.2.5 Automatic sprinkler systems installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13D shall be provided with valve supervision
+by one of the following methods:
+(1) A single listed control valve that shuts off both domestic
+and sprinkler systems and separate shutoff for the domes-
+tic system only
+(2) Electrical supervision in accordance with 13.3.1.7
+(3) Valve closure that causes the sounding of an audible sig-
+nal in the facility [101:32.2.3.5.5]
+13.3.2.19.2.6 Sprinkler piping serving not more than six
+sprinklers for any isolated hazardous area shall be permitted
+to be installed in accordance with 13.3.1.4 and shall meet the
+following requirements:
+(1) In new installations, where more than two sprinklers are in-
+stalled in a single area, waterflow detection shall be provided
+to initiate the fire alarm system required by 13.7.2.15.1.1.
+(2) The duration of water supplies shall be as required by
+13.3.2.19.2.3.2. [101:32.2.3.5.6]
+13.3.2.20 Existing Residential Board and Care Facilities.
+13.3.2.20.1 Large Facilities.
+13.3.2.20.1.1* General.Where an automatic sprinkler system is
+installed, for either total or partial building coverage, the system
+shall be installed in accordance with Section 13.3, as modified by
+13.3.2.20.1.1.1 through 13.3.2.20.1.1.3. [101:33.3.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.20.1.1.1 In buildings four or fewer stories in height,
+systems in accordance with NFPA 13R shall be permitted.
+[101:33.3.3.5.1.1]
+13.3.2.20.1.1.2 Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in
+closets not exceeding 24 ft 2 (2.2 m2) and in bathrooms not
+exceeding 55 ft2 (5.1 m2), provided that such spaces are fin-
+ished with lath and plaster or materials with a 15-minute ther-
+mal barrier. [101:33.3.3.5.1.2]
+13.3.2.20.1.1.3 Initiation of the fire alarm system shall not be
+required for existing installations in accordance with
+13.3.2.20.1.5. [101:33.3.3.5.1.3]
+13.3.2.20.1.2 High-Rise Buildings.All high-rise buildings shall
+be protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic
+sprinkler system in accordance with 13.3.2.20.1, as modified by
+13.3.2.20.1.3. Such systems shall initiate the fire alarm system in
+accordance with 13.7.1.4. [101:33.3.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.20.1.3 Closets and Bathrooms. Automatic sprinklers
+shall not be required in small clothes closets where the small-
+est dimension does not exceed 36 in. (915 mm), the area does
+not exceed 24 ft 2 (2.2 m2), and the walls and ceiling are fin-
+ished with noncombustible or limited-combustible materials.
+[101:33.3.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.20.1.4 Supervision. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be
+supervised in accordance with Section 13.3; waterflow alarms
+shall not be required to be transmitted off-site. [101:33.3.3.5.4]
+13.3.2.20.1.5 Domestic Water Supply Option.Sprinkler piping
+serving not more than six sprinklers for any isolated hazardous
+area in accordance with 13.3.1.4 shall be permitted; in new instal-
+lations where more than two sprinklers are installed in a single
+area, waterflow detection shall be provided to initiate the fire
+alarm system required by 13.7.2.16.2.1. [101:33.3.3.5.5]
+13.3.2.20.2 Small Facilities.
+13.3.2.20.2.1 Where an automatic sprinkler system is in-
+stalled, for either total or partial building coverage, the follow-
+ing requirements shall be met:
+(1) The system shall be in accordance with Section 13.3 and
+shall initiate the fire alarm system in accordance with
+13.7.2.16.1.1, as modified by 13.3.2.20.2.1.1 through
+13.3.2.20.2.1.6.
+(2) The adequacy of the water supply shall be documented to
+the AHJ. [101:33.2.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.20.2.1.1* In prompt evacuation capability facilities, the
+following requirements shall be met:
+(1) An automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
+NFPA 13D shall be permitted.
+(2) Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in closets not
+exceeding 24 ft2 (2.2 m2) and in bathrooms not exceed-
+ing 55 ft2 (5.1 m2), provided that such spaces are finished
+with lath and plaster or materials providing a 15-minute
+thermal barrier. [101:33.2.3.5.2.1]
+13.3.2.20.2.1.2 In slow and impractical evacuation capability
+facilities, the following requirements shall be met:
+(1) An automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
+NFPA 13D, with a 30-minute water supply, shall be permit-
+ted.
+(2) All habitable areas and closets shall be sprinklered.
+1–88 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(3) Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in bathrooms
+not exceeding 55 ft2 (5.1 m2), provided that such spaces
+are finished with lath and plaster or materials providing a
+15-minute thermal barrier. [101:33.2.3.5.2.2]
+13.3.2.20.2.1.3 In prompt and slow evacuation facilities,
+where an automatic sprinkler system is in accordance with
+NFPA 13, sprinklers shall not be required in closets not ex-
+ceeding 24 ft2 (2.2 m2) and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft2
+(5.1 m2), provided that such spaces are finished with lath and
+plaster or materials providing a 15-minute thermal barrier.
+[101:33.2.3.5.2.3]
+13.3.2.20.2.1.4 In prompt and slow evacuation capability fa-
+cilities up to and including four stories in height, systems in-
+stalled in accordance with NFPA 13R shall be permitted.
+[101:33.2.3.5.2.4]
+13.3.2.20.2.1.5 In impractical evacuation capability facilities in
+buildings four or fewer stories above grade plane, systems in ac-
+cordance with NFPA 13R shall be permitted. All habitable areas
+and closets shall be sprinklered. Automatic sprinklers shall not be
+required in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft2 (5.1 m2), provided
+that such spaces are finished with lath and plaster or materials
+providing a 15-minute thermal barrier. [101:33.2.3.5.2.5]
+13.3.2.20.2.1.6 Initiation of the fire alarm system shall not be
+required for existing installations in accordance with 13.3.2.20.3.
+[101:33.2.3.5.2.6]
+13.3.2.20.2.2 All impractical evacuation capability facilities
+shall be protected throughout by an approved, supervised au-
+tomatic sprinkler system in accordance with 13.3.2.20.2.1.
+[101:33.2.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.20.3 Sprinkler piping serving not more than six sprin-
+klers for any isolated hazardous area shall be permitted to be
+installed in accordance with 13.3.1.4 and shall meet the follow-
+ing requirements:
+(1) In new installations, where more than two sprinklers are
+installed in a single area, waterflow detection shall be pro-
+vided to initiate the fire alarm system required by
+13.7.2.16.1.1.
+(2) The duration of water supplies shall be as required for the
+sprinkler systems addressed in 13.3.2.20.2.1. [101:33.2.3.5.6]
+13.3.2.21 New Mercantile Occupancies.
+13.3.2.21.1 Mercantile occupancies shall be protected by an
+approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3 as follows:
+(1) Throughout all mercantile occupancies three or more
+stories in height
+(2) Throughout all mercantile occupancies exceeding
+12,000 ft2 (1115 m2) in gross area
+(3) Throughout stories below the level of exit discharge where
+such stories have an area exceeding 2500 ft2 (232 m2) and
+are used for the sale, storage, or handling of combustible
+goods and merchandise
+(4) Throughout multiple occupancies protected as mixed oc-
+cupancies in accordance with 6.1.14 where the conditions
+of 13.3.2.21.1(1), (2), or (3) apply to the mercantile occu-
+pancy [101:36.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.21.2 Automatic sprinkler systems in Class A mercantile
+occupancies shall be supervised in accordance with 13.3.1.7.
+[101:36.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.21.3 Bulk merchandising retail buildings shall be pro-
+tected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic
+sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3 and the ap-
+plicable provisions of the following:
+(1) NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
+(2) NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
+(3) NFPA 30B, Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol
+Products
+(4) Chapter 13 [ 101:36.4.5.5]
+13.3.2.21.4 Mall Buildings.
+13.3.2.21.4.1 Automatic Extinguishing Systems.
+13.3.2.21.4.1.1 The mall building and all anchor buildings
+shall be protected throughout by an approved, supervised au-
+tomatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3,
+13.3.1.7, and 13.3.2.21.4.1. [5000:27.4.4.7.1.1]
+13.3.2.21.4.1.2 The system shall be installed in such a man-
+ner that any portion of the system serving tenant spaces can be
+taken out of service without affecting the operating of the por-
+tion of the system serving the mall. [5000:27.4.4.7.1.2]
+13.3.2.21.4.2 Hose Connections.
+13.3.2.21.4.2.1 There shall be a hose outlet connected to a
+system sized to deliver 250 gal/min (946 L/min) at the most
+hydraulically remote outlet. [5000:27.4.4.7.2.1]
+13.3.2.21.4.2.2 The outlet shall be supplied from the mall
+zone sprinkler system and shall be hydraulically calculated.
+[5000:27.4.4.7.2.2]
+13.3.2.21.4.2.3 Hose outlets shall be provided at each of the
+following locations:
+(1) Within the mall at the entrance to each exit passage or
+corridor
+(2) At each floor level landing within enclosed stairways
+opening directly onto the mall
+(3) At exterior public entrances to the mall [5000:27.4.4.7.2.3]
+13.3.2.22 Existing Mercantile Occupancies.
+13.3.2.22.1 Mercantile occupancies, other than one-story
+buildings that meet the requirements of a street floor, as de-
+fined in 3.3.234, shall be protected by an approved automatic
+sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13 as follows:
+(1) Throughout all mercantile occupancies with a story over
+15,000 ft2 (1400 m2) in area
+(2) Throughout all mercantile occupancies exceeding
+30,000 ft2 (2800 m2) in gross area
+(3) Throughout stories below the level of exit discharge where
+such stories have an area exceeding 2500 ft2 (232 m2) and
+used for the sale, storage, or handling of combustible goods
+and merchandise
+(4) Throughout multiple occupancies protected as mixed oc-
+cupancies in accordance with 6.1.14 where the conditions
+of 13.3.2.22.1(1), (2), or (3) apply to the mercantile occu-
+pancy [101:37.3.5.1]
+13.3.2.22.2 Bulk merchandising retail buildings shall be pro-
+tected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic
+sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3 and the ap-
+plicable provisions of the following:
+(1) NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
+(2) NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
+1–89FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(3) NFPA 30B, Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol
+Products
+(4) Chapter 34 [ 101:37.4.5.5]
+13.3.2.23 Underground and Windowless Structures.Under-
+ground and limited access structures, and all areas and floor
+levels traversed in traveling to the exit discharge, shall be pro-
+tected by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system
+in accordance with Section 13.3, unless such structures meet
+one of the following criteria:
+(1) They have an occupant load of 50 or fewer persons in new
+underground or limited access portions of the structure.
+(2) They have an occupant load of 100 or fewer persons in
+existing underground or limited access portions of the
+structure.
+(3) The structure is a single-story underground or limited ac-
+cess structure that is permitted to have a single exit per
+Chapter 12 through Chapter 43 of NFPA101, with a com-
+mon path of travel not greater than 50 ft (15 m).
+[101:11.7.3.4]
+13.3.2.24 High-Rise Buildings.
+13.3.2.24.1 New high-rise buildings shall be protected
+throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in ac-
+cordance with Section 13.3.
+13.3.2.24.2* Existing high-rise buildings shall be protected
+throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system in ac-
+cordance with this chapter, 13.3.2.24.2.1, and 13.3.2.24.2.3.
+13.3.2.24.2.1 Each building owner shall, within 180 days of
+receiving notice, file an intent to comply with this regulation
+with the AHJ for approval.
+13.3.2.24.2.2 The AHJ shall review and respond to the intent
+to comply submittal within 60 days of receipt.
+13.3.2.24.2.3* The entire building shall be required to be pro-
+tected by an approved automatic sprinkler system within 12
+years of adoption of this Code.
+13.3.2.25* New Storage Occupancies.
+13.3.2.25.1 High-Piled Storage. An automatic sprinkler sys-
+tem shall be installed throughout all occupancies containing
+areas greater than 2500 ft2 (232 m2) for the high-piled storage
+of combustibles.
+13.3.2.25.2* General Storage.An automatic sprinkler system
+shall be installed throughout all occupancies containing areas
+greater than 12,000 ft2 (1115 m2) for the storage of combustibles.
+13.3.2.25.3 An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed
+throughout all occupancies containing storage commodities
+classified as Group A Plastics in excess of 5 ft (1.5 m) in height
+over an area exceeding 2500 ft2 (232 m2) in area.
+13.3.2.25.4 Mini-Storage Building.An automatic sprinkler sys-
+tem shall be installed throughout all mini-storage buildings
+greater than 2500 ft2 (232 m2). [5000:30.3.5.3]
+13.3.2.25.5 Bulk Storage of Tires.Buildings and structures
+where the volume for the storage of tires exceeds 20,000 ft 3
+(566 m3) shall be equipped throughout with an approved au-
+tomatic fire sprinkler system. [5000:30.3.5.2]
+13.3.2.26 Woodworking Operations.An approved automatic
+fire sprinkler system shall be installed in buildings containing
+woodworking operations exceeding 2500 ft2 (232 m2) that use
+equipment, machinery, or appliances, that generate finely di-
+vided combustible waste, or that use finely divided combus-
+tible materials. [5000:29.3.5.1.2]
+13.3.2.27 New and Existing Day Care.Buildings with unpro-
+tected openings in accordance with 8.6.6 of NFPA 101 shall
+be protected throughout by an approved, supervised auto-
+matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3.
+[101:16.3.5.3; 101:17.3.5.3]
+13.3.3 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance.
+13.3.3.1 A sprinkler system installed in accordance with this
+Code shall be properly maintained to provide at least the same
+level of performance and protection as designed. The owner
+shall be responsible for maintaining the system and keeping it
+in good working condition.
+13.3.3.2 A sprinkler system installed in accordance with this
+Code shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in accordance
+with NFPA 25.
+13.3.3.3 Ceiling Tiles and Ceiling Assemblies.Where auto-
+matic sprinklers are installed, ceilings necessary for the proper
+actuation of the fire protection device in accordance with
+NFPA 13 shall be maintained.
+13.3.3.4 General Requirements.
+13.3.3.4.1 Responsibility of the Property Owner or Occupant.
+13.3.3.4.1.1* Responsibility for Inspection, Testing, and Main-
+tenance. The property owner or occupant shall provide ready
+accessibility to components of water-based fire protection systems
+that require inspection, testing, or maintenance. [25:4.1.1]
+13.3.3.4.1.2* Accessibility. The responsibility for properly
+maintaining a water-based fire protection system shall be that
+of the owner of the property. [25:4.1.2]
+13.3.3.4.1.2.1 Inspection, testing, and maintenance shall be
+implemented in accordance with procedures meeting those
+established in this document and in accordance with the
+manufacturer’s instructions. [25:4.1.2.1]
+13.3.3.4.1.2.2 These tasks shall be performed by personnel
+who have developed competence through training and expe-
+rience. [25:4.1.2.2]
+13.3.3.4.1.2.3 Where the property owner is not the occupant,
+the property owner shall be permitted to pass on the authority
+for inspecting, testing, and maintaining the fire protection
+systems to the occupant, management firm, or managing indi-
+vidual through specific provisions in the lease, written use
+agreement, or management contract. [25:4.1.2.3]
+13.3.3.4.1.2.4 Where an occupant, management firm, or
+managing individual has received the authority for inspection,
+testing, and maintenance, the occupant, management firm, or
+managing individual shall comply with the requirements iden-
+tified for the owner or occupant throughout this Code.
+[25:4.1.2.4]
+13.3.3.4.1.3 Notification of System Shutdown.The property
+owner or occupant shall notify the AHJ, the fire department, if
+required, and the alarm-receiving facility before testing or
+shutting down a system or its supply. [25:4.1.3]
+13.3.3.4.1.3.1 The notification of system shutdown shall in-
+clude the purpose for the shutdown, the system or component
+involved, and the estimated time of shutdown. [25:4.1.3.1]
+1–90 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.3.3.4.1.3.2 The AHJ, the fire department, and the alarm-
+receiving facility shall be notified when the system, supply, or
+component is returned to service. [25:4.1.3.2]
+13.3.3.4.1.4* Corrections and Repairs.The property owner or
+occupant shall promptly correct or repair deficiencies, dam-
+aged parts, or impairments found while performing the in-
+spection, test, and maintenance requirements of this Code.
+[25:4.1.4]
+13.3.3.4.1.4.1* Corrections and repairs shall be performed by
+qualified maintenance personnel or a qualified contractor.
+[25:4.1.4.1]
+13.3.3.4.1.5* Changes in Occupancy, Use, Process, or Materi-
+als. The property owner or occupant shall not make changes
+in the occupancy, the use or process, or the materials used or
+stored in the building without evaluation of the fire protection
+systems for their capability to protect the new occupancy, use,
+or materials. [25:4.1.5]
+13.3.3.4.1.5.1 The evaluation shall consider factors that in-
+clude, but are not limited to, the following:
+(1) Occupancy changes such as converting office or produc-
+tion space into warehousing
+(2) Process or material changes such as metal stamping to
+molded plastics
+(3) Building revisions such as relocated walls, added mezza-
+nines, and ceilings added below sprinklers
+(4) Removal of heating systems in spaces with piping subject
+to freezing [25:4.1.5.1]
+13.3.3.4.1.6 Addressing Changes in Hazards.Where changes
+in the occupancy, hazard, water supply, storage commodity,
+storage arrangement, building modification, or other condi-
+tion that affects the installation criteria of the system are iden-
+tified, the property owner or occupant shall promptly take
+steps, such as contacting a qualified contractor, consultant, or
+engineer, and the AHJ, to evaluate the adequacy of the in-
+stalled system in order to protect the building or hazard in
+question. [25:4.1.6]
+13.3.3.4.1.6.1 Where the evaluation reveals a deficiency caus-
+ing a threat to life or property, the property owner shall make
+appropriate corrections. All requirements of the AHJ shall be
+followed. [25:4.1.6.1]
+13.3.3.4.1.7 Valve Location.The property owner shall ensure
+that responsible occupants are made aware of the location of
+the shutoff valves and the procedures for shutting down the
+system. [25:4.1.7]
+13.3.3.4.1.8 Information Sign.A permanently marked metal
+or rigid plastic information sign shall be placed at the system
+control riser supplying an antifreeze loop, dry system, preac-
+tion system, or auxiliary system control valve. Each sign shall
+be secured with a corrosion-resistant wire, chain, or other ac-
+ceptable means and shall indicate the following information:
+(1) Location of the area served by the system
+(2) Location of auxiliary drains and low-point drains
+(3) The presence and location of antifreeze or other auxiliary
+systems [25:4.1.8]
+13.3.3.4.2 Impairments.
+13.3.3.4.2.1 Where an impairment to a water-based fire pro-
+tection system occurs, the procedures outlined in Chapter 15
+of NFPA 25 shall be followed, including the attachment of a
+tag to the impaired system. [25:4.2.1]
+13.3.3.4.2.2 Where a water-based fire protection system is re-
+turned to service following an impairment, the system shall be
+verified to be working properly by means of an appropriate
+inspection or test. [25:4.2.2]
+13.3.3.4.3 Corrective Action.Manufacturers shall be permitted
+to make modifications to their own listed product in the field
+with listed devices that restore the original performance as in-
+tended by the listing, where acceptable to the AHJ. [25:4.3]
+13.3.3.4.4 Records.
+13.3.3.4.4.1* Records shall be made for all inspections, tests,
+and maintenance of the system and its components and shall
+be made available to the AHJ upon request. [25:4.4.1]
+13.3.3.4.4.2 Records shall indicate the procedure performed
+(e.g., inspection, test, or maintenance), the organization that
+performed the work, the results, and the date. [25:4.4.2]
+13.3.3.4.4.3* Records shall be maintained by the property
+owner. [25:4.4.3]
+13.3.3.4.4.4 As-built system installation drawings, hydraulic
+calculations, original acceptance test records, and device
+manufacturer’s data sheets shall be retained for the life of the
+system. [25:4.4.4]
+13.3.3.4.4.5 Subsequent records shall be retained for a pe-
+riod of 1 year after the next inspection, test, or maintenance of
+that type required by the Code.[ 25:4.4.5]
+13.3.3.5 Sprinkler Systems.
+13.3.3.5.1 Buildings. Annually, prior to the onset of freezing
+weather, buildings with wet pipe systems shall be inspected to
+verify that windows, skylights, doors, ventilators, other open-
+ings and closures, blind spaces, unused attics, stair towers, roof
+houses, and low spaces under buildings do not expose water-
+filled sprinkler piping to freezing and to verify that adequate
+heat [minimum 40°F (4.4°C)] is available. [25:5.2.5]
+13.3.3.5.2 Maintenance. [25:5.4]
+13.3.3.5.2.1 Sprinklers. [25:5.4.1]
+13.3.3.5.2.1.1* Replacement sprinklers shall have the proper
+characteristics for the application intended. These shall in-
+clude the following:
+(1) Style
+(2) Orifice size and K-factor
+(3) Temperature rating
+(4) Coating, if any
+(5) Deflector type (e.g., upright, pendent, sidewall)
+(6) Design requirements [ 25:5.4.1.1*]
+(A)* Spray sprinklers shall be permitted to replace old-style
+sprinklers. [25:5.4.1.1.1*]
+(B) Replacement sprinklers for piers and wharves shall com-
+ply with NFPA 307, Standard for the Construction and Fire Protec-
+tion of Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves.[ 25:5.4.1.2]
+13.3.3.5.2.1.2 Only new, listed sprinklers shall be used to re-
+place existing sprinklers. [25:5.4.1.2]
+13.3.3.5.2.1.3* Special and quick-response sprinklers as de-
+fined by NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems,
+shall be replaced with sprinklers of the same orifice, size, tem-
+perature range and thermal response characteristics, and
+K-factor. [25:5.4.1.3*]
+1–91FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.3.3.5.3 Spare Sprinklers.
+13.3.3.5.3.1* A supply of spare sprinklers (never fewer than
+six) shall be maintained on the premises so that any sprinklers
+that have operated or been damaged in any way can be
+promptly replaced. [25:5.4.1.4]
+13.3.3.5.3.1.1 The sprinklers shall correspond to the types
+and temperature ratings of the sprinklers in the property.
+[25:5.4.1.4.1]
+13.3.3.5.3.1.2 The sprinklers shall be kept in a cabinet lo-
+cated where the temperature in which they are subjected will
+at no time exceed 100°F (38°C). [25:5.4.1.4.2]
+(A) Where dry sprinklers of different lengths are installed, spare
+dry sprinklers shall not be required, provided that a means of
+returning the system to service is furnished. [25:5.4.1.4.2.1]
+13.3.3.5.3.2 The stock of spare sprinklers shall include all
+types and ratings installed and shall be as follows:
+(1) For protected facilities having under 300 sprinklers — no
+fewer than 6 sprinklers
+(2) For protected facilities having 300 to 1000 sprinklers —
+no fewer than 12 sprinklers
+(3) For protected facilities having over 1000 sprinklers — no
+fewer than 24 sprinklers [25:5.4.1.5]
+13.3.3.5.3.3* A special sprinkler wrench shall be provided and
+kept in the cabinet to be used in the removal and installation
+of sprinklers. One sprinkler wrench shall be provided for each
+type of sprinkler installed. [25:5.4.1.6]
+13.3.3.5.3.4 Sprinklers protecting spray coating areas shall be
+protected against overspray residue. [25:5.4.1.7]
+13.3.3.5.3.4.1 Sprinklers subject to overspray accumulations
+shall be protected using plastic bags having a maximum thick-
+ness of 0.003 in. (0.076 mm) or shall be protected with small
+paper bags. [25:5.4.1.7.1]
+13.3.3.5.3.4.2 Coverings shall be replaced when deposits or
+residue accumulate. [25:5.4.1.7.2]
+13.3.3.5.3.5* Sprinklers shall not be altered in any respect or
+have any type of ornamentation, paint, or coatings applied
+after shipment from the place of manufacture. [25:5.4.1.8]
+13.3.3.5.3.6 Sprinklers and automatic spray nozzles used for
+protecting commercial-type cooking equipment and ventilat-
+ing systems shall be replaced annually. [25:5.4.1.9]
+13.3.3.5.3.6.1 Where automatic bulb-type sprinklers or spray
+nozzles are used and annual examination shows no buildup of
+grease or other material on the sprinklers or spray nozzles,
+such sprinklers and spray nozzles shall not be required to be
+replaced. [25:5.4.1.9.1]
+13.3.3.5.4* Dry Pipe Systems.Dry pipe systems shall be kept
+dry at all times. [25:5.4.2]
+13.3.3.5.4.1 During nonfreezing weather, a dry pipe system
+shall be permitted to be left wet if the only other option is to
+remove the system from service while waiting for parts or dur-
+ing repair activities. [25:5.4.2.1]
+13.3.3.5.4.2 Air driers shall be maintained in accordance
+with the manufacturer’s instructions. [25:5.4.2.2]
+13.3.3.5.4.3 Compressors used in conjunction with dry pipe
+sprinkler systems shall be maintained in accordance with the
+manufacturer’s instructions. [25:5.4.2.3]
+13.3.3.5.5* Installation and Acceptance Testing.Where main-
+tenance or repair requires the replacement of sprinkler sys-
+tem components affecting more than 20 sprinklers, those
+components shall be installed and tested in accordance with
+NFPA 13. [25:5.4.3]
+13.3.3.6 Impairments.
+13.3.3.6.1 General. This subsection and Chapter 15 of NFPA 25
+shall provide the minimum requirements for a water-based fire
+protection system impairment program. Measures shall be taken
+during the impairment to ensure that increased risks are mini-
+mized and the duration of the impairment is limited. [25:15.1]
+13.3.3.6.2 Impairment Coordinator.
+13.3.3.6.2.1 The property owner shall assign an impairment
+coordinator to comply with the requirements of Chapter 15 of
+NFPA 25. [25:15.2.1]
+13.3.3.6.2.2 In the absence of a specific designee, the prop-
+erty owner shall be considered the impairment coordinator.
+[25:15.2.2]
+13.3.3.6.2.3 Where the lease, written use agreement, or man-
+agement contract specifically grants the authority for inspec-
+tion, testing, and maintenance of the fire protection system(s)
+to the tenant, management firm, or managing individual, the
+tenant, management firm, or managing individual shall assign
+a person as impairment coordinator. [25:15.2.3]
+13.3.3.6.3 Tag Impairment System.
+13.3.3.6.3.1* A tag shall be used to indicate that a system, or
+part thereof, has been removed from service. [25:15.3.1]
+13.3.3.6.3.2* The tag shall be posted at each fire department
+connection and system control valve, indicating which system,
+or part thereof, has been removed from service. [25:15.3.2]
+13.3.3.6.3.3 The AHJ shall specify where the tag is to be
+placed. [25:15.3.3]
+13.3.3.6.4 Impaired Equipment.
+13.3.3.6.4.1 The impaired equipment shall be considered to
+be the water-based fire protection system, or part thereof, that
+is removed from service. [25:15.4.1]
+13.3.3.6.4.2 The impaired equipment shall include, but shall
+not be limited to, the following:
+(1) Sprinkler systems
+(2) Standpipe systems
+(3) Fire hose systems
+(4) Underground fire service mains
+(5) Fire pumps
+(6) Water storage tanks
+(7) Water spray fixed systems
+(8) Foam-water systems
+(9) Fire service control valves [ 25:15.4.2]
+13.3.3.6.5* Preplanned Impairment Programs.
+13.3.3.6.5.1 All preplanned impairments shall be authorized
+by the impairment coordinator. [25:15.5.1]
+13.3.3.6.5.2 Before authorization is given, the impairment
+coordinator shall be responsible for verifying that the follow-
+ing procedures have been implemented:
+(1) The extent and expected duration of the impairment
+have been determined.
+1–92 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) The areas or buildings involved have been inspected and
+the increased risks determined.
+(3) Recommendations have been submitted to management
+or the property owner/manager. Where a required fire
+protection system is out of service for more than 10 hours
+in a 24-hour period, the impairment coordinator shall ar-
+range for one of the following:
+(a) Evacuation of the building or portion of the building
+affected by the system out of service
+(b)*An approved fire watch
+(c)*Establishment of a temporary water supply
+(d)*Establishment and implementation of an approved
+program to eliminate potential ignition sources and
+limit the amount of fuel available to the fire
+(4) The fire department has been notified.
+(5) The insurance carrier, the alarm company, property
+owner/manager, and other AHJs have been notified.
+(6) The supervisors in the areas to be affected have been no-
+tified.
+(7) A tag impairment system has been implemented. (See
+13.3.3.6.3.)
+(8) All necessary tools and materials have been assembled on
+the impairment site. [25:15.5.2]
+13.3.3.6.6 Emergency Impairments.
+13.3.3.6.6.1 Emergency impairments include but are not lim-
+ited to system leakage, interruption of water supply, frozen or
+ruptured piping, and equipment failure. [25:15.6.1]
+13.3.3.6.6.2 When emergency impairments occur, emer-
+gency action shall be taken to minimize potential injury and
+damage. [25:15.6.2]
+13.3.3.6.6.3 The coordinator shall implement the steps out-
+lined in 13.3.3.6.5. [25:15.6.3]
+13.3.3.6.7 Restoring Systems to Service.When all impaired
+equipment is restored to normal working order, the impair-
+ment coordinator shall verify that the following procedures
+have been implemented:
+(1) Any necessary inspections and tests have been conducted
+to verify that affected systems are operational. Subsection
+13.3.3 shall be consulted for guidance on the type of in-
+spection and test required.
+(2) Supervisors have been advised that protection is restored.
+(3) The fire department has been advised that protection is
+restored.
+(4) The property owner/manager, insurance carrier, alarm
+company, and other AHJs have been advised that protec-
+tion is restored.
+(5) The impairment tag has been removed. [ 25:15.7]
+13.4 Fire Pumps.
+13.4.1 General.
+13.4.1.1 Where provided, fire pumps shall be installed in ac-
+cordance with NFPA 20,Standard for the Installation of Stationary
+Pumps for Fire Protection, and Section 13.4.
+13.4.1.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+13.4.1.3 Retroactivity. The provisions of this section reflect a
+consensus of what is necessary to provide an acceptable de-
+gree of protection from the hazards addressed in this section
+at the time the section was issued. [20:1.4]
+13.4.1.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, the provisions of this
+section shall not apply to facilities, equipment, structures, or
+installations that existed or were approved for construction or
+installation prior to the effective date of the section. Where
+specified, the provisions of this section shall be retroactive.
+[20:1.4.1]
+13.4.1.3.2 In those cases where the AHJ determines that the
+existing situation presents an unacceptable degree of risk, the
+AHJ shall be permitted to apply retroactively any portion of
+this section deemed appropriate. [20:1.4.2]
+13.4.1.3.3 The retroactive requirements of this section shall
+be permitted to be modified if their application clearly would
+be impractical in the judgment of the AHJ, and only where it is
+clearly evident that a reasonable degree of safety is provided.
+[20:1.4.3]
+13.4.1.4 Other Pumps.
+13.4.1.4.1 Pumps other than those specified in this section
+and having different design features shall be permitted to be
+installed where such pumps are listed by a testing laboratory.
+[20:5.1.2.1]
+13.4.1.4.2 These pumps shall be limited to capacities of less
+than 500 gpm (1892 L/min). [20:5.1.2.2]
+13.4.1.5* Approval Required.
+13.4.1.5.1 Stationary pumps shall be selected based on the
+conditions under which they are to be installed and used.
+[20:5.2.1]
+13.4.1.5.2 The pump manufacturer or its authorized repre-
+sentative shall be given complete information concerning the
+liquid and power supply characteristics. [20:5.2.2]
+13.4.1.5.3 A complete plan and detailed data describing
+pump, driver, controller, power supply, fittings, suction and
+discharge connections, and liquid supply conditions shall be
+prepared for approval. [20:5.2.3]
+13.4.1.5.4 Each pump, driver, controlling equipment, power
+supply and arrangement, and liquid supply shall be approved
+by the AHJ for the specific field conditions encountered.
+[20:5.2.4]
+13.4.1.6 Pump Operation.In the event of fire pump opera-
+tion, qualified personnel shall respond to the fire pump loca-
+tion to determine that the fire pump is operating in a satisfac-
+tory manner. [20:5.3]
+13.4.2* Equipment Protection.
+13.4.2.1* General Requirements.The fire pump, driver, con-
+troller, water supply, and power supply shall be protected
+against possible interruption of service through damage
+caused by explosion, fire, flood, earthquake, rodents, insects,
+windstorm, freezing, vandalism, and other adverse conditions.
+[20:5.12.1]
+13.4.2.1.1* Indoor Fire Pump Units.
+13.4.2.1.1.1* Indoor fire pumps in high-rise buildings shall be
+physically separated or protected by 2-hour fire-rated con-
+struction. [20:5.12.1.1.1]
+13.4.2.1.1.2 Indoor fire pumps in non-high-rise buildings
+shall be physically separated or protected by fire-rated con-
+struction in accordance with Table 13.4.2.1.1.2 [20:5.12.1.1.2]
+1–93FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.4.2.1.1.3 Location and access to the fire pump room shall
+be pre-planned with the fire department. [20:5.12.1.1.3]
+13.4.2.1.1.4 Rooms containing fire pumps shall be free from
+storage and penetrations not essential to the operation of the
+pump and related components. [20:5.12.1.1.4]
+13.4.2.1.2 Outdoor Fire Pump Units.
+13.4.2.1.2.1 Fire pump units located outdoors shall be lo-
+cated at least 50 ft (15.3 m) away from any exposing building.
+[20:5.12.1.2.1]
+13.4.2.1.2.2 Outdoor installations also shall be required to be
+provided with protection against possible interruption in ac-
+cordance with 13.4.2.1. [20:5.12.1.2.2]
+13.4.2.2 Heat.
+13.4.2.2.1 An approved or listed source of heat shall be pro-
+vided for maintaining the temperature of a pump room or
+pump house, where required, above 40°F (5°C). [20:5.12.2.1]
+13.4.2.2.2 The requirements of 13.4.4.5 shall be followed for
+higher temperature requirements for internal combustion en-
+gines. [20:5.12.2.2]
+13.4.2.3 Normal Lighting.Artificial light shall be provided in
+a pump room or pump house. [20:5.12.3]
+13.4.2.4 Emergency Lighting.
+13.4.2.4.1 Emergency lighting shall be provided in accor-
+dance with NFPA101, Life Safety Code.[ 20:5.12.4.1]
+13.4.2.4.2 Emergency lights shall not be connected to an
+engine-starting battery. [20:5.12.4.2]
+13.4.2.5 Ventilation.Provision shall be made for ventilation of
+a pump room or pump house. [20:5.12.5]
+13.4.2.6* Drainage.
+13.4.2.6.1 Floors shall be pitched for adequate drainage of
+escaping water away from critical equipment such as the
+pump, driver, controller, and so forth. [20:5.12.6.1]
+13.4.2.6.2 The pump room or pump house shall be provided
+with a floor drain that will discharge to a frost-free location.
+[20:5.12.6.2]
+13.4.2.7 Guards. Couplings and flexible connecting shafts
+shall be installed with a coupling guard in accordance with
+Section 8 of ANSI B15.1,Mechanical Power Transmission Appara-
+tus.[ 20:5.12.7]
+13.4.3* Valve Supervision.
+13.4.3.1 Supervised Open.Where provided, the suction valve,
+discharge valve, bypass valves, and isolation valves on the back-
+flow prevention device or assembly shall be supervised open
+by one of the following methods:
+(1) Central station, proprietary, or remote station signaling
+service
+(2) Local signaling service that will cause the sounding of an
+audible signal at a constantly attended point
+(3) Locking valves open
+(4) Sealing of valves and approved weekly recorded inspec-
+tion where valves are located within fenced enclosures un-
+der the control of the owner [20:5.16.1]
+13.4.3.2 Supervised Closed. The test outlet control valves
+shall be supervised closed. [20:5.16.2]
+13.4.4* Driver System Operation.
+13.4.4.1 Weekly Run.
+13.4.4.1.1 Engines shall be started no less than once a week
+and run for no less than 30 minutes to attain normal running
+temperature. [20:11.6.1.1]
+13.4.4.1.2 Engines shall run smoothly at rated speed, except
+for engines addressed in 13.4.4.1.3. [20:11.6.1.2]
+13.4.4.1.3 Engines equipped with variable speed pressure
+limiting control shall be permitted to run at reduced speeds
+provided factory-set pressure is maintained and they run
+smoothly. [20:11.6.1.3]
+13.4.4.2* System Performance.Engines shall be kept clean,
+dry, and well lubricated to ensure adequate performance.
+[20:11.6.2]
+13.4.4.3 Battery Maintenance.
+13.4.4.3.1 Storage batteries shall be kept charged at all times.
+[20:11.6.3.1]
+13.4.4.3.2 Storage batteries shall be tested frequently to de-
+termine the condition of the battery cells and the amount of
+charge in the battery. [20:11.6.3.2]
+13.4.4.3.3 Only distilled water shall be used in battery cells.
+[20:11.6.3.3]
+13.4.4.3.4 Battery plates shall be kept submerged at all times.
+[20:11.6.3.4]
+13.4.4.3.5 The automatic feature of a battery charger shall
+not be a substitute for proper maintenance of battery and
+charger. [20:11.6.3.5]
+13.4.4.3.6 Periodic inspection of both battery and charger
+shall be made. [20:11.6.3.6]
+13.4.4.3.7 This inspection shall determine that the charger is
+operating correctly, the water level in the battery is correct,
+and the battery is holding its proper charge. [20:11.6.3.7]
+13.4.4.4* Fuel Supply Maintenance.
+13.4.4.4.1 The fuel storage tanks shall be kept as full as prac-
+tical at all times, but never below 66 percent (two-thirds) of
+tank capacity. A fuel level indicator shall be provided to acti-
+vate at the two-thirds tank level. [20:11.6.4.1]
+13.4.4.4.2 The tanks shall always be filled by means that will
+ensure removal of all water and foreign material. [20:11.6.4.2]
+Table 13.4.2.1.1.2 Equipment Protection
+Pump
+Room/House
+Building(s)
+Exposing Pump
+Room/House
+Required
+Separation
+Not sprinklered Not sprinklered 2 hour fire-rated
+Not sprinklered Fully sprinklered or
+Fully sprinklered Not sprinklered 50 ft (15.3 m)
+1 hour fire-rated
+Fully sprinklered Fully sprinklered or
+50 ft (15.3 m)
+[20: Table 5.12.1.1.2]
+1–94 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.4.4.5* Temperature Maintenance.
+13.4.4.5.1 The temperature of the pump room, pump
+house, or area where engines are installed shall never be
+less than the minimum recommended by the engine manu-
+facturer. [ 20:11.6.5.1]
+13.4.4.5.2 An engine jacket water heater shall be provided to
+maintain 120°F (49°C). [20:11.6.5.2]
+13.4.4.5.3 The engine manufacturer’s recommendations for
+oil heaters shall be followed. [20:11.6.5.3]
+13.4.4.6 Emergency Starting and Stopping.
+13.4.4.6.1 The sequence for emergency manual operation,
+arranged in a step-by-step manner, shall be posted on the fire
+pump engine. [20:11.6.6.1]
+13.4.4.6.2 It shall be the engine manufacturer’s responsibility
+to list any specific instructions pertaining to the operation of this
+equipment during the emergency operation. [20:11.6.6.2]
+13.4.5 Components.
+13.4.5.1 Indicators on Controller.
+13.4.5.1.1 All visible indicators shall be plainly visible.
+[20:12.4.1.1]
+13.4.5.1.2* Visible indication shall be provided to indicate that
+the controller is in the automatic position. If the visible indi-
+cator is a pilot lamp, it shall be accessible for replacement.
+[20:12.4.1.2]
+13.4.5.1.3 Separate visible indicators and a common audible
+fire pump alarm capable of being heard while the engine is
+running and operable in all positions of the main switch ex-
+cept the off position shall be provided to immediately indicate
+the following conditions:
+(1) Critically low oil pressure in the lubrication system. The
+controller shall provide means for testing the position of
+the pressure switch contacts without causing fire pump
+alarms.
+(2) High engine jacket coolant temperature.
+(3) Failure of engine to start automatically.
+(4) Shutdown from overspeed. [ 20:12.4.1.3]
+13.4.5.1.4 Separate visible indicators and a common audible
+signal capable of being heard while the engine is running and
+operable in all positions of the main switch except the off
+position shall be provided to immediately indicate the follow-
+ing conditions:
+(1) Battery failure or missing battery. Each controller shall be
+provided with a separate visible indicator for each battery.
+(2) Battery charger failure. Each controller shall be provided
+with a separate visible indicator for battery charger failure
+and shall not require the audible signal for battery
+charger failure.
+(3) Low air or hydraulic pressure. Where air or hydraulic
+starting is provided (see 11.2.5 and 11.2.5.4 of NFPA 20) ,
+each pressure tank shall provide to the controller sepa-
+rate visible indicators to indicate low pressure.
+(4) System overpressure, for engines equipped with variable
+speed pressure limiting controls, to actuate at 115 percent
+of set pressure.
+(5) ECM selector switch in alternate ECM position (for en-
+gines with ECM controls only).
+(6) Fuel injection malfunction (for engines with ECM only).
+(7) Low fuel level. Signal at two-thirds tank capacity.
+[20:12.4.1.4]
+13.4.5.1.5 No audible signal silencing switch, other than the
+controller main switch, shall be permitted for the conditions
+reflected in 13.4.5.1.3 and 13.4.5.1.4. [20:12.4.1.5]
+13.4.5.1.5.1 A separate alarm silencing switch shall be used for
+the low fuel level indication in 13.4.5.1.4(7). [20:12.4.1.5.1]
+13.4.5.1.5.2 Any alarm silencing switch shall be located adja-
+cent to the visual indicator and be clearly marked as such.
+[20:12.4.1.5.2]
+13.4.5.2 Signal Devices Remote from Controller.
+13.4.5.2.1 Where the pump room is not constantly attended,
+audible or visible signals powered by a source other than the
+engine starting batteries and not exceeding 125 V shall be
+provided at a point of constant attendance. [20:12.4.2.1]
+13.4.5.2.2 The remote panel shall indicate the following:
+(1) The engine is running (separate signal).
+(2) The controller main switch has been turned to the off or
+manual position (separate signal).
+(3)*There is trouble on the controller or engine (separate or
+common signals). (See 13.4.5.1.4 and 13.4.5.1.5.)
+[20:12.4.2.2]
+13.4.5.3 Controller Contacts for Remote Indication.Control-
+lers shall be equipped with open or closed contacts to operate
+circuits for the conditions covered in 13.4.5.2. [20:12.4.3]
+13.4.6 Field Acceptance Tests.
+13.4.6.1 The pump manufacturer, the engine manufacturer
+(when supplied), the controller manufacturer, and the trans-
+fer switch manufacturer (when supplied) or their factory-
+authorized representatives shall be present for the field accep-
+tance test. (See Section 5.4 of NFPA 20.)[20:14.2.1]
+13.4.6.2* All the AHJs shall be notified as to the time and place
+of the field acceptance test. [20:14.2.2]
+13.4.6.3 All electric wiring to the fire pump motor(s), includ-
+ing control (multiple pumps) interwiring, normal power sup-
+ply, alternate power supply where provided, and jockey pump,
+shall be completed and checked by the electrical contractor
+prior to the initial startup and acceptance test. [20:14.2.3]
+13.4.6.4* Certified Pump Curve.
+13.4.6.4.1 A copy of the manufacturer’s certified pump test
+characteristic curve shall be available for comparison of the
+results of the field acceptance test. [20:14.2.4.1]
+13.4.6.4.2 The fire pump as installed shall equal the perfor-
+mance as indicated on the manufacturer’s certified shop test
+characteristic curve within the accuracy limits of the test
+equipment. [20:14.2.4.2]
+13.4.6.5 The fire pump shall perform at minimum, rated,
+and peak loads without objectionable overheating of any com-
+ponent. [20:14.2.5]
+13.4.6.6 Vibrations of the fire pump assembly shall not be of a
+magnitude to warrant potential damage to any fire pump com-
+ponent. [20:14.2.6]
+13.4.7 Manuals, Special Tools, and Spare Parts.
+13.4.7.1 A minimum of one set of instruction manuals for all
+major components of the fire pump system shall be supplied
+by the manufacturer of each major component. [20:14.3.1]
+1–95FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.4.7.2 The manual shall contain the following:
+(1) A detailed explanation of the operation of the compo-
+nent
+(2) Instructions for routine maintenance
+(3) Detailed instructions concerning repairs
+(4) Parts list and parts identification
+(5) Schematic electrical drawings of controller, transfer
+switch, and fire pump control panels [20:14.3.2]
+13.4.7.3 Any special tools and testing devices required for
+routine maintenance shall be available for inspection by the
+AHJ at the time of the field acceptance test. [20:14.3.3]
+13.4.7.4 Consideration shall be given to stocking spare parts
+for critical items not readily available. [20:14.3.4]
+13.4.8 Periodic Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance.Fire
+pumps shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in accor-
+dance with NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and
+Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems.[ 20:14.4]
+13.4.9 Component Replacement.
+13.4.9.1 Positive Displacement Pumps.
+13.4.9.1.1 Whenever a critical path component in a positive
+displacement fire pump is replaced, as defined in 14.5.2.4 of
+NFPA 20, a field test of the pump shall be performed.
+[20:14.5.1.1]
+13.4.9.1.2 If components that do not affect performance
+are replaced, such as shafts, then only a functional test shall
+be required to ensure proper installation and reassembly.
+[20:14.5.1.2]
+13.4.9.1.3 If components that affect performance are re-
+placed, such as rotors, plungers, and so forth, then a retest
+shall be conducted by the pump manufacturer or designated
+representative, or qualified persons acceptable to the AHJ.
+[20:14.5.1.3]
+13.4.9.1.4 Field Retest Results.
+13.4.9.1.4.1 The field retest results shall be compared to the
+original pump performance as indicated by the original factory-
+certified test curve, whenever it is available. [20:14.5.1.4.1]
+13.4.9.1.4.2 The field retest results shall meet or exceed the
+performance characteristics as indicated on the pump name-
+plate, and the results shall be within the accuracy limits of field
+testing as stated elsewhere in NFPA 20. [20:14.5.1.4.2]
+13.5 Water Supply.
+13.5.1 Private fire service mains shall be installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Sys-
+tems, and NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire
+Service Mains and Their Appurtenances.
+13.5.2 Where no adequate and reliable water supply exists for
+fire-fighting purposes, the requirements of NFPA 1142, Stan-
+dard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting, shall
+apply.
+13.5.3* The installation of devices to protect the public water
+supply from contamination shall comply with the provisions of
+NFPA 13, NFPA 24, and the plumbing code.
+13.5.3.1 Backflow prevention devices shall be inspected,
+tested, and maintained in accordance with the requirements
+of NFPA 25.
+13.5.4 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance.
+13.5.4.1 A private fire service main installed in accordance
+with this Code shall be properly maintained to provide at least
+the same level of performance and protection as designed.
+The owner shall be responsible for maintaining the system
+and keeping it in good working condition.
+13.5.4.2 A private fire service main installed in accordance
+with this Code shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in
+accordance with NFPA 25.
+13.6 Portable Fire Extinguishers.
+13.6.1 General Requirements.The selection, installation, dis-
+tribution, inspection, maintenance, and testing of portable
+fire extinguishers shall be in accordance with NFPA 10 and
+Section 13.6.
+13.6.1.1 Portable fire extinguishers are intended as a first
+line of defense to cope with fires of limited size. [10:1.1.1]
+13.6.1.2 The selection and installation of extinguishers is inde-
+pendent of whether the building is equipped with automatic
+sprinklers, standpipe and hose, or other fixed protection equip-
+ment. (See 5.5.5, 6.1.1.1, 6.2.1.1, and 6.2.1.5 of NFPA 10.)
+[10:1.1.2]
+13.6.1.3 The requirements given herein are minimum.
+[10:1.1.3]
+13.6.1.4 The requirements do not apply to permanently in-
+stalled systems for fire extinguishment, even where portions of
+such systems are portable (such as hose and nozzles attached
+to a fixed supply of extinguishing agent). [10:1.1.4]
+13.6.2* Where Required.Fire extinguishers shall be provided
+where required by this Code as specified in Table 13.6.2 and
+the referenced codes and standards listed in Chapter 2.
+13.6.3 Listing and Labeling for Portable Fire Extinguishers.
+13.6.3.1 Portable fire extinguishers used to comply with
+13.6.3 shall be listed and labeled and shall meet or exceed all
+the requirements of one of the fire test standards and one of
+the appropriate performance standards shown as follows:
+(1) Fire Test Standards:
+(a) ANSI/UL 711, Standard for Rating and Testing of Fire
+Extinguishers
+(b) CAN/ULC-S508, Standard for Rating and Testing of Fire
+Extinguishers
+(2) Performance Standards:
+(a) Carbon Dioxide Types. ANSI/UL 154, Standard for
+Carbon-Dioxide Fire Extinguishers ; CAN/ULC-S503,
+Standard for Carbon-Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
+(b) Dry Chemical Types. ANSI/UL 299, Standard for Dry
+Chemical Fire Extinguishers ; CAN/ULC-S504, Standard
+for Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers
+(c) Water Types. ANSI/UL 626, Standard for 2 1⁄2-Gallon
+Stored-Pressure, Water-Type Fire Extinguishers; CAN/ULC-
+S507, Standard for Water Fire Extinguishers
+(d) Halon Types. ANSI/UL 1093, Standard for Halogenated
+Agent Fire Extinguishers ; CAN/ULC-S512, Standard for
+Halogenated Agent Hand and Wheeled Fire Extinguishers
+(e) Film-Forming Foam Types. ANSI/UL 8, Standard for
+Foam Fire Extinguishers ; CAN/ULC-S554, Standard for
+Water Based Agent Fire Extinguishers
+(f) Halocarbon Types. ANSI/UL 2129, Standard for Halo-
+carbon Clean Agent Fire Extinguishers; CAN/ULC-S566,
+Standard for Halocarbon Clean Agent Fire Extinguishers
+[10:4.1.1]
+1–96 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.6.3.2* The identification of the listing and labeling organi-
+zation, the fire test standard, and the performance standard
+that the fire extinguisher meets or exceeds shall be clearly
+marked on each fire extinguisher. [10:4.1.2]
+13.6.3.2.1 Fire extinguishers manufactured prior to January 1,
+1986, shall not be required to comply with 13.6.3.2. [10:4.1.2.1]
+13.6.3.3* An organization listing fire extinguishers used to
+comply with the requirements of 13.6.3 shall utilize a third-
+party certification program for portable fire extinguishers that
+meets or exceeds ANSI/UL 1803, Standard for Factory Follow-up
+on Third Party Certified Portable Fire Extinguishers.[ 10:4.1.3]
+13.6.3.3.1 Fire extinguishers manufactured prior to January 1,
+1989, shall not be required to comply with 13.6.3.3. [10:4.1.3.1]
+13.6.3.3.2 Certification organizations accredited by the Stan-
+dards Council of Canada shall not be required to comply with
+13.6.3.3. [10:4.1.3.2]
+13.6.3.4 Electrical Conductivity.Extinguishers listed for the
+Class C rating shall not contain an agent that is a conductor of
+electricity. [10:4.1.4]
+13.6.3.4.1 In addition to successfully meeting the require-
+ments of ANSI/UL 711, Standard for Rating and Testing of Fire
+Extinguishers, water-based agents shall be tested in accordance
+with ASTM D 5391, Standard Test for Electrical Conductivity and
+Resistivity of a Flowing High Purity Water Sample.[ 10:4.1.4.1]
+13.6.3.4.2 Fire extinguishers containing water-based agents
+that have a conductivity higher than 1.00 microsiemens/cm at
+77°F (25°C) shall be considered a conductor of electricity and
+therefore shall not be rated Class C. [10:4.1.4.2]
+13.6.3.4.3 Subsections 13.6.3.4.1 and 13.6.3.4.2 shall apply
+only to water-based extinguishers manufactured after August
+15, 2002. [10:4.1.4.3]
+13.6.4* Identification of Contents.A fire extinguisher shall
+have a label, tag, stencil, or similar indicator attached to it
+providing the following information:
+(1) The content’s product name as it appears on the manu-
+facturer’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
+(2) Listing of the hazardous material identification in accor-
+dance with Hazardous Materials Identification System
+(HMIS), Implementational Manual [in Canada, workplace
+hazardous materials identification systems (WHMIS)] de-
+veloped by the National Paint & Coatings Association
+(3) List of any hazardous materials that are in excess of
+1.0 percent of the contents
+(4) List of each chemical in excess of 5.0 percent of the contents
+(5) Information as to what is hazardous about the agent in
+accordance with the MSDS
+(6) Manufacturer’s or service agency’s name, mailing ad-
+dress, and phone number [10:4.2]
+13.6.5* Instruction Manual.
+13.6.5.1 The owner or the owner’s agent shall be provided
+with a fire extinguisher instruction manual that details con-
+densed instructions and cautions necessary to the installation,
+operation, inspection, and maintenance of the fire extinguish-
+er(s). [10:4.3.1]
+13.6.5.2 The manual shall refer to NFPA 10 as a source of
+detailed instruction. [10:4.3.2]
+13.6.6 Obsolete Fire Extinguishers. The following types of
+fire extinguishers are considered obsolete and shall be re-
+moved from service:
+(1) Soda acid
+(2) Chemical foam (excluding film-forming agents)
+(3) Vaporizing liquid (e.g., carbon tetrachloride)
+(4) Cartridge-operated water
+(5) Cartridge-operated loaded stream
+(6) Copper or brass shell (excluding pump tanks) joined by
+soft solder or rivets
+(7) Carbon dioxide extinguishers with metal horns
+(8) Solid charge–type AFFF extinguishers (paper cartridge)
+(9) Pressurized water fire extinguishers manufactured prior
+to 1971
+(10) Any extinguisher that needs to be inverted to operate
+(11) Any stored pressure extinguisher manufactured prior to
+1955
+Table 13.6.2 Portable Fire Extinguishers Required
+Occupancy Use Where Required
+Ambulatory health care occupancies Yes
+Apartment occupanciesa Yes
+Assembly occupanciesb Yes
+Business occupancies Yes
+Day-care occupancies Yes
+Detention and correctional
+occupanciesc,d
+Yes
+Educational occupancies Yes
+Health care occupancies Yes
+Hotel and dormitory occupancies Yes
+Industrial occupancies Yes
+Lodging and rooming house
+occupancies
+Yes
+Mercantile occupancies Yes
+Occupancies in special structures Yes
+One- and two-family dwelling
+occupancies
+No
+Residential board and care
+occupancies
+Yes
+Storage occupanciese Yes
+aPortable fire extinguishers shall be permitted to be located at exte-
+rior locations or interior locations so that all portions of the buildings
+are within 75 ft (22.8 m) of travel distance to an extinguishing unit.
+bPortable fire extinguishers are not required in seating or outdoor
+performance areas.
+cAccess to portable fire extinguishers shall be permitted to be locked.
+dPortable fire extinguishers shall be permitted to be located at staff
+locations only.
+eIn storage areas where forklift, powered industrial truck, or cart op-
+erators are the primary occupants, fixed extinguishers, as specified in
+NFPA 10, need not be provided when:
+(1) Use of vehicle mounted extinguishers is approved by the AHJ.
+(2) Each vehicle is equipped with a 10 lb, 40-A:80-B:C extinguisher
+affixed to the vehicle using a mounting bracket approved by the extin-
+guisher manufacturer or the AHJ for vehicular use.
+(3) Not less than two spare extinguishers of equal or greater rating
+are available onsite to replace a discharged extinguisher.
+(4) Vehicle operators are trained in the proper operation and use of
+the extinguisher.
+(5) Inspections of vehicle-mounted extinguishers are performed
+daily.
+1–97FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(12) Any extinguishers with 4B, 6B, 8B, 12B, and 16B fire
+ratings
+(13) Stored-pressure water extinguishers with fiberglass shells
+(pre-1976) [10:4.4]
+13.6.6.1 Dry chemical stored pressure extinguishers manu-
+factured prior to October 1984 shall be removed from service
+at the next 6-year maintenance interval or the next hydrotest
+interval, whichever comes first. [10:4.4.1]
+13.6.6.2 Any fire extinguisher that can no longer be serviced
+in accordance with the manufacturer’s maintenance manual
+is considered obsolete and shall be removed from service.
+[10:4.4.2]
+13.6.7 Selection of Portable Fire Extinguishers.
+13.6.7.1 General Requirements. The selection of fire extin-
+guishers for a given situation shall be determined by the defi-
+nitions for classes of fires in 3.3.102 and applicable require-
+ments in the codes and standards referenced in Chapter 2 and
+the following factors:
+(1) Type of fire most likely to occur
+(2) Size of fire most likely to occur
+(3) Hazards in the area where the fire is most likely to occur
+(4) Energized electrical equipment in the vicinity of the fire
+(5) Ambient temperature conditions
+(6) Other factors (see Section H.2 of NFPA 10)
+[10:5.1]
+13.6.7.2 Extinguisher Classification System.
+13.6.7.2.1 The classification of fire extinguishers shall consist
+of a letter that indicates the class of fire on which a fire extin-
+guisher has been found to be effective. [10:5.3.1]
+13.6.7.2.1.1 Fire extinguishers classified for use on Class A or
+Class B hazards shall be required to have a rating number
+preceding the classification letter that indicates the relative
+extinguishing effectiveness. [10:5.3.1.1]
+13.6.7.2.1.2 Fire extinguishers classified for use on Class C,
+Class D, or Class K hazards shall not be required to have a
+number preceding the classification letter. [10:5.3.1.2]
+13.6.7.2.2 Fire extinguishers shall be selected for the
+class(es) of hazards to be protected in accordance with the
+subdivisions in 13.6.7.2.2.1 through 13.6.7.2.2.5. (For specific
+hazards, see Section 5.5 of NFPA 10.)[10:5.3.2]
+13.6.7.2.2.1* Fire extinguishers for the protection of Class A
+hazards shall be selected from types that are specifically listed
+and labeled for use on Class A fires. (For halogenated agent–type
+extinguishers, see 13.6.7.2.2.6.) [10:5.3.2.1]
+13.6.7.2.2.2* Fire extinguishers for the protection of Class B
+hazards shall be selected from types that are specifically listed
+and labeled for use on Class B fires. (For halogenated agent–type
+extinguishers, see 13.6.7.2.2.6.) [10:5.3.2.2]
+13.6.7.2.2.3* Fire extinguishers for the protection of Class C
+hazards shall be selected from types that are specifically listed
+and labeled for use on Class C hazards. (For halogenated agent–
+type fire extinguishers, see 13.6.7.2.2.6) [10:5.3.2.3]
+13.6.7.2.2.4* Fire extinguishers and extinguishing agents for
+the protection of Class D hazards shall be of the types specifi-
+cally listed and labeled for use on the specific combustible
+metal hazard. [10:5.3.2.4]
+13.6.7.2.2.5 Fire extinguishers for the protection of Class K
+hazards shall be selected from types that are specifically listed
+and labeled for use on Class K fires. [10:5.3.2.5]
+13.6.7.2.2.6* Use of halogenated agent fire extinguishers shall
+be limited to applications where a clean agent is necessary to
+extinguish fire efficiently without damaging the equipment or
+area being protected, or where the use of alternate agents can
+cause a hazard to personnel in the area. [10:5.3.2.6]
+13.6.7.2.2.6.1 Placement of portable fire extinguishers con-
+taining halogenated agents shall conform to minimum vol-
+ume requirement warnings contained on the fire extinguisher
+nameplates. [10:5.3.2.6.1]
+13.6.7.2.2.7* Wheeled fire extinguishers shall be considered
+for hazard protection where fulfillment of the following re-
+quirements is necessary:
+(1) High agent flow rates
+(2) Increased agent stream range
+(3) Increased agent capacity
+(4) High hazard areas
+(5) Limited available personnel [ 10:5.3.2.7]
+13.6.7.3 Classification of Hazards.
+13.6.7.3.1 Classifying Occupancy Hazard. Rooms or areas
+shall be classified generally as being light (low) hazard, ordi-
+nary (moderate) hazard, or extra (high) hazard. [10:5.4.1]
+13.6.7.3.1.1* Light (Low) Hazards.Light (low) hazard occu-
+pancies shall be classified as locations where the quantity and
+combustibility of Class A combustibles and Class B flammables
+is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are
+expected. These occupancies consist of fire hazards having
+normally expected quantities of Class A combustible furnish-
+ings and/or the total anticipated quantity of Class B flam-
+mables present is expected to be less than 1 gal (3.8 L) in any
+room or area. [10:5.4.1.1]
+13.6.7.3.1.2* Ordinary (Moderate) Hazards.Ordinary (mod-
+erate) hazard occupancies shall be classified as locations
+where the quantity and combustibility of Class A combustible
+materials and Class B flammables is moderate and fires with
+moderate rates of heat release are expected. These occupan-
+cies consist of fire hazards that only occasionally contain Class
+A combustible materials beyond normal anticipated furnish-
+ings and/or the total quantity of Class B flammables typically
+expected to be present is from 1 gal to 5 gal (3.8 L to 18.9 L) in
+any room or area. [10:5.4.1.2]
+13.6.7.3.1.3* Extra (High) Hazards.Extra (high) hazard occu-
+pancies shall be classified as locations where the quantity and
+combustibility of Class A combustible material is high or where
+high amounts of Class B flammables are present and rapidly
+developing fires with high rates of heat release are expected.
+These occupancies consist of fire hazards involved with the
+storage, packaging, handling, or manufacture of Class A com-
+bustibles and/or the total quantity of Class B flammables ex-
+pected to be present in more than 5 gal (18.9 L) in any room
+or area. [10:5.4.1.3]
+13.6.7.3.1.4 Limited areas of greater or lesser hazard shall be
+protected as required. [10:5.4.1.4]
+13.6.7.3.2* Selection by Occupancy.Fire extinguishers shall
+be provided for the protection of both the building structure
+and the occupancy hazards contained therein regardless of
+the presence of any fixed fire suppression systems. [10:5.4.2]
+13.6.7.3.2.1 Required building protection shall be provided
+by fire extinguishers for Class A fires. [10:5.4.2.1]
+1–98 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.6.7.3.2.2* Occupancy hazard protection shall be provided
+by fire extinguishers for such Class A, B, C, D, or K fire poten-
+tials as might be present. [10:5.4.2.2]
+13.6.7.3.2.3 Fire extinguishers provided for building protec-
+tion can also be considered for the protection of occupancies
+having a Class A fire potential. [10:5.4.2.3]
+13.6.7.3.2.4 Buildings having an occupancy hazard subject to
+Class B or Class C fires, or both, shall have a standard comple-
+ment of Class A fire extinguishers for building protection, plus
+additional Class B or Class C fire extinguishers, or both.
+[10:5.4.2.4]
+13.6.7.3.2.5 Where fire extinguishers have more than one
+letter classification (such as 2-A:20-B:C), they shall be permit-
+ted to satisfy the requirements of each letter class. [10:5.4.2.5]
+13.6.7.4 Selection for Specific Hazards.
+13.6.7.4.1 Class B Fires.
+13.6.7.4.1.1 Extinguishers for Pressurized Flammable Liq-
+uids and Pressurized Gas Fires.
+13.6.7.4.1.1.1* Selection of fire extinguishers for this type of
+hazard shall be made on the basis of recommendations by
+manufacturers of this specialized equipment. [10:5.5.1.1.1]
+13.6.7.4.1.1.2* Large capacity dry chemical extinguishers of
+10 lb (4.54 kg) or greater and a discharge rate of 1 lb/sec
+(0.45 kg/sec) or more shall be used to protect these hazards.
+CAUTION: Attempting to extinguish this type of fire is unde-
+sirable unless there is reasonable assurance that the source of
+fuel can be promptly shut off. [10:5.5.1.1.2]
+13.6.7.4.2 Three-Dimensional Fires. Large capacity dry
+chemical extinguishers of 10 lb (4.54 kg) or greater and hav-
+ing a discharge rate of 1 lb/sec (0.45 kg/sec) or more shall be
+used to protect these hazards. [10:5.5.2]
+13.6.7.4.3 Water-Soluble Flammable Liquid Fires (Polar Sol-
+vents). Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) and film-forming
+fluoroprotein foam (FFFP) types of fire extinguishers shall not
+be used for the protection of water-soluble flammable liquids,
+such as alcohols, acetone, esters, ketones, and so forth, unless
+specifically referenced on the fire extinguisher nameplate.
+[10:5.5.3]
+13.6.7.4.4 Obstacle Fires.When selecting a fire extinguisher
+for this type of hazard, selection shall be based on one of the
+following:
+(1) Extinguisher containing a vapor-suppressing foam agent
+(2)*Multiple extinguishers containing non-vapor-suppressing
+Class B agents intended for simultaneous application
+(3) Larger capacity extinguishers of 10 lb (4.54 kg) or greater
+and a minimum discharge rate of 1 lb/sec (0.45 kg/sec)
+[10:5.5.4]
+13.6.7.4.5* Class K Cooking Media Fires.Fire extinguishers
+provided for the protection of cooking appliances that use
+combustible cooking media (vegetable or animal oils and fats)
+shall be listed and labeled for Class K fires. [10:5.5.5]
+13.6.7.4.5.1 Class K fire extinguishers manufactured after
+January 1, 2002, shall not be equipped with “extended wand–
+type” discharge devices. [10:5.5.5.1]
+13.6.7.4.5.2 Fire extinguishers installed specifically for the pro-
+tection of cooking appliances that use combustible cooking me-
+dia (animal or vegetable oils and fats) prior to June 30, 1998,
+shall not be required to comply with 13.6.7.4.5.1. (Also see
+13.6.7.4.5.4.)[10:5.5.5.2]
+13.6.7.4.5.3* A placard shall be conspicuously placed near the
+extinguisher that states that the fire protection system shall be
+activated prior to using the fire extinguisher. [10:5.5.5.3]
+13.6.7.4.5.4 Existing dry chemical extinguishers without a
+Class K listing that were installed for the protection of Class K
+hazards shall be replaced with an extinguisher having a
+Class K listing when the dry chemical extinguishers become
+due for either a 6-year maintenance or hydrostatic test.
+[10:5.5.5.4]
+13.6.7.4.6* Electronic Equipment Fires.Fire extinguishers for
+the protection of delicate electronic equipment shall be se-
+lected from types specifically listed and labeled for Class C
+hazards. (See 13.6.7.2.2.3.) [10:5.5.6]
+13.6.7.4.7 Areas Containing Oxidizers.
+13.6.7.4.7.1 Only water-type extinguishers shall be installed in
+areas containing oxidizers such as pool chemicals. [10:5.5.7.1]
+13.6.7.4.7.2 Multipurpose dry chemical fire extinguishers
+shall not be installed in areas containing oxidizers such as
+pool chemicals. [10:5.5.7.2]
+13.6.7.5 Selection for Specific Locations.
+13.6.7.5.1 Where portable fire extinguishers are required to
+be installed, the following documents shall be reviewed for the
+occupancies outlined in their respective scopes:
+(1) NFPA 30A, Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Re-
+pair Garages
+(2) NFPA 32, Standard for Drycleaning Plants
+(3) NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code
+(4) NFPA 86, Standard for Ovens and Furnaces
+(5) NFPA 96, Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection
+of Commercial Cooking Operations
+(6) NFPA 120, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Coal
+Mines
+(7) NFPA 122, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Metal/
+Nonmetal Mining and Metal Mineral Processing Facilities
+(8) NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alter-
+ation, and Demolition Operations
+(9) NFPA 302, Fire Protection Standard for Pleasure and Commer-
+cial Motor Craft
+(10) NFPA 303, Fire Protection Standard for Marinas and Boatyards
+(11) NFPA 385, Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and
+Combustible Liquids
+(12) NFPA 407, Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing
+(13) NFPA 408, Standard for Aircraft Hand Portable Fire Extin-
+guishers
+(14) NFPA 410, Standard on Aircraft Maintenance
+(15) NFPA 418, Standard for Heliports
+(16) NFPA 430, Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers
+(17) NFPA 498, Standard for Safe Havens and Interchange Lots for
+Vehicles Transporting Explosives
+(18) NFPA 1192, Standard on Recreational Vehicles
+(19) NFPA 1194, Standard for Recreational Vehicle Parks and
+Campgrounds [10:5.6.1]
+13.6.7.5.2 In no case shall the requirements of the docu-
+ments in 13.6.7.5.1 be less than those specified in Section 13.6
+and Chapter 2. [10:5.6.2]
+1–99FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.6.8 Installation of Portable Fire Extinguishers.
+13.6.8.1 General.
+13.6.8.1.1* Number of Extinguishers.The minimum number
+of fire extinguishers needed to protect a property shall be
+determined as outlined in this section. [10:6.1.1]
+13.6.8.1.1.1 Additional extinguishers shall be permitted to be
+installed to provide more protection as necessary. [10:6.1.1.1]
+13.6.8.1.1.2 Fire extinguishers having ratings less than speci-
+fied in Table 13.6.8.2.1.1 and Table 13.6.8.3.1.1 shall be per-
+mitted to be installed, provided they are not used in fulfilling
+the minimum protective requirements of this section, except
+as modified in 13.6.8.2.1.3.1, 13.6.8.2.1.4, and 13.6.8.3.1.5.
+[10:6.1.1.2]
+13.6.8.1.2 Extinguisher Readiness. Portable fire extinguish-
+ers shall be maintained in a fully charged and operable condi-
+tion and shall be kept in their designated places at all times
+when they are not being used. [10:6.1.2]
+13.6.8.1.3 Placement.
+13.6.8.1.3.1 Fire extinguishers shall be conspicuously located
+where they are readily accessible and immediately available in
+the event of fire. [10:6.1.3.1]
+13.6.8.1.3.2 Fire extinguishers shall be located along normal
+paths of travel, including exits from areas. [10:6.1.3.2]
+13.6.8.1.3.3 Visual Obstructions.
+13.6.8.1.3.3.1 Fire extinguishers shall not be obstructed or
+obscured from view. [10:6.1.3.3.1]
+13.6.8.1.3.3.2* In large rooms, and in certain locations where
+visual obstructions cannot be completely avoided, means shall be
+provided to indicate the extinguisher location. [10:6.1.3.3.2]
+13.6.8.1.3.4* Portable fire extinguishers other than wheeled ex-
+tinguishers shall be installed using any of the following means:
+(1) Securely on a hanger intended for the extinguisher
+(2) In the bracket supplied by the extinguisher manufacturer
+(3) In a listed bracket approved for such purpose
+(4) In cabinets or wall recesses [ 10:6.1.3.4]
+13.6.8.1.3.5 Wheeled fire extinguishers shall be located in a
+designated location. [10:6.1.3.5]
+13.6.8.1.3.6 Fire extinguishers installed under conditions
+where they are subject to dislodgement shall be installed in
+manufacturer’s strap-type brackets specifically designed for
+this problem. [10:6.1.3.6]
+13.6.8.1.3.7 Fire extinguishers installed under conditions
+where they are subject to physical damage (e.g., from impact,
+vibration, the environment) shall be adequately protected.
+[10:6.1.3.7]
+13.6.8.1.3.8 Installation Height.
+13.6.8.1.3.8.1 Fire extinguishers having a gross weight not
+exceeding 40 lb (18.14 kg) shall be installed so that the top of
+the fire extinguisher is not more than 5 ft (1.53 m) above the
+floor. [10:6.1.3.8.1]
+13.6.8.1.3.8.2 Fire extinguishers having a gross weight
+greater than 40 lb (18.14 kg) (except wheeled types) shall be
+installed so that the top of the fire extinguisher is not more
+than 31⁄2 ft (1.07 m) above the floor. [10:6.1.3.8.2]
+13.6.8.1.3.8.3 In no case shall the clearance between the bot-
+tom of the fire extinguisher and the floor be less than 4 in.
+(102 mm). [10:6.1.3.8.3]
+13.6.8.1.3.9 Label Visibility.
+13.6.8.1.3.9.1 Extinguishers’ operating instructions shall be
+located on the front of the extinguisher and shall be clearly
+visible. [10:6.1.3.9.1]
+13.6.8.1.3.9.2 Hazardous materials identification systems
+(HMIS) labels, 6-year maintenance labels, hydrostatic test la-
+bels, or other labels shall not be located or placed on the front
+of the extinguisher. [10:6.1.3.9.2]
+13.6.8.1.3.9.3 The restrictions of 13.6.8.1.3.9.2 shall not apply
+to original manufacturer’s labels, labels that specifically relate to
+the extinguisher’s operation or fire classification, or inventory
+control labels specific to that extinguisher. [10:6.1.3.9.3]
+13.6.8.1.3.10 Cabinets.
+13.6.8.1.3.10.1 Cabinets housing fire extinguishers shall not
+be locked, except where fire extinguishers are subject to mali-
+cious use and cabinets include a means of emergency access.
+[10:6.1.3.10.1]
+13.6.8.1.3.10.2 The location of fire extinguishers as described
+in 13.6.8.1.3.3.2 shall be marked conspicuously. [10:6.1.3.10.2]
+13.6.8.1.3.10.3 Fire extinguishers mounted in cabinets or
+wall recesses shall be placed so that the fire extinguisher’s op-
+erating instructions face outward. [10:6.1.3.10.3]
+13.6.8.1.3.10.4* Where fire extinguishers are installed in
+closed cabinets that are exposed to elevated temperatures, the
+cabinets shall be provided with screened openings and drains.
+[10:6.1.3.10.4]
+13.6.8.1.3.11* Fire extinguishers shall not be exposed to tem-
+peratures outside of the listed temperature range shown on
+the fire extinguisher label. [10:6.1.3.11]
+13.6.8.1.4 Antifreeze.
+13.6.8.1.4.1 Fire extinguishers containing plain water only
+can be protected to temperatures as low as −40°F (−40°C) by
+the addition of an antifreeze that is stipulated on the fire ex-
+tinguisher nameplate. [10:6.1.4.1]
+13.6.8.1.4.2 Calcium chloride solutions shall not be used in
+stainless steel fire extinguishers. [10:6.1.4.2]
+13.6.8.2 Installations for Class A Hazards.
+13.6.8.2.1 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class A
+Hazards.
+13.6.8.2.1.1 Minimal sizes of fire extinguishers for the listed
+grades of hazards shall be provided on the basis of Table
+13.6.8.2.1.1, except as modified by 13.6.8.2.1.3.1 and 13.6.8.2.1.4.
+[10:6.2.1.1]
+13.6.8.2.1.2 Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the
+maximum travel distances shall not exceed those specified in
+Table 13.6.8.2.1.1, except as modified by 13.6.8.2.1.4.2. (See
+Annex E of NFPA 10.) [10:6.2.1.2]
+13.6.8.2.1.3 Certain smaller fire extinguishers that are charged
+with a multipurpose dry chemical or a halogenated agent rated
+on Class B and Class C fires but have insufficient effectiveness to
+earn the minimum 1-A rating even though they have value in
+extinguishing smaller Class A fires shall not be used to meet the
+requirements of 13.6.8.2.1 [10:6.2.1.3]
+1–100 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.6.8.2.1.3.1 Fire extinguishers of lesser rating shall be per-
+mitted to be installed but shall not be considered as fulfilling
+any part of the requirements of Table 13.6.8.2.1.1, except as
+permitted in 13.6.8.2.1.3.2 and 13.6.8.2.1.3.3. [10:6.2.1.3.1]
+13.6.8.2.1.3.2 Up to two water-type extinguishers, each with
+1-A rating, shall be permitted to be used to fulfill the require-
+ments of one 2-A rated extinguisher. [10:6.2.1.3.1.1]
+13.6.8.2.1.3.3 Two 21⁄2 gal (9.46 L) water-type extinguishers
+shall be permitted to be used to fulfill the requirements of one
+4-A rated extinguisher. [10:6.2.1.3.1.2]
+13.6.8.2.1.4 Up to one-half of the complement of fire extin-
+guishers as specified in Table 13.6.8.2.1.1 shall be permitted to
+be replaced by uniformly spaced 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) hose stations
+for use by the occupants of the building. [10:6.2.1.4]
+13.6.8.2.1.4.1 Where hose stations are so provided, they shall
+conform to NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe
+and Hose Systems.[ 10:6.2.1.4.1]
+13.6.8.2.1.4.2 The location of hose stations and the place-
+ment of fire extinguishers shall be such that the hose stations
+do not replace more than every other fire extinguisher.
+[10:6.2.1.4.2]
+13.6.8.2.1.5 Where the area of the floor of a building is less
+than that specified in Table 13.6.8.2.1.1, at least one fire extin-
+guisher of the minimum size recommended shall be provided.
+[10:6.2.1.5]
+13.6.8.2.1.6 The protection requirements shall be permitted
+to be fulfilled with fire extinguishers of higher rating, pro-
+vided the travel distance to such larger fire extinguishers does
+not exceed 75 ft (22.7 m). [10:6.2.1.6]
+13.6.8.3 Installations for Class B Hazards.
+13.6.8.3.1 Other than for Fires in Flammable Liquids of Appre-
+ciable Depth.
+13.6.8.3.1.1 Minimum sizes of fire extinguishers for the listed
+grades of hazard shall be provided in accordance with Table
+13.6.8.3.1.1, except as modified by 13.6.8.3.1.5. [10:6.3.1.1]
+13.6.8.3.1.2 Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the
+maximum travel distances do not exceed those specified in
+Table 13.6.8.3.1.1. (See Annex E of NFPA 10.)[10:6.3.1.2]
+13.6.8.3.1.2.1 Fire extinguishers of lesser rating, desired for
+small specific hazards within the general hazard area, shall be
+permitted to be installed but shall not be considered as fulfill-
+ing any part of the requirements of Table 13.6.8.3.1.1, except
+as modified by 13.6.8.3.1.5. [10:6.3.1.2.1]
+13.6.8.3.1.3 Up to three AFFF or FFFP fire extinguishers of at
+least 21⁄2 gal (9.46 L) capacity shall be permitted to be used to
+fulfill extra (high) hazard requirements. [10:6.3.1.3]
+13.6.8.3.1.4 Two AFFF or FFFP fire extinguishers of at least
+1.6 gal (6 L) capacity shall be permitted to be used to fulfill
+ordinary (moderate) hazard requirements. [10:6.3.1.4]
+13.6.8.3.1.5 Two or more fire extinguishers of lower rating
+shall not be used to fulfill the protection requirements of
+Table 13.6.8.3.1.1 except as permitted by 13.6.8.3.1.3 and
+13.6.8.3.1.4. [10:6.3.1.5]
+13.6.8.3.1.6 The protection requirements shall be permitted
+to be fulfilled with fire extinguishers of higher ratings, pro-
+vided the travel distance to such larger fire extinguishers does
+not exceed 50 ft (15.25 m). [10:6.3.1.6]
+13.6.8.3.2 Flammable Liquids of Appreciable Depth.
+13.6.8.3.2.1 Portable fire extinguishers shall not be installed
+as the sole protection for flammable liquid hazards of appre-
+ciable depth where the surface area exceeds 10 ft 2 (0.93 m2).
+[10:6.3.2.1]
+13.6.8.3.2.2* Where personnel who are trained in extinguishing
+fires in the protected hazards are available on the premises, the
+maximum surface area shall not exceed 20 ft 2 (1.86 m 2).
+[10:6.3.2.2]
+13.6.8.3.2.3 For flammable liquid hazards of appreciable
+depth, a Class B fire extinguisher shall be provided on the
+Table 13.6.8.2.1.1 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for
+Class A Hazards
+Criteria
+Light
+(Low)
+Hazard
+Occupancy
+Ordinary
+(Moderate)
+Hazard
+Occupancy
+Extra
+(High)
+Hazard
+Occupancy
+Minimum rated single
+extinguisher
+2-A 2-A 4-A
+Maximum floor area per
+unit of A
+3000 ft2 1500 ft2 1000 ft2
+Maximum floor area for
+extinguisher
+11,250 ft 11,250 ft 11,250 ft
+Maximum travel distance
+to extinguisher
+75 ft 75 ft 75 ft
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2.
+Note: For maximum floor area explanations, see E.3.3 of NFPA 10.
+[10: Table 6.2.1.1]
+Table 13.6.8.3.1.1 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for
+Class B Hazards
+Type of Hazard
+Basic Minimum
+Extinguisher
+Rating
+Maximum
+Travel
+Distance to
+Extinguishers
+ft m
+Light (low) 5-B 30 9.15
+10-B 50 15.25
+Ordinary (moderate) 10-B 30 9.15
+20-B 50 15.25
+Extra (high) 40-B 30 9.15
+80-B 50 15.25
+Notes:
+(1) The specified ratings do not imply that fires of the magnitudes
+indicated by these ratings will occur, but rather they are provided to
+give the operators more time and agent to handle difficult spill fires
+that could occur.
+(2) For fires involving water-soluble flammable liquids, see 5.5.4 of
+NFPA 10.
+(3) For specific hazard applications, see Section 5.5 of NFPA 10. [ 10:
+Table 6.3.1.1]
+1–101FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+basis of at least 2 numerical units of Class B extinguishing
+potential per ft 2 (0.0929 m2) of flammable liquid surface of
+the largest hazard area. [10:6.3.2.3]
+13.6.8.3.2.4 AFFF- or FFFP-type fire extinguishers shall be
+permitted to be provided on the basis of 1-B of protection per
+ft2 (0.09 m2) of hazard.(For fires involving water-soluble flammable
+liquids, see 5.5.3 of NFPA 10.)[10:6.3.2.4]
+13.6.8.3.2.5 Two or more fire extinguishers of lower ratings,
+other than AFFF- or FFFP-type fire extinguishers, shall not be
+used in lieu of the fire extinguisher required for the largest
+hazard area. [10:6.3.2.5]
+13.6.8.3.2.6 Up to three AFFF- or FFFP-type fire extinguishers
+shall be permitted to fulfill the requirements, provided the
+sum of the Class B ratings meets or exceeds the value required
+for the largest hazard area. [10:6.3.2.6]
+13.6.8.3.2.7 Travel distances for portable fire extinguishers
+shall not exceed 50 ft (15.25 m). (See Annex E of NFPA 10.)
+[10:6.3.2.7]
+13.6.8.3.2.7.1 Scattered or widely separated hazards shall be
+individually protected. [10:6.3.2.7.1]
+13.6.8.3.2.7.2 A fire extinguisher in the proximity of a hazard
+shall be carefully located to be accessible in the presence of a
+fire without undue danger to the operator. [10:6.3.2.7.2]
+13.6.8.4* Installations for Class C Hazards.
+13.6.8.4.1 Fire extinguishers with Class C ratings shall be re-
+quired where energized electrical equipment can be encoun-
+tered. [10:6.4.1]
+13.6.8.4.2 The requirement in 13.6.8.4.1 shall include situa-
+tions where fire either directly involves or surrounds electrical
+equipment. [10:6.4.2]
+13.6.8.4.3 Because fire is a Class A or Class B hazard, the fire
+extinguishers shall be sized and located on the basis of the
+anticipated Class A or Class B hazard. [10:6.4.3]
+13.6.8.5 Installations for Class D Hazards.
+13.6.8.5.1 Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents with
+Class D ratings shall be provided for fires involving combus-
+tible metals. [10:6.5.1]
+13.6.8.5.2 Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents (me-
+dia) shall be located not more than 75 ft (23 m) of travel
+distance from the Class D hazard. (See Section E.6 of NFPA 10.)
+[10:6.5.2]
+13.6.8.5.3 Portable fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents
+(media) for Class D hazards shall be provided in those work
+areas where combustible metal powders, flakes, shavings,
+chips, or similarly sized products are generated. [10:6.5.3]
+13.6.8.5.4 Size determination shall be on the basis of the spe-
+cific combustible metal, its physical particle size, area to be cov-
+ered, and recommendations by the fire extinguisher manufac-
+turer on data from control tests conducted. [10:6.5.4]
+13.6.8.6 Installations for Class K Hazards.
+13.6.8.6.1 Class K fire extinguishers shall be provided for haz-
+ards where there is a potential for fires involving combustible
+cooking media (vegetable or animal oils and fats). [10:6.6.1]
+13.6.8.6.2 Maximum travel distance shall not exceed 30 ft
+(9.15 m) from the hazard to the extinguishers. [10:6.6.2]
+13.6.8.6.3 All solid fuel cooking appliances (whether or not
+under a hood) with fire boxes of 5 ft3 (0.14 m3) volume or less
+shall at least have a listed 2-A rated water-type fire extinguisher
+or 1.6 gal (6 L) wet chemical fire extinguisher listed for Class K
+fires. [10:6.6.3]
+13.6.9 Inspection, Maintenance, and Recharging of Portable
+Fire Extinguishers.
+13.6.9.1* General.
+13.6.9.1.1 Responsibility. The owner or designated agent or
+occupant of a property in which fire extinguishers are located
+shall be responsible for inspection, maintenance, and recharg-
+ing. (See 13.6.9.1.2.) [10:7.1.1]
+13.6.9.1.2 Personnel.
+13.6.9.1.2.1 A trained and certified person who has under-
+gone the instructions necessary to reliably perform mainte-
+nance and has the manufacturer’s service manual shall service
+the fire extinguishers not more than 1 year apart, as outlined
+in Section 7.3 of NFPA 10. [10:7.1.2.1]
+13.6.9.1.2.2* Maintenance, servicing, and recharging shall be
+performed by trained and certified persons having available
+the appropriate servicing manual(s), the proper types of tools,
+recharge materials, lubricants, and manufacturer’s recom-
+mended replacement parts or parts specifically listed for use
+in the fire extinguisher. [10:7.1.2.2]
+13.6.9.1.2.3 The certification of service personnel shall be
+required after August 17, 2008. [10:7.1.2.3]
+13.6.9.1.3 Replacement While Servicing. Fire extinguishers
+removed from service for maintenance or recharging shall be
+replaced by a fire extinguisher suitable for the type of hazard
+being protected and shall be of at least equal rating. [10:7.1.3]
+13.6.9.1.4 Tags or Labels.
+13.6.9.1.4.1 Tags or labels intended for recording inspec-
+tions, maintenance, or recharging shall not be placed on the
+front of the fire extinguishers. [10:7.1.4.1]
+13.6.9.1.4.2 Labels indicating fire extinguisher use or classi-
+fication or both shall be permitted to be placed on the front of
+the fire extinguisher. [10:7.1.4.2]
+13.6.9.1.5 Electronic Monitoring Systems.
+13.6.9.1.5.1 When used in conjunction with fire alarm sys-
+tems, fire extinguisher electronic monitoring devices shall be
+inspected and maintained in accordance with NFPA 72 and
+13.6.9.3.2.5. [10:7.1.5.1]
+13.6.9.1.5.2 When used in conjunction with non-fire alarm
+systems, fire extinguisher electronic monitoring devices shall
+be inspected and maintained as required in 13.6.9.1.5.2.1
+through 13.6.9.1.5.2.3 and the manufacturer’s listed installa-
+tion and maintenance manual(s). [10:7.1.5.2]
+13.6.9.1.5.2.1 The connection to the electronic monitoring de-
+vice shall be continuously supervised for integrity. [10:7.1.5.2.1]
+13.6.9.1.5.2.2 The power source for the electronic monitor-
+ing device shall be supervised for continuity of power.
+[10:7.1.5.2.2]
+13.6.9.1.5.2.3 The monitoring device shall be tested and main-
+tained annually in accordance with 13.6.9.3.2.5. [10:7.1.5.2.3]
+1–102 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.6.9.2 Inspection.
+13.6.9.2.1 Frequency.
+13.6.9.2.1.1* Fire extinguishers shall be manually inspected
+when initially placed in service. [10:7.2.1.1]
+13.6.9.2.1.2 Fire extinguishers shall be inspected either
+manually or by means of an electronic monitoring device/
+system at a minimum of 30-day intervals. [10:7.2.1.2]
+13.6.9.2.1.2.1 Where electronic monitoring is used and the
+specific extinguisher cannot be verified electronically, the ex-
+tinguisher shall be continuously monitored for location.
+[10:7.2.1.2.1]
+13.6.9.2.1.3* Fire extinguishers shall be inspected at more fre-
+quent intervals when circumstances require. [10:7.2.1.3]
+13.6.9.2.2* Procedures.Periodic inspection or electronic moni-
+toring of fire extinguishers shall include a check of at least the
+following items:
+(1) Location in designated place
+(2) No obstruction to access or visibility
+(3) Pressure gauge reading or indicator in the operable range
+or position
+(4) Fullness determined by weighing or hefting for self-
+expelling-type extinguishers, cartridge-operated extin-
+guishers, and pump tanks
+(5) Condition of tires, wheels, carriage, hose, and nozzle for
+wheeled extinguishers
+(6) Indicator for nonrechargeable extinguishers using push-
+to-test pressure indicators [10:7.2.2]
+13.6.9.2.2.1 In addition to 13.6.9.2.2, fire extinguishers shall
+be visually inspected in accordance with 13.6.9.2.2.2 if they are
+located where any of the following conditions exist:
+(1) High frequency of fires in the past
+(2) Severe hazards
+(3) Locations that make fire extinguishers susceptible to me-
+chanical injury or physical damage
+(4) Exposure to abnormal temperatures or corrosive atmo-
+spheres [10:7.2.2.1]
+13.6.9.2.2.2 Where required by 13.6.9.2.2.1, the following in-
+spection procedures shall be in addition to those addressed in
+13.6.9.2.2:
+(1) Operating instructions on nameplates are legible and face
+outward
+(2) Safety seals and tamper indicators are broken or missing
+(3) Examination for obvious physical damage, corrosion,
+leakage, or clogged nozzle [10:7.2.2.2]
+13.6.9.2.3 Corrective Action.When an inspection of any fire
+extinguisher reveals a deficiency in any of the conditions listed in
+13.6.9.2.2, immediate corrective action shall be taken. [10:7.2.3]
+13.6.9.2.3.1 Rechargeable Fire Extinguishers.When an inspec-
+tion of any rechargeable fire extinguisher reveals a deficiency
+in any of the conditions listed in 13.6.9.2.2(3) or 13.6.9.2.2(4),
+it shall be subjected to applicable maintenance procedures.
+[10:7.2.3.1]
+13.6.9.2.3.2 Nonrechargeable Dry Chemical Fire Extinguisher.
+When an inspection of any nonrechargeable dry chemical fire
+extinguisher reveals a deficiency in any of the conditions listed in
+13.6.9.2.2(3), 13.6.9.2.2(4), or 13.6.9.2.2(6), it shall be removed
+from further use, discharged, and destroyed at the direction of
+the owner or returned to the manufacturer. [10:7.2.3.2]
+13.6.9.2.3.3 Nonrechargeable Halon Agent Fire Extinguisher.
+When an inspection of any nonrechargeable fire extinguisher
+containing a halon agent reveals a deficiency in any of the condi-
+tions listed in 13.6.9.2.2(3), 13.6.9.2.2(4), or 13.6.9.2.2(6), it shall
+be removed from service, not discharged, and returned to the
+manufacturer, a fire equipment dealer, or a distributor to permit
+recovery of the halon. [10:7.2.3.3]
+13.6.9.2.4 Inspection Record Keeping.
+13.6.9.2.4.1 Personnel making manual inspections shall keep
+records of all fire extinguishers inspected, including those
+found to require corrective action. [10:7.2.4.1]
+13.6.9.2.4.2 Where electronic monitored systems are em-
+ployed for inspections, records shall be kept for fire extin-
+guishers found to require corrective action. [10:7.2.4.2]
+13.6.9.2.4.3 At least monthly where manual inspections are
+conducted, the date the manual inspection was performed
+and the initials of the person performing the inspection shall
+be recorded. [10:7.2.4.3]
+13.6.9.2.4.4 Where manual inspections are conducted, records
+for manual inspections shall be kept on a tag or label attached to
+the fire extinguisher, on an inspection checklist maintained on
+file, or by an electronic method. [10:7.2.4.4]
+13.6.9.2.4.5 Records shall be kept to demonstrate at least the
+last 12 monthly inspections have been performed. [10:7.2.4.5]
+13.6.9.2.4.6 Fire extinguishers inspected via electronic moni-
+toring, whereby the extinguisher causes a signal at a control unit
+when a deficiency in any of the conditions listed in 13.6.9.2.2
+occurs, shall provide record keeping in the form of an electronic
+event log at the control panel. [10:7.2.4.6]
+13.6.9.3* Maintenance.
+13.6.9.3.1 Frequency.
+13.6.9.3.1.1 All Fire Extinguishers.
+13.6.9.3.1.1.1 Fire extinguishers shall be subjected to mainte-
+nance at intervals of not more than 1 year, at the time of hy-
+drostatic test, or when specifically indicated by an inspection
+or electronic notification. [10:7.3.1.1.1]
+13.6.9.3.1.1.2 Fire extinguishers shall be internally examined at
+intervals not exceeding those specified in Table 13.6.9.3.1.1.2.
+[10:7.3.1.1.2]
+13.6.9.3.1.2 Stored-Pressure Types.
+13.6.9.3.1.2.1* Six-Year Maintenance. Every 6 years, stored-
+pressure fire extinguishers that require a 12-year hydro-
+static test shall be emptied and subjected to the applicable
+maintenance procedures as detailed in the manufacturer’s
+service manual according to the following: [ 10:7.3.1.2.1]
+(1) When the applicable maintenance procedures are per-
+formed during periodic recharging or hydrostatic test-
+ing, the 6-year requirement shall begin from that date.
+[10:7.3.1.2.1.1]
+(2) The removal of agent from halon agent fire extinguishers
+shall only be done using a listed halon closed recovery
+system. [10:7.3.1.2.1.2]
+(3) Nonrechargeable fire extinguishers shall not be required
+to comply with 13.6.9.3.1.2.1(2) and shall not be hydro-
+statically tested but shall be removed from service at a
+maximum interval of 12 years from the date of manufac-
+ture. [10:7.3.1.2.1.3]
+(4) Nonrechargeable halon agent fire extinguishers shall be dis-
+posed of in accordance with 13.6.9.2.3.3. [10:7.3.1.2.1.4]
+1–103FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.6.9.3.1.2.2 Loaded Stream Charge.Stored-pressure types
+of fire extinguishers containing a loaded stream agent shall be
+disassembled on an annual basis and subjected to complete
+maintenance. [10:7.3.1.2.2]
+13.6.9.3.1.2.3 When subjected to temperatures at or above its
+listed rating, stored-pressure fire extinguishers that require a
+12-year hydrostatic test shall be emptied and subjected to the
+applicable maintenance and recharge procedures on an an-
+nual basis. [10:7.3.1.2.3]
+13.6.9.3.1.2.4 When the applicable maintenance procedures
+are performed during periodic recharging or hydrostatic testing,
+the 1-year requirement shall begin from that date. [10:7.3.1.2.4]
+13.6.9.3.1.3* Carbon Dioxide Hose Assemblies.A conductiv-
+ity test shall be conducted annually on all carbon dioxide hose
+assemblies. [10:7.3.1.3]
+13.6.9.3.1.3.1 Carbon dioxide hose assemblies that fail the
+conductivity test shall be replaced. [10:7.3.1.3.1]
+13.6.9.3.1.3.2 Carbon dioxide hose assemblies that pass a
+conductivity test shall have the test information recorded
+on a suitable metallic label or equally durable material that
+has a minimum size of 1⁄2 in. × 3 in. (13 mm × 76 mm) and is
+in accordance with the following: [ 10:7.3.1.3.2]
+(1) The label shall be affixed to the hose by means of a heat-
+less process. [10:7.3.1.3.2.1]
+(2) The label shall include the following information:
+(a) Month and year the test was performed, indicated by
+perforation, such as is done by a hand punch
+(b) Name or initials of person performing the test and the
+name of the agency performing the test [10:7.3.1.3.2.2]
+13.6.9.3.1.4 Pressure Regulators.Pressure regulators provided
+with wheeled-type fire extinguishers shall be tested annually for
+outlet static pressure and flow rate in accordance with manufac-
+turer’s instructions. [10:7.3.1.4]
+13.6.9.3.2* Procedures. Maintenance procedures shall in-
+clude a thorough examination of the basic elements of a fire
+extinguisher and components of the electronic monitoring
+system and following the procedures detailed in the manufac-
+turer’s service manual:
+(1) Mechanical parts of all fire extinguishers
+(2) Extinguishing agent of cartridge- or cylinder-operated dry
+chemical, stored-pressure loaded stream, and pump tank
+fire extinguishers
+(3) Expelling means of all fire extinguishers
+(4) Physical appearance
+(5)*Components of electronically monitored system [10:7.3.2]
+13.6.9.3.2.1 Internal and External Examination.
+13.6.9.3.2.1.1 Internal examination during annual mainte-
+nance shall not be required for nonrechargeable fire extinguish-
+ers, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, or stored-pressure fire ex-
+tinguishers, except for those types specified in 13.6.9.3.1.2.2.
+[10:7.3.2.1.1]
+13.6.9.3.2.1.2 These fire extinguishers shall be thoroughly
+examined externally in accordance with the applicable items
+of 13.6.9.3.2(1). [10:7.3.2.1.2]
+13.6.9.3.2.2* Seals or Tamper Indicators.At the time of the
+maintenance, the tamper seal of a rechargeable fire extin-
+guisher shall be removed by operating the pull pin or locking
+device. [10:7.3.2.2]
+13.6.9.3.2.2.1 After the applicable maintenance procedures
+are completed, a new listed tamper seal shall be installed.
+[10:7.3.2.2.1]
+13.6.9.3.2.2.2 Tamper indicators on nonrechargeable-type
+extinguishers shall not be removed. [10:7.3.2.2.2]
+13.6.9.3.2.3* Boots, Foot Rings, and Attachments.All remov-
+able extinguisher boots, foot rings, and attachments shall be
+removed to accommodate thorough annual cylinder examina-
+tions. [10:7.3.2.3]
+13.6.9.3.2.4 Physical Appearance.A visual examination of the
+extinguisher shall be made to examine for obvious physical
+damage, corrosion, or nozzle blockage, and to verify the oper-
+ating instructions are present, legible, and facing forward and
+the HMIS information is present and legible. [10:7.3.2.4]
+13.6.9.3.2.5 Electronic Monitoring. The components of the
+monitoring device/system shall be tested and maintained an-
+nually in accordance with the manufacturer’s listed mainte-
+nance manual with the following items as a minimum:
+(1) Power supply inspection/battery change
+(2) Obstruction sensor inspection
+(3) Location sensor inspection
+(4) Pressure indication inspection
+(5) Connection continuity inspection (see 13.6.9.3.2.5.1 and
+13.6.9.3.2.5.2) [10:7.3.2.5]
+Table 13.6.9.3.1.1.2 Maintenance Involving Internal
+Examination
+Extinguisher
+Type
+Internal
+Examination
+Interval
+(years)
+Stored-pressure loaded-stream and
+antifreeze
+1
+Pump tank water and pump tank calcium
+chloride based
+1
+Dry chemical, cartridge- and
+cylinder-operated, with mild steel shells
+1*
+Dry powder, cartridge- and
+cylinder-operated, with mild steel shells
+1*
+Wetting agent 1
+Stored-pressure water 5
+AFFF (aqueous film-forming foam) †
+FFFP (film-forming fluoroprotein foam) †
+Stored-pressure dry chemical, with
+stainless steel shells
+5
+Carbon dioxide 5
+Wet chemical 5
+Dry chemical stored-pressure, with mild
+steel shells, brazed brass shells, and
+aluminum shells
+6
+Halogenated agents 6
+Dry powder, stored-pressure, with mild
+steel shells
+6
+*Dry chemical in cylinder-operated extinguishers is examined annually.
+†The extinguishing agent in liquid charge-type AFFF and FFFP extin-
+guishers is replaced every 3 years and an internal examination (tear-
+down) is normally conducted at that time. The agent in solid charge-
+type AFFF extinguishers is replaced every 5 years during the periodic
+hydrostatic test and the teardown is done at that time. [ 10: Table
+7.3.1.1.2]
+1–104 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.6.9.3.2.5.1 One hundred percent of all units shall be
+tested upon initial installation or reacceptance with verifica-
+tion of receipt of signal at the control panel or a local alarm.
+[10:7.3.2.5.1]
+13.6.9.3.2.5.2 Twenty percent of units shall be tested annu-
+ally on a rotating basis so that all units are tested within a
+5-year period. [10:7.3.2.5.2]
+13.6.9.3.3* Maintenance Record Keeping. Each fire extin-
+guisher shall have a tag or label securely attached that indi-
+cates the month and year the maintenance was performed,
+identifies the person performing the work, and identifies the
+name of the agency performing the work. [10:7.3.3]
+13.6.9.3.3.1* Six-Year Service Label.Fire extinguishers that
+pass the applicable 6-year requirement of 13.6.9.3.1.2.1 shall
+have the maintenance information recorded on a suitable me-
+tallic label or equally durable material that is a minimum size
+o f2i n .×3 1⁄2 in. (51 mm × 89 mm). [10:7.3.3.1]
+13.6.9.3.3.1.1 The new label shall be affixed to the shell by a
+heatless process, and any old maintenance labels shall be re-
+moved. [10:7.3.3.1.1]
+13.6.9.3.3.1.2 These labels shall be of the self-destructive
+type when removal from a fire extinguisher is attempted.
+[10:7.3.3.1.2]
+13.6.9.3.3.1.3 The label shall include the following informa-
+tion:
+(1) Month and year the maintenance was performed, indi-
+cated by a perforation such as is done by a hand punch
+(2) Name or initials of the person performing the mainte-
+nance and name of the agency performing the mainte-
+nance [10:7.3.3.1.3]
+13.6.9.3.3.2* Verification of Service Collar (Maintenance or
+Recharging).
+13.6.9.3.3.2.1 Each extinguisher that has undergone mainte-
+nance that includes internal examination or that has been
+recharged (see 13.6.9.4.5.2) shall have a verification of service
+collar located around the neck of the container. [10:7.3.3.2.1]
+(A) The collar shall contain a single circular piece of uninter-
+rupted material forming a hole of a size that does not permit
+the collar assembly to move over the neck of the container
+unless the valve is completely removed. [10:7.3.3.2.1.1]
+(1) The collar shall not interfere with the operation of the
+fire extinguisher. [10:7.3.3.2.1.2]
+(2) The collar shall include the month and year the service
+was performed, indicated by a perforation such as is done
+by a hand punch. [10:7.3.3.2.1.3]
+13.6.9.3.3.2.2 Cartridge- or cylinder-operated fire extin-
+guishers shall not be required to comply with 13.6.9.3.3.2.1.
+[10:7.3.3.2.2]
+13.6.9.3.3.2.3 New extinguishers requiring an initial charge
+in the field (such as pressurized water extinguishers, AFFF,
+FFFP, or wet chemical) shall not be required to have a verifica-
+tion of service collar installed. [10:7.3.3.2.3]
+13.6.9.4 Recharging.
+13.6.9.4.1* General.
+13.6.9.4.1.1 All rechargeable-type fire extinguishers shall be
+recharged after any use or as indicated by an inspection or
+when performing maintenance. [10:7.4.1.1]
+13.6.9.4.1.2* When performing the recharging, the recom-
+mendations of the manufacturer shall be followed. (For re-
+charge chemicals, see 13.6.9.4.1.3.1.) [10:7.4.1.2]
+13.6.9.4.1.3* The amount of recharge agent shall be verified
+by weighing. [10:7.4.1.3]
+13.6.9.4.1.3.1 The recharged gross weight shall be the same as
+the gross weight that is marked on the nameplate. [10:7.4.1.3.1]
+13.6.9.4.1.3.2 For those fire extinguishers that do not have
+the gross weight marked on the nameplate or valve, a perma-
+nent label that indicates the gross weight shall be affixed to the
+cylinder. [10:7.4.1.3.2]
+13.6.9.4.1.3.3 The added label containing the gross weight
+shall be a durable material of a pressure-sensitive, self-destruct
+type. (For stored-pressure water-type extinguishers, see 13.6.9.4.3.10.)
+[10:7.4.1.3.3]
+13.6.9.4.1.3.4 Pump tank water and pump tank calcium
+chloride–based antifreeze types shall not be required to have
+weight marked. [10:7.4.1.3.4]
+13.6.9.4.1.3.5* After recharging, a leak test shall be performed
+on stored-pressure and self-expelling types of fire extinguish-
+ers. [10:7.4.1.3.5]
+13.6.9.4.1.4 Conversion of Fire Extinguisher Types.
+13.6.9.4.1.4.1 No fire extinguisher shall be converted from one
+type to another, nor shall any fire extinguisher be converted to
+use a different type of extinguishing agent. [10:7.4.1.4.1]
+13.6.9.4.1.4.2 Fire extinguishers shall not be used for any
+other purpose than that of a fire extinguisher. [10:7.4.1.4.2]
+13.6.9.4.2 Frequency.
+13.6.9.4.2.1 Pump Tank.Every 12 months, pump tank water
+and pump tank calcium chloride–based antifreeze types of
+fire extinguishers shall be recharged with new chemicals or
+water as applicable. [ 10:7.4.2.1]
+13.6.9.4.2.2 Wetting Agent. The agent in stored-pressure
+wetting agent fire extinguishers shall be replaced annually.
+[10:7.4.2.2]
+13.6.9.4.2.2.1 Only the agent specified on the nameplate
+shall be used for recharging. [10:7.4.2.2.1]
+13.6.9.4.2.2.2 The use of water or any other additives shall be
+prohibited. [10:7.4.2.2.2]
+13.6.9.4.2.3 AFFF and FFFP.
+13.6.9.4.2.3.1 The premixed agent in liquid charge–type
+AFFF and FFFP fire extinguishers shall be replaced at least
+once every 3 years. [10:7.4.2.3.1]
+13.6.9.4.2.3.2 Only the foam agent specified on the extin-
+guisher nameplate shall be used for recharge. [10:7.4.2.3.2]
+13.6.9.4.2.3.3 The agent in nonpressurized AFFF and FFFP
+fire extinguishers that is subjected to agent analysis in accor-
+dance with manufacturer’s instructions shall not be required
+to comply with 13.6.9.4.2.3.1. [10:7.4.2.3.3]
+13.6.9.4.3 Procedures.
+13.6.9.4.3.1* Recharge Agents.
+13.6.9.4.3.1.1 Only those agents specified on the nameplate
+or agents proven to have equal chemical composition, physi-
+cal characteristics, and fire-extinguishing capabilities shall be
+used. [10:7.4.3.1.1]
+1–105FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.6.9.4.3.1.2 Agents listed specifically for use with that fire
+extinguisher shall be considered to meet these requirements.
+[10:7.4.3.1.2]
+13.6.9.4.3.2* Mixing of Dry Chemicals. Multipurpose dry
+chemicals shall not be mixed with alkaline-based dry chemi-
+cals. [10:7.4.3.2]
+13.6.9.4.3.3 Topping Off.
+13.6.9.4.3.3.1 The remaining dry chemical in a discharged
+fire extinguisher shall be permitted to be re-used, provided
+that it is thoroughly checked for the proper type, contamina-
+tion, and condition. [10:7.4.3.3.1]
+13.6.9.4.3.3.2 Dry chemical found to be of the wrong type, or
+contaminated, shall not be re-used. [10:7.4.3.3.2]
+13.6.9.4.3.4 Dry Chemical Agent Re-Use.
+13.6.9.4.3.4.1 Fire extinguishers removed for 6-year mainte-
+nance or hydrostatic testing shall be emptied. [10:7.4.3.4.1]
+13.6.9.4.3.4.2 The dry chemical agent shall be permitted to
+be re-used, provided a closed recovery system is used and the
+agent is stored in a sealed container to prevent contamination.
+[10:7.4.3.4.2]
+13.6.9.4.3.4.3 Prior to re-use, the dry chemical shall be thor-
+oughly checked for the proper type, contamination, and con-
+dition. [10:7.4.3.4.3]
+13.6.9.4.3.4.4 Where doubt exists with respect to the type,
+contamination, or condition of the dry chemical, the dry
+chemical shall be discarded. [10:7.4.3.4.4]
+13.6.9.4.3.4.5 Dry Chemical Closed Recovery System.
+(A) The system shall be constructed in a manner that does
+not introduce foreign material into the agent being recov-
+ered. [10:7.4.3.4.5.1]
+(B) The system shall have a means of visually inspecting the
+recovered agent for contaminants. [10:7.4.3.4.5.2]
+13.6.9.4.3.5 Dry Powder.
+13.6.9.4.3.5.1 Pails or drums containing dry powder agents
+for scoop or shovel application for use on metal fires shall be
+kept full and covered at all times. [10:7.4.3.5.1]
+13.6.9.4.3.5.2 The dry powder shall be replaced if found
+damp. (See A.13.6.9.4.3.1.) [10:7.4.3.5.2]
+13.6.9.4.3.6* Removal of Moisture.For all nonwater types of
+fire extinguishers, any moisture shall be removed before re-
+charging. [10:7.4.3.6]
+13.6.9.4.3.7* Halogenated Agent.Halogenated agent fire ex-
+tinguishers shall be charged only with the proper type and
+weight of agent as specified on the nameplate. [10:7.4.3.7]
+13.6.9.4.3.8 Halogenated Agent Re-Use.
+13.6.9.4.3.8.1 The removal of Halon 1211 from fire extin-
+guishers shall be done only using a listed halon closed recov-
+ery system. [10:7.4.3.8.1]
+13.6.9.4.3.8.2 The removal of agent from other halogenated
+agent fire extinguishers shall be done only using a closed re-
+covery system. [10:7.4.3.8.2]
+13.6.9.4.3.8.3 The fire extinguisher shall be examined inter-
+nally for contamination or corrosion or both. [10:7.4.3.8.3]
+13.6.9.4.3.8.4 The halogenated agent retained in the system
+recovery cylinder shall be re-used only if no evidence of inter-
+nal contamination is observed in the fire extinguisher cylin-
+der. [10:7.4.3.8.4]
+13.6.9.4.3.8.5 Halogenated agent removed from fire extin-
+guishers that exhibits evidence of internal contamination or
+corrosion shall be processed in accordance with the fire extin-
+guisher manufacturer’s instructions. [10:7.4.3.8.5]
+13.6.9.4.3.9* Carbon Dioxide.
+13.6.9.4.3.9.1 The vapor phase of carbon dioxide shall be not
+less than 99.5 percent carbon dioxide. [10:7.4.3.9.1]
+13.6.9.4.3.9.2 The water content shall be not more than 60
+parts per million (ppm) by weight at−52°F (−47°C) dew point.
+[10:7.4.3.9.2]
+13.6.9.4.3.9.3 Oil content shall not exceed 10 ppm by weight.
+[10:7.4.3.9.3]
+13.6.9.4.3.10* Water Types.The amount of liquid agent shall
+be determined by using one of the following:
+(1) Exact measurement by weight
+(2) Exact measurement in volume
+(3) Anti-overfill tube, if provided
+(4) Fill mark on fire extinguisher shell, if provided
+[10:7.4.3.10]
+13.6.9.4.3.10.1 Only the agent specified on the extinguisher
+nameplate shall be used for recharge. [10:7.4.3.10.1]
+13.6.9.4.3.11 Wet Chemical Agent Re-Use.
+13.6.9.4.3.11.1 Wet chemical agents shall not be re-used.
+[10:7.4.3.11.1]
+13.6.9.4.3.11.2 If a wet chemical extinguisher is partially dis-
+charged, all remaining wet chemical shall be discarded.
+[10:7.4.3.11.2]
+13.6.9.4.3.11.3 Wet chemical agent shall be discarded and
+replaced at the hydrostatic test interval. [10:7.4.3.11.3]
+(A) Only the agent specified on the extinguisher nameplate
+shall be used for recharge. [10:7.4.3.11.3.1]
+13.6.9.4.4 Precautionary Pressurization Measures.
+13.6.9.4.4.1* Pressure Gauges.Replacement pressure gauges
+shall have the proper indicated charging (service) pressure,
+shall be marked for use with the agent in the fire extinguisher,
+and shall be compatible with the fire extinguisher valve body
+material. [10:7.4.4.1]
+13.6.9.4.4.2 Stored-Pressure Fire Extinguishers.
+13.6.9.4.4.2.1 A rechargeable stored-pressure-type fire extin-
+guisher shall be pressurized only to the charging pressure
+specified on the fire extinguisher nameplate. [10:7.4.4.2.1]
+(A) The manufacturer’s pressurizing adapter shall be con-
+nected to the valve assembly before the fire extinguisher is
+pressurized. [10:7.4.4.2.1.1]
+(B) A regulated source of pressure, set no higher than 25 psi
+(172 kPa) above the operating (service) pressure, shall be
+used to pressurize fire extinguishers. [10:7.4.4.2.1.2]
+(C) The gauge used to set the regulated source of pressure
+shall be calibrated at least annually. [10:7.4.4.2.1.3]
+1–106 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.6.9.4.4.2.2 An unregulated source of pressure, such as a
+nitrogen cylinder without a pressure regulator, shall never be
+used because the fire extinguisher could be overpressurized
+and possibly rupture. [10:7.4.4.2.2]
+13.6.9.4.4.2.3* A fire extinguisher shall never be left con-
+nected to the regulator of a high-pressure source for an ex-
+tended period of time. [10:7.4.4.2.3]
+13.6.9.4.4.3 Pressurizing Gas. Only standard industrial-grade
+nitrogen with a dew point of−60°F (−51°C) or lower (CGA nitro-
+gen specification G10.1, grades D through P) shall be used to
+pressurize stored-pressure dry chemical and halogenated-type
+fire extinguishers.(See Annex J of NFPA 10.)[10:7.4.4.3]
+13.6.9.4.4.3.1 Other halogenated-type fire extinguishers that
+require argon shall be pressurized with argon with a dew point
+of −65°F (−54°C) or lower. [10:7.4.4.3.1]
+13.6.9.4.4.3.2 Compressed air through moisture traps shall
+not be used for pressurizing even though so stated in the in-
+structions on older fire extinguishers. [10:7.4.4.3.2]
+13.6.9.4.4.3.3 Compressed air shall be permitted to be used
+from special compressor systems capable of delivering air with
+a dew point of −60°F (−51°C) or lower. [10:7.4.4.3.3]
+13.6.9.4.4.3.4 The special compressor system shall be
+equipped with an automatic monitoring and alarm system to
+ensure that the dew point remains at or below −60°F (−51°C)
+at all times. [10:7.4.4.3.4]
+13.6.9.4.4.3.5* Class D and halocarbon fire extinguishers shall
+be repressurized only with the type of expellant gas referred to
+on the fire extinguisher label. [10:7.4.4.3.5]
+13.6.9.4.5 Recharge Record Keeping.
+13.6.9.4.5.1 Each fire extinguisher shall have a tag or label at-
+tached that indicates the month and year recharging was per-
+formed, identifies the person performing the service, and identi-
+fies the name of the agency performing the work. [10:7.4.5.1]
+13.6.9.4.5.2 A verification of service (maintenance or recharg-
+ing) collar in accordance with 13.6.9.3.3.2 shall also be attached
+to the extinguisher. [10:7.4.5.2]
+13.6.9.4.5.2.1 Liquefied gas, halogenated agent, and carbon
+dioxide extinguishers that have been recharged without valve
+removal shall not be required to have a verification of service
+collar installed following recharge. [10:7.4.5.2.1]
+13.6.9.4.5.2.2 Cartridge- and cylinder-operated extinguishers
+shall not be required to have a verification of service collar
+installed. (See 13.6.9.3.3.2.) [10:7.4.5.2.2]
+13.6.10 For hydrostatic testing of portable fire extinguishers,
+see Chapter 8 of NFPA 10.
+13.6.11 Condemning Extinguishers.
+13.6.11.1 Fails Test or Examination.When a fire extinguisher
+cylinder, shell, or cartridge fails a hydrostatic pressure test, or
+fails to pass a visual examination as specified in 8.4.2 of
+NFPA 10, it shall be condemned or destroyed by the owner or
+the owner’s agent. [10:8.8.1]
+13.6.11.1.1 When a cylinder is required to be condemned,
+the retester shall notify the owner in writing that the cylinder
+is condemned and that it cannot be re-used. [10:8.8.1.1]
+13.6.11.1.2 A condemned cylinder shall not be repaired.
+[10:8.8.1.2]
+13.6.11.2 Marking Condemned Extinguishers.
+13.6.11.2.1 Condemned cylinders shall be stamped “CON-
+DEMNED” on the top, head, shoulder, or neck with a steel
+stamp. [10:8.8.2.1]
+13.6.11.2.2 No person shall remove or obliterate the “CON-
+DEMNED” marking. [10:8.8.2.2]
+13.6.11.2.3 Minimum letter height shall be 1⁄8 in. (3 mm).
+[10:8.8.2.3]
+13.7 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems.
+13.7.1 General.
+13.7.1.1 Where building fire alarm systems or automatic fire
+detectors are required by other sections of thisCode, they shall
+be provided and installed in accordance with NFPA 70,
+NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, and Section 13.7.
+13.7.1.2 Required Features for Building Fire Alarm Systems.
+Protected premises fire alarm systems that serve the general
+fire alarm needs of a building or buildings shall include one or
+more of the following systems or functions:
+(1) Manual alarm signal initiation
+(2) Automatic alarm signal initiation
+(3) Monitoring of abnormal conditions in fire suppression
+systems
+(4) Activation of fire suppression systems
+(5) Activation of fire safety functions
+(6) Activation of alarm notification appliances
+(7) Emergency voice/alarm communications
+(8) Guard’s tour supervisory service
+(9) Process monitoring supervisory systems
+(10) Activation of off-premises signals
+(11) Combination systems
+(12) Integrated systems [ 72:6.3.3]
+13.7.1.3 All apparatus requiring rewinding or resetting to
+maintain normal operation shall be rewound or reset as
+promptly as possible after each test and alarm. All test signals
+received shall be recorded to indicate date, time, and type.
+[72:10.5.4]
+13.7.1.4 The provisions of Section 13.7 shall apply only where
+specifically required by another section of thisCode.[ 101:9.6.1.1]
+13.7.1.4.1 Fire detection, alarm, and communications systems
+installed to make use of an alternative permitted by thisCodeshall
+be considered required systems and shall meet the provisions of
+this Code applicable to required systems. [101: 9.6.1.2]
+13.7.1.4.2 All systems and components shall be approved for
+the purpose for which they are installed. [101:9.6.1.4]
+13.7.1.4.3* To ensure operational integrity, the fire alarm sys-
+tem shall have an approved maintenance and testing program
+complying with the applicable requirements of Sections 13.4
+and 13.7. [101:9.6.1.5]
+13.7.1.4.4* Where a required fire alarm system is out of service
+for more than 4 hours in a 24-hour period, the AHJ shall be
+notified, and the building shall be evacuated or an approved
+fire watch shall be provided for all parties left unprotected by
+the shutdown until the fire alarm system has been returned to
+service. [101:9.6.1.6]
+13.7.1.4.5 For the purposes of thisCode, a complete fire alarm
+system shall provide functions for initiation, notification, and
+control, which shall perform as follows:
+1–107FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) The initiation function provides the input signal to the
+system.
+(2) The notification function is the means by which the sys-
+tem advises that human action is required in response to a
+particular condition.
+(3) The control function provides outputs to control building
+equipment to enhance protection of life. [101:9.6.1.7]
+13.7.1.4.6 Protection of Fire Alarm System.[101:9.6.1.8]
+13.7.1.4.6.1* In areas that are not continuously occupied, and
+unless otherwise permitted by 13.7.1.4.6.1.1, 13.7.1.4.6.1.2, or
+13.7.1.4.6.1.3, automatic smoke detection shall be installed to
+provide notification of fire at the following locations:
+(1) Each fire alarm control unit
+(2) Notification appliance circuit power extenders
+(3) Supervising station transmitting equipment [101:9.6.1.8.1]
+13.7.1.4.6.1.1 The provisions of 13.7.1.4.6.1(2) and
+13.7.1.4.6.1(3) shall not apply to existing alarm systems.
+[101:9.6.1.8.1.1]
+13.7.1.4.6.1.2 Where ambient conditions prohibit installa-
+tion of a smoke detector, a heat detector shall be used.
+[101:9.6.1.8.1.2]
+13.7.1.4.6.1.3 Automatic smoke detection shall not be required
+where buildings are protected throughout by an approved, su-
+pervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
+13.3 and the area containing the fire alarm control unit is sprin-
+klered. [101:9.6.1.8.1.3]
+13.7.1.4.7* Nonrequired Coverage.
+13.7.1.4.7.1 Detection installed for reasons of achieving spe-
+cific fire safety objectives, but not required by any laws, codes,
+or standards, shall meet all of the requirements of this Code,
+with the exception of prescriptive spacing criteria of 5.6.5 and
+5.7.3.2.3 of NFPA 72.[ 72:5.5.2.3.1]
+13.7.1.4.7.2 Where nonrequired detectors are installed for
+achieving specific fire safety objectives, additional detectors
+not necessary to achieve the objectives shall not be required.
+[72:5.5.2.3.2]
+13.7.1.4.8 Signal Initiation.
+13.7.1.4.8.1 Where required by other sections of thisCode, ac-
+tuation of the complete fire alarm system shall be initiated by, but
+shall not be limited to, any or all of the following means:
+(1) Manual fire alarm initiation
+(2) Automatic detection
+(3) Extinguishing system operation [ 101:9.6.2.1]
+13.7.1.4.8.2 Manual fire alarm boxes shall be used only for
+fire-protective signaling purposes. Combination fire alarm
+and guard’s tour stations shall be acceptable. [ 101:9.6.2.2]
+13.7.1.4.8.3 A manual fire alarm box shall be provided as
+follows, unless modified by another section of this Code:
+(1) For new alarm system installations, the manual fire alarm
+box shall be located within 5 ft (1.5 m) of exit doorways.
+(2) For existing alarm system installations, the manual fire
+alarm box either shall be provided in the natural exit ac-
+cess path near each required exit or within 5 ft (1.5 m) of
+exit doorways. [101:9.6.2.3]
+13.7.1.4.8.4 Manual fire alarm boxes shall be mounted on both
+sides of grouped openings over 40 ft (12.2 m) in width, and
+within 5 ft (1.5 m) of each side of the opening. [101:9.6.2.4]
+13.7.1.4.8.5* Additional manual fire alarm boxes shall be lo-
+cated so that, on any given floor in any part of the building, no
+horizontal distance on that floor exceeding 200 ft (60 m) shall
+need to be traversed to reach a manual fire alarm box.
+[101:9.6.2.5]
+13.7.1.4.8.6* For fire alarm systems using automatic fire detec-
+tion or waterflow detection devices to initiate the fire alarm
+system in accordance with Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA
+101, not less than one manual fire alarm box shall be provided
+to initiate a fire alarm signal. The manual fire alarm box shall
+be located where required by the AHJ. [101:9.6.2.6]
+13.7.1.4.8.7* Each manual fire alarm box on a system shall be
+accessible, unobstructed, and visible. [101:9.6.2.7]
+13.7.1.4.8.8 Where a sprinkler system provides automatic de-
+tection and alarm system initiation, it shall be provided with
+an approved alarm initiation device that operates when the
+flow of water is equal to or greater than that from a single
+automatic sprinkler. [101:9.6.2.8]
+13.7.1.4.8.9 Where a total (complete) coverage smoke detec-
+tion system is required by another section of this Code, auto-
+matic detection of smoke in accordance with NFPA 72shall be
+provided in all occupiable areas in environments that are suit-
+able for proper smoke detector operation. [101:9.6.2.9]
+13.7.1.4.9 Smoke Alarms.
+13.7.1.4.9.1 General. [101:9.6.2.10.1]
+13.7.1.4.9.1.1 Where required by another section of this
+Code, single-station and multiple-station smoke alarms shall be
+in accordance with NFPA 72 unless otherwise provided in
+13.7.1.4.9.1.2, 13.7.1.4.9.1.3, or 13.7.1.4.9.1.4. [101:9.6.2.10.1.1]
+13.7.1.4.9.1.2 The installation of smoke alarms in sleeping
+rooms shall be required where required by Chapters 11
+through 43 of NFPA101.[ 101:9.6.2.10.1.2]
+13.7.1.4.9.1.3* The interconnection of smoke alarms shall ap-
+ply only to new construction as provided in 13.7.1.4.9.3.
+[101:9.6.2.10.1.3]
+13.7.1.4.9.1.4 System smoke detectors in accordance with
+NFPA 72 and arranged to function in the same manner as
+single-station or multiple-station smoke alarms shall be per-
+mitted in lieu of smoke alarms. [101:9.6.2.10.1.4]
+13.7.1.4.9.2 Smoke alarms, other than existing battery-
+operated smoke alarms as permitted by other sections of
+this Code, shall be powered in accordance with the require-
+ments of NFPA 72.[ 101:9.6.2.10.2]
+13.7.1.4.9.3* In new construction, where two or more smoke
+alarms are required within a dwelling unit, suite of rooms, or
+similar area, they shall be arranged so that operation of any
+smoke alarm shall cause the alarm in all smoke alarms within
+the dwelling unit, suite of rooms, or similar area to sound,
+unless otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) The requirement of 13.7.1.4.9.3 shall not apply where
+permitted by another section of this Code.
+(2) The requirement of 13.7.1.4.9.3 shall not apply to con-
+figurations that provide equivalent distribution of the
+alarm signal. [101:9.6.2.10.3]
+13.7.1.4.9.4 The alarms shall sound only within an individual
+dwelling unit, suite of rooms, or similar area and shall not
+actuate the building fire alarm system, unless otherwise per-
+1–108 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+mitted by the AHJ. Remote annunciation shall be permitted.
+[101:9.6.2.10.4]
+13.7.1.4.9.5 Where required by Chapters 11 through 43 of
+NFPA 101 and this Code, an automatic fire detection system
+shall be provided in hazardous areas for initiation of the sig-
+naling system. [101:9.6.2.11]
+13.7.1.4.10 Occupant Notification.
+13.7.1.4.10.1 Occupant notification shall be provided to alert
+occupants of fire or other emergency where required by other
+sections of this Code.[ 101:9.6.3.1]
+13.7.1.4.10.2 Occupant notification shall be in accordance
+with 13.7.1.4.10.3 through 13.7.1.4.10.10.2, unless otherwise
+provided in 13.7.1.4.10.2.1 through 13.7.1.4.10.2.4.
+13.7.1.4.10.2.1* Elevator lobby, hoistway, and associated ma-
+chine room smoke detectors used solely for elevator recall,
+and heat detectors used solely for elevator power shutdown,
+shall not be required to activate the building evacuation alarm
+if the power supply and installation wiring to such detectors
+are monitored by the building fire alarm system, and if the
+activation of such detectors initiates a supervisory signal at a
+constantly attended location. [101:9.6.3.2.1]
+13.7.1.4.10.2.2* Smoke detectors used solely for closing damp-
+ers or heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system shutdown
+shall not be required to activate the building evacuation alarm,
+provided that the power supply and installation wiring to the de-
+tectors are monitored by the building fire alarm system, and the
+activation of the detectors initiates a supervisory signal at a con-
+stantly attended location. [101:9.6.3.2.2]
+13.7.1.4.10.2.3* Smoke detectors located at doors for the ex-
+clusive operation of automatic door release shall not be re-
+quired to activate the building evacuation alarm, provided
+that the power supply and installation wiring to the detectors
+are monitored by the building fire alarm system, and the acti-
+vation of the detectors initiates a supervisory signal at a con-
+stantly attended location. [101:9.6.3.2.3]
+13.7.1.4.10.2.4 Detectors in accordance with 22.3.4.3.1(2)
+and 23.3.4.3.1(2) of NFPA101 shall not be required to activate
+the building evacuation alarm. [101:9.6.3.2.4]
+13.7.1.4.10.3 Where permitted by Chapters 11 through 43 of
+NFPA 101, a presignal system shall be permitted where the
+initial fire alarm signal is automatically transmitted without
+delay to a municipal fire department, to a fire brigade (if pro-
+vided), and to an on-site staff person trained to respond to a
+fire emergency. [101:9.6.3.3]
+13.7.1.4.10.4 Where permitted by Chapters 11 through 43 of
+NFPA 101, a positive alarm sequence shall be permitted, pro-
+vided that it is in accordance with NFPA 72.[ 101:9.6.3.4]
+13.7.1.4.10.5 Unless otherwise provided in 13.7.1.4.10.5.1
+through 13.7.1.4.10.5.8, notification signals for occupants to
+evacuate shall be audible and visible signals in accordance
+with NFPA 72 and ICC/ANSI A117.1, American National Stan-
+dard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities , or other
+means of notification acceptable to the AHJ shall be provided.
+[101:9.6.3.5]
+13.7.1.4.10.5.1 Areas not subject to occupancy by persons
+who are hearing impaired shall not be required to comply
+with the provisions for visible signals. [101:9.6.3.5.1]
+13.7.1.4.10.5.2 Visible-only signals shall be provided where
+specifically permitted in health care occupancies in accor-
+dance with the provisions of Chapters 18 and 19 of NFPA101.
+[101:9.6.3.5.2]
+13.7.1.4.10.5.3 Existing alarm systems shall not be required
+to comply with the provision for visible signals. [101:9.6.3.5.3]
+13.7.1.4.10.5.4 Visible signals shall not be required in lodg-
+ing or rooming houses in accordance with the provisions of
+Chapter 26 of NFPA101.[ 101:9.6.3.5.4]
+13.7.1.4.10.5.5 Visible signals shall not be required in exit
+stair enclosures. [101:9.6.3.5.5]
+13.7.1.4.10.5.6 Visible signals shall not be required in eleva-
+tor cars. [101:9.6.3.5.6]
+13.7.1.4.10.5.7* Public mode visual notification appliances in
+accordance with NFPA 72 shall not be required in designated
+areas as permitted by Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA 101,
+provided that they are replaced with approved alternative vis-
+ible means. [101:9.6.3.5.7]
+13.7.1.4.10.5.8* Where visible signals are not required, as per-
+mitted by 13.7.1.4.10.5.7, documentation of such omission
+shall be maintained in accordance with 9.7.7 of NFPA 101.
+[101:9.6.3.5.8]
+13.7.1.4.10.6 The general evacuation alarm signal shall oper-
+ate in accordance with one of the methods prescribed by
+13.7.1.4.10.6.1 through 13.7.1.4.10.3. [101:9.6.3.6]
+13.7.1.4.10.6.1 The general evacuation alarm signal shall op-
+erate throughout the entire building. [101:9.6.3.6.1]
+13.7.1.4.10.6.2* Where total evacuation of occupants is im-
+practical due to building configuration, only the occupants in
+the affected zones shall be notified initially. Provisions shall be
+made to selectively notify occupants in other zones to afford
+orderly evacuation of the entire building. [101:9.6.3.6.2]
+13.7.1.4.10.6.3 Where occupants are incapable of evacuating
+themselves because of age, physical or mental disabilities, or
+physical restraint, the private operating mode as described in
+NFPA 72shall be permitted to be used. Only the attendants and
+other personnel required to evacuate occupants from a zone,
+area, floor, or building shall be required to be notified. The noti-
+fication shall include means to readily identify the zone, area,
+floor, or building in need of evacuation. [101:9.6.3.6.3]
+13.7.1.4.10.6.4 The general evacuation signal shall not be
+required to operate in exit stair enclosures. [101:9.6.3.6.4]
+13.7.1.4.10.6.5 The general evacuation signal shall not be
+required to operate in elevator cars. [101:9.6.3.6.5]
+13.7.1.4.10.7 Audible alarm notification appliances shall be
+of such character and so distributed as to be effectively heard
+above the average ambient sound level that exists under nor-
+mal conditions of occupancy. [101:9.6.3.7]
+13.7.1.4.10.8 Audible alarm notification appliances shall pro-
+duce signals that are distinctive from audible signals used for
+other purposes in a given building. [101:9.6.3.8]
+13.7.1.4.10.9 Automatically transmitted or live voice evacua-
+tion or relocation instructions shall be permitted to be used to
+notify occupants and shall comply with either 13.7.1.4.10.9.1
+or 13.7.1.4.10.9.2. [101:9.6.3.9]
+1–109FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.7.1.4.10.9.1 Automatically transmitted or live voice evacu-
+ation or relocation instructions shall be in accordance with
+NFPA 72.[ 101:9.6.3.9.1]
+13.7.1.4.10.9.2 Where permitted by Chapters 11 through 43
+of NFPA 101, automatically transmitted or live voice an-
+nouncements shall be permitted to be made via a voice com-
+munication or public address system that complies with the
+following:
+(1) Occupant notification, either live or recorded, shall be
+initiated at a constantly attended receiving station by per-
+sonnel trained to respond to an emergency.
+(2) An approved secondary power supply shall be provided
+for other than existing, previously approved systems.
+(3) The system shall be audible above the expected ambient
+noise level.
+(4) Emergency announcements shall take precedence over
+any other use.
+[101:9.6.3.9.2]
+13.7.1.4.10.10 Unless otherwise permitted by another section
+of thisCode, audible and visible fire alarm notification appliances
+shall comply with either 13.7.1.4.10.10.1 or 13.7.1.4.10.10.2.
+[101:9.6.3.10]
+13.7.1.4.10.10.1 Audible and visible fire alarm notification
+appliances shall be used only for fire alarm system or other
+emergency purposes. [101:9.6.3.10.1]
+13.7.1.4.10.10.2 Emergency voice/alarm communication sys-
+tems shall be permitted to be used for other purposes, subject
+to the approval of the AHJ, if the fire alarm system takes pre-
+cedence over all other signals, with the exception of mass no-
+tification inputs. [101:9.6.3.10.2]
+13.7.1.4.11 Emergency Forces Notification.
+13.7.1.4.11.1 Where required by another section of thisCode,
+emergency forces notification shall be provided to alert the
+municipal fire department and fire brigade (if provided) of
+fire or other emergency. [101:9.6.4.1]
+13.7.1.4.11.2 Where fire department notification is required
+by another section of this Code, the fire alarm system shall be
+arranged to transmit the alarm automatically via any of the
+following means acceptable to the AHJ and shall be in accor-
+dance with NFPA 72:
+(1) Auxiliary fire alarm system
+(2) Central station fire alarm system
+(3) Proprietary supervising station fire alarm system
+(4) Remote supervising station fire alarm system [101:9.6.4.2]
+13.7.1.4.11.3 For existing installations where none of the
+means of notification specified in 13.7.1.4.11.2(1) through
+13.7.1.4.11.2(4) are available, an approved plan for notifica-
+tion of the municipal fire department shall be permitted.
+[101:9.6.4.3]
+13.7.1.4.12 Fire Safety Functions.
+13.7.1.4.12.1 Fire safety functions shall be installed in accor-
+dance with the requirements of NFPA 72.[ 101:9.6.5.1]
+13.7.1.4.12.2 Where required by another section of thisCode,
+the following functions shall be actuated:
+(1) Release of hold-open devices for doors or other opening
+protectives
+(2) Stairwell or elevator shaft pressurization
+(3) Smoke management or smoke control systems
+(4) Unlocking of doors
+(5) Elevator recall and shutdown [ 101:9.6.5.2]
+13.7.1.4.13 Location of Controls. Operator controls, alarm
+indicators, and manual communications capability shall be in-
+stalled at a convenient location acceptable to the AHJ.
+[101:9.6.6]
+13.7.1.4.14 Annunciation and Annunciation Zoning.
+13.7.1.4.14.1 Where alarm annunciation is required by an-
+other section of this Code, it shall comply with 13.7.1.4.14.2
+through 13.7.1.4.14.13. [101:9.6.7.1]
+13.7.1.4.14.2 Alarm Annunciation.Where required, the loca-
+tion of an operated initiating device shall be annunciated by
+visible means. Visible annunciation shall be by an indicator
+lamp, alphanumeric display, printout, or other approved
+means. The visible annunciation of the location of operated
+initiating devices shall not be canceled by the means used to
+deactivate alarm notification appliances. [72:4.4.6.1]
+13.7.1.4.14.3 Supervisory and Trouble Annunciation.Where
+required, supervisory and/or trouble annunciation shall be an-
+nunciated by visible means. Visible annunciation shall be by an
+indicator lamp, alphanumeric display, printout, or other means.
+The visible annunciation of supervisory and/or trouble condi-
+tions shall not be canceled by the means used to deactivate super-
+visory or trouble notification appliances. [72:4.4.6.2]
+13.7.1.4.14.4* Annunciator Access and Location.All required
+annunciation means shall be readily accessible to responding
+personnel and shall be located as required by the AHJ to facili-
+tate an efficient response to the fire situation. [72:4.4.6.3]
+13.7.1.4.14.5 Alarm Annunciation Display.Visible annuncia-
+tors shall be capable of displaying all zones in alarm. If all
+zones in alarm are not displayed simultaneously, the zone of
+origin shall be displayed and there shall be an indication that
+other zones are in alarm. [72:4.4.6.4]
+13.7.1.4.14.6 Fire Command Center.Annunciation at the fire
+command center shall be by means of audible and visible indi-
+cators. [72:4.4.6.5]
+13.7.1.4.14.7* Annunciation Zoning.
+13.7.1.4.14.7.1 For the purpose of alarm annunciation, each
+floor of the building shall be considered as a separate zone. If
+a floor is subdivided by fire or smoke barriers and the fire plan
+for the protected premises allows relocation of occupants
+from the zone of origin to another zone on the same floor,
+each zone on the floor shall be annunciated separately for
+purposes of alarm location. [72:4.4.6.6.1]
+13.7.1.4.14.7.2 Where the system serves more than one build-
+ing, each building shall be annunciated separately. [72:4.4.6.6.2]
+13.7.1.4.14.8 Alarm annunciation at the control center shall
+be by means of audible and visible indicators. [101:9.6.7.2]
+13.7.1.4.14.9 For the purposes of alarm annunciation, each
+floor of the building, other than floors of existing buildings, shall
+be considered as not less than one zone, unless otherwise permit-
+ted by 13.7.1.4.14.10.3, 13.7.1.4.14.10.4, 13.7.1.4.14.10.5 or as an-
+other section of thisCode.[ 101:9.6.7.3]
+1–110 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.7.1.4.14.10 If a floor area exceeds 22,500 ft 2 (2090 m2),
+additional fire alarm zoning shall be provided, and the length
+of any single fire alarm zone shall not exceed 300 ft (91 m) in
+any direction, except as provided in 13.7.1.4.14.10.1 through
+13.7.1.4.14.10.5 or otherwise modified by another section of
+this Code.[ 101:9.6.7.4]
+13.7.1.4.14.10.1 Where permitted by another section of this
+Code, fire alarm zones shall be permitted to exceed 22,500 ft 2
+(2090 m 2), and the length of a zone shall be permitted to
+exceed 300 ft (91 m) in any direction. [101:9.6.7.4.1]
+13.7.1.4.14.10.2 Where the building is protected by an auto-
+matic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13, the area of
+the fire alarm zone shall be permitted to coincide with the
+allowable area of the sprinkler system. [101:9.6.7.4.2]
+13.7.1.4.14.10.3 Unless otherwise prohibited elsewhere in
+this Code, where a building not exceeding four stories in
+height is protected by an automatic sprinkler system in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13, the sprinkler system shall be permitted to
+be annunciated on the fire alarm system as a single zone.
+[101:9.6.7.4.3]
+13.7.1.4.14.10.4 Where the building is protected by an auto-
+matic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13D, the
+sprinkler system shall be permitted to be annunciated on the
+fire alarm system as a single zone. [101:9.6.7.4.4]
+13.7.1.4.14.10.5 Where the building is protected by an auto-
+matic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13R, the
+sprinkler system shall be permitted to be annunciated on the
+fire alarm system as a single zone. [101:9.6.7.4.5]
+13.7.1.4.14.11 A system trouble signal shall be annunciated at
+the control center by means of audible and visible indicators.
+[101:9.6.7.5]
+13.7.1.4.14.12 A system supervisory signal shall be annunci-
+ated at the control center by means of audible and visible in-
+dicators. [101:9.6.7.6]
+13.7.1.4.14.13 Where the system serves more than one build-
+ing, each building shall be annunciated separately. [101:9.6.7.7]
+13.7.2 Where Required.
+13.7.2.1 New Assembly Occupancies.
+13.7.2.1.1 Assembly occupancies with occupant loads of more
+than 300 and all theaters with more than one audience-viewing
+room shall be provided with an approved fire alarm system in
+accordance with Section 13.7 of thisCode and NFPA101, unless
+otherwise permitted by 13.7.2.1.2. [101:12.3.4.1.1]
+13.7.2.1.2 Assembly occupancies that are a part of a multiple
+occupancy protected as a mixed occupancy(see 6.1.14) shall be
+permitted to be served by a common fire alarm system, pro-
+vided that the individual requirements of each occupancy are
+met. [101:12.3.4.1.2]
+13.7.2.2 Existing Assembly Occupancies.
+13.7.2.2.1 Assembly occupancies with occupant loads of more
+than 300 and all theaters with more than one audience-viewing
+room shall be provided with an approved fire alarm system in
+accordance with Section 13.7 of thisCode and NFPA101, unless
+otherwise permitted by 13.7.2.2.2, 13.7.2.2.3, or 13.7.2.2.4.
+[101:13.3.4.1.1]
+13.7.2.2.2 Assembly occupancies that are a part of a multiple
+occupancy protected as a mixed occupancy(see 6.1.14) shall be
+permitted to be served by a common fire alarm system, pro-
+vided that the individual requirements of each occupancy are
+met. [101:13.3.4.1.2]
+13.7.2.2.3 V oice communication or public address systems
+complying with 13.3.4.3.6 of NFPA101 shall not be required to
+comply with Section 13.7 of this Code.[ 101:13.3.4.1.3]
+13.7.2.2.4 The requirement of 13.7.2.2.1 shall not apply to
+assembly occupancies where, in the judgment of the AHJ, ad-
+equate alternative provisions exist or are provided for the dis-
+covery of a fire and for alerting the occupants promptly.
+[101:13.3.4.1.4]
+13.7.2.3 New Educational Occupancies.
+13.7.2.3.1 Educational occupancies shall be provided with a
+fire alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA
+101.[ 101:14.3.4.1.1]
+13.7.2.3.2 The requirement of 13.7.2.3.1 shall not apply to
+buildings meeting all of the following criteria:
+(1) Buildings having an area not exceeding 1000 ft 2 (93 m2)
+(2) Buildings containing a single classroom
+(3) Buildings located not less than 30 ft (9.2 m) from another
+building [101:14.3.4.1.2]
+13.7.2.4 Existing Educational Occupancies.
+13.7.2.4.1 Educational occupancies shall be provided with a
+fire alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA
+101.[ 101:15.3.4.1.1]
+13.7.2.4.2 The requirement of 13.7.2.4.1 shall not apply to
+buildings meeting all of the following criteria:
+(1) Buildings having an area not exceeding 1000 ft 2 (93 m2)
+(2) Buildings containing a single classroom
+(3) Buildings located not less than 30 ft (9.2 m) from another
+building [101:15.3.4.1.2]
+13.7.2.5 New Health Care Occupancies.
+13.7.2.5.1 General. Health care occupancies shall be pro-
+vided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7
+and NFPA101.[ 101:18.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.5.2 Detection in Spaces Open to Corridors.Detectors
+shall be installed in spaces open to the corridor in accordance
+with 18.3.6.1 of NFPA101.[ 101:18.3.4.5.2]
+13.7.2.5.3* Nursing Homes.An approved automatic smoke de-
+tection system shall be installed in corridors throughout smoke
+compartments containing patient sleeping rooms and in spaces
+open to corridors as permitted in nursing homes by 18.3.6.1 of
+NFPA101, unless otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) Corridor systems shall not be required where each patient
+sleeping room is protected by an approved smoke detec-
+tion system.
+(2) Corridor systems shall not be required where patient room
+doors are equipped with automatic door-closing devices with
+integral smoke detectors on the room side installed in accor-
+dance with their listing, provided that the integral detectors
+provide occupant notification. [101:18.3.4.5.3]
+1–111FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.7.2.6 Existing Health Care Occupancies.
+13.7.2.6.1 General. Health care occupancies shall be pro-
+vided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7
+and NFPA101.[ 101:19.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.6.2 Corridors. An approved automatic smoke detec-
+tion system in accordance with 13.7.1 shall be installed in all
+corridors of limited care facilities, unless otherwise permitted
+by the following:
+(1) Where each patient sleeping room is protected by an ap-
+proved smoke detection system, and a smoke detector is
+provided at smoke barriers and horizontal exits in accor-
+dance with 13.7.1 of this Code, the corridor smoke detec-
+tion system shall not be required on the patient sleeping
+room floors.
+(2) Smoke compartments protected throughout by an ap-
+proved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accor-
+dance with 19.3.5.7 of NFPA 101 shall be permitted.
+[101:19.3.4.5.1]
+13.7.2.6.3 Detection in Spaces Open to Corridors.Detectors
+shall be installed in spaces open to the corridor in accordance
+with 19.3.6.1 of NFPA101.
+13.7.2.7 New Detention and Correctional Occupancies.
+13.7.2.7.1 Detention and correctional occupancies shall be
+provided with a fire alarm system in accordance with 13.7.1
+and NFPA 101, except as modified by 22.3.4.2 through
+22.3.4.4.3 of NFPA101.[ 101:22.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.7.2* Detection. An approved automatic smoke detec-
+tion system shall be in accordance with 13.7.1.4, as modified
+by 13.7.2.7.2.1 through 13.7.2.7.2.3, throughout all resident
+sleeping areas and adjacent day rooms, activity rooms, or con-
+tiguous common spaces. [101:22.3.4.4]
+13.7.2.7.2.1 Smoke detectors shall not be required in sleep-
+ing rooms with four or fewer occupants. [101:22.3.4.4.1]
+13.7.2.7.2.2 Other arrangements and positioning of smoke
+detectors shall be permitted to prevent damage or tampering,
+or for other purposes. [101:22.3.4.4.2]
+13.7.2.7.2.2.1 Other arrangements, as specified in 13.7.2.7.2.2,
+shall be capable of detecting any fire, and the placement of de-
+tectors shall be such that the speed of detection is equivalent to
+that provided by the spacing and arrangements required by the
+installation standards referenced in 13.7.1.1. [101:22.3.4.4.2.1]
+13.7.2.7.2.2.2 Detectors shall be permitted to be located in
+exhaust ducts from cells, behind grilles, or in other locations.
+[101:22.3.4.4.2.2]
+13.7.2.7.2.2.3 The equivalent performance of the design per-
+mitted by 13.7.2.7.2.2.2 shall be acceptable to the AHJ in ac-
+cordance with the equivalency concepts specified in Section
+1.4. [101:22.3.4.4.2.3]
+13.7.2.7.2.3* Smoke detectors shall not be required in Use Con-
+dition II open dormitories where staff is present within the dor-
+mitory whenever the dormitory is occupied. [101:22.3.4.4.3]
+13.7.2.8 Existing Detention and Correctional Occupancies.
+13.7.2.8.1 General. Detention and correctional occupancies
+shall be provided with a fire alarm system in accordance with
+13.7.1 and NFPA 101, except as modified by 23.3.4.2 through
+23.3.4.4.4 of NFPA101.[ 101:23.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.8.2 Detection. An approved automatic smoke detec-
+tion system shall be in accordance with Section 13.7, as modi-
+fied by 13.7.2.8.2.1 through 13.7.2.8.2.4, throughout all resi-
+dent housing areas. [101:23.3.4.4]
+13.7.2.8.2.1 Smoke detectors shall not be required in sleep-
+ing rooms with four or fewer occupants in Use Condition II or
+Use Condition III. [101:23.3.4.4.1]
+13.7.2.8.2.2 Other arrangements and positioning of smoke
+detectors shall be permitted to prevent damage or tampering,
+or for other purposes. [101:23.3.4.4.2]
+13.7.2.8.2.2.1 Other arrangements, as specified in 13.7.2.8.2.2,
+shall be capable of detecting any fire, and the placement of de-
+tectors shall be such that the speed of detection is equivalent to
+that provided by the spacing and arrangements required by
+the installation standards referenced in Section 13.7.
+[101:23.3.4.4.2.1]
+13.7.2.8.2.2.2 Detectors shall be permitted to be located in
+exhaust ducts from cells, behind grilles, or in other locations.
+[101:23.3.4.4.2.2]
+13.7.2.8.2.2.3 The equivalent performance of the design per-
+mitted by 13.7.2.8.2.2.2 shall be acceptable to the AHJ in ac-
+cordance with the equivalency concepts specified in Section
+1.4. [101:23.3.4.4.2.3]
+13.7.2.8.2.3* Smoke detectors shall not be required in Use
+Condition II open dormitories where staff is present within
+the dormitory whenever the dormitory is occupied, and the
+building is protected throughout by an approved, supervised
+automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 13.3.2.12.
+[101:23.3.4.4.3]
+13.7.2.8.2.4 In smoke compartments protected throughout
+by an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
+13.3.2.12, smoke detectors shall not be required, except in
+corridors, common spaces, and sleeping rooms with more
+than four occupants. [101:23.3.4.4.4]
+13.7.2.9 New Hotels and Dormitories.
+13.7.2.9.1 General. A fire alarm system in accordance with
+13.7.1 and NFPA 101, except as modified by 28.3.4.2 through
+28.3.4.5 of NFPA101, shall be provided. [101:28.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.9.2 Detection. A corridor smoke detection system in
+accordance with Section 13.7 shall be provided in buildings
+other than those protected throughout by an approved, super-
+vised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 13.3.2.13.
+[101:28.3.4.4]
+13.7.2.9.3* Smoke Alarms.An approved single-station smoke
+alarm shall be installed in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9 in every
+guest room and every living area and sleeping room within a
+guest suite. [101:28.3.4.5]
+13.7.2.10 Existing Hotels and Dormitories.
+13.7.2.10.1 General. A fire alarm system in accordance with
+13.7.1 and NFPA 101, except as modified by 29.3.4.2 through
+29.3.4.6 of NFPA 101, shall be provided in buildings, other
+than those where each guest room has exterior exit access in
+accordance with 14.10.3 and the building is three or fewer
+stories in height. [101:29.3.4.1]
+1–112 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.7.2.10.2* Smoke Alarms.An approved single-station smoke
+alarm shall be installed in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9 in every
+guest room and every living area and sleeping room within a
+guest suite. [101:29.3.4.5]
+13.7.2.10.2.1 The smoke alarms shall not be required to be
+interconnected. [101:29.3.4.5.1]
+13.7.2.10.2.2 Single-station smoke alarms without a secondary
+(standby) power source shall be permitted. [101:29.3.4.5.2]
+13.7.2.10.2.3* Protection of Fire Alarm System.The provision
+of 9.6.1.8.1.3 of NFPA 101 shall not apply to the smoke detec-
+tion required at each fire alarm control unit by 9.6.1.8.1(1) of
+NFPA101.[ 101:29.3.4.6]
+13.7.2.11 New Apartment Buildings.
+13.7.2.11.1 Apartment buildings four or more stories in
+height with more than 11 dwelling units, other than those
+meeting the requirements of 13.7.2.11.2, shall be provided
+with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7 and
+NFPA 101, except as modified by 30.3.4.2 through 30.3.4.6 of
+NFPA101.[ 101:30.3.4.1.1]
+13.7.2.11.2 A fire alarm system shall not be required in build-
+ings where each dwelling unit is separated from other contigu-
+ous dwelling units by fire barriers (see Section 12.7) having a
+minimum 1-hour fire resistance rating and where each dwell-
+ing unit has either its own independent exit or its own inde-
+pendent stairway or ramp discharging at the finished ground
+level. [101:30.3.4.1.2]
+13.7.2.11.3* Smoke Alarms.Smoke alarms shall be installed in
+accordance with 13.7.1.4.9 in every sleeping area, outside ev-
+ery sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms,
+and on all levels of the dwelling unit, including basements.
+[101:30.3.4.5]
+13.7.2.11.4* Protection of Fire Alarm System.The provision of
+13.7.1.4.6.1.3 shall not apply to the smoke detection required at
+each fire alarm control unit by 13.7.1.4.6.1(1). [101:30.3.4.5.1]
+13.7.2.12 Existing Apartment Buildings.
+13.7.2.12.1 Apartment buildings four or more stories in height
+or with more than 11 dwelling units, other than those meeting
+the requirements of 13.7.2.12.2, shall be provided with a fire
+alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA101, ex-
+cept as modified by 31.3.4.2 through 31.3.4.6 of NFPA 101.
+[101:31.3.4.1.1]
+13.7.2.12.2 A fire alarm system shall not be required where
+each dwelling unit is separated from other contiguous dwelling
+units by fire barriers(see Section 12.7)having a minimum1⁄2-hour
+fire resistance rating and where each dwelling unit has either its
+own independent exit or its own independent stairway or ramp
+discharging at the finished ground level. [101:31.3.4.1.2]
+13.7.2.12.3 Smoke Alarms.[101:31.3.4.5.1]
+13.7.2.12.3.1* In buildings other than those equipped through-
+out with an existing, complete automatic smoke detection sys-
+tem, smoke alarms shall be installed in accordance with
+13.7.1.4.9, as modified by 13.7.2.12.3.2, outside every sleeping
+area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms and on all levels
+of the dwelling unit, including basements. [101:31.3.4.5.1]
+13.7.2.12.3.2 Smoke alarms required by 13.7.2.12.3.1 shall
+not be required to be provided with a secondary (standby)
+power source. [101:31.3.4.5.2]
+13.7.2.12.3.3 In buildings other than those equipped through-
+out with an existing, complete automatic smoke detection system
+or a complete, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accor-
+dance with 31.3.5 of NFPA101, smoke alarms shall be installed in
+every sleeping area in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9, as modified by
+13.7.2.12.3.4. [101:31.3.4.5.3]
+13.7.2.12.3.4 Smoke alarms required by 13.7.2.12.3.3 shall be
+permitted to be battery powered. [101:31.3.4.5.4]
+13.7.2.12.4* Protection of Fire Alarm System.The provision of
+9.6.1.8.1.3 of NFPA101 shall not apply to the smoke detection
+required at each fire alarm control unit by 9.6.1.8.1(1) of
+NFPA101.[ 101:31.3.4.6]
+13.7.2.12.5 Single-station smoke alarms without a secondary
+(standby) power source shall be permitted. [101:31.3.4.5.2]
+13.7.2.13 Lodging and Rooming Houses.Lodging and room-
+ing houses, other than those meeting 13.7.2.13.1, shall be pro-
+vided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7
+and NFPA101.[ 101:26.3.4.1.1]
+13.7.2.13.1 A fire alarm system in accordance with Section
+13.7 shall not be required in existing lodging and rooming
+houses that have an existing smoke detection system meeting
+or exceeding the requirements of 13.7.2.13.2.1 where that de-
+tection system includes not less than one manual fire alarm
+box per floor arranged to initiate the smoke detection alarm.
+[101:26.3.4.1.2]
+13.7.2.13.2 Smoke Alarms.
+13.7.2.13.2.1 Approved single-station smoke alarms, other
+than existing smoke alarms meeting the requirements of
+13.7.2.13.2.3, shall be installed in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9
+in every sleeping room. [101:26.3.4.5.1]
+13.7.2.13.2.2 In other than existing buildings, the smoke
+alarms required by 13.7.2.13.2.1 shall be interconnected in
+accordance with 13.7.1.4.9.3. [101:26.3.4.5.2]
+13.7.2.13.2.3 Existing battery-powered smoke alarms, rather
+than house electric-powered smoke alarms, shall be permitted
+where the facility has demonstrated to the AHJ that the test-
+ing, maintenance, and battery replacement programs will en-
+sure reliability of power to the smoke alarms. [101:26.3.4.5.3]
+13.7.2.14 One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
+13.7.2.14.1 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems.
+Smoke alarms or a smoke detection system shall be provided
+in accordance with either 13.7.2.14.2 or 13.7.2.14.3, and NFPA
+101, as modified by 13.7.2.14.3. [101:24.3.4]
+13.7.2.14.2 Smoke alarms shall be installed in accordance
+with 13.7.1.4.9 in the following locations:
+(1) All sleeping rooms
+(2) Outside of each separate sleeping area, in the immediate
+vicinity of the sleeping rooms
+(3) On each level of the dwelling unit, including basements
+[101:24.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.14.3 Dwelling units shall be protected by an approved
+smoke detection system in accordance with Section 13.7 and
+equipped with an approved means of occupant notification.
+[101:24.3.4.2]
+1–113FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.7.2.14.4 In existing one- and two-family dwellings, ap-
+proved smoke alarms powered by batteries shall be permitted.
+[101:24.3.4.3]
+13.7.2.15 New Residential Board and Care Occupancies.
+13.7.2.15.1 Small Facilities with Sleeping Accommodations
+for Not More Than 16 Residents.
+13.7.2.15.1.1 Fire Alarm Systems.A manual fire alarm system
+shall be provided in accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA
+101.[ 101:32.2.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.15.1.2 Smoke Alarms.
+13.7.2.15.1.2.1 Approved smoke alarms shall be provided in
+accordance with 13.7.1.4.9. [101:32.2.3.4.3.1]
+13.7.2.15.1.2.2 Smoke alarms shall be installed on all levels,
+including basements but excluding crawl spaces and unfin-
+ished attics. [101:32.2.3.4.3.2]
+13.7.2.15.1.2.3 Additional smoke alarms shall be installed in all
+living areas, as defined in 3.3.17.5 in NFPA101.[ 101:32.2.3.4.3.3]
+13.7.2.15.1.2.4 Each sleeping room shall be provided with
+an approved smoke alarm in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9.
+[101:32.2.3.4.3.4]
+13.7.2.15.1.2.5* Protection of Fire Alarm System.The provi-
+sion of 9.6.1.8.1.3 of NFPA 101 shall not apply to the smoke
+detection required at each fire alarm control unit by
+9.6.1.8.1(1) of NFPA101 [101:32.2.3.4.4]
+13.7.2.15.2 Large Facilities.
+13.7.2.15.2.1 General. A fire alarm system shall be provided in
+accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA101.[ 101:32.3.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.15.2.2 Smoke Alarms.Approved smoke alarms shall be
+installed in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9 inside every sleeping
+room, outside every sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of
+the bedrooms, and on all levels within a resident unit.
+[101:32.3.3.4.7]
+13.7.2.15.2.3 Smoke Detection Systems.
+13.7.2.15.2.3.1 Corridors and spaces open to the corridors,
+other than those meeting 13.7.2.15.2.3.2, shall be provided
+with smoke detectors that comply with NFPA 72 and are ar-
+ranged to initiate an alarm that is audible in all sleeping areas.
+[101:32.3.3.4.8.1]
+13.7.2.15.2.3.2 Smoke detection systems shall not be required
+in unenclosed corridors, passageways, balconies, colonnades, or
+other arrangements with one or more sides along the long di-
+mension fully or extensively open to the exterior at all times.
+[101:32.3.3.4.8.3]
+13.7.2.15.2.3.3* Protection of Fire Alarm System.The provi-
+sion of 9.6.1.8.1.3 of NFPA 101 shall not apply to the smoke
+detection required at each fire alarm control unit by
+9.6.1.8.1(1) of NFPA101.[ 101:32.3.3.4.9]
+13.7.2.16 Existing Residential Board and Care Occupancies.
+13.7.2.16.1 Small Facilities with Sleeping Accommodations
+for Not More Than 16 Residents.
+13.7.2.16.1.1 Fire Alarm Systems.A manual fire alarm system
+shall be provided in accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA
+101, unless the provisions of 13.7.2.16.1.2 or 13.7.2.16.1.3 are
+met. [101:33.2.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.16.1.2 A fire alarm system shall not be required where
+interconnected smoke alarms complying with 13.7.2.16.1.4
+and not less than one manual fire alarm box per floor ar-
+ranged to continuously sound the smoke detector alarms are
+provided. [101:33.2.3.4.1.1]
+13.7.2.16.1.3 Other manually activated continuously sound-
+ing alarms acceptable to the AHJ shall be permitted in lieu of a
+fire alarm system. [101:33.2.3.4.1.2]
+13.7.2.16.1.4* Smoke Alarms.
+13.7.2.16.1.4.1 Approved smoke alarms shall be provided in
+accordance with 13.7.1.4.9, unless otherwise indicated in
+13.7.2.16.1.4.5 and 13.7.2.16.1.4.6. [101:33.2.3.4.3.1]
+13.7.2.16.1.4.2 Smoke alarms shall be installed on all levels,
+including basements but excluding crawl spaces and unfin-
+ished attics. [101:33.2.3.4.3.2]
+13.7.2.16.1.4.3 Additional smoke alarms shall be installed
+for living rooms, dens, day rooms, and similar spaces.
+[101:33.2.3.4.3.3]
+13.7.2.16.1.4.4 Smoke alarms shall be powered from the build-
+ing electrical system and, when activated, shall initiate an alarm
+that is audible in all sleeping areas. [101:33.2.3.4.3.5]
+13.7.2.16.1.4.5 Smoke alarms in accordance with 13.7.2.16.1.4.1
+shall not be required where buildings are protected throughout
+by an approved automatic sprinkler system, in accordance with
+13.3.2.20.2, that uses quick-response or residential sprinklers,
+and are protected with approved smoke alarms installed in each
+sleeping room, in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9, that are powered
+by the building electrical system. [101:33.2.3.4.3.6]
+13.7.2.16.1.4.6 Smoke alarms in accordance with 13.7.2.16.1.4.1
+shall not be required where buildings are protected throughout
+by an approved automatic sprinkler system, in accordance with
+13.3.2.20.2, that uses quick-response or residential sprinklers,
+with existing battery-powered smoke alarms in each sleeping
+room, and where, in the opinion of the AHJ, the facility has dem-
+onstrated that testing, maintenance, and a battery replacement
+program ensure the reliability of power to the smoke alarms.
+[101:33.2.3.4.3.7]
+13.7.2.16.1.4.7* Protection of Fire Alarm System.The provi-
+sion of 9.6.1.8.1.3 of NFPA101 shall not apply to the smoke de-
+tection required at each fire alarm control unit by 9.6.1.8.1(1) of
+NFPA101.[ 101:33.2.3.4.4]
+13.7.2.16.2 Large Facilities.
+13.7.2.16.2.1 General. A fire alarm system in accordance with
+Section 13.7 and NFPA 101 shall be provided, unless each
+sleeping room has exterior exit access in accordance with
+14.10.3 and the building is three or fewer stories in height.
+[101:33.3.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.16.2.2 Smoke Alarms. Smoke alarms shall be pro-
+vided in accordance with 13.7.2.16.2.2.1, 13.7.2.16.2.2.2, or
+13.7.2.16.2.2.3. [ 101:33.3.3.4.7]
+13.7.2.16.2.2.1 Each sleeping room shall be provided with an
+approved smoke alarm in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9 that is pow-
+ered from the building electrical system. [101:33.3.3.4.7.1]
+13.7.2.16.2.2.2 Existing battery-powered smoke alarms, rather
+than building electrical service–powered smoke alarms, shall be
+accepted where, in the opinion of the AHJ, the facility has dem-
+onstrated that testing, maintenance, and battery replacement
+programs ensure the reliability of power to the smoke alarms.
+[101:33.3.3.4.7.2]
+1–114 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.7.2.16.2.2.3 Sleeping room smoke alarms shall not be re-
+quired in facilities having an existing corridor smoke detec-
+tion system that complies with Section 13.7 and is connected
+to the building fire alarm system. [101:33.3.3.4.7.3]
+13.7.2.16.2.3 Smoke Detection Systems.
+13.7.2.16.2.3.1 All living areas, as defined in 3.3.19.5 of NFPA
+101, and all corridors shall be provided with smoke detectors
+that comply with NFPA 72 and are arranged to initiate an
+alarm that is audible in all sleeping areas, as modified by
+13.7.2.16.2.3.2 and 13.7.2.16.2.3.3. [101:33.3.3.4.8.1]
+13.7.2.16.2.3.2 Smoke detection systems shall not be re-
+quired in living areas in facilities protected throughout by an
+approved automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance
+with 13.3.2.20. [101:33.3.3.4.8.2]
+13.7.2.16.2.3.3 Smoke detection systems shall not be re-
+quired in unenclosed corridors, passageways, balconies, col-
+onnades, or other arrangements with one or more sides along
+the long dimension fully or extensively open to the exterior at
+all times. [101:33.3.3.4.8.3]
+13.7.2.16.2.3.4* Protection of Fire Alarm System.The provi-
+sion of 9.6.1.8.1.3 of NFPA 101 shall not apply to the smoke
+detection required at each fire alarm control unit by
+9.6.1.8.1(1) of NFPA101.[ 101:33.3.3.4.9]
+13.7.2.17 New Mercantile Occupancies.
+13.7.2.17.1 Class A mercantile occupancies shall be provided
+with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7 and
+NFPA101.[ 101:36.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.17.2 Malls shall be provided with a fire alarm system in
+accordance with Section 13.7. [101:36.4.4.4.1]
+13.7.2.17.3 Bulk merchandising retail buildings shall be pro-
+vided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7.
+[101:36.4.5.4.1]
+13.7.2.18 Existing Mercantile Occupancies.
+13.7.2.18.1 Class A mercantile occupancies shall be provided
+with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7 and
+NFPA101.[ 101:37.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.18.2 Malls shall be provided with a fire alarm system in
+accordance with Section 13.7. [101:37.4.4.4.1]
+13.7.2.18.3 Bulk merchandising retail buildings shall be pro-
+vided with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7.
+[101:37.4.5.4.1]
+13.7.2.19 New Business Occupancies.A fire alarm system in
+accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA101 shall be provided
+in all business occupancies where any one of the following
+conditions exists:
+(1) The building is two or more stories in height.
+(2) The occupancy is subject to 50 or more occupants above
+or below the level of exit discharge.
+(3) The occupancy is subject to 300 or more total occupants.
+[101:38.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.20 Existing Business Occupancies.A fire alarm system
+in accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA 101 shall be pro-
+vided in all business occupancies where any one of the follow-
+ing conditions exists:
+(1) The building is two or more stories in height.
+(2) The occupancy is subject to 100 or more occupants above
+or below the level of exit discharge.
+(3) The occupancy is subject to 1000 or more total occupants.
+[101:39.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.21 Industrial Occupancies.A fire alarm system shall be
+required in accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA 101 for
+industrial occupancies, unless the total occupant load of the
+building is under 100 persons and unless, of these, fewer than
+25 persons are above or below the level of exit discharge.
+[101:40.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.22 Storage Occupancies.
+13.7.2.22.1 General. A fire alarm system shall be required in
+accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA 101 for storage occu-
+pancies, except as modified by 13.7.2.22.1.1, 13.7.2.22.1.2, and
+13.7.2.22.1.3. [101:42.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.22.1.1 Storage occupancies limited to low hazard
+contents shall not be required to have a fire alarm system.
+[101:42.3.4.1.1]
+13.7.2.22.1.2 Storage occupancies with ordinary or high haz-
+ard contents not exceeding an aggregate floor area of
+100,000 ft 2 (9300 m 2) shall not be required to have a fire
+alarm system. [101:42.3.4.1.2]
+13.7.2.22.1.3 Storage occupancies protected throughout by
+an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
+Section 13.3 shall not be required to have a fire alarm system.
+[101:42.3.4.1.3]
+13.7.2.22.2 A fire alarm system shall be required in accor-
+dance with Section 13.7 for parking structures, except as
+modified by 13.7.2.22.2.1, 13.7.2.22.2.2, and 13.7.2.22.2.3.
+[101:42.8.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.22.2.1 Parking structures not exceeding an aggregate
+floor area of 100,000 ft 2 (9300 m2) shall not be required to
+have a fire alarm system. [101:42.8.3.4.1.1]
+13.7.2.22.2.2 Open parking structures shall not be required
+to have a fire alarm system. [101:42.8.3.4.1.2]
+13.7.2.22.2.3 Parking structures protected throughout by an
+approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3 shall not be required to have a fire alarm system.
+[101:42.8.3.4.1.3]
+13.7.2.23 New Day-Care Occupancies.
+13.7.2.23.1 Day-care occupancies, other than day-care occu-
+pancies housed in one room having at least one door opening
+directly to the outside at grade plane or to an exterior exit
+access balcony in accordance with 14.10.3, shall be provided
+with a fire alarm system in accordance with Section 13.7 and
+NFPA101.[ 101:16.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.23.2 Detection. A smoke detection system in accor-
+dance with Section 13.7 and NFPA 101 shall be installed in
+day-care occupancies, other than those housed in one room
+having at least one door opening directly to the outside at
+grade plane or to an exterior exit access balcony in accor-
+dance with 14.10.3, and such system shall comply with both of
+the following:
+(1) Detectors shall be installed on each story in front of the
+doors to the stairways and in the corridors of all floors
+occupied by the day-care occupancy.
+(2) Detectors shall be installed in lounges, recreation areas, and
+sleeping rooms in the day-care occupancy. [101:16.3.4.5]
+1–115FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.7.2.23.3 Day-Care Homes.
+13.7.2.23.3.1 Smoke alarms shall be installed within day-
+care homes in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9 and NFPA 101.
+[101:16.6.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.23.3.2 Where a day-care home is located within a
+building of another occupancy, such as in an apartment
+building or office building, any corridors serving the day-
+care home shall be provided with a smoke detection system
+in accordance with Section 13.7. [ 101:16.6.3.4.2]
+13.7.2.23.3.3 Single-station or multiple-station smoke alarms
+or smoke detectors shall be provided in all rooms used for
+sleeping in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9. [101:16.6.3.4.3]
+13.7.2.24 Existing Day-Care Occupancies.
+13.7.2.24.1 Day-care occupancies, other than day-care occu-
+pancies housed in one room, shall be provided with a fire
+alarm system in accordance with 13.7.1 and NFPA 101.
+[101:17.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.24.2 Detection. A smoke detection system in accor-
+dance with Section 13.7 shall be installed in day-care occupan-
+cies, other than those housed in one room or those housing
+clients capable of self-preservation where no sleeping facilities
+are provided, and such system shall comply with both of the
+following:
+(1) Detectors shall be installed on each story in front of the
+doors to the stairways and in the corridors of all floors
+occupied by the day-care occupancy.
+(2) Detectors shall be installed in lounges, recreation areas, and
+sleeping rooms in the day-care occupancy. [101:17.3.4.5]
+13.7.2.24.3 Day-Care Homes.
+13.7.2.24.3.1 Smoke alarms shall be installed within day-
+care homes in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9 and NFPA 101.
+[101:17.6.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.24.3.2 Where a day-care home is located within a
+building of another occupancy, such as in an apartment
+building or office building, any corridors serving the day-
+care home shall be provided with a smoke detection system
+in accordance with Section 13.7. [ 101:17.6.3.4.2]
+13.7.2.24.3.3 Single-station or multiple-station smoke alarms
+or smoke detectors shall be provided in all rooms used for
+sleeping in accordance with 13.7.1.4.9, other than as permit-
+ted by 13.7.2.24.3.4. [101:17.6.3.4.3]
+13.7.2.24.3.4 Approved existing battery-powered smoke
+alarms, rather than house electrical service–powered smoke
+alarms required by 13.7.2.24.3.3, shall be permitted where the
+facility has testing, maintenance, and battery replacement pro-
+grams that ensure reliability of power to the smoke alarms.
+[101:17.6.3.4.4]
+13.7.2.25 New Ambulatory Health Care Occupancies.Ambu-
+latory health care facilities shall be provided with fire alarm
+systems in accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA101, except
+as modified by 20.3.4.2 through 20.3.4.4 of NFPA 101.
+[101:20.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.26 Existing Ambulatory Health Care Occupancies.Am-
+bulatory health care facilities shall be provided with fire alarm
+systems in accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA101, except
+as modified by 21.3.4.2 through 21.3.4.4 of NFPA 101.
+[101:21.3.4.1]
+13.7.2.27 Special Structures and High-Rise Buildings.
+13.7.2.27.1 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems.
+Towers designed for occupancy by not more than three per-
+sons shall be exempt from requirements for detection, alarm,
+and communications systems. [101:11.3.3.4]
+13.7.2.27.2 New High-Rise Buildings.
+13.7.2.27.2.1* A fire alarm system using an approved emer-
+gency voice/alarm communication system shall be installed in
+accordance with Section 13.7 and NFPA101.[ 101:11.8.4.1]
+13.7.2.27.2.2 Two-way telephone service shall be in accor-
+dance with 13.7.2.27.2.2.1 and 13.7.2.27.2.2.2. [101:11.8.4.2]
+13.7.2.27.2.2.1 Two-way telephone communication service
+shall be provided for fire department use. This system shall be
+in accordance withNFPA 72. The communications system shall
+operate between the emergency command center and every
+elevator car, every elevator lobby, and each floor level of exit
+stairs. [101:11.8.4.2.1]
+13.7.2.27.2.2.2* The requirement of 13.7.2.27.2.2.1 shall not
+apply where the fire department radio system is approved as
+an equivalent system. [101:11.8.4.2.2]
+13.7.3 Fire Alarm Systems.
+13.7.3.1 General.
+13.7.3.1.1 Equipment. Equipment constructed and installed
+in conformity with this Code shall be listed for the purpose for
+which it is used. Fire alarm system components shall be in-
+stalled, tested, and maintained in accordance with the manu-
+facturer’s published instructions and thisCode.[ 72:4.3.1]
+13.7.3.1.2 Compatibility. All detection devices that receive
+their power from the initiating device circuit or signaling line
+circuit of a control unit shall be listed for use with the control
+unit. [72:4.4.2]
+13.7.3.2 Documentation.
+13.7.3.2.1 Approval and Acceptance.
+13.7.3.2.1.1* The AHJ shall be notified prior to installation or
+alteration of equipment or wiring. At the AHJ’s request, com-
+plete information regarding the system or system alterations,
+including specifications, type of system or service, shop draw-
+ings, input/output matrix, battery calculations, and notifica-
+tion appliance circuit voltage drop calculations shall be sub-
+mitted for approval. [72:4.5.1.1]
+13.7.3.2.1.2 Before requesting final approval of the installa-
+tion, if required by the AHJ, the installing contractor shall
+furnish a written statement stating that the system has been
+installed in accordance with approved plans and tested in ac-
+cordance with the manufacturer’s published instructions and
+the appropriate NFPA requirements. [72:4.5.1.2]
+13.7.3.2.1.3* The record of completion form, Figure 4.5.2.1 of
+NFPA 72, shall be permitted to be a part of the written state-
+ment required in 13.7.3.2.1.2. When more than one contrac-
+tor has been responsible for the installation, each contractor
+shall complete the portions of the form for which that contrac-
+tor had responsibility. [72:4.5.1.3]
+13.7.3.2.1.4 The record of completion form, Figure 4.5.2.1 of
+NFPA 72, shall be permitted to be a part of the documents that
+support the requirements of 13.7.3.2.2.4. [72:4.5.1.4]
+1–116 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.7.3.2.2 Completion Documents.
+13.7.3.2.2.1* Preparation. The preparation of a record of
+completion, Figure 4.5.2.1 ofNFPA 72, shall be the responsibil-
+ity of the qualified and experienced person described in 4.3.3
+of NFPA 72 and shall be in accordance with 13.7.3.2.2.1.1
+through 13.7.3.2.2.1.3. [72:4.5.2.1]
+13.7.3.2.2.1.1 Parts 1 through 11 shall be completed after the
+system is installed and the installation wiring has been
+checked. Parts 12 and 13 shall be completed after the opera-
+tional acceptance tests have been completed. [72:4.5.2.1.1]
+13.7.3.2.2.1.2 A preliminary copy of the record of comple-
+tion shall be given to the system owner and, if requested, to
+other AHJs after completion of the installation wiring tests. A
+final copy shall be provided after completion of the opera-
+tional acceptance tests. [72:4.5.2.1.2]
+13.7.3.2.2.1.3 One copy of the record of completion, up-
+dated to reflect all system additions or modifications and
+maintained in a current condition at all times, shall be stored
+at the fire alarm control unit or other location approved by
+the authority having jurisdiction. [72:4.5.2.1.3]
+13.7.3.2.2.2 Revision. All fire alarm systems that are modified
+after the initial installation shall have the original record of
+completion revised to show all changes from the original in-
+formation and shall include a revision date. [72:4.5.2.2]
+13.7.3.2.2.3 Documentation Required.Every system shall in-
+clude the following documentation, which shall be delivered
+to the owner or the owner’s representative upon final accep-
+tance of the system:
+(1)*An owner’s manual and manufacturer’s published in-
+structions covering all system equipment
+(2) Record drawings
+(3) For software-based systems, a record copy of the site-
+specific software [72:4.5.2.3]
+13.7.3.2.2.4* Verification of Compliant Installation.Where re-
+quired, compliance of the completed installation with the re-
+quirements of this Code and NFPA 72, as implemented via the
+referring code(s), specifications, and/or other criteria appli-
+cable to the specific installation, shall be certified by a quali-
+fied and impartial third-party organization acceptable to the
+AHJ. [72:4.5.2.4]
+13.7.3.2.2.4.1 At a minimum, the verification shall ensure that
+the installed system includes all required components and func-
+tions, that those components and functions are installed and op-
+erate as required, that the system has been 100 percent accep-
+tance tested in accordance with Chapter 10 ofNFPA 72, and that
+all required documentation has been provided to the system
+owner. For supervising station systems, the verification shall also
+ascertain proper arrangement, transmission, and receipt of all
+signals required to be transmitted off-premises.
+Exception: Where the installation is an extension, modification, or
+reconfiguration of an existing system, the verification shall be required
+for the new work only and reacceptance testing in accordance with
+Chapter 10 of NFPA 72 shall be acceptable. [72:4.5.2.4.1]
+13.7.3.2.2.4.2 Verification shall include confirmation that
+any required corrective actions have been completed.
+[72:4.5.2.4.2]
+13.7.3.2.3 Records.
+13.7.3.2.3.1 A complete record of the tests and operations of
+each system shall be kept until the next test and for 1 year
+thereafter. [72:4.5.3.1]
+13.7.3.2.3.2 The record shall be available for examination
+and, if required, reported to the AHJ. Archiving of records by
+any means shall be permitted if hard copies of the records can
+be provided promptly when requested. [72:4.5.3.2]
+13.7.3.2.3.3 If off-premises monitoring is provided, records of
+all signals, tests, and operations recorded at the supervising sta-
+tion shall be maintained for not less than 1 year. [72:4.5.3.3]
+13.7.3.2.4* Testing Frequency.Testing shall be performed in
+accordance with the schedules in Table 13.7.3.2.4, except as
+modified in other paragraphs of 13.7.3.2.4, or more often if
+required by the AHJ.
+Table 13.7.3.2.4 Testing Frequencies
+Component
+Initial/
+Reacceptance Monthly Quarterly Semiannually Annually
+NFPA 72
+Table 10.4.2.2
+Reference
+1. Control Equipment — Building Systems Connected
+to Supervising Station
+1, 7, 16, 17
+(a) Functions X — — — X —
+(b) Fuses X — — — X —
+(c) Interfaced equipment X — — — X —
+(d) Lamps and LEDs X — — — X —
+(e) Primary (main) power supply X — — — X —
+(f) Transponders X — — — X —
+2. Control Equipment — Building Systems Not
+Connected to a Supervising Station
+————— 1
+(a) Functions X — X — — —
+(b) Fuses X — X — — —
+(c) Interfaced equipment X — X — — —
+(d) Lamps and LEDs X — X — — —
+(e) Primary (main) power supply X — X — — —
+(f) Transponders X — X — — —
+3. Engine-Driven Generator — Central Station Facilities
+and Fire Alarm Systems
+X X ————
+(continues)
+1–117FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 13.7.3.2.4 Continued
+Component
+Initial/
+Reacceptance Monthly Quarterly Semiannually Annually
+NFPA 72
+Table 10.4.2.2
+Reference
+4. Engine-Driven Generator — Public Fire Alarm
+Reporting Systems
+X (weekly) —————
+5. Batteries — Central Station Facilities
+(a) Lead-acid type — ————6 b
+(1) Charger test (Replace battery as needed.) X — — — X —
+(2) Discharge test (30 minutes) X X ————
+(3) Load voltage test X X ————
+(4) Specific gravity X — — X — —
+(b) Nickel-cadmium type — ————6 c
+(1) Charger test (Replace battery as needed.) X — X — — —
+(2) Discharge test (30 minutes) X — — — X —
+(3) Load voltage test X — — — X —
+(c) Sealed lead-acid type X X — — — 6d
+(1) Charger test (Replace battery within 5 years
+after manufacture or more frequently as needed.)
+— X X ———
+(2) Discharge test (30 minutes) X X ————
+(3) Load voltage test X X ————
+6. Batteries — Fire Alarm Systems
+(a) Lead-acid type — ————6 b
+(1) Charger test (Replace battery as needed.) X — — — X —
+(2) Discharge test (30 minutes) X — — X — —
+(3) Load voltage test X — — X — —
+(4) Specific gravity X — — X — —
+(b) Nickel-cadmium type — ————6 c
+(1) Charger test (Replace battery as needed.) X — — — X —
+(2) Discharge test (30 minutes) X — — — X —
+(3) Load voltage test X — — X — —
+(c) Primary type (dry cell) — ————6 a
+(1) Age test X X ————
+(d) Sealed lead-acid type — ————6 d
+(1) Charger test (Replace battery within 5 years
+after manufacture or more frequently as needed.)
+X ——— X —
+(2) Discharge test (30 minutes) X — — — X —
+(3) Load voltage test X — — X — —
+7. Power Supply — Public Fire Alarm Reporting
+Systems
+——————
+(a) Lead-acid type batteries — ————6 b
+(1) Charger test (Replace battery as needed.) X — — — X —
+(2) Discharge test (2 hours) X — X — — —
+(3) Load voltage test X — X — — —
+(4) Specific gravity X — — X — —
+(b) Nickel-cadmium type batteries — ————6 c
+(1) Charger test (Replace battery as needed.) X — — — X —
+(2) Discharge test (2 hours) X — — — X —
+(3) Load voltage test X — X — — —
+(c) Sealed lead-acid type batteries — ————6 d
+(1) Charger test (Replace battery within 5 years
+after manufacture or more frequently if needed.)
+X ——— X —
+(2) Discharge test (2 hours) X — — — X —
+(3) Load voltage test X — X — — —
+(d) Wired system — voltage tests X (daily) ————7 d
+8. Fiber-Optic Cable Power X — — — X 13b
+9. Control Unit Trouble Signals X — — — X 10
+10. Conductors — Metallic X ————1 2
+11. Conductors — Nonmetallic X ————1 3
+12. Emergency Voice/Alarm Communications
+Equipment
+X ——— X2 1
+13. Retransmission Equipment
+(The requirements of 10.4.9 of NFPA 72 shall apply.)
+X —————
+14. Remote Annunciators X — — — X 11
+1–118 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 13.7.3.2.4 Continued
+Component
+Initial/
+Reacceptance Monthly Quarterly Semiannually Annually
+NFPA 72
+Table 10.4.2.2
+Reference
+15. Initiating Devices — ————1 4
+(a) Duct detectors X — — — X —
+(b) Electromechanical releasing device X — — — X —
+(c) Fire extinguishing system(s) or suppression
+system(s) switches
+X ——— X —
+(d) Fire–gas and other detectors X — — — X —
+(e) Heat detectors (The requirements of 10.4.4.4 of
+NFPA 72 shall apply.)
+X ——— X —
+(f) Fire alarm boxes X — — — X —
+(g) Radiant energy fire detectors X — — X — —
+(h) System smoke detectors — functional test X — — — X —
+(i) Smoke detectors — sensitivity testing in other
+than one- and two-family dwellings (The
+requirements of 10.4.4.2 of NFPA 72 shall apply.)
+——————
+(j) Single- and multiple-station smoke alarms (The
+requirements for monthly testing in accordance with
+10.4.5 of NFPA 72 shall also apply.)
+X ——— X —
+(k) Single- and multiple-station heat alarms X — — — X —
+(l) Supervisory signal devices (except valve tamper
+switches)
+X — X ———
+(m) Waterflow devices X — — X — —
+(n) Valve supervisory switches X — — X — —
+16. Guard’s Tour Equipment X — — — X 24
+17. Combination Systems
+(a) Fire extinguisher monitoring device/systems X — — — X 21a
+(b) Carbon monoxide detectors/systems X — — — X 21b
+18. Interface Equipment and Fire Safety Functions X — — — X 22, 23
+19. Special Hazard Equipment X — — — X 17
+20. Alarm Notification Appliances — ————1 5
+(a) Audible devices X — — — X —
+(b) Audible textual notification appliances X — — — X —
+(c) Visible devices X — — — X —
+21. Exit Marking Notification Appliances X — — — X 16
+22. Off-Premises Transmission Equipment X — X — — —
+23. Supervising Station Fire Alarm Systems —
+Transmitters
+—————1 8
+(a) DACT X — — — X —
+(b) DART X — — — X —
+(c) McCulloh X — — — X —
+(d) RAT X — — — X —
+24. Special Procedures X — — — X 25
+25. Supervising Station Fire Alarm Systems — Receivers — ————1 8
+(a) DACR X X ————
+(b) DARR X X ————
+(c) McCulloh systems X X ————
+(d) Two-way RF multiplex X X ————
+(e) RASSR X X ————
+(f) RARSR X X ————
+(g) Private microwave X X ————
+26. Public Fire Alarm Reporting System Transmission
+Equipment
+——————
+(a) Publicly accessible fire alarm box X — — X — 8a
+(b) Auxiliary box X — — — X 8b
+(c) Master box 8c
+(1) Manual operation X — — X —
+(2) Auxiliary operation X — — — X
+[72: Table 10.4.4]
+1–119FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Exception: Devices or equipment that are inaccessible for safety con-
+siderations (e.g., continuous process operations, energized electrical
+equipment, radiation, and excessive height) shall be tested during
+scheduled shutdowns if approved by the AHJ. Extended interval shall
+not exceed 18 months. [72:10.4.4]
+13.7.3.2.4.1 If automatic testing is performed at least weekly
+by a remotely monitored fire alarm control unit specifically
+listed for the application, the manual testing frequency shall
+be permitted to be extended to annually. Table 13.7.3.2.4 shall
+apply. [72:10.4.4.1]
+13.7.3.3 Manually Actuated Alarm-Initiating Devices.
+13.7.3.3.1 Manual fire alarm boxes shall be used only for fire
+alarm initiating purposes. [72:5.13.1]
+13.7.3.3.2 Combination manual fire alarm boxes and guard’s
+signaling stations shall be permitted. [72:5.13.2]
+13.7.3.3.3 Each manual fire alarm box shall be securely
+mounted. [72:5.13.3]
+13.7.3.3.4 The operable part of each manual fire alarm box
+shall be not less than 3 1⁄2 ft (1.1 m) and not more than 4 1⁄2 ft
+(1.37 m) above floor level. [72:5.13.4]
+13.7.3.3.5* Manual fire alarm boxes shall be installed so that
+they are conspicuous, unobstructed, and accessible. [72:5.13.5]
+13.7.3.3.6 Manual fire alarm boxes shall be located within 5 ft
+(1.5 m) of the exit doorway opening at each exit on each floor.
+[72:5.13.6]
+13.7.3.3.7 Manual fire alarm boxes shall be mounted on both
+sides of grouped openings over 40 ft (12.2 m) in width, and
+within 5 ft (1.5 m) of each side of the opening. [72:5.13.7]
+13.7.3.3.8* Additional manual fire alarm boxes shall be pro-
+vided so that the travel distance to the nearest fire alarm box
+will not be in excess of 200 ft (61 m) measured horizontally on
+the same floor. [72:5.13.8]
+13.7.3.3.9 When fire alarm systems are not monitored, an
+approved permanent sign shall be installed adjacent to each
+manual fire alarm box. The sign shall read as follows:
+Local alarm only:
+(1) Activate alarm
+(2) Exit building
+(3) Call fire department
+13.7.3.4* Indication of Central Station Service.The prime
+contractor shall conspicuously indicate that the fire alarm sys-
+tem providing service at a protected premises complies with all
+the requirements of this Code through the use of a systematic
+follow-up program under the control of the organization that
+has listed the prime contractor. [72:8.3.4]
+13.7.3.4.1 Documentation indicating code compliance of the
+fire alarm system shall be issued by the organization that has
+listed the prime contractor. [72:8.3.4.1]
+13.7.3.4.2 The documentation shall include, at a minimum,
+the following information:
+(1) Name of the prime contractor involved with the ongoing
+code compliance of the central station service
+(2)*Full description of the fire alarm system as installed
+(3) Issue and expiration dates of the documentation
+(4) Name, address, and contact information of the organiza-
+tion issuing the document
+(5) Identification of the AHJs for the central station service
+installation [72:8.3.4.2]
+13.7.3.4.3 The documentation shall be physically posted
+within 3 ft (1 m) of the fire alarm control unit, and copies of
+the documentation shall be made available to the AHJs upon
+request. [72:8.3.4.3]
+13.7.3.4.4 A central repository of issued documentation, ac-
+cessible to the AHJ, shall be maintained by the organization
+that has listed the prime contractor. [72:8.3.4.4]
+13.7.3.4.5* Fire alarm system service that does not comply with
+all the requirements of Section 8.3 of NFPA 72 shall not be
+designated as central station service. [72:8.3.4.5]
+13.7.3.4.6* For the purpose of Section 8.3 of NFPA 72, the
+subscriber shall notify the prime contractor, in writing, of the
+identity of the AHJs. [72:8.3.4.6]
+13.7.3.4.7 The AHJs identified in 13.7.3.4.2(5) shall be noti-
+fied of expiration or cancellation by the organization that has
+listed the prime contractor. [72:8.3.4.7]
+13.7.3.4.8 The subscriber shall surrender expired or can-
+celed documentation to the prime contractor within 30 days
+of the termination date. [72:8.3.4.8]
+13.7.3.5 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm Service.
+13.7.3.5.1 Automatic fire detectors shall be located, main-
+tained, and tested in accordance with NFPA 72.
+13.7.4 Automatic Fire Detectors.
+13.7.4.1 Installation.
+13.7.4.1.1 These requirements shall apply to all initiating de-
+vices. [72:5.4.1]
+13.7.4.1.2 Initiating devices shall not be installed in inacces-
+sible areas. [72:5.4.2]
+13.7.4.1.3 Where subject to mechanical damage, an initiating
+device shall be protected. A mechanical guard used to protect
+a smoke, heat, or radiant energy–sensing detector shall be
+listed for use with the detector. [72:5.4.3]
+13.7.4.1.4 Initiating devices shall be supported independently
+of their attachment to the circuit conductors. [72:5.4.4]
+13.7.4.1.5 Initiating devices shall be installed in a manner that
+provides accessibility for periodic maintenance. [72:5.4.5]
+13.7.4.1.6 Initiating devices shall be installed in all areas,
+compartments, or locations where required by other NFPA
+codes and standards or as required by the AHJ. [72:5.4.6]
+13.7.4.1.7 Duct Detector Installation.
+13.7.4.1.7.1 Smoke detectors shall be installed, tested, and
+maintained in accordance with NFPA 72.[ 90A:6.4.4.1]
+13.7.4.1.7.2 In addition to the requirements of 6.4.3 of
+NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and
+Ventilating Systems, where an approved fire alarm system is in-
+stalled in a building, the smoke detectors required by the pro-
+visions of Section 6.4 of NFPA 90A shall be connected to the
+fire alarm system in accordance with the requirements of
+NFPA 72.[ 90A:6.4.4.2]
+1–120 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+13.7.4.1.7.2.1 Smoke detectors used solely for closing damp-
+ers or for heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system
+shutdown shall not be required to activate the building evacu-
+ation alarm. [90A:6.4.4.2.1]
+13.7.4.1.7.3 Where smoke detectors required by Section 6.4
+of NFPA 90A are installed in a building not equipped with an
+approved fire alarm system as specified by 13.7.4.1.7.2, the
+following shall occur:
+(1) Smoke detector activation required by Section 6.4 of
+NFPA 90A shall cause a visual and audible signal in a nor-
+mally occupied area.
+(2) Smoke detector trouble conditions shall be indicated vi-
+sually or audibly in a normally occupied area and shall be
+identified as air duct detector trouble. [90A:6.4.4.3]
+13.7.4.1.7.4 Smoke detectors powered separately from the
+fire alarm system for the sole function of stopping fans shall
+not require standby power. [90A:6.4.4.4]
+13.7.4.2 Requirements for Smoke and Heat Detectors.
+13.7.4.2.1 Recessed Mounting.Unless tested and listed for re-
+cessed mounting, detectors shall not be recessed into the
+mounting surface. [72:5.5.1]
+13.7.4.3 Location.
+13.7.4.3.1* Unless otherwise modified by 13.7.4.3.1.1 or
+13.7.4.3.1.2, spot-type heat-sensing fire detectors shall be
+located on the ceiling not less than 4 in. (100 mm) from the
+sidewall or on the sidewalls between 4 in. and 12 in. (100 mm
+and 300 mm) from the ceiling. [72:5.6.3.1]
+13.7.4.3.1.1 In the case of solid joist construction, detectors
+shall be mounted at the bottom of the joists. [72:5.6.3.1.1]
+13.7.4.3.1.2 In the case of beam construction where beams
+are less than 12 in. (300 mm) in depth and less than 8 ft (2.4
+m) on center, detectors shall be permitted to be installed on
+the bottom of beams. [72:5.6.3.1.2]
+13.7.4.3.2 Unless otherwise modified by 13.7.4.3.2.1 through
+13.7.4.3.2.3, line-type heat detectors shall be located on the
+ceiling or on the sidewalls not more than 20 in. (500 mm)
+from the ceiling. [72:5.6.3.2]
+13.7.4.3.2.1 In the case of solid joist construction, detectors
+shall be mounted at the bottom of the joists. [72:5.6.3.2.1]
+13.7.4.3.2.2 In the case of beam construction where beams
+are less than 12 in. (300 mm) in depth and less than 8 ft
+(2.4 m) on center, detectors shall be permitted to be installed
+on the bottom of beams. [72:5.6.3.2.2]
+13.7.4.3.2.3 Where a line-type detector is used in an applica-
+tion other than open area protection, the manufacturer’s pub-
+lished instructions shall be followed. [72:5.6.3.2.3]
+13.7.4.3.3* Spot-Type Smoke Detectors.
+13.7.4.3.3.1* Spot-type smoke detectors shall be located on
+the ceiling not less than 4 in. (100 mm) from a sidewall to the
+near edge or, if on a sidewall, between 4 in. and 12 in.
+(100 mm and 300 mm) down from the ceiling to the top of the
+detector. [72:5.7.3.2.1]
+13.7.4.3.3.2* To minimize dust contamination, smoke detectors,
+where installed under raised floors, shall be mounted only in an
+orientation for which they have been listed. [72:5.7.3.2.2]
+13.7.4.3.3.3 On smooth ceilings, spacing for spot-type smoke
+detectors shall be in accordance with 13.7.4.3.3.3.1 through
+13.7.4.3.3.3.5. [72:5.7.3.2.3]
+13.7.4.3.3.3.1* In the absence of specific performance-based
+design criteria, smoke detectors shall be permitted to be lo-
+cated using 30 ft (9.1 m) spacing. [72:5.7.3.2.3.1]
+The text of 13.7.4.3.3.3.1 has been revised by a tentative interim
+amendment (TIA). [72:5.7.3.2.3.1]
+13.7.4.3.3.3.2 In all cases, the manufacturer’s published in-
+structions shall be followed. [72:5.7.3.2.3.2]
+13.7.4.3.3.3.3 Other spacing shall be permitted to be used
+depending on ceiling height, different conditions, or re-
+sponse requirements. [72:5.7.3.2.3.3]
+13.7.4.3.3.3.4 For the detection of flaming fires, the guide-
+lines in Annex B shall be permitted to be used. [72:5.7.3.2.3.4]
+13.7.4.3.3.3.5* For smooth ceilings, all points on the ceiling
+shall have a detector within a distance equal to 0.7 times the
+selected spacing. [72:5.7.3.2.3.5]
+13.7.4.3.3.4* For solid joist and beam construction, spacing
+for spot-type smoke detectors shall be in accordance with
+13.7.4.3.3.4.1 through 13.7.4.3.3.4.5. [72:5.7.3.2.4]
+13.7.4.3.3.4.1 Solid joists shall be considered equivalent to
+beams for smoke detector spacing guidelines. [72:5.7.3.2.4.1]
+13.7.4.3.3.4.2 For level ceilings the following shall apply:
+(1) For ceilings with beam depths of less than 10 percent of
+the ceiling height (0.1H), smooth ceiling spacing shall be
+permitted.
+(2) For ceilings with beam depths equal to or greater than
+10 percent of the ceiling height (0.1H) and beam spacing
+equal to or greater than 40 percent of the ceiling height
+(0.4H), spot-type detectors shall be located on the ceiling
+in each beam pocket.
+(3)*For waffle- or pan-type ceilings with beams or solid joists
+no greater than 24 in. (600 mm) deep and no greater
+than 12 ft (3.66 m) center-to-center spacing, the following
+shall be permitted:
+(a) Smooth ceiling spacing including those provisions
+permitted for irregular areas in 5.6.5.1.2 of NFPA 72,
+substituting “selected spacing” for “listed spacing”
+(b) Location of spot-type smoke detectors on ceilings or
+on the bottom of beams
+(4)*For corridors 15 ft (4.5 m) in width or less having ceiling
+beams or solid joists perpendicular to the corridor length,
+the following shall be permitted:
+(a) Smooth ceiling spacing including those provisions
+permitted for irregular areas in 5.6.5.1.2 of NFPA 72,
+substituting “selected spacing” for “listed spacing”
+(b) Location of spot-type smoke detectors on ceilings,
+sidewalls, or the bottom of beams or solid joists
+(5) For rooms of 900 ft 2 (84 m2) area or less, only one smoke
+detector shall be required. [72:5.7.3.2.4.2]
+13.7.4.3.3.4.3* For sloped ceilings with beams running paral-
+lel to (up) the slope, spacing shall comply with the following:
+(1) The spacing for level beamed ceilings shall be used.
+(2) The ceiling height shall be taken as the average height
+over slope.
+1–121FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(3) For slopes greater than 10 degrees, the detectors located at
+one-half the spacing from the low end shall not be required.
+(4) Spacings shall be measured along a horizontal projection
+of the ceilings. [72:5.7.3.2.4.3]
+13.7.4.3.3.4.4 For sloped ceilings with beams running per-
+pendicular to (across) the slope, spacing shall comply with the
+following:
+(1) The spacing for level beamed ceilings shall be used.
+(2) The ceiling height shall be taken as the average height
+over slope. [72:5.7.3.2.4.4]
+13.7.4.3.3.4.5 For sloped ceilings with solid joists, the detec-
+tors shall be located on the bottom of the joist. [72:5.7.3.2.4.5]
+13.7.4.3.4 Air Sampling–Type Smoke Detector.
+13.7.4.3.4.1 Each sampling port of an air sampling–type
+smoke detector shall be treated as a spot-type detector for the
+purpose of location and spacing. [72:5.7.3.3.1]
+13.7.4.3.4.2 Maximum air sample transport time from the
+farthest sampling port to the detector shall not exceed 120 sec-
+onds. [72:5.7.3.3.2]
+13.7.4.3.4.3* Sampling pipe networks shall be designed on the
+basis of, and shall be supported by, sound fluid dynamic prin-
+ciples to ensure required performance. [72:5.7.3.3.3]
+13.7.4.3.4.4 Sampling pipe network design details shall in-
+clude calculations showing the flow characteristics of the pipe
+network and each sample port. [72:5.7.3.3.4]
+13.7.4.3.4.5 Air-sampling detectors shall give a trouble signal
+if the airflow is outside the manufacturer’s specified range.
+[72:5.7.3.3.5]
+13.7.4.3.4.6* The sampling ports and in-line filter, if used,
+shall be kept clear in accordance with the manufacturer’s pub-
+lished instructions. [72:5.7.3.3.6]
+13.7.4.3.4.7 Air-sampling network piping and fittings shall be
+airtight and permanently fixed. [72:5.7.3.3.7]
+13.7.4.3.4.8 Sampling system piping shall be conspicuously
+identified as “SMOKE DETECTOR SAMPLING TUBE — DO
+NOT DISTURB,” as follows:
+(1) At changes in direction or branches of piping
+(2) At each side of penetrations of walls, floors, or other bar-
+riers
+(3) At intervals on piping that provide visibility within the
+space, but no greater than 6 m (20 ft) [72:5.7.3.3.8]
+13.7.4.3.5* Projected Beam–Type Smoke Detectors.
+13.7.4.3.5.1 Projected beam–type smoke detectors shall be
+located in accordance with the manufacturer’s published in-
+structions. [72:5.7.3.4.1]
+13.7.4.3.5.2 The effects of stratification shall be evaluated
+when locating the detectors. [72:5.7.3.4.2]
+13.7.4.3.5.3 The beam length shall not exceed the maximum
+permitted by the equipment listing. [72:5.7.3.4.3]
+13.7.4.3.5.4 If mirrors are used with projected beams, the
+mirrors shall be installed in accordance with the manufactur-
+er’s published instructions. [72:5.7.3.4.4]
+13.7.4.3.5.5 A projected beam–type smoke detector shall be
+considered equivalent to a row of spot-type smoke detectors
+for level and sloping ceiling applications. [72:5.7.3.4.5]
+13.7.4.3.5.6 Projected beam–type detectors and mirrors shall
+be mounted on stable surfaces to prevent false or erratic op-
+eration due to movement. [72:5.7.3.4.6]
+13.7.4.3.5.7 The beam shall be designed so that small angu-
+lar movements of the light source or receiver do not prevent
+operation due to smoke and do not cause nuisance alarms.
+[72:5.7.3.4.7]
+13.7.4.3.5.8* The light path of projected beam–type detectors
+shall be kept clear of opaque obstacles at all times. [72:5.7.3.4.8]
+13.7.4.3.6 For solid joist and beam construction, spacing for
+spot-type smoke detectors shall be in accordance with
+5.7.3.2.4.1 through 5.7.3.2.4.5 of NFPA 72.[ 72:5.7.3.2.4]
+13.7.4.3.7 For sloped ceilings with solid joists, the detectors
+shall be located on the bottom of the joist. [72:5.7.3.2.4.5]
+13.7.4.3.8 Projected Beam-Type Smoke Detectors.Projected
+beam–type smoke detectors shall be located in accordance
+with the manufacturer’s published instructions. [72:5.7.3.4.1]
+13.7.4.3.9 The effects of stratification shall be evaluated
+when locating the detectors. [72:5.7.3.4.2]
+13.7.4.3.10 Detectors shall not be installed until after the
+construction cleanup of all trades is complete and final.
+Exception: Where required by the AHJ for protection during construc-
+tion. Detectors that have been installed during construction and found
+to have a sensitivity outside the listed and marked sensitivity range
+shall be cleaned or replaced in accordance with Chapter 10 of NFPA 72
+at completion of construction. [72:5.7.1.11]
+13.7.4.3.11 Ceiling Tiles and Ceiling Assemblies.Where auto-
+matic detectors are installed, ceilings necessary for the proper
+actuation of the fire protection device in accordance with
+NFPA 72 shall be maintained.
+13.7.4.3.12 High Air Movement Areas.
+13.7.4.3.12.1 Location. Smoke detectors shall not be located
+directly in the airstream of supply registers. [72:5.7.5.3.2]
+13.7.4.3.12.2* Spacing.Smoke detector spacing shall be in ac-
+cordance with Table 5.7.5.3.3 and Figure 5.7.5.3.3 ofNFPA 72.
+Exception: Air-sampling or projected beam smoke detectors installed
+in accordance with the manufacturer’s published instructions.
+[72:5.7.5.3.3]
+13.7.4.4 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance.
+13.7.4.4.1 The inspection, testing, and maintenance for fire
+alarm and fire detection systems shall be in accordance with
+Chapter 10 of NFPA 72.
+13.7.4.5 Heat Detectors.
+13.7.4.5.1 Fixed-Temperature, Rate-of-Rise, Rate-of-Compensa-
+tion, Restorable Line, Spot Type (Excluding Pneumatic Tube
+Type).Heat test shall be performed with a heat source per the
+manufacturer’s published inspections for response within 1
+minute. A test method shall be used that is specified in the
+published manufacturer’s instructions for the installed equip-
+ment, or other method shall be used that will not damage the
+nonrestorable fixed-temperature element of a combination
+rate-of-rise/fixed-temperature element detector. [ 72: Table
+10.4.2.2, 14(d)1]
+13.7.4.5.2 Fixed-Temperature, Nonrestorable Line Type.Heat
+test shall not be performed. Functionality shall be tested me-
+chanically and electrically. Loop resistance shall be measured
+1–122 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+and recorded. Changes from acceptance test shall be investi-
+gated. [72: Table 10.4.2.2, 14(d)2]
+13.7.4.5.3 Nonrestorable (General). Heat tests shall not be
+performed. Functionality shall be tested mechanically and
+electrically. [72: Table 10.4.2.2, 14(d)4]
+13.7.4.5.4 Restorable Line Type, Pneumatic Tube Only.Heat
+tests shall be performed (where test chambers are in circuit),
+or a test with pressure pump shall be conducted. [ 72: Table
+10.4.2.2, 14(d)5]
+13.7.4.6 Smoke Detectors.
+13.7.4.6.1 In Other than One- and Two-Family Dwellings, Sys-
+tem Detectors and Single-Station Smoke Alarms.The detec-
+tors shall be tested in place to ensure smoke entry into the
+sensing chamber and an alarm response. Testing with smoke
+or listed aerosol approved by the manufacturer shall be per-
+mitted as acceptable test methods. Other methods listed in the
+manufacturer’s published instructions that ensure smoke en-
+try into the sensing chamber shall be permitted. Any of the
+following tests shall be performed to ensure that each smoke
+detector is within its listed and marked sensitivity range:
+(1) Calibrated test method
+(2) Manufacturer’s calibrated sensitivity test instrument
+(3) Listed control equipment arranged for the purpose
+(4) Smoke detector/control unit arrangement whereby the
+detector causes a signal at the control unit when its sensi-
+tivity is outside its listed sensitivity range
+(5) Other calibrated sensitivity test method approved by the
+AHJ [72: Table 10.4.2.2, 14(g)1]
+13.7.4.6.2 Projected Beam Type.The detector shall be tested
+by introducing smoke, other aerosol, or an optical filter into
+the beam path. [72: Table 10.4.2.2, 14(g)5]
+13.7.4.6.3 A functional test shall be performed on all smoke
+detectors upon initial installation and at least annually as re-
+quired by Table 13.7.3.2.4. [72: Table 10.4.4, 15(h)]
+13.7.4.7* In other than one- and two-family dwellings, sensitiv-
+ity of smoke detectors and single- and multiple-station smoke
+alarms shall be tested in accordance with 13.7.4.7.1 through
+13.7.4.7.6. [72:10.4.4.2]
+13.7.4.7.1 Sensitivity shall be checked within 1 year after in-
+stallation. [72:10.4.4.2.1]
+13.7.4.7.2 Sensitivity shall be checked every alternate year
+thereafter unless otherwise permitted by compliance with
+13.7.4.7.3. [72:10.4.4.2.2]
+13.7.4.7.3 After the second required calibration test, if sensi-
+tivity tests indicate that the device has remained within its
+listed and marked sensitivity range (or 4 percent obscuration
+light gray smoke, if not marked), the length of time between
+calibration tests shall be permitted to be extended to a maxi-
+mum of 5 years. [72:10.4.4.2.3]
+13.7.4.7.3.1 If the frequency is extended, records of nuisance
+alarms and subsequent trends of these alarms shall be main-
+tained. [72:10.4.4.2.3.1]
+13.7.4.7.3.2 In zones or in areas where nuisance alarms show
+any increase over the previous year, calibration tests shall be
+performed. [72:10.4.4.2.3.2]
+13.7.4.7.4 To ensure that each smoke detector or smoke
+alarm is within its listed and marked sensitivity range, it shall
+be tested using any of the following methods:
+(1) Calibrated test method
+(2) Manufacturer’s calibrated sensitivity test instrument
+(3) Listed control equipment arranged for the purpose
+(4) Smoke detector/fire alarm control unit arrangement
+whereby the detector causes a signal at the fire alarm control
+unit where its sensitivity is outside its listed sensitivity range
+(5) Other calibrated sensitivity test methods approved by the
+AHJ [72:10.4.4.2.4]
+13.7.4.7.5 Detectors or smoke alarms found to have a sensi-
+tivity outside the listed and marked sensitivity range shall be
+cleaned and recalibrated or be replaced.
+Exception: Devices listed as field adjustable shall be permitted to be
+either adjusted within the listed and marked sensitivity range and
+cleaned and recalibrated, or they shall be replaced. [72:10.4.4.2.5]
+13.7.4.7.6 The detector or smoke alarm sensitivity shall not
+be tested or measured using any device that administers an
+unmeasured concentration of smoke or other aerosol into the
+detector or smoke alarm. [72:10.4.4.2.6]
+13.8 Other Fire Protection Systems.Where other fire protec-
+tion systems are required to be installed by the provisions of
+this Code, or are installed with the approval of the AHJ as an
+alternative or equivalency, the design and installation of the
+system shall comply with the appropriate standards listed in
+Table 13.8. The system shall be tested and maintained in ac-
+cordance with Section 10.4.
+Chapter 14 Means of Egress
+14.1 Application. Means of egress in new and existing build-
+ings shall comply with this Code and NFPA101, Life Safety Code.
+14.2 Exit Access Corridors.Corridors used as exit access and
+serving an area having an occupant load exceeding 30 shall be
+separated from other parts of the building by walls having not
+less than a 1-hour fire resistance rating in accordance with
+Section 12.7, unless otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) This requirement shall not apply to existing buildings, pro-
+vided that the occupancy classification does not change.
+(2) This requirement shall not apply where otherwise provided
+in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.1.3.1]
+14.3 Exits.
+14.3.1 Where this Code requires an exit to be separated from
+other parts of the building, the separating construction shall
+meet the requirements of Section 8.2 of NFPA 101 and the
+following:
+(1)*The separation shall have a minimum 1-hour fire resis-
+tance rating where the exit connects three or fewer stories.
+(2)*The separation shall have a minimum 2-hour fire resis-
+tance rating where the exit connects four or more sto-
+ries, unless one of the following conditions exists:
+(a) In existing non-high-rise buildings, existing exit
+stair enclosures shall have a minimum 1-hour fire
+resistance rating.
+(b) In existing buildings protected throughout by an
+approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system
+in accordance with Section 13.3, existing exit stair
+enclosures shall have a minimum 1-hour fire resis-
+tance rating.
+(c) The minimum 1-hour enclosures in accordance with
+28.2.2.1.2, 29.2.2.1.2, 30.2.2.1.2, and 31.2.2.1.2 of
+NFPA101 shall be permitted as an alternative to the
+requirement of 14.3.1(2).
+1–123MEANS OF EGRESS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(3)*In other than approved existing installations, the separa-
+tion shall achieve the fire resistance rating specified in
+14.3.1(1) or 14.3.1(2) without the use of automatic
+sprinklers or any other fire suppression system as part of
+the fire barrier assembly.
+(4) The minimum 2-hour fire resistance–rated separation
+required by 14.3.1(2) shall be constructed of an assem-
+bly of noncombustible or limited-combustible materials
+and shall be supported by construction having a mini-
+mum 2-hour fire resistance rating, unless otherwise per-
+mitted by 14.3.1(6).
+(5)*Structural elements, or portions thereof, that support exit
+components and either penetrate into a fire resistance–
+rated assembly or are installed within a fire resistance–
+rated wall assembly shall be protected, as a minimum to the
+fire resistance rating required by 14.3.1(1) or 14.3.1(2).
+(6) In Type III, Type IV , and Type V construction, as defined
+in NFPA 220,Standard on Types of Building Construction (see
+8.2.1.2 of NFPA 101) , fire-retardant-treated wood en-
+closed in noncombustible or limited-combustible mate-
+rials shall be permitted.
+(7) Openings in the separation shall be protected by fire
+door assemblies equipped with door closers complying
+with 14.5.4.
+(8)*Openings in exit enclosures shall be limited to door as-
+semblies from normally occupied spaces and corridors
+and door assemblies for egress from the enclosure, un-
+less one of the following conditions exists:
+(a) Openings in exit passageways in mall buildings as
+provided in Chapters 36 and 37 of NFPA101 shall be
+permitted.
+(b) In buildings of Type I or Type II construction, as
+defined in NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building
+Construction (see 8.2.1.2 of NFPA 101), existing fire
+protection–rated door assemblies to interstitial
+spaces shall be permitted, provided that such spaces
+meet all of the following criteria:
+i. The space is used solely for distribution of pipes,
+ducts, and conduits.
+ii. The space contains no storage.
+iii. The space is separated from the exit enclosure in
+accordance with Section 12.7.
+(c) Existing openings to mechanical equipment spaces
+protected by approved existing fire protection–
+rated door assemblies shall be permitted, provided
+that the following criteria are met:
+i. The space is used solely for non-fuel-fired mechani-
+cal equipment.
+ii. The space contains no storage of combustible ma-
+terials.
+iii. The building is protected throughout by an ap-
+proved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in ac-
+cordance with Section 13.3.
+(9) Penetrations into, and openings through, an exit enclo-
+sure assembly shall be limited to the following:
+(a) Doors permitted by 14.3.1(8)
+(b)*Electrical conduit serving the stairway
+(c) Required exit doors
+(d) Ductwork and equipment necessary for indepen-
+dent stair pressurization
+(e) Water or steam piping necessary for the heating or
+cooling of the exit enclosure
+(f) Sprinkler piping
+(g) Standpipes
+(h) Existing penetrations protected in accordance with
+12.7.5
+(i) Penetrations for fire alarm circuits, where the cir-
+cuits are installed in metal conduit and the penetra-
+tions are protected in accordance with 12.7.5
+(10) Penetrations or communicating openings shall be pro-
+hibited between adjacent exit enclosures. [101:7.1.3.2.1]
+14.3.2 An exit enclosure shall provide a continuous pro-
+tected path of travel to an exit discharge. [101:7.1.3.2.2]
+14.3.3* An exit enclosure shall not be used for any purpose that
+has the potential to interfere with its use as an exit and, if so
+designated, as an area of refuge.(See also 14.6.3.)[101:7.1.3.2.3]
+14.4 Means of Egress Reliability.
+14.4.1* General.Means of egress shall be continuously main-
+tained free of all obstructions or impediments to full instant
+use in the case of fire or other emergency. [101:7.1.10.1]
+Table 13.8 Other Required Fire Protection Systems
+Type of System NFPA Standard
+Low-, medium-, and high-
+expansion foam systems
+NFPA 11, Standard for Low-,
+Medium-, and
+High-Expansion Foam
+Carbon dioxide systems NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon
+Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
+Halon 1301 systems NFPA 12A, Standard on Halon
+1301 Fire Extinguishing
+Systems
+Sprinklers in one- and
+two-family dwellings
+and manufactured homes
+NFPA 13D, Standard for the
+Installation of Sprinkler
+Systems in One- and
+Two-Family Dwellings and
+Manufactured Homes
+Sprinklers in residential
+occupancies up to and
+including four stories
+in height
+NFPA 13R, Standard for the
+Installation of Sprinkler
+Systems in Residential
+Occupancies up to and
+Including Four Stories in
+Height
+Water spray systems NFPA 15, Standard for Water
+Spray Fixed Systems for Fire
+Protection
+Deluge foam-water sprinkler,
+foam-water spray
+systems, and closed-head
+foam-water sprinkler
+systems
+NFPA 16, Standard for the
+Installation of Foam-Water
+Sprinkler and Foam-Water
+Spray Systems
+Dry chemical extinguishing
+systems
+NFPA 17, Standard for Dry
+Chemical Extinguishing
+Systems
+Wet chemical extinguishing
+systems
+NFPA 17A, Standard for Wet
+Chemical Extinguishing
+Systems
+Water mist systems NFPA 750, Standard on Water
+Mist Fire Protection Systems
+Clean agent
+fire-extinguishing
+systems
+NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean
+Agent Fire Extinguishing
+Systems
+1–124 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+14.4.2 Furnishings and Decorations in Means of Egress.
+14.4.2.1 No furnishings, decorations, or other objects shall
+obstruct exits or their access thereto, egress therefrom, or vis-
+ibility thereof. [101:7.1.10.2.1]
+14.4.2.2 No obstruction by railings, barriers, or gates shall
+divide the means of egress into sections appurtenant to indi-
+vidual rooms, apartments, or other occupied spaces. Where
+the AHJ finds the required path of travel to be obstructed by
+furniture or other movable objects, the authority shall be per-
+mitted to require that such objects be secured out of the way
+or shall be permitted to require that railings or other perma-
+nent barriers be installed to protect the path of travel against
+encroachment. [101:7.1.10.2.2]
+14.4.2.3 Mirrors shall not be placed on exit door leaves. Mir-
+rors shall not be placed in or adjacent to any exit in such a
+manner as to confuse the direction of egress. [101:7.1.10.2.3]
+14.4.2.4 Every door opening and every principal entrance that
+is required to serve as an exit shall be designed and constructed
+so that the path of egress travel is obvious and direct. Windows
+that, because of their physical configuration or design and the
+materials used in their construction, have the potential to be mis-
+taken for door openings shall be made inaccessible to the occu-
+pants by barriers or railings. [101:7.2.1.1.2]
+14.4.3 Impediments to Egress.Any device or alarm installed
+to restrict the improper use of a means of egress shall be de-
+signed and installed so that it cannot, even in case of failure,
+impede or prevent emergency use of such means of egress
+unless otherwise provided in 14.5.3 and Chapters 18, 19, 22,
+and 23 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.1.9]
+14.5 Door Openings.
+14.5.1 Swing and Force to Open.
+14.5.1.1* Swinging-Type Door Assembly Requirement. Any
+door assembly in a means of egress shall be of the side-hinged
+or pivoted-swinging type, and shall be installed to be capable
+of swinging from any position to the full required width of the
+opening in which it is installed, unless otherwise specified as
+follows:
+(1) Door assemblies in dwelling units, as provided in Chapter
+24 of NFPA101, shall be permitted.
+(2) Door assemblies in residential board and care occupan-
+cies, as provided in Chapters 32 and 33 of NFPA101, shall
+be permitted.
+(3) Where permitted in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101,
+horizontal-sliding or vertical-rolling security grilles or
+door assemblies that are part of the required means of
+egress shall be permitted, provided that they meet the
+following criteria:
+(a) Such grilles or door assemblies shall remain secured
+in the fully open position during the period of occu-
+pancy by the general public.
+(b) On or adjacent to the grille or door opening, there shall
+be a readily visible, durable sign in letters not less than
+1 in. (25 mm) high on a contrasting background that
+reads as follows: THIS DOOR TO REMAIN OPEN
+WHEN THE BUILDING IS OCCUPIED.
+(c) Door leaves or grilles shall not be brought to the
+closed position when the space is occupied.
+(d) Door leaves or grilles shall be operable from within
+the space without the use of any special knowledge or
+effort.
+(e) Where two or more means of egress are required, not
+more than half of the means of egress shall be equipped
+with horizontal-sliding or vertical-rolling grilles or door
+assemblies.
+(4) Horizontal-sliding door assemblies shall be permitted un-
+der any of the following conditions:
+(a) Horizontal-sliding door assemblies in detention and
+correctional occupancies, as provided in Chapters 22
+and 23 of NFPA101, shall be permitted.
+(b) Horizontal-sliding door assemblies complying with
+7.2.1.14 of NFPA101 shall be permitted.
+(c) Unless prohibited by Chapters 11 through 43 of
+NFPA101, horizontal-sliding door assemblies serving
+a room or area with an occupant load of fewer than
+10 shall be permitted, provided that all of the follow-
+ing criteria are met:
+i. The area served by the door assembly has no
+high hazard contents.
+ii. The door assembly is readily operable from ei-
+ther side without special knowledge or effort.
+iii. The force required to operate the door assem-
+bly in the direction of door leaf travel is not
+more than 30 lbf (133 N) to set the door leaf in
+motion and is not more than 15 lbf (67 N) to
+close the door assembly or open it to the mini-
+mum required width.
+iv. The door assembly complies with any required
+fire protection rating, and, where rated, is self-
+closing or automatic-closing by means of smoke
+detection in accordance with 14.5.4 and is in-
+stalled in accordance with NFPA 80,Standard for
+Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives.
+v. Corridor door assemblies required to be self-
+latching shall have a latch or other mechanism
+that ensures that the door leaf will not rebound
+into a partially open position if forcefully closed.
+(d) Where private garages, business areas, industrial ar-
+eas, and storage areas with an occupant load not ex-
+ceeding 10 contain only low or ordinary hazard con-
+tents, door openings to such areas and private
+garages shall be permitted to be horizontal-sliding
+door assemblies.
+(5) Where private garages, business areas, industrial areas, and
+storage areas with an occupant load not exceeding 10 con-
+tain only low or ordinary hazard contents, door openings to
+such areas and private garages shall be permitted to be
+vertical-rolling door assemblies.
+(6) Revolving door assemblies complying with 7.2.1.10 of
+NFPA101 shall be permitted.
+(7) Existing fusible link–operated horizontal-sliding or vertical-
+rolling fire door assemblies shall be permitted to be used
+as provided in Chapters 39, 40, and 42 of NFPA 101.
+[101:7.2.1.4.1]
+14.5.1.2 Door Leaf Swing Direction.Door leaves required to
+be of the side-hinged or pivoted-swinging type shall swing in the
+direction of egress travel under any of the following conditions:
+(1) Where serving a room or area with an occupant load of 50
+or more, except under the following conditions:
+1–125MEANS OF EGRESS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(a) Door leaves in horizontal exits shall not be required
+to swing in the direction of egress travel where per-
+mitted by 7.2.4.3.8.1 or 7.2.4.3.8.2 of NFPA101.
+(b) Door leaves in smoke barriers shall not be required to
+swing in the direction of egress travel in existing
+health care occupancies, as provided in Chapter 19 of
+NFPA101.
+(2) Where the door assembly is used in an exit enclosure,
+unless the door opening serves an individual living unit
+that opens directly into an exit enclosure
+(3) Where the door opening serves a high hazard contents
+area
+[101:7.2.1.4.2]
+14.5.1.3* Door Leaf Encroachment.
+14.5.1.3.1 During its swing, any door leaf in a means of egress
+shall leave not less than one-half of the required width of an
+aisle, a corridor, a passageway, or a landing unobstructed and
+shall project not more than 7 in. (180 mm) into the required
+width of an aisle, a corridor, a passageway, or a landing, when
+fully open, unless both of the following conditions are met:
+(1) The door opening provides access to a stair in an existing
+building.
+(2) The door opening meets the requirement that limits pro-
+jection to not more than 7 in. (180 mm) into the required
+width of the stair landing when the door leaf is fully open.
+[101:7.2.1.4.3.1]
+14.5.1.3.2 Surface-mounted latch release hardware on the
+door leaf shall be exempt from being included in the maxi-
+mum 7 in. (180 mm) projection requirement of 14.5.1.3.1,
+provided that both of the following criteria are met:
+(1) The hardware is mounted to the side of the door leaf that
+faces the aisle, corridor, passageway, or landing when the
+door leaf is in the open position.
+(2) The hardware is mounted not less than 34 in. (865 mm),
+and not more than 48 in. (1220 mm), above the floor.
+[101:7.2.1.4.3.2]
+14.5.1.4 ScreenDoor Assemblies and Storm Door Assemblies.
+Screen door assemblies and storm door assemblies used in a
+means of egress shall be subject to the requirements for direc-
+tion of swing that are applicable to other door assemblies used
+in a means of egress. [101:7.2.1.4.4]
+14.5.1.5 Door Leaf Operating Forces.The forces required to
+fully open any door leaf manually in a means of egress shall not
+exceed 15 lbf (67 N) to release the latch, 30 lbf (133 N) to set the
+leaf in motion, and 15 lbf (67 N) to open the leaf to the mini-
+mum required width, unless otherwise specified as follows:
+(1) The forces specified in 14.5.1.5 shall be applied to the
+latch stile.
+(2) The opening forces for interior side-hinged or pivoted-
+swinging door leaves without closers shall not exceed 5 lbf
+(22 N).
+(3) The opening forces for existing door leaves in existing
+buildings shall not exceed 50 lbf (222 N) applied to the
+latch stile.
+(4) The opening forces for horizontal-sliding door leaves in
+detention and correctional occupancies shall be as pro-
+vided in Chapters 22 and 23 of NFPA101.
+(5) The opening forces for power-operated door leaves shall
+be as provided in 7.2.1.9 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.2.1.4.5]
+14.5.2 Locks, Latches, and Alarm Devices.
+14.5.2.1 Door leaves shall be arranged to be opened readily
+from the egress side whenever the building is occupied.
+[101:7.2.1.5.1]
+14.5.2.2 Locks, if provided, shall not require the use of a key,
+a tool, or special knowledge or effort for operation from the
+egress side. [101:7.2.1.5.2]
+14.5.2.3 The requirements of 14.5.2.1 and 14.5.2.2 shall not
+apply where otherwise provided in Chapters 18 through 23 of
+NFPA101.[ 101:7.2.1.5.3]
+14.5.2.4 Key-Operated Locks.
+14.5.2.4.1 Exterior door assemblies shall be permitted to
+have key-operated locks from the egress side, provided that
+the following criteria are met:
+(1) This alternative is permitted in Chapters 11 through 43 of
+NFPA101 for the specific occupancy.
+(2) A readily visible, durable sign in letters not less than 1 in.
+(25 mm) high on a contrasting background that reads as
+follows is located on or adjacent to the door: THIS DOOR
+TO REMAIN UNLOCKED WHEN THE BUILDING IS
+OCCUPIED
+(3) The locking device is of a type that is readily distinguish-
+able as locked.
+(4) A key is immediately available to any occupant inside the
+building when it is locked. [101:7.2.1.5.4.1]
+14.5.2.4.2 The alternative provisions of 14.5.2.4.1 shall be per-
+mitted to be revoked by the AHJ for cause. [101:7.2.1.5.4.2]
+14.5.2.5 Electrically Controlled Egress Door Assemblies.Door
+assemblies in the means of egress shall be permitted to be
+electrically locked if equipped with approved, listed hardware
+that incorporates a built-in switch, provided that the following
+conditions are met:
+(1) The hardware for occupant release of the lock is affixed to
+the door leaf.
+(2) The hardware has an obvious method of operation that is
+readily operated in the direction of egress.
+(3) The hardware is capable of being operated with one hand
+in the direction of egress.
+(4) Operation of the hardware interrupts the power supply
+directly to the electric lock and unlocks the door assembly
+in the direction of egress.
+(5) Loss of power to the hardware automatically unlocks the
+door assembly in the direction of egress.
+[101:7.2.1.5.5]
+14.5.2.6 Where permitted in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA
+101, key operation shall be permitted, provided that the key can-
+not be removed when the door leaf is locked from the side from
+which egress is to be made. [101:7.2.1.5.6]
+14.5.2.7* Every door assembly in a stair enclosure serving
+more than four stories, unless permitted by 14.5.2.7.2, shall
+meet one of the following conditions:
+(1) Re-entry from the stair enclosure to the interior of the
+building shall be provided.
+(2) An automatic release that is actuated with the initiation of
+the building fire alarm system shall be provided to unlock
+all stair enclosure door assemblies to allow re-entry.
+(3) Selected re-entry shall be provided in accordance with
+14.5.2.7.1. [101:7.2.1.5.7]
+1–126 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+14.5.2.7.1 Door assemblies on stair enclosures shall be per-
+mitted to be equipped with hardware that prevents re-entry
+into the interior of the building, provided that the following
+criteria are met:
+(1) There shall be not less than two levels where it is possible
+to leave the stair enclosure to access another exit.
+(2) There shall be not more than four stories intervening be-
+tween stories where it is possible to leave the stair enclo-
+sure to access another exit.
+(3) Re-entry shall be possible on the top story or next-to-top
+story served by the stair enclosure, and such story shall
+allow access to another exit.
+(4) Door assemblies allowing re-entry shall be identified as
+such on the stair side of the door leaf.
+(5) Door assemblies not allowing re-entry shall be provided
+with a sign on the stair side indicating the location of the
+nearest door opening, in each direction of travel, that
+allows re-entry or exit. [101:7.2.1.5.7.1]
+14.5.2.7.2 The requirements of 14.5.2.7, except as provided
+in 14.5.2.7.3, shall not apply to the following:
+(1) Existing installations in buildings that are not high-rise
+buildings as permitted in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA
+101.
+(2) Existing installations in high-rise buildings as permitted
+in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA 101 where the occu-
+pancy is within a building protected throughout by an
+approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accor-
+dance with Section 13.3.
+(3) Existing approved stairwell re-entry installations as per-
+mitted by Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101.
+(4) Stair enclosures serving a building permitted to have a
+single exit in accordance with Chapters 11 through 43 of
+NFPA101.
+(5) Stair enclosures in health care occupancies where other-
+wise provided in Chapter 18 of NFPA101.
+(6) Stair enclosures in detention and correctional occupan-
+cies where otherwise provided in Chapter 22 of NFPA
+101.[101:7.2.1.5.7.2]
+14.5.2.7.3 When the provisions of 14.5.2.7.2 are used, signage
+on the stair door leaves shall be required as follows;
+(1) Door assemblies allowing re-entry shall be identified as
+such on the stair side of the door leaf.
+(2) Door assemblies not allowing re-entry shall be provided
+with a sign on the stair side indicating the location of the
+nearest door opening, in each direction of travel, that
+allows re-entry or exit.
+[101:7.2.1.5.7.3]
+14.5.2.8 If a stair enclosure allows access to the roof of the
+building, the door to the roof either shall be kept locked or
+shall allow re-entry from the roof. [101:7.2.1.5.8]
+14.5.2.9* A latch or other fastening device on a door leaf shall
+be provided with a releasing device that has an obvious
+method of operation and that is readily operated under all
+lighting conditions. [101:7.2.1.5.9]
+14.5.2.9.1 The releasing mechanism for any latch, other than
+existing installations, shall be located not less than 34 in.
+(865 mm), and not more than 48 in. (1220 mm), above the
+finished floor. [101:7.2.1.5.9.1]
+14.5.2.9.2 The releasing mechanism shall open the door leaf
+with not more than one releasing operation, unless otherwise
+specified in 14.5.2.9.3 and 14.5.2.9.4. [101:7.2.1.5.9.2]
+14.5.2.9.3* Egress door assemblies from individual living units
+and guest rooms of residential occupancies shall be permitted to
+be provided with devices, including automatic latching devices,
+that require not more than one additional releasing operation,
+provided that such device is operable from the inside without the
+use of a key or tool and is mounted at a height not exceeding
+48 in. (1220 mm) above the finished floor. [101:7.2.1.5.9.3]
+14.5.2.9.4 Existing security devices permitted by 14.5.2.9.3
+shall be permitted to have two additional releasing operations.
+[101:7.2.1.5.9.4]
+14.5.2.9.5 Existing security devices permitted by 14.5.2.9.3,
+other than automatic latching devices, shall be located not more
+than 60 in. (1525 mm) above the finished floor. [101:7.2.1.5.9.5]
+14.5.2.10 Where pairs of door leaves are required in a means
+of egress, one of the following criteria shall be met:
+(1) Each leaf of the pair shall be provided with a releasing
+device that does not depend on the release of one leaf
+before the other.
+(2) Approved automatic flush bolts shall be used and ar-
+ranged such that the following criteria are met:
+(a) The door leaf equipped with the automatic flush bolts
+shall have no doorknob or surface-mounted hardware.
+(b) Unlatching of any leaf shall not require more than
+one operation. [101:7.2.1.5.10]
+14.5.2.11* Devices shall not be installed in connection with
+any door assembly on which panic hardware or fire exit hard-
+ware is required where such devices prevent or are intended to
+prevent the free use of the leaf for purposes of egress, unless
+otherwise provided in 14.5.3. [101:7.2.1.5.11]
+14.5.3* Special Locking Arrangements.
+14.5.3.1 Delayed-Egress Locking Systems. Approved, listed,
+delayed-egress locking systems shall be permitted to be in-
+stalled on door assemblies serving low and ordinary hazard
+contents in buildings protected throughout by an approved,
+supervised automatic fire detection system in accordance with
+Section 13.7 or an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler
+system in accordance with Section 13.3, and where permitted
+in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA 101, provided that the
+following criteria are met:
+(1) The provisions of 14.5.3.2 for access-controlled egress
+door assemblies shall not apply to door assemblies with
+delayed-egress locking systems.
+(2) The door leaves shall unlock upon actuation of one of the
+following:
+(a) Approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in
+accordance with Section 13.3
+(b) Not more than one heat detector of an approved,
+supervised automatic fire detection system in accor-
+dance with Section 13.7
+(c) Not more than two smoke detectors of an approved,
+supervised automatic fire detection system in accor-
+dance with Section 13.7
+(3) The door leaves shall unlock upon loss of power control-
+ling the lock or locking mechanism.
+(4)*An irreversible process shall release the lock within 15 sec-
+onds, or 30 seconds where approved by the AHJ, upon
+application of a force to the release device required in
+14.5.2.9 under the following conditions:
+(a) The force shall not be required to exceed 15 lbf (67 N).
+1–127MEANS OF EGRESS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(b) The force shall not be required to be continuously
+applied for more than 3 seconds.
+(c) The initiation of the release process shall activate an
+audible signal in the vicinity of the door.
+(d) Once the lock has been released by the application of
+force to the releasing device, relocking shall be by
+manual means only.
+(5)*A readily visible, durable sign in letters not less than 1 in.
+(25 mm) high and not less than 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) in stroke
+width on a contrasting background that reads as follows
+shall be located on the door adjacent to the release de-
+vice: [101:7.2.1.6.1]
+PUSH UNTIL ALARM SOUNDS
+DOOR CAN BE OPENED IN 15 SECONDS
+14.5.3.2* Access-Controlled Egress Door Assemblies.Where
+permitted in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA 101, door as-
+semblies in the means of egress shall be permitted to be
+equipped with an approved entrance and egress access con-
+trol system, provided that the following criteria are met:
+(1) A sensor shall be provided on the egress side, arranged to
+detect an occupant approaching door leaves that are ar-
+ranged to unlock in the direction of egress upon detec-
+tion of an approaching occupant or loss of power to the
+sensor.
+(2) Loss of power to the part of the access control system that
+locks the door leaves shall automatically unlock the door
+leaves in the direction of egress.
+(3) Door leaves shall be arranged to unlock in the direction of
+egress from a manual release device located 40 in. to 48 in.
+(1015 mm to 1220 mm) vertically above the floor and within
+60 in. (1525 mm) of the secured door openings.
+(4) The manual release device specified in 14.5.3.2(3) shall
+be readily accessible and clearly identified by a sign that
+reads as follows: PUSH TO EXIT
+(5) When operated, the manual release device shall result in
+direct interruption of power to the lock — independent
+of the access control system electronics — and the door
+leaves shall remain unlocked for not less than 30 seconds.
+(6) Activation of the building fire-protective signaling system,
+if provided, shall automatically unlock the door leaves in
+the direction of egress, and they shall remain unlocked
+until the fire-protective signaling system has been manu-
+ally reset.
+(7) The activation of manual fire alarm boxes that activate the
+building fire-protective signaling system specified in
+14.5.3.2(6) shall not be required to unlock the door
+leaves.
+(8) Activation of the building automatic sprinkler or fire de-
+tection system, if provided, shall automatically unlock the
+door leaves in the direction of egress, and they shall re-
+main unlocked until the fire-protective signaling system
+has been manually reset. [101:7.2.1.6.2]
+14.5.3.3 Elevator Lobby Exit Access Door Assemblies Lock-
+ing. Where permitted in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101,
+door assemblies separating the elevator lobby from the exit ac-
+cess required by 14.9.1.6.1 shall be permitted to be electronically
+locked, provided that all the following criteria are met:
+(1) The electronic switch for releasing the lock is listed in
+accordance with UL 294,Standard for Access Control System
+Units.
+(2) The building is protected throughout by a fire alarm
+system in accordance with Section 13.7.
+(3) The building is protected throughout by an approved,
+supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance
+with Section 13.3.
+(4) Waterflow in the sprinkler system required by 14.5.3.3(3) is
+arranged to initiate the building fire alarm system.
+(5) The elevator lobby is protected by an approved, super-
+vised smoke detection system in accordance with Section
+13.7.
+(6) Detection of smoke by the detection system required by
+14.5.3.3(5) is arranged to initiate the building fire alarm
+system.
+(7) Initiation of the building fire alarm system by other than
+manual fire alarm boxes unlocks the elevator lobby door
+assembly.
+(8) Loss of power to the elevator lobby electronic lock sys-
+tem unlocks the elevator lobby door assemblies.
+(9) The elevator lobby electronic lock system is not supplied
+with emergency or standby electrical power.
+(10) Once unlocked, the elevator lobby door assemblies re-
+main unlocked until the building fire alarm system has
+been manually reset.
+(11) Where the elevator lobby door assemblies remain
+latched after being unlocked, latch-releasing hardware
+in accordance with 14.5.2.9 is affixed to the door leaves.
+(12) A two-way communication system is provided for com-
+munication between the elevator lobby and a central
+control point that is constantly staffed.
+(13) The central control point staff required by 14.5.3.3(12)
+is capable, trained, and authorized to provide emer-
+gency assistance.
+(14) The provisions of 14.5.3 for delayed-egress locking systems
+are not applied to the elevator lobby door assemblies.
+(15)*The provisions of 14.5.3.2 for access-controlled egress
+door assemblies are not applied to the elevator lobby
+door assemblies. [101:7.2.1.6.3]
+14.5.3.4 Panic Hardware and Fire Exit Hardware.
+14.5.3.4.1 Where a door assembly is required to be equipped
+with panic or fire exit hardware, such hardware shall meet the
+following criteria:
+(1) It shall consist of a cross bar or a push pad, the actuating
+portion of which extends across not less than one-half of
+the width of the door leaf.
+(2) It shall be mounted as follows:
+(a) New installations shall be not less than 34 in. (865 mm),
+nor more than 48 in. (1220 mm), above the floor.
+(b) Existing installations shall be not less than 30 in.
+(760 mm), nor more than 48 in. (1220 mm), above
+the floor.
+(3) It shall be constructed so that a horizontal force not to
+exceed 15 lbf (66 N) actuates the cross bar or push pad
+and latches. [101:7.2.1.7.1]
+14.5.3.4.2 Only approved panic hardware shall be used on
+door assemblies that are not fire-rated door assemblies. Only
+approved fire exit hardware shall be used on fire-rated door
+assemblies. [101:7.2.1.7.2]
+14.5.3.4.3 Required panic hardware and fire exit hardware,
+in other than detention and correctional occupancies as oth-
+1–128 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+erwise provided in Chapters 22 and 23 of NFPA 101, shall not
+be equipped with any locking device, set screw, or other ar-
+rangement that prevents the release of the latch when pres-
+sure is applied to the releasing device. [101:7.2.1.7.3]
+14.5.3.4.4 Devices that hold the latch in the retracted position
+shall be prohibited on fire exit hardware, unless such devices are
+listed and approved for such a purpose. [101:7.2.1.7.4]
+14.5.4 Self-Closing Devices.
+14.5.4.1* A door leaf normally required to be kept closed shall
+not be secured in the open position at any time and shall be
+self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 14.5.4.2,
+unless otherwise permitted by 14.5.4.3. [101:7.2.1.8.1]
+14.5.4.2 In any building of low or ordinary hazard contents,
+as defined in 3.3.132.2 and 3.3.132.3, or where approved by
+the AHJ, doors shall be permitted to be automatic-closing,
+provided that the following criteria are met:
+(1) Upon release of the hold-open mechanism, the leaf be-
+comes self-closing.
+(2) The release device is designed so that the leaf instantly
+releases manually and, upon release, becomes self-
+closing, or the leaf can be readily closed.
+(3) The automatic releasing mechanism or medium is acti-
+vated by the operation of approved smoke detectors in-
+stalled in accordance with the requirements for smoke
+detectors for door leaf release service in NFPA 72.
+(4) Upon loss of power to the hold-open device, the hold-
+open mechanism is released and the door leaf becomes
+self-closing.
+(5) The release by means of smoke detection of one door leaf
+in a stair enclosure results in closing all door leaves serv-
+ing that stair. [101:7.2.1.8.2]
+14.5.4.3 The elevator car doors and the associated hoistway
+enclosure doors at the floor level designated for recall in ac-
+cordance with the requirements of 11.3.1 shall be permitted to
+remain open during Phase I Emergency Recall Operation.
+[101:7.2.1.8.3]
+14.6 Enclosure and Protection of Stairs.
+14.6.1 Enclosures.
+14.6.1.1 All inside stairs serving as an exit or exit compo-
+nent shall be enclosed in accordance with Section 14.3.
+[101:7.2.2.5.1.1]
+14.6.1.2 Inside stairs, other than those serving as an exit or
+exit component, shall be protected in accordance with Sec-
+tion 8.6 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.2.2.5.1.2]
+14.6.1.3 In existing buildings, where a two-story exit enclo-
+sure connects the story of exit discharge with an adjacent story,
+the exit shall be permitted to be enclosed only on the story of
+exit discharge, provided that not less than 50 percent of the
+number and capacity of exits on the story of exit discharge are
+independent of such enclosures. [101:7.2.2.5.1.3]
+14.6.2* Exposures.
+14.6.2.1 Where nonrated walls or unprotected openings en-
+close the exterior of a stairway, other than an existing stairway,
+and the walls or openings are exposed by other parts of the
+building at an angle of less than 180 degrees, the building
+enclosure walls within 10 ft (3050 mm) horizontally of the
+nonrated wall or unprotected opening shall be constructed as
+required for stairway enclosures, including opening protec-
+tives. [101:7.2.2.5.2.1]
+14.6.2.2 Construction shall extend vertically from the ground
+to a point 10 ft (3050 mm) above the topmost landing of the
+stairs or to the roofline, whichever is lower. [101:7.2.2.5.2.2]
+14.6.2.3 The fire resistance rating of the separation extend-
+ing 10 ft (3050 mm) from the stairs shall not be required to
+exceed 1 hour where openings have not less than a 3⁄4-hour
+fire protection rating. [101:7.2.2.5.2.3]
+14.6.3* Usable Space.Enclosed, usable spaces, within exit en-
+closures shall be prohibited, including under stairs, unless
+otherwise permitted by 14.6.3.2. [101:7.2.2.5.3]
+14.6.3.1 Open space within the exit enclosure shall not be
+used for any purpose that has the potential to interfere with
+egress. [101:7.2.2.5.3.1]
+14.6.3.2 Enclosed, usable space shall be permitted under
+stairs, provided that the following criteria are met:
+(1) The space shall be separated from the stair enclosure by
+the same fire resistance as the exit enclosure.
+(2) Entrance to the enclosed, usable space shall not be from
+within the stair enclosure.(See also 14.3.3.)[101:7.2.2.5.3.2]
+14.7* Exit Passageways.
+14.7.1* General. Exit passageways used as exit components
+shall conform to the general requirements of Section 7.1 of
+NFPA 101 and to the special requirements of Section 14.7.
+[101:7.2.6.1]
+14.7.2 Enclosure. An exit passageway shall be separated from
+other parts of the building as specified in Section 14.3, and the
+following alternatives shall be permitted:
+(1) Fire windows in accordance with 12.7.3 shall be permitted
+to be installed in the separation in a building protected
+throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprin-
+kler system in accordance with Section 13.3.
+(2) Existing fixed wired glass panels in steel sash shall be per-
+mitted to be continued in use in the separation in build-
+ings protected throughout by an approved, supervised au-
+tomatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3.
+[101:7.2.6.2]
+14.7.3 Stair Discharge.An exit passageway that serves as a dis-
+charge from a stair enclosure shall have not less than the same
+fire resistance rating and opening protective fire protection
+rating as those required for the stair enclosure. [101:7.2.6.3]
+14.7.4 Width.
+14.7.4.1 The width of an exit passageway shall be sized to
+accommodate the aggregate required capacity of all exits that
+discharge through it, unless one of the following conditions
+applies:
+(1)*Where an exit passageway serves occupants of the level of
+exit discharge as well as other stories, the capacity shall
+not be required to be aggregated.
+(2) As provided in Chapters 36 and 37 of NFPA 101, an exit
+passageway in a mall building shall be permitted to ac-
+commodate occupant loads independently from the mall
+and the tenant spaces. (See 36.2.2.7.2 and 37.2.2.7.2 of
+NFPA101.) [101:7.2.6.4.1]
+1–129MEANS OF EGRESS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+14.7.4.2 In new construction, the minimum width of any exit
+passageway into which an exit stair discharges, or that serves as
+a horizontal transfer within an exit stair system, shall meet the
+following criteria:
+(1) The minimum width of the exit passageway shall be not
+less than two-thirds of the width of the exit stair.
+(2) Where stairs are credited with egress capacity in accor-
+dance with 14.8.3.2, the exit passageway width shall be
+sized to accommodate the same capacity as the stair, with
+such capacity determined by use of the capacity factors in
+Table 14.8.3.1.
+[101:7.2.6.4.2]
+14.8 Capacity of Means of Egress.
+14.8.1 Occupant Load.
+14.8.1.1 Sufficient Capacity.
+14.8.1.1.1 The total capacity of the means of egress for any
+story, balcony, tier, or other occupied space shall be sufficient
+for the occupant load thereof. [101:7.3.1.1.1]
+14.8.1.1.2 For other than existing means of egress, where
+more than one means of egress is required, the means of
+egress shall be of such width and capacity that the loss of any
+one means of egress leaves available not less than 50 percent
+of the required capacity. [101:7.3.1.1.2]
+14.8.1.2* Occupant Load Factor.The occupant load in any
+building or portion thereof shall be not less than the number
+of persons determined by dividing the floor area assigned to
+that use by the occupant load factor for that use as specified in
+Table 14.8.1.2, Figure 14.8.1.2(a), and Figure 14.8.1.2(b).
+Where both gross and net area figures are given for the same
+occupancy, calculations shall be made by applying the gross
+area figure to the gross area of the portion of the building
+devoted to the use for which the gross area figure is specified
+and by applying the net area figure to the net area of the
+portion of the building devoted to the use for which the net
+area figure is specified. [101:7.3.1.2]
+14.8.1.3 Occupant Load Increases.
+14.8.1.3.1 The occupant load in any building or portion
+thereof shall be permitted to be increased from the occupant
+load established for the given use in accordance with 14.8.1.2
+where all other requirements of this Code are also met, based
+on such increased occupant load. [101:7.3.1.3.1]
+14.8.1.3.2 The AHJ shall be permitted to require an ap-
+proved aisle, seating, or fixed equipment diagram to substan-
+tiate any increase in occupant load and shall be permitted to
+require that such a diagram be posted in an approved loca-
+tion. [101:7.3.1.3.2]
+14.8.1.4 Exits Serving More than One Story.Where an exit
+serves more than one story, only the occupant load of each story
+considered individually shall be used in computing the required
+capacity of the exit at that story, provided that the required egress
+capacity of the exit is not decreased in the direction of egress
+travel. [101:7.3.1.4]
+14.8.1.5 Capacity from a Point of Convergence.Where means
+of egress from a story above and a story below converge at an
+intermediate story, the capacity of the means of egress from
+the point of convergence shall be not less than the sum of the
+capacity of the two means of egress. [101:7.3.1.5]
+14.8.1.6 Egress Capacity from Balconies and Mezzanines.
+Where any required egress capacity from a balcony or mezza-
+nine passes through the room below, that required capacity
+shall be added to the required egress capacity of the room
+below. [101:7.3.1.6]
+14.8.2 Measurement of Means of Egress.
+14.8.2.1 The width of means of egress shall be measured in
+the clear at the narrowest point of the egress component un-
+der consideration, unless otherwise provided in 14.8.2.2 or
+14.8.2.3. [101:7.3.2.1]
+14.8.2.2 Projections within the means of egress of not more
+than 41⁄2 in. (114 mm) on each side shall be permitted at a
+height of 38 in. (965 mm) and below. In the case of stair and
+landing handrails forming part of a guard, in accordance with
+7.2.2.4.4.3 of NFPA101 , such projections shall be permitted at
+a height of 42 in. (1065 mm) and below. [ 101:7.3.2.2]
+55  
+50 
+45 
+40 
+35 
+30 
+100 150 200 250 
+Gross leasable area (ft2 ¥ 1000)
+Occupant load factor (ft2)
+300 350 400 450 500 
+FIGURE 14.8.1.2(a) Mall Building Occupant Load Factors
+(U.S. Customary Units). [101:Figure 7.3.1.2(a)]
+5.1
+4.7
+4.2
+3.7
+3.3
+2.8
+Gross leasable area (m2 ¥ 100)
+93 140 186 232 279 325 372 418 465
+Occupant load factor (m2)
+FIGURE 14.8.1.2(b) Mall Building Occupant Load Factors
+(SI Units). [101:Figure 7.3.1.2(b)]
+1–130 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 14.8.1.2 Occupant Load Factor
+Use
+(ft2 per
+person)a
+(m2 per
+person)b
+Assembly Use
+Concentrated use, without
+fixed seating
+7 net 0.65 net
+Less concentrated use,
+without fixed seating
+15 net 1.4 net
+Bench-type seating 1 person/18
+linear in.
+1 person/455
+linear mm
+Fixed seating Number of
+fixed seats
+Number of
+fixed seats
+Waiting spaces See 12.1.7.2
+and 13.1.7.2 of
+NFPA 101
+See 12.1.7.2
+and 13.1.7.2
+of NFPA 101
+Kitchens 100 9.3
+Library stack areas 100 9.3
+Library reading rooms 50 net 4.6 net
+Swimming pools 50 (water
+surface)
+4.6 (water
+surface)
+Swimming pool decks 30 2.8
+Exercise rooms with
+equipment
+50 4.6
+Exercise rooms without
+equipment
+15 1.4
+Stages 15 net 1.4 net
+Lighting and access
+catwalks, galleries,
+gridirons
+100 net 9.3 net
+Casinos and similar
+gaming areas
+11 1
+Skating rinks 50 4.6
+Educational Use
+Classrooms 20 net 1.9 net
+Shops, laboratories,
+vocational rooms
+50 net 4.6 net
+Day-Care Use 35 net 3.3 net
+Health Care Use
+Inpatient treatment
+departments
+240 22.3
+Sleeping departments 120 11.1
+Ambulatory health care 100 9.3
+Detention and Correctional
+Use
+120 11.1
+Residential Use
+Hotels and dormitories 200 18.6
+Apartment buildings 200 18.6
+Board and care, large 200 18.6
+Industrial Use
+General and high-
+hazard industrial
+100 9.3
+Special-purpose
+industrial
+NA NA
+Business Use (other than
+below)
+100 9.3
+Air traffic control tower
+observation levels
+40 3.7
+Storage Use
+In storage occupancies NA NA
+In mercantile occupancies 300 27.9
+In other than storage and
+mercantile occupancies
+500 46.5
+Table 14.8.1.2 Continued
+Use
+(ft2 per
+person)a
+(m2 per
+person)b
+Mercantile Use
+Sales area on street
+floorb,c
+30 2.8
+Sales area on two or more
+street floors c
+40 3.7
+Sales area on floor below
+street floorc
+30 2.8
+Sales area on floors above
+street floorc
+60 5.6
+Floors or portions of floors
+used only for offices
+See business
+use.
+See business
+use.
+Floors or portions of floors
+used only for
+storage, receiving, and
+shipping, and not open
+to general public
+300 27.9
+Mall buildingsd Per factors
+applicable to
+use
+of spacee
+Per factors
+applicable
+to use
+of spacee
+NA: Not applicable. The occupant load is the maximum probable
+number of occupants present at any time.
+aAll factors are expressed in gross area unless marked “net.”
+bFor the purpose of determining occupant load in mercantile occupan-
+cies where, due to differences in the finished ground level of streets on
+different sides, two or more floors directly accessible from streets (not
+including alleys or similar back streets) exist, each such floor is permitted
+to be considered a street floor. The occupant load factor is one person for
+each 40 ft2 (3.7 m2) of gross floor area of sales space.
+cFor the purpose of determining occupant load in mercantile occu-
+pancies with no street floor, as defined in 3.3.234, but with access
+directly from the street by stairs or escalators, the floor at the point of
+entrance to the mercantile occupancy is considered the street floor.
+dFor any food court or other assembly use areas located in the mall
+that are not included as a portion of the gross leasable area of the mall
+building, the occupant load is calculated based on the occupant load
+factor for that use as specified in Table 14.8.1.2. The remaining mall
+area is not required to be assigned an occupant load.
+eThe portions of the mall that are considered a pedestrian way and not
+used as gross leasable area are not required to be assessed an occupant
+load based on Table 14.8.1.2. However, means of egress from a mall pe-
+destrian way are required to be provided for an occupant load deter-
+mined by dividing the gross leasable area of the mall building (not in-
+cluding anchor stores) by the appropriate lowest whole number
+occupant load factor from Figure 14.8.1.2(a) or Figure 14.8.1.2(b).
+Each individual tenant space is required to have means of egress to
+the outside or to the mall based on occupant loads calculated by using
+the appropriate occupant load factor from Table 14.8.1.2.
+Each individual anchor store is required to have means of egress
+independent of the mall.
+[101: Table 7.3.1.2 ]
+1–131MEANS OF EGRESS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+14.8.2.3 In health care and ambulatory health care occupan-
+cies, projections shall be permitted in corridors in accordance
+with Chapters 18 through 21 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.3.2.3]
+14.8.3 Egress Capacity.
+14.8.3.1 Egress capacity for approved components of means
+of egress shall be based on the capacity factors shown in Table
+14.8.3.1, unless otherwise provided in 14.8.3.2. [101:7.3.3.1]
+14.8.3.2* For stairways wider than 44 in. (1120 mm) and sub-
+ject to the 0.3 in. (7.6 mm) width per person capacity factor,
+the capacity shall be permitted to be increased using the fol-
+lowing equation:
+C Wn=+ −⎛
+⎝⎜ ⎞
+⎠⎟146 7 44
+0 218. .
+where:
+C = capacity, in persons, rounded to the nearest
+integer
+Wn = nominal width of the stair as permitted by
+14.8.3.2 (in.) [101:7.3.3.2]
+14.8.3.3 The required capacity of a corridor shall be the oc-
+cupant load that utilizes the corridor for exit access divided by
+the required number of exits to which the corridor connects,
+but the corridor capacity shall be not less than the required
+capacity of the exit to which the corridor leads. [101:7.3.3.3]
+14.8.3.4 Minimum Width.
+14.8.3.4.1 The width of any means of egress, unless otherwise
+provided in 14.8.3.4.1.1 through 14.8.3.4.1.3, shall be as follows:
+(1) Not less than that required for a given egress component
+in this chapter or Chapter 7 or Chapters 11 through 43 of
+NFPA101
+(2) Not less than 36 in. (915 mm) [ 101:7.3.4.1]
+14.8.3.4.1.1* The width of exit access that is formed by furni-
+ture and movable partitions, that serves not more than six
+people, and that has a length not exceeding 50 ft (15 m) shall
+meet both of the following criteria:
+(1) The width shall be not less than 18 in. (455 mm), at and
+below a height of 38 in. (965 mm), and not less than 28 in.
+(710 mm) above a height of 38 in. (965 mm).
+(2) A width of not less than 36 in. (915 mm) for new exit
+access, and not less than 28 in. (710 mm) for existing exit
+access, shall be capable of being provided without moving
+permanent walls. [101:7.3.4.1.1]
+14.8.3.4.1.2 In existing buildings, the width of exit access shall
+be permitted to be not less than 28 in. (710 mm). [101:7.3.4.1.2]
+14.8.3.4.1.3 The requirement of 14.8.3.4.1 shall not apply to
+the following:
+(1) Doors as otherwise provided for in 7.2.1.2 of NFPA 101
+(2) Aisles and aisle accessways in assembly occupancies as oth-
+erwise provided in Chapters 12 and 13 of NFPA101
+(3) Industrial equipment access as otherwise provided in
+40.2.5.2 of NFPA101 [101:7.3.4.1.3]
+14.8.3.4.2 Where a single exit access leads to an exit, its ca-
+pacity in terms of width shall be not less than the required
+capacity of the exit to which it leads. [101:7.3.4.2]
+14.8.3.4.3 Where more than one exit access leads to an exit,
+each shall have a width adequate for the number of persons it
+accommodates. [101:7.3.4.3]
+14.9 Number of Means of Egress.
+14.9.1 General.
+14.9.1.1 The number of means of egress from any balcony,
+mezzanine, story, or portion thereof shall be not less than two,
+except under one of the following conditions:
+(1) A single means of egress shall be permitted where permit-
+ted in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101.
+(2) A single means of egress shall be permitted for a mezzanine
+or balcony and the common path of travel limitations of
+Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101 are met. [101:7.4.1.1]
+14.9.1.2 The number of means of egress from any story or
+portion thereof, other than for existing buildings as permitted
+in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101, shall be as follows:
+(1) Occupant load more than 500 but not more than 1000 —
+not less than 3
+(2) Occupant load more than 1000 — not less than 4
+[101:7.4.1.2]
+14.9.1.3 Accessible means of egress in accordance with
+14.10.4 that do not utilize elevators shall be permitted to serve
+as any or all of the required minimum number of means of
+egress. [101:7.4.1.3]
+14.9.1.4 The occupant load of each story considered individu-
+ally shall be required to be used in computing the number of
+means of egress at each story, provided that the required number
+of means of egress is not decreased in the direction of egress
+travel. [101:7.4.1.4]
+14.9.1.5 Doors other than the hoistway door; the elevator car
+door; and doors that are readily openable from the car side with-
+out a key, a tool, special knowledge, or special effort, shall be
+prohibited at the point of access to an elevator car. [101:7.4.1.5]
+14.9.1.6 Elevator Landing and Lobby Exit Access.
+14.9.1.6.1 Each elevator landing and lobby shall have access
+to at least one exit. [101:7.4.1.6.1]
+Table 14.8.3.1 Capacity Factors
+Area
+Stairways (width
+per person)
+Level Components
+and Ramps (width
+per person)
+in. mm in. mm
+Board and
+care
+0.4 10 0.2 5
+Health care,
+sprinklered
+0.3 7.6 0.2 5
+Health care,
+nonsprinklered
+0.6 15 0.5 13
+High hazard
+contents
+0.7 18 0.4 10
+All others 0.3 7.6 0.2 5
+[101: Table 7.3.3.1]
+1–132 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+14.9.1.6.2 The elevator landing and lobby exit access re-
+quired by 14.9.1.6.1 shall not require the use of a key, a tool,
+special knowledge, or special effort, unless permitted by
+14.9.1.6.3. [101:7.4.1.6.2]
+14.9.1.6.3 Doors separating the elevator lobby from the exit
+access required by 14.9.1.6.1 shall be permitted to be elec-
+tronically locked in accordance with 14.5.3.3. [101:7.4.1.6.3]
+14.10 Arrangement of Means of Egress.
+14.10.1 General.
+14.10.1.1 Exits shall be located and exit access shall be ar-
+ranged so that exits are readily accessible at all times.
+[101:7.5.1.1]
+14.10.1.1.1* Where exits are not immediately accessible from
+an open floor area, continuous passageways, aisles, or corri-
+dors leading directly to every exit shall be maintained and
+shall be arranged to provide access for each occupant to not
+less than two exits by separate ways of travel, unless otherwise
+provided in 14.10.1.1.3 and 14.10.1.1.4. [101:7.5.1.1.1]
+14.10.1.1.2 Exit access corridors shall provide access to not
+less than two approved exits, unless otherwise provided in
+14.10.1.1.3 and 14.10.1.1.4. [101:7.5.1.1.2]
+14.10.1.1.3 The requirements of 14.10.1.1.1 and 14.10.1.1.2
+shall not apply where a single exit is permitted in Chapters 11
+through 43 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.5.1.1.3]
+14.10.1.1.4 Where common paths of travel are permitted for
+an occupancy in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA 101, such
+common paths of travel shall be permitted but shall not ex-
+ceed the limit specified. [101:7.5.1.1.4]
+14.10.1.2 Corridors shall provide exit access without passing
+through any intervening rooms other than corridors, lobbies,
+and other spaces permitted to be open to the corridor, unless
+otherwise provided in 14.10.1.2.1 and 14.10.1.2.2. [101:7.5.1.2]
+14.10.1.2.1 Approved existing corridors that require passage
+through a room to access an exit shall be permitted to con-
+tinue to be used, provided that the following criteria are met:
+(1) The path of travel is marked in accordance with Section
+14.14.
+(2) Doors to such rooms comply with 7.2.1 of NFPA 101.
+(3) Such arrangement is not prohibited by the applicable oc-
+cupancy chapter in NFPA101.[ 101:7.5.1.2.1]
+14.10.1.2.2 Corridors that are not required to be fire resis-
+tance rated shall be permitted to discharge into open floor
+plan areas. [101:7.5.1.2.2]
+14.10.1.3 Remoteness shall be provided in accordance with
+14.10.1.3.1 through 14.10.1.3.7. [101:7.5.1.3]
+14.10.1.3.1 Where more than one exit, exit access, or exit
+discharge is required from a building or portion thereof, such
+exits, exit accesses, or exit discharges shall be remotely located
+from each other and be arranged to minimize the possibility
+that more than one has the potential to be blocked by any one
+fire or other emergency condition. [101:7.5.1.3.1]
+14.10.1.3.2* Where two exits, exit accesses, or exit discharges
+are required, they shall be located at a distance from one an-
+other not less than one-half the length of the maximum over-
+all diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served,
+measured in a straight line between the nearest edge of the
+exits, exit accesses, or exit discharges, unless otherwise pro-
+vided in 14.10.1.3.3 through 14.10.1.3.5. [101:7.5.1.3.2]
+14.10.1.3.3 In buildings protected throughout by an approved,
+supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3, the minimum separation distance between two exits,
+exit accesses, or exit discharges, measured in accordance with
+14.10.1.3.2, shall be not less than one-third the length of the
+maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to
+be served. [101:7.5.1.3.3]
+14.10.1.3.4* In other than high-rise buildings, where exit en-
+closures are provided as the required exits specified in
+14.10.1.3.2 or 14.10.1.3.3 and are interconnected by not less
+than a 1-hour fire resistance–rated corridor, exit separation
+shall be measured along the shortest line of travel within the
+corridor [101:7.5.1.3.4]
+14.10.1.3.5 In existing buildings, where more than one exit,
+exit access, or exit discharge is required, such exits, exit ac-
+cesses, or exit discharges shall be exempt from the diagonal
+measurement separation distance criteria of 14.10.1.3.2 and
+14.10.1.3.3, provided that such exits, exit accesses, or exit dis-
+charges are remotely located in accordance with 14.10.1.3.1.
+[101:7.5.1.3.5]
+14.10.1.3.6 In other than existing buildings, where more than
+two exits, exit accesses, or exit discharges are required, at least
+two of the required exits, exit accesses, or exit discharges shall be
+arranged to comply with the minimum separation distance re-
+quirement. [101:7.5.1.3.6]
+14.10.1.3.7 The balance of the exits, exit accesses, or exit
+discharges specified in 14.10.1.3.7 shall be located so that, if
+one becomes blocked, the others are available. [101:7.5.1.3.7]
+14.10.1.4 Interlocking or scissor stairs shall comply with
+14.10.1.4.1 and 14.10.1.4.2. [101:7.5.1.4]
+14.10.1.4.1 New interlocking or scissor stairs shall be permit-
+ted to be considered only as a single exit. [101:7.5.1.4.1]
+14.10.1.4.2* Existing interlocking or scissor stairs shall be per-
+mitted to be considered separate exits, provided that they
+meet the following criteria:
+(1) They are enclosed in accordance with Section 14.3.
+(2) They are separated from each other by 2-hour fire
+resistance–rated noncombustible construction.
+(3) No protected or unprotected penetrations or communi-
+cating openings exist between the stair enclosures.
+[101:7.5.1.4.2]
+14.10.1.5* Exit access shall be arranged so that there are no dead
+ends in corridors, unless permitted by, and limited to the lengths
+specified in, Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.5.1.5]
+14.10.1.6 Exit access from rooms or spaces shall be permitted
+to be through adjoining or intervening rooms or areas, pro-
+vided that such rooms or areas are accessory to the area
+served. Foyers, lobbies, and reception rooms constructed as
+required for corridors shall not be construed as intervening
+rooms. Exit access shall be arranged so that it is not necessary
+to pass through any area identified under Protection from
+Hazards in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.5.1.6]
+14.10.2 Impediments to Egress.See also 7.1.9 of NFPA 101,
+and 14.5.2. [101:7.5.2]
+14.10.2.1* Access to an exit shall not be through kitchens,
+storerooms other than as provided in Chapters 36 and 37 of
+1–133MEANS OF EGRESS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA101, restrooms, workrooms, closets, bedrooms or similar
+spaces, or other rooms or spaces subject to locking, unless pas-
+sage through such rooms or spaces is permitted for the occu-
+pancy by Chapters 18, 19, 22, or 23 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.5.2.1]
+14.10.2.2* Exit access and exit doors shall be designed and
+arranged to be clearly recognizable. [101:7.5.2.2]
+14.10.2.2.1 Hangings or draperies shall not be placed over
+exit doors or located so that they conceal or obscure any exit,
+unless otherwise provided in 14.10.2.2.2. [101:7.5.2.2.1]
+14.10.2.2.2 Curtains shall be permitted across means of
+egress openings in tent walls, provided that the following cri-
+teria are met:
+(1) They are distinctly marked in contrast to the tent wall so
+as to be recognizable as means of egress.
+(2) They are installed across an opening that is at least 6 ft
+(1830 mm) in width.
+(3) They are hung from slide rings or equivalent hardware so
+as to be readily moved to the side to create an unob-
+structed opening in the tent wall that is of the minimum
+width required for door openings. [101:7.5.2.2.2]
+14.10.3 Exterior Ways of Exit Access.
+14.10.3.1 Exit access shall be permitted to be by means of any
+exterior balcony, porch, gallery, or roof that conforms to the
+requirements of Chapter 14 and Chapter 7 of NFPA 101.
+[101:7.5.3.1]
+14.10.3.2 The long side of the balcony, porch, gallery, or simi-
+lar space shall be at least 50 percent open and shall be ar-
+ranged to restrict the accumulation of smoke. [101:7.5.3.2]
+14.10.3.3 Exterior exit access balconies shall be separated from
+the interior of the building by walls and opening protectives as
+required for corridors, unless the exterior exit access balcony is
+served by at least two remote stairs that can be accessed without
+any occupant traveling past an unprotected opening to reach
+one of the stairs, or unless dead ends on the exterior exit access
+do not exceed 20 ft (6100 mm). [101:7.5.3.3]
+14.10.3.4 Exterior exit access shall be arranged so that there are
+no dead ends in excess of those permitted for dead-end corridors
+in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.5.3.4]
+14.10.4 Accessible Means of Egress.
+14.10.4.1* Areas accessible to people with severe mobility im-
+pairment, other than in existing buildings, shall have not less
+than two accessible means of egress, unless otherwise provided
+in 14.10.4.1.2 through 14.10.4.1.4. [101:7.5.4.1]
+14.10.4.1.1 Access within the allowable travel distance shall
+be provided to not less than one accessible area of refuge or
+one accessible exit providing an accessible route to an exit
+discharge. [101:7.5.4.1.1]
+14.10.4.1.2 A single accessible means of egress shall be per-
+mitted from buildings or areas of buildings permitted to have
+a single exit. [101:7.5.4.1.2]
+14.10.4.1.3 Accessible means of egress shall not be required
+in health care occupancies protected throughout by an ap-
+proved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance
+with Section 13.3. [101:7.5.4.1.3]
+14.10.4.1.4 Exit access travel along the accessible means of
+egress shall be permitted to be common for the distances per-
+mitted as common paths of travel. [101:7.5.4.1.4]
+14.10.4.2 Where two accessible means of egress are required,
+the exits serving such means of egress shall be located at a
+distance from one another not less than one-half the length of
+the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or
+area to be served. This distance shall be measured in a straight
+line between the nearest edge of the exit doors or exit access
+doors, unless otherwise provided in 14.10.4.2.1 through
+14.10.4.2.3. [101:7.5.4.2]
+14.10.4.2.1 Where exit enclosures are provided as the re-
+quired exits specified in 14.10.4.2 and are interconnected by
+not less than a 1-hour fire resistance–rated corridor, exit sepa-
+ration shall be permitted to be measured along the line of
+travel within the corridor. [101:7.5.4.2.1]
+14.10.4.2.2 The requirement of 14.10.4.2 shall not apply to
+buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised
+automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3.
+[101:7.5.4.2.2]
+14.10.4.2.3 The requirement of 14.10.4.2 shall not apply
+where the physical arrangement of means of egress prevents
+the possibility that access to both accessible means of egress
+will be blocked by any one fire or other emergency condition
+as approved by the AHJ. [101:7.5.4.2.3]
+14.10.4.3 Each required accessible means of egress shall be
+continuous from each accessible occupied area to a public way
+or area of refuge in accordance with 7.2.12.2.2 of NFPA 101.
+[101:7.5.4.3]
+14.10.4.4 Where an exit stair is used in an accessible means of
+egress, it shall comply with 7.2.12.2.3 of NFPA 101 and either
+shall incorporate an area of refuge within an enlarged story-
+level landing or shall be accessed from an area of refuge.
+[101:7.5.4.4]
+14.10.4.5 To be considered part of an accessible means of
+egress, an elevator shall be in accordance with 7.2.12.2.4 of
+NFPA101.[ 101:7.5.4.5]
+14.10.4.6 To be considered part of an accessible means of
+egress, a smoke barrier in accordance with Section 12.9 with not
+less than a 1-hour fire resistance rating, or a horizontal exit in
+accordance with 7.2.4 of NFPA101, shall discharge to an area of
+refuge in accordance with 7.2.12 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.5.4.6]
+14.10.4.7 Accessible stories that are four or more stories
+above or below a story of exit discharge shall have not less than
+one elevator complying with 14.10.4.5, except as modified in
+14.10.4.8. [101:7.5.4.7]
+14.10.4.8 Where elevators are required by 14.10.4.7, the
+smokeproof enclosure required by 7.2.12.2.4 of NFPA 101
+shall not be required in buildings protected throughout by
+an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in ac-
+cordance with NFPA 13. [ 101:7.5.4.8]
+14.10.4.9 An area of refuge used as part of a required acces-
+sible means of egress shall be in accordance with 7.2.12 of
+NFPA101.[ 101:7.5.4.9]
+14.11 Discharge from Exits.
+14.11.1* Exit Termination.Exits shall terminate directly, at a
+public way or at an exterior exit discharge, unless otherwise
+provided in 14.11.1.2 through 14.11.1.4. [101:7.7.1]
+1–134 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+14.11.1.1 Yards, courts, open spaces, or other portions of the
+exit discharge shall be of required width and size to provide all
+occupants with a safe access to a public way. [101:7.7.1.1]
+14.11.1.2 The requirement of 14.11.1 shall not apply to interior
+exit discharge as otherwise provided in 14.11.2. [101:7.7.1.2]
+14.11.1.3 The requirement of 14.11.1 shall not apply to rooftop
+exit discharge as otherwise provided in 14.11.6. [101:7.7.1.3]
+14.11.1.4 Means of egress shall be permitted to terminate in
+an exterior area of refuge for detention and correctional oc-
+cupancies as otherwise provided in Chapters 22 and 23 of
+NFPA101.[ 101:7.7.1.4]
+14.11.2 Discharge through Areas on Level of Exit Discharge.
+Not more than 50 percent of the required number of exits,
+and not more than 50 percent of the required egress capacity,
+shall discharge through areas on the level of exit discharge,
+unless otherwise permitted in 14.11.2.1 and 14.11.2.2, and
+provided that the criteria of 14.11.2.3 through 14.11.2.7 also
+are met. [101:7.7.2]
+14.11.2.1 One hundred percent of the exits shall be permit-
+ted to discharge through areas on the level of exit discharge in
+detention and correctional occupancies as otherwise provided
+in Chapters 22 and 23 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.7.2.1]
+14.11.2.2 In existing buildings, the 50 percent limit on egress
+capacity shall not apply if the 50 percent limit on the required
+number of exits is met. [101:7.7.2.2]
+14.11.2.3 The discharge specified in 14.11.2 shall lead to a
+free and unobstructed way to the exterior of the building, and
+such way shall be readily visible and identifiable from the
+point of discharge from the exit. [101:7.7.2.3]
+14.11.2.4 The level of discharge shall be protected through-
+out by an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance
+with Section 13.3, or the portion of the level of discharge used
+for discharge shall be protected by an approved automatic
+sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3 and shall be
+separated from the nonsprinklered portion of the floor by a
+fire resistance rating meeting the requirements for the enclo-
+sure of exits. (See 14.3.1.) [101:7.7.2.4]
+14.11.2.5 The requirement of 14.11.2.4 shall not apply where
+the discharge area is a vestibule or foyer that meets all of the
+following criteria:
+(1) The depth from the exterior of the building shall be not
+more than 10 ft (3050 mm), and the length shall be not
+more than 30 ft (9140 mm).
+(2) The foyer shall be separated from the remainder of the
+level of discharge by construction providing protection
+not less than the equivalent of wired glass in steel frames.
+(3) The foyer shall serve only as means of egress and shall
+include an exit directly to the outside. [101:7.7.2.5]
+14.11.2.6 The entire area on the level of discharge shall be
+separated from areas below by construction having a fire resis-
+tance rating not less than that required for the exit enclosure,
+unless otherwise provided in 14.11.2.7. [101:7.7.2.6]
+14.11.2.7 Levels below the level of discharge in an atrium
+shall be permitted to be open to the level of discharge where
+such level of discharge is protected in accordance with 8.6.7 of
+NFPA101.[ 101:7.7.2.7]
+14.11.3 Arrangement and Marking of Exit Discharge.
+14.11.3.1 Where more than one exit discharge is required,
+exit discharges shall be arranged to meet the remoteness cri-
+teria of 14.10.1.3. [101:7.7.3.1]
+14.11.3.2 The exit discharge shall be arranged and marked to
+make clear the direction of egress to a public way. Stairs shall
+be arranged so as to make clear the direction of egress to a
+public way. Stairs that continue more than one-half story be-
+yond the level of exit discharge shall be interrupted at the
+level of exit discharge by partitions, doors, or other effective
+means. [101:7.7.3.2]
+14.11.4 Components of Exit Discharge.Doors, stairs, ramps,
+corridors, exit passageways, bridges, balconies, escalators, mov-
+ing walks, and other components of an exit discharge shall com-
+ply with the detailed requirements of this chapter for such com-
+ponents. [101:7.7.4]
+14.11.5 Signs.See 10.12.3. [101:7.7.5]
+14.11.6 Discharge to Roofs.Where approved by the AHJ, exits
+shall be permitted to discharge to roofs or other sections of
+the building or an adjoining building where the following cri-
+teria are met:
+(1) The roof/ceiling assembly construction has a fire resis-
+tance rating not less than that required for the exit enclo-
+sure.
+(2) A continuous and safe means of egress from the roof is
+available. [101:7.7.6]
+14.12 Illumination of Means of Egress.
+14.12.1 General.
+14.12.1.1* Illumination of means of egress shall be provided
+in accordance with Section 14.12 for every building and struc-
+ture where required in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA 101.
+For the purposes of this requirement, exit access shall include
+only designated stairs, aisles, corridors, ramps, escalators, and
+passageways leading to an exit. For the purposes of this re-
+quirement, exit discharge shall include only designated stairs,
+aisles, corridors, ramps, escalators, walkways, and exit passage-
+ways leading to a public way. [101:7.8.1.1]
+14.12.1.2 Illumination of means of egress shall be continuous
+during the time that the conditions of occupancy require that
+the means of egress be available for use, unless otherwise pro-
+vided in 14.12.1.2.2. [101:7.8.1.2]
+14.12.1.2.1 Artificial lighting shall be employed at such loca-
+tions and for such periods of time as are necessary to maintain
+the illumination to the minimum criteria values herein speci-
+fied. [101:7.8.1.2.1]
+14.12.1.2.2 Automatic, motion sensor–type lighting switches
+shall be permitted within the means of egress, provided that
+the switch controllers are equipped for fail-safe operation, the
+illumination timers are set for a minimum 15-minute dura-
+tion, and the motion sensor is activated by any occupant move-
+ment in the area served by the lighting units. [101:7.8.1.2.2]
+14.12.1.3* The floors and other walking surfaces within an
+exit and within the portions of the exit access and exit dis-
+charge designated in 14.12.1.1 shall be illuminated as follows:
+(1) During conditions of stair use, the minimum illumination
+for new stairs shall be at least 10 ft-candle (108 lux), mea-
+sured at the walking surfaces.
+1–135MEANS OF EGRESS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) The minimum illumination for floors and walking sur-
+faces, other than new stairs during conditions of stair use,
+shall be to values of at least 1 ft-candle (10.8 lux), mea-
+sured at the floor.
+(3) In assembly occupancies, the illumination of the walking
+surfaces of exit access shall be at least 0.2 ft-candle
+(2.2 lux) during periods of performances or projections
+involving directed light.
+(4)*The minimum illumination requirements shall not apply
+where operations or processes require low lighting levels.
+[101:7.8.1.3]
+14.12.1.4* Required illumination shall be arranged so that the
+failure of any single lighting unit does not result in an illumi-
+nation level of less than 0.2 ft-candle (2.2 lux) in any desig-
+nated area. [101:7.8.1.4]
+14.12.1.5 The equipment or units installed to meet the re-
+quirements of Section 14.14 also shall be permitted to serve
+the function of illumination of means of egress, provided that
+all requirements of Section 14.12 for such illumination are
+met. [101:7.8.1.5]
+14.12.2 Sources of Illumination.
+14.12.2.1* Illumination of means of egress shall be from a
+source considered reliable by the AHJ. [101:7.8.2.1]
+14.12.2.2 Battery-operated electric lights and other types of
+portable lamps or lanterns shall not be used for primary illu-
+mination of means of egress. Battery-operated electric lights
+shall be permitted to be used as an emergency source to the
+extent permitted under Section 14.13. [101:7.8.2.2]
+14.13 Emergency Lighting.
+14.13.1 General.
+14.13.1.1* Emergency lighting facilities for means of egress
+shall be provided in accordance with Section 14.13 for the
+following:
+(1) Buildings or structures where required in Chapters 11
+through 43 of NFPA101
+(2) Underground and limited access structures as addressed
+in Section 11.7 of NFPA101
+(3) High-rise buildings as required by NFPA 101
+(4) Doors equipped with delayed-egress locks
+(5) Stair shaft and vestibule of smokeproof enclosures, for
+which the following also apply:
+(a) The stair shaft and vestibule shall be permitted to in-
+clude a standby generator that is installed for the
+smokeproof enclosure mechanical ventilation equip-
+ment.
+(b) The standby generator shall be permitted to be used
+for the stair shaft and vestibule emergency lighting
+power supply.
+(6) New access-controlled egress doors in accordance with
+14.5.3.2 [101:7.9.1.1]
+14.13.1.2 For the purposes of 14.13.1.1, exit access shall in-
+clude only designated stairs, aisles, corridors, ramps, escala-
+tors, and passageways leading to an exit. For the purposes of
+14.13.1.1, exit discharge shall include only designated stairs,
+ramps, aisles, walkways, and escalators leading to a public way.
+[101:7.9.1.2]
+14.13.1.3 Where maintenance of illumination depends on
+changing from one energy source to another, a delay of not
+more than 10 seconds shall be permitted. [101:7.9.1.3]
+14.13.2 Periodic Testing of Emergency Lighting Equipment.
+14.13.2.1 Required emergency lighting systems shall be
+tested in accordance with one of the three options offered by
+14.13.2.1.1, 14.13.2.1.2, or 14.13.2.1.3. [101:7.9.3.1]
+14.13.2.1.1 Testing of required emergency lighting systems
+shall be permitted to be conducted as follows:
+(1) Functional testing shall be conducted monthly with a
+minimum of 3 weeks and a maximum of 5 weeks between
+tests, for not less than 30 seconds, except as otherwise
+permitted by 14.13.2.1.1(2).
+(2) The test interval shall be permitted to be extended be-
+yond 30 days with the approval of the AHJ.
+(3) Functional testing shall be conducted annually for a mini-
+mum of 11⁄2 hours if the emergency lighting system is bat-
+tery powered.
+(4) The emergency lighting equipment shall be fully opera-
+tional for the duration of the tests required by 14.13.2.1.1(1)
+and 14.13.2.1.1(3).
+(5) Written records of visual inspections and tests shall be kept
+by the owner for inspection by the AHJ. [101:7.9.3.1.1]
+14.13.2.1.2 Testing of required emergency lighting systems
+shall be permitted to be conducted as follows:
+(1) Self-testing/self-diagnostic battery-operated emergency
+lighting equipment shall be provided.
+(2) Not less than once every 30 days, self-testing/self-diagnostic
+battery-operated emergency lighting equipment shall auto-
+matically perform a test with a duration of a minimum of
+30 seconds and a diagnostic routine.
+(3) Self-testing/self-diagnostic battery-operated emergency
+lighting equipment shall indicate failures by a status indi-
+cator.
+(4) A visual inspection shall be performed at intervals not ex-
+ceeding 30 days.
+(5) Functional testing shall be conducted annually for a mini-
+mum of 11⁄2 hours.
+(6) Self-testing/self-diagnostic battery-operated emergency
+lighting equipment shall be fully operational for the du-
+ration of the 11⁄2 hour test.
+(7) Written records of visual inspections and tests shall be kept
+by the owner for inspection by the AHJ. [101:7.9.3.1.2]
+14.13.2.1.3 Testing of required emergency lighting systems
+shall be permitted to be conducted as follows:
+(1) Computer-based, self-testing/self-diagnostic battery-
+operated emergency lighting equipment shall be provided.
+(2) Not less than once every 30 days, emergency lighting equip-
+ment shall automatically perform a test with a duration of a
+minimum of 30 seconds and a diagnostic routine.
+(3) The emergency lighting equipment shall automatically
+perform annually a test for a minimum of 11⁄2 hours.
+(4) The emergency lighting equipment shall be fully opera-
+tional for the duration of the tests required by 14.13.2.1.3(2)
+and 14.13.2.1.3(3).
+(5) The computer-based system shall be capable of providing
+a report of the history of tests and failures at all times.
+[101:7.9.3.1.3]
+14.14 Marking of Means of Egress.
+14.14.1 General.
+14.14.1.1 Where Required.Means of egress shall be marked
+in accordance with Section 14.14 where required in Chapters
+11 through 43 of NFPA101.[ 101:7.10.1.1]
+1–136 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+14.14.1.2 Exits.
+14.14.1.2.1* Exits, other than main exterior exit doors that
+obviously and clearly are identifiable as exits, shall be marked
+by an approved sign that is readily visible from any direction of
+exit access. [101:7.10.1.2.1]
+14.14.1.2.2* Horizontal components of the egress path within
+an exit enclosure shall be marked by approved exit or direc-
+tional exit signs where the continuation of the egress path is
+not obvious. [101:7.10.1.2.2]
+14.14.1.3 Exit Stair Door Tactile Signage.Tactile signage shall
+be provided to meet the following criteria, unless otherwise
+provided in 14.14.1.4:
+(1) Tactile signage shall be located at each exit door requir-
+ing an exit sign.
+(2) Tactile signage shall read as follows: EXIT
+(3) Tactile signage shall comply with ICC/ANSI A117.1,
+American National Standard for Accessible and Usable Build-
+ings and Facilities.[ 101:7.10.1.3]
+14.14.1.4 Existing Exemption.The requirements of 14.14.1.3
+shall not apply to existing buildings, provided that the occu-
+pancy classification does not change. [101:7.10.1.4]
+14.14.1.5 Exit Access.
+14.14.1.5.1 Access to exits shall be marked by approved, readily
+visible signs in all cases where the exit or way to reach the exit is
+not readily apparent to the occupants. [101:7.10.1.5.1]
+14.14.1.5.2* New sign placement shall be such that no point in
+an exit access corridor is in excess of the rated viewing dis-
+tance or 100 ft (30 m), whichever is less, from the nearest sign.
+[101:7.10.1.5.2]
+14.14.1.6* Floor Proximity Exit Signs.Where floor proximity
+exit signs are required in Chapters 11 through 43 of NFPA101,
+such signs shall comply with 14.14.3, 14.14.4, 14.14.5, and
+14.14.6 for externally illuminated signs and 14.14.7 for inter-
+nally illuminated signs. Such signs shall be located near the
+floor level in addition to those signs required for doors or
+corridors. The bottom of the sign shall be not less than 6 in.
+(150 mm), but not more than 18 in. (455 mm), above the
+floor. For exit doors, the sign shall be mounted on the door or
+adjacent to the door, with the nearest edge of the sign within
+4 in. (100 mm) of the door frame. [101:7.10.1.6]
+14.14.1.7* Floor Proximity Egress Path Marking.Where floor
+proximity egress path marking is required in Chapters 11
+through 43 of NFPA 101, an approved floor proximity egress
+path marking system that is internally illuminated shall be in-
+stalled within 18 in. (455 mm) of the floor. Floor proximity
+egress path marking systems shall be listed in accordance with
+ANSI/UL 1994, Standard for Luminous Egress Path Marking Sys-
+tems. The system shall provide a visible delineation of the path
+of travel along the designated exit access and shall be essen-
+tially continuous, except as interrupted by doorways, hallways,
+corridors, or other such architectural features. The system
+shall operate continuously or at any time the building fire
+alarm system is activated. The activation, duration, and conti-
+nuity of operation of the system shall be in accordance with
+7.9.2 of NFPA 101. The system shall be maintained in accor-
+dance with the product manufacturing listing. [101:7.10.1.7]
+14.14.1.8* Visibility.Every sign required in Section 14.14 shall
+be located and of such size, distinctive color, and design that it
+is readily visible and shall provide contrast with decorations,
+interior finish, or other signs. No decorations, furnishings, or
+equipment that impairs visibility of a sign shall be permitted.
+No brightly illuminated sign (for other than exit purposes),
+display, or object in or near the line of vision of the required
+exit sign that could detract attention from the exit sign shall
+be permitted. [101:7.10.1.8]
+14.14.1.9 Mounting Location.The bottom of new egress mark-
+ings shall be located at a vertical distance of not more than 6 ft
+8 in. (2030 mm) above the top edge of the egress opening in-
+tended for designation by that marking. Egress markings shall be
+located at a horizontal distance of not more than the required
+width of the egress opening, as measured from the edge of the
+egress opening intended for designation by that marking to the
+nearest edge of the marking. [101:7.10.1.9]
+14.14.2 Directional Signs.
+14.14.2.1* A sign complying with 14.14.3 with a directional
+indicator showing the direction of travel shall be placed in
+every location where the direction of travel to reach the near-
+est exit is not apparent. [101:7.10.2.1]
+14.14.2.2 Directional exit signs shall be provided within hori-
+zontal components of the egress path within exit enclosures as
+required by 14.14.1.2.2. [101:7.10.2.2]
+14.14.3* Sign Legend.
+14.14.3.1 Signs required by 14.14.1 and 14.14.2 shall read as
+follows in plainly legible letters, or other appropriate wording
+shall be used: [101:7.10.3.1]
+EXIT
+14.14.3.2* Where approved by the AHJ, pictograms in compli-
+ance with NFPA 170, Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Sym-
+bols, shall be permitted. [101:7.10.3.2]
+14.14.4* Power Source.Where emergency lighting facilities
+are required by the applicable provisions of Chapters 11
+through 43 of NFPA101 for individual occupancies, the signs,
+other than approved self-luminous signs and listed photolumi-
+nescent signs in accordance with 14.14.7.2, shall be illuminated
+by the emergency lighting facilities. The level of illumination of
+the signs shall be in accordance with 14.14.6.3 or 14.14.7 for the
+required emergency lighting duration as specified in 7.9.2.1 of
+NFPA101. However, the level of illumination shall be permitted
+to decline to 60 percent at the end of the emergency lighting
+duration. [101:7.10.4]
+14.14.5 Illumination of Signs.
+14.14.5.1* General.Every sign required by 14.14.1.2, 14.14.1.5,
+or 14.14.8.1, other than where operations or processes require
+low lighting levels, shall be suitably illuminated by a reliable light
+source. Externally and internally illuminated signs shall be leg-
+ible in both the normal and emergency lighting mode.
+[101:7.10.5.1]
+14.14.5.2* Continuous Illumination.
+14.14.5.2.1 Every sign required to be illuminated by 14.14.6.3,
+14.14.7, and 14.14.8.1 shall be continuously illuminated as re-
+quired under the provisions of Section 14.12, unless otherwise
+provided in 14.14.5.2.2. [101:7.10.5.2.1]
+14.14.5.2.2* Illumination for signs shall be permitted to flash on
+and off upon activation of the fire alarm system. [101:7.10.5.2.2]
+1–137MEANS OF EGRESS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+14.14.6 Externally Illuminated Signs.
+14.14.6.1* Size of Signs.
+14.14.6.1.1 Externally illuminated signs required by 14.14.1
+and 14.14.2, other than approved existing signs, unless other-
+wise provided in 14.14.6.1.2, shall read EXIT or shall use other
+appropriate wording in plainly legible letters sized as follows:
+(1) For new signs, the letters shall be not less than 6 in.
+(150 mm) high, with the principal strokes of letters not
+less than 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) wide.
+(2) For existing signs, the required wording shall be permit-
+ted to be in plainly legible letters not less than 4 in.
+(100 mm) high.
+(3) The word EXIT shall be in letters of a width not less than
+2 in. (51 mm), except the letter I, and the minimum spac-
+ing between letters shall be not less than 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm).
+(4) Sign legend elements larger than the minimum estab-
+lished in 14.14.6.1.1(1) through 14.14.6.1.1(3) shall use
+letter widths, strokes, and spacing in proportion to their
+height. [101:7.10.6.1.1]
+14.14.6.1.2 The requirements of 14.14.6.1.1 shall not apply to
+marking required by 14.14.1.3 and 14.14.1.7. [101:7.10.6.1.2]
+14.14.6.2* Size and Location of Directional Indicator.
+14.14.6.2.1 Directional indicators, unless otherwise provided
+in 14.14.6.2.2, shall comply with the following:
+(1) The directional indicator shall be located outside of the
+EXIT legend, not less than3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) from any letter.
+(2) The directional indicator shall be of a chevron type, as
+shown in Figure 14.14.6.2.1.
+(3) The directional indicator shall be identifiable as a direc-
+tional indicator at a distance of 40 ft (12 m).
+(4) A directional indicator larger than the minimum estab-
+lished for compliance with 14.14.6.2.1(3) shall be propor-
+tionately increased in height, width, and stroke.
+(5) The directional indicator shall be located at the end of
+the sign for the direction indicated. [101:7.10.6.2.1]
+14.14.6.2.2 The requirements of 14.14.6.2.1 shall not apply
+to approved existing signs. [101:7.10.6.2.2]
+14.14.6.3* Level of Illumination.Externally illuminated signs
+shall be illuminated by not less than 5 ft-candles (54 lux) at the
+illuminated surface and shall have a contrast ratio of not less
+than 0.5. [101:7.10.6.3]
+14.14.7 Internally Illuminated Signs.
+14.14.7.1 Listing. Internally illuminated signs shall be listed
+in accordance with ANSI/UL 924,Standard for Emergency Light-
+ing and Power Equipment, unless they meet one of the following
+criteria:
+(1) They are approved existing signs.
+(2) They are existing signs having the required wording in
+legible letters not less than 4 in. (100 mm) high.
+(3) They are signs that are in accordance with 14.14.1.3 and
+14.14.1.6. [101:7.10.7.1]
+14.14.7.2* Photoluminescent Signs.The face of a photolumi-
+nescent sign shall be continually illuminated while the build-
+ing is occupied. The illumination levels on the face of the
+photoluminescent sign shall be in accordance with its listing.
+The charging illumination shall be a reliable light source as
+determined by the AHJ. The charging light source shall be of a
+type specified in the product markings. [101:7.10.7.2]
+14.14.8 Special Signs.
+14.14.8.1 Sign Illumination.
+14.14.8.1.1 Where required by other provisions of this Code,
+special signs shall be illuminated in accordance with 14.14.5,
+14.14.6.3, and 14.14.7. [101:7.10.8.1.1]
+14.14.8.1.2 Where emergency lighting facilities are required
+by the applicable provisions of Chapters 11 through 43 of
+NFPA 101, the required illumination of special signs shall ad-
+ditionally be provided under emergency lighting conditions.
+[101:7.10.8.1.2]
+14.14.8.2 Characters. Special signs, where required by other
+provisions of this Code, shall comply with the visual character
+requirements of ICC/ANSI A117.1,American National Standard
+for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities.[ 101:7.10.8.2]
+14.14.8.3* No Exit.
+14.14.8.3.1 Any door, passage, or stairway that is neither an
+exit nor a way of exit access and that is located or arranged so
+that it is likely to be mistaken for an exit shall be identified by
+a sign that reads as follows: [101:7.10.8.3.1]
+NO
+EXIT
+14.14.8.3.2 The NO EXIT sign shall have the word NO in
+letters 2 in. (51 mm) high, with a stroke width of 3⁄8 in.
+(9.5 mm), and the word EXIT in letters 1 in. (25 mm) high,
+with the word EXIT below the word NO, unless such sign is an
+approved existing sign. [101:7.10.8.3.2]
+14.15 Secondary Means of Escape.
+14.15.1 Secondary means of escape shall comply with NFPA
+101.
+14.15.2 Where approved on secondary means of egress, secu-
+rity bars, grates, grilles, or similar devices shall be equipped
+with approved release mechanisms that are releasable from
+the inside without the use of a tool, a key, special knowledge,
+or force greater than that which it takes for normal operation
+of the door or window.
+FIGURE 14.14.6.2.1 Chevron-Type Indicator. [ 101:Figure
+7.10.6.2.1]
+1–138 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Chapter 15 Reserved
+Chapter 16 Safeguards During Building
+Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations
+16.1 General Requirements.
+16.1.1 Structures undergoing construction, alteration, or
+demolition operations, including those in underground loca-
+tions, shall comply with NFPA 241,Standard for Safeguarding Con-
+struction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations, and this chapter.
+16.1.2 A fire protection plan shall be established where re-
+quired by the AHJ.
+16.1.3* In buildings under construction, adequate escape fa-
+cilities shall be maintained at all times for the use of construc-
+tion workers. Escape facilities shall consist of doors, walkways,
+stairs, ramps, fire escapes, ladders, or other approved means
+or devices arranged in accordance with the general principles
+of Chapter 14 and NFPA 101, Life Safety Code , insofar as they
+can reasonably be applied to buildings under construction.
+[101:4.6.11.2]
+16.1.4 Fire department access roads provided in accordance
+with 18.2.3 shall be provided at the start of a project and shall
+be maintained throughout construction.
+16.1.5 Permanent fire department access road markings shall
+not be required until the building is complete or occupied for
+use.
+16.2 Processes and Hazards.
+16.2.1 Temporary Heating Equipment.
+16.2.1.1 Temporary heating equipment shall be listed and
+shall be installed, used, and maintained in accordance with
+the manufacturer’s instructions. [241:5.2.1]
+16.2.1.2 Chimney or vent connectors, where required from
+direct-fired heaters, shall be maintained at least 18 in.
+(460 mm) from combustibles and shall be installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents,
+and Solid Fuel–Burning Appliances.[ 241:5.2.2]
+16.2.1.3 Oil-fired heaters shall comply with Section 11.5.
+[241:5.2.3]
+16.2.1.4 Fuel supplies for liquefied petroleum gas-fired heat-
+ers shall comply with NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code , and
+Chapter 69. [241:5.2.4]
+16.2.1.5* Refueling operations shall be conducted in an ap-
+proved manner. [241:5.2.5]
+16.2.1.6 Heating devices shall be situated so that they are
+secured. [241:5.2.6]
+16.2.1.7 Heating devices shall be installed in accordance with
+their listing, including clearance to combustible material,
+equipment, or construction. [241:5.2.7]
+16.2.1.8* Temporary heating equipment, where utilized, shall
+be monitored for safe operation and maintained by properly
+trained personnel. [241:5.2.8]
+16.2.2 Waste Disposal.
+16.2.2.1* Accumulations of combustible waste material, dust,
+and debris shall be removed from the structure and its imme-
+diate vicinity at the end of each work shift or more frequently
+as necessary for safe operations. [241:5.4.1]
+16.2.2.2 Rubbish shall not be burned on the premises with-
+out first obtaining a permit from the AHJ. (See Section 10.11.)
+[241:5.4.2]
+16.2.2.3 Materials susceptible to spontaneous ignition, such
+as oily rags, shall be stored in a listed disposal container.
+[241:5.4.3]
+16.2.2.4* When a trash chute is used, an approved safety plan
+shall be submitted to the AHJ. [241:5.4.4]
+16.2.3 Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Flammable
+Gases.
+16.2.3.1 Storage.
+16.2.3.1.1 Storage of flammable and combustible liquids
+shall be in accordance with Chapter 66, unless otherwise
+modified by 16.2.3. [241:5.5.1.1]
+16.2.3.1.2* Storage of Class I and Class II liquids shall not
+exceed 60 gal (227 L) within 50 ft (15 m) of the structure.
+[241:5.5.1.2]
+16.2.3.1.3 Storage areas shall be kept free of weeds, debris,
+and combustible materials not necessary to the storage.
+[241:5.5.1.3]
+16.2.3.1.4 Open flames and smoking shall not be permitted in
+flammable and combustible liquids storage areas. [241:5.5.1.4]
+16.2.3.1.5 Such storage areas shall be appropriately posted as
+“no smoking” areas. [241:5.5.1.5]
+16.2.3.1.6 Storage areas shall be appropriately posted with
+markings in accordance with NFPA 704, Standard System for the
+Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response .
+[241:5.5.1.6]
+16.2.3.2 Handling of Flammable and Combustible Liquids at
+Point of Final Use.
+16.2.3.2.1 Handling of flammable and combustible liquids
+shall be in accordance with Chapter 66, except as modified by
+16.2.3.2.2 through 16.2.3.2.4. [241:5.5.2.1]
+16.2.3.2.2 Class I and Class II liquids shall be kept in ap-
+proved safety containers. [241:5.5.2.2]
+16.2.3.2.3 Means shall be provided to dispose of leakage and
+spills promptly and safely. [241:5.5.2.3]
+16.2.3.2.4* Class I liquids shall be dispensed only where there
+are no open flames or other sources of ignition within the
+possible path of vapor travel. [241:5.5.2.4]
+16.2.3.3 Storage and Handling of Combustible and Flammable
+Gases.
+16.2.3.3.1 Storage and handling of combustible and flam-
+mable gases shall be in accordance with NFPA 54 and Chapter
+69. [241:5.5.3.1]
+16.2.3.3.2 Open flames and smoking shall not be permitted
+in flammable gas storage areas. [241:5.5.3.2]
+1–139SAFEGUARDS DURING BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATION, AND DEMOLITION OPERATIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+16.3 Fire Protection.
+16.3.1 Fire Safety Program.An overall construction or demo-
+lition fire safety program shall be developed. Essential items to
+be emphasized include the following:
+(1) Good housekeeping
+(2) On-site security
+(3) Installation of new fire protection systems as construction
+progresses
+(4) Preservation of existing systems during demolition
+(5) Organization and training of an on-site fire brigade
+(6) Development of a prefire plan with the local fire depart-
+ment
+(7) Rapid communication
+(8) Consideration of special hazards resulting from previous
+occupancies
+(9) Protection of existing structures and equipment from ex-
+posure fires resulting from construction, alteration, and
+demolition operations [241:7.1]
+16.3.2 Owner’s Responsibility for Fire Protection.
+16.3.2.1* The owner shall designate a person who shall be
+responsible for the fire prevention program and who shall en-
+sure that it is carried out to completion. [241:7.2.1]
+16.3.2.1.1 The fire prevention program manager shall have the
+authority to enforce the provisions of NFPA 241 and this chapter
+and other applicable fire protection standards. [241:7.2.1.1]
+16.3.2.1.2 The fire prevention program manager shall have
+knowledge of the applicable fire protection standards, avail-
+able fire protection systems, and fire inspection procedures.
+[241:7.2.1.2]
+16.3.2.1.3 Inspection records shall be available for review by
+the AHJ. [241:7.2.1.3]
+16.3.2.2 Where guard service is provided, the fire prevention
+program manager shall be responsible for the guard service.
+[241:7.2.2]
+16.3.2.3* Prefire Plans.
+16.3.2.3.1 Where there is public fire protection or a private
+fire brigade, the manager shall be responsible for the develop-
+ment of prefire plans in conjunction with the fire agencies.
+[241:7.2.3.1]
+16.3.2.3.2 Prefire plans shall be updated as necessary.
+[241:7.2.3.2]
+16.3.2.3.3 The prefire plan shall include provisions for on-
+site visits by the fire agency. [241:7.2.3.3]
+16.3.2.4 Program Manager Responsibilities.
+16.3.2.4.1 The manager shall be responsible for ensuring
+that proper training in the use of protection equipment has
+been provided. [241:7.2.4.1]
+16.3.2.4.2 The manager shall be responsible for the presence
+of adequate numbers and types of fire protection devices and
+appliances and for their proper maintenance. [241:7.2.4.2]
+16.3.2.4.3 The manager shall be responsible for supervising
+the permit system for hot work operations. (See Section 5.1 of
+NFPA 241.) [241:7.2.4.3]
+16.3.2.4.4 A weekly self-inspection program shall be imple-
+mented, with records maintained and made available.
+[241:7.2.4.4]
+16.3.2.4.5* Impairments to the fire protection systems or fire
+alarm, detection, or communications systems shall be authorized
+only by the fire prevention program manager. [241:7.2.4.5]
+16.3.2.4.6 Temporary protective coverings used on fire pro-
+tection devices during renovations, such as painting, shall be
+removed promptly when work has been completed in the
+area. [241:7.2.4.6]
+16.3.2.5 Site Security.
+16.3.2.5.1* Guard service shall be provided where required by
+the AHJ. [241:7.2.5.1]
+16.3.2.5.2* Where guard service is provided, the guard(s)
+shall be trained in the following:
+(1) Notification procedures that include calling the fire de-
+partment and management personnel
+(2) Knowledge of fire protection equipment
+(3) Familiarization with fire hazards
+(4) Use of construction elevators [ 241:7.2.5.2]
+16.3.2.5.3 Guards shall be informed of any special status of
+emergency equipment or hazards. [241:7.2.5.3]
+16.3.2.5.4* Security fences shall be provided where required
+by the AHJ. [241:7.2.5.4]
+16.3.2.5.5* Entrances (e.g., doors and windows) to the struc-
+ture under construction, alteration, or demolition shall be se-
+cured where required by the AHJ. [241:7.2.5.5]
+16.3.3* Fire Alarm Reporting.
+16.3.3.1 There shall be a readily available public fire alarm
+box near the premises, telephone service to the responding
+fire department, or equivalent facilities. [241:7.4.1]
+16.3.3.2 Instructions shall be issued for the immediate notifi-
+cation of the fire department in the case of a fire. Where tele-
+phone service is employed, the local fire department number
+and site address shall be conspicuously posted near each tele-
+phone. [241:7.4.2]
+16.3.4 Access for Fire Fighting.
+16.3.4.1 A suitable location at the site shall be designated
+as a command post and provided with plans, emergency
+information, keys, communications, and equipment, as
+needed. [ 241:7.5.1]
+16.3.4.2 The person in charge of fire protection shall re-
+spond to the location command post whenever fire occurs.
+[241:7.5.2]
+16.3.4.3 Where access to or within a structure or an area is
+unduly difficult because of secured openings or where imme-
+diate access is necessary for life-saving or fire-fighting pur-
+poses, the AHJ shall be permitted to require a key box to be
+installed in an accessible location. [241:7.5.3]
+16.3.4.4 The key box shall be an approved type and shall
+contain keys to gain access as required by the AHJ. (See Section
+18.2.) [241:7.5.4]
+16.3.4.5 Stairs.
+16.3.4.5.1 In all buildings over one story in height, at least one
+stairway shall be provided that is in usable condition at all times
+and that meets the requirements of NFPA101.[ 241:7.5.6.1]
+1–140 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+16.3.4.5.2 This stairway shall be extended upward as each
+floor is installed in new construction and maintained for each
+floor still remaining during demolition. [241:7.5.6.2]
+16.3.4.5.3 The stairway shall be lighted. [241:7.5.6.3]
+16.3.4.5.4 During construction, the stairway shall be en-
+closed where the building exterior walls are in place.
+[241:7.5.6.4]
+16.3.4.5.5 All exit stairs shall be provided with stair identi-
+fication signs to include the floor level, stair designation,
+and exit path direction as required to provide for safe
+egress. [ 241:7.5.6.5]
+16.3.5 Standpipes. In all new buildings in which standpipes
+are required or where standpipes exist in buildings being al-
+tered or demolished, such standpipes shall be maintained in
+conformity with the progress of building construction in such
+a manner that they are always ready for use. [241:7.6]
+16.3.6* First-Aid Fire-Fighting Equipment.
+16.3.6.1* The suitability, distribution, and maintenance of extin-
+guishers shall be in accordance with Section 13.6. [241:7.7.1]
+16.3.6.2 Wherever a toolhouse, storeroom, or other shanty is
+located in or adjacent to the building under construction or
+demolition, or where a room or space within that building is
+used for storage, a dressing room, or a workshop, at least one
+approved extinguisher shall be provided and maintained in
+an accessible location, unless otherwise permitted by 16.3.6.3.
+[241:7.7.2]
+16.3.6.3 The requirement of 16.3.6.2 shall be permitted to be
+waived where the structure does not exceed 150 ft2 (14 m2)i n
+floor area or is equipped with automatic sprinklers or other
+approved protection. [241:7.7.3]
+16.3.6.4 At least one approved fire extinguisher also shall be
+provided in plain sight on each floor at each usable stairway as
+soon as combustible material accumulates. [241:7.7.4]
+16.3.6.5 Suitable fire extinguishers shall be provided on self-
+propelled equipment. [241:7.7.5]
+16.3.6.6* Free access to permanent, temporary, or portable
+first aid fire equipment shall be maintained at all times.
+[241:7.7.6]
+16.4 Safeguarding Construction and Alteration Operations.
+16.4.1* Scaffolding, Shoring, and Forms.
+16.4.1.1 Accumulations of unnecessary combustible forms or
+form lumber shall be prohibited. [241:8.2.1]
+16.4.1.2 Combustible forms or form lumber shall be brought
+into the structure only when needed. [241:8.2.2]
+16.4.1.3 Combustible forms or form lumber shall be removed
+from the structure as soon as stripping is complete. [241:8.2.3]
+16.4.1.4 Those portions of the structure where combustible
+forms are present shall not be used for the storage of other
+combustible building materials. [241:8.2.4]
+16.4.1.5* During forming and stripping operations, portable fire
+extinguishers or charged hose lines shall be provided to protect
+the additional combustible loading adequately. [241:8.2.5]
+16.4.2 Temporary Separation Walls.
+16.4.2.1 Protection shall be provided to separate an occupied
+portion of the structure from a portion of the structure undergo-
+ing alteration, construction, or demolition operations when such
+operations are considered as having a higher level of hazard than
+the occupied portion of the building. [241:8.6.2.1]
+16.4.2.2 Walls shall have at least a 1-hour fire resistance rat-
+ing. [241:8.6.2.2]
+16.4.2.3 Opening protectives shall have at least a 45-minute
+fire protection rating. [241:8.6.2.3]
+16.4.2.4* Nonrated walls and opening protectives shall be per-
+mitted when an approved automatic sprinkler system is in-
+stalled. [241:8.6.2.4]
+16.4.3 Fire Protection During Construction.
+16.4.3.1 Water Supply.
+16.4.3.1.1* A water supply for fire protection, either tempo-
+rary or permanent, shall be made available as soon as combus-
+tible material accumulates. [241:8.7.2.1]
+16.4.3.1.2 There shall be no delay in the installation of fire
+protection equipment. (See A.16.4.1.5.) [241:8.7.2.2]
+16.4.3.1.3 Where underground water mains and hydrants are
+to be provided, they shall be installed, completed, and in ser-
+vice prior to construction work. [241:8.7.2.3]
+16.4.3.2 Sprinkler Protection.
+16.4.3.2.1* If automatic sprinkler protection is to be provided,
+the installation shall be placed in service as soon as practi-
+cable. [241:8.7.3.1]
+16.4.3.2.2 The details of installation shall be in accordance
+with NFPA 13. [241:8.7.3.2]
+16.4.3.2.3 Where sprinklers are required for safety to life, the
+building shall not be occupied until the sprinkler installation has
+been entirely completed and tested so that the protection is not
+susceptible to frequent impairment caused by testing and correc-
+tion, unless otherwise permitted by 16.4.3.2.4. [241:8.7.3.3]
+16.4.3.2.4 The provision of 16.4.3.2.3 shall not prohibit occu-
+pancy of the lower floors of a building, even where the upper
+floors are in various stages of construction or protection, pro-
+vided the following conditions are satisfied:
+(1) The sprinkler protection of the lower occupied floors is
+completed and tested in accordance with 16.4.3.2.3.
+(2) The sprinkler protection of the upper floors is supplied
+by entirely separate systems and separate control valves so
+that the absence or incompleteness of protection in no
+way impairs the sprinkler protection of the occupied
+lower floors. [241:8.7.3.4]
+16.4.3.2.5 The operation of sprinkler control valves shall be
+permitted only by properly authorized personnel and shall be
+accompanied by the notification of duly designated parties.
+[241:8.7.3.5]
+16.4.3.2.6 Where the sprinkler protection is regularly turned
+off and on to facilitate connection of newly completed seg-
+ments, the sprinkler control valves shall be checked at the end
+of each work shift to ascertain that protection is in service.
+[241:8.7.3.6]
+16.4.3.3 Standpipes.
+16.4.3.3.1 General.
+16.4.3.3.1.1* The pipe size, hose valves, hose, water supply,
+and other details for new construction shall be in accordance
+with Section 13.2. [241:8.7.4.1.1]
+1–141SAFEGUARDS DURING BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATION, AND DEMOLITION OPERATIONS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+16.4.3.3.1.2 On permanent Type II and Type III standpipes,
+hose and nozzles shall be provided and made ready for use as
+soon as the water supply is available to the standpipe, unless
+otherwise permitted by 16.4.3.3.1.3. [241:8.7.4.1.2]
+16.4.3.3.1.3* In combined systems where occupant hose is not
+required, temporary hose and nozzles shall be provided dur-
+ing construction. [241:8.7.4.1.3]
+16.4.3.3.2 Standpipe Installations in Buildings Under Con-
+struction. Where required by the AHJ, in buildings under con-
+struction, a standpipe system, either temporary or permanent
+in nature, shall be installed in accordance with 16.4.3.3.2.1
+through 16.4.3.3.2.10. [241:8.7.4.2]
+16.4.3.3.2.1 The standpipes shall be provided with conspicu-
+ously marked and readily accessible fire department connections
+on the outside of the building at the street level and shall have at
+least one standard hose outlet at each floor. [241:8.7.4.2.1]
+16.4.3.3.2.2 The pipe sizes, hose valves, hose, water supply,
+and other details for new construction shall be in accordance
+with NFPA 241. [241:8.7.4.2.2]
+16.4.3.3.2.3 The standpipes shall be securely supported and
+restrained at each alternate floor. [241:8.7.4.2.3]
+16.4.3.3.2.4* At least one approved hose valve for attaching
+fire department hose shall be provided at each intermediate
+landing or floor level in the exit stairway, as determined by the
+AHJ. [241:8.7.4.2.4]
+16.4.3.3.2.5 Valves shall be kept closed at all times and
+guarded against mechanical injury. [241:8.7.4.2.5]
+16.4.3.3.2.6 Hose valves shall have NH standard external
+threads for the valve size specified in accordance with
+NFPA 1963, Standard for Fire Hose Connections, unless modified
+by 16.4.3.3.2.7. [241:8.7.4.2.6]
+16.4.3.3.2.7 Where local fire department connections do not
+conform to NFPA 1963, the AHJ shall designate the connec-
+tion to be used. [241:8.7.4.2.7]
+16.4.3.3.2.8* The standpipes shall be extended up with each
+floor and shall be securely capped at the top. [241:8.7.4.2.8]
+16.4.3.3.2.9 Top hose outlets shall be not more than one
+floor below the highest forms, staging, and similar combus-
+tibles at all times. [241:8.7.4.2.9]
+16.4.3.3.2.10 Temporary standpipes shall remain in service
+until the permanent standpipe installation is complete.
+[241:8.7.4.2.10]
+16.4.4 Alteration of Buildings.
+16.4.4.1 Where the building is protected by fire protection
+systems, such systems shall be maintained operational at all
+times during alteration.
+16.4.4.2 Where alteration requires modification of a portion
+of the fire protection system, the remainder of the system shall
+be kept in service and the fire department shall be notified.
+16.4.4.3 When it is necessary to shut down the system, the
+AHJ shall have the authority to require alternate measures of
+protection until the system is returned to service.
+16.4.4.4 The fire department shall be notified when the sys-
+tem is shut down and when the system is returned to service.
+16.4.4.5 All required exit components shall be maintained in
+accordance with this Code as deemed necessary by the AHJ.
+16.4.4.6 Fire-resistive assemblies and construction shall be
+maintained.
+16.5 Fire Safety During Demolition.
+16.5.1 If a building intended to be demolished contains a
+sprinkler system, such system shall not be rendered inopera-
+tive without approval of the AHJ.
+16.5.2 Demolition operations involving the use of cutting
+and welding shall be done in accordance with Chapter 41.
+16.5.3 Combustible waste material shall not be burned at the
+demolition site unless approved by the AHJ. Combustible ma-
+terials shall be removed from the site as often as necessary to
+minimize the hazards therefrom.(See 16.2.2 and Section 10.11.)
+16.5.4 Where in the opinion of the AHJ the demolition site is
+of a hazardous nature, qualified personnel shall serve as an
+on-site fire watch.
+16.6 Torch-Applied Roofing Systems.
+16.6.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+16.6.2 Torch-applied roofing systems shall be installed in ac-
+cordance with Chapter 7 of NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguard-
+ing Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations.
+16.7 Tar Kettles.
+16.7.1 General.
+16.7.1.1 The provisions of Section 16.7 shall apply to any type
+of equipment including, but not limited to, chassis-mounted
+equipment used for preheating or heating tar, asphalt, pitch,
+or similar substances for roofs, floors, pipes, or similar objects.
+16.7.1.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+16.7.1.3 Operating kettles shall not be located inside of or on
+the roof of any building.
+16.7.1.4 Tar Kettle Location.The kettle shall be operated in a
+controlled area. The area shall be identified by the use of traf-
+fic cones, barriers, and other suitable means as approved by
+the AHJ.
+16.7.1.5 Kettle Supervision.
+16.7.1.5.1 An operating kettle shall be attended by a mini-
+mum of one employee who is knowledgeable of the opera-
+tions and hazards.
+16.7.1.5.2 The employee shall be within 25 ft (7.6 m) of the
+kettle and shall have the kettle within sight.
+16.7.1.6 Fire Extinguishers.
+16.7.1.6.1 Two approved 4-A:40-B:C fire extinguishers shall
+be provided and maintained within 25 ft (7.6 m) of the oper-
+ating kettle.
+16.7.1.6.2* A minimum of one approved 4-A:40-B:C fire extin-
+guisher shall be provided and maintained on the roof in close
+proximity to the roofing operations while the roofing material
+is being applied.
+16.7.1.6.3 Fire extinguishers shall be mounted in an acces-
+sible and visible or identified location.
+1–142 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+16.7.1.7 Exits.
+16.7.1.7.1 Roofing kettles shall not block exits, means of
+egress, gates, roadways, or entrances.
+16.7.1.7.2 Kettles shall not be closer than 10 ft (3 m) from
+exits or means of egress.
+16.7.2 Fuel System.
+16.7.2.1 Fuel containers shall be constructed and approved
+for the use for which they were designed.
+16.7.2.2 Liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas) containers, hose,
+regulators, and burners shall conform to the requirements in
+Chapter 69.
+16.7.2.3 LP-Gas cylinders shall be secured to prevent acciden-
+tal tipover.
+16.7.2.4 Regulators shall be required on any cylinders.
+16.7.2.5 Where, in the opinion of the AHJ, physical damage
+to the container is a danger, protection shall be provided to
+prevent such physical damage.
+16.7.2.6 LP-Gas containers for roofing kettles shall not be
+used in any building.
+16.7.3 Maintenance.
+16.7.3.1 Roofing kettles and all integral working parts shall
+be in good working condition and shall be maintained free of
+excessive residue.
+16.7.3.2 All piping used for pumping heated material to the
+roof shall be installed in a manner to prevent loss of heated
+material.
+16.7.3.3 Flexible steel piping shall not be used on the vertical
+extension of piping systems.
+16.7.3.4 Flexible steel piping shall be limited to those con-
+nections that are immediately adjacent to the pump kettle or
+discharge outlet.
+16.7.3.5 No single length of flexible piping shall exceed 6 ft
+(1.8 m) in length, and all piping shall be able to withstand a
+pressure of at least four times the working pressure of the
+pump.
+16.7.3.6 Roofing Kettle Doors.
+16.7.3.6.1 All roofing kettles shall have doors permanently
+attached.
+16.7.3.6.2 Roofing kettle doors shall be installed in a work-
+manlike manner and shall be provided with handles that allow
+them to be opened without the operator having to stand in
+front of same.
+16.7.3.6.3 All kettles shall have an approved, working visible
+temperature gauge that indicates the temperature of the ma-
+terial being heated.
+16.7.3.7 All kettle doors shall be tightly closed and latched
+when in transit.
+16.7.4 Construction.
+16.7.4.1 The materials and methods of construction of roof-
+ing kettles shall be acceptable to the AHJ.
+16.7.4.2 Minimum Requirements.
+16.7.4.2.1 Paragraph 16.7.4.2 shall apply to all roofing kettles
+or tar pots in excess of 1 gal (3.8 L) capacity.
+16.7.4.2.2 No roofing kettle shall have a capacity in excess of
+5 barrels (bbl).
+16.7.4.2.3 Roofing kettles of 2 bbl capacity or less shall be
+constructed of steel sheet having a thickness of not less than
+0.105 in. (No. 12 Manufacturers’ Standard Gauge). Kettles of
+more than 2 bbl capacity shall be constructed of steel sheet
+having a thickness of not less than 0.135 in. (No. 10 Manufac-
+turers’ Standard Gauge). All supports, corners, and the top
+and bottom of the fire box shall be bound with angle iron or
+other reinforcements approved by the AHJ. All doors shall be
+hinged, closely fitted, and adequately latched. Fire boxes shall
+be of sufficient height from the ground or shall be provided
+with a system of shields or insulation to prevent heat damage
+to the street surface.
+16.7.4.2.4 Lids that can be gravity operated shall be provided
+on all roofing kettles. The tops and covers of all kettles shall be
+constructed of steel sheet having a thickness of not less than
+0.075 in. (1.90 mm) (No. 14 Manufacturers’ Standard Gauge)
+that is close fitting and attached to the kettle with hinges that
+allow gravity to close the lid.
+16.7.4.2.5 The chassis shall be substantially constructed and
+capable of carrying the load imposed upon it whether it is
+standing still or being transported.
+16.7.4.2.6 Fuel containers, burners, and related appurte-
+nances of roofing kettles in which LP-Gas is used for heating
+shall comply with all the requirements of Chapter 69.
+16.7.4.2.7 Fuel containers that operate under air pressure
+shall not exceed 20 gal (76 L) in capacity and shall be subject
+to the approval of the AHJ.
+16.7.4.2.8 All fuel containers shall be maintained in accor-
+dance with applicable NFPA codes and standards or shall be at
+least 10 ft (3 m) from the burner flame or at least 2 ft (0.6 m)
+therefrom when properly insulated from heat or flame.
+16.8 Asbestos Removal.
+16.8.1 Notification. The AHJ and the fire department shall be
+notified 24 hours prior to the commencement and closure of
+asbestos removal operations.
+16.8.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+16.8.3 Signs. Approved signs shall be posted at the entrance,
+exit and exit access door, decontamination areas, and waste
+disposal areas for asbestos removal operations.
+16.8.3.1 The signs shall state that asbestos is being removed
+from the area, that asbestos is a suspected carcinogen, and
+that proper respiratory protection is required.
+16.8.3.2 Signs shall have a reflective surface, and lettering
+shall be a minimum of 2 in. (51 mm) high.
+Chapter 17 Wildland Urban Interface
+17.1 General. The planning, construction, maintenance, edu-
+cation, and management elements for the protection of life
+and property from wildfire shall comply with NFPA 1144,Stan-
+dard for Reducing Structure Ignition Hazards from Wildland Fire ,
+and Chapter 17.
+1–143WILDLAND URBAN INTERFACE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+17.2 Plans. The plans for construction and development within
+the wildland urban interface shall be submitted to the AHJ for
+review and approval.
+17.3 Wildland Fire–Prone Areas.
+17.3.1* Safeguards.Safeguards to prevent the occurrence of
+fires and to provide adequate fire protection and mitigation
+measures in hazardous fire areas shall be provided and main-
+tained in accordance with Section 17.3.
+17.3.2* Permits and Approvals.Permits for use of hazardous
+areas shall not be issued when public safety would be at risk, as
+determined by the AHJ . (See Section 1.12 for additional require-
+ments for permits.)
+17.3.3 Restricted Entry.
+17.3.3.1 The AHJ shall determine and publicly announce
+when hazardous fire areas shall be closed to entry, and when
+such areas shall again be opened to entry.
+17.3.3.2 Unauthorized persons shall not be permitted to en-
+ter or remain in closed hazardous fire areas.
+17.3.3.3 Signs. Approved signs prohibiting entry by unautho-
+rized persons shall be placed on every closed area and access
+point.
+17.3.4 Use of Flammable Materials and Procedures.
+17.3.4.1 Smoking. Lighting, igniting, or otherwise setting fire
+to any smoking material shall be prohibited unless within
+structures or smoking areas approved by the AHJ. (See Section
+10.10 for additional requirements on smoking.)
+17.3.4.2 Tracer Bullets, Tracer Charges, Rockets, and Model
+Aircraft.
+17.3.4.2.1 Tracer bullets and tracer charges shall not be pos-
+sessed, fired, or caused to be fired into or across hazardous fire
+areas.
+17.3.4.2.2 Rockets, model planes, gliders, and balloons pow-
+ered with an engine, propellant, or other feature liable to start
+or cause fire shall not be fired or projected into or across
+hazardous fire areas.
+17.3.4.3 Explosives and Blasting.Explosives shall not be pos-
+sessed, kept, stored, sold, offered for sale, given away, used,
+discharged, transported, or disposed of within hazardous fire
+areas except as permitted by the AHJ. (See Chapter 65 for addi-
+tional guidance.)
+17.3.4.4 Fireworks. Fireworks shall not be used or possessed
+in hazardous fire areas unless permitted by the AHJ.(See Chap-
+ter 65 for additional guidance.)
+17.3.4.5 Apiaries. Lighted and smoldering material used in
+connection with smoking bees shall not be allowed in or upon
+hazardous fire areas except as permitted by the AHJ.
+17.3.4.6 Spark Arresters.Chimneys, used in conjunction with
+outdoor fireplaces, barbecues, incinerators, or heating appli-
+ances in which solid or liquid fuel is used, upon buildings,
+structures, or premises located within 10 ft (3.05 m) of hazard-
+ous vegetation shall be provided with a spark arrester in accor-
+dance with Section 5.7 of NFPA 1144.
+17.3.5 Clearance of Brush and Vegetative Growth.
+17.3.5.1 Electrical Transmission Lines.
+17.3.5.1.1 Clearance of brush and vegetative growth from elec-
+trical transmission and distribution line(s) shall be provided and
+maintained in accordance with 17.3.5.1.
+17.3.5.1.2 A combustible-free space around poles and towers
+shall consist of a clearing of not less than 10 ft (3.05 m) in each
+direction from the outer circumference of the pole or tower
+during such periods of time as designated by the AHJ.
+17.3.5.1.3 Trimming Clearance.
+17.3.5.1.3.1 At the time of trimming, clearances not less than
+those established by Table 17.3.5.1.3.1 shall be provided.
+17.3.5.1.3.2 The radial clearances in Table 17.3.5.1.3.1 are
+minimum clearances that shall be established at time of trim-
+ming between the vegetation and the energized conductors
+and associated live parts.
+17.3.5.1.4 Clearances not less than those established by Table
+17.3.5.1.4 shall be maintained during such periods of time as
+designated by the AHJ.
+17.3.5.1.4.1 The site-specific clearance achieved, at the time of
+pruning, shall vary based on species’ growth rates, the utility com-
+pany specific trim cycle, the potential line sway due to wind, line
+sway due to electrical loading and ambient temperature, and the
+tree’s location in proximity to the high voltage lines.
+17.3.5.1.4.2 The AHJ shall establish minimum clearances dif-
+ferent than those specified by Table 17.3.5.1.4 when evidence
+substantiating such other clearances is submitted to the AHJ
+and approved.
+17.3.5.1.5* Electrical Power Line Emergencies.During emer-
+gencies, the utility company shall perform the required work
+to the extent necessary to clear the hazard.
+17.3.5.2 Structures.
+17.3.5.2.1 Persons owning, leasing, controlling, operating, or
+maintaining buildings or structures in, upon, or adjoining haz-
+ardous fire areas, and persons owning, leasing, or controlling
+Table 17.3.5.1.3.1 Minimum Clearances Between Vegetation
+and Electrical Lines at Time of Trimming
+Minimal Radial Clearance
+from Conductor
+Line Voltage ft m
+2400–72,000 4 1.2
+72,001–110,000 6 1.8
+110,001–300,000 10 3.0
+300,001 or more 15 4.6
+Table 17.3.5.1.4 Minimum Clearances Between Vegetation
+and Electrical Lines to Be Maintained
+Minimum Clearance
+Line Voltage in. mm
+750–35,000 6 152
+35,001–60,000 12 305
+60,001–115,000 19 483
+115,001–230,000 30.5 775
+230,001–500,000 115 2920
+1–144 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+land adjacent to such buildings or structures, shall maintain an
+effective defensible space in accordance with NFPA 1144.
+17.3.5.2.2 Where required by the AHJ because of extra haz-
+ardous conditions, additional areas shall be maintained to in-
+clude additional defensible space from buildings or struc-
+tures, trees adjacent to or overhanging a building shall be
+maintained free of deadwood, and the roof of a structure shall
+be free of leaves, needles, or other dead vegetative growth.
+17.3.5.3 Roadways. Areas within 10 ft (3 m) on each side of
+portions of highways and private streets shall be cleared of
+combustible vegetation and other combustible growth. Single
+specimens of trees, shrubbery, or cultivated ground cover such
+as green grass, ivy, succulents, or similar plants used as ground
+covers shall be permitted to be exempt provided that they do
+not form a means of readily transmitting fire.
+17.3.6 Unusual Circumstances.The AHJ shall determine that
+difficult terrain, danger of erosion, or other unusual circum-
+stances could require additional safeguards.
+17.3.7 Fire Roads, Firebreaks, and Emergency Access.
+17.3.7.1 The provisions of 17.3.7 and NFPA 1141,Standard for
+Fire Protection Infrastructure for Land Development in Suburban and
+Rural Areas, shall be used to determine the design, clearances,
+and provisions for emergency access (ingress and egress).
+17.3.7.2 Unauthorized vehicles shall not be driven upon fire
+roads or firebreaks. Vehicles shall not be parked in a manner
+that obstructs the entrance to a fire road or firebreak.
+17.3.7.3 Radio and television aerials, guy wires, and other
+obstructions shall not be installed or maintained on fire roads
+or firebreaks unless the vertical clearance is sufficient to allow
+the movement of fire and emergency apparatus.
+17.3.7.4 Motorcycles, motor scooters, and motor vehicles
+shall not be operated within hazardous fire areas, except upon
+clearly established public or private roads.
+17.3.8 Tampering with Fire Safety Equipment.See Section
+10.8 for requirements on tampering with fire safety equip-
+ment.
+17.3.9 Maintenance. See Section 10.4 for requirements on
+maintenance.
+Chapter 18 Fire Department Access
+and Water Supply
+18.1 General. Fire department access and water supplies shall
+comply with this chapter.
+18.1.1 Plans.
+18.1.1.1 Fire Apparatus Access.Plans for fire apparatus access
+roads shall be submitted to the fire department for review and
+approval prior to construction.
+18.1.1.2 Fire Hydrant Systems.Plans and specifications for
+fire hydrant systems shall be submitted to the fire department
+for review and approval prior to construction.
+18.2 Fire Department Access.
+18.2.1 Fire department access and fire department access
+roads shall be provided and maintained in accordance with
+Section 18.2.
+18.2.2* Access to Structures or Areas.
+18.2.2.1 Access Box(es).The AHJ shall have the authority to
+require an access box(es) to be installed in an accessible loca-
+tion where access to or within a structure or area is difficult
+because of security.
+18.2.2.2 Access to Gated Subdivisions or Developments.The
+AHJ shall have the authority to require fire department access
+be provided to gated subdivisions or developments through
+the use of an approved device or system.
+18.2.2.3 Access Maintenance. The owner or occupant of a
+structure or area, with required fire department access as
+specified in 18.2.2.1 or 18.2.2.2, shall notify the AHJ when the
+access is modified in a manner that could prevent fire depart-
+ment access.
+18.2.3 Fire Department Access Roads.
+18.2.3.1 Required Access.
+18.2.3.1.1 Approved fire department access roads shall be
+provided for every facility, building, or portion of a building
+hereafter constructed or relocated.
+18.2.3.1.2 Fire department access roads shall consist of road-
+ways, fire lanes, parking lot lanes, or a combination thereof.
+18.2.3.1.3* When not more than two one- and two-family
+dwellings or private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural
+buildings, and detached buildings or structures 400 ft 2
+(37 m 2) or less are present, the requirements of 18.2.3.1
+through 18.2.3.2.1 shall be permitted to be modified by the
+AHJ.
+18.2.3.1.4 When fire department access roads cannot be in-
+stalled due to location on property, topography, waterways,
+nonnegotiable grades, or other similar conditions, the AHJ
+shall be authorized to require additional fire protection fea-
+tures.
+18.2.3.2 Access to Building.
+18.2.3.2.1 A fire department access road shall extend to
+within 50 ft (15 m) of at least one exterior door that can be
+opened from the outside and that provides access to the inte-
+rior of the building.
+18.2.3.2.1.1 Where a one- or two-family dwelling is protected
+with an approved automatic sprinkler system that is installed
+in accordance with NFPA 13D, the distance in 18.2.3.2.1 shall
+be permitted to be increased to 150 ft (46 m).
+18.2.3.2.2 Fire department access roads shall be provided
+such that any portion of the facility or any portion of an exte-
+rior wall of the first story of the building is located not more
+than 150 ft (46 m) from fire department access roads as mea-
+sured by an approved route around the exterior of the build-
+ing or facility.
+18.2.3.2.2.1 When buildings are protected throughout with an
+approved automatic sprinkler system that is installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13, NFPA 13D, or NFPA 13R, the distance in
+18.2.3.2.2 shall be permitted to be increased to 450 ft (137 m).
+18.2.3.3 Multiple Access Roads.More than one fire depart-
+ment access road shall be provided when it is determined by
+the AHJ that access by a single road could be impaired by
+vehicle congestion, condition of terrain, climatic conditions,
+or other factors that could limit access.
+1–145FIRE DEPARTMENT ACCESS AND WATER SUPPLY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+18.2.3.4 Specifications.
+18.2.3.4.1 Dimensions.
+18.2.3.4.1.1 Fire department access roads shall have an unob-
+structed width of not less than 20 ft (6.1 m).
+18.2.3.4.1.2 Fire department access roads shall have an unob-
+structed vertical clearance of not less than 13 ft 6 in. (4.1 m).
+18.2.3.4.1.2.1 Vertical clearance shall be permitted to be re-
+duced, provided such reduction does not impair access by fire
+apparatus, and approved signs are installed and maintained
+indicating the established vertical clearance when approved.
+18.2.3.4.1.2.2 Vertical clearances or widths shall be increased
+when vertical clearances or widths are not adequate to accom-
+modate fire apparatus.
+18.2.3.4.2 Surface. Fire department access roads shall be de-
+signed and maintained to support the imposed loads of fire
+apparatus and shall be provided with an all-weather driving
+surface.
+18.2.3.4.3 Turning Radius.
+18.2.3.4.3.1 The turning radius of a fire department access
+road shall be as approved by the AHJ.
+18.2.3.4.3.2 Turns in fire department access roads shall main-
+tain the minimum road width.
+18.2.3.4.4 Dead Ends.Dead-end fire department access roads
+in excess of 150 ft (46 m) in length shall be provided with
+approved provisions for the fire apparatus to turn around.
+18.2.3.4.5 Bridges.
+18.2.3.4.5.1 When a bridge is required to be used as part of a
+fire department access road, it shall be constructed and main-
+tained in accordance with nationally recognized standards.
+18.2.3.4.5.2 The bridge shall be designed for a live load suffi-
+cient to carry the imposed loads of fire apparatus.
+18.2.3.4.5.3 Vehicle load limits shall be posted at both en-
+trances to bridges where required by the AHJ.
+18.2.3.4.6 Grade.
+18.2.3.4.6.1 The gradient for a fire department access road
+shall not exceed the maximum approved.
+18.2.3.4.6.2* The angle of approach and departure for any
+means of fire department access road shall not exceed 1 ft
+drop in 20 ft (0.3 m drop in 6 m) or the design limitations of
+the fire apparatus of the fire department, and shall be subject
+to approval by the AHJ.
+18.2.3.4.6.3 Fire department access roads connecting to road-
+ways shall be provided with curb cuts extending at least 2 ft
+(0.61 m) beyond each edge of the fire lane.
+18.2.3.4.7 Traffic Calming Devices.The design and use of
+traffic calming devices shall be approved by the AHJ.
+18.2.3.5 Marking of Fire Apparatus Access Road.
+18.2.3.5.1 Where required by the AHJ, approved signs or
+other approved notices shall be provided and maintained to
+identify fire department access roads or to prohibit the ob-
+struction thereof or both.
+18.2.3.5.2 A marked fire apparatus access road shall also be
+known as a fire lane.
+18.2.4* Obstruction and Control of Fire Department Access
+Road.
+18.2.4.1 General.
+18.2.4.1.1 The required width of a fire department access
+road shall not be obstructed in any manner, including by the
+parking of vehicles.
+18.2.4.1.2 Minimum required widths and clearances estab-
+lished under 18.2.3.4 shall be maintained at all times.
+18.2.4.1.3* Facilities and structures shall be maintained in a
+manner that does not impair or impede accessibility for fire
+department operations.
+18.2.4.1.4 Entrances to fire department access roads that
+have been closed with gates and barriers in accordance with
+18.2.4.2.1 shall not be obstructed by parked vehicles.
+18.2.4.2 Closure of Accessways.
+18.2.4.2.1 The AHJ shall be authorized to require the instal-
+lation and maintenance of gates or other approved barricades
+across roads, trails, or other accessways not including public
+streets, alleys, or highways.
+18.2.4.2.2 Where required, gates and barricades shall be se-
+cured in an approved manner.
+18.2.4.2.3 Roads, trails, and other accessways that have been
+closed and obstructed in the manner prescribed by 18.2.4.2.1
+shall not be trespassed upon or used unless authorized by the
+owner and the AHJ.
+18.2.4.2.4 Public officers acting within their scope of duty
+shall be permitted to access restricted property identified in
+18.2.4.2.1.
+18.2.4.2.5 Locks, gates, doors, barricades, chains, enclosures,
+signs, tags, or seals that have been installed by the fire depart-
+ment or by its order or under its control shall not be removed,
+unlocked, destroyed, tampered with, or otherwise vandalized
+in any manner.
+18.2.4.2.6 When authorized by the AHJ, public officers acting
+within their scope of duty shall be permitted to obtain access
+through secured means identified in 18.2.4.2.1.
+18.3 Water Supplies and Fire Hydrants.
+18.3.1* An approved water supply capable of supplying the
+required fire flow for fire protection shall be provided to all
+premises upon which facilities, buildings, or portions of build-
+ings are hereafter constructed or moved into the jurisdiction.
+18.3.2* Where no adequate or reliable water distribution sys-
+tem exists, approved reservoirs, pressure tanks, elevated tanks,
+fire department tanker shuttles, or other approved systems
+capable of providing the required fire flow shall be permitted.
+18.3.3* The number and type of fire hydrants and connec-
+tions to other approved water supplies shall be capable of de-
+livering the required fire flow and shall be provided at ap-
+proved locations.
+18.3.4 Fire hydrants and connections to other approved wa-
+ter supplies shall be accessible to the fire department.
+18.3.4.1 Clear Space Around Hydrants.A 3 ft (914.4 mm)
+clear space shall be maintained around the circumference of
+fire hydrants except as otherwise required or approved.
+1–146 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+18.3.5 Private water supply systems shall be tested and main-
+tained in accordance with NFPA 25.
+18.3.6 Where required by the AHJ, fire hydrants subject to
+vehicular damage shall be protected unless located within a
+public right of way.
+18.3.7 Where water supplies or fire hydrants are out of ser-
+vice for maintenance or repairs, a visible indicator acceptable
+to the AHJ shall be used to indicate that the hydrant is out of
+service.
+18.4 Fire Flow Requirements for Buildings.
+18.4.1* Scope.
+18.4.1.1* The procedure determining fire flow requirements
+for buildings hereafter constructed shall be in accordance
+with Section 18.4.
+18.4.1.2 Section 18.4 does not apply to structures other than
+buildings.
+18.4.2 Definitions. See definitions 3.3.13.6 (Fire Flow Area)
+and 3.3.108 (Fire Flow).
+18.4.3 Modifications.
+18.4.3.1 Decreases.Fire flow requirements shall be permitted
+to be modified downward by the AHJ for isolated buildings or
+a group of buildings in rural areas or small communities
+where the development of full fire flow requirements is im-
+practical.
+18.4.3.2 Increases.Fire flow shall be permitted to be modified
+upward by the AHJ where conditions indicate an unusual sus-
+ceptibility to group fires or conflagrations. An upward modifi-
+cation shall not be more than twice that required for the build-
+ing under consideration.
+18.4.4 Fire Flow Area.
+18.4.4.1 General. The fire flow area shall be the total floor
+area of all floor levels of a building except as modified in
+18.4.4.1.1.
+18.4.4.1.1 Type I (443), Type I (332), and Type II (222) Con-
+struction. The fire flow area of a building constructed of Type
+I (443), Type I (332), and Type II (222) construction shall be
+the area of the three largest successive floors.
+18.4.5 Fire Flow Requirements for Buildings.
+18.4.5.1 One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
+18.4.5.1.1 The minimum fire flow and flow duration require-
+ments for one- and two-family dwellings having a fire flow area
+that does not exceed 5000 ft 2 (334.5 m2) shall be 1000 gpm
+(3785 L/min) for 1 hour.
+18.4.5.1.1.1 A reduction in required fire flow of 50 percent
+shall be permitted when the building is provided with an ap-
+proved automatic sprinkler system.
+18.4.5.1.1.2 A reduction in the required fire flow of 25 per-
+cent shall be permitted when the building is separated from
+other buildings by a minimum of 30 ft (9.1 m).
+18.4.5.1.1.3 The reduction in 18.4.5.1.1.1 and 18.4.5.1.1.2
+shall not reduce the required fire flow to less than 500 gpm
+(1900 L/min).
+18.4.5.1.2 Fire flow and flow duration for dwellings having a
+fire flow area in excess of 5000 ft2 (334.5 m2) shall not be less
+than that specified in Table 18.4.5.1.2.
+18.4.5.1.2.1 A reduction in required fire flow of 50 percent
+shall be permitted when the building is provided with an ap-
+proved automatic sprinkler system.
+18.4.5.2 Buildings Other Than One- and Two-Family Dwell-
+ings. The minimum fire flow and flow duration for buildings
+other than one- and two-family dwellings shall be as specified
+in Table 18.4.5.1.2.
+18.4.5.2.1 A reduction in required fire flow of 75 percent
+shall be permitted when the building is protected throughout
+by an approved automatic sprinkler system. The resulting fire
+flow shall not be less than 1000 gpm (3785 L/min).
+18.4.5.2.2 A reduction in required fire flow of 75 percent
+shall be permitted when the building is protected throughout
+by an approved automatic sprinkler system, which utilizes
+quick response sprinklers throughout. The resulting fire flow
+shall not be less than 600 gpm (2270 L/min).
+Chapter 19 Combustible Waste and Refuse
+19.1 General.
+19.1.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+19.1.2 Persons owning or having control of any property shall
+not allow any combustible waste material to accumulate in any
+area or in any manner that creates a fire hazard to life or
+property.
+19.1.3 Combustible waste or refuse shall be properly stored
+or disposed of to prevent unsafe conditions.
+19.1.4 Fire extinguishing capabilities approved by the AHJ
+including, but not limited to, fire extinguishers, water supply
+and hose, and earth-moving equipment shall be provided at
+waste disposal sites.
+19.1.5 Burning debris shall not be dumped at a waste disposal
+site except at a remote location on the site where fire extin-
+guishment can be accomplished before compacting, covering,
+or other disposal activity is carried out. (See Section 10.11 for
+additional guidance.)
+19.1.6 Electrical Wiring.
+19.1.6.1 Electrical wiring and equipment in any combustible
+fiber storage room or building shall be installed in accordance
+with the requirements of Section 11.1 and NFPA 70, National
+Electrical Code, for Class III hazardous locations.
+19.1.6.2 The AHJ shall be responsible for designating the
+areas that require hazardous location electrical classifications
+and shall classify the areas in accordance with the classification
+system set forth in NFPA 70.
+19.1.7 No Smoking.
+19.1.7.1 No smoking or open flame shall be permitted in any
+area where combustible fibers are handled or stored or within
+50 ft (15 m) of any uncovered pile of such fibers.
+19.1.7.2 “No Smoking” signs shall be posted.
+19.1.8 Vehicles or Conveyances Used to Transport Combus-
+tible Waste or Refuse.
+19.1.8.1 Vehicles or conveyances used to transport combus-
+tible waste or refuse over public thoroughfares shall have all
+1–147COMBUSTIBLE WASTE AND REFUSE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+cargo space covered and maintained tight enough to ensure
+against ignition from external fire sources and the scattering
+of burning and combustible debris that can come in contact
+with ignition sources.
+19.1.8.2 Transporting burning waste or refuse shall be pro-
+hibited.
+19.1.8.3 Trucks or automobiles, other than mechanical han-
+dling equipment and approved industrial trucks as listed in
+NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks In-
+cluding Type Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions, Maintenance,
+and Operations, shall not enter any fiber storage room or build-
+ing but shall be permitted to be used at loading platforms.
+19.2 Combustible Waste and Refuse.
+19.2.1 Rubbish Containers.
+19.2.1.1 General. Rubbish containers kept outside of rooms
+or vaults shall not exceed 40.5 ft3 (1.15 m3) capacity.
+19.2.1.1.1 Containers exceeding a capacity of 5 1⁄3 ft3 [40 gal
+(0.15 m3)] shall be provided with lids.
+Table 18.4.5.1.2 Minimum Required Fire Flow and Flow Duration for Buildings
+Fire Flow Area ft2 (× 0.0929 for m2)
+I(443), I(332),
+II(222)* II(111), III(211)*
+IV(2HH),
+V(111)* II(000), III(200)* V(000)*
+Fire Flow gpm†
+(× 3.785 for
+L/min)
+Flow Duration
+(hours)
+0–22,700 0–12,700 0–8200 0–5900 0–3600 1500
+2
+22,701–30,200 12,701–17,000 8201–10,900 5901–7900 3601–4800 1750
+30,201–38,700 17,001–21,800 10,901–12,900 7901–9800 4801–6200 2000
+38,701–48,300 21,801–24,200 12,901–17,400 9801–12,600 6201–7700 2250
+48,301–59,000 24,201–33,200 17,401–21,300 12,601–15,400 7701–9400 2500
+59,001–70,900 33,201–39,700 21,301–25,500 15,401–18,400 9401–11,300 2750
+70,901–83,700 39,701–47,100 25,501–30,100 18,401–21,800 11,301–13,400 3000
+3
+83,701–97,700 47,101–54,900 30,101–35,200 21,801–25,900 13,401–15,600 3250
+97,701–112,700 54,901–63,400 35,201–40,600 25,901–29,300 15,601–18,000 3500
+112,701–128,700 63,401–72,400 40,601–46,400 29,301–33,500 18,001–20,600 3750
+128,701–145,900 72,401–82,100 46,401–52,500 33,501–37,900 20,601–23,300 4000
+4
+145,901–164,200 82,101–92,400 52,501–59,100 37,901–42,700 23,301–26,300 4250
+164,201–183,400 92,401–103,100 59,101–66,000 42,701–47,700 26,301–29,300 4500
+183,401–203,700 103,101–114,600 66,001–73,300 47,701–53,000 29,301–32,600 4750
+203,701–225,200 114,601–126,700 73,301–81,100 53,001–58,600 32,601–36,000 5000
+225,201–247,700 126,701–139,400 81,101–89,200 58,601–65,400 36,001–39,600 5250
+247,701–271,200 139,401–152,600 89,201–97,700 65,401–70,600 39,601–43,400 5500
+271,201–295,900 152,601–166,500 97,701–106,500 70,601–77,000 43,401–47,400 5750
+Greater than 295,900 Greater than 166,500 106,501–115,800 77,001–83,700 47,401–51,500 6000
+115,801–125,500 83,701–90,600 51,501–55,700 6250
+125,501–135,500 90,601–97,900 55,701–60,200 6500
+135,501–145,800 97,901–106,800 60,201–64,800 6750
+145,801–156,700 106,801–113,200 64,801–69,600 7000
+156,701–167,900 113,201–121,300 69,601–74,600 7250
+167,901–179,400 121,301–129,600 74,601–79,800 7500
+179,401–191,400 129,601–138,300 79,801–85,100 7750
+Greater than
+191,400
+Greater than
+138,300
+Greater than
+85,100
+8000
+*Types of construction are based on NFPA 220.
+†Measured at 20 psi (139.9 kPa).
+1–148 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+19.2.1.1.2 Such containers and lids as described in 19.2.1.1.1
+shall be constructed of noncombustible materials or nonme-
+tallic materials complying with 19.2.1.2.
+19.2.1.2 Nonmetallic Containers.
+19.2.1.2.1* Nonmetallic rubbish containers exceeding a ca-
+pacity of 5 1⁄3 ft3 [40 gal (0.15 m 3)] shall be manufactured of
+materials having a peak rate of heat release not exceeding
+300 kW/m 2 at a flux of 50 kW/m 2 when tested in the hori-
+zontal orientation, at a thickness as used in the container
+but not less than of 0.25 in. (6 mm), in accordance with
+ASTM E 1354, Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
+Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption
+Calorimeter , or NFPA 271, Standard Method of Test for Heat and
+Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an
+Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter .
+19.2.1.2.2 Such containers shall be permanently labeled indi-
+cating capacity and peak rate of heat release.
+19.2.1.3 Removal. Combustible rubbish stored in containers
+outside of noncombustible vaults or rooms shall be removed
+from buildings at least once each working day.
+19.2.1.4 Rubbish Within Dumpsters.Dumpsters and contain-
+ers with an individual capacity of 1.5 yd3 [40.5 ft3 (1.15 m3)] or
+more shall not be stored in buildings or placed within 10 ft (3 m)
+of combustible walls, openings, or combustible roof eave lines.
+19.2.1.4.1 Areas containing dumpsters or containers shall be
+protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system and en-
+closed with a fire resistance rating of 1 hour.
+19.2.1.4.2 Structures of Types I and II fire-resistive construc-
+tion used for dumpster or container storage shall be located
+not less than 10 ft (3 m) from openings and other buildings.
+19.2.1.5 Commercial Rubbish-Handling Operations. Occu-
+pancies exclusively performing commercial rubbish handling
+or recycling shall maintain rubbish or product to be processed
+or recycled in one of the following ways:
+(1) In approved vaults
+(2) In covered metal or metal-lined receptacles or bins
+(3) Completely baled and stacked in an orderly manner in an
+approved location
+19.2.1.6 Approved metal receptacles with self-closing covers
+shall be provided for the storage or disposal of oil-soaked
+waste or cloths.
+Chapter 20 Occupancy Fire Safety
+20.1 Assembly Occupancies.
+20.1.1 Application. New and existing assembly occupancies
+shall comply with Section 20.1 and NFPA101.
+20.1.1.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+20.1.1.2 Indoor children’s playground structures shall also
+comply with Section 10.20.
+20.1.2 Flame-Retardant Requirements.
+20.1.2.1 Combustible scenery of cloth, film, vegetation (dry),
+and similar materials shall meet the requirements of NFPA 701,
+Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and
+Films.[ 101:12.4.5.11.1;101:13.4.5.11.1]
+20.1.2.2 Foamed plastics (see definition of cellular or foamed plas-
+tic in 3.3.36 of NFPA 101)shall be permitted to be used only by
+specific approval of the AHJ. [101:12.4.5.11.2; 101:13.4.5.11.2]
+20.1.2.3 For new assembly occupancies, scenery and stage
+properties not separated from the audience by proscenium
+opening protection shall be of noncombustible materials,
+limited-combustible materials, or fire-retardant-treated wood.
+[101:12.4.5.11.3]
+20.1.2.3.1 For existing assembly occupancies, scenery and stage
+properties on thrust stages shall be of noncombustible materials,
+limited-combustible materials, or fire retardant-treated wood.
+[101:13.4.5.11.3]
+20.1.2.4 In theaters, motion picture theaters, and televi-
+sion stage settings, with or without horizontal projections,
+and in simulated caves and caverns of foamed plastic, any
+single fuel package shall have a heat release rate not to
+exceed 100 kW where tested in accordance with ANSI/UL
+1975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for Decora-
+tive Purposes .[ 101:12.4.5.11.4]
+20.1.3 Interior Finish.
+20.1.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:12.3.3.1]
+20.1.3.2 Corridors, Lobbies, and Enclosed Stairways. New
+and existing interior wall and ceiling finish materials complying
+with Section 12.5 shall be Class A or Class B in all corridors and
+lobbies and shall be Class A in enclosed stairways. [101:12.3.3.2]
+20.1.3.3 Assembly Areas. New and existing interior wall and
+ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall be Class
+A or Class B in general assembly areas having occupant loads of
+more than 300 and shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C in assem-
+bly areas having occupant loads of 300 or fewer. [101:12.3.3.3]
+20.1.3.4 Screens. New and existing screens on which pictures
+are projected shall comply with requirements of Class A or Class B
+interior finish in accordance with Section 12.5. [101:12.3.3.4]
+20.1.3.5 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.1.3.5.1 New interior floor finish shall comply with Section
+12.5. [101:12.3.3.5.1]
+20.1.3.5.2 New interior floor finish in exit enclosures and exit
+access corridors and in spaces not separated from them by walls
+complying with 12.3.6 of NFPA101 shall be not less than Class II.
+[101:12.3.3.5.2]
+20.1.3.5.3 New interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1
+or 12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:12.3.3.5.3]
+20.1.3.5.4 Existing Interior Floor Finish. (Reserved)
+[101:13.3.3.5]
+20.1.4* Special Amusement Buildings.
+20.1.4.1* General.Special amusement buildings, regardless
+of occupant load, shall meet the requirements for assembly
+occupancies in addition to the requirements of 20.1.4, un-
+less the special amusement building is a multilevel play
+structure that is not more than 10 ft (3050 mm) in height
+and has aggregate horizontal projections not exceeding
+160 ft
+2
+(15 m2). [101:12.4.7.1; 101:13.4.7.1]
+1–149OCCUPANCY FIRE SAFETY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.1.4.2* Automatic Sprinklers. Every special amusement
+building, other than buildings or structures not exceeding
+10 ft (3050 mm) in height and not exceeding 160 ft2 (15 m2)
+in aggregate horizontal projection, shall be protected
+throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler
+system installed and maintained in accordance with Section
+13.3. [101:12.4.7.2; 101:13.4.7.2]
+20.1.4.3 Temporary Water Supply.Where the special amuse-
+ment building required to be sprinklered by 20.1.4.2 is movable
+or portable, the sprinkler water supply shall be permitted to be
+provided by an approved temporary means. [ 101:12.4.7.3;
+101:13.4.7.3]
+20.1.4.4 Smoke Detection. Where the nature of the special
+amusement building is such that it operates in reduced light-
+ing levels, the building shall be protected throughout by an
+approved automatic smoke detection system in accordance
+with 13.7.1.4. [101:12.4.7.4; 101:13.4.7.4]
+20.1.4.5 Alarm Initiation. Actuation of any smoke detection
+system device shall sound an alarm at a constantly attended
+location on the premises. [101:12.4.7.5, 101:13.4.7.5]
+20.1.4.6 Illumination. Actuation of the automatic sprinkler sys-
+tem, or any other suppression system, or actuation of a smoke
+detection system having an approved verification or cross-zoning
+operation capability shall provide for the following:
+(1) Increase in illumination in the means of egress to that
+required by Section 14.12
+(2) Termination of any conflicting or confusing sounds and
+visuals [101:12.4.7.6; 101:13.4.7.6]
+20.1.4.7 Exit Marking.
+20.1.4.7.1 Exit marking shall be in accordance with Section
+14.14. [101:12.4.7.7.1; 101:13.4.7.7.1]
+20.1.4.7.2 Floor proximity exit signs shall be provided in ac-
+cordance with 14.14.1.6. [101:12.4.7.7.2; 101:13.4.7.7.2]
+20.1.4.7.3* In special amusement buildings where mazes, mir-
+rors, or other designs are used to confound the egress path, ap-
+proved directional exit marking that becomes apparent in an
+emergency shall be provided. [101:12.4.7.7.3;101:13.4.7.7.3]
+20.1.4.8 Interior Finish.Interior wall and ceiling finish mate-
+rials complying with Section 12.5 shall be Class A throughout.
+[101:12.4.7.8; 101:13.4.7.8]
+20.1.5 Operating Features.
+20.1.5.1 Means of Egress Inspection.
+20.1.5.1.1 The building owner or agent shall inspect the
+means of egress to ensure it is maintained free of obstructions,
+and correct any deficiencies found, prior to each opening of
+the building to the public. [101:12.7.1.1; 101:13.7.1.1]
+20.1.5.1.2 The building owner or agent shall prepare and
+maintain records of the date and time of each inspection on
+approved forms, listing any deficiencies found and actions
+taken to correct them. [101:12.7.1.2; 101:13.7.1.2]
+20.1.5.1.3 Inspection of Door Openings.Door openings shall
+be inspected in accordance with 7.2.1.15 of NFPA 101.
+[101:12.7.1.3]
+20.1.5.2 Special Provisions for Food Service Operations.
+20.1.5.2.1 All devices in connection with the preparation of
+food shall be installed and operated to avoid hazard to the
+safety of occupants. [101:12.7.2.1; 101:13.7.2.1]
+20.1.5.2.2 All devices in connection with the preparation of
+food shall be of an approved type and shall be installed in an
+approved manner. [101:12.7.2.2; 101:13.7.2.2]
+20.1.5.2.3 Food preparation facilities shall be protected in
+accordance with Chapter 50 (NFPA 96) and shall not be re-
+quired to have openings protected between food preparation
+areas and dining areas. [101:12.7.2.3; 101:13.7.2.3]
+20.1.5.2.4 Portable cooking equipment that is not flue-
+connected shall be permitted only as follows:
+(1) Equipment fueled by small heat sources that can be readily
+extinguished by water, such as candles or alcohol-burning
+equipment, including solid alcohol, shall be permitted to be
+used, provided that precautions satisfactory to the AHJ are
+taken to prevent ignition of any combustible materials.
+(2) Candles shall be permitted to be used on tables used for
+food service where securely supported on substantial non-
+combustible bases located to avoid danger of ignition of
+combustible materials and only where approved by the AHJ.
+(3) Candle flames shall be protected.
+(4) “Flaming sword” or other equipment involving open
+flames and flamed dishes, such as cherries jubilee or
+crêpes suzette, shall be permitted to be used, provided
+that precautions subject to the approval of the AHJ are
+taken.
+(5)*Listed and approved LP-Gas commercial food service ap-
+pliances shall be permitted to be used where in accor-
+dance with Chapter 69. [101:12.7.2.4; 101:13.7.2.4]
+20.1.5.2.4.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply
+with Section 1.12.
+20.1.5.3 Open Flame Devices and Pyrotechnics. No open
+flame devices or pyrotechnic devices shall be used in any assem-
+bly occupancy, unless otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) Pyrotechnic special effect devices shall be permitted to be
+used on stages before proximate audiences for ceremo-
+nial or religious purposes, as part of a demonstration in
+exhibits, or as part of a performance, provided that both
+of the following criteria are met:
+(a) Precautions satisfactory to the AHJ are taken to pre-
+vent ignition of any combustible material.
+(b) Use of the pyrotechnic device complies with Section
+65.3.
+(2) Flame effects before an audience shall be permitted in
+accordance with Section 65.4.
+(3) Open flame devices shall be permitted to be used in the
+following situations, provided that precautions satisfac-
+tory to the AHJ are taken to prevent ignition of any com-
+bustible material or injury to occupants:
+(a)*For ceremonial or religious purposes
+(b) On stages and platforms where part of a performance
+(c) Where candles on tables are securely supported on
+substantial noncombustible bases and candle flame is
+protected
+(4) The requirement of 20.1.5.3 shall not apply to heat-
+producing equipment complying with 11.2.2.
+(5) The requirement of 20.1.5.3 shall not apply to food ser-
+vice operations in accordance with 20.1.5.2.
+(6) Gas lights shall be permitted to be used, provided that pre-
+cautions are taken, subject to the approval of the AHJ, to
+prevent ignition of any combustible materials. [101:12.7.3;
+101:13.7.3]
+1–150 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.1.5.3.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply
+with Section 1.12.
+20.1.5.4 Furnishings, Decorations, and Scenery.
+20.1.5.4.1 Fabrics and films used for decorative purposes, all
+draperies and curtains, and similar furnishings shall be in accor-
+dance with the provisions of 12.6.2. [101:12.7.4.1;101:13.7.4.1]
+20.1.5.4.2 The AHJ shall impose controls on the quantity and
+arrangement of combustible contents in assembly occupan-
+cies to provide an adequate level of safety to life from fire.
+[101:12.7.4.2; 101:13.7.4.2]
+20.1.5.4.3* Exposed foamed plastic materials and unpro-
+tected materials containing foamed plastic used for decorative
+purposes or stage scenery shall have a heat release rate not
+exceeding 100 kW where tested in accordance with ANSI/UL
+1975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for Decorative
+Purposes.[ 101:12.7.4.3; 101:13.7.4.3]
+20.1.5.4.4 The requirement of 20.1.5.4.3 shall not apply to
+individual foamed plastic items and items containing foamed
+plastic where the foamed plastic does not exceed 1 lb (0.45 kg)
+in weight. [101:12.7.4.4; 101:13.7.4.4]
+20.1.5.5 Special Provisions for Exposition Facilities.
+20.1.5.5.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply
+with Section 1.12.
+20.1.5.5.2 General. No display or exhibit shall be installed or
+operated to interfere in any way with access to any required
+exit or with the visibility of any required exit or required exit
+sign; nor shall any display block access to fire-fighting equip-
+ment. [101:12.7.5.1; 101:13.7.5.1]
+20.1.5.5.3 Materials Not on Display.A storage room having an
+enclosure consisting of a smoke barrier having a minimum 1
+hour fire resistance rating and protected by an automatic extin-
+guishing system shall be provided for combustible materials not
+on display, including combustible packing crates used to ship
+exhibitors’ supplies and products. [101:12.7.5.2;101:13.7.5.2]
+20.1.5.5.4 Exhibits.
+20.1.5.5.4.1 Exhibits shall comply with 20.1.5.5.4.2 through
+20.1.5.5.4.11. [101:12.7.5.3.1; 101:13.7.5.3.1]
+20.1.5.5.4.2 The travel distance within the exhibit booth or
+exhibit enclosure to an exit access aisle shall not exceed 50 ft
+(15 m). [101:12.7.5.3.2; 101:13.7.5.3.2]
+20.1.5.5.4.3 The upper deck of multilevel exhibits exceeding
+300 ft2 (28 m2) shall have not less than two remote means of
+egress. [101:12.7.5.3.3; 101:13.7.5.3.3]
+20.1.5.5.4.4 Exhibit booths shall be constructed of the fol-
+lowing:
+(1) Noncombustible or limited-combustible materials
+(2) Wood exceeding 1⁄4 in. (6.3 mm) nominal thickness
+(3) Wood that is pressure-treated, fire-retardant wood meet-
+ing the requirements of NFPA 703, Standard for Fire
+Retardant–Treated Wood and Fire-Retardant Coatings for Build-
+ing Materials
+(4) Flame-retardant materials complying with NFPA 701
+(5) Textile wall coverings, such as carpeting and similar prod-
+ucts used as wall or ceiling finishes, complying with the
+provisions of 10.2.2 and 10.2.4 of NFPA101
+(6) Plastics limited to those that comply with Sections 12.3.3
+and 13.3.3 of NFPA101
+(7) Foamed plastics and materials containing foamed plastics
+having a heat release rate for any single fuel package that
+does not exceed 100 kW where tested in accordance with
+ANSI/UL 1975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics
+Used for Decorative Purposes
+(8) Cardboard, honeycombed paper, and other combustible
+materials having a heat release rate for any single fuel pack-
+age that does not exceed 150 kW where tested in accordance
+with ANSI/UL 1975 [101:12.7.5.3.4;101:13.7.5.3.4]
+20.1.5.5.4.5 Curtains, drapes, and decorations shall comply
+with 12.6.2. [101:12.7.5.3.5; 101:13.7.5.3.5]
+20.1.5.5.4.6 Acoustical and decorative material including,
+but not limited to, cotton, hay, paper, straw, moss, split bam-
+boo, and wood chips shall be flame-retardant treated to the
+satisfaction of the AHJ. [101:12.7.5.3.6; 101:13.7.5.3.6]
+20.1.5.5.4.6.1 Materials that cannot be treated for flame re-
+tardancy shall not be used. [101:12.7.5.3.6.1; 101:13.7.5.3.6.1]
+20.1.5.5.4.6.2 Foamed plastics, and materials containing
+foamed plastics and used as decorative objects such as, but
+not limited to, mannequins, murals, and signs, shall have a
+heat release rate for any single fuel package that does not
+exceed 150 kW where tested in accordance with ANSI/UL
+1975. [ 101:12.7.5.3.6.2; 101:13.7.5.3.6.2]
+20.1.5.5.4.6.3 Where the aggregate area of acoustical and deco-
+rative materials is less than 10 percent of the individual floor or
+wall area, such materials shall be permitted to be used subject to
+the approval of the AHJ. [101:12.7.5.3.6.3;101:13.7.5.3.6.3]
+20.1.5.5.4.7 The following shall be protected by automatic
+extinguishing systems:
+(1) Single-level exhibit booths exceeding 300 ft 2 (28 m2) and
+covered with a ceiling
+(2) Each level of multilevel exhibit booths, including the up-
+permost level where the uppermost level is covered with a
+ceiling [101:12.7.5.3.7; 101:13.7.5.3.7]
+20.1.5.5.4.7.1 The requirements of 20.1.5.5.4.7 shall not ap-
+ply where otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) Ceilings that are constructed of open grate design or listed
+dropout ceilings in accordance with NFPA 13,Standard for the
+Installation of Sprinkler Systems, shall not be considered ceil-
+ings within the context of 20.1.5.5.4.7.
+(2) Vehicles, boats, and similar exhibited products having
+over 100 ft2 (9.3 m2) of roofed area shall be provided with
+smoke detectors acceptable to the AHJ.
+(3)*The requirement of 20.1.5.5.4.7(2) shall not apply where
+fire protection of multilevel exhibit booths is consistent
+with the criteria developed through a life safety evalua-
+tion of the exhibition hall in accordance with 12.4.1 or
+13.4.1 of NFPA 101, subject to approval of the AHJ.
+[101:12.7.5.3.7.1; 101:13.7.5.3.7.1]
+20.1.5.5.4.7.2 A single exhibit or group of exhibits with ceilings
+that do not require sprinklers shall be separated by a distance of
+not less than 10 ft (3050 mm) where the aggregate ceiling ex-
+ceeds 300 ft2 (28 m2). [101:12.7.5.3.7.2;101:13.7.5.3.7.2]
+20.1.5.5.4.7.3 The water supply and piping for the sprinkler
+system shall be permitted to be of an approved temporary means
+that is provided by a domestic water supply, a standpipe system,
+or a sprinkler system. [101:12.7.5.3.7.3;101:13.7.5.3.7.3]
+1–151OCCUPANCY FIRE SAFETY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.1.5.5.4.8 Open flame devices within exhibit booths shall
+comply with 20.1.5.3. [101:12.7.5.3.8; 101:13.7.5.3.8]
+20.1.5.5.4.9 Cooking and food-warming devices in exhibit
+booths shall comply with 20.1.5.2 and the following:
+(1) Gas-fired devices shall comply with the following:
+(a) Natural gas-fired devices shall comply with Section
+11.4.
+(b) The requirement of 20.1.5.5.4.9(1)(a) shall not apply
+to compressed natural gas where permitted by the
+AHJ.
+(c) The use of LP-Gas cylinders shall be prohibited.
+(d) Nonrefillable LP-Gas cylinders shall be approved for
+use where permitted by the AHJ.
+(2) The devices shall be isolated from the public by not less
+than 48 in. (1220 mm) or by a barrier between the devices
+and the public.
+(3) Multi-well cooking equipment using combustible oils or
+solids shall comply with Chapter 50.
+(4) Single-well cooking equipment using combustible oils or
+solids shall meet the following criteria:
+(a) The equipment shall have lids available for immedi-
+ate use.
+(b) The equipment shall be limited to 2 ft 2 (0.2 m2)o f
+cooking surface.
+(c) The equipment shall be placed on noncombustible
+surface materials.
+(d) The equipment shall be separated from each other by a
+horizontal distance of not less than 24 in. (610 mm).
+(e) The requirement of 20.1.5.5.4.9(4)(d) shall not apply
+to multiple single-well cooking equipment where the
+aggregate cooking surface area does not exceed 2 ft2
+(0.2 m2).
+(f) The equipment shall be kept at a horizontal distance
+of not less than 24 in. (610 mm) from any combus-
+tible material.
+(5) A portable fire extinguisher in accordance with Section
+13.6 shall be provided within the booth for each device, or
+an approved automatic extinguishing system shall be pro-
+vided. [101:12.7.5.3.9; 101:13.7.5.3.9]
+20.1.5.5.4.10 Combustible materials within exhibit booths
+shall be limited to a one-day supply. Storage of combustible
+materials behind the booth shall be prohibited.(See 20.1.5.4.2
+and 20.1.5.5.3.) [101:12.7.5.3.10; 101:13.7.5.3.10]
+20.1.5.5.4.11 Plans for the exposition, in an acceptable form,
+shall be submitted to the AHJ for approval prior to setting up
+any exhibit. [101:12.7.5.3.11; 101:13.7.5.3.11]
+20.1.5.5.4.11.1 The plan shall show all details of the proposed
+exposition. [101:12.7.5.3.11.1; 101:13.7.5.3.11.1]
+20.1.5.5.4.11.2 No exposition shall occupy any exposition facil-
+ity without approved plans. [101:12.7.5.3.11.2;101:13.7.5.3.11.2]
+20.1.5.5.4.12 Vehicles.Vehicles on display within an exposition
+facility shall comply with 20.1.5.5.4.12.1 through 20.1.5.5.4.12.5.
+[101:12.7.5.4;101:13.7.5.4]
+20.1.5.5.4.12.1 All fuel tank openings shall be locked and
+sealed in an approved manner to prevent the escape of vapors;
+fuel tanks shall not contain in excess of one-half their capacity
+or contain in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of fuel, whichever is less.
+[101:12.7.5.4.1; 101:13.7.5.4.1]
+20.1.5.5.4.12.2 At least one battery cable shall be removed from
+the batteries used to start the vehicle engine, and the discon-
+nected battery cable shall then be taped. [ 101:12.7.5.4.2;
+101:13.7.5.4.2]
+20.1.5.5.4.12.3 Batteries used to power auxiliary equipment
+shall be permitted to be kept in service. [ 101:12.7.5.4.3;
+101:13.7.5.4.3]
+20.1.5.5.4.12.4 Fueling or defueling of vehicles shall be pro-
+hibited. [101:12.7.5.4.4; 101:13.7.5.4.4]
+20.1.5.5.4.12.5 Vehicles shall not be moved during exhibit
+hours. [101:12.7.5.4.5; 101:13.7.5.4.5]
+20.1.5.5.4.13 Prohibited Materials.
+20.1.5.5.4.13.1 The following items shall be prohibited
+within exhibit halls:
+(1) Compressed flammable gases
+(2) Flammable or combustible liquids
+(3) Hazardous chemicals or materials
+(4) Class II or greater lasers, blasting agents, and explosives
+[101:12.7.5.5.1; 101:13.7.5.5.1]
+20.1.5.5.4.13.2 The AHJ shall be permitted to allow the lim-
+ited use of any items specified in 20.1.5.5.4.13.1 under special
+circumstances. [101:12.7.5.5.2; 101:13.7.5.5.2]
+20.1.5.6* Crowd Managers.
+20.1.5.6.1 Assembly occupancies shall be provided with a
+minimum of one trained crowd manager or crowd manager
+supervisor. Where the occupant load exceeds 250, additional
+trained crowd managers or crowd manager supervisors shall
+be provided at a ratio of 1 crowd manager or crowd manager
+supervisor for every 250 occupants, unless otherwise permit-
+ted by the following:
+(1) This requirement shall not apply to assembly occupancies
+used exclusively for religious worship with an occupant
+load not exceeding 2000.
+(2) The ratio of trained crowd managers to occupants shall be
+permitted to be reduced where, in the opinion of the
+AHJ, the existence of an approved, supervised automatic
+sprinkler system and the nature of the event warrant.
+[101:12.7.6.1; 101:13.7.6.1]
+20.1.5.6.2 The crowd manager shall receive approved training
+in crowd management techniques. [101:12.7.6.2;101:13.7.6.2]
+20.1.5.7* Fire Detail.Fire details, if deemed necessary in any
+assembly occupancy, shall be determined by the AHJ.
+20.1.5.8* Drills.
+20.1.5.8.1 The employees or attendants of assembly occupan-
+cies shall be trained and drilled in the duties they are to per-
+form in case of fire, panic, or other emergency to effect or-
+derly exiting. [101:12.7.7.1; 101:13.7.7.1]
+20.1.5.8.2 Employees or attendants of assembly occupancies
+shall be instructed in the proper use of portable fire extin-
+guishers and other manual fire suppression equipment where
+provided. [101:12.7.7.2; 101:13.7.7.2]
+20.1.5.8.3* In the following assembly occupancies, an audible
+announcement shall be made, or a projected image shall be
+shown, prior to the start of each program that notifies occu-
+pants of the location of the exits to be used in case of a fire or
+other emergency:
+1–152 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) Theaters
+(2) Motion picture theaters
+(3) Auditoriums
+(4) Other similar assembly occupancies with occupant loads
+exceeding 300 where there are noncontinuous programs
+[101:12.7.7.3; 101:13.7.7.3]
+20.1.5.8.4 The requirement of 20.1.5.8.3 shall not apply to
+assembly occupancies in schools where used for nonpublic
+events. [101:12.7.7.4; 101:13.7.7.4]
+20.1.5.9 Smoking.
+20.1.5.9.1 Smoking in assembly occupancies shall be regu-
+lated by the AHJ. [101:12.7.8.1; 101:13.7.8.1]
+20.1.5.9.2 In rooms or areas where smoking is prohibited,
+plainly visible signs shall be posted that read as follows:
+NO SMOKING
+[101:12.7.8.2; 101:13.7.8.2]
+20.1.5.9.3 No person shall smoke in prohibited areas that are
+so posted, unless permitted by the AHJ under both of the fol-
+lowing conditions:
+(1) Smoking shall be permitted on a stage only where it is a
+necessary and rehearsed part of a performance.
+(2) Smoking shall be permitted only where the smoker is a
+regular performing member of the cast. [ 101:12.7.8.3;
+101:13.7.8.3]
+20.1.5.9.4 Where smoking is permitted, suitable ashtrays or
+receptacles shall be provided in convenient locations.
+[101:12.7.8.4; 101:13.7.8.4]
+20.1.5.10 Seating.
+20.1.5.10.1 Secured Seating.
+20.1.5.10.1.1 Seats in assembly occupancies accommodating
+more than 200 persons shall be securely fastened to the floor,
+except where fastened together in groups of not less than three
+and as permitted by 20.1.5.10.2. [101:12.7.9.1.1;101:13.7.9.1.1]
+20.1.5.10.1.2 All seats in balconies and galleries shall be se-
+curely fastened to the floor, except in places of religious wor-
+ship. [101:12.7.9.1.2; 101:13.7.9.1.2]
+20.1.5.10.2 Unsecured Seating.
+20.1.5.10.2.1 Seats not secured to the floor shall be permitted
+in restaurants, night clubs, and other occupancies where fasten-
+ing seats to the floor might be impracticable. [ 101:12.7.9.2.1;
+101:13.7.9.2.1]
+20.1.5.10.2.2 Unsecured seats shall be permitted, provided
+that, in the area used for seating, excluding such areas as dance
+floors and stages, there is not more than one seat for each 15 ft2
+(1.4 m2) of net floor area, and adequate aisles to reach exits are
+maintained at all times. [101:12.7.9.2.2;101:13.7.9.2.2]
+20.1.5.10.2.3 Seating diagrams shall be submitted for approval
+by the AHJ to permit an increase in occupant load per 14.8.1.3.
+[101:12.7.9.2.3;101:13.7.9.2.3]
+20.1.5.10.3 Occupant Load Posting.
+20.1.5.10.3.1 Every room constituting an assembly occupancy
+and not having fixed seats shall have the occupant load of the
+room posted in a conspicuous place near the main exit from
+the room. [101:12.7.9.3.1; 101:13.7.9.3.1]
+20.1.5.10.3.2 Approved signs shall be maintained in a legible
+manner by the owner or authorized agent. [ 101:12.7.9.3.2;
+101:13.7.9.3.2]
+20.1.5.10.3.3 Signs shall be durable and shall indicate the num-
+ber of occupants permitted for each room use. [101:12.7.9.3.3;
+101:13.7.9.3.3]
+20.1.5.11 Clothing.Clothing and personal effects shall not be
+stored in corridors, and spaces not separated from corridors,
+unless otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) For new occupancies, this requirement shall not apply to
+corridors, and spaces not separated from corridors, that
+are protected by an approved, supervised automatic sprin-
+kler system in accordance with Section 13.3. [101:12.7.12]
+(2) For existing occupancies, this requirement shall not apply
+to corridors, and spaces not separated from corridors,
+that are protected by an approved automatic sprinkler
+system in accordance with Section 13.3. [101:13.7.12(1)]
+(3) This requirement shall not apply to corridors, and spaces
+not separated from corridors, that are protected by a
+smoke detection system in accordance with Section 13.3.
+(4) This requirement shall not apply to storage in metal lock-
+ers, provided that the required egress width is main-
+tained. [101:12.7.12]
+20.1.5.12 Projection Rooms.
+20.1.5.12.1 Film or video projectors or spotlights utilizing light
+sources that produce particulate matter, or toxic gases or light
+sources that produce hazardous radiation, without protective
+shielding shall be located within a projection room complying
+with 12.3.2.1.2 of NFPA101.[ 101:12.4.6.3;101:13.4.6.3]
+20.1.5.12.2 Every projection room shall be of permanent
+construction consistent with the construction requirements
+for the type of building in which the projection room is lo-
+cated and shall comply with the following:
+(1) Openings shall not be required to be protected.
+(2) The room shall have a floor area of not less than 80 ft 2
+(7.4 m 2) for a single machine and not less than 40 ft 2
+(3.7 m2) for each additional machine.
+(3) Each motion picture projector, floodlight, spotlight, or
+similar piece of equipment shall have a clear working
+space of not less than 30 in. (760 mm) on each side and at
+its rear, but only one such space shall be required between
+adjacent projectors. [101:12.4.6.4; 101:13.4.6.4]
+20.2 Educational Occupancies.
+20.2.1 Application. New and existing educational occupan-
+cies shall comply with Section 20.2 and NFPA101.
+20.2.2 Flexible Plan and Open Plan Buildings.
+20.2.2.1 Flexible plan and open plan buildings shall comply
+with the requirements of 20.2.2 as modified by 20.2.2.2
+through 20.2.2.5. [101:14.4.3.1; 101:15.4.3.1]
+20.2.2.2 Each room occupied by more than 300 persons shall
+have two or more means of egress entering into separate atmo-
+spheres. [101:14.4.3.2; 101:15.4.3.2]
+20.2.2.3 Where three or more means of egress are required, the
+number of means of egress permitted to enter into the same
+atmosphere shall not exceed two. [101:14.4.3.3;101:15.4.3.3]
+1–153OCCUPANCY FIRE SAFETY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.2.2.4 Flexible plan buildings shall be permitted to have walls
+and partitions rearranged periodically only if revised plans or
+diagrams have been approved by the AHJ. [ 101:14.4.3.4;
+101:15.4.3.4]
+20.2.2.5 Flexible plan buildings shall be evaluated while all
+folding walls are extended and in use as well as when they are
+in the retracted position. [101:14.4.3.5; 101:15.4.3.5]
+20.2.3 Interior Finish.
+20.2.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:14.3.3.1]
+20.2.3.2 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.New and existing
+interior wall and ceiling finish materials complying with Sec-
+tion 12.5 shall be permitted as follows:
+(1) Exits — Class A
+(2) Other than exits — Class A or Class B
+(3) Low-height partitions not exceeding 60 in. (1525 mm)
+and used in locations other than exits — Class A, Class B,
+or Class C [101:14.3.3.2]
+20.2.3.3 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.2.3.3.1 New interior floor finish shall comply with Section
+12.5. [101:14.3.3.3.1]
+20.2.3.3.2 New interior floor finish in exit enclosures and
+exit access corridors and spaces not separated from them by
+walls complying with 14.3.6 of NFPA101 shall be not less than
+Class II. [101:14.3.3.3.2]
+20.2.3.3.3 New interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1
+or 12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:14.3.3.3.3]
+20.2.3.3.4 Existing Interior Floor Finish. (Reserved)
+[101:15.3.3.3]
+20.2.4 Operating Features.
+20.2.4.1 Emergency Plan.Emergency plans shall be provided
+in accordance with Section 10.9. [101:14.7.1]
+20.2.4.2 Emergency Egress Drills.
+20.2.4.2.1* Emergency egress drills shall be conducted in ac-
+cordance with Section 10.6 and the applicable provisions of
+20.2.4.2.3 as otherwise provided in 20.2.4.2.2. [ 101:14.7.2.1;
+101:15.7.2.1]
+20.2.4.2.2 Approved training programs designed for educa-
+tion and training and for the practice of emergency egress to
+familiarize occupants with the drill procedure, and to estab-
+lish conduct of the emergency egress as a matter of routine,
+shall be permitted to receive credit on a one-for-one basis for
+not more than four of the emergency egress drills required by
+20.2.4.2.3, provided that a minimum of four emergency egress
+drills are completed prior to the conduct of the first such
+training and practice program. [101:14.7.2.2; 101:15.7.2.2]
+20.2.4.2.3 Emergency egress drills shall be conducted as
+follows:
+(1) Not less than one emergency egress drill shall be con-
+ducted every month the facility is in session, unless both
+of the following criteria are met:
+(a) In climates where the weather is severe, the
+monthly emergency egress drills shall be permitted
+to be deferred.
+(b) The required number of emergency egress drills shall
+be conducted, and not less than four shall be con-
+ducted before the drills are deferred.
+(2) All occupants of the building shall participate in the drill.
+(3) One additional emergency egress drill, other than for
+educational occupancies that are open on a year-round
+basis, shall be required within the first 30 days of opera-
+tion. [101:14.7.2.3; 101:15.7.2.3]
+20.2.4.2.4 All emergency drill alarms shall be sounded on the
+fire alarm system. [101:14.7.2.4; 101:15.7.2.4]
+20.2.4.3 Inspection.
+20.2.4.3.1* It shall be the duty of principals, teachers, or staff
+to inspect all exit facilities daily to ensure that all stairways,
+doors, and other exits are in proper condition. [ 101:14.7.3.1;
+101:15.7.3.1]
+20.2.4.3.2 Open plan buildings shall require extra surveil-
+lance to ensure that exit paths are maintained clear of obstruc-
+tion and are obvious. [101:14.7.3.2; 101:15.7.3.2]
+20.2.4.3.3 Inspection of Door Openings.Door openings shall
+be inspected in accordance with 7.2.1.15 of NFPA 101.
+[101:14.7.3.3; 101:15.7.3.3]
+20.2.4.4 Furnishings and Decorations.
+20.2.4.4.1 Draperies, curtains, and other similar furnishings
+and decorations in educational occupancies shall be in accor-
+dance with the provisions of 12.6.2. [101:14.7.4.1;101:15.7.4.1]
+20.2.4.4.2 Clothing and personal effects shall not be stored in
+corridors, unless otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) This requirement shall not apply to corridors protected
+by an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3.
+(2) This requirement shall not apply to corridor areas pro-
+tected by a smoke detection system in accordance with
+13.7.1.4.
+(3) This requirement shall not apply to storage in metal lock-
+ers, provided that the required egress width is main-
+tained. [101:14.7.4.2; 101:15.7.4.2]
+20.2.4.4.3 Artwork and teaching materials shall be permitted
+to be attached directly to the walls in accordance with the
+following:
+(1) For new occupancies, the artwork and teaching materials
+shall not exceed 20 percent of the wall area in a building
+that is not protected throughout by an approved, super-
+vised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3. [101:14.7.4.3]
+(2) For existing occupancies, the artwork and teaching mate-
+rials shall not exceed 20 percent of the wall area in a
+building that is not protected throughout by an approved
+automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
+13.3. [101:15.7.4.3(1)]
+(3) The artwork and teaching materials shall not exceed 50 per-
+cent of the wall area in a building that is protected through-
+out by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system
+in accordance with Section 13.3. [101:14.7.4.3]
+20.2.4.5 Unvented Fuel-Fired Heating Equipment.Unvented
+fuel-fired heating equipment, other than gas space heaters in
+compliance with NFPA 54/ANSI Z223.1, National Fuel Gas
+Code, shall be prohibited. [101:14.5.2.2; 101:15.5.2.2]
+1–154 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.3 Day-Care Occupancies.
+20.3.1 Application. New and existing day-care occupancies
+shall comply with Section 20.3 and NFPA101.
+20.3.1.1 In new day-care occupancies, where a facility houses
+more than one age group or self-preservation capability, the
+strictest requirements applicable to any group present shall
+apply throughout the day-care occupancy or building, as ap-
+propriate to a given area, unless the area housing such a group
+is maintained as a separate fire area. [101:16.1.1.4]
+20.3.1.2 In existing day-care occupancies, where a facility
+houses clients of more than one self-preservation capability,
+the strictest requirements applicable to any group present
+shall apply throughout the day-care occupancy or building, as
+appropriate to a given area, unless the area housing such a
+group is maintained as a separate fire area. [101:17.1.1.4]
+20.3.1.3 Places of religious worship shall not be required to
+meet the provisions of Section 20.3 where providing day care
+while services are being held in the building. [ 101:16.1.1.5;
+101:17.1.1.5]
+20.3.1.4 General. Occupancies that include part-day pre-
+schools, kindergartens, and other schools whose purpose is
+primarily educational, even though the children who attend
+such schools are of preschool age, shall comply with the provi-
+sions of Chapter 14 of NFPA101.[ 101:16.1.4.1; 101:17.1.4.1]
+20.3.1.5 Adult Day-Care Occupancies.
+20.3.1.5.1 Adult day-care occupancies shall include any build-
+ing or portion thereof used for less than 24 hours per day to
+house more than three adults requiring care, maintenance, and
+supervision by other than their relative(s). [ 101:16.1.4.2.1;
+101:17.1.4.2.1]
+20.3.1.5.2 Clients in adult day-care occupancies shall be am-
+bulatory or semiambulatory and shall not be bedridden.
+[101:16.1.4.2.2; 101:17.1.4.2.2]
+20.3.1.5.3 Clients in adult day-care occupancies shall not ex-
+hibit behavior that is harmful to themselves or to others.
+[101:16.1.4.2.3; 101:17.1.4.2.3]
+20.3.2 General Requirements.
+20.3.2.1 Unvented fuel-fired heating equipment, other than
+gas space heaters in compliance with NFPA 54/ANSI Z223.1,
+National Fuel Gas Code , shall be prohibited. [ 101:16.5.2.2;
+101:17.5.2.2]
+20.3.2.2* Closet Doors.Every closet door latch shall be such
+that clients can open the door from inside the closet.
+[101:16.2.2.2.5; 101:17.2.2.2.5]
+20.3.2.3 Bathroom Doors.Every bathroom door lock shall be
+designed to allow opening of the locked door from the outside
+by an opening device that shall be readily accessible to the
+staff. [101:16.2.2.2.6; 101:17.2.2.2.6]
+20.3.2.4 Flexible Plan and Open Plan Buildings.
+20.3.2.4.1 In new day-care occupancies, flexible plan and open
+plan buildings shall comply with the requirements of 20.3.2.4 as
+modified by 20.3.2.4.3 through 20.3.2.4.6. [101:16.4.3.1]
+20.3.2.4.2 In existing day-care occupancies, flexible plan and
+open plan buildings shall comply with the requirements of
+20.3.2.4 as modified by 20.3.2.4.3 and 20.3.2.4.4. [101:17.4.3.1]
+20.3.2.4.3 Flexible plan buildings shall be permitted to have
+walls and partitions rearranged periodically only if revised plans
+or diagrams have been approved by the AHJ. [ 101:16.4.3.2;
+101:17.4.3.2]
+20.3.2.4.4 Flexible plan buildings shall be evaluated while all
+folding walls are extended and in use as well as when they are
+in the retracted position. [101:16.4.3.3; 101:17.4.3.3]
+20.3.2.4.5 Each room occupied by more than 300 persons
+shall have two or more means of egress entering into separate
+atmospheres. [101:16.4.3.4]
+20.3.2.4.6 Where three or more means of egress are required
+from a single room, the number of means of egress permitted
+to enter into a common atmosphere shall not exceed two.
+[101:16.4.3.5]
+20.3.3 Interior Finish.
+20.3.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:16.3.3.1]
+20.3.3.2 New Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall
+and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall
+be Class A in stairways, corridors, and lobbies; in all other oc-
+cupied areas, interior wall and ceiling finish shall be Class A or
+Class B. [101:16.3.3.2]
+20.3.3.3 Existing Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior
+wall and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5
+shall be Class A or Class B throughout. [101:17.3.3.2]
+20.3.3.4 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.3.3.4.1 Interior floor finish shall comply with Section 12.5.
+[101:16.3.3.3.1]
+20.3.3.4.2 New interior floor finish in exit enclosures and
+exit access corridors and spaces not separated from them by
+walls complying with 14.3.6 of NFPA101 shall be not less than
+Class II. [101:16.3.3.3.2]
+20.3.3.4.3 New interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1
+or 12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:16.3.3.3.3]
+20.3.3.4.4 Existing Interior Floor Finish. (Reserved)
+[101:17.3.3.3]
+20.3.4 Day-Care Homes.
+20.3.4.1 Classification.
+20.3.4.1.1 In new day-care homes, the requirements of Sec-
+tion 16.6 of NFPA 101 shall apply to day-care homes in which
+more than 3, but not more than 12, clients receive care, main-
+tenance, and supervision by other than their relative(s) or le-
+gal guardian(s) for less than 24 hours per day, generally within
+a dwelling unit. (See also 16.6.1.4 of NFPA 101.) [101:16.6.1.1.2]
+20.3.4.1.2* In existing day-care homes, the requirements of
+Section 17.6 of NFPA 101 shall apply to existing day-care
+homes in which more than 3, but not more than 12, clients
+receive care, maintenance, and supervision by other than
+their relative(s) or legal guardian(s) for less than 24 hours per
+day, generally within a dwelling unit. An existing day-care
+home shall be permitted the option of meeting the require-
+ments of Section 16.6 of NFPA 101 in lieu of Section 17.6 of
+NFPA101. Any existing day-care home that meets the require-
+ments of Chapter 16 of NFPA 101 shall be judged as meeting
+the requirements of this chapter. (See also 17.6.1.4 of NFPA
+101.) [101:17.6.1.1.2]
+1–155OCCUPANCY FIRE SAFETY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.3.4.1.3 In new day-care homes, where a facility houses
+more than one age group or one self-preservation capability,
+the strictest requirements applicable to any group present
+shall apply throughout the day-care home or building, as ap-
+propriate to a given area, unless the area housing such a group
+is maintained as a separate fire area. [101:16.6.1.1.3]
+20.3.4.1.4 In existing day-care homes, where a facility houses
+clients of more than one self-preservation capability, the strict-
+est requirements applicable to any group present shall apply
+throughout the day-care home or building, as appropriate to a
+given area, unless the area housing such a group is maintained
+as a separate fire area. [101:17.6.1.1.3]
+20.3.4.1.5 Facilities that supervise clients on a temporary ba-
+sis with a parent or guardian in close proximity shall not be
+required to meet the provisions of Section 16.6 or Section 17.6
+of NFPA101.[ 101:16.6.1.1.4; 101:17.6.1.1.4]
+20.3.4.1.6 Places of religious worship shall not be required to
+meet the provisions of Section 16.6 or Section 17.6 of NFPA
+101 where operating a day-care home while services are being
+held in the building. [101:16.6.1.1.5; 101:17.6.1.1.5]
+20.3.4.2 Operating Features.
+20.3.4.2.1* Emergency Plans.Emergency plans shall be pro-
+vided in accordance with Section 10.9. [101:16.7.1; 101:17.7.1]
+20.3.4.2.2 Emergency Egress and Relocation Drills.
+20.3.4.2.2.1* Emergency egress and relocation drills shall be
+conducted in accordance with Section 10.6 and the applicable
+provisions of 20.3.4.2.2.2. [101:16.7.2.1; 101:17.7.2.1]
+20.3.4.2.2.2 Emergency egress and relocation drills shall be
+conducted as follows:
+(1) Not less than one emergency egress and relocation drill
+shall be conducted every month the facility is in session,
+unless both of the following criteria are met:
+(a) In climates where the weather is severe, the monthly
+emergency egress and relocation drills shall be per-
+mitted to be deferred.
+(b) The required number of emergency egress and reloca-
+tion drills shall be conducted, and not less than four
+shall be conducted before the drills are deferred.
+(2) All occupants of the building shall participate in the drill.
+(3) One additional emergency egress and relocation drill,
+other than for day-care occupancies that are open on a
+year-round basis, shall be required within the first 30 days
+of operation. [101:16.7.2.2; 101:17.7.2.2]
+20.3.4.2.3 Inspections.
+20.3.4.2.3.1 Fire prevention inspections shall be conducted
+monthly by a trained senior member of the staff, after which a
+copy of the latest inspection report shall be posted in a conspicu-
+ous place in the day-care facility. [101:16.7.3.1;101:17.7.3.1]
+20.3.4.2.3.2* It shall be the duty of site administrators and staff
+members to inspect all exit facilities daily to ensure that all
+stairways, doors, and other exits are in proper condition.
+[101:16.7.3.2; 101:17.7.3.2]
+20.3.4.2.3.3 Open plan buildings shall require extra surveil-
+lance to ensure that exit paths are maintained clear of obstruc-
+tion and are obvious. [101:16.7.3.3; 101:17.7.3.3]
+20.3.4.2.3.4 Inspection of Door Openings. Door openings
+shall be inspected in accordance with 7.2.1.15 of NFPA 101.
+[101:16.7.3.4; 101:17.7.3.4]
+20.3.4.2.3.5 Furnishings and Decorations.
+20.3.4.2.3.5.1 Draperies, curtains, and other similar furnish-
+ings and decorations in day-care occupancies shall be in accor-
+dance with the provisions of 12.6.2. [101:16.7.4.1;101:17.7.4.1]
+20.3.4.2.3.5.2 Clothing and personal effects shall not be stored
+in corridors, unless otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) This requirement shall not apply to corridors protected
+by an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3.
+(2) This requirement shall not apply to corridor areas pro-
+tected by a smoke detection system in accordance with
+Section 13.7.
+(3) This requirement shall not apply to storage in metal lock-
+ers, provided that the required egress width is main-
+tained. [101:16.7.4.2; 101:17.7.4.2]
+20.3.4.2.3.5.3 Artwork and teaching materials shall be per-
+mitted to be attached directly to the walls in accordance with
+the following:
+(1) In new day-care homes, the artwork and teaching materi-
+als shall not exceed 20 percent of the wall area in a build-
+ing that is not protected throughout by an approved, su-
+pervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
+Section 13.3. [101:16.7.4.3]
+(2) In existing day-care homes, the artwork and teaching ma-
+terials shall not exceed 20 percent of the wall area in a
+building that is not protected throughout by an approved
+automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
+13.3. [101:17.7.4.3(1)]
+(3) The artwork and teaching materials shall not exceed 50 per-
+cent of the wall area in a building that is protected through-
+out by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system
+in accordance with Section 13.3. [101:16.7.4.3]
+20.3.4.2.3.5.4* Day-Care Staff.Adequate adult staff shall be on
+duty and alert at all times where clients are present.
+[101:16.7.5; 101:17.7.5]
+20.3.4.2.3.5.5 The provision of 12.6.3 for cigarette ignition
+resistance of newly introduced upholstered furniture and mat-
+tresses shall not apply to day-care homes. [ 101:16.7.4.4;
+101:17.7.4.4]
+20.4 Health Care Occupancies.
+20.4.1 Application. New and existing health care occupancies
+shall comply with Section 20.4, NFPA101, and NFPA 99.
+20.4.2* Operating Features.
+20.4.2.1 Evacuation and Relocation Plan and Fire Drills.
+20.4.2.1.1 The administration of every health care occupancy
+shall have, in effect and available to all supervisory personnel,
+written copies of a plan for the protection of all persons in the
+event of fire, for their evacuation to areas of refuge, and for their
+evacuation from the building when necessary. [ 101:18.7.1.1;
+101:19.7.1.1]
+20.4.2.1.2 All employees shall be periodically instructed and
+kept informed with respect to their duties under the plan re-
+quired by 20.4.2.1.1. [101:18.7.1.2; 101:19.7.1.2]
+20.4.2.1.3 A copy of the plan required by 20.4.2.1.1 shall be
+readily available at all times in the telephone operator’s loca-
+tion or at the security center. [101:18.7.1.3; 101:19.7.1.3]
+1–156 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.4.2.1.4 The provisions of Section 10.6 and 20.4.2.1.2
+through 20.4.2.2.3 shall apply.
+20.4.2.1.5* Fire drills in health care occupancies shall include
+the transmission of a fire alarm signal and simulation of emer-
+gency fire conditions. [101:18.7.1.4; 101:19.7.1.4]
+20.4.2.1.6 Infirm or bedridden patients shall not be required
+to be moved during drills to safe areas or to the exterior of the
+building. [101:18.7.1.5; 101:19.7.1.5]
+20.4.2.1.7 Drills shall be conducted quarterly on each shift to
+familiarize facility personnel (nurses, interns, maintenance
+engineers, and administrative staff) with the signals and emer-
+gency action required under varied conditions. [101:18.7.1.6;
+101:19.7.1.6]
+20.4.2.1.8 When drills are conducted between 9:00 p.m.
+(2100 hours) and 6:00 a.m. (0600 hours), a coded announce-
+ment shall be permitted to be used instead of audible alarms.
+[101:18.7.1.7; 101:19.7.1.7]
+20.4.2.1.9 Employees of health care occupancies shall be in-
+structed in life safety procedures and devices. [ 101:18.7.1.8;
+101:19.7.1.8]
+20.4.2.2 Procedure in Case of Fire.
+20.4.2.2.1* Protection of Patients.
+20.4.2.2.1.1 For health care occupancies, the proper protec-
+tion of patients shall require the prompt and effective response
+of health care personnel. [101:18.7.2.1.1;101:19.7.2.1.1]
+20.4.2.2.1.2 The basic response required of staff shall include
+the following:
+(1) Removal of all occupants directly involved with the fire
+emergency
+(2) Transmission of an appropriate fire alarm signal to warn
+other building occupants and summon staff
+(3) Confinement of the effects of the fire by closing doors to
+isolate the fire area
+(4) Relocation of patients as detailed in the health care occu-
+pancy’s fire safety plan [101:18.7.2.1.2; 101:19.7.2.1.2]
+20.4.2.2.2 Fire Safety Plan.A written health care occupancy
+fire safety plan shall provide for the following:
+(1) Use of alarms
+(2) Transmission of alarms to fire department
+(3) Emergency phone call to fire department
+(4) Response to alarms
+(5) Isolation of fire
+(6) Evacuation of immediate area
+(7) Evacuation of smoke compartment
+(8) Preparation of floors and building for evacuation
+(9) Extinguishment of fire [ 101:18.7.2.2; 101:19.7.2.2]
+20.4.2.2.3 Staff Response.
+20.4.2.2.3.1 All health care occupancy personnel shall be in-
+structed in the use of and response to fire alarms. [101:18.7.2.3.1;
+101:19.7.2.3.1]
+20.4.2.2.3.2 All health care occupancy personnel shall be in-
+structed in the use of the code phrase to ensure transmission
+of an alarm under the following conditions:
+(1) When the individual who discovers a fire must immedi-
+ately go to the aid of an endangered person
+(2) During a malfunction of the building fire alarm system
+[101:18.7.2.3.2; 101:19.7.2.3.2]
+20.4.2.2.3.3 Personnel hearing the code announced shall first
+activate the building fire alarm using the nearest manual fire
+alarm box and then shall execute immediately their duties as
+outlined in the fire safety plan. [101:18.7.2.3.3;101:19.7.2.3.3]
+20.4.2.3 Maintenance of Exits.
+20.4.2.3.1 Proper maintenance shall be provided to ensure
+the dependability of the method of evacuation selected.
+[101:18.7.3.1; 101:19.7.3.1]
+20.4.2.3.2 Health care occupancies that find it necessary to
+lock exits shall, at all times, maintain an adequate staff quali-
+fied to release locks and direct occupants from the immediate
+danger area to a place of safety in case of fire or other emer-
+gency. [101:18.7.3.2; 101:19.7.3.2]
+20.4.2.4* Smoking.Smoking regulations shall be adopted and
+shall include not less than the following provisions:
+(1) Smoking shall be prohibited in any room, ward, or indi-
+vidual enclosed space where flammable liquids, combus-
+tible gases, or oxygen is used or stored and in any other
+hazardous location, and such areas shall be posted with
+signs that read NO SMOKING or shall be posted with the
+international symbol for no smoking.
+(2) In health care occupancies where smoking is prohibited
+and signs are prominently placed at all major entrances,
+secondary signs with language that prohibits smoking
+shall not be required.
+(3) Smoking by patients classified as not responsible shall be
+prohibited.
+(4) The requirement of 20.4.2.4(3) shall not apply where the
+patient is under direct supervision.
+(5) Ashtrays of noncombustible material and safe design shall
+be provided in all areas where smoking is permitted.
+(6) Metal containers with self-closing cover devices into which
+ashtrays can be emptied shall be readily available to all areas
+where smoking is permitted. [101:18.7.4;101:19.7.4]
+20.4.2.5 Furnishings, Bedding, and Decorations.
+20.4.2.5.1* Draperies, curtains, and other loosely hanging fab-
+rics and films serving as furnishings or decorations in health
+care occupancies shall be in accordance with the provisions of
+12.6.2 (see 18.3.5.10 or 19.3.5.10 of NFPA 101), and the follow-
+ing also shall apply:
+(1) Such curtains shall include cubicle curtains.
+(2) Such curtains shall not include curtains at showers.
+(3) In new occupancies, such draperies and curtains shall not
+include draperies and curtains at windows in patient
+sleeping rooms. [101:18.7.5.1]
+(4) In existing occupancies, such draperies and curtains shall
+not include draperies and curtains at windows in patient
+sleeping rooms in sprinklered smoke compartments.
+[101:19.7.5.1(3)]
+20.4.2.5.2 Newly introduced upholstered furniture within
+health care occupancies shall comply with one of the follow-
+ing provisions:
+(1) The furniture shall meet the criteria specified in 12.6.3.1
+and 12.6.3.2.1.
+(2) The furniture shall be in a building protected throughout
+by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in
+accordance with NFPA 13. [101:18.7.5.2; 101:19.7.5.2]
+20.4.2.5.3 The requirements of 19.7.5.2, 10.3.2.1, and 10.3.3
+of NFPA 101 shall not apply to upholstered furniture belong-
+1–157OCCUPANCY FIRE SAFETY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ing to the patient in sleeping rooms of nursing homes where
+the following criteria are met:
+(1) A smoke detector shall be installed where the patient
+sleeping room is not protected by automatic sprinklers.
+(2) Battery-powered single-station smoke detectors shall be
+permitted. [101:19.7.5.3]
+20.4.2.5.4 Newly introduced mattresses within health care oc-
+cupancies shall comply with one of the following provisions:
+(1) The mattresses shall meet the criteria specified in 12.6.3.2
+and 12.6.3.2.2.
+(2) The mattresses shall be in a building protected throughout
+by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in
+accordance with NFPA 13. [101:18.7.5.4;101:19.7.5.4]
+20.4.2.5.5 The requirements of 12.6.3.2, 12.6.3.2.2, and
+19.7.5.4 of NFPA101 shall not apply to mattresses belonging to
+the patient in sleeping rooms of nursing homes where the
+following criteria are met:
+(1) A smoke detector shall be installed where the patient
+sleeping room is not protected by automatic sprinklers.
+(2) Battery-powered single-station smoke detectors shall be
+permitted. [101:19.7.5.5]
+20.4.2.5.6 Combustible decorations shall be prohibited in
+any health care occupancy, unless one of the following criteria
+is met:
+(1) They are flame retardant.
+(2)*They are decorations, such as photographs and paintings,
+in such limited quantities that a hazard of fire develop-
+ment or spread is not present. [101:18.7.5.6; 101:19.7.5.6]
+20.4.2.5.7 Soiled linen or trash collection receptacles shall
+not exceed 32 gal (121 L) in capacity and shall meet the fol-
+lowing requirements:
+(1) The average density of container capacity in a room or
+space shall not exceed 0.5 gal/ft2 (20.4 L/m2).
+(2) A capacity of 32 gal (121 L) shall not be exceeded within
+any 64 ft2 (6 m2) area.
+(3) Mobile soiled linen or trash collection receptacles with
+capacities greater than 32 gal (121 L) shall be located in a
+room protected as a hazardous area when not attended.
+(4) Container size and density shall not be limited in hazard-
+ous areas. [101:18.7.5.7; 101:19.7.5.7 ]
+20.4.2.6 Portable Space-Heating Devices. Portable space-
+heating devices shall be prohibited in all health care occupan-
+cies, unless both of the following criteria are met:
+(1) Such devices are permitted to be used only in nonsleep-
+ing staff and employee areas.
+(2) The heating elements of such devices do not exceed
+212°F (100°C). [101:18.7.8; 101:19.7.8]
+20.4.3 Interior Finish.
+20.4.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:18.3.3.1]
+20.4.3.2 New Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall
+and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall
+be permitted throughout if Class A, except as indicated in
+20.4.3.2.1 or 20.4.3.2.2. [101:18.3.3.2]
+20.4.3.2.1 New walls and ceilings shall be permitted to have
+Class A or Class B interior finish in individual rooms having a
+capacity not exceeding four persons. [101:18.3.3.2.1]
+20.4.3.2.2 New corridor wall finish not exceeding 48 in.
+(1220 mm) in height that is restricted to the lower half of the wall
+shall be permitted to be Class A or Class B. [101:18.3.3.2.2]
+20.4.3.2.3 Existing Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Existing
+interior wall and ceiling finish materials complying with Sec-
+tion 12.5 shall be permitted to be Class A or Class B.
+[101:19.3.3.2]
+20.4.3.3 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.4.3.3.1 New interior floor finish shall comply with Section
+12.5. [101:18.3.3.3.1]
+20.4.3.3.2 New interior floor finish in exit enclosures and
+exit access corridors and spaces not separated from them by
+walls complying with 18.3.6 of NFPA 101 shall be Class I or
+Class II. [101:18.3.3.3.2]
+20.4.3.3.3 New interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1
+or 12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:18.3.3.3.3]
+20.4.3.4 Interior Finish (Nonsprinklered Smoke Compart-
+ment Rehabilitation).
+20.4.3.4.1 General. Interior finish within the modification
+area shall be in accordance with Section 12.5. [101:18.4.3.6.1]
+20.4.3.4.2 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Newly installed in-
+terior wall and ceiling finish materials complying with Section
+12.5 shall be permitted throughout nonsprinklered smoke
+compartments if the materials are Class A, except as otherwise
+permitted in 20.4.3.4.2.1 or 20.4.3.4.2.2. [101:18.4.3.6.2]
+20.4.3.4.2.1 Walls and ceilings shall be permitted to have
+Class A or Class B interior finish in individual rooms having a
+capacity not exceeding four persons. [101:18.4.3.6.2.1]
+20.4.3.4.2.2 Corridor wall finish not exceeding 48 in.
+(1220 mm) in height and restricted to the lower half of the wall
+shall be permitted to be Class A or Class B. [101:18.4.3.6.2.2]
+20.4.3.5 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.4.3.5.1 Newly installed interior floor finish shall comply
+with Section 12.5. [101:18.4.3.6.3.1]
+20.4.3.5.2 The requirements for newly installed interior floor
+finish in exit enclosures and corridors not separated from
+them by walls complying with 19.3.5.7 of NFPA101 shall be as
+follows:
+(1) Unrestricted in smoke compartments protected through-
+out by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler sys-
+tem in accordance with 19.3.5.7 of NFPA101
+(2) Not less than Class I in smoke compartments not pro-
+tected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic
+sprinkler system in accordance with 19.3.5.7 of NFPA 101
+[101:18.4.3.6.3.2]
+20.4.3.5.3 Existing Interior Floor Finish.No restrictions shall
+apply to existing interior floor finish. [101:19.3.3.3]
+20.5 Residential Board and Care Occupancies.
+20.5.1 Application. New and existing residential board and
+care occupancies shall comply with Section 20.5 and NFPA
+101.
+20.5.2 Operating Features.
+20.5.2.1 Emergency Plan.
+20.5.2.1.1 The administration of every residential board and
+care facility shall have, in effect and available to all supervisory
+1–158 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+personnel, written copies of a plan for protecting all persons
+in the event of fire, for keeping persons in place, for evacuat-
+ing persons to areas of refuge, and for evacuating persons
+from the building when necessary. [101:32.7.1.1; 101:33.7.1.1]
+20.5.2.1.2 The emergency plan shall include special staff re-
+sponse, including the fire protection procedures needed to
+ensure the safety of any resident, and shall be amended or
+revised whenever any resident with unusual needs is admitted
+to the home. [101:32.7.1.2; 101:33.7.1.2]
+20.5.2.1.3 All employees shall be periodically instructed and
+kept informed with respect to their duties and responsibilities
+under the plan, and such instruction shall be reviewed by the
+staff not less than every 2 months. [101:32.7.1.3; 101:33.7.1.3]
+20.5.2.1.4 The requirements of 12.6.3.1, 12.6.3.2.1, and
+19.7.5.2 of NFPA 101 shall not apply to upholstered furniture
+belonging to the patient in sleeping rooms of nursing homes
+where the following criteria are met:
+(1) A smoke detector shall be installed where the patient
+sleeping room is not protected by automatic sprinklers.
+(2) Battery-powered single-station smoke detectors shall be
+permitted. [101:19.7.5.3]
+20.5.2.2 Resident Training.
+20.5.2.2.1 All residents participating in the emergency plan
+shall be trained in the proper actions to be taken in the event
+of fire. [101:32.7.2.1; 101:33.7.2.1]
+20.5.2.2.2 The training required by 20.5.2.2.1 shall include
+actions to be taken if the primary escape route is blocked.
+[101:32.7.2.2; 101:33.7.2.2]
+20.5.2.2.3 If a resident is given rehabilitation or habilitation
+training, training in fire prevention and the actions to be
+taken in the event of a fire shall be a part of the training pro-
+gram. [101:32.7.2.3; 101:33.7.2.3]
+20.5.2.2.4 Residents shall be trained to assist each other in
+case of fire to the extent that their physical and mental abili-
+ties permit them to do so without additional personal risk.
+[101:32.7.2.4; 101:33.7.2.4]
+20.5.2.3 Emergency Egress and Relocation Drills.Emergency
+egress and relocation drills shall be conducted in accordance
+with 20.5.2.3.1 through 20.5.2.3.6. [101:32.7.3; 101:33.7.3]
+20.5.2.3.1 Emergency egress and relocation drills shall be
+conducted not less than six times per year on a bimonthly
+basis, with not less than two drills conducted during the night
+when residents are sleeping, as modified by 20.5.2.3.5 and
+20.5.2.3.6. [101:32.7.3.1; 101:33.7.3.1]
+20.5.2.3.2 The emergency drills shall be permitted to be an-
+nounced in advance to the residents. [101:32.7.3.2;101:33.7.3.2]
+20.5.2.3.3 The drills shall involve the actual evacuation of all
+residents to an assembly point, as specified in the emergency
+plan, and shall provide residents with experience in egressing
+through all exits and means of escape required by this Code.
+[101:32.7.3.3; 101:33.7.3.3]
+20.5.2.3.4 Exits and means of escape not used in any drill
+shall not be credited in meeting the requirements of thisCode
+for board and care facilities. [101:32.7.3.4; 101:33.7.3.4]
+20.5.2.3.5 Actual exiting from windows shall not be required to
+comply with 20.5.2.3; opening the window and signaling for help
+shall be an acceptable alternative. [101:32.7.3.5;101:33.7.3.5]
+20.5.2.3.6 Residents who cannot meaningfully assist in their
+own evacuation or who have special health problems shall not be
+required to actively participate in the drill. Subsection 20.4.2
+shall apply in such instances. [101:32.7.3.6;101:33.7.3.6]
+20.5.2.4 Smoking.
+20.5.2.4.1* Smoking regulations shall be adopted by the ad-
+ministration of board and care occupancies. [ 101:32.7.4.1;
+101:33.7.4.1]
+20.5.2.4.2 Where smoking is permitted, noncombustible
+safety-type ashtrays or receptacles shall be provided in conve-
+nient locations. [101:32.7.4.2; 101:33.7.4.2]
+20.5.2.5* Furnishings, Bedding, and Decorations.
+20.5.2.5.1 New draperies, curtains, and other similar
+loosely hanging furnishings and decorations in board and
+care facilities shall be in accordance with the provisions of
+12.6.2. [ 101:32.7.5.1; 101:33.7.5.1]
+20.5.2.5.2* New upholstered furniture within board and
+care facilities shall comply with 20.5.2.5.2.1 or 20.5.2.5.2.2.
+[101:32.7.5.2; 101:33.7.5.2]
+20.5.2.5.2.1 New upholstered furniture shall be tested in
+accordance with the provisions of 12.6.3.1 and 12.6.3.2.1.
+[101:32.7.5.2.1; 101:33.7.5.2.1]
+20.5.2.5.2.2 Upholstered furniture belonging to residents in
+sleeping rooms shall not be required to be tested, provided
+that a smoke alarm is installed in such rooms; battery-powered
+single-station smoke alarms shall be permitted in such rooms.
+[101:32.7.5.2.2; 101:33.7.5.2.2]
+20.5.2.5.2.3* Newly introduced mattresses within board and
+care facilities shall comply with 20.5.2.5.2.3.1 or 20.5.2.5.2.3.2.
+[101:32.7.5.3; 101:33.7.5.3]
+20.5.2.5.2.3.1 Newly introduced mattresses shall be tested in
+accordance with the provisions of 12.6.3.2 and 12.6.3.2.2 of
+NFPA101.[ 101:32.7.5.3.1; 101:33.7.5.3.1]
+20.5.2.5.2.3.2 Mattresses belonging to residents in sleeping
+rooms shall not be required to be tested, provided that a
+smoke alarm is installed in such rooms; battery-powered
+single-station smoke alarms shall be permitted in such rooms.
+[101:32.7.5.3.2; 101:33.7.5.3.2]
+20.5.2.5.3 No stove or combustion heater shall be located to
+block escape in case of fire caused by the malfunction of the
+stove or heater. [101:32.2.5.2.2; 101:33.2.5.2.2]
+20.5.2.5.4 Unvented fuel-fired heaters shall not be used in any
+residential board and care facility. [101:32.2.5.2.3;101:33.2.5.2.3]
+20.5.3 Interior Finish.
+20.5.3.1 Small.
+20.5.3.1.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:32.2.3.3.1]
+20.5.3.1.2 New Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall
+and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall
+be Class A, Class B, or Class C. [101:32.2.3.3.2]
+20.5.3.1.3 Existing Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior
+wall and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5
+shall be as follows:
+(1) Class A or Class B in facilities other than those having
+prompt evacuation capability
+1–159OCCUPANCY FIRE SAFETY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Class A, Class B, or Class C in facilities having prompt
+evacuation capability [101:33.2.3.3.2]
+20.5.3.1.4 New Interior Floor Finish.
+20.5.3.1.4.1 Interior floor finish shall comply with Section
+12.5. [101:32.2.3.3.3.1]
+20.5.3.1.4.2 Interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1 or
+12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:32.2.3.3.3.2]
+20.5.3.1.4.3 Existing Interior Floor Finish. (Reserved)
+[101:33.2.3.3.3]
+20.5.3.2 Large.
+20.5.3.2.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:32.3.3.3.1]
+20.5.3.2.2 New Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall
+and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall
+be in accordance with the following:
+(1) Exit enclosures — Class A
+(2) Lobbies and corridors — Class B
+(3) Rooms and enclosed spaces — Class B [ 101:32.3.3.3.2]
+20.5.3.2.3 Existing Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior
+wall and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5
+shall be Class A or Class B. [101:33.3.3.3.2]
+20.5.3.2.4 New Interior Floor Finish.
+20.5.3.2.4.1 Interior floor finish shall comply with Section
+12.5. [101:32.3.3.3.3.1]
+20.5.3.2.4.2 Interior floor finish in exit enclosures and exit
+access corridors and spaces not separated from them by walls
+complying with 32.3.3.6 of NFPA 101 shall be not less than
+Class II. [101:32.3.3.3.3.2]
+20.5.3.2.4.3 Interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1 or
+12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:32.3.3.3.3.3]
+20.5.3.2.4.4 Existing Interior Floor Finish.Interior floor fin-
+ish, other than approved existing floor coverings, shall be
+Class I or Class II in corridors or exits. [101:33.3.3.3.3]
+20.5.3.3 Apartment.
+20.5.3.3.1 New Interior Finish.
+20.5.3.3.1.1 The requirements of 30.3.3 of NFPA 101 shall
+apply only to the parts of means of egress serving the apart-
+ment(s) used as a residential board and care occupancy, as
+modified by 20.5.3.3.1.2. [101:32.4.3.1.1]
+20.5.3.3.1.2 If a new board and care occupancy is created in
+an existing apartment building, the requirements of 31.3.3 of
+NFPA 101 shall apply to the parts of the means of egress serv-
+ing the apartment(s) used as a residential board and care oc-
+cupancy. [101:32.4.3.1.2]
+20.5.3.3.2 Existing Interior Finish. The requirements of
+31.3.3 of NFPA 101 shall apply only to the parts of means of
+egress serving the apartment(s) used as a residential board
+and care occupancy. [101:33.4.3.1]
+20.6 Ambulatory Health Care Centers.
+20.6.1 Application. New and existing ambulatory health care
+centers shall comply with Section 20.6 and NFPA101.
+20.6.2* Operating Features.
+20.6.2.1 Evacuation and Relocation Plan and Fire Drills.
+20.6.2.1.1 The administration of every ambulatory health
+care facility shall have, in effect and available to all supervisory
+personnel, written copies of a plan for the protection of all
+persons in the event of fire, for their evacuation to areas of
+refuge, and for their evacuation from the building when nec-
+essary. [101:20.7.1.1; 101:21.7.1.1]
+20.6.2.1.1.1 All employees shall be periodically instructed
+and kept informed with respect to their duties under the plan
+required by 20.6.2.1.1. [101:20.7.1.2; 101:21.7.1.2]
+20.6.2.1.1.2 A copy of the plan required by 20.6.2.1.1 shall be
+readily available at all times in the telephone operator’s loca-
+tion or at the security center. [101:20.7.1.3; 101:21.7.1.3]
+20.6.2.1.1.3 The provisions of Section 10.6 and 20.6.2.1.2
+through 20.6.2.2.3 shall apply.
+20.6.2.1.2* Fire drills in ambulatory health care facilities shall
+include the transmission of a fire alarm signal and simulation
+of emergency fire conditions. [101:20.7.1.4; 101:21.7.1.4]
+20.6.2.1.2.1 Patients shall not be required to be moved dur-
+ing drills to safe areas or to the exterior of the building.
+[101:20.7.1.5; 101:21.7.1.5]
+20.6.2.1.2.2 Drills shall be conducted quarterly on each shift
+to familiarize facility personnel (nurses, interns, maintenance
+engineers, and administrative staff) with the signals and emer-
+gency action required under varied conditions. [101:20.7.1.6;
+101:21.7.1.6]
+20.6.2.1.2.3 When drills are conducted between 9:00 p.m.
+(2100 hours) and 6:00 a.m. (0600 hours), a coded announce-
+ment shall be permitted to be used instead of audible alarms.
+[101:20.7.1.7; 101:21.7.1.7]
+20.6.2.1.3 Employees of ambulatory health care facilities
+shall be instructed in life safety procedures and devices.
+[101:20.7.1.8; 101:21.7.1.8]
+20.6.2.2 Procedure in Case of Fire.
+20.6.2.2.1* Protection of Patients.
+20.6.2.2.1.1 For ambulatory health care facilities, the proper
+protection of patients shall require the prompt and effective re-
+sponse of ambulatory health care personnel. [ 101:20.7.2.1.1;
+101:21.7.2.1.1]
+20.6.2.2.1.2 The basic response required of staff shall include
+the following:
+(1) Removal of all occupants directly involved with the fire
+emergency
+(2) Transmission of an appropriate fire alarm signal to warn
+other building occupants and summon staff
+(3) Confinement of the effects of the fire by closing doors to
+isolate the fire area
+(4) Relocation of patients as detailed in the facility’s fire
+safety plan [101:20.7.2.1.2; 101:21.7.2.1.2]
+20.6.2.2.2 Fire Safety Plan.A written fire safety plan shall pro-
+vide for the following:
+(1) Use of alarms
+(2) Transmission of alarms to fire department
+(3) Response to alarms
+(4) Isolation of fire
+1–160 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(5) Evacuation of immediate area
+(6) Evacuation of smoke compartment
+(7) Preparation of floors and building for evacuation
+(8) Extinguishment of fire [ 101:20.7.2.2; 101:21.7.2.2]
+20.6.2.2.3 Staff Response.
+20.6.2.2.3.1 All personnel shall be instructed in the use of
+and response to fire alarms. [101:20.7.2.3.1; 101:21.7.2.3.1]
+20.6.2.2.3.2 All health care personnel shall be instructed in
+the use of the code phrase to ensure transmission of an alarm
+under the following conditions:
+(1) When the individual who discovers a fire must immedi-
+ately go to the aid of an endangered person
+(2) During a malfunction of the building fire alarm system
+[101:20.7.2.3.2; 101:21.7.2.3.2]
+20.6.2.2.3.3 Personnel hearing the code announced shall
+first activate the building fire alarm using the nearest fire
+alarm box and then shall execute immediately their duties as
+outlined in the fire safety plan. [101:20.7.2.3.3; 101:21.7.2.3.3]
+20.6.2.3 Maintenance of Exits.
+20.6.2.3.1 Proper maintenance shall be provided to ensure
+the dependability of the method of evacuation selected.
+[101:20.7.3.1; 101:21.7.3.1]
+20.6.2.3.2 Ambulatory health care occupancies that find it
+necessary to lock exits shall, at all times, maintain an adequate
+staff qualified to release locks and direct occupants from the
+immediate danger area to a place of safety in case of fire or
+other emergency. [101:20.7.3.2; 101:21.7.3.2]
+20.6.2.4* Smoking.Smoking regulations shall be adopted and
+shall include not less than the following provisions:
+(1) Smoking shall be prohibited in any room, ward, or com-
+partment where flammable liquids, combustible gases, or
+oxygen is used or stored and in any other hazardous loca-
+tion, and such areas shall be posted with signs that read
+NO SMOKING or shall be posted with the international
+symbol for no smoking.
+(2) In ambulatory health care facilities where smoking is pro-
+hibited and signs are placed at all major entrances, sec-
+ondary signs with language that prohibits smoking shall
+not be required.
+(3) Smoking by patients classified as not responsible shall be
+prohibited.
+(4) The requirement of 20.6.2.4(3) shall not apply where the
+patient is under direct supervision.
+(5) Ashtrays of noncombustible material and safe design shall
+be provided in all areas where smoking is permitted.
+(6) Metal containers with self-closing cover devices into which
+ashtrays can be emptied shall be readily available to all areas
+where smoking is permitted. [101:20.7.4;101:21.7.4]
+20.6.2.5 Furnishings, Bedding, and Decorations.
+20.6.2.5.1* Draperies, curtains, and other loosely hanging fab-
+rics and films serving as furnishings or decorations in ambula-
+tory health care occupancies shall be in accordance with the
+provisions of 12.6.2, and the following also shall apply:
+(1) Such curtains shall include cubicle curtains.
+(2) Such curtains shall not include curtains at showers.
+[101:20.7.5.1; 101:21.7.5.1]
+20.6.2.5.2 Newly introduced upholstered furniture shall
+comply with one of the following provisions:
+(1) The furniture shall meet the criteria specified in 12.6.3.1.
+(2) The furniture shall be in a building protected throughout
+by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in
+accordance with NFPA 13. [101:20.7.5.2; 101:21.7.5.2]
+20.6.2.5.3 Newly introduced mattresses shall comply with
+one of the following provisions:
+(1) The mattresses shall meet the criteria specified in
+12.6.3.2.2.
+(2) The mattresses shall be in a building protected throughout
+by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in
+accordance with NFPA 13. [101:20.7.5.3;101:21.7.5.3]
+20.6.2.5.4 Combustible decorations shall be prohibited, un-
+less one of the following criteria is met:
+(1) They are flame-retardant.
+(2) They are decorations, such as photographs and paintings,
+in such limited quantities that a hazard of fire develop-
+ment or spread is not present. [101:20.7.5.4; 101:21.7.5.4]
+20.6.2.5.5 Soiled linen or trash collection receptacles shall
+not exceed 32 gal (121 L) in capacity, and the following also
+shall apply:
+(1) The average density of container capacity in a room or
+space shall not exceed 0.5 gal/ft2 (20.4 L/m2).
+(2) A capacity of 32 gal (121 L) shall not be exceeded within
+any 64 ft2 (6 m2) area.
+(3) Mobile soiled linen or trash collection receptacles with
+capacities greater than 32 gal (121 L) shall be located in a
+room protected as a hazardous area when not attended.
+(4) Container size and density shall not be limited in hazard-
+ous areas. [101:20.7.5.5; 101:21.7.5.5]
+20.6.2.6 Portable Space-Heating Devices. Portable space-
+heating devices shall be prohibited in all ambulatory health care
+occupancies, unless both of the following criteria are met:
+(1) Such devices are used only in nonsleeping staff and em-
+ployee areas.
+(2) The heating elements of such devices do not exceed
+212°F (100°C). [101:20.7.8; 101:21.7.8]
+20.6.3 Interior Finish.
+20.6.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:38.3.3.1]
+20.6.3.2 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.
+20.6.3.2.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish material complying
+with Section 12.5 shall be Class A or Class B in exits and in exit
+access corridors. [101:38.3.3.2.1]
+20.6.3.2.2 Interior wall and ceiling finishes shall be Class A,
+Class B, or Class C in areas other than those specified in
+20.6.3.2.1. [101:38.3.3.2.2]
+20.6.3.3 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.6.3.3.1 Interior floor finish shall comply with Section 12.5.
+[101:38.3.3.3.1]
+20.6.3.3.2 Interior floor finish in exit enclosures shall be
+Class I or Class II. [101:38.3.3.3.2]
+1–161OCCUPANCY FIRE SAFETY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.6.3.3.3 Interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1 or
+12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:38.3.3.3.3]
+20.6.3.3.4 Existing Interior Floor Finish. (Reserved)
+[101:39.3.3.3]
+20.7 Detention and Correctional Occupancies.
+20.7.1 Application. New and existing detention and correc-
+tional occupancies shall comply with Section 20.7 and NFPA101.
+20.7.2 Operating Features.
+20.7.2.1 Attendants, Evacuation Plan, Fire Drills.
+20.7.2.1.1 Detention and correctional facilities, or those por-
+tions of facilities having such occupancy, shall be provided
+with 24-hour staffing, and the following requirements also
+shall apply:
+(1) Staff shall be within three floors or a 300 ft (91 m) hori-
+zontal distance of the access door of each resident hous-
+ing area.
+(2) For Use Condition III, Use Condition IV , and Use Condi-
+tion V , the arrangement shall be such that the staff in-
+volved starts the release of locks necessary for emergency
+evacuation or rescue and initiates other necessary emer-
+gency actions within 2 minutes of alarm.
+(3) The following shall apply to areas in which all locks are
+unlocked remotely in compliance with 22.2.11.8 or
+23.2.11.8 of NFPA101:
+(a) Staff shall not be required to be within three floors or
+300 ft (91 m) of the access door.
+(b) The 10-lock, manual key exemption of 22.2.11.8.2 or
+23.2.11.8.2 of NFPA 101 shall not be permitted to be
+used in conjunction with the alternative requirement
+of 20.7.2.1.1(3)(a). [101:22.7.1.1; 101:23.7.1.1]
+20.7.2.1.2* Provisions shall be made so that residents in Use
+Condition III, Use Condition IV , and Use Condition V shall be
+able to notify staff of an emergency. [101:22.7.1.2;101:23.7.1.2]
+20.7.2.1.3* The administration of every detention or correc-
+tional facility shall have, in effect and available to all supervi-
+sory personnel, written copies of a plan for the protection of
+all persons in the event of fire, for their evacuation to areas of
+refuge, and for evacuation from the building when necessary.
+[101:22.7.1.3; 101:23.7.1.3]
+20.7.2.1.3.1 All employees shall be instructed and drilled
+with respect to their duties under the plan. [ 101:22.7.1.3.1;
+101:23.7.1.3.1]
+20.7.2.1.3.2 The plan shall be coordinated with, and re-
+viewed by, the fire department legally committed to serve the
+facility. [101:22.7.1.3.2; 101:23.7.1.3.2]
+20.7.2.1.4 Employees of detention and correctional occupan-
+cies shall be instructed in the proper use of portable fire extin-
+guishers and other manual fire suppression equipment.
+[101:22.7.1.4; 101:23.7.1.4]
+20.7.2.1.4.1 The training specified in 20.7.2.1.4 shall be pro-
+vided to new staff promptly upon commencement of duty.
+[101:22.7.1.4.1; 101:23.7.1.4.1]
+20.7.2.1.4.2 Refresher training shall be provided to existing
+staff at not less than annual intervals. [ 101:22.7.1.4.2;
+101:23.7.1.4.2]
+20.7.2.2 Combustible Personal Property. Books, clothing,
+and other combustible personal property allowed in sleeping
+rooms shall be stored in closable metal lockers or an approved
+fire-resistant container. [101:22.7.2; 101:23.7.2]
+20.7.2.3 Heat-Producing Appliances. The number of heat-
+producing appliances, such as toasters and hot plates, and the
+overall use of electrical power within a sleeping room shall be
+controlled by facility administration. [101:22.7.3; 101:23.7.3]
+20.7.2.4* Furnishings, Bedding, and Decorations.
+20.7.2.4.1 Draperies and curtains, including privacy curtains, in
+detention and correctional occupancies shall be in accordance
+with the provisions of 12.6.2. [101:22.7.4.1;101:23.7.4.1]
+20.7.2.4.2 Newly introduced upholstered furniture within de-
+tention and correctional occupancies shall be tested in accor-
+dance with the provisions of 12.6.3.1 and 12.6.3.2. [101:23.7.4.2]
+20.7.2.4.3* Newly introduced mattresses within detention and
+correctional occupancies shall be tested in accordance with
+the provisions of 12.6.3.2 and 12.6.3.2.2. [101:23.7.4.3]
+20.7.2.4.4 Combustible decorations shall be prohibited in
+any detention or correctional occupancy unless flame-
+retardant. [101:22.7.4.4; 101:23.7.4.4]
+20.7.2.4.5 Wastebaskets and other waste containers shall be
+of noncombustible or other approved materials. Waste con-
+tainers with a capacity exceeding 20 gal (76 L) shall be pro-
+vided with a noncombustible lid or lid of other approved ma-
+terial. [101:22.7.4.5; 101:23.7.4.5]
+20.7.2.5 Keys. All keys necessary for unlocking doors installed
+in a means of egress shall be individually identified by both
+touch and sight. [101:22.7.5; 101:23.7.5]
+20.7.2.6 Portable Space-Heating Devices. Portable space-
+heating devices shall be prohibited in all detention and cor-
+rectional occupancies. [101:22.7.6; 101:23.7.6]
+20.7.3 Interior Finish.
+20.7.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:22.3.3.1]
+20.7.3.2 New Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall
+and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall
+be Class A or Class B in corridors, in exits, and in any space not
+separated from corridors and exits by partitions capable of
+retarding the passage of smoke; and Class A, Class B, or Class C
+in all other areas. The provisions of 12.5.9.1 shall not apply.
+[101:22.3.3.2]
+20.7.3.3 Existing Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior
+wall and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5
+shall be Class A or Class B in corridors, in exits, and in any
+space not separated from corridors and exits by partitions ca-
+pable of retarding the passage of smoke; and Class A, Class B,
+or Class C in all other areas. [101:23.3.3.2]
+20.7.3.4 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.7.3.4.1 Interior floor finish shall comply with Section 12.5.
+[101:22.3.3.3.1]
+20.7.3.4.2 Interior floor finish in exit enclosures and exit ac-
+cess corridors shall be not less than Class II. The provisions of
+12.5.9.2 shall not apply. [101:22.3.3.3.2]
+20.7.3.4.3 Interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1 or
+12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:22.3.3.3.3]
+1–162 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.7.3.4.4 Existing Interior Floor Finish.
+20.7.3.4.4.1 Existing interior floor finish complying with Sec-
+tion 12.5 shall be Class I or Class II in corridors and exits.
+[101:23.3.3.3.1]
+20.7.3.4.4.2 Existing floor finish material of Class A or Class B
+in nonsprinklered smoke compartments and Class A, Class B,
+or Class C in sprinklered smoke compartments shall be per-
+mitted to be continued to be used, provided that it has been
+evaluated based on tests performed in accordance with 12.5.4.
+[101:23.3.3.3.2]
+20.7.3.4.5 Interior Finish (New Nonsprinklered Buildings).
+20.7.3.4.5.1 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall and
+ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall be
+Class A in corridors, in exits, and in any space not separated
+from corridors and exits by partitions capable of retarding the
+passage of smoke; and Class A, Class B, or Class C in all other
+areas. [101:22.4.4.8.1]
+20.7.3.4.5.2 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.7.3.4.5.2.1 Interior floor finish shall comply with Sec-
+tion 12.5. [ 101:22.4.4.8.2.1]
+20.7.3.4.5.2.2 New interior floor finish in exit enclosures and
+exit access corridors shall be not less than Class I.
+[101:22.4.4.8.2.2]
+20.7.3.4.5.2.3 Interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1
+or 12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:22.4.4.8.2.3]
+20.8 Hotels and Dormitories.
+20.8.1 Application. New and existing hotels and dormitories
+shall comply with Section 20.8 and NFPA101.
+20.8.2 Operating Features.
+20.8.2.1 Hotel Emergency Organization.
+20.8.2.1.1* Employees of hotels shall be instructed and drilled
+in the duties they are to perform in the event of fire, panic, or
+other emergency. [101:28.7.1.1; 101:29.7.1.1]
+20.8.2.1.2* Drills of the emergency organization shall be held
+at quarterly intervals and shall cover such points as the opera-
+tion and maintenance of the available first aid fire appliances,
+the testing of devices to alert guests, and a study of instructions
+for emergency duties. [101:28.7.1.2; 101:29.7.1.2]
+20.8.2.2 Emergency Duties.Upon discovery of a fire, employ-
+ees shall carry out the following duties:
+(1) Activation of the facility fire protection signaling system, if
+provided
+(2) Notification of the public fire department
+(3) Other action as previously instructed [ 101:28.7.2;
+101:29.7.2]
+20.8.2.3 Drills in Dormitories.Emergency egress and reloca-
+tion drills shall be regularly conducted in accordance with
+Section 10.6. [101:28.7.3; 101:29.7.3]
+20.8.2.4 Emergency Instructions for Residents or Guests.
+20.8.2.4.1* A floor diagram reflecting the actual floor arrange-
+ment, exit locations, and room identification shall be posted in a
+location and manner acceptable to the AHJ on, or immediately
+adjacent to, every guest room door in hotels and in every resident
+room in dormitories. [101:28.7.4.1;101:29.7.4.1]
+20.8.2.4.2* Fire safety information shall be provided to allow
+guests to make the decision to evacuate to the outside, to evacu-
+ate to an area of refuge, to remain in place, or to employ any
+combination of the three options. [101:28.7.4.2;101:29.7.4.2]
+20.8.2.4.3 Emergency Plans.Emergency plans in accordance
+with Section 10.9 shall be provided. [101:28.7.5]
+20.8.2.5 Contents and Furnishings.
+20.8.2.5.1 New draperies, curtains, and other similar loosely
+hanging furnishings and decorations shall be flame resistant
+as demonstrated by testing in accordance with NFPA 701.
+[101:28.7.6.1; 101:29.7.6.1]
+20.8.2.5.2 Upholstered Furniture and Mattresses.
+20.8.2.5.2.1 Newly introduced upholstered furniture shall
+meet the criteria specified in 12.6.3.1 and 12.6.3.2.1.
+[101:28.7.6.2.1]
+20.8.2.5.2.2 Newly introduced mattresses shall meet the cri-
+teria specified in 12.6.3.2 and 12.6.3.2.2. [101:28.7.6.2.2]
+20.8.2.5.3 Furnishings or decorations of an explosive or
+highly flammable character shall not be used. [ 101:28.7.6.3;
+101:29.7.6.3]
+20.8.2.5.4 Fire-retardant coatings shall be maintained to re-
+tain the effectiveness of the treatment under service condi-
+tions encountered in actual use. [101:28.7.6.4; 101:29.7.6.4]
+20.8.2.6 Fuel-Fired Heaters. Unvented fuel-fired heaters,
+other than gas space heaters in compliance with NFPA 54 shall
+not be used. [101:28.5.2.2; 101:29.5.2.2]
+20.8.3 Interior Finish.
+20.8.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:28.3.3.1]
+20.8.3.2 New Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall
+and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall
+be permitted as follows:
+(1) Exit enclosures — Class A
+(2) Lobbies and corridors — Class A or Class B
+(3) Other spaces — Class A, Class B, or Class C [ 101:28.3.3.2]
+20.8.3.3 Existing Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior
+wall and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5
+shall be permitted as follows:
+(1) Exit enclosures — Class A or Class B
+(2) Lobbies and corridors — Class A or Class B
+(3) Other spaces — Class A, Class B, or Class C [ 101:29.3.3.2]
+20.8.3.4 New Interior Floor Finish.
+20.8.3.4.1 Interior floor finish shall comply with Section 12.5.
+[101:28.3.3.3.1]
+20.8.3.4.2 Interior floor finish in exit enclosures and exit ac-
+cess corridors and spaces not separated from them by walls
+complying with 28.3.6.1 of NFPA 101 shall be not less than
+Class II. [101:28.3.3.3.2]
+20.8.3.4.3 Interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1 or
+12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:28.3.3.3.3]
+20.8.3.5 Existing Interior Floor Finish. In nonsprinklered
+buildings, newly installed interior floor finish in exits and exit
+access corridors shall be not less than Class II in accordance
+with 12.5.8. [101:29.3.3.3]
+1–163OCCUPANCY FIRE SAFETY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.9 Apartment Buildings.
+20.9.1 Application. New and existing apartment buildings
+shall comply with Section 20.9 and NFPA101.
+20.9.2 Operating Features.
+20.9.2.1 Emergency Instructions for Residents of Apartment
+Buildings. Emergency instructions shall be provided annually
+to each dwelling unit to indicate the location of alarms, egress
+paths, and actions to be taken, both in response to a fire in the
+dwelling unit and in response to the sounding of the alarm
+system. [101:30.7.1; 101:31.7.1]
+20.9.2.2 Fuel-Fired Heaters. Unvented fuel-fired heaters,
+other than gas space heaters in compliance with NFPA 54,
+shall not be used. [101:30.5.2.2; 101:31.5.2.2]
+20.9.3 Interior Finish.
+20.9.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:30.3.3.1]
+20.9.3.2 New Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall
+and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall
+be permitted as follows:
+(1) Exit enclosures — Class A
+(2) Lobbies and corridors — Class A or Class B
+(3) Other spaces — Class A, Class B, or Class C [ 101:30.3.3.2]
+20.9.3.3 Existing Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior
+wall and ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5
+shall be permitted as follows:
+(1) Exit enclosures — Class A or Class B
+(2) Lobbies and corridors — Class A or Class B
+(3) Other spaces — Class A, Class B, or Class C [ 101:31.3.3.2]
+20.9.3.4 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.9.3.4.1 Interior floor finish shall comply with Section 12.5.
+[101:30.3.3.3.1]
+20.9.3.4.2 Interior floor finish in exit enclosures and exit access
+corridors and spaces not separated from them by walls complying
+with 30.3.6 of NFPA 101 shall be not less than Class II.
+[101:30.3.3.3.2]
+20.9.3.4.3 Interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1 or
+12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:30.3.3.3.3]
+20.9.3.5 Existing Interior Floor Finish.In buildings utilizing
+Option 1 or Option 2, newly installed interior floor finish in
+exits and exit access corridors shall be not less than Class II in
+accordance with 12.5.8. [101:31.3.3.3]
+20.9.4 Contents and furnishings shall not be required to
+comply with Section 12.6. [101:30.7.2.1; 101:31.7.2.1]
+20.9.4.1 Furnishings or decorations of an explosive or highly
+flammable character shall not be used outside of dwelling
+units. [101:30.7.2.2; 101:31.7.2.2]
+20.9.4.2 Fire-retardant coatings shall be maintained to retain
+the effectiveness of the treatment under service conditions en-
+countered in actual use. [101:30.7.2.3; 101:31.7.2.3]
+20.10 Lodging or Rooming Houses.
+20.10.1 Application. New and existing lodging or rooming
+houses shall comply with Section 20.10 and NFPA101.
+20.10.2 Fuel-Fired Heaters. Unvented fuel-fired heaters,
+other than gas space heaters in compliance with NFPA 54,
+shall not be used. [101:26.5.2.2]
+20.10.3 Interior Finish.
+20.10.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:26.3.3.1]
+20.10.3.2 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall and
+ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall be
+Class A, Class B, or Class C. [101:26.3.3.2]
+20.10.3.3 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.10.3.3.1 Newly installed interior floor finish shall comply
+with Section 12.5. [101:26.3.3.3.1]
+20.10.3.3.2 Newly installed interior floor finish shall comply
+with 12.5.8.1 or 12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:26.3.3.3.2]
+20.10.4 Contents and furnishings shall not be required to
+comply with Section 12.6. [101:26.7.7.1]
+20.10.4.1 Furnishings or decorations of an explosive or highly
+flammable character shall not be used. [101:26.7.1.2]
+20.10.4.2 Fire-retardant coatings shall be maintained to re-
+tain the effectiveness of the treatment under service condi-
+tions encountered in actual use. [101:26.7.1.3]
+20.11 One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured
+Housing.
+20.11.1 Application. New and existing one- and two-family
+dwellings shall comply with Section 20.11 and NFPA101.
+20.11.2 Fuel-Fired Heaters.Unvented fuel-fired heaters shall
+not be used, unless they are listed and approved. [101:24.5.1.2]
+20.11.3 Interior Finish.
+20.11.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:24.3.3.1]
+20.11.3.2 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall and
+ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall be
+Class A, Class B, or Class C. [101:24.3.3.2]
+20.11.3.3 Interior Floor Finish. (Reserved)[101:24.3.3.3]
+20.11.4 Manufactured Housing.New manufactured housing
+shall comply with Section 20.11 and NFPA 501, Standard on
+Manufactured Housing.
+20.12 Mercantile Occupancies.
+20.12.1 Application. New and existing mercantile occupan-
+cies shall comply with Section 20.12 and NFPA101.
+20.12.2 Operating Features.
+20.12.2.1 Emergency Plans.Emergency plans complying with
+Section 10.9 shall be provided in high-rise buildings. [101:36.7.1]
+20.12.2.2 Drills. In every Class A or Class B mercantile occu-
+pancy, employees shall be periodically trained in accordance
+with Section 10.6. [101:36.7.2; 101:37.7.2]
+20.12.2.3 Extinguisher Training.Employees of mercantile oc-
+cupancies shall be periodically instructed in the use of por-
+table fire extinguishers. [101:36.7.3; 101:37.7.3]
+20.12.2.4 Food Service Operations.Food service operations
+shall comply with Chapter 50. [101:36.7.4]
+1–164 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.12.3 Interior Finish.
+20.12.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:36.3.3.1]
+20.12.3.2 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall and
+ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall be
+Class A or Class B. [101:36.3.3.2]
+20.12.3.2.1 Existing Class C interior wall and ceiling finish
+shall be permitted as follows:
+(1) On walls
+(2) Throughout Class C stores [ 101:37.3.3.2.2]
+20.12.3.3 New Interior Floor Finish.
+20.12.3.3.1 Interior floor finish shall comply with Section 12.5.
+[101:36.3.3.3.1]
+20.12.3.3.2 Interior floor finish in exit enclosures shall be
+Class I or Class II. [101:36.3.3.3.2]
+20.12.3.3.3 Interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1 or
+12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:36.3.3.3.3]
+20.12.3.3.4 Existing Interior Floor Finish. (Reserved)
+[101:37.3.3.3]
+20.13 Business Occupancies.
+20.13.1 Application. New and existing business occupancies
+shall comply with Section 20.13 and NFPA101.
+20.13.2 Operating Features.
+20.13.2.1 Emergency Plans.Emergency plans complying with
+Section 4.8 of NFPA101 shall be provided in high-rise buildings.
+[101:38.7.1]
+20.13.2.2 Drills. In all business occupancy buildings occupied
+by more than 500 persons, or by more than 100 persons above or
+below the street level, employees and supervisory personnel shall
+be periodically instructed in accordance with Section 10.6 and
+shall hold drills periodically where practicable. [ 101:38.7.2;
+101:39.7.2]
+20.13.2.3 Extinguisher Training. Designated employees of
+business occupancies shall be periodically instructed in the
+use of portable fire extinguishers. [101:38.7.3; 101:39.7.3]
+20.13.2.4 Food Service Operations.Food service operations
+shall comply with Chapter 50. [101:38.7.4]
+20.13.3 Interior Finish.
+20.13.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:38.3.3.1]
+20.13.3.2 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.
+20.13.3.2.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish material comply-
+ing with Section 12.5 shall be Class A or Class B in exits and in
+exit access corridors. [101:38.3.3.2.1]
+20.13.3.2.2 Interior wall and ceiling finishes shall be Class A,
+Class B, or Class C in areas other than those specified in
+38.3.3.2.1 of NFPA101.[ 101:38.3.3.2.2]
+20.13.3.3 New Interior Floor Finish.
+20.13.3.3.1 Interior floor finish shall comply with Section 12.5.
+[101:38.3.3.3.1]
+20.13.3.3.2 Interior floor finish in exit enclosures shall be
+Class I or Class II. [101:38.3.3.3.2]
+20.13.3.3.3 Interior floor finish shall comply with 12.5.8.1 or
+12.5.8.2, as applicable. [101:38.3.3.3.3]
+20.13.3.3.4 Existing Interior Floor Finish. (Reserved)
+[101:39.3.3.3]
+20.14 Industrial Occupancies.
+20.14.1 Application. New and existing industrial occupancies
+shall comply with Section 20.14 and NFPA101.
+20.14.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+20.14.3 Interior Finish.
+20.14.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:40.3.3.1]
+20.14.3.2 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall and
+ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall be
+Class A, Class B, or Class C in operating areas and shall be as
+required by 7.1.4 of NFPA101 in exit enclosures. [101:40.3.3.2]
+20.14.3.3 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.14.3.3.1 Interior floor finish in exit enclosures and in exit
+access corridors shall be not less than Class II. [101:40.3.3.3.1]
+20.14.3.3.2 Interior floor finish in areas other than those
+specified in 40.3.3.3.1 of NFPA 101 shall not be required to
+comply with Section 12.5. [101:40.3.3.3.2]
+20.15 Storage Occupancies.
+20.15.1 Application. New and existing storage occupancies
+shall comply with NFPA101, Chapter 34, appropriate codes or
+standards referenced in Chapter 2, and Section 20.15.
+20.15.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+20.15.3 Interior Finish.
+20.15.3.1 General. Interior finish shall be in accordance with
+Section 12.5. [101:42.3.3.1]
+20.15.3.2 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish.Interior wall and
+ceiling finish materials complying with Section 12.5 shall be
+Class A, Class B, or Class C in storage areas and shall be as re-
+quired by 7.1.4 of NFPA101 in exit enclosures. [101:42.3.3.2]
+20.15.3.3 Interior Floor Finish.
+20.15.3.3.1 Interior floor finish in exit enclosures shall be not
+less than Class II. [101:42.3.3.3.1]
+20.15.3.3.2 Interior floor finish in areas other than those
+specified in 42.3.3.3.1 of NFPA 101 shall not be required to
+comply with Section 12.5. [101:42.3.3.3.2]
+20.15.4 Storage, Arrangement, Protection, and Quantities of
+Hazardous Commodities.The storage, arrangement, protec-
+tion, and quantities of hazardous commodities shall be in ac-
+cordance with the applicable provisions of the following:
+(1) NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
+(2) Chapter 66 for flammable and combustible liquids
+(3) Chapter 61 for aerosol products
+(4) Section 70.2 for liquid and solid oxidizers
+(5) Section 70.3 for organic peroxide formulations
+(6) NFPA 434, Code for the Storage of Pesticides
+(7) Section 65.5 for fireworks manufacturing
+(8) Section 65.11 for sale, handling and storage of consumer
+fireworks[101:36.4.5.3]
+1–165OCCUPANCY FIRE SAFETY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+20.15.5 Bulk Storage Elevators.Bulk storage elevators shall
+comply with 20.15.5.1 and NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention
+of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing
+Facilities.
+20.15.5.1* Application.The requirements for bulk storage el-
+evators shall apply to all of the following:
+(1) All facilities that receive, handle, process, dry, blend, use,
+mill, package, store, or ship dry agricultural bulk materi-
+als, their by-products, or dusts that include grains, oil-
+seeds, agricultural seeds, legumes, sugar, flour, spices,
+feeds, and other related materials
+(2) All facilities designed for manufacturing and handling
+starch, including drying, grinding, conveying, processing,
+packaging, and storing dry or modified starch, and dry
+products and dusts generated from these processes
+(3) Those seed preparation and meal-handling systems of oil-
+seed processing plants not covered by NFPA 36, Standard
+for Solvent Extraction Plants [61:1.1.1]
+20.15.5.2 NFPA 61 shall not apply to oilseed extraction plants
+that are covered by NFPA 36. [61:1.1.2]
+20.15.5.3 Applicability.
+20.15.5.3.1 Unless otherwise noted, the provisions of 20.15.5
+on bulk storage elevators shall not be applied to facilities,
+equipment, structures, or installations that were existing or
+approved for construction or installation prior to the effective
+date of this Code, except in those cases where it is determined
+by the AHJ that the existing situation involves a distinct hazard
+to life or adjacent property.
+20.15.5.3.2 The requirements of Chapter 11 of NFPA 61 shall
+apply to all facilities.
+20.15.6 Record Storage.
+20.15.6.1 Records protection equipment, facilities, and
+records-handling techniques that provide protection from the
+hazards of fire shall comply with 20.15.6 and NFPA 232, Stan-
+dard for the Protection of Records.
+20.15.6.2* Because of the volume of records, 20.15.6.1 shall
+not cover large archives or records storage buildings.
+20.15.7 Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film Storage.
+20.15.7.1 Application. The storage and handling of cellulose
+nitrate film records shall comply with 20.15.7 and NFPA 40,
+Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Film.
+20.15.7.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+20.15.8 High-Piled Storage.
+20.15.8.1 Application. Buildings containing high-piled stor-
+age shall comply with NFPA 13, Chapter 34, and 20.15.8.
+20.15.8.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+20.15.8.3 Fire Department Hose Connections.
+20.15.8.3.1 When any portion of the high-piled combustible
+storage area is greater than 200 ft (61 m) from a fire depart-
+ment access door, Class I standpipe outlets connected to a
+system sized to deliver 250 gpm (946.4 L/min) at the most
+hydraulically remote outlet shall be provided in accordance
+with 20.15.8.3.
+20.15.8.3.2 The outlet shall be permitted to be supplied from
+the sprinkler system and shall be hydraulically calculated.
+20.15.8.3.3 Standpipe outlets shall be provided at each of the
+following locations:
+(1) In each exit passageway at the entrance from the storage
+areas into the passageway
+(2) At each intermediate landing between floor levels in every
+required exit stairway serving the storage area
+(3) At exterior entrances into the storage
+20.16 Special Structures and High-Rise Buildings.
+20.16.1 Application.
+20.16.1.1 New and existing special structures and high-rise
+buildings shall comply with NFPA101.
+20.16.1.2 Motion picture and television production studio
+soundstages and approved production facilities shall comply
+with Chapter 32.
+20.17 Historic Buildings and Cultural Resources.
+20.17.1 Historic buildings shall comply with this Code or with
+the provisions of NFPA 914, Code for Fire Protection of Historic
+Structures.
+20.17.2 Buildings that store or display cultural resources, in-
+cluding museum or library collections, or spaces within other
+buildings used for such culturally significant purposes, shall com-
+ply with thisCode or with the provisions of NFPA 909,Code for the
+Protection of Cultural Resource Properties — Museums, Libraries, and
+Places of Worship.
+20.17.3 The provisions of this Code relating to the construc-
+tion, repair, alteration, enlargement, restoration, and moving
+of buildings or structures shall not be mandatory for the fol-
+lowing:
+(1) Existing buildings or structures identified and classified
+by the state or local government authority as historic
+buildings where such buildings comply with NFPA 914
+(2)*Buildings or spaces within buildings that store or display
+cultural resources and comply with the provisions of
+NFPA 909
+Chapter 21 Airports and Heliports
+21.1 Hangars. The construction and protection of aircraft
+hangars from fire shall comply with this section; NFPA 409,
+Standard on Aircraft Hangars ; NFPA 410, Standard on Aircraft
+Maintenance; and Sections 40.6 and 42.6 of NFPA101.
+21.1.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+21.1.2 Fire Department Access. Fire department access
+roads shall be provided and maintained in accordance with
+Section 18.2 for all aircraft hangars.
+21.1.3 Smoking.
+21.1.3.1 Smoking shall be prohibited in aircraft hangars.
+21.1.3.2 Smoking shall be in accordance with Section 10.10.
+21.1.4* Means of Egress Provisions for Aircraft Servicing
+Hangars.
+21.1.4.1 The requirements of Sections 40.1 through 40.5 of
+NFPA 101 shall be met, except as modified by 21.1.4.1.1
+through 21.1.4.1.4. [101:40.6.1]
+1–166 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+21.1.4.1.1 There shall be not less than two means of egress
+from each aircraft servicing area. [101:40.6.1.1]
+21.1.4.1.2 Exits from aircraft servicing areas shall be pro-
+vided at intervals not exceeding 150 ft (46 m) on all exterior
+walls. [101:40.6.1.2]
+21.1.4.1.3 Where horizontal exits are provided, doors shall
+be provided in the horizontal exit fire barrier at intervals not
+exceeding 100 ft (30 m). [101:40.6.1.3]
+21.1.4.1.4 Where dwarf, or “smash,” doors are provided in
+doors that accommodate aircraft, such doors shall be permitted
+for compliance with 21.1.4.1.1 through 21.1.4.1.3. [101:40.6.1.4]
+21.1.4.2 Means of egress from mezzanine floors in aircraft ser-
+vicing areas shall be arranged so that the travel distance to the
+nearest exit from any point on the mezzanine does not exceed
+75 ft (23 m), and such means of egress shall lead directly to a
+properly enclosed stair discharging directly to the exterior, to a
+suitable cutoff area, or to outside stairs. [101:40.6.2]
+21.1.4.3 Dead ends shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m) for other
+than high hazard contents areas and shall not be permitted for
+high hazard contents areas. [101:40.6.3]
+21.1.5* Means of Egress Provisions for Aircraft Storage
+Hangars.
+21.1.5.1 The requirements of Sections 42.1 through 42.5 of
+NFPA101 shall be met, except as modified by 21.1.5.1.1 through
+21.1.5.1.3. [101:42.6.1]
+21.1.5.1.1 There shall be not less than two means of egress
+from each aircraft servicing area. [101:42.6.1.1]
+21.1.5.1.2 Exits from aircraft servicing areas shall be pro-
+vided at intervals not exceeding 150 ft (46 m) on all exterior
+walls. [101:42.6.1.2]
+21.1.5.1.3 Where horizontal exits are provided, doors shall
+be provided in the horizontal exit fire barrier at intervals not
+exceeding 100 ft (30 m). [101:42.6.1.3]
+21.1.5.1.4 Where dwarf, or “smash,” doors are provided in
+doors that accommodate aircraft, such doors shall be permit-
+ted for compliance with 21.1.5.1.1, 21.1.5.1.2, and 21.1.5.1.3.
+[101:42.6.1.4]
+21.1.5.2 Means of egress from mezzanine floors in aircraft stor-
+age areas shall be arranged so that the travel distance to the near-
+est exit from any point on the mezzanine does not exceed 75 ft
+(23 m), and such means of egress shall lead directly to a properly
+enclosed stair discharging directly to the exterior, to a suitable
+cutoff area, or to outside stairs. [101:42.6.2]
+21.1.5.3 Dead ends shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m) for other
+than high hazard contents areas and shall not be permitted for
+high hazard contents areas. [101:42.6.3]
+21.2 Terminals.
+21.2.1 Application. Airport terminal buildings shall comply
+with the requirements of Section 21.2 and NFPA 415,Standard
+on Airport Terminal Buildings, Fueling Ramp Drainage, and Load-
+ing Walkways.
+21.2.2 General.
+21.2.2.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+21.2.2.2 Fire Department Access. Fire department access
+roads for all airport terminal buildings shall be provided and
+maintained in accordance with Section 18.2.
+21.2.2.3 Smoking.
+21.2.2.3.1 Smoking shall be prohibited in fuel ramp areas
+and loading walkways.
+21.2.2.3.2 Smoking shall be in accordance with Section 10.10.
+21.2.3 General.
+21.2.3.1 Airport terminal buildings shall be of Type I, Type II,
+or Type IV construction, as defined in NFPA 220, Standard on
+Types of Building Construction.[ 415:4.1.1]
+21.2.3.2* Interior finish materials shall be limited to Class A or
+Class B regardless of the occupant load. [415:4.1.2]
+21.2.3.3 Aircraft fueling facilities and ramps shall be de-
+signed in accordance with NFPA 407, Standard for Aircraft Fuel
+Servicing, and Chapter 5 of NFPA 415,Standard on Airport Termi-
+nal Buildings, Fueling Ramp Drainage, and Loading Walkways .
+[415:4.1.3]
+21.2.3.4 Belowgrade areas and blind spaces in airport termi-
+nal buildings shall be protected against flammable fuel and
+vapor penetration or shall be mechanically ventilated to pro-
+vide at least four complete air changes per hour. The mechani-
+cal ventilation system shall be installed in accordance with
+NFPA 91,Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors,
+Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids.[ 415:4.1.4]
+21.2.3.5 Glazing Material–Covered Openings Facing the Ramp.
+21.2.3.5.1 Openings covered with glazing material that have
+the lowest part of the glazing material not less than 7 ft (2.1 m)
+above each finished floor level shall not be required to comply
+with 21.2.3.5.3. [415:4.1.5.1]
+21.2.3.5.2 Openings covered with glazing material listed for
+use in a fire barrier and installed in accordance with the listing
+shall not be required to comply with 21.2.3.5.3. [415:4.1.5.2]
+21.2.3.5.3 Where potential fuel spill points are located less than
+100 ft (30.5 m) horizontally from glazing material–covered open-
+ings in airport terminal building walls facing the airport ramp,
+they shall be provided with an automatically activated water spray
+system in accordance with 21.2.3.5.3.1 or an automatically acti-
+vated, listed fire shutter system in accordance with 21.2.3.5.3.2.
+(See Annex C of NFPA 415.)[415:4.1.5.3]
+21.2.3.5.3.1 Where an automatically activated water spray sys-
+tem(s) is provided, it shall be installed in accordance with
+NFPA 15,Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection.
+[415:4.1.5.3.1]
+21.2.3.5.3.1.1 The system shall be designed to provide a den-
+sity of at least 0.25 gpm/ft2 [10.2 (L/min)/m2] over the exte-
+rior surface area of the glazing material. [415:4.1.5.3.1.1]
+21.2.3.5.3.1.2 Where multiple water spray systems are used,
+the water supply shall be capable of supplying all systems that
+could be expected to operate as a result of one fire incident.
+[415:4.1.5.3.1.2]
+21.2.3.5.3.1.3 The detection system design analysis for the
+water spray system shall include consideration of false alarms
+and detector response time. [415:4.1.5.3.1.3]
+1–167AIRPORTS AND HELIPORTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+21.2.3.5.3.2 Where an automatically activated, listed fire
+shutter is provided, it shall be installed in accordance with its
+listing. [415:4.1.5.3.2]
+21.2.4 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning.
+21.2.4.1 Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems shall
+be installed in accordance with Section 11.2 and Section 11.5, as
+applicable.
+21.2.4.2* Air supply intake and exhaust openings for air-
+conditioning or ventilating equipment serving the terminal
+building, if located on the ramp side, shall be not less than
+10 ft (3 m) above the grade level of the ramp and shall be at
+least 50 ft (15 m) from any point of flammable vapor release.
+[415:4.2.2]
+21.2.4.3* Openings to rooms that contain coal-, gas-, or oil-fired
+equipment or any other open-flame device and that face the
+ramp side of the terminal shall be above ramp grade and 50 ft
+(15 m) from any point of flammable vapor release. [415:4.2.3]
+21.2.4.4 Stacks or chimneys from a boiler, heater, or incinera-
+tor shall terminate at least 20 ft (6.1 m) above ramp grade and
+above the roof of the building. Stacks or chimneys from boil-
+ers or heaters that use solid fuel or from any incinerator shall
+be fitted with double screening to control fly ash and sparks.
+Such stacks or chimneys shall be located so the outlet is at least
+100 ft (30.5 m) horizontally from any aircraft position or point
+of flammable vapor release. [415:4.2.4]
+21.2.4.5 Incinerators shall conform to the requirements of
+Chapter 4 of NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and
+Linen Handling Systems and Equipment.[ 415:4.2.5]
+21.2.4.6 Exhaust hood ventilation systems for restaurant and
+flight kitchens shall conform to the applicable portions of
+Chapter 50. [415:4.2.6]
+21.2.5 Exits.
+21.2.5.1 Airport terminal building means of egress shall
+conform to the requirements of NFPA 101, Life Safety Code .
+[415: 4.3.1]
+21.2.5.2* In addition to the exit signage requirements speci-
+fied in NFPA101, doors serving as exits that discharge onto an
+airport ramp and are provided solely for the purpose of meet-
+ing emergency egress requirements from public areas shall be
+placarded “Emergency Exit Only” in letters at least 2 in.
+(50 mm) high. [415:4.3.2]
+21.2.6* Fire Protection — Sprinkler Systems.
+21.2.6.1 An airport terminal building with more than
+12,000 ft2 (1115 m2) total floor area for the assembly portion
+of the occupancy shall be provided with an automatic sprin-
+kler system installed in accordance with Section 13.3.
+[415:4.5.1.1]
+21.2.6.2 Terminal buildings with less than 12,000 ft2 (1115 m2)
+total floor area for the assembly portion of the occupancy shall
+not be required to be provided with an automatic sprinkler sys-
+tem. [415:4.5.1.2]
+21.2.6.3 Passenger-handling areas shall be classified as Ordi-
+nary Hazard Group 1 Occupancy, as defined in NFPA 13, for
+the purpose of sprinkler system design. [415:4.5.1.3]
+21.2.6.4 Baggage, package, and mail-handling areas shall be
+classified as Ordinary Hazard Group 2 Occupancy, as defined
+in NFPA 13, for the purpose of sprinkler system design.
+[415:4.5.1.4]
+21.2.6.5* Other areas of the airport terminal building shall be
+classified in accordance with Chapter 5 of NFPA 13, based on
+the occupancy of the area. [415:4.5.1.5]
+21.2.6.6 Covered Plane-Loading Positions. Airport terminal
+buildings having canopy areas or roofed-over recesses at aircraft
+loading positions that, in effect, place the aircraft totally or sub-
+stantially under such canopies or roofs shall have the canopies or
+roofs protected by automatic sprinkler systems in accordance
+with NFPA 409,Standard on Aircraft Hangars.[ 415:4.5.1.6]
+21.2.7 Fire Alarm and Communications Systems.A fire alarm
+and communications system shall be installed as required by
+13.7.2.1. [415:4.5.2]
+21.2.7.1 Means to alert the public fire department or the
+airport fire station shall be available through manual fire
+alarm pull stations. Manual fire alarm services shall be in-
+stalled in accordance with NFPA 72.[ 415:4.5.2.1]
+21.2.7.2* Annunciation for all building fire alarm signals shall be
+provided near the front entrance of the building. [415:4.5.2.2]
+21.2.7.3 If the public fire department has two-way voice com-
+munication with a constantly attended location, 21.2.7.2 shall
+not apply. [415:4.5.2.3]
+21.2.8 Fire Hydrants.Fire hydrants shall be provided on both
+the ramp and the street sides of airport terminal buildings. Such
+hydrants shall be located so that no portion of the terminal build-
+ing is more than 500 ft (152.4 m) from a hydrant. [415:4.5.3]
+21.2.9 Standpipe and Hose Systems.Standpipe and hose sys-
+tems shall be provided for all airport terminal buildings in excess
+of two stories [35 ft (10.7 m)] in height or 100 ft (30.5 m) in
+shortest horizontal dimension. Standpipe and hose systems shall
+be installed in accordance with Section 13.2. [415:4.5.4]
+21.2.9.1 Class I standpipe systems shall be provided in buildings
+protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler sys-
+tem. Each 21⁄2 in. (63.5 mm) hose connection shall be equipped
+with a 21⁄2 i n .×11⁄2 in. (63.5 mm × 38 mm) reducer and cap.
+[415:4.5.4.1]
+21.2.9.2 Class III standpipe systems shall be provided in non-
+sprinklered buildings. Paragraphs 5.3.3.1 and 5.3.3.2 of
+NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Sys-
+tems, for Class III systems shall be applicable to this require-
+ment. [415:4.5.4.2]
+21.2.10 Portable Fire Extinguishers.Portable fire extinguish-
+ers shall be provided throughout the airport terminal building
+in accordance with Section 13.6. [415:4.5.6]
+21.3 Rooftop Heliport Construction and Protection.
+21.3.1 Application. Rooftop heliport construction and pro-
+tection shall comply with Section 21.3 and NFPA 418,Standard
+for Heliports.
+21.3.1.1 Section 21.3 does not apply to ground level helicop-
+ter hangars. All hangars not covered by this section shall com-
+ply with NFPA 409.
+21.3.1.2 Temporary landing sites and emergency evacuation
+facilities are outside the scope of Section 21.3.
+21.3.2 General.
+21.3.2.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+1–168 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+21.3.2.2 Fire Department Access. Fire department access
+roads for all buildings with a rooftop heliport shall be pro-
+vided and maintained in accordance with Section 18.2.
+21.3.2.3 Smoking.
+21.3.2.3.1 Smoking shall be prohibited at rooftop heliports.
+21.3.2.3.2 Smoking shall be in accordance with Section 10.10.
+21.3.3 General Requirements — Land-Based Facilities.
+21.3.3.1* Plans.Plans for construction and protection of heli-
+ports shall be approved by the AHJ. [418:4.2]
+21.3.3.2 Tank Locations.
+21.3.3.2.1 Storage, handling, and use of flammable and com-
+bustible liquids shall be in accordance with Chapter 66.
+[418:4.3.1]
+21.3.3.2.2 Oxygen and other medical gases shall be stored
+and used in accordance with Section 9.4 of NFPA 99,Standard
+for Health Care Facilities.[ 418:4.3.2]
+21.3.3.2.3 Aboveground flammable liquid storage tanks,
+compressed gas storage tanks, and liquefied gas storage
+tanks shall be laterally located at least 50 ft (15.2 m) from
+the edge of the final approach and takeoff (FATO) area as
+defined in FAA A/C 150/5390-2B, Heliport Design Advisory
+Circular .[ 418:4.3.3]
+21.3.3.3 Fire-Fighting Access.
+21.3.3.3.1 The heliport shall have at least one access point for
+fire-fighting/rescue personnel, and, where practical, a second
+access point shall be available and located remotely from the
+first. [418:4.4.1]
+21.3.3.3.2 Fences shall not prevent access by fire-fighting/
+rescue personnel. [418:4.4.2]
+21.3.3.4 Landing Pad Pitch.The heliport shall be pitched or
+sloped so that drainage flows away from access points and pas-
+senger holding areas. [418:4.5]
+21.3.3.5 No Smoking.
+21.3.3.5.1 No smoking shall be permitted within 50 ft (15.2 m)
+of the landing pad edge. [418:4.6.1]
+21.3.3.5.2 NO SMOKING signs shall be erected at access/
+egress points to the heliport. [418:4.6.2]
+21.3.3.6 Fueling System.Fueling systems shall be designed in
+accordance with Section 42.10. [418:4.7]
+21.3.3.6.1 Fixed fueling dispensing equipment shall be lo-
+cated outside of rooftop hangars. [418:4.7.1]
+21.3.3.6.2 Fueling equipment shall not hinder or obstruct
+access to exits or fire-fighting equipment. [418:4.7.2]
+21.3.3.6.3 Fuel pump manifolds shall be located 25 ft (7.6 m)
+from rooftop hangars and fixed fire protection equipment.
+[418:4.7.3]
+21.3.4 Rooftop Landing Facilities.
+21.3.4.1* Structural Support.Main structural support mem-
+bers that could be exposed to a fuel spill shall be made fire
+resistant using listed materials and methods to provide a fire-
+resistance rating of not less than 2 hours. [418:5.2]
+21.3.4.2 Landing Pad Pitch.The rooftop landing pad shall be
+pitched to provide drainage at a slope of 0.5 percent to 2 per-
+cent. [418:5.3]
+21.3.4.2.1 The pitch of the pad shall be designed to protect,
+at a minimum, the primary egress path, passenger holding
+area, rooftop hangar, and fire protection activation systems.
+[418:5.3.1]
+21.3.4.2.2 Drainage flow shall not penetrate alternate egress
+points, stairways, ramps, hatches, and other openings not de-
+signed for drainage. [418:5.3.2]
+21.3.4.3 Landing Pad Construction Materials.
+21.3.4.3.1 The rooftop landing pad surface shall be con-
+structed of approved noncombustible, nonporous materials.
+[418:5.4.1]
+21.3.4.3.2 The contiguous building roof covering within 50 ft
+(15.2 m) of the landing pad edge shall have a Class A rating.
+[418:5.4.2]
+21.3.4.4* Means of Egress.At least two approved means of
+egress from the rooftop landing pad edge to the roof shall be
+provided and shall be remotely located from each other.
+[418:5.5]
+21.3.4.4.1 For heliports occupied by 50 or more people, two
+approved means of egress from the roof shall be provided and
+shall be remotely located from each other, not less than 30 ft
+(9.1 m) apart. [418:5.5.1]
+21.3.4.4.2 For heliports occupied by fewer than 50 people,
+one approved means of egress from the roof shall be provided.
+[418:5.5.2]
+21.3.4.4.3 Means of egress from the rooftop landing pad and
+roof shall not obstruct flight operations. [418:5.5.3]
+21.3.4.5 Fire-Fighting Access.
+21.3.4.5.1 The helicopter rooftop landing pad shall have at
+least two access points for fire-fighting purposes. [418:5.6.1]
+21.3.4.5.2 Access for fire-fighting personnel through the
+landing pad egress shall be permitted. [418:5.6.2]
+21.3.4.5.3* Where required by the AHJ, an approved access to
+the building’s interior shall be provided through each re-
+quired exit stairway that extends onto the roof. [418:5.6.3]
+21.3.4.6 Fire Protection. A foam fire-extinguishing system
+with either a fixed discharge outlet(s) in accordance with
+21.3.4.6.3 or a hose line(s) in accordance with 21.3.4.6.4 shall
+be designed and installed to protect the rooftop landing pad,
+unless otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) A foam fire-extinguishing system shall not be required for
+heliports located on open parking structures or buildings
+that are not normally occupied.
+(2) For H-1 heliports, two portable foam extinguishers, each
+having a rating of 20-A:160-B, shall be permitted to be
+used to satisfy the requirement of 21.3.4.6.
+[418:5.7]
+21.3.4.6.1 Where trained personnel are not available, fixed
+fire protection outlet(s) shall be provided. [418:5.7.1]
+21.3.4.6.2* The foam discharge rate shall be as shown in
+Table 21.3.4.6.2. [ 418:5.7.2]
+1–169AIRPORTS AND HELIPORTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+21.3.4.6.3 The area of application of foam discharge for fixed
+discharge outlet systems shall be the entire rooftop landing
+pad for a duration of 5 minutes. [418:5.7.3]
+21.3.4.6.4* The area of application of foam discharge for hose
+line systems shall be the practical critical fire area for the cat-
+egory of the helicopter landing facility in accordance with
+Table 21.3.4.6.4 for a duration of 2 minutes. [418:5.7.4]
+21.3.4.6.4.1 A fixed discharge outlet system shall be either
+fixed stationary nozzles around the perimeter or one or more
+oscillating monitor/nozzle(s). [418:5.7.4.1]
+21.3.4.6.5 The water supply for the foam system shall be from
+a source approved by the AHJ. [418:5.7.5]
+21.3.4.6.5.1 Fire pumps, if used, shall be installed in accor-
+dance with Section 13.4. [418:5.7.5.1]
+21.3.4.6.5.2 Standpipes and hose stations, if used, shall be
+installed in accordance with Section 13.2. [418:5.7.5.2]
+21.3.4.6.5.3 Where freezing is possible, freeze protection
+shall be provided. [418:5.7.5.3]
+21.3.4.6.6 The foam components shall be installed in an area
+of the heliport and shall not penetrate the approach takeoff
+surface, transitional surfaces, and safety area as defined in FAA
+A/C 150/5390-2B, Heliport Design Advisory Circular.[ 418:5.7.6]
+21.3.4.6.7 At facilities where there is more than one rooftop
+landing pad, the supply of foam available shall be sufficient to
+cover an incident on at least one of the pads. [418:5.7.7]
+21.3.4.6.8 Where fixed foam systems utilizing fixed deck
+nozzles or oscillating foam turrets, or both, are installed, sys-
+tem components shall be listed or approved. [418:5.7.8]
+21.3.4.7 Fire Alarm.A means of communication shall be pro-
+vided from the roof area to notify the fire department of emer-
+gencies. [418:5.8]
+21.3.4.7.1 Where buildings are provided with a fire alarm sys-
+tem, a manual pull station shall be provided for each designated
+means of egress from the roof.(See 21.3.4.4.1.)[418:5.8.1]
+21.3.5 Portable Fire Extinguishers.
+21.3.5.1 Quantity and Rating.
+21.3.5.1.1 At least one portable fire extinguisher as specified
+in Table 21.3.5.1.1 shall be provided for each takeoff and land-
+ing area, parking area, and fuel storage area, unless otherwise
+permitted by 21.3.5.1.2. [418:9.1.1]
+21.3.5.1.2 The requirement of 21.3.5.1.1 shall not apply to
+unattended ground-level heliports. [418:9.1.2]
+21.3.5.2 Servicing. Portable fire extinguishers shall comply with
+Section 13.6 and NFPA 10, Chapters 1, 4, 5, and 6. [418:9.2]
+Chapter 22 Automobile Wrecking Yards
+22.1 General. Automobile wrecking yards shall be in accor-
+dance with this chapter.
+22.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with Sec-
+tion 1.12.
+22.3 Fire Department Access Roads.Fire department access
+roads shall be in accordance with Section 18.2.
+22.4 Welding and Cutting.Welding and cutting operations
+shall be in accordance with Chapter 41.
+22.5 Housekeeping. The yard shall be kept free of vegetation,
+debris, and any other material that is not necessary to the
+proper operation of the facility.
+22.6 Fire Extinguishers. Fire extinguishers shall be placed
+and sized in accordance with Section 13.6.
+22.7 Tire Storage.The storage of tires shall be in accordance
+with Chapters 33 and 34.
+Table 21.3.4.6.2 Foam Discharge Rates for Fixed Discharge
+Systems Only
+Foam
+Discharge Rate
+gpm/ft2 (L/min)/m2
+AFFF 0.10 4.1
+Fluoroprotein 0.16 6.5
+Protein 0.20 8.1
+[418: Table 5.7.2]
+Table 21.3.4.6.4 Practical Critical Fire Areas for Hose Line
+Systems Only
+Heliport
+Category
+Practical Critical
+Fire Area
+Helicopter Overall Length* ft2 m2
+H-1 Less than 50 ft (15.2 m) 375 34.8
+H-2 50 ft (15.2 m) up to but
+not including 80 ft
+(24.4 m)
+840 78.0
+H-3 80 ft (24.4 m) up to but
+not including 120 ft
+(36.6 m)
+1440 133.8
+*Helicopter length, including the tail boom and the rotors.
+[418: Table 5.7.4]
+Table 21.3.5.1.1 Minimum Ratings of Portable Fire
+Extinguishers for Heliport Categories
+Heliport
+Category
+Helicopter Overall
+Length* Minimum Rating
+H-1 <50 ft (15.2 m) 4-A:80-B
+H-2 50 ft (15.2 m) up to but
+not including 80 ft
+(24.4 m)
+10-A:120-B
+H-3 80 ft (24.4 m) up to but
+not including 120 ft
+(36.6 m)
+30-A:240-B
+*Helicopter length, including the tail boom and the rotors.
+[418: Table 9.1.1]
+1–170 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+22.8 Burning Operations.Burning operations shall be in ac-
+cordance with Section 10.11.
+22.9 Motor Vehicle Fluids and Hazardous Materials.
+22.9.1 General. The storage, use, and handling of motor ve-
+hicle fluids and hazardous materials shall be in accordance
+with Chapters 60 and 66.
+22.9.2 Motor Vehicle Fluids.
+22.9.2.1 Motor vehicle fluids shall be drained from salvage
+vehicles when such fluids are leaking.
+22.9.2.2 Storage and handling of motor vehicle fluids shall
+be done in an approved manner.
+22.9.2.3 Flammable and combustible liquids shall be stored
+and handled in accordance with Chapter 66.
+22.9.3 Mitigation for Vehicle Fluid Leaks.
+22.9.3.1 Supplies or equipment capable of mitigating leaks
+from fuel tanks, crankcases, brake systems, and transmissions
+shall be kept available on site.
+22.9.3.2 Single-use plugging, diking, and absorbent materials
+shall be disposed of as hazardous waste and removed from the
+site in a manner approved by federal, state, and local require-
+ments.
+22.9.4 Air Bag Systems. Removed air bag systems shall be
+handled and stored in accordance with Chapter 60.
+22.9.5 Lead-Acid Batteries.
+22.9.5.1 Lead-acid batteries shall be removed from salvage
+vehicles when such batteries are leaking.
+22.9.5.2 Lead-acid batteries that have been removed from
+vehicles shall be stored in an approved manner.
+Chapter 23 Cleanrooms
+23.1 General. All semiconductor facilities containing a clean-
+room or a clean zone, or both, shall comply with this chapter
+and NFPA 318, Standard for the Protection of Semiconductor Fabri-
+cation Facilities.
+23.2 Applicability. Unless otherwise noted in NFPA 318, the
+provisions of NFPA 318 shall not be applied to facilities, equip-
+ment, structures, or installations that were existing or ap-
+proved for construction or installation prior to the effective
+date of this Code, except in those cases where it is determined
+by the AHJ that the existing situation involves a distinct hazard
+to life or adjacent property.
+23.3 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with Sec-
+tion 1.12.
+Chapter 24 Drycleaning
+24.1 General.
+24.1.1 Drycleaning plants shall comply with this chapter and
+NFPA 32,Standard for Drycleaning Plants.
+24.1.2 Drycleaning plants or systems using solvents that have
+a flash point below 100°F (37.8°C) shall be prohibited.
+24.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with Sec-
+tion 1.12.
+Chapter 25 Grandstands and Bleachers, Folding and
+Telescopic Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures
+25.1 General.
+25.1.1 The construction, location, protection, and mainte-
+nance of grandstands and bleachers, folding and telescopic
+seating, tents, and membrane structures shall meet the re-
+quirements of this chapter. Seating facilities located in the
+open air or within enclosed or semi-enclosed structures, such
+as tents, membrane structures, and stadium complexes, shall
+comply with this chapter, NFPA 101, and NFPA 102, Standard
+for Grandstands, Folding and Telescopic Seating, Tents, and Mem-
+brane Structures.
+25.1.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+25.1.3 Means of Egress.
+25.1.3.1 Means of egress shall comply with the requirements
+of Chapter 14.
+25.1.3.2 No guy wire or guy rope shall cross any means of
+egress at a height of less than 7 ft (2.1 m).
+25.1.3.3 Tent stakes adjacent to any means of egress from any
+tent open to the public shall be railed off, capped, or covered
+so as not to present a hazard to the public.
+25.1.3.4 New facilities shall comply with the means of egress
+provisions of NFPA101 for the applicable occupancies.
+25.1.3.5 Existing facilities shall comply with the means of
+egress provisions of NFPA101 for the applicable occupancies.
+25.1.4 Flammable Liquids and Gases.
+25.1.4.1 The storage and handling of flammable liquids or
+gases shall be in accordance with the following applicable
+standards and chapters below:
+(1) Chapter 66 for flammable and combustible liquids
+(2) NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code
+(3) Chapter 69 for liquefied petroleum gases and liquefied
+natural gases [102:9.2.1]
+25.1.4.2* No storage or handling of flammable liquids or
+gases shall be permitted in any location where such storage
+would jeopardize egress from the structure, unless otherwise
+permitted by 25.1.4.1. [102:9.2.2]
+25.1.4.3 Refueling of equipment with liquids having flash
+points below 100°F (38°C) shall not be permitted within the
+structure.
+25.1.5 Fire Hazards.
+25.1.5.1 The finished ground level enclosed by any tempo-
+rary membrane structure, and the finished ground level for a
+reasonable distance but for not less than 10 ft (3050 mm)
+outside of such a structure, shall be cleared of all flammable or
+combustible material or vegetation that is not used for neces-
+sary support equipment. The clearing work shall be accom-
+plished to the satisfaction of the AHJ prior to the erection of
+such a structure. The premises shall be kept free from such
+flammable or combustible materials during the period for
+which the premises are used by the public. [ 101:11.10.2.1]
+[102:7.5.5.1.1]
+25.1.5.2 Where prohibited by the AHJ, smoking shall not
+be permitted in any temporary membrane structure.
+[101:11.10.2.2]
+1–171GRANDSTANDS AND BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, TENTS, AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+25.1.5.3 No hay, straw, shavings, or similar combustible mate-
+rials that have not been treated to make them flame retardant
+to a degree acceptable to the AHJ shall be permitted within
+any structure used as an assembly occupancy.
+Exception: Animal bedding and fodders in quantities approved by
+the AHJ.
+25.1.5.4 Open Flame Devices and Pyrotechnics.No open flame
+devices or pyrotechnic devices shall be used in any assembly
+occupancy, unless otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) Pyrotechnic special effect devices shall be permitted to be
+used on stages before proximate audiences for ceremo-
+nial or religious purposes, as part of a demonstration in
+exhibits, or as part of a performance, provided that both
+of the following criteria are met:
+(a) Precautions satisfactory to the AHJ are taken to pre-
+vent ignition of any combustible material.
+(b) Use of the pyrotechnic device complies with
+NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a
+Proximate Audience.
+(2) Flame effects before an audience shall be permitted in
+accordance with NFPA 160, Standard for the Use of Flame
+Effects Before an Audience.
+(3) Open flame devices shall be permitted to be used in the
+following situations, provided that precautions satisfac-
+tory to the AHJ are taken to prevent ignition of any com-
+bustible material or injury to occupants:
+(a)*For ceremonial or religious purposes
+(b) On stages and platforms where part of a performance
+(c) Where candles on tables are securely supported on
+substantial noncombustible bases and candle flame is
+protected
+(4) This requirement shall not apply to heat-producing
+equipment complying with 11.2.2.
+(5) This requirement shall not apply to food service opera-
+tions in accordance with Chapter 50.
+(6) Gas lights shall be permitted to be used, provided that
+precautions are taken, subject to the approval of the
+AHJ, to prevent ignition of any combustible materials.
+[102:9.3]
+25.1.6 Extinguishment Requirements.
+25.1.6.1 Enclosed stadiums, arenas, and similar structures
+shall be protected throughout by an approved, electrically su-
+pervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3, unless otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) Where the ceiling or roof, whichever is lower, of the
+playing/activity area is more than 55 ft (16.7 m) above the
+floor, sprinklers shall not be required above the playing/
+activity area where permitted by the AHJ.
+(2) Sprinklers shall not be required above seating areas that
+view the playing/activity area. [102:9.5.1]
+25.1.6.2 An enclosed area shall be protected by an approved
+sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3, unless such
+an area is one of the following:
+(1) Enclosed stadiums, arenas, and similar structures
+(2) Press boxes of less than 1000 ft 2 (93 m2)
+(3) Storage facilities of less than 1000 ft 2 (93 m2) if enclosed
+with minimum 1-hour fire resistance–rated construction
+(4) Enclosed areas underneath grandstands or bleachers
+that comply with the exemptions of 5.9(1) or 5.9(2) of
+NFPA 102 [102:9.5.2]
+25.1.6.3 Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed in assem-
+bly occupancies in accordance with Section 13.6, except as other-
+wise permitted by 25.1.6.3.1 through 25.1.6.3.4. [102:9.5.3]
+25.1.6.3.1 The requirement of 25.1.6.3 shall not apply to seat-
+ing areas. [102:9.5.3.1]
+25.1.6.3.2 The requirement of 25.1.6.3 shall not apply to
+floor areas used for contest, performance, or entertainment.
+[102:9.5.3.2]
+25.1.6.3.3 The requirement of 25.1.6.3 shall not apply to out-
+side assembly occupancy areas. [102:9.5.3.3]
+25.1.6.3.4 Portable extinguishers shall be permitted to be lo-
+cated in secure locations accessible to staff. [102:9.5.3.4]
+25.1.6.4 Fire-extinguishing equipment shall be maintained
+in accordance with Section 13.6.
+25.1.6.5 Employees shall be trained to operate fire-
+extinguishing equipment and shall be required to exhibit
+their skill when requested by the AHJ.
+25.1.7 Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems.
+25.1.7.1 General.
+25.1.7.1.1 Assembly occupancies with occupant loads of
+more than 300 and all theaters with more than one audience-
+viewing room shall be provided with an approved fire alarm
+system in accordance with Section 13.7 and this section, unless
+otherwise permitted by 25.1.7.1.2. [101:12.3.4.1.1]
+25.1.7.1.2 Assembly occupancies that are a part of a multiple
+occupancy protected as a mixed occupancy(see 6.1.14) shall be
+permitted to be served by a common fire alarm system, pro-
+vided that the individual requirements of each occupancy are
+met. [101:12.3.4.1.2]
+25.1.7.2 Initiation.
+25.1.7.2.1 Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be
+by both of the following means:
+(1) Manual means in accordance with 13.7.1.4.8.1(1), unless
+otherwise permitted by the following:
+(a) The requirement of 25.1.7.2.1(1) shall not apply
+where initiation is by means of an approved auto-
+matic fire detection system in accordance with
+13.7.1.4.8.1(2) that provides fire detection through-
+out the building.
+(b) The requirement of 25.1.7.2.1(1) shall not apply
+where initiation is by means of an approved auto-
+matic sprinkler system in accordance with
+13.7.1.4.8.1(3) that provides fire detection and pro-
+tection throughout the building.
+(2) Where automatic sprinklers are provided, sprinkler sys-
+tem waterflow shall initiate the fire alarm system, even
+where manual fire alarm boxes are provided in accor-
+dance with 25.1.7.2.1(1). [101:12.3.4.2.1]
+25.1.7.2.2 The initiating device shall be capable of transmit-
+ting an alarm to a receiving station, located within the build-
+ing, that is constantly attended when the assembly occupancy
+is occupied. [101:12.3.4.2.2]
+25.1.7.2.3* In assembly occupancies with occupant loads of
+more than 300, automatic detection shall be provided in all
+hazardous areas that are not normally occupied, unless such
+areas are protected throughout by an approved, supervised
+1–172 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3.
+[101:12.3.4.2.3]
+25.1.7.3 Notification. The required fire alarm system shall ac-
+tivate an audible and visible alarm in a constantly attended
+receiving station within the building when occupied for pur-
+poses of initiating emergency action. [101:12.3.4.3]
+25.1.7.3.1 Positive alarm sequence in accordance with
+13.7.1.4.10.4 shall be permitted. [101:12.3.4.3.1]
+25.1.7.3.2 Reserved.
+25.1.7.3.3 Occupant notification shall be by means of voice
+announcements in accordance with 13.7.1.4.10.9, initiated by
+the person in the constantly attended receiving station.
+[101:12.3.4.3.3]
+25.1.7.3.4 Occupant notification shall be by means of visible
+signals in accordance with 13.7.1.4.10.5, initiated by the per-
+son in the constantly attended receiving station, unless other-
+wise permitted by 25.1.7.3.5. [101:12.3.4.3.4]
+25.1.7.3.5* Visible signals shall not be required in the assem-
+bly seating area, or the floor area used for the contest, perfor-
+mance, or entertainment, where the occupant load exceeds
+1000 and an approved, alternative visible means of occupant
+notification is provided. (See 13.7.1.4.10.5.7.) [101:12.3.4.3.5]
+25.1.7.3.6 The announcement shall be permitted to be made
+via a voice communication or public address system in accor-
+dance with 13.7.1.4.10.9.2. [101:12.3.4.3.6]
+25.1.7.3.7 Where the AHJ determines that a constantly at-
+tended receiving station is impractical, both of the following
+shall be provided:
+(1) Automatically transmitted evacuation or relocation in-
+structions shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 72,
+National Fire Alarm Code.
+(2) The system shall be monitored by a supervising station in
+accordance with NFPA 72.
+[101:12.3.4.3.7]
+25.1.8* Fire Detail.See 1.7.15 for fire detail requirements.
+25.1.9 Electrical Installations.
+25.1.9.1 Electrical Systems.Electrical wiring and equipment
+shall be in accordance with Section 11.1, unless such installa-
+tions are approved existing installations, which shall be per-
+mitted to be continued in service. [102:10.1]
+25.1.9.2 The electrical system shall be installed, maintained,
+and operated in a safe and professional manner. When in use,
+portable electrical systems shall be inspected daily by a quali-
+fied person representing the owner, and any defects found
+shall be corrected before the public is admitted.
+25.1.9.3 The electrical system and equipment shall be iso-
+lated from the public by proper elevation or guarding, and all
+electrical fuses and switches shall be enclosed in approved en-
+closures. Cables on the ground in areas traversed by the public
+shall be placed in trenches or protected by approved covers.
+25.1.10 Heating Devices.
+25.1.10.1 Fired Heaters.
+25.1.10.1.1 Heating devices shall comply with Sections 11.2
+and 11.5.
+25.1.10.1.2 Only labeled heating devices shall be used.
+[102:10.3.1]
+25.1.10.1.3 Fuel-fired heaters and their installation shall be
+approved by the AHJ. [102:10.3.2]
+25.1.10.1.4 Air-Conditioning, Heating, Ventilating Ductwork,
+and Related Equipment. Air-conditioning, heating, ventilat-
+ing ductwork, and related equipment shall be in accordance
+with 11.2.1, as applicable, unless such installations are ap-
+proved existing installations, which shall be permitted to be
+continued in service. [102:10.2.1]
+25.1.10.1.5 Ventilating or Heat-Producing Equipment.Venti-
+lating or heat-producing equipment shall be in accordance
+with 11.2.2, as applicable, unless such installations are ap-
+proved existing installations, which shall be permitted to be
+continued in service. [102:10.2.2]
+25.1.10.1.6 Containers for liquefied petroleum gases shall be
+installed not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) from any tent or temporary
+membrane structure and shall be in accordance with the pro-
+visions of Chapter 69.
+25.1.10.1.7 Tanks shall be secured in the upright position
+and protected from vehicular traffic.
+25.1.10.2 Electric Heaters.
+25.1.10.2.1 Electric heaters shall comply with 25.1.10.2 and
+Section 11.5.
+25.1.10.2.2 Only labeled heaters shall be permitted.
+[102:10.4.1]
+25.1.10.2.3 Heaters used inside a tent or temporary mem-
+brane structure shall be approved.
+25.1.10.2.4 Heaters shall be connected to electricity by elec-
+tric cable that is suitable for outside use and is of sufficient size
+to handle the electrical load. [102:10.4.2]
+25.1.11 Cooking.Cooking operations shall comply with Chap-
+ter 50.
+25.1.12 Generators.
+25.1.12.1 Generators and other internal combustion power
+sources shall be separated from temporary membrane struc-
+tures and tents by a minimum of 5 ft (1.5 m) and shall be
+protected from contact by fencing, enclosure, or other ap-
+proved means.
+25.1.12.2 Fueling. Fuel tanks shall be of adequate capacity to
+permit uninterrupted operation during normal operating
+hours. Refueling shall be conducted only when not in use.
+25.1.12.3 Fire Extinguishers.A minimum of one portable fire
+extinguisher with a rating of not less than 2-A:10-B:C shall be
+provided.
+25.2 Tents.
+25.2.1 General.
+25.2.1.1 Tents shall be permitted only on a temporary basis.
+[101:11.11.1.2]
+25.2.1.2 Tents shall be erected to cover not more than 75 per-
+cent of the premises, unless otherwise approved by the AHJ.
+[101:11.11.1.3]
+1–173GRANDSTANDS AND BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, TENTS, AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+25.2.2 Flame Propagation Performance.
+25.2.2.1 All tent fabric shall meet the flame propagation perfor-
+mance criteria contained in NFPA 701,Standard Methods of Fire
+Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films.[ 101:11.11.2.1]
+25.2.2.2 One of the following shall serve as evidence that the
+tent fabric materials have the required flame propagation per-
+formance:
+(1) The AHJ shall require a certificate or other evidence of
+acceptance by an organization acceptable to the AHJ.
+(2) The AHJ shall require a report of tests made by other
+inspection authorities or organizations acceptable to the
+AHJ. [101:11.11.2.2]
+25.2.2.3 Where required by the AHJ, confirmatory field tests
+shall be conducted using test specimens from the original ma-
+terial, which shall have been affixed at the time of manufac-
+ture to the exterior of the tent. [101:11.11.2.3]
+25.2.3 Location and Spacing.
+25.2.3.1 There shall be a minimum of 10 ft (3050 mm) be-
+tween stake lines. [101:11.11.3.1]
+25.2.3.2 Adjacent tents shall be spaced to provide an area to be
+used as a means of emergency egress. Where 10 ft (3050 mm)
+between stake lines does not meet the requirements for means of
+egress, the distance necessary for means of egress shall govern.
+[101:11.11.3.2]
+25.2.3.3 Tents not occupied by the public and not used for
+the storage of combustible material shall be permitted to be
+erected less than 10 ft (3050 mm) from other structures where
+the AHJ deems such close spacing to be safe from hazard to
+the public. [101:11.11.3.3]
+25.2.3.4 Tents, each not exceeding 1200 ft 2 (112 m 2)i n
+ground area and located in fairgrounds or similar open
+spaces, shall not be required to be separated from each other,
+provided that safety precautions meet the approval of the AHJ.
+[101:11.11.3.4]
+25.2.3.5 The placement of tents relative to other structures
+shall be at the discretion of the AHJ, with consideration given
+to occupancy, use, opening, exposure, and other similar fac-
+tors. [101:11.11.3.5]
+25.2.4 Fire Hazards.
+25.2.4.1 The finished ground level enclosed by any tent, and
+the finished ground level for a reasonable distance, but for not
+less than 10 ft (3050 mm) outside of such a tent, shall be cleared
+of all flammable or combustible material or vegetation that is not
+used for necessary support equipment. The clearing work shall
+be accomplished to the satisfaction of the AHJ prior to the erec-
+tion of such a tent. The premises shall be kept free from such
+flammable or combustible materials during the period for which
+the premises are used by the public. [101:11.11.4.1]
+25.2.4.2 Where prohibited by the AHJ, smoking shall not be
+permitted in any tent. [101:11.11.4.2]
+25.2.5 Fire-Extinguishing Equipment. Portable fire-
+extinguishing equipment of approved types shall be furnished
+and maintained in tents in such quantity and in such locations
+as directed by the AHJ. [101:11.11.5]
+25.3 Grandstands.
+25.3.1 Seating.
+25.3.1.1 Where grandstand seating without backs is used in-
+doors, rows of seats shall be spaced not less than 22 in.
+(560 mm) back-to-back. [101:12.4.8.2.1]
+25.3.1.2 The depth of footboards and seat boards in grand-
+stands shall be not less than 9 in. (230 mm); where the same
+level is not used for both seat foundations and footrests, foot-
+rests independent of seats shall be provided. [101:12.4.8.2.2]
+25.3.1.3 Seats and footrests of grandstands shall be sup-
+ported securely and fastened in such a manner that they can-
+not be displaced inadvertently. [101:12.4.8.2.3]
+25.3.1.4 Individual seats or chairs shall be permitted only if
+secured in rows in an approved manner, unless seats do not
+exceed 16 in number and are located on level floors and
+within railed-in enclosures, such as boxes. [101:12.4.8.2.4]
+25.3.1.5 The maximum number of seats permitted between
+the farthest seat in an aisle in grandstands and bleachers shall
+not exceed that shown in Table 25.3.1.5. [101:12.4.8.2.5]
+25.3.2 Special Requirements — Wood Grandstands.
+25.3.2.1 An outdoor wood grandstand shall be erected within
+not less than two-thirds of its height and, in no case, within not
+less than 10 ft (3050 mm) of a building, unless otherwise per-
+mitted by the following:
+(1) The distance requirement shall not apply to buildings
+having minimum 1-hour fire resistance–rated construc-
+tion with openings protected against the fire exposure
+hazard created by the grandstand.
+(2) The distance requirement shall not apply where a wall
+having minimum 1-hour fire resistance–rated construc-
+tion separates the grandstand from the building.
+[101:12.4.8.3.1]
+25.3.2.2 An outdoor wood grandstand unit shall not exceed
+10,000 ft2 (929 m2) in ground area or 200 ft (61 m) in length,
+and the following requirements also shall apply:
+(1) Grandstand units of the maximum size shall be placed not
+less than 20 ft (6100 mm) apart or shall be separated by
+walls having a minimum 1-hour fire resistance rating.
+(2) The number of grandstand units erected in any one
+group shall not exceed three.
+(3) Each group of grandstand units shall be separated from
+any other group by a wall having minimum 2-hour fire
+resistance–rated construction extending 24 in. (610 mm)
+above the seat platforms or by an open space of not less
+than 50 ft (15 m). [101:12.4.8.3.2]
+25.3.2.3 The finished ground level area or length required by
+25.3.2.2 shall be permitted to be doubled where one of the
+following criteria is met:
+(1) Where the grandstand is constructed entirely of labeled
+fire-retardant-treated wood that has passed the standard
+rain test, ASTM D 2898,Standard Test Methods for Accelerated
+Weathering of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire Testing
+Table 25.3.1.5 Maximum Number of Seats Between Farthest
+Seat and an Aisle
+Application Outdoors Indoors
+Grandstands 11 6
+Bleachers
+[See 12.2.5.6.1.2 of NFPA 101]
+20 9
+[101: Table 12.4.8.2.5]
+1–174 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Where the grandstand is constructed of members con-
+forming to dimensions for heavy timber construction
+[Type IV (2HH)] [101:12.4.8.3.3]
+25.3.2.4 The highest level of seat platforms above the fin-
+ished ground level or the surface at the front of any wood
+grandstand shall not exceed 20 ft (6100 mm). [101:12.4.8.3.4]
+25.3.2.5 The highest level of seat platforms above the fin-
+ished ground level, or the surface at the front of a portable
+grandstand within a tent or membrane structure, shall not
+exceed 12 ft (3660 mm). [101:12.4.8.3.5]
+25.3.2.6 The height requirements specified in 25.3.2.4 and
+25.3.2.5 shall be permitted to be doubled where constructed
+entirely of labeled fire-retardant-treated wood that has passed
+the standard rain test, ASTM D 2898, or where constructed of
+members conforming to dimensions for heavy timber con-
+struction [Type IV (2HH)]. [101:12.4.8.3.6]
+25.3.3 Special Requirements — Portable Grandstands.
+25.3.3.1 Portable grandstands shall conform to the require-
+ments of Section 25.3 for grandstands and the requirements
+of 25.3.3.2 through 25.3.3.7. [101:12.4.8.4.1]
+25.3.3.2 Portable grandstands shall be self-contained and
+shall have within them all necessary parts to withstand and
+restrain all forces that might be developed during human oc-
+cupancy. [101:12.4.8.4.2]
+25.3.3.3 Portable grandstands shall be designed and manu-
+factured so that, if any structural members essential to the
+strength and stability of the structure have been omitted dur-
+ing erection, the presence of unused connection fittings shall
+make the omissions self-evident. [101:12.4.8.4.3]
+25.3.3.4 Portable grandstand construction shall be skillfully
+accomplished to produce the strength required by the design.
+[101:12.4.8.4.4]
+25.3.3.5 Portable grandstands shall be provided with base
+plates, sills, floor runners, or sleepers of such area that the
+permitted bearing capacity of the supporting material is not
+exceeded. [101:12.4.8.4.5]
+25.3.3.6 Where portable grandstands rest directly on a base
+of such character that it is incapable of supporting the load
+without appreciable settlement, mud sills of suitable material,
+having sufficient area to prevent undue or dangerous settle-
+ment, shall be installed under base plates, runners, or sleep-
+ers. [101:12.4.8.4.6]
+25.3.3.7 All bearing surfaces of portable grandstands shall be
+in contact with each other. [101:12.4.8.4.7]
+25.3.4 Spaces Underneath Grandstands.Spaces underneath
+a grandstand shall be kept free of flammable or combustible
+materials, unless protected by an approved, supervised auto-
+matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 13.3 or un-
+less otherwise permitted by the following:
+(1) This requirement shall not apply to accessory uses of
+300 ft2 (28 m2) or less, such as ticket booths, toilet facili-
+ties, or concession booths where constructed of noncom-
+bustible or fire-resistive construction in otherwise non-
+sprinklered facilities.
+(2) This requirement shall not apply to rooms that are en-
+closed in not less than 1-hour fire resistance–rated con-
+struction and are less than 1000 ft 2 (93 m2) in otherwise
+nonsprinklered facilities. [101:12.4.8.5]
+25.3.5 Guards and Railings.
+25.3.5.1 Railings or guards not less than 42 in. (1065 mm)
+above the aisle surface or footrest or not less than 36 in.
+(915 mm) vertically above the center of the seat or seat board
+surface, whichever is adjacent, shall be provided along those
+portions of the backs and ends of all grandstands where the
+seats are more than 48 in. (1220 mm) above the floor or the
+finished ground level. [101:12.4.8.6.1]
+25.3.5.2 The requirement of 25.3.5.1 shall not apply where
+an adjacent wall or fence affords equivalent safeguard.
+[101:12.4.8.6.2]
+25.3.5.3 Where the front footrest of any grandstand is more
+than 24 in. (610 mm) above the floor, railings or guards not
+less than 33 in. (825 mm) above such footrests shall be pro-
+vided. [101:12.4.8.6.3]
+25.3.5.4 The railings required by 25.3.5.3 shall be permitted to
+be not less than 26 in. (660 mm) high in grandstands or where
+the front row of seats includes backrests. [101:12.4.8.6.4]
+25.3.5.5 Cross aisles located within the seating area shall be
+provided with rails not less than 26 in. (660 mm) high along
+the front edge of the cross aisle. [101:12.4.8.6.5]
+25.3.5.6 The railings specified by 25.3.5.5 shall not be re-
+quired where the backs of the seats in front of the cross aisle
+project 24 in. (610 mm) or more above the surface of the cross
+aisle. [101:12.4.8.6.6]
+25.3.5.7 Vertical openings between guardrails and foot-
+boards or seat boards shall be provided with intermediate con-
+struction so that a 4 in. (100 mm) diameter sphere cannot pass
+through the opening. [101:12.4.8.6.7]
+25.3.5.8 An opening between the seat board and footboard
+located more than 30 in. (760 mm) above the finished ground
+level shall be provided with intermediate construction so that
+a 4 in. (100 mm) diameter sphere cannot pass through the
+opening. [101:12.4.8.6.8]
+25.3.6 Maintenance of Outdoor Grandstands.
+25.3.6.1 The owner shall provide for not less than annual
+inspection and required maintenance of each outdoor grand-
+stand to ensure safe conditions. [101:12.7.10.1]
+25.3.6.2 At least biennially, the inspection shall be performed
+by a professional engineer, registered architect, or individual
+certified by the manufacturer. [101:12.7.10.2]
+25.3.6.3 Where required by the AHJ, the owner shall provide a
+copy of the inspection report and certification that the inspec-
+tion required by 25.3.6.2 has been performed. [101:12.7.10.3]
+25.4 Folding and Telescopic Seating.
+25.4.1 Seating.
+25.4.1.1 The horizontal distance of seats, measured back-to-
+back, shall be not less than 22 in. (560 mm) for seats without
+backs, and the following requirements shall also apply:
+(1) There shall be a space of not less than 12 in. (305 mm)
+between the back of each seat and the front of each seat
+immediately behind it.
+(2) If seats are of the chair type, the 12 in. (305 mm) dimen-
+sion shall be measured to the front edge of the rear seat in
+its normal unoccupied position.
+(3) All measurements shall be taken between plumb lines.
+[101:12.4.9.2.1]
+1–175GRANDSTANDS AND BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, TENTS, AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+25.4.1.2 The depth of footboards (footrests) and seat boards
+in folding and telescopic seating shall be not less than 9 in.
+(230 mm). [101:12.4.9.2.2]
+25.4.1.3 Where the same level is not used for both seat foun-
+dations and footrests, footrests independent of seats shall be
+provided. [101:12.4.9.2.3]
+25.4.1.4 Individual chair-type seats shall be permitted in fold-
+ing and telescopic seating only if firmly secured in groups of
+not less than three. [101:12.4.9.2.4]
+25.4.1.5 The maximum number of seats permitted between
+the farthest seat in an aisle in folding and telescopic seating
+shall not exceed that shown in Table 25.3.1.5. [101:12.4.9.2.5]
+25.4.2 Guards and Railings.
+25.4.2.1 Railings or guards not less than 42 in. (1065 mm)
+above the aisle surface or footrest or not less than 36 in.
+(915 mm) vertically above the center of the seat or seat board
+surface, whichever is adjacent, shall be provided along those
+portions of the backs and ends of all folding and telescopic
+seating where the seats are more than 48 in. (1220 mm) above
+the floor or the finished ground level. [101:12.4.9.3.1]
+25.4.2.2 The requirement of 25.4.2.1 shall not apply where
+an adjacent wall or fence affords equivalent safeguard.
+[101:12.4.9.3.2]
+25.4.2.3 Where the front footrest of folding or telescopic
+seating is more than 24 in. (610 mm) above the floor, railings
+or guards not less than 33 in. (825 mm) above such footrests
+shall be provided. [101:12.4.9.3.3]
+25.4.2.4 The railings required by 25.4.2.3 shall be permitted
+to be not less than 26 in. (660 mm) high where the front row
+of seats includes backrests. [101:12.4.9.3.4]
+25.4.2.5 Cross aisles located within the seating area shall be
+provided with rails not less than 26 in. (660 mm) high along
+the front edge of the cross aisle. [101:12.4.9.3.5]
+25.4.2.6 The railings specified by 25.4.2.5 shall not be re-
+quired where the backs of the seats in front of the cross aisle
+project 24 in. (610 mm) or more above the surface of the cross
+aisle. [101:12.4.9.3.6]
+25.4.2.7 Vertical openings between guardrails and foot-
+boards or seat boards shall be provided with intermediate con-
+struction so that a 4 in. (100 mm) diameter sphere cannot pass
+through the opening. [101:12.4.9.3.7]
+25.4.2.8 An opening between the seat board and footboard
+located more than 30 in. (760 mm) above the finished ground
+level shall be provided with intermediate construction so that
+a 4 in. (100 mm) diameter sphere cannot pass through the
+opening. [101:12.4.9.3.8]
+25.4.3 Maintenance and Operation of Folding and Telescopic
+Seating.
+25.4.3.1 Instructions in both maintenance and operation
+shall be transmitted to the owner by the manufacturer of the
+seating or his or her representative. [101:12.7.11.1]
+25.4.3.2 Maintenance and operation of folding and telescopic
+seating shall be the responsibility of the owner or his or her duly
+authorized representative and shall include the following:
+(1) During operation of the folding and telescopic seats, the
+opening and closing shall be supervised by responsible
+personnel who shall ensure that the operation is in accor-
+dance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
+(2) Only attachments specifically approved by the manufac-
+turer for the specific installation shall be attached to the
+seating.
+(3) An annual inspection and required maintenance of each
+grandstand shall be performed to ensure safe conditions.
+(4) At least biennially, the inspection shall be performed by a
+professional engineer, registered architect, or individual
+certified by the manufacturer. [101:12.7.11.2]
+25.5 Permanent Membrane Structures.
+25.5.1 Application.
+25.5.1.1 Use of Membrane Roofs.Membrane roofs shall be
+used in accordance with the following:
+(1) Membrane materials shall not be used where fire resis-
+tance ratings are required for walls or roofs.
+(2) Where every part of the roof, including the roof membrane,
+is not less than 20 ft (6100 mm) above any floor, balcony, or
+gallery, a noncombustible or limited-combustible mem-
+brane shall be permitted to be used as the roof in any con-
+struction type.
+(3) With approval of the AHJ, membrane materials shall be
+permitted to be used where every part of the roof mem-
+brane is sufficiently above every significant fire potential,
+such that the imposed temperature cannot exceed the
+capability of the membrane, including seams, to maintain
+its structural integrity. [101:11.9.1.2]
+25.5.1.2 Testing. Testing of membrane materials for compli-
+ance with the requirements of Section 25.5 for use of the cat-
+egories of noncombustible and limited-combustible materials
+shall be performed on weathered-membrane material as de-
+fined in 3.3.160.4 of NFPA101.[ 101:11.9.1.3]
+25.5.1.3 Flame Spread Index.The flame spread index of all
+membrane materials exposed within the structure shall be
+Class A in accordance with Section 12.5. [101:11.9.1.4]
+25.5.1.4 Roof Covering Classification.Roof membranes shall
+have a roof covering classification, as required by the applicable
+building codes, when tested in accordance with ASTM E 108,
+Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings; or ANSI/UL
+790, Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings.[ 101:11.9.1.5]
+25.5.1.5 Flame Propagation Performance.
+25.5.1.5.1 All membrane structure fabric shall meet the flame
+propagation performance criteria contained in NFPA 701,Stan-
+dard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films.
+[101:11.9.1.6.1]
+25.5.1.5.2 One of the following shall serve as evidence that
+the fabric materials have the required flame propagation per-
+formance:
+(1) The AHJ shall require a certificate or other evidence of
+acceptance by an organization acceptable to the AHJ.
+(2) The AHJ shall require a report of tests made by other
+inspection authorities or organizations acceptable to the
+AHJ. [101:11.9.1.6.2]
+25.5.1.5.3 Where required by the AHJ, confirmatory field
+tests shall be conducted using test specimens from the original
+material, which shall have been affixed at the time of manufac-
+ture to the exterior of the structure. [101:11.9.1.6.3]
+1–176 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+25.5.2 Tensioned-Membrane Structures.
+25.5.2.1 The design, materials, and construction of the build-
+ing shall be based on plans and specifications prepared by a
+licensed architect or engineer knowledgeable in tensioned-
+membrane construction. [101:11.9.2.1]
+25.5.2.2 Material loads and strength shall be based on physi-
+cal properties of the materials verified and certified by an ap-
+proved testing laboratory. [101:11.9.2.2]
+25.5.2.3 The membrane roof for structures in climates subject
+to freezing temperatures and ice buildup shall be composed of
+two layers separated by an air space through which heated air can
+be moved to guard against ice accumulation. As an alternative to
+the two layers, other approved methods that protect against ice
+accumulation shall be permitted. [101:11.9.2.3]
+25.5.2.4 Roof drains shall be equipped with electrical ele-
+ments to protect against ice buildup that can prevent the
+drains from functioning. Such heating elements shall be
+served by on-site standby electrical power in addition to the
+normal public service. As an alternative to such electrical ele-
+ments, other approved methods that protect against ice accu-
+mulation shall be permitted. [101:11.9.2.4]
+25.5.3 Air-Supported and Air-Inflated Structures.
+25.5.3.1 General. In addition to the general provisions of
+25.5.1, the requirements of 25.5.3 shall apply to air-supported
+and air-inflated structures. [101:11.9.3.1]
+25.5.3.2 Pressurization (Inflation) System.The pressurization
+system shall consist of one or more operating blower units.
+The system shall include automatic control of auxiliary blower
+units to maintain the required operating pressure. Such
+equipment shall meet the following requirements:
+(1) Blowers shall be powered by continuous-rated motors at
+the maximum power required.
+(2) Blowers shall have personnel protection, such as inlet
+screens and belt guards.
+(3) Blower systems shall be weather protected.
+(4) Blower systems shall be equipped with backdraft check
+dampers.
+(5) Not less than two blower units shall be provided, each of
+which has capacity to maintain full inflation pressure with
+normal leakage.
+(6) The blowers shall be designed to be incapable of over-
+pressurization.
+(7) The auxiliary blower unit(s) shall operate automatically if
+there is any loss of internal pressure or if an operating
+blower unit becomes inoperative.
+(8) The design inflation pressure and the capacity of each
+blower system shall be certified by a professional engi-
+neer. [101:11.9.3.2]
+25.5.3.3 Standby Power System.
+25.5.3.3.1* A fully automatic standby power system shall be
+provided. The system shall be either an auxiliary engine gen-
+erator set capable of running the blower system or a supple-
+mentary blower unit that is sized for 1 times the normal oper-
+ating capacity and is powered by an internal combustion
+engine. [101:11.9.3.3.1]
+25.5.3.3.2 The standby power system shall be fully automatic
+to ensure continuous inflation in the event of any failure of
+the primary power. The system shall be capable of operating
+continuously for a minimum of 4 hours. [101:11.9.3.3.2]
+25.5.3.3.3 The sizing and capacity of the standby power system
+shall be certified by a professional engineer. [101:11.9.3.3.3]
+25.5.4 Maintenance and Operation.
+25.5.4.1 Instructions in both operation and maintenance
+shall be transmitted to the owner by the manufacturer of the
+tensioned-membrane, air-supported, or air-inflated structure.
+[101:11.9.4.1]
+25.5.4.2 Annual inspection and required maintenance of
+each structure shall be performed to ensure safety conditions.
+At least biennially, the inspection shall be performed by a pro-
+fessional engineer, registered architect, or individual certified
+by the manufacturer. [101:11.9.4.2]
+25.6 Temporary Membrane Structures.
+25.6.1 Application.
+25.6.1.1 Required Approval.Membrane structures designed
+to meet all the requirements of Section 25.6 shall be permitted
+to be used as temporary buildings subject to the approval of
+the AHJ. [101:11.10.1.2]
+25.6.1.2 Alternative Requirements. Temporary tensioned-
+membrane structures shall be permitted to comply with Sec-
+tion 25.2 instead of Section 25.6. [101:11.10.1.3]
+25.6.1.3 Roof Covering Classification.Roof membranes shall
+have a roof covering classification, as required by the appli-
+cable building codes, when tested in accordance with
+NFPA 256, ASTM E 108, or ANSI/UL 790. [101:11.10.1.4]
+25.6.1.4 Flame Propagation Performance.
+25.6.1.4.1 All membrane structure fabric shall meet the flame
+propagation performance criteria contained in NFPA 701.
+[101:11.10.1.5.1]
+25.6.1.4.2 One of the following shall serve as evidence that
+the fabric materials have the required flame propagation per-
+formance:
+(1) The AHJ shall require a certificate or other evidence of
+acceptance by an organization acceptable to the AHJ.
+(2) The AHJ shall require a report of tests made by other
+inspection authorities or organizations acceptable to the
+AHJ. [101:11.10.1.5.2]
+25.6.1.4.3 Where required by the AHJ, confirmatory field
+tests shall be conducted using test specimens from the original
+material, which shall have been affixed at the time of manufac-
+ture to the exterior of the structure. [101:11.10.1.5.3]
+25.6.2 Fire Hazards.
+25.6.2.1 The finished ground level enclosed by any tempo-
+rary membrane structure, and the finished ground level for a
+reasonable distance but for not less than 10 ft (3050 mm)
+outside of such a structure, shall be cleared of all flammable or
+combustible material or vegetation that is not used for neces-
+sary support equipment. The clearing work shall be accom-
+plished to the satisfaction of the AHJ prior to the erection of
+such a structure. The premises shall be kept free from such
+flammable or combustible materials during the period for
+which the premises are used by the public. [101:11.10.2.1]
+25.6.2.2 Where prohibited by the AHJ, smoking shall not
+be permitted in any temporary membrane structure.
+[101:11.10.2.2]
+1–177GRANDSTANDS AND BLEACHERS, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING, TENTS, AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+25.6.3 Fire-Extinguishing Equipment. Portable fire-
+extinguishing equipment of approved types shall be furnished
+and maintained in temporary membrane structures in such
+quantity and in such locations as directed by the AHJ.
+[101:11.10.3]
+25.6.4 Tensioned-Membrane Structures.
+25.6.4.1 The design, materials, and construction of the build-
+ing shall be based on plans and specifications prepared by a
+licensed architect or engineer knowledgeable in tensioned-
+membrane construction. [101:11.10.4.1]
+25.6.4.2 Material loads and strength shall be based on physi-
+cal properties of the materials verified and certified by an ap-
+proved testing laboratory. [101:11.10.4.2]
+25.6.4.3 The membrane roof for structures in climates subject
+to freezing temperatures and ice buildup shall be composed of
+two layers separated by an air space through which heated air can
+be moved to guard against ice accumulation. As an alternative to
+the two layers, other approved methods that protect against ice
+accumulation shall be permitted. [101:11.10.4.3]
+25.6.4.4 Roof drains shall be equipped with electrical ele-
+ments to protect against ice buildup that can prevent the
+drains from functioning. Such heating elements shall be
+served by on-site standby electrical power in addition to the
+normal public service. As an alternative to such electrical ele-
+ments, other approved methods that protect against ice accu-
+mulation shall be permitted. [101:11.10.4.4]
+25.6.5 Air-Supported and Air-Inflated Structures.
+25.6.5.1 General. In addition to the general provisions of
+25.6.1, the requirements of 25.6.5 shall apply to air-supported
+and air-inflated structures. [101:11.10.5.1]
+25.6.5.2 Pressurization (Inflation) System.The pressurization
+system shall consist of one or more operating blower units.
+The system shall include automatic control of auxiliary blower
+units to maintain the required operating pressure. Such
+equipment shall meet the following requirements:
+(1) Blowers shall be powered by continuous-rated motors at
+the maximum power required.
+(2) Blowers shall have personnel protection, such as inlet
+screens and belt guards.
+(3) Blower systems shall be weather protected.
+(4) Blower systems shall be equipped with backdraft check
+dampers.
+(5) Not less than two blower units shall be provided, each of
+which has capacity to maintain full inflation pressure with
+normal leakage.
+(6) The blowers shall be designed to be incapable of over-
+pressurization.
+(7) The auxiliary blower unit(s) shall operate automatically if
+there is any loss of internal pressure or if an operating
+blower unit becomes inoperative.
+(8) The design inflation pressure and the capacity of each
+blower system shall be certified by a professional engi-
+neer. [101:11.10.5.2]
+25.6.5.3 Standby Power System.
+25.6.5.3.1 A fully automatic standby power system shall be
+provided. The system shall be either an auxiliary engine
+generator set capable of running the blower system or a
+supplementary blower unit that is sized for 1 times the nor-
+mal operating capacity and is powered by an internal com-
+bustion engine. [ 101:11.10.5.3.1]
+25.6.5.3.2 The standby power system shall be fully automatic
+to ensure continuous inflation in the event of any failure of
+the primary power. The system shall be capable of operating
+continuously for a minimum of 4 hours. [101:11.10.5.3.2]
+25.6.5.3.3 The sizing and capacity of the standby power system
+shall be certified by a professional engineer. [101:11.10.5.3.3]
+25.6.6 Maintenance and Operation.
+25.6.6.1 Instructions in both operation and maintenance
+shall be transmitted to the owner by the manufacturer of the
+tensioned-membrane, air-supported, or air-inflated structure.
+[101:11.10.6.1]
+25.6.6.2 Annual inspection and required maintenance of
+each structure shall be performed to ensure safety conditions.
+At least biennially, the inspection shall be performed by a pro-
+fessional engineer, registered architect, or individual certified
+by the manufacturer. [101:11.10.6.2]
+Chapter 26 Laboratories Using Chemicals
+26.1 General.
+26.1.1 The handling or storage of chemicals in laboratory
+buildings, laboratory units, and laboratory work areas whether
+located above or below grade shall comply with this chapter.
+Construction and protection of new laboratories shall also
+comply with NFPA 45,Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories
+Using Chemicals.
+26.1.2 Chapter 26 shall apply to laboratory buildings, labora-
+tory units, and laboratory work areas whether located above or
+below grade in which chemicals, as defined, are handled or
+stored. [45:1.1.1]
+26.1.3 Chapter 26 shall not apply to the following:
+(1)*If conditions (a) and (b) exist, Chapter 26 shall not apply:
+(a) Laboratory units that contain less than or equal to
+1 gal (4 L) of flammable or combustible liquid
+(b) Laboratory units that contain less than 75 scf (2.2 stan-
+dard m3) of flammable gas, not including piped-in low-
+pressure utility gas installed in accordance with
+NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code
+(2) Laboratories that are pilot plants
+(3) Laboratories that handle only chemicals with a hazard rat-
+ing of zero or one, as defined by NFPA 704, Standard Sys-
+tem for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emer-
+gency Response , for all of the following: health,
+flammability, and instability
+(4) Laboratories that are primarily manufacturing plants
+(5) Incidental testing facilities
+(6) Physical, electronic, instrument, laser, or similar laborato-
+ries that use chemicals only for incidental purposes, such
+as cleaning
+(7) Laboratories that work only with radioactive materials, as
+covered by NFPA 801,Standard for Fire Protection for Facilities
+Handling Radioactive Materials
+(8) Laboratories that work only with explosive material, as
+covered by NFPA 495,Explosive Materials Code [45:1.1.2]
+26.1.4 Chapter 26 contains requirements, but not all-
+inclusive requirements, for handling and storage of chemicals
+1–178 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+where laboratory-scale operations are conducted and shall not
+cover the following:
+(1) The special fire protection required when handling ex-
+plosive materials (See NFPA 495.)
+(2) The special fire protection required when handling radio-
+active materials [45:1.1.3]
+26.1.5 Plans and Procedures.
+26.1.5.1* Fire prevention, maintenance, and emergency plans
+and procedures shall be established.
+26.2* Laboratories in Health Care Occupancies.Any building,
+space, room, or group of rooms in a health care facility in-
+tended to serve activities involving procedures for investiga-
+tion, diagnosis, or treatment in which flammable, combus-
+tible, or oxidizing materials are to be used shall comply with
+Section 26.1 of this Code and Chapter 11 of NFPA 99,Standard
+for Health Care Facilities.
+26.3 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with Sec-
+tion 1.12.
+Chapter 27 Manufactured Home and Recreational
+Vehicle Sites
+27.1 General.
+27.1.1 Manufactured home and recreational vehicle sites
+shall meet the requirements of this chapter.
+27.1.2 This chapter shall not apply to recreational vehicles as
+defined in NFPA 1192, Standard on Recreational Vehicles ,o rt o
+park trailers as defined in RVIA/ANSI A.119.5, Standard for
+Park Trailers.
+27.1.3 This chapter shall not cover the design of recreational
+vehicles or other forms of camping units or the operational
+and maintenance practices of recreational vehicle parks and
+campgrounds.
+27.2 Manufactured Home Sites.The fire safety requirements
+for the installation of manufactured homes and manufactured
+home sites, including accessory buildings, structures, and
+communities, shall comply with NFPA 501A, Standard for Fire
+Safety Criteria for Manufactured Home Installations, Sites, and Com-
+munities.
+27.3 Recreational Vehicle Parks and Campgrounds.The con-
+struction of recreational vehicle parks and campgrounds that
+offer temporary living sites for use by recreational vehicles and
+camping units shall comply with NFPA 1194,Standard for Recre-
+ational Vehicle Parks and Campgrounds.
+Chapter 28 Marinas, Boatyards, Marine Terminals,
+Piers, and Wharves
+28.1 Marinas, Boatyards, and Other Recreational Marine
+Facilities.
+28.1.1 The construction and operation of marinas, boat-
+yards, yacht clubs, boat condominiums, docking facilities asso-
+ciated with residential condominiums, multiple-docking facili-
+ties at multiple-family residences, and all associated piers,
+docks, and floats shall comply with NFPA 303, Fire Protection
+Standard for Marinas and Boatyards, and Section 28.1.
+28.1.2 Section 28.1 shall not apply to private, non-
+commercial docking facility constructed or occupied for the
+use of the owners or residents of an associated single-family
+dwelling.
+28.1.3 Section 28.1 shall apply to support facilities and struc-
+tures used for construction, repair, storage, hauling and
+launching, or fueling of vessels if fire on a pier would pose an
+immediate threat to these facilities, or if a fire at a referenced
+facility would pose an immediate threat to a docking facility.
+[303:1.1.1]
+28.1.4 Section 28.1 applies to marinas and facilities servicing
+small recreational and commercial craft, yachts, and other
+craft of not more than 300 gross tons. [303:1.1.2]
+28.1.5 No requirement in this chapter shall be construed as
+reducing applicable building, fire, and electrical codes.
+[303:1.1.4]
+28.1.6 Fire Protection.
+28.1.6.1 Portable Fire Extinguishers.
+28.1.6.1.1 Placement.
+28.1.6.1.1.1 Placement of portable fire extinguishers shall
+be in accordance with 13.6.8 unless otherwise permitted by
+28.1.6.1.1.1.2(A), 28.1.6.1.1.1.2(B), and 28.1.6.1.1.1.3.
+[303:6.2.1.1]
+28.1.6.1.1.1.1 Placement of portable fire extinguishers on
+piers and along bulkheads where vessels are moored or are
+permitted to be moored shall meet the following criteria:
+(1) Extinguishers listed for Class A, Class B, and Class C fires
+shall be installed at the pier/land intersection on a pier
+that exceeds 25 ft (7.62 m) in length.
+(2) Additional fire extinguishers shall be placed such that the
+maximum travel distance to an extinguisher does not ex-
+ceed 75 ft (22.86 m). [303:6.2.1.1.1]
+28.1.6.1.1.1.2 Fuel-Dispensing Areas.
+(A) Portable fire extinguishers that meet the minimum re-
+quirements of 13.6.7 for extra (high) hazard type shall be in-
+stalled on two sides of a fuel-dispensing area. [303:6.2.1.1.2.1]
+(B) On piers or bulkheads where long fueling hoses are in-
+stalled for fueling vessels, additional extinguishers installed on
+piers or bulkheads shall meet the requirements of 13.6.7 for
+extra (high) hazard type and 28.1.6.1.1.1. [303:6.2.1.1.2.2]
+28.1.6.1.1.1.3 All extinguishers installed on piers shall meet
+the rating requirements set forth in 13.6.7 for ordinary (mod-
+erate) hazard type. [303:6.2.1.1.3]
+28.1.6.1.2 Maintenance. All portable fire extinguishers shall
+be maintained in accordance with 13.6.9 and shall be clearly
+visible and marked. [303:6.2.2]
+28.1.6.2 Fixed Fire-Extinguishing Systems.
+28.1.6.2.1 Buildings on Piers.
+28.1.6.2.1.1 Buildings in excess of 500 ft 2 (46 m2) that are
+constructed on piers shall be protected by an approved auto-
+matic fire-extinguishing system unless otherwise permitted by
+28.1.6.2.1.2 or 28.1.6.2.1.3. [303:6.3.1.1]
+28.1.6.2.1.2 Buildings of Type I or Type II construction, as
+specified in Section 4.3 of NFPA 220,Standard on Types of Build-
+ing Construction, and without combustible contents shall not be
+1–179MARINAS, BOATYARDS, MARINE TERMINALS, PIERS, AND WHARVES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+required to be protected by an automatic fire-extinguishing
+system. [303:6.3.1.2]
+28.1.6.2.1.3* Existing facilities shall not be required to be pro-
+tected by an automatic fire-extinguishing system where accept-
+able to the AHJ. [303:6.3.1.3]
+28.1.6.2.2* Buildings Exceeding 5000 ft2 (465 m2).
+28.1.6.2.2.1 Marina and boatyard buildings in excess of
+5000 ft2 (465 m2) in total area shall be protected by an ap-
+proved automatic fire-extinguishing system unless otherwise
+permitted by 28.1.6.2.2.2. [303:6.3.2.1]
+28.1.6.2.2.2* Existing facilities shall not be required to be pro-
+tected by an automatic fire-extinguishing system where accept-
+able to the AHJ. [303:6.3.2.2]
+28.1.6.2.3 Combustible Piers and Substructures.
+28.1.6.2.3.1 Combustible piers and substructures in excess of
+25 ft (7.62 m) in width or in excess of 5000 ft 2 (465 m2)i n
+area, or within 30 ft (9.14 m) of other structures or superstruc-
+tures required to be so protected, shall be protected in accor-
+dance with Section 4.3 of NFPA 307, Standard for the Construc-
+tion and Fire Protection of Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves ,
+unless otherwise permitted by 28.1.6.2.3.2, 28.1.6.2.3.3, or
+28.1.6.2.3.4. [303:6.3.3.1]
+28.1.6.2.3.2 Fixed piers shall not be required to be protected
+as specified in 28.1.6.2.3.1 where the vertical distance from the
+surface of mean high water level to the underside of the pier
+surface does not exceed 36 in. (914 mm). [303:6.3.3.2]
+28.1.6.2.3.3 Floating piers shall not be required to be pro-
+tected as specified in 28.1.6.2.3.1 where the vertical distance
+from the surface of the water to the underside of the pier
+surface does not exceed 36 in. (914 mm). [303:6.3.3.3]
+28.1.6.2.3.4* Existing facilities shall not be required to be pro-
+tected by an automatic fire-extinguishing system where accept-
+able to the AHJ. [303:6.3.3.4]
+28.1.6.2.3.5 Indoor Rack Storage.
+28.1.6.2.3.5.1* Where boats are stored on multilevel racks in
+buildings, an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system
+shall be installed throughout the building unless otherwise
+permitted by 28.1.6.2.3.5.2 or 28.1.6.2.3.5.3. [303:6.3.4.1]
+28.1.6.2.3.5.2 An automatic fire-extinguishing system shall
+not be required for buildings less than 5000 ft2 (465 m2) hav-
+ing multilevel racks where provided with one of the following:
+(1) An automatic fire detection and alarm system supervised
+by a central station complying with NFPA 72
+(2) An automatic fire detection and alarm system supervised
+by a local protective signaling system complying with
+NFPA 72, if the provisions of 28.1.6.2.3.5.2(1) are not tech-
+nically feasible
+(3) A full-time watch service if the provisions of
+28.1.6.2.3.5.2(1) are not technically feasible [303:6.3.4.2]
+28.1.6.2.3.5.3* Existing facilities shall not be required to be
+protected by an automatic fire-extinguishing system where ac-
+ceptable to the AHJ. [303:6.3.4.3]
+28.1.6.2.3.5.4 The design of automatic sprinkler systems shall
+comply with the provisions of Chapter 12 of NFPA 13, for
+Group A Plastics stored on solid shelves. [303:6.3.4.4]
+28.1.6.2.4* An approved water supply shall be provided within
+100 ft (30 m) of the pier/land intersection or fire department
+connection serving fire protection systems. [303:6.3.5]
+28.1.6.2.5 Access between water supplies and pier/land inter-
+sections or fire department connections shall be by roadway
+acceptable to the AHJ. [303:6.3.6]
+28.1.6.3 Fire Standpipe Systems.
+28.1.6.3.1 Class I standpipe systems shall be provided for
+piers, bulkheads, and buildings where the hose lay distance
+from the fire apparatus exceeds 150 ft (45 m). [303:6.4.1]
+28.1.6.3.2 Standpipe systems, where installed, shall be in ac-
+cordance with Section 13.2, except for the provisions identi-
+fied in 28.1.6.3.3 through 28.1.6.3.6. [303:6.4.2]
+28.1.6.3.3 Hose racks, hoses, and standpipe cabinets shall not
+be required on piers and bulkheads. [303:6.4.3]
+28.1.6.3.4 Supply piping for standpipes on piers and bulk-
+heads shall be sized for the minimum flow rate for Class II
+systems. [303:6.4.4]
+28.1.6.3.5 Manual dry standpipes shall be permitted.
+[303:6.4.5]
+28.1.6.3.6 Flexible connections shall be permitted on float-
+ing piers where acceptable to the AHJ. [303:6.4.6]
+28.1.6.4 Hydrants and Water Supplies.Hydrants and water
+supplies for fire protection in marinas and boatyards shall be
+provided in accordance with Section 13.2, Section 13.3, and
+13.5.1. [303:6.6]
+28.1.6.5 Fire Detectors.
+28.1.6.5.1 Fire detection devices and installation shall be in
+accordance with Section 13.7. [303:6.11.1]
+28.1.6.5.2 Fire detectors shall be installed in the following
+interior or covered locations unless those locations are pro-
+tected by a fixed automatic sprinkler system installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13:
+(1) Rooms containing combustible storage or goods
+(2) Rooms containing flammable liquid storage or use
+(3) Rooms containing battery storage or maintenance
+(4) Rooms containing paint and solvent storage or use
+(5) Areas used for enclosed or covered storage of vessels
+(6) Areas used for enclosed or covered maintenance of vessels
+(7) Areas used for public assembly, dining, or lodging
+(8) Kitchens and food preparation areas
+(9) Dust bins and collectors
+(10) Inside trash storage areas
+(11) Rooms used for storing janitor supplies or linens
+(12) Laundry rooms
+(13) Furnace rooms [ 303:6.11.2]
+28.1.7 Wet Storage and Berthing.
+28.1.7.1 Each berth shall be arranged such that a boat occu-
+pying the berth can be removed in an emergency without the
+necessity of moving other boats. [303:7.1.1]
+28.1.7.2 Access to all piers, floats, and wharves shall be pro-
+vided for municipal fire-fighting equipment. [303:7.1.2]
+28.1.7.3* Electrical lighting shall be provided to ensure ad-
+equate illumination of all exterior areas, piers, and floats.
+[303:7.1.3]
+1–180 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+28.1.7.4 Electrical lighting shall not interfere with navigation
+or aids to navigation. [303:7.1.4]
+28.1.7.5 Only listed 120/240 V ac electrical equipment shall
+be operated unattended. [303:7.1.5]
+28.1.8 Dry Storage.
+28.1.8.1 General.
+28.1.8.1.1 Heaters.
+28.1.8.1.1.1 The use of portable heaters in boat storage areas
+shall be prohibited except where necessary to accomplish re-
+pairs. [303:7.2.1.1.1]
+28.1.8.1.1.2 Portable heaters used in accordance with
+28.1.8.1.1.1 shall be used only when personnel are in atten-
+dance. [303:7.2.1.1.2]
+28.1.8.1.1.3 Open flame heaters shall not be used in boat
+storage areas. [303:7.2.1.1.3]
+28.1.8.1.2 Ladders long enough to reach the deck of any stored
+boat shall be provided and readily available. [303:7.2.1.2]
+28.1.8.1.3 The use of blow torches or flammable paint re-
+mover shall be prohibited unless permitted by 8.6.1 of
+NFPA 303. [303:7.2.1.3]
+28.1.8.1.4 The use of gasoline or other flammable solvents
+for cleaning purposes shall be prohibited. [303:7.2.1.4]
+28.1.8.1.5 Where a boat is to be dry-stored for the season or
+stored indoors for an extended period of time, such as while
+awaiting repairs, the following precautions shall be taken:
+(1) The vessel shall be inspected for any hazardous materials
+or conditions that could exist, and corrective action shall
+be taken.
+(2) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and compressed natural
+gas (CNG) cylinders, reserve supplies of stove alcohol or
+kerosene, and charcoal shall be removed from the pre-
+mises or stored in a separate, designated safe area.
+(3) All portable fuel tanks shall be removed from the pre-
+mises or emptied and, if emptied, the cap shall be re-
+moved and the tank left open to the atmosphere.
+(4) Permanently installed fuel tanks shall be stored at least
+95 percent full. [303:7.2.1.5]
+28.1.8.1.6 No unattended electrical equipment shall be in
+use aboard boats. [303:7.2.1.6]
+28.1.8.1.7 All storage areas shall be routinely raked, swept, or
+otherwise policed to prevent the accumulation of rubbish.
+[303:7.2.1.7]
+28.1.8.1.8 Fire Department Access.
+28.1.8.1.8.1 Access to boats stored outside shall be such that
+the hose-lay distance from the fire apparatus to any portion of
+the boat shall not exceed 150 ft (45 m). [303:7.2.1.8.1]
+28.1.8.1.8.2 Access to buildings in which boats are stored
+shall be such that the hose-lay distance from the fire apparatus
+to all exterior portions of the building shall not exceed 150 ft
+(45 m). [303:7.2.1.8.2]
+28.1.8.1.8.3 Wet standpipe systems shall be permitted to be
+used to meet the requirement in 28.1.8.1.8.1 or 28.1.8.1.8.2.
+[303:7.2.1.8.3]
+28.1.8.2 Indoors.
+28.1.8.2.1 When work is being carried out onboard a vessel in
+an unsprinklered storage building, management shall require
+an inspection of the vessel at the end of the day to ensure that
+no hazards resulting from the day’s work are present.
+[303:7.2.2.1]
+28.1.8.2.2 If a guard is employed, vessels addressed in 28.1.8.2.1
+shall be included in the regular rounds. [303:7.2.2.2]
+28.1.8.2.3 Class I flammable liquids shall not be stored in an
+indoor boat storage area. [303:7.2.2.3]
+28.1.8.2.4 Work performed on boats stored indoors shall be
+performed by qualified personnel. [303:7.2.2.4]
+28.1.8.2.5 Facility management shall maintain control over
+all personnel access to storage facilities and boats stored in-
+doors. [303:7.2.2.5]
+28.1.8.3 In-Out Dry Storage and Rack Storage.
+28.1.8.3.1 Water supply and hose, or portable fire extinguish-
+ers and wheeled cart assemblies equipped with discharge
+nozzles capable of reaching all boats on the highest racks shall
+be provided. [303:6.5]
+28.1.8.3.2 Where boats are stored either inside or outside in
+single- or multiple-level racks, those boats shall have unim-
+peded vehicular access at one end, and equipment shall be
+available to remove any stored boat. [303:7.2.3.1]
+28.1.8.3.3 Where boats are stored in multilevel racks, either
+inside or outside, for seasonal storage or for in-out operation,
+the following precautions shall be taken:
+(1) Drain plugs shall be removed (in sprinklered buildings).
+(2) Batteries shall be disconnected or the master battery
+switch turned off.
+(3) Fuel tank valves shall be closed.
+(4) For seasonal storage, the requirements of 28.1.8.1 shall
+apply. [303:7.2.3.2]
+28.1.8.3.4 Repairs to boats that are on racks or that are inside
+an in-out dry storage building shall be prohibited. [303:7.2.3.3]
+28.1.8.3.5 Portable power lines, such as drop cords, shall be
+prohibited from use on boats in an in-out dry storage building.
+[303:7.2.3.4]
+28.1.8.3.6 The charging of batteries shall be prohibited in
+the in-out dry storage building. [303:7.2.3.5]
+28.1.8.4* Battery Storage.Where the removal of batteries for
+storage or charging due to size and weight is impractical, bat-
+teries shall be permitted to remain onboard, provided the fol-
+lowing conditions are met:
+(1) The battery compartment is arranged to provide ad-
+equate ventilation.
+(2) A listed battery charger is used to provide a suitable
+charge.
+(3) The power connection to the charger consists of a three-
+wire cord of not less than No. 14 AWG conductors con-
+nected to a source of 110 V to 125 V single-phase current,
+with a control switch and approved circuit protection de-
+vice designed to trip at not more than 125 percent of the
+rated amperage of the charger.
+(4) There is no connection on the load side of the charger to
+any other device except the battery, and the boat battery
+switch is turned off.
+1–181MARINAS, BOATYARDS, MARINE TERMINALS, PIERS, AND WHARVES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(5) The battery is properly connected to the charger, and the
+grounding conductor effectively grounds the charger en-
+closure.
+(6) Unattended battery chargers are checked at intervals not
+exceeding 8 hours while in operation. [303:7.2.4]
+28.1.9* Conditions on Individual Boats.
+28.1.9.1 The management shall have an inspection made of
+each boat received for major repair or storage as soon as prac-
+ticable after arrival of a boat and before commencement of
+any work aboard. [303:8.1.1]
+28.1.9.2 The inspection required in 28.1.9.1 shall include the
+following determinations:
+(1) Presence of combustible vapors in any compartment
+(2) General maintenance and cleanliness, and location of any
+combustible materials that require removal or protection
+for the safe accomplishment of the particular work involved
+(3) Quantity, type, and apparent condition of fire-
+extinguishing equipment onboard
+(4) Listed appropriate shore power inlet(s) and ship-to-shore
+cable(s), when present [303:8.1.2]
+28.1.9.3 The management shall, as a condition to accepting a
+boat received for major repair or storage, require the owner to
+correct any inadequacies found in 28.1.9.2 or to authorize
+management to do so. [303:8.1.3]
+28.1.9.4 General Precautions.
+28.1.9.4.1 Smoking in the working area shall be prohibited.
+[303:8.1.4.1]
+28.1.9.4.2 Loose combustibles in the area of any hazardous
+work shall be removed. [303:8.1.4.2]
+28.1.9.4.3 Unprotected battery terminals shall be covered to
+prevent inadvertent shorting from dropped tools or other-
+wise, and the ungrounded battery lead shall be disconnected.
+[303:8.1.4.3]
+28.1.9.4.4 Personnel employed in the removal or installation
+of storage batteries shall be qualified. [303:8.1.4.4]
+28.1.9.4.5 Where electric service is provided to boats in stor-
+age, the receptacle providing the power shall be protected
+with a ground-fault circuit-interrupter. [303:8.1.4.5]
+28.1.9.5 The marina or boatyard operator shall post in a
+prominent location, or provide to boat operators using a ma-
+rina or boatyard for mooring, repair, servicing, or storage, a
+list of safe operating procedures containing at least the follow-
+ing information:
+(1) A prohibition against the use of any form of hibachis,
+charcoal, wood, or gas-type portable cooking equipment,
+except in specifically authorized areas that are not on the
+docks, on boats in the berthing area, or near flammables
+(2) Procedures for disposal of trash
+(3) Designation of nonsmoking areas
+(4) Location of fire extinguishers and hoses
+(5) Procedures for turning in a fire alarm
+(6) Fueling procedures [ 303:8.1.5]
+28.1.9.6 The information on fueling procedures referred to
+in 28.1.9.5(6) shall include at least the following information:
+(1) Procedures before fueling:
+(a) Stop all engines and auxiliaries
+(b) Shut off all electricity, open flames, and heat sources
+(c) Check bilges for fuel vapors
+(d) Extinguish all smoking materials
+(e) Close access fittings and openings that could allow
+fuel vapors to enter the boat’s enclosed spaces
+(f) Remove all personnel from the boat except the per-
+son handling the fueling hose
+(2) Procedures during fueling:
+(a) Maintain nozzle contact with fill pipe
+(b) Attend fuel-filling nozzle at all times
+(c) Wipe up spills immediately
+(d) Avoid overfilling
+(3) Procedures after fueling and before starting engine:
+(a) Inspect bilges for leakage or fuel odors
+(b) Ventilate until odors are removed [303:8.1.6]
+28.2 Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves.
+28.2.1 Section 28.2 shall apply to marine terminals as defined
+herein. Special use piers and wharf structures that are not ma-
+rine terminals, such as public assembly, residential, business,
+or recreational occupancies that differ in design and construc-
+tion from cargo handling piers, require special consideration.
+The general principles of NFPA 307 for the construction and
+fire protection of piers and wharves shall be applicable to such
+structures and shall comply with NFPA 307, Standard for the
+Construction and Fire Protection of Marine Terminals, Piers, and
+Wharves, and Section 28.2.
+28.2.2* Section 28.2 shall not apply to marinas and boatyards.
+(See Section 28.1.) [307:1.3.2]
+28.2.3 Section 28.2 shall not apply to the handling of the
+following:
+(1)*Flammable or combustible liquids in bulk (See Chapter 66.)
+[307:1.1.3]
+(2)*Liquefied gases in bulk (See Chapter 69.)[ 307:1.3.3]
+28.2.4 Nothing in Section 28.2 shall supersede any of the
+regulations of governmental or other regulatory authority.
+[307:1.1.2]
+28.3 Construction, Conversion, Repair, and Lay-Up of Vessels.
+28.3.1* The construction, conversion, repair, or lay-up of ves-
+sels shall comply with NFPA 312, Standard for Fire Protection of
+Vessels During Construction, Conversion, Repair, and Lay-Up , and
+Section 28.3.
+28.3.2 Nothing in Section 28.3 shall be construed as prohib-
+iting the immediate dry-docking of a vessel whose safety is im-
+periled, as by being in a sinking condition or by being seri-
+ously damaged. [312:1.2.2]
+28.3.3 In such cases, all necessary precautionary measures
+shall be taken as soon as practicable. [312:1.2.3]
+28.3.4 The requirements of Section 28.3 shall not apply to
+situations where it is in conflict with or superseded by require-
+ments of any government regulatory agency. [312:1.1.2]
+Chapter 29 Parking Garages
+29.1 General.
+29.1.1 The protection of new and existing parking garages, as
+well as the control of hazards in open parking structures, en-
+closed parking structures, and basement and underground
+1–182 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+parking structures shall comply with this chapter and Sec-
+tion 42.8 of NFPA101.
+29.1.2 Construction and protection of new parking garages
+shall also comply with NFPA 88A,Standard for Parking Structures.
+29.1.3 Chapter 29 shall not apply to parking garages in one-
+and two-family dwellings.
+Chapter 30 Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities
+and Repair Garages
+30.1 Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities.
+30.1.1 Application.
+30.1.1.1 Motor fuel dispensing facilities, marine/motor fuel
+dispensing facilities, motor fuel dispensing facilities located
+inside buildings, and fleet vehicle motor fuel dispensing facili-
+ties shall comply with Sections 30.1 and 30.3 and NFPA 30A,
+Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages..
+30.1.1.2 This chapter shall not apply to refueling operations.
+(For refueling operations, see Chapter 42.)
+30.1.1.3 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+30.1.2 Occupancy Classification. The occupancy classifica-
+tion of a motor fuel dispensing facility that is located inside a
+building or structure shall be a low hazard industrial occu-
+pancy as defined in NFPA101.[ 30A:7.3.1]
+30.1.3 Means of Egress.In a motor fuel dispensing facility
+that is located inside a building or structure, the required
+number, location, and construction of means of egress shall
+meet all applicable requirements for special purpose indus-
+trial occupancies, as set forth in NFPA101.[ 30A:7.3.3]
+30.1.4 Drainage. Where Class I or Class II liquids are dis-
+pensed, provisions shall be made to prevent spilled liquids
+from flowing into the interior of buildings. Such provisions
+shall be made by grading driveways, raising door sills, or other
+equally effective means. [30A:7.3.4]
+30.1.5 Fixed Fire Protection.
+30.1.5.1* For an unattended, self-serve, motor fuel dispensing
+facility, additional fire protection shall be provided where re-
+quired by the AHJ. [30A:7.3.5.1]
+30.1.5.2 Where required, an automatic fire suppression sys-
+tem shall be installed in accordance with the appropriate
+NFPA standard, manufacturers’ instructions, and the listing
+requirements of the systems. [30A:7.3.5.2]
+30.1.6 Fuel Dispensing Areas Inside Buildings.
+30.1.6.1 The fuel dispensing area shall be separated from all
+other portions of the building by walls, partitions, floors, and
+floor–ceiling assemblies having a fire resistance rating of not
+less than 2 hours. [30A:7.3.6.1]
+30.1.6.2 Interior finish shall be of noncombustible materials
+or of approved limited-combustible materials, as defined in
+this Code and NFPA 220. [30A:7.3.6.2]
+30.1.6.3 Door and window openings in fire-rated interior
+walls shall be provided with listed fire doors having a fire pro-
+tection rating of not less than 1 1⁄2 hours. Doors shall be self-
+closing. They shall be permitted to remain open during nor-
+mal operations if they are designed to close automatically in a
+fire emergency by means of listed closure devices. Fire doors
+shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 80. They shall be
+kept unobstructed at all times. [30A:7.3.6.3]
+30.1.6.4 Openings for ducts in fire-rated interior partitions
+and walls shall be protected by listed fire dampers. Openings
+for ducts in fire-rated floor or floor–ceiling assemblies shall be
+protected with enclosed shafts. Enclosure of shafts shall be
+with wall or partition assemblies having a fire resistance rating
+of not less than 2 hours. Openings for ducts into enclosed
+shafts shall be protected with listed fire dampers. [30A:7.3.6.4]
+30.1.6.5 The fuel dispensing area shall be located at street
+level, with no dispenser located more than 50 ft (15 m) from
+the vehicle exit to, or entrance from, the outside of the build-
+ing. [30A:7.3.6.5]
+30.1.6.6 The fuel dispensing area shall be limited to that re-
+quired to serve not more than four vehicles at one time.
+Exception: At a fleet vehicle motor fuel dispensing facility inside a
+building, where only Class II and Class III liquids are dispensed, the
+number of vehicles serviced at any one time shall be permitted to be
+increased to 12. [30A:7.3.6.6]
+30.1.6.7* A mechanical exhaust system that serves only the
+fuel dispensing area shall be provided. This system shall meet
+all of the following requirements:
+(1) The system shall be interlocked with the dispensing sys-
+tem so that airflow is established before any dispensing
+device can operate. Failure of airflow shall automatically
+shut down the dispensing system.
+(2) The exhaust system shall be designed to provide air move-
+ment across all portions of the floor of the fuel dispensing
+area and to prevent the flowing of ignitible vapors beyond
+the dispensing area.
+(3) Exhaust inlet ducts shall not be less than 3 in. (76 mm) or
+more than 12 in. (305 mm) above the floor. Exhaust ducts
+shall not be located in floors or penetrate the floor of the
+dispensing area. Exhaust ducts shall discharge to a safe
+location outside the building.
+(4) The exhaust system shall provide ventilation at a rate of
+not less than 1 ft 3/min/ft2 (0.3 m 3/min/m2) of floor
+area, based on the fuel dispensing area.
+(5) The exhaust system shall meet all applicable require-
+ments of NFPA 91.
+Exception: The provisions of 30.1.6.7 shall not apply to a fuel dis-
+pensing area located inside a building if two or more sides of the
+dispensing area are open to the building exterior. [30A:7.3.6.7]
+30.1.6.8 The floor of the dispensing area shall be liquidtight.
+Where Class I liquids are dispensed, provisions shall be made
+to prevent spilled liquids from flowing out of the fuel dispens-
+ing area and into other areas of the building by means of
+curbs, scuppers, special drainage systems, or other means ac-
+ceptable to the AHJ. [30A:7.3.6.8]
+30.1.6.9* Oil drainage systems shall be equipped with ap-
+proved oil/water traps or separators if they connect to public
+sewers or discharge into public waterways. [30A:7.3.6.9]
+30.2 Repair Garages.
+30.2.1 Application. The construction and protection of, as well
+as the control of hazards in, garages used for major repair and
+maintenance of motorized vehicles and any sales and servicing
+1–183MOTOR FUEL DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+facilities associated therewith shall comply with Sections 30.2 and
+30.3 and NFPA 30A.
+30.2.1.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+30.2.2 Occupancy Classification. The occupancy classifica-
+tion of a repair garage shall be a special purpose industrial
+occupancy as defined in NFPA101.[ 30A:7.4.1]
+30.2.3 General Construction Requirements.In major repair
+garages, where CNG-fueled vehicles, hydrogen-fueled ve-
+hicles, LNG-fueled vehicles, or LP-Gas-fueled vehicles are
+repaired, all applicable requirements of NFPA 52 or
+NFPA 58, whichever is applicable, shall be met. [ 30A:7.4.2]
+30.2.4 Means of Egress.In a repair garage, the required num-
+ber, location, and construction of means of egress shall meet
+all applicable requirements for special purpose industrial oc-
+cupancies, as set forth in NFPA101.[ 30A:7.4.3]
+30.2.5 Drainage. In areas of repair garages used for repair or
+servicing of vehicles, floor assemblies shall be constructed of
+noncombustible materials or, if combustible materials are
+used in the assembly, they shall be surfaced with approved,
+nonabsorbent, noncombustible material.
+Exception: Slip-resistant, nonabsorbent, interior floor finishes having
+a critical radiant flux not more than 9.87 Btu/in.2 (0.45 W/cm2), as
+determined by NFPA 253, shall be permitted. [30A:7.4.4]
+30.2.5.1 Floors shall be liquidtight to prevent the leakage or
+seepage of liquids and shall be sloped to facilitate the movement
+of water, fuel, or other liquids to floor drains. [30A:7.4.4.1]
+30.2.5.2 In areas of repair garages where vehicles are ser-
+viced, any floor drains shall be properly trapped and shall dis-
+charge through an oil/water separator to the sewer or to an
+outside vented sump. [30A:7.4.4.2]
+30.2.6 Pits, Belowgrade Work Areas, and Subfloor Work Areas.
+30.2.6.1 Pits, belowgrade work areas, and subfloor work areas
+used for lubrication, inspection, and minor automotive main-
+tenance work shall comply with the provisions of Section 30.2,
+in addition to other applicable requirements of NFPA 30A.
+[30A:7.4.5.1]
+30.2.6.2 Walls, floors, and structural supports shall be con-
+structed of masonry, concrete, steel, or other approved non-
+combustible materials. [30A:7.4.5.2]
+30.2.6.3 In pits, belowgrade work areas, and subfloor work
+areas, the required number, location, and construction of
+means of egress shall meet the requirements for special pur-
+pose industrial occupancies in Chapter 40 of NFPA 101.
+[30A:7.4.5.3]
+30.2.6.4 Pits, belowgrade work areas, and subfloor work areas
+shall be provided with exhaust ventilation at a rate of not less
+than 1 ft3/min/ft2 (0.3 m3/min/m2) of floor area at all times
+that the building is occupied or when vehicles are parked in or
+over these areas. Exhaust air shall be taken from a point within
+12 in. (0.3 m) of the floor. [30A:7.4.5.4]
+30.2.7 Fixed Fire Protection.Automatic sprinkler protection
+installed in accordance with the requirements of Section 13.3
+shall be provided in major repair garages, as herein defined,
+when any of the following conditions exist:
+(1) The major repair garage is two or more stories in height,
+including basements, and any one of the floors exceeds
+10,000 ft2 (930 m2).
+(2) The major repair garage is one story and exceeds
+12,000 ft2 (1115 m2).
+(3) The major repair garage is servicing vehicles parked in
+the basement of the building. [30A:7.4.6]
+30.2.8 Gas Detection System.Repair garages used for repair
+of vehicle engine fuel systems fueled by non-odorized gases,
+such as hydrogen and non-odorized LNG/CNG, shall be pro-
+vided with an approved flammable gas detection system.
+[30A:7.4.7]
+30.2.8.1 System Design.The flammable gas detection system
+shall be calibrated to the types of fuels or gases used by ve-
+hicles to be repaired. The gas detection system shall be de-
+signed to activate when the level of flammable gas exceeds
+25 percent of the lower flammable limit (LFL). Gas detection
+shall also be provided in lubrication or chassis repair pits of
+repair garages used for repairing non-odorized LNG/CNG-
+fueled vehicles. [30A:7.4.7.1]
+30.2.8.2 Operation. Activation of the gas detection system
+shall result in all of the following:
+(1) Initiation of distinct audible and visual alarm signals in
+the repair garage
+(2) Deactivation of all heating systems located in the repair
+garage
+(3) Activation of the mechanical ventilation system, when the
+system is interlocked with gas detection [30A:7.4.7.2]
+30.2.8.3 Failure of the Gas Detection System.Failure of the
+gas detection system shall result in the deactivation of the
+heating system and activation of the mechanical ventilation
+system and, where the ventilation system is interlocked with
+gas detection, shall cause a trouble signal to sound in an ap-
+proved location. [30A:7.4.7.3]
+30.2.9* Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning.
+30.2.9.1* Forced air heating, air-conditioning, and ventilating
+systems serving a fuel dispensing area inside a building or a
+repair garage shall not be interconnected with any such sys-
+tems serving other occupancies in the building. Such systems
+shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 90A. [30A:7.5.1]
+30.2.9.2 Return air openings in areas of repair garages used
+for the repair or servicing of vehicles or in a fuel dispensing
+area shall be not less than 18 in. (455 mm) above floor level
+measured to the bottom of the openings. [30A:7.5.2]
+30.2.9.3 Combined ventilation and heating systems shall not
+recirculate air from areas that are below grade level.
+[30A:7.5.3]
+30.2.9.4 Exhaust duct openings shall be located so that they
+effectively remove vapor accumulations at floor level from all
+parts of the floor area. [30A:7.5.4]
+30.2.10 Heat-Producing Appliances.
+30.2.10.1 Heat-producing appliances shall be installed in ac-
+cordance with the requirements of 30.2.10. They shall be per-
+mitted to be installed in the conventional manner except as
+provided in 30.2.10. [30A:7.6.1]
+30.2.10.2 Heat-producing appliances shall be of an approved
+type. Solid fuel stoves, improvised furnaces, salamanders, or
+space heaters shall not be permitted in areas of repair garages
+used for repairing or servicing of vehicles or in a fuel dispens-
+ing area.
+1–184 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Exception No. 1: Unit heaters, when installed in accordance with
+Chapter 7 of NFPA 30A, need not meet this requirement.
+Exception No. 2: Heat-producing equipment for any lubrication room or
+service room where there is no dispensing or transferring of Class I or
+Class II liquids or LP-Gas, when installed in accordance with Chapter 7
+of NFPA 30A, need not meet this requirement. [30A:7.6.2]
+30.2.10.3 Heat-producing appliances shall be permitted to
+be installed in a special room that is separated from areas that
+are classified as Division 1 or Division 2, in accordance with
+Chapter 8 of NFPA 30A, by walls that are constructed to pre-
+vent the transmission of vapors, that have a fire resistance rat-
+ing of at least 1 hour, and that have no openings in the walls
+that lead to a classified area within 8 ft (2.4 m) of the floor.
+Specific small openings through the wall, such as for piping
+and electrical conduit, shall be permitted, provided the gaps
+and voids are filled with a fire-resistant material to resist trans-
+mission of vapors. All air for combustion purposes shall be
+taken from outside the building. This room shall not be used
+for storage of combustible materials, except for fuel storage as
+permitted by the standards referenced in 30.2.10.9. [30A:7.6.3]
+30.2.10.4 Heat-producing appliances using gas or oil fuel
+shall be permitted to be installed in a lubrication or service
+room where there is no dispensing or transferring of Class I
+liquids, including the open draining of automotive gasoline
+tanks, provided the bottom of the combustion chamber is at
+least 18 in. (455 mm) above the floor and the appliances are
+protected from physical damage. [30A:7.6.4]
+30.2.10.5 Heat-producing appliances using gas or oil fuel listed
+for use in garages shall be permitted to be installed in lubrication
+rooms, service rooms, or fuel dispensing areas where Class I liq-
+uids are dispensed or transferred, provided the equipment is in-
+stalled at least 8 ft (2.4 m) above the floor. [30A:7.6.5]
+30.2.10.6* Where major repairs are conducted on CNG-fueled
+vehicles or LNG-fueled vehicles, open flame heaters or heat-
+ing equipment with exposed surfaces having a temperature in
+excess of 750°F (399°C) shall not be permitted in areas subject
+to ignitible concentrations of gas. [30A:7.6.6]
+30.2.10.7 Electrical heat-producing appliances shall meet the
+requirements of Chapter 8 of NFPA 30A. [30A:7.6.7]
+30.2.10.8 Fuels used shall be of the type and quality specified
+by the manufacturer of the heating appliance. Crankcase
+drainings shall not be used in oil-fired appliances, unless the
+appliances are specifically approved for such use. [30A:7.6.8]
+30.2.10.9 Heat-producing appliances shall be installed to
+meet the requirements of NFPA 31,Standard for the Installation
+of Oil-Burning Equipment ; NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code ;
+NFPA 82,Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling
+Systems and Equipment; NFPA 90A,Standard for the Installation of
+Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems; and NFPA 211,Standard
+for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel–Burning Appliances;
+and as applicable, except as hereinafter specifically provided.
+[30A:7.6.9]
+30.3 Operational Requirements.
+30.3.1 Dispensing from a Tank That Does Not Exceed 120 Gal
+(454 L) and from Containers Inside Buildings.Dispensing of
+flammable and combustible liquids from a tank not exceeding
+120 gal (454 L) capacity and from containers in a motor fuel
+dispensing facility or in a repair garage building shall meet the
+requirements of 30.3.1.1 and 30.3.1.2.(See 4.3.9 of NFPA 30A for
+storage quantity limitations.) [30A:9.2.4]
+30.3.1.1 Not more than one container of Class I liquid shall
+be permitted to be provided with a dispensing pump inside a
+building at any one time. The number of tanks or containers
+of Class II or Class IIIA liquids fitted for dispensing at any one
+time shall not be limited, except as provided for in 4.3.9.2 of
+NFPA 30A. The number of tanks or containers of Class IIIB
+liquids fitted for dispensing at any one time shall not be lim-
+ited. [30A:9.2.4.1]
+30.3.1.2 Class I, Class II, and Class IIIA liquids shall not be
+dispensed by applying pressure to tanks or containers. Listed
+pumps that take suction through the top of the tank or con-
+tainer or listed self-closing faucets shall be used. [30A:9.2.4.2]
+30.3.2 Basic Fire Control.
+30.3.2.1 Sources of Ignition. Smoking materials, including
+matches and lighters, shall not be used within 20 ft (6 m) of areas
+used for fueling, servicing fuel systems of internal combustion
+engines, or receiving or dispensing of Class I and Class II liquids.
+The motors of all equipment being fueled shall be shut off dur-
+ing the fueling operation except for emergency generators,
+pumps, and so forth, where continuing operation is essential.
+[30A:9.2.5.1]
+30.3.2.2 Fire Extinguishers.Each motor fuel dispensing facil-
+ity or repair garage shall be provided with fire extinguishers
+installed, inspected, and maintained as required by Section
+13.6. Extinguishers for outside motor fuel dispensing areas
+shall be provided according to the extra (high) hazard re-
+quirements for Class B hazards, except that the maximum
+travel distance to an 80 B:C extinguisher shall be permitted to
+be 100 ft (30.48 m). [30A:9.2.5.2]
+30.3.2.3 Fire Suppression Systems.Where required, automatic
+fire suppression systems shall be installed in accordance with the
+appropriate NFPA standard, manufacturers’instructions, and the
+listing requirements of the systems. [30A:9.2.5.3]
+30.3.3 Waste Handling.
+30.3.3.1 Crankcase drainings and waste liquids shall not be
+dumped into sewers, into streams, or on the ground. They
+shall be stored in approved tanks or containers outside any
+building, or in tanks installed in accordance with Chapters 4
+and 5 of NFPA 30A, until removed from the premises.
+Exception: As provided for in 4.3.9.3 of NFPA 30A. [ 30A:9.2.6.1]
+30.3.3.2 The contents of oil separators and traps of floor drain-
+age systems shall be collected at sufficiently frequent intervals to
+prevent oil from being carried into sewers. [30A:9.2.6.2]
+30.3.4 Housekeeping. The dispensing area and the area
+within any dike shall be kept free of vegetation, debris, and
+any other material that is not necessary to the proper opera-
+tion of the motor fuel dispensing facility. [30A:9.2.7]
+30.3.5 Fire Doors.Fire doors shall be kept unobstructed at all
+times. Appropriate signs and markings shall be used. [30A:9.2.8]
+Chapter 31 Forest Products
+31.1* General.The storage, manufacturing, and processing of
+timber, lumber, plywood, veneers, and by-products shall be in
+accordance with this chapter and NFPA 664, Standard for the
+Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Wood Processing and Wood-
+working Facilities.
+1–185FOREST PRODUCTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+31.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with Sec-
+tion 1.12.
+31.3 Protection of Storage of Forest Products.
+31.3.1 Application.
+31.3.1.1 The requirements of this chapter shall apply to the
+outside storage of the following:
+(1) Lumber and wood panel products at retail and wholesale
+lumber storage yards
+(2) Lumber and wood panel products at other than retail and
+wholesale storage yards
+(3) Ties, poles, piles, posts, and other similar forest products
+at pressure-treating plant yards
+(4) Outside storage of wood chips, hogged material, and
+wood by-products
+(5) Logs
+31.3.1.2 The requirements of this chapter shall not apply to
+forest products stored on piers and wharves as addressed in
+NFPA 307,Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of Ma-
+rine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves.
+31.3.2 General Fire Protection.The requirements in this sub-
+section shall apply to all facilities regulated by 31.3.3 through
+31.3.7 except as modified by those subsections.
+31.3.2.1 Operational Fire Prevention.
+31.3.2.1.1* Combustible waste materials such as bark, sawdust,
+chips, and other debris shall not be permitted to accumulate
+in a quantity or location that constitutes an undue fire hazard.
+31.3.2.1.2 Smoking shall be prohibited except in specified
+safe locations approved by the AHJ.
+31.3.2.1.2.1 Signs that read “No Smoking” shall be posted in
+those areas where smoking is prohibited.
+31.3.2.1.2.2 Signs indicating areas designated as safe for
+smoking shall be posted in those locations where smoking is
+permitted.
+31.3.2.1.2.3 Smoking areas shall be provided with approved,
+noncombustible ash receptacles.
+31.3.2.1.2.4 Smoking shall be specifically prohibited in and
+around railroad cars.
+31.3.2.1.3 Access into yard areas by unauthorized persons
+shall be prohibited.
+31.3.2.1.4 Storage areas shall be enclosed with a fence
+equipped with effective gates located as necessary to allow the
+entry of fire department apparatus.
+31.3.2.1.5 Miscellaneous occupancy hazards such as vehicle
+storage and repair shops, cutting and welding operations,
+flammable liquid storage, liquefied petroleum gas storage,
+and similar operations shall be safeguarded in accordance
+with recognized good practice and this Code.
+31.3.2.1.6 Vehicles and other power devices shall be of an
+approved type and shall be safely maintained and operated.
+31.3.2.1.6.1* Vehicle fueling operations shall be conducted in
+specified safe locations, isolated from storage areas and prin-
+cipal operating buildings.
+31.3.2.1.6.2 Diesel- or gasoline-fueled vehicles that operate
+on hogged material or chip piles, in log storage areas, or in
+lumber storage areas shall be equipped with fixed fire-
+extinguishing systems of a type approved for off-road vehicles.
+31.3.2.1.7 All electrical equipment and installations shall
+conform to the provisions of Section 11.1.
+31.3.2.1.8 Salamanders, braziers, open fires, and similar dan-
+gerous heating arrangements shall be prohibited.
+31.3.2.1.9 Heating devices shall be limited to approved-type
+equipment installed in an approved manner.
+31.3.2.1.10 Suitable safeguards shall be provided to minimize
+the hazard of sparks caused by equipment such as refuse burn-
+ers, boiler stacks, vehicle exhausts, and locomotives.
+31.3.2.1.10.1* Burning of shavings, sawdust, and refuse ma-
+terials shall be conducted only in an approved, enclosed
+refuse burner equipped with an approved spark arrester
+and located at a safe distance from the nearest point of any
+yard. (See Section 10.11.)
+31.3.2.1.10.2 The design and location of large burners pre-
+sents special problems, and the AHJ shall be consulted.
+31.3.2.1.11 Stacks from solid fuel-burning furnaces and boilers
+shall be equipped with spark-arresting equipment to prevent hot
+sparks from reaching the ground, and consideration shall be
+given to spark hazard in determining the height of such stacks.
+31.3.2.1.12 Cutting, welding, or other use of open flames or
+spark-producing equipment shall not be permitted in the stor-
+age area unless by an approved permit system.
+31.3.2.2 Exposure Protection.Exposure to the yard shall be
+protected in accordance with the requirements of 31.3.2.2.1
+through 31.3.2.2.2.
+31.3.2.2.1* Yard areas shall be separated from plant opera-
+tions and other structures so that fire exposure into the yard is
+minimized.
+31.3.2.2.1.1 Minimum separation shall be by means of a clear
+space permanently available for fire-fighting operations.
+31.3.2.2.1.2 The width of the clear space shall be based on the
+severity of exposure, which varies with the area, height, occu-
+pancy, construction, and protection of the exposing structure
+and the type of stacking and height of adjacent stacks.
+31.3.2.2.2* Forest, brush, and grass fire exposure shall be
+minimized by providing adequate clear space that is carefully
+kept free of combustible vegetation.
+31.3.2.2.2.1 Clear space of a width at least equivalent to the
+fire department access road shall be provided for grass expo-
+sures, and clear space of a width not less than 100 ft (30 m)
+shall be provided for light brush exposures.
+31.3.2.2.2.2 In forested areas, a wider clear space than in
+31.3.2.2.2.1 shall be provided.
+31.3.2.3* Fire Detection and Extinguishment.A reliable means
+for prompt transmission of fire alarms to public fire departments
+and plant emergency organizations shall be provided.
+31.3.3 Outside Storage of Lumber and Wood Panel Products
+at Retail and Wholesale Storage Yards.
+31.3.3.1 Application.
+31.3.3.1.1 The requirements of 31.3.3 shall apply to the fol-
+lowing areas:
+1–186 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) Retail lumberyards handling forest products and other
+building materials
+(2) Wholesale lumber storage yards, including distribution,
+holding, and transshipment areas
+31.3.3.1.2* The requirements of 31.3.4 shall apply to other
+than large outside wholesale and retail distribution yards.
+31.3.3.2 General.
+31.3.3.2.1* The fire hazard potential inherent in lumber stor-
+age operations with large quantities of combustible materials
+shall be controlled by a positive fire prevention program un-
+der the direct supervision of upper level management that
+shall include the following:
+(1) Selection, design, and arrangement of storage yard areas
+and materials-handling equipment based upon proven
+fire prevention and protection principles
+(2) Means for early fire detection, transmission of alarm, and
+fire extinguishment
+(3) Fire department access roads to separate large stacks and
+provide access for effective fire-fighting operations
+(4) Separation of yard storage from yard buildings and other
+exposing properties
+(5) Effective fire prevention maintenance program, includ-
+ing regular yard inspections by trained personnel
+31.3.3.2.2* Water supplies shall be provided in accordance
+with this Code.
+31.3.3.3 Open Yard Storage.
+31.3.3.3.1* Lumber stacks shall be on stable ground, and paved
+or surfaced with materials such as cinders, fine gravel, or stone.
+31.3.3.3.2 The method of stacking shall be stable and in an
+orderly and regular manner.
+31.3.3.3.3* The height of stacks shall not exceed 20 ft (6 m)
+with consideration for stability.
+31.3.3.3.4 Where stacks are supported clear of the ground,
+6 in. (150 mm) of clearance shall be provided for cleaning
+operations under the stacks.
+31.3.3.3.5 Fire department access roads shall be spaced so
+that a grid system of not more than 50 ft × 150 ft (15m×4 6m )
+is produced.
+31.3.3.3.6 Fire department access roads shall comply with
+Section 18.2.
+31.3.3.3.7 Stacking limits shall be designated to indicate yard
+area and alleyway limits in accordance with 31.3.3.3.7.1 or
+31.3.3.3.7.2.
+31.3.3.3.7.1 The stacking limits shall be designated with
+boundary posts having signs that indicate stacking limits un-
+less otherwise permitted by 31.3.3.3.7.2.
+31.3.3.3.7.2 Where yards have paved areas, painted boundary
+limits shall be permitted to be used to designate stacking limits.
+31.3.3.4 Exposure Protection.
+31.3.3.4.1 Exposure to the Yard.
+31.3.3.4.1.1 Open yard stacking shall be located with not less
+than 15 ft (4.6 m) clear space to buildings.
+31.3.3.4.1.2 Boundary posts with signs designating stacking
+limits shall be provided to designate the clear space to un-
+sprinklered buildings in which hazardous manufacturing or
+other operations take place.
+31.3.3.4.2* Exposure from the Yard.
+31.3.3.4.2.1 Open yard stacking shall be located with not less
+than 15 ft (4.6 m) clear space to adjacent property lines.
+31.3.3.4.2.2 Alternative forms of exposure protection shall
+be permitted where approved by the AHJ.
+31.3.4 Outside Storage of Lumber and Wood Panel Products
+at Other than Retail and Wholesale Storage Yards.
+31.3.4.1* Application.The requirements of 31.3.4 shall apply
+to large yard storage areas containing lumber, wood panels,
+and other similar wood products not intended for retail or
+wholesale distribution at the site.
+31.3.4.2* General.The fire hazard potential inherent in forest
+product storage operations with large quantities of combus-
+tible materials shall be controlled by a positive fire prevention
+program under the direct supervision of upper level manage-
+ment that shall include the following:
+(1) Selection, design, and arrangement of storage yard areas
+and materials-handling equipment based on sound fire
+prevention and protection principles
+(2) Means for early fire detection, transmission of alarm, and
+fire extinguishment
+(3) Fire department access roads to separate large stacks and
+provide access for effective fire-fighting operations
+(4) Separation of yard storage from mill or other plant opera-
+tions and other exposing properties
+(5) Effective fire prevention maintenance program, includ-
+ing regular yard inspections by trained personnel
+31.3.4.3* Open Yard Storage.
+31.3.4.3.1* Water supplies shall be provided in accordance
+with this Code.
+31.3.4.3.2 Access to the plant and yard from public highways
+shall be provided by all-weather roadways capable of support-
+ing fire department apparatus.
+31.3.4.3.3 The storage site shall be reasonably level, on solid
+ground, and paved or surfaced with materials such as cinders,
+fine gravel, or stone.
+31.3.4.3.4 Stack height shall be limited to 20 ft (6 m).
+31.3.5 Outside Storage of Ties, Poles, Piles, Posts, and Other
+Similar Forest Products at Pressure-Treating Plant Yards.
+31.3.5.1 Application.
+31.3.5.1.1* The requirements of 31.3.5 shall apply to yard stor-
+age areas containing treated and untreated ties, poles, piles,
+posts, and other similar forest products in yards connected
+with pressure-treating plants.
+31.3.5.1.2 The requirements of 31.3.5 shall not apply to
+pressure-treating buildings, processes, or storage of treating
+materials.
+31.3.5.2* General. The fire hazard potential inherent in tie
+storage operations with large quantities of combustible mate-
+rials shall be controlled by a positive fire prevention program
+under the direct supervision of upper level management that
+shall include the following:
+1–187FOREST PRODUCTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) Selection, design, and arrangement of storage yard areas
+and materials-handling equipment based upon sound fire
+prevention and protection principles
+(2) Means for early fire detection, transmission of alarm, and
+fire extinguishment
+(3) Fire department access roads to separate large stacks and
+provide access for effective fire-fighting operations
+(4) Separation of yard storage from mill buildings and other
+exposing properties
+(5) Effective fire prevention maintenance program, includ-
+ing regular yard inspections by trained personnel
+31.3.5.3* Tie Yard Protection.
+31.3.5.3.1* Unobstructed alleyways of sufficient width for
+hand or cart fire hose laying operations shall be provided be-
+tween piles.
+31.3.5.3.1.1 Alleyways shall not be less than 2 ft (0.6 m) in
+width.
+31.3.5.3.1.2 Where a minimum alleyway width of 4 ft (1.2 m)
+is provided, the length of the rows shall be not more than
+100 ft (30 m).
+31.3.5.3.1.3 Where an alleyway width less than 4 ft (1.2 m) is
+provided, the length of the rows shall be not more than 75 ft
+(23 m).
+31.3.5.3.2* Water supplies shall be provided in accordance
+with this Code.
+31.3.5.3.3 Access to the plant and yard from public highways
+shall be provided by all-weather roadways capable of support-
+ing fire department apparatus.
+31.3.5.3.4 The storage site shall be reasonably level, on solid
+ground, and paved or surfaced with materials such as cinders,
+fine gravel, or stone.
+31.3.5.3.5* Stack heights shall be limited to 20 ft (6 m).
+31.3.6 Outside Storage of Wood Chips and Hogged Material.
+31.3.6.1* Application.The requirements of 31.3.6 shall apply
+to yard storage areas containing wood chips and hogged ma-
+terial.
+31.3.6.2 General.
+31.3.6.2.1* The fire hazard potential inherent in storage piles
+shall be controlled by a positive fire prevention program un-
+der the direct supervision of upper level management that
+shall include the following:
+(1) Selection, design, and arrangement of storage yard areas
+and materials-handling equipment based upon sound fire
+prevention and protection principles
+(2) Establishment of control over the various factors that lead
+to spontaneous heating, including provisions for monitor-
+ing the internal condition of the pile
+(3) Means for early fire detection and extinguishment
+(4) Fire department access roads around the piles and access
+roads to the top of the piles for effective fire-fighting op-
+erations
+(5) Facilities for calling the public fire department and facilities
+needed by the fire department for fire extinguishment
+(6) Effective fire prevention maintenance program, includ-
+ing regular yard inspections by trained personnel
+31.3.6.2.2* The following items shall be addressed when estab-
+lishing operating procedures:
+(1) The storage site shall be reasonably level, solid ground, or
+shall be paved with blacktop, concrete, or other hard-
+surface material.
+(2) Sites shall be cleaned before transferring wood products
+to the site.
+(3) Operating plans for the buildup and reclaiming of the pile
+shall be based on a turnover time of not more than 1 year
+under ideal conditions.
+(4)*Piles containing other than screened chips made from
+cleaned and barked logs shall be minimized.
+(5)*The pile size shall be limited.
+(6) Pile heights shall be kept low, particularly piles that inher-
+ently carry a larger percentage of fines and are subject to
+greater compaction.
+(7) Thermocouples shall be installed during pile buildup, or
+other means for measuring temperatures within the pile
+shall be provided with regular (normally weekly) reports
+to management.
+(8)*The pile shall be wetted regularly to help keep fines from
+drying out and help maintain the moisture content of the
+surface layer of the pile.
+31.3.6.3* Pile Protection.
+31.3.6.3.1* Piles shall be constructed with an access roadway
+to the top of the pile in order to reach any part of the pile.
+31.3.6.3.2* Piles shall not exceed 60 ft (18 m) in height, 300 ft
+(90 m) in width, and 500 ft (150 m) in length.
+31.3.6.3.2.1 Where pile height and width are such that all
+portions of the pile cannot be reached by direct hose streams
+from the ground, arrangements shall be made to provide fire-
+fighting service in these areas, and small fire stream supplies
+shall be available on the top of the pile for handling small
+surface fires and for wetting the pile in dry weather.
+31.3.6.3.2.2 When more than one pile exists, they shall be
+subdivided by fire department access roads having not less
+than 30 ft (9 m) of clear space at the base of the piles.
+31.3.6.3.2.3 Low barrier walls around piles shall be provided
+to clearly define pile perimeters, prevent creeping, and facili-
+tate cleanup of fire department access roads.
+31.3.6.3.3 Where suitable, a small, motorized vehicle amply
+equipped with portable extinguishing equipment or a water
+tank and pump shall be provided.
+31.3.6.3.3.1 Lightweight ladders that can be placed against the
+side of the pile shall be placed at convenient locations through-
+out the yard for use by the plant emergency organization.
+31.3.6.3.3.2 Training of the plant emergency organization also
+shall include procedures and precautions to be observed by yard
+crews employing power equipment in fighting internal fires.
+31.3.6.3.4* Portable fire extinguishers for Class A fires shall be
+provided in accordance with Section 13.6 on all vehicles oper-
+ating on the pile in addition to the normal Class B units for the
+vehicle.
+31.3.6.3.5* Water supplies shall be provided in accordance
+with this Code.
+31.3.6.3.6 All motor and switchgear enclosures shall be pro-
+vided with approved, portable fire extinguishers suitable for
+the hazard involved in accordance with Section 13.6.
+31.3.6.3.7* Power-operated, shovel-type or scoop-type vehicles,
+dozers, or similar equipment shall be available for use in moving
+stored material for fire fighting.
+1–188 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+31.3.6.3.8 Temporary conveyors and motors on the surface
+or adjacent to the piles shall not be permitted.
+31.3.6.3.9 Physical protection shall be provided to prevent
+heat sources such as steam lines, air lines, electrical motors,
+and mechanical drive equipment from becoming buried or
+heavily coated with combustible material.
+31.3.6.3.10 Tramp metal collectors or detectors shall be re-
+quired on all conveyor and blower systems.
+31.3.6.4 Exposure Protection.
+31.3.6.4.1* Incinerators or open refuse burning shall not be
+permitted in any area where sparks could reach the storage
+piles.
+31.3.6.4.2* A clear space of not less than 15 ft (4.6 m) shall be
+maintained between piles and exposing structures, yard
+equipment, or stock, depending on the degree of exposure
+hazard.
+31.3.6.4.3* Pile-to-pile clearance of not less than 30 ft (9 m) at
+the base of the pile shall be provided.
+31.3.6.5 Emergency Plan. The facility shall have an emer-
+gency plan for monitoring, controlling, and extinguishing
+spot fires.
+31.3.7* Storage and Processing of Wood Chips, Hogged Mate-
+rial, Fines, Compost, and Raw Products at Yard Waste Recy-
+cling Facilities.
+31.3.7.1 The storage and processing of wood chips, hogged
+material, fines, compost, and raw products produced from
+yard waste recycling facilities shall comply with 31.3.6 and
+31.3.7.
+31.3.7.2 When not protected by a fixed fire-extinguishing sys-
+tem in accordance with Chapter 13, piles shall not exceed 25 ft
+(7.6 m) in height, 150 ft (45 m) in width, and 250 ft (76.2 m)
+in length.
+31.3.7.3 Static Pile Protection.
+31.3.7.3.1 Static piles shall be monitored by an approved
+means to measure temperatures within the piles.
+31.3.7.3.2 Internal pile temperatures shall be recorded weekly.
+31.3.7.3.3 Records shall be kept on file at the facility and
+made available for inspection.
+31.3.7.3.4 The facility shall have an operational plan indicating
+procedures and schedules for the inspection, monitoring, and
+restricting of excessive internal temperatures in static piles.
+31.3.7.4 Fire Protection.
+31.3.7.4.1 Conveyor tunnels and combustible enclosures that
+pass under a pile shall be protected with automatic sprinklers
+complying with Section 13.3.
+31.3.7.4.2 Combustible or enclosed conveyor systems shall be
+protected with automatic sprinklers complying with Section 13.3.
+31.3.8 Outside Storage of Logs.
+31.3.8.1 Application.
+31.3.8.1.1* The requirements of 31.3.8 shall apply to log yard
+storage areas containing saw, plywood veneer, or pulpwood logs
+stored in ranked piles commonly referred to as cold decks.
+31.3.8.1.2 The requirements of 31.3.8 shall not apply to cord-
+wood.
+31.3.8.2* General.The fire hazard potential inherent in log
+storage operations with large quantities of combustible mate-
+rials shall be controlled by a positive fire prevention program
+under the direct supervision of upper level management that
+shall include the following:
+(1) Selection, design, and arrangement of storage yard areas
+and materials-handling equipment based on sound fire
+prevention and protection principles
+(2) Means for early fire detection, transmission of alarm, and
+fire extinguishment
+(3) Fire department access roads to separate large piles and
+provide access for effective fire-fighting operations
+(4) Separation of yard storage from mill operations and other
+exposing properties
+(5) Effective fire prevention maintenance program, includ-
+ing regular yard inspections by trained personnel
+31.3.8.3* Log Yard Protection.
+31.3.8.3.1 The storage site shall be reasonably level, on solid
+ground, and paved or surfaced with materials such as cinders,
+fine gravel, or stone.
+31.3.8.3.2 Access to the plant and yard from public highways
+shall be provided by all-weather roadways capable of support-
+ing fire department apparatus.
+31.3.8.3.3* All sides of each cold deck shall be accessible by
+means of fire department access roads.
+31.3.8.3.3.1 A fire department access road width of 11⁄2 times
+the pile height but not less than 20 ft (6 m) shall be provided,
+with fire department access roads between alternate rows of two
+pile groups providing a clear space of at least 100 ft (30 m).
+31.3.8.3.3.2* Each cold deck shall not exceed 500 ft (150 m)
+in length, 300 ft (90 m) in width, and 20 ft (6 m) in height.
+31.3.8.3.3.3* Fire department access roads for access across each
+end, with a clear space of not less than 100 ft (30 m) to adjacent
+pile rows or other exposed property, shall be provided.
+31.3.8.3.3.4* The size of cold decks shall be permitted to be
+increased where additional fire flow and fixed fire protection
+equipment is provided and the approval of the AHJ is obtained.
+31.3.8.3.4 Water supplies shall be provided in accordance
+with this Code.
+31.3.8.3.5 Dynamite shall never be used as a means to reclaim
+frozen log piles.
+31.3.8.3.6* During dry weather, piles shall be wet down.
+31.3.9 Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities. Dust
+control shall be in accordance with NFPA 664 for combustible
+dust-producing operations that occupy areas of more than
+5000 ft2 (464 m2), or to areas where dust-producing equip-
+ment requires an aggregate dust collection flow rate of more
+than 1500 ft3/min (2549 m3/hr).
+Chapter 32 Motion Picture and Television
+Production Studio Soundstages and Approved
+Production Facilities
+32.1 General. The design, construction, operation, and main-
+tenance of soundstages and approved production facilities
+used in motion picture and television industry productions
+shall comply with NFPA 140, Standard on Motion Picture and
+1–189MOTION PICTURE AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION STUDIO SOUNDSTAGES AND APPROVED PRODUCTION FACILITIES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Television Production Studio Soundstages, Approved Production Fa-
+cilities, and Production Locations, and Chapter 32.
+32.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with Sec-
+tion 1.12.
+32.3 Housekeeping. Soundstages and approved production
+facilities shall maintain housekeeping in accordance with
+Chapters 10 and 19 where applicable.
+32.4 Soundstages and Approved Production Facilities.
+32.4.1 General. Section 32.4 shall apply to new and existing
+motion picture and television soundstages and approved pro-
+duction facilities. [140:4.1]
+32.4.2 Permits. Where required by the AHJ, a permit shall be
+obtained for any of the activities that follow:
+(1) Use of pyrotechnic special effects
+(2) Use of open flames
+(3) Welding
+(4) Use of flammable or combustible liquids or gases
+(5) Use of aircraft
+(6) Presence of motor vehicles within a building
+(7) Productions with live audiences
+(8)*Change of use or change of occupancy classification
+[140:4.2]
+32.4.3 Pyrotechnic Special Effects and Open Flames.
+32.4.3.1* The use of pyrotechnic special effects and open
+flames shall be subject to the approval of the AHJ. [140:4.3.1]
+32.4.3.2 When an audience is present, NFPA 1126, Standard
+for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience, shall be used
+to regulate any pyrotechnic use. [140:4.3.2]
+32.4.3.3 When an audience is present, NFPA 160,Standard for
+the Use of Flame Effects Before an Audience, shall be used to regu-
+late any flame effects use. [140:4.3.3]
+32.4.4 Standby Fire Personnel.
+32.4.4.1 Where required by the AHJ, standby fire personnel
+shall be provided for soundstages and approved production
+facilities where pyrotechnic special effects are used.
+[140:4.4.1]
+32.4.4.2 Other Hazards.Standby fire personnel shall be pro-
+vided for hazardous operations, other than pyrotechnic special
+effects, as required by the AHJ on a case-by-case basis. [140:4.4.2]
+32.4.5 Decorative Materials.
+32.4.5.1 Foamed plastic materials used for decorative pur-
+poses, scenery, sets, or props shall have a maximum heat re-
+lease rate of 100 kW where tested in accordance with UL 1975,
+Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for Decorative Pur-
+poses. [140:4.5.1]
+32.4.5.2 Combustible drapes, drops, and any other similar
+combustible hanging or vertically placed material shall be
+maintained in a flame-retardant condition. [140:4.5.2]
+32.4.5.3 Cut greens shall be treated with an approved or
+listed fire retardant, and the process shall be repeated as often
+as necessary to maintain its effectiveness. [140:4.5.3]
+32.4.6 Smoking.
+32.4.6.1 Smoking shall be prohibited on soundstages and in
+approved production facilities unless otherwise provided in
+32.4.6.2 or 32.4.6.3. [140:4.6.1]
+32.4.6.2 Smoking shall be permitted when it is a necessary
+part of a performance, and only when the smoker is a member
+of the cast. [140:4.6.2]
+32.4.6.3 Except where prohibited by the AHJ, smoking shall
+be permitted where all of the following conditions are met:
+(1) The smoking area is outdoors.
+(2) Hazardous materials are not present.
+(3) Approved ash trays or receivers are provided.
+[140:4.6.3]
+32.4.7 Structural Loads.
+32.4.7.1 Approved production facilities and soundstages
+shall be designed, constructed, or altered to sustain all collat-
+eral dead loads and other loads specified in the local building
+code. [140:4.7.1]
+32.4.7.2 Where the anticipated loads exceed those specified
+in the local building code for the purpose of suspending sets,
+ceilings, backings, and other heavy production set pieces, the
+building shall be designed and constructed for the additional
+loads. [140:4.7.2]
+32.4.8 Electrical Requirements.
+32.4.8.1 Electrical equipment shall be in accordance with
+Section 11.1. [140:4.8.1]
+32.4.8.2* Soundstages and approved production facilities
+shall be provided with a minimum of 35 W/ft 2 (377 W/m2)
+dedicated for production lighting and power. [140:4.8.2]
+32.4.8.3 The electrical distribution equipment used shall
+comply with UL 1640, Standard for Portable Power-Distribution
+Equipment, and the provisions of Article 530 of NFPA 70, Na-
+tional Electrical Code.[ 140:4.8.3]
+32.4.8.4 The wiring method to electrical distribution equip-
+ment shall comply with the provisions of Article 530 of NFPA 70,
+National Electrical Code.[ 140:4.8.4]
+32.4.8.5 The location of portable, mobile, or stationary
+power-generating equipment shall be subject to the approval
+of the AHJ. [140:4.8.5]
+32.4.8.6 Exterior penetrations shall be located near the pre-
+designated location for portable and mobile power-
+generating equipment. [140:4.8.6]
+32.4.8.7 Auxiliary power cables supplied from mobile gen-
+erators or adjacent buildings shall not be routed through fire-
+rated windows and doors. [140:4.8.7]
+32.4.8.8 Portable feeder cables shall be permitted to tempo-
+rarily penetrate fire-rated walls, floors, or ceilings, provided
+that all of the following apply:
+(1) The opening is of noncombustible material.
+(2) When in use, the penetration is sealed with a temporary
+seal of a listed firestop material.
+(3) When not in use, the opening shall be capped with a ma-
+terial of equivalent fire rating. [140:4.8.8]
+32.4.8.9 Where the penetration utilizes a conduit, metal-
+threaded caps shall be attached to the pipe by means of chain
+or cable and shall effectively cap the conduit when not in use.
+[140:4.8.9]
+32.4.8.10 The lighting equipment used shall comply with
+UL 1573, Standard for Stage and Studio Luminaires and Connector
+1–190 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Strips, and the provisions of Article 530 of NFPA 70, National
+Electrical Code.[ 140:4.8.10]
+32.4.9 Fire Department Access.Fire department access shall
+be maintained as required by the AHJ. [140:4.9]
+32.4.10 Means of Egress.
+32.4.10.1 Means of egress shall be in accordance with
+NFPA 101, Life Safety Code . unless otherwise modified by
+32.4.10.2 through 32.4.10.6. [140:4.10.1]
+32.4.10.2 The maximum travel distance to an exit within the
+soundstage shall be 150 ft (45 m). [140:4.10.2]
+32.4.10.3 Soundstages and approved production facilities
+shall have an aisle along the perimeter of the soundstage or
+facility as approved by the AHJ unless otherwise provided in
+32.4.10.3.2. [140:4.10.3]
+32.4.10.3.1 A clear unobstructed aisle height of 7 ft (2.1 m)
+shall be maintained. [140:4.10.3.1]
+32.4.10.3.2 A soundstage or approved production facility
+with a gross area not exceeding 1500 ft 2 (139 m 2) shall be
+exempt from the perimeter aisle requirement of 32.4.10.3
+provided there is a minimum of two means of egress.
+[140:4.10.3.2]
+32.4.10.4 Emergency lighting shall be provided for the
+means of egress in accordance with NFPA101, Life Safety Code.
+[140:4.10.4]
+32.4.10.5 Any door in a required means of egress from an
+area having an occupant load of 100 or more persons shall be
+permitted to be provided with a latch or lock only if it is panic
+hardware or fire exit hardware. [140:4.10.5]
+32.4.10.6 Means of egress shall be kept clear of obstructions
+and tripping hazards. [140:4.10.6]
+32.4.11 Fire Protection.
+32.4.11.1 Extinguishment Requirements.
+32.4.11.1.1 Existing soundstages and existing approved pro-
+duction facilities equipped with automatic sprinkler systems shall
+maintain those systems in accordance with Section 13.3.3.
+[140:4.11.1.1]
+32.4.11.1.2 A new soundstage or new approved production
+facility shall be equipped with an approved, supervised auto-
+matic sprinkler system. [140:4.11.1.2]
+32.4.11.1.3 The automatic sprinkler system required by
+32.4.11.1.2 shall be installed in accordance with Section 13.3,
+unless otherwise provided in 32.4.11.1.3.1 or 32.4.11.1.3.2.
+[140:4.11.1.3]
+32.4.11.1.3.1* The requirements of NFPA 13 prohibiting ob-
+structions to sprinkler discharge shall not be applicable if
+approved mitigation is employed. [ 140:4.11.1.3.1]
+32.4.11.1.3.2* The requirements of NFPA 13 prohibiting ob-
+structions to sprinkler discharge shall not be applicable if the
+building sprinkler system meets the design criteria for Extra
+Hazard, Group 2. [140:4.11.1.3.2]
+32.4.11.1.4 The automatic sprinkler system required by
+32.4.11.1.2 shall be maintained in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3.3. [140:4.11.1.4]
+32.4.11.1.5 Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed and
+maintained in accordance with Section 13.6. [140:4.11.1.5]
+32.4.11.2 Fire Alarm System.Fire alarm system notification
+appliances within soundstages and approved production fa-
+cilities shall be permitted to be deactivated with the approval
+of the AHJ during videotaping, filming, or broadcasting of
+programs provided the following conditions exist:
+(1) In the event of alarm system activation, notification appli-
+ances shall activate at a location that is constantly at-
+tended during the videotaping, filming, or broadcasting
+of programs.
+(2) The attendants of the location identified in 32.4.11.2(1)
+shall be provided with a means of communicating with
+the fire command center for the building, where one is
+provided, and with the occupants of the soundstage to
+initiate emergency action.
+(3) Deactivation of notification appliances shall cause activa-
+tion of a visual signal at an approved location, which shall
+remain illuminated while notification appliances on the
+soundstage are deactivated.
+(4) The visual signal shall be identified by a sign that shall
+read, “When Illuminated, Soundstage Fire Alarm System
+Notification Appliances Are Deactivated.” [140:4.11.2]
+32.4.12 Air Conditioning, Heating, and Ventilating. Air-
+conditioning, heating, and ventilating ductwork and related
+equipment shall be in good working order and in compliance
+with the requirements of the AHJ. [140:4.12]
+32.5 Production Locations.
+32.5.1 General. Section 32.5 shall apply to production loca-
+tions. [140:5.1]
+32.5.2 Permits. A permit shall be obtained, unless waived by
+the AHJ, for any of the following activities:
+(1)*Use of the site as a production location
+(2) Use of pyrotechnic special effects
+(3) Use of open flames
+(4) Welding
+(5) Use of flammable or combustible liquids or gases
+(6) Use of aircraft
+(7) Presence of motor vehicles within a building [ 140:5.2]
+32.5.3 Pyrotechnic Special Effects and Open Flames.
+32.5.3.1 The use of pyrotechnic special effects and open
+flames shall be subject to the approval of the AHJ. [140:5.3.1]
+32.5.3.2 When an audience is present, NFPA 1126 shall be
+used to regulate any pyrotechnic use. [140:5.3.2]
+32.5.3.3 When an audience is present, NFPA 160 shall be
+used to regulate any flame effects use. [140:5.3.3]
+32.5.4 Standby Fire Personnel.
+32.5.4.1 Pyrotechnics. Standby fire personnel shall be re-
+quired for production locations where pyrotechnic special ef-
+fects are used, unless otherwise waived by the AHJ. [140:5.4.1]
+32.5.4.2 Other Hazards.Standby fire personnel shall be pro-
+vided for hazardous operations, other than pyrotechnic special
+effects, as required by the AHJ on a case-by-case basis. [140:5.4.2]
+32.5.5 Foamed Plastic Materials. Foamed plastic materials
+used for decorative purposes, scenery, sets, or props shall have
+a maximum heat release rate of 100 kW when tested in accor-
+dance with UL 1975, Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for Decora-
+tive Purposes.[ 140:5.5]
+1–191MOTION PICTURE AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION STUDIO SOUNDSTAGES AND APPROVED PRODUCTION FACILITIES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+32.5.6 Smoking.
+32.5.6.1 Smoking shall be prohibited in production location
+buildings unless otherwise provided in 32.5.6.2 or 32.5.6.3.
+[140:5.6.1]
+32.5.6.2 Smoking shall be permitted when it is a necessary
+part of a performance, and only when the smoker is a member
+of the cast. [140:5.6.2]
+32.5.6.3 Except where prohibited by the AHJ, smoking shall
+be permitted where all of the following conditions are met:
+(1) The smoking area is outdoors.
+(2) Hazardous materials are not present.
+(3) Approved ash trays or receivers are provided. [ 140:5.6.3]
+32.5.7 Structural Loads.
+32.5.7.1 Sets, scenery, and other equipment shall not impact
+the structural integrity of existing buildings. [140:5.7.1]
+32.5.7.2 Additional loads applied onto the building shall re-
+quire the approval of the AHJ. [140:5.7.2]
+32.5.8 Electrical Requirements.
+32.5.8.1 Electrical power connections made to the site elec-
+trical service shall be made by an approved electrician under
+permit from the AHJ. [140:5.8.1]
+32.5.8.2 Portable cables shall be positioned to allow for emer-
+gency egress as approved by the AHJ. [140:5.8.2]
+32.5.8.3* Auxiliary power cables supplied from mobile gen-
+erators or adjacent buildings shall be permitted to be routed
+through fire-rated windows and doors with the approval of the
+AHJ. [140:5.8.3]
+32.5.9* Fire Department Access.Fire department access shall
+be maintained as required by the AHJ. [140:5.9]
+32.5.10* Means of Egress.The production location shall be
+provided with means of egress appropriate for the intended
+use as approved by the AHJ. [140:5.10]
+32.5.11 Fire Protection.
+32.5.11.1* Building areas used as production locations shall be
+designed, constructed, and maintained to protect the occupants
+not intimate with the initial fire development for the time
+needed to evacuate, relocate, or defend in place. [140:5.11.1]
+32.5.11.2 Where an automatic sprinkler system is provided
+for compliance with 32.5.11.1, the automatic sprinkler system
+shall be installed in accordance with Section 13.3, unless oth-
+erwise provided in 32.5.11.4 or 32.5.11.5. [140:5.11.2]
+32.5.11.3 In any production location building protected by
+an existing automatic sprinkler system, where solid- or hard-
+ceiling sets or platforms are introduced to create an obstruc-
+tion to sprinkler discharge, the provisions of 32.5.11.4 or
+32.5.11.5 shall be met. [140:5.11.3]
+32.5.11.4* The requirements of NFPA 13 prohibiting obstruc-
+tions to sprinkler discharge shall not be applicable if approved
+mitigation is employed. [140:5.11.4]
+32.5.11.5* The requirements of NFPA 13 prohibiting obstruc-
+tions to sprinkler discharge shall not be applicable if the build-
+ing sprinkler system meets the design criteria for Extra Haz-
+ard, Group 2. [140:5.11.5]
+32.5.11.6 Automatic sprinkler systems, where provided, shall
+be maintained in accordance with Section 13.2.3. [140:5.11.6]
+32.5.11.7 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided as re-
+quired by the AHJ. [140:5.11.7]
+32.6 Operating Features.
+32.6.1 Waste or Refuse.Waste or refuse shall not be allowed
+to accumulate in any area or in any manner that creates a fire
+hazard. [140:6.1]
+32.6.2 Flammable or Combustible Liquids.
+32.6.2.1 Use of flammable or combustible liquids shall be in
+accordance with one of the following codes, unless otherwise
+permitted by 32.6.2.2:
+(1) NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (See Chap-
+ter 66)
+(2) NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code (See Chapter 69)
+[140:6.2.1]
+32.6.2.2 Approved flammable or combustible liquids and lique-
+fied petroleum gases used for special effects shall be permitted.
+[140:6.2.2]
+32.6.3 Welding.Welding shall be in accordance with NFPA 51,
+Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen–Fuel Gas Systems
+for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, and NFPA 51B,Standard
+for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work .
+(See Chapter 41) [140:6.3]
+32.6.4* Audience Life Safety.When an audience is present
+during productions, provisions for life safety and means of
+egress shall be subject to the approval of the AHJ. [140:6.4]
+32.6.5 Emergency Services Notification. The production
+company shall provide a procedure acceptable to the AHJ for
+notifying the public emergency services of emergency inci-
+dents. [140:6.5]
+Chapter 33 Outside Storage of Tires
+33.1* General.
+33.1.1 Facilities storing more than 500 tires outside shall be
+in accordance with Chapter 33.
+33.1.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+33.1.3 Fire department access roads to separate tire piles and
+for effective fire-fighting operations shall be in accordance
+with Table 33.1.3.
+33.1.4 Separation of yard storage from buildings, vehicles,
+flammable materials, and other exposures shall be in accor-
+dance with Table 33.1.3.
+33.1.5 Trees, plants, and vegetation within the separation ar-
+eas shall be managed in accordance with Section 10.14.
+33.1.6 Ignition Sources.
+33.1.6.1 Smoking shall be prohibited within the tire storage
+area.
+33.1.6.2 Sources of ignition such as cutting and welding,
+heating devices, and open fires shall be prohibited within the
+tire storage area.
+33.1.6.3 Safeguards shall be provided to minimize the hazard
+of sparks from equipment such as refuse burners, boiler
+1–192 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+stacks, and vehicle exhaust when such hazards are located
+near the tire storage area.
+33.1.7 Piles of tires or altered tire material shall not be lo-
+cated beneath power lines or structures.
+33.1.8 Piles of tires or altered tire material shall be at least
+50 ft (15 m) from the perimeter fence.
+33.1.9 Provisions for surface water drainage and measures to
+provide protection of pyrolitic oil runoff shall be directed
+around and away from the outdoor tire storage site to an ap-
+proved location.
+33.1.10 Tires shall be removed from rims immediately upon
+arrival at the storage site.
+33.1.11 Tires shall not be stored on wetlands, flood plains,
+ravines, canyons, or steeply graded surfaces.
+33.2 Individual Piles.
+33.2.1 New Outside Tire Storage Sites and Piles.
+33.2.1.1 New individual outside tire storage piles containing
+more than 500 tires shall be limited in volume to 125,000 ft 3
+(3540 m3).
+33.2.1.2 The dimensions of new tire storage piles shall not
+exceed 10 ft (3 m) in height, 50 ft (15 m) in width, and 250 ft
+(75 m) in length.
+33.2.1.3 Individual piles shall be separated in accordance
+with Table 33.1.3.
+33.2.2 Existing Individual Piles.
+33.2.2.1 Existing outside tire storage piles shall be in accor-
+dance with the provisions of 33.2.1 within 5 years of the adop-
+tion of this Code.
+33.2.2.2 Existing individual outside tire storage piles contain-
+ing more than 500 tires shall be limited in volume to
+250,000 ft3 (7080 m3).
+33.2.2.3 Existing pile dimensions shall not exceed 20 ft (6 m)
+in height, 50 ft (15 m) in width, and 250 ft (75 m) in length.
+33.2.2.4 Individual piles shall be separated in accordance
+with Table 33.1.3.
+33.3 Emergency Response Plan.
+33.3.1 The operator of the outside tire storage facility shall
+develop an emergency response plan and submit it for ap-
+proval by the AHJ.
+33.3.2 The AHJ shall retain a copy of the approved emer-
+gency response plan.
+33.3.3 The operator of the outside tire storage facility shall
+keep a copy of the approved emergency response plan at the
+facility.
+33.3.4 The AHJ shall be immediately notified of and approve
+any proposed changes to the emergency response plan.
+33.4 Fire Control Measures.Measures to aid in the control of
+fire shall be in accordance with Section 33.4.
+33.4.1 Manual Fire-Fighting Equipment.
+33.4.1.1 At a minimum, the following items shall be main-
+tained on site and in working order:
+(1) One 2-A:10-B:C fire extinguisher
+(2) One 2.5 gal (10 L) water extinguisher
+(3) One 10 ft (3 m) long pike pole
+(4) One rigid rake
+(5) One round point shovel
+(6) One square point shovel
+33.4.1.2 One dry chemical fire extinguisher with a minimum
+rating of 4-A:40-B:C shall be carried on each piece of fuel-
+powered equipment used to handle scrap tires.
+33.4.1.3 On-site personnel shall be trained in the use and
+function of this equipment to mitigate tire pile ignition.
+33.4.2 An approved water supply capable of supplying the
+required fire flow to protect exposures and perform fire sup-
+pression and overhaul operations shall be provided.
+33.4.3* The AHJ shall be permitted to require additional tools
+and equipment for fire control and the protection of life and
+property.
+33.5 Site Access.
+33.5.1 Access to the site and each tire storage yard and pile
+shall be in accordance with Section 18.2 and this section.
+33.5.2 Accesses shall be maintained clear of combustible
+waste or vegetation and shall remain accessible to the fire de-
+partment at all times.
+33.6 Signs and Security.Access by unauthorized persons and
+security of the site shall be in accordance with Section 33.6.
+33.6.1 Signs bearing the name of the operator, the operating
+hours, emergency telephone numbers, and site rules shall be
+posted at site entrances.
+33.6.2 The facility shall have noncombustible fencing at least
+10 ft (3 m) high with intruder controls on top, in accordance
+with local laws, around the entire perimeter of the property.
+Table 33.1.3 Representative Minimum Exposure Separation Distances in Feet (Meters) for Tire Storage
+Exposed Face
+Dimension Pile Height
+ft m 8 ft 2.4 m 10 ft 3 m 12 ft 3.7 m 14 ft 4.3 m 16 ft 4.9 m 18 ft 5.5 m 20 ft 6.1 m
+25 7.6 56 17 62 19 67 20 73 22 77 23 82 25 85 26
+50 15.2 75 23 84 26 93 28 100 30 107 33 113 34 118 36
+100 30 100 30 116 35 128 39 137 42 146 44 155 47 164 50
+150 45 100 30 116 35 128 39 137 42 146 44 155 47 164 50
+200 61 100 30 116 35 128 39 137 42 146 44 155 47 164 50
+250 75 100 30 116 35 128 39 137 42 146 44 155 47 164 50
+1–193OUTSIDE STORAGE OF TIRES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+33.6.3 Access.
+33.6.3.1 Access to the facility shall be in accordance with Sec-
+tion 18.2.
+33.6.3.2 An attendant shall be on site at all times when the
+site is open.
+33.7 Outdoor Storage of Altered Tire Material.Outdoor stor-
+age of altered tire material in the form of chunks, chips, or
+crumbs shall be protected in accordance with 33.7.1 through
+33.7.5.
+33.7.1 A 10 ft (3 m) fence shall be maintained around the
+altered tire material storage area.
+33.7.2 Altered tire material piles shall be kept 50 ft (15 m)
+from perimeter fencing.
+33.7.3 Potential ignition sources such as welding, smoking, or
+other open flame uses shall not be allowed within 20 ft (6 m) of
+the altered tire pile.
+33.7.4 Individual altered tire material piles shall not be located
+on site in excess of 90 days.
+33.7.5* Individual altered tire material piles shall be kept shel-
+tered from precipitation.
+Chapter 34 General Storage
+34.1 General.
+34.1.1 Application. This chapter shall apply to the indoor and
+outdoor storage of materials representing the broad range of
+combustibles, including plastics, rubber tires, and roll paper.
+34.1.1.1 Storage configurations shall include palletized stor-
+age, solid-piled storage, and storage in bin boxes, on shelves,
+or on racks.
+34.1.1.2 This chapter shall not apply to the following:
+(1) Unsprinklered buildings, except certain rack storage ar-
+rangements protected by high-expansion foam systems in
+accordance with this chapter
+(2) Storage of commodities that, with their packaging and
+storage aids, would be classified as noncombustible
+(3) Unpackaged bulk materials such as grain, coal, or similar
+commodities but excluding wood chips and sawdust,
+which are addressed in Chapter 31
+(4) Inside or outside storage of commodities covered by this
+Code, except where specifically mentioned herein (e.g.,
+pyroxylin plastics)
+(5) Storage of high-hazard materials covered by this Code, ex-
+cept where specifically mentioned herein
+(6) Storage on plastic shelves on racks
+(7)*Miscellaneous tire storage
+(8) Combustible fiber storage, which is covered in Chapter 45
+34.1.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+34.2 Classification of Commodities.
+34.2.1 Commodity classification and the corresponding pro-
+tection requirements shall be determined based on the
+makeup of individual storage units (i.e., unit load, pallet
+load). [13:5.6.1.1]
+34.2.2 When specific test data of commodity classification by
+a nationally recognized testing agency are available, the data
+shall be permitted to be used in determining classification of
+commodities. [13:5.6.1.2]
+34.2.3 Mixed Commodities.
+34.2.3.1 Protection requirements shall not be based on the
+overall commodity mix in a fire area. [13:5.6.1.2.1]
+34.2.3.2 Unless the requirements of 34.2.3.3 or 34.2.3.4 are
+met, mixed commodity storage shall be protected by the re-
+quirements for the highest classified commodity and storage
+arrangement. [13:5.6.1.2.2]
+34.2.3.3 The protection requirements for the lower com-
+modity class shall be permitted to be utilized where all of the
+following are met:
+(1) Up to 10 pallet loads of a higher hazard commodity, as
+described in 34.2.5 and 34.2.6, shall be permitted to be
+present in an area not exceeding 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2).
+(2) The higher hazard commodity shall be randomly dis-
+persed with no adjacent loads in any direction (including
+diagonally).
+(3) Where the ceiling protection is based on Class I or Class II
+commodities, the allowable number of pallet loads for
+Class IV or Group A plastics shall be reduced to five.
+[13:5.6.1.2.3]
+34.2.3.4 Mixed Commodity Segregation.The protection re-
+quirements for the lower commodity class shall be permitted
+to be utilized in the area of lower commodity class, where the
+higher hazard material is confined to a designated area and
+the area is protected to the higher hazard in accordance with
+the requirements of this Code.[ 13:5.6.1.2.4]
+34.2.4 Pallet Types.
+34.2.4.1 When loads are palletized, the use of wooden or
+metal pallets shall be assumed in the classification of com-
+modities. [13:5.6.2.1]
+34.2.4.2 For Class I through Class IV , when unreinforced
+polypropylene or high-density polyethylene plastic pallets are
+used, the classification of the commodity unit shall be increased
+one class (e.g., Class III will become Class IV , and Class IV will
+become cartoned unexpanded Group A plastics). Unreinforced
+polypropylene or unreinforced high-density polyethylene plastic
+pallets shall be marked with a permanent symbol to indicate that
+the pallet is unreinforced. [13:5.6.2.2]
+34.2.4.3 For Class I through Class IV , when reinforced
+polypropylene or high-density polyethylene plastic pallets are
+used, the classification of the commodity unit shall be in-
+creased two classes except for Class IV commodity, which shall
+be increased to a cartoned unexpanded Group A Plastic com-
+modity (e.g., Class II will become Class IV , and Class III and
+Class IV will become a cartoned unexpanded Group A plastic
+commodity). Pallets shall be assumed to be reinforced if no
+permanent marking or manufacturer’s certification of non-
+reinforcement is provided. [13:5.6.2.3]
+34.2.4.3.1 Reinforced polypropylene or reinforced high-
+density polyethylene plastic pallets shall be marked with a
+molded symbol to indicate that the pallet is reinforced.
+34.2.4.4 For Class I through Class IV , when other than
+polypropylene or high-density polyethylene plastic pallets are
+used, the classification of the commodity unit shall be deter-
+1–194 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+mined by specific testing conducted by a national testing labo-
+ratory or shall be increased two classes. [13:5.6.2.4]
+34.2.4.5 No increase in the commodity classification shall be
+required for Group A plastic commodities stored on plastic
+pallets. [13:5.6.2.5]
+34.2.4.6 For ceiling-only sprinkler protection, the require-
+ments of 34.2.4.2 and 34.2.4.3 shall not apply where plastic
+pallets are used and where the sprinkler system uses spray
+sprinklers with a K-factor of 16.8. [13:5.6.2.6]
+34.2.4.7 The requirements of 34.2.4.2 through 34.2.4.4 shall
+not apply to nonwood pallets that have demonstrated a fire
+hazard that is equal to or less than wood pallets and are listed
+as such. [13:5.6.2.7]
+34.2.5* Commodity Classes.
+34.2.5.1 Class I. A Class I commodity shall be defined as a
+noncombustible product that meets one of the following cri-
+teria:
+(1) Placed directly on wooden pallets
+(2) Placed in single-layer corrugated cartons, with or without
+single-thickness cardboard dividers, with or without pallets
+(3) Shrink-wrapped or paper-wrapped as a unit load with or
+without pallets [13:5.6.3.1]
+34.2.5.2 Class II.A Class II commodity shall be defined as a
+noncombustible product that is in slatted wooden crates, solid
+wood boxes, multiple-layered corrugated cartons, or equiva-
+lent combustible packaging material with or without pallets.
+[13:5.6.3.2]
+34.2.5.3 Class III.
+34.2.5.3.1 A Class III commodity shall be defined as a product
+fashioned from wood, paper, natural fibers, or Group C plas-
+tics with or without cartons, boxes, or crates and with or with-
+out pallets. [13:5.6.3.3.1]
+34.2.5.3.2 A Class III commodity shall be permitted to con-
+tain a limited amount (5 percent by weight or volume or less)
+of Group A or Group B plastics. [13:5.6.3.3.2]
+34.2.5.4 Class IV.
+34.2.5.4.1 A Class IV commodity shall be defined as a product,
+with or without pallets, that meets one of the following criteria:
+(1) Constructed partially or totally of Group B plastics
+(2) Consists of free-flowing Group A plastic materials
+(3) Contains within itself or its packaging an appreciable
+amount (5 percent to 15 percent by weight or 5 percent to
+25 percent by volume) of Group A plastics [13:5.6.3.4.1]
+34.2.5.4.2 The remaining materials shall be permitted to be
+metal, wood, paper, natural or synthetic fibers, or Group B or
+Group C plastics. [13:5.6.3.4.2]
+34.2.6 Classification of Plastics, Elastomers, and Rubber.
+Plastics, elastomers, and rubber shall be classified as Group A,
+Group B, or Group C. [13:5.6.4]
+34.2.6.1 Group A.The following materials shall be classified
+as Group A:
+(1) ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer)
+(2) Acetal (polyformaldehyde)
+(3) Acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate)
+(4) Butyl rubber
+(5) EPDM (ethylene-propylene rubber)
+(6) RP (fiberglass-reinforced polyester)
+(7) Natural rubber (if expanded)
+(8) Nitrile-rubber (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber)
+(9) PET (thermoplastic polyester)
+(10) Polybutadiene
+(11) Polycarbonate
+(12) Polyester elastomer
+(13) Polyethylene
+(14) Polypropylene
+(15) Polystyrene
+(16) Polyurethane
+(17) PVC (polyvinyl chloride — highly plasticized, with plas-
+ticizer content greater than 20 percent) (rarely found)
+(18) SAN (styrene acrylonitrile)
+(19) SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) [ 13:5.6.4.1]
+34.2.6.2 Group B.The following materials shall be classified
+as Group B:
+(1) Cellulosics (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate,
+ethyl cellulose)
+(2) Chloroprene rubber
+(3) Fluoroplastics (ECTFE — ethylene-chlorotrifluoro-ethylene
+copolymer; ETFE — ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copoly-
+mer; FEP — fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer)
+(4) Natural rubber (not expanded)
+(5) Nylon (nylon 6, nylon 6/6)
+(6) Silicone rubber [ 13:5.6.4.2]
+34.2.6.3 Group C.The following materials shall be classified
+as Group C:
+(1) Fluoroplastics (PCTFE — polychlorotrifluoroethylene;
+PTFE — polytetrafluoroethylene)
+(2) Melamine (melamine formaldehyde)
+(3) Phenolic
+(4) PVC (polyvinyl chloride — flexible PVCs with plasticizer
+content up to 20 percent)
+(5) PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride)
+(6) PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)
+(7) PVF (polyvinyl fluoride)
+(8) Urea (urea formaldehyde) [ 13:5.6.4.3]
+34.2.7* Classification of Rolled Paper Storage.For the pur-
+poses of this Code, the classifications of paper described in
+34.2.7.1 through 34.2.7.4 shall apply and shall be used to de-
+termine the sprinkler system design criteria. [13:5.6.5]
+34.2.7.1 Heavyweight Class. Heavyweight class shall be de-
+fined so as to include paperboard and paper stock having a
+basis weight [weight per 1000 ft2 (92.9 m2)] of 20 lb (9.1 kg).
+[13:5.6.5.1]
+34.2.7.2 Mediumweight Class. Mediumweight class shall be
+defined so as to include all the broad range of papers having a
+basis weight [weight per 1000 ft 2 (92.9 m2)] of 10 lb to 20 lb
+(4.5 kg to 9.1 kg). [13:5.6.5.2]
+34.2.7.3 Lightweight Class.Lightweight class shall be defined
+so as to include all papers having a basis weight [weight per
+1000 ft2 (92.9 m2)] of less than 10 lb (4.5 kg). [13:5.6.5.3]
+34.2.7.4 Tissue.
+34.2.7.4.1 Tissue shall be defined so as to include the broad
+range of papers of characteristic gauzy texture, which, in some
+cases, are fairly transparent. [13:5.6.5.4.1]
+1–195GENERAL STORAGE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+34.2.7.4.2 For the purposes of this Code, tissue shall be de-
+fined as the soft, absorbent type, regardless of basis weight —
+specifically, crepe wadding and the sanitary class including fa-
+cial tissue, paper napkins, bathroom tissue, and toweling.
+[13:5.6.5.4.2]
+34.3 Building Construction.
+34.3.1* Construction Type.Buildings used for storage of ma-
+terials that are stored and protected in accordance with this
+chapter shall be permitted to be of any of the types described
+in NFPA 220,Standard on Types of Building Construction.
+34.3.2 Fire-Fighting Access. Access shall be provided to all
+portions of the premises for fire-fighting purposes.
+34.3.3* Emergency Smoke and Heat Venting.
+34.3.3.1 Protection outlined in this chapter shall apply to
+buildings with or without smoke and heat vents.
+34.3.3.2 Protection outlined in this chapter shall apply to
+buildings with or without draft curtains.
+34.3.3.3 Where local codes require smoke and heat vents in
+buildings protected by early suppression fast response (ESFR)
+sprinklers, the vents shall be manually operated or have an
+operating mechanism with a standard response fusible ele-
+ment rated not less than 360°F (182°C).
+34.4 Storage Arrangement.
+34.4.1* Piling Procedures and Precautions.
+34.4.1.1 Any commodities that are hazardous in combination
+with each other shall be stored so they cannot come into con-
+tact with each other.
+34.4.1.2 Safe floor loads shall not be exceeded.
+34.4.1.3 Where storing water-absorbent commodities, nor-
+mal floor loads shall be reduced to take into account the
+added weight of water that can be absorbed during fire-
+fighting operations.
+34.4.2 Commodity Clearance.
+34.4.2.1 The clearance between top of storage and sprinkler
+deflectors shall conform to NFPA 13.
+34.4.2.2* If the commodity is stored above the lower chord of
+roof trusses, not less than 1 ft (0.3 m) of clear space shall be
+maintained to allow wetting of the truss, unless the truss is
+protected with 1-hour fireproofing.
+34.4.2.3 Storage clearance from ducts shall be maintained in
+accordance with NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air
+Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate
+Solids.
+34.4.2.4 The clearance between stored materials and unit heat-
+ers, radiant space heaters, duct furnaces, and flues shall not be
+less than 3 ft (0.9 m) in all directions or shall be in accordance
+with the clearances shown on the approval agency label.
+34.4.2.5* Clearance shall be maintained to lights or light fix-
+tures to prevent ignition.
+34.4.2.6 Clearance shall be maintained around the path of
+fire door travel to ensure the door’s proper operation and
+inspection.
+34.4.2.7 Operation and inspection clearance shall be main-
+tained around fire-extinguishing and fire protection equipment.
+34.4.3 Aisles.
+34.4.3.1 For the storage of commodities that expand with the
+absorption of water, such as roll paper, wall aisles not less than
+24 in. (0.6 m) wide shall be provided.
+34.4.3.2 Aisles shall be maintained to retard the transfer of
+fire from one pile to another and to allow convenient access
+for fire fighting, salvage, and removal of storage.
+34.4.4 Flammable and Combustible Liquids.
+34.4.4.1 Flammable or combustible liquids shall be kept in
+flammable liquid storage cabinets, in cutoff rooms, or in de-
+tached buildings.
+34.4.4.2 Protection shall be in accordance with Chapter 66.
+34.5 General Fire Protection.
+34.5.1* Sprinkler Systems.Sprinkler systems installed in build-
+ings used for storage shall be in accordance with Section 13.3.
+34.5.2 High-Expansion Foam.
+34.5.2.1 High-expansion foam systems installed in addition
+to automatic sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with
+NFPA 11,Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam,
+except where modified by other requirements in this chapter.
+34.5.2.2 High-expansion foam used to protect idle pallets
+shall have a fill time of not more than 4 minutes.
+34.5.2.3 High-expansion foam systems shall be automatic in
+operation.
+34.5.2.4 Detectors for high-expansion foam systems shall be
+listed and shall be installed at the ceiling at not more than
+one-half the listed spacing in accordance with NFPA 72.
+34.5.2.5 Detection systems, concentrate pumps, generators,
+and other system components essential to the operation of the
+system shall have an approved standby power source.
+34.5.3 Manual Protection.
+34.5.3.1 Portable Fire Extinguishers.
+34.5.3.1.1 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in ac-
+cordance with Section 13.6, unless 34.5.3.1.2 applies.
+34.5.3.1.2 Where 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) hose lines are available to
+reach all portions of areas with Class A fire loads, up to one-
+half of the portable fire extinguishers required by Section 13.6
+shall be permitted to be omitted.
+34.5.3.2 Hydrants. At locations without public hydrants, or
+where hydrants are not within 250 ft (75 m), private hydrants
+shall be installed in accordance with Section 13.5.
+34.5.4 Fire Organization.
+34.5.4.1 Arrangements shall be made to allow rapid entry
+into the premises by the municipal fire department, police
+department, or other authorized personnel in case of fire or
+other emergency.
+34.5.4.2* Due to the unique nature of storage fires and the
+hazards associated with fighting such fires, facility emergency
+personnel shall be trained to have knowledge of the following:
+(1) Pile and building collapse potential during fire-fighting
+and mop-up operations due to sprinkler water absorp-
+tion, use of hose streams, and the undermining of piles by
+fire that is likely to cause material or piles to fall (espe-
+cially roll tissue paper), resulting in injury
+1–196 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Operation of sprinkler systems and water supply equipment
+(3) Location of the controlling sprinkler valves so that the cor-
+rect sprinkler system can be turned on or off as necessary
+(4) Correct operation of emergency smoke and heat vent sys-
+tems where they have been provided
+(5) Use of material-handling equipment while sprinklers are
+operating to effect final extinguishment
+(6) Procedure for summoning outside aid immediately in an
+emergency
+(7) Maintenance of the security features of the premises
+(8) Operation of foam systems, evacuation procedures, and
+safety precautions during all foam operations
+34.5.4.3 A fire watch shall be maintained when the sprinkler
+system is not in service.
+34.5.5 Alarm Service.
+34.5.5.1 Automatic sprinkler systems and foam systems,
+where provided, shall have approved central station, auxiliary,
+remote station, or proprietary waterflow alarm service unless
+otherwise permitted by 34.5.5.1.1 or 34.5.5.1.2.
+34.5.5.1.1 Local waterflow alarm service shall be permitted
+when recorded guard service also is provided.
+34.5.5.1.2 Local waterflow alarm service shall be permitted
+where the storage facilities are occupied on a 24-hour basis.
+34.5.5.2 Alarm service shall comply with NFPA 72.
+34.5.6 Security Service. Security service, where provided,
+shall comply with NFPA 601,Standard for Security Services in Fire
+Loss Prevention.
+34.6 Building Equipment, Maintenance, and Operations.
+34.6.1 Industrial Trucks.
+34.6.1.1 Power-operated industrial trucks and their use shall
+comply with NFPA 505,Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial
+Trucks Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions,
+Maintenance, and Operations.
+34.6.1.2 Industrial trucks using liquefied petroleum gas (LP-
+Gas) or liquid fuel shall be refueled outside of the storage
+building at a location designated for the purpose.
+34.6.2 Building Service Equipment.Electrical equipment shall
+be installed in accordance with the provisions of Section 11.1.
+34.6.3 Cutting and Welding Operations.
+34.6.3.1 Where welding or cutting operations are necessary,
+the requirements of Chapter 41 shall apply.
+34.6.3.2* Welding, soldering, brazing, and cutting shall be
+permitted to be performed on building components or con-
+tents that cannot be removed, provided that no storage is lo-
+cated below and within 25 ft (7.6 m) of the working area and
+flameproof tarpaulins enclose the area.
+34.6.3.3 During any of the operations identified in 34.6.3.2,
+all of the following shall apply:
+(1) The sprinkler system shall be in service.
+(2) Extinguishers suitable for Class A fires with a minimum
+rating of 2-A shall be located in the working area.
+(3) Where inside hose lines are available, charged and attended
+inside hose lines shall be located in the working area.
+(4) A fire watch shall be maintained during the operations
+specified in 34.6.3.2 and for not less than 30 minutes fol-
+lowing completion of open-flame operation.
+34.6.4 Waste Disposal.
+34.6.4.1 Approved containers for rubbish and other trash
+materials shall be provided.
+34.6.4.2 Rubbish, trash, and other waste material shall be
+disposed of at regular intervals.
+34.6.5 Smoking.
+34.6.5.1 Smoking shall be prohibited except in locations des-
+ignated as smoking areas.
+34.6.5.2 Signs that read “No Smoking” shall be posted in pro-
+hibited areas.
+34.6.6* Maintenance and Inspection.
+34.6.6.1 Fire walls, fire doors, and floors shall be maintained
+in functional condition at all times.
+34.6.6.2* All water-based fire protection systems and the water
+supplies shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in accor-
+dance with NFPA 25.
+34.6.7 Refrigeration Systems.Refrigeration systems, if used,
+shall be in accordance with ASHRAE 15, Safety Code for Me-
+chanical Refrigeration.
+34.6.8 Lighting. Where metal halide lighting is installed, it
+shall be selected, installed, and maintained such that cata-
+strophic failure of the bulb shall not ignite materials below.
+34.7 Protection of Rack Storage.
+34.7.1* Application. Section 34.7 shall apply to the indoor
+storage of normal combustibles (Class I through Class IV) and
+plastics that are stored on racks.
+34.7.2 Building Construction.
+34.7.2.1 Fire protection of roof steel shall not be required
+when sprinkler systems are installed in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3.
+34.7.2.2 Fire protection of steel building columns and vertical
+rack members that support the building shall not be required
+when ceiling sprinklers and in-rack sprinklers are installed in ac-
+cordance with Section 13.3.
+34.7.2.3 For sprinklered buildings with rack storage of over
+15 ft (4.6 m) in height and only ceiling sprinklers installed,
+steel building columns within the rack structure and vertical
+rack members that support the building shall have a fire resis-
+tance rating not less than 1 hour, unless the installation meets
+the requirements of 16.1.4 of NFPA 13.
+34.7.3 Storage Arrangement.
+34.7.3.1* Rack Structure.Rack configurations shall be approved.
+34.7.3.2* Rack Loading. Racks shall not be loaded beyond
+their design capacity.
+34.7.3.3* Aisle Widths.
+34.7.3.3.1 Aisle widths and depth of racks shall be deter-
+mined by material-handling methods.
+34.7.3.3.2 The width of aisles shall be considered in the de-
+sign of the protection system.
+34.7.3.3.3* Aisle widths shall be maintained by either fixed
+rack structures or control in placement of portable racks.
+34.7.3.3.4 Any decrease in aisle width shall require a review of
+the adequacy of the protection system.
+1–197GENERAL STORAGE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+34.7.3.4 General Fire Protection.
+34.7.3.4.1 High-Expansion Foam.
+34.7.3.4.1.1* Where high-expansion foam systems are in-
+stalled, they shall be automatic in operation and shall be in
+accordance with NFPA 11, except when modified by 34.7.3.4.
+34.7.3.4.1.2 When high-expansion foam systems are used in
+combination with ceiling sprinklers, in-rack sprinklers shall
+not be required.
+34.7.3.4.1.3 Detectors shall be listed and shall be installed in
+one of the following configurations:
+(1) At one-half listed linear spacing [e.g., 15 ft × 15 ft (4.6 m
+× 4.6 m) rather than 30 ft × 30 ft (9.1 m × 9.1 m)] when the
+following conditions exist:
+(a) Detectors are installed at the ceiling only.
+(b) The clearance from the top of storage does not ex-
+ceed 10 ft (3 m).
+(c) The height of storage does not exceed 25 ft (7.6 m).
+(2) At the ceiling at listed spacing and on racks at alternate
+levels
+(3) Where listed for rack storage installation and installed in
+accordance with ceiling detector listing to provide re-
+sponse within 1 minute after ignition using an ignition
+source equivalent to that used in a rack storage testing
+program
+34.7.3.4.2 High-Expansion Foam Submergence.
+34.7.3.4.2.1 The following requirements shall apply to stor-
+age of Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class IV commodities, as
+classified in Section 34.2, up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) in
+height:
+(1)*When high-expansion foam systems are used without
+sprinklers, the submergence time shall be not more than
+5 minutes for Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities.
+(2) When high-expansion foam systems are used without
+sprinklers, the submergence time shall be not more than
+4 minutes for Class IV commodities.
+(3) When high-expansion foam systems are used in combina-
+tion with ceiling sprinklers, the submergence time shall be
+not more than 7 minutes for Class I, Class II, or Class III
+commodities.
+(4) When high-expansion foam systems are used in combina-
+tion with ceiling sprinklers, the submergence time shall
+be not more than 5 minutes for Class IV commodities.
+34.7.3.4.2.2 The following requirements shall apply to storage
+of Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class IV commodities stored over
+25 ft (7.6 m) high up to and including 35 ft (10.7 m) in height:
+(1) Ceiling sprinklers shall be used in combination with the
+high-expansion foam system.
+(2) The submergence time for the high-expansion foam shall be
+not more than 5 minutes for Class I, Class II, or Class III
+commodities.
+(3) The submergence time for the high-expansion foam shall
+be not more than 4 minutes for Class IV commodities.
+34.8 Protection of Rubber Tires.
+34.8.1* Application.
+34.8.1.1 Section 34.8 shall apply to new facilities with indoor
+storage of usable tires and to existing facilities being con-
+verted to the indoor storage of usable tires.
+34.8.1.2 Existing buildings storing rubber tires shall be ex-
+empted from complying with Section 34.8.
+34.8.1.3 This section shall not apply to scrap tire storage.
+34.8.2 Building Arrangement.
+34.8.2.1 Steel Columns.Steel columns shall be protected as
+follows unless protected in accordance with 16.1.4 of NFPA 13:
+(1) For storage exceeding 15 ft to 20 ft (4.6 m to 6 m) in
+height, columns shall have 1-hour fireproofing.
+(2) For storage exceeding 20 ft (6 m) in height, columns
+shall have 2-hour fireproofing for the entire length of
+the column, including connections with other struc-
+tural members.
+34.8.2.2 Fire Walls.
+34.8.2.2.1 Four-hour fire walls shall be provided between the
+tire warehouse and tire manufacturing areas.
+34.8.2.2.2 Fire walls shall be designed in accordance with
+NFPA 221, Standard for High Challenge Fire Walls, Fire Walls, and
+Fire Barrier Walls.
+34.8.2.3* Travel Distance to Exits.Travel distance to exits shall
+be in accordance with NFPA101.
+34.8.3 Storage Arrangement.
+34.8.3.1 Piling Procedures.
+34.8.3.1.1* Piles that are not adjacent to or located along a
+wall shall be not more than 50 ft (15 m) in width.
+34.8.3.1.2 Tires stored adjacent to or along one wall shall not
+extend more than 25 ft (7.6 m) from the wall.
+34.8.3.1.3 Where tires are stored on-tread, the dimension of
+the pile in the direction of the wheel hole shall be not more
+than 50 ft (15 m).
+34.8.3.1.4 The width of the main aisles between piles shall be
+not less than 8 ft (2.4 m).
+34.8.3.2 Clearances.
+34.8.3.2.1 Storage clearance from roof structures shall be not
+less than 18 in. (470 mm) in all directions.
+34.8.3.2.2 A clearance of not less than 24 in. (610 mm) shall
+be maintained around the path of fire door travel unless a
+barricade is provided.
+34.8.3.2.3 Where protection in accordance with this chapter
+is provided, stored tires shall be segregated from other com-
+bustible storage by aisles not less than 8 ft (2.4 m) wide.
+34.9 Protection of Roll Paper.
+34.9.1 Application. Section 34.9 shall apply to new facilities
+with indoor storage of roll paper, and to existing facilities be-
+ing converted to the indoor storage of roll paper, except for
+the following types of roll paper:
+(1) Waxed paper
+(2) Synthetic paper
+(3) Palletized roll paper storage other than that stored on a
+single floor pallet or raised floor platform
+34.9.2* Building Construction. The protection outlined in
+Section 34.9 shall apply to buildings with or without fireproof-
+ing or other modes of steel protection, unless modified by the
+requirements of 34.4.2.2.
+1–198 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+34.9.3 Storage Arrangement.The floor load design shall take
+into account the added weight of water that could be absorbed
+by the commodity during fire-fighting operations.
+34.10 Storage of Idle Pallets.
+34.10.1* General.Idle pallets shall be stored outside or in a
+separate building designated for pallet storage, unless permit-
+ted by 34.10.2.
+34.10.2 Indoor Storage.Idle pallets shall be permitted to be
+stored in a building used for other storage or other purpose if
+the building is sprinklered in accordance with Section 13.3.
+34.10.3* Outdoor Storage.Idle pallets stored outside shall be
+stored in accordance with Table 34.10.3(a) and Table 34.10.3(b).
+34.10.4 Idle pallet stacks shall not exceed 15 ft (4.6 m) in
+height nor shall cover an area of greater than 400 ft2 (37 m2).
+Pallet stacks shall be arranged to form stable piles. A distance
+of not less than 8 ft (2.4 m) shall separate stacks. Piles shall be
+no closer than 8 ft (2.4 m) to any property line.
+Chapter 35 Animal Housing Facilities
+35.1 General. Animal housing facilities shall comply with
+NFPA 150, Standard on Fire and Life Safety in Animal Housing
+Facilities, and this chapter.
+35.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with Sec-
+tion 1.12.
+Chapter 36 Reserved
+Chapter 37 Reserved
+Chapter 38 Reserved
+Chapter 39 Reserved
+Chapter 40 Dust Explosion and Fire Prevention
+40.1 General. Equipment, processes, and operations that in-
+volve the manufacture, processing, blending, repackaging, or
+handling of combustible particulate solids or combustible
+dusts regardless of concentration or particle size shall be in-
+stalled and maintained in accordance with this chapter and
+the following standards as applicable:
+(1) NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explo-
+sions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities
+(2) NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems
+(3) NFPA 85, Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code
+(4) NFPA 120,Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Coal Mines
+(5) NFPA 484, Standard for Combustible Metals
+(6) NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explo-
+sions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of
+Combustible Particulate Solids
+(7) NFPA 655, Standard for Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions
+(8) NFPA 664, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Explosions
+in Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities
+40.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with Sec-
+tion 1.12.
+Table 34.10.3(b) Required Clearance Between Outside Idle Pallet Storage and Building
+Minimum Distance of Wall from Storage
+Under 50 Pallets 50 to 200 Pallets Over 200 Pallets
+Wall Construction ft m ft m ft m
+Masonry with no
+openings
+0 0 0 0 15 4.6
+Masonry with wired
+glass in openings,
+outside sprinklers,
+and 1-hour doors
+00 1 0 3 2 0 6
+Masonry with wired or
+plain glass, outside
+sprinklers, and
+3⁄4-hour doors
+10 3 20 6 30 9
+Wood or metal with
+outside sprinklers
+10 3 20 6 30 9
+Wood, metal, or other 20 6 30 9 50 15
+Table 34.10.3(a) Required Clearance Between Outside Idle
+Pallet Storage and Other Yard Storage
+Minimum Distance
+Pile Size ft m
+Under 50 pallets 20 6
+50–200 pallets 30 9
+Over 200 pallets 50 15
+1–199DUST EXPLOSION AND FIRE PREVENTION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+40.3 Fugitive Dust Control and Housekeeping.
+40.3.1 Fugitive Dust Control.
+40.3.1.1 Continuous suction to minimize the escape of dust
+shall be provided for processes where combustible dust is lib-
+erated in normal operation. [654:8.1.1]
+40.3.1.2 The dust shall be conveyed to dust collectors.
+[654:8.1.2]
+40.3.2 Housekeeping. The requirements of 40.3.2.1 through
+40.3.2.3 shall be applied retroactively. [654:8.2]
+40.3.2.1* General.
+40.3.2.1.1 Equipment shall be maintained and operated in a
+manner that minimizes the escape of dust. [654:8.2.1.1]
+40.3.2.1.2 Regular cleaning frequencies shall be established
+for walls, floors, and horizontal surfaces, such as equipment,
+ducts, pipes, hoods, ledges, beams, and above suspended ceil-
+ings and other concealed surfaces, to minimize dust accumu-
+lations within operating areas of the facility. [654:8.2.1.2]
+40.3.2.2* Dust Clouds.
+40.3.2.2.1 Surfaces shall be cleaned in a manner that mini-
+mizes the generation of dust clouds. [654:8.2.2.1]
+40.3.2.2.2 Vigorous sweeping or blowing down with steam or
+compressed air produces dust clouds and shall be permitted
+only where the following requirements are met:
+(1) Area and equipment shall be vacuumed prior to blowdown.
+(2) Electrical equipment not suitable for Class II locations
+and other sources of ignition shall be shut down or re-
+moved from the area.
+(3) Only low-pressure steam or compressed air, not exceed-
+ing a gauge pressure of 15 psi (103 kPa), shall be used.
+(4) No hot surfaces or flames capable of igniting a dust cloud
+or layer shall exist in the area. [654:8.2.2.2]
+40.3.2.3 Vacuum Cleaners.
+40.3.2.3.1 Vacuum cleaners shall be listed for use in Class II
+hazardous locations or shall be a fixed-pipe suction system
+with remotely located exhauster and dust collector installed in
+conformance with Section 7.13 of NFPA 654. [654:8.2.3.1]
+40.3.2.3.2 Where flammable vapors or gases are present,
+vacuum cleaners shall be listed for Class I and Class II hazard-
+ous locations. [654:8.2.3.2]
+40.4 Ignition Sources.
+40.4.1 Heat from Mechanical Sparks and Friction.
+40.4.1.1 Foreign Materials.
+40.4.1.1.1 Means shall be provided to prevent foreign mate-
+rial from entering the system when such foreign material pre-
+sents an ignition hazard. [654:9.1.1.1]
+40.4.1.1.2 Floor sweepings shall not be returned to any ma-
+chine. [654:9.1.1.2]
+40.4.1.1.3* Foreign materials, such as tramp metal, that are
+capable of igniting combustible material being processed shall
+be removed from the process stream by one of the following
+methods:
+(1) Permanent magnetic separators or electromagnetic sepa-
+rators that indicate loss of power to the separators
+(2) Pneumatic separators
+(3) Grates or other separation devices [ 654:9.1.1.3]
+40.4.1.2* Inherently Ignitible Process Streams.
+40.4.1.2.1 Where the process is configured such that the
+pneumatic conveying system conveys materials that can act as
+an ignition source, means shall be provided to minimize the
+hazard. [654:9.1.2.1]
+40.4.1.2.2 The means used to minimize the ignition source
+hazard specified in 40.4.1.2.1 shall be permitted to include
+protection measures identified in 7.1.1 and Section 10.1 of
+NFPA 654, as appropriate. [654:9.1.2.2]
+40.4.1.3 Belt Drives.Belt drives shall be designed to stall with-
+out the belt’s slipping, or a safety device shall be provided to
+shutdown the equipment if slippage occurs. [654:9.1.3]
+40.4.1.4* Bearings.
+40.4.1.4.1 Roller or ball bearings shall be used on all process-
+ing and transfer equipment. [654:9.1.4.1]
+40.4.1.4.2 Bushings shall be permitted to be used when a
+documented engineering evaluation shows that mechanical
+loads and speeds preclude ignition due to frictional heating.
+[654:9.1.4.2]
+40.4.1.4.3 Lubrication shall be performed in accordance
+with the manufacturer’s recommendations. [654:9.1.4.3]
+40.4.1.5 Equipment. Equipment with moving parts shall be
+installed and maintained so that true alignment is maintained
+and clearance is provided to minimize friction. [654:9.1.5]
+40.4.2 Electrical Equipment.All electrical equipment and in-
+stallations shall comply with the requirements of Section 6.6 of
+NFPA 654. [654:9.2]
+40.4.3 Static Electricity. The requirements of 40.4.3.1 and
+40.4.3.1.4 shall be applied retroactively. [654:9.3]
+40.4.3.1* Conductive Components.
+40.4.3.1.1 All system components shall be conductive.
+[654:9.3.1.1]
+40.4.3.1.2 Where the use of conductive components is not
+practical, nonconductive equipment shall be permitted where
+one of the following criteria is met:
+(1) A documented engineering analysis that is acceptable to
+the AHJ has determined that no electrostatic ignition po-
+tential exists.
+(2) Materials being conveyed are not compatible with metal
+ductwork, and other means of explosion protection are pro-
+vided in accordance with 7.1.2.1(1), 7.1.2.1(3), 7.1.2.1(4), or
+7.1.2.1(5) of NFPA 654. [654:9.3.1.2]
+40.4.3.1.3 Bonding and grounding with a resistance of less
+than 1.0 × 106 ohms to ground shall be provided for conduc-
+tive components. [654:9.3.1.3]
+40.4.3.1.4 Where belt drives are used, the belts shall be electri-
+cally conductive and have a resistance of less that 1.0 × 106 ohms
+to ground. [654:9.3.2]
+40.4.3.2 Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs).
+40.4.3.2.1* Dispensing material from intermediate bulk con-
+tainers into combustible atmospheres shall be performed only
+under the following conditions:
+1–200 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) A conductive (i.e., metallic) rigid intermediate bulk con-
+tainer (RIBC) shall be permitted to be used for dispens-
+ing into any flammable vapor, gas, dust, or hybrid atmo-
+spheres provided the RIBC is electrically grounded.
+(2)*A Type Bflexible intermediate bulk container (FIBC) shall
+be permitted to be used for dispensing into dust atmo-
+spheres where the minimum ignition energy (MIE) is
+greater than 3 mJ, but no flammable vapor or gas is present.
+(3)*A Type C FIBC shall be permitted to be used for dispens-
+ing into any flammable vapor, gas, dust, or hybrid atmo-
+sphere for which the FIBC has been tested and found
+suitable, provided the FIBC is electrically grounded with a
+resistance less than 1 megohm to ground.
+(4)*A Type DFIBC shall be permitted to be used for dispensing
+into flammable vapor, gas, dust, or hybrid atmospheres for
+which the FIBC has been tested and found suitable.
+(5)*A Type A FIBC or insulating RIBCs shall not be permitted
+to be used for combustible powder applications, pro-
+cesses, or operations unless a documented risk evaluation
+assessing the electrostatic hazards is acceptable to the
+AHJ. [654:9.3.3.1]
+40.4.3.2.2* FIBCs that are listed or tested by a recognized
+testing organization and are shown not to ignite flammable
+atmospheres during transfer shall be permitted to be used.
+[654:9.3.3.2]
+40.4.3.2.3 Documentation of test results shall be made avail-
+able to the AHJ. [654:9.3.3.3]
+40.4.3.2.4 Particulate solids shall not be manually dumped
+directly into vessels containing flammable atmospheres (gases
+at a flammable concentration with an oxidant) or where dis-
+placement could cause a flammable atmosphere external to
+the vessel. [654:9.3.3.4]
+40.4.3.2.5 Manual additions of solids through an open port
+or a manway into a vessel containing flammable vapors shall
+be permitted to be done in 50 lb (25 kg) batches or smaller.
+[654:9.3.3.5]
+40.4.4 Cartridge-Actuated Tools.The requirements of 40.4.4.1
+through 40.4.4.3 shall be applied retroactively. [654:9.4]
+40.4.4.1 Cartridge-actuated tools shall not be used in areas
+where combustible material is produced, processed, or present
+unless all machinery is shut down and the area is cleaned and
+inspected to ensure the removal of all accumulations of combus-
+tible material. [654:9.4.1]
+40.4.4.2 Accepted lockout/tagout procedures shall be fol-
+lowed for the shutdown of machinery. [654:9.4.2]
+40.4.4.3 The use of cartridge-actuated tools shall be in accor-
+dance with 40.4.5.2. [654:9.4.3]
+40.4.4.4 An inspection shall be made after the work is com-
+pleted to ensure that no cartridges or charges are left in the
+area where they can enter equipment or be accidentally dis-
+charged after operation of the dust-producing or handling
+machinery is resumed. [654:9.4.4]
+40.4.5 Open Flames and Sparks.The requirements of 40.4.5.1
+through 40.4.5.3 shall be applied retroactively. [654:9.5]
+40.4.5.1 Cutting and welding shall comply with the appli-
+cable requirements of NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention
+During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work.[ 654:9.5.1]
+40.4.5.2 Grinding, chipping, and other operations that pro-
+duce either sparks or open-flame ignition sources shall be con-
+trolled by a hot work permit system in accordance with
+NFPA 51B. [654:9.5.2]
+40.4.5.3 Smoking shall be permitted only in designated areas.
+[654:9.5.3]
+40.4.6 Process and Comfort Heating Systems.
+40.4.6.1* In areas processing combustible dust, process and
+comfort heating shall be provided by indirect means.
+[654:9.6.1]
+40.4.6.2 Fired equipment shall be located outdoors or in a
+separate dust-free room or building. [654:9.6.2]
+40.4.6.3 Air for combustion shall be taken from a clean out-
+side source. [654:9.6.3]
+40.4.6.4 Comfort air systems for processing areas containing
+combustible dust shall not be recirculated. [654:9.6.4]
+40.4.6.5 Recirculating systems shall be permitted to be used
+provided that all of the following criteria are met:
+(1) Only fresh makeup air is heated.
+(2) The return air is filtered to prevent accumulations of dust
+in the recirculating system.
+(3) The exhaust flow is balanced with fresh air intake.
+[654:9.6.5]
+40.4.6.6 Comfort air shall not be permitted to flow from haz-
+ardous to nonhazardous areas. [654:9.6.6]
+40.4.7 Hot Surfaces. The temperature of external surfaces,
+such as compressors; steam, water, or process piping; ducts;
+and process equipment, in an area containing a combustible
+dust shall be maintained below 80 percent of the minimum
+ignition temperature of the dust layer as determined by recog-
+nized test methods acceptable to the AHJ or 329°F (165°C),
+whichever is lower. [654:9.7]
+40.4.8 Industrial Trucks.In areas containing a combustible
+dust hazard, only industrial trucks listed or approved for the
+electrical classification of the area, as determined by Section
+6.6 of NFPA 654, shall be used in accordance with NFPA 505,
+Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks Including Type
+Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions, Maintenance, and Opera-
+tions.[ 654:9.8]
+40.5 Fire Protection.
+40.5.1 General. Fire protection systems, where installed, shall
+be specifically designed to address building protection, pro-
+cess equipment, and the chemical and physical properties of
+the materials being processed. [654:10.1]
+40.5.2 System Requirements.Fire protection systems required
+by thisCode shall comply with 40.5.2.1 and 40.5.6. [654:10.2]
+40.5.2.1* Fire-extinguishing agents shall be compatible with
+the conveyed materials. [654:10.2.1]
+40.5.2.2 Where fire detection systems are incorporated into
+pneumatic conveying systems, an analysis shall be conducted
+to identify safe interlocking requirements for air-moving de-
+vices and process operations. [654:10.2.2]
+40.5.2.3 Detection Systems.
+40.5.2.3.1 Where fire detection systems are incorporated into
+the pneumatic conveying system, the fire detection systems
+shall be interlocked to shut down any active device feeding
+materials to the pneumatic conveying system on actuation of
+the detection system. [654:10.2.3.1]
+1–201DUST EXPLOSION AND FIRE PREVENTION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+40.5.2.3.2 Where spark or infrared detection and extinguish-
+ing systems are provided, the process shall be permitted to
+continue operating on activation of the detection system.
+[654:10.2.3.2]
+40.5.2.3.3 Where a spark or infrared detection system actu-
+ates a diverter valve that sends potentially burning material to
+a safe location, the process shall be permitted to continue op-
+erating on activation of the detection system. [654:10.2.3.3]
+40.5.2.4 Where the actuation of fire-extinguishing systems is
+achieved by means of electronic fire detection, the fire detec-
+tion system, including control panels, detectors, and notifica-
+tion appliances, shall be designed, installed, and maintained
+in accordance with 13.7.1.4. [654:10.2.4]
+40.5.2.4.1 All fire detection initiating devices shall be con-
+nected to the fire detection control panel via Style D or E
+circuits as described in NFPA 72.[ 654:10.2.5]
+40.5.2.4.2 All fire detection notification appliances shall be
+connected to the fire detection control panel via Style Y or Z
+circuits as described in NFPA 72.[ 654:10.2.6]
+40.5.2.5 System Releasing Devices.
+40.5.2.5.1 All fire-extinguishing system releasing devices, so-
+lenoids, or actuators shall be connected to the fire detection
+control panel via Style Z circuits as described in NFPA 72.
+[654:10.2.7.1]
+40.5.2.5.2 The supervision shall include the continuity of the
+extinguishing system releasing device, whether that device is a
+solenoid coil, a detonator (explosive device) filament, or
+other such device. [654:10.2.7.2]
+40.5.2.5.3 All supervisory devices that monitor critical ele-
+ments or functions in the fire detection and extinguishing
+system shall be connected to the fire detection control panel
+via Style D or E circuits as described in NFPA 72.[ 654:10.2.8]
+40.5.2.6 Abort Gates and Abort Dampers.
+40.5.2.6.1 All fire protection abort gates or abort dampers
+shall be connected to the fire detection control panel via
+Style Z circuits as described in NFPA 72.[ 654:10.2.9.1]
+40.5.2.6.2 The supervision shall include the continuity of the
+abort gate or abort damper releasing device, whether that de-
+vice is a solenoid coil, a detonator (explosive device) filament,
+or other such device. [654:10.2.9.2]
+40.5.3 Fire Extinguishers.
+40.5.3.1 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided
+throughout all buildings in accordance with the requirements
+of Section 13.6. [654:10.3.1]
+40.5.3.2* Personnel shall be trained to use portable fire extin-
+guishers in a manner that minimizes the generation of dust
+clouds during discharge. [654:10.3.2]
+40.5.4 Hoses, Nozzles, Standpipes, and Hydrants.
+40.5.4.1 Standpipes and hose, where provided, shall comply
+with Section 13.2. [654:10.4.1]
+40.5.4.2 Nozzles.
+40.5.4.2.1 Portable spray hose nozzles that are listed or ap-
+proved for use on Class C fires shall be provided in areas that
+contain dust, to limit the potential for generating unnecessary
+airborne dust during fire-fighting operations. [654:10.4.2.1]
+40.5.4.2.2 Straight-stream nozzles shall not be used on fires
+in areas where dust clouds can be generated. [654:10.4.2.2]
+40.5.4.3 Private outside protection, including outside hydrants
+and hoses, where provided, shall comply with Section 13.3.
+[654:10.4.3]
+40.5.5* Automatic Sprinklers.
+40.5.5.1* Where a process that handles combustible particu-
+late solids uses flammable or combustible liquids, a docu-
+mented risk evaluation that is acceptable to the AHJ shall be
+used to determine the need for automatic sprinkler protec-
+tion in the enclosure in which the process is located.
+[654:10.5.1]
+40.5.5.2 Automatic sprinklers, where provided, shall be in-
+stalled in accordance with Section 13.3. [654:10.5.2]
+40.5.5.3 Where automatic sprinklers are installed, dust accu-
+mulation on overhead surfaces shall be minimized to prevent
+an excessive number of sprinkler heads from opening in the
+event of a fire. [654:10.5.3]
+40.5.6 Spark/Ember Detection and Extinguishing Systems.
+Spark/ember detection and extinguishing systems shall be de-
+signed, installed, and maintained in accordance with NFPA 69,
+Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems , and Section 13.7.
+[654:10.6]
+40.5.7 Special Fire Protection Systems.
+40.5.7.1 Automatic extinguishing systems or special hazard
+extinguishing systems, where provided, shall be designed and
+installed in accordance with Section 13.8, and maintained as
+applicable in accordance with NFPA 25.
+40.5.7.2 The extinguishing systems shall be designed and
+used in a manner that minimizes the generation of dust clouds
+during their discharge. [654:10.7.2]
+40.5.8 Alarm Service.Alarm service, if provided, shall comply
+with Section 13.7. [654:10.8]
+40.6 Training and Procedures.
+40.6.1 Employee Training. The requirements of 40.6.2 and
+40.6.3 shall be applied retroactively. [654:11.1]
+40.6.2 Plan.
+40.6.2.1 Operating and maintenance procedures and emer-
+gency plans shall be developed. [654:11.2.1]
+40.6.2.2 The plans and procedures shall be reviewed annu-
+ally and as required by process changes. [654:11.2.2]
+40.6.3 Initial and Refresher Training.
+40.6.3.1 Initial and refresher training shall be provided to
+employees who are involved in operating, maintaining, and
+supervising facilities that handle combustible particulate
+solids. [ 654:11.3.1]
+40.6.3.2 Initial and refresher training shall ensure that all
+employees are knowledgeable about the following:
+(1) Hazards of their workplace
+(2) General orientation, including plant safety rules
+(3) Process description
+(4) Equipment operation, safe startup and shutdown, and re-
+sponse to upset conditions
+(5) The necessity for proper functioning of related fire and
+explosion protection systems
+1–202 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(6) Equipment maintenance requirements and practices
+(7) Housekeeping requirements
+(8)*Emergency response plans [654:11.3.2]
+40.6.4 Certification. The employer shall certify annually that
+the training and review required by 40.6.2 and 40.6.3 have
+been completed. [654:11.4]
+40.7 Inspection and Maintenance.
+40.7.1 General Requirements.The requirements of 40.7.1.1
+through 40.7.1.3 shall be applied retroactively. [654:12.1]
+40.7.1.1 An inspection, testing, and maintenance program
+shall be developed and implemented to ensure that the fire
+and explosion protection systems and related process controls
+and equipment perform as designed. [654:12.1.1]
+40.7.1.2 The inspection, testing, and maintenance program
+shall include the following:
+(1) Fire and explosion protection and prevention equipment
+in accordance with the applicable NFPA standards
+(2) Dust control equipment
+(3) Housekeeping
+(4) Potential ignition sources
+(5)*Electrical, process, and mechanical equipment, including
+process interlocks
+(6) Process changes
+(7) Lubrication of bearings [ 654: A.12.1.2]
+40.7.1.3 Records shall be kept of maintenance and repairs
+performed. [654:12.1.3]
+40.7.2 Specific Requirements.
+40.7.2.1 Maintenance of Material Feeding Devices.
+40.7.2.1.1 Bearings shall be lubricated and checked for ex-
+cessive wear on a periodic basis. [654:12.2.1.1]
+40.7.2.1.2 If the material has a tendency to adhere to the
+feeder or housing, the components shall be cleaned periodi-
+cally to maintain good balance and minimize the probability
+of ignition. [654:12.2.1.2]
+40.7.2.2 Maintenance of Air-Moving Devices.
+40.7.2.2.1 Fans and blowers shall be checked periodically for
+excessive heat and vibration. [654:12.2.2.1]
+40.7.2.2.2 Maintenance, other than the lubrication of exter-
+nal bearings, shall not be performed on fans or blowers while
+the unit is operating. [654:12.2.2.2]
+40.7.2.2.3 Bearings shall be lubricated and checked periodi-
+cally for excessive wear. [654:12.2.2.3]
+40.7.2.2.4* If the material has a tendency to adhere to the
+rotor or housing, the components shall be cleaned periodi-
+cally to maintain good balance and minimize the probability
+of ignition. [654:12.2.2.4]
+40.7.2.2.5* The surfaces of fan housings and other interior
+components shall be maintained free of rust. [654:12.2.2.5]
+40.7.2.2.6 Aluminum paint shall not be used on interior steel
+surfaces. [654:12.2.2.6]
+40.7.2.3 Maintenance of Air–Material Separators.
+40.7.2.3.1 Means to Dislodge.
+40.7.2.3.1.1 Air–material separation devices that are equipped
+with a means to dislodge particulates from the surface of filter
+media shall be inspected periodically as recommended in the
+manufacturers’ instructions for signs of wear, friction, or clog-
+ging. [654:12.2.3.1.1]
+40.7.2.3.1.2 These devices shall be adjusted and lubricated
+as recommended in the manufacturers’ instructions.
+[654:12.2.3.1.2]
+40.7.2.3.2 Air–material separators that recycle air (i.e., cy-
+clones and filter media dust collectors) shall be maintained to
+comply with 6.1.3 of NFPA 654. [654:12.2.3.2]
+40.7.2.3.3 Filter media shall not be replaced with an alterna-
+tive type unless a thorough evaluation of the fire hazards has
+been performed, documented, and reviewed by management.
+[654:12.2.3.3]
+40.7.2.4 Maintenance of Abort Gates and Abort Dampers.
+Abort gates and abort dampers shall be adjusted and lubri-
+cated as recommended in the manufacturers’ instructions.
+[654:12.2.4]
+40.7.2.5 Maintenance of Fire and Explosion Protection Sys-
+tems.
+40.7.2.5.1 All fire detection equipment monitoring systems
+shall be maintained in accordance with the requirements of
+13.7.4.4. [654:12.2.5.1]
+40.7.2.5.2 All fire-extinguishing systems shall be maintained
+pursuant to the requirements established in the standard that
+governs the design and installation of the system. [654:12.2.5.2]
+40.7.2.5.3* All vents for the relief of pressure caused by defla-
+grations shall be maintained. [654:12.2.5.3]
+40.7.2.5.4 All explosion prevention systems and inerting sys-
+tems shall be maintained pursuant to the requirements of
+NFPA 69. [654:12.2.5.4]
+Chapter 41 Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work
+41.1 General.
+41.1.1 Hot work shall comply with NFPA 51B,Standard for Fire
+Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work, and this
+chapter.
+41.1.2 Chapter 41 shall apply to the following hot work pro-
+cesses:
+(1) Welding and allied processes
+(2) Heat treating
+(3) Grinding
+(4) Thawing pipe
+(5) Powder-driven fasteners
+(6) Hot riveting
+(7)*Torch-applied roofing in conjunction with the require-
+ments of Section 16.6
+(8) Similar applications producing or using a spark, flame, or
+heat [51B:1.3.1]
+41.1.3 Chapter 41 shall not apply to the following:
+(1) Candles
+(2) Pyrotechnics or special effects
+(3) Cooking operations
+(4) Electric soldering irons
+1–203WELDING, CUTTING, AND OTHER HOT WORK
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(5) Design and installation of gas cutting equipment and
+welding equipment covered in NFPA 51, Standard for the
+Design and Installation of Oxygen–Fuel Gas Systems for Weld-
+ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes
+(6) Additional requirements for hot work operations in con-
+fined spaces
+(7) Lockout/tagout procedures during hot work [ 51B:1.3.2]
+41.1.4 Acetylene cylinder charging plants shall comply with
+NFPA 51A,Standard for Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants.
+41.1.5 Permits.
+41.1.5.1 Permits, where required, shall comply with Sec-
+tion 1.12.
+41.1.5.2 Where an approved facility hot work permit pro-
+gram exists that meets the requirements of Chapter 41, the
+permit shall be permitted to be issued for an entire facility.
+41.2 Responsibility for Hot Work.
+41.2.1* Management. Management or a designated agent
+shall be responsible for the safe operations of hot work activity.
+[51B:4.1]
+41.2.1.1 Management shall establish permissible areas for
+hot work. [51B:4.1.1]
+41.2.1.2 Management shall designate a permit authorizing
+individual (PAI). [51B:4.1.2]
+41.2.1.3 All equipment shall be examined to ensure it is in a
+safe operating condition. [51B:4.1.3]
+41.2.1.4 When found to be incapable of reliable safe opera-
+tion, the equipment shall be repaired by qualified personnel
+prior to its next use or be withdrawn from service and tagged
+out of service. [51B:4.1.4]
+41.2.1.5 Management shall ensure that only approved appara-
+tus, such as torches, manifolds, regulators or pressure-reducing
+valves, and acetylene generators, are used. [51B:4.1.5]
+41.2.1.6 Management shall ensure that all individuals in-
+volved in the hot work operations, including contractors, are
+familiar with the provisions of Chapter 41. [51B:4.1.6]
+41.2.1.6.1 Individuals involved in hot work operations shall
+be trained in the safe operation of their equipment and in the
+safe use of the process. [51B:4.1.6.1]
+41.2.1.6.2 Individuals involved in hot work operations shall
+have an awareness of the inherent risks involved and understand
+the emergency procedures in the event of a fire. [51B:4.1.6.2]
+41.2.1.7 Management shall advise all contractors about site-
+specific flammable materials, hazardous processes or condi-
+tions, or other potential fire hazards. [51B:4.1.7]
+41.2.2 Permit Authorizing Individual (PAI).In conjunction
+with management, the PAI shall be responsible for the safe
+operation of hot work activities. [51B:4.2]
+41.2.2.1* The PAI shall consider the safety of the hot work
+operator and fire watch with respect to personal protective
+equipment (PPE) for other special hazards beyond hot work.
+(See 41.1.3.) [51B:4.2.1]
+41.2.2.2 The PAI shall determine site-specific flammable ma-
+terials, hazardous processes, or other potential fire hazards
+that are present or likely to be present in the work location.
+[51B:4.2.2]
+41.2.2.3 The PAI shall ensure the protection of combustibles
+from ignition by the following means:
+(1)*Considering alternative methods to hot work
+(2) Moving the work to a location that is free from combus-
+tibles
+(3) If the work cannot be moved, moving the combustibles to
+a safe distance or having the combustibles properly
+shielded against ignition
+(4) Scheduling hot work so that operations that could expose
+combustibles to ignition are not begun during hot work
+operations [51B:4.2.3]
+41.2.2.4 If the criteria of 41.2.2.3(1) through 41.2.2.3(4) can-
+not be met, hot work shall not be performed. [51B:4.2.4]
+41.2.2.5 The PAI shall determine that fire protection and
+extinguishing equipment are properly located at the site.
+[51B:4.2.5]
+41.2.2.6 Where a fire watch is required (see 41.3.5), the PAI
+shall be responsible for ensuring that a fire watch is at the site.
+[51B:4.2.6]
+41.2.2.7* Where a fire watch is not required, the PAI shall make a
+final check1⁄2 hour after the completion of hot work operations
+to detect and extinguish smoldering fires. [51B:4.2.7]
+41.2.3 Hot Work Operator. The hot work operator shall
+handle equipment safely and use it as follows so as not to en-
+danger lives and property:
+(1) The operator shall have the PAI’s approval before starting
+hot work operations.
+(2) All equipment shall be examined to ensure it is in a safe
+operating condition, and, if found to be incapable of reli-
+able safe operation, the equipment shall be repaired by
+qualified personnel prior to its next use or be withdrawn
+from service.
+(3) The operator shall cease hot work operations if unsafe
+conditions develop and shall notify management, the
+area supervisor, or the PAI for reassessment of the situa-
+tion. [51B:4.3]
+41.2.4 Fire Watch.
+41.2.4.1* The fire watch shall be trained to understand the
+inherent hazards of the work site and of the hot work.
+[51B:4.4.1]
+41.2.4.2 The fire watch shall ensure that safe conditions are
+maintained during hot work operations. [51B:4.4.2]
+41.2.4.3 The fire watch shall have the authority to stop the
+hot work operations if unsafe conditions develop. [51B:4.4.3]
+41.2.4.4* The fire watch shall have fire-extinguishing equipment
+readily available and shall be trained in its use. [51B:4.4.4]
+41.2.4.5 The fire watch shall be familiar with the facilities and
+procedures for sounding an alarm in the event of a fire.
+[51B:4.4.5]
+41.2.4.6 The fire watch shall watch for fires in all exposed
+areas and try to extinguish them only when the fires are obvi-
+ously within the capacity of the equipment available. If the fire
+watch determines that the fire is not within the capacity of the
+equipment, the fire watch shall sound the alarm immediately.
+[51B:4.4.6]
+41.2.4.7* The fire watch shall be permitted to perform addi-
+tional tasks, but those tasks shall not distract him or her from
+1–204 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+his or her fire watch responsibilities, except as outlined in Sec-
+tion 41.4. [51B:4.4.7]
+41.2.5* Contractors.Before starting any hot work, contractors
+and their clients shall discuss the planned project completely,
+including the type of hot work to be conducted and the haz-
+ards in the area. [51B:4.5]
+41.2.6 Mutual Responsibility.Management, contractors, the
+PAI, the fire watch, and the operators shall recognize their
+mutual responsibility for safety in hot work operations.
+[51B:4.6]
+41.3 Fire Prevention Precautions.
+41.3.1* Personal Protective Clothing. Clothing shall be se-
+lected to minimize the potential for ignition, burning, trap-
+ping hot sparks, and electric shock. [51B:5.1]
+41.3.2 Permissible Areas.
+41.3.2.1 General. Hot work shall be permitted only in areas
+that are or have been made fire safe. [51B:5.2.1]
+41.3.2.2 Designated or Permit-Required Areas.Hot work shall
+be performed in either designated areas or permit-required
+areas. [51B:5.2.2]
+41.3.2.2.1 Designated Areas.A designated area shall be a spe-
+cific area designed or approved for hot work, such as a main-
+tenance shop or a detached outside location that is of non-
+combustible or fire-resistive construction, essentially free of
+combustible and flammable contents, and suitably segregated
+from adjacent areas. [51B:5.2.2.1]
+41.3.2.2.2 Permit-Required Areas.
+41.3.2.2.2.1 A permit-required area shall be an area that is
+made fire safe by removing or protecting combustibles from
+ignition sources. [51B:5.2.2.2.1]
+41.3.2.2.2.2 Signs shall be posted designating hot work areas
+as deemed necessary by the PAI. [51B:5.2.2.2.2]
+41.3.3* Nonpermissible Areas.Hot work shall not be permit-
+ted in the following areas:
+(1) In areas not authorized by management
+(2) In sprinklered buildings where sprinklers are impaired,
+unless the requirements of NFPA 25 are met
+(3) In the presence of explosive atmospheres (i.e., where
+mixtures of flammable gases, vapors, liquids, or dusts with
+air exist)
+(4) In the presence of uncleaned or improperly prepared
+equipment, drums, tanks, or other containers that have
+previously contained materials that could develop explo-
+sive atmospheres
+(5) In areas with an accumulation of combustible dusts that
+could develop explosive atmospheres [51B:5.3]
+41.3.4* Hot Work Permit.
+41.3.4.1* Before hot work operations begin in a nondesig-
+nated location, a written hot work permit by the PAI shall be
+required. [51B:5.4.1]
+41.3.4.2 Before a hot work permit is issued, the following
+conditions shall be verified by the PAI:
+(1) The hot work equipment to be used shall be in satisfac-
+tory operating condition and in good repair.
+(2) Where combustible materials, such as paper clippings,
+wood shavings, or textile fibers, are on the floor, the
+floor shall be swept clean for a radius of 35 ft (11 m) and
+the following criteria also shall be met:
+(a) Combustible floors shall be kept wet, covered with
+damp sand, or protected by a listed or approved
+welding blanket, welding pad, or equivalent.
+(b) Where floors have been wet down, personnel oper-
+ating arc welding equipment or cutting equipment
+shall be protected from possible shock.
+(3)*All combustibles shall be relocated at least 35 ft (11 m) in
+all directions from the work site, and the following crite-
+ria also shall be met:
+(a) If relocation is impractical, combustibles shall be
+protected by a listed or approved welding curtain,
+welding blanket, welding pad, or equivalent.
+(b) To prevent the entrance of sparks, the edges of cov-
+ers at the floor shall be tight including at the point at
+which several covers overlap where a large pile is
+being protected.
+(4) Openings or cracks in walls, floors, or ducts within 35 ft
+(11 m) of the site shall be covered or sealed with listed or
+approved fire-rated or noncombustible material to pre-
+vent the passage of sparks to adjacent areas.
+(5) Ducts and conveyor systems that might carry sparks to dis-
+tant combustibles shall be shielded, or shut down, or both.
+(6) If hot work is done near walls, partitions, ceilings, or
+roofs of combustible construction, they shall be pro-
+tected by a listed or approved welding curtain, welding
+blanket, welding pad, or equivalent.
+(7) If hot work is done on one side of a wall, partition, ceil-
+ing, or roof, one of the following criteria shall be met:
+(a) Precautions shall be taken to prevent ignition of
+combustibles on the other side by relocating the
+combustibles.
+(b) If it is impractical to relocate combustibles, a fire
+watch shall be provided on the side opposite from
+where the work is being performed.
+(8) Hot work shall not be attempted on a partition, wall,
+ceiling, or roof that has a combustible covering or insu-
+lation, or on walls or partitions of combustible sandwich-
+type panel construction.
+(9) Hot work that is performed on pipes or other metal that is
+in contact with combustible walls, partitions, ceilings, roofs,
+or other combustibles, shall not be undertaken if the work
+is close enough to cause ignition by conduction.
+(10) Fully charged and operable fire extinguishers that are
+appropriate for the type of possible fire shall be available
+immediately at the work area.
+(11) If existing hose lines are located within the hot work area
+defined by the permit, they shall be connected and ready
+for service but shall not be required to be unrolled or
+charged.
+(12) The following shall apply to hot work done in close prox-
+imity to a sprinkler head:
+(a) A wet rag shall be laid over the sprinkler head and
+then removed at the conclusion of the welding or
+cutting operation.
+(b) During hot work, special precautions shall be taken
+to avoid accidental operation of automatic fire de-
+tection or suppression systems (e.g., special extin-
+guishing systems or sprinklers).
+(13) The operator and nearby personnel shall be suitably pro-
+tected against dangers such as heat, sparks, and slag.
+1–205WELDING, CUTTING, AND OTHER HOT WORK
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(14)*In instances where the scope of work and the tools used
+to conduct hot work result in possible travel of slag,
+sparks, spatter or similar mobile sources of ignition far-
+ther than 35 ft (11 m), the PAI shall be permitted to
+extend the distances and areas addressed in 41.3.4.2(2)
+through 41.3.4.2(4).
+(15)*In instances where the scope of work and tools used to
+conduct hot work are known to be incapable of generat-
+ing slag, sparks, spatter or similar mobile sources of igni-
+tion capable of leaving the immediate area of the ap-
+plied hot work, the PAI shall be permitted to do the
+following:
+(a) Reduce the distances and areas addressed in
+41.3.4.2(2) through 41.3.4.2(4) to distances and
+areas that he or she considers fire safe for the in-
+tended operation.
+(b) Describe those distances and areas on the hot work
+permit. [51B:5.4.2]
+41.3.4.3* Based on local conditions, the PAI shall determine
+the length of the period for which the hot work permit is valid.
+[51B:5.4.3]
+41.3.4.4* The area shall be inspected by the PAI at least once
+per day while the hot work permit is in effect to ensure that it is
+a fire-safe area. [51B:5.4.4]
+41.3.5 Fire Watch.
+41.3.5.1* A fire watch shall be required by the PAI when hot
+work is performed in a location where other than a minor fire
+might develop or where the following conditions exist:
+(1)*Combustible materials in building construction or contents
+are closer than 35 ft (11 m) to the point of operation.
+(2) Combustible materials are more than 35 ft (11 m) away
+from the point of operation but are easily ignited by
+sparks.
+(3) Wall or floor openings within an 35 ft (11 m) radius ex-
+pose combustible materials in adjacent areas, including
+concealed spaces in walls or floors.
+(4) Combustible materials are adjacent to the opposite side of
+partitions, walls, ceilings, or roofs and are likely to be ig-
+nited. [51B:5.5.1]
+41.3.5.2 A fire watch shall be maintained for at least 1⁄2 hour
+after completion of hot work operations in order to detect and
+extinguish smoldering fires. The duration of the fire watch
+shall be extended if the PAI determines the fire hazards war-
+rant the extension. [51B:5.5.2]
+41.3.5.3* More than one fire watch shall be required if com-
+bustible materials that could be ignited by the hot work opera-
+tion cannot be directly observed by the initial fire watch.
+[51B:5.5.3]
+41.3.6* Hot Tapping.Hot tapping or other cutting and weld-
+ing on a flammable gas or liquid transmission or distribution
+utility pipeline shall be performed by a crew that is qualified to
+make hot taps. [51B:5.6]
+41.3.7 Cylinders. Cylinder use and storage shall be in accor-
+dance with Chapter 63. [51B:5.7]
+41.4 Sole Proprietors and Individual Operators.
+41.4.1* Assignment of PAI and Fire Watch.In a site where hot
+work operations are not under the control of another author-
+ity, the individual hot work operator shall be permitted to
+serve as PAI and fire watch, provided that the operator is
+trained and follows the provisions of Chapter 41. [51B:6.1]
+41.4.2 Written Hot Work Permit.A checklist shall be permit-
+ted to serve as the written hot work permit. [51B:6.2]
+41.5 Public Exhibitions and Demonstrations.
+41.5.1 Application. The provisions of Section 41.5 shall apply
+to oxy–fuel gas welding and cutting operations at public exhi-
+bitions, demonstrations, displays, and trade shows, referred to
+hereinafter as the “site,” in order to promote the safe use of
+compressed gases in public gatherings. [51B:7.1]
+41.5.2 Supervision. Installation and operation of welding,
+cutting, and related equipment shall be done by, or under the
+supervision of, a competent operator, to ensure the personal
+protection of viewers and demonstrators as well as the protec-
+tion from fire of materials in and around the site and the
+building itself. [51B:7.2]
+41.5.3 Site.
+41.5.3.1 Location. Sites involving the use and storage of com-
+pressed gases shall be located so as not to interfere with egress
+during an emergency. [51B:7.3.1]
+41.5.3.2 Design. The site shall be constructed, equipped, and
+operated in such a manner that the demonstration minimizes
+the possibility of injury to viewers. [51B:7.3.2]
+41.5.4 Fire Protection.
+41.5.4.1 Fire Extinguishers.Each site shall be provided with a
+portable fire extinguisher of appropriate size and type and
+with a pail of water. [51B:7.4.1]
+41.5.4.2 Shielding. The public, combustible materials, and
+compressed gas cylinders at the site shall be protected from
+flames, sparks, and molten metal. [51B:7.4.2]
+41.5.4.3 Fire Department Notification.The fire department
+shall be notified in advance of the use of a site for public
+exhibitions, demonstrations, and trade shows. [51B:7.4.3]
+41.5.5 Cylinders.
+41.5.5.1 Gas Capacity Limitation.
+41.5.5.1.1 Cylinders containing compressed gases for use at
+the site shall not be charged in excess of one-half their maxi-
+mum permissible content. [51B:7.5.1.1]
+41.5.5.1.2 Cylinders of nonliquefied gases and acetylene shall
+be charged to not more than one-half their maximum permis-
+sible charged gauge pressure [psi (kPa)]. [51B:7.5.1.2]
+41.5.5.1.3 Cylinders of liquefied gases shall be charged to not
+more than one-half the maximum permissible capacity [lb (kg)].
+[51B:7.5.1.3]
+41.5.5.2 Storage.
+41.5.5.2.1 Cylinders located at the site shall be connected for
+use. [51B:7.5.2.1]
+41.5.5.2.2 A sufficient number of additional cylinders shall be
+permitted to be stored at the site to furnish approximately one
+day’s consumption of each gas used. [51B:7.5.2.2]
+41.5.5.2.3* Other cylinders shall be stored in an approved
+storage area, but not near a building exit. [51B:7.5.2.3]
+1–206 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+41.5.5.3 Transporting Cylinders.Cylinders in excess of 40 lb
+(18 kg) total weight being transported to or from the site shall
+be carried on a hand truck or motorized truck. [51B:7.5.3]
+41.5.5.4 Process Hose.Process hose shall be located and pro-
+tected so that they will not be physically damaged. [51B:7.5.4]
+41.5.5.5 Cylinder Valves.Cylinder valves shall be closed when
+equipment is unattended. [51B:7.5.5]
+41.5.5.6 Valve Caps.If cylinders are designed to be equipped
+with valve protection caps, such caps shall be in place, except
+when the cylinders are in service or are connected and ready
+for service. [51B:7.5.6]
+41.5.5.7 Cylinder Protection. Cylinders shall be secured so
+that they cannot be knocked over. [51B:7.5.7]
+41.6 Arc Welding Equipment.
+41.6.1 Installation. Electrical equipment shall be of an ap-
+proved type and shall be installed and used in accordance with
+Section 11.1 and manufacturers’ requirements.
+41.6.2 Damaged cables shall be removed from service until
+repaired or replaced.
+Chapter 42 Refueling
+42.1 General. Chapter 42 shall apply to refueling of automo-
+tive vehicles, marine vessels, and aircraft.
+42.2 Automotive Fuel Servicing.
+42.2.1 Applicability.
+42.2.1.1 New and existing automotive service stations, service
+stations located inside buildings, and fleet vehicle service sta-
+tions as well as the refueling processes at these facilities shall
+comply with NFPA 30A, Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities
+and Repair Garages, and Sections 42.2 through 42.8. (For repair
+garages, see Chapter 30.)
+42.2.1.2 If approved by the AHJ, mobile fleet fueling at com-
+mercial, industrial, and governmental sites shall be conducted
+in accordance with 42.7.6.
+42.2.1.3* Sections 42.2 through 42.8 shall not apply to those mo-
+tor fuel dispensing facilities where only liquefied petroleum gas
+(LP-Gas), liquefied natural gas (LNG), or compressed natural
+gas (CNG) is dispensed as motor fuel. [30A:1.1.2]
+42.2.2 General Requirements.
+42.2.2.1 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+42.2.2.2 Plans and Specifications. Plans and specifications
+shall be submitted for review and approval prior to the installa-
+tion or construction of a motor vehicle fuel dispensing station.
+42.2.2.2.1 A site plan shall be submitted that illustrates the
+location of flammable and combustible liquids, LP-Gas or
+CNG storage vessels, and their spatial relation to each other,
+property lines, and building openings.
+42.2.2.2.2 Aboveground and underground storage vessels
+shall be shown on plans.
+42.2.2.2.3 For each type of fuel dispensing facility, plans and
+specifications shall also include, but not be limited to, the fol-
+lowing:
+(1) Type and design of underground and aboveground liq-
+uid storage tanks
+(2) Quantity and types of liquids to be stored
+(3) Location and design of the fuel dispensers and dis-
+penser nozzles
+(4) Distances from dispensers to tanks, property lines, and
+buildings
+(5) Vehicle access
+(6) Fire appliances
+(7) Vehicle impact protection
+(8) Method of storage and dispensing
+(9) Overfill prevention
+(10) Spill containment
+(11) Vents
+(12) Vapor recovery
+(13) Other equipment and accessories
+(14) Seismic design in accordance with the building code
+(15) Secondary containment
+(16) Design and specifications for related piping, valves, and
+fittings
+(17) Location and classification of electrical equipment, in-
+cluding emergency fuel shutdown devices
+(18) Specifications for fuel storage and venting components
+(19) Other information as required by the AHJ
+42.3 Storage of Liquids.
+42.3.1 Scope. Section 42.3 shall apply to the storage of liquid
+fuels and to the storage of related materials, such as lubricat-
+ing oils and greases, cleaning solvents, and windshield washer
+solvents. [30A:4.1]
+42.3.2 General Requirements.
+42.3.2.1 Liquids shall be stored in the following:
+(1) Approved closed containers that do not exceed 60 gal
+(227 L) capacity and are located outside buildings
+(2) Tanks or approved closed containers located inside motor
+fuel dispensing facilities or repair garages
+(3) Aboveground tanks, underground tanks, and containers
+in accordance with the requirements of 42.3.3
+(4) Tanks supplying marine service stations in accordance
+with 42.9.2. [30A:4.2.1]
+42.3.2.2 A motor fuel dispensing facility located at a bulk
+plant shall be separated from areas in which bulk plant opera-
+tions are conducted by a fence or other approved barrier. Dis-
+pensing devices at the motor fuel dispensing facility shall not
+be supplied by aboveground tanks located in the bulk plant.
+Storage tanks at motor fuel dispensing facilities shall not be
+connected by piping to aboveground tanks located in the bulk
+plant. [30A:4.2.2]
+42.3.2.3 Class I liquids shall not be stored or handled in a
+building that has a basement or pit into which ignitible vapors
+can travel, unless the basement or pit is provided with ventila-
+tion that will prevent the accumulation of vapors. The ventila-
+tion system shall be capable of providing at least 1 ft 3/min of
+exhaust per ft 2 of floor area (0.3 m 3/min/m2), but not less
+than 150 ft3/min (4 m3/min). [30A:4.2.3]
+42.3.2.4 Where tanks are at an elevation that produces a grav-
+ity head on the dispensing device, the tank outlet shall be
+equipped with a device, such as a normally closed solenoid
+valve, positioned adjacent to and downstream from the valve
+specified in 22.4.1.1 of NFPA 30 that is installed and adjusted
+so that liquid cannot flow by gravity from the tank if the piping
+or hose fails when the dispenser is not in use. [30A:4.2.4]
+1–207REFUELING
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+42.3.3 Storage of Liquids.
+42.3.3.1 Underground Tanks. Underground storage tanks
+shall meet all applicable requirements of Chapters 21 through
+23 and 27 of NFPA 30. [30A:4.3.1]
+42.3.3.2* Aboveground Storage Tanks.Except as modified by
+the provisions of this subsection, aboveground storage tanks
+shall meet all applicable requirements of Chapters 21 through
+23 and 27 of NFPA 30. [30A:4.3.2]
+42.3.3.2.1 The use of aboveground storage tanks at motor
+fuel dispensing facilities, fleet vehicle motor fuel dispensing
+facilities, and marine motor fuel dispensing facilities shall be
+permitted when installed in accordance with the require-
+ments of this subsection and with all applicable requirements
+of Chapters 21 through 23 and 27 of NFPA 30 and, for tanks
+other than tanks in vaults, when the specific installation has
+been approved by the AHJ. [30A:4.3.2.1]
+42.3.3.2.2 Tanks designed and built for underground use
+shall not be installed for aboveground use. [30A:4.3.2.2]
+42.3.3.2.3 Tanks storing Class I and Class II liquids at an indi-
+vidual site shall be limited to a maximum individual capacity
+of 12,000 gal (45,400 L) and aggregate capacity of 48,000 gal
+(181,700 L) unless such tanks are installed in vaults complying
+with 42.3.3.3, in which case the maximum individual capacity
+shall be permitted to be 15,000 gal (57,000 L). [30A:4.3.2.3]
+42.3.3.2.4 Tanks shall be located in accordance with Table
+42.3.3.2.4. [30A:4.3.2.4]
+42.3.3.2.5 The maximum individual tank capacity of
+12,000 gal (45,400 L), where indicated in Table 42.3.3.2.4,
+shall be permitted to be increased to 20,000 gal (75,700 L)
+for Class II and Class III liquids at a fleet vehicle motor fuel
+dispensing facility and an aggregate capacity of 80,000 gal
+(304,000 L). [ 30A:4.3.2.5]
+42.3.3.2.6 At fleet vehicle motor fuel dispensing facilities, no
+minimum separation shall be required between the dispens-
+ing device and a tank in a vault, a protected aboveground
+tank, or a fire-resistant tank. [30A:4.3.2.6]
+42.3.3.2.7 The provisions of this subsection shall not prohibit
+the dispensing of Class I and Class II liquids in the open from
+a fuel dispensing system supplied by an existing aboveground
+tank, not to exceed 6000 gal (22,710 L), located at commer-
+cial, industrial, government, or manufacturing establish-
+ments, and intended for fueling vehicles used in connection
+with their business. Such dispensing shall be permitted pro-
+vided the following conditions are met:
+(1) An inspection of the premises and operations has been
+made and approval has been granted by the AHJ.
+(2) The tank is safeguarded against collision, spillage, and
+overfill to the satisfaction of the AHJ.
+(3) The tank system is listed or approved for such above-
+ground use.
+(4) The tank complies with requirements for emergency re-
+lief venting, the tank and dispensing system meet the elec-
+trical classification requirements of NFPA 30A, and the
+tank complies with the provisions of 42.3.2.4.
+(5) The tank storage complies with Chapters 21 and 22 of
+NFPA 30. [30A:4.3.2.7]
+42.3.3.2.8 Aboveground tanks shall be provided with spill
+control that meets the requirements of 42.3.3.2.3. Tank fill
+connections shall be provided with a noncombustible spill
+containment device.
+Table 42.3.3.2.4 Minimum Separation Requirements for Aboveground Tanks
+Minimum Distance (ft)
+Tank Type
+Individual
+Tank
+Capacity
+(gal)a
+From the
+Nearest
+Important
+Building on
+the Same
+Property
+From
+Nearest
+Fuel
+Dispensing
+Deviceb
+From Lot Line
+That Is
+or Can Be
+Built Uponc
+From the
+Nearest Side
+of Any
+Public Way Between Tanks
+Tanks in vaultsd 0–15,000 0 0 0 0 Separate
+compartments
+required for
+each tank
+Protected aboveground
+tanks
+Less than or
+equal to 6,000
+50 1 5 5 3
+6,001–12,000 15 0 25 15 3
+Fire-resistant tanks 0–12,000 25 25 50 25 3
+Other tanks
+meeting the
+requirements
+of NFPA 30
+0–12,000 50 50 100 50 3
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.30 m; 1 gal = 3.8 L.
+aSee 42.3.3.2.3 and 42.3.3.2.5.
+bSee 42.3.3.2.6.
+cIncluding the opposite side of a public way.
+dThe separation distances given for vaults are measured from the outer perimeter of the vault.
+[30A: Table 4.3.2.4]
+1–208 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Exception: Tanks installed in vaults that meet the requirements of
+42.3.3.3 need not meet this requirement. [30A:4.3.2.8]
+42.3.3.3 Vaults for Aboveground Tanks.
+42.3.3.3.1 Scope. Paragraph 42.3.3.3 shall apply to installa-
+tion of aboveground tanks in vaults and design and installa-
+tion of such vaults. [30A:4.3.3.1]
+42.3.3.3.2 General. Aboveground tanks shall be permitted to
+be installed in vaults that meet the requirements of 42.3.3.3.
+Except as modified by the provisions of 42.3.3.3, vaults shall
+meet all other applicable provisions of NFPA 30A. Vaults shall
+be constructed and listed in accordance with UL 2245, Stan-
+dard for Below-Grade Vaults for Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks .
+Vaults shall be permitted to be either above or below grade.
+[30A:4.3.3.2]
+42.3.3.3.3* Construction and Installation of Storage Tank
+Vaults. [30:25.5]
+42.3.3.3.3.1 Construction Requirements. Vaults shall be de-
+signed and constructed in accordance with 42.3.3.3.3.1.1
+through 42.3.3.3.3.1.4. [30A:4.3.3.3.1]
+42.3.3.3.3.1.1 The top of an abovegrade vault that contains a
+tank storing Class I liquid or Class II liquid stored at a tempera-
+ture above its flash point shall be constructed of noncombustible
+material and shall be designed to be weaker than the walls of the
+vault to ensure that the thrust of any explosion occurring inside
+the vault is directed upward before destructive internal pressure
+develops within the vault. [30A:4.3.3.3.1.1]
+42.3.3.3.3.1.2 The top of an at-grade or belowgrade vault that
+contains a tank storing Class I liquid or Class II liquid stored at
+a temperature above its flash point shall be designed to relieve
+or contain the force of any explosion occurring inside the
+vault. [30A:4.3.3.3.1.2]
+42.3.3.3.3.1.3 Adjacent vaults shall be permitted to share a
+common wall. [30A:4.3.3.3.1.3]
+42.3.3.3.3.1.4 Where required, the vault shall be wind and
+earthquake resistant, in accordance with recognized engineer-
+ing standards. [30A:4.3.3.3.1.4]
+42.3.3.3.3.2 Installation Requirements. Storage tank vaults
+shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of
+42.3.3.3.3.2.1 and 42.3.3.3.3.2.2. [30A:4.3.3.3.2]
+42.3.3.3.3.2.1 Each vault and its tank shall be anchored to
+resist uplifting by groundwater or flooding, including when
+the tank is empty. [30A:4.3.3.3.2.1]
+42.3.3.3.3.2.2 Vaults that are not resistant to damage from
+the impact of a motor vehicle shall be protected by collision
+barriers. [30A:4.3.3.3.2.2]
+42.3.3.3.4 Tank Selection and Arrangement.
+42.3.3.3.4.1 Tanks shall be listed for aboveground use.
+[30A:4.3.3.4.1]
+42.3.3.3.4.2 Each tank shall be in its own vault and shall be
+completely enclosed by the vault. [30A:4.3.3.4.2]
+42.3.3.3.4.3 Sufficient clearance between the tank and the
+vault shall be provided to allow for visual inspection and main-
+tenance of the tank and its appurtenances. [30A:4.3.3.4.3]
+42.3.3.3.4.4 Backfill shall not be permitted around the tank.
+[30A:4.3.3.4.4]
+42.3.3.3.5 Tank Appurtenances.
+42.3.3.3.5.1 Vent pipes that are provided for normal tank
+venting shall terminate outside the vault and at least 3.6 m
+(12 ft) above ground level and shall meet the requirements of
+Section 25.13 of NFPA 30. [30A:4.3.3.5.1]
+42.3.3.3.5.2 Emergency vents shall be vaportight and shall be
+permitted to discharge inside the vault. Long-bolt manhole
+covers shall not be permitted for this purpose. [30A:4.3.3.5.2]
+42.3.3.3.5.3 An approved means of overfill protection shall
+be provided for tanks. The use of ball float valves shall be
+prohibited. [30A:4.3.3.5.3]
+42.3.3.3.5.4 Fill connections for vaults installed inside build-
+ings shall comply with 21.13.4 of NFPA 30. [30A:4.3.3.5.4]
+42.3.3.3.6 Exhaust Ventilation Systems. Vaults that contain
+tanks storing Class I liquids shall be ventilated at a rate of not
+less than 1 ft3/min/ft2 of floor area (0.3 m3/min per m2), but
+not less than 150 ft 3/min (4 m3/min). Such ventilation shall
+operate continuously or shall be designed to operate upon
+activation of a vapor and liquid detection system. Failure of
+the exhaust airflow shall automatically shut down the dispens-
+ing system. The exhaust system shall be designed to provide
+air movement across all parts of the vault floor. Supply and
+exhaust ducts shall extend to within 3 in. (75 mm), but not
+more than 12 in. (300 mm), of the floor. The exhaust system
+shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of
+NFPA 91,Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors,
+Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids.[ 30A:4.3.3.6]
+42.3.3.3.7 Vapor and Liquid Detection Systems.
+42.3.3.3.7.1 Vaults shall be provided with approved vapor and
+liquid detection system and equipped with on-site audible and
+visual warning devices with battery back-up. [30A:4.3.3.7.1]
+42.3.3.3.7.2 The vapor detection system shall sound an alarm
+when the system detects vapors that reach or exceed 25 percent
+of the lower flammable limit of the liquid stored. [30A:4.3.3.7.2]
+42.3.3.3.7.3 Vapor detectors shall be located no higher
+than 12 in. (300 mm) above the lowest point in the vault.
+[30A:4.3.3.7.3]
+42.3.3.3.7.4 The liquid detection systems shall sound an alarm
+upon detection of any liquid, including water. [30A:4.3.3.7.4]
+42.3.3.3.7.5 Liquid detectors shall be located in accordance
+with the manufacturer’s instructions. [30A:4.3.3.7.5]
+42.3.3.3.7.6 Activation of either vapor detection system or
+liquid detection system shall cause a signal to be sounded at an
+approved, constantly attended location within the facility serv-
+ing the tanks or at an approved location. [30A:4.3.3.7.6]
+42.3.3.3.8 In lieu of the separation distance requirements
+given in 4.3.2.1.1 of NFPA 30, separation distances between
+the vault and any of the following shall be permitted to be
+reduced to 0 ft (0 m), as measured from the outer perimeter
+of the vault wall:
+(1) Any property line that is or can be built upon
+(2) The near and far sides of a public way
+(3) The nearest important building on the same property
+[30A:4.3.3.8]
+42.3.3.3.9 Vaults and their required equipment shall be
+maintained in accordance with the construction requirements
+of 42.3.3.3. [30A:4.3.3.9]
+1–209REFUELING
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+42.3.3.4 Fire-Resistant Tanks. Fire resistant tanks shall be
+tested and listed in accordance with UL 2080, Standard for Fire
+Resistant Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids. Fire resis-
+tant tanks shall also meet both of the following requirements:
+(1) The construction that provides the required fire resistive
+protection shall reduce the heat transferred to the pri-
+mary tank in order to limit the temperature of the pri-
+mary tank to an average maximum rise of 800°F (430°C)
+and a single point maximum rise of 1000°F (540°C) and
+to prevent release of liquid, failure of the primary tank,
+failure of the supporting structure, and impairment of
+venting for a period of not less than 2 hours when tested
+using the fire exposure specified in UL 2080.
+(2) Reduction in sizing of the emergency vents in accordance
+with 22.7.3.5 of NFPA 30 shall not be permitted. [30A:4.3.4]
+42.3.3.5 Protected Tanks.Protected aboveground tanks shall
+be tested and listed in accordance with UL 2085, Standard for
+Protected Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liq-
+uids. [30A:4.3.5]
+42.3.3.5.1 Protected tanks shall also meet both of the follow-
+ing requirements:
+(1) The construction that provides the required fire resistive
+protection shall reduce the heat transferred to the pri-
+mary tank in order to limit the temperature of the pri-
+mary tank to an average maximum rise of 260°F (144°C)
+and a single point maximum rise of 400°F (204°C) and to
+prevent release of liquid, failure of the primary tank, fail-
+ure of the supporting structure, and impairment of vent-
+ing for a period of not less than 2 hours when tested using
+the fire exposure specified in UL 2085.
+(2) Reduction in sizing of the emergency vents in accor-
+dance with 22.7.3.5 of NFPA 30 shall not be permitted.
+[30A:4.3.5.1]
+42.3.3.6 Additional Requirements for All Aboveground Tanks.
+42.3.3.6.1 All openings shall be located above the maximum
+liquid level. [30A:4.3.6.1]
+42.3.3.6.2 Means shall be provided for determining the liq-
+uid level in each tank, and this means shall be accessible to the
+delivery operator. [30A:4.3.6.2]
+42.3.3.6.3 Means shall be provided to sound an audible alarm
+when the liquid level in the tank reaches 90 percent of capacity.
+Means shall also be provided either to automatically stop the flow
+of liquid into the tank when the liquid level in the tank reaches
+98 percent capacity or to restrict the flow of liquid into the tank to
+a maximum flow rate of 2.5 gpm (9.5 L/min) when the liquid in
+the tank reaches 95 percent capacity. These provisions shall not
+restrict or interfere with the operation of either the normal vent
+or the emergency vent. [30A:4.3.6.3]
+42.3.3.6.4 Means shall be provided to prevent the release of
+liquid by siphon flow. [30A:4.3.6.4]
+42.3.3.6.5 Shutoff and check valves shall be equipped with a
+pressure-relieving device that will relieve the pressure gener-
+ated by thermal expansion back to the tank. [30A:4.3.6.5]
+42.3.3.6.6 Fuel shall not be dispensed from the tank by either
+gravity flow or pressurization of the tank. [30A:4.3.6.6]
+42.3.3.7 Physical Protection for All Outside Aboveground
+Tanks.
+42.3.3.7.1 Tanks that are not enclosed in vaults shall be en-
+closed with a chain link fence at least 6 ft (1.8 m) high. The fence
+shall be separated from the tanks by at least 10 ft (3 m) and shall
+have a gate that is secured against unauthorized entry.
+Exception: Tanks are not required to be enclosed with a fence if the
+property on which the tanks are located has a perimeter security fence.
+[30A:4.3.7.1]
+42.3.3.7.2* Guard posts or other approved means shall be pro-
+vided to protect tanks that are subject to vehicular damage.
+When guard posts are installed, the following design shall be
+acceptable:
+(1) They shall be constructed of steel not less than 4 in.
+(100 mm) in diameter and shall be filled with concrete.
+(2) They shall be spaced not more than 4 ft (1.2 m) on center.
+(3) They shall be set not less than 3 ft (0.9 m) deep in a con-
+crete footing of not less than 15 in. (380 mm) diameter.
+[30A:4.3.7.2]
+42.3.3.8* Corrosion Control.Any portion of a tank or its pip-
+ing that is in contact with the soil shall have properly engi-
+neered, installed, and maintained corrosion protection that
+meets the requirements of 21.4.5 of NFPA 30. [30A:4.3.8]
+42.3.3.9 Storage of Liquids Inside Buildings.Storage of flam-
+mable and combustible liquids in motor fuel dispensing facil-
+ity buildings and in repair garage buildings shall meet the
+requirements of this subsection. [30A:4.3.9]
+42.3.3.9.1 Class I, II, and IIIA Liquids in Tanks Not Exceed-
+ing 120 Gal (454 L) Capacity and in Containers.
+42.3.3.9.1.1 The aggregate quantity of Class I liquids stored
+in a tank that does not exceed 120 gal (454 L) capacity and in
+containers shall not exceed 120 gal (454 L). Liquids in storage
+shall be maintained in tanks or in approved containers that
+are closed or are fitted with an approved dispensing device
+that meets the requirements of 42.7.2.4.1. [30A:4.3.9.1.1]
+42.3.3.9.1.2 Except as permitted under 42.3.3.9.1.3, the ag-
+gregate quantity of Class II and Class IIIA liquids stored in a
+tank that does not exceed 120 gal (454 L) capacity and in
+containers shall not exceed 240 gal (908 L). The quantity for
+each class shall not exceed 120 gal (454 L). Liquids in storage
+shall be maintained in tanks or in approved containers that
+are closed or are fitted with an approved dispensing device
+that meets the requirements of 42.7.2.4.1. [30A:4.3.9.1.2]
+42.3.3.9.1.3 Where there are no Class I liquids stored, the
+aggregate quantities of Class II liquids shall not exceed 240 gal
+(908 L). [30A:4.3.9.1.3]
+42.3.3.9.2 Class I, II, and IIIA Liquids in Tanks Exceeding
+120 Gal (454 L) Capacity.Where installation of a tank that
+exceeds 120 gal (454 L) capacity in accordance with 42.3.3.2 is
+not practical because of building or property limitations, the
+tank shall be permitted to be installed in a building if it is
+enclosed as described in 42.3.3.3 and if the installation is spe-
+cifically approved by the AHJ. [30A:4.3.9.2]
+42.3.3.9.3 Class IIIB Liquids.The quantity of Class IIIB liquids
+in storage shall not be limited. Class IIIB liquids shall be permit-
+ted to be stored in and dispensed from tanks and containers that
+meet the requirements of Chapter 9 and Chapters 21 through 23
+of NFPA 30 as applicable. Tanks storing Class IIIB liquids inside
+buildings shall be permitted to be located at, below, or above
+grade. Adequate drainage shall be provided. Tanks and contain-
+ers that contain only crankcase drainings shall be considered as
+containing Class IIIB liquids. [30A:4.3.9.3]
+1–210 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+42.3.3.10 Temporary Storage of Liquid Fuels.Aboveground
+tanks used for dispensing of motor fuels shall not be required
+to be permanently installed when located on premises not
+normally accessible to the public provided that all of the fol-
+lowing requirements are met:
+(1) Approval of the AHJ shall be required prior to bringing
+the tank to a site in the jurisdiction. In reviewing a pro-
+posed installation, the condition of the tank, the site
+where the tank will be located, installation and testing
+procedures, and operational procedures shall be evalu-
+ated prior to approval.
+(2) The approval shall include a definite time limit after
+which the tank shall be removed from the site and relo-
+cated to an approved location.
+(3) The tank shall comply with 42.3.3 and all other applicable
+provisions of NFPA 30A and NFPA 30.
+(4) A tank containing liquid shall not be moved unless it has
+been specifically investigated and approved for move-
+ment while full or partially full. [30A:4.3.10]
+42.4 Piping for Liquids.
+42.4.1 Scope. Section 42.4 shall apply to piping systems con-
+sisting of pipe, tubing, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, fittings,
+flexible connectors, the pressure-containing parts of other
+components such as expansion joints and strainers, and de-
+vices that serve such purposes as mixing, separating, snubbing,
+distributing, metering, controlling flow, or secondary contain-
+ment of liquids and associated vapors. [30A:5.1]
+42.4.2 General Requirements for All Piping Systems.
+42.4.2.1 The design, fabrication, assembly, test, and inspection
+of the piping system shall meet the requirements of Chapter 27
+of NFPA 30.
+Exception No. 1: Where dispensing is from a floating structure or
+pier, approved oil-resistant flexible hose shall be permitted to be used
+between shore piping and the piping on the floating structure or pier
+and between separate sections of the floating structure to accommodate
+changes in water level or shoreline, provided that the hose is either
+resistant to or shielded from damage by fire.
+Exception No. 2: Low melting point rigid piping shall be permitted to
+be used between underground shore piping and a floating structure or
+pier and on the floating structure or pier itself, provided that the piping
+is protected from physical damage and stresses arising from impact,
+settlement, vibration, expansion, contraction, or tidal action and pro-
+vided that the hose is either resistant to or shielded from damage by fire
+exposure. [30A:5.2.1]
+42.4.2.2 Piping shall be located so that it is protected from
+physical damage. Piping that passes through a dike wall shall
+be designed to prevent excessive stresses that could result
+from settlement or fire exposure. [30A:5.2.2]
+42.4.2.3 Any portion of a piping system that is in contact with
+the soil shall be protected from corrosion in accordance with
+good engineering practice. [30A:5.2.3]
+42.4.2.4 All piping inside buildings but outside the motor
+fuel dispensing area shall be enclosed within a horizontal
+chase or a vertical shaft used only for this piping. Vertical
+shafts and horizontal chases shall be constructed of materi-
+als having a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours.
+[30A:5.2.4]
+42.4.2.5 Each fill pipe shall be identified by color code or
+other marking to identify the product for which it is used. The
+color code or marking shall be maintained in legible condi-
+tion throughout the life of the installation. [30A:5.2.5]
+42.4.2.6 Shutoff and check valves shall be equipped with a
+pressure-relieving device that will relieve any pressure gener-
+ated by thermal expansion of the contained liquid back to the
+storage tank. [30A:5.2.6]
+42.4.2.7 Piping components made of low melting point ma-
+terials shall be permitted to be used without backfill with the
+following sumps:
+(1) Belowgrade underground tank sumps that are fitted with
+a cover
+(2) Belowgrade piping connection sumps that are fitted with
+a cover
+(3) Containment sumps, under the following conditions:
+(a) The sump is monitored to detect any leaks.
+(b) Any leaks can be controlled.
+(c) The components are either resistant to or shielded
+from damage by fire exposure.
+(4) Containment sumps, provided the piping components can
+successfully pass the test procedures described in API 607,
+Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn Valves[30A:5.2.7]
+42.5 Fuel Dispensing Systems.
+42.5.1 Scope. Section 42.5 shall apply to the system and com-
+ponents that dispense fuel into the tanks of motor vehicles
+and marine craft. [30A:6.1]
+42.5.2 General Requirements.
+42.5.2.1 Dispensing devices installed outside at motor fuel
+dispensing stations shall be located as follows:
+(1) Ten feet or more from property lines
+(2) Ten feet or more from buildings, other than canopies,
+having combustible exterior wall surfaces or buildings
+having noncombustible exterior wall surfaces that are not
+a part of a one-hour fire-resistive assembly
+(3) Such that all parts of the vehicle being served will be on
+the premises of the service station
+(4) Such that the nozzle, when the hose is fully extended, will
+not reach within 5 ft (1.5 m) of building openings
+[30A:6.2.1]
+42.5.2.2 Liquids shall not be dispensed by applying pressure
+to drums, barrels, and similar containers. Listed pumps taking
+suction through the top of the container or listed self-closing
+faucets shall be used. [30A:6.2.2]
+42.5.3 Requirements for Dispensing Devices.
+42.5.3.1 Class I and Class II liquids shall be transferred from
+tanks by means of fixed pumps designed and equipped to al-
+low control of the flow and prevent leakage or accidental dis-
+charge. [30A:6.3.1]
+42.5.3.2 Dispensing devices for Class I and II liquids shall be
+listed. [30A:6.3.2]
+42.5.3.2.1 Existing listed or labeled dispensing devices shall
+be permitted to be modified provided that the modifications
+made are “Listed by Report” by an approved testing laboratory
+or as otherwise approved by the AHJ. Modification proposals
+shall contain a description of the component parts used in the
+modification and the recommended methods of installation
+on specific dispensing devices. Modification proposals shall be
+made available to the AHJ upon request. [30A:6.3.2.1]
+1–211REFUELING
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+42.5.3.3 A control shall be provided that will permit the
+pump to operate only when a dispensing nozzle is removed
+from its bracket or normal position with respect to the dis-
+pensing device and the switch on this dispensing device is
+manually actuated. This control shall also stop the pump when
+all nozzles have been returned to their brackets or to their
+normal nondispensing position. [30A:6.3.3]
+42.5.3.4 Dispensing devices shall be mounted on a concrete
+island or shall otherwise be protected against collision damage
+by means acceptable to the AHJ. Dispensing devices shall be
+securely bolted in place. If located indoors, dispensing devices
+shall also be located in a position where they cannot be struck
+by a vehicle that is out of control descending a ramp or other
+slope. Dispensing devices shall be installed in accordance with
+the manufacturers’ instructions. [30A:6.3.4]
+42.5.3.5 Dispensing devices used to fill portable containers
+with home heating fuels shall be located at least 20 ft (6 m)
+from any dispensing devices for motor fuels. [30A:6.3.5]
+42.5.3.6 When maintenance to dispensing devices is neces-
+sary and such maintenance is capable of causing accidental
+release or ignition of liquid, the following precautions shall be
+taken before such maintenance is begun:
+(1) Only persons knowledgeable in performing the required
+maintenance shall perform the work.
+(2) All electrical power to the dispensing devices, to the
+pump serving the dispensing devices, and to all associated
+control circuits shall be shut off at the main electrical dis-
+connect panel.
+(3) The emergency shutoff valve at the dispenser, if installed,
+shall be closed.
+(4) All vehicular traffic and unauthorized persons shall be
+prevented from coming within 20 ft (6 m) of the dispens-
+ing device. [30A:6.3.6]
+42.5.3.7 Motor vehicle traffic patterns at motor fuel dispens-
+ing facilities shall be designed to inhibit movement of vehicles
+that are not being fueled from passing through the dispensing
+area. [30A:6.3.7]
+42.5.3.8 At unattended self-serve motor fuel dispensing facili-
+ties, coin- and currency-type devices shall only be permitted
+with the approval of the AHJ. [30A:6.3.8]
+42.5.3.9 Where liquid is supplied to the dispensing device
+under pressure, a listed, rigidly anchored emergency shutoff
+valve incorporating a fusible link or other thermally actuated
+device, designed to close automatically in event of severe im-
+pact or fire exposure, shall be installed in the supply line at the
+base of each individual island-type dispenser or at the inlet of
+each overhead dispensing device. The emergency shutoff
+valve shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturers’
+instructions. The emergency shutoff valve shall not incorpo-
+rate a slip-joint feature.
+Exception: As provided for in 42.5.3.10. [ 30A:6.3.9]
+42.5.3.9.1 The automatic-closing feature of this valve shall be
+tested at the time of installation and at least once a year there-
+after by manually tripping the hold-open linkage. Records of
+such tests shall be kept at the premises or shall be made avail-
+able for inspection by the AHJ within 24 hours of a verbal or
+written request. [30A:6.3.9.1]
+42.5.3.10 Where a suction-type dispensing system includes a
+booster pump or where a suction-type dispensing system is
+supplied by a tank in a manner that produces a gravity head on
+the dispensing device, a listed, vacuum-actuated shutoff valve
+with a shear section or equivalent-type valve shall be installed
+directly under the dispensing device. [30A:6.3.10]
+42.5.4 Requirements for Remote/Submersible Pumps.Sub-
+section 42.5.4 shall apply to systems for dispensing Class I and
+Class II liquids where the liquids are transferred from storage
+to individual or multiple dispensing devices by pumps located
+other than at the dispensing devices. [30A:6.4]
+42.5.4.1 Pumps shall be listed and shall be designed or
+equipped so that no part of the system will be subjected to
+pressures above its allowable working pressure. [30A:6.4.1]
+42.5.4.2 Each pump shall have installed on the discharge side
+a listed leak detection device that will provide an audible or
+visible indication if the piping or a dispenser is leaking. Each
+leak-detecting device shall be checked and tested at least an-
+nually according to the manufacturers’ specifications to en-
+sure proper installation and operation.
+Exception: A leak detection device shall not be required if all piping is
+visible. [30A:6.4.2]
+42.5.4.3 Pumps installed above grade outside of buildings
+shall be located not less than 10 ft (3 m) from lines of adjoin-
+ing property that can be built upon and not less than 5 ft
+(1.5 m) from any building opening. Where an outside pump
+location is impractical, pumps shall be permitted to be in-
+stalled inside buildings as provided for dispensers in 42.5.3.4
+or in sumps as provided in 42.5.4.4. Pumps shall be anchored
+and protected against physical damage. [30A:6.4.3]
+42.5.4.4 Sumps for subsurface pumps or piping manifolds of
+submersible pumps shall withstand the external forces to
+which they can be subjected without damage to the pump,
+tank, or piping. The sump shall be no larger than necessary for
+inspection and maintenance and shall be provided with a fit-
+ted cover. [30A:6.4.4]
+42.5.5 Requirements for Dispensing Hose.
+42.5.5.1 Listed hose assemblies shall be used to dispense fuel.
+Hose length at automotive motor fuel dispensing facilities
+shall not exceed 18 ft (5.5 m). Where hose length at marine
+motor fuel dispensing facilities exceeds 18 ft (5.5 m), the hose
+shall be secured so as to protect it from damage. [30A:6.5.1]
+42.5.5.2 A listed emergency breakaway device designed to re-
+tain liquid on both sides of the breakaway point shall be in-
+stalled on each hose dispensing Class I and II liquids. Such
+devices shall be installed and maintained in accordance with
+the manufacturers’ instructions. [30A:6.5.2]
+42.5.5.3 Where hose are attached to a hose-retrieving mecha-
+nism, the listed emergency breakaway device shall be installed
+between the point of attachment of the hose-retrieving
+mechanism to the hose and the hose nozzle valve.
+Exception: Such devices shall not be required at marine motor fuel
+dispensing facilities. [30A:6.5.3]
+42.5.6 Requirements for Fuel Delivery Nozzles.
+42.5.6.1 An automatic-closing-type hose nozzle valve, listed
+in accordance with UL 842, Standard for Valves for Flammable
+Fluids, with or without latch-open device, shall be provided
+on island-type dispensing devices used to dispense Class I or
+Class II liquids. [ 30A:6.6.1]
+42.5.6.2* At any installation where the normal flow of product
+might be stopped other than by the hose nozzle valve, the
+1–212 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+system shall include listed equipment with a feature that
+causes or requires the closing of the hose nozzle valve before
+product flow can be resumed or before the hose nozzle valve
+can be replaced in its normal position in the dispenser.
+[30A:6.6.2]
+42.5.6.3 Overhead-type dispensing devices shall be provided
+with a listed, automatic-closing-type hose nozzle valve without
+a latch-open device.
+Exception: A listed, automatic-closing-type hose nozzle valve with
+latch-open device shall be permitted to be used if the hose nozzle valve
+will close automatically in the event the valve is released from a fill
+opening or upon impact. [30A:6.6.3]
+42.5.6.4 Dispensing nozzles used at marine motor fuel dis-
+pensing facilities shall be of the automatic-closing type with-
+out a latch-open device. [30A:6.6.4]
+42.5.7 Emergency Electrical Disconnects.Fuel dispensing sys-
+tems shall be provided with one or more clearly identified
+emergency shutoff devices or electrical disconnects. Such de-
+vices or disconnects shall be installed in approved locations
+but not less than 20 ft (6 m) or more than 100 ft (30 m) from
+the fuel dispensing devices that they serve. Emergency shutoff
+devices or electrical disconnects shall disconnect power to all
+dispensing devices; to all remote pumps serving the dispens-
+ing devices; to all associated power, control, and signal cir-
+cuits; and to all other electrical equipment in the hazardous
+(classified) locations surrounding the fuel dispensing devices.
+When more than one emergency shutoff device or electrical
+disconnect is provided, all devices shall be interconnected.
+Resetting from an emergency shutoff condition shall require
+manual intervention and the manner of resetting shall be ap-
+proved by the AHJ.
+Exception: Intrinsically safe electrical equipment need not meet this
+requirement. [30A:6.7]
+42.5.7.1 At attended motor fuel dispensing facilities, the de-
+vices or disconnects shall be readily accessible to the attendant.
+[30A:6.7.1]
+42.5.7.2 At unattended motor fuel dispensing facilities, the
+devices or disconnects shall be readily accessible to patrons
+and at least one additional device or disconnect shall be
+readily accessible to each group of dispensing devices on an
+individual island. [30A:6.7.2]
+42.5.8 Vapor Recovery Systems.
+42.5.8.1 Dispensing devices that incorporate vapor recovery
+shall be listed. [30A:6.8.1]
+42.5.8.2 Hose nozzle valves used on vapor recovery systems
+shall be listed for the purpose. [30A:6.8.2]
+42.5.8.3 Means shall be provided in the vapor return path
+from each dispensing outlet to prevent the discharge of vapors
+when the hose nozzle valve is in its normal nondispensing po-
+sition. [30A:6.8.3]
+42.6 Building Construction Requirements.Section 42.6 shall
+apply to the construction of buildings and portions of build-
+ings that are motor fuel dispensing facilities or repair garages.
+[30A:7.1]
+42.6.1 Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities.
+42.6.1.1 Occupancy Classification.The occupancy classifica-
+tion of a motor fuel dispensing facility that is located inside a
+building or structure shall be a low hazard industrial occu-
+pancy as defined in NFPA101.[ 30A:7.3.1]
+42.6.1.2 Means of Egress.In a motor fuel dispensing facility
+that is located inside a building or structure, the required
+number, location, and construction of means of egress shall
+meet all applicable requirements for special purpose indus-
+trial occupancies, as set forth in NFPA101.[ 30A:7.3.3]
+42.6.1.3 Drainage. Where Class I or Class II liquids are dis-
+pensed, provisions shall be made to prevent spilled liquids
+from flowing into the interior of buildings. Such provisions
+shall be made by grading driveways, raising door sills, or other
+equally effective means. [30A:7.3.4]
+42.6.1.4 Fixed Fire Protection.
+42.6.1.4.1* For an unattended, self-serve, motor fuel dispens-
+ing facility, additional fire protection shall be provided where
+required by the AHJ. [30A:7.3.5.1]
+42.6.1.4.2 Where required, an automatic fire suppression sys-
+tem shall be installed in accordance with the appropriate
+NFPA standard, manufacturers’ instructions, and the listing
+requirements of the systems. [30A:7.3.5.2]
+42.6.1.5 Fuel Dispensing Areas Inside Buildings.
+42.6.1.5.1 The fuel dispensing area shall be separated from
+all other portions of the building by walls, partitions, floors,
+and floor–ceiling assemblies having a fire resistance rating of
+not less than 2 hours. [30A:7.3.6.1]
+42.6.1.5.2 Interior finish shall be of noncombustible materi-
+als or of approved limited-combustible materials, as defined in
+NFPA 220. [30A:7.3.6.2]
+42.6.1.5.3 Door and window openings in fire-rated interior
+walls shall be provided with listed fire doors having a fire pro-
+tection rating of not less than 1 1⁄2 hours. Doors shall be self-
+closing. They shall be permitted to remain open during nor-
+mal operations if they are designed to close automatically in a
+fire emergency by means of listed closure devices. Fire doors
+shall be installed in accordance with Section 12.4. They shall
+be kept unobstructed at all times. [30A:7.3.6.3]
+42.6.1.5.4 Openings for ducts in fire-rated interior partitions
+and walls shall be protected by listed fire dampers. Openings
+for ducts in fire-rated floor or floor–ceiling assemblies shall be
+protected with enclosed shafts. Enclosure of shafts shall be
+with wall or partition assemblies having a fire resistance rating
+of not less than 2 hours. Openings for ducts into enclosed
+shafts shall be protected with listed fire dampers. [30A:7.3.6.4]
+42.6.1.5.5 The fuel dispensing area shall be located at street
+level, with no dispenser located more than 50 ft (15 m) from
+the vehicle exit to, or entrance from, the outside of the build-
+ing. [30A:7.3.6.5]
+42.6.1.5.6 The fuel dispensing area shall be limited to that
+required to serve not more than four vehicles at one time.
+Exception: At a fleet vehicle motor fuel dispensing facility inside a
+building, where only Class II and Class III liquids are dispensed, the
+number of vehicles serviced at any one time shall be permitted to be
+increased to 12. [30A:7.3.6.6]
+42.6.1.5.7* A mechanical exhaust system that serves only the
+fuel dispensing area shall be provided. This system shall meet
+all of the following requirements:
+1–213REFUELING
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) The system shall be interlocked with the dispensing sys-
+tem so that airflow is established before any dispensing
+device can operate. Failure of airflow shall automatically
+shut down the dispensing system.
+(2) The exhaust system shall be designed to provide air move-
+ment across all portions of the floor of the fuel dispensing
+area and to prevent the flowing of ignitible vapors beyond
+the dispensing area.
+(3) Exhaust inlet ducts shall not be less than 3 in. (76 mm) or
+more than 12 in. (305 mm) above the floor. Exhaust ducts
+shall not be located in floors or penetrate the floor of the
+dispensing area. Exhaust ducts shall discharge to a safe
+location outside the building.
+(4) The exhaust system shall provide ventilation at a rate of
+not less than 1 ft 3/min/ft2 (0.3 m 3/min/m2) of floor
+area, based on the fuel dispensing area.
+(5) The exhaust system shall meet all applicable require-
+ments of NFPA 91.
+Exception: The provisions of 42.6.1.5.7 shall not apply to a fuel
+dispensing area located inside a building if two or more sides of the
+dispensing area are open to the building exterior. [30A:7.3.6.7]
+42.6.1.5.8 The floor of the dispensing area shall be liq-
+uidtight. Where Class I liquids are dispensed, provisions shall
+be made to prevent spilled liquids from flowing out of the fuel
+dispensing area and into other areas of the building by means
+of curbs, scuppers, special drainage systems, or other means
+acceptable to the AHJ. [30A:7.3.6.8]
+42.6.1.5.9* Oil drainage systems shall be equipped with ap-
+proved oil/water traps or separators if they connect to public
+sewers or discharge into public waterways. [30A:7.3.6.9]
+42.6.2* Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning.
+42.6.2.1* Forced air heating, air-conditioning, and ventilating
+systems serving a fuel dispensing area inside a building or a
+repair garage shall not be interconnected with any such sys-
+tems serving other occupancies in the building. Such systems
+shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 90A. [30A:7.5.1]
+42.6.2.2 Return air openings in areas of repair garages used
+for the repair or servicing of vehicles or in a fuel dispensing
+area shall be not less than 18 in. (455 mm) above floor level
+measured to the bottom of the openings. [30A:7.5.2]
+42.6.2.3 Combined ventilation and heating systems shall not
+recirculate air from areas that are below grade level. [30A:7.5.3]
+42.6.2.4 Exhaust duct openings shall be located so that they
+effectively remove vapor accumulations at floor level from all
+parts of the floor area. [30A:7.5.4]
+42.6.3 Heat-Producing Appliances.
+42.6.3.1 Heat-producing appliances shall be installed in ac-
+cordance with the requirements of 42.6.3. They shall be per-
+mitted to be installed in the conventional manner except as
+provided in 42.6.3. [30A:7.6.1]
+42.6.3.2 Heat-producing appliances shall be of an approved
+type. Solid fuel stoves, improvised furnaces, salamanders, or
+space heaters shall not be permitted in areas of repair garages
+used for repairing or servicing of vehicles or in a fuel dispens-
+ing area.
+Exception No. 1: Unit heaters, when installed in accordance with
+Chapter 7 of NFPA 30A, need not meet this requirement.
+Exception No. 2: Heat-producing equipment for any lubrication room or
+service room where there is no dispensing or transferring of Class I or
+Class II liquids or LP-Gas, when installed in accordance with Chapter 7
+of NFPA 30A, need not meet this requirement. [30A:7.6.2]
+42.6.3.3 Heat-producing appliances shall be permitted to be
+installed in a special room that is separated from areas that are
+classified as Division 1 or Division 2, in accordance with Chap-
+ter 8 of NFPA 30A, by walls that are constructed to prevent the
+transmission of vapors, that have a fire resistance rating of at
+least 1 hour, and that have no openings in the walls that lead
+to a classified area within 8 ft (2.4 m) of the floor. Specific
+small openings through the wall, such as for piping and elec-
+trical conduit, shall be permitted, provided the gaps and voids
+are filled with a fire-resistant material to resist transmission of
+vapors. All air for combustion purposes shall be taken from
+outside the building. This room shall not be used for storage
+of combustible materials, except for fuel storage as permitted
+by the standards referenced in 42.6.3.9. [30A:7.6.3]
+42.6.3.4 Heat-producing appliances using gas or oil fuel shall
+be permitted to be installed in a lubrication or service room
+where there is no dispensing or transferring of Class I liquids,
+including the open draining of automotive gasoline tanks,
+provided the bottom of the combustion chamber is at least
+18 in. (455 mm) above the floor and the appliances are pro-
+tected from physical damage. [30A:7.6.4]
+42.6.3.5 Heat-producing appliances using gas or oil fuel
+listed for use in garages shall be permitted to be installed in
+lubrication rooms, service rooms, or fuel dispensing areas
+where Class I liquids are dispensed or transferred, provided
+the equipment is installed at least 8 ft (2.4 m) above the floor.
+[30A:7.6.5]
+42.6.3.6* Where major repairs are conducted on CNG-fueled
+vehicles or LNG-fueled vehicles, open flame heaters or heat-
+ing equipment with exposed surfaces having a temperature in
+excess of 750°F (399°C) shall not be permitted in areas subject
+to ignitible concentrations of gas. [30A:7.6.6]
+42.6.3.7 Electrical heat-producing appliances shall meet the
+requirements of Chapter 8 of NFPA 30A. [30A:7.6.7]
+42.6.3.8 Fuels used shall be of the type and quality specified
+by the manufacturer of the heating appliance. Crankcase
+drainings shall not be used in oil-fired appliances, unless the
+appliances are specifically approved for such use. [30A:7.6.8]
+42.6.3.9 Heat-producing appliances shall be installed to meet
+the requirements of NFPA 31, NFPA 54, NFPA 82, NFPA 90A,
+and NFPA 211 as applicable, except as hereinafter specifically
+provided. [30A:7.6.9]
+42.7 Operational Requirements.
+42.7.1 Scope. Section 42.7 shall apply to those requirements
+that relate to the operation of motor fuel dispensing facilities
+and fuel dispensing systems. [30A:9.1]
+42.7.2 Basic Requirements.
+42.7.2.1* Inventory Control.Accurate daily inventory records
+shall be maintained and reconciled for all liquid fuel storage
+tanks for indication of possible leakage from tanks or piping.
+The records shall be kept on the premises or shall be made
+available to the AHJ for inspection within 24 hours of a written
+or verbal request. The records shall include, as a minimum
+and by product, daily reconciliation between sales, use, re-
+ceipts, and inventory on hand. If there is more than one stor-
+1–214 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+age system serving an individual pump or dispensing device
+for any product, the reconciliation shall be maintained sepa-
+rately for each system. [30A:9.2.1]
+42.7.2.2 Tank Filling and Bulk Delivery.
+42.7.2.2.1 Delivery operations shall meet all applicable re-
+quirements of NFPA 385 and the requirements of 42.7.2.2.2
+through 42.7.2.2.4. [30A:9.2.2.1]
+42.7.2.2.2 The delivery vehicle shall be separated from any
+aboveground tank by at least 25 ft (7.6 m).
+Exception No. 1: No minimum separation distance shall be required
+for tanks that are filled by gravity.
+Exception No. 2: The required minimum separation distance shall be
+permitted to be reduced to 15 ft (4.6 m) where the fuel being delivered is
+not a Class I liquid. [30A:9.2.2.2]
+42.7.2.2.3 The delivery vehicle shall be located so that all
+parts of the vehicle are on the premises when delivery is made.
+Exception: This requirement shall not apply to existing fuel dispensing
+facilities and fuel dispensing facilities inside buildings. [30A:9.2.2.3]
+42.7.2.2.4 Tank filling shall not begin until the delivery op-
+erator has determined that the tank has sufficient available
+capacity (ullage). [30A:9.2.2.4]
+42.7.2.2.5 Tanks shall be filled through a liquidtight connec-
+tion. [30A:9.2.2.5]
+42.7.2.2.5.1 Where an aboveground tank is filled by means of
+fixed piping, either a check valve and shutoff valve with a quick-
+connect coupling or a check valve with a dry-break coupling shall
+be installed in the piping at a point where connection and dis-
+connection is made between the tank and the delivery vehicle.
+This device shall be protected from tampering and physical dam-
+age. [30A:9.2.2.5.1]
+42.7.2.2.5.2 Underground tanks and tanks in belowgrade
+vaults shall be filled through a liquidtight connection within a
+spill container as specified in 42.3.3.3.3 through 42.3.3.3.7.
+[30A:9.2.2.5.2]
+42.7.2.3 Dispensing into Containers.
+42.7.2.3.1* Class I or Class II liquids shall not be dispensed
+into portable containers unless the container is constructed of
+metal or is approved by the AHJ, has a tight closure, and is
+fitted with a spout or so designed that the contents can be
+poured without spilling. The hose nozzle valve shall be manu-
+ally held open during the dispensing operation. [30A:9.2.3.1]
+42.7.2.3.2 No sale or purchase of any Class I, Class II, or Class III
+liquids shall be made in containers unless such containers are
+clearly marked with the name of the product contained therein.
+[30A:9.2.3.2]
+42.7.2.3.3 Portable containers of 12 gal (45 L) capacity or less
+shall not be filled while they are in or on a motor vehicle or
+marine craft. [30A:9.2.3.3]
+42.7.2.4 Dispensing from a Tank That Does Not Exceed 120 Gal
+(454 L) and from Containers Inside Buildings.Dispensing of
+flammable and combustible liquids from a tank not exceeding
+120 gal (454 L) capacity and from containers in a motor fuel
+dispensing facility or in a repair garage building shall meet the
+requirements of 42.7.2.4.1 and 42.7.2.4.2. (See 42.3.3.9 for stor-
+age quantity limitations.) [30A:9.2.4]
+42.7.2.4.1 Not more than one container of Class I liquid shall
+be permitted to be provided with a dispensing pump inside a
+building at any one time. The number of tanks or containers of
+Class II or Class IIIA liquids fitted for dispensing at any one time
+shall not be limited, except as provided for in 42.3.3.9.2. The
+number of tanks or containers of Class IIIB liquids fitted for dis-
+pensing at any one time shall not be limited. [30A:9.2.4.1]
+42.7.2.4.2 Class I, Class II, and Class IIIA liquids shall not be
+dispensed by applying pressure to tanks or containers. Listed
+pumps that take suction through the top of the tank or con-
+tainer or listed self-closing faucets shall be used. [30A:9.2.4.2]
+42.7.2.5 Basic Fire Control.
+42.7.2.5.1 Sources of Ignition.Smoking materials, including
+matches and lighters, shall not be used within 20 ft (6 m) of areas
+used for fueling, servicing fuel systems of internal combustion
+engines, or receiving or dispensing of Class I and Class II liquids.
+The motors of all equipment being fueled shall be shut off dur-
+ing the fueling operation except for emergency generators,
+pumps, and so forth, where continuing operation is essential.
+[30A:9.2.5.1]
+42.7.2.5.2 Fire Extinguishers.Each motor fuel dispensing facil-
+ity or repair garage shall be provided with fire extinguishers in-
+stalled, inspected, and maintained as required by Section 13.6.
+Extinguishers for outside motor fuel dispensing areas shall be
+provided according to the extra (high) hazard requirements for
+Class B hazards, except that the maximum travel distance to an
+80 B:C extinguisher shall be permitted to be 100 ft (30.48 m).
+[30A:9.2.5.2]
+42.7.2.5.3 Fire Suppression Systems. Where required, auto-
+matic fire suppression systems shall be installed in accordance
+with the appropriate NFPA standard, manufacturers’ instruc-
+tions, and the listing requirements of the systems. [30A:9.2.5.3]
+42.7.2.5.4* Signs.Warning signs shall be conspicuously posted
+in the dispensing area and shall incorporate the following or
+equivalent wording:
+WARNING: It is unlawful and dangerous to dispense gasoline
+into unapproved containers.
+No smoking.
+Stop motor.
+No filling of portable containers in or on a motor vehicle.
+Place container on ground before filling.
+Discharge your static electricity before fueling by touching a
+metal surface away from the nozzle.
+Do not re-enter your vehicle while gasoline is pumping.
+If a fire starts, do notremove nozzle — back away immediately.
+Do not allow individuals under licensed age to use the pump.
+[30A:9.2.5.4]
+42.7.2.6 Waste Handling.
+42.7.2.6.1 Crankcase drainings and waste liquids shall not be
+dumped into sewers, into streams, or on the ground. They
+shall be stored in approved tanks or containers outside any
+building, or in tanks installed in accordance with Chapters 4
+and 5 of NFPA 30A, until removed from the premises.
+Exception: As provided for in 42.3.3.9.3. [ 30A:9.2.6.1]
+42.7.2.6.2 The contents of oil separators and traps of floor
+drainage systems shall be collected at sufficiently frequent inter-
+vals to prevent oil from being carried into sewers. [30A:9.2.6.2]
+42.7.2.7 Housekeeping. The dispensing area and the area
+within any dike shall be kept free of vegetation, debris, and
+any other material that is not necessary to the proper opera-
+tion of the motor fuel dispensing facility. [30A:9.2.7]
+1–215REFUELING
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+42.7.2.8 Fire Doors.Fire doors shall be kept unobstructed at all
+times. Appropriate signs and markings shall be used. [30A:9.2.8]
+42.7.3 Operating Requirements for Full-Service Motor Fuel
+Dispensing Facilities.Each motor fuel dispensing facility shall
+have an attendant or supervisor on duty whenever the facility
+is open for business. The attendant or supervisor shall dis-
+pense liquids into fuel tanks or into containers, except as cov-
+ered in 42.7.4 and 42.7.5. [30A:9.3]
+42.7.4 Operating Requirements for Attended Self-Service
+Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities.
+42.7.4.1 Self-service motor fuel dispensing facility shall
+mean that portion of a property where liquids used as mo-
+tor fuels are stored and dispensed from fixed, approved
+dispensing equipment into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles
+by persons other than the facility attendant and shall also
+include, where provided, facilities for the sale of other re-
+tail products. [ 30A:9.4.1]
+42.7.4.2 There shall be at least one attendant on duty while the
+self-service facility is open for business. The attendant’s primary
+function shall be to supervise, observe, and control the dispens-
+ing of Class I liquids while said liquids are being dispensed.
+[30A:9.4.2]
+42.7.4.3 The responsibility of the attendant shall be as follows:
+(1) Prevent the dispensing of Class I liquids into portable
+containers not in compliance with 42.7.2.3.1
+(2) Prevent the use of hose nozzle valve latch-open devices
+that do not comply with 42.5.5.2
+(3) Control sources of ignition
+(4) Immediately activate emergency controls and notify the
+fire department of any fire or other emergency
+(5) Handle accidental spills and fire extinguishers if needed
+[30A:9.4.3]
+42.7.4.3.1 The attendant or supervisor on duty shall be men-
+tally and physically capable of performing the functions and
+assuming the responsibility prescribed in 42.7.4. [30A:9.4.3.1]
+42.7.4.4 Operating instructions shall be conspicuously posted
+in the dispensing area. [30A:9.4.4]
+42.7.5 Operating Requirements for Unattended Self-Service
+Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities.
+42.7.5.1 Unattended self-service facilities shall be permitted,
+where approved by the AHJ. [30A:9.5.1]
+42.7.5.2 Operating instructions shall be conspicuously
+posted in the dispensing area. The instructions shall include
+location of emergency controls and a requirement that the
+user stay outside of his/her vehicle and in view of the fueling
+nozzle during dispensing. [30A:9.5.2]
+42.7.5.3 In addition to the warning signs specified in
+42.7.2.5.4, emergency instructions shall be conspicuously
+posted in the dispenser area. The instructions shall incorpo-
+rate the following or equivalent wording:
+Emergency Instructions
+In case of fire or spill
+(1) Use emergency stop button.
+(2) Report accident by calling (specify local fire number).
+Report location. [30A:9.5.3]
+42.7.5.4 A listed, automatic-closing-type hose nozzle valve
+with latch-open device shall be provided. The hose nozzle
+valve shall meet the requirements of 42.5.6.2. [30A:9.5.4]
+42.7.5.5 A telephone or other approved, clearly identified
+means to notify the fire department shall be provided on the
+site in a location approved by the AHJ. [30A:9.5.5]
+42.7.5.6* Additional fire protection shall be provided where
+required by the AHJ. [30A:9.5.6]
+42.7.6 Refueling from Tank Vehicles.The dispensing of Class I
+and Class II liquids in the open from a tank vehicle to a motor
+vehicle located at commercial, industrial, governmental, or
+manufacturing establishments and intended for fueling vehicles
+used in connection with their businesses shall be permitted only
+if all of the requirements of 42.7.6.1 through 42.7.6.7 have been
+met. [30A:9.6]
+42.7.6.1 An inspection of the premises and operations shall
+be made and operations shall not be conducted unless ap-
+proved by the AHJ. [30A:9.6.1]
+42.7.6.2 The tank vehicle shall comply with the requirements
+of NFPA 385. [30A:9.6.2]
+42.7.6.3 The dispensing hose shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m) in
+length. [30A:9.6.3]
+42.7.6.4 The dispensing nozzle shall be a listed, automatic-
+closing type without a latch-open device. [30A:9.6.4]
+42.7.6.5 Nighttime deliveries shall only be made in areas
+deemed adequately lighted by the AHJ. [30A:9.6.5]
+42.7.6.6 The tank vehicle flasher lights shall be in operation
+while dispensing operations are in progress. [30A:9.6.6]
+42.7.6.7 Expansion space shall be left in each fuel tank to
+prevent overflow in the event of temperature increase.
+[30A:9.6.7]
+42.8 Additional Requirements for CNG, LNG, Hydrogen,
+and LPG.
+42.8.1 Scope. Section 42.8 shall apply where CNG, LNG, com-
+pressed or liquefied hydrogen, or LP-Gas, or combinations of
+these, are dispensed as motor vehicle fuels along with Class I
+or Class II liquids that are also dispensed as motor vehicle
+fuels. [30A:12.1]
+42.8.2 General Requirements.
+42.8.2.1 The installation and use of CNG and hydrogen sys-
+tems shall meet the requirements of NFPA 52 except as modi-
+fied by Section 42.8. The installation and use of LNG systems
+shall meet the requirements of NFPA 52 except as modified by
+Section 42.8. The installation and use of LP-Gas systems shall
+meet the requirements of NFPA 58 except as modified by Sec-
+tion 42.8. [30A:12.2.1]
+42.8.2.2 A means shall be provided that connects to the dis-
+penser supply piping and that prevents flow in the event that
+the dispenser is displaced from its mounting. [30A:12.2.2]
+42.8.2.3 Dispensing devices for CNG, LNG, and LP-Gas shall
+be listed. [30A:12.2.3]
+42.8.2.4 Listed hose assemblies shall be used to dispense fuel.
+Hose length at automotive motor fuel dispensing facilities
+shall not exceed 18 ft (5.5 m). [30A:12.2.4]
+1–216 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+42.8.3 Fuel Storage.
+42.8.3.1 Aboveground tanks storing CNG or LNG shall be
+separated from any adjacent property line that is or can be
+built upon, any public way, and the nearest important building
+on the same property by not less than the distances given in
+Section 8.4 of NFPA 52. [30A:12.3.1]
+42.8.3.2 Aboveground tanks storing LP-Gas shall be sepa-
+rated from any adjacent property line that is or can be built
+upon, any public way, and the nearest important building on
+the same property by not less than the distances given in 6.3.1
+of NFPA 58. [30A:12.3.2]
+42.8.3.3* Aboveground tanks storing CNG, LNG, or LP-Gas
+shall be separated from each other by at least 20 ft (6 m) and
+from dispensing devices that dispense liquid or gaseous motor
+vehicle fuels by at least 50 ft (15 m).
+Exception No. 1: This required separation shall not apply to tanks
+storing fuels that have the same chemical composition.
+Exception No. 2: When both the gaseous fuel storage and dispensing
+equipment are at least 50 ft (15 m) from any other aboveground motor
+fuel storage or dispensing equipment, the requirements of NFPA 52 or
+NFPA 58, whichever is applicable, shall apply. [30A:12.3.3]
+42.8.3.4 Aboveground storage tanks for the storage of CNG,
+LNG, or LP-Gas shall be provided with physical protection in
+accordance with 42.3.3.7. [30A:12.3.4]
+42.8.3.5 Horizontal separation shall not be required between
+aboveground tanks storing CNG, LNG, or LP-Gas and under-
+ground tanks containing Class I or Class II liquids, provided
+the structural limitations of the underground tanks are not
+exceeded. [30A:12.3.5]
+42.8.4 Dispenser Installations Beneath Canopies. Where
+CNG or LNG dispensers are installed beneath a canopy or
+enclosure, either the canopy or enclosure shall be designed to
+prevent accumulation or entrapment of ignitable vapors or all
+electrical equipment installed beneath the canopy or enclo-
+sure shall be suitable for Class I, Division 2 hazardous (classi-
+fied) locations. [30A:12.4]
+42.8.5 Specific Requirements for LP-Gas Dispensing Devices.
+42.8.5.1 Dispensing devices for LP-Gas shall meet all appli-
+cable requirements of Chapter 69 and shall incorporate a dis-
+pensing nozzle that releases not more than 0.12 in.3 (2 cm3)o f
+liquid LP-Gas upon disconnection. [30A:12.5.1]
+42.8.5.2 Dispensing devices for LP-Gas shall be located not
+less than 5 ft (1.5 m) from any dispensing device for Class I
+liquids. [30A:12.5.2]
+42.8.6 Electrical Equipment.
+42.8.6.1 All electrical wiring and electrical utilization equip-
+ment shall be of a type specified by, and shall be installed in
+accordance with, Section 11.1. [30A:12.6.1]
+42.8.6.2* Table 42.8.6.2 shall be used to delineate and classify
+areas for the purpose of installation of electrical wiring and
+electrical utilization equipment. [30A:12.6.2]
+42.9 Marine Fueling.
+42.9.1 Scope.
+42.9.1.1 Section 42.9 shall apply to that portion of a property
+where liquids used as fuels are stored, handled, and dispensed
+from equipment located on shore or from equipment located
+on piers, wharves, or floating docks into the fuel tanks of ma-
+rine craft, including incidental activity, except as covered else-
+where in NFPA 30A or in other NFPA standards. [30A:11.1.1]
+42.9.1.2 Section 42.9 shall not apply to the following:
+(1) Bulk plant or terminal loading and unloading facilities
+(2) Transfer of liquids utilizing a flange-to-flange closed
+transfer piping system
+(3) Marine motor fuel dispensing facilities where liquids used
+as fuels are stored and dispensed into the fuel tanks of
+marine craft of 300 gross tons (272 metric tons) or more
+[30A:11.1.2]
+42.9.1.3 For the purpose of Section 42.9, the word pier shall
+also mean dock, floating dock, and wharf. [30A:11.1.3]
+42.9.1.4 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+42.9.2 Storage.
+42.9.2.1 Liquids shall be stored in tanks or containers com-
+plying with 42.3.3. [30A:11.2.1]
+42.9.2.2* Tanks that supply marine motor fuel dispensing fa-
+cilities shall be located on shore or on a pier of the solid-fill
+type. Pumps that are not integral with the dispensing device
+shall also be located on shore or on a pier of the solid-fill type.
+Exception: Tanks shall be permitted with the approval of the AHJ to be
+located on a pier, provided the installation meets all applicable require-
+ments of Chapters 4 and 5 of NFPA 30A and 21.6.2 of NFPA 30 and
+the quantity stored does not exceed 1100 gal (4164 L) aggregate capac-
+ity. [30A:11.2.2]
+42.9.2.3 Where a tank is at an elevation that produces a grav-
+ity head on the dispensing device, the tank outlet shall be
+equipped with a device, such as a normally closed solenoid
+valve, that will prevent gravity flow from the tank to the dis-
+penser. This device shall be located adjacent to and down-
+stream of the outlet valve specified by 22.13.1 of NFPA 30. The
+device shall be installed and adjusted so that liquid cannot
+flow by gravity from the tank to the dispenser if the piping or
+hose fails when the dispenser is not in use. [30A:11.2.3]
+42.9.3 Piping Systems.
+42.9.3.1 Piping shall be installed in accordance with all appli-
+cable requirements of Chapter 5 of NFPA 30A. [30A:11.3.1]
+42.9.3.2 Piping systems shall be supported and protected
+against physical damage and stresses arising from impact,
+settlement, vibration, expansion, contraction, and tidal ac-
+tion. [30A:11.3.2]
+42.9.3.3 Means shall be provided to ensure flexibility of the
+piping system in the event of motion of the pier. Flexible pip-
+ing shall be of a type designed to withstand the forces and
+pressures exerted upon the piping. [30A:11.3.3]
+42.9.3.4 Where dispensing is from a floating structure or
+pier, approved oil-resistant flexible hose shall be permitted to
+be used between shore piping and the piping on a floating
+structure or pier and between separate sections of the floating
+structure to accommodate changes in water level or shoreline,
+provided that the hose is either resistant to or shielded from
+damage by fire. [30A:11.3.4]
+42.9.3.5 A valve to shut off the liquid supply from shore shall
+be provided in each pipeline at or near the approach to the
+1–217REFUELING
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+pier and at the shore end of each marine pipeline adjacent to
+the point where each flexible hose is attached. [30A:11.3.5]
+42.9.4 Fuel Dispensing System.
+42.9.4.1 All hose shall be listed. Where hose length exceeds
+18 ft (5.5 m), the hose shall be secured so as to protect it from
+damage. [30A:11.4.1]
+42.9.4.2 Dispensing nozzles shall be of the automatic-closing
+type without a latch-open device. [30A:11.4.2]
+42.9.4.3 Dispensing devices shall be permitted to be located on
+open piers, on shore, or on piers of the solid-fill type and shall be
+located apart from other structures so as to provide room for safe
+ingress to and egress from marine craft. [30A:11.4.3]
+42.9.4.4 Dispensing devices shall be located so that exposure
+to all other operational marina or pleasure boat berthing area
+facilities is minimized. Where tide and weather conditions per-
+mit, liquid fuel handling shall be outside the main berthing
+areas. Where located inside marina or pleasure craft berthing
+areas, fueling facilities shall be located so that, in case of fire
+aboard a marine craft alongside, the danger to other craft
+near the facility is minimized. No vessel or marine craft shall
+be made fast to or berthed at any fuel dispensing location
+except during fueling operations. [30A:11.4.4]
+42.9.4.5 No vessel or marine craft shall be made fast to any
+other vessel or marine craft occupying a berth at a fuel dis-
+pensing location during fueling operations. [30A:11.4.5]
+42.9.4.6 A marine motor fuel dispensing facility located at a
+bulk plant shall be separated by a fence or other approved bar-
+rier from areas in which bulk plant operations are conducted.
+Dispensing devices shall not be supplied by aboveground tanks
+located in the bulk plant. Marine motor fuel dispensing facility
+storage tanks shall not be connected by piping to aboveground
+tanks located in the bulk plant. [30A:11.4.6]
+42.9.4.7 Each marine motor fuel dispensing facility shall have
+an attendant or supervisor on duty whenever the facility is
+open for business. The attendant’s primary function shall be
+to supervise, observe, and control the dispensing of liquids.
+[30A:11.4.7]
+42.9.5 Sources of Ignition.
+42.9.5.1 All electrical components for dispensing liquids
+shall be installed in accordance with Chapter 8 of NFPA 30A.
+[30A:11.5.1]
+42.9.5.2 All electrical equipment shall be installed and used
+in accordance with the requirements of Section 11.1 as it ap-
+plies to wet, damp, and hazardous locations. [30A:11.5.2]
+42.9.5.3 Clearly identified emergency electrical disconnects
+that are readily accessible in case of fire or physical damage at
+any dispensing unit shall be provided on each marine wharf.
+The disconnects shall be interlocked to shut off power to all
+pump motors from any individual location and shall be manu-
+ally reset only from a master switch. Each such disconnect
+shall be identified by an approved sign stating EMERGENCY
+PUMP SHUTOFF in 2 in. (50 mm) red capital letters.
+[30A:11.5.3]
+42.9.5.4 All electrical wiring for power and lighting shall be
+installed on the side of the wharf opposite from the liquid
+piping system. [30A:11.5.4]
+42.9.5.5 Smoking materials, including matches and lighters,
+shall not be used within 20 ft (6 m) of areas used for fueling,
+servicing fuel systems for internal combustion engines, or re-
+ceiving or dispensing of Class I liquids. Conspicuous NO
+SMOKING signs shall be posted within sight of the customer
+being served. [30A:11.5.5]
+42.9.5.6 The motors of all equipment being fueled shall be
+shut off during the fueling operation, except for emergency
+generators, pumps, and so forth, where continuing operation
+is essential. [30A:11.5.6]
+42.9.6 Electrical Installations.
+42.9.6.1 Where excessive stray currents are encountered, pip-
+ing handling Class I and Class II liquids shall be electrically
+isolated from the shore piping. [30A:8.5.1]
+Table 42.8.6.2 Electrical Equipment Classified Areas for Dispensing Devices
+Extent of Classified Area
+Dispensing Device
+Class I,
+Division 1
+Class I,
+Division 2
+Compressed natural gas Entire space within the dispenser enclosure 5 ft (1.5 m) in all directions from dispenser
+enclosure
+Liquefied natural gas Entire space within the dispenser enclosure
+and 5 ft (1.5 m) in all directions from the
+dispenser enclosure
+From 5 ft (1.5 m) to 10 ft (3 m) in all directions from
+the dispenser enclosure
+Liquefied petroleum gas Entire space within the dispenser enclosure;
+18 in. (46 cm) from the exterior surface of
+the dispenser enclosure to an elevation of
+4 ft (1.22 m) above the base of the
+dispenser; the entire pit or open space
+beneath the dispenser and within 20 ft (6
+m) horizontally from any edge of the
+dispenser when the pit or trench is not
+mechanically ventilated
+Up to 18 in. (46 cm) above ground and within 20 ft
+(6 m) horizontally from any edge of the dispenser
+enclosure, including pits or trenches within this
+area when provided with adequate mechanical
+ventilation
+[30A: Table 12.6.2]
+1–218 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+42.9.6.2* Pipelines on piers shall be bonded and grounded.
+Bonding and grounding connections on all pipelines shall be
+located on the pier side of hose riser insulating flanges, if
+used, and shall be accessible for inspection. [30A:8.5.2]
+42.9.6.3 The fuel delivery nozzle shall be put into contact
+with the vessel fill pipe before the flow of fuel commences, and
+this bonding contact shall be continuously maintained until
+fuel flow has stopped to avoid possibility of electrostatic dis-
+charge. [30A:8.5.3]
+42.9.6.4* Bonding and Grounding.
+42.9.6.4.1* Pipelines on piers shall be bonded and grounded.
+Bonding and grounding connections on all pipelines shall be
+located on the pier side of hose riser insulating flanges, if
+used, and shall be accessible for inspection. [30A:11.6.1]
+42.9.6.4.2 The fuel delivery nozzle shall be put into contact
+with the vessel fill pipe before the flow of fuel commences and
+this bonding contact shall be continuously maintained until
+fuel flow has stopped to avoid possibility of electrostatic dis-
+charge. [30A:11.6.2]
+42.9.7 Fire Control.
+42.9.7.1 Each marine motor fuel dispensing facility shall be
+provided with fire extinguishers installed, inspected, and
+maintained as required by Section 13.6. Extinguishers for ma-
+rine motor fuel dispensing areas shall be provided according
+to the extra (high) hazard requirements for Class B hazards,
+except that the maximum travel distance to an 80 B:C extin-
+guisher shall be permitted to be 100 ft (31 m). [30A:11.7.1]
+42.9.7.2 Piers that extend more than 500 ft (152 m) in travel
+distance from shore shall be provided with a Class III standpipe
+that is installed in accordance with Section 13.2. [30A:11.7.2]
+42.9.7.3 Materials shall not be placed on a pier in such a
+manner that they obstruct access to fire-fighting equipment or
+important piping system control valves. Where the pier is ac-
+cessible to vehicular traffic, an unobstructed roadway to the
+shore end of the wharf shall be maintained for access by fire-
+fighting apparatus. [30A:11.7.3]
+42.9.8 Containers and Movable Tanks.
+42.9.8.1 The temporary use of movable tanks in conjunction
+with the dispensing of liquids into the fuel tanks of marine
+craft on premises not normally accessible to the public shall be
+permitted. Such installations shall only be made with the ap-
+proval of the AHJ. [30A:11.8.1]
+42.9.8.2* Class I or Class II liquids shall not be dispensed into
+a portable container unless the container is constructed of
+metal or is approved by the AHJ, has a tight closure, and is
+fitted with a spout or is so designed that the contents can be
+dispensed without spilling. [30A:11.8.2]
+42.9.8.3 Portable containers of 12 gal (45 L) capacity or less
+shall not be filled while they are in or on a marine craft.
+[30A:11.8.3]
+42.9.9 Cargo Tank Fueling Facilities.The provisions of 42.9.2
+shall not prohibit the dispensing of Class II liquids in the open
+from a tank vehicle to a marine craft located at commercial,
+industrial, governmental, or manufacturing establishments
+when the liquid is intended for fueling marine craft used in
+connection with those establishments’ businesses if the re-
+quirements of 42.9.9.1 through 42.9.9.7 are met. [30A:11.9]
+42.9.9.1 An inspection of the premises and operations shall
+be made and approval granted by the AHJ. [30A:11.9.1]
+42.9.9.2 The tank vehicle shall comply with the requirements
+of NFPA 385. [30A:11.9.2]
+42.9.9.3 The dispensing hose shall not exceed 50 ft (15 m) in
+length. [30A:11.9.3]
+42.9.9.4 The dispensing nozzle shall be a listed, automatic-
+closing type without a latch-open device. [30A:11.9.4]
+42.9.9.5 Nighttime deliveries shall only be made in areas
+deemed adequately lighted by the AHJ. [30A:11.9.5]
+42.9.9.6 The tank vehicle flasher lights shall be in operation
+while dispensing. [30A:11.9.6]
+42.9.9.7 Fuel expansion space shall be left in each fuel tank
+to prevent overflow in the event of temperature increase.
+[30A:11.9.7]
+42.9.10 Operating Requirements.
+42.9.10.1 The following shall be the responsibilities of the
+attendant:
+(1) Prevent the dispensing of Class I liquids into portable
+containers that do not comply with 42.9.8.2
+(2) Be familiar with the dispensing system and emergency
+shutoff controls
+(3) Ensure that the vessel is properly moored and that all con-
+nections are made
+(4) Be within 15 ft (4.6 m) of the dispensing controls during
+the fueling operation and maintain a direct, clear, unob-
+structed view of both the vessel fuel filler neck and the
+emergency fuel shutoff control [30A:11.10.1]
+42.9.10.2 Fueling shall not be undertaken at night except
+under well-lighted conditions. [30A:11.10.2]
+42.9.10.3 During fueling operations, smoking shall be forbid-
+den on board the vessel or marine craft and in the dispensing
+area. [30A:11.10.3]
+42.9.10.4 Before opening the tanks of the vessel to be fueled,
+the following precautions shall be taken:
+(1) All engines, motors, fans, and bilge blowers shall be shut
+down.
+(2) All open flames and smoking material shall be extinguished
+and all exposed heating elements shall be turned off.
+(3) Galley stoves shall be extinguished.
+(4) All ports, windows, doors, and hatches shall be closed.
+[30A:11.10.4]
+42.9.10.5 After the flow of fuel has stopped, the following
+shall occur:
+(1) The fill cap shall be tightly secured.
+(2) Any spillage shall be wiped up immediately.
+(3) If Class I liquid has been delivered, the entire vessel or
+marine craft shall remain open.
+(4) Bilge blowers shall be turned on and allowed to run for at
+least 5 minutes before starting any engines or lighting gal-
+ley fires. If bilge blowers are not available, 10 minutes of
+ventilation shall be required. [30A:11.10.5]
+42.9.10.6 No Class I liquids shall be delivered to any vessel hav-
+ing its tanks located below deck unless each tank is equipped with
+a separate fill pipe, the receiving end of which shall be securely
+connected to a deck plate and fitted with a screw cap. Such pipe
+shall extend into the tank. Vessels receiving Class II or Class IIIA
+1–219REFUELING
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+liquids shall have the receiving end of the fill pipe securely con-
+nected to a deck plate and fitted with a screw cap. Such pipe shall
+be permitted to connect to a manifold system that extends into
+each separate tank. Each tank shall be provided with a suitable
+vent pipe that shall extend from the tank to the outside of the
+coaming or enclosed rails so that the vapors will dissipate away
+from the vessel. [30A:11.10.6]
+42.9.10.7 Owners or operators shall not offer their vessel or
+marine craft for fueling unless the following conditions exist:
+(1) The tanks being filled are properly vented to dissipate
+vapors to the outside atmosphere, and the fuel systems are
+liquidtight and vaportight with respect to all interiors.
+(2) All fuel systems are designed, installed, and maintained in
+compliance with the specifications of the manufacturer of
+the vessel or marine craft.
+(3) Communication has been established between the fuel-
+ing attendant and the person in control of the vessel or
+craft receiving the fuel so as to determine the vessel’s fuel
+capacity, the amount of fuel on board, and the amount of
+fuel to be taken on board.
+(4) The electrical bonding and grounding systems of the ves-
+sel or craft have been maintained in accordance with the
+manufacturers’ specifications. [30A:11.10.7]
+42.9.10.8 A sign with the following legends printed in 2 in.
+(50 mm) red capital letters on a white background shall be
+conspicuously posted at the dispensing area:
+Before Fueling:
+(1) Stop all engines and auxiliaries.
+(2) Shut off all electricity, open flames, and heat
+sources.
+(3) Check all bilges for fuel vapors.
+(4) Extinguish all smoking materials.
+(5) Close access fittings and openings that could allow
+fuel vapors to enter enclosed spaces of the vessel.
+During Fueling:
+(1) Maintain nozzle contact with fill pipe.
+(2) Wipe up spills immediately.
+(3) Avoid overfilling.
+(4) Fuel filling nozzle must be attended at all times.
+After Fueling:
+(1) Inspect bilges for leakage and fuel odors.
+(2) Ventilate until odors are removed. [30A:11.10.8]
+42.10 Aircraft Fuel Servicing.
+42.10.1 Application. Section 42.10 applies to the fuel servic-
+ing of all types of aircraft using liquid petroleum fuel in accor-
+dance with NFPA 407,Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing.
+42.10.1.1 Section 42.10 does not apply to any of the following:
+(1) In-flight fueling
+(2) Fuel servicing of flying boats or amphibious aircraft on
+water
+(3) Draining or filling of aircraft fuel tanks incidental to air-
+craft fuel system maintenance operations or manufactur-
+ing [407:1.1]
+42.10.1.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+42.10.2 Design.
+42.10.2.1 General.
+42.10.2.1.1 Fueling Hose Apparatus.Nozzle receptacles and
+hose storage shall be arranged to avoid kinks and maintain the
+hose bend radius within the requirements of API BULL 1529,
+Aviation Fueling Hose.[ 407:4.1.1]
+42.10.2.1.2 Electrostatic Hazards and Bonding.
+42.10.2.1.2.1 A provision for bonding shall be incorporated
+in the design of fuel servicing vehicles or carts and systems to
+prevent differences in electrostatic potential in accordance
+with 42.10.5.4. [407:4.1.2.1]
+42.10.2.1.2.2 The maximum resistance between the bonding
+cable clip and the fueling system framework shall not exceed
+25 ohms. [407:4.1.2.2]
+42.10.2.1.2.3 Bonding cables shall be constructed of conduc-
+tive, durable, and flexible material. [407:4.1.2.3]
+42.10.2.1.2.4 Bonding connections shall be electrically and
+mechanically firm. Jacks, plugs, clamps, and connecting
+points shall be clean, unpainted metal to provide a positive
+electrical connection. [407:4.1.2.4]
+42.10.2.1.2.5 API BULL 1529 Type C hose (semiconductive)
+shall be used to prevent electrostatic discharges but shall not
+be used to accomplish required bonding. API BULL 1529
+Type A hose that does not have a semiconductive cover shall
+not be used. Type F hose (hard wall) and Type CT hose (cold
+temperature) shall be permitted because they have semicon-
+ductive covers. [407:4.1.2.5]
+42.10.2.1.2.6* The design of airport fueling systems shall in-
+corporate the provision of a 30-second relaxation period be-
+tween the filter separator, monitors, or other filtration devices
+discharging into tanks. [407:4.1.2.6]
+42.10.2.1.2.6.1 Paragraph 42.10.2.1.2.6 shall not apply to the
+actual refueling of an aircraft. [407:4.1.2.6.1]
+42.10.2.1.2.6.2 Paragraph 42.10.2.1.2.6 shall not apply to fu-
+els with static dissipater additives. [407:4.1.2.6.2]
+42.10.2.1.3 No Smoking Signs. Entrances to fueling areas
+shall be posted with “no smoking” signs. [407:4.1.3]
+42.10.2.1.4 Aircraft Radar Equipment.
+42.10.2.1.4.1 Surveillance radar equipment in aircraft shall
+not be operated within 300 ft (90 m) of any fueling, servicing,
+or other operation in which flammable liquids, vapors, or mist
+could be present. [407:4.1.4.1.1]
+42.10.2.1.4.2 Weather-mapping radar equipment in aircraft
+shall not be operated while the aircraft in which it is mounted
+is undergoing fuel servicing. [407:4.1.4.1.2]
+42.10.2.1.5* Ground Radar Equipment.
+42.10.2.1.5.1 Antennas of airport flight traffic surveillance
+radar equipment shall be located so that the beam will not be
+directed toward any fuel storage or loading racks within 300 ft
+(90 m). Aircraft fuel servicing shall not be conducted within
+this 300 ft (90 m) distance. [407:4.1.4.2.1]
+42.10.2.1.5.2 Antennas of airport ground traffic surveillance
+radar equipment shall be located so that the beam will not be
+1–220 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+directed toward any fuel storage or loading racks within 100 ft
+(30 m). Aircraft fuel servicing or any other operations involv-
+ing flammable liquids or vapors shall not be conducted within
+100 ft (30 m) of such antennas. [407:4.1.4.2.2]
+42.10.2.1.6 Emergency Fire Equipment Accessibility.Accessi-
+bility to aircraft by emergency fire equipment shall be considered
+in establishing aircraft fuel servicing positions. [407:4.1.5]
+42.10.2.1.7 Portable Fire Extinguishers.
+42.10.2.1.7.1* Portable extinguishers shall be provided in ac-
+cordance with 42.10.2.4 and 42.10.5.13. [407:4.1.6.1]
+42.10.2.1.7.2 Extinguishers shall conform to the require-
+ments of Section 13.6. [407:4.1.6.2]
+42.10.2.2 Vehicle or Cart Lighting and Electrical Equipment.
+42.10.2.2.1 Battery Compartments. Batteries that are not in
+engine compartments shall be securely mounted in compart-
+ments to prevent accidental arcing. The compartment shall be
+separate from fueling equipment. Suitable shielding shall be
+provided to drain possible fuel spillage or leakage away from
+the compartment. The compartment shall be provided with a
+vent at the top of the compartment. [407:4.3.7.1]
+42.10.2.2.2 Wiring shall be of adequate size to provide the
+required current-carrying capacity and mechanical strength.
+Wiring shall be installed to provide protection from physical
+damage and from contact with spilled fuel either by its loca-
+tion or by enclosing it in metal conduit or other oil-resistant
+protective covering. All circuits shall have overcurrent protec-
+tion. Junction boxes shall be weatherproofed. [407:4.3.7.2]
+42.10.2.2.3 Spark plugs and other exposed terminal connec-
+tions shall be insulated to prevent sparking in the event of
+contact with conductive materials. [407:4.3.7.3]
+42.10.2.2.4* Motors, alternators, generators, and associated
+control equipment located outside of the engine compart-
+ment or vehicle cab shall be of a type listed for use in accor-
+dance with NFPA 70 Class I, Division 1, Group D locations.
+[407:4.3.7.4]
+42.10.2.2.5 Electrical equipment and wiring located within a
+closed compartment shall be of a type listed for use in accor-
+dance with NFPA 70 Class I, Division 1, Group D locations.
+[407:4.3.7.5]
+42.10.2.2.6 Lamps and switching devices, other than those
+covered in 42.10.2.2.4 and 42.10.2.2.5, shall be of the en-
+closed, gasketed, weatherproof type. Other electrical compo-
+nents shall be of a type listed for use in accordance with
+NFPA 70 Class I, Division 2, Group D locations. [407:4.3.7.6]
+42.10.2.2.7 Electrical service wiring between a tractor and
+trailer shall be designed for heavy-duty service. The connector
+shall be of the positive-engaging type. The trailer receptacle
+shall be mounted securely. [407:4.3.7.7]
+42.10.2.3 Cabinets.All cabinets housing vehicle auxiliary equip-
+ment shall have expanded metal flooring, perforated metal
+grating-type flooring, or open floor to facilitate air circulation
+within the enclosed space and to prevent the accumulation of
+fuel. [407:4.3.8]
+42.10.2.4 FireExtinguishers for Aircraft Fuel Servicing Vehicles
+or Carts.
+42.10.2.4.1 Each aircraft fuel servicing tank vehicle shall have
+two listed fire extinguishers, each having a rating of at least
+20-B:C with one extinguisher mounted on each side of the
+vehicle. [407:4.3.9.1]
+42.10.2.4.2 One listed extinguisher having a rating of at least
+20-B:C shall be installed on each hydrant fuel servicing vehicle
+or cart. [407:4.3.9.2]
+42.10.2.4.3 Extinguishers shall be readily accessible from the
+ground. The area of the paneling or tank adjacent to or imme-
+diately behind the extinguisher(s) on fueling vehicles or carts
+shall be painted with a contrasting color. [407:4.3.9.3]
+42.10.2.4.4 Extinguishers shall be kept clear of elements such
+as ice and snow. Extinguishers located in enclosed compartments
+shall be readily accessible, and their location shall be marked
+clearly in letters at least 2 in. (50 mm) high. [407:4.3.9.4]
+42.10.2.5 Smoking Restrictions.
+42.10.2.5.1 A “no smoking” sign shall be posted prominently in
+the cab of every aircraft fuel servicing vehicle. [407:4.3.11.1]
+42.10.2.5.2 Smoking equipment such as cigarette lighters
+and ash trays shall not be provided. If a vehicle includes such
+equipment when initially procured, it shall be removed or ren-
+dered inoperable. [407:4.3.11.2]
+42.10.2.6 Fuel Dispensing System.
+42.10.2.6.1 The valve that controls the flow of fuel from an
+aircraft fuel servicing vehicle or cart to an aircraft shall have a
+deadman control(s) in accordance with the requirements of
+4.1.7 of NFPA 407. [407:4.3.16.1]
+42.10.2.6.2 The deadman flow control in the nozzle shall be
+permitted for overwing fueling. Notches or latches in the
+nozzle handle that could allow the valve to be locked open
+shall be prohibited. Each overwing servicing nozzle shall have
+a cable with a plug or clip for bonding to the aircraft. (See
+42.10.5.4.2.) [407:4.3.16.2]
+42.10.2.6.3 Nozzles for underwing fueling shall be designed
+to be attached securely to the aircraft adapter before the
+nozzle can be opened. Disengaging the nozzle from the air-
+craft adapter shall not be possible until the nozzle is fully
+closed. [407:4.3.16.3]
+42.10.2.6.4 Fuel servicing pump mechanisms shall be de-
+signed and arranged so that failure or seizure does not cause
+rupture of the pump housing, a tank, or of any component
+containing fuel. Fuel pressure shall be controlled within the
+stress limits of the hose and plumbing by means of either an
+in-line pressure controller, a system pressure relief valve, or
+other suitable means. The working pressure of any system
+component shall equal or exceed any pressure to which it
+could be subjected. [407:4.3.16.4]
+42.10.2.6.5 On tank full trailer or tank semitrailer vehicles,
+the use of a pump in the tractor unit with flexible connections
+to the trailer shall be prohibited unless one of the following
+conditions exists:
+(1) Flexible connections are arranged above the liquid level
+of the tank in order to prevent gravity or siphon discharge
+in case of a break in the connection or piping.
+(2) The cargo tank discharge valves required by 42.10.2.6.1
+are arranged to be normally closed and to open only
+when the brakes are set and the pump is engaged.
+[407:4.3.16.5]
+42.10.2.6.6 Hose shall be connected to rigid piping or coupled
+to the hose reel in a manner that prevents kinks or undue bend-
+1–221REFUELING
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ing action or mechanical stress on the hose or hose couplings.
+[407:4.3.16.6]
+42.10.2.6.7 Aircraft fuel servicing vehicles and carts shall
+have an integral system or device that prevents the vehicle or
+cart from being moved unless all fueling nozzles and hydrant
+couplers are properly stowed and mechanical lifts are lowered
+to their stowed position. [407:4.3.16.7]
+42.10.2.6.8 Air Elimination. Aircraft fuel servicing tank ve-
+hicles shall be equipped with product tank low level shutdown
+systems that prevent air from being ingested into the fueling
+system. [407:4.3.16.8]
+42.10.3 Airport Fuel Systems.
+42.10.3.1 Design Approval.Work shall not be started on the
+construction or alteration of an airport fuel system until the de-
+sign, plans, and specifications have been approved by the AHJ.
+[407:4.4.1]
+42.10.3.2 System Approval. The AHJ shall inspect and ap-
+prove the completed system before it is put into service.
+[407:4.4.2]
+42.10.3.3 Fuel Storage Tanks.
+42.10.3.3.1* Fuel storage tanks shall conform to the appli-
+cable requirements of NFPA 30. [407:4.4.4.1]
+42.10.3.3.2 The AHJ shall determine the clearances required
+from runways, taxiways, and other aircraft movement and ser-
+vicing areas to any aboveground fuel storage structure or fuel
+transfer equipment, with due recognition given to national
+and international standards establishing clearances from ob-
+structions. Tanks located in designated aircraft movement ar-
+eas or aircraft servicing areas shall be underground or
+mounded over with earth. Vents from such tanks shall be con-
+structed in a manner to preclude collision hazards with oper-
+ating aircraft. Aircraft operators shall be consulted regarding
+the height and location of such vents to avoid venting flam-
+mable vapors in the vicinity of ignition sources, including op-
+erating aircraft and automotive equipment permitted in the
+area. [407:4.4.4.2]
+42.10.4 Fueling at Rooftop Heliports.Fueling on rooftop heli-
+ports shall be permitted only where approved by the AHJ.
+[407:4.5]
+42.10.4.1 General Limitations.
+42.10.4.1.1 In addition to the special requirements in Sec-
+tion 42.10, the heliport shall comply with the requirements of
+NFPA 418. [407:4.5.1.1]
+42.10.4.1.2 Facilities for dispensing fuel with a flash point
+below 100°F (37.8°C) shall not be permitted at any rooftop
+heliport. [407:4.5.1.2]
+42.10.4.2 Fueling Facilities.
+42.10.4.2.1 In addition to the special requirements of Sec-
+tion 42.10, the fuel storage, piping, and dispensing system
+shall comply with the requirements of NFPA 30 and with appli-
+cable portions of NFPA 407 and thisCode.[ 407:4.5.2.1]
+42.10.4.2.2 The entire system shall be designed so that no
+part of the system is subjected to pressure above its working
+pressure. [407:4.5.2.2]
+42.10.4.2.3 The fuel storage system shall be located at or be-
+low ground level. [407:4.5.2.3]
+42.10.4.3 Pumps.
+42.10.4.3.1 Pumps shall be located at or below ground level.
+Relay pumping shall not be permitted. [407:4.5.3.1]
+42.10.4.3.2 Pumps installed outside of buildings shall be lo-
+cated not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) from any building opening.
+They shall be substantially anchored and protected against
+physical damage from collision. [407:4.5.3.2]
+42.10.4.3.3 Pumps installed within a building shall be in a
+separate room with no opening into other portions of the
+building. The pump room shall be adequately ventilated. Elec-
+trical wiring and equipment shall conform to the require-
+ments of NFPA 70, Article 515. [407:4.5.3.3]
+42.10.4.4 Emergency Fuel Shutoff Stations.
+42.10.4.4.1 A system shall be provided to completely shut off
+the flow of fuel in an emergency. The system shall shut off the
+fuel at the ground level. The emergency fuel shutoff controls
+shall be in addition to the normal operating controls for the
+pumps and deadman control. [407:4.5.9.1]
+42.10.4.4.2 At least two emergency fuel shutoff stations lo-
+cated on opposite sides of the heliport at exitways or at similar
+locations shall be provided. An additional emergency fuel
+shutoff station shall be located at ground level and shall be
+near, but at least 10 ft (3 m) from, the pumps. [407:4.5.9.2]
+42.10.4.4.3 Each emergency fuel shutoff station location
+shall be placarded EMERGENCY FUEL SHUTOFF in letters at
+least 2 in. (50 mm) high. The method of operation shall be
+indicated by an arrow or by the word PUSH or PULL, as ap-
+propriate. Any action necessary to gain access to the shutoff
+device (e.g., BREAK GLASS) shall be shown clearly. Lettering
+shall be of a color contrasting sharply with the placard back-
+ground for visibility. Placards shall be weather resistant, shall
+be conspicuously located, and shall be positioned so that they
+can be seen readily from a distance of at least 25 ft (7.6 m).
+[407:4.5.9.3]
+42.10.4.5 Fire Protection. Fire protection shall conform to
+the requirements of NFPA 418. [407:4.5.10]
+42.10.4.6 Personnel Training.All heliport personnel shall be
+trained in the operation of emergency fuel shutoff controls
+and in the use of the available fire extinguishers. [407:4.5.11]
+42.10.5 Operations.
+42.10.5.1 General.
+42.10.5.1.1* Only personnel trained in the safe operation of
+the equipment and fuels they use, the operation of emergency
+controls, and the procedures to be followed in an emergency
+shall be permitted to handle fuel. [407:5.1.1]
+42.10.5.1.2 Where a valve or electrical device is used for iso-
+lation during maintenance or modification of the fuel system,
+it shall be tagged/locked. The tag/lock shall not be removed
+until the operation is completed. [407:5.1.2]
+42.10.5.1.3 Aircraft fueling vehicles shall be marked with
+the name of the operator or the responsible organization.
+[407:5.1.3]
+42.10.5.1.3.1 The marking shall be approved, legible signs on
+both sides of the exterior of the vehicle. [407:5.1.3.1]
+42.10.5.2* Prevention and Control of Spills.
+42.10.5.2.1 Fuel servicing equipment shall comply with the
+requirements of NFPA 407 and this Code and shall be main-
+1–222 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+tained in safe operating condition. Leaking or malfunctioning
+equipment shall be removed from service. [407:5.2.1]
+42.10.5.2.2 Following fueling of an aircraft all hose shall be
+removed including those from hydrant systems. All hose shall
+also be properly stowed. [407:5.2.2]
+42.10.5.2.3 Fuel nozzles shall not be dragged along the
+ground. [407:5.2.3]
+42.10.5.2.4 Approved pumps, either hand operated or power
+operated, shall be used where aircraft are fueled from drums.
+Pouring or gravity flow shall not be permitted from a con-
+tainer with a capacity of more than 5 gal (19 L). [407:5.2.4]
+42.10.5.2.5 Where a spill is observed, the fuel servicing shall
+be stopped immediately by release of the deadman controls.
+In the event that a spill continues, the equipment emergency
+fuel shutoff shall be actuated. In the event that a spill contin-
+ues from a hydrant system, the system emergency fuel shutoff
+shall be actuated. The supervisor shall be notified at once, and
+the operation shall not be resumed until the spill has been
+cleared and conditions are determined to be safe. [407:5.2.5]
+42.10.5.2.6 The airport fire crew shall be notified if a spill
+covers over 10 ft (3 m) in any direction or is over 50 ft2 (5 m2)
+in area, continues to flow, or is otherwise a hazard to persons
+or property. The spill shall be investigated to determine the
+cause, to determine whether emergency procedures were
+properly carried out, and to determine the necessary correc-
+tive measures. [407:5.2.6]
+42.10.5.2.7 Transferring fuel by pumping from one tank ve-
+hicle to another tank vehicle within 200 ft (61 m) of an aircraft
+shall not be permitted. [407:5.2.7]
+42.10.5.2.8 Not more than one tank vehicle shall be permit-
+ted to be connected to the same aircraft fueling manifold.
+Exception: Where means are provided to prevent fuel from flowing
+back into a tank vehicle because of a difference in pumping pressure.
+[407:5.2.8]
+42.10.5.3 Emergency Fuel Shutoff.
+42.10.5.3.1 Access to emergency fuel shutoff control stations
+shall be kept clear at all times. [407:5.3.1]
+42.10.5.3.2 A procedure shall be established to notify the fire
+department serving the airport in the event of a control sta-
+tion activation. [407:5.3.2]
+42.10.5.3.3 If the fuel flow stops for any reason, it first shall be
+presumed that an emergency fuel shutoff system has been ac-
+tuated. The cause of the shutoff shall be corrected before fuel
+flow is resumed. [407:5.3.3]
+42.10.5.3.4 Emergency fuel shutoff systems shall be opera-
+tionally checked at intervals not exceeding 6 months. Each
+individual device shall be checked at least once during every
+12-month period. [407:5.3.4]
+42.10.5.3.5 Suitable records shall be kept of tests required by
+42.10.5.3.4. [407:5.3.5]
+42.10.5.4* Bonding.
+42.10.5.4.1 Prior to making any fueling connection to the
+aircraft, the fueling equipment shall be bonded to the aircraft
+by use of a cable, thus providing a conductive path to equalize
+the potential between the fueling equipment and the aircraft.
+The bond shall be maintained until fueling connections have
+been removed, thus allowing separated charges that could be
+generated during the fueling operation to reunite. Ground-
+ing during aircraft fueling shall not be permitted. [407:5.4.1]
+42.10.5.4.2 In addition to the requirements in 42.10.5.4.1,
+where fueling overwing, the nozzle shall be bonded with a
+nozzle bond cable having a clip or plug to a metallic compo-
+nent of the aircraft that is metallically connected to the tank
+filler port. The bond connection shall be made before the
+filler cap is removed. If no plug receptacle or means for attach-
+ing a clip is available, the operator shall touch the filler cap
+with the nozzle spout before removing the cap in order to
+equalize the potential between the nozzle and the filler port.
+The spout shall be kept in contact with the filler neck until the
+fueling is completed. [407:5.4.2]
+42.10.5.4.3* Where a funnel is used in aircraft fueling, it shall
+be kept in contact with the filler neck as well as the fueling
+nozzle spout or the supply container to avoid the possibility of
+a spark at the fill opening. Only metal funnels shall be used.
+[407:5.4.3]
+42.10.5.4.4 Where a hydrant servicer or cart is used for fuel-
+ing, the hydrant coupler shall be connected to the hydrant
+system prior to bonding the fuel equipment to the aircraft.
+[407:5.4.4]
+42.10.5.4.5 Bonding and fueling connections shall be discon-
+nected in the reverse order of connection. [407:5.4.5]
+42.10.5.4.6 Conductive hose shall be used to prevent electro-
+static discharge but shall not be used to accomplish required
+bonding. [407:5.4.6]
+42.10.5.5 Operation of Aircraft Engines and Heaters.
+42.10.5.5.1 Fuel servicing shall not be performed on a fixed
+wing aircraft while an onboard engine is operating. (See
+42.10.5.21.)
+Exception: In an emergency resulting from the failure of an onboard
+auxiliary power unit on a jet aircraft and in the absence of suitable ground
+support equipment, a jet engine mounted at the rear of the aircraft or on
+the wing on the side opposite the fueling point shall be permitted to be
+operated during fueling to provide power, provided that the operation fol-
+lows written procedures approved by the AHJ. [407:5.5.1]
+42.10.5.5.2 Combustion heaters on aircraft (e.g., wing and
+tail surface heaters, integral cabin heaters) shall not be oper-
+ated during fueling operations. [407:5.5.2]
+42.10.5.6 Internal Combustion Engine Equipment Around
+Aircraft (Other than Aircraft Fuel Servicing Vehicles).
+42.10.5.6.1 Equipment, other than that performing aircraft
+servicing functions, shall not be permitted within 50 ft (15 m)
+of aircraft during fuel servicing operations. [407:5.6.1]
+42.10.5.6.2 Equipment performing aircraft servicing func-
+tions shall not be positioned within a 10 ft (3 m) radius of
+aircraft fuel system vent openings. [407:5.6.2]
+42.10.5.6.3 During overwing aircraft fuel servicing where air-
+craft fuel system vents are located on the upper wing surface,
+equipment shall not be positioned under the trailing edge of
+the wing. [407:5.6.3]
+42.10.5.7* Electrical Equipment Used on Aircraft Servicing
+Ramps.
+42.10.5.7.1 Battery chargers shall not be connected, oper-
+ated, or disconnected while fuel servicing is performed on the
+aircraft. [407:5.7.1]
+1–223REFUELING
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+42.10.5.7.2* Aircraft ground-power generators or other elec-
+trical ground-power supplies shall not be connected or discon-
+nected while fuel servicing is performed on the aircraft.
+[407:5.7.2]
+42.10.5.7.3 Electric tools or similar tools likely to produce
+sparks or arcs shall not be used while fuel servicing is per-
+formed on the aircraft. [407:5.7.3]
+42.10.5.7.4 Photographic equipment shall not be used within
+10 ft (3 m) of the fueling equipment or the fill or vent points
+of aircraft fuel systems. [407:5.7.4]
+42.10.5.7.5 Other than aircraft fuel servicing vehicles,
+battery-powered vehicles that do not comply with the provi-
+sions of NFPA 407 shall not be operated within 10 ft (3 m) of
+fueling equipment or spills. (See 42.10.5.6.) [407:5.7.5]
+42.10.5.7.6* Communication equipment located outside the
+cab of the vehicle and used during aircraft fuel servicing opera-
+tions within 10 ft (3 m) of the fill or vent points of aircraft fuel
+systems shall be listed as intrinsically safe for Class I, Division 1,
+Group D hazardous (classified) locations in accordance with
+ANSI/UL 913,Standard for Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and Associ-
+ated Apparatus for Use in Class I, II, and III Division 1, Hazardous
+(Classified) Locations.[ 407:5.7.6]
+42.10.5.8 Open Flames on Aircraft Fuel Servicing Ramps.
+42.10.5.8.1 Entrances to fueling areas shall be posted with
+“No Smoking” signs. [407:5.8.1]
+42.10.5.8.2 Open flames on aircraft fuel servicing ramps or
+aprons within 50 ft (15 m) of any aircraft fuel servicing opera-
+tion or fueling equipment shall be prohibited. [407:5.8.2]
+42.10.5.8.3 The category of open flames and lighted open-
+flame devices shall include, but shall not be limited to, the
+following:
+(1) Lighted cigarettes, cigars, pipes
+(2) Exposed flame heaters, liquid, solid, or gaseous devices, in-
+cluding portable and wheeled gasoline or kerosene heaters
+(3) Heat-producing, welding, or cutting devices and blow-
+torches
+(4) Flare pots or other open-flame lights [ 407:5.8.3]
+42.10.5.8.4 The AHJ might establish other locations where
+open flames and open-flame devices shall not be permitted.
+[407:5.8.4]
+42.10.5.8.5 Personnel shall not carry lighters or matches on
+their person while engaged in fuel servicing operations.
+[407:5.8.5]
+42.10.5.8.6 Lighters or matches shall not be permitted on or
+in fueling equipment. [407:5.8.6]
+42.10.5.9* Lightning Precautions.
+42.10.5.9.1 Fuel servicing operations shall be suspended
+where lightning flashes are in the immediate vicinity of the
+airport. [407:5.9.1]
+42.10.5.9.2 A written procedure shall be established to set the
+criteria for where fueling operations are to be suspended at
+each airport as approved by the fueling agent and the airport
+authority. [407:5.9.2]
+42.10.5.10 Aircraft Fuel Servicing Locations.
+42.10.5.10.1 Aircraft fuel servicing shall be performed out-
+doors. Aircraft fuel servicing incidental to aircraft fuel system
+maintenance operations shall comply with the requirements
+of NFPA 410,Standard on Aircraft Maintenance.[ 407:5.10.1]
+42.10.5.10.2* Aircraft being fueled shall be positioned so that
+aircraft fuel system vents or fuel tank openings are not closer
+than 25 ft (7.6 m) to any terminal building, hangar, service
+building, or enclosed passenger concourse other than a load-
+ing walkway. Aircraft being fueled shall not be positioned so
+that the vent or tank openings are within 50 ft (15 m) of any
+combustion and ventilation air-intake to any boiler, heater, or
+incinerator room. [407:5.10.2]
+42.10.5.10.3 Accessibility to aircraft by emergency fire equip-
+ment shall be established for aircraft fuel servicing positions.
+[407:5.10.3]
+42.10.5.11 Aircraft Occupancy During Fuel Servicing Opera-
+tions.
+42.10.5.11.1 If passengers remain onboard an aircraft during
+fuel servicing, at least one qualified person trained in emer-
+gency evacuation procedures shall be in the aircraft at or near
+a door at which there is a passenger loading walkway, integral
+stairs that lead downward, or a passenger loading stair or
+stand. A clear area for emergency evacuation of the aircraft
+shall be maintained at not less than one additional exit. Where
+fueling operations take place with passengers onboard away
+from the terminal building, and stairways are not provided,
+such as during inclement weather (diversions), all slides shall
+be armed and the ARFF services shall be notified to respond in
+standby position in the vicinity of the fueling activity with at
+least one vehicle. Aircraft operators shall establish specific pro-
+cedures covering emergency evacuation under such condi-
+tions for each type of aircraft they operate. All “no smoking”
+signs shall be displayed in the cabin(s), and the no smoking
+rule shall be enforced. [407:5.11.1]
+42.10.5.11.2 For each aircraft type, operators shall determine
+the areas through which it could be hazardous for boarding or
+deplaning passengers to pass while the aircraft is being fueled.
+Controls shall be established so that passengers avoid such
+areas. [407:5.11.2]
+42.10.5.11.3 Passengers shall not be permitted to linger
+about the plane but shall proceed directly between the load-
+ing gate and the aircraft. [407:5.11.3]
+42.10.5.12 Positioning of Aircraft Fuel Servicing Vehicles and
+Carts.
+42.10.5.12.1 Aircraft fuel servicing vehicles and carts shall be
+positioned so that a clear path of egress from the aircraft for
+fuel servicing vehicles shall be maintained. [407:5.12.1]
+42.10.5.12.2 The propulsion or pumping engine of aircraft
+fuel servicing vehicles or carts shall not be positioned under
+the wing of the aircraft during overwing fueling or where air-
+craft fuel system vents are located on the upper wing surface.
+Aircraft fuel servicing vehicles or carts shall not be positioned
+within a 10 ft (3 m) radius of aircraft fuel system vent open-
+ings. [407:5.12.2]
+42.10.5.12.3 Parking brakes shall be set on all fuel servicing
+vehicles or carts before operators begin the fueling operation.
+[407:5.12.3]
+42.10.5.13* Portable Fire Extinguishers.
+42.10.5.13.1 During fueling operations, fire extinguishers shall
+be available on aircraft servicing ramps or aprons. [407:5.13.1]
+1–224 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+42.10.5.13.2 Each aircraft fuel servicing tank vehicle shall
+have two listed fire extinguishers, each having a rating of at
+least 20-B:C, with one extinguisher mounted on each side of
+the vehicle. [407:5.13.2]
+42.10.5.13.3 One listed fire extinguisher having a rating of at
+least 20-B:C shall be installed on each hydrant fuel servicing
+vehicle or cart. [407:5.13.3]
+42.10.5.13.4 Where the open hose discharge capacity of the
+aircraft fueling system or equipment is more than 200 gpm
+(750 L/min), at least one listed wheeled extinguisher having a
+rating of not less than 80-B:C and a minimum capacity of
+125 lb (55 kg) of agent shall be provided. [407:5.13.4]
+42.10.5.13.5* Extinguishers shall be kept clear of elements such
+as ice and snow. Extinguishers located in enclosed compartments
+shall be readily accessible, and their location shall be marked
+clearly in letters at least 2 in. (50 mm) high. [407:5.13.5]
+42.10.5.13.6* Fuel servicing personnel shall be trained in the
+use of the available fire extinguishing equipment they could
+be expected to use. [407:5.13.6]
+42.10.5.14 Defueling.
+42.10.5.14.1 The transfer of fuel from an aircraft to a tank
+vehicle through a hose generally is similar to fueling, and the
+same requirements shall apply. In addition, each operator
+shall establish procedures to prevent the overfilling of the
+tank vehicle, which is a special hazard when defueling (see
+4.3.21.7 of NFPA 407). [407:5.14.1]
+42.10.5.14.1.1 There shall be a procedure to eliminate air
+ingested during a defueling operation prior to the aircraft fuel
+servicing tank vehicle being reused. [407:5.14.1.1]
+42.10.5.14.2 Where draining residual fuel from aircraft tanks
+incidental to aircraft fuel system maintenance, testing, manu-
+facturing, salvage, or recovery operations, the procedures of
+NFPA 410 shall apply. [407:5.14.2]
+42.10.5.15 Deadman Control Monitoring.
+42.10.5.15.1 The fueling operator shall monitor the panel of
+the fueling equipment and the aircraft control panel during
+pressure fueling or shall monitor the fill port during overwing
+fueling. [407:5.15.1]
+42.10.5.15.2 Fuel flow shall be controlled by use of a dead-
+man control device. The use of any means that defeats the
+deadman control shall be prohibited. [407:5.15.2]
+42.10.5.16* Aircraft Fueling Hose.
+42.10.5.16.1 Aircraft fueling hose shall be inspected before
+use each day. The hose shall be extended as it normally would
+be for fueling and checked for evidence of blistering, carcass
+saturation or separation, cuts, nicks, or abrasions that expose
+reinforcement material, and for slippage, misalignment, or
+leaks at couplings. If coupling slippage or leaks are found, the
+cause of the problem shall be determined. Defective hose
+shall be removed from service. [407:5.16.1]
+42.10.5.16.2 At least once each month the hose shall be com-
+pletely extended and inspected as required in 42.10.5.16.1.
+The hose couplings and the hose shall be examined for a
+length approximately 12 in. (305 mm) adjacent to the cou-
+plings. Structural weakness shall be checked by pressing the
+hose in this area around its entire circumference for soft spots.
+Hoses that show evidence of soft spots shall be removed from
+service. The nozzle screens shall be examined for rubber par-
+ticles. The presence of such particles indicates possible dete-
+rioration of the interior, and the hose shall be removed from
+service. With the hose still completely extended, it shall be
+checked at the working pressure of the fueling equipment to
+which it is attached. Any abnormal twisting or ballooning dur-
+ing this test indicates a weakening of the hose carcass, and the
+hose shall be removed from service. [407:5.16.2]
+42.10.5.16.3 A hose assembly that has been subjected to abuse,
+such as severe end-pull, flattening or crushing by a vehicle, or
+sharp bending or kinking, shall be removed from service. The
+hose assembly that has been subjected to abuse shall be hydro-
+statically tested prior to use.(See 4.2.2.1 of NFPA 407.)[407:5.16.3]
+42.10.5.16.4* If inspection shows that a portion of a hose has
+been damaged, the damaged portion shall be cut off and the
+undamaged portion recoupled. Two lengths of hose shall not
+be coupled together. Only couplings that are an exact match
+for the interior and exterior dimensions of the hose shall be
+used. Recoupled hose assemblies shall be hydrostatically
+tested. (See 4.2.2.1 of NFPA 407.)[407:5.16.4]
+42.10.5.16.5 Before any hose assembly, new or recoupled, is
+placed in service, it shall be visually inspected for evidence of
+damage or deterioration. [407:5.16.5]
+42.10.5.16.6 Kinks or short loops in fueling hose shall be
+avoided. [407:5.16.6]
+42.10.5.16.7 Suitable records shall be kept of required in-
+spections and hydrostatic tests. [407:5.16.7]
+42.10.5.17 Maintenance of Aircraft Fuel Servicing Vehicles
+and Carts.
+42.10.5.17.1 Aircraft fuel servicing vehicles or carts shall not
+be operated unless they are in proper repair and free of accu-
+mulations of grease, oil, or other combustibles. [407:5.17.1]
+42.10.5.17.2 Leaking vehicles or carts shall be removed from
+service, defueled, and parked in a safe area until repaired.
+[407:5.17.2]
+42.10.5.17.3 Maintenance and servicing of aircraft fuel ser-
+vicing vehicles and carts shall be performed outdoors or in a
+building approved for the purpose. [407:5.17.3]
+42.10.5.18 Parking Aircraft Fuel Servicing Tank Vehicles.Park-
+ing areas for unattended aircraft fuel servicing tank vehicles
+shall be arranged to provide the following:
+(1) Dispersal of the vehicles in the event of an emergency
+(2) A minimum of 10 ft (3 m) of clear space between parked
+vehicles for accessibility for fire control purposes
+(3) Prevention of any leakage from draining to an adjacent
+building or storm drain that is not suitably designed to
+handle fuel
+(4) A minimum of 50 ft (15 m) from any parked aircraft and
+buildings other than maintenance facilities and garages
+for fuel servicing tank vehicles [407:5.18]
+42.10.5.19 Parking Aircraft Fuel Servicing Hydrant Vehicles
+and Carts.Parking areas for unattended aircraft fuel servicing
+hydrant vehicles or carts shall be arranged to provide the fol-
+lowing:
+(1) Dispersal of the vehicles in the event of an emergency
+(2) Prevention of any leakage from draining to an adjacent
+building or storm drain that is not suitably designed to
+handle fuel [407:5.19]
+1–225REFUELING
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+42.10.5.20 Loading of Aircraft Fuel Servicing Tank Vehicles.
+42.10.5.20.1 General Requirements.
+42.10.5.20.1.1 Loading and Unloading.
+42.10.5.20.1.1.1 Aircraft fuel servicing tank vehicles shall be
+loaded only at an approved loading rack. [407:5.20.1.1.1]
+42.10.5.20.1.1.2 Aircraft fuel servicing tank vehicles shall not
+be loaded from a hydrant pit under emergency conditions
+unless permitted by the AHJ. [407:5.20.1.1.2]
+42.10.5.20.1.2 Filling of the vehicle cargo tank shall be under
+the observation and control of a qualified and authorized op-
+erator at all times. [407:5.20.1.2]
+42.10.5.20.1.3 The required deadman and automatic overfill
+controls shall be in normal operating condition during the
+filling operation. The controls shall not be blocked open or
+otherwise bypassed. [407:5.20.1.3]
+42.10.5.20.1.4 The engine of the tank vehicle shall be shut off
+before starting to fill the tank. [407:5.20.1.4]
+42.10.5.20.1.5 To prevent leakage or overflow from expan-
+sion of the contents due to a rise in atmospheric temperature
+or direct exposure to the sun, no cargo tank or compartment
+shall be loaded to the point where it is liquid full.
+[407:5.20.1.5]
+42.10.5.20.2 Top Loading.
+42.10.5.20.2.1 Where loading tank trucks through open
+domes, a bond shall be established between the loading pip-
+ing and the cargo tank to equalize potentials. The bond con-
+nection shall be made before the dome is opened and shall be
+removed only after the dome is closed. [407:5.20.2.1]
+42.10.5.20.2.2 Drop tubes attached to loading assemblies ex-
+tending into the vehicle tank shall extend to the bottom of the
+tank and shall be maintained in that position until the tank is
+loaded to provide submerged loading and avoid splashing or
+free fall of fuel through the tank atmosphere. The flow rate
+into the tanks shall not exceed 25 percent of the maximum
+flow until the outlet is fully covered. [407:5.20.2.2]
+42.10.5.20.2.3 The level in the tank shall be visually moni-
+tored at all times during top loading. [407:5.20.2.3]
+42.10.5.20.3 Bottom Loading.
+42.10.5.20.3.1 A bonding connection shall be made between
+the cargo tank and the loading rack before any fuel connec-
+tions are made and shall remain in place throughout the load-
+ing operation. [407:5.20.3.1]
+42.10.5.20.3.2 The operator shall initiate fuel flow by means
+of a deadman control device. [407:5.20.3.2]
+42.10.5.20.3.3 The operator shall perform the precheck on
+each compartment shortly after flow has started, to ensure
+that the automatic high-level shutoff system is functioning
+properly. [407:5.20.3.3]
+42.10.5.20.3.4 At least monthly the operator shall perform a
+check to ensure complete closure of the bottom-loading valve
+on the tank vehicle. [407:5.20.3.4]
+42.10.5.21 Rapid Refueling of Helicopters.
+42.10.5.21.1 Only turbine engine helicopters fueled with
+JET A or JET A-1 fuels shall be permitted to be fueled while
+an onboard engine is operating. Helicopters permitted to
+be fueled while an onboard engine is operating shall have
+all sources of ignition of potential fuel spills located above
+the fuel inlet port(s) and above the vents or tank openings.
+Ignition sources shall include, but shall not be limited to,
+engines, exhausts, auxiliary power units (APUs), and
+combustion-type cabin heater exhausts. [ 407:5.21.1]
+42.10.5.21.2 Helicopter fueling while onboard engines are
+operating shall be permitted only under the following condi-
+tions:
+(1) An FAA-licensed helicopter pilot shall be at the aircraft
+controls during the entire fuel servicing process.
+(2)*Passengers shall be deboarded to a safe location prior to
+rapid refueling operations. Where the pilot in command
+deems it necessary for passengers to remain onboard for
+safety reasons, the provisions of 42.10.5.11.1 shall apply.
+(3) Passengers shall not board or deboard during rapid refuel-
+ing operations.
+(4) Only designated personnel, properly trained in rapid re-
+fueling operations, shall operate the equipment. Written
+procedures shall include the safe handling of the fuel and
+equipment.
+(5) All doors, windows, and access points allowing entry to the
+interior of the helicopter that are adjacent to, or in the im-
+mediate vicinity of, the fuel inlet ports shall be closed and
+shall remain closed during refueling operations.
+(6) Fuel shall be dispensed into an open port from approved
+deadman-type nozzles, with a flow rate not to exceed
+60 gpm (227 L/min), or it shall be dispensed through
+close-coupled pressure fueling ports. Where fuel is dis-
+pensed from fixed piping systems, the hose cabinet shall
+not extend into the rotor space. A curb or other approved
+barrier shall be provided to restrict the fuel servicing ve-
+hicle from coming closer than within 10 ft (3 m) of any
+helicopter rotating components. If a curb or approved
+barrier cannot be provided, fuel servicing vehicles shall
+be kept 20 ft (6 m) away from any helicopter rotating
+components, and a trained person shall direct fuel servic-
+ing vehicle approach and departure. [407:5.21.2]
+42.10.5.22 Self-Service Fueling. Occupancy of the aircraft
+during self-service fueling shall be prohibited. [407:5.22]
+42.11 Alternate Fuels.
+42.11.1 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicular Fuel Sys-
+tems. The design and installation of CNG engine fuel systems
+on vehicles of all types shall comply with NFPA 52, Vehicular
+Fuel Systems Code, and Section 42.11.
+42.11.1.1* Scope.
+42.11.1.1.1 This Code shall apply to the design, installation,
+operation, and maintenance of compressed natural gas
+(CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) engine fuel systems
+on vehicles of all types and for fueling vehicle (dispensing)
+systems and associated storage, including the following:
+(1) Original equipment manufacturers
+(2) Final-stage vehicle integrator/manufacturer (FSVIM)
+(3) Vehicle fueling (dispensing) systems [52:1.1.1]
+42.11.1.1.2* Vehicles and fuel supply containers complying
+with federal motor vehicle safety standards covering the instal-
+lation of CNG fuel systems on vehicles and certified by the
+respective manufacturer as meeting these standards shall not
+be required to comply with Section 4.4, 4.8.4, and Chapter 6 of
+1–226 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 52 (except Section 6.11, 6.12.4, and Sections 6.13 and
+6.14 of NFPA 52). [52:1.1.2]
+42.11.1.1.3 NFPA 52 shall apply to the design, installation,
+operation, and maintenance of compressed hydrogen (GH2),
+liquefied compressed hydrogen (LH 2), and blends of hydro-
+gen up to 20 percent with the balance natural gas (NG) ve-
+hicle fueling (dispensing) systems and engine fuel systems and
+facilities. [52:1.1.3]
+42.11.1.1.4 NFPA 52 shall apply to the design and installation
+of engine fuel systems up to 3600 psi (25 MPa) for vehicles
+operating on mixtures of GH 2 up to 20 percent with the bal-
+ance natural gas (NG). These blends shall be treated as CNG.
+[52:1.1.4]
+42.11.1.1.5 NFPA 52 shall apply to the design, installation,
+operation, and maintenance of LNG engine fuel systems on
+vehicles of all types, to their associated fueling (dispensing)
+facilities, and to LNG to CNG facilities with LNG storage in
+ASME containers of 70,000 gal (265 m3) or less. [52:1.1.5]
+42.11.1.1.6 NFPA 52 shall include marine, highway, rail, off-
+road, and industrial vehicles. [52:1.1.6]
+42.11.1.1.7 Vehicles that are required to comply with appli-
+cable federal motor vehicle safety standards covering the in-
+stallation of LNG fuel systems on vehicles and that are certi-
+fied by the manufacturer as meeting these standards shall not
+be required to comply with Chapter 11 of NFPA 52, except
+11.12.8 of NFPA 52. [52:1.1.7]
+42.11.1.1.8 NFPA 52 shall apply to testing, service, and main-
+tenance of GH2 engine fuel systems. [52:1.1.8]
+42.11.1.1.9 Vehicles that meet FMVSS requirements for hy-
+drogen vehicles shall not be subject to NFPA 52. [52:1.1.9]
+42.11.2 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP-Gas).
+42.11.2.1 Fuel dispensing facilities for vehicles using LP-Gas
+shall comply with NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code , and
+42.11.2.
+42.11.2.2 Scope.
+42.11.2.2.1* Chapter 11 of NFPA 58 applies to engine fuel sys-
+tems using LP-Gas in internal combustion engines, including
+containers, container appurtenances, carburetion equipment,
+piping, hose and fittings, and their installation. [58:11.1.1]
+42.11.2.2.2* Chapter 11 of NFPA 58 shall apply to the installa-
+tion of fuel systems supplying engines used to propel all motor
+vehicles. [58:11.1.2]
+42.11.2.2.3 Chapter 11 of NFPA 58 applies to garaging of
+vehicles where such systems are installed. [ 58:11.1.3]
+42.11.2.2.4 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply
+with Section 1.12.
+42.11.2.3 Training.Each person engaged in installing, repair-
+ing, filling, or otherwise servicing an LP-Gas engine fuel sys-
+tem shall be trained. [58:11.2]
+42.11.2.4 Marking.
+42.11.2.4.1 Label Requirements.Each over-the-road general-
+purpose vehicle powered by LP-Gas shall be identified with a
+weather-resistant diamond-shaped label located on an exte-
+rior vertical or near vertical surface on the lower right rear of
+the vehicle (on the trunk lid of a vehicle so equipped but not
+on the bumper of any vehicle) inboard from any other mark-
+ings. [58:11.11.1]
+42.11.2.4.2 Label Size.
+42.11.2.4.2.1 The label shall be a minimum of 4 3⁄4 in.
+(120 mm) long by 31⁄4 in. (83 mm) high. [58:11.11.2.1]
+42.11.2.4.2.2* The marking shall consist of a border and the
+word PROPANE [1 in. (25 mm) minimum height centered in
+the diamond] in silver or white reflective luminous material
+on a black background. [58:11.11.2.2]
+42.11.2.5 Industrial (and Forklift) Trucks Powered by LP-Gas.
+42.11.2.5.1 Scope.Section 11.12 of NFPA 58 applies to LP-Gas
+installation on industrial trucks (including forklift trucks),
+both to propel them and to provide the energy for their
+materials-handling attachments. [58:11.12.1]
+42.11.2.5.2 Operations. The operation of industrial trucks
+(including forklift trucks) powered by LP-Gas engine fuel sys-
+tems shall comply with 42.11.2.5.2.1 through 42.11.2.5.2.4.
+[58:11.12.4]
+42.11.2.5.2.1 Industrial trucks shall be refueled outdoors.
+[58:11.12.4.1]
+42.11.2.5.2.2 Where cylinders are exchanged indoors, the
+fuel piping system shall be equipped to minimize the release
+of fuel when cylinders are exchanged, in accordance with ei-
+ther of the following:
+(1) Using an approved quick-closing coupling in the fuel line
+(2) Closing the shutoff valve at the fuel cylinder and allowing
+the engine to run until the fuel in the line is exhausted
+[58:11.12.4.2]
+42.11.2.5.2.3 Where LP-Gas–fueled industrial trucks are used
+in buildings or structures, the following shall apply:
+(1) The number of fuel cylinders on such a truck shall not
+exceed two.
+(2) The use of industrial trucks in buildings frequented by
+the public, including those times when such buildings are
+occupied by the public, shall require the approval of the
+AHJ.
+(3) The total water capacity of the fuel cylinders on an indi-
+vidual truck shall not exceed 105 lb (48 kg) [nominal
+45 lb (20 kg) propane capacity].
+(4) Trucks shall not be parked and left unattended in areas
+occupied by or frequented by the public without the ap-
+proval of the AHJ. If left unattended with approval, the
+cylinder shutoff valve shall be closed.
+(5) In no case shall trucks be parked and left unattended in
+areas of excessive heat or near sources of ignition.
+[58:11.12.4.3]
+42.11.2.5.2.4 All cylinders used in industrial truck service (in-
+cluding forklift truck cylinders) shall have the cylinder pressure
+relief valve replaced by a new or unused valve within 12 years of
+the date of manufacture of the cylinder and every 10 years there-
+after. [58:11.12.4.4]
+42.11.2.6 General Provisions for Vehicles Having Engines
+Mounted on Them (Including Floor Maintenance Machines).
+42.11.2.6.1 Scope.
+42.11.2.6.1.1 Paragraph 42.11.2.6 applies to the installation
+of equipment on vehicles that supply LP-Gas as a fuel for en-
+gines installed on these vehicles. [58:11.13.1.1]
+1–227REFUELING
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+42.11.2.6.1.2 Vehicles include floor maintenance and any other
+portable mobile unit, whether the engine is used to propel the
+vehicle or is mounted on it for other purposes. [58:11.13.1.2]
+42.11.2.6.2 General Requirements.
+42.11.2.6.2.1 Industrial trucks (including forklift trucks) and
+other engines on vehicles operating in buildings other than
+those used exclusively to house engines shall have an approved
+automatic shutoff valve installed in the fuel system. [58:11.13.2.1]
+42.11.2.6.2.2 The source of air for combustion shall be isolated
+from the driver and passenger compartment, ventilating system,
+or air-conditioning system on the vehicle. [58:11.13.2.2]
+42.11.2.6.2.3 Non–self-propelled floor maintenance machin-
+ery (floor polishers, scrubbers, buffers) and other similar por-
+table equipment shall be listed. [58:11.13.2.3]
+42.11.2.6.2.3.1 A label shall be affixed to the machinery or
+equipment, with the label facing the operator, with the text
+denoting that the cylinder or portion of the machinery or
+equipment containing the cylinder shall be stored in accor-
+dance with Chapter 8 of NFPA 58. [58:11.13.2.3(A)]
+42.11.2.6.2.3.2 The use of floor maintenance machines in
+buildings frequented by the public, including the times when
+such buildings are occupied by the public, shall require the
+approval of the AHJ. [58:11.13.2.3(B)]
+42.11.2.7 Garaging of Vehicles.Where vehicles with LP-Gas
+engine fuel systems mounted on them, and general-purpose
+vehicles propelled by LP-Gas engines, are stored or serviced
+inside garages, the following conditions shall apply:
+(1) The fuel system shall be leak-free.
+(2) The container shall not be filled beyond the limits speci-
+fied in Chapter 7 of NFPA 58.
+(3) The container shutoff valve shall be closed when the ve-
+hicle or the engine is being repaired, except when the
+engine is required to operate. Containers equipped with
+an automatic shutoff valve as specified in 11.4.1.8 of
+NFPA 58 satisfy this requirement.
+(4) The vehicle shall not be parked near sources of heat,
+open flames, or similar sources of ignition, or near inad-
+equately ventilated pits. [58:11.15]
+42.11.3* Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).Fuel dispensing facili-
+ties for marine, highway, rail, off-road, and industrial vehicles
+using LNG and LNG storage in ASME containers of 70,000 gal
+(265 m3) or less shall comply with NFPA 52.
+42.11.3.1 Permits.Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+Chapter 43 Spraying, Dipping, and Coating Using
+Flammable or Combustible Materials
+43.1 Application.
+43.1.1* Operations involving the spray application of flam-
+mable and combustible materials shall comply with NFPA 33,
+Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or Combustible Ma-
+terials, and Section 43.1.
+43.1.1.1 Section 43.1 shall apply to the spray application of
+flammable liquids, combustible liquids, or combustible pow-
+ders either continuously or intermittently, by any of the follow-
+ing methods:
+(1) Compressed air atomization
+(2) Airless or hydraulic atomization
+(3) Electrostatic application methods
+(4) Fluidized bed application methods
+(5) Electrostatic fluidized bed application methods
+(6) Other acceptable application means
+43.1.1.2 Section 43.1 shall not apply to the following:
+(1)*Spray application processes or operations that are con-
+ducted outdoors
+(2)*Small portable spraying equipment or aerosol products
+that are not used repeatedly in the same location
+(3) Spray application of noncombustible materials
+(4) The hazards of toxicity or industrial health and hygiene
+43.1.1.3 Where certain waterborne, spray-applied materials
+that contain flammable or combustible liquids or that pro-
+duce combustible residues or deposits are used, the applicable
+provisions of Section 43.1 shall apply.
+43.1.1.4 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+43.1.2 Location of Spray Application Operations.
+43.1.2.1* General.Spray application operations and processes
+shall be confined to spray booths, spray rooms, or spray areas,
+as defined in this Code.[ 33:4.1]
+43.1.2.2 Locations in Other Occupancies.Spray application
+operations and processes shall not be conducted in any build-
+ing that is classified as an assembly, educational, institutional,
+or residential occupancy, unless they are located in a room
+that is separated both vertically and horizontally from all sur-
+rounding areas by construction having a fire resistance rating
+of not less than 2 hours. The room shall be protected by an
+approved automatic sprinkler system designed and installed
+in accordance with Section 13.3. [33:4.2]
+43.1.3 Construction and Design of Spray Areas, Spray Rooms,
+and Spray Booths.
+43.1.3.1* Walls and Ceilings.Walls, doors, and ceilings that
+intersect or enclose a spray area shall be constructed of non-
+combustible or limited-combustible materials or assemblies
+and shall be securely and rigidly mounted or fastened. The
+interior surfaces of the spray area shall be smooth, designed
+and installed to prevent pockets that can trap residues, and
+designed to facilitate ventilation and cleaning. [33:5.1]
+43.1.3.1.1 Air intake filters that are a part of a wall or ceiling
+assembly shall be listed as Class 1 or Class 2, in accordance with
+ANSI/UL 900, Standard for Air Filter Units.[ 33:5.1.1]
+43.1.3.1.2 The floor of the spray area shall be constructed of
+noncombustible material, limited-combustible material, or
+combustible material that is completely covered by noncom-
+bustible material. [33:5.1.2]
+43.1.3.1.3 Aluminum shall not be used for structural support
+members or the walls or ceiling of a spray booth or spray room
+enclosure. Aluminum also shall not be used for ventilation
+ductwork associated with a spray booth or spray room. Alumi-
+num shall be permitted to be used for interior components,
+such as platforms, spray apparatus components, and other an-
+cillary devices. [33:5.1.3]
+43.1.3.1.4 If walls or ceiling assemblies are constructed of
+sheet metal, single-skin assemblies shall be no thinner than
+1–228 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+0.0478 in. (1.2 mm), and each sheet of double-skin assemblies
+shall be no thinner than 0.0359 in. (0.9 mm). [33:5.1.4]
+43.1.3.1.5 Structural sections of spray booths shall be permit-
+ted to be sealed with a caulk or sealant to minimize air leakage.
+[33:5.1.5]
+43.1.3.1.6 Spray rooms shall be constructed of and separated
+from surrounding areas of the building by construction assem-
+blies that have a fire resistance rating of 1 hour. [33:5.1.6]
+43.1.3.1.7 Enclosed spray booths and spray rooms shall be
+provided with means of egress that meet the requirements of
+NFPA101.[ 33:5.1.7]
+43.1.3.1.8 Spray booths that are used exclusively for powder
+coating shall meet the requirements of Section 43.6. They
+shall be permitted to be constructed of fire-retardant combus-
+tible materials where approved by the AHJ.
+Exception: Listed spray booth assemblies that are constructed of other
+materials shall be permitted. [33:5.1.8]
+43.1.3.2 Conveyor Openings. Conveyor openings that are
+necessary for transporting or moving work into and out of the
+spray area shall be as small as practical. [33:5.2]
+43.1.3.3* Separation from Other Occupancies.Spray booths
+shall be separated from other operations by a minimum dis-
+tance of 3 ft (915 mm) or by a partition, wall, or floor/ceiling
+assembly having a minimum fire resistance rating of 1 hour.
+Multiple connected spray booths shall not be considered as
+“other operations” except as provided for in Section 13.3 of
+NFPA 33.[33:5.3]
+43.1.3.3.1 Spray booths shall be installed so that all parts of
+the booth are readily accessible for cleaning. [33:5.3.1]
+43.1.3.3.2 A clear space of not less than 3 ft (915 mm) shall be
+maintained on all sides and above the spray booth. This clear
+space shall be kept free of any storage or combustible con-
+struction.
+Exception No. 1: This requirement shall not prohibit locating a spray
+booth closer than 3 ft (915 mm) to or directly against an interior
+partition, wall, or floor/ceiling assembly that has a fire resistance rat-
+ing of not less than 1 hour, provided the spray booth can be maintained
+and cleaned.
+Exception No. 2: This requirement shall not prohibit locating a spray
+booth closer than 3 ft (915 mm) to an exterior wall or a roof assembly
+provided the wall or roof is constructed of noncombustible material and
+provided the spray booth can be maintained and cleaned. [33:5.3.2]
+43.1.3.4 Movement of Powered Vehicles.Powered vehicles
+shall not be moved into or out of a spray area or operated in a
+spray area unless the spray application operation or process is
+stopped and the ventilation system is maintained in operation.
+Exception: This requirement shall not apply to vehicles that are listed
+for the specific hazards of the spray area. [33:5.4]
+43.1.3.5 Vision and Observation Panels.
+43.1.3.5.1 Panels for light fixtures or for observation shall be of
+heat-treated glass, laminated glass, wired glass, or hammered-
+wired glass and shall be sealed to confine vapors, mists, residues,
+dusts, and deposits to the spray area.
+Exception: Listed spray booth assemblies that have vision panels con-
+structed of other materials shall be permitted. [33:5.5.1]
+43.1.3.5.2 Panels for light fixtures shall be separated from the
+fixture to prevent the surface temperature of the panel from
+exceeding 200°F (93°C). [33:5.5.2]
+43.1.3.5.3 The panel frame and method of attachment shall
+be designed to not fail under fire exposure before the vision
+panel fails. [33:5.5.3]
+43.1.3.5.4 Observation panels for spray booths that are used
+exclusively for powder coating processes shall be permitted to be
+constructed of fire-resistant combustible materials. [33:5.5.4]
+43.1.3.6 Ventilation.Spray areas that are equipped with venti-
+lation distribution or baffle plates or with dry overspray collec-
+tion filters shall meet the requirements of 43.1.3.6.1 through
+43.1.3.6.5. [33:5.6]
+43.1.3.6.1 Distribution plates or baffles shall be constructed
+of noncombustible materials and shall be readily removable or
+accessible for cleaning on both sides. [33:5.6.1]
+43.1.3.6.2 Filters shall not be used when applying materials
+known to be highly susceptible to spontaneous heating or
+spontaneous ignition. [33:5.6.2]
+43.1.3.6.3 Supports and holders for filters shall be con-
+structed of noncombustible materials. [33:5.6.3]
+43.1.3.6.4 Overspray collection filters shall be readily remov-
+able or accessible for cleaning or replacement. [33:5.6.4]
+43.1.3.6.5 Filters shall not be alternately used for different
+types of coating materials if the combination of the materials
+might result in spontaneous heating or ignition. (See also Sec-
+tion 10.9 of NFPA 33.) [33:5.6.5]
+43.1.4 Electrical and Other Sources of Ignition.
+43.1.4.1* General.
+43.1.4.1.1 Electrical wiring and utilization equipment shall
+meet all applicable requirements of Articles 500, 501, 502,
+505, and 516 of NFPA 70 and all applicable requirements of
+this chapter.
+Exception No. 1: Powered vehicles shall meet the requirements of
+43.1.3.4.
+Exception No. 2: Resin application operations shall meet the require-
+ments of Chapter 17 of NFPA 33. [33:6.2.1]
+43.1.4.1.2* For the purposes of this Code, the Zone system of
+electrical area classification shall be applied as follows:
+(1) The inside of open or closed containers or vessels shall be
+considered a Class I, Zone 0 location.
+(2) A Class I, Division 1 location shall be permitted to be alter-
+natively classified as a Class I, Zone 1 location.
+(3) A Class I, Division 2 location shall be permitted to be alter-
+natively classified as a Class I, Zone 2 location. [33:6.2.2]
+43.1.4.1.3 For the purposes of electrical area classification,
+the Division system and the Zone system shall not be inter-
+mixed for any given source of release. [33:6.2.3]
+43.1.4.1.4 In instances of areas within the same facility classi-
+fied separately, Class I, Zone 2 locations shall be permitted to
+abut, but not overlap, Class I, Division 2 locations. Class I,
+Zone 0 or Zone 1 locations shall not abut Class I, Division 1 or
+Division 2 locations. [33:6.2.4]
+43.1.4.1.5* Open flames, spark-producing equipment or pro-
+cesses, and equipment whose exposed surfaces exceed the au-
+toignition temperature of the material being sprayed shall not
+1–229SPRAYING, DIPPING, AND COATING USING FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+be located in a spray area or in any surrounding area that is
+classified as Division 2 or Zone 2.
+Exception: This requirement shall not apply to drying, curing, or
+fusing apparatus covered by Section 43.4. [33:6.2.5]
+43.1.4.1.6* Any utilization equipment or apparatus that is ca-
+pable of producing sparks or particles of hot metal and that is
+located above or adjacent to either the spray area or the sur-
+rounding Division 2 or Zone 2 areas shall be of the totally
+enclosed type or shall be constructed to prevent the escape of
+sparks or particles of hot metal. [33:6.2.6]
+43.1.4.2 Electrical Area Classification.
+43.1.4.2.1* Class I Locations.A Class I location shall be any
+location where a flammable gas or vapor is present or might
+be present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce an
+explosive or ignitible mixture. [33:6.3.1]
+43.1.4.2.1.1* Class I, Division 1 Locations. As defined in
+500.5(B)(1) of NFPA 70, a Class I, Division 1 location shall be
+any location where one of the following conditions exists:
+(1) An ignitible concentration of flammable gas or vapor can
+exist under normal operating conditions.
+(2) An ignitible concentration of flammable gas or vapor can
+exist frequently because of repair or maintenance opera-
+tions or because of leakage.
+(3) Breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes
+might release an ignitible concentration of flammable gas
+or vapor and might also cause simultaneous failure of
+electrical equipment in such a way as to directly cause the
+electrical equipment to become a source of ignition.
+[33:6.3.1.1]
+43.1.4.2.1.2* Class I, Division 2 Locations. As defined in
+500.5(B)(2) of NFPA 70, a Class I, Division 2 location shall be
+any location where one of the following conditions exists:
+(1) A flammable gas or a volatile flammable liquid is handled,
+processed, or used, but any flammable gas, vapor, or liq-
+uid is confined within a closed container or a closed sys-
+tem from which it can escape only in case of accidental
+rupture or breakdown of the container or system or in
+case of abnormal operation of the equipment.
+(2) An ignitible concentration of flammable gas or vapor is
+normally prevented by positive mechanical ventilation
+but might exist because of failure or abnormal operation
+of the ventilating equipment.
+(3) An ignitible concentration of flammable gas or vapor might
+occasionally be transmitted from an adjacent Class I, Divi-
+sion 1 location, unless such transmission is prevented by
+positive pressure ventilation from a source of clean air and
+effective safeguards against ventilation failure are provided.
+[33:6.3.1.2]
+43.1.4.2.1.3* Class I, Zone 0 Locations. As defined in
+505.5(B)(1) of NFPA 70, a Class I, Zone 0 location shall be any
+location where an ignitible concentration of flammable gas or
+vapor is present either continuously or for long periods of time.
+[33:6.3.1.3]
+43.1.4.2.1.4* Class I, Zone 1 Locations. As defined in
+505.5(B)(2) of NFPA 70, a Class I, Zone 1 location shall be any
+location where one of the following conditions exists:
+(1) An ignitible concentration of flammable gas or vapor is
+likely to exist under normal operating conditions.
+(2) An ignitible concentration of flammable gas or vapor
+might exist frequently because of repair or maintenance
+operations or because of leakage.
+(3) Breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes
+might release an ignitible concentration of flammable gas
+or vapor and might also cause simultaneous failure of
+electrical equipment in such a way as to directly cause the
+electrical equipment to become a source of ignition.
+(4) An ignitible concentration of flammable gas or vapor
+might occasionally be transmitted from an adjacent Class
+I, Zone 0 location, unless such transmission is prevented
+by positive pressure ventilation from a source of clean air
+and effective safeguards against ventilation failure are
+provided. [33:6.3.1.4]
+43.1.4.2.1.5 Class I, Zone 2 Locations. As defined in
+505.5(B)(3) of NFPA 70, a Class I, Zone 2 location shall be any
+location where one of the following conditions exists:
+(1) An ignitible concentration of a flammable gas or vapor is
+not likely to exist under normal operating conditions,
+and if an ignitible concentration does exist, will exist only
+for a short period of time.
+(2) A flammable gas or a volatile flammable liquid is handled,
+processed, or used, but any flammable gas, vapor, or liq-
+uid is confined within a closed container or a closed sys-
+tem from which it can escape only in case of accidental
+rupture or breakdown of the container or system or in
+case of abnormal operation of the equipment.
+(3) An ignitible concentration of flammable gas or vapor is
+normally prevented by positive mechanical ventilation,
+but which might exist because of failure or abnormal op-
+eration of the ventilating equipment.
+(4) An ignitible concentration of flammable gas or vapor
+might occasionally be transmitted from an adjacent Class
+I, Zone 1 location, unless such transmission is prevented
+by positive pressure ventilation from a source of clean air
+and effective safeguards against ventilation failure are
+provided. (See also A.43.1.4.2.1.2.) [33:6.3.1.5]
+43.1.4.2.2 Class II Locations.A Class II location shall be any
+location that might be hazardous because of the presence of a
+combustible dust. [33:6.3.2]
+43.1.4.2.2.1* Class II, Division 1 Locations. As defined in
+500.5(C)(1) of NFPA 70, a Class II, Division 1 location shall be
+any location where one of the following conditions exists:
+(1) Combustible dust is in the air in quantities sufficient to
+produce explosive or ignitible mixtures under normal op-
+erating conditions.
+(2) Mechanical failure or abnormal operation of machinery
+or equipment might cause an explosive or ignitible mix-
+ture of combustible dust in air and might also provide a
+source of ignition through simultaneous failure of electri-
+cal equipment, operation of protection devices, or from
+other causes.
+(3) Group E combustible dusts might be present in quantities
+sufficient to be hazardous. [33:6.3.2.1]
+43.1.4.2.2.2* Class II, Division 2 Locations. As defined in
+500.5(C)(2) of NFPA 70, a Class II, Division 2 location shall be
+location where one of the following conditions exists:
+(1) Combustible dust due to abnormal operations might be
+present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce ex-
+plosive or ignitible mixtures.
+1–230 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Combustible dust accumulations are present but are nor-
+mally insufficient to interfere with the normal operation
+of electrical equipment or other apparatus, but could as a
+result of infrequent malfunctioning of handling or pro-
+cessing equipment become suspended in the air.
+(3) Combustible dust accumulations on, in, or in the vicinity
+of the electrical equipment could be sufficient to inter-
+fere with the safe dissipation of heat from electrical equip-
+ment, or could be ignitible by abnormal operation or fail-
+ure of electrical equipment. [33:6.3.2.2]
+43.1.4.2.2.3* Class II, Zone 20.As defined in 506.5(B)(1) of
+NFPA 70, a Class II, Zone 20 location shall be any location
+where one of the following conditions exists:
+(1) An ignitible concentration of combustible dust is present
+continuously.
+(2) An ignitible concentration of combustible dust is present
+for long periods of time. [33:6.3.2.3]
+43.1.4.2.2.4* Class II, Zone 21.As defined in 506.5(B)(2) of
+NFPA 70, a Class II, Zone 21 location shall be any location
+where one of the following conditions exists:
+(1) An ignitible concentration of combustible dust is likely to
+exist occasionally under normal operating conditions.
+(2) An ignitible concentration of combustible dust might ex-
+ist frequently because of repair or maintenance opera-
+tions or because of leakage.
+(3) Equipment is operated or processes are carried on, of
+such a nature that equipment breakdown or faulty opera-
+tions could result in the release of an ignitible concentra-
+tion of combustible dust and also cause simultaneous fail-
+ure of electrical equipment in a mode to cause the
+electrical equipment to become a source of ignition.
+(4) An ignitible concentration of combustible dust could be
+communicated from an adjacent Class II, Zone 20 loca-
+tion, unless communication is prevented by adequate
+positive pressure ventilation from a source of clean air
+and effective safeguards against ventilation failure are
+provided. [33:6.3.2.4]
+43.1.4.2.2.5* Class II, Zone 22.As defined in 506.5(B)(3) of
+NFPA 70, a Class II, Zone 22 location shall be any location
+where one of the following conditions exists:
+(1) An ignitible concentration of combustible dust is not
+likely to occur in normal operation, and if it does occur,
+will only persist for a short period.
+(2) A combustible dust is handled, processed, or used, but the
+dust is normally confined within closed containers or
+closed systems from which it can escape only as a result of
+the abnormal operation of the equipment with which the
+dust is handled, processed, or used.
+(3) An ignitible concentration of combustible dust could be
+communicated from an adjacent Class II, Zone 21 loca-
+tion, unless communication is prevented by adequate
+positive pressure ventilation from a source of clean air
+and effective safeguards against ventilation failure are
+provided. [33:6.3.2.5]
+43.1.4.3 Electrical Devices in Spray Areas.
+43.1.4.3.1 Electrical wiring and utilization equipment that is
+located in the spray area and is not subject to deposits of com-
+bustible residues shall be suitable for Class I, Division 1;
+Class I, Zone 1; or Class II, Division 1 locations, whichever is
+applicable. [33:6.4.1]
+43.1.4.3.2* Electrical wiring and utilization equipment that is
+located in the spray area and is subject to deposits of combus-
+tible residues shall be listed for such exposure and shall be
+suitable for Class I, Division 1; Class I, Zone 1; or Class II,
+Division 1 locations, whichever is applicable. [33:6.4.2]
+43.1.4.4 Electrical Devices Adjacent to Spray Areas.Electrical
+wiring and utilization equipment located adjacent to the spray
+area shall be classified in accordance with 43.1.4.4.1 through
+43.1.4.4.5. [33:6.5]
+43.1.4.4.1 Electrical wiring and utilization equipment lo-
+cated outside, but within 20 ft (6100 mm) horizontally and
+10 ft (3050 mm) vertically, of an unenclosed spray area and
+not separated from the spray area by partitions extending to the
+boundaries of the area designated as Division 2 or Zone 2 in
+Figure 43.1.4.4.1 shall be suitable for Class I, Division 2; Class I,
+Zone 2; or Class II, Division 2 locations, whichever is applicable.
+[33:6.5.1]
+43.1.4.4.2 If spray application operations are conducted within
+a closed-top, open-face or open-front booth or room, any electri-
+cal wiring or utilization equipment located outside of the booth
+or room but within the boundaries designated as Division 2 or
+Zone 2 in Figure 43.1.4.4.2(a) and Figure 43.1.4.4.2(b) shall be
+suitable for Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2; or Class II, Divi-
+sion 2 locations, whichever is applicable. [33:6.5.2]
+43.1.4.4.2.1 The Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2; or Class II,
+Division 2 locations shown in Figure 43.1.4.4.2(a) and Fig-
+ure 43.1.4.4.2(b) shall extend from the edges of the open face
+or open front of the booth or room in accordance with the
+following:
+20 ft
+(6100 mm)
+10 ft
+(3050 mm) Spray area   
+TOP (PLAN)
+Roof
+FRONT (ELEVATION)
+Class I, Division 1; Class I, Zone 1;
+or Class II, Division 1
+Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2;
+or Class II, Division 2 
+Spray area   
+FIGURE 43.1.4.4.1 Electrical Area Classification for Open
+Spray Areas. [33:Figure 6.5.1]
+1–231SPRAYING, DIPPING, AND COATING USING FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) If the exhaust ventilation system is interlocked with the spray
+application equipment, then the Division 2 or Zone 2 loca-
+tion shall extend 5 ft (1525 mm) horizontally and 3 ft
+(915 mm) vertically from the open face or open front of the
+booth or room, as shown in Figure 43.1.4.4.2(a).
+(2) If the exhaust ventilation system is not interlocked with the
+spray application equipment, then the Division 2 or Zone 2
+location shall extend 10 ft (3050 mm) horizontally and 3 ft
+(915 mm) vertically from the open face or open front of the
+booth or room, as shown in Figure 43.1.4.4.2(b).
+[33:6.5.2.1]
+43.1.4.4.2.2 For the purposes of 43.1.4.4.2, interlocked shall
+mean that the spray application equipment cannot be oper-
+ated unless the exhaust ventilation system is operating and
+functioning as designed and spray application is automatically
+stopped if the exhaust ventilation system fails. [33:6.5.2.2]
+43.1.4.4.3 If spray application operations are conducted within
+an open-top booth, any electrical wiring or utilization equipment
+located within the space 3 ft (915 mm) vertically from the top of
+the booth shall be suitable for Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2;
+or Class II, Division 2 locations, whichever is applicable. In addi-
+tion, any electrical wiring or utilization equipment located within
+3 ft (915 mm) in all directions of openings other than the open
+top also shall be suitable for Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2; or
+Class II, Division 2 locations, whichever is applicable. [33:6.5.3]
+43.1.4.4.4 If spray application operations are confined to
+an enclosed spray booth or room, any electrical wiring or
+utilization equipment located within 3 ft (915 mm) of any
+opening shall be suitable for Class I, Division 2; Class I,
+Zone 2; or Class II, Division 2 locations, whichever is appli-
+cable, as shown in Figure 43.1.4.4.4. [ 33:6.5.4]
+43.1.4.4.5 Open containers, supply containers, waste con-
+tainers, spray gun cleaners, and solvent distillation units that
+contain Class I liquids shall be located in areas ventilated in
+accordance with applicable requirements of 43.1.5. [33:6.5.5]
+43.1.4.4.5.1 Electrical area classification shall be as follows:
+(1) The area within 3 ft (915 mm) in all directions from any
+such container or equipment and extending to the floor
+or grade level shall be classified as Class I, Division 1 or
+Class I, Zone 1, whichever is applicable.
+(2) The area extending 2 ft (610 mm) beyond the Division 1
+or Zone 1 location shall be classified as Class I, Division 2
+or Class I, Zone 2, whichever is applicable.
+5 ft (1525 mm) radius
+5 ft (1525 mm) 
+radius
+3 ft (915 mm) radius
+3 ft (915 mm) radius
+3 ft (915 mm) 
+radius
+3 ft (915 mm) radius
+3 ft (915 mm) radius
+3 ft (915 mm) radius
+Conveyor
+opening
+Open
+face
+FIGURE 43.1.4.4.2(a) Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2; or
+Class II, Division 2 Locations Adjacent to an Open-Face or
+Open-Front Spray Booth or Spray Room with Exhaust Ven-
+tilation Interlocked with Spray Application Equipment.
+[33:Figure 6.5.2(a)]
+10 ft (3050 mm) radius
+10 ft (3050 mm) 
+radius
+3 ft (915 mm) radius
+3 ft (915 mm) radius
+3 ft (915 mm) radius
+3 ft (915 mm) 
+radius
+3 ft (915 mm) radius
+3 ft (915 mm) radius
+Conveyor
+opening
+Open
+face
+FIGURE 43.1.4.4.2(b) Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2; or
+Class II, Division 2 Locations Adjacent to an Open-Face or
+Open-Front Spray Booth or Spray Room with Exhaust Ventila-
+tion NOT Interlocked with Spray Application Equipment.
+[33:Figure 6.5.2(b)]
+ELEVATION
+PLAN VIEW
+3 ft (915 mm) 
+radius
+3 ft (915 mm) 
+radius
+3 ft (915 mm) 
+radius
+3 ft (915 mm) 
+radius
+3 ft (915 mm) 
+radius
+3 ft (915 mm) radius
+3 ft (915 mm) 
+radius
+Enclosed spray booth or room
+(Class I, Division 1; Class I, Zone 1;
+or Class II, Division 1 within)
+Extent of Class I, Division 2;
+Class I, Zone 2; or Class II, Division 2 area
+FIGURE 43.1.4.4.4 Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2; or
+Class II, Division 2 Locations Adjacent to an Enclosed Spray
+Booth or Spray Room. [33:Figure 6.5.4]
+1–232 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(3) The area extending 5 ft (1525 mm) horizontally beyond
+the area described in 43.1.4.4.5.1(2) up to a height of
+18 in. (460 mm) above the floor or grade level shall be
+classified as Class I, Division 2 or Class I, Zone 2, which-
+ever is applicable.
+(4) The area inside any tank or container shall be classified as
+Class I, Division 1 or Class I, Zone 0, whichever is appli-
+cable. [33:6.5.5.1]
+43.1.4.4.5.2 Electrical wiring and utilization equipment in-
+stalled in these areas shall be suitable for the location, as
+shown in Figure 43.1.4.4.5.2. [33:6.5.5.2]
+43.1.4.5 Light Fixtures.
+43.1.4.5.1 Light fixtures, like that shown in Figure 43.1.4.5.1,
+that are attached to the walls or ceiling of a spray area but are
+outside of any classified area and are separated from the spray
+area by glass panels that meet the requirements of 43.1.3.5
+shall be suitable for use in unclassified locations. Such fixtures
+shall be serviced from outside the spray area. [33:6.6.1]
+43.1.4.5.2 Light fixtures, like that shown in Figure 43.1.4.5.1,
+that are attached to the walls or ceiling of a spray area; that are
+separated from the spray area by glass panels that meet the
+requirements of 43.1.3.5; and that are located within a Class I,
+Division 2, a Class I, Zone 2, or a Class II, Division 2 location
+shall be suitable for such location. Such fixtures shall be ser-
+viced from outside the spray area. [33:6.6.2]
+43.1.4.5.3 Light fixtures, like that shown in Figure 43.1.4.5.3,
+that are an integral part of the walls or ceiling of a spray area
+shall be permitted to be separated from the spray area by glass
+panels that are an integral part of the fixture. Such fixtures
+shall be listed for use in Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2; or
+Class II, Division 2 locations, whichever is applicable, and also
+shall be listed for accumulations of deposits of combustible
+residues. Such fixtures shall be permitted to be serviced from
+inside the spray area. [33:6.6.3]
+Removable panel
+Frame
+Seal
+Light fixture
+Glass panel
+FIGURE 43.1.4.5.1 Example of a Light Fixture Mounted
+Outside of the Spray Area and Serviced from Outside the
+Spray Area. [33:Figure 6.6.1]
+Fixture mounted behind
+Interior of
+spray area
+Hinged glass
+panel
+Gasket
+Cover
+Exterior of
+spray area
+Mounting gasket
+Removable
+glass panel
+Opening for fixture
+Spray area,
+wall or ceiling
+FIGURE 43.1.4.5.3 Examples of Light Fixtures That Are In-
+tegral Parts of the Spray Area and That Are Serviced from
+Inside the Spray Area. [33:Figure 6.6.3]
+Class I, Division 1 or Zone 1
+Class I, Division 1 or Zone 0 
+(e.g., vapor  space in container)
+Class I, Division 2 or Zone 2
+2 ft (610 mm) 
+18 in.
+(460 mm)
+Pit or trench
+3 ft 
+(915 mm)
+10 ft
+(3050 mm)
+10 ft
+(3050 mm)
+FIGURE 43.1.4.4.5.2 Electrical Area Classification for Class I
+Liquid Operations Around Open Containers, Supply Contain-
+ers, Waste Containers, Spray Gun Cleaners, and Solvent Distil-
+lation Units. [33:Figure 6.5.5.2]
+1–233SPRAYING, DIPPING, AND COATING USING FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+43.1.4.5.4 Light fixtures that are located inside the spray area
+shall meet the requirements of 43.1.4.3 and 43.1.4.6. [33:6.6.4]
+43.1.4.6* Static Electricity.All persons, all electrically conduc-
+tive parts of the spray room or spray booth, exhaust ducts,
+spray equipment, objects or containers that receive the spray
+stream, and piping systems that convey flammable or combus-
+tible liquids or aerated combustible solids shall be electrically
+bonded and grounded to prevent sparks from the accumula-
+tion of static electricity. [33:6.7]
+43.1.4.7 Flexible Power Cords. For automated equipment
+and robotic equipment, flexible power cords shall be permit-
+ted to be used in hazardous (classified) locations and shall be
+permitted to be connected to the fixed part of the electrical
+circuit, provided they meet all of the following conditions:
+(1) They are approved for extra-hard usage.
+(2) They are equipped with a grounding conductor that
+meets the requirements of Section 400.2 of NFPA 70.
+(3) They are connected to terminals or conductors in an ap-
+proved manner.
+(4) They are supported by a positive mechanical clamp in
+such a manner that permits the cord to be readily re-
+placed and prevents strain at the cord connections within
+the terminal enclosure.
+(5) They are provided with explosionproof seals where the
+cord enters junction boxes, fittings, or enclosures.
+(6) They are listed for deposits of combustible residues. [33:6.8]
+43.1.4.8 Portable Electric Lights.Portable electric light fix-
+tures shall not be used in any spray area while spray applica-
+tion operations are being conducted.
+Exception: Where portable electric light fixtures are required for use in
+spaces that are not illuminated by fixed light fixtures within the spray
+area, they shall meet the requirements of 43.1.4.1.2. [33:6.9]
+43.1.5 Ventilation.
+43.1.5.1 General. Ventilating and exhaust systems shall be
+designed and installed in accordance with the applicable
+requirements of NFPA 91 except as amended by the re-
+quirements of 43.1.5. [ 33:7.1]
+43.1.5.2 Performance Requirements.Each spray area shall be
+provided with mechanical ventilation that is capable of confin-
+ing and removing vapors and mists to a safe location and is
+capable of confining and controlling combustible residues,
+dusts, and deposits. The concentration of the vapors and mists
+in the exhaust stream of the ventilation system shall not ex-
+ceed 25 percent of the lower flammable limit. (See Annex B of
+NFPA 33 for additional guidance on determining the lower flammable
+limit.)
+Exception: In confined spaces, where ventilation might not be capable
+of providing the necessary ventilation, a properly applied inerting pro-
+cedure shall be permitted to be used. Such procedures shall meet the
+applicable requirements of NFPA 69 and shall be acceptable to the AHJ.
+[33:7.2]
+43.1.5.2.1 Spray areas equipped with overspray collection fil-
+ters shall have visible gauges, audible alarms, approved inter-
+locks, or an effective inspection program to ensure that the
+required air velocity is being maintained. [33:7.2.1]
+43.1.5.2.2 Powder Coating Systems.Powder coating systems
+also shall meet the requirements of Section 15.8 of NFPA 33.
+[33:7.2.2]
+43.1.5.2.3 Mechanical ventilation shall be kept in operation at
+all times while spray operations are being conducted and for a
+sufficient time thereafter to allow the vapors from drying coated
+objects or material and residues to be exhausted. Where spray
+operations are conducted automatically without an attendant
+constantly on duty, the operating controls of the spray apparatus
+shall be arranged so that the spray apparatus cannot function
+unless the exhaust fans are operating. [33:7.2.3]
+43.1.5.3* Make-Up Air.An adequate supply of clean make-up
+air shall be provided to compensate for the air exhausted from
+spray operations. The intake for this make-up air shall be lo-
+cated so that the air exhausted from spray operations is not
+recirculated. [33:7.3]
+43.1.5.4 Routing of Exhaust Ducts.Air exhausted to the at-
+mosphere from liquid spray operations shall be conducted by
+ducts directly to the outside of the building. Exhaust ducts
+shall follow the most direct route to the point of discharge but
+shall not penetrate a fire wall. The exhaust discharge shall be
+directed away from any fresh air intakes. The exhaust duct
+discharge point shall be at least 6 ft (1830 mm) from any exte-
+rior wall or roof. The exhaust duct shall not discharge in the
+direction of any combustible construction that is within 25 ft
+(7625 mm) of the exhaust duct discharge point nor shall it
+discharge in the direction of any unprotected opening in any
+noncombustible or limited-combustible construction that is
+within 25 ft (7625 mm) of the exhaust duct discharge point.
+[33:7.4]
+43.1.5.5 Recirculation of Exhaust.
+43.1.5.5.1* Air exhausted from spray areas shall not be recir-
+culated unless all of the following requirements are met:
+(1) Recirculation shall be allowed only for unmanned spray
+operations and for cascading to subsequent unmanned
+spray operations.
+(2) Solid particulates shall be removed from the recirculated
+air.
+(3) The concentration of vapors in the exhaust airstream
+shall not exceed 25 percent of the lower flammable limit.
+(4) Listed equipment shall be used to monitor the concentra-
+tion of vapors in all exhaust airstreams.
+(5) The equipment specified in 43.1.5.5.1(4) shall sound an
+alarm and shall automatically shut down the spray opera-
+tion if the concentration of any vapor in the exhaust air-
+stream exceeds 25 percent of the lower flammable limit.
+(6) All equipment installed to process and remove contami-
+nants from the air exhausted from spray operations shall
+be approved. [33:7.5.1]
+43.1.5.5.2* The provisions of 43.1.5.5.1 shall not disallow re-
+circulation of air to occupied spaces. However, other require-
+ments addressing the toxicity and permissible exposure limits
+shall also apply. (See ANSI/AIHA 29.7, Recirculation of Air from
+Industrial Process Exhaust Systems.) [33:7.5.2]
+43.1.5.6* Manifolding of Exhaust Ducts. Individual spray
+booths shall be separately ducted to the building exterior.
+Exception No. 1: Multiple cabinet spray booths whose combined fron-
+tal area does not exceed 18 ft2 (1.7 m2) shall be permitted to be mani-
+folded if the sprayed materials used will not react and cause ignition of
+the residue in the ducts.
+Exception No. 2: Where treatment of exhaust is necessary for air
+pollution control or for energy conservation, ducts shall be permitted to
+be manifolded if all of the following conditions are met:
+1–234 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) The sprayed materials used will not react and cause ignition of
+the residue in the ducts.
+(2) No nitrocellulose-based finishing material is used.
+(3) An air-cleaning system is provided to reduce the amount of over-
+spray carried into the duct manifold.
+(4) Automatic sprinkler protection is provided at the junction of each
+booth exhaust with the manifold, in addition to the protection
+required by 43.1.7.
+(5) The installation is approved by the AHJ. [ 33:7.6]
+43.1.5.7* Materials of Construction.Exhaust ducts and fasten-
+ers shall be constructed of steel, except as allowed in 43.1.5.7.1
+and 43.1.5.7.2. [33:7.7]
+43.1.5.7.1 For spray booths used exclusively for powder coat-
+ing, ducts shall be permitted to be constructed of fire-
+retardant combustible materials. [33:7.7.1]
+43.1.5.7.2 Other materials of construction shall be permitted
+to be used in cases where the conveyed materials are not com-
+patible with steel. [33:7.7.2]
+43.1.5.8* Support of Exhaust Ducts.Exhaust ducts shall be
+supported to prevent collapse under fire conditions. [33:7.8]
+43.1.5.8.1 Duct supports shall be designed to carry the weight
+of the duct system itself, plus the anticipated weight of any
+residues. If sprinkler protection is provided inside the duct
+system, then the duct supports also shall be designed to carry
+the anticipated weight of any accumulation of sprinkler dis-
+charge. [33:7.8.1]
+43.1.5.8.2 Hangers and supports shall be fastened securely to
+the building or to the structure to avoid vibration and stress on
+the duct system. [33:7.8.2]
+43.1.5.8.3 Hangers and supports shall be designed to allow
+for expansion and contraction. [33:7.8.3]
+43.1.5.8.4 Exhaust ducts shall not use building walls, floors,
+ceilings, or roofs as component parts. [33:7.8.4]
+43.1.5.9 Exhaust Duct Access Openings.Exhaust ducts shall
+be provided with doors, panels, or other means to facilitate
+inspection, maintenance, cleaning, and access to fire protec-
+tion devices. [33:7.9]
+43.1.5.10 Exhaust Fans and Drives.
+43.1.5.10.1 The rotating element of the exhaust fan shall be
+nonferrous, or the fan shall be constructed so that a shift of
+the impeller or shaft will not permit two ferrous parts of the
+fan to rub or strike. There shall be ample clearance between
+the rotating element and fan casing to avoid a fire by friction,
+necessary allowances being made for ordinary expansion and
+loading and to prevent contact between moving parts and the
+duct or fan housing. Fan blades shall be mounted on a shaft
+that is sufficiently heavy to maintain alignment even when the
+blades of the fan are heavily loaded. All bearings shall be of the
+self-lubricating type or shall be lubricated from a point outside
+the duct and preferably shall be located outside the duct and
+the booth. [33:7.10.1]
+43.1.5.10.2 Electric motors that drive exhaust fans shall not
+be placed inside any spray area unless they meet the provisions
+of 43.1.4.3.2. [33:7.10.2]
+43.1.5.10.3 Belts shall not enter any spray area unless the belt
+and pulley within the spray area are completely enclosed.
+[33:7.10.3]
+43.1.5.11* Drying Areas.Freshly sprayed workpieces shall be
+dried only in spaces that are ventilated to prevent the concen-
+tration of vapors from exceeding 25 percent of the lower flam-
+mable limit. (See also Section 43.4.) [33:7.11]
+43.1.6 Storage, Handling, and Distribution of Flammable and
+Combustible Liquids.
+43.1.6.1* General. Storage, handling, and mixing of flam-
+mable and combustible liquids shall meet all the applicable
+requirements of NFPA 30. Storage, handling, and mixing of
+flammable and combustible liquids in process areas shall also
+meet the requirements of 43.1.6. [33:8.1]
+43.1.6.2 Storage in Process Areas.
+43.1.6.2.1 The volume of Class I, Class II, and Class IIIA liquids
+stored in a storage cabinet shall not exceed 120 gal (454 L).
+[33:8.2.1]
+43.1.6.2.1.1 The total aggregate volume of Class I, Class II,
+and Class IIIA liquids in storage cabinets stored in a single fire
+area shall not exceed 360 gal (1362 L). [33:8.2.1.1]
+43.1.6.2.1.2 In an industrial occupancy, additional storage
+cabinets shall be permitted to be located in the same fire area
+if a minimum separation of 100 ft (30 m) is maintained be-
+tween each group and the total aggregate volume of each
+group complies with 43.1.6.2.1.1. [33:8.2.1.2]
+43.1.6.2.1.3 In an industrial occupancy that is protected by
+an automatic sprinkler system designed and installed in accor-
+dance with Section 13.3, the total aggregate volume of Class I,
+Class II, and Class IIIA liquids in storage cabinets stored in the
+same fire area shall be permitted to be increased to 720 gal
+(2725 L). [33:8.2.1.3]
+43.1.6.2.2 The quantity of liquid located in the vicinity of spray-
+ing operation but outside a storage cabinet, an inside storage
+room, a cutoff room or attached building, or other specific pro-
+cess area that is cut off by at least a 2-hour fire-rated separation
+from the spraying operations shall not exceed the quantity given
+in either of the following, whichever is greater:
+(1) A supply for one day
+(2) 25 gal (95 L) of Class IA liquids in containers, plus 120 gal
+(454 L) of Class IB, Class IC, Class II, or Class III liquids in
+containers, plus two portable tanks each not exceeding
+660 gal (2500 L) of Class IB, Class IC, Class II, or Class IIIA
+liquids, plus 20 portable tanks each not exceeding 660 gal
+(2500 L) of Class IIIB liquids [33:8.2.2]
+43.1.6.2.3 The quantity of flammable and combustible liq-
+uids located in a spray area or in a mixing room adjacent to a
+spray area shall meet the requirements of 43.1.6.3. [33:8.2.3]
+43.1.6.3 Mixing.
+43.1.6.3.1 Dispensing or transfer of liquids from containers,
+mixing of liquids, and filling of containers, including portable
+mixing tanks and “pressure pots,” shall be done only in a mix-
+ing room or in a spray area. [33:8.3.1]
+43.1.6.3.2 Mixing rooms shall meet all of the following re-
+quirements:
+(1) The mixing room shall meet the construction require-
+ments of 43.1.3.
+(2) The area of the mixing room shall not exceed 150 ft 2
+(14 m2).
+(3) The mixing room shall be designed to contain a spill of
+the contents in the room.
+1–235SPRAYING, DIPPING, AND COATING USING FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(4) The mixing room or a spray area used for mixing and
+dispensing operations shall be provided with continuous
+mechanical ventilation capable of providing air move-
+ment of not less than 1 ft 3/min per square foot of floor
+area (0.3 m 3/min/m2) or 150 ft 3/min (4 m 3/min),
+whichever is greater. The ventilation system shall be in
+operation at all times.
+(5) Dispensing and mixing rooms shall be classified, for pur-
+poses of electrical area classification, the same as enclosed
+spray booths, in accordance with 43.1.4.4.4.
+(6) The mixing room shall be provided with an approved au-
+tomatic fire protection system that meets all applicable
+requirements of 43.1.7.
+(7) The mixing room shall be provided with portable fire ex-
+tinguishers located in accordance with Section 13.6.
+Exception: See 43.1.6.3.6. [ 33:8.3.2]
+43.1.6.3.3 The amount of liquid permitted in a single spray
+area shall not exceed 60 gal (227 L). [33:8.3.3]
+43.1.6.3.4 Where a separate mixing room is provided and the
+mixing room is located adjacent to or within 6 ft (1830 mm) of an
+adjacent spray area or areas, as shown in Figure 43.1.6.3.4(a) and
+Figure 43.1.6.3.4(b), the combined quantities of liquids located
+in the spray areas and the mixing room shall not exceed 120 gal
+(454 L).
+Exception: See 43.1.6.3.6. [ 33:8.3.4]
+43.1.6.3.5 Where a separate mixing room is provided and the
+mixing room is located 6 ft (1830 mm) or more from an adja-
+cent spray area or areas, the quantity of liquid permitted in the
+mixing room shall not exceed 2 gal/ft 2 (80 L/m2), up to a
+maximum of 300 gal (1135 L), as shown in Figure 43.1.6.3.5.
+Exception: See 43.1.6.3.6. [ 33:8.3.5]
+43.1.6.3.6 Where the quantities of liquids required or the
+floor area necessary to provide a suitable mixing room ex-
+ceeds the limits specified in 43.1.6.3.2 through 43.1.6.3.5, the
+mixing room shall meet all applicable requirements of
+NFPA 30. [33:8.3.6]
+43.1.6.4 Distribution Systems — Piping.
+43.1.6.4.1* Piping systems that convey flammable or combus-
+tible liquids between storage tanks, mixing rooms (paint kitch-
+ens), and spray areas shall be of steel or other material having
+comparable properties of resistance to heat and physical dam-
+age. Piping systems shall be properly bonded and grounded.
+[33:8.4.1]
+Spray booth
+or room
+Optional
+vestibuleAir intake
+(optional with 
+vestibule)
+Exhaust ventilation
+Maximum volume of liquid allowed:
+Gal L
+60
+120
+Spray area
+Spray area 
+and mix room
+227
+454
+FIGURE 43.1.6.3.4(a) Mixing Room Within 6 ft (1830 mm)
+of Spray Area, Including Maximum Volume of Liquid Al-
+lowed. [33:Figure 8.3.4(a)]
+L
+227
+454
+Exhaust
+ventilation
+Spray booth or
+spray room
+Spray booth or
+spray room
+Air intake
+Maximum volume of liquid allowed:
+Gal
+60
+120
+Each spray area
+Mix room and all
+spray areas
+FIGURE 43.1.6.3.4(b) Mixing Room Within 6 ft (1830 mm)
+of Spray Area and with Direct Entry to Spray Area, Including
+Maximum Volume of Liquid Allowed. [33:Figure 8.3.4(b)]
+Maximum volumes of liquid allowed:
+60 gal (227 L)
+120 gal (454 L)
+Spray area
+Mix room
+Detached 
+mix room
+Spray booth,
+room, or area
+Air intake Enclosed vestibule
+(optional)
+6 ft (1830 mm) 
+(min.)150 ft2 (14 m2)
+ (max.)
+Exhaust ventilation
+FIGURE 43.1.6.3.5 Mixing Room 6 ft (1830 mm) or More
+from Spray Area, Including Maximum Volume of Liquid Al-
+lowed. [33:Figure 8.3.5]
+1–236 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+43.1.6.4.2* Piping systems within the spray area shall be of steel
+or material having comparable heat and physical resistance
+where possible. Where tubing or hose is used, a shutoff valve shall
+be provided on the steel pipe at the connection. [33:8.4.2]
+43.1.6.4.3* Tubing or hose shall be inspected and replaced as
+necessary. Replacement tubing or hose shall be that recom-
+mended by the equipment manufacturer. [33:8.4.3]
+43.1.6.4.4 Where a pump is used to supply the liquid used in
+the spray application process, piping, tubing, hose, and other
+accessories shall be designed to withstand the maximum work-
+ing pressure of the pump, or means shall be provided to limit
+the discharge pressure of the pump. [33:8.4.4]
+43.1.6.4.5* Where a pump is used to supply the liquid used in
+the spray application process, an automatic means shall be
+provided to shut off the supply of liquid in event of fire. When
+pressurized tanks larger than 5 gal (19 L) are used to supply
+the liquid used in the spray application process, an automatic
+means shall be provided to shut off liquid flow at the tank
+outlet in the event of fire. [33:8.4.5]
+43.1.6.4.6 All pressure tubing, hose, and couplings shall be
+inspected at regular intervals. With the hose extended, the
+hose and couplings shall be tested using the in-service maxi-
+mum operating pressure. Any hose showing material deterio-
+rations, signs of leakage, or weakness in its carcass or at the
+couplings shall be replaced. [33:8.4.6]
+43.1.6.5 Distribution Systems — General.
+43.1.6.5.1 Liquids shall be transported by means of closed
+containers, approved safety cans, or approved portable tanks
+or shall be transferred by means of a piping system. Open
+containers shall not be used for moving or storing liquids.
+[33:8.5.1]
+43.1.6.5.2* Wherever liquids are transferred from one con-
+tainer to another, both containers shall be effectively bonded
+and grounded to dissipate static electricity. [33:8.5.2]
+43.1.6.5.3 Containers that supply spray nozzles shall be of the
+closed type or shall be provided with metal covers that are kept
+closed. Containers that do not rest on the floor shall have
+supports or shall be suspended by wire cables. Containers that
+supply spray nozzles by gravity flow shall not exceed 10 gal
+(38 L) capacity. [33:8.5.3]
+43.1.6.5.4 Original shipping containers shall not be subjected
+to air pressure for supplying spray nozzles. [33:8.5.4]
+43.1.6.5.5 Containers that are pressurized to supply spray
+nozzles, air storage tanks, and coolers shall comply with all
+applicable requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
+Code, Section VIII, for construction, tests, and maintenance.
+Exception: The following need not meet this requirement:
+(1) Pressure containers less than 6 in. (150 mm) in diameter
+(2) Pressure containers that operate at less than a gauge pressure of
+15 psi (1.03 kPa)
+(3) Siphon-type spray cups [ 33:8.5.5]
+43.1.6.5.6 If a heater is used to heat the liquid being sprayed,
+it shall be low-pressure steam, low-pressure hot water, or elec-
+tric. If electric, it shall be approved and listed for the specific
+location in which it is used. (See 43.1.4.) Heaters shall not be
+located in spray booths or other locations subject to the accu-
+mulation of deposits of combustible residue. Agitators, if used,
+shall be driven by compressed air, water, low-pressure steam,
+or electricity. If the agitators are powered by an electric motor,
+the motor shall meet the requirements of 43.1.4. [33:8.5.6]
+43.1.6.5.7 Methods for cleaning paint circulation systems
+shall meet the requirements of 7.3.7 of NFPA 30. [33:8.5.7]
+43.1.6.5.8 Compressed air shall be permitted to be used for
+cleaning paint delivery hoses for individual applicators in a
+spray booth, provided both of the following requirements are
+met:
+(1) The booth ventilation is operating.
+(2) The maximum air pressure does not exceed the maxi-
+mum working pressure of any component of the piping
+or hose system. [33:8.5.8]
+43.1.7 Protection.
+43.1.7.1* General. Spray areas, which include by definition
+any associated exhaust plenums and exhaust ductwork, any
+particulate filters, any solvent concentrator units, any recircu-
+lation air supply units, and mixing rooms shall be protected
+with an approved automatic fire protection system. [33:9.1]
+43.1.7.1.1 The automatic fire protection system shall be per-
+mitted to be, and shall be installed in accordance with, any of
+the following:
+(1) An automatic water sprinkler system that meets all appli-
+cable requirements of NFPA 13
+(2) An automatic foam water sprinkler system that meets all
+applicable requirements of NFPA 16
+(3) A carbon dioxide extinguishing system that meets all
+applicable requirements of NFPA 12
+(4) A dry chemical extinguishing system that meets all appli-
+cable requirements of NFPA 17
+(5) A gaseous agent extinguishing system that meets all appli-
+cable requirements of NFPA 2001 [33:9.1.1]
+43.1.7.1.2 The automatic fire protection system shall also meet
+all applicable requirements of 43.1.7.2 and 43.1.7.3. [33:9.1.2]
+43.1.7.1.3 The fire alarm and fire protection system shall be
+supervised in accordance with NFPA 72.[ 33:9.1.3]
+43.1.7.2 Continuous Spray Application Operations.
+43.1.7.2.1 For continuous spray application operations, acti-
+vation of the automatic fire protection system shall automati-
+cally accomplish all of the following:
+(1) Activate a local alarm in the vicinity of the spraying opera-
+tion
+(2) Transmit an alarm signal to the facility’s fire alarm system,
+if such a system is provided
+(3) Shut down the coating material delivery system
+(4) Shut down all spray application operations
+(5) Stop any conveyors into and out of the spray area
+[33:9.2.1]
+43.1.7.2.1.1 For continuous spray application operations, the
+additional requirements of 43.1.7.7, for automated powder
+application equipment, or 43.1.7.8, for automated liquid elec-
+trostatic spray application equipment, whichever is applicable,
+shall also apply. [33:9.2.1.1]
+43.1.7.2.2 Emergency Shutdown.For continuous spray applica-
+tion operations, one or more manual emergency system shut-
+down stations shall be installed to serve each spray area. When
+activated, the stations shall accomplish at least the functions
+listed in 43.1.7.2.1(1) and 43.1.7.2.1(3) through 43.1.7.2.1(5). At
+least one such station shall be within ready access of operating
+1–237SPRAYING, DIPPING, AND COATING USING FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+personnel. If access to this station is likely to involve exposure to
+danger, an additional station shall be located adjacent to an exit
+from the area. [33:9.2.2]
+43.1.7.3 Ventilation Systems.Air make-up systems and spray
+area exhaust systems shall remain functioning during any fire
+alarm condition.
+Exception No. 1: Where the type of automatic fire protection system
+requires that ventilation be discontinued, air make-up systems and
+spray area exhaust systems shall be permitted to be shut down and
+dampers shall be permitted to close.
+Exception No. 2: For powder coating systems, the requirements of
+43.1.7.7 shall be met instead of those of this section. [33:9.3]
+43.1.7.4* Automatic Sprinkler Systems.
+43.1.7.4.1* The automatic sprinkler system shall be a wet pipe
+system, a dry pipe system, a preaction system, or an open-head
+deluge system, whichever is most appropriate for the portion
+of the spray operation being protected. [33:9.4.1]
+43.1.7.4.2 The automatic sprinkler system shall be designed
+for Extra Hazard (Group 2) occupancies, as defined in
+NFPA 13.
+Exception No. 1: For spray application of styrene cross-link thermoset
+resins, Section 17.3 of NFPA 33 shall apply.
+Exception No. 2: Automatic sprinkler systems for powder coating op-
+erations shall be designed for Ordinary Hazard (Group 2), as defined
+in NFPA 13. [33:9.4.2]
+43.1.7.4.3 The water supply shall be sufficient to supply all
+sprinklers likely to open in any one fire incident without de-
+pleting the available water for use in hose streams. [33:9.4.3]
+43.1.7.4.4 Where sprinklers are installed to protect spray ar-
+eas and mixing rooms only, water shall be permitted to be
+supplied from domestic water systems, provided the domestic
+supply can meet the demand for the design criteria of
+43.1.7.4.2. [33:9.4.4]
+43.1.7.4.5 The sprinkler system shall be controlled by a sepa-
+rate, listed indicating valve(s), operable from floor level.
+[33:9.4.5]
+43.1.7.4.6* Sprinkler systems protecting stacks or ducts shall
+meet all of the following requirements:
+(1) Sprinklers shall be spaced no more than 12 ft (3.7 m) apart.
+(2) If exhaust ducts are manifolded, a sprinkler shall be lo-
+cated in the manifold at the junction of each exhaust duct
+with the manifold.
+(3) Sprinklers shall provide a minimum flow of 30 gpm
+(114 L/min) per head at a minimum of 15 psi (1 bar)
+pressure.
+(4) Sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature rated, unless
+required to be higher due to operating temperatures
+measured in the ducts, in which case the operating tem-
+perature shall be at least 50°F (28°C) above the inside
+temperature of the duct. [ 33:9.4.6]
+43.1.7.4.6.1 Stacks and exhaust ducts shall be provided with
+access openings for inspection and cleaning of sprinklers.
+[33:9.4.6.1]
+43.1.7.4.6.2 Sprinkler systems protecting stacks and ducts
+that are subject to freezing shall be of a nonfreezing type or be
+a manually controlled open-head system. [33:9.4.6.2]
+43.1.7.4.7 Sprinklers shall be protected against overspray
+residue, either by location or covering, so that they will oper-
+ate quickly in event of fire. [33:9.4.7]
+43.1.7.4.7.1 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be covered only
+by cellophane bags having a thickness of 0.003 in. (0.08 mm)
+or less or by thin paper bags. These coverings shall be replaced
+frequently so that heavy deposits of residue do not accumu-
+late. [33:9.4.7.1]
+43.1.7.4.7.2 Sprinklers that have been painted or coated by
+overspray or residues shall be replaced with new sprinklers.
+[33:9.4.7.2]
+43.1.7.5* Automatic Carbon Dioxide, Dry Chemical, and Clean
+Agent Systems.The fire protection system shall be capable of
+discharging its contents into the entire protected area simul-
+taneously, including the exhaust plenum and exhaust duct-
+work. [33:9.5]
+43.1.7.6 Portable Fire Extinguishers. Portable fire extin-
+guishers shall be provided and located in accordance with
+Section 13.6. [ 33:9.6]
+43.1.7.7* Protection for Automated Powder Application
+Equipment.
+43.1.7.7.1 Automated powder application equipment, both
+listed and unlisted, shall be further protected by listed optical
+flame detection, installed and supervised in accordance with
+NFPA 72. The optical flame detection shall, in event of igni-
+tion, react to the presence of flame within one-half (0.5) sec-
+ond and shall accomplish all of the following:
+(1) Stop any conveyors into and out of the spray area
+(2) Shut off ventilation
+(3) Shut off application, transfer, and powder collection
+equipment
+(4) Close segregation dampers in associated ductwork to in-
+terrupt airflows from application equipment to powder
+collectors
+(5) Disconnect power to the high voltage elements in the
+spray area and de-energize the system [33:9.7.1]
+43.1.7.7.2 Automated powder application equipment that is
+unlisted shall be further protected by the following:
+(1) In addition to meeting the requirements in 43.1.7.2.1 and
+43.1.7.7.1, the optical flame detection system shall also
+activate the automatic fire protection system, if provided.
+(2) Automatic electrostatic equipment enclosures inside the
+booth shall be protected with an approved automatic fire
+protection system. Activation of this system shall automati-
+cally accomplish the requirements of 43.1.7.2.1 and
+43.1.7.7.1.
+(3) Manual activation stations shall be installed. At least one
+such station shall be within ready access of operating per-
+sonnel. If access to this station is likely to involve exposure
+to danger, an additional station shall be located adjacent
+to an exit from the area. These devices shall activate the
+fire protection system as specified in 43.1.7.1.1 for the
+affected automated zone, if applicable, and accomplish
+the requirements in 43.1.7.7.1.
+Exception: This requirement shall not apply to a closed-head wet pipe
+automatic sprinkler system. [33:9.7.2]
+43.1.7.8* Protection for Automated Liquid Electrostatic Spray
+Application Equipment.
+43.1.7.8.1 Automated liquid electrostatic spray application
+equipment, both listed and unlisted, shall be further protected
+1–238 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+by listed optical flame detection, installed and supervised in ac-
+cordance with NFPA 72. The optical flame detection shall, in
+event of ignition, react to the presence of flame within one-half
+(0.5) second and shall accomplish all of the following:
+(1) Meet all of the requirements of 43.1.7.2.1
+(2) Disconnect power to the high-voltage elements in the
+spray area and de-energize the system [33:9.8.1]
+43.1.7.8.2 Automated liquid electrostatic spray application
+equipment that is unlisted shall be protected further by the
+following:
+(1) In addition to meeting the requirements in 43.1.7.8.1, the
+optical flame detection system shall also activate one of
+the following over each zone in which fire has been de-
+tected:
+(a) An open head deluge system designed to discharge a
+minimum density of 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24.4 mm/min)
+(b) A carbon dioxide extinguishing system
+(c) A dry chemical extinguishing system
+(d) A gaseous agent extinguishing system
+(2) Manual activation stations shall be installed. At least one
+such station shall be within ready access of operating person-
+nel. If access to this station is likely to involve exposure to
+danger, an additional station shall be located adjacent to an
+exit from the area. These devices shall activate the fire pro-
+tection system as specified in 43.1.7.8.2(1) and accomplish
+the requirements of 43.1.7.2.1 and 43.1.7.8.1(2).
+(3) A wet pipe sprinkler system shall also be provided
+throughout the spray booth. This system shall meet all the
+applicable requirements of NFPA 13 for Extra Hazard
+(Group 2) occupancies.
+(4) Automatic electrostatic equipment enclosures inside the
+booth systems shall be protected with an approved auto-
+matic fire protection system. Activation of this system shall
+automatically accomplish the requirements of 43.1.7.2.1
+and 43.1.7.8.1(2). [33:9.8.2]
+43.1.8 Operations and Maintenance.
+43.1.8.1* General. Maintenance procedures shall be estab-
+lished to ensure that all spray application apparatus and pro-
+cesses are operated and maintained in accordance with the
+manufacturers’ specifications and the requirements of this
+Code. Maintenance shall be the responsibility of the users of
+the apparatus and processes. [33:10.1]
+43.1.8.1.1* Spray application operations shall not be conducted
+outside predetermined spray areas. [33:10.1.1]
+43.1.8.1.2 Inspection of extinguishing systems shall be con-
+ducted to ensure that the performance of the extinguishing
+system components will not be affected by overspray and resi-
+dues. [33:10.1.2]
+43.1.8.2* Combustible Deposits.
+43.1.8.2.1 All spray areas shall be kept free of excessive accu-
+mulation of deposits of combustible residues. [33:10.2.1]
+43.1.8.2.2 Combustible coverings (thin paper, plastic) and
+strippable coatings shall be permitted to be used to facilitate
+cleaning operations in spray areas. [33:10.2.2]
+43.1.8.2.2.1 When plastic covering is used, it shall be of a
+static dissipative nature or shall have a maximum breakdown
+voltage of 4 kV to prevent accumulation of a hazardous static
+electric charge. [33:10.2.2.1]
+43.1.8.2.3 If residue accumulates to excess in booths, duct or
+duct discharge points, or other spray areas, all spraying opera-
+tions shall be discontinued until conditions have been cor-
+rected. [33:10.2.3]
+43.1.8.3 High-Pressure Hose Lines.High-pressure hose lines
+that convey flammable or combustible coating material in “air-
+less” spray application operations shall be inspected fre-
+quently and shall be repaired or replaced as necessary. Hose
+lines and equipment shall be located so that, in the event of a
+leak or rupture, coating material will not be discharged into
+any space having a source of ignition. [33:10.3]
+43.1.8.4 Maintenance Procedures.
+43.1.8.4.1 Maintenance procedures shall be established to
+ensure that overspray collector filters are replaced before ex-
+cessive restriction to airflow occurs. Overspray collectors shall
+be inspected after each period of use and clogged filters shall
+be discarded and replaced. [33:10.4.1]
+43.1.8.4.2 At the close of the day’s operation, all discarded over-
+spray collector filters, residue scrapings, and debris contami-
+nated with residue shall be removed immediately to a designated
+storage location, placed in a noncombustible container with a
+tight-fitting lid, or placed in a water-filled metal container.
+[33:10.4.2]
+43.1.8.5* Waste Containers.
+43.1.8.5.1 Approved waste containers shall be provided wher-
+ever rags or waste are impregnated with sprayed material, and
+all such rags or waste shall be deposited therein immediately
+after use. The contents of waste containers shall be placed in a
+designated storage location. [33:10.5.1]
+43.1.8.5.2 Waste containers containing flammable liquids
+shall be located in ventilated areas that meet the requirements
+of 43.1.5. Such areas shall also meet the electrical area classifi-
+cation requirements of 43.1.4.4.5. [33:10.5.2]
+43.1.8.5.3* Waste containers for flammable liquids shall be
+constructed of conductive materials and shall be bonded and
+grounded. [33:10.5.3]
+43.1.8.5.4 Waste containers for flammable liquids shall be
+handled and stored in accordance with 43.1.6. [33:10.5.4]
+43.1.8.6 Clothing. Employees’ clothing contaminated with
+sprayed material shall not be left on the premises overnight un-
+less kept in metal lockers. [33:10.6]
+43.1.8.7 Cleaning Operations.
+43.1.8.7.1 Scope. Paragraph 43.1.8.7 shall apply to the use of
+flammable or combustible liquids for the flushing and clean-
+ing of equipment. [33:10.7.1]
+43.1.8.7.2 Liquids. Class I and Class II liquids used in cleaning
+operations shall be in original shipping containers or in listed
+safety containers. [33:10.7.2]
+43.1.8.7.3 Location. Cleaning operations using flammable or
+combustible liquids shall be conducted inside a spray area with
+ventilating equipment operating or in ventilated areas that meet
+the requirements of 43.1.5. Such areas shall also meet the electri-
+cal area classification requirements of 43.1.4.4.5. [33:10.7.3]
+43.1.8.7.4* Equipment.Equipment using flammable or com-
+bustible liquids shall meet the requirements of 43.1.4.4.5 and
+shall be bonded and grounded. [33:10.7.4]
+1–239SPRAYING, DIPPING, AND COATING USING FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+43.1.8.7.5 Manual Cleaning.Individual manual cleaning op-
+erations shall be limited to not more than 1 gal (4 L) of flam-
+mable or combustible liquid for each cleaning operator.
+[33:10.7.5]
+43.1.8.7.6 Liquid Storage. Flammable and combustible liq-
+uids shall be handled and stored in accordance with 43.1.6.
+Containers used for handling, storage, or recovery of Class I
+liquids shall be constructed of conductive materials and shall
+be bonded and grounded. [33:10.7.6]
+43.1.8.8 Solvent Distillation Units (Solvent Recyclers).
+43.1.8.8.1 Scope.
+43.1.8.8.1.1 Paragraph 43.1.8.8 shall apply to solvent distilla-
+tion units having distillation chambers or still pots that do not
+exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity and are used to recycle Class I,
+Class II, and Class IIIA liquids. [33:10.8.1.1]
+43.1.8.8.1.2 Paragraph 43.1.8.8 shall not apply to research,
+testing, or experimental processes; to distillation processes
+carried out in petroleum refineries, chemical plants, or distill-
+eries; or to distillation equipment used in dry cleaning opera-
+tions. [33:10.8.1.2]
+43.1.8.8.2 Equipment. Solvent distillation units shall be ap-
+proved or shall be listed in accordance with ANSI/UL 2208,
+Standard for Solvent Distillation Units.[ 33:10.8.2]
+43.1.8.8.3 Solvents. Solvent distillation units shall only be
+used to distill liquids for which they have been investigated
+and which are indicated on the unit’s marking or instruction
+manual. Unstable or reactive liquids or materials shall not be
+processed unless they have been specifically indicated on the
+system’s markings or in the instruction manual. [33:10.8.3]
+43.1.8.8.4 Location. Solvent distillation units shall only be used
+in locations in accordance with their approval or listing. They
+shall not be used in basements. They shall be located away from
+potential sources of ignition, as indicated on the unit’s marking.
+[33:10.8.4]
+43.1.8.8.5 Liquid Storage.Distilled liquids and liquids await-
+ing distillation shall be stored in accordance with Chapter 6 of
+NFPA 30. [33:10.8.5]
+43.1.8.9* Spontaneous Ignition Hazards.The same spray booth
+shall not be alternately used for different types of coating materi-
+als if the combination of the materials is conducive to spontane-
+ous ignition, unless all deposits of the first-used coating material
+are removed from the booth and exhaust ducts prior to spraying
+with the second coating material. [33:10.9]
+43.1.8.10* Chlorinated Solvents.Coating materials containing
+chlorinated solvents shall not be used with spray application ap-
+paratus or fluid-handling equipment if the chlorinated solvent
+will come into contact with aluminum within a piping system,
+pump, enclosed container, or any enclosure that is capable of
+being pressurized by the potential reaction. This shall apply even
+if the container or system has been constructed with pressure
+relief devices. [33:10.10]
+43.1.8.11 Smoking. Signs stating NO SMOKING OR OPEN
+FLAMES in large letters on contrasting color background
+shall be conspicuously posted at all spray areas and paint stor-
+age rooms. [33:10.11]
+43.1.8.12* Hot Work. Welding, cutting, and other spark-
+producing operations shall not be permitted in or adjacent to
+spray areas until a written permit authorizing such work has
+been issued. The permit shall be issued by a person in author-
+ity following his or her inspection of the area to ensure that
+precautions have been taken and will be followed until the job
+is completed. [33:10.12]
+43.2 Automated Electrostatic Spray Equipment.For informa-
+tion on the installation and use of automated electrostatic
+spray application apparatus, see Chapter 11 of NFPA 33.
+43.3 Handheld Electrostatic Spray Equipment.For informa-
+tion on the installation and use of handheld electrostatic spray
+application apparatus, see Chapter 12 of NFPA 33.
+43.4 Drying, Curing, or Fusion Processes.For information on
+drying, curing, or fusion apparatus used in connection with
+spray application of flammable and combustible materials, see
+Chapter 13 of NFPA 33.
+43.5 Miscellaneous Spray Operations.
+43.5.1 Vehicle Undercoating and Body Lining.
+43.5.1.1 Spray undercoating or spray body lining of vehicles
+that is conducted in an area that has adequate natural or me-
+chanical ventilation shall be exempt from the provisions of
+this Code, if all of the requirements of 43.5.1.1.1 through
+43.5.1.1.4 are met. [33:14.1.1]
+43.5.1.1.1 There shall be no open flames or spark-producing
+equipment within 20 ft (6100 mm) of the spray operation
+while the spray operation is being conducted. [33:14.1.1.1]
+43.5.1.1.2 There shall be no drying, curing, or fusion appara-
+tus in use within 20 ft (6100 mm) of the spray operation while
+the spray operation is being conducted. [33:14.1.1.2]
+43.5.1.1.3 Any solvent used for cleaning procedures shall
+have a flash point not less than 100°F (37.8°C). [33:14.1.1.3]
+43.5.1.1.4 The coating or lining materials used shall meet
+one of the following criteria:
+(1) Be no more hazardous than UL Class 30-40, when tested in
+accordance with UL 340,Test for Comparative Flammability of
+Liquids
+(2) Not contain any solvent or component that has a flash
+point below 100°F (37.8°C)
+(3) Consist only of Class IIIB liquids and not include any or-
+ganic peroxide catalyst [33:14.1.1.4]
+43.5.1.2 Noncomplying Undercoating Operations.Spray un-
+dercoating operations that do not meet the requirements of
+43.5.1 shall meet all applicable requirements of this Code
+pertaining to spray finishing operations. [ 33:14.1.2]
+43.5.2 Preparation Workstations.If spray finishing operations
+are performed at or in a preparation workstation, the prepara-
+tion workstation shall be considered an unenclosed spray area
+and shall meet all requirements of an unenclosed spray area.
+Exception: A preparation workstation that is designed and operated
+in accordance with 43.5.3 shall be considered a limited finishing
+workstation and not an unenclosed spray area. [33:14.2]
+43.5.3 Limited Finishing Workstations. A limited finishing
+workstation shall be designed and operated in accordance
+with the requirements of 43.5.3.1 through 43.5.3.9. [33:14.3]
+43.5.3.1 A limited finishing workstation shall be designed
+and constructed to have all of the following:
+1–240 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) A dedicated make-up air supply and air supply plenum
+(2) Curtains or partitions that are noncombustible or limited
+combustible, as defined in 3.3.161.9 or that can success-
+fully pass Test Method 2 of NFPA 701
+(3) A dedicated mechanical exhaust and filtration system
+(4)*An approved automatic extinguishing system that meets
+the requirements of 43.1.7 [33:14.3.1]
+43.5.3.2 The amount of material sprayed in a limited finish-
+ing workstation shall not exceed 1 gal (3.8 L) in any 8-hour
+period. [33:14.3.2]
+43.5.3.3 The limited finishing workstation shall meet all appli-
+cable requirements of 43.1.2 through 43.1.8 and Section 43.10.
+[33:14.3.3]
+43.5.3.4 Curtains or partitions shall be fully closed during
+any spray application operations. [33:14.3.4]
+43.5.3.5 The area inside the curtains or partitions shall be
+considered a Class I, Division 1; Class I, Zone 1; or Class II,
+Division 1 hazardous (classified) location, as defined by
+NFPA 70. [33:14.3.5]
+43.5.3.5.1 A Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2; or Class II,
+Division 2 hazardous (classified) location, as applicable, shall
+extend horizontally and vertically beyond the volume en-
+closed by the outside surface of the curtains or partitions as
+follows:
+(1) 5 ft (1525 mm) horizontally and 3 ft (915 mm) vertically, as
+shown in Figure 43.5.3.5.1(a), if the spray application equip-
+ment is interlocked with the exhaust ventilation system
+(2) 10 ft (3050 mm) horizontally and 3 ft (915 mm) vertically,
+as shown in Figure 43.5.3.5.1(b), if the spray application
+equipment is not interlocked with the exhaust ventilation
+system [33:14.3.5.1]
+43.5.3.5.2 For the purposes of this subsection,interlockedshall
+mean that the spray application equipment cannot be operated
+unless the exhaust ventilation system is operating and function-
+ing properly and spray application is automatically stopped if the
+exhaust ventilation system fails. [33:14.3.5.2]
+43.5.3.6 Any limited finishing workstation used for spray ap-
+plication operations shall not be used for any operation that is
+capable of producing sparks or particles of hot metal or for
+operations that involve open flames or electrical utilization
+equipment capable of producing sparks or particles of hot
+metal. [33:14.3.6]
+43.5.3.7 Drying, curing, or fusion apparatus shall be permit-
+ted to be used in a limited finishing workstation if they meet
+the requirements of Section 43.4 and the requirements of
+43.5.3.7.1 through 43.5.3.7.3. [33:14.3.7]
+43.5.3.7.1 When industrial air heaters are used to elevate the air
+temperature for drying, curing, or fusing operations, a high limit
+switch shall be provided to automatically shut off the drying ap-
+paratus if the air temperature in the limited finishing workstation
+exceeds the maximum discharge-air temperature allowed by the
+standard that the heater is listed to or 200°F (93°C), whichever is
+less. [33:14.3.7.1]
+43.5.3.7.2* A means shall be provided to show that the limited
+finishing workstation is in the drying or curing mode of opera-
+tion and that the limited finishing work station is to be unoc-
+cupied. [33:14.3.7.2]
+43.5.3.7.3 Any containers of flammable or combustible liq-
+uids shall be removed from the limited finishing workstation
+before the drying apparatus is energized. [33:14.3.7.3]
+43.5.3.8 Portable spot-drying, curing, or fusion apparatus shall
+be permitted to be used in a limited finishing workstation, pro-
+vided that it is not located within the hazardous (classified) loca-
+tion defined in 43.5.3.5 when spray application operations are
+being conducted. [33:14.3.8]
+Dedicated mechanical
+exhaust system
+Dedicated make-up
+air supply system
+Air supply
+plenum
+Curtains
+5 ft
+(1525 mm)
+5 ft
+(1525 mm)
+Extent of Class I, Division 2;
+Class I, Zone 2; or
+Class II, Division 2 area
+3 ft
+(915 mm)
+FIGURE 43.5.3.5.1(a) Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2; or
+Class II, Division 2 Locations Adjacent to a Limited Finishing
+Workstation with Exhaust Ventilation Interlocked with Spray
+Equipment. [33:Figure 14.3.5.1(a)]
+Dedicated mechanical
+exhaust system
+Dedicated make-up
+air supply system
+Air supply
+plenum
+Curtains
+Extent of Class I, Division 2;
+Class I, Zone 2; or
+Class II, Division 2 area
+3 ft 
+(915 mm)
+10 ft
+(3050 mm)
+10 ft
+(3050 mm)
+10 ft
+(3050 mm)
+3 ft 
+(915 mm)
+FIGURE 43.5.3.5.1(b) Class I, Division 2; Class I, Zone 2; or
+Class II, Division 2 Locations Adjacent to a Limited Finishing
+Workstation with Exhaust Ventilation NOT Interlocked with
+Spray Equipment. [33:Figure 14.3.5.1(b)]
+1–241SPRAYING, DIPPING, AND COATING USING FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+43.5.3.9 Recirculation of exhaust air shall be permitted only
+if all provisions of 43.1.5.5 are met. [33:14.3.9]
+43.6 Powder Coating.For information on the installation and
+use of powder coating application apparatus, see Chapter 15
+of NFPA 33.
+43.7 Organic Peroxides and Plural Component Coatings.
+43.7.1* Scope. Section 43.7 shall apply to the spray applica-
+tion operations that involve the use of organic peroxide for-
+mulations and other plural component coatings.
+Exception: As covered in Section 43.8. [ 33:16.1]
+43.7.2 General. Spray application operations that involve the
+use of organic peroxide formulations and other plural compo-
+nent coatings shall be conducted in spray areas that are pro-
+tected by approved automatic sprinkler systems that meet the
+requirements of 43.1.7. [33:16.2]
+43.7.3 Prevention of Contamination.Measures shall be taken
+to prevent the contamination of organic peroxide formula-
+tions with any foreign substance. Only spray guns and related
+handling equipment that are specifically manufactured for
+use with organic peroxide formulations shall be used. Sepa-
+rate fluid-handling equipment shall be used for the resin and
+for the catalyst, and they shall not be interchanged. [33:16.3]
+43.7.3.1 The wetted portions of equipment and apparatus
+that handle organic peroxide formulations shall be con-
+structed of stainless steel (300 series), polyethylene, Teflon ®,
+or other materials that are specifically recommended for the
+application. [33:16.3.1]
+43.7.3.2* Measures shall be taken to prevent contamination of
+organic peroxide formulations with dusts or overspray resi-
+dues resulting from the sanding or spray application of finish-
+ing materials. [33:16.3.2]
+43.7.3.3 Spills of organic peroxide formulations shall be
+promptly removed so there are no residues. Spilled material
+shall be permitted to be absorbed by use of a noncombustible
+absorbent, which is then disposed of promptly in accordance
+with the manufacturer’s recommendations. [33:16.3.3]
+43.7.4 Storage of Organic Peroxides.Organic peroxide for-
+mulations shall be stored in accordance with the requirements
+of 70.3.4.8 and with the manufacturers’ recommendations.
+[33:16.4]
+43.7.5 Handling of Organic Peroxides. Measures shall be
+taken to prevent handling of organic peroxide formulations
+to avoid shock and friction, which can cause decomposition
+and violent reaction. [33:16.5]
+43.7.6* Mixing of Organic Peroxides with Promoters.Organic
+peroxide formulations shall not be mixed directly with any
+cobalt compounds or other promoters or accelerators, due to
+the possibility of violent decomposition or explosion. To mini-
+mize the possibility of such accidental mixing, these materials
+shall not be stored adjacent to each other. [33:16.6]
+43.7.7 Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited, NO SMOKING
+signs shall be prominently displayed, and only nonsparking
+tools shall be used in any area where organic peroxide formu-
+lations are stored, mixed, or applied. [33:16.7]
+43.7.8 Trained Personnel.Only designated personnel trained
+to use and handle organic peroxide formulations shall be per-
+mitted to use these materials. [33:16.8]
+43.7.9 Material Safety Data Sheets.Where organic peroxide
+formulations are used, the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
+or its equivalent shall be consulted. [33:16.9]
+43.8 Styrene Cross-Linked Composites Manufacturing (Glass
+Fiber–Reinforced Plastics).
+43.8.1* Scope.Section 43.8 shall apply to manufacturing pro-
+cesses involving spray application of styrene cross-linked ther-
+moset resins (commonly known as glass fiber–reinforced plas-
+tics) for hand lay-up or spray fabrication methods, that is, resin
+application areas, and where the processes do not produce
+vapors that exceed 25 percent of the lower flammable limit.
+[33:17.1]
+43.8.2 Resin Application Equipment.The equipment and ap-
+paratus for spray application of the resin shall be installed and
+used in accordance with the requirements of Sections 43.7
+and 43.8. [33:17.2]
+43.8.3* Fire Protection.Resin application areas shall be pro-
+tected by an automatic sprinkler system that is designed and
+installed in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 13 for
+at least Ordinary Hazard, Group 2 occupancies. [33:17.3]
+43.8.4 Resin Storage.The quantity of flammable and combus-
+tible liquids located in the vicinity of resin application areas out-
+side an inside storage room or storage cabinet in any one process
+area shall not exceed the greater of any of the following:
+(1) A supply for one day
+(2) The sum of 25 gal (95 L) of Class IA liquids in containers and
+120 gal (454 L) of Class IB, IC, II, or III liquids in containers
+(3) One approved portable tank not exceeding 660 gal (2500 L)
+of Class IB, IC, II, or III liquids [33:17.4]
+43.8.5 Electrical and Other Hazards.
+43.8.5.1 Electrical wiring and utilization equipment located
+in resin application areas that is not subject to deposits of com-
+bustible residues shall be installed in accordance with the re-
+quirements of NFPA 70 for Ordinary Hazard locations.
+[33:17.5.1]
+43.8.5.2 Electrical wiring and utilization equipment located
+in resin application areas that is subject to deposits of combus-
+tible residues shall be listed for such exposure and shall be
+suitable for Class I, Division 1; Class I, Zone 1; or Class II,
+Division 1 locations, whichever is applicable. Such wiring and
+utilization equipment shall be installed in accordance with the
+requirements of NFPA 70 for the hazardous (classified) loca-
+tion involved. [33:17.5.2]
+43.8.5.3* All metal parts of resin application areas, exhaust
+ducts, ventilation fans, spray application equipment, work-
+pieces or containers that receive the spray stream, and piping
+that conveys flammable or combustible liquids shall be electri-
+cally grounded. [33:17.5.3]
+43.8.5.4 Space heating appliances or other hot surfaces in
+resin application areas shall not be located where deposits or
+residues accumulate. [33:17.5.4]
+43.8.6 Ventilation.
+43.8.6.1 Mechanical ventilation shall be designed and in-
+stalled throughout the resin application area in accordance
+with the requirements of 43.1.5.
+Exception: Buildings that are not enclosed for at least three-quarters of
+their perimeter shall not be required to meet this requirement. [33:17.6.1]
+1–242 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+43.8.6.2 Local ventilation shall be provided where personnel
+are under or inside of the workpiece being fabricated.
+[33:17.6.2]
+43.8.7 Use and Handling.
+43.8.7.1 The storage and use of organic peroxide formula-
+tions shall meet the requirements of Section 43.7. [33:17.7.1]
+43.8.7.2 Excess catalyzed resin, while still in the liquid state,
+shall be drained into an open-top, noncombustible container.
+Enough water shall be added to the container to cover the
+contained resin by at least 2 in. (50 mm). [33:17.7.2]
+43.8.7.3 In areas where chopper guns are used, paper, poly-
+ethylene film, or similar material shall be provided to cover
+the exposed surfaces of the walls and floor to allow the
+build-up of overchop to be removed. When the accumulated
+overchop has reached an average thickness of 2 in. (50 mm), it
+shall be disposed of after a minimum curing time of 4 hours.
+Exception: A single day’s accumulation of more than an average of
+2 in. (50 mm) shall be permitted, provided that it is properly cured and
+disposed of before operations are resumed. [33:17.7.3]
+43.8.7.3.1 Used paper, polyethylene film, or similar material
+shall be placed in a noncombustible container and disposed
+of when removed from the facility. [33:17.7.3.1]
+43.9 Dipping and Coating Processes.
+43.9.1* Dipping and coating processes in which articles or mate-
+rials are passed through tanks, vats, containers, or process equip-
+ment that contain flammable or combustible liquids shall comply
+with NFPA 34,Standard for Dipping and Coating Processes Using Flam-
+mable or Combustible Liquids, and Section 43.9.
+43.9.1.1 Section 43.9 shall not apply to processes involving
+noncombustible liquids except when the water-borne, water-
+based, and water-reducible materials contain flammable or
+combustible liquids or produce combustible deposits or resi-
+dues. [34:1.1.2; 34:1.1.3]
+43.9.1.2 Section 43.9 shall not apply to dipping and coating
+processes that use a liquid that does not have a fire point when
+tested in accordance with ASTM D 92, Standard Test Method for
+Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup , up to the boiling
+point of the liquid or up to a temperature at which the sample
+being tested shows an obvious physical change. [34:1.1.4]
+43.9.1.3* Section 43.9 shall not apply to quench tanks that are
+addressed in Chapter 51 of this Code.
+43.9.2* Where unusual industrial processes are involved, the
+AHJ shall be permitted to require additional safeguards or
+modifications to the requirements of NFPA 34, provided
+equivalent safety is achieved.
+43.10 Training.
+43.10.1* General.All personnel involved in the spray applica-
+tion processes covered by this Code shall be instructed in the
+following:
+(1) Potential safety and health hazards
+(2) Operational, maintenance, and emergency procedures
+required
+(3) Importance of constant operator awareness [ 33:18.1]
+43.10.1.1 Personnel required to handle or use flammable or
+combustible materials shall be instructed in the safe handling,
+storage, and use of the materials, as well as emergency proce-
+dures. [33:18.1.1]
+43.10.1.2* All personnel required to enter or to work within
+confined or enclosed spaces shall be instructed as to the na-
+ture of the hazard involved, the necessary precautions to be
+taken, and the use of protective and emergency equipment
+required. [33:18.1.2]
+43.10.1.3 All personnel shall be instructed in the proper use,
+maintenance, and storage of all emergency, safety, or personal
+protective equipment that they might be required to use in
+their normal work performance. [33:18.1.3]
+43.10.1.4 Documentation shall be employed to record the
+type and date of training provided to each individual involved
+in these processes. [33:18.1.4]
+Chapter 44 Solvent Extraction
+44.1 General. Solvent extraction plants shall comply with
+NFPA 36,Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants, and Chapter 44.
+44.2 Application.
+44.2.1 Chapter 44 shall apply to the following:
+(1) The commercial scale extraction processing of animal
+and vegetable oils and fats by the use of Class I flammable
+hydrocarbon liquids, hereinafter referred to as solvents
+(2) Any equipment and buildings that are located within
+100 ft (30 m) of the extraction process, with the exception
+of the following actions:
+(a) The unloading, storage, and handling of solvents, re-
+gardless of distance from the extraction process
+(b) The means of conveying material to be extracted from
+the preparation process to the extraction process
+(c) The means of conveying extracted desolventized sol-
+ids and oil from the extraction process
+(d) Preparation and meal finishing processes that are
+connected by conveyor to the extraction process, re-
+gardless of intervening distance
+44.2.2 Chapter 44 shall not apply to the following:
+(1) The storage of raw materials or finished products
+(2) Extraction processes that use liquids that are miscible
+with water
+(3) Extraction processes that use flammable gases, liquefied
+petroleum gases, or nonflammable gases
+44.3 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with Sec-
+tion 1.12.
+44.4 Special Requirements.The use of processes that employ
+oxygen-active compounds that are heat or shock sensitive,
+such as certain organic peroxides, shall be prohibited within
+the area defined in 44.2.1(2).
+Chapter 45 Combustible Fibers
+45.1 General.
+45.1.1 The storage, use, and handling of combustible fibers
+shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 45.
+45.1.2* Chapter 45 shall not apply to buildings completely
+protected by an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system;
+however, this exclusion does not preclude the need for good
+housekeeping.
+1–243COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+45.1.3 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+45.2 Electrical Wiring.
+45.2.1 Electrical wiring and equipment in any combustible
+fiber storage room or building shall be installed in accordance
+with the requirements of NFPA 70 for Class III hazardous loca-
+tions.
+45.2.2 The AHJ shall be responsible for designating the areas
+requiring hazardous location electrical classifications and
+shall classify the area in accordance with the classification sys-
+tem set forth in NFPA 70.
+45.3 No Smoking.
+45.3.1 No smoking or open flame shall be permitted in any area
+where combustible fibers are handled or stored, nor within 50 ft
+(15 m) of any uncovered pile of such fibers.
+45.3.2 NO SMOKING signs shall be posted.
+45.4 Vehicles and Material Handling Equipment.Trucks or
+automobiles, other than mechanical handling equipment and
+approved industrial trucks complying with NFPA 505, Fire
+Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks Including Type Desig-
+nations, Areas of Use, Conversions, Maintenance, and Operations ,
+shall not enter any fiber storage room or building but shall be
+permitted to be used at loading platforms.
+45.5 Loose Storage of Combustible Fibers.
+45.5.1 Loose combustible fibers (not in bales or packages),
+whether housed or in the open, shall not be stored within
+100 ft (30 m) of any building, except as hereinafter specified.
+45.5.2 Quantities of loose combustible fibers up to 100 ft 3
+(2.8 m3) shall not be kept in any building unless stored in a
+metal or metal-lined bin that is equipped with a self-closing
+cover.
+45.5.3 Rooms or Compartments for Quantities of Loose
+Combustible Fibers Ranging Between 100 ft3 (2.8 m3) and
+500 ft3 (14.2 m3).
+45.5.3.1 Quantities exceeding 100 ft3 (2.8 m3) of loose com-
+bustible fibers, but not exceeding 500 ft 3 (14.2 m3), shall be
+permitted to be stored in rooms or compartments in which
+the floors, walls, and ceilings have a fire-resistance rating of
+not less than 3⁄4 hour.
+45.5.3.2 Each opening into such rooms or compartments
+from other parts of the building shall be equipped with an
+approved self-closing fire door.
+45.5.4 Storage Vaults for Quantities of Loose Combustible Fi-
+bers Ranging Between 500 ft3 (14.2 m3) and 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3).
+45.5.4.1 Quantities exceeding 500 ft3 (14.2 m3) of loose com-
+bustible fibers, but not exceeding 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3), shall be
+permitted to be stored in storage vaults enclosed with floors,
+walls, and ceilings that are 2-hour fire-resistance-rated fire bar-
+riers.
+45.5.4.2 Such storage vaults shall be located outside of build-
+ings or, if located inside, shall be protected with approved
+safety vents to the outside.
+45.5.4.3 If such storage vaults are located inside a building,
+each opening into the storage vault from other parts of the
+building shall be protected on each side of the wall by an
+approved opening protective assembly having a fire resistance
+rating of 11⁄2 hours.
+45.5.4.4 If such storage vaults are located outside of buildings
+but have openings that expose other buildings (not suffi-
+ciently detached to be considered cutoff), each such opening
+shall be protected on each side of the wall by an approved
+opening protective assembly having a fire resistance rating of
+11⁄2 hours.
+45.5.4.5 Roofs of outside vaults shall be of noncombustible
+material, but shall be permitted to be constructed so as to
+readily give way in case of an internal explosion.
+45.5.5 Storage Vaults for Quantities of Loose Combustible
+Fibers Exceeding 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3).
+45.5.5.1 Quantities exceeding 1000 ft 3 (28.3 m 3) of loose
+combustible fibers shall be permitted to be stored in storage
+vaults as indicated in 45.5.4.
+45.5.5.2 The storage vault shall also be protected by an ap-
+proved automatic sprinkler system designed and installed in
+accordance with Section 13.3.
+45.5.6 Loose House.
+45.5.6.1 Not more than 2500 ft3 (71 m3) of loose fibers shall
+be permitted to be stored in a detached loose house, with
+openings properly protected against the entrance of sparks.
+45.5.6.2 The loose house shall be used for no other purpose.
+45.6 Baled Storage.
+45.6.1 Blocks or Piles.
+45.6.1.1 No single block or pile shall contain more than
+25,000 ft3 (708 m3) of combustible fibers, exclusive of aisles or
+clearances.
+45.6.1.2 Blocks or piles of baled fiber shall be separated from
+adjacent storage by aisles not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) wide or by
+flash fire barriers consisting of continuous sheets of noncom-
+bustible material extending from the floor to a height of at
+least 1 ft (0.3 m) beyond the top of the piles and projecting
+not less than 1 ft (0.3 m) beyond the sides of the piles.
+45.6.1.3 Baled cotton storage and combustibles shall be kept
+at least 4 ft (1.2 m) from fire door openings.
+45.6.2 Sisal and Other Fibers.
+45.6.2.1 Sisal and other fibers in bales bound with combus-
+tible tie ropes or jute and other fibers that are liable to swell
+when wet shall be stored in a manner that allows for expansion
+in any direction without endangering building walls, ceilings,
+or columns.
+45.6.2.2 Not less than 3 ft (0.9 m) of clearance shall be left
+between walls and sides of piles, except that in storage com-
+partments not more than 30 ft (9 m) in width, 1 ft (0.3 m)
+clearance at side walls shall be sufficient, provided that a cen-
+ter aisle not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) wide is maintained.
+45.7 Storage of Hay, Straw, and Other Similar Agricultural
+Products.
+45.7.1 Hay, straw, and other similar agricultural products
+shall not be stored adjacent to buildings or combustible mate-
+rial unless a cleared horizontal distance equal to the height of
+pile is maintained between such storage and combustible ma-
+terial and buildings.
+1–244 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+45.7.2 Storage shall be limited to stacks of 100 tons (90,720 kg)
+each.
+45.7.3 Either an approved 1-hour fire wall installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 221,Standard for High Challenge Fire Walls, Fire
+Walls, and Fire Barrier Walls , or a clear space of 20 ft (6.1 m)
+shall be maintained between such stacks.
+45.7.4 Unlimited quantities of hay, straw, and other agricul-
+tural products shall be permitted to be stored in or near farm
+buildings located outside of closely built areas.
+45.8 Hazardous Materials. Combustible fibers shall not be
+stored in rooms or buildings with hazardous gases, flammable
+liquids, dangerous chemicals, or other similar materials.
+Chapter 46 Reserved
+Chapter 47 Reserved
+Chapter 48 Reserved
+Chapter 49 Reserved
+Chapter 50 Commercial Cooking Equipment
+50.1 Application.
+50.1.1* The design, installation, operation, inspection, and
+maintenance of all public and private commercial cooking
+equipment shall comply with this chapter and NFPA 96, Stan-
+dard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cook-
+ing Operations.
+50.1.2 This chapter shall apply to residential cooking equip-
+ment used for commercial cooking operations. [96:1.1.2]
+50.1.3 This chapter shall not apply to cooking equipment
+located in a single dwelling unit. [96:1.1.3]
+50.1.4* This chapter shall not apply to facilities where all of
+the following are met:
+(1) Only residential equipment is being used.
+(2) Fire extinguishers are located in all kitchen areas in accor-
+dance with Section 13.6.
+(3) Facility is not an assembly occupancy.
+(4) The AHJ has approved the installation. [ 96:1.1.4]
+50.2 General Requirements.
+50.2.1 General.
+50.2.1.1 Cooking equipment used in processes producing
+smoke or grease-laden vapors shall be equipped with an ex-
+haust system that complies with all the equipment and perfor-
+mance requirements of this chapter. [96:4.1.1]
+50.2.1.1.1* Cooking equipment that has been listed in accor-
+dance with UL 197, Standard for Commercial Electric Cooking Ap-
+pliances, or an equivalent standard for reduced emissions shall
+not be required to be provided with an exhaust system.
+[96:4.1.1.1]
+50.2.1.1.2 The listing evaluation of cooking equipment cov-
+ered by 50.2.1.1.1 shall demonstrate that the grease discharge
+at the exhaust duct of a test hood placed over the appliance
+shall not exceed 5 mg/m3 when operated with a total airflow
+of 500 cfm (0.236 m3/s). [96:4.1.1.2]
+50.2.1.2 All such equipment and its performance shall be
+maintained in accordance with the requirements of this chap-
+ter during all periods of operation of the cooking equipment.
+[96:4.1.2]
+50.2.1.3 The following equipment shall be kept in working
+condition:
+(1) Cooking equipment
+(2) Hoods
+(3) Ducts (if applicable)
+(4) Fans
+(5) Fire-extinguishing systems
+(6) Special effluent or energy control equipment [ 96:4.1.3]
+50.2.1.3.1 Maintenance and repairs shall be performed on all
+components at intervals necessary to maintain good working
+condition. [96:4.1.3.1]
+50.2.1.4 All airflows shall be maintained. [96:4.1.4]
+50.2.1.5 The responsibility for inspection, maintenance, and
+cleanliness of the ventilation control and fire protection of the
+commercial cooking operations shall be the ultimate responsibil-
+ity of the owner of the system provided that this responsibility has
+not been transferred in written form to a management company
+or other party. [96:4.1.5]
+50.2.1.6* All solid fuel cooking equipment shall comply with
+the requirements of Chapter 14 of NFPA 96. [96:4.1.6]
+50.2.1.7 Multi-tenant applications shall require the concerted
+cooperation of design, installation, operation, and maintenance
+responsibilities by tenants and by the building owner. [96:4.1.7]
+50.2.1.8 All interior surfaces of the exhaust system shall be
+accessible for cleaning and inspection purposes. [96:4.1.8]
+50.2.1.9* Cooking equipment used in fixed, mobile, or tem-
+porary concessions, such as trucks, buses, trailers, pavilions,
+tents, or any form of roofed enclosure, shall comply with
+NFPA 96 or this chapter. [96:4.1.9]
+50.2.2* Clearance.
+50.2.2.1 Where enclosures are not required, hoods, grease
+removal devices, exhaust fans, and ducts shall have a clearance
+of at least 18 in. (457 mm) to combustible material, 3 in.
+(76 mm) to limited-combustible material, and 0 in. (0 mm) to
+noncombustible material. [96:4.2.1]
+50.2.2.2 Where a hood, duct, or grease removal device is
+listed for clearances less than those required in 50.2.2.1, the
+listing requirements shall be permitted. [96:4.2.2]
+50.2.2.3 Clearance Reduction.
+50.2.2.3.1 Where a clearance reduction system consisting of
+0.013 in. (0.33 mm) (28 gauge) sheet metal spaced out 1 in.
+(25 mm) on noncombustible spacers is provided, there shall
+be a minimum of 9 in. (229 mm) clearance to combustible
+material. [96:4.2.3.1]
+50.2.2.3.2 Where a clearance reduction system consisting of
+0.027 in. (0.69 mm) (22 gauge) sheet metal on 1 in. (25 mm)
+mineral wool batts or ceramic fiber blanket reinforced with wire
+mesh or equivalent spaced out 1 in. (25 mm) on noncombustible
+1–245COMMERCIAL COOKING EQUIPMENT
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+spacers is provided, there shall be a minimum of 3 in. (76 mm)
+clearance to combustible material. [96:4.2.3.2]
+50.2.2.3.3 Zero clearance to limited-combustible materials
+shall be permitted where protected by metal lath and plaster,
+ceramic tile, quarry tile, other noncombustible materials or
+assembly of noncombustible materials, or materials and prod-
+ucts that are listed for the purpose of reducing clearance.
+[96:4.2.3.3]
+50.2.3 Drawings. A drawing(s) of the exhaust system installa-
+tion along with copies of operating instructions for subassem-
+blies and components used in the exhaust system, including
+electrical schematics, shall be kept on the premises. [96:4.6]
+50.2.4 AHJ Notification.If required by the AHJ, notification
+in writing shall be given of any alteration, replacement, or
+relocation of any exhaust or extinguishing system or part
+thereof or cooking equipment. [96:4.7]
+50.3 Protection of Coverings and Enclosure Materials.
+50.3.1 Measures shall be taken to prevent physical damage to
+any covering or enclosure material. [96:7.7.3.1]
+50.3.2 Any damage to the covering or enclosure shall be re-
+paired, and the covering or enclosure shall be restored to
+meet its intended listing and fire resistance rating and to be
+acceptable to the AHJ. [96:7.7.3.2]
+50.3.3 In the event of a fire within a kitchen exhaust system,
+the duct, the enclosure, or the covering directly applied to the
+duct shall be inspected by qualified personnel to determine
+whether the duct, the enclosure, and the covering directly ap-
+plied to the duct are structurally sound, capable of maintain-
+ing their fire protection functions, suitable for continued op-
+eration, and acceptable to the AHJ. [96:7.7.3.3]
+50.3.4 Listed grease ducts shall be installed in accordance
+with the terms of the listing and the manufacturer’s instruc-
+tions. [96:7.7.3.4]
+50.4 Fire-Extinguishing Equipment.
+50.4.1 Prior to installation of any fire-extinguishing system,
+construction documents shall be reviewed and approved by
+the AHJ.
+50.4.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+50.4.3 General Requirements.
+50.4.3.1 Fire-extinguishing equipment for the protection of
+grease removal devices, hood exhaust plenums, and exhaust
+duct systems shall be provided. [96:10.1.1]
+50.4.3.2* Cooking equipment that produces grease-laden va-
+pors and that might be a source of ignition of grease in the
+hood, grease removal device, or duct shall be protected by
+fire-extinguishing equipment. [96:10.1.2]
+50.4.4 Types of Equipment.
+50.4.4.1 Fire-extinguishing equipment shall include both au-
+tomatic fire-extinguishing systems as primary protection and
+portable fire extinguishers as secondary backup. [96:10.2.1]
+50.4.4.2 A placard identifying the use of the extinguisher as
+secondary backup to the automatic fire-extinguishing system
+shall be conspicuously placed near each portable fire extin-
+guisher intended to be used for protection in the cooking
+area. [96:10.2.2]
+50.4.4.2.1 The language and wording for the placard shall be
+approved by the AHJ. [96:10.2.2.1]
+50.4.4.3* Automatic fire-extinguishing systems shall comply
+with UL 300,Standard for Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishing Systems
+for Protection of Restaurant Cooking Areas , or other equivalent
+standards and shall be installed in accordance with the re-
+quirements of the listing. [96:10.2.3]
+50.4.4.3.1 In existing systems, when changes in the cooking
+media, positioning, or replacement of cooking equipment oc-
+cur, the fire-extinguishing system shall be made to comply
+with 50.4.4.3. [96:10.2.3.1]
+50.4.4.4 Grease removal devices, hood exhaust plenums, ex-
+haust ducts, and cooking equipment that are not addressed in
+UL 300 or other equivalent test standards shall be protected
+with an automatic fire-extinguishing system(s) in accordance
+with the applicable NFPA standard(s) and all local building
+and fire codes and shall be approved by the AHJ. [96:10.2.4]
+50.4.4.5 Automatic fire-extinguishing equipment provided as
+part of listed recirculating systems shall comply with UL 710B,
+Outline of Investigation for Recirculating Exhaust System.[ 96:10.2.5]
+50.4.4.6 Automatic fire-extinguishing systems shall be installed
+in accordance with the terms of their listing, the manufacturer’s
+instructions, and the following standards where applicable:
+(1) NFPA 12
+(2) NFPA 13
+(3) NFPA 17
+(4) NFPA 17A [96:10.2.6]
+50.4.4.7 Modifications to Existing Hood Systems.
+50.4.4.7.1 Any abandoned pipe or conduit from a previous
+installation shall be removed from within the hood, plenum,
+and exhaust duct. [96:10.2.7.1]
+50.4.4.7.2 Penetrations and holes resulting from the removal
+of conduit or piping shall be sealed with listed or equivalent
+liquidtight sealing devices. [96:10.2.7.2]
+50.4.4.7.3 The addition of obstructions to spray patterns from
+the cooking appliance nozzle(s) such as baffle plates, shelves, or
+any modification shall not be permitted. [96:10.2.7.3]
+50.4.4.7.4 Changes or modifications to the hazard after installa-
+tion of the fire-extinguishing systems shall result in re-evaluation
+of the system design by a properly trained, qualified, and certified
+person(s). [96:10.2.7.4]
+50.4.4.8 Fixed Baffle Hoods with Water Wash.
+50.4.4.8.1 Grease removal devices, hood exhaust plenums,
+and exhaust ducts requiring protection in accordance with
+50.4.3.1 shall be permitted to be protected by a listed fixed
+baffle hood containing a constant or fire-actuated water-wash
+system that is listed and in compliance with UL 300 or other
+equivalent standards and shall be installed in accordance with
+the requirements of their listing. [96:10.2.8.1]
+50.4.4.8.2 Each such area not provided with a listed water-
+wash extinguishing system shall be provided with a fire-
+extinguishing system listed for the purpose. [96:10.2.8.2]
+50.4.4.8.3 The water for listed fixed baffle hood assemblies
+shall be permitted to be supplied from the domestic water
+supply when the minimum water pressure and flow are pro-
+vided in accordance with the terms of the listing. [96:10.2.8.3]
+1–246 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+50.4.4.8.4 The water supply shall be controlled by a super-
+vised water supply control valve. [96:10.2.8.4]
+50.4.4.8.5 The water wash in a fixed baffle hood specifically
+listed to extinguish a fire shall be activated by the cooking
+equipment extinguishing system. [96:10.2.8.5]
+50.4.4.8.6 A water-wash system approved to be used for pro-
+tection of the grease removal device(s), hood exhaust ple-
+num(s), exhaust duct(s), or combination thereof shall in-
+clude instructions and appropriate electrical interface for
+simultaneous activation of the water-wash system from an au-
+tomatic fire-extinguishing system, where the automatic fire-
+extinguishing system is used for cooking equipment protec-
+tion only. [96:10.2.8.6]
+50.4.4.8.7 Where the fire-extinguishing system provides pro-
+tection for the cooking equipment, hood, and duct, activation
+of the water wash shall not be required. [96:10.2.8.7]
+50.4.4.9 The water required for listed automatic fire-
+extinguishing systems shall be permitted to be supplied from
+the domestic water supply where the minimum water pressure
+and flow are provided in accordance with the terms of the
+listing. The water supply shall be controlled by a supervised
+water supply control valve. [96:10.2.9]
+50.4.4.10 Water Valve Supervision.Valves controlling the wa-
+ter supply to listed fixed baffle hood assemblies, automatic
+fire-extinguishing systems, or both shall be listed indicating
+type of valve and shall be supervised open by one of the follow-
+ing methods:
+(1) Central station, proprietary, or remote station alarm service
+(2) Local alarm service that will cause the sounding of an au-
+dible signal at a constantly attended point
+(3) Locking valves open
+(4)*Sealing of valves and approved weekly recorded inspec-
+tion [96:10.2.10]
+50.4.5 Simultaneous Operation.
+50.4.5.1 Fixed pipe extinguishing systems in a single hazard
+area (see 3.3.42 of NFPA 96 for the definition of Single Hazard Area)
+shall be arranged for simultaneous automatic operation upon
+actuation of any one of the systems. [96:10.3.1]
+50.4.5.1.1 Hoods installed end to end, back to back, or both,
+or sharing a common ductwork, and having a grease-
+producing appliance(s) located under one or more of the
+hoods shall be considered a single hazard area requiring si-
+multaneous automatic fire protection in all hoods and ducts.
+[96:10.3.1.1]
+50.4.5.1.2 Hoods installed end to end, back to back, or both
+that do not share a common exhaust and are separated by a
+wall(s) or other means to ensure that grease-laden vapors ex-
+hausted under one hood cannot propagate to the other hoods
+or exhaust systems shall not be required to comply with
+50.4.5.1.1. [96:10.3.1.2]
+50.4.5.2 Simultaneous operation shall not be required where
+the fixed pipe extinguishing system is an automatic sprinkler
+system. [96:10.3.2]
+50.4.5.3 Simultaneous operation shall not be required where
+a dry or wet chemical system is used to protect common ex-
+haust ductwork by one of the methods specified in NFPA 17 or
+NFPA 17A. [96:10.3.3]
+50.4.6 Fuel Shutoff.
+50.4.6.1 Upon activation of any fire-extinguishing system for
+a cooking operation, all sources of fuel and electric power that
+produce heat to all equipment requiring protection by that
+system shall automatically shut off. [96:10.4.1]
+50.4.6.2 Steam supplied from an external source shall not be
+required to automatically shut off. [96:10.4.2]
+50.4.6.3 Any gas appliance not requiring protection but lo-
+cated under the same ventilating equipment shall also auto-
+matically shut off upon activation of any extinguishing system.
+[96:10.4.3]
+50.4.6.4 Shutoff devices shall require manual reset. [96:10.4.4]
+50.4.7 Manual Activation.
+50.4.7.1 A readily accessible means for manual activation
+shall be located between 42 in. and 48 in. (1067 mm and
+1219 mm) above the floor, be accessible in the event of a fire,
+be located in a path of egress, and clearly identify the hazard
+protected. [96:10.5.1]
+50.4.7.1.1 A manual actuation device shall be located a mini-
+mum of 10 ft (3 m) when possible and a maximum of 20 ft (6 m)
+from the protected kitchen appliance(s) within the path of
+egress. [96:10.5.1.1]
+50.4.7.1.2 Manual actuation using a cable-operated pull sta-
+tion shall not require more than 40 lb (178 N) of force, with a
+pull movement not to exceed 14 in. (356 mm) to actuate the
+fire suppression system. [96:10.5.1.2]
+50.4.7.2 The automatic and manual means of system activa-
+tion external to the control head or releasing device shall be
+separate and independent of each other so that failure of one
+will not impair the operation of the other. [96:10.5.2]
+50.4.7.3 The manual means of system activation shall be per-
+mitted to be common with the automatic means if the manual
+activation device is located between the control head or releas-
+ing device and the first fusible link. [96:10.5.3]
+50.4.7.4 An automatic sprinkler system shall not require a
+manual means of system activation. [96:10.5.4]
+50.4.7.5 The means for manual activation shall be mechani-
+cal or rely on electrical power for activation in accordance
+with 50.4.7.6. [96:10.5.5]
+50.4.7.6 Electrical power shall be permitted to be used for
+manual activation if a standby power supply is provided or if
+supervision is provided in accordance with 50.4.9. [96:10.5.6]
+50.4.8 System Annunciation.
+50.4.8.1 Upon activation of an automatic fire-extinguishing
+system, an audible alarm or visual indicator shall be provided
+to show that the system has activated. [96:10.6.1]
+50.4.8.2 Where a fire alarm signaling system is serving the
+occupancy where the extinguishing system is located, the acti-
+vation of the automatic fire-extinguishing system shall activate
+the fire alarm signaling system. [96:10.6.2]
+50.4.9 System Supervision.
+50.4.9.1 Where electrical power is required to operate the
+automatic fire-extinguishing system, the system shall be moni-
+tored by a supervisory alarm, with a standby power supply pro-
+vided. [96:10.7.1]
+1–247COMMERCIAL COOKING EQUIPMENT
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+50.4.9.2 System supervision shall not be required where an
+automatic fire-extinguishing system(s) includes automatic me-
+chanical detection and actuation as a backup detection sys-
+tem. [96:10.7.2]
+50.4.9.3 System supervision shall not be required where a
+fire-extinguishing system(s) is interconnected or interlocked
+with the cooking equipment power source(s) so that if the
+fire-extinguishing system becomes inoperable due to power
+failure, all sources of fuel or electric power that produce heat
+to all cooking equipment serviced by that hood shall automati-
+cally shut off. [96:10.7.3]
+50.4.9.4 System supervision shall not be required where an
+automatic fire-extinguishing system, including automatic me-
+chanical detection and actuation, is electrically connected to a
+listed fire-actuated water-wash system for simultaneous opera-
+tion of both systems. [96:10.7.4]
+50.4.10 Special Design and Application.
+50.4.10.1 Hoods containing automatic fire-extinguishing sys-
+tems are protected areas; therefore, these hoods are not con-
+sidered obstructions to overhead sprinkler systems and shall
+not require floor coverage underneath. [96:10.8.1]
+50.4.10.2 A single detection device, listed with the extinguish-
+ing system, shall be permitted for more than one appliance
+when installed in accordance with the terms of the listing.
+[96:10.8.2]
+50.4.11 Review and Certification.
+50.4.11.1 Where required, complete drawings of the system
+installation, including the hood(s), exhaust duct(s), and ap-
+pliances, along with the interface of the fire-extinguishing sys-
+tem detectors, piping, nozzles, fuel shutoff devices, agent stor-
+age container(s), and manual actuation device(s), shall be
+submitted to the AHJ. [96:10.9.1]
+50.4.11.2* Installation Requirements.
+50.4.11.2.1 Installation of systems shall be performed only by
+persons properly trained and qualified to install the specific
+system being provided. [96:10.9.2.1]
+50.4.11.2.2 The installer shall provide certification to the AHJ
+that the installation is in agreement with the terms of the list-
+ing and the manufacturer’s instructions and/or approved de-
+sign. [96:10.9.2.2]
+50.4.12 Portable Fire Extinguishers.
+50.4.12.1* Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed in
+kitchen cooking areas in accordance with Section 13.6 and
+shall be specifically listed for such use. [96:10.10.1]
+50.4.12.2 Extinguishers shall use agents that saponify upon
+contact with hot grease such as sodium bicarbonate and potas-
+sium bicarbonate dry chemical and potassium carbonate solu-
+tions. [96:10.10.2]
+50.4.12.3 Class B gas-type portables shall not be permitted in
+kitchen cooking areas. [96:10.10.3]
+50.4.12.4 The manufacturer’s recommendations shall be fol-
+lowed. [96:10.10.4]
+50.4.12.5 Other fire extinguishers in the kitchen area shall
+be installed in accordance with Section 13.6. [96:10.10.5]
+50.5 Procedures for the Use and Maintenance of Equipment.
+50.5.1 Operating Procedures.
+50.5.1.1 Exhaust systems shall be operated whenever cooking
+equipment is turned on. [96:11.1.1]
+50.5.1.2 Filter-equipped exhaust systems shall not be oper-
+ated with filters removed. [96:11.1.2]
+50.5.1.3 Openings provided for replacing air exhausted
+through ventilating equipment shall not be restricted by cov-
+ers, dampers, or any other means that would reduce the oper-
+ating efficiency of the exhaust system. [96:11.1.3]
+50.5.1.4 Instructions for manually operating the fire-
+extinguishing system shall be posted conspicuously in the
+kitchen and shall be reviewed with employees by the manage-
+ment. [96:11.1.4]
+50.5.1.5 Listed exhaust hoods shall be operated in accor-
+dance with the terms of their listings and the manufacturer’s
+instructions. [96:11.1.5]
+50.5.1.6 Cooking equipment shall not be operated while its
+fire-extinguishing system or exhaust system is nonoperational
+or otherwise impaired. [96:11.1.6]
+50.5.1.7 Secondary filtration and pollution control equip-
+ment shall be operated in accordance with the terms of its
+listing and the manufacturer’s recommendations. [96:11.1.7]
+50.5.1.8 Inspection and maintenance of equipment allowed
+in 9.3.1 of NFPA 96 shall be conducted by properly trained and
+qualified persons at a frequency determined by the manufac-
+turer’s instructions or equipment listing. [96:11.1.8]
+50.5.2 Inspection of Fire-Extinguishing Systems.
+50.5.2.1* Maintenance of the fire-extinguishing systems and
+listed exhaust hoods containing a constant or fire-activated water
+system that is listed to extinguish a fire in the grease removal
+devices, hood exhaust plenums, and exhaust ducts shall be made
+by properly trained, qualified, and certified person(s) acceptable
+to the AHJ at least every 6 months. [96:11.2.1]
+50.5.2.2 All actuation components, including remote manual
+pull stations, mechanical or electrical devices, detectors, and
+actuators, shall be checked for proper operation during the
+inspection in accordance with the manufacturer’s listed pro-
+cedures. [96:11.2.2]
+50.5.2.3 The specific inspection and maintenance require-
+ments of the extinguishing system standards as well as the appli-
+cable listed installation and maintenance manuals and service
+bulletins shall also be followed.[96:11.2.3]
+50.5.2.4* Fusible links and automatic sprinkler heads shall be
+replaced at least semiannually or more frequently if necessary
+where required by the manufacturer. [96:11.2.4]
+50.5.2.5 The year of manufacture and the date of installation of
+the fusible links shall be marked on the system inspection tag.
+The tag shall be signed or initialed by the installer. [96:11.2.5]
+50.5.2.6 Detection devices other than fusible links and auto-
+matic sprinklers shall be serviced or replaced in accordance
+with the manufacturer’s recommendations. [96:11.2.6]
+50.5.2.7 Where automatic bulb-type sprinklers or spray
+nozzles are used and annual examination shows no buildup of
+grease or other material on the sprinkler or spray nozzles,
+annual replacement shall not be required. [96:11.2.7]
+1–248 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+50.5.2.8 Where required, certificates of inspection and main-
+tenance shall be forwarded to the AHJ. [96:11.2.8]
+50.5.3 Inspection of Fire Dampers.
+50.5.3.1 Actuation components for fire dampers shall be in-
+spected for proper operation in accordance with the manufac-
+turer’s listed procedures. [96:11.3.1]
+50.5.3.2 Replacement of Fusible Links.
+50.5.3.2.1 Fusible links on fire damper assemblies shall be
+replaced at least semiannually or more frequently as necessary.
+[96:11.3.2.1]
+50.5.3.2.2 Replacement shall be made by a certified person
+acceptable to the AHJ. [96:11.3.2.2]
+50.5.3.3* Documentation Tag.
+50.5.3.3.1 The year of manufacture and the date of installa-
+tion of the fusible links shall be documented. [96:11.3.3.1]
+50.5.3.3.2 The tag shall be signed or initialed by the installer.
+[96:11.3.3.2]
+50.5.4* Inspection for Grease Buildup.The entire exhaust
+system shall be inspected for grease buildup by a properly
+trained, qualified, and certified company or person(s) accept-
+able to the AHJ and in accordance with Table 50.5.4. [96:11.4]
+50.5.5 Inspection and Maintenance of Listed Hoods Contain-
+ing Mechanical, Water Spray, or Ultraviolet Devices.Listed
+hoods containing mechanical or fire-actuated dampers, internal
+washing components, or other mechanically operated devices
+shall be inspected and tested by properly trained and qualified
+persons every 6 months or at frequencies recommended by the
+manufacturer in accordance with their listings. [96:11.5]
+50.5.6 Cleaning of Exhaust Systems.
+50.5.6.1 Upon inspection, if the exhaust system is found to be
+contaminated with deposits from grease-laden vapors, the
+contaminated portions of the exhaust system shall be cleaned
+by a properly trained, qualified, and certified company or per-
+son(s) acceptable to the AHJ. [96:11.6.1]
+50.5.6.2* Hoods, grease removal devices, fans, ducts, and
+other appurtenances shall be cleaned to remove combustible
+contaminants prior to surfaces becoming heavily contami-
+nated with grease or oily sludge. [96:11.6.2]
+50.5.6.3 At the start of the cleaning process, electrical
+switches that could be activated accidentally shall be locked
+out. [96:11.6.3]
+50.5.6.4 Components of the fire suppression system shall not be
+rendered inoperable during the cleaning process. [96:11.6.4]
+50.5.6.5 Fire-extinguishing systems shall be permitted to be
+rendered inoperable during the cleaning process where ser-
+viced by properly trained and qualified persons. [96:11.6.5]
+50.5.6.6 Flammable solvents or other flammable cleaning
+aids shall not be used. [96:11.6.6]
+50.5.6.7 Cleaning chemicals shall not be applied on fusible
+links or other detection devices of the automatic extinguish-
+ing system. [96:11.6.7]
+50.5.6.8 After the exhaust system is cleaned, it shall not be
+coated with powder or other substance. [96:11.6.8]
+50.5.6.9 When cleaning procedures are completed, all access
+panels (doors) and cover plates shall be restored to their nor-
+mal operational condition. [96:11.6.9]
+50.5.6.10 When an access panel is removed, a service com-
+pany label or tag preprinted with the name of the company
+and giving the date of inspection or cleaning shall be affixed
+near the affected access panels. [96:11.6.10]
+50.5.6.11 Dampers and diffusers shall be positioned for
+proper airflow. [96:11.6.11]
+50.5.6.12 When cleaning procedures are completed, all elec-
+trical switches and system components shall be returned to an
+operable state. [96:11.6.12]
+50.5.6.13 When an exhaust cleaning service is used, a certifi-
+cate showing the name of the servicing company, the name of
+the person performing the work, and the date of inspection or
+cleaning shall be maintained on the premises. [96:11.6.13]
+50.5.6.14 After cleaning or inspection is completed, the ex-
+haust cleaning company and the person performing the work
+at the location shall provide the owner of the system with a
+written report that also specifies areas that were inaccessible or
+not cleaned. [96:11.6.14]
+50.5.6.15 Where required, certificates of inspection and
+cleaning and reports of areas not cleaned shall be submitted
+to the AHJ. [96:11.6.15]
+50.5.7 Cooking Equipment Maintenance.
+50.5.7.1 Inspection and servicing of the cooking equipment
+shall be made at least annually by properly trained and quali-
+fied persons. [96:11.7.1]
+50.5.7.2 Cooking equipment that collects grease below the sur-
+face, behind the equipment, or in cooking equipment flue gas
+exhaust, such as griddles or charbroilers, shall be inspected and,
+if found with grease accumulation, cleaned by a properly trained,
+qualified, and certified person acceptable to the AHJ. [96:11.7.2]
+50.6 Minimum Safety Requirements for Cooking Equipment.
+50.6.1 Cooking Equipment.
+50.6.1.1 Cooking equipment shall be approved based on one
+of the following criteria:
+(1) Listings by a testing laboratory
+(2) Test data acceptable to the AHJ [96:12.1.1]
+Table 50.5.4 Schedule of Inspection for Grease Buildup
+Type or Volume of Cooking
+Inspection
+Frequency
+Systems serving solid fuel cooking
+operations
+Monthly
+Systems serving high-volume cooking
+operations, such as 24-hour cooking,
+charbroiling, or wok cooking
+Quarterly
+Systems serving moderate-volume
+cooking operations
+Semiannually
+Systems serving low-volume cooking
+operations, such as churches, day
+camps, seasonal businesses, or senior
+centers
+Annually
+[96: Table 11.4]
+1–249COMMERCIAL COOKING EQUIPMENT
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+50.6.1.2 Installation.
+50.6.1.2.1 All listed appliances shall be installed in accor-
+dance with the terms of their listings and the manufacturer’s
+instructions. [96:12.1.2.1]
+50.6.1.2.2* Cooking appliances requiring protection shall not
+be moved, modified, or rearranged without prior re-evaluation
+of the fire-extinguishing system by the system installer or servic-
+ing agent, unless otherwise allowed by the design of the fire-
+extinguishing system. [96:12.1.2.2]
+50.6.1.2.3 The fire-extinguishing system shall not require re-
+evaluation where the cooking appliances are moved for the
+purposes of maintenance and cleaning, provided the appli-
+ances are returned to approved design location prior to cook-
+ing operations, and any disconnected fire-extinguishing sys-
+tem nozzles attached to the appliances are reconnected in
+accordance with the manufacturer’s listed design manual.
+[96:12.1.2.3]
+50.6.1.2.3.1 An approved method shall be provided that will
+ensure that the appliance is returned to an approved design
+location. [96:12.1.2.3.1]
+50.6.1.2.4 All deep-fat fryers shall be installed with at least a
+16 in. (406 mm) space between the fryer and surface flames
+from adjacent cooking equipment. [96:12.1.2.4]
+50.6.1.2.5 Where a steel or tempered glass baffle plate is in-
+stalled at a minimum 8 in. (203 mm) in height between the
+fryer and surface flames of the adjacent appliance, the re-
+quirement for a 16 in. (406 mm) space shall not apply.
+[96:12.1.2.5]
+50.6.1.2.5.1 If the fryer and the surface flames are at different
+horizontal planes, the minimum height of 8 in. (203 mm)
+shall be measured from the higher of the two. [96:12.1.2.5.1]
+50.6.2 Operating Controls.Deep-fat fryers shall be equipped
+with a separate high-limit control in addition to the adjustable
+operating control (thermostat) to shut off fuel or energy when
+the fat temperature reaches 475°F (246°C) at 1 in. (25.4 mm)
+below the surface. [96:12.2]
+Chapter 51 Industrial Ovens and Furnaces
+51.1 General.
+51.1.1 Application. Industrial ovens and furnaces shall com-
+ply with this chapter and the applicable provisions of NFPA 86,
+Standard for Ovens and Furnaces.
+51.1.2 Permits.
+51.1.2.1 Permits, where required, shall comply with Sec-
+tion 1.12.
+51.1.2.2 Applications for a permit shall be accompanied by
+plans for safe operation showing all essential details and calcu-
+lations.
+51.2 Location. Special consideration shall be given to the lo-
+cation of equipment using flammable liquids or when using
+gas fuels with a vapor density greater than air.
+51.3 Safety Controls.Safety controls, as specified in NFPA 86,
+shall be sufficient in number and substantially constructed
+and arranged to maintain the required conditions of safety
+and prevent the development of fire and explosion hazards.
+Chapter 52 Stationary Storage Battery Systems
+52.1 General. Stationary storage battery systems having an elec-
+trolyte capacity of more than 100 gal (378.5 L) in sprinklered
+buildings or 50 gal (189.3 L) in unsprinklered buildings for
+flooded lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and valve-regulated lead–
+acid (VRLA) batteries, or 1000 pounds (454 kg) for lithium-ion
+and lithium metal polymer batteries used for facility standby
+power, emergency power, or uninterrupted power supplies shall
+be in accordance with Chapter 52 and Table 52.1.
+52.2 Permits.
+52.2.1 Permits, where required, shall comply with Section 1.12.
+52.2.2 Prior to installation, plans shall be submitted and ap-
+proved by the AHJ.
+52.3 Safety Features.
+52.3.1 Safety Venting.Batteries shall be provided with safety
+venting caps as follows in 52.3.1.1 through 52.3.1.3.
+52.3.1.1 Nonrecombinant Batteries.Vented lead-acid, nickel-
+cadmium, or other types of nonrecombinant batteries shall be
+provided with safety venting caps.
+52.3.1.2 Recombinant Batteries. VRLA or other types of
+sealed, recombinant batteries shall be equipped with self-
+resealing flame-arresting safety vents.
+52.3.1.3 Lithium-ion and lithium metal polymer batteries
+shall not require safety venting caps.
+52.3.2 Thermal Runaway.VRLA and lithium-ion and lithium
+metal polymer battery systems shall be provided with a listed
+device or other approved method to preclude, detect, and
+control thermal runaway.
+52.3.3 Location and Occupancy Separation.
+52.3.3.1 Battery systems shall be permitted in the same room
+as the equipment that they support.
+52.3.3.2 Battery systems shall be housed in a noncombus-
+tible, locked cabinet or other enclosure to prevent access by
+unauthorized personnel unless located in a separate equip-
+ment room accessible only to authorized personnel.
+52.3.3.3 In other than assembly, educational, detention and
+correction facilities, health care, ambulatory health care, day
+care centers, residential board and care, and residential occu-
+pancies, battery systems shall be located in a room separated
+from other portions of the building by a minimum of a 1-hour
+fire barrier.
+52.3.3.4 In assembly, educational, detention and correction
+facilities, health care, ambulatory health care, day care cen-
+ters, residential board and care, and residential occupancies,
+battery systems shall be located in a room separated from
+other portions of the building by a minimum of a 2-hour fire
+barrier.
+52.3.4 Spill Control.
+52.3.4.1 Rooms, buildings, or areas containing free-flowing liq-
+uid electrolyte in individual vessels having a capacity of more
+than 55 gal (208 L) or multiple vessels having an aggregate capac-
+ity exceeding 1000 gal (3785 L) shall be provided with spill con-
+trol to prevent the flow of liquids to adjoining areas.
+1–250 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+52.3.4.2* An approved method and materials for the control
+of a spill of electrolyte shall be provided. The method shall be
+capable of controlling a spill from the single largest vessel.
+52.3.4.3 VRLA, lithium-ion, lithium metal polymer, or other
+types of sealed batteries with immobilized electrolyte shall not
+require spill control.
+52.3.5 Neutralization.
+52.3.5.1* An approved method to neutralize spilled electro-
+lyte shall be provided.
+52.3.5.2 For nonrecombinant batteries and VRLA batteries,
+the method shall be capable of neutralizing a spill from the
+largest battery to a pH between 7.0 and 9.0.
+52.3.5.3 Lithium-ion and lithium metal polymer batteries
+shall not require neutralization.
+52.3.6 Ventilation. For flooded lead-acid, flooded nickel-
+cadmium, and VRLA batteries, ventilation shall be provided
+for rooms and cabinets in accordance with the mechanical
+code and one of the following:
+(1) The ventilation system shall be designed to limit the maxi-
+mum concentration of hydrogen to 1.0 percent of the
+total volume of the room during the worst-case event of
+simultaneous “boost” charging of all the batteries, in ac-
+cordance with nationally recognized standards.
+(2) Continuous ventilation shall be provided at a rate of not
+less than 1 ft3/min/ft2 (5.1 L/sec/m2) of floor area of the
+room or cabinet.
+52.3.6.1 Lithium-ion and lithium metal polymer batteries
+shall not require ventilation.
+52.3.7 Environment. The battery environment shall be con-
+trolled or analyzed to maintain temperature in a safe operat-
+ing range for the specific battery technology used.
+52.3.8 Signs.
+52.3.8.1 Doors or accesses into rooms, buildings, or areas
+containing stationary storage battery systems shall be provided
+with approved signs.
+52.3.8.2 The signs shall state that the room contains station-
+ary storage battery systems, that the battery room contains en-
+ergized electrical circuits, and that the battery electrolyte,
+where present, are corrosive liquids.
+52.3.8.3 Battery cabinets shall be provided with exterior la-
+bels that identify the manufacturer and model number of the
+system and electrical rating (voltage and current) of the con-
+tained battery system. Within the cabinet, signs shall be pro-
+vided to indicate the relevant electrical, chemical, and fire
+hazard.
+52.3.9 Seismic Protection.In seismically active areas, battery
+systems shall be seismically braced in accordance with the
+building code.
+52.3.10 Smoke Detection.An approved automatic smoke de-
+tection system shall be installed in such areas and supervised
+by an approved central, proprietary, or remote station service
+or a local alarm that will give an audible signal at a constantly
+attended location.
+Chapter 53 Mechanical Refrigeration
+53.1* General.
+53.1.1 Applicability.
+53.1.1.1 Refrigeration unit and system installations having a
+refrigerant circuit containing more than 220 lb (100 kg) of
+Group A1 or 30 lb (13.6 kg) of any other group refrigerant
+shall be in accordance with Chapter 53 and the mechanical
+code.
+53.1.1.2 Temporary and portable installations shall be ex-
+empt from the requirements of this chapter when approved.
+53.1.2 Definitions and Classification of Refrigerant Groups.
+Definitions and classifications of refrigerant groups shall be
+defined according to the mechanical code and Chapter 3.(For
+general definitions, see Chapter 3.)
+53.1.3 Permits and Plans.
+53.1.3.1 Permits, where required, shall comply with Section
+1.12.
+53.1.3.2 Plans and specifications for devices and systems re-
+quired by this chapter shall be submitted to the AHJ for review
+and approval prior to installation.
+53.1.4 System Installation. Refrigeration systems shall be in-
+stalled in accordance with ASHRAE 15 and the mechanical code.
+Table 52.1 Battery Requirements
+Nonrecombinant Batteries Recombinant Batteries Other
+Requirement
+Flooded
+Lead-Acid
+Flooded
+Nickel-Cadmium
+(Ni-Cd)
+Valve-Regulated
+Lead–Acid
+(VRLA) Lithium-Ion
+Lithium
+Metal Polymer
+Safety caps Venting caps Venting caps Self-resealing
+flame-arresting caps
+No caps No caps
+Thermal runaway
+management
+Not required Not required Required Not required Required
+Spill control Required Required Not required Not required Not required
+Neutralization Required Required Required Not required Not required
+Ventilation Required Required Required Not required Not required
+Signage Required Required Required Required Required
+Seismic control Required Required Required Required Required
+Fire detection Required Required Required Required Required
+1–251MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+53.2 Safety Features.
+53.2.1 Emergency Pressure Control System.Refrigeration sys-
+tems containing more than 6.6 lb (3 kg) of flammable, toxic,
+or highly toxic refrigerant or ammonia shall be provided with
+an emergency pressure control system in accordance with
+53.2.1.1 and 53.2.1.2.
+53.2.1.1 High and Intermediate Pressure Zones.Each high
+and intermediate pressure zone in a refrigeration system shall
+be provided with a single automatic valve providing a cross-
+over connection to a lower pressure zone. Automatic crossover
+valves shall comply with 53.2.1.1.1 through 53.2.1.1.4.
+53.2.1.1.1 Overpressure Limit Set Point for Crossover Valves.
+Automatic crossover valves shall be provided to automatically
+relieve excess system pressure to a lower pressure zone if the
+pressure in a high or intermediate pressure zone rises to
+within 90 percent of the set point for emergency pressure re-
+lief devices.
+53.2.1.1.2 Manual Operation.Where required by the code of-
+ficial, automatic crossover valves shall be capable of manual
+operation.
+53.2.1.1.3 System Design Pressure.Refrigeration system zones
+that are connected to a higher pressure zone by an automatic
+crossover valve shall be designed to safely contain the maximum
+pressure that can be achieved by interconnection of the two
+zones.
+53.2.1.1.4 Automatic Emergency Stop.Operation of an auto-
+matic crossover valve shall cause all compressors on the affected
+system to immediately stop in accordance with the following:
+(1) Dedicated pressure-sensing devices located immediately
+adjacent to crossover valves shall be permitted as a means
+for determining operation of a valve.
+(2) To ensure that the automatic crossover valve system pro-
+vides a redundant means of stopping compressors in an
+overpressure condition, high-pressure cutout sensors as-
+sociated with compressors shall not be used as a basis for
+determining operation of a crossover valve.
+53.2.1.2 Low Pressure Zone.
+53.2.1.2.1 Overpressure Limit Set Point for Emergency Stop.
+The lowest pressure zone in a refrigeration system shall be
+provided with a dedicated means of determining a rise in sys-
+tem pressure to within 90 percent of the set point for emer-
+gency pressure-relief devices.
+53.2.1.2.2 Automatic Emergency Stop.Activation of the over-
+pressure sensing device shall cause all compressors on the af-
+fected system to immediately stop.
+53.2.2 Treatment, Flaring, and Diffusion Systems for Refrig-
+erant Discharge.
+53.2.2.1 Required Systems.Unless the AHJ determines, upon
+review of an engineering analysis prepared at the expense of
+the owner, that a significant fire, health, or environmental
+hazard would not result from an atmospheric release, refrig-
+eration systems that are designed to discharge refrigerant va-
+por to the atmosphere shall be provided with an approved
+treatment, flaring, or diffusion system where required by
+53.2.2.1.1 through 53.2.2.1.3.
+53.2.2.1.1 Toxic and Highly Toxic Refrigerants.Systems con-
+taining toxic or highly toxic refrigerants shall discharge vapor
+to the atmosphere only through an approved treatment sys-
+tem in accordance with 68.3.6 or flaring system in accordance
+with 53.2.2.2.
+53.2.2.1.2 Flammable Refrigerants.Systems containing flam-
+mable refrigerants shall discharge vapor to the atmosphere in
+accordance with the following:
+(1) For refrigerants having a density equal to or greater than
+the density of air, discharge shall be through an approved
+treatment system in accordance with 68.3.6 or flaring sys-
+tem in accordance with 53.2.2.2.
+(2) For refrigerants having a density less than the density of
+air, discharge to the atmosphere shall be permitted, pro-
+vided that the point of discharge is located outside of the
+structure at not less than 15 ft (4.6 m) above the adjoining
+grade level and not less than 20 ft (6.1 m) from any win-
+dow, ventilation opening, or exit.
+53.2.2.1.3 Ammonia Refrigerant. Systems containing ammo-
+nia refrigerant shall discharge vapor to the atmosphere through
+a treatment system in accordance with 68.3.6, through a flaring
+system in accordance with 53.2.2.2, through an approved ammo-
+nia diffusion system in accordance with 53.2.2.3, or by other ap-
+proved means except as follows:
+(1) Discharge through a treatment, flaring, or diffusion sys-
+tem shall not be required for ammonia–water absorption
+unit systems installed outdoors serving a dwelling unit,
+provided that the discharge is shielded and dispersed.
+(2) Discharge through a treatment, flaring, or diffusion sys-
+tem shall not be required for ammonia–water absorption
+unit systems containing less than 22 lb (10 kg) of ammo-
+nia and for which the ammonia circuit is located entirely
+outdoors.
+53.2.2.2 Design of Flaring Systems.
+53.2.2.2.1 Flaring systems for incineration of flammable,
+toxic, or highly toxic refrigerants or ammonia shall be de-
+signed to incinerate the entire discharge.
+53.2.2.2.2 The products of refrigerant incineration shall not
+pose health or environmental hazards.
+53.2.2.2.3 Incineration shall be automatic upon initiation of
+discharge, shall be designed to prevent blowback, and shall
+not expose structures or materials to threat of fire.
+53.2.2.2.4 Standby fuel, such as LP-Gas, and standby power
+shall have the capacity to operate for one and one half the
+required time for complete incineration of refrigerant in the
+system.
+53.2.2.3 Design of Ammonia Diffusion Systems.
+53.2.2.3.1 Ammonia diffusion systems shall include a tank
+containing 1 gal of water for each pound of ammonia (4 L of
+water for each kg of ammonia) that will be released in 1 hour
+from the largest relief device connected to the discharge pipe.
+53.2.2.3.2 The water used shall be prevented from freezing
+without the use of salt or chemicals by burial of the discharge
+pipe below frost depth or other approved means.
+53.2.2.3.3 The discharge pipe from the pressure relief device
+shall distribute ammonia in the bottom of the tank, but no
+lower than 33 ft (10 m) below the maximum liquid level.
+1–252 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+53.2.2.3.4 The tank shall contain the volume of water and
+ammonia, described in 53.2.2.3.1, without overflowing.
+53.2.2.3.5 The tank shall be substantially constructed of not
+less than 1⁄8 in. (2.51 mm) (10 gauge) steel.
+53.2.2.3.6 The horizontal dimensions of the tank shall be
+equal to or less than one half of the height.
+53.2.2.3.7 The tank shall have a hinged cover or, if of the
+enclosed type, shall have a vent hole at the top.
+53.2.2.3.8 Pipe connections shall be through the top of the
+tank.
+53.2.3 Refrigeration Machinery Rooms.Where required by
+the mechanical code, refrigeration systems shall be provided
+with a refrigeration machinery room, which shall comply with
+53.2.3.1 through 53.2.3.4.
+53.2.3.1 Refrigerant Vapor Detection, Monitoring, Alarm and
+Electrical Systems.Refrigeration machinery rooms shall have
+an approved refrigerant vapor detection, monitoring, and
+alarm system in accordance with 53.2.3.1.1 through 53.2.3.1.7
+and the mechanical code.
+53.2.3.1.1 Alarm Threshold. The refrigerant vapor detector
+shall activate approved visual and audible alarm signaling de-
+vices at one of the following refrigerant thresholds:
+(1) At a value not greater than the corresponding TLV-TWA
+(or toxicity measure consistent therewith); not to exceed
+25 percent of the LFL
+(2) For ammonia, at a concentration not exceeding 1000
+parts per million
+53.2.3.1.2 Location of Signaling Devices.Audible and visual
+alarm signaling devices shall be located inside the refrigera-
+tion machinery room and outside the room at each entrance
+into the room.
+53.2.3.1.3 Audibility.Audible alarm signaling devices shall pro-
+vide a sound level of at least 15 dB above the operating ambient
+noise sound pressure level of the space in which they are installed
+and shall provide approved, distinctive audible and visual alarms.
+53.2.3.1.4 Emergency Shutoff Interface.Where the quantity
+of a Group A2, B2, A3, or B3 refrigerant in an independent
+circuit would exceed 25 percent of the lower flammable limit
+if released to the surrounding room, either of the following
+shall apply:
+(1) Electrical equipment shall comply with the requirements
+of NFPA 70 for Class I, Division 2.
+(2) The refrigerant vapor detection system required by 53.2.3.1
+shall automatically de-energize all electrical power within
+the space at vapor concentrations at or above 25 percent of
+the lower flammable limit.
+53.2.3.1.5 Power and Supervision.Refrigerant vapor detec-
+tion and alarm systems shall be powered and supervised as
+required for fire alarm systems in accordance with NFPA 72.
+53.2.3.1.6 Monitoring and Annunciation. Refrigerant vapor
+detection and alarm systems shall transmit a signal to an ap-
+proved location.
+53.2.3.1.7 Installation and Maintenance.Detection and alarm
+systems shall be installed and maintained in accordance with the
+equipment manufacturers’ specifications.(Also see 53.3.2.1.)
+53.2.3.2 Prohibited Sources of Ignition.Open flames or de-
+vices having an exposed surface temperature exceeding 800°F
+(427°C) shall be prohibited in refrigeration machinery rooms
+except as follows:
+(1) Momentary temperature excursions such as electrical
+contacts in Group A1 and B1 systems shall be permitted.
+(2) Open flames or devices having an exposed surface tem-
+perature exceeding 800°F (427°C) shall be permitted in
+refrigeration machinery rooms used exclusively for direct-
+fired absorption equipment.
+(3) Existing nonconforming installations shall be permitted
+where approved by the AHJ, where the combustion system
+is interlocked with the refrigerant detection system to
+shut off at the permissible exposure limit (PEL).
+(4) Direct-vented combustion equipment shall be permitted
+in accordance with the mechanical code.
+53.2.3.3 Ventilation Systems.
+53.2.3.3.1 Fans providing emergency purge ventilation for
+refrigerant escape from a refrigeration room shall have a
+clearly identified switch of the break-glass type providing on-
+only control immediately adjacent to, and outside of, each
+refrigerant machinery room means of egress.
+53.2.3.3.2 An emergency purge control shall be provided
+with a manual reset only.
+53.2.3.3.3 Purge fans shall also respond automatically to the
+refrigerant concentration detection system set to activate the
+ventilation system at the threshold levels set forth in 53.2.3.1.1.
+53.2.3.3.4 Mechanical ventilation systems serving refrigeration
+rooms shall have switches to control the power to each fan.
+53.2.3.3.5 The switches shall be key-operated or within a
+locked glass-covered or tamper-resistant enclosure at an ap-
+proved location adjacent to and outside of the principal en-
+trance to the refrigeration machinery room.
+53.2.3.3.6 Keys necessary for operation of ventilation systems
+shall be located in a single approved location.
+53.2.3.3.7 Switches controlling fans providing continuous
+ventilation shall be of the two-position, on/off type.
+53.2.3.3.8 Switches controlling fans providing intermittent
+or emergency ventilation shall be of the three-position, auto-
+matic on/off type.
+53.2.3.3.9 Switches shall be labeled identifying both the func-
+tion and the specific fan being controlled.
+53.2.3.3.10 Two colored and labeled indicator lamps re-
+sponding to the differential pressure created by airflow shall
+be provided for each switch.
+53.2.3.3.11 One lamp shall indicate flow, and the other shall
+indicate no flow.
+53.2.3.3.12 Exhaust from mechanical ventilation systems in
+refrigeration rooms shall be discharged 20 ft (6.1 m) or more
+from a property line, or openings into buildings.
+53.2.3.3.13 Discharges capable of exceeding 25 percent of
+the lower flammable limit (LFL) or 50 percent of the immedi-
+ately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) value shall be
+equipped with approved treatment systems to reduce the dis-
+charge concentrations to these values or lower, except as pro-
+vided in 53.2.3.3.13.1 and 53.2.3.3.13.2. (Also see 53.2.2.1.)
+1–253MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+53.2.3.3.13.1 A treatment system shall not be required when
+an approved engineering analysis of plum dispersion demon-
+strates that the limiting value will not be exceeded at the prop-
+erty line.
+53.2.3.3.13.2 A treatment system shall not be required for
+ventilation provided for an ammonia refrigeration system.
+53.2.3.4 Electrical.
+53.2.3.4.1 The refrigeration machinery room shall not be re-
+quired to be classified as a hazardous location for electrical
+equipment except as provided in the mechanical code or
+NFPA 70.
+53.2.3.4.2 Refrigeration machinery rooms used exclusively
+for direct-fired absorption equipment shall be permitted not
+to be classified as a hazardous location for electrical equip-
+ment in accordance with NFPA 70.
+53.2.3.4.3 Electrical equipment and electrical installations in
+refrigeration machinery rooms shall comply with Section 11.1.
+53.2.3.4.4 Where treatment, detection, or alarm systems are
+required, such systems shall be connected to a secondary
+source of power to automatically supply electrical power in the
+event of loss of power from the primary source.
+53.2.3.4.5 A clearly identified switch of the break-glass type or
+with an approved tamper-resistant cover shall provide off-only
+control of refrigerant compressors, refrigerant pumps, and nor-
+mally closed, automatic refrigerant valves located in the machin-
+ery room. In addition, this equipment shall be automatically shut
+off whenever the refrigerant vapor concentration in the machin-
+ery room exceeds the vapor detector’s upper detection limit or
+25 percent of the LFL, whichever is lower.
+53.2.3.4.5.1 In machinery rooms where only nonflammable
+refrigerants are used, only compressors shall be required to be
+stopped by vapor detection or the cut-off switch. (Also see
+53.2.3.1.4.)
+53.2.4 Signs and Labels.
+53.2.4.1 General. Refrigeration units or systems shall be pro-
+vided with approved hazard identification signs in accordance
+with NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Haz-
+ards of Materials for Emergency Response; emergency operational
+signs, charts, and labels in accordance with the mechanical
+code, and the following:
+(1) Name and address of the manufacturer or installer
+(2) Type and total number of pounds of refrigerant con-
+tained in the system
+(3) Field test pressure applied
+53.2.4.2 Systems with More than 110 lb (50 kg) of Refrigerant.
+Systems containing more than 110 lb (50 kg) of refrigerant
+shall be provided with signs having letters not less than 1⁄2 in.
+(12.7 mm) high, designating the following:
+(1) Main shutoff valves to each vessel
+(2) Mainstream or electrical controls
+(3) Remote control switch
+(4) Pressure-limiting device
+53.3 Operations, Maintenance, and Testing.
+53.3.1 Operations and Maintenance.
+53.3.1.1 General. Refrigeration systems shall be operated and
+maintained in a safe and operable condition, free from accu-
+mulations of oil, dirt, waste, excessive corrosion, other debris,
+or leaks, and in accordance with ASHRAE 15 and the me-
+chanical code.
+53.3.1.2 Access to System.Refrigeration systems shall be main-
+tained accessible to the fire department as required by the AHJ.
+53.3.1.3 Storage in Machinery Rooms.
+53.3.1.3.1 Flammable and combustible materials shall not be
+stored in refrigeration machinery rooms except for incidental
+materials necessary for the safe and proper operation and
+maintenance of the system.
+53.3.1.3.2 Storage of materials in a refrigeration machinery
+room, including reserve supplies of refrigerants or refrigerant
+oils, shall be in accordance with other applicable chapters of
+this Code.
+53.3.1.4 Changing of Refrigerant Type.Refrigerant types shall
+not be changed without prior notification and approval of the
+AHJ.
+53.3.1.5 Records of Refrigerant Quantities.The person in
+charge of the premises on which a refrigeration unit or system
+subject to these regulations is installed or maintained shall
+keep a written record of refrigerant quantities brought onto
+and removed from the premises, which shall be made avail-
+able to the AHJ upon request.
+53.3.1.6 Permissible Refrigerant Discharges.Refrigerant shall
+be only permitted to be released to atmosphere in the following
+circumstances:
+(1) Refrigeration systems operating at pressures below atmo-
+spheric and incorporating automatic purge cycles
+(2) Incidental operation of automatic pressure-relief valves
+resulting in minor release of the refrigerant charge
+(3) Incidental minor releases associated with service opera-
+tions after system pumpdown has been accomplished
+(4) In an emergency
+53.3.1.7 Notification of Fugitive Releases.Where required by
+the fire department, the fire department shall be notified
+upon discharges of refrigerant that are not in accordance with
+53.3.1.6(1), (2), or (3).
+53.3.2 Testing of Equipment.
+53.3.2.1 Acceptance Testing.The following emergency devices
+or systems shall be tested to demonstrate their safety and effec-
+tiveness upon completion of the installation or alteration:
+(1) Treatment and flaring systems
+(2) Ammonia diffusion systems
+(3) Fans and associated equipment intended to operate
+emergency purge ventilation systems
+(4) Refrigerant vapor detection and alarm systems
+53.3.2.2 Periodic Testing.The following emergency devices
+or systems shall be tested in accordance with the manufactur-
+ers’ specifications and as required by the AHJ:
+(1) Treatment and flaring systems
+(2) Fans and associated equipment intended to operate emer-
+gency purge ventilation systems
+(3) Refrigerant vapor detection and alarm systems
+53.3.2.3 Frequency of Required Testing.Unless otherwise re-
+quired by the AHJ, testing frequency shall be in accordance
+with 53.3.2.2.
+53.3.2.4 Records of Required Testing.A written record of re-
+quired testing shall be maintained on the premises.
+53.3.2.5 Testing Personnel Qualifications.Tests of emergency
+devices or systems required by Chapter 53 shall be conducted
+by persons trained in such testing.
+1–254 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Chapter 54 Reserved
+Chapter 55 Reserved
+Chapter 56 Reserved
+Chapter 57 Reserved
+Chapter 58 Reserved
+Chapter 59 Reserved
+Chapter 60 Hazardous Materials
+60.1 General Requirements.
+60.1.1* Applicability. Occupancies containing high hazard
+contents shall comply with this chapter in addition to other
+applicable requirements of this Code. [5000:34.1.1.1]
+60.1.2 Subjects Not Regulated. Buildings, and portions
+thereof, containing high hazard contents limited to the fol-
+lowing shall not be required to comply with this chapter:
+(1) Flammable and combustible liquids associated with ap-
+plication of flammable finishes and complying with
+Chapter 43.
+(2) Flammable and combustible liquids associated with whole-
+sale and retail sales and storage in mercantile occupancies
+and complying with Chapter 66
+(3) Class IIIA and Class IIIB combustible liquid solvents in
+closed systems employing listed cleaning equipment
+complying with Chapter 24
+(4) Refrigerants and refrigerant oil contained within closed-
+cycle refrigeration systems complying with Chapter 53
+and the building code
+(5) Flammable and combustible liquid beverages in liquor
+stores and distributors without bulk storage
+(6) High hazard contents stored or used in farm buildings
+or similar occupancies for on-premise agricultural use
+(7) Corrosive materials in stationary batteries utilized for fa-
+cility emergency power, uninterrupted power supply, or
+similar purposes, provided that the batteries are pro-
+vided with safety venting caps and ventilation is provided
+in accordance with Chapter 52
+(8) Corrosive materials displayed in original packaging in
+mercantile occupancies and intended for personal or
+household use or as building materials
+(9) Aerosol products in storage or mercantile occupancies
+and complying with Chapter 61
+(10) Flammable and combustible liquids storage tank build-
+ings meeting the requirements of Chapter 24 of NFPA 30
+(11) Flammable and combustible liquids storage tank vaults
+meeting the requirements of Chapter 25 of NFPA 30
+(12) Flammable and combustible liquids process buildings
+meeting the requirements of Section 17.4 of NFPA 30
+(13) Installation of fuel gas distribution systems and associ-
+ated equipment in accordance with Section 11.4 and
+Chapter 69 as referenced in the building code
+(14) Consumer fireworks, 1.4G in mercantile occupancies
+complying with Section 65.11 [5000:34.1.1.2]
+60.1.3 Applicability of Sections.
+60.1.3.1 Quantities Not Exceeding the Maximum Allowable
+Quantities per Control Area.Storage, use, and handling of haz-
+ardous materials in quantities not exceeding maximum allow-
+able quantities permitted in control areas set forth in 60.1.26
+shall be in accordance with Section 60.1 and Section 60.2 only.
+60.1.3.2 Quantities Exceeding the Maximum Allowable Quanti-
+ties per Control Area.Storage, use, and handling of hazardous
+materials in quantities in excess of the maximum allowable quan-
+tities permitted in control areas set forth in 60.1.26 shall comply
+with Section 60.1 through Section 60.4.
+60.1.3.3 Limited Applicability of this Chapter for Specific
+Material Classes. Chapter 60 shall apply in its entirety to all
+hazardous materials except where Chapters 61 through 73 of
+this Code specify that only certain sections of this chapter shall
+apply to a specific material classification category.
+60.1.3.4 Special Controls Required for Increased Quantities.
+Where quantities of hazardous materials are increased in ac-
+cordance with 60.1.26.3, such materials shall be stored in ac-
+cordance with the following limitations:
+(1) Storage and display of solids shall not exceed 200 lb/ft 2
+(976.4 kg/m2) of floor area actually occupied by solid
+merchandise.
+(2) Storage and display of liquids shall not exceed 20 gal/ft2
+(76 L/m2) of floor area actually occupied by liquid mer-
+chandise.
+(3) Storage and display height shall not exceed 6 ft (1.8 m)
+above the finished floor.
+(4) Individual containers less than 5 gal (19 L) or less than
+25 lb (11 kg) shall be stored or displayed on pallets,
+racks, or shelves.
+(5) Racks and shelves used for storage or display shall be in
+accordance with 60.1.21.
+(6) Containers shall be approved for the intended use.
+(7) Individual containers shall not exceed 100 lb (45.4 kg)
+or a 5 gal (19 L) capacity.
+(8) Incompatible materials shall be separated in accordance
+with 60.1.19.
+(9) Except for surfacing, floors shall be of noncombustible
+construction.
+(10) Aisles 4 ft (1.2 m) in width shall be maintained on three
+sides of the storage or display area.
+(11) Hazard identification signs shall be provided in accor-
+dance with 60.1.13.2.
+60.1.4 Material Classification.
+60.1.4.1 General. Hazardous materials shall be classified in
+accordance with the building code and the definitions in
+Chapter 3. [5000:34.1.2.1]
+60.1.4.2 Mixtures. Mixtures shall be classified in accordance
+with the hazards of the mixture as a whole by an approved,
+qualified organization, individual, or testing laboratory.
+1–255HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+60.1.4.3 Multiple Hazards. Buildings, and portions thereof,
+containing high hazard contents that are classified in more
+than one hazard level, as set forth in the building code, shall
+conform to the code requirements for each of the applicable
+protection levels specified in Section 60.3. [5000:34.1.2.2]
+60.1.5 Permits.
+60.1.5.1 General.
+60.1.5.1.1* Permits shall be required to store, dispense, use, or
+handle hazardous material in excess of allowable quantities
+specified in Section 1.12.
+60.1.5.1.2 A permit shall be required where a material is clas-
+sified as having more than one hazard category if the quantity
+limits are exceeded in any category.
+60.1.5.1.3 Permits shall be required to install, repair damage
+to, abandon, remove, place temporarily out of service, close,
+or substantially modify a storage facility or other area regu-
+lated by Chapter 60, except that permits shall not be required
+for the following:
+(1) Routine maintenance
+(2) Repair work performed on an emergency basis
+60.1.5.2 Special Information for Permit Application.
+60.1.5.2.1 Permit applications for buildings, and portions
+thereof, containing high hazard contents shall be accompa-
+nied by the following:
+(1) Plan showing the location of storage and use areas
+(2) Information identifying the maximum quantity of each
+class of hazardous material stored and used in each area
+[5000:34.2.3.1]
+60.1.5.2.2 Where required by the AHJ, the permit applicant
+shall provide, without charge to the jurisdiction, a technical
+opinion and report prepared by a qualified engineer, special-
+ist, laboratory, or fire safety specialty organization that ana-
+lyzes the fire safety and life safety properties of the design,
+operation, or use of the building or facility and demonstrates
+compliance with this Code.[ 5000:34.2.3.2]
+60.1.5.3 Facility Closure.
+60.1.5.3.1 Approval Required.The permittee shall apply for a
+permit to close storage, use, or handling facilities at least
+30 days prior to the termination of the storage, use, or han-
+dling of hazardous materials, except that the AHJ shall be per-
+mitted to reduce the 30-day period when special circum-
+stances require such reduction. Facility closure shall be in
+accordance with 60.1.5.3.2 through 60.1.5.3.3.2.
+60.1.5.3.2 Temporarily Out-of-Service Facilities.Facilities that
+are temporarily out of service shall continue to maintain a
+permit and be monitored and inspected.
+60.1.5.3.3 Permanently Out-of-Service Facilities.Facilities for
+which a permit is not kept current or that are not monitored
+and inspected on a regular basis shall be deemed to be perma-
+nently out of service and shall be closed in accordance with
+60.1.5.3.3.1 and 60.1.5.3.3.2.
+60.1.5.3.3.1 The permit holder or applicant shall submit a
+plan to the fire department to terminate storage, dispensing,
+handling, or use of hazardous materials at least 30 days prior
+to facility closure.
+60.1.5.3.3.2 The plan shall demonstrate that hazardous ma-
+terials that were stored, dispensed, handled, or used in the
+facility have been transported, disposed of, or reused in a man-
+ner that eliminates the need for further maintenance and any
+threat to public health and safety.
+60.1.6 Management Plan and Hazardous Materials Documen-
+tation.
+60.1.6.1 Hazardous Materials Management Plan.Where re-
+quired by the AHJ, permit applications shall include a hazard-
+ous materials management plan (HMMP).
+60.1.6.1.1* Contents.The HMMP shall include an emergency
+response training plan and a facility site plan designating the
+following:
+(1) Storage and use areas
+(2) Maximum amount of each material stored or used in each
+area
+(3) Range of container sizes
+(4) Product-conveying piping containing liquids or gases,
+other than utility-owned fuel gas lines and low-pressure
+fuel gas lines
+(5) Locations of emergency isolation and mitigation valves
+and devices
+(6) On and off positions of valves for valves that are of the
+self-indicating type
+(7) Storage plan that is legible and drawn approximately to scale
+showing the intended storage arrangement, including the
+location and dimensions of aisles, with separate distribution
+systems permitted to be shown on separate pages
+60.1.6.1.2 Location. The location of the HMMP shall be posted
+adjacent to permits when an HMMP is provided.
+60.1.6.2* Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement.Where
+required by the AHJ, permit applications shall include a haz-
+ardous materials inventory statement (HMIS).
+60.1.7 Material Safety Data Sheets.Material safety data sheets
+(MSDS) shall be readily available on the premises for hazard-
+ous materials regulated by Chapter 60.
+60.1.8 Release of Hazardous Materials.
+60.1.8.1 Prohibited Releases. Hazardous materials shall not
+be released into a sewer, storm drain, ditch, drainage canal,
+lake, river, or tidal waterway; upon the ground, sidewalk,
+street, or highway; or into the atmosphere unless such release
+is permitted by the following:
+(1) Federal, state, or local governing regulations
+(2) Permits of the jurisdictional air quality management board
+(3) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit
+(4) Waste discharge requirements established by the jurisdic-
+tional water quality control board
+(5) Local sewer pretreatment requirements for publicly owned
+treatment works
+60.1.8.2 Control and Mitigation of Unauthorized Discharges.
+Provisions shall be made for controlling and mitigating unau-
+thorized discharges.
+60.1.8.3 Records of Unauthorized Discharges.Accurate records
+of the unauthorized discharge of hazardous materials shall be
+kept by the permittee.
+60.1.8.4 Notification of Unauthorized Discharges.The fire
+department shall be notified immediately or in accordance
+with approved emergency procedures when an unauthorized
+discharge becomes reportable under state, federal, or local
+regulations.
+1–256 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+60.1.8.5 Container Failure.When an unauthorized discharge
+due to primary container failure is discovered, the involved
+primary container shall be repaired or removed from service.
+60.1.8.6 Responsibility for Cleanup of Unauthorized Dis-
+charges.
+60.1.8.6.1 The person, firm, or corporation responsible for
+an unauthorized discharge shall institute and complete all ac-
+tions necessary to remedy the effects of such unauthorized
+discharge, whether sudden or gradual, at no cost to the AHJ.
+60.1.8.6.2 When deemed necessary by the AHJ, cleanup of an
+unauthorized discharge shall be permitted to be initiated by
+the fire department or by an authorized individual or firm,
+and costs associated with such cleanup shall be borne by the
+owner, operator, or other person responsible for the unautho-
+rized discharge.
+60.1.9 Personnel Training.Persons responsible for the opera-
+tion of areas in which hazardous materials are stored, dis-
+pensed, handled, or used shall be familiar with the chemical
+nature of the materials and the appropriate mitigating actions
+necessary in the event of fire, leak, or spill.
+60.1.10 Fire Department Liaison.
+60.1.10.1 Responsible persons shall be designated and
+trained to be liaison personnel for the fire department.
+60.1.10.2 Liaison personnel shall aid the fire department in
+pre-planning emergency responses and identification of the
+locations where hazardous materials are located and shall
+have access to material safety data sheets and be knowledge-
+able in the site emergency response procedures.
+60.1.11 Ignition Source Controls.
+60.1.11.1 Smoking.Smoking shall be prohibited in the follow-
+ing locations:
+(1) Within 25 ft (7.6 m) of outdoor storage or dispensing areas
+(2) In rooms or areas where hazardous materials are stored or
+dispensed or used in open systems in amounts requiring a
+permit in accordance with 60.1.5.1.
+60.1.11.2 Open Flames and High-Temperature Devices.Open
+flames and high-temperature devices shall not be used in a
+manner that creates a hazardous condition.
+60.1.11.3 Energy-Consuming Equipment. Energy-consuming
+equipment shall be listed for use with the hazardous materials
+stored or used.
+60.1.12 Systems, Equipment, and Processes.Processes, meth-
+ods, specifications, equipment testing and maintenance, de-
+sign standards, performance, installation, vessel design and
+construction, and other pertinent criteria shall be in accor-
+dance with Section 1.4.
+60.1.13 Signs.
+60.1.13.1 General.
+60.1.13.1.1 Design and Construction.Signs shall be durable,
+and the size, color, and lettering of signs shall be in accor-
+dance with nationally recognized standards.
+60.1.13.1.2 Language. Signs shall be in English as the primary
+language or in symbols allowed by this Code.
+60.1.13.1.3 Maintenance. Signs shall not be obscured or re-
+moved.
+60.1.13.2 Hazard Identification Signs.
+60.1.13.2.1 General. Visible hazard identification signs in ac-
+cordance with NFPA 704 shall be placed on the following, ex-
+cept where the AHJ has received a hazardous materials man-
+agement plan and a hazardous materials inventory statement
+in accordance with 60.1.6.1 through 60.1.6.2 and has deter-
+mined that omission of such signs is consistent with safety:
+(1) Stationary aboveground tanks
+(2) Stationary aboveground containers
+(3) At entrances to locations where hazardous materials are
+stored, dispensed, used, or handled in quantities requir-
+ing a permit
+(4) At other entrances and locations designated by the AHJ
+60.1.13.2.2 Identification of Containers, Cartons, and Pack-
+ages. Individual containers, cartons, or packages shall be con-
+spicuously marked or labeled in accordance with nationally
+recognized standards.
+60.1.13.2.3 Identification of Gas Rooms and Cabinets.Rooms
+or cabinets containing compressed gases shall be conspicu-
+ously labeled as follows:
+COMPRESSED GAS
+60.1.13.3 No Smoking Signs.Signs prohibiting smoking shall
+be provided for an entire site, building, or in the following
+locations:
+(1) In rooms or areas where hazardous materials are stored or
+dispensed or used in open systems in amounts requiring a
+permit in accordance with 60.1.5
+(2) Within 25 ft (7.6 m) of outdoor storage, dispensing, or
+open-use areas
+(3) In areas containing flammable gases
+60.1.14 Security.The storage, dispensing, use, and handling ar-
+eas shall be secured against unauthorized entry and safeguarded
+with such protective facilities as public safety requires.
+60.1.15 Protection from Vehicles.
+60.1.15.1 Guard posts or other approved means shall be pro-
+vided to protect the following areas where subject to vehicular
+damage:
+(1) Storage tanks and connected piping, valves, and fittings
+(2) Dispensing areas
+(3) Use areas
+60.1.15.2 Where guard posts are installed, the posts shall
+meet the following criteria:
+(1) They shall be constructed of steel not less than 4 in.
+(102 mm) in diameter and concrete filled.
+(2) They shall be spaced not more than 4 ft (1.2 m) between
+posts on center.
+(3) They shall be set not less than 3 ft (0.9 m) deep in a con-
+crete footing of not less than a 15 in. (380 mm) diameter.
+(4) They shall be set with the top of the posts not less than 3 ft
+(0.9 m) above ground.
+(5) They shall be located not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) from the
+tank.
+60.1.16 Electrical Wiring and Equipment.
+60.1.16.1 General. Electrical wiring and equipment shall be
+installed in accordance with Section 11.1.
+1–257HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+60.1.16.2 Static Accumulation.When processes or conditions
+exist where a flammable mixture could be ignited by static
+electricity, means shall be provided to prevent the accumula-
+tion of a static charge.
+60.1.17 Protection from Light.Materials that are sensitive to
+light shall be stored in containers designed to protect them
+from such exposure.
+60.1.18 Shock Padding. Materials that are shock sensitive
+shall be padded, suspended, or otherwise protected against
+accidental dislodgement and dislodgement during seismic
+activity.
+60.1.19 Separation of Incompatible Materials.
+60.1.19.1 Incompatible materials in storage and storage of
+materials incompatible with materials in use shall be separated
+when the stored materials are in containers having a capacity
+of more than 5 lb (2.268 kg) or 1⁄2 gal (1.89 L).
+60.1.19.2 Separation shall be accomplished by one of the fol-
+lowing methods:
+(1) Segregating incompatible materials storage by a distance
+of not less than 20 ft (6.1 m)
+(2) Isolating incompatible materials storage by a noncombus-
+tible partition extending not less than 18 in. (460 mm)
+above and to the sides of the stored material
+(3) Storing liquid and solid materials in hazardous materials
+storage cabinets complying with 60.1.20
+(4) Storing compressed gases in gas cabinets or exhausted
+enclosures complying with Chapter 63
+60.1.19.3 Materials that are incompatible shall not be stored
+within the same cabinet or enclosure.
+60.1.20 Hazardous Materials Storage Cabinets.When hazard-
+ous materials storage cabinets are required by this Code or are
+used to increase maximum allowable quantities per control
+area, such cabinets shall be in accordance with the following:
+(1) Cabinets shall be constructed of metal.
+(2) The interior of cabinets shall be treated, coated, or
+constructed of materials that are nonreactive with the
+hazardous material stored, and such treatment, coat-
+ing, or construction shall include the entire interior of
+the cabinet.
+(3) Cabinets shall be either listed as suitable for the in-
+tended storage or constructed in accordance with the
+following:
+(a) Cabinets shall be of steel having a thickness of not less
+than 0.044 in. (1.12 mm) (18 gauge).
+(b) The cabinet, including the door, shall be double-walled
+with 11⁄2 in. (38.1 mm) airspace between the walls.
+(c) Joints shall be riveted or welded and shall be tight-
+fitting.
+(d) Doors shall be well fitted, self-closing, and equipped
+with a self-latching device.
+(e) The bottoms of cabinets utilized for the storage of
+liquids shall be liquidtight to a minimum height of
+2 in. (50 mm).
+(f) For requirements regarding electrical equipment
+and devices within cabinets used for the storage of
+hazardous gases or liquids, see Section 11.1.
+60.1.21 Shelf Storage. Shelving shall be of substantial con-
+struction and adequately braced and anchored.
+60.1.21.1 Shelves shall be provided with a lip or guard where
+used for the storage of individual containers, except under
+either of the following conditions:
+(1) Where storage is located in hazardous materials storage
+cabinets or laboratory furniture specifically designed for
+such use
+(2) Where amounts of hazardous materials in storage do not
+exceed the quantity threshold for requiring a permit in
+accordance with 60.1.5.
+60.1.21.2 Shelf storage of hazardous materials shall be main-
+tained in an orderly manner.
+60.1.22* Seismic Protection.Machinery and equipment utiliz-
+ing hazardous materials in areas subject to seismic activity shall
+be seismically anchored in accordance with the building code.
+60.1.23 Maintenance Required.
+60.1.23.1 Equipment, machinery, and required detection
+and alarm systems associated with hazardous materials shall be
+maintained in an operable condition.
+60.1.23.2 Defective containers, cylinders, and tanks shall be
+removed from service, repaired, or disposed of in an approved
+manner.
+60.1.23.3 Defective equipment or machinery shall be re-
+moved from service and repaired or replaced.
+60.1.23.4 Required detection and alarm systems that are de-
+fective shall be replaced or repaired.
+60.1.24 Outdoor Storage and Use Areas. Outdoor storage
+and use areas for hazardous materials shall comply with the
+following:
+(1) Outdoor storage and use areas shall be kept free of weeds,
+debris, and common combustible materials not necessary
+to the storage or use of hazardous materials.
+(2) The area surrounding an outdoor storage and use area
+shall be kept clear of weeds, debris, and common combus-
+tible materials not necessary to the storage or use of haz-
+ardous materials for a minimum distance of 30 ft (4.5 m).
+(3) Outdoor storage and use areas for hazardous materials shall
+be located not closer than 20 ft (6.1 m) from a property line
+that can be built upon, street, alley, or public way, except that
+a 2-hour fire barrier wall, without openings and extending
+not less than 30 in. (760 mm) above and to the sides of the
+storage area shall be permitted in lieu of such distance.
+60.1.25 Weather Protection.Where weather protection is pro-
+vided for sheltering outside hazardous material storage or use
+areas, such storage or use areas shall be considered outside
+storage or use areas, provided that all of the following condi-
+tions are met:
+(1) Supports and walls shall not obstruct more than one side
+or more than 25 percent of the perimeter of the storage
+or use area.
+(2) The distance from the structure and the structural sup-
+ports to buildings, lot lines, public ways, or means of
+egress to a public way shall not be less than the distance
+required by this Code for an outside hazardous material
+storage or use area without weather protection.
+(3) Weather-protection structures constructed in accordance
+with 60.1.25 shall not contain explosive or detonable ma-
+terials. [5000:34.2.5]
+1–258 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+60.1.26 Quantity Limits.
+60.1.26.1 General. Maximum allowable quantities (MAQ) of
+hazardous materials per control area shall be as specified in
+Table 60.1.26.1, except as modified by 60.1.26.2 and 60.1.26.3.
+[5000:34.1.3.1]
+60.1.26.2 Special Occupancy Limits.The MAQ of hazardous
+materials per control area in assembly, ambulatory health care,
+business, educational, day-care, health care, detention and cor-
+rectional, and residential occupancies consisting of lodging and
+rooming houses, hotels, dormitories, apartments, and residential
+board and care facilities shall be as specified in Table 60.1.26.2(a)
+through Table 60.1.26.2(h). [5000:34.1.3.2]
+Table 60.1.26.1 Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Areaa
+Material Class
+High
+Hazard
+Contents
+Level
+Storage Use — Closed Systems
+Use — Open
+Systems
+Solid
+Pounds
+(ft3)
+Liquid
+Gallons
+(lb)
+Gasb
+(ft3)
+Solid
+Pounds
+(ft3)
+Liquid
+Gallons
+(lb)
+Gasb
+(ft3)
+Solid
+Pounds
+(ft3)
+Liquid
+Gallons
+(lb)
+Physical Hazard Materials
+Combustible
+liquidc,d,e,f
+II 2 or 3 120 g,h 120h 30h
+IIIA 2 or 3 NA 330 g,h NA NA 330 h NA NA 80 h
+IIIB NA 13,200 g,i 13,200i 13,200i
+Consumer
+fireworks 1.4G 3 125 g,h,k NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
+Cryogenic
+liquid
+Flammable
+Oxidizing
+2
+3
+NA
+NA
+45h
+45h
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+45h
+45h
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+10h
+10h
+Explosives NA 1 1 g,l,m,n (1)g,l,n NA 1/4 l (1/4)l NA 1/4 l (1/4)l
+Flammable
+gasd
+Gaseous
+Liquefied
+2
+2
+NA
+NA
+NA
+30g,h
+1,000g,h
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+30g,h
+1,000g,h
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+Liquefied
+petroleum
+(LP)
+2 NA 300 o,p NA NA 300 NA NA NA
+Flammable
+liquidc,d,f,q
+IA 30 g,h 30h 10h
+IB and IC 2 or 3 NA 120 g,h NA NA 120 g,h NA NA 30 g,h
+Combination
+(IA, IB, IC)
+120g,h,r 120h,r 30h,r
+Flammable
+solid
+NA 3 125 g,h NA NA 125 h NA NA 25 g,h NA
+Organic
+peroxide
+Unclassified
+detonatable
+11 g,l (1)g,l NA 1/4 l (1/4)l NA 1/4 l (1/4)l
+I2 5 g,h (5)g,h NA 1 h (1)h NA 1 h (1)h
+II 3 50 g,h (50)g,h NA 50 h (50)h NA 10 h (10)h
+III 3 125 g,h (125)g,h NA 125 h (125)h NA 25 h (25)h
+IV NA NL NL NA NL NL NA NL NL
+V N A N LN L N A N LN LN AN LN L
+Oxidizer
+41 1 g,l (1)g,l NA 1/4 l (1/4)l NA 1/4 l (1/4)l
+3j 2o r3 1 0 g,h (10)g,h NA 2 h (2)h NA 2 h (2)h
+2 3 250 g,h (250)g,h NA 250 h (250)h NA 50 h (50)h
+1 NA 4,000 g,i (4,000)g,i NA 4,000 i (4,000)i NA 1,000 i (1,000)i
+Oxidizing gas Gaseous
+Liquefied
+3
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+30g,h
+1,500g,h
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+30g,h
+1,500g,h
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+Pyrophoric NA 2 4 g,l (4)g,l 50g,l 1l (1)l 10g,l 00
+Unstable
+(reactive)
+41 1 g,l (1)g,l 10g,l 1/4l (1/4)l 2g,l 1/4l (1/4)l
+31 o r 2 5 g,h (5)g,h 50g,h 1h (1)h 10g,h 1h (1)h
+22 5 0 g,h (50)g,h 750g,h 50h (50)h 750g,h 10h (10)h
+1 N A N LN L N L N LN LN LN LN L
+(continues)
+1–259HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 60.1.26.1 Continued
+Material Class
+High
+Hazard
+Contents
+Level
+Storage Use — Closed Systems
+Use — Open
+Systems
+Solid
+Pounds
+(ft3)
+Liquid
+Gallons
+(lb)
+Gasb
+(ft3)
+Solid
+Pounds
+(ft3)
+Liquid
+Gallons
+(lb)
+Gasb
+(ft3)
+Solid
+Pounds
+(ft3)
+Liquid
+Gallons
+(lb)
+Water-reactive
+32 5 g,h (5)g,h NA 5 h (5)h NA 1 h (1)h
+23 5 0 g,h (50)g,h NA 50 h (50)h NA 10 h (10)h
+1 N A N LN L N A N LN LN AN LN L
+Health Hazard Materials
+Corrosive NA 4 5,000 g,h 500g,h 810g,h,s 5,000h 500h 810g,h,s 1,000h 100h
+Highly toxic NA 4 10 g,h (10)g,h 20h,t 10h (10)h 20h,t 3h (3)h
+Toxic NA 4 500 g,h (500)g,h 810g,h 500h (500)h 810g,h 125h (125)h
+For SI units, 1 lb = 0.454 kg, 1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3; 1 gal = 3.785 L.
+NA: Not applicable. NL: Not limited.
+aSee 60.1.26.2 for exceptions to tabular amounts. For use of control areas, see 60.2.3. Table values in parentheses correspond to the unit name in
+parentheses at the top of the column. The aggregate quantity in use and storage is not permitted to exceed the quantity listed for storage. In
+addition, quantities in specific occupancies are not permitted to exceed the limits in 60.1.26.2.
+bMeasured at 70°F (21°C) and 14.7 psi (30 kPa).
+cInside a building, the maximum capacity of a combustible liquid storage system that is connected to a fuel oil piping system is permitted to be 660
+gal (2,500 L), provided that such system conforms to NFPA 31,Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment.
+dFlammable and combustible liquids and flammable gases in the fuel tanks of mobile equipment or vehicles are permitted to exceed the MAQ
+where the equipment is stored and operated in accordance with this Code.
+eIn storage, low, and ordinary hazard occupancies, the storage of Class II combustible liquids is required to be limited to a maximum quantity of
+1,375 gal (5204 L); Class IIIA combustible liquids are required to be limited to a maximum quantity of 2,750 gal (10,409 L); and Class IIIB
+combustible liquids are required to be limited to a maximum quantity of 13,750 gal (52,044 L) where stored in accordance with all the require-
+ments in NFPA 30 for general-purpose warehouses.
+fThe quantity of fuel in aircraft in hangars is required to be in accordance with NFPA 409,Standard on Aircraft Hangars.
+gQuantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent where stored in approved cabinets, gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures, explosives magazines,
+or safety cans, as appropriate for the material stored, in accordance with this Code. Where footnote h also applies, the increase for both footnote g
+and h is permitted to be applied accumulatively.
+hMaximum quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. Where footnote g also applies, the increase for both footnote h and footnote g is
+permitted to be applied accumulatively.
+iThe permitted quantities are not limited in a building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13.
+jA maximum quantity of 200 lb (91 kg) of solid or 20 gal (76 L) of liquid Class 3 oxidizers is permitted where such materials are necessary for
+maintenance purposes, operation, or sanitation of equipment. Storage containers and the manner of storage are required to be approved.
+kUnless the actual weight of the pyrotechnic composition of the consumer fireworks, 1.4G, is known, 25 percent of the gross weight of the fireworks,
+including packaging, is permitted to be used to determine the weight of the fireworks for the purpose of this table.
+lPermitted only in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13.
+mMaximum quantities of black powder, smokeless propellant, and small arms primers stored or displayed in mercantile occupancies or stored in
+one- or two-family dwellings are permitted to exceed the amount specified by this table where such storage complies with the requirements of
+NFPA 495,Explosive Materials Code, Chapter 13.
+nIn lieu of the MAQ limit per control area, the maximum aggregate quantity per building of special explosive devices in industrial, mercantile, and
+storage occupancies is required to be 50 lb (23 kg).
+oAdditional storage locations are required to be separated by a minimum of 300 ft (92 m).
+pIn mercantile occupancies, storage of LP-Gas is limited to a maximum of 200 lb (91 kg) in nominal 1 lb (0.45 kg) LP-Gas containers.
+qIn storage, low, and ordinary hazard occupancies, the storage of Class IA flammable liquids is not permitted, and the combination storage of Class
+IB and Class IC flammable liquids is required to be limited to a maximum quantity of 660 gal (2,500 L) where stored in accordance with all the
+requirements in NFPA 30 for general-purpose warehouses.
+rContaining not more than the MAQ per control area of Class IA, Class IB, or Class IC flammable liquids.
+sA single cylinder containing 150 lb (68 kg) or less of anhydrous ammonia in a single control area in a nonsprinklered building is considered to be
+the maximum allowable quantity. Two cylinders, each containing 150 lb (68 kg) or less, in a single control area is considered to be the maximum
+allowable quantity, provided that the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13.
+tAllowed only where stored in approved, exhausted gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures, as specified in this Code.[ 5000: Table 34.1.3.1]
+1–260 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 60.1.26.2(a) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Assembly Occupancies
+Material Class Solid Liquid
+Gasa
+(at NTP)
+Flammable and combustible
+liquidb,c
+I and II combined NP 10 gal NP
+IIIA NP 60 gal NP
+IIIB NP 120 gal NP
+Cryogenic liquid Flammable NP 10 gal NP
+Oxidizing NP 10 gal NP
+Explosivesd,e,f,g NP NP NP NP
+Flammable gasc,h Gaseous NP NP NP
+Liquefied NP 20 lb NP
+Liquefied petroleum NP 20 lb NP
+Consumer fireworks 1.4G NP NP NP
+Flammable solid NP 5 lb NP NP
+Oxidizers 4 NP NP NP
+31 0 l b i 1 gali NP
+2 250 lb 25 gal NP
+1 4000 lb 400 gal NP
+Oxidizing gash Gaseous NP NP NP
+Liquefied NP 15 gal NP
+Organic peroxides Unclassified detonatable NP NP NP
+IN P N P N P
+II NP NP NP
+III 1 lb 1 lb NP
+IV 10 lb 10 lb NP
+VN L N L N P
+Pyrophoric materials NP 1 lb 1 lb NP
+Unstable reactives 4 1⁄4 lb 1⁄4 lb NP
+3 1 lb 1 lb NP
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N P h
+1N L N L N P
+Water-reactive 3 1 lb 1 lb NP
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N P
+1N L N L N P
+Corrosives NP 1000 lb 100 gal NP
+Highly toxic NP 3 lb 3 lb NP j
+Toxic NP 125 lb 125 lb NP j
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.785 L, 1 lb = 0.454 kg.
+NTP: Normal temperature and pressure [measured at 70°F (21°C) and 14.7 psi (30 kPa)]. NP: Not permitted. NL: Not limited.
+aUnlimited amounts of gas are permitted to be used for personal medical or emergency medical use.
+bStorage in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of Class I and Class II liquids combined or 60 gal (227 L) of Class IIIA liquids is permitted where stored in safety
+cabinets with an aggregate quantity not to exceed 180 gal (681 L).
+cFuel in the tank of operating mobile equipment is permitted to exceed the specified quantity where the equipment is operated in accordance with
+this Code.
+dThe use of explosive materials required by federal, state, or municipal agencies while engaged in normal or emergency performance of duties is
+not required to be limited. The storage of explosive materials is required to be in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 495.
+eThe storage and use of explosive materials in medicines and medicinal agents in the forms prescribed by the official United States Pharmacopoeia
+or the National Formulary are not required to be limited.
+fThe storage and use of propellant-actuated devices or propellant-actuated industrial tools manufactured, imported, or distributed for their
+intended purposes are required to be limited to 50 lb (23 kg) net explosive weight.
+gThe storage and use of small arms ammunition, and components thereof, are permitted where in accordance with NFPA 495.
+hFuel or oxidizing gas used for maintenance, repair, and operation of equipment is not permitted to exceed 250 ft3 (7.1 m3).
+iA maximum quantity of 200 lb (91 kg) of solid or 20 gal (76 L) of liquid Class 3 oxidizer is permitted where such materials are necessary for
+maintenance purposes, operation, or sanitation of equipment. Storage containers and the manner of storage are required to be approved.
+jGas cylinders not exceeding 20 ft3 (0.57 m3) at NTP are permitted in gas cabinets or fume hoods. [5000: Table 34.1.3.2(a)]
+1–261HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 60.1.26.2(b) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Ambulatory Health Care
+Occupancies
+Material Class Solid Liquid
+Gasa
+(at NTP)
+Flammable and combustible
+liquidb,c
+I and II combined
+IIIA
+IIIB
+NP
+NP
+NP
+10 gal
+60 gal
+120 gald
+NP
+NP
+NP
+Cryogenic liquid Flammable NP 10 gal NP
+Oxidizing NP 10 gal NP
+Explosivese,f,g NP NP NP NP
+Flammable gasc,h Gaseous NP NP NP
+Liquefied NP 20 lb NP
+Liquefied petroleum NP 20 lb NP
+Consumer fireworks 1.4G NP NP NP
+Flammable solid NP 5 lb NP NP
+Oxidizers 4 NP NP NP
+31 0 l b i 1 gali NP
+2 250 lb 25 gal NP
+1 4000 lb d 400 gald NP
+Oxidizing gas Gaseous NP NP per NFPA 99, Standard
+for Health Care Facilities
+Liquefied NP 15 gal NP
+Organic peroxides Unclassified detonatable NP NP NA
+IN P N P N A
+II NP NP NA
+III 1 lb 1 lb NA
+IV 10 lb 10 lb NA
+VN L N L N A
+Pyrophoric materials NP NP NP NP
+Unstable reactives 4 NP NP NP
+3N P N P N P
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N P h
+1N L N L N P
+Water-reactive 3 1 lb 1 lb NA
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N A
+1N L N L N A
+Corrosives NP 1000 lb 100 gal NP
+Highly toxic NP 3 lb 3 lb NP j
+Toxic NP 125 lb 125 lb NP j
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.785 L, 1 lb = 0.454 kg.
+NTP: Normal temperature and pressure [measured at 70°F (21°C) and 14.7 psi (30 kPa)]. NP: Not permitted. NA: Not applicable. NL: Not limited.
+aUnlimited amounts of gas are permitted to be used for personal medical or emergency medical use.
+bStorage in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of Class I and Class II liquids combined or 60 gal (227 L) of Class IIIA liquids is permitted where stored in safety
+cabinets with an aggregate quantity not to exceed 180 gal (681 L).
+cFuel in the tank of operating mobile equipment is permitted to exceed the specified quantity where the equipment is operated in accordance with
+this Code.
+dThe permitted quantities are not limited in a building protected throughout by automatic sprinkler systems in accordance with NFPA 13.
+eThe use of explosive materials required by federal, state, or municipal agencies while engaged in normal or emergency performance of duties is
+not required to be limited. The storage of explosive materials is required to be in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 495.
+fThe storage and use of explosive materials in medicines and medicinal agents in the forms prescribed by the official United States Pharmacopoeia
+or the National Formulary are not required to be limited.
+gThe storage and use of propellant-actuated devices or propellant-actuated industrial tools manufactured, imported, or distributed for their
+intended purposes are required to be limited to 50 lb (23 kg) net explosive weight.
+hFuel or oxidizing gas used for maintenance, repair, and operation of equipment is not permitted to exceed 250 ft3 (7.1 m3).
+iA maximum quantity of 200 lb (91 kg) of solid or 20 gal (76 L) of liquid Class 3 oxidizer is permitted where such materials are necessary for
+maintenance purposes, operation, or sanitation of equipment. Storage containers and the manner of storage are required to be approved.
+jGas cylinders not exceeding 20 ft3 (0.57 m3) at NTP are permitted in gas cabinets or fume hoods. [5000: Table 34.1.3.2(b)]
+1–262 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 60.1.26.2(c) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Business Occupancies
+Material Class Solid Liquid
+Gasa
+(at NTP)
+Flammable and combustible
+liquidb,c
+I and II combined
+IIIA
+IIIB
+NP
+NP
+NP
+10 gal
+60 gal
+120 gal
+NP
+NP
+NP
+Cryogenic liquid Flammable NP 10 gal NP
+Oxidizing NP 10 gal NP
+Explosivesd,e,f,g NP 1⁄4 lb 1⁄4 lb NP
+Flammable gasc Gaseous NP NP 1000 ft 3
+Liquefied NP 20 lb NP
+Liquefied petroleum NP 20 lb NP
+Consumer fireworks 1.4G NP NP NP
+Flammable solid NP 5 lb NP NP
+Oxidizers 4
+3
+2
+1
+NP
+10 lbh
+250 lb
+4000 lb
+NP
+1 galh
+25 gal
+400 gal
+NP
+NP
+NP
+NP
+Oxidizing gas Gaseous NP NP 1500 ft 3
+Liquefied NP 15 gal NP
+Organic peroxides Unclassified detonatable NP NP NP
+I N PN PN P
+II NP NP NP
+III 1 lb 1 lb NP
+IV 10 lb 10 lb NP
+VN L N L N P
+Pyrophoric materials NP 1 lb 1 lb 10 ft 3
+Unstable reactives 4 1⁄4 lb 1⁄4 lb 2 ft 3
+3 1l b 1l b 1 0f t 3
+2 10 lb 10 lb 750 ft 3
+1N L N L N L
+Water-reactive 3 1 lb 1 lb NP
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N P
+1N L N L N P
+Corrosives NP 1000 lb 100 gal 810 ft 3
+Highly toxici NP 3 lb 3 lb 20 ft 3
+Toxici NP 125 lb 125 lb 810 ft 3
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.785 L, 1 lb = 0.454 kg.
+NTP: Normal temperature and pressure [measured at 70°F (21°C) and 14.7 psi (30 kPa)]. NP: Not permitted. NL: Not limited.
+aUnlimited amounts of gas are permitted to be used for personal medical or emergency medical use.
+bStorage in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of Class I and Class II liquids combined or 60 gal (227 L) of Class IIIA liquids is permitted where stored in safety
+cabinets with an aggregate quantity not to exceed 180 gal (681 L).
+cFuel in the tank of operating mobile equipment is permitted to exceed the specified quantity where the equipment is operated in accordance with
+this Code.
+dThe use of explosive materials required by federal, state, or municipal agencies while engaged in normal or emergency performance of duties is
+not required to be limited. The storage of explosive materials is required to be in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 495.
+eThe storage and use of explosive materials in medicines and medicinal agents in the forms prescribed by the official United States Pharmacopoeia
+or the National Formulary are not required to be limited.
+fThe storage and use of propellant-actuated devices or propellant-actuated industrial tools manufactured, imported, or distributed for their
+intended purposes are required to be limited to 50 lb (23 kg) net explosive weight.
+gThe storage and use of small arms ammunition, and components thereof, are permitted where in accordance with NFPA 495.
+hA maximum quantity of 200 lb (91 kg) of solid or 20 gal (76 L) of liquid Class 3 oxidizer is permitted where such materials are necessary for
+maintenance purposes, operation, or sanitation of equipment. Storage containers and the manner of storage are required to be approved.
+iGas cylinders not exceeding 20 ft3 (0.57 m3) at NTP are permitted in gas cabinets or fume hoods. [5000: Table 34.1.3.2(c)]
+1–263HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 60.1.26.2(d) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Educational Occupancies
+Material Class Solid Liquid
+Gasa
+(at NTP)
+Flammable and combustible
+liquidb,c
+I and II combined
+IIIA
+IIIB
+NP
+NP
+NP
+10 gal
+60 gal
+120 gald
+NP
+NP
+NP
+Cryogenic liquid Flammable NP 10 gal NP
+Oxidizing NP 10 gal NP
+Explosivese,f,g,h NP NP NP NP
+Flammable gasc,i Gaseous NP NP NP
+Liquefiedj NP 20 lb NP
+Liquefied petroleum NP 20 lb NP
+Consumer fireworks 1.4G NP NP NP
+Flammable solid NP 5 lb NP NP
+Oxidizers 4 NP NP NP
+31 0 l b k 1 galk NP
+2 250 lb 25 gal NP
+1 4000 lb d 400 gald NP
+Oxidizing gasi Gaseous NP NP NP
+Liquefied NP 15 gal NP
+Organic peroxides Unclassified detonatable NP NP NP
+IN P N P N P
+II NP NP NP
+III 1 lb 1 lb NP
+IV 10 lb 10 lb NP
+VN L N L N P
+Pyrophoric materials NP NP NP NP
+Unstable reactives 4 NP NP 2 ft 3
+3N P N P N P
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N P i
+1N L N L N P
+Water-reactive 3 1 lb 1 lb NA
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N A
+1N L N L N A
+Corrosives NP 1000 lb 100 gal NP
+Highly toxic NP 3 lb 3 lb NP l
+Toxic NP 125 lb 125 lb NP l
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.785 L, 1 lb = 0.454 kg.
+NTP: Normal temperature and pressure [measured at 70°F (21°C) and 14.7 psi (30 kPa)]. NP: Not permitted. NL: Not limited. NA: Not applicable.
+aUnlimited amounts of gas are permitted to be used for personal medical or emergency medical use.
+bStorage in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of Class I and Class II liquids combined or 60 gal (227 L) of Class IIIA liquids is permitted where stored in safety
+cabinets with an aggregate quantity not to exceed 180 gal (681 L).
+cFuel in the tank of operating mobile equipment is permitted to exceed the specified quantity where the equipment is operated in accordance with
+this Code.
+dThe permitted quantities are not limited in a building protected throughout by automatic sprinkler systems in accordance with NFPA 13.
+eThe use of explosive materials required by federal, state, or municipal agencies while engaged in normal or emergency performance of duties is
+not required to be limited. The storage of explosive materials is required to be in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 495.
+fThe storage and use of explosive materials in medicines and medicinal agents in the forms prescribed by the official United States Pharmacopoeia
+or the National Formulary are not required to be limited.
+gThe storage and use of propellant-actuated devices or propellant-actuated industrial tools manufactured, imported, or distributed for their
+intended purposes are required to be limited to 50 lb (23 kg) net explosive weight.
+hThe storage and use of small arms ammunition, and components thereof, are permitted where in accordance with NFPA 495.
+iFuel or oxidizing gas used for maintenance, repair, and operation of equipment is not permitted to exceed 250 ft3 (7.1 m3).
+jStorage in laboratories only; additional 20 lb (9.1 kg) units where minimum 20 ft (6.1 m) separation is provided.
+kA maximum quantity of 200 lb (91 kg) of solid or 20 gal (76 L) of liquid Class 3 oxidizer is permitted where such materials are necessary for
+maintenance purposes, operation, or sanitation of equipment. Storage containers and the manner of storage are required to be approved.
+lGas cylinders not exceeding 20 ft3 (0.57 m3) at NTP are permitted in gas cabinets or fume hoods. [5000: Table 34.1.3.2(d)]
+1–264 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 60.1.26.2(e) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Day-Care Occupancies
+Material Class Solid Liquid
+Gasa
+(at NTP)
+Flammable and combustible
+liquidb,c
+I and II combined NP 10 gal NP
+IIIA NP 60 gal NP
+IIIB NP 120 gal d NP
+Cryogenic liquid Flammable NP 10 gal NP
+Oxidizing NP 10 gal NP
+Explosivese,f,g NP NP NP NP
+Flammable gasc,h Gaseous NP NP NP
+Liquefied NP 20 lb NP
+Liquefied petroleum NP 20 lb NP
+Consumer fireworks 1.4G NP NP NP
+Flammable solid NP 5 lb NP NP
+Oxidizers 4 NP NP NP
+31 0 l b d 1 gali NP
+2 250 lb 25 gal NP
+1 4000 lb d 400 gald NP
+Oxidizing gash Gaseous NP NP NP
+Liquefied NP 15 gal NP
+Organic peroxides Unclassified detonatable NP NP NP
+IN P N P N P
+II NP NP NP
+III 1 lb 1 lb NP
+IV 10 lb 10 lb NP
+VN L N L N P
+Pyrophoric materials NA NP NP NP
+Unstable reactives 4 NP NP NP
+3N P N P N P
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N P h
+1N L N L N P
+Water-reactive 3 1 lb 1 lb NA
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N A
+1N L N L N A
+Corrosives NP 1000 lb 100 gal NP
+Highly toxic NP 3 lb 3 lb NP j
+Toxic NP 125 lb 125 lb NP j
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.785 L, 1 lb = 0.454 kg.
+NTP: Normal temperature and pressure [measured at 70°F (21°C) and 14.7 psi (30 kPa)]. NP: Not permitted. NL: Not limited. NA: Not applicable.
+aUnlimited amounts of gas are permitted to be used for personal medical or emergency medical use.
+bStorage in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of Class I and Class II liquids combined or 60 gal (227 L) of Class IIIA liquids is permitted where stored in safety
+cabinets with an aggregate quantity not to exceed 180 gal (681 L).
+cFuel in the tank of operating mobile equipment is permitted to exceed the specified quantity where the equipment is operated in accordance with
+this Code.
+dThe permitted quantities are not limited in a building protected throughout by automatic sprinkler systems in accordance with NFPA 13.
+eThe use of explosive materials required by federal, state, or municipal agencies while engaged in normal or emergency performance of duties is
+not required to be limited. The storage of explosive materials is required to be in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 495.
+fThe storage and use of explosive materials in medicines and medicinal agents in the forms prescribed by the official United States Pharmacopoeia
+or the National Formulary are not required to be limited.
+gThe storage and use of propellant-actuated devices or propellant-actuated industrial tools manufactured, imported, or distributed for their
+intended purposes are required to be limited to 50 lb (23 kg) net explosive weight.
+hFuel or oxidizing gas used for maintenance, repair, and operation of equipment is not permitted to exceed 250 ft3 (7.1 m3).
+iA maximum quantity of 200 lb (91 kg) of solid or 20 gal (76 L) of liquid Class 3 oxidizer is permitted where such materials are necessary for
+maintenance purposes, operation, or sanitation of equipment. Storage containers and the manner of storage are required to be approved.
+jGas cylinders not exceeding 20 ft3 (0.57 m3) at NTP are permitted in gas cabinets or fume hoods. [5000: Table 34.1.3.2(e)]
+1–265HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 60.1.26.2(f) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Health Care Occupancies
+Material Class Solid Liquid
+Gasa
+(at NTP)
+Flammable and combustible
+liquidb,c
+I and II combined
+IIIA
+IIIB
+NP
+NP
+NP
+10 gal
+60 gal
+120 gald
+NP
+NP
+NP
+Cryogenic liquid Flammable NP 10 gal NP
+Oxidizing NP 10 gal NP
+Explosivese,f,g NP NP NP NP
+Flammable gasc,e,f,g,h Gaseous NP NP NP
+Liquefiedi NP 20 lb NP
+Liquefied petroleum NP 20 lb NP
+Consumer fireworks 1.4G NP NP NP
+Flammable solid NP 5 lb NP NP
+Oxidizers 4 NP NP NP
+31 0 l b j 1 galj NP
+2 250 lb 25 gal NP
+1 4000 lb d 400 gald NP
+Oxidizing gas Gaseous NP NP per NFPA 99
+Liquefied NP 15 gal NP
+Organic peroxides Unclassified detonatable NP NP NP
+IN P N P N P
+II NP NP NP
+III 1 lb 1 lb NP
+IV 10 lb 10 lb NP
+VN L N L N P
+Pyrophoric materials NP NP NP NP
+Unstable reactives 4 NP NP NP
+3N P N P N P
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N P h
+1N L N L N P
+Water-reactive 3 1 lb 1 lb NA
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N A
+1N L N L N A
+Corrosives NP 1,000 lb 100 gal NP
+Highly toxic NP 3 lb 3 lb NP k
+Toxic NP 125 lb 125 lb NP k
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.785 L, 1 lb = 0.454 kg.
+NTP: Normal temperature and pressure [measured at 70°F (21°C) and 14.7 psi (30 kPa)]. NP: Not permitted. NL: Not limited. NA: Not applicable.
+aUnlimited amounts of gas are permitted to be used for personal medical or emergency medical use.
+bStorage in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of Class I and Class II liquids combined or 60 gal (227 L) of Class IIIA liquids is permitted where stored in safety
+cabinets with an aggregate quantity not to exceed 180 gal (681 L).
+cFuel in the tank of operating mobile equipment is permitted to exceed the specified quantity where the equipment is operated in accordance with
+this Code.
+dThe permitted quantities are not limited in a building protected throughout by automatic sprinkler systems in accordance with NFPA 13.
+eThe use of explosive materials required by federal, state, or municipal agencies while engaged in normal or emergency performance of duties is
+not required to be limited. The storage of explosive materials is required to be in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 495.
+fThe storage and use of explosive materials in medicines and medicinal agents in the forms prescribed by the official United States Pharmacopoeia
+or the National Formulary are not required to be limited.
+gThe storage and use of propellant-actuated devices or propellant-actuated industrial tools manufactured, imported, or distributed for their
+intended purposes are required to be limited to 50 lb (23 kg) net explosive weight.
+hFuel or oxidizing gas used for maintenance, repair, and operation of equipment is not permitted to exceed 250 ft3 (7.1 m3).
+iStorage in laboratories only; additional storage of 5 lb (2.3 kg) units permitted where minimum 20 ft (6.1 m) separation is provided.
+jA maximum quantity of 200 lb (91 kg) of solid or 20 gal (76 L) of liquid Class 3 oxidizer is permitted where such materials are necessary for
+maintenance purposes, operation, or sanitation of equipment. Storage containers and the manner of storage are required to be approved.
+kGas cylinders not exceeding 20 ft3 (0.57 m3) at NTP are permitted in gas cabinets or fume hoods. [5000: Table 34.1.3.2(f)]
+1–266 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 60.1.26.2(g) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Detention and
+Correctional Occupanciesa
+Material Class Solid Liquid
+Gasa
+(at NTP)
+Flammable and combustible
+liquidb,c
+I and II combined
+IIIA
+IIIB
+NP
+NP
+NP
+10 gal
+60 gal
+120 gal
+NP
+NP
+NP
+Cryogenic liquid Flammable NP 10 gal NP
+Oxidizing NP 10 gal NP
+Explosivesd,e,f,g NP NP NP NP
+Flammable gasc,h Gaseous NP NP NP
+Liquefied NP 20 lb NP
+Liquefied petroleum NP 20 lb NP
+Consumer fireworks 1.4G NP NP NP
+Flammable solid NP 5 lb NP NP
+Oxidizers 4 NP NP NP
+31 0 l b i 1 gali NP
+2 250 lb 25 gal NP
+1 4000 lb 400 gal NP
+Oxidizing gash Gaseous NA NP NP
+Liquefied NA 15 gal NP
+Organic peroxides Unclassified detonatable NP NP NP
+I N PN PN P
+II NP NP NP
+III 1 lb 1 lb NP
+IV 10 lb 10 lb NP
+VN L N L N P
+Pyrophoric materials NP NP NP NP
+Unstable reactives 4 NP NP NP
+3 N PN PN P
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N P h
+1N L N L N P
+Water-reactive 3 1 lb 1 lb NP
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N P
+1N L N L N P
+Corrosives NP 1000 lb 100 gal NP
+Highly toxic NP 3 lb 3 lb NP j
+Toxic NP 125 lb 125 lb NP j
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.785 L, 1 lb = 0.454 kg.
+NTP: Normal temperature and pressure [measured at 70°F (21°C) and 14.7 psi (30 kPa)]. NP: Not permitted. NA: Not applicable. NL: Not limited.
+aUnlimited amounts of gas are permitted to be used for personal medical or emergency medical use.
+bStorage in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of Class I and Class II liquids combined or 60 gal (227 L) of Class IIIA liquids is permitted where stored in safety
+cabinets with an aggregate quantity not to exceed 180 gal (681 L).
+cFuel in the tank of operating mobile equipment is permitted to exceed the specified quantity where the equipment is operated in accordance with
+this Code.
+dThe use of explosive materials required by federal, state, or municipal agencies while engaged in normal or emergency performance of duties is
+not required to be limited. The storage of explosive materials is required to be in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 495.
+eThe storage and use of explosive materials in medicines and medicinal agents in the forms prescribed by the official United States Pharmacopoeia
+or the National Formulary are not required to be limited.
+fThe storage and use of propellant-actuated devices or propellant-actuated industrial tools manufactured, imported, or distributed for their
+intended purposes are required to be limited to 50 lb (23 kg) net explosive weight.
+gThe storage and use of small arms ammunition, and components thereof, are permitted where in accordance with NFPA 495.
+hFuel or oxidizing gas used for maintenance, repair, and operation of equipment is not permitted to exceed 250 ft3 (7.1 m3).
+iA maximum quantity of 200 lb (91 kg) of solid or 20 gal (76 L) of liquid Class 3 oxidizer is permitted where such materials are necessary for
+maintenance purposes, operation, or sanitation of equipment. Storage containers and the manner of storage are required to be approved.
+jGas cylinders not exceeding 20 ft3 (0.57 m3) at NTP are permitted in gas cabinets or fume hoods. [5000: Table 34.1.3.2(g)]
+1–267HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 60.1.26.2(h) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Residential Occupancies
+Consisting of Lodging and Rooming Houses, Hotels, Dormitories, Apartments, and Residential Board and Care Facilities
+Material Class Solid Liquid
+Gasa
+(at NTP)
+Flammable and combustible
+liquidb,c
+I and II combined
+IIIA
+IIIB
+NP
+NP
+NP
+10 gal
+60 gal
+120 gal
+NP
+NP
+NP
+Cryogenic liquid Flammable NP 10 gal NP
+Oxidizing NP 10 gal NP
+Explosivesd,e,f,g NP NP NP NP
+Flammable gasc,h Gaseous NP NP NP
+Liquefiedi NP 20 lb NP
+Liquefied petroleum NP 20 lb NP
+Consumer fireworks 1.4G NP NP NP
+Flammable solid NP 5 lb NP NP
+Oxidizers 4 NP NP NP
+31 0 l b j 1 galj NP
+2 250 lb 25 gal NP
+1 4,000 lb 400 gal NP
+Oxidizing gash Gaseous NP NP NP
+Liquefied NP 15 gal NP
+Organic peroxides Unclassified detonatable NP NP NP
+I N PN PN P
+II NP NP NP
+III 1 lb 1 lb NP
+IV 10 lb 10 lb NP
+VN L N L N P
+Pyrophoric materials NP 1 lb 1 lb NP
+Unstable reactives 4 1⁄4 lb 1⁄4 lb NP
+3 1 lb 1 lb NP
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N P h
+1N L N L N P
+Water-reactive 3 1 lb 1 lb NA
+2 1 0l b 1 0l b N A
+1N L N L N A
+Corrosives NP 1,000 lb 100 gal NP
+Highly toxic NP 3 lb 3 lb NP k
+Toxic NP 125 lb 125 lb NP k
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.785 L, 1 lb = 0.454 kg.
+NTP: Normal temperature and pressure [measured at 70°F (21°C) and 14.7 psi (30 kPa)]. NP: Not permitted. NL: Not limited. NA: Not applicable.
+aUnlimited amounts of gas are permitted to be used for personal medical or emergency medical use.
+bStorage in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of Class I and Class II liquids combined or 60 gal (227 L) of Class IIIA liquids are permitted where stored in safety
+cabinets with an aggregate quantity not to exceed 180 gal (681 L).
+cFuel in the tank of operating mobile equipment is permitted to exceed the specified quantity where the equipment is operated in accordance with
+this Code.
+dThe use of explosive materials required by federal, state, or municipal agencies while engaged in normal or emergency performance of duties is
+not required to be limited. The storage of explosive materials is required to be in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 495.
+eThe storage and use of explosive materials in medicines and medicinal agents in the forms prescribed by the official United States Pharmacopoeia
+or the National Formulary are not required to be limited.
+fThe storage and use of propellant-actuated devices or propellant-actuated industrial tools manufactured, imported, or distributed for their
+intended purposes are required to be limited to 50 lb (23 kg) net explosive weight.
+gThe storage and use of small arms ammunition, and components thereof, are permitted where in accordance with NFPA 495.
+hFuel or oxidizing gas used for maintenance, repair, and operation of equipment is not permitted to exceed 250 ft3 (7.1 m3).
+iStorage containers are not permitted to exceed 2.7 lb water (1.2 kg) capacity.
+jA maximum quantity of 200 lb (91 kg) of solid or 20 gal (76 L) of liquid Class 3 oxidizer is permitted where such materials are necessary for
+maintenance purposes, operation, or sanitation of equipment. Storage containers and the manner of storage are required to be approved.
+k Gas cylinders not exceeding 20 ft3 (0.57 m3) at NTP are permitted in gas cabinets or fume hoods. [5000: Table 34.1.3.2(h)]
+1–268 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+60.1.26.3 Mercantile, Storage, and Industrial Occupancies.
+60.1.26.3.1 Maximum Allowable Quantity Increases for Mer-
+cantile, Storage, and Industrial Occupancies.The aggregate
+quantity of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or non-
+combustible liquid hazardous materials permitted within a
+single control area of a mercantile, storage, or industrial occu-
+pancy shall be permitted to exceed the maximum allowable
+quantities specified in Table 60.1.26.1, without complying with
+Protection Level 2, Protection Level 3, or Protection Level 4,
+provided that the quantities comply with Table 60.1.26.3.1(a)
+and Table 60.1.26.3.1(b) and that materials are displayed and
+stored in accordance with the special limitations on storage
+height, storage density, and other controls specified in
+60.1.3.4. [5000:34.1.3.3.1]
+60.1.26.3.2 Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) Increases
+for Sale of Alcoholic Beverages, Medicines, Foodstuffs, and
+Cosmetics.
+60.1.26.3.2.1 Quantities of alcoholic beverages shall not be
+limited in mercantile occupancies, provided that the liquids
+are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gal
+(4.9 L). [5000:34.1.3.3.2.1]
+60.1.26.3.2.2 Quantities of medicines, foodstuffs, and cos-
+metics containing not more than 50 percent by volume of
+water-miscible liquids, and with the remainder of the solutions
+not being flammable, shall not be limited, provided that such
+materials are packaged in individual containers not exceeding
+1 gal (3.78 L). [5000:34.1.3.3.2.2]
+60.1.26.3.3 Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Flam-
+mable and Combustible Liquids in Industrial Occupancies.
+The MAQ of flammable and combustible liquids in storage
+and closed use combined in industrial occupancies shall be as
+follows:
+(1) 25 gal (95 L) of Class IA liquids in containers
+(2) 120 gal (454 L) of Class IB, Class IC, Class II, or Class III
+liquids in containers
+(3) 1586 gal (6000 L) of any combination of the following:
+(a) Class IB, Class IC, Class II, or Class IIIA liquids in
+metal portable tanks or metal intermediate bulk con-
+tainers, each not exceeding 793 gal (3000 L)
+(b) Class II or Class IIIA liquids in nonmetallic intermedi-
+ate bulk containers, each not exceeding 793 gal
+(3000 L)
+(4) 20 portable tanks or intermediate bulk containers each
+not exceeding 793 gal (3000 L) of Class IIIB liquids
+[5000:34.1.3.3.3] [30:7.5.4.1(4)]
+60.1.27 Performance Alternative. In lieu of complying with
+Chapter 60 in its entirety, occupancies containing high hazard
+Level 1 to high hazard Level 5 contents shall be permitted to
+comply with 60.1.27.1 and 60.1.27.2. [5000:34.1.4]
+60.1.27.1 Goal. The goal of performance-based designs for
+facilities containing high hazard contents shall be to protect
+Table 60.1.26.3.1(a) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ)
+per Control Area Increases for Selected Hazard Categories in
+Mercantile, Storage, and Industrial Occupancies
+Maximum Allowable Quantitya,b
+Solids Liquids
+Hazard
+Category lb kg gal L
+Physical Hazard Materials: Nonflammable and
+Noncombustible Liquids
+Oxidizers
+Class 3 1,150 522 115 435
+Class 2 2,250 1,022 225 852
+Class 1c 18,000 8,172 1,800 6,813
+Note: Maximum quantities for hazard categories not shown are re-
+quired to be in accordance with Table 60.1.26.1.
+aMaximum quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent in
+buildings that are sprinklered in accordance with NFPA 13. Where
+footnote b also applies, the increase for both footnote a and footnote
+b is permitted to be applied.
+bMaximum quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent
+where stored in approved storage cabinets, gas cabinets, or exhausted
+enclosures in accordance with NFPA 1. Where footnote a also applies,
+the increase for both footnote a and footnote b is permitted to be
+applied.
+cQuantities are not limited in buildings protected by an automatic
+sprinkler system complying with NFPA 13. [5000: Table 34.1.3.3.1(a)]
+Table 60.1.26.3.1(b) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ)
+per Control Area Increases for Selected Hazard Categories in
+Mercantile and Storage Occupancies
+Maximum Allowable Quantitya,b,c
+Solids Liquids
+Hazard Category lb kg gal L
+Physical Hazard Materials: Nonflammable and
+Noncombustible Solids and Liquids
+Unstable
+reactives
+Class 3 550 250 55 208
+Class 2 1,150 522 115 435
+Water-reactive
+Class 3 550 250 55 208
+Class 2 1,150 522 115 435
+Health Hazard Materials: Nonflammable and
+Noncombustible Solids and Liquids
+Corrosive 10,000 4540 1,000 3785
+Highly toxic 20 9 2 8
+Toxic 1,000 454 100 379
+Note: See table above.
+aMaximum quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent in
+buildings that are sprinklered in accordance with NFPA 13. Where
+footnote c also applies, the increase for both footnote a and footnote
+be is permitted to be applied.
+bMaximum quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent
+where stored in approved storage cabinets, gas cabinets, or exhausted
+enclosures in accordance with NFPA 1. Where footnote b also applies,
+the increase for both footnote a and footnote b is permitted to be
+applied. [5000: Table 34.1.3.3.1(b)]
+1–269HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+people and property from the consequences of unauthorized
+discharges, fires, or explosions involving hazardous materials.
+[5000:34.1.4.1]
+60.1.27.1.1 The performance-based designs specified in
+60.1.27.1 shall minimize the risk of events described in 60.1.27.1
+and shall minimize the consequences of such events if they occur.
+[5000:34.1.4.1.1]
+60.1.27.1.2 Performance-based designs shall also comply
+with Chapters 4 and 5 of NFPA 5000.[ 5000:34.1.4.1.2]
+60.1.27.2 Objectives.
+60.1.27.2.1 To satisfy the goal established in 60.1.27.1,
+performance-based designs for facilities containing high
+hazard contents shall identify the properties of hazardous
+materials to be stored, used, or handled and shall provide
+adequate and reliable safeguards to accomplish the follow-
+ing objectives, considering both normal operations and
+possible abnormal conditions:
+(1) Minimize the potential occurrence of unwanted releases,
+fires, or other emergency incidents resulting from the stor-
+age, use, or handling of hazardous materials
+(2) Minimize the potential failure of buildings, equipment,
+or processes involving hazardous materials by ensuring
+that such buildings, equipment, or processes are reliably
+designed and are suitable for the hazards present
+(3) Minimize the potential exposure of people or property
+to unsafe conditions or events involving an unintended
+reaction or release of hazardous materials
+(4) Minimize the potential for an unintentional reaction that
+results in a fire, explosion, or other dangerous condition
+(5) Provide a means to contain, treat, neutralize, or other-
+wise handle plausible releases of hazardous materials to
+minimize the potential for adverse impacts to persons or
+property outside of the immediate area of a release
+(6) Provide appropriate safeguards to minimize the risk of,
+and limit the damage and injury that might result from,
+an explosion involving hazardous materials that present
+explosion hazards
+(7) Detect hazardous levels of gases or vapors that are dan-
+gerous to health, and alert appropriate persons or miti-
+gate the hazard when the physiological warning proper-
+ties for such gases or vapors are inadequate to warn of
+danger prior to personal injury
+(8) Maintain power to provide for continued operation of
+safeguards and important systems that are relied on to
+prevent or control an emergency condition involving
+hazardous materials
+(9) Maintain ventilation where ventilation is relied on to
+minimize the risk of emergency conditions involving
+hazardous materials
+(10) Minimize the potential for exposing combustible haz-
+ardous materials to unintended sources of ignition, and
+for exposing any hazardous material to fire or physical
+damage that can lead to endangerment of people or
+property [5000:34.1.4.2.1]
+60.1.27.2.2 As part of the design process, a process hazard
+analysis and off-site consequence analysis shall be conducted
+where necessary to reasonably ensure that people and prop-
+erty are satisfactorily protected from dangerous conditions in-
+volving hazardous materials. [5000:34.1.4.2.2]
+60.1.27.2.3 The results of the analyses specified in 60.1.27.2.2
+shall be considered when determining active and passive miti-
+gation measures used in accomplishing the objectives set forth
+in 60.1.27.2.1. [5000:34.1.4.2.3]
+60.1.27.2.4 In addition to the requirement of 60.1.27.2.3,
+written procedures for pre-start-up safety reviews, normal and
+emergency operations, management of change, emergency
+response, and accident investigation and documentation shall
+be developed prior to beginning operations at a facility de-
+signed in accordance with 60.1.27. [5000:34.1.4.2.4]
+60.1.27.2.5 Procedures, as described in 60.1.27.2.4, shall be
+developed with the participation of affected employees.
+[5000:34.1.4.2.5]
+60.2 Requirements for All Occupancies Containing High Haz-
+ard Contents.
+60.2.1 Applicability.Buildings, and portions thereof, contain-
+ing hazardous materials regulated by this Code shall comply
+with Section 60.2. [5000:34.2.1]
+60.2.2 Special Information for Permit Application.
+60.2.2.1 Permit applications for buildings, and portions
+thereof, containing high hazard contents shall be accompa-
+nied by the following:
+(1) Plan showing the location of storage and use areas
+(2) Information identifying the maximum quantity of each
+class of hazardous material stored and used in each area
+[5000:34.2.3.1]
+60.2.2.2 Where required by the AHJ, the permit applicant
+shall provide, without charge to the jurisdiction, a technical
+opinion and report prepared by a qualified engineer, special-
+ist, laboratory, or fire safety specialty organization that ana-
+lyzes the fire safety and life safety properties of the design,
+operation, or use of the building or facility and demonstrates
+compliance with this Code.[ 5000:34.2.3.2]
+60.2.3 Control Areas. Control areas shall be those spaces
+within a building where quantities of hazardous contents not
+exceeding the maximum quantities allowed by this Code are
+stored, dispensed, used, or handled. [5000:34.2.4]
+60.2.3.1 Construction Requirements for Control Areas.
+60.2.3.1.1 Control areas shall be separated from each other
+by fire barriers in accordance with Table 60.2.3.1.1.
+[5000:34.2.4.1.1]
+60.2.3.1.2 Where only one control area is present in a build-
+ing, no special construction provisions shall be required.
+[5000:34.2.4.1.2]
+60.2.3.2 Number of Control Areas.The maximum number of
+control areas within a building shall be in accordance with
+Table 60.2.3.1.1. [5000:34.2.4.2]
+60.2.4 Weather Protection.Where weather protection is pro-
+vided for sheltering outside hazardous material storage or use
+areas, such storage or use areas shall be considered outside
+storage or use areas, provided that all of the following condi-
+tions are met:
+(1) Supports and walls shall not obstruct more than one side
+or more than 25 percent of the perimeter of the storage
+or use area.
+1–270 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) The distance from the structure and the structural supports
+to buildings, lot lines, public ways, or means of egress to a
+public way shall not be less than the distance required by this
+Code for an outside hazardous material storage or use area
+without weather protection.
+(3) Weather-protection structures constructed in accor-
+dance with 60.2.4 shall not contain explosive or deton-
+able materials.
+[5000:34.2.5]
+60.2.5 Outdoor Control Areas.
+60.2.5.1 A single outdoor control area shall be permitted on
+any property where the conditions of 60.1.24 can be satisfied.
+60.2.5.2 Where a property exceeds 10,000 ft 2 (929 m 2), a
+group of two outdoor control areas shall be permitted where
+approved and where each control area is separated by a mini-
+mum distance of 50 ft (15 m).
+60.2.5.3 Where a property exceeds 35,000 ft2 (3252 m2), ad-
+ditional groups of outdoor control areas shall be permitted
+where approved provided that each group is separated by a
+minimum distance of 300 ft (91 m).
+60.2.5.4 Where weather protection is provided as a basis for
+complying with this Code, the weather protection structure
+shall comply with 60.2.4.
+60.2.5.5 Maximum allowable quantities of hazardous materi-
+als shall be as specified in Table 60.2.5.5.
+60.3 Requirements for Occupancies Exceeding the Maxi-
+mum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) per Control Area for High
+Hazard Contents.
+60.3.1 Protection Levels. Buildings, and portions thereof,
+where high hazard contents are stored, used, or handled shall
+comply with the protection levels as set forth in Section 60.3.
+[5000:34.3.1]
+60.3.1.1 Protection Level 1.Buildings containing quantities
+of hazardous materials exceeding the MAQ of high hazard
+Level 1 contents permitted in control areas shall comply with
+applicable regulations for Protection Level 1, as set forth in
+the building code. High hazard Level 1 contents shall include
+materials that present a detonation hazard including, but not
+limited to, the following:
+(1) Explosives
+(2) Unclassified detonable organic peroxides
+(3) Class 4 oxidizers
+(4) Detonable pyrophoric materials
+(5) Class 3 detonable and Class 4 unstable (reactive) materi-
+als [5000:34.3.1.1, 6.3.2.4.2]
+60.3.1.2 Protection Level 2.Buildings, and portions thereof,
+containing quantities of hazardous materials exceeding the
+MAQ of high hazard Level 2 contents permitted in control
+areas shall comply with applicable regulations for Protection
+Level 2, as set forth in the building code. High hazard Level 2
+contents shall include materials that present a deflagration
+hazard or a hazard from accelerated burning including, but
+not limited to, the following:
+(1) Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA flammable or combustible
+liquids that are used or stored in normally open contain-
+ers or systems, or in closed containers or systems at gauge
+pressures of more than 15 psi (103 kPa)
+(2) Combustible dusts stored, used, or generated in a manner
+creating a severe fire or explosion hazard
+(3) Flammable gases and flammable cryogenic liquids
+(4) Class I organic peroxides
+(5) Class 3 solid or liquid oxidizers that are used or stored in
+normally open containers or systems, or in closed containers
+or systems at gauge pressures of more than 15 psi (103 kPa)
+(6) Nondetonable pyrophoric materials
+(7) Class 3 nondetonable unstable (reactive) materials
+(8) Class 3 water-reactive materials [ 5000:34.3.1.2, 6.3.2.4.3]
+60.3.1.3 Protection Level 3.Buildings, and portions thereof,
+containing quantities of hazardous materials exceeding the
+MAQ of high hazard Level 3 contents permitted in control
+areas shall comply with applicable regulations for Protection
+Level 3, as set forth in the building code. High hazard Level 3
+contents shall include materials that readily support combus-
+tion or present a physical hazard including, but not limited to,
+the following:
+(1) Level 2 and Level 3 aerosols
+(2) Class I, Class II, or Class III-A flammable or combustible
+liquids that are used or stored in normally closed con-
+tainers or systems at gauge pressures of less than 15 psi
+(103 kPa)
+(3) Consumer fireworks, 1.4 G
+(4) Flammable solids, other than dusts classified as high haz-
+ard Level 2, stored, used, or generated in a manner cre-
+ating a high fire hazard
+(5) Class II and Class III organic peroxides
+(6) Class 2 solid or liquid oxidizers
+(7) Class 3 solid or liquid oxidizers that are used or stored in
+normally closed containers or systems at gauge pressures
+of less than 15 psi (103 kPa)
+(8) Oxidizing gases and oxidizing cryogenic liquids
+(9) Class 2 unstable (reactive) materials
+(10) Class 2 water-reactive materials [5000:34.3.1.3, 6.3.2.4.4]
+Table 60.2.3.1.1 Design and Number of Control Areas
+Floor Level
+Maximum
+Allowable
+Quantity per
+Control Area
+(%)*
+Number of
+Control
+Areas per
+Floor
+Fire
+Resistance
+Rating for
+Fire
+Barriers†
+(hr)
+Above grade
+plane
+>9 5.0 1 2
+7–9 5.0 2 2
+4–6 12.5 2 2
+3 50.0 2 1
+2 75.0 3 1
+1 100.0 4 1
+Below grade
+plane
+17 5 31
+25 0 21
+Lower than 2 NA NA NA
+NA: Not applicable.
+*Percentages represent the maximum allowable quantities per con-
+trol area shown in Table 60.1.26.1, with all of the increases permitted
+in the footnotes of that table.
+†Fire barriers are required to include floors and walls, as necessary, to
+provide a complete separation from other control areas. [5000: Table
+34.2.4.1.1]
+1–271HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+60.3.1.4 Protection Level 4.Buildings, and portions thereof,
+containing quantities of hazardous materials exceeding the
+maximum allowable quantities of high hazard Level 4 con-
+tents permitted in control areas shall comply with applicable
+regulations for Protection Level 4, as set forth in the building
+code. High hazard Level 4 contents shall include materials
+that are acute health hazards including, but not limited to, the
+following:
+(1) Corrosives
+(2) Highly toxic materials
+(3) Toxic materials [ 5000:34.3.1.4, 6.3.2.4.5]
+Table 60.2.5.5 Maximum Allowable Quantities of Hazardous Materials per Outdoor Control Area
+Storage Use — Closed Systems Use — Open Systems
+Material Class
+Solid
+Pounds
+Liquid
+Gallons
+(pounds)
+Gas
+Cubic Feet
+at NTP
+Solid
+Pounds
+Liquid
+Gallons
+(pounds)
+Gas
+Cubic Feet
+at NTP
+Solid
+Pounds
+Liquid
+Gallons
+(pounds)
+Physical Hazard Materials
+Flammable
+gas
+Gaseous NA NA 750 NA NA 750 NA NA
+Liquefied NA 15 NA NA 15 NA NA NA
+Flammable
+solid
+125 NA NA 25 NA NA 25 NA
+Organic
+peroxide
+Detonatable 1 (1) NA 1⁄4 (1⁄4)N A 1⁄4 (1⁄4)
+Organic
+peroxide
+I
+II
+III
+IV
+V
+5
+50
+125
+500
+NL
+(5)
+(50)
+(125)
+(500)
+NL
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+1
+50
+125
+500
+NL
+(1)
+(50)
+(125)
+(500)
+NL
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+1
+10
+25
+100
+NL
+(1)
+(10)
+(25)
+(100)
+NL
+Oxidizer 4
+3
+2
+1
+1
+10
+250
+4000
+(1)
+(10)
+(250)
+(4000)
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+1⁄4
+2
+250
+4000
+(1⁄4)
+(2)
+(250)
+(4000)
+NA
+NA
+NA
+NA
+1⁄4
+2
+50
+1000
+(1⁄4)
+(2)
+(50)
+(1000)
+Oxidizer gas
+Gaseous NA NA 1500 NA NA 1500 NA NA
+Liquefied NA 15 NA NA 15 NA NA NA
+Pyrophoric 4 4 50 1 (1) 10 0 0
+Unstable
+(reactive)
+4
+3
+2
+1
+1
+5
+50
+NL
+(1)
+(5)
+(50)
+NL
+10
+50
+250
+750
+1⁄4
+1
+50
+NL
+(1⁄4)
+(1)
+(50)
+NL
+2
+10
+250
+NL
+1⁄4
+1
+10
+NL
+(1⁄4)
+(1)
+(10)
+NL
+Water-
+reactive
+3
+2
+1
+5
+50
+NL
+(5)
+(50)
+NL
+NA
+NA
+NA
+5
+50
+NL
+(5)
+(50)
+NL
+NA
+NA
+NA
+1
+10
+NL
+(1)
+(10)
+NL
+Health Hazard Materials
+Corrosive 5000 500 810 5000 500 810 1000 100
+Highly toxic 10 (10) 20 * 10 (10) 20 * 3 (3)
+Toxic 500 (500) 810 500 50 810 25 (25)
+For SI units, 1 lb = 0.454 kg; 1 gal = 3.785 L; 1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3.
+NA: Not applicable. NL: Not limited.
+Notes:
+(1) Table values in parentheses correspond to the unit name in parentheses at the top of the column. For
+gallons of liquids, divide the amount in pounds by 10.
+(2) The aggregate quantities in storage and use shall not exceed the quantity listed for storage.
+*Permitted only when used in approved exhausted gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures, or fume hoods.
+1–272 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+60.3.1.5 Protection Level 5.Buildings, and portions thereof,
+used for fabrication of semiconductors or semiconductor re-
+search and development and containing quantities of hazard-
+ous materials exceeding the MAQ of high hazard Level 5 con-
+tents permitted in control areas shall comply with applicable
+regulations for Protection Level 5, as set forth in the building
+code. High hazard Level 5 contents shall include hazardous
+production materials (HPM) used in the fabrication of semi-
+conductors or semiconductor research and development.
+[5000:34.3.1.5, 6.3.2.4.6]
+60.3.2 General Requirements.The requirements set forth in
+60.3.2 shall apply to buildings, or portions thereof, that are
+required to comply with Protection Level 1 through Protec-
+tion Level 5 where required by 60.3.1.1 through 60.3.1.5.
+[5000:34.3.2]
+60.3.2.1 Fire Protection Systems. Buildings, or portions
+thereof, required to comply with Protection Level 1 through
+Protection Level 5 shall be protected by an approved auto-
+matic fire sprinkler system complying with Section 13.3.
+[5000:34.3.2.1]
+60.3.2.1.1 Electronic supervision of supervisory signals shall be
+provided in accordance with Section 13.3. [5000:34.3.2.1.1]
+60.3.2.1.2 Waterflow alarms shall be monitored in accor-
+dance with Section 13.3. [5000:34.3.2.1.2]
+60.3.2.1.3 Rooms or areas that are of noncombustible con-
+struction with wholly noncombustible contents shall not be
+required to comply with 60.3.2.1. [5000:34.3.2.1.3]
+60.3.2.1.4 Portable magazines not exceeding 120 ft2 (11.2 m2)
+constructed in accordance with NFPA 495 shall not be required
+to comply with 60.3.2.1. [5000:34.3.2.1.4]
+60.3.2.2 Building Height Exception.The height of a single-
+story building, or portion thereof, containing only tanks or
+industrial process equipment shall not be limited based on the
+type of construction. [5000:34.3.2.2]
+60.3.2.3 Separation of Occupancies Having High Hazards.
+The separation of areas containing high hazard contents from
+each other and from other use areas shall be as required by
+Table 60.3.2.3 and shall not be permitted to be reduced with
+the installation of fire protection systems as required by
+60.3.2.1. [5000:34.3.2.3]
+60.3.2.4 Egress. Egress from areas required to comply with
+Protection Level 1, Protection Level 2, Protection Level 3, or
+Protection Level 4 shall comply with Chapter 14, and egress
+from areas required to comply with Protection Level 5 shall
+comply with Chapter 14. [5000:34.3.2.4]
+60.3.2.4.1 Travel Distance Limit.Travel distance to an exit
+from areas required to comply with Protection Level 1
+through Protection Level 5 shall not exceed the distance given
+in Table 60.3.2.4.1, measured as required in Chapter 14.
+[5000:34.3.2.4.1]
+60.3.2.4.2 Capacity of Means of Egress.Egress capacity for
+high hazard contents areas shall be based on 0.7 in. (18 mm) per
+person for stairs or 0.4 in. (10 mm) per person for level compo-
+nents and ramps in accordance with 14.8.3. [5000:34.3.2.4.2]
+60.3.2.4.3 Number of Means of Egress.Not less than two
+means of egress shall be provided from each building, or por-
+tion thereof, required to comply with Section 60.3, unless
+rooms or spaces do not exceed 200 ft 2 (18.6 m 2), have an
+occupant load not exceeding three persons, and have a travel
+distance to the room door not exceeding 25 ft (7.6 m).
+[5000:34.3.2.4.3]
+60.3.2.4.4 Dead Ends.Means of egress, for other than rooms
+or spaces that do not exceed 200 ft 2 (18.6 m2), have an occu-
+pant load not exceeding three persons, and have a travel dis-
+tance to the room door not exceeding 25 ft (7.6 m), shall be
+arranged so that there are no dead ends in corridors.
+[5000:34.3.2.4.4]
+60.3.2.4.5 Doors. Doors serving high hazard contents areas
+with occupant loads in excess of five shall be permitted to be
+provided with a latch or lock only if the latch or lock is panic
+hardware or fire exit hardware complying with 14.5.3.4.
+[5000:34.3.2.4.5]
+60.3.2.5 Ventilation.
+60.3.2.5.1 Buildings, or portions thereof, in which explosive,
+flammable, combustible, corrosive, or highly toxic dusts,
+mists, fumes, vapors, or gases are, or might be, emitted shall be
+provided with mechanical exhaust ventilation or natural ven-
+tilation where natural ventilation can be shown to be accept-
+able for the materials as stored. [5000:34.3.2.5.1]
+60.3.2.5.1.1 Flammable and combustible liquids stored in
+closed containers in compliance with Chapter 66 and
+NFPA 30 shall not be required to comply with 60.3.2.5.1.
+[5000:34.3.2.5.1.1]
+60.3.2.5.1.2 Solids and liquids, other than combustible or
+flammable liquids, stored in closed containers shall not be
+required to comply with 60.3.2.5.1. [5000:34.3.2.5.1.2]
+60.3.2.5.2 Mechanical exhaust systems shall comply with the
+mechanical code. [5000:34.3.2.5.2]
+60.3.2.5.3 Mechanical ventilation shall be at a rate of not less
+than 1 ft 3/min/ft2 (5.1 L/s/m2) of floor area over areas re-
+quired to comply with Protection Level 1 through Protection
+Level 5. [5000:34.3.2.5.3]
+60.3.2.5.4 Areas containing Class I liquids or Class II liquids
+at temperatures above their flash points, or Class IIIA liquids
+at temperatures above their flash points, shall be ventilated at
+a rate sufficient to maintain the concentration of vapors
+within the area at or below 25 percent of the lower explosive
+limit. [5000:34.3.2.5.4]
+60.3.2.5.5 Ventilation requirements shall be determined by
+calculations based on anticipated fugitive emissions or by sam-
+pling of the actual vapor concentration levels under normal
+operating conditions. [5000:34.3.2.5.5]
+60.3.2.5.6 Make-up air shall be provided, and provision shall
+be made for locating make-up air openings to avoid short-
+circuiting the ventilation. [5000:34.3.2.5.6]
+60.3.2.5.7 Ducts conveying explosives or flammable vapors,
+fumes, or dusts shall extend directly to the exterior of the
+building without entering other spaces. [5000:34.3.2.5.7]
+60.3.2.5.7.1 Exhaust ducts shall not extend into or through
+ducts and plenums. [5000:34.3.2.5.7.1]
+60.3.2.5.7.2 Ducts conveying vapor or fumes having flam-
+mable constituents less than 25 percent of their lower flamma-
+bility limit shall be permitted to pass through other spaces.
+[5000:34.3.2.5.7.2]
+60.3.2.5.8 Emissions generated at work stations shall be con-
+fined to the area in which they are generated as specified in
+the mechanical code. [5000:34.3.2.5.8]
+1–273HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+60.3.2.5.9 The location of supply and exhaust openings shall
+be in accordance with the mechanical code. [5000:34.3.2.5.9]
+60.3.2.5.10 Exhaust air contaminated by highly toxic material
+shall be treated where required by thisCode.[ 5000:34.3.2.5.10]
+60.3.2.5.11 Systems shall operate continuously unless alter-
+nate designs are approved. [5000:34.3.2.5.11]
+60.3.2.5.12 A manual shutoff control for ventilation equipment
+required by 60.3.2.5 shall be provided outside the room adjacent
+to the principal access door to the room. [5000:34.3.2.5.12]
+60.3.2.5.13 The shutoff control described in 60.3.2.5.12 shall
+be of the break-glass type and shall be labeled as follows:
+[5000:34.3.2.5.13]
+VENTILATION SYSTEM EMERGENCY SHUTOFF
+60.3.2.5.14 Exhaust ventilation shall be arranged to consider
+the density of the potential fumes or vapors released.
+[5000:34.3.2.5.14]
+60.3.2.5.14.1 For fumes or vapors that are heavier than air,
+exhaust shall be taken from a point within 12 in. (305 mm) of
+the floor. [5000:34.3.2.5.14.1]
+60.3.2.5.14.2 The location of both the exhaust and inlet air
+openings shall be arranged to provide air movement across all
+portions of the floor or room to prevent the accumulation of
+vapors. [5000:34.3.2.5.14.2]
+60.3.2.5.14.3 Exhaust ventilation shall not be recirculated
+within the room or building if the materials stored are capable
+of emitting hazardous vapors. [5000:34.3.2.5.14.3]
+60.3.2.5.14.4 Recirculation shall be permitted where it is
+monitored continuously using a fail-safe system that is de-
+signed to automatically sound an alarm, stop recirculation,
+Table 60.3.2.3 Required Separation of Occupancies Containing High Hazard Contents (hr)
+Occupancy
+Protection
+Level 1
+Protection
+Level 2
+Protection
+Level 3*
+Protection
+Level 4
+Protection
+Level 5
+Apartment buildings NP 4344
+Assembly≤ 3 0 0 N P4324
+Assembly> 300 and ≤ 1000 NP 4324
+Assembly> 1000 NP 4324
+Board and care, small NP 4344
+Board and care, large NP 4344
+Business NP 2111
+Day-care> 12 NP 4344
+Day-care homes NP 4344
+Detention and correctional NP 4344
+Dwellings, one- and two-family NP 4344
+Educational NP 4323
+Health care, ambulatory NP 4444
+Health care, nonambulatory NP 4444
+Hotels and dormitories NP 4344
+Industrial, general purpose NP 2111
+Industrial, special purpose NP 2111
+Lodging and rooming houses NP 4344
+Mercantile, Class A NP 2111
+Mercantile, Class B NP 2111
+Mercantile, Class C NP 2111
+Mercantile, covered mall NP 2111
+Mercantile, bulk retail NP 2111
+Protection Level 1 — NP NP NP NP
+Protection Level 2 NP — 1 2 2
+Protection Level 3 NP 1 — 1 1
+Protection Level 4 NP 2 1 — 1
+Protection Level 5 NP 2 1 1 —
+Storage, low and ordinary hazard NP 2111
+NP: Not permitted.
+*Rooms in excess of 150 ft2 (14 m2), storing flammable liquids, combustible liquids, or Class III
+oxidizers, are required to be provided with not less than a 2-hour separation. [5000: Table 34.3.2.3]
+Table 60.3.2.4.1 Travel Distance Limits
+Hazard
+Level
+Distance
+ft m
+17 5 2 3
+2 100 30
+3 150 46
+4 175 53
+5 200 61
+[5000: Table 34.3.2.4.1]
+1–274 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+and provide full exhaust to the outside in the event that
+vapor–air mixtures in concentrations over one-fourth of the
+lower flammable limit are detected. [5000:34.3.2.5.14.4]
+60.3.2.6* Explosion Control.Buildings, or portions thereof, re-
+quired to comply with Protection Level 1 through Protection
+Level 3 and containing materials shown in Table 60.3.2.6 shall be
+provided with a means of explosion control. [5000:34.3.2.6]
+60.3.2.7 Standby and Emergency Power.
+60.3.2.7.1 Where mechanical ventilation, treatment systems,
+temperature control, alarm, detection, or other electrically
+operated safety systems are required by this Code or the build-
+ing code, such systems shall be provided with standby power or
+emergency power as required by 60.3.2.7. [5000:34.3.2.7.1]
+60.3.2.7.2 Standby power for mechanical ventilation, exhaust
+treatment, and temperature control systems shall not be re-
+quired where such systems are engineered and approved as
+fail-safe. [5000:34.3.2.7.2]
+60.3.2.7.3 The secondary source of power shall be an ap-
+proved means of legally required standby power in accor-
+dance with NFPA 70, except for areas containing highly toxic
+or toxic gases, where a legally required emergency power system
+in accordance with Section 11.7, Chapter 63, and NFPA 55, shall
+be provided to operate safety systems required by this Code.
+[5000:34.3.2.7.3]
+60.3.2.8 Spill Control and Secondary Containment for Haz-
+ardous Materials Liquids and Solids.
+60.3.2.8.1 General. Buildings, or portions thereof, required
+to comply with Protection Level 1 through Protection Level 5
+shall be provided with spill control and secondary contain-
+ment in accordance with 60.3.2.8.2 and 60.3.2.8.3, except for
+outdoor storage on containment pallets complying with
+60.3.2.10. [5000:34.3.2.8.1]
+60.3.2.8.2 Spill Control.
+60.3.2.8.2.1 Buildings, or portions thereof, used for any of
+the following shall be provided with spill control to prevent
+the flow of liquids to adjoining areas:
+(1) Storage or closed system use of hazardous materials liq-
+uids in individual vessels having a capacity of more than
+55 gal (208.2 L)
+(2) Dispensing of hazardous materials liquids into vessels ex-
+ceeding a 1.1 gal (4 L) capacity
+(3) Open use of hazardous materials in vessels or systems ex-
+ceeding a 5.3 gal (20 L) capacity [5000:34.3.2.8.2.1]
+60.3.2.8.2.2 Where spill control is required, floors in indoor
+locations and similar surfaces in outdoor locations shall be
+constructed to contain a spill from the largest single vessel by
+one of the following methods:
+(1) Liquid-tight sloped or recessed floors in indoor locations
+or similar areas in outdoor locations
+(2) Liquid-tight floors in indoor locations or similar areas in
+outdoor locations provided with liquid-tight raised or re-
+cessed sills or dikes
+(3) Sumps and collection systems [ 5000:34.3.2.8.2.2]
+60.3.2.8.2.3 Except for surfacing, the floors, sills, dikes, sumps,
+and collection systems shall be constructed of noncombustible
+material, and the liquid-tight seal shall be compatible with the
+material stored. [5000:34.3.2.8.2.3]
+60.3.2.8.2.4 Where liquid-tight sills or dikes are provided,
+they shall not be required at perimeter openings that are pro-
+vided with an open-grate trench across the opening that con-
+nects to an approved collection system. [5000:34.3.2.8.2.4]
+60.3.2.8.3 Secondary Containment.
+60.3.2.8.3.1 Buildings, or portions thereof, used for any of
+the following shall be provided with secondary containment:
+Table 60.3.2.6 Explosion Control Requirements
+Hazard Category Class
+Protection
+Method
+Combustible dust
+presenting an
+explosion hazard
+NA Explosion
+controla
+Explosives Detonating Barricade b
+Deflagrating Explosion
+controla
+Flammable gas or
+cryogen
+NA Explosion
+controla
+Flammable liquidc Class IA,
+storage >1 gal
+Explosion
+controla
+Class IA, use Explosion
+controla
+Class IB,
+use-opend
+Explosion
+controla
+Organic peroxides Unclassified Barricade b
+Class I Barricade b
+Oxidizer liquids and
+solids
+Class 4 Barricade b
+Pyrophoric gase NA Barricade b
+Explosion
+controla
+Unstable reactives Class 4 Barricade b
+Class 3
+detonating
+Barricadeb
+Class 3
+deflagrating
+Explosion
+controla
+Water-reactive liquids
+and solids
+Class 3 Explosion
+controla
+Class 2
+deflagrating
+Explosion
+controla
+NA: Not applicable.
+aExplosion control is required to be a deflagration prevention
+method, such as combustible concentration reduction, or oxidant
+concentration reduction, or a deflagration control method complying
+with NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, or an approved,
+engineered deflagration-venting method.
+bBarricades are required to comply with NFPA 495.
+cDeflagration venting is not required for rooms that are less than or
+equal to 500 ft2 (46.5 m2) in floor area and do not have any exterior
+walls as set forth in NFPA 30 and 34.3.4.2.2 of NFPA 5000.
+dA protection method is required where an explosive environment
+can occur as a result of the dispensing or use process.
+eWhere gas–air mixtures are capable of detonation, barricade con-
+struction is required to be provided. [5000: Table 34.3.2.6]
+1–275HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) Storage of liquids where the capacity of an individual ves-
+sel exceeds 55 gal (208.2 L) or the aggregate capacity of
+multiple vessels exceeds 1000 gal (3785 L)
+(2) Storage of solids where the capacity of an individual vessel
+exceeds 550 lb (248.8 kg) or the aggregate capacity of
+multiple vessels exceeds 10,000 lb (4524.8 kg)
+(3) Open-use liquids where the capacity of an individual ves-
+sel or system exceeds 1.1 gal (4 L)
+(4) Open-use liquids where the capacity of multiple vessels or
+systems exceeds 5.3 gal (20 L) [5000:34.3.2.8.3.1]
+60.3.2.8.3.2 Buildings, or portions thereof, containing only
+hazardous materials in listed secondary containment tanks or
+systems shall not be required to comply with 60.3.2.8.3.1.
+[5000:34.3.2.8.3.2]
+60.3.2.8.3.3 Buildings, or portions thereof, containing only
+flammable solids, explosive solids, or corrosive solids shall not
+be required to comply with 60.3.2.8.3.1. [5000:34.3.2.8.3.3]
+60.3.2.8.3.4 Secondary containment shall be achieved by
+means of drainage control where required by Chapter 66.
+[5000:34.3.2.8.3.4]
+60.3.2.8.3.5 The building, room, or area shall contain or drain
+the hazardous materials and fire protection water through the
+use of one of the following methods:
+(1) Liquid-tight sloped or recessed floors in indoor locations
+or similar areas in outdoor locations
+(2) Liquid-tight floors in indoor locations or similar areas in
+outdoor locations provided with liquid-tight raised or re-
+cessed sills or dikes
+(3) Sumps and collection systems
+(4) Drainage systems leading to an approved location
+[5000:34.3.2.8.3.5]
+60.3.2.8.3.6 Where incompatible materials are present in
+open containers or systems, such materials shall be sepa-
+rated from each other in the secondary containment sys-
+tem. [5000:34.3.2.8.3.6]
+60.3.2.8.3.7 Secondary containment for indoor storage areas
+shall be designed to contain a spill from the largest vessel plus
+the design flow volume of fire protection water calculated to
+discharge from the fire-extinguishing system over the mini-
+mum required system design area, or area of the room or area
+in which the storage is located, whichever is smaller, for a pe-
+riod of 20 minutes. [5000:34.3.2.8.3.7]
+60.3.2.8.3.8 A monitoring method shall be provided to detect
+hazardous materials in the secondary containment system.
+[5000:34.3.2.8.3.8]
+60.3.2.8.3.9 The monitoring method shall be permitted to be
+visual inspection of the primary or secondary containment, or
+other approved means. [5000:34.3.2.8.3.9]
+60.3.2.8.3.10 Where secondary containment is subject to the
+intrusion of water, a monitoring method for detecting water
+shall be provided. [5000:34.3.2.8.3.10]
+60.3.2.8.3.11 Where monitoring devices are provided, they
+shall be connected to distinct visual or audible alarms.
+[5000:34.3.2.8.3.11]
+60.3.2.8.3.12 Where remote containment systems are pro-
+vided, drainage systems shall be in accordance with the
+plumbing code, as referenced in Chapter 2, and the following
+provisions also shall be met:
+(1) The slope of floors in indoor locations to drains or similar
+areas in outdoor locations shall be not less than 1 percent.
+(2) Drains from indoor storage areas shall be sized to carry
+the volume of the fire protection water, as determined by
+the design density discharged from the automatic fire-
+extinguishing system over the minimum required system
+design area, or area of the room or area in which the
+storage is located, whichever is smaller.
+(3) Materials of construction for drainage systems shall be
+compatible with the materials stored.
+(4) Separate drainage systems shall be provided to avoid mix-
+ing incompatible materials where such materials are
+present in an open-use condition.
+(5) Drains shall terminate in an approved location away from
+buildings, valves, means of egress, fire access roadways, ad-
+joining property, and storm drains. [5000:34.3.2.8.3.12]
+60.3.2.9 Floors in Storage Rooms.Floors in storage areas for
+organic peroxides, oxidizers, pyrophoric materials, unstable
+(reactive) materials, water-reactive solids and liquids, corro-
+sive materials, and toxic and highly toxic materials shall be of
+liquid-tight, noncombustible construction. [5000:34.3.2.9]
+60.3.2.10 Containment Pallets.Where used as a substitute for
+spill control and secondary containment for outdoor storage
+in accordance with 60.3.2.8.1, containment pallets shall com-
+ply with the following:
+(1) A liquidtight sump accessible for visual inspection shall be
+provided.
+(2) The sump shall be designed to contain not less than 66 gal
+(249.8 L).
+(3) Exposed surfaces shall be compatible with the material
+stored.
+(4) Containment pallets shall be protected to prevent collec-
+tion of rainwater within the sump.
+60.3.2.11 Unprotected Vertical Openings.
+60.3.2.11.1 In industrial occupancies required to comply with
+60.3.3, where unprotected vertical openings exist and are nec-
+essary to manufacturing operations, such openings shall be
+permitted beyond the specified limits in the building code.
+[5000:34.3.2.10.1]
+60.3.2.11.2 The unprotected vertical openings described in
+60.3.2.11.1 shall be permitted only where every floor level
+has direct access to one or more enclosed stairs or other
+exits protected against obstruction by any fire or smoke in
+the open areas connected by the unprotected vertical open-
+ings. [ 5000:34.3.2.10.2]
+60.3.3 Protection Level 1.
+60.3.3.1 General. Buildings, or portions thereof, required to
+comply with Protection Level 1 shall comply with 60.3.2,
+60.3.3.2, and the building code. [5000:34.3.3.1]
+60.3.3.2 Detached Building Required.
+60.3.3.2.1 Buildings required to comply with Protection
+Level 1 shall be used for no other purpose, shall not exceed
+one story in height, and shall be without basements, crawl
+spaces, or other under-floor spaces. [5000:34.3.3.2.1]
+60.3.3.2.2 Roofs of buildings described in 60.3.3.2.1 shall be
+of lightweight construction with suitable thermal insulation to
+prevent sensitive material from reaching its decomposition
+temperature. [5000:34.3.3.2.2]
+1–276 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+60.3.3.2.3 Buildings required to comply with both Protection
+Level 1 and Protection Level 4 shall comply with the most restric-
+tive requirements for both protection levels. [5000:34.3.3.2.3]
+60.3.4 Supervision of Alarm, Detection, and Automatic Fire-
+Extinguishing Systems.Alarm, detection, and automatic fire-
+extinguishing systems required by Chapter 60 or other chap-
+ters of this Code regulating hazardous materials shall be
+supervised by an approved central, proprietary, or remote sta-
+tion service or shall initiate an audible and visual signal at a
+constantly attended on-site location.
+60.4 Supplemental Requirements for Use and Handling of
+Hazardous Materials in Amounts Exceeding Maximum Allow-
+able Quantities.
+60.4.1* General.Where the aggregate quantity of hazardous
+materials used or handled exceeds the maximum allowable
+quantity permitted in control areas set forth in Section 60.2,
+Section 60.1 through Section 60.4 shall apply, except as speci-
+fied in 60.4.1.1. Where the aggregate quantity of hazardous
+materials used or handled does not exceed the maximum al-
+lowable quantity permitted in control areas set forth in Sec-
+tion 60.2, Section 60.4 shall not apply.
+60.4.1.1* Uses Not Required to Comply.The following use
+conditions shall not be required to comply with Section 60.4:
+(1) Corrosives used in stationary storage battery systems used
+for standby power, emergency power, or uninterrupted
+power supply complying with Chapter 52
+(2) Application and release of pesticide products and materi-
+als intended for use in weed abatement, erosion control,
+soil amendment, or similar applications, where applied in
+accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and la-
+bel directions
+60.4.2 Ventilation.
+60.4.2.1 General. Indoor dispensing and use areas shall be
+provided with exhaust ventilation in accordance with 60.3.2.5.
+60.4.2.2 Exceptions to Ventilation Requirement.Exhaust ven-
+tilation required by 60.4.2.1 shall not be required for dispens-
+ing and use of flammable solids other than those with finely
+divided particles.
+60.4.3 Standby and Emergency Power.Standby or emergency
+power shall be provided in accordance with 60.3.2.7.
+60.4.4 Limit Controls.
+60.4.4.1 General. Limit controls shall be provided in accor-
+dance with 60.4.4 through 60.4.4.4.
+60.4.4.2 Temperature. Process tanks and equipment, which
+involve temperature control of the material to prevent a haz-
+ardous reaction shall be provided with limit controls to main-
+tain the temperature within a safe range.
+60.4.4.3 Pressure Control.
+60.4.4.3.1 Stationary tanks and equipment containing haz-
+ardous materials liquids that can generate pressures exceed-
+ing design limits due to exposure fires or internal reaction
+shall have a form of construction or other approved means
+that relieves excessive internal pressure.
+60.4.4.3.2 The means of pressure relief shall vent to an ap-
+proved location or to an exhaust scrubber or treatment system
+where required by Chapter 53 or NFPA 55.
+60.4.4.4 Liquid Level.
+60.4.4.4.1 High Level.Open tanks in which hazardous mate-
+rials are used shall be equipped with a liquid level limit control
+or other means to prevent overfilling of the tank.
+60.4.4.4.2 Low Level. Open tanks and containers in which
+hazardous materials are heated shall be equipped with ap-
+proved automatic shutoff controls, which sense low liquid lev-
+els and shut off the source of heat.
+60.4.5 Supervision of Alarm, Detection, and Automatic Fire-
+Extinguishing Systems. Supervision of alarm, detection, and
+extinguishing systems shall be provided in accordance with
+60.3.4.
+60.4.6 Lighting. Lighting by natural or artificial means shall
+be provided, and artificial lighting, where provided, shall be in
+accordance with nationally recognized standards.
+60.4.7 Floor Construction.Except for surfacing, floors of ar-
+eas where liquid or solid hazardous materials are dispensed or
+used in open systems shall be of noncombustible, liquidtight
+construction.
+60.4.8 System Design.
+60.4.8.1 Systems shall be suitable for the use intended and
+shall be designed by persons competent in such design.
+60.4.8.2 Where nationally recognized good practices or stan-
+dards have been established for the processes employed, they
+shall be followed in the design.
+60.4.8.3 Controls shall be designed to prevent materials from
+entering or leaving process or reaction systems at other than
+the intended time, rate, or path.
+60.4.8.4 Where automatic controls are provided, they shall
+be designed to be fail-safe.
+60.4.9 Liquid Transfer.
+60.4.9.1 Approved containers shall be used where liquids are
+dispensed from containers.
+60.4.9.2 Liquids having a hazard ranking of 3 when exceed-
+ing 5.3 gal (20 L), or liquids having a hazard ranking of 4 when
+exceeding 1.1 gal (4 L), shall be transferred by one of the
+following methods:
+(1) From safety cans
+(2) Through an approved closed-piping system
+(3) From containers or tanks by an approved pump taking suc-
+tion through an opening in the top of the container or tank
+(4) For other than highly toxic liquids, from containers or tanks
+by gravity through an approved self-closing or automatic-
+closing valve where the container or tank and dispensing
+operations are provided with spill control and secondary
+containment complying with 60.3.2.8 through 60.3.2.10
+(5) By the use of approved engineered liquid transfer systems
+60.4.10 Supplemental Regulations for Indoor Dispensing and
+Use.
+60.4.10.1 Open Systems.
+60.4.10.1.1 General.Dispensing and use of hazardous materials
+in open containers or systems in amounts exceeding the maxi-
+mum allowable quantity limits for control areas specified in
+Section 60.2 shall be in accordance with 60.4.10.1.2 through
+60.4.10.1.5.2.2.
+1–277HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+60.4.10.1.2 Ventilation. Where liquids or solids having a haz-
+ard ranking of 3 or 4 in accordance with NFPA 704 are dis-
+pensed or used, mechanical exhaust ventilation shall be pro-
+vided to capture fumes, mists, or vapors at the point of
+generation, unless such liquids or solids can be demonstrated
+as not creating harmful fumes, mists, or vapors.
+60.4.10.1.3 Fire-Extinguishing System for Laboratory Fume
+Hoods and Spray Booths.In addition to the requirements of
+60.3.2.1, laboratory fume hoods and spray booths where flam-
+mable materials are dispensed or used shall be protected by an
+automatic fire-extinguishing system.
+60.4.10.1.4 Explosion Control. Explosion control shall be
+provided in accordance with 60.3.2.6 where an explosive envi-
+ronment can occur because of the characteristics or nature of
+the hazardous materials dispensed or used, or as a result of the
+dispensing or use process.
+60.4.10.1.5 Spill Control and Secondary Containment for
+Hazardous Materials.
+60.4.10.1.5.1 Spill Control for Hazardous Materials Liquids.
+Buildings or portions thereof used for either of the following
+shall be provided with spill control in accordance with
+60.3.2.8.2 to prevent the flow of liquids to adjoining areas:
+(1) Dispensing of hazardous materials liquids into vessels ex-
+ceeding a 1.1 gal (4 L) capacity
+(2) Open use of hazardous materials in vessels or systems ex-
+ceeding a 5.3 gal (20 L) capacity
+60.4.10.1.5.2 Secondary Containment for Hazardous Materi-
+als Liquids.
+60.4.10.1.5.2.1 Where required by Table 60.4.10.1.5.2.1, build-
+ings or portions thereof used for either of the following shall be
+provided with secondary containment in accordance with
+60.3.2.8.3 through 60.3.2.8.3.12:
+(1) Use-open of liquids where the capacity of an individual
+vessel or system exceeds 1.1 gal (4 L)
+(2) Use-open of liquids where the capacity of multiple vessels
+or systems exceeds 5.3 gal (20 L)
+60.4.10.1.5.2.2 Buildings or portions thereof containing only
+hazardous materials in listed secondary containment tanks or
+systems shall not be required to be provided with secondary
+containment.
+60.4.10.2 Closed Systems.
+60.4.10.2.1 General. Dispensing and use of hazardous materi-
+als in closed containers or systems in amounts exceeding the
+maximum allowable quantity limits for control areas specified
+in Section 60.2 shall be in accordance with 60.4.10.2 through
+60.4.10.2.5.2.
+60.4.10.2.2 Ventilation. If closed systems are designed to be
+opened as part of normal operations, ventilation shall be pro-
+vided in accordance with 60.4.10.1.2
+60.4.10.2.3 Fire-Extinguishing System for Laboratory Fume
+Hoods and Spray Booths.In addition to the requirements of
+60.3.2.11, laboratory fume hoods and spray booths where
+flammable materials are dispensed or used shall be protected
+by an automatic fire-extinguishing system.
+60.4.10.2.4 Explosion Control.
+60.4.10.2.4.1 Explosion control shall be provided in accor-
+dance with 60.3.2.6 where an explosive environment can oc-
+cur because of the characteristics or nature of the hazardous
+materials dispensed or used, or as a result of the dispensing or
+use process, unless process vessels comply with 60.4.10.2.4.2.
+60.4.10.2.4.2 Where process vessels are designed to fully con-
+tain the worst case explosion anticipated within the vessel un-
+der process conditions considering the most likely failure, ad-
+ditional explosion control shall not be required.
+60.4.10.2.5 Spill Control and Secondary Containment for
+Hazardous Materials Liquids.
+60.4.10.2.5.1 Spill Control for Hazardous Materials Liquids.
+Buildings or portions thereof where hazardous materials liq-
+uids are used in individual closed vessels exceeding a 55 gal
+(208.2 L) capacity shall be provided with spill control in accor-
+dance with 60.3.2.8.2 through 60.3.2.8.2.4 to prevent the flow
+of liquids to adjoining areas.
+60.4.10.2.5.2 Secondary Containment for Hazardous Materi-
+als Liquids. Where required by Table 60.4.10.1.5.2.1, build-
+ings or portions thereof used for either of the following shall
+be provided with secondary containment in accordance with
+60.3.2.8.3 through 60.3.2.8.3.12:
+(1) Use-closed capacity of an individual vessel or system ex-
+ceeds 55 gal (208 L)
+(2) Use-closed aggregate capacity of multiple vessels or sys-
+tems exceeds 1000 gal (3785 L)
+60.4.11 Supplemental Regulations for Outdoor Dispensing
+and Use.
+60.4.11.1 Open Systems.
+60.4.11.1.1 Spill Control and Secondary Containment for
+Hazardous Materials Liquids.
+60.4.11.1.1.1 Spill Control for Hazardous Materials Liquids.
+Outdoor areas used for either of the following shall be pro-
+vided with spill control in accordance with 60.3.2.8.2 through
+60.3.2.8.2.4 to prevent the flow of liquids to adjoining areas:
+(1) Dispensing of hazardous materials liquids into vessels ex-
+ceeding a 1.1 gal (4 L) capacity
+(2) Open use of hazardous materials in vessels or systems ex-
+ceeding a 5.3 gal (20 L) capacity
+60.4.11.1.1.2 Secondary Containment for Hazardous Materi-
+als Liquids.Where required by Table 60.4.10.1.5.2.1, outdoor
+areas used for either of the following shall be provided with
+secondary containment in accordance with 60.3.2.8.3 through
+60.3.2.8.3.12:
+(1) Use-open of liquids where the capacity of an individual
+vessel or system exceeds 1.1 gal (4 L)
+(2) Use-open of liquids where the capacity of multiple vessels
+or systems exceeds 5.3 gal (20 L)
+60.4.11.1.2 Location.Outdoor dispensing and use areas shall
+be located as required for outdoor storage of hazardous mate-
+rials in quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quantity
+permitted in control areas.
+60.4.11.1.3 Clearance from Combustibles.The area surround-
+ing an outdoor dispensing or use area shall be kept clear of com-
+bustible materials and vegetation for a minimum distance of 30 ft
+(9.1 m).
+1–278 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+60.4.11.2 Closed Systems.
+60.4.11.2.1 Spill Control and Secondary Containment for
+Hazardous Materials Liquids.
+60.4.11.2.1.1 Spill Control for Hazardous Materials Liquids.
+Outdoor areas where hazardous materials liquids are used in
+individual closed vessels exceeding a 55 gal (208 L) capacity
+shall be provided with spill control in accordance with
+60.3.2.8.2 through 60.3.2.8.2.4 to prevent the flow of liquids to
+adjoining areas.
+60.4.11.2.1.2 Secondary Containment for Hazardous Materi-
+als Liquids.Where required by Table 60.4.10.1.5.2.1, outdoor
+areas used for either of the following shall be provided with
+secondary containment in accordance with 60.3.2.8.3 through
+60.3.2.8.3.12:
+(1) Use-closed capacity of an individual vessel or system ex-
+ceeds 55 gal (208 L)
+(2) Use-closed aggregate capacity of multiple vessels or sys-
+tems exceeds 1000 gal (3785 L)
+60.4.11.2.2 Location.Outdoor dispensing and use areas shall
+be located as required for outdoor storage of hazardous mate-
+rials in quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quantity
+permitted in control areas.
+60.4.11.2.3 Clearance from Combustibles.The area surround-
+ing an outdoor dispensing or use area shall be kept clear of com-
+bustible materials and vegetation for a minimum distance of 30 ft
+(9.1 m).
+60.4.12 Supplemental Regulations for Handling.
+60.4.12.1 Location of Outdoor Handling Areas. Outdoor
+handling areas shall be located as required for outdoor stor-
+age of hazardous materials in quantities exceeding the maxi-
+mum allowable quantity permitted in control areas.
+60.4.12.2 Emergency Alarm for Transportation of Hazardous
+Materials in Corridors or Exit Enclosures.When hazardous
+materials having a hazard ranking of 3 or 4 in accordance with
+NFPA 704 are transported through corridors or exit enclo-
+sures, there shall be an emergency telephone system, a local
+manual alarm station, or an approved alarm-initiating device
+at not more than 150 ft (46 m) intervals and at each exit
+throughout the transport route. The signal shall be relayed to
+an approved central, proprietary, or remote station service or
+constantly attended on-site location and shall also initiate a
+local audible alarm.
+Table 60.4.10.1.5.2.1 Required Secondary Containment — Hazardous Materials Liquids Use
+Material Class Indoor Use Outdoor Use
+Physical Hazard Materials
+Flammable and
+combustible liquids
+Class I, II and III-A Required Comply with
+Chapter 66
+Organic peroxide
+liquids
+Detonatable Required Required
+Class I Required Required
+Class II Required Required
+Class III Required Required
+Class IV Required Required
+Oxidizer liquids Class 4 Required Required
+Class 3 Required Required
+Class 2 Required Required
+Pyrophoric liquids Required Required
+Unstable (reactive)
+liquids
+Class 4 Required Required
+Class 3 Required Required
+Class 2 Required Required
+Class 1 Not required Required
+Water-reactive liquids Class 3 Required Required
+Class 2 Required Required
+Class 1 Not required Required
+Health Hazard Materials
+Corrosive liquids Required Required
+Highly toxic liquids Required Required
+Toxic liquids Required Required
+1���279HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Chapter 61 Aerosol Products
+61.1 General Provisions.
+61.1.1 Application.
+61.1.1.1* The manufacture, storage, use, handling, and dis-
+play of aerosol products shall comply with the requirements of
+Chapter 61; NFPA 30B, Code for the Manufacture and Storage of
+Aerosol Products; and Section 60.1 and Section 60.2 of thisCode.
+61.1.1.2 Where the provisions of Chapter 61 or NFPA 30B
+conflict with the provisions of Chapter 60, the provisions of
+Chapter 61 and NFPA 30B shall apply.
+61.1.1.3* Chapter 61 shall not apply to the storage and display
+of containers whose contents are comprised entirely of LP-Gas
+products. [30B:1.1.2]
+61.1.1.4 Chapter 61 shall not apply to post-consumer process-
+ing of aerosol containers. [30B:1.1.32]
+61.1.1.5* Chapter 61 shall not apply to containers that do not
+meet the definition of Aerosol Container (see 3.3.2 of NFPA 30B).
+[30B:1.1.4]
+61.1.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+61.1.3* Classification of Aerosol Products.See Annex C of
+NFPA 30B. [30B:1.7]
+61.1.3.1 Aerosol products shall be classified by means of the
+calculation of their chemical or theoretical heats of combus-
+tion and shall be designated Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 in
+accordance with 61.1.3.2 through 61.1.3.4 and Table 61.1.3.1.
+[30B:1.7.1]
+61.1.3.1.1 In lieu of classification by means of the chemical
+heats of combustion, aerosol products shall be permitted to be
+classified by means of data obtained from properly conducted
+full-scale fire tests that utilize a 12-pallet test array. [30B:1.7.1.1]
+61.1.3.1.2 The fire tests shall be conducted at an approved
+testing laboratory. (See Annex C of NFPA 30B for information on
+the 12-pallet test array.) [30B:1.7.1.2]
+61.1.3.2 Level 1 Aerosol Products.Level 1 aerosol products
+are those with a total chemical heat of combustion that is less
+than or equal to 8600 Btu/lb (20 kJ/g). [30B:1.7.2]
+61.1.3.3 Level 2 Aerosol Products.Level 2 aerosol products
+are those with a total chemical heat of combustion that is
+greater than 8600 Btu/lb (20 kJ/g), but less than or equal to
+13,000 Btu/lb (30 kJ/g). [30B:1.7.3]
+61.1.3.4 Level 3 Aerosol Products.Level 3 aerosol products
+are those with a total chemical heat of combustion that is
+greater than 13,000 Btu/lb (30 kJ/g). [30B:1.7.4]
+61.1.4 Marking of Packages of Aerosol Products.
+61.1.4.1 Manufacturers of aerosol products shall ensure that
+all cartons or packages of aerosol products are identified on at
+least one side with the classification of the aerosol products
+contained therein, in accordance with 61.1.3. [30B:1.8.1]
+61.1.4.2 Cartons or packages shall be clearly marked as fol-
+lows: [30B:1.8.2]
+Level _____ Aerosols
+61.2 Basic Requirements.
+61.2.1 Site Requirements.Distances between buildings used
+for the manufacture or storage of aerosol products and adja-
+cent buildings or property lines that are or can be built upon
+shall be based on sound engineering principles. [30B:4.1]
+61.2.2 Building Construction.
+61.2.2.1 Openings in fire walls or fire barriers shall be kept to
+a minimum. [30B:4.2.1]
+61.2.2.1.1 All openings (i.e., personnel doorways, ductwork,
+conveyor line, etc.) shall be protected with automatic-closing
+or self-closing fire doors or dampers. [30B:4.2.1.1]
+61.2.2.1.2 Fire doors shall be installed in accordance with
+NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives .
+[30B:4.2.1.2]
+61.2.2.1.3 Fire dampers shall be installed in accordance with
+manufacturer’s instructions and NFPA 90A,Standard for the Instal-
+lation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems.[ 30B:4.2.1.3]
+61.2.2.2 Means of Egress.
+61.2.2.2.1 Means of egress shall comply with applicable pro-
+visions of NFPA101.[ 30B:4.2.2.1]
+61.2.2.2.2 The design and construction of conveyor lines and
+other physical obstacles, such as in the flammable propellant
+charging and pump rooms, shall not allow entrapment of per-
+sonnel and shall provide for direct access to exits. [30B:4.2.2.2]
+61.2.3 Electrical Installations.
+61.2.3.1 All electrical equipment and wiring, including heat-
+ing equipment, shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 70.
+[30B:4.3.1]
+61.2.3.1.1 Electrical equipment and wiring in areas where
+flammable liquids or flammable gases are handled shall meet
+the additional requirements of Articles 500 and 501 of
+NFPA 70. [30B:4.3.1.1]
+61.2.3.2 Aerosol product storage and display areas shall be
+considered unclassified for purposes of electrical installation.
+[30B:4.3.2]
+61.2.4 Heating Equipment. Heating equipment shall be in-
+stalled in accordance with the applicable requirements of the
+following:
+(1) NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment
+(2) NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code
+(3) NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code
+(4) NFPA 85,Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code[30B:4.4]
+Table 61.1.3.1 Aerosol Classification
+If the chemical heat of combustion is Aerosol
+Classification
+Level> ≤
+0 8,600 Btu/lb
+(20 kJ/g)
+1
+8,600 Btu/lb
+(20 kJ/g)
+13,000 Btu/lb
+(30 kJ/g)
+2
+13,000 Btu/lb
+(30 kJ/g)
+—3
+[30B: Table 1.7.1]
+1–280 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+61.2.5 Flammable Liquids and Gases.Areas in which flam-
+mable liquids and flammable gases are handled or stored shall
+meet the applicable requirements of the following:
+(1) Chapter 66 and NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liq-
+uids Code
+(2) Chapter 69 and NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code
+[30B:4.5]
+61.2.6 Fire Protection.
+61.2.6.1 Automatic Sprinkler Systems. Installations of auto-
+matic sprinklers, where required by thisCodeand NFPA 30B, shall
+be installed in accordance with Section 13.3 and NFPA 13,Stan-
+dard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, and the provisions of
+NFPA 30B. [30B:4.6.1]
+61.2.6.2 Standpipe and Hose System.Installations of stand-
+pipe and hose systems, where required by this Code and
+NFPA 30B, shall be designed and installed in accordance
+with Section 13.2 and NFPA 14 and with the provisions of
+NFPA 30B. Only combination or spray hose nozzles shall be
+used. [ 30B:4.6.2]
+61.2.6.3 Portable Fire Extinguishers.Fire extinguishers shall
+be provided in accordance with Section 13.6. [30B:4.6.3]
+61.2.6.4 Water Supplies.
+61.2.6.4.1 In addition to the water supply requirements for
+automatic sprinkler systems, a minimum requirement for hose
+stream supply for combined inside and outside hose streams
+shall be provided in accordance with one of the following:
+(1) 500 gpm (1900 L/min) for buildings protected with spray
+and/or large drop sprinkler protection
+(2) 250 gpm (950 L/min) for buildings protected with ESFR
+sprinkler protection
+(3) 1000 gpm (3800 L/min) for buildings without automatic
+sprinkler protection [30B:4.6.4.1]
+61.2.6.4.1.1 The water supply shall be sufficient to provide
+the required hose stream demand for a minimum duration of
+2 hours, unless otherwise specified in 61.3.3.2. [30B:4.6.4.1.1]
+61.2.6.4.1.2 The water supply system shall be designed and
+installed in accordance with Section 13.5 and NFPA 24, Stan-
+dard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Ap-
+purtenances.[ 30B:4.6.4.1.2]
+61.2.6.4.1.3 The water supply requirements shall be permit-
+ted as modified by the provisions of NFPA 30B. [30B:4.6.4.1.3]
+61.2.6.4.2 Installations of fire pumps and tanks that are needed
+to supply the required fire protection water shall be installed in
+accordance with Section 13.4 and NFPA 20,Standard for the Instal-
+lation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection, and NFPA 22,Standard
+for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection.[ 30B:4.6.4.2]
+61.2.7 Fire Alarms.Fire alarm systems shall be installed, tested,
+and maintained in accordance with applicable requirements of
+Section 13.7 andNFPA 72.[ 30B:4.7]
+61.2.8 Sources of Ignition.
+61.2.8.1 In areas where flammable gases or flammable vapors
+might be present, precautions shall be taken to prevent ignition
+by eliminating or controlling sources of ignition. [30B:4.8.1]
+61.2.8.2 Sources of ignition include, but are not limited to,
+the following:
+(1) Open flames
+(2) Lightning
+(3) Hot surfaces
+(4) Radiant heat
+(5) Smoking
+(6) Cutting and welding
+(7) Spontaneous ignition
+(8) Frictional heat or sparks
+(9) Static electricity
+(10) Electrical arcs and sparks
+(11) Stray currents
+(12) Ovens, furnaces, and other heating equipment
+(13) Automotive vehicles
+(14) Material-handling equipment [ 30B:4.8.2]
+61.3 Storage in Warehouses and Storage Areas.
+61.3.1 Basic Requirements.
+61.3.1.1 All outer packaging, including cartons, trays, shrouds,
+or other packaging, of aerosol products shall be identified on at
+least one side with the classification of the aerosol products in
+accordance with 61.1.4 and marked as follows: [30B:6.1.1]
+LEVEL _____ AEROSOLS
+61.3.1.2* Fire-retardant cartons shall not be considered an ac-
+ceptable alternative to the protection requirements of Chap-
+ter 6 of NFPA 30B. [30B:6.1.2]
+61.3.2* Storage of Level 1 Aerosol Products.
+61.3.2.1 Level 1 aerosol products shall be considered equiva-
+lent to Class III commodities, as defined in NFPA 13. [30B:6.2.1]
+61.3.2.2 In cases where the storage of Level 1 aerosol prod-
+ucts is required to be protected, such storage shall be pro-
+tected in accordance with the requirements for Class III com-
+modities set forth in NFPA 13. [30B:6.2.2]
+61.3.3 Storage of Level 2 and Level 3 Aerosol Products.
+61.3.3.1 The storage of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products
+shall be in accordance with 61.3.3. [30B:6.3.1]
+61.3.3.1.1 Level 2 aerosol products in containers whose net
+weight is less than 1 oz (28 g) shall be considered to be equiva-
+lent to cartoned unexpanded Group A plastics, as defined in
+NFPA 13. [30B:6.3.1.1]
+61.3.3.1.1.1 In cases where the storage of Level 2 aerosol prod-
+ucts in containers whose net weight is less than 1 oz (28 g) is
+required to be protected, such storage shall be in accordance
+with the requirements set forth in NFPA 13 for cartoned unex-
+panded Group A plastics. [30B:6.3.1.1.1]
+61.3.3.2 Fire Protection — Basic Requirements.
+61.3.3.2.1 Storage of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products
+shall not be permitted in basement areas of warehouses.
+[30B:6.3.2.1]
+61.3.3.2.1.1 Storage of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products
+shall be permitted as provided for in 6.3.3 of NFPA 30B.
+[30B:6.3.2.1.1]
+61.3.3.2.2* Encapsulated cartoned storage of Level 2 and Level 3
+aerosol products shall be protected as uncartoned. [30B:6.3.2.2]
+61.3.3.2.2.1 Stretch-wrapping of cartons of aerosol products
+shall be permitted. [30B:6.3.2.2.1]
+61.3.3.2.2.2 Encapsulated storage of uncartoned Level 2 and
+Level 3 aerosol products on slip sheets or in trays shall be
+permitted. [30B:6.3.2.2.2]
+1–281AEROSOL PRODUCTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+61.3.3.2.3 Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products whose con-
+tainers are designed to vent at gauge pressures of less than
+210 psi (1450 kPa) shall not be stored. [30B:6.3.2.3]
+61.3.3.2.4 Noncombustible draft curtains shall extend down a
+minimum of 2 ft (0.61 m) from the ceiling and shall be installed
+at the interface between ordinary and high-temperature sprin-
+klers. [30B:6.3.2.4]
+61.3.3.2.5 Storage of mixed commodities within or adjacent
+to aerosol product storage areas shall meet all applicable re-
+quirements of Chapter 6 of NFPA 30B. [30B:6.3.2.5]
+61.3.3.2.6 Storage of idle or empty pallets shall meet all ap-
+plicable requirements of NFPA 13. [30B:6.3.2.6]
+61.3.3.2.7 Where required by Chapter 6 of NFPA 30B, wet-pipe
+automatic sprinkler protection shall be provided in accordance
+with Table 6.3.2.7(a) through Table 6.3.2.7(l) of NFPA 30B and
+Figure 6.3.2.7(a) through Figure 6.3.2.7(e) of NFPA 30B and
+through as designated in the corresponding table or tables. Pro-
+tection shall be based on the highest level of aerosol product
+present. No protection criteria have been established for the pro-
+tection of palletized and solid piled storage of uncartoned Level
+3 aerosol products. The tables are as follows:
+(1) Table 6.3.2.7(a) of NFPA 30B Palletized and Solid Pile
+Storage of Cartoned Level 2 and Level 3 Aerosols (Met-
+ric Units)
+(2) Table 6.3.2.7(b) of NFPA 30B Palletized and Solid Pile
+Storage of Cartoned Level 2 and Level 3 Aerosols (En-
+glish Units)
+(3) Table 6.3.2.7(c) of NFPA 30B Palletized and Solid Pile
+Storage of Uncartoned Level 2 Aerosols (Metric Units)
+(4) Table 6.3.2.7(d) of NFPA 30B Palletized and Solid Pile
+Storage of Uncartoned Level 2 Aerosols (English Units)
+(5) Table 6.3.2.7(e) of NFPA 30B Rack Storage of Cartoned
+Level 2 Aerosols (Metric Units)
+(6) Table 6.3.2.7(f) of NFPA 30B Rack Storage of Cartoned
+Level 2 Aerosols (English Units)
+(7) Table 6.3.2.7(g) of NFPA 30B Rack Storage of Cartoned
+Level 3 Aerosols (Metric Units)
+(8) Table 6.3.2.7(h) of NFPA 30B Rack Storage of Cartoned
+Level 3 Aerosols (English Units)
+(9) Table 6.3.2.7(i) of NFPA 30B Rack Storage of Uncar-
+toned Level 2 Aerosols (Metric Units)
+(10) Table 6.3.2.7(j) of NFPA 30B Rack Storage of Uncar-
+toned Level 2 Aerosols (English Units)
+(11) Table 6.3.2.7(k) of NFPA 30B Rack Storage of Uncar-
+toned Level 3 Aerosols (Metric Units)
+(12) Table 6.3.2.7(l) of NFPA 30B Rack Storage of Uncar-
+toned Level 3 Aerosols (English Units) [30B:6.3.2.7]
+61.3.3.2.8 Protection criteria that are developed based on
+full-scale fire tests performed at an approved test facility shall
+be considered an acceptable alternative to the protection cri-
+teria set forth in Table 6.3.2.7(a) through Table 6.3.2.7(l) of
+NFPA 30B. Such alternative protection criteria shall be subject
+to the approval of the AHJ. [30B:6.3.2.8]
+61.3.3.2.9* Installation of in-rack sprinklers shall be in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Sys-
+tems, as modified by Table 6.3.2.7(e) through Table 6.3.2.7(l)
+of NFPA 30B. [30B:6.3.2.9]
+61.3.3.2.9.1 The in-rack sprinkler water demand shall be
+based on the simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically
+remote sprinklers as follows:
+(1) Sprinkler design parameters shall be in accordance with
+the protection tables.
+(2) In-rack design flows indicated in Table 6.3.2.7(e) through
+Table 6.3.2.7(l) of NFPA 30B shall be provided, but in no
+case shall the end-sprinkler discharge be less than 1 bar
+(15 psi).
+(3) Eight (8) sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprin-
+klers is provided.
+(4) Twelve (12) sprinklers [six (6) sprinklers on two levels]
+where only two levels of in-rack sprinklers are provided.
+(5) Eighteen (18) sprinklers [six (6) sprinklers on the top
+three levels] where more than 2 levels of in-rack sprin-
+klers are provided. [30B:6.3.2.9.1]
+61.3.3.2.10 Installations of hose connections shall meet the
+requirements of NFPA 13. [30B:6.3.2.10]
+61.3.3.2.10.1 Subject to the approval of the AHJ, hose sta-
+tions shall not be required to be installed in storage areas.
+[30B:6.3.2.10.1]
+61.3.3.2.11 Storage height and building heights shall comply
+with Table 6.3.2.7(a) through Table 6.3.2.7(l) of NFPA 30B.
+[30B:6.3.2.11]
+61.3.3.2.12 Solid shelving shall comply with 61.3.3.2.12.1
+through 61.3.3.2.12.3. [ 30B:6.3.2.12]
+61.3.3.2.12.1 Solid shelving that is installed in racks that con-
+tain Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products shall be protected in
+accordance with Table 6.3.2.7(e) through Table 6.3.2.7(l) of
+NFPA 30B, whichever is applicable. [30B:6.3.2.12.1]
+61.3.3.2.12.2 In addition to the in-rack sprinklers shown in Fig-
+ure 6.3.2.7(a) through Figure 6.3.2.7(e) of NFPA 30B, whichever
+is applicable, a face sprinkler shall be provided directly below the
+solid shelf or the elevation of the solid shelf if the face sprinkler is
+located in a transverse flue. [30B:6.3.2.12.2]
+61.3.3.2.12.3 The face sprinklers below the shelving required
+by 61.3.3.2.12.2 shall be not greater than 8 ft (2.4 m) apart as
+far as the solid shelving level extends. [30B:6.3.2.12.3]
+61.3.3.2.13 Where spray sprinklers are utilized for ceiling
+protection, sprinkler spacing shall not exceed 100 ft2 (9.3 m2)
+unless otherwise permitted by 61.3.3.2.14. [30B:6.3.2.13]
+61.3.3.2.14 Quick-response, ordinary, or intermediate tem-
+perature rated K = 25.2 extended-coverage sprinklers shall be
+permitted to be used for all density spray sprinkler design cri-
+teria in Table 6.3.2.7(a) through Table 6.3.2.7(l) of NFPA 30B
+when installed in accordance with their listing. [30B:6.3.2.14]
+61.3.3.2.15 The ceiling heights in Table 6.3.2.7(e) through
+Table 6.3.2.7(l) of NFPA 30B shall be permitted to be increased
+by a maximum of 10 percent if an equivalent percent increase in
+ceiling sprinkler design density is provided. This shall only apply
+to spray sprinkler protection criteria. [30B:6.3.2.15]
+61.3.3.2.16 Protection systems that are designed and developed
+based on full-scale fire tests performed at an approved test facility
+or on other engineered protection schemes shall be considered
+an acceptable alternative to the protection criteria set forth in
+Section 6.3 of NFPA 30B. Such alternative protection systems
+shall be approved by the AHJ. [30B:6.3.2.16]
+61.3.3.2.17 Rack storage shall be arranged so that a mini-
+mum aisle width of 8 ft (2.4 m) is maintained between rows of
+racks and between racks and adjacent solid pile or palletized
+storage. [30B:6.3.2.17]
+1–282 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+61.3.3.2.18 Where protection is provided by ESFR sprinklers,
+aisle width shall be not less than 4 ft (1.2 m). [30B:6.3.2.18]
+61.3.3.2.19 Solid pile and palletized storage shall be arranged
+so that no storage is more than 25 ft (7.6 m) from an aisle. Aisles
+shall be not less than 4 ft (1.2 m) wide. [30B:6.3.2.19]
+61.4 Mercantile Occupancies.
+61.4.1 Sales Display Areas — Aerosol Storage Not Exceeding
+8 ft (2.4 m) High.
+61.4.1.1 Level 1 aerosol products in sales display areas shall
+not be limited. [30B:7.1.1]
+61.4.1.2 Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products shall be re-
+moved from combustible cartons, or the cartons shall be
+display-cut, when located in sales display areas. [30B:7.1.2]
+61.4.1.2.1 Cartoned display of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol
+products shall be permitted, provided the area is protected in
+accordance with Table 6.3.2.7(a) through Table 6.3.2.7(l) of
+NFPA 30B. [30B:7.1.2.1]
+61.4.1.3 Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products in sales dis-
+play areas shall not exceed the maximum quantities given
+in 61.4.1.3.1 and 61.4.1.3.2 according to the protection pro-
+vided. [ 30B:7.1.3]
+61.4.1.3.1 In sales display areas that are unsprinklered or
+whose sprinkler system does not meet the requirements of
+61.4.1.3.2, the total aggregate quantity of Level 2 and Level 3
+aerosol products shall not exceed 2 lb/ft2 (9.8 kg/m2) of total
+sales display area, up to the quantities specified in Table
+61.4.1.3.1. [30B:7.1.3.1]
+61.4.1.3.1.1 No single 10 ft × 10 ft (3m×3m ) section of sales
+display area shall contain an aggregate quantity of more than
+1000 lb (454 kg) net weight of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol
+products. [30B:7.1.3.1.1]
+61.4.1.3.2 In sales display areas that are sprinklered in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13, for at least Ordinary Hazard (Group 2)
+occupancies, the total aggregate quantity of Level 2 and Level
+3 aerosol products shall not exceed 2 lb/ft 2 (9.8 kg/m2)o f
+total sales display area. [30B:7.1.3.2]
+61.4.1.3.2.1 No single 10 ft × 10 ft (3m×3m ) section of sales
+display area shall contain an aggregate quantity of more than
+1000 lb (454 kg) net weight of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol
+products. [30B:7.1.3.2.1]
+61.4.1.4 Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products shall be se-
+curely stacked to not more than 6 ft (1.8 m) high from base to
+top of the storage array unless on fixed shelving. [30B:7.1.4]
+61.4.1.4.1 Shelving shall be of stable construction and stor-
+age shall not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m) in height. [30B:7.1.4.1]
+61.4.2 Sales Display Areas — Aerosol Storage Exceeding 8 ft
+(2.4 m) High.
+61.4.2.1 Storage and display of Level 1 aerosol products in
+sales display areas shall not be limited. [30B:7.2.1]
+61.4.2.2 Uncartoned or display-cut (case-cut) Level 2 and
+Level 3 aerosol products that are stored for display no more
+than 6 ft (1.8 m) above the floor shall be permitted where
+protection is installed in accordance with 61.4.2.3, based on
+the highest level of aerosol product in the array and the pack-
+aging method of the storage above 6 ft (1.8 m). [30B:7.2.2]
+61.4.2.3 Protection.
+61.4.2.3.1 The storage and display of Level 2 and Level 3
+aerosol products shall be protected in accordance with Table
+6.3.2.7(a) through Table 6.3.2.7(l) of NFPA 30B, whichever is
+applicable. [30B:7.2.3.1]
+61.4.2.3.1.1 Where in-rack sprinklers are required by Table
+6.3.2.7(e) through Table 6.3.2.7(l) of NFPA 30B and where the
+Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products are stored for display
+below the 6 ft (1.8 m) level, the first tier of in-rack sprinklers
+shall be installed above the display, but no more than 6 ft
+(1.8 m) above the floor level. [30B:7.2.3.1.1]
+61.4.2.3.2 Noncombustible draft curtains shall extend down a
+minimum of 2 ft (0.61 m) from the ceiling and shall be installed
+at the interface between ordinary and high-temperature sprin-
+klers. [30B:7.2.3.2]
+61.4.2.4 Storage and display of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol
+products shall not exceed 10,000 lb (4540 kg) net weight within
+any 25,000 ft2 (2323 m2) of sales display area. [30B:7.2.4]
+61.4.2.4.1 Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol product display areas
+shall be separated from each other by a minimum of 25 ft
+(7.6 m). [30B:7.2.4.1]
+61.4.2.5 The area of the design for the required ceiling sprin-
+kler system shall extend 20 ft (6 m) beyond the Level 2 and
+Level 3 aerosol display and storage area. [30B:7.2.5]
+61.4.2.6 Storage and display of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol
+products shall be separated from the storage of flammable and
+combustible liquids by a minimum distance of 25 ft (7.6 m) or by
+a segregating wall or noncombustible barrier. [30B:7.2.6]
+61.4.2.6.1 Where Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products are
+stored within 25 ft (7.6 m) of flammable and combustible liq-
+uids, beneath the noncombustible barrier shall be liquidtight
+at the floor to prevent spilled liquids from flowing beneath the
+aerosol products. [30B:7.2.6.1]
+61.4.2.7 The sales display area shall meet the requirements
+for mercantile occupancies in NFPA101.[ 30B:7.2.7]
+61.4.3 Back Stock Storage Areas.
+61.4.3.1 Where back stock areas are separated from sales dis-
+play areas by construction having a minimum 1-hour fire resis-
+tance rating, storage of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products shall
+meet the requirements of Chapter 6 of NFPA 30B. [30B:7.3.1]
+61.4.3.2 Where back stock areas are not separated from sales
+display areas by construction having a minimum 1-hour fire resis-
+tance rating, the quantity of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products
+in back stock areas shall be included in the total allowable quan-
+tities specified in 61.4.1.3 or 61.4.2.4. [30B:7.3.2]
+Table 61.4.1.3.1 Maximum Quantity per Floor of Level 2
+and Level 3 Aerosol Products
+Floor
+Max. Net Weight per Floor
+lb kg
+Basement Not Permitted
+Ground 2500 1135
+Upper 500 227
+[30B: Table 7.1.3.1]
+1–283AEROSOL PRODUCTS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+61.4.3.2.1 Protection shall be provided in accordance with
+61.4.2.3. [30B:7.3.2.1]
+61.4.3.3 An additional quantity of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol
+products, up to a maximum of 500 lb (227 kg) net weight,
+shall be permitted in back stock areas, where the additional
+quantities are stored in flammable liquid storage cabinets that
+meet the requirements of Section 6.3 of NFPA 30. [30B:7.3.3]
+61.4.3.4 Storage of Level 2 and Level 3 aerosol products in
+separate, inside flammable liquids storage rooms shall meet
+the requirements of 6.3.7 of NFPA 30B. [30B:7.3.4]
+61.5 Operations and Maintenance.
+61.5.1 Means of Egress.Means of egress and exits shall be
+maintained in accordance with NFPA101.[ 30B:8.1]
+61.5.2 Powered Industrial Trucks.
+61.5.2.1 The use and selection of powered industrial trucks
+shall comply with Section 10.18. [30B:8.2.1]
+61.5.2.2 Only trained and authorized operators shall be al-
+lowed to operate powered industrial trucks. [30B:8.2.2]
+61.5.2.3 Operator training shall be equivalent to that speci-
+fied by ANSI/ASME B56.1, Safety Standard for Low-Lift and
+High-Lift Trucks.[ 30B:8.2.3]
+61.5.2.4 Loads.
+61.5.2.4.1 If the type of load handled presents a hazard of
+backward falls, the powered industrial truck shall be equipped
+with a vertical load backrest extension. [30B:8.2.4.1]
+61.5.2.4.2 For loads that are elevated above the mast of the
+truck, the backrest extension shall reach at least halfway into
+the uppermost pallet load. [30B:8.2.4.2]
+61.5.3 Control of Ignition Sources.
+61.5.3.1 Sources of Ignition.
+61.5.3.1.1 In areas where flammable gases or flammable vapors
+might be present, precautions shall be taken to prevent ignition
+by eliminating or controlling sources of ignition. Sources of igni-
+tion include, but are not limited to, the following:
+(1) Open flames
+(2) Lightning
+(3) Hot surfaces
+(4) Radiant heat
+(5) Smoking
+(6) Cutting and welding
+(7) Spontaneous ignition
+(8) Frictional heat or sparks
+(9) Static electricity
+(10) Electrical arcs and sparks
+(11) Stray currents
+(12) Ovens, furnaces, and other heating equipment
+(13) Automotive vehicles
+(14) Material-handling equipment [ 30B:8.3.1.1]
+61.5.3.2 Smoking shall be strictly prohibited, except in desig-
+nated smoking areas. [30B:8.3.2]
+61.5.3.3* Welding, cutting, and similar spark-producing opera-
+tions shall not be permitted in areas that contain aerosol prod-
+ucts, until a written permit authorizing the work has been issued.
+[30B:8.3.3]
+61.5.3.3.1 The permit shall be issued by a person in authority
+following an inspection of the area to assure that proper pre-
+cautions have been taken and will be followed until comple-
+tion of the work. [30B:8.3.3.1]
+61.5.4 Aisles. Storage in aisles shall be prohibited so as to per-
+mit access for fire fighting, salvage, and removal of stored
+commodities. [30B:8.4]
+61.5.5 Waste Disposal.
+61.5.5.1 Filled or partly filled aerosol containers shall be sepa-
+rated from all other rubbish and trash. [30B:8.5.1]
+61.5.5.1.1 Filled or partly filled aerosol containers shall be
+placed in noncombustible waste containers. [30B:8.5.1.1]
+61.5.5.2 Filled or partly filled aerosol containers shall not be
+disposed of in compactors, balers, or incinerators that crush
+the container or heat its contents. [30B:8.5.2]
+61.5.5.2.1 Equipment and facilities that are specifically de-
+signed for the disposal of aerosol containers shall be permitted to
+dispose of filled or partly filled aerosol containers. [30B:8.5.2.1]
+61.5.6 Inspection and Maintenance.
+61.5.6.1 A written and documented preventive maintenance
+program shall be developed for equipment, machinery, and
+processes that are critical to fire-safe operation of the facility.
+[30B:8.6.1]
+61.5.6.2 Critical detection systems and their components,
+emergency trips and interlocks, alarms, and safety shutdown
+systems shall be inspected on a regularly scheduled basis, and
+any deficiencies shall be immediately corrected. [30B:8.6.2]
+61.5.6.2.1 Items in this inspection schedule include, but are
+not limited to, the following:
+(1) Gas detection systems
+(2) Deflagration suppression systems
+(3) Deflagration vent systems
+(4) Ventilation and local exhaust systems
+(5) Propellant charging room door interlocks
+(6) Process safety devices
+(7) Fire alarm systems [ 30B:8.6.2.1]
+61.5.7* Static Electricity.All process equipment and piping in-
+volved in the transfer of flammable liquids or gases shall be con-
+nected to a static-dissipating earth ground system to prevent ac-
+cumulations of static charge. [30B:8.7]
+Chapter 62 Reserved
+Chapter 63 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids
+63.1 General Provisions.
+63.1.1 Application.
+63.1.1.1* The installation, storage, use, and handling of com-
+pressed gases and cryogenic fluids in portable and stationary con-
+tainers, cylinders, equipment, and tanks in all occupancies shall
+comply with the requirements of Chapter 63; NFPA 55,Standard
+for the Storage, Use, and Handling of Compressed Gases and Cryogenic
+Fluids in Portable and Stationary Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks; and
+Sections 60.1 and 60.2 of thisCode.
+1–284 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.1.1.2 Where the provisions of Chapter 63 or NFPA 55 con-
+flict with the provisions of Chapter 60, the provisions of Chap-
+ter 63 and NFPA 55 shall apply.
+63.1.1.3 Exemptions. NFPA 55 shall not apply to the following:
+(1)*Off-site transportation of materials covered by NFPA 55
+(2) Storage, use, and handling of radioactive gases in accor-
+dance with NFPA 801,Standard for Fire Protection for Facili-
+ties Handling Radioactive Materials
+(3) Storage, use, and handling of medical compressed gases
+at health care facilities in accordance with NFPA 99,Stan-
+dard for Health Care Facilities
+(4)*Except for Chapter 9 of NFPA 55, storage, use, and han-
+dling of bulk oxygen in medical gas systems at health
+care facilities
+(5) Systems consisting of cylinders of oxygen and cylinders of
+fuel gas used for welding and cutting in accordance with
+NFPA 51,Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen–
+Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes
+(6) Acetylene cylinders in acetylene cylinder charging plants
+in accordance with NFPA 51A,Standard for Acetylene Cylin-
+der Charging Plants
+(7) Ethylene oxide containers stored, handled, or used for ster-
+ilization and fumigation in accordance with NFPA 560,
+Standard for the Storage, Handling, and Use of Ethylene Oxide for
+Sterilization and Fumigation
+(8)*Flammable gases used as a vehicle fuel when stored on a
+vehicle
+(9)*Storage, use, and handling of liquefied and nonlique-
+fied compressed gases in laboratory work areas that are
+in accordance with NFPA 45,Standard on Fire Protection for
+Laboratories Using Chemicals
+(10) Storage, use, and handling of liquefied petroleum gases
+in accordance with NFPA 58,Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code
+(11) Storage, use, and handling of gases within closed-cycle re-
+frigeration systems complying with the mechanical code
+(12) Liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage at utility plants un-
+der NFPA 59A, Standard for the Production, Storage, and
+Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
+(13) LNG handled as a vehicle fuel under NFPA 52, Vehicular
+Fuel Systems Code
+(14) Compressed natural gas (CNG) handled as a vehicle fuel
+under NFPA 52 [55:1.1.2]
+63.1.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+63.1.2.1 The permit applicant shall apply for approval to close
+storage, use, or handling facilities at least 30 days prior to the
+termination of the storage, use, or handling of compressed or
+liquefied gases.
+63.1.2.2 Such application shall include any change or alter-
+ation of the facility closure plan filed pursuant to 60.1.5.3.3.1.
+63.1.2.3 This 30-day period shall be permitted to be waived by
+the AHJ if special circumstances require such waiver.
+Exception No. 1: Routine maintenance.
+Exception No. 2: For repair work performed on an emergency basis,
+application for permit shall be made within two working days of com-
+mencement of work.
+63.1.3 Hazardous Materials Classification.
+63.1.3.1 Pure Gases.Hazardous materials shall be classified
+according to hazard categories as follows:
+(1) Physical hazards, which shall include the following:
+(a) Flammable gas
+(b) Nonflammable gas
+(c) Oxidizing gas
+(d) Pyrophoric gas
+(e) Unstable reactive (detonable) gas, Class 3 or Class 4
+(f) Unstable reactive (nondetonable) gas, Class 2 or
+Class 3
+(2) Health hazards, which shall include the following:
+(a) Corrosive gas
+(b) Cryogenic fluids
+(c) Highly toxic gas
+(d) Toxic gas
+(e) Irritant gas [ 55:5.1.1]
+63.1.3.2 Other Hazards.Although it is possible that there are
+other known hazards, the classification of such gases is not
+within the scope of NFPA 55 and they shall be handled, stored,
+or used as an other gas.[ 55:5.1.2]
+63.1.3.3 Mixtures. Mixtures shall be classified in accordance
+with the hazards of the mixture as a whole. [55:5.1.3]
+63.1.3.4 Responsibility for Classification.Classification shall
+be performed by an approved organization, individual, or test-
+ing laboratory. [55:5.1.4]
+63.1.3.4.1 Toxicity.The toxicity of gas mixtures shall be clas-
+sified in accordance with CGA P-20, Standard for the Classifica-
+tion of Toxic Gas Mixtures, or by testing in accordance with the
+requirements of 29 CFR 1910.1000 or DOT 49 CFR 173 or ISO
+10298, Determination of toxicity of a gas or gas mixture.[ 55:5.1.4.1]
+63.1.3.4.2 Flammability of Gas Mixtures.For gas mixtures other
+than those containing ammonia and nonflammable gases, flam-
+mability of gas mixtures shall be classified in accordance with
+CGA P-23, Standard for Categorizing Gas Mixtures Containing
+Flammable and Nonflammable Components, or by physical testing
+in accordance with the requirements of ASTM E 681-01, Stan-
+dard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemi-
+cals (Vapors and Gases), or ISO 10156, Gases and gas mixtures —
+Determination of fire potential and oxidizing ability for the selection of
+cylinder valve outlets.[ 55:5.1.4.2]
+63.2 Building-Related Controls.
+63.2.1 General.
+63.2.1.1 Occupancy.Occupancies containing compressed gases
+and cryogenic fluids shall comply with Section 63.2 in addition to
+other applicable requirements of NFPA 55. The occupancy of a
+building or structure, or portion of a building or structure, shall
+be classified in accordance with the building code. [55:6.1.1]
+63.2.1.1.1 Quantities Less than or Equal to the MAQ.Building-
+related controls in areas with compressed gases or cryogenic
+fluids stored or used within an indoor control area in quanti-
+ties less than or equal to those shown in Table 63.2.3.1 shall be
+in accordance with 63.2.3.1.3, 63.2.3.1.4, 63.2.8, 63.2.12,
+63.2.15, and 63.2.16. [55:6.1.1.1]
+63.2.1.1.2 Quantities Greater than the MAQ.Building-related
+controls in areas with compressed gases or cryogenic fluids stored
+or used within an indoor control area in quantities greater than
+those shown in Table 63.2.3.1 shall be in accordance with the
+requirements of Chapter 6 of NFPA 55. [55:6.1.1.2]
+63.2.2 Control Areas.
+63.2.2.1 Construction Requirements.Control areas shall be
+separated from each other by not less than a 1-hour fire-resistive
+1–285COMPRESSED GASES AND CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+occupancy separation as required by the building code.
+[55:6.2.1]
+63.2.2.2 Number. The number of control areas in buildings
+or portions of buildings shall not exceed that allowed by the
+building code. [55:6.2.2]
+63.2.3 Occupancy Protection Levels.
+63.2.3.1 Quantity Thresholds for Compressed Gases and
+Cryogenic Fluids Requiring Special Provisions. Where the
+quantities of compressed gases or cryogenic fluids stored or
+used within an indoor control area exceed those shown in
+Table 63.2.3.1, the area shall meet the requirements for Pro-
+tection Level 1 through 5 in accordance with the building
+code, based on the requirements of 63.2.3.2. The aggregate
+quantity in use and storage shall not exceed the quantity listed
+for storage. [55:6.3.1]
+63.2.3.1.1 Incompatible Materials.When the classification of
+materials in individual containers requires the area to be
+placed in more than one protection level, the separation of
+protection levels shall not be required providing the area is
+constructed to meet the requirements of the most restrictive
+protection level and that the incompatible materials are sepa-
+rated as required by 63.3.1.6.2. [55:6.3.1.1]
+63.2.3.1.2 Multiple Hazards.Where a compressed gas or cryo-
+genic fluid has multiple hazards, all hazards shall be addressed
+and controlled in accordance with the provisions for the pro-
+tection level for which the threshold quantity is exceeded.
+[55:6.3.1.2]
+63.2.3.1.3 Flammable and Oxidizing Gases.
+63.2.3.1.3.1 Flammable and oxidizing gases shall not be
+stored or used in other than industrial and storage occupan-
+cies. [55:6.3.1.3.1]
+63.2.3.1.3.2 Containers, cylinders, or tanks not exceeding
+250 ft 3 (7.1 m 3) content at normal temperature and pres-
+sure (NTP) and used for maintenance purposes, patient care, or
+operation of equipment shall be permitted. [55:6.3.1.3.2]
+63.2.3.1.4 Toxic and Highly Toxic Compressed Gases.Except
+for containers or cylinders not exceeding 20 ft3 (0.6 m3) con-
+tent at NTP stored or used within gas cabinets or exhausted
+enclosures of educational occupancies, toxic or highly toxic
+compressed gases shall not be stored or used in other than
+industrial and storage occupancies. [55:6.3.1.4]
+63.2.3.2 Classification of Protection Levels.The protection
+level required shall be based on the hazard class of the mate-
+rial involved as indicated in 63.2.3.2.1 through 63.2.3.2.5.
+[55:6.3.2]
+63.2.3.2.1 Protection Level 1.Occupancies used for the stor-
+age or use of unstable reactive Class 4 and unstable reactive
+Class 3 detonable compressed gases in quantities that exceed
+the quantity thresholds for gases requiring special provisions
+shall be classified Protection Level 1. [55:6.3.2.1]
+63.2.3.2.2 Protection Level 2.Occupancies used for the stor-
+age or use of flammable, pyrophoric, and nondetonable, un-
+stable reactive Class 3 compressed gases or cryogenic fluids in
+quantities that exceed the quantity thresholds for gases requir-
+ing special provisions shall be classified as Protection Level 2.
+[55:6.3.2.2]
+63.2.3.2.3 Protection Level 3.Occupancies used for the stor-
+age or use of oxidizing, and unstable reactive Class 2 com-
+pressed gases or cryogenic fluids in quantities that exceed the
+quantity thresholds for gases requiring special provisions shall
+be classified as Protection Level 3. [55:6.3.2.3]
+63.2.3.2.4 Protection Level 4.Occupancies used for the stor-
+age or use of toxic, highly toxic, and corrosive compressed
+gases in quantities that exceed the quantity thresholds for
+gases requiring special provisions shall be classified as Protec-
+tion Level 4. [55:6.3.2.4]
+63.2.3.2.5 Protection Level 5.Buildings and portions thereof
+used for fabrication of semiconductors or semiconductor re-
+search and development and containing quantities of hazard-
+ous materials exceeding the maximum allowable quantities of
+high hazard level 5 contents permitted in control areas shall
+be classified as Protection Level 5. [55:6.3.2.5]
+63.2.4 Gas Rooms.Gas rooms shall meet the requirements of
+63.2.4.1 through 63.2.4.5. [55:6.4]
+63.2.4.1 Pressure Control.Gas rooms shall operate at a nega-
+tive pressure in relationship to the surrounding area. [55:6.4.1]
+63.2.4.2 Exhaust Ventilation. Gas rooms shall be provided
+with an exhaust ventilation system. [55:6.4.2]
+63.2.4.3 Construction. Gas rooms shall be constructed in ac-
+cordance with the building code. [55:6.4.3]
+63.2.4.4 Separation. Gas rooms shall be separated from other
+occupancies by a minimum of 1-hour fire resistance. [55:6.4.4]
+63.2.4.5 Limitation on Contents.The function of compressed
+gas rooms shall be limited to storage and use of compressed
+gases and associated equipment and supplies. [55:6.4.5]
+63.2.5 Detached Buildings.Occupancies used for the storage
+or use of compressed gases in quantities exceeding those
+specified in Table 63.2.5 shall be in detached buildings con-
+structed in accordance with the provisions of the building
+code. [55:6.5]
+63.2.5.1 For such storage or use areas to be regulated as out-
+door storage or use, compliance with 63.2.5.3 and 63.2.5.4
+shall be required. [55:6.5.1]
+63.2.5.2 Classification of Weather Protection as an Indoor
+Versus Outdoor Area.For other than explosive materials and
+hazardous materials presenting a detonation hazard, a weather
+protection structure shall be permitted to be used for sheltering
+outdoor storage or use areas, without requiring such areas to be
+classified as indoor storage. For such storage or use areas to be
+regulated as outdoor storage or use, compliance with conditions
+in 63.2.5.3 and 63.2.5.4 shall be required. Where storage or use
+areas are provided with weather protection that does not comply
+with these conditions, the storage or use area shall be regulated
+as an indoor storage or use area. [55:6.5.2]
+63.2.5.3 Supports and walls shall not obstruct more than one
+side or more than 25 percent of the perimeter of the storage
+or use area. [55:6.5.3]
+63.2.5.4 The distance from the structure and the structural
+supports to buildings, lot lines, public ways or means of
+egress to a public way shall not be less than the distance
+required for an outside hazardous material storage or use
+area without weather protection. Where the weather pro-
+tection structure is constructed of noncombustible materi-
+als, reductions in the separation distance shall be permitted
+based on the use of fire barrier walls when permitted for
+specific materials in accordance with the requirements of
+Chapters 7 through 11 of NFPA 55. [ 55:6.5.4]
+1–286 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 63.2.3.1 Maximum Allowable Quantity of Gases per Control Area (Quantity Thresholds for Gases Requiring Special
+Provisions)
+Unsprinklered Areas Sprinklered Areas
+Material
+No Gas Cabinet,
+Gas Room, or
+Exhausted
+Enclosure
+Gas Cabinet,
+Gas Room, or
+Exhausted
+Enclosure
+No Gas Cabinet,
+Gas Room, or
+Exhausted Enclosure
+Gas Cabinet,
+Gas Room, or
+Exhausted
+Enclosure
+Corrosive Gas
+Liquefied 150 lb (68 kg) 300 lb (136 kg) 300 lb (136 kg) 600 lb (272 kg)
+Nonliquefied 810 ft 3 (23 m3) 1620 ft 3 (46 m3) 1620 ft 3 (46 m3) 3240 ft 3 (92 m3)
+Cryogenic Fluid
+Flammable 0 gal (0 L) 45 gal (170 L) 45 gal (170 L) 45 gal (170 L)*
+Oxidizing 45 gal (170 L) 90 gal (340 L) 90 gal (340 L) 180 gal (681 L)
+Flammable Gas
+Liquefied 30 gal (114 L) 60 gal (227 L) 60 gal (227 L) 120 gal (454 L)
+Nonliquefied 1000 ft 3 (28 m3) 2000 ft 3 (56 m3) 2000 ft 3 (57 m3) 4000 ft 3 (113 m3)
+Highly Toxic Gas
+Liquefied 0 lb (0 kg) 5 lb (2.3 kg) 0 lb (0 kg) 10 lb (4.5 kg)
+Nonliquefied 0 ft 3 (0 m3)2 0 f t 3 (0.6 m3)0 f t 3 (0 m3)4 0 f t 3 (1.1 m3)
+Nonflammable Gas
+Liquefied No limit No limit No limit No limit
+Nonliquefied No limit No limit No limit No limit
+Oxidizing Gas
+Liquefied 15 gal (57 L) 30 gal (114 L) 30 gal (114 L) 60 gal (227 L)
+Nonliquefied 1500 ft 3 (43 m3) 3000 ft 3 (85 m3) 3000 ft 3 (85 m3) 6000 ft 3 (170 m3)
+Pyrophoric Gas
+Liquefied 0 lb (0 kg) 0 lb (0 kg) 4 lb (1.8 kg) 8 lb (3.6 kg)
+Nonliquefied 0 ft 3 (0 m3)0 f t 3 (0 m3)5 0 f t 3 (1.4 m3) 100 ft 3 (2.8 m3)
+Toxic Gas
+Liquefied 150 lb (68 kg) 300 lb (136 kg) 300 lb (136 kg) 600 lb (272 kg)
+Nonliquefied 810 ft 3 (23 m3) 1620 ft 3 (46 m3) 1620 ft 3 (46 m3) 3240 ft 3 (92 m3)
+Unstable Reactive (Detonable) Gas,
+Class 3 or Class 4
+Liquefied 0 lb (0 kg) 0 lb (0 kg) 1 lb (0.5 kg) 2 lb (1 kg)
+Nonliquefied 0 ft 3 (0 m3)0 f t 3 (0 m3)1 0 f t 3 (0.3 m3)2 0 f t 3 (0.6 m3)
+Unstable Reactive (Nondetonable) Gas,
+Class 3
+Liquefied 2 lb (1 kg) 4 lb (2 kg) 4 lb (2 kg) 8 lb (4 kg)
+Nonliquefied 50 ft 3 (1.4 m3) 100 ft 3 (3 m3) 100 ft 3 (3 m3) 200 ft 3 (6 m3)
+Unstable Reactive Gas, Class 2
+Liquefied 30 gal (114 L) 60 gal (227 L) 60 gal (227 L) 120 gal (454 L)
+Nonliquefied 750 ft 3 (21 m3) 1500 ft 3 (43 m3) 1500 ft 3 (43 m3) 3000 ft 3 (85 m3)
+Unstable Reactive Gas, Class 1
+Liquefied No limit No limit No limit No limit
+Nonliquefied No limit No limit No limit No limit
+Note: The maximum quantity indicated is the aggregate quantity of materials in storage and use combined.
+*A gas cabinet or exhausted enclosure is required. Pressure-relief devices or stationary or portable containers
+shall be vented directly outdoors or to an exhaust hood. (See 8.2.6 of NFPA 55.)
+[55: Table 6.3.1]
+1–287COMPRESSED GASES AND CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.2.6 Electrical Equipment.Electrical wiring and equipment
+shall be in accordance with this subsection, Section 11.1, and
+NFPA 70, notably Article 505. [55:6.6]
+63.2.6.1 Standby Power.
+63.2.6.1.1 Where the following systems are required by
+NFPA 55 due to the storage or use of compressed gases or
+cryogenic fluids that exceed the quantity thresholds for gases
+requiring special provisions, such systems shall be connected
+to a standby power system in accordance with NFPA 70:
+(1) Mechanical ventilation
+(2) Treatment systems
+(3) Temperature controls
+(4) Alarms
+(5) Detection systems
+(6) Other electrically operated systems [ 55:6.6.1.1]
+63.2.6.1.2 The requirements of 63.2.6.1.1 shall not apply
+where emergency power is provided in accordance with
+NFPA 70. [55:6.6.1.2]
+63.2.6.2 Emergency Power.When emergency power is required,
+the system shall meet the requirements for a Protection Level 2
+system in accordance with NFPA 110,Standard for Emergency and
+Standby Power Systems.[ 55:6.6.2]
+63.2.7 Emergency Alarm.A manual emergency alarm system
+shall be provided in buildings, rooms, or areas used for the stor-
+age or use of compressed gases or cryogenic fluids in amounts
+that exceed quantity thresholds requiring special provisions.
+[55:6.7]
+63.2.7.1 Activation of an emergency alarm-initiating device
+shall sound a local alarm to alert occupants in the immediate
+area of an emergency situation involving a compressed gas or
+cryogenic fluid. [55:6.7.1]
+63.2.8* Employee Alarm System.When required by govern-
+ment regulations, an employee alarm system shall be provided
+to allow warning for necessary emergency action as called for
+in the emergency action plan required by 4.2.1.1 of NFPA 55,
+or for reaction time for safe egress of employees from the
+workplace or the immediate work area, or both. [55:6.8]
+63.2.9* Explosion Control. Explosion control shall be pro-
+vided as required by Table 63.2.9 in accordance with NFPA 69,
+Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, where amounts of com-
+pressed gases in storage or use exceed the quantity thresholds
+requiring special provisions. [55:6.9]
+63.2.10* Fire Protection Systems. Except as provided in
+63.2.10.1, buildings or portions thereof required to comply
+with Protection Levels 1 through 5 shall be protected by an
+approved automatic fire sprinkler system complying with Sec-
+tion 13.3 and NFPA 13. [55:6.10]
+63.2.10.1 Rooms or areas that are of noncombustible con-
+struction with wholly noncombustible contents shall not be
+required to be protected by an automatic fire sprinkler system.
+[55:6.10.1]
+63.2.10.2 Sprinkler System Design.
+63.2.10.2.1 When sprinkler protection is provided, the area
+in which compressed gases or cryogenic fluids are stored or
+used shall be protected with a sprinkler system designed to be
+not less than that required by NFPA 13 for Ordinary Hazard
+Group 2 with a minimum design area of 3000 ft 2 (278.7 m2).
+[55:6.10.2.1]
+63.2.10.2.2 When sprinkler protection is provided, the area
+in which the flammable or pyrophoric compressed gases or
+cryogenic fluids are stored or used shall be protected with a
+sprinkler system designed to be not less than that required by
+NFPA 13 for Extra Hazard Group 1 with a minimum design
+area of 2500 ft2 (232.25 m2). [55:6.10.2.2]
+63.2.11 Lighting. Approved lighting by natural or artificial
+means shall be provided. [55:6.11]
+63.2.12 Hazard Identification Signs.
+63.2.12.1 Location. Hazard identification signs shall be placed
+at all entrances to locations where compressed gases are pro-
+duced, stored, used, or handled in accordance with NFPA 704,
+Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for
+Emergency Response.[ 55:6.12.1]
+Table 63.2.5 Detached Buildings (Detached Building
+Required Where Quantity of Material Exceeds Amount
+Shown)
+Gas Hazard Class
+Quantity of Material
+ft3 m3
+Unstable reactive
+(detonable)
+4 or 3 Quantity thresholds for gases
+requiring special provisions*
+Unstable reactive
+(nondetonable)
+3 2,000 57
+Unstable reactive
+(nondetonable)
+2 10,000 283
+Pyrophoric gas NA 2,000 57
+NA: Not applicable.
+*See Table 63.2.3.1.
+[55: Table 6.5]
+Table 63.2.9 Explosion Control Requirements
+Explosion Control
+Methods
+Material Class
+Barricade
+Construction
+Explosion
+Venting or
+Prevention
+Systems
+Cryogenic
+flammable
+— Not
+required
+Required
+Flammable gas Nonliquefied Not
+required
+Required
+Liquefied Not
+required
+Required
+Pyrophoric gas — Not
+required
+Required
+Unstable
+reactive gas
+4 Required Not
+required
+3 (detonable) Required Not
+required
+3
+(nondetonable)
+Not
+required
+Required
+[55: Table 6.9]
+1–288 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.2.12.1.1 Ratings shall be assigned in accordance with
+NFPA 704. [55:6.12.1.1]
+63.2.12.1.2 The AHJ shall be permitted to waive this require-
+ment where consistent with safety. [55:6.12.1.2]
+63.2.12.2 Application. Signage shall be provided as specified
+in 63.2.12.2.1 and 63.2.12.2.2. [55:6.12.2]
+63.2.12.2.1 Signs. Signs shall not be obscured or removed.
+[55:6.12.2.1]
+63.2.12.2.2 No Smoking.Signs prohibiting smoking or open
+flames within 25 ft (6.1 m) of area perimeters shall be pro-
+vided in areas where toxic, highly toxic, corrosive, unstable
+reactive, flammable, oxidizing, or pyrophoric gases are pro-
+duced, stored, or used. [55:6.12.2.2]
+63.2.13 Spill Control, Drainage, and Secondary Containment.
+Spill control, drainage, and secondary containment shall not
+be required for compressed gases. [55:6.13]
+63.2.14 Shelving.
+63.2.14.1 Shelves used for the storage of cylinders, containers,
+and tanks shall be of noncombustible construction and designed
+to support the weight of the materials stored. [55:6.14.1]
+63.2.14.2 In seismically active areas, shelves and containers
+shall be secured from overturning. [55:6.14.2]
+63.2.15 Vent Pipe Termination.The termination point for
+piped vent systems serving cylinders, containers, tanks, and
+gas systems used for the purpose of operational or emergency
+venting shall be located to prevent impingement exposure on
+the system served and to minimize the effects of high tempera-
+ture thermal radiation or the effects of contact with the gas
+from the escaping plume to the supply system, personnel, ad-
+jacent structures, and ignition sources. [55:6.15]
+63.2.16 Ventilation.Indoor storage and use areas and storage
+buildings for compressed gases and cryogenic fluids shall be
+provided with mechanical exhaust ventilation or natural ven-
+tilation, where natural ventilation can be shown to be accept-
+able for the material as stored. [55:6.16]
+63.2.16.1 Mechanical Ventilation.Where mechanical ventila-
+tion is provided, the system shall be operational during the
+time the building or space is occupied. [55:6.16.1]
+63.2.16.2 Compressed Air.The requirements of 63.2.16 and
+63.2.16.1 shall not apply to cylinders, containers, and tanks
+containing compressed air. [55:6.16.2]
+63.2.16.3 Mechanical Ventilation Rate.Mechanical ventilation
+shall be at a rate of not less than 1 ft3/min/ft2 (0.3048 m3/min/
+m2) of floor area over the area of storage or use. [55:6.16.3]
+63.2.16.4 Continuous Operation.Systems shall operate con-
+tinuously unless an alternate design is approved by the AHJ.
+[55:6.16.4]
+63.2.16.5 Shutoff Controls. Where powered ventilation is
+provided, a manual shutoff switch shall be provided outside of
+the room in a position adjacent to the principal access door to
+the room or in an approved location. [55:6.16.5]
+63.2.16.6 Manual Shutoff Switch. The switch shall be the
+break-glass or equivalent type and shall be labeled as follows:
+[55:6.16.6]
+WARNING:
+VENTILATION SYSTEM EMERGENCY SHUTOFF
+63.2.16.7 Inlets to the Exhaust System.
+63.2.16.7.1 The exhaust ventilation system design shall take
+into account the density of the potential gases released.
+[55:6.16.7.1]
+63.2.16.7.2 For gases that are heavier than air, exhaust shall
+be taken from a point within 12 in. (304.8 mm) of the floor.
+[55:6.16.7.2]
+63.2.16.7.3 For gases that are lighter than air, exhaust shall
+be taken from a point within 12 in. (304.8 mm) of the ceiling.
+[55:6.16.7.3]
+63.2.16.8 Floor Level Exhaust.The location of both the ex-
+haust and inlet air openings shall be designed to provide air
+movement across all portions of the floor or room to prevent
+the accumulation of vapors. [55:6.16.8]
+63.2.16.9 Recirculation of Exhaust.Exhaust ventilation shall
+not be recirculated within the room or building if the cylin-
+ders, containers, or tanks stored are capable of releasing haz-
+ardous gases. [55:6.16.9]
+63.2.16.10 Ventilation Discharge.Ventilation systems shall dis-
+charge a minimum of 50 ft (15 m) from intakes of air-handling
+systems, air-conditioning equipment, and air compressors.
+[55:6.16.10]
+63.2.16.11 Air Intakes.Storage and use of compressed gases
+shall be located not less than 50 ft (15 m) from air intakes. For
+material-specific requirements see 63.3.4 through 63.3.10.
+[55:6.16.11]
+63.2.17 Gas Cabinets.Where a gas cabinet is required, is used
+to provide separation of gas hazards, or is used to increase the
+threshold quantity for a gas requiring special provisions, the
+gas cabinet shall be in accordance with the requirements of
+63.2.17.1 through 63.2.17.5. [55:6.17]
+63.2.17.1 Construction.
+63.2.17.1.1 Materials of Construction.The gas cabinet shall
+be constructed of not less than 0.097 in. (2.46 mm) (12 gauge)
+steel. [55:6.17.1.1]
+63.2.17.1.2 Access to Controls.The gas cabinet shall be pro-
+vided with self-closing limited access ports or noncombustible
+windows to give access to equipment controls. [55:6.17.1.2]
+63.2.17.1.3 Self-Closing Doors.The gas cabinet shall be pro-
+vided with self-closing doors. [55:6.17.1.3]
+63.2.17.2 Ventilation Requirements.
+63.2.17.2.1 The gas cabinet shall be provided with an exhaust
+ventilation system designed to operate at a negative pressure
+relative to the surrounding area. [55:6.17.2.1]
+63.2.17.2.2 Where toxic; highly toxic; pyrophoric; unstable,
+reactive Class 3 or Class 4; or corrosive gases are contained, the
+velocity at the face of access ports or windows, with the access
+port or window open, shall not be less than 200 ft/min (61 m/
+min) average, with not less than 150 ft/min (46 m/min) at any
+single point. [55:6.17.2.2]
+63.2.17.3 Fire Protection.Gas cabinets used to contain toxic,
+highly toxic, or pyrophoric gases shall be internally sprin-
+klered. [55:6.17.3]
+1–289COMPRESSED GASES AND CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.2.17.4 Quantity Limits. Gas cabinets shall contain not
+more than three containers, cylinders, or tanks. [55:6.17.4]
+63.2.17.5 Separation of Incompatibles. Incompatible gases,
+as defined by Table 63.3.1.6.2, shall be stored or used within
+separate gas cabinets. [55:6.17.5]
+63.2.18 Exhausted Enclosures.
+63.2.18.1 Ventilation Requirements.Where an exhausted en-
+closure is required or used to increase the threshold quantity
+for a gas requiring special provisions, the exhausted enclosure
+shall be provided with an exhaust ventilation system designed
+to operate at a negative pressure in relationship to the sur-
+rounding area. [55:6.18.1]
+63.2.18.1.1 Control Velocity at Access Openings.Where toxic;
+highly toxic; pyrophoric; unstable, reactive Class 3 or Class 4;
+or corrosive gases are contained, the velocity at the face open-
+ings providing access shall be not less than 200 ft/min (61 m/
+min) average, with not less than 150 ft/min (46 m/min) at any
+single point. [55:6.18.1.1]
+63.2.18.1.2 Separation of Incompatible Gases Within Enclo-
+sures. Cylinders, containers, and tanks within enclosures shall be
+separated in accordance with Table 63.3.1.6.2. [55:6.18.1.2]
+63.2.18.1.3 Fire Protection.Exhausted enclosures shall be in-
+ternally sprinklered. [55:6.18.1.3]
+63.2.18.2 Separation. Incompatible gases, as defined by Table
+63.3.1.6.2, shall be stored or used within separate exhausted
+enclosures. [55:6.18.2]
+63.3 Compressed Gases.
+63.3.1 General. The storage, use, and handling of compressed
+gases in containers, cylinders, and tanks shall be in accordance
+with the provisions of Chapter 1 through Chapter 7 of NFPA 55.
+[55:7.1]
+63.3.1.1* Listed and Approved Hydrogen Equipment.
+63.3.1.1.1 Listed and approved hydrogen generating and
+consuming equipment shall be in accordance with the listing
+requirements and manufacturers’ instructions. [55:7.1.1.1]
+63.3.1.1.2 Such equipment shall not be required to meet the
+requirements of Chapter 7 of NFPA 55. [55:7.1.1.2]
+63.3.1.2 Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks.
+63.3.1.2.1 Design and Construction.Containers, cylinders, and
+tanks shall be designed, fabricated, tested, and marked
+(stamped) in accordance with regulations of DOT, Transport
+Canada (TC)Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations,o rt h e
+ASMEBoiler and Pressure Vessel Code, “Rules for the Construction of
+Unfired Pressure Vessels,” Section VIII. [55:7.1.2.1]
+63.3.1.2.2 Defective Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks.
+63.3.1.2.2.1 Defective containers, cylinders, and tanks shall
+be returned to the supplier. [55:7.1.2.2.1]
+63.3.1.2.2.2 Suppliers shall either repair the containers, cyl-
+inders, and tanks, remove them from service, or dispose of
+them in an approved manner. [55:7.1.2.2.2]
+63.3.1.2.3 Supports. Stationary cylinders, containers, and tanks
+shall be provided with engineered supports of noncombustible
+material on noncombustible foundations. [55:7.1.2.3]
+63.3.1.2.4 Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks Containing Re-
+sidual Gas. Compressed gas containers, cylinders, and tanks
+containing residual product shall be treated as full except
+when being examined, serviced, or refilled by a gas manufac-
+turer or distributor. [55:7.1.2.4]
+63.3.1.2.5 Pressure-Relief Devices.
+63.3.1.2.5.1 When required by 63.3.1.2.5.2, pressure-relief
+devices shall be provided to protect containers and systems
+containing compressed gases from rupture in the event of
+overpressure from thermal exposure. [55:7.1.2.5.1]
+63.3.1.2.5.2 Pressure-relief devices to protect containers shall
+be designed and provided in accordance with CGA S-1.1, Pres-
+sure Relief Device Standards – Part 1– Cylinders for Compressed
+Gases, for cylinders; CGA S-1.2, Pressure Relief Device Standards –
+Part 2 – Cargo and Portable Tanks for Compressed Gases, for por-
+table tanks; and CGA S-1.3,Pressure Relief Device Standards – Part
+3 – Stationary Storage Containers for Compressed Gases, for station-
+ary tanks or applicable equivalent requirements in the country
+of use. [55:7.1.2.5.2]
+63.3.1.2.5.3 Pressure-relief devices shall be sized in accor-
+dance with the specifications to which the container was fabri-
+cated. [55:7.1.2.5.3]
+63.3.1.2.5.4 The pressure-relief device shall have the capacity
+to prevent the maximum design pressure of the container or
+system from being exceeded. [55:7.1.2.5.4]
+63.3.1.2.5.5 Pressure-relief devices shall be arranged to dis-
+charge upward and unobstructed to the open air in such a
+manner as to prevent any impingement of escaping gas upon
+the container, adjacent structures, or personnel. This require-
+ment shall not apply to DOT specification containers having
+an internal volume of 2.0 ft3 (0.057 m3) or less. [55:7.1.2.5.5]
+63.3.1.2.5.6 Pressure-relief devices or vent piping shall be de-
+signed or located so that moisture cannot collect and freeze in
+a manner that would interfere with operation of the device.
+[55:7.1.2.5.6]
+63.3.1.3 Labeling Requirements.
+63.3.1.3.1 Containers. Individual compressed gas containers,
+cylinders, and tanks shall be marked or labeled in accordance
+with DOT requirements or those of the applicable regulatory
+agency. [55:7.1.3.1]
+63.3.1.3.2 Label Maintenance.The labels applied by the gas
+manufacturer to identify the liquefied or nonliquefied com-
+pressed gas cylinder contents shall not be altered or removed
+by the user. [55:7.1.3.2]
+63.3.1.3.3 Stationary Compressed Gas Containers, Cylinders,
+and Tanks.
+63.3.1.3.3.1 Stationary compressed gas containers, cylinders,
+and tanks shall be marked in accordance with NFPA 704.
+[55:7.1.3.3.1]
+63.3.1.3.3.2 Markings shall be visible from any direction of
+approach. [55:7.1.3.3.2]
+63.3.1.3.4 Piping Systems.
+63.3.1.3.4.1 Except as provided in 63.3.1.3.4.2, piping sys-
+tems shall be marked in accordance with ASME A13.1, Scheme
+for the Identification of Piping Systems , or other applicable stan-
+dards, as follows:
+(1) Marking shall include the name of the gas and a direction-
+of-flow arrow.
+1–290 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Piping that is used to convey more than one gas at various
+times shall be marked to provide clear identification and
+warning of the hazard.
+(3) Markings for piping systems shall be provided at the fol-
+lowing locations:
+(a) At each critical process control valve
+(b) At wall, floor, or ceiling penetrations
+(c) At each change of direction
+(d) At a minimum of every 20 ft (6.1 m) or fraction
+thereof throughout the piping run [55:7.1.3.4.1]
+63.3.1.3.4.2 Piping within gas-manufacturing plants, gas-
+processing plants, refineries, and similar occupancies shall
+be marked in an approved manner. [ 55:7.1.3.4.2]
+63.3.1.4 Security.
+63.3.1.4.1 General. Compressed gas containers, cylinders,
+tanks, and systems shall be secured against accidental dis-
+lodgement and against access by unauthorized personnel.
+[55:7.1.4.1]
+63.3.1.4.2 Security of Areas.Storage, use, and handling areas
+shall be secured against unauthorized entry. [55:7.1.4.2]
+63.3.1.4.3 Physical Protection.
+63.3.1.4.3.1 Compressed gas containers, cylinders, tanks, and
+systems that could be exposed to physical damage shall be
+protected. [55:7.1.4.3.1]
+63.3.1.4.3.2 Guard posts or other means shall be provided to
+protect compressed gas containers, cylinders, tanks, and systems
+indoors and outdoors from vehicular damage. [55:7.1.4.3.2]
+63.3.1.4.4 Securing Compressed Gas Containers, Cylinders,
+and Tanks.Compressed gas containers, cylinders, and tanks in
+use or in storage shall be secured to prevent them from falling or
+being knocked over by corralling them and securing them to a
+cart, framework, or fixed object by use of a restraint, unless oth-
+erwise permitted by 63.3.1.4.4.1 and 63.3.1.4.4.2. [55:7.1.4.4]
+63.3.1.4.4.1 Compressed gas containers, cylinders, and tanks
+in the process of examination, servicing, and refilling shall not
+be required to be secured. [55:7.1.4.4.1]
+63.3.1.4.4.2 At cylinder-filling plants and distributors’ ware-
+houses, the nesting of cylinders shall be permitted as a means
+to secure cylinders. [55:7.1.4.4.2]
+63.3.1.5 Valve Protection.
+63.3.1.5.1 General. Compressed gas container, cylinder, and
+tank valves shall be protected from physical damage by means
+of protective caps, collars, or similar devices. [55:7.1.5.1]
+63.3.1.5.2 Valve-Protective Caps.Where compressed gas con-
+tainers, cylinders, and tanks are designed to accept valve-
+protective caps, the user shall keep such caps on the compressed
+gas containers, cylinders, and tanks at all times, except when
+empty, being processed, or connected for use. [55:7.1.5.2]
+63.3.1.5.3 Valve Outlet Caps or Plugs.
+63.3.1.5.3.1 Gastight valve outlet caps or plugs shall be pro-
+vided and in place for all full or partially full containers, cylin-
+ders, and tanks containing toxic, highly toxic, pyrophoric, or
+unstable reactive Class 3 or Class 4 gases that are in storage.
+[55:7.1.5.3.1]
+63.3.1.5.3.2 Valve outlet caps and plugs shall be designed and
+rated for the container service pressure. [55:7.1.5.3.2]
+63.3.1.6 Separation from Hazardous Conditions.
+63.3.1.6.1 General.
+63.3.1.6.1.1 Compressed gas containers, cylinders, tanks, and
+systems in storage or use shall be separated from materials and
+conditions that present exposure hazards to or from each
+other. [55:7.1.6.1.1]
+63.3.1.6.1.2 Compressed gas containers, cylinders, tanks, and
+systems in storage or use shall be separated in accordance with
+63.3.1.6. [55:7.1.6.1.2]
+63.3.1.6.1.3 Paragraph 63.3.1.6.1.2 shall not apply to gases
+contained within closed piping systems, compressed gas con-
+tainers, cylinders, tanks, and systems in storage or use when
+separated in accordance with 63.3.1.6. [55:7.1.6.1.3]
+63.3.1.6.2* Incompatible Materials.Gas containers, cylinders,
+and tanks shall be separated in accordance with Table
+63.3.1.6.2. [55:7.1.6.2]
+63.3.1.6.2.1 The 20 ft (6.1 m) distance shall be permitted to
+be reduced without limit when separated by a barrier of non-
+combustible materials at least 5 ft (1.5 m) high that has a fire
+resistance rating of at least 0.5 hour. [55:7.1.6.2.1]
+63.3.1.6.2.2 The 20 ft (6.1 m) distance shall be permitted to
+be reduced to 5 ft (1.5 m) where one of the gases is enclosed in
+a gas cabinet or without limit where both gases are enclosed in
+gas cabinets. [55:7.1.6.2.2]
+63.3.1.6.2.3 Cylinders without pressure-relief devices shall
+not be stored without separation from flammable and pyro-
+phoric gases with pressure-relief devices. [55:7.1.6.2.3]
+63.3.1.6.2.4 Spatial separation shall not be required between
+cylinders deemed to be incompatible that are connected to
+manifolds for the purposes of filling and manufacturing pro-
+cedures assuming the prescribed controls for the manufacture
+of gas mixtures are in place. [55:7.1.6.2.4]
+63.3.1.6.3 Clearance from Combustibles and Vegetation.Com-
+bustible waste, vegetation, and similar materials shall be kept a
+minimum of 10 ft (3 m) from compressed gas containers, cyl-
+inders, tanks, and systems. [55:7.1.6.3]
+63.3.1.6.3.1 A noncombustible partition without openings or
+penetrations and extending sides not less than 18 in. (457 mm)
+above and to the sides of the storage area shall be permitted in
+lieu of the minimum distance. [55:7.1.6.3.1]
+63.3.1.6.3.2 The noncombustible partition shall either be an
+independent structure or the exterior wall of the building ad-
+jacent to the storage area. [55:7.1.6.3.2]
+63.3.1.6.4 Ledges, Platforms, and Elevators.Compressed gas
+containers, cylinders, and tanks shall not be placed near eleva-
+tors, unprotected platform ledges, or other areas where com-
+pressed gas containers, cylinders, or tanks could fall for distances
+exceeding one-half the height of the container, cylinder, or tank.
+[55:7.1.6.4]
+63.3.1.6.5 Temperature Extremes.Compressed gas containers,
+cylinders, and tanks, whether full or partially full, shall not be
+exposed to temperatures exceeding 125°F (52°C) or subambi-
+ent (low) temperatures unless designed for use under such
+exposure. [55:7.1.6.5]
+63.3.1.6.6 Falling Objects.Compressed gas containers, cylin-
+ders, and tanks shall not be placed in areas where they are
+capable of being damaged by falling objects. [55:7.1.6.6]
+1–291COMPRESSED GASES AND CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.3.1.6.7 Heating. Compressed gas containers, cylinders,
+and tanks, whether full or partially full, shall not be heated by
+devices that could raise the surface temperature of the con-
+tainer, cylinder, or tank to above 125°F (52°C). [55:7.1.6.7]
+63.3.1.6.7.1 Electrically Powered Heating Devices.Electrical
+heating devices shall be in accordance with NFPA 70.
+[55:7.1.6.7.1]
+63.3.1.6.7.2 Fail-Safe Design.Devices designed to maintain in-
+dividual compressed gas containers, cylinders, or tanks at con-
+stant temperature shall be designed to be fail-safe. [55:7.1.6.7.2]
+63.3.1.6.8 Sources of Ignition. Open flames and high-
+temperature devices shall not be used in a manner that creates
+a hazardous condition. [55:7.1.6.8]
+63.3.1.6.9 Exposure to Chemicals.Compressed gas contain-
+ers, cylinders, and tanks shall not be exposed to corrosive
+chemicals or fumes that could damage containers, cylinders,
+tanks, or valve-protective caps. [55:7.1.6.9]
+63.3.1.6.10 Exposure to Electrical Circuits.Compressed gas
+containers, cylinders, and tanks shall not be placed where they
+could become a part of an electrical circuit. [55:7.1.6.10]
+63.3.1.7 Service and Repair.Service, repair, modification, or
+removal of valves, pressure-relief devices, or other compressed
+gas container, cylinder, or tank appurtenances shall be per-
+formed by trained personnel and with the permission of the
+container owner. [55:7.1.7]
+63.3.1.8 Unauthorized Use.Compressed gas containers, cyl-
+inders, and tanks shall not be used for any purpose other than
+to serve as a vessel for containing the product for which it was
+designed. [55:7.1.8]
+63.3.1.9 Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks Exposed to Fire.
+Compressed gas containers, cylinders, and tanks exposed to
+fire shall not be used or shipped while full or partially full until
+they are requalified in accordance with the pressure vessel
+code under which they were manufactured. [55:7.1.9]
+63.3.1.10 Leaks, Damage, or Corrosion.
+63.3.1.10.1 Removal from Service.Leaking, damaged, or cor-
+roded compressed gas containers, cylinders, and tanks shall be
+removed from service. [55:7.1.10.1]
+63.3.1.10.2 Replacement and Repair.Leaking, damaged, or
+corroded compressed gas systems shall be replaced or re-
+paired. [55:7.1.10.2]
+63.3.1.10.3* Handling of Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks
+Removed from Service.Compressed gas containers, cylinders,
+and tanks that have been removed from service shall be
+handled in an approved manner. [55:7.1.10.3]
+63.3.1.10.4 Leaking Systems.Compressed gas systems that are
+determined to be leaking, damaged, or corroded shall be re-
+paired to a serviceable condition or shall be removed from
+service. [55:7.1.10.4]
+63.3.1.11 Surfaces.
+63.3.1.11.1 To prevent bottom corrosion, containers, cylin-
+ders, and tanks shall be protected from direct contact with soil
+or surfaces where water might accumulate. [55:7.1.11.1]
+63.3.1.11.2 Surfaces shall be graded to prevent accumulation
+of water. [55:7.1.11.2]
+63.3.1.12 Storage Area Temperature.
+63.3.1.12.1 Compressed Gas Containers.Storage area tem-
+peratures shall not exceed 125°F (52°C). [55:7.1.12.1]
+63.3.2 Storage.
+63.3.2.1 General.
+63.3.2.1.1 Applicability. The storage of compressed gas con-
+tainers, cylinders, and tanks shall be in accordance with 63.3.2.
+[55:7.2.1.1]
+Table 63.3.1.6.2 Separation of Gas Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks by Hazard Class
+Unstable
+Reactive Class
+2, Class 3, or
+Class 4 Corrosive Oxidizing Flammable Pyrophoric
+Toxic or
+Highly Toxic
+Gas Category
+Other
+Gas ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m
+Toxic or
+highly toxic
+NR 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1 —
+Pyrophoric NR 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1 — 20 6.1
+Flammable NR 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1 — 20 6.1 20 6.1
+Oxidizing NR 20 6.1 20 6.1 — 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1
+Corrosive NR 20 6.1 — 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1
+Unstable
+reactive
+Class 2,
+Class 3, or
+Class 4
+NR — 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1
+Other gas — NR NR NR NR NR NR
+NR: No separation required.
+[55: Table 7.1.6.2]
+1–292 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.3.2.1.2 Upright Storage Flammable Gas in Solution and
+Liquefied Flammable Gas. Cylinders, containers, and tanks
+containing liquefied flammable gases and flammable gases in so-
+lution shall be positioned in the upright position. [55:7.2.1.2]
+63.3.2.1.2.1 Containers and Cylinders of Less than 1.3 Gal
+(5 L).Containers with a capacity of 1.3 gal (5 L) or less shall be
+permitted to be stored in a horizontal position. [55:7.2.1.2.1]
+63.3.2.1.2.2 Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks Designed for
+Horizontal Use.Containers, cylinders, and tanks designed for
+use in a horizontal position shall be permitted to be stored in a
+horizontal position. [55:7.2.1.2.2]
+63.3.2.1.2.3 Palletized Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks.Con-
+tainers, cylinders, and tanks, with the exception of those con-
+taining flammable liquefied compressed gases, that are pallet-
+ized for transportation purposes shall be permitted to be
+stored in a horizontal position. [55:7.2.1.2.3]
+63.3.2.1.3 Classification of Weather Protection as an Indoor
+Versus Outdoor Area.For other than explosive materials and
+hazardous materials presenting a detonation hazard, a weather
+protection structure shall be permitted to be used for sheltering
+outdoor storage or use areas, without requiring such areas to be
+classified as indoor storage. [55:7.2.1.3]
+63.3.2.2 Material-Specific Regulations.
+63.3.2.2.1 Indoor Storage. Indoor storage of compressed
+gases shall be in accordance with the material-specific provi-
+sions of 63.3.4 through 63.3.10. [55:7.2.2.1]
+63.3.2.2.2 Exterior Storage.
+63.3.2.2.2.1 General. Exterior storage of compressed gases
+shall be in accordance with the material-specific provisions of
+63.3.4 through 63.3.10. [55:7.2.2.2.1]
+63.3.2.2.2.2 Separation. Distances from property lines, build-
+ings, and exposures shall be in accordance with the material-
+specific provisions of 63.3.4 through 63.3.10. [55:7.2.2.2.2]
+63.3.3 Use and Handling.
+63.3.3.1 General.
+63.3.3.1.1 Applicability.The use and handling of compressed
+gas containers, cylinders, tanks, and systems shall be in accor-
+dance with 63.3.3.1. [55:7.3.1.1]
+63.3.3.1.2 Compressed Gas Systems.Compressed gas systems
+shall be designed for the intended use and shall be designed
+by persons competent in such design. [55:7.3.1.2]
+63.3.3.1.2.1 Installation of bulk cryogenic fluid systems shall
+be supervised by personnel knowledgeable in the application
+of the standards for their construction and use. [55:7.3.1.2.1]
+63.3.3.1.2.2 Installation of bulk compressed gas systems shall
+be supervised by personnel knowledgeable in the application
+of the standards for their construction and use. [55:7.3.1.2.2]
+63.3.3.1.3 Controls.
+63.3.3.1.3.1 Compressed gas system controls shall be de-
+signed to prevent materials from entering or leaving the pro-
+cess at an unintended time, rate, or path. [55:7.3.1.3.1]
+63.3.3.1.3.2 Automatic controls shall be designed to be fail-
+safe. [55:7.3.1.3.2]
+63.3.3.1.4 Piping Systems.Piping, tubing, fittings, and related
+components shall be designed, fabricated, and tested in accor-
+dance with the requirements of ASME B31.3,Process Piping,o r
+other approved standards. [55:7.3.1.4]
+63.3.3.1.4.1 Integrity. Piping, tubing, pressure regulators,
+valves, and other apparatus shall be kept gastight to prevent
+leakage. [ 55:7.3.1.4.1]
+63.3.3.1.4.2 Backflow Prevention. Backflow prevention or
+check valves shall be provided when the backflow of hazard-
+ous materials could create a hazardous condition or cause the
+unauthorized discharge of hazardous materials. [55:7.3.1.4.2]
+63.3.3.1.5 Valves.
+63.3.3.1.5.1 Valves utilized on compressed gas systems shall
+be designed for the gas or gases and pressure intended and
+shall be accessible. [55:7.3.1.5.1]
+63.3.3.1.5.2 Valve handles or operators for required shutoff
+valves shall not be removed or otherwise altered to prevent
+access. [55:7.3.1.5.2]
+63.3.3.1.6 Vent Pipe Termination.
+63.3.3.1.6.1 Venting of gases shall be directed to an approved
+location. [55:7.3.1.6.1]
+63.3.3.1.6.2 The termination point for piped vent systems
+serving cylinders, containers, tanks, and gas systems used for
+the purpose of operational or emergency venting shall be in
+accordance with 63.2.16. [55:7.3.1.6.2]
+63.3.3.1.7 Upright Use.
+63.3.3.1.7.1 Compressed gas containers, cylinders, and tanks
+containing flammable liquefied gas, except those designed for
+use in a horizontal position and those compressed gas contain-
+ers, cylinders, and tanks containing nonliquefied gases, shall
+be used in a “valve end up” upright position. [55:7.3.1.7.1]
+63.3.3.1.7.2 An upright position shall include a position in
+which the container, cylinder, or tank axis is inclined as much as
+45 degrees from the vertical and in which the relief device is
+always in direct communication with the gas phase. [55:7.3.1.7.2]
+63.3.3.1.8 Inverted Use.Cylinders, containers, and tanks con-
+taining nonflammable liquefied gases shall be permitted to be
+used in the inverted position when the liquid phase is used.
+[55:7.3.1.8]
+63.3.3.1.8.1 Flammable liquefied gases at processing plants
+shall be permitted to use this inverted position method while
+transfilling. [55:7.3.1.8.1]
+63.3.3.1.8.2 The container, cylinder, or tank shall be secured,
+and the dispensing apparatus shall be designed for use with
+liquefied gas. [55:7.3.1.8.2]
+63.3.3.1.9 Containers and Cylinders of 1.3 Gal (5 L) or Less.
+Containers or cylinders with a water volume of 1.3 gal (5 L) or
+less shall be permitted to be used in a horizontal position.
+[55:7.3.1.9]
+63.3.3.1.10 Transfer.
+63.3.3.1.10.1 Transfer of gases between containers, cylinders,
+and tanks shall be performed by qualified personnel using equip-
+ment and operating procedures in accordance with CGA P-1,Safe
+Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers.[ 55:7.3.1.10.1]
+63.3.3.1.10.2 The requirements of 63.3.3.1.10.1 shall not ap-
+ply to fueling of vehicles with compressed natural gas (CNG).
+[55:7.3.1.10.2]
+1–293COMPRESSED GASES AND CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.3.3.1.11 Use of Compressed Gases for Inflation.Inflatable
+equipment, devices, or balloons shall only be pressurized or
+filled with compressed air or inert gases. [55:7.3.1.11]
+63.3.3.1.12 Emergency Shutoff Valves.
+63.3.3.1.12.1 Accessible manual valves or automatic remotely
+activated fail-safe emergency shutoff valves shall be provided
+and clearly marked. [55:7.3.1.12.1]
+63.3.3.1.12.2 Emergency shutoffs shall be located at the point
+of use and at the tank, cylinder, or bulk source. [55:7.3.1.12.2]
+63.3.3.1.13 Excess Flow Control.Excess flow control shall be
+provided, where required by 63.3.3.1.13.1, for compressed
+gases with a hazard rating in accordance with NFPA 704, as
+follows:
+(1) Health hazard Class 3 or Class 4
+(2) Flammability Class 4
+(3) Reactivity Class 3 or Class 4 [ 55:7.3.1.13]
+63.3.3.1.13.1 Excess Flow Control Above 15 psig (103 kPa).
+Excess flow control shall be provided for pressurized gas pip-
+ing systems that are pressurized above gauge pressure of 15 psi
+(103 kPa) where the source of the gas exceeds the quantity
+threshold in Table 63.2.3.1. [55:7.3.1.13.1]
+63.3.3.1.13.2 Location. The location of excess flow control
+shall be as specified in 63.3.3.1.13.2.1 and 63.3.3.1.13.2.2.
+[55:7.3.1.13.2]
+63.3.3.1.13.2.1 Where piping originates from a source lo-
+cated in a room or area, the excess flow control shall be lo-
+cated within the room or area. [55:7.3.1.13.2.1]
+63.3.3.1.13.2.2 Where piping originates from a bulk source,
+the excess flow control shall be as close to the bulk source as
+possible. [55:7.3.1.13.2.2]
+63.3.3.1.13.3 Location Requirement Exemptions.The require-
+ments of 63.3.3.1.13 shall not apply to the following:
+(1) Piping for inlet connections designed to prevent backflow
+(2) Piping for pressure-relief devices
+(3) Systems containing 450 scf (12.7 m3) or less of flammable
+gas [55:7.3.1.13.3]
+63.3.3.2 Material-Specific Regulations.
+63.3.3.2.1 Indoor Use.Indoor use of compressed gases shall
+be in accordance with the requirements of 63.3.4 through
+63.3.10. [55:7.3.2.1]
+63.3.3.2.2 Exterior Use.
+63.3.3.2.2.1 General. Exterior use of compressed gases shall
+be in accordance with the requirements of 63.3.4 through
+63.3.10. [55:7.3.2.2.1]
+63.3.3.2.2.2 Separation. Distances from property lines,
+buildings, and exposure hazards shall be in accordance
+with the material-specific provisions of 63.3.4 through
+63.3.10. [ 55:7.3.2.2.2]
+63.3.3.3 Handling.
+63.3.3.3.1 Applicability.The handling of compressed gas con-
+tainers, cylinders, and tanks shall be in accordance with
+63.3.3.3. [55:7.3.3.1]
+63.3.3.3.2 Carts and Trucks.
+63.3.3.3.2.1 Containers, cylinders, and tanks shall be moved
+using an approved method. [55:7.3.3.2.1]
+63.3.3.3.2.2 Where containers, cylinders, or tanks are moved
+by hand cart, hand truck, or other mobile device, such carts,
+trucks, or devices shall be designed for the secure movement
+of containers, cylinders, or tanks. [55:7.3.3.2.2]
+63.3.3.3.3 Lifting Devices.Ropes, chains, or slings shall not
+be used to suspend compressed gas containers, cylinders, and
+tanks unless provisions at time of manufacture have been
+made on the container, cylinder, or tank for appropriate lift-
+ing attachments, such as lugs. [55:7.3.3.3]
+63.3.4 Medical Gas Systems.Medical gas systems for health
+care shall be in accordance with NFPA 99, Standard for Health
+Care Facilities.[ 55:7.4]
+63.3.5 Corrosive Gases.
+63.3.5.1 General. The storage or use of corrosive compressed
+gases exceeding the quantity thresholds for gases requiring
+special provisions as specified in Table 63.2.3.1 shall be in ac-
+cordance with Chapters 1 through 6 of NFPA 55 and 63.3.1
+through 63.3.3. [55:7.5.1]
+63.3.5.2 Distance to Exposures.The outdoor storage or use of
+corrosive compressed gas shall not be within 20 ft (6.1 m) of
+buildings not associated with the manufacture or distribution
+of corrosive gases, lot lines, streets, alleys, public ways, or
+means of egress. [55:7.5.2]
+63.3.5.2.1 A 2-hour fire barrier wall without openings or pen-
+etrations, and extending not less than 30 in. (762 mm) above
+and to the sides of the storage or use area, shall be permitted
+in lieu of the 20 ft (6.1 m) distance. [55:7.5.2.1]
+63.3.5.2.1.1 The fire barrier wall shall be either an indepen-
+dent structure or the exterior wall of the building adjacent to
+the storage or use area. [55:7.5.2.1.1]
+63.3.5.2.1.2 The 2-hour fire barrier shall be located at least
+5 ft (1.5 m) from any exposure. [55:7.5.2.1.2]
+63.3.5.2.1.3 The 2-hour fire barrier shall not have more than
+two sides at approximately 90 degree (1.57 rad) directions, or
+not more than three sides with connecting angles of approxi-
+mately 135 degrees (2.36 rad). [55:7.5.2.1.3]
+63.3.5.3 Indoor Use.The indoor use of corrosive gases shall
+be provided with a gas cabinet, exhausted enclosure, or gas
+room. [55:7.5.3]
+63.3.5.3.1 Gas Cabinets.Gas cabinets shall be in accordance
+with 63.2.17. [55:7.5.3.1]
+63.3.5.3.2 Exhausted Enclosures.Exhausted enclosures shall
+be in accordance with 63.2.17. [55:7.5.3.2]
+63.3.5.3.3 Gas Rooms.Gas rooms shall be in accordance with
+63.2.4. [55:7.5.3.3]
+63.3.5.3.4 Treatment Systems.Treatment systems, except as
+provided for in 63.3.5.3.4.1, gas cabinets, exhausted enclo-
+sures, and gas rooms containing corrosive gases in use shall be
+provided with exhaust ventilation, with all exhaust directed to
+a treatment system designed to process the accidental release
+of gas. [55:7.5.3.4]
+63.3.5.3.4.1 Treatment systems shall not be required for cor-
+rosive gases in use where provided with the following:
+1–294 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) Gas detection in accordance with 63.3.9.3.2.1.1
+(2) Fail-safe automatic closing valves in accordance with
+63.3.9.3.2.2 [55:7.5.3.4.1]
+63.3.5.3.4.2 Treatment systems shall be capable of diluting, ad-
+sorbing, absorbing, containing, neutralizing, burning, or other-
+wise processing the release of corrosive gas in accordance with
+63.3.9.3.4.1. [55:7.5.3.4.2]
+63.3.5.3.4.3 Treatment system sizing shall be in accordance
+with 63.3.9.3.4. [55:7.5.3.4.3]
+63.3.6 Flammable Gases.
+63.3.6.1 Storage, Use, and Handling.
+63.3.6.1.1 The storage or use of flammable gases exceeding the
+quantity thresholds for gases requiring special provisions as speci-
+fied in Table 63.2.3.1 shall be in accordance with Chapters 1
+through 6 of NFPA 55 and 63.3.1 through 63.3.3 and 63.3.6.
+[55:7.6.1.1]
+63.3.6.1.2 Storage, use, and handling of gaseous hydrogen shall
+be in accordance with 63.3.6.1 and Chapter 10 of NFPA 55.
+[55:7.6.1.2]
+63.3.6.2 Distance to Exposures.The outdoor storage or use of
+flammable compressed gas shall be in accordance with Table
+63.3.6.2. [55:7.6.2]
+63.3.6.2.1 The minimum required distances shall be reduced
+to 5 ft (1.5 m) where protective structures having a minimum
+fire resistance rating of 2 hours interrupt the line of sight be-
+tween the container and the exposure. [55:7.6.2.1]
+63.3.6.2.2 The protective structure shall be at least 5 ft (1.5 m)
+from the storage or use area perimeter. [55:7.6.2.2]
+63.3.6.2.3 The configuration of the protective structure shall
+be designed to allow natural ventilation to prevent the accu-
+mulation of hazardous gas concentrations. [55:7.6.2.3]
+63.3.6.2.4 Storage and use of flammable compressed gases
+shall not be located within 50 ft (15.2 m) of air intakes.
+[55:7.6.2.4]
+63.3.6.3 Ignition Source Control.Ignition sources in areas con-
+taining flammable gases shall be in accordance with 63.3.6.3.
+[55:7.6.3]
+63.3.6.3.1 Static-Producing Equipment.Static-producing equip-
+ment located in flammable gas areas shall be grounded.
+[55:7.6.3.1]
+63.3.6.3.2 No Smoking or Open Flame.Signs shall be posted in
+areas containing flammable gases communicating that smoking
+or the use of open flame, or both, is prohibited within 25 ft
+(7.6 m) of the storage or use area perimeter. [55:7.6.3.2]
+63.3.6.4 Electrical. Areas in which the storage or use of com-
+pressed gases exceeds the quantity thresholds for gases requir-
+ing special provisions shall be in accordance with NFPA 70.
+[55:7.6.4]
+63.3.7 Oxidizing Gases.
+63.3.7.1 General. The storage or use of oxidizing compressed
+gases exceeding the quantity thresholds for gases requiring
+special provisions as specified in Table 63.2.3.1 shall be in ac-
+cordance with Chapters 1 through 6 of NFPA 55 and 63.3.1
+through 63.3.3 and 63.3.7. [55:7.7.1]
+63.3.7.2 Distance to Exposures.The outdoor storage or use of
+oxidizing compressed gas shall be in accordance with Table
+63.3.7.2. [55:7.7.2]
+63.3.7.2.1 The distances shall not apply where protective
+structures having a minimum fire resistance of 2 hours inter-
+rupt the line of sight between the container and the exposure.
+[55:7.7.2.1]
+63.3.7.2.2 The protective structure shall be at least 5 ft (1.5 m)
+from the storage or use area perimeter. [55:7.7.2.2]
+63.3.7.2.3 The configuration of the protective structure shall
+allow natural ventilation to prevent the accumulation of haz-
+ardous gas concentrations. [55:7.7.2.3]
+63.3.8 Pyrophoric Gases.
+63.3.8.1 General. Pyrophoric compressed gases exceeding
+the quantity thresholds for gases requiring special provisions
+as specified in Table 63.2.3.1 shall be stored and used in accor-
+dance with Chapters 1 through 6 of NFPA 55 and 63.3.1
+through 63.3.3 and 63.3.8. [55:7.8.1]
+63.3.8.2 Silane and Silane Mixtures.Silane and silane mix-
+tures shall be stored, used, and handled in accordance with
+the provisions of CGA P-32, Safe Storage and Handling of Silane
+and Silane Mixtures.[ 55:7.8.2]
+Table 63.3.6.2 Distance to Exposures for Flammable Gases
+Aggregate
+Quantity per
+Storage Area
+Minimum Distance to
+Buildings, Streets,
+Alleys, Public Ways,
+or Lot Lines of
+Property That Can
+Be Built On
+Minimum
+Distances
+Between
+Storage Areas
+ft3 m3 ft m ft m
+<4,225 <120 5 1.5 5 1.5
+4,226–21,125 120.1–598 10 3 10 3
+21,126–50,700 598.1–1435 15 4.6 10 3
+50,701–84,500 1435.1–2393 20 6 10 3
+≥84,501 ≥2393.1 25 7.5 20 6
+[55: Table 7.6.2]
+1–295COMPRESSED GASES AND CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.3.8.3 Distance to Exposures.The outdoor storage or use of
+pyrophoric compressed gas shall be in accordance with Table
+63.3.8.3. [55:7.8.3]
+63.3.8.3.1 The distances shall be allowed to be reduced to 5 ft
+(1.5 m) when protective structures having a minimum fire re-
+sistance of 2 hours interrupt the line of sight between the con-
+tainer and the exposure. [55:7.8.3.1]
+63.3.8.3.2 The protective structure shall be at least 5 ft
+(1.5 m) from the storage or use area perimeter. [55:7.8.3.2]
+63.3.8.3.3 The configuration of the protective structure shall
+allow natural ventilation to prevent the accumulation of haz-
+ardous gas concentrations. [55:7.8.3.3]
+63.3.9 Toxic and Highly Toxic Gases.
+63.3.9.1 General. The storage or use of toxic and highly toxic
+gases exceeding the quantity thresholds for gases requiring
+special provisions as specified in Table 63.2.3.1 shall be in ac-
+cordance with Chapters 1 through 6 of NFPA 55 and 63.3.1
+through 63.3.3 and 63.3.9. [55:7.9.1]
+63.3.9.2 Ventilation and Arrangement.
+63.3.9.2.1 Indoors. The indoor storage or use of highly toxic
+gases or toxic gases shall be provided with a gas cabinet, ex-
+hausted enclosure, or gas room. [55:7.9.2.1]
+63.3.9.2.1.1 Gas cabinets shall be in accordance with 63.2.17.
+[55:7.9.2.1.1)]
+63.3.9.2.1.2 Exhausted enclosures shall be in accordance
+with 63.2.18. [55:7.9.2.1.2]
+63.3.9.2.1.3 Gas rooms shall be in accordance with 63.2.4.
+[55:7.9.2.1.3]
+63.3.9.2.2 Distance to Exposures.The outdoor storage or use
+of toxic and highly toxic compressed gases shall not be within
+75 ft (23 m) of lot lines, streets, alleys, public ways or means of
+egress, or buildings not associated with such storage or use.
+[55:7.9.2.2]
+63.3.9.2.2.1 A 2-hour fire barrier wall without openings or
+penetrations, and extending not less than 30 in. (762 mm)
+above and to the sides of the storage or use area, that inter-
+rupts the line of sight between the storage or use and the
+exposure, shall be permitted in lieu of the 75 ft (23 m) dis-
+tance. [55:7.9.2.2.1]
+63.3.9.2.2.1.1 The fire barrier wall shall be either an inde-
+pendent structure or the exterior wall of the building adjacent
+to the storage or use area. [55:7.9.2.2.1.1]
+63.3.9.2.2.1.2 The 2-hour fire barrier shall be located at least
+5 ft (1.5 m) from any exposure. [55:7.9.2.2.1.2]
+63.3.9.2.2.1.3 The 2-hour fire barrier shall not have more
+than two sides at approximately 90 degree (1.5 rad) direc-
+tions, or more than three sides with connecting angles of ap-
+proximately 135 degrees (2.36 rad). [55:7.9.2.2.1.3]
+63.3.9.2.2.2 Where the storage or use area is located closer
+than 75 ft (23 m) to a building not associated with the manu-
+facture or distribution of toxic or highly toxic compressed
+gases, openings in the building other than for piping shall not
+be permitted above the height of the top of the 2-hour fire
+barrier wall or within 50 ft (15 m) horizontally from the stor-
+Table 63.3.7.2 Distance to Exposures for Oxidizing Gases
+Quantity
+of Gas Stored
+(at NTP)
+Distance to a Building Not
+Associated with the Manufacture or
+Distribution of Oxidizing Gases or
+to a Public Way or Property Line
+Minimum Distance
+Between Storage
+Areas
+ft3 m3 ft m ft m
+0–50,000 0–1416 5 1.5 5 1.5
+50,001–100,000 1417–2832 10 3.0 10 3.0
+≥100,001 ≥2833 15 4.6 15 4.6
+[55: Table 7.7.2]
+Table 63.3.8.3 Distance to Exposures for Pyrophoric Gases
+Minimum Distance to Buildings on the Same Property
+Maximum
+Amount per
+Storage Area
+Minimum
+Distance
+Between
+Storage Areas
+Minimum
+Distance to
+Property
+Lines
+Minimum
+Distance to
+Public
+Ways
+Nonrated or
+Openings
+Within 25 ft
+(7.6 m)
+2-Hour and
+No Openings
+Within 25 ft
+(7.6 m)
+4-Hour and
+No Openings
+Within 25 ft
+(7.6 m)
+ft3 m3 ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m
+250 7.1 5 1.5 25 7.6 5 1.5 5 1.5 0 0 0 0
+2500 71.0 10 3.0 50 15.2 10 3.0 10 3.0 5 1.5 0 0
+7500 212.4 20 6.0 100 30.5 20 6.0 20 6.0 10 3.0 0 0
+[55: Table 7.8.3]
+1–296 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+age area, regardless of whether the openings are shielded by a
+fire barrier. [55:7.9.2.2.2]
+63.3.9.2.3 Air Intakes. Storage and use of toxic and highly
+toxic compressed gases shall not be located within 75 ft (23 m)
+of air intakes. [55:7.9.2.3]
+63.3.9.3 Treatment Systems.Except as provided in 63.3.9.3.1
+and 63.3.9.3.2, gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures, and gas
+rooms containing toxic or highly toxic gases shall be provided
+with exhaust ventilation, with all exhaust directed to a treat-
+ment system designed to process accidental release of gas.
+[55:7.9.3]
+63.3.9.3.1 Storage of Toxic or Highly Toxic Gases.Treatment
+systems shall not be required for toxic or highly toxic gases in
+storage where containers, cylinders, and tanks are provided
+with the controls specified in 63.3.9.3.1.1 through 63.3.9.3.1.3.
+[55:7.9.3.1]
+63.3.9.3.1.1 Valve Outlets Protected. Valve outlets shall be
+equipped with outlet plugs or caps, or both, rated for the con-
+tainer service pressure. [55:7.9.3.1.1]
+63.3.9.3.1.2 Handwheels Secured.Where provided, handwheel-
+operated valves shall be secured to prevent movement.
+[55:7.9.3.1.2]
+63.3.9.3.1.3 Containment Devices Provided.Approved cylin-
+der containment vessels or cylinder containment systems shall
+be provided at an approved location. [55:7.9.3.1.3]
+63.3.9.3.2 Use of Toxic Gases.Treatment systems shall not be
+required for toxic gases in use where containers, cylinders,
+and tanks are provided with the controls specified in
+63.3.9.3.2.1 and 63.3.9.3.2.2. [55:7.9.3.2]
+63.3.9.3.2.1 Gas Detection.
+63.3.9.3.2.1.1 A gas detection system with a sensing interval
+not exceeding 5 minutes shall be provided. [55:7.9.3.2.1.1]
+63.3.9.3.2.1.2 The gas detection system shall monitor the ex-
+haust system at the point of discharge from the gas cabinet,
+exhausted enclosure, or gas room. [55:7.9.3.2.1.2]
+63.3.9.3.2.2 Fail-Safe Automatic Closing Valve.An approved
+automatic-closing fail-safe valve shall be located immediately
+adjacent to and downstream of active container, cylinder, or
+tank valves. [55:7.9.3.2.2]
+63.3.9.3.2.2.1 The fail-safe valve shall close when gas is de-
+tected at the permissible exposure limit, short-term exposure
+limit (STEL), or ceiling limit by the gas detection system.
+[55:7.9.3.2.2.1]
+63.3.9.3.2.2.2 For attended operations, a manual closing valve
+shall be permitted when in accordance with 63.3.9.3.4.3.
+[55:7.9.3.2.2.2]
+63.3.9.3.2.2.3 For gases used at unattended operations for
+the protection of public health, such as chlorine at water or
+wastewater treatment sites, the automatic valve shall close if
+the concentration of gas detected by a gas detection system
+reaches one-half of the IDLH. [55:7.9.3.2.2.3]
+63.3.9.3.2.2.4 The gas detection system shall also alert persons
+on-site and a responsible person off-site when the gas concentra-
+tion in the storage/use area reaches the OSHA PEL, OSHA ceil-
+ing limit, or STEL for the gas employed. [55:7.9.3.2.2.4]
+63.3.9.3.3 Treatment System Design and Performance.Treat-
+ment systems shall be capable of diluting, adsorbing, absorbing,
+containing, neutralizing, burning, or otherwise processing
+stored or used toxic or highly toxic gas, or both. [55:7.9.3.3]
+63.3.9.3.3.1 Where a total containment system is used, the
+system shall be designed to handle the maximum anticipated
+pressure of release to the system when it reaches equilibrium.
+[55:7.9.3.3.1]
+63.3.9.3.3.2 Treatment systems shall be capable of reducing
+the allowable discharge concentrations to one-half the IDLH
+threshold at the point of discharge. [55:7.9.3.3.2]
+63.3.9.3.4 Treatment System Sizing.
+63.3.9.3.4.1 Worst-Case Release of Gas.Treatment systems shall
+be sized to process the maximum worst-case release of gas based
+on the maximum flow rate of release from the largest vessel uti-
+lized in accordance with 63.3.9.3.4.2. [55:7.9.3.4.1]
+63.3.9.3.4.2 Largest Compressed Gas Vessel.The entire con-
+tents of the single largest compressed gas vessel shall be con-
+sidered. [55:7.9.3.4.2]
+63.3.9.3.4.3 Attended Operations — Alternative Method of
+System Sizing.
+63.3.9.3.4.3.1 Where source containers, cylinders, and tanks
+are used in attended process operations, with an operator
+present at the enclosure where the activity occurs, the volume
+of the release shall be limited to the estimated amount re-
+leased from the process piping system within a period not to
+exceed 5 minutes. [55:7.9.3.4.3.1]
+63.3.9.3.4.3.2 Such process piping systems shall comply with
+the requirements of 63.3.9.3.4.3.2(A) through 63.3.9.3.4.3.2(E).
+[55:7.9.3.4.3.2]
+(A) Local Exhaust. All gas transfer operations shall be con-
+ducted within a zone of local exhaust that is connected to a
+treatment system. [55:7.9.3.4.3.2(A)]
+(B) Gas Detection. Gas detection shall be used to provide a
+warning to alert the operators to emission of gas into the zone
+of local exhaust, and the following requirements also shall
+apply:
+(1) The system shall be capable of detecting gas at the permis-
+sible exposure limit or ceiling limit for the gas being pro-
+cessed.
+(2) Activation of the gas detection system shall provide a local
+alarm. [55:7.9.3.4.3.2(B)]
+(C) Process Shutdown.Operations involving the gas detected
+shall be shut down and leaks repaired. [55:7.9.3.4.3.2(C)]
+(D) Piping System Construction.Piping systems used to con-
+vey gases shall be of all-welded construction throughout, with
+the exception of fittings used to connect containers, cylinders,
+or tanks, or any combination thereof, to the process system.
+[55:7.9.3.4.3.2(D)]
+(E) Piping System Accessibility. Piping systems shall be de-
+signed to provide for readily accessible manual shutdown con-
+trols. [55:7.9.3.4.3.2(E)]
+63.3.9.3.5 Rate of Release.The time release shall be in accor-
+dance with Table 63.3.9.3.5 for the type of container indi-
+cated. [55:7.9.3.5]
+1–297COMPRESSED GASES AND CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.3.9.3.6* Maximum Flow Rate of Release.
+63.3.9.3.6.1 For portable containers, cylinders, and tanks, the
+maximum flow rate of release shall be calculated based on
+assuming the total release from the cylinder or tank within the
+time specified. [55:7.9.3.6.1]
+63.3.9.3.6.2 When portable containers, cylinders, or tanks
+are equipped with reduced flow orifices, the worst-case rate of
+release shall be determined by the maximum achievable flow
+from the valve determined based on the following formula:
+CFM =× ×()
+⎛
+⎝⎜ ⎞
+⎠⎟
+767
+28 96
+60
+12
+AP MW
+.
+where:
+CFM = standard cubic feet per minute of gas of concern
+under flow conditions
+A = area of orifice in square inches (See Table
+A.63.3.9.3.6 for areas of typical restricted flow
+orifices.)
+P = supply pressure of gas at NTP in pounds per
+square inch absolute
+MW = molecular weight [ 55:7.9.3.6.2]
+63.3.9.3.6.3 For mixtures, the average of molecular weights
+shall be used. [55:7.9.3.6.3]
+63.3.9.4 Leaking Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks.When con-
+tainers, cylinders, or tanks are used outdoors, in excess of the
+quantities specified in the column for unsprinklered areas (un-
+protected by gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures) in Table
+63.2.3.1, a gas cabinet, exhausted enclosure, or containment ves-
+sel or system shall be provided to control leaks from leaking con-
+tainers, cylinders, and tanks in accordance with 63.3.9.4.1
+through 63.3.9.4.2.3. [55:7.9.4]
+63.3.9.4.1 Gas Cabinets or Exhausted Enclosures.Where gas
+cabinets or exhausted enclosures are provided to handle leaks
+from containers, cylinders, or tanks, exhaust ventilation shall
+be provided that is directed to a treatment system in accor-
+dance with the provisions of 63.3.9.3. [55:7.9.4.1]
+63.3.9.4.2 Containment Vessels or Systems.Where contain-
+ment vessels or containment systems are provided, they
+shall comply with the requirements of 63.3.9.4.2.1 through
+63.3.9.4.2.3. [ 55:7.9.4.2]
+63.3.9.4.2.1 Performance. Containment vessels or contain-
+ment systems shall be capable of fully containing or terminat-
+ing a release. [55:7.9.4.2.1]
+63.3.9.4.2.2 Personnel. Trained personnel capable of operat-
+ing the containment vessel or containment system shall be
+available at an approved location. [55:7.9.4.2.2]
+63.3.9.4.2.3 Location. Containment vessels or systems shall be
+capable of being transported to the leaking cylinder, con-
+tainer, or tank. [55:7.9.4.2.3]
+63.3.9.5 Emergency Power.
+63.3.9.5.1 General. Emergency power shall comply with the re-
+quirements of 63.3.9.5 in accordance with NFPA 70. [55:7.9.5.1]
+63.3.9.5.2 Alternative to Emergency Power.Emergency power
+shall not be required where fail-safe engineering is provided
+for mechanical exhaust ventilation, treatment systems, and
+temperature control, and standby power is provided to alter-
+native systems that utilize electrical energy. [55:7.9.5.2]
+63.3.9.5.3 Where Required.Emergency power shall be pro-
+vided for the following systems:
+(1) Exhaust ventilation
+(2) Treatment system
+(3) Gas detection system
+(4) Temperature control system
+(5) Required alarm systems [ 55:7.9.5.3]
+63.3.9.5.4 Level. Emergency power systems shall comply with
+the requirements for a Level 2 system in accordance with
+NFPA 110. [55:7.9.5.4]
+63.3.9.6 Gas Detection. Except as provided in 63.3.9.6.1, a
+continuous gas detection system in accordance with the re-
+quirements of 63.3.9.6.2 through 63.3.9.6.6 shall be provided
+for the indoor storage or use of toxic or highly toxic com-
+pressed gases. [55:7.9.6]
+63.3.9.6.1 Where Gas Detection Is Not Required.A gas detec-
+tion system shall not be required for toxic gases where the
+physiological warning properties for the gas are at a level be-
+low the accepted permissible exposure limit or ceiling limit
+for the gas. [55:7.9.6.1]
+63.3.9.6.2 Local Alarm.The gas detection system shall initiate
+a local alarm that is both audible and visible. [55:7.9.6.2]
+63.3.9.6.3 Alarm Monitored. The gas detection system shall
+transmit a signal to a constantly attended control station for
+quantities exceeding one toxic or highly toxic compressed gas
+cylinder. [55:7.9.6.3]
+63.3.9.6.4 Automatic Shutdown.
+63.3.9.6.4.1 Activation of the gas detection system shall auto-
+matically shut off the flow of gas related to the system being
+monitored. [55:7.9.6.4.1]
+63.3.9.6.4.2 An automatic shutdown shall not be required for
+reactors utilized for the production of toxic or highly toxic
+gases when such reactors are operated at pressures less than
+15 psi (gauge pressure of 103.4 kPa), constantly attended, and
+provided with readily accessible emergency shutoff valves.
+[55:7.9.6.4.2]
+63.3.9.6.5 Detection Points.Detection shall be provided at
+the locations specified in 63.3.9.6.5.1 through 63.3.9.6.5.4.
+[55:7.9.6.5]
+Table 63.3.9.3.5 Rates of Release
+Container Type
+Nonliquefied
+Gases (min)
+Liquefied
+Gases (min)
+Cylinders without
+restrictive flow
+orifices
+53 0
+Portable tanks
+without restrictive
+flow orifices
+40 240
+All others Based on peak
+flow from
+maximum valve
+orifice
+Based on peak
+flow from
+maximum valve
+orifice
+[55: Table 7.9.3.5]
+1–298 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.3.9.6.5.1 Treatment System Discharge.Detection shall be
+provided at the discharge from the treatment system.
+[55:7.9.6.5.1]
+63.3.9.6.5.2 Point of Use.Detection shall be provided in the
+room or area in which the gas is used. [55:7.9.6.5.2]
+63.3.9.6.5.3 Source.Detection shall be provided at the source
+container, cylinder, or tank used for delivery of the gas to the
+point of use. [55:7.9.6.5.3]
+63.3.9.6.5.4 Storage. Detection shall be provided in the room
+or area in which the gas is stored. [55:7.9.6.5.4]
+63.3.9.6.6 Level of Detection.The gas detection system shall
+detect the presence of gas at or below the permissible expo-
+sure limit or ceiling limit of the gas for those points identified in
+63.3.9.6.5.2 and 63.3.9.6.5.3, and at not less than one-half the
+IDLH level for points identified in 63.3.9.6.5.1. [55:7.9.6.6]
+63.3.9.7 Automatic Smoke Detection System.An automatic
+smoke detection system shall be provided for the indoor stor-
+age or use of highly toxic compressed gases in accordance with
+NFPA 72.[ 55:7.9.7]
+63.3.10 Unstable Reactive Gases (Nondetonable).The stor-
+age or use of unstable reactive (nondetonable) gases exceed-
+ing the quantity thresholds for gases requiring special provi-
+sions as specified in Table 63.2.3.1 shall be in accordance with
+Chapters 1 through 6 of NFPA 55 and 63.3.1 through 63.3.3
+and 63.3.10. [55:7.10]
+63.3.10.1 Distances to Exposures for Class 2.
+63.3.10.1.1 The outdoor storage or use of unstable reactive
+Class 2 compressed gas shall not be within 75 ft (23 m) of
+buildings, lot lines, streets, alleys, or public ways or means of
+egress. [55:7.10.1.1]
+63.3.10.1.2 A 2-hour fire barrier wall without openings or
+penetrations, and extending not less than 30 in. (762 mm)
+above and to the sides of the storage or use area, shall be
+permitted in lieu of the 75 ft (23 m) distance required by
+63.3.10.1.1 [55:7.10.1.2]
+63.3.10.1.2.1 The fire barrier wall shall be either an indepen-
+dent structure or the exterior wall of the building. [55:7.10.1.2.1]
+63.3.10.1.2.2 The 2-hour fire barrier shall be located at least
+5 ft (1.5 m) from any exposure. [55:7.10.1.2.2]
+63.3.10.1.2.3 The 2-hour fire barrier shall not have more
+than two sides at approximately 90 degree (1.57 rad) direc-
+tions, or not more than three sides with connecting angles of
+approximately 135 degrees (2.36 rad). [55:7.10.1.2.3]
+63.3.10.2 Distances to Exposures for Class 3.
+63.3.10.2.1 The outdoor storage or use of unstable reactive
+Class 3 (nondetonable) compressed gas shall not be within
+75 ft (23 m) of buildings, lot lines, streets, alleys, or public ways
+or means of egress. [55:7.10.2.1]
+63.3.10.2.2 A 2-hour fire barrier wall without openings or
+penetrations, and extending not less than 30 in. (762 mm)
+above and to the sides of the storage or use area, that inter-
+rupts the line of sight between the storage or use and the
+exposure shall be permitted in lieu of the 75 ft (23 m) distance
+required by 63.3.10.2.1. [55:7.10.2.2]
+63.3.10.2.2.1 The fire barrier wall shall be either an indepen-
+dent structure or the exterior wall of the building adjacent to
+the storage or use area. [55:7.10.2.2.1]
+63.3.10.2.2.2 The 2-hour fire barrier shall be located at least
+5 ft (1.5 m) from any exposure. [55:7.10.2.2.2]
+63.3.10.2.2.3 The 2-hour fire barrier shall not have more
+than two sides at approximately 90 degree (1.57 rad) direc-
+tions, or more than three sides with connecting angles of ap-
+proximately 135 degrees (2.36 rad). [55:7.10.2.2.3]
+63.3.10.2.2.4 The fire barrier shall be either an independent
+structure or the exterior wall of the building adjacent to the
+storage or use area. [55:7.10.2.2.4]
+63.3.10.3 Storage Configuration. Unstable reactive Class 3
+compressed gases stored in cylinders, containers, or tanks
+shall be arranged to limit individual groups of cylinders, con-
+tainers, or tanks to areas not exceeding 100 ft2 (9.3 m2). Mul-
+tiple areas shall be separated by aisles. Aisle widths shall not be
+less than the height of the cylinders, containers, or tanks or
+4 ft (1.2 m), whichever is greater. [55:7.10.3]
+63.3.10.4 Basements. Unstable reactive compressed gases
+shall not be stored in basements. [55:7.10.4]
+63.3.10.5 Unstable Reactive Gases (Detonable).
+63.3.10.5.1 Storage or Use.The storage or use of unstable
+reactive (detonable) gases exceeding the quantity thresholds
+for gases requiring special provisions as specified in Table
+63.2.3.1 shall be in accordance with Chapters 1 through 6 of
+NFPA 55, 63.3.1 through 63.3.3, and 63.3.10.5. [55:7.10.5.1]
+63.3.10.5.2 Location. The location of storage areas shall be
+determined based on the requirements of the building code
+for explosive materials. [55:7.10.5.2]
+63.4 Cryogenic Fluids.
+63.4.1 General.
+63.4.1.1 Storage, use, and handling of cryogenic fluids shall
+be in accordance with Chapters 1 through 6 and Chapter 8 of
+NFPA 55. [55:8.1.1]
+63.4.2* Containers — Design, Construction, and Mainte-
+nance. Containers employed for the storage or use of cryo-
+genic fluids shall be designed, fabricated, tested, marked
+(stamped), and maintained in accordance with DOT regula-
+tions; Transport Canada (TC)Transportation of Dangerous Goods
+Regulations; the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, “Rules for
+the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels”; or regulations
+of other administering agencies. [55:8.2]
+63.4.2.1 Nonstandard Containers.
+63.4.2.1.1 Containers, equipment, and devices that are not in
+compliance with recognized standards for design and con-
+struction shall be permitted if approved by the AHJ upon pre-
+sentation of evidence that they are designed and constructed
+for safe operation. [55:8.2.1.1]
+63.4.2.1.2 The following data shall be submitted to the AHJ
+with reference to the deviation from the standard with the
+application for approval:
+(1) Type and use of container, equipment, or device
+(2) Material to be stored, used, or transported
+(3) Description showing dimensions and materials used in
+construction
+(4) Design pressure, maximum operating pressure, and test
+pressure
+(5) Type, size, and setting of pressure-relief devices [55:8.2.1.2]
+1–299COMPRESSED GASES AND CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.4.2.2 Concrete Containers.
+63.4.2.2.1 Concrete containers shall be built in accordance
+with the building code. [55:8.2.2.1]
+63.4.2.2.2 Barrier materials and membranes used in connec-
+tion with concrete, but not functioning structurally, shall be
+materials prescribed by nationally recognized standards.
+[55:8.2.2.2]
+63.4.2.3 Foundations and Supports.Stationary tanks shall be
+provided with concrete or masonry foundations or structural
+steel supports on firm concrete or masonry foundations, and
+the requirements of 63.4.2.3.1 through 63.4.2.3.5 also shall
+apply. [55:8.2.3]
+63.4.2.3.1 Excessive Loads.Stationary tanks shall be supported
+to prevent the concentration of excessive loads on the support-
+ing portion of the shell. [55:8.2.3.1]
+63.4.2.3.2 Expansion and Contraction.Foundations for hori-
+zontal containers shall be constructed to accommodate ex-
+pansion and contraction of the container. [55:8.2.3.2]
+63.4.2.3.3 Support of Ancilliary Equipment. Foundations
+shall be provided to support the weight of vaporizers and/or
+heat exchangers. [55:8.2.3.3]
+63.4.2.3.4 Temperature Effects.Where drainage systems, ter-
+rain, or surfaces beneath stationary tanks are arranged in a
+manner that can subject stationary tank foundations or sup-
+ports to temperatures below −130°F (−90°C), the foundations
+or supports shall be constructed of materials that are capable
+of withstanding the low-temperature effects of cryogenic fluid
+spillage. [55:8.2.3.4]
+63.4.2.3.5 Corrosion Protection.Portions of stationary tanks
+in contact with foundations or saddles shall be painted to pro-
+tect against corrosion. [55:8.2.3.5]
+63.4.2.4 Pressure-Relief Devices.
+63.4.2.4.1 General.
+63.4.2.4.1.1 Pressure-relief devices shall be provided to pro-
+tect containers and systems containing cryogenic fluids from
+rupture in the event of overpressure. [55:8.2.4.1.1]
+63.4.2.4.1.2 Pressure-relief devices shall be designed in accor-
+dance with CGA S-1.1, Pressure Relief Device Standards — Part 1
+— Cylinders for Compressed Gases , and CGA S-1.2, Pressure Relief
+Device Standards – Part 2 – Cargo and Portable Tanks for Compressed
+Gases, for portable tanks and CGA S-1.3, Pressure Relief Device
+Standards – Part 3 — Stationary Storage Containers for Compressed
+Gases, for stationary tanks. [55:8.2.4.1.2]
+63.4.2.4.2 Containers Open to the Atmosphere.Portable con-
+tainers that are open to the atmosphere and are designed to con-
+tain cryogenic fluids at atmospheric pressure shall not be re-
+quired to be equipped with pressure-relief devices. [55:8.2.4.2]
+63.4.2.4.3 Equipment Other than Containers.Heat exchang-
+ers, vaporizers, insulation casings surrounding containers, ves-
+sels, and coaxial piping systems in which liquefied cryogenic flu-
+ids could be trapped due to leakage from the primary container
+shall be provided with a pressure-relief device. [55:8.2.4.3]
+63.4.2.4.4 Sizing.
+63.4.2.4.4.1 Pressure-relief devices shall be sized in accor-
+dance with the specifications to which the container was fabri-
+cated. [55:8.2.4.4.1]
+63.4.2.4.4.2 The pressure-relief device shall have the capacity
+to prevent the maximum design pressure of the container or
+system from being exceeded. [55:8.2.4.4.2]
+63.4.2.4.5 Accessibility. Pressure-relief devices shall be lo-
+cated such that they are accessible for inspection and repair.
+[55:8.2.4.5]
+63.4.2.4.6 Arrangement.
+63.4.2.4.6.1 Pressure-Relief Devices. Pressure-relief devices
+shall be arranged to discharge unobstructed to the open air in
+such a manner as to prevent impingement of escaping gas on
+personnel, containers, equipment, and adjacent structures or
+its entrance into enclosed spaces. [55:8.2.4.6.1]
+63.4.2.4.6.2 Portable Containers with Volume Less than 2 ft3
+(0.057 m3).
+63.4.2.4.6.2.1 The arrangement of the discharge from
+pressure-relief devices from DOT-specified containers with an
+internal water volume of 2.0 ft 3 (0.057 m 3) or less shall be
+incorporated in the design of the container. [55:8.2.4.6.2.1]
+63.4.2.4.6.2.2 Additional safeguards regarding placement or
+arrangement shall not be required. [55:8.2.4.6.2.2]
+63.4.2.4.7 Shutoffs Between Pressure-Relief Devices and
+Containers.
+63.4.2.4.7.1 General. Shutoff valves installed between pressure-
+relief devices and containers shall be in accordance with
+63.4.2.4.7. [55:8.2.4.7.1]
+63.4.2.4.7.2 Location. Shutoff valves shall not be installed be-
+tween pressure-relief devices and containers unless the valves
+or their use meets the requirements of 63.4.2.4.7.2.1 or
+63.4.2.4.7.2.2. [55:8.2.4.7.2]
+63.4.2.4.7.2.1 Security. Shutoff valves shall be of a locking
+type, and their use shall be limited to service-related work per-
+formed by the supplier under the requirements of the ASME
+Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.[ 55:8.2.4.7.2.1]
+63.4.2.4.7.2.2 Multiple Pressure-Relief Devices.Shutoff valves
+controlling multiple pressure-relief devices on a container shall
+be installed so that either the type of valve installed or the
+arrangement provides the full required flow through the
+minimum number of required relief devices at all times.
+[55:8.2.4.7.2.2]
+63.4.2.4.8 Temperature Limits. Pressure-relief devices shall
+not be subjected to cryogenic fluid temperatures except when
+operating. [55:8.2.4.8]
+63.4.3 Pressure-Relief Vent Piping.
+63.4.3.1 General. Pressure-relief vent piping systems shall be
+constructed and arranged to direct the flow of gas to a safe
+location and in accordance with 63.4.3. [55:8.3.1]
+63.4.3.2 Sizing. Pressure-relief device vent piping shall have a
+cross-sectional area not less than that of the pressure-relief
+device vent opening and shall be arranged so as not to restrict
+the flow of escaping gas. [55:8.3.2]
+63.4.3.3 Arrangement. Pressure-relief device vent piping and
+drains in vent lines shall be arranged so that escaping gas dis-
+charges unobstructed to the open air and does not impinge
+on personnel, containers, equipment, and adjacent structures
+or enter enclosed spaces. [55:8.3.3]
+1–300 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.4.3.4 Installation. Pressure-relief device vent lines shall be
+installed in a manner that excludes or removes moisture and
+condensation to prevent malfunction of the pressure-relief de-
+vice due to freezing or ice accumulation. [55:8.3.4]
+63.4.3.5 Overfilling. Controls shall be provided to prevent
+overfilling of stationary containers. [55:8.3.5]
+63.4.4 Marking.
+63.4.4.1 General. Cryogenic containers and systems shall be
+marked in accordance with nationally recognized standards
+and in accordance with 63.4.4. [55:8.4.1]
+63.4.4.1.1 Portable Containers.
+63.4.4.1.1.1 Portable cryogenic containers shall be marked in
+accordance with CGA C-7,Guide to the Preparation of Precautionary
+Labeling and Marking of Compressed Gas Containers.[ 55:8.4.1.1.1]
+63.4.4.1.1.2* All DOT-4L/TC-4LM liquid cylinders shall have
+product identification visible from all directions with mini-
+mum 2 in. (51 mm) high letters. [55:8.4.1.1.2]
+63.4.4.1.2 Stationary Tanks.Stationary tanks shall be marked
+in accordance with NFPA 704. [55:8.4.1.2]
+63.4.4.1.3 Identification Signs. Visible hazard identification
+signs shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 704 at en-
+trances to buildings or areas in which cryogenic fluids are
+stored, handled, or used. [55:8.4.1.3]
+63.4.4.2 Identification of Contents. Stationary containers
+shall be placarded with the identity of their contents to indi-
+cate the name of the material contained. [55:8.4.2]
+63.4.4.3 Container Specification.Stationary containers shall
+be marked with the manufacturing specification and maxi-
+mum allowable working pressure on a permanent nameplate.
+[55:8.4.3]
+63.4.4.3.1 The nameplate shall be installed on the container
+in an accessible location. [55:8.4.3.1]
+63.4.4.3.2 The nameplate shall be marked in accordance
+with nationally recognized standards. [55:8.4.3.2]
+63.4.4.4 Identification of Container Connections.
+63.4.4.4.1 Container inlet and outlet connections, liquid-
+level limit controls, valves, and pressure gauges shall be iden-
+tified using one of the methods prescribed by 63.4.4.4.1.1
+through 63.4.4.4.1.2.1. [55:8.4.4.1]
+63.4.4.4.1.1 They shall be marked with a permanent tag or
+label identifying their function. [55:8.4.4.1.1]
+63.4.4.4.1.2 They shall be identified by a schematic drawing
+that indicates their function and designates whether they are
+connected to the vapor or liquid space of the container.
+[55:8.4.4.1.2]
+63.4.4.4.1.2.1 When a schematic drawing is provided, it shall
+be attached to the container and maintained in a legible con-
+dition. [55:8.4.4.1.2.1]
+63.4.4.5 Identification of Piping Systems.Piping systems shall
+be identified in accordance with ASME A13.1, Scheme for the
+Identification of Piping Systems.[ 55:8.4.5]
+63.4.4.6 Identification of Emergency Shutoff Valves.Emer-
+gency shutoff valves on stationary containers shall be identi-
+fied, visible, and indicated by means of a sign. [55:8.4.6]
+63.4.5 Security.
+63.4.5.1 General. Cryogenic containers and systems shall be
+secured against accidental dislodgement and against access by
+unauthorized personnel in accordance with 63.4.5. [55:8.5.1]
+63.4.5.2 Security of Areas.Areas used for the storage of con-
+tainers and systems shall be secured against unauthorized en-
+try. [55:8.5.2]
+63.4.5.3 Securing of Containers.Stationary containers shall
+be secured to foundations in accordance with the building
+code. [55:8.5.3]
+63.4.5.3.1 Portable containers subject to shifting or upset
+shall be secured. [55:8.5.3.1]
+63.4.5.3.2 Nesting shall be permitted as a means of securing
+portable containers. [55:8.5.3.2]
+63.4.5.4 Securing of Vaporizers.Vaporizers, heat exchangers,
+and similar equipment shall be secured to foundations, and
+their connecting piping shall be designed and constructed to
+provide for the effects of expansion and contraction due to
+temperature changes. [55:8.5.4]
+63.4.5.5 Physical Protection. Containers, piping, valves,
+pressure-relief devices, regulating equipment, and other
+appurtenances shall be protected against physical damage
+and tampering. [ 55:8.5.5]
+63.4.6 Separation from Hazardous Conditions.
+63.4.6.1 General. Cryogenic containers and systems in stor-
+age or use shall be separated from materials and conditions
+that present exposure hazards to or from each other in accor-
+dance with 63.4.6. [55:8.6.1]
+63.4.6.2 Stationary Cryogenic Containers.Stationary contain-
+ers located outdoors shall be separated from exposure hazards
+in accordance with the minimum separation distances indi-
+cated in Table 63.4.6.2. [55:8.6.2]
+Table 63.4.6.2 Minimum Separation Distance Between
+Stationary Cryogenic Containers and Exposures
+Minimum Distance
+Exposure ft m
+(1) Buildings, regardless of
+construction type
+1 0.3
+(2) Wall openings 1 0.3
+(3) Air intakes 10 3.1
+(4) Property lines 5 1.5
+(5) Places of public
+assembly
+50 15
+(6) Nonambulatory patient
+areas
+50 15
+(7) Combustible materials,
+such as paper, leaves,
+weeds, dry grass, or
+debris
+15 4.5
+(8) Incompatible
+hazardous materials
+20 6.1
+[55: Table 8.6.2]
+1–301COMPRESSED GASES AND CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.4.6.2.1 Fire Barriers.A 2-hour fire barrier wall shall be per-
+mitted in lieu of the distances specified by Table 63.4.6.2, for
+items 1, 4, 7, and 8, when in accordance with the provisions of
+63.4.6.2.1.1 through 63.4.6.2.1.4. [55:8.6.2.1]
+63.4.6.2.1.1 The fire barrier wall shall be without openings or
+penetrations. [55:8.6.2.1.1]
+63.4.6.2.1.1.1 Penetrations of the fire barrier wall by conduit
+or piping shall be permitted provided that the penetration is
+protected with a fire stop system in accordance with the build-
+ing code. [55:8.6.2.1.1.1]
+63.4.6.2.1.2 The fire barrier wall shall be either an indepen-
+dent structure or the exterior wall of the building adjacent to
+the storage system. [55:8.6.2.1.2]
+63.4.6.2.1.3 The fire barrier wall shall be located not less than
+5 ft (1.5 m) from any exposure. [55:8.6.2.1.3]
+63.4.6.2.1.4 The fire barrier wall shall not have more than
+two sides at 90 degree (1.57 rad) directions, or not more than
+three sides with connecting angles of 135 degrees (2.36 rad).
+[55:8.6.2.1.4]
+63.4.6.2.1.5 Where the requirement of 63.4.6.2.1.4 is met,
+the bulk system shall be a minimum distance of 1 ft (0.3 m)
+from the fire barrier wall. [55:8.6.2.1.5]
+63.4.6.2.2 The distances shown in items 1, 4, 7, and 8 of Table
+63.4.6.2 shall not apply where a fire barrier wall having a mini-
+mum fire resistance of 2 hours interrupts the line of sight
+between uninsulated portions of the bulk storage system and
+the exposure. [55:8.6.2.2]
+63.4.6.2.3 Point of Fill Connections.Remote transfer points
+and fill connection points shall not be positioned closer to
+exposures than the minimum distances required for station-
+ary containers as indicated in Table 63.4.6.2. [55:8.6.2.3]
+63.4.6.2.4 Surfaces Beneath Containers.The surface of the
+area on which stationary containers are placed, including the
+surface of the area located below the point at which connec-
+tions are made for the purpose of filling such containers, shall
+be compatible with the fluid in the container. [55:8.6.2.4]
+63.4.6.3 Portable Cryogenic Containers.Portable containers
+located outdoors shall be separated from exposure hazards in
+accordance with Table 63.4.6.3. [55:8.6.3]
+63.4.6.3.1 Fire Barriers.A 2-hour fire barrier wall shall be per-
+mitted in lieu of the distances specified by Table 63.4.6.3 when
+in accordance with the provisions of 63.4.6.3.1.1 through
+63.4.6.3.1.4. [55:8.6.3.1]
+63.4.6.3.1.1 The fire barrier wall shall be without openings or
+penetrations. [55:8.6.3.1.1]
+63.4.6.3.1.1.1 Penetrations of the fire barrier wall by conduit
+or piping shall be permitted provided that the penetration is
+protected with a fire stop system in accordance with the build-
+ing code. [55:8.6.3.1.1.1]
+63.4.6.3.1.2 The fire barrier wall shall be either an indepen-
+dent structure or the exterior wall of the building adjacent to
+the storage system. [55:8.6.3.1.2]
+63.4.6.3.1.3 The fire barrier wall shall be located not less than
+5 ft (1.5 m) from any exposure. [55:8.6.3.1.3]
+63.4.6.3.1.4 The fire barrier wall shall not have more than
+two sides at approximately 90 degree (1.57 rad) directions, or
+not more than three sides with connecting angles of approxi-
+mately 135 degrees (2.36 rad). [55:8.6.3.1.4]
+63.4.7 Electrical Wiring and Equipment.
+63.4.7.1 General. Electrical wiring and equipment shall be in
+accordance with Section 11.1, NFPA 70, and 63.4.7. [55:8.7.1]
+63.4.7.2 Location. Containers and systems shall not be lo-
+cated where they could become part of an electrical circuit.
+[55:8.7.2]
+63.4.7.3 Electrical Ground and Bonding.Containers and sys-
+tems shall not be used for electrical grounding. [55:8.7.3]
+63.4.7.3.1 When electrical grounding and bonding is re-
+quired, the system shall be in accordance with NFPA 70.
+[55:8.7.3.1]
+63.4.7.3.2 The grounding system shall be protected against
+corrosion, including corrosion caused by stray electrical cur-
+rents. [55:8.7.3.2]
+63.4.8 Service and Repair.Service, repair, modification, or re-
+moval of valves, pressure-relief devices, or other container ap-
+purtenances shall be in accordance with nationally recognized
+standards. [55:8.8]
+63.4.8.1 Containers. Containers that have been removed from
+service shall be handled in an approved manner. [55:8.8.1]
+63.4.8.1.1 Testing.Containers out of service in excess of 1 year
+shall be inspected and tested as required under 63.4.8.1.2.
+[55:8.8.1.1]
+63.4.8.1.2 The pressure-relief devices shall be tested for oper-
+ability and to determine if they are set at the relief pressure
+required by the tank design. [55:8.8.1.2]
+63.4.8.2 Systems. Service and repair of containers or systems
+shall be performed by trained personnel in accordance with
+nationally recognized standards and with the permission of
+the container owner. [55:8.8.2]
+63.4.9 Unauthorized Use. Containers shall not be used for
+any purpose other than to serve as a vessel for containing the
+product for which it is designated. [55:8.9]
+Table 63.4.6.3 Minimum Separation Distance Between
+Portable Cryogenic Containers and Exposures
+Minimum Distance
+Exposure ft m
+Building exits 10 3.1
+Wall openings 10 3.1
+Air intakes 10 3.1
+Property lines 5 1.5
+Room or area exits 3 0.9
+Combustible materials,
+such as paper, leaves,
+weeds, dry grass, or
+debris
+15 4.5
+Incompatible hazardous
+materials
+20 6.1
+[55: Table 8.6.3]
+1–302 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.4.10 Leaks, Damage, and Corrosion.
+63.4.10.1 Leaking, damaged, or corroded containers shall be
+removed from service. [55:8.10.1]
+63.4.10.2 Leaking, damaged, or corroded systems shall be
+replaced, repaired, or removed from service. [55:8.10.2]
+63.4.11 Lighting.Where required by the AHJ, lighting, includ-
+ing emergency lighting, shall be provided for fire appliances
+and operating facilities such as walkways, control valves, and
+gates ancillary to stationary containers. [55:8.11]
+63.4.12 Storage.
+63.4.12.1 Indoor Storage.
+63.4.12.1.1 Installation. Stationary containers indoors shall
+be installed in accordance with Chapters 9 and 11 of NFPA 55
+or CGA P-18, Standard for Bulk Inert Gas Systems at Consumer
+Sites. [55:8.12.1.1]
+63.4.12.1.2 Stationary Containers.Stationary containers shall
+be in accordance with 63.4.2. [55:8.12.1.2]
+63.4.12.1.3 Cryogenic Fluids.Cryogenic fluids in stationary or
+portable containers stored indoors shall be stored in build-
+ings, rooms, or areas constructed in accordance with the
+building code. [55:8.12.1.3]
+63.4.12.1.4 Ventilation. Ventilation shall be in accordance
+with 63.2.16. [55:8.12.1.4]
+63.4.12.2 Outdoor Storage.
+63.4.12.2.1 General. Cryogenic fluids in stationary or por-
+table containers stored outdoors shall be in accordance with
+63.4.12.2. [55:8.12.2.1]
+63.4.12.2.2 Access. Stationary containers shall be located to
+provide access by mobile supply equipment and authorized
+personnel. [55:8.12.2.2]
+63.4.12.2.3 Diked Areas Containing Other Hazardous Materi-
+als. Containers of cryogenic fluids shall not be located within
+diked areas with other hazardous materials. [55:8.12.2.3]
+63.4.12.2.4 Areas Subject to Flooding.Stationary containers
+located in areas subject to flooding shall be securely anchored
+or elevated to prevent the containers from separating from
+foundations or supports. [55:8.12.2.4]
+63.4.12.2.5 Drainage.
+63.4.12.2.5.1 The area surrounding stationary and portable
+containers shall be provided with a means to prevent acciden-
+tal discharge of fluids from endangering personnel, contain-
+ers, equipment, and adjacent structures and from entering
+enclosed spaces in accordance with this Code.[ 55:8.12.2.5.1]
+63.4.12.2.5.2 The stationary container shall not be placed
+where spilled or discharged fluids will be retained around the
+container. [55:8.12.2.5.2]
+63.4.12.2.5.3 The provisions of 63.4.12.2.5.2 shall be permit-
+ted to be altered or waived where the AHJ determines that the
+container does not constitute a hazard after consideration of
+special features such as the following:
+(1) Crushed rock utilized as a heat sink
+(2) Topographical conditions
+(3) Nature of occupancy
+(4) Proximity to structures on the same or adjacent property
+(5) Capacity and construction of containers and character of
+fluids to be stored [55:8.12.2.5.3]
+63.4.12.2.5.4 The grade for a distance of not less than 50 ft
+(15 m) from where cryogenic fluid storage or delivery systems are
+installed shall be higher than the grade on which flammable or
+combustible liquids are stored or used. [55:8.12.2.5.4]
+63.4.12.2.5.4.1* When the grade differential between the stor-
+age or delivery system and the flammable or combustible liquids
+storage or use area is not in accordance with 63.4.12.2.5.4, diver-
+sion curbs or other means of drainage control shall be used to
+divert the flow of flammable or combustible liquids away from
+the cryogenic system. The means of drainage control shall pre-
+vent the flow of flammable or combustible liquid to a distance
+not less than 50 ft from all parts of the delivery system.
+[55:8.12.2.5.4.1]
+63.4.12.2.6 Outdoor Installations.
+63.4.12.2.6.1 Enclosed Courts.Stationary containers shall not
+be installed within enclosed courts. [55:8.12.2.6.1]
+63.4.12.2.6.2* Courts.Stationary containers shall be sited so
+that they are open to the surrounding environment except
+that encroachment by building walls of unlimited height shall
+be permitted when in accordance with the distances specified
+by Table 63.4.6.2 or the material-specific tables in Chapters 9
+through 11 of NFPA 55. [55:8.12.2.6.2]
+63.4.12.2.6.2.1* When exterior building walls encroach on
+the system to form a court, the system shall be located at a
+distance not less than the height of the wall from at least two
+court walls. [55:8.12.2.6.2.1]
+63.4.12.2.6.2.2 The required distance between the exterior
+walls of the building forming the court and the container shall
+be determined independently without regard to fire barrier
+walls used to allow encroachment by fire exposure hazards.
+[55:8.12.2.6.2.2]
+63.4.12.2.6.3 Fire Department Access.Fire department access
+roadways or other approved means shall be in accordance
+with Section 18.2. [55:8.12.2.6.3]
+63.4.13 Use and Handling.
+63.4.13.1 General. Use and handling of containers and sys-
+tems shall be in accordance with 63.4.13. [55:8.13.1]
+63.4.13.1.1 Operating Instructions. Operating instructions
+shall be provided for installations that require the operation
+of equipment. [55:8.13.1.1]
+63.4.13.1.2 Attended Delivery.A qualified person shall be in
+attendance at all times cryogenic fluid is transferred from mo-
+bile supply units to a storage system. [55:8.13.1.2]
+63.4.13.1.3 Inspection.
+63.4.13.1.3.1 Cryogenic fluid storage systems shall be inspected
+annually and maintained by a qualified representative of the
+equipment owner. [55:8.13.1.3.1]
+63.4.13.1.3.2 A record of the inspection shall be prepared and
+provided to the user or the AHJ upon request. [55:8.13.1.3.2]
+63.4.13.1.4 Design.
+63.4.13.1.4.1 Cryogenic fluid systems shall be designed for
+the use intended. [55:8.13.1.4.1]
+1–303COMPRESSED GASES AND CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+63.4.13.1.4.2 Where nationally recognized good practices or
+standards have been established for the process employed,
+such practices and standards shall be followed. [55:8.13.1.4.2]
+63.4.13.1.4.3 Piping Systems. Piping and tubing conveying
+cryogenic fluids, including valves, joints, and fittings, shall be
+installed in accordance with nationally recognized standards
+and shall be in accordance with 63.4.13.2. [55:8.13.1.4.3]
+63.4.13.2 Piping and Appurtenances.
+63.4.13.2.1 Piping systems shall be designed for the use in-
+tended through the full range of pressure and temperature to
+which they will be subjected. [55:8.13.2.1]
+63.4.13.2.2 Piping systems shall be designed and constructed
+to allow for expansion, contraction, vibration, settlement, and
+fire exposure. [55:8.13.2.2]
+63.4.13.3 Joints. Joints on container piping and tubing shall
+be threaded, welded, silver-brazed, or flanged. [55:8.13.3]
+63.4.13.4 Valves and Accessory Equipment.Valves and acces-
+sory equipment shall be acceptable for the intended use at the
+temperatures of the application and shall be designed and
+constructed to withstand the maximum pressure at the mini-
+mum temperature to which they will be subjected. [55:8.13.4]
+63.4.13.5 Shutoff Valves on Containers.Shutoff valves shall
+be provided on all container connections, except for pressure-
+relief devices. [55:8.13.5]
+63.4.13.5.1 Shutoff valves for containers with multiple pressure-
+relief devices shall be permitted in accordance with 63.4.2.4.7.
+[55:8.13.5.1]
+63.4.13.5.2 Shutoff valves shall be accessible and located as
+close as practical to the container. [55:8.13.5.2]
+63.4.13.6 Shutoff Valves on Piping.
+63.4.13.6.1 Shutoff valves shall be installed in piping contain-
+ing cryogenic fluids where needed to limit the volume of liq-
+uid discharged in the event of piping or equipment failure.
+[55:8.13.6.1]
+63.4.13.6.2 Pressure-relief valves shall be installed where liq-
+uid can be trapped between shutoff valves in the piping sys-
+tem. (See 63.4.2.4.) [55:8.13.6.2]
+63.4.13.7 Physical Protection and Support.
+63.4.13.7.1 Aboveground piping systems shall be supported
+and protected from physical damage. [55:8.13.7.1]
+63.4.13.7.2 Piping passing through walls shall be protected
+from mechanical damage. [55:8.13.7.2]
+63.4.13.8 Corrosion Protection. Aboveground piping that is
+subject to corrosion shall be protected against corrosion. Below-
+ground piping shall be protected against corrosion. [55:8.13.8]
+63.4.13.9 Testing.
+63.4.13.9.1 Piping systems shall be tested and proven free of
+leaks after installation as required by the standards to which
+they are designed and constructed. [55:8.13.9.1]
+63.4.13.9.2 Test pressures shall not be less than 150 percent
+of the maximum allowable working pressure when hydraulic
+testing is conducted or 110 percent when testing is conducted
+pneumatically. [55:8.13.9.2]
+63.4.13.10 Material-Specific Requirements.
+63.4.13.10.1 Indoor Use.Indoor use of cryogenic fluids shall be
+in accordance with the material-specific provisions of Chapters 9
+and 11 of NFPA 55 or with CGA P-18,Standard for Bulk Inert Gas
+Systems at Consumer Sites,and 63.4.13.2. [55:8.13.10.1]
+63.4.13.10.2 Outdoor Use.
+63.4.13.10.2.1 General. Outdoor use of cryogenic fluids shall
+be in accordance with the material-specific provisions of Chap-
+ters 9 and 11 of NFPA 55 or with CGA P-18,Standard for Bulk Inert
+Gas Systems at Consumer Sites,and 63.4.13.2. [55:8.13.10.2.1]
+63.4.13.10.2.2 Separation. Distances from property lines,
+buildings, and exposure hazards shall be in accordance with
+Table 63.4.6.2 and Table 63.4.6.3 and the material-specific
+provisions of Chapters 9 and 11 of NFPA 55 or CGA P-18,Stan-
+dard for Bulk Inert Gas Systems at Consumer Sites.[ 55:8.13.10.2.2]
+63.4.13.10.2.3 Shutoff Valves.
+63.4.13.10.2.3.1 Shutoff valves shall be provided to shut off the
+cryogenic fluid supply in case of emergency. [55:8.13.10.2.3.1]
+63.4.13.10.2.3.2 A shutoff valve shall be located at the source
+of supply and at the point where the system enters the build-
+ing. [55:8.13.10.2.3.2]
+63.4.13.10.3 Filling and Dispensing.
+63.4.13.10.3.1 General. Filling and dispensing of cryogenic
+fluids shall be in accordance with 63.4.13.1.2. [55:8.13.10.3.1]
+63.4.13.10.3.2 Dispensing Areas.Dispensing of cryogenic flu-
+ids associated with physical or health hazards shall be con-
+ducted in approved locations. [55:8.13.10.3.2]
+63.4.13.10.3.2.1 Indoor Dispensing Areas. Dispensing in-
+doors shall be conducted in areas constructed in accordance
+with the building code. [55:8.13.10.3.2.1]
+63.4.13.10.3.2.2 Ventilation.Indoor areas in which cryogenic
+fluids are dispensed shall be ventilated in accordance with
+the requirements of 63.2.16 and the mechanical code.
+[55:8.13.10.3.2.2]
+63.4.13.10.3.2.3 Piping Systems. Piping systems utilized for
+filling or dispensing of cryogenic fluids shall be designed and
+constructed in accordance with 63.4.13.2. [55:8.13.10.3.2.3]
+63.4.13.10.3.3 Vehicle Loading and Unloading Areas.Load-
+ing or unloading areas shall be constructed in accordance
+with the requirements of Chapter 9 for liquid oxygen and
+Chapter 11 for liquid hydrogen of NFPA 55 or CGA P-18,Stan-
+dard for Bulk Inert Gas Systems at Consumer Sites, for inert cryo-
+genic fluids, as applicable. [55:8.13.10.3.3]
+63.4.13.10.3.4 Overfilling. Controls shall be provided to pre-
+vent overfilling of stationary containers during filling opera-
+tions. [55:8.13.10.3.4]
+63.4.13.10.4 Handling.
+63.4.13.10.4.1 Applicability. Handling of cryogenic contain-
+ers shall be in accordance 63.4.13.10.4. [55:8.13.10.4.1]
+63.4.13.10.4.2 Carts and Trucks.
+63.4.13.10.4.2.1 Cryogenic containers shall be moved using
+an approved method. [55:8.13.10.4.2.1]
+63.4.13.10.4.2.2 Where cryogenic containers are moved by
+hand cart, hand truck, or other mobile device, that device
+1–304 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+shall be designed for the secure movement of the container.
+[55:8.13.10.4.2.2]
+63.4.13.10.4.3 Design. Carts and trucks used to transport
+cryogenic containers shall be designed to provide a stable base
+for the commodities to be transported and shall have a means
+of restraining containers to prevent accidental dislodgement.
+[55:8.13.10.4.3]
+63.4.13.10.4.4 Closed Containers.
+63.4.13.10.4.4.1 Pressurized containers shall be closed while
+transported. [55:8.13.10.4.4.1]
+63.4.13.10.4.4.2 Containers designed for use at atmospheric
+conditions shall be transported with appropriate loose-fitting
+covers in place to prevent spillage. [55:8.13.10.4.4.2]
+63.5 Bulk Oxygen Systems.Bulk oxygen systems shall comply
+with NFPA 55.
+63.6 Gaseous Hydrogen Systems.Gaseous hydrogen systems
+shall comply with NFPA 55.
+63.7 Liquefied Hydrogen Systems. Liquefied hydrogen sys-
+tems shall comply with NFPA 55.
+Chapter 64 Corrosive Solids and Liquids
+64.1 General. The storage, use, and handling of corrosive sol-
+ids and liquids shall comply with the requirements of Chapter
+60. The storage, use, and handling of corrosive solids and liq-
+uids in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantities
+permitted in control areas set forth in Chapter 60 shall comply
+with the requirements of this chapter.
+64.2 Outdoor Storage.
+64.2.1 Location. Outdoor storage of corrosive solids and liq-
+uids shall not be within 20 ft (6.1 m) of property lines, streets,
+alleys, public ways, means of egress to a public way, or build-
+ings not used exclusively for the storage, distribution, or
+manufacturing of such materials, except as provided in 64.2.2.
+64.2.2 Distance Reduction.An unpierced 2-hour fire-resistive
+wall extending not less than 30 in. (760 mm) above and to the
+side of the storage area shall be permitted in lieu of the dis-
+tance specified in 64.2.1.
+Chapter 65 Explosives, Fireworks,
+and Model Rocketry
+65.1 General.
+65.1.1 The storage, use, and handling of explosives, fireworks,
+and model rocketry shall comply with the requirements of this
+chapter, NFPA standards referenced within this chapter, and Sec-
+tion 60.1 and Section 60.2 of thisCode.
+65.1.2 Where the provisions of this chapter or NFPA stan-
+dards referenced herein conflict with the provisions of Chap-
+ter 60, the provisions of this chapter and referenced NFPA
+standards shall apply.
+65.2 Display Fireworks.
+65.2.1 The construction, handling, and use of fireworks in-
+tended solely for outdoor display as well as the general con-
+duct and operation of the display shall comply with the re-
+quirements of NFPA 1123,Code for Fireworks Display.
+65.2.2 All storage of display fireworks shall comply with
+NFPA 1124,Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Storage, and
+Retail Sales of Fireworks and Pyrotechnic Articles.
+65.2.3 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+65.3 Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience.
+65.3.1 The use of pyrotechnic special effects in the perform-
+ing arts in conjunction with theatrical, musical, or any similar
+productions before a proximate audience, performers, or sup-
+port personnel shall comply with NFPA 1126, Standard for the
+Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience.
+65.3.2 Where any of the following conditions exist, they shall
+comply with NFPA 1126:
+(1) Any indoor display of pyrotechnic special effects
+(2) Any outdoor use of pyrotechnic special effects at distances
+less than those required by NFPA 1123
+(3) The use of pyrotechnic special effects during any video-
+taping, audiotaping, or filming of any television, radio, or
+movie production if such production is before a proxi-
+mate audience
+(4) The rehearsal of any production in which pyrotechnic
+special effects are used
+65.3.3 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+65.4 Flame Effects Before an Audience.
+65.4.1 The use of flame effects before an audience shall com-
+ply with NFPA 160, Standard for the Use of Flame Effects Before an
+Audience.
+65.4.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+65.5 Fireworks Manufacturing.
+65.5.1 The manufacture, transportation, or storage of fire-
+works shall comply with NFPA 1124.
+65.5.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+65.6 Model Rocketry.The design, construction, limitations of
+propellant mass and power, and reliability of model rocket
+motors and model rocket motor reloading kits and their com-
+ponents produced commercially for sale to or use by the pub-
+lic for purposes of education, recreation, and sporting compe-
+tition, shall comply with NFPA 1122,Code for Model Rocketry.
+65.7 Rocketry Manufacturing.
+65.7.1 The manufacture of model rocket motors designed,
+sold, and used for the purpose of propelling recoverable aero
+models shall comply with NFPA 1125,Code for the Manufacture of
+Model Rocket and High Power Rocket Motors.
+65.7.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+65.8 High Power Rocketry.
+65.8.1 The design, construction, limitations of propellant
+mass and power, and reliability of all high-power rocket mo-
+tors and motor components produced commercially for sale
+to or use by the certified user for education, recreation, and
+1–305EXPLOSIVES, FIREWORKS, AND MODEL ROCKETRY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+sporting competition shall comply with NFPA 1127, Code for
+High Power Rocketry.
+65.8.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+65.9 Explosives.
+65.9.1 The manufacture, transportation, storage, sale, and
+use of explosive materials shall comply with NFPA 495, Explo-
+sive Materials Code, and NFPA 498, Standard for Safe Havens and
+Interchange Lots for Vehicles Transporting Explosives.
+65.9.2 Permits.
+65.9.2.1 Permits, where required, shall comply with Section
+1.12.
+65.9.2.2 A separate permit shall be required to conduct blast-
+ing operations.
+65.10 Ammonium Nitrate.
+65.10.1 The storage of ammonium nitrate in the form of crys-
+tals, flakes, grains, or prills including fertilizer grade, dyna-
+mite grade, nitrous oxide grade, technical grade, and other
+mixtures containing 60 percent or more by weight of ammo-
+nium nitrate shall comply with NFPA 490,Code for the Storage of
+Ammonium Nitrate.
+65.10.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+65.11 Sale, Handling, and Storage of Consumer Fireworks.
+65.11.1* Applicability.
+65.11.1.1* General Requirements.Retail sales of consumer
+fireworks in both new and existing buildings, structures, and
+facilities shall comply with the requirements of this section
+unless otherwise indicated. [1124:7.1.1]
+65.11.1.1.1 New Facilities.
+65.11.1.1.1.1 For the purpose of applying the requirements
+of this section, the following consumer fireworks retail sales
+(CFRS) facilities and stores shall be considered to be new:
+(1) Permanent CFRS facilities and stores that are not initially
+occupied until after the effective date of this Code, unless
+plans are submitted and accepted for review, plans have
+been approved for construction, or a building permit has
+been issued prior to the effective date of this Code
+(2) Permanent CFRS facilities and stores constructed prior to
+the effective date of this Code and in which the retail sales
+of consumer fireworks have not been conducted either
+seasonally or year-round within one year prior to the ef-
+fective date of this Code
+(3) Temporary CFRS facilities and stores [ 1124:7.1.1.1.1]
+65.11.1.1.1.2 In a store where the area of the retail sales floor
+occupied by the retail displays of consumer fireworks is in-
+creased after the effective date of this Code, such that the area
+exceeds the limits specified in 65.11.5.1.1(1), the building
+shall be considered to be a new CFRS facility. [1124:7.1.1.1.2]
+65.11.1.1.2 Existing Facilities. For the purpose of applying
+the requirements of this chapter, CFRS facilities and stores not
+considered to be new as specified in 65.11.1.1.1 shall be con-
+sidered to be existing. [1124:7.1.1.2]
+65.11.1.1.3 Minimum Requirements.Existing life safety fea-
+tures that do not meet the requirements for new buildings but
+that exceed the requirements for existing buildings shall not
+be further diminished. [1124:7.1.1.3]
+65.11.1.1.4 Modernization or Renovation.Any alteration or
+any installation of new equipment shall meet, as nearly as prac-
+ticable, the requirements for new construction. [1124:7.1.1.4]
+65.11.1.1.4.1 Only the altered, renovated, or modernized
+portion of an existing building, system, or individual compo-
+nent shall be required to meet the provisions of this Code that
+are applicable to new construction. [1124:7.1.1.4.1]
+65.11.1.1.4.2 If the alteration, renovation, or modernization
+adversely impacts required life safety features, additional up-
+grading shall be required. [1124:7.1.1.4.2]
+65.11.1.1.4.3 Except where another provision of this Code ex-
+empts a previously approved feature from a requirement, the
+resulting feature shall be not less than that required for exist-
+ing buildings. [1124:7.1.1.4.3]
+65.11.1.2 Facility Classification.The requirements of this sec-
+tion shall apply to the following:
+(1) Permanent buildings and structures, including the follow-
+ing:
+(a) Stores
+(b) CFRS facilities
+(2) Temporary facilities, including the following:
+(a) CFRS stands
+(b) Tents
+(c) Canopies
+(d) Membrane structures [ 1124:7.1.2]
+65.11.2 Special Limits for Retail Sales of Consumer Fireworks.
+65.11.2.1 Retail sales of consumer fireworks, including their
+related storage and display for sale of such fireworks, shall be
+in accordance with this Code.[ 1124:7.2.1]
+65.11.2.2* Retail sales of consumer fireworks shall be limited
+to mercantile occupancies defined in Section 20.12 and NFPA
+101.[ 1124:7.2.2]
+65.11.2.3 Any building or structure used for the retail sales of
+consumer fireworks, including their related storage, shall
+comply with Section 20.12 and NFPA101 for mercantile occu-
+pancies, except as provided in this Code.[ 1124:7.2.3]
+65.11.2.4 Retail sales of display fireworks and pyrotechnic ar-
+ticles, including the related storage and display for sale of such
+fireworks and articles, shall be prohibited at a CFRS facility or
+store. [1124:7.2.4]
+65.11.2.5 Retail sales of certain explosive devices prohibited
+by the Child Safety Act of 1966 , including the related storage
+and display for sale of such devices, shall be prohibited at a
+CFRS facility or store. [1124:7.2.5]
+65.11.2.6 The retail sales of pest control devices, including
+their related storage and display for sale, shall be prohibited at
+a CFRS facility or store. [1124:7.2.6]
+65.11.2.7 The retail sales of fireworks that do not comply with
+the regulations of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commis-
+sion as set forth in 16 CFR 1500 and 1507 and the regulations
+of the U.S. Department of Transportation as set forth in 49
+CFR 100 to 178, including their related storage and display for
+sale, shall be prohibited. [1124:7.2.7]
+1–306 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+65.11.3 General Requirements for All Retail Sales.
+65.11.3.1 Exempt Amounts.
+65.11.3.1.1 The requirements of this section shall not apply
+to CFRS facilities or stores where the consumer fireworks are
+in packages and where the total quantity of consumer fire-
+works on hand does not exceed 125 lb (net) [56.8 kg] of pyro-
+technic composition or, in a building protected throughout
+with an approved automatic sprinkler system installed in ac-
+cordance with Section 13.3, 250 lb (net) [113.6 kg] of pyro-
+technic composition. [1124:7.3.1.1]
+65.11.3.1.2 Where the actual weight of the pyrotechnic com-
+position of consumer fireworks is not known, 25 percent of the
+gross weight of the consumer fireworks, including packaging,
+shall be permitted to be used to determine the weight of the
+pyrotechnic composition. [1124:7.3.1.2]
+65.11.3.2* Permits.Where required by state or local laws, or-
+dinances, or regulations, a permit for the following shall be
+obtained:
+(1) Construction, erection, or operation of the following:
+(a) Permanent building or structure
+(b) Temporary structure such as a stand, tent, or canopy
+used for the purpose of the retail display or sale of
+consumer fireworks to the public
+(2) Storage of consumer fireworks in connection with the re-
+tail display or sale of consumer fireworks to the public
+[1124:7.3.2]
+65.11.3.3 Plans.Plans for facilities other than stands and tents
+shall include the following:
+(1) Minimum distances from the following:
+(a) Public ways
+(b) Buildings
+(c) Other CFRS facilities
+(d) Motor vehicle fuel–dispensing station dispensers
+(e) Retail propane-dispensing station dispensers
+(f) Flammable and combustible liquid aboveground
+tank storage
+(g) Flammable gas and flammable liquefied gas bulk above-
+ground storage and dispensing areas within 300 ft
+(91.5 m) of the facility used for the retail sales of con-
+sumer fireworks
+(2) Vehicle access and parking areas
+(3) Location and type of portable fire extinguishers
+(4) Floor plan and layout of storage and displays to indicate
+compliance with this chapter and applicable state or local
+laws, ordinances, or regulations
+(5) Means of egress
+(6) Construction details [ 1124:7.3.3]
+65.11.3.4* Fire Department Access.Any portion of an exterior
+wall of a building, sidewall of a tent, or other defined perim-
+eter of a CFRS facility or store shall be accessible within 150 ft
+(45.7 m) of a public way or an approved fire apparatus access.
+[1124:7.3.4]
+65.11.3.5 Construction of Buildings and Structures. Con-
+sumer fireworks shall only be permitted to be sold at retail in
+any of the following buildings or structures, provided that any
+new building or structure does not exceed one story in height:
+(1) Permanent buildings or structures constructed in accor-
+dance with the building code enforced by the AHJ
+(2) Tents, canopies, or temporary membrane structures com-
+plying with NFPA 102, Standard for Grandstands, Folding
+and Telescopic Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures
+(3) Temporary structures constructed in accordance with this
+chapter
+(4) Temporary CFRS stands greater than 800 ft 2 (74 m2)i n
+area that also meet the requirements for a permanent
+structure
+(5) Vehicles, such as vans, buses, trailers, recreational vehicles,
+motor homes, travel trailers, trucks, and automobiles, com-
+plying with the applicable requirements for CFRS stands
+[1124:7.3.5]
+65.11.3.6 An automatic sprinkler system designed and in-
+stalled in accordance with Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 shall be
+provided throughout permanent CFRS facilities and stores in
+which CFRS are conducted in the following buildings:
+(1) New buildings greater than 6000 ft 2 (557.2 m2) in area
+(2) Existing buildings greater than 7500 ft 2 (694 m2) in area
+[1124:7.3.6]
+65.11.3.6.1 Door and window openings in the fire barrier wall
+shall be protected by self-closing fire doors or fixed fire win-
+dows having a fire protection rating of not less than 1 hour
+and shall be installed in accordance with Section 12.4 and
+NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives .
+[1124:7.3.6.1]
+65.11.3.6.2 Any other openings or penetrations in the fire
+barrier wall shall be protected in accordance with NFPA 101.
+[1124:7.3.6.2]
+65.11.3.6.3 Every CFRS facility and store shall have no fewer
+than two portable fire extinguishers with a minimum rating of
+2A, at least one of which shall be of the pressurized water type.
+[1124:7.3.6.3]
+65.11.3.7 Storage Rooms.Storage rooms containing consumer
+fireworks in a new permanent CFRS facility or store shall be pro-
+tected with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance
+with Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 or separated from the retail sales
+area by a fire barrier having a fire resistance rating of not less than
+1 hour. [1124:7.3.7]
+65.11.3.8 Portable Fire Extinguishers.
+65.11.3.8.1 Specification. Portable fire extinguishers shall be
+provided as required for extra (high) hazard occupancy in
+accordance with Section 13.6 and NFPA 10. [1124:7.3.8.1]
+65.11.3.8.2 Extinguisher Type. Where more than one por-
+table fire extinguisher is required, at least one fire extin-
+guisher shall be of the multipurpose dry chemical type if the
+facility is provided with electrical power. [1124:7.3.8.2]
+65.11.3.8.3 Location. Portable fire extinguishers for perma-
+nent consumer fireworks retail sales facilities and stores shall
+be located so that the maximum distance of travel required to
+reach an extinguisher from any point does not exceed 75 ft
+(23 m), as specified in NFPA 10. [1124:7.3.8.3]
+65.11.3.9 Fire Alarms.A fire alarm system shall be provided as
+required by Section 13.7 and NFPA101.[ 1124:7.3.9]
+65.11.3.10 Smoke Control.
+65.11.3.10.1 Smoke and heat vents designed and installed in
+accordance with NFPA 204,Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting,
+shall be provided in the CFRS area of new permanent CFRS
+facilities or stores where the ceiling height is less than 10 ft
+1–307EXPLOSIVES, FIREWORKS, AND MODEL ROCKETRY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(3.05 m) and the travel distance to reach an exit is greater
+than 25 ft (7.6 m). [1124:7.3.10.1]
+65.11.3.10.2 The smoke and heat vents required by
+65.11.3.10.1 shall be automatically activated by a smoke detec-
+tion system installed throughout the CFRS area in accordance
+with NFPA 72.[ 1124:7.3.10.2]
+65.11.3.11 No Smoking Signs.
+65.11.3.11.1 Smoking shall not be permitted inside or within
+50 ft (15.5 m) of the CFRS area. [1124:7.3.11.1]
+65.11.3.11.2 At least one sign that reads as follows, in letters at
+least 2 in. (51 mm) high on a contrasting background, shall be
+conspicuously posted at each entrance or within 10 ft (3.05 m)
+of every aisle directly serving the CFRS area in a store:
+[1124:7.3.11.2]
+FIREWORKS — NO SMOKING
+65.11.3.12 Distance from Bulk Dispensing and Bulk Storage.
+65.11.3.12.1 CFRS facilities and stores shall not be located
+within 50 ft (15.2 m) of the following:
+(1) Retail propane-dispensing station dispensers
+(2) Aboveground storage tanks for flammable or combustible
+liquid, flammable gas, or flammable liquefied gas
+(3) Compressed natural gas–dispensing station dispensers
+[1124:7.3.12.1]
+65.11.3.12.2 New CFRS facilities and stores, existing CFRS
+stands and tents, and temporary CFRS facilities shall not be
+located within 50 ft (15.2 m) of motor vehicle fuel–dispensing
+station dispensers. [1124:7.3.12.2]
+65.11.3.12.3 Existing CFRS facilities, other than CFRS stands,
+tents, and temporary facilities, and existing stores shall not be
+located within 25 ft (7.6 m) of motor vehicle fuel–dispensing
+station dispensers. [1124:7.3.12.3]
+65.11.3.12.4 Fuel tanks on vehicles or other motorized equip-
+ment shall not be considered bulk storage. [1124:7.3.12.4]
+65.11.3.12.5 Fuel storage for generators shall be in accor-
+dance with 65.11.4.9.2. [1124:7.3.12.5]
+65.11.3.12.6 CFRS areas and storage areas shall not be lo-
+cated within 300 ft (91.2 m) of any aboveground bulk storage
+or bulk dispensing area for the following:
+(1) Flammable or combustible liquid
+(2) Flammable gas
+(3) Flammable liquefied gas [ 1124:7.3.12.6]
+65.11.3.13* Fire Safety and Evacuation Plan.For a CFRS facil-
+ity or store, an approved fire safety and evacuation plan shall
+be prepared in writing and maintained current. [1124:7.3.13]
+65.11.3.14 Means of Egress.
+65.11.3.14.1 Number of Exits.
+65.11.3.14.1.1 The minimum number of exits provided from
+the retail sales area shall be not less than three or as deter-
+mined in accordance with Chapter 14 and NFPA 101, which-
+ever number is greater. [1124:7.3.14.1.1]
+65.11.3.14.1.2 Required means of egress from the retail sales
+area shall not be allowed to pass through storage rooms.
+[1124:7.3.14.1.2]
+65.11.3.14.2 Egress Travel Distance.Exits provided for the re-
+tail sales area of tents, membrane structures, canopies, and
+permanent CFRS facilities, including Class C stores, shall be
+located so that the maximum egress travel distance, measured
+from the most remote point to an exit along the natural and
+unobstructed path of egress travel, does not exceed 75 ft (22.9
+m). [1124:7.3.14.2]
+65.11.3.14.3 Aisles.Aisles serving as a portion of the exit access
+in CFRS areas shall comply with this paragraph. [1124:7.3.14.3]
+65.11.3.14.3.1 Aisle Width.
+65.11.3.14.3.1.1 Aisles shall have a minimum clear width of
+48 in. (1.2 m). [1124:7.3.14.3.1.1]
+65.11.3.14.3.1.2 The required width of aisles shall be main-
+tained unobstructed at all times the facility is occupied by the
+public. [1124:7.3.14.3.1.2]
+65.11.3.14.3.2* Aisle Arrangements.
+65.11.3.14.3.2.1 Not less than one aisle shall be provided and
+arranged so that travel along the aisle leads directly to an exit.
+[1124:7.3.14.3.2.1]
+65.11.3.14.3.2.2 Other required exits shall be located at, or
+within 10 ft (3.05 m) of, the end of an aisle or a cross-aisle.
+[1124:7.3.14.3.2.2]
+65.11.3.14.3.2.3 Aisles shall terminate at an exit, another
+aisle, or a cross-aisle. [1124:7.3.14.3.2.3]
+65.11.3.14.3.2.4 Dead-end aisles shall be prohibited.
+[1124:7.3.14.3.2.4]
+65.11.3.14.3.2.5 Where more than one aisle is provided, not
+less than one cross-aisle shall have an unobstructed connection
+with every aisle, other than cross-aisles. [1124:7.3.14.3.2.5]
+65.11.3.14.3.2.6 Cross-aisle connections shall be provided for
+each aisle at intervals not greater than 50 ft (15.2 m) as mea-
+sured along the aisle. [1124:7.3.14.3.2.6]
+65.11.3.14.3.2.7 Where cross-aisles are required, not less than
+one cross-aisle shall have at least one end terminate at, or
+within 10 ft (3.05 m) of, an exit. [1124:7.3.14.3.2.7]
+65.11.3.14.4 Doors and Doorways.Doors and doorways used
+in the means of egress shall comply with this paragraph.
+[1124:7.3.14.4]
+65.11.3.14.4.1 Egress doors shall be not less than 36 in.
+(910 mm) in width [providing a minimum of 32 in. (813 mm)
+clear width]. [1124:7.3.14.4.1]
+65.11.3.14.4.2 Every egress door that has a latching device
+shall be provided with panic hardware complying with Chap-
+ter 14 and NFPA101.[ 1124:7.3.14.4.2]
+65.11.3.14.4.3 Means of egress doors shall be of the side-
+hinge swinging type and shall be arranged to swing in the
+direction of egress travel. [1124:7.3.14.4.3]
+65.11.3.14.5 Exit Signs.
+65.11.3.14.5.1 Exits shall be marked by an approved exit sign in
+accordance with Section 14.14 and NFPA101.[ 1124:7.3.14.5.1]
+65.11.3.14.5.2 Exit signs shall be required to be self-luminous
+or internally or externally illuminated. [1124:7.3.14.5.2]
+1–308 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+65.11.3.14.6 Emergency Lighting.
+65.11.3.14.6.1 The means of egress, including the exit dis-
+charge, shall be illuminated whenever the facility is occupied in
+accordance with Section 14.13 and NFPA101.[ 1124:7.3.14.6.1]
+65.11.3.14.6.2 Emergency lighting shall be provided for
+CFRS facilities and stores and shall comply with Section 14.13
+and NFPA101.[ 1124:7.3.14.6.2]
+65.11.3.15* Retail Sales Displays.
+65.11.3.15.1 General. The requirements of this section shall
+apply only to CFRS areas, unless otherwise specifically indi-
+cated. [1124:7.3.15.1]
+65.11.3.15.2* Height of Sales Displays.To provide for visual
+access of the retail sales area by the employees and customers,
+partitions, counters, shelving, cases, and similar space dividers
+shall not exceed 6 ft (1.8 m) in height above the floor surface
+inside the perimeter of the retail sales area. [1124:7.3.15.2]
+65.11.3.15.2.1 Merchandise on display or located on shelves
+or counters or other fixtures shall not be displayed to a height
+greater than 6 ft (1.8 m) above the floor surface within the
+CFRS area. [1124:7.3.15.2.1]
+65.11.3.15.2.2 Where located along the perimeter of the con-
+sumer fireworks retail sales area, the maximum height of sales
+displays shall be limited to 12 ft (3.66 m). [1124:7.3.15.2.2]
+65.11.3.15.3* Flame Breaks.
+65.11.3.15.3.1 Where continuous displays of consumer fire-
+works are located on shelving, cases, counters, and similar
+display fixtures, a flame break shall be provided so that the
+maximum distance between flame breaks does not exceed
+16 ft (4.9 m) where measured along the length of the dis-
+play. [1124:7.3.15.3.1]
+65.11.3.15.3.2 The flame break shall extend as follows:
+(1) From the display surface to not less than 6 in. (150 mm)
+above the full height of the displayed merchandise or to
+the underside of the display surface directly above
+(2) For the full depth of the displayed merchandise
+[1124:7.3.15.3.2]
+65.11.3.15.3.3* Where packaged fireworks merchandise is dis-
+played on the same level as individual unpackaged fireworks
+devices, the flame break required in 65.11.3.15.3.1 shall not be
+required where both of the following criteria are met:
+(1) The length of the display level containing individual un-
+packaged fireworks devices is interrupted by packaged
+fireworks merchandise, or open space, or any combina-
+tion thereof, having a continuous length of not less than
+8 ft (2.4 m).
+(2) The distance between flame breaks does not exceed 32 ft
+(9.8 m). [1124:7.3.15.3.3]
+65.11.3.15.3.4 Where a merchandise display level contains
+packaged fireworks merchandise, such merchandise shall be
+permitted to be displayed in a continuous length on the same
+level, where the display does not exceed 32 ft (9.8 m) without
+the flame break required in 65.11.3.15.3.1. [1124:7.3.15.3.4]
+65.11.3.15.3.5 An aisle having a minimum width of 48 in.
+(1.2 m) shall be permitted to substitute for the flame break
+required in 65.11.3.15.3.1. [1124:7.3.15.3.5]
+65.11.3.15.3.6 Where displays of merchandise face aisles that
+run along both long sides of the display fixtures or display
+surface, a flame break shall be installed lengthwise between
+the abutting display fixtures or along the approximate longi-
+tudinal centerline of the display surface so as to separate the
+merchandise facing one of the aisles from the merchandise
+that abuts it facing the other aisle. [1124:7.3.15.3.6]
+65.11.3.15.3.7 Freestanding display racks, pallets, tables, or
+bins containing packaged fireworks merchandise shall be per-
+mitted without flame breaks, provided the dimensions of the
+area occupied by the fireworks merchandise do not exceed 4 ft
+(1.2 m) in width, 8 ft (2.4 m) in length, and 6 ft (1.8 m) in
+height, and the displayed fireworks merchandise is separated
+from other displays of merchandise by aisles having a mini-
+mum clear width of 4 ft (1.2 m). [1124:7.3.15.3.7]
+65.11.3.15.3.8 Where both of the facing vertical surfaces of
+the abutting display fixtures are constructed of perforated
+hardboard panels not less than 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) thick that are
+separated from each other by an open space not less than
+11⁄2 in. (38 mm) wide, a flame break specified in 65.11.3.15.3.6
+shall not be required. [1124:7.3.15.3.8]
+65.11.3.15.4 Shelving.
+65.11.3.15.4.1 Shelving or other surfaces used to support fire-
+works display merchandise shall be permitted to have not
+more than 10 percent of the area of the shelf contain holes or
+other openings. [1124:7.3.15.4.1]
+65.11.3.15.4.2 The 10 percent limitation on the area of holes
+or other openings in the shelf used to support fireworks dis-
+play merchandise shall not be applicable under the following
+conditions:
+(1) Where both of the facing vertical surfaces of the abutting
+display fixtures are constructed of perforated hardboard
+panels not less than 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) thick and separated
+from each other by an open space not less than 1 1⁄2 in.
+(38 mm) wide
+(2) Where such merchandise is suspended from or fastened
+to the shelf or surface or is displayed as packaged mer-
+chandise on the surface or in bins [1124:7.3.15.4.2]
+65.11.3.15.4.3 Flame breaks and solid display surfaces shall
+not be required for packaged fireworks merchandise dis-
+played in bins or display racks or on pallets or tables located at
+the end of a row of display fixtures where the following condi-
+tions are met:
+(1) Such end displays are separated from the ends of the dis-
+play fixtures by an open space not less than 3 in. (76 mm)
+wide.
+(2) The fireworks merchandise occupies an area having di-
+mensions not greater than the width of the end of the row
+of display fixtures and a depth not greater than 36 in.
+(910 mm).
+(3) The minimum required widths of the adjacent aisles are
+maintained, but in no case is the aisle width less than
+48 in. (1.2 m). [1124:7.3.15.4.3]
+65.11.3.15.5 Covered Fuses.
+65.11.3.15.5.1 Only consumer fireworks meeting the criteria
+for covered fuses as defined in 3.3.73 or as described in
+65.11.3.15.5.2 shall be permitted where the retail sales of con-
+sumer fireworks are conducted. [1124:7.3.15.5.1]
+65.11.3.15.5.2 A consumer fireworks device shall be consid-
+ered as having a covered fuse if the fireworks device is con-
+tained within a packaged arrangement, container, or wrapper
+1–309EXPLOSIVES, FIREWORKS, AND MODEL ROCKETRY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+that is arranged and configured such that the fuse of the fire-
+works device cannot be touched directly by a person handling
+the fireworks without the person having to puncture or tear
+the packaging or wrapper, unseal or break open a package or
+container, or otherwise damage or destroy the packaging ma-
+terial, wrapping, or container within which the fireworks are
+contained. [1124:7.3.15.5.2]
+65.11.3.15.6* Aerial Devices.Aerial devices shall be packaged
+and displayed for sale in a manner that will limit travel dis-
+tance of ejected pyrotechnic components if ignition of the
+fireworks occurs. [1124:7.3.15.6]
+65.11.3.15.7* Horizontal Barriers.Combustible materials and
+merchandise shall not be stored directly above the consumer
+fireworks in retail sales displays unless a horizontal barrier is
+installed directly above the consumer fireworks as prescribed
+in 7.4.2.2.2.5 of NFPA 430. [1124:7.3.15.7]
+65.11.3.16 Electrical Equipment.All electrical wiring shall be
+in accordance with NFPA 70. [1124:7.3.16]
+65.11.3.17 Heating Equipment.
+65.11.3.17.1 Heating units shall be listed and shall be used in
+accordance with their listing. [1124:7.3.17.1]
+65.11.3.17.2 Temporary heating sources shall have tip-over
+and temperature-overheat protection. [1124:7.3.17.2]
+65.11.3.17.3 Open-flame and exposed-element heating de-
+vices shall be prohibited. [1124:7.3.17.3]
+65.11.3.18 Portable Generators.
+65.11.3.18.1 Class II and Class III combustible liquid genera-
+tor fuel shall be limited to not more than 5 gal (18.9 L).
+[1124:7.3.18.1]
+65.11.3.18.2 Portable generators shall be permitted to use
+Class I flammable liquids as fuel, provided the quantity of such
+fuel is limited to 2 gal (7.6 L). [1124:7.3.18.2]
+65.11.3.19 Operations.
+65.11.3.19.1 General. Means of egress, including but not lim-
+ited to aisles, doors, and exit discharge, shall be clear at all times
+when the facility or the building is occupied. [1124:7.3.19.1]
+65.11.3.19.2 Distances from Entrances and Exits.
+65.11.3.19.2.1 No consumer fireworks shall be displayed for
+sale or stored within 5 ft (1.5 m) of any public entrance in an
+enclosed building or structure. [1124:7.3.19.2.1]
+65.11.3.19.2.2 No consumer fireworks shall be displayed for
+sale or stored within 2 ft (0.6 m) of any exit or private entrance
+in an enclosed building or structure. [1124:7.3.19.2.2]
+65.11.3.19.3 Security.
+65.11.3.19.3.1 CFRS facilities and stores shall be secured
+when unoccupied and not open for business, unless fireworks
+are not kept in the facility during such times. [1124:7.3.19.3.1]
+65.11.3.19.3.2 The fireworks displayed or stored in a CFRS
+facility or store shall be allowed to be removed and transferred
+to a temporary storage structure or location. [1124:7.3.19.3.2]
+65.11.3.19.4 Fireworks shall not be ignited, discharged, or
+otherwise used within 300 ft (91.5 m) of a CFRS facility or
+store. [1124:7.3.19.4]
+65.11.3.20 Display and Handling.Not less than 50 percent of
+the available floor area within the retail sales area shall be
+open space that is unoccupied by retail displays and used only
+for aisles and cross-aisles. [1124:7.3.20]
+65.11.3.21* Housekeeping.
+65.11.3.21.1 CFRS areas and storage rooms shall be kept free
+of accumulations of debris and rubbish. [1124:7.3.21.1]
+65.11.3.21.2 Any loose pyrotechnic composition shall be re-
+moved immediately. [1124:7.3.21.2]
+65.11.3.21.3 Vacuum cleaners or other mechanical cleaning
+devices shall not be used. [1124:7.3.21.3]
+65.11.3.21.4 Brooms, brushes, and dustpans used to sweep
+up any loose powder or dust shall be made of nonsparking
+materials. [1124:7.3.21.4]
+65.11.3.21.5 Consumer fireworks devices that are damaged
+shall be removed and not offered for sale. [1124:7.3.21.5]
+65.11.3.21.6 Damaged consumer fireworks shall be permit-
+ted to be returned to the dealer or shall be disposed of accord-
+ing to the manufacturer’s instructions. [1124:7.3.21.6]
+65.11.3.22* Training.All personnel handling consumer fire-
+works shall receive safety training related to the performance
+of their duties. [1124:7.3.22]
+65.11.3.23 Under the Influence.Any person selling consumer
+fireworks shall not knowingly sell consumer fireworks to any
+person who is obviously under the influence of alcohol or
+drugs. [1124:7.3.23]
+65.11.3.24 Records.
+65.11.3.24.1 Records shall be maintained on available inven-
+tory on the premise. [1124:7.3.24.1]
+65.11.3.24.2 Records shall be made available to the AHJ upon
+request. [1124:7.3.24.2]
+65.11.4 Consumer Fireworks Retail Sales (CFRS) Facility Re-
+quirements.
+65.11.4.1 Plan. Where required, plans for CFRS facilities shall
+be submitted to the AHJ with the permit application. [1124:7.4.1]
+65.11.4.2 Site Plan.The site plan for tents shall show the loca-
+tion of the tent on the site and indicate the minimum separa-
+tion distances required by 65.11.4.7. [1124:7.4.2]
+65.11.4.3 Construction Materials.The following construction
+materials requirements shall apply to new permanent CFRS
+facilities in jurisdictions that have not adopted a local building
+code:
+(1) Buildings having an area up to and including 8000 ft 2
+(743 m2) shall be permitted to be constructed of any ap-
+proved construction materials.
+(2) Buildings having an area greater than 8000 ft2 (743 m2) shall
+be constructed in accordance with one of the following:
+(a) Buildings shall be constructed of noncombustible or
+limited-combustible materials.
+(b) Buildings with exterior walls having a fire resistance
+rating of not less than 2 hours shall be permitted to
+have the roof decking and its supporting structure
+and interior partitions constructed of combustible
+materials.
+(3) Roof coverings for any building shall have a minimum
+rating of Class C as determined in accordance with
+NFPA 256, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Coverings .
+[1124:7.4.3]
+1–310 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+65.11.4.4 Multiple-Tenant Buildings.
+65.11.4.4.1 Where new CFRS facilities are located in a build-
+ing containing other tenants, the CFRS facility shall be sepa-
+rated from the other tenants by fire barriers having no open-
+ings and a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours.
+[1124:7.4.4.1]
+65.11.4.4.2 Where the new CFRS facility is protected per Sec-
+tion 13.3 and NFPA 13, the fire resistance rating of the fire
+barrier required by 65.11.4.4.1 shall be permitted to be not
+less than 1 hour. [1124:7.4.4.2]
+65.11.4.4.3 Any penetrations of the fire barrier shall be pro-
+tected in accordance with NFPA101.[ 1124:7.4.4.3]
+65.11.4.5 Fire Protection.
+65.11.4.5.1 Automatic Sprinkler System Alarm.Any waterflow
+alarm device shall be arranged to activate audible and visual
+alarms throughout the CFRS facility in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.7 and NFPA 72.[ 1124:7.4.5.1]
+65.11.4.5.2 Portable Fire Extinguishers.Portable fire extin-
+guishers for temporary CFRS facilities shall be installed and
+located so that the maximum distance of travel required to
+reach an extinguisher from any point does not exceed 35 ft
+(10.6 m). [1124:7.4.5.2]
+65.11.4.5.3 Public Notification.In permanent CFRS facilities
+greater than 3000 ft2 (278.6 m2) in area, a public address sys-
+tem or a means for manually activating audible and visible
+alarm indicating devices located throughout the facility in ac-
+cordance with Section 13.7 andNFPA 72shall be provided at a
+constantly attended location when the CFRS facility is occu-
+pied. [1124:7.4.5.3]
+65.11.4.6 Site Requirements.
+65.11.4.6.1 Clearance to Combustibles.The area located within
+30 ft (9 m) of a CFRS facility shall be kept free of accumulated dry
+grass, dry brush, and combustible debris. [1124:7.4.6.1]
+65.11.4.6.2 Parking. No motor vehicle or trailer used for the
+storage of consumer fireworks shall be parked within 10 ft
+(3 m) of a CFRS facility, except when delivering, loading, or
+unloading fireworks or other merchandise and materials
+used, stored, or displayed for sale in the facility. [1124:7.4.6.2]
+65.11.4.6.3 Fireworks Discharge.At least one sign that reads
+as follows, in letters at least 4 in. (102 mm) high on a contrast-
+ing background, shall be conspicuously posted on the exterior
+of each side of the CFRS facility: [1124:7.4.6.3]
+NO FIREWORKS DISCHARGE
+WITHIN 300 FEET
+65.11.4.7 Separation Distances.
+65.11.4.7.1 Permanent Facilities.
+65.11.4.7.1.1 New Facilities.New permanent consumer fire-
+works retail sales facilities shall be separated from adjacent
+permanent buildings and structures in accordance with Table
+65.11.4.7.1.1. [1124:7.4.7.1.1]
+65.11.4.7.1.2 Existing Facilities.Existing permanent CFRS fa-
+cilities shall be separated from adjacent permanent buildings
+and structures by not less than 10 ft (3.05 m) or shall be separated
+by a wall with a 1-hour fire resistance rating. [1124:7.4.7.1.2]
+65.11.4.7.2 Temporary Facilities. Temporary CFRS facilities
+shall be located as specified in Table 65.11.4.7.2. [1124:7.4.7.2]
+65.11.4.8 Means of Egress.
+65.11.4.8.1 General.
+65.11.4.8.1.1 Means of egress in CFRS facilities shall comply
+with the applicable requirements of Chapter 14 and NFPA
+101, as modified by 65.11.3.14 and 65.11.4.8. [1124:7.4.8.1.1]
+65.11.4.8.1.2* Means of egress in tents and membrane struc-
+tures used for retail sales of consumer fireworks shall also com-
+ply with NFPA 102, as modified by 65.11.3.14 and 65.11.4.8.
+[1124:7.4.8.1.2]
+65.11.4.8.2 The evacuation plan shall be posted in a con-
+spicuous location that is accessible to the public as well as to
+persons employed or otherwise working in the CFRS facility.
+[1124:7.4.8.2]
+65.11.4.8.3 Exit signs shall not be required to be illuminated in
+tents that are not open for business after dusk. [1124:7.4.8.3]
+65.11.4.8.4 Emergency lighting shall not be required in tents
+that are not open for business after dusk. [1124:7.4.8.4]
+65.11.4.8.5 Exit openings from tents shall have a clear open-
+ing width of not less than 44 in. (1100 mm). [1124:7.4.8.5]
+65.11.4.9 Source of Ignition.
+65.11.4.9.1 Temporary Electrical Equipment.Battery-powered
+equipment, electrical equipment, and electrical cords that are
+used in conjunction with a CFRS facility area shall be listed and
+shall be used in accordance with their listing. [1124:7.4.9.1]
+65.11.4.9.1.1 Temporary wiring installed in a temporary
+structure, including tents and canopies, shall comply with Ar-
+ticle 305 of NFPA 70. [1124:7.4.9.1.1]
+65.11.4.9.1.2 Where temporary electrical conductors are
+placed on top of an outdoor surface to connect the perma-
+nent power source to the temporary CFRS facility’s temporary
+electrical system, the conductors shall be provided with physi-
+cal protection against damage caused by pedestrian or vehicu-
+lar traffic. [1124:7.4.9.1.2]
+65.11.4.9.2 Portable Generators.
+65.11.4.9.2.1 Portable generators supplying power to CFRS
+facilities shall use only Class II or Class III combustible liquid
+fuels. [1124:7.4.9.2.1]
+65.11.4.9.2.2 Portable generators shall be located not less
+than 20 ft (6.1 m) from the CFRS facility. [1124:7.4.9.2.2]
+65.11.4.9.2.3 Generator fuels shall be stored not less than
+20 ft (6.1 m) from the CFRS facility. [1124:7.4.9.2.3]
+Table 65.11.4.7.1.1 Separation Distances Between New
+Permanent Buildings and Structures
+Separation Distances Exterior Wall
+Fire
+Resistance
+Rating (hr)
+Exterior Wall
+Opening
+Protection
+Rating (hr)ft m
+< 10 < 3.05 2 1 1⁄2
+≥ 10 to
+< 60
+≥ 3.05 to
+< 18.3
+1 3⁄4
+≥ 60 ≥ 18.3 0 0
+[1124: Table 7.4.7.1.1]
+1–311EXPLOSIVES, FIREWORKS, AND MODEL ROCKETRY
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+65.11.4.9.2.4* Where the generator fuel storage is located not
+less than 50 ft (15.2 m) from the CFRS facility, the quantity of
+such fuel shall not be limited by 65.11.3.18. [1124:7.4.9.2.4]
+65.11.4.9.3 Cooking Equipment.
+65.11.4.9.3.1 Cooking equipment of any type shall not be
+permitted within 20 ft (6.1 m) of tents, canopies, or mem-
+brane structures used for the storage or sale of consumer fire-
+works. [1124:7.4.9.3.1]
+65.11.4.9.3.2 Open flame cooking equipment of any type
+shall not be allowed within 50 ft (15.2 m) of tents, canopies, or
+membrane structures used for the storage or sale of consumer
+fireworks. [1124:7.4.9.3.2]
+65.11.4.10 Quantity Limitations.The floor area occupied by
+the retail displays of consumer fireworks in permanent CFRS
+facilities shall not exceed 40 percent of the available floor area
+within the retail sales area. [1124:7.4.10]
+65.11.4.11 Flame Breaks.In CFRS facilities the longitudinal
+flame break required in 65.11.3.15.3.6 shall not be required
+where the display fixture or surface is adjacent to an aisle that
+is not used for public egress. [1124:7.4.11]
+65.11.5 Stores.
+65.11.5.1 General.
+65.11.5.1.1* For the purpose of this chapter, stores in which
+retail sales of consumer fireworks are conducted shall not be
+considered CFRS facilities as defined in 3.3.64 where both of
+the following conditions exist:
+(1) The area of the retail sales floor occupied by the retail
+displays of consumer fireworks does not exceed 25 per-
+cent of the area of the retail sales floor in the building or
+600 ft2 (55.5 m2), whichever is less.
+(2) The consumer fireworks are displayed and sold in a man-
+ner approved by the AHJ and comply with the applicable
+provisions of this code, federal and state law, and local
+ordinances. [1124:7.5.1.1]
+65.11.5.1.2 Consumer fireworks displayed for sale in stores
+shall comply with the following:
+(1) Such fireworks shall be under the visual supervision of a
+store employee or other responsible party while the store
+is open to the public.
+(2) Such fireworks shall be packaged fireworks merchandise.
+(3)*Such fireworks shall be packaged and displayed for sale in
+a manner that will limit travel distance of ejected pyro-
+technical components if ignition of the fireworks occurs.
+(4) Where consumer fireworks meeting the descriptions of
+C.3.1.2 or C.3.1.3 of NFPA 1124 for aerial devices and au-
+dible ground devices, respectively, are sold, such devices
+shall be displayed for sale in an area of the store that is
+physically separated from the rest of the store in a manner
+that restricts entry by the public, and the area of the store
+shall be provided with not less than two means of egress,
+so located that there is no common path of travel and the
+distance to reach an egress point from the area does not
+exceed 35 ft (10.7 m). [1124:7.5.1.2]
+65.11.5.2 Egress. Means of egress in stores shall comply with
+Chapter 14 and NFPA 101, unless otherwise specified in
+65.11.3.14. [1124:7.5.2]
+65.11.5.3 Storage Rooms.Storage rooms containing consumer
+fireworks in a new permanent store shall be protected with an
+automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section
+13.3 and NFPA 13 or separated from the retail sales area by a fire
+barrier having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour.
+[1124:7.5.3]
+65.11.5.3.1 Door and window openings in the fire barrier wall
+shall be protected by self-closing fire doors or fixed fire win-
+dows having a fire protection rating of not less than 1 hour
+and shall be installed in accordance with Section 12.4 and
+NFPA 80. [1124:7.5.3.1]
+65.11.5.3.2 Any other openings or penetrations in the fire
+barrier wall shall be protected in accordance with NFPA 101.
+[1124:7.5.3.2]
+65.11.5.4 Alarm Notification.In Class B stores, a public ad-
+dress system or a means for manually activating audible and
+visible alarm indicating devices located throughout the facility
+in accordance with Section 13.7 andNFPA 72shall be provided
+at a constantly attended location when the store is occupied.
+[1124:7.5.4]
+65.11.5.5 Flame breaks shall be allowed to be omitted in
+stores protected throughout with an automatic sprinkler sys-
+tem installed in accordance with Section 13.3 and NFPA 13.
+[1124:7.5.5]
+Table 65.11.4.7.2 Temporary CFRS Facilities — Minimum Separation Distances
+Buildings Combustibles a Tentsb Vehicle Parking Stands c
+Storage of
+Consumer
+Fireworks
+ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m
+Tentsb 20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1 10 3.05 20 6.1 20 6.1
+Standsc 20 6.1 10 3.05 20 6.1 10 3.05 5 d 1.5d 20 6.1
+a The required clearances to combustibles shall also comply with 65.11.4.6.1.
+b Tents refers to temporary retail sales of consumer fireworks in tents, canopies, and membrane structures.
+c Stands refers to temporary CFRS stands.
+d Where stands are separated from each other by less than 20 ft (6.1 m), the aggregate area of such stands
+shall not exceed 800 ft2 (74 m2). [1124: Table 7.4.7.2]
+1–312 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+65.11.6 Stands.
+65.11.6.1 Site Plan.The site plan for stands shall show the loca-
+tion of the stand on the site and indicate the minimum separa-
+tion distances required by 65.11.4.7. [1124:7.6.1]
+65.11.6.2 Temporary Stands.
+65.11.6.2.1 Portable Fire Extinguisher.Temporary CFRS stands
+of less than 200 ft2 (18.6 m2) shall be required to have only one
+portable fire extinguisher. [1124:7.6.2.1]
+65.11.6.2.2 Fire Safety and Evacuation Plan.An approved fire
+safety and evacuation plan shall not be required for temporary
+CFRS stands. [1124:7.6.2.21]
+65.11.6.2.3 Means of Egress.
+65.11.6.2.3.1 Retail sales areas within temporary CFRS stands
+shall have a minimum of two exits. [1124:7.6.2.3.1]
+65.11.6.2.3.2 Exits provided for temporary fireworks retail
+sales stands shall be located such that the maximum egress
+travel distance as measured from the most remote point to an
+exit along the natural and unobstructed path of egress travel
+does not exceed 35 ft (10.6 m). [1124:7.6.2.3.2]
+65.11.6.2.3.3 Customers shall not be permitted inside a tem-
+porary CFRS stand unless it complies with the means of egress
+requirements in 65.11.3.14. [1124:7.6.2.3.3]
+65.11.6.2.3.4 Exit signs shall not be required to be illumi-
+nated in stands that are not open for business after dusk, or in
+temporary CFRS stands where the interior is not accessible to
+the public. [1124:7.6.2.3.4]
+65.11.6.2.3.5 Emergency lighting shall not be required in
+stands that are not open for business after dusk or for tempo-
+rary CFRS stands where the interior is not accessible to the
+public. [1124:7.6.2.3.5]
+65.11.6.3 Minimum Separation Distances.Temporary CFRS
+stands shall be separated from adjacent buildings and struc-
+tures in accordance with Table 65.11.4.7.2. [1124:7.6.3]
+65.11.6.4 Stands Not Open to the Public.
+65.11.6.4.1 Minimum Clear Width of Aisles. In temporary
+CFRS stands where the interior is not accessible to the public,
+the minimum clear width of the aisle shall be permitted to be
+not less than 28 in. (710 mm). [1124:7.6.4.1]
+65.11.6.4.2 Egress Doors.
+65.11.6.4.2.1 Egress doors provided for temporary CFRS stands
+where the interior is not accessible to the public shall be permit-
+ted to be not less than 28 in. (710 mm) in width. [1124:7.6.4.2.1]
+65.11.6.4.2.2 For temporary CFRS stands where the interior
+is not accessible to the public, latching devices on doors shall
+be permitted without panic hardware. [1124:7.6.4.2.2]
+65.11.6.4.3 Storage. In temporary CFRS stands where the in-
+terior is not accessible to the public, the maximum height of
+sales displays shall be limited to 8 ft (2.44 m). [1124:7.6.4.3]
+65.11.6.4.4 Flame Breaks.Temporary CFRS stands where the
+interior is not accessible to the public shall not be required to
+comply with 65.11.3.15.3. [1124:7.6.4.4]
+65.11.6.4.5 Covered Fuses. Individual consumer fireworks
+items displayed for sale in temporary CFRS stands where the
+interior is not accessible to the public shall not be required to
+have covered fuses. [1124:7.6.4.5]
+65.11.6.4.6 Sales Display.The following shall apply to the sales
+display of consumer fireworks in temporary CFRS stands that do
+not allow access to the interior of the stand by the public:
+(1) Consumer fireworks shall be displayed in a manner that
+prevents the fireworks from being handled by persons
+other than those operating, supervising, or working in the
+temporary CFRS stand.
+(2) The handling requirements of 65.11.6.4.6(1) shall not
+apply to packaged assortments, boxes, or similarly
+packaged containers of one or more items, regardless
+of type. [ 1124:7.6.4.6]
+Chapter 66 Flammable and Combustible Liquids
+66.1 General.
+66.1.1* The storage, handling, and use of flammable and com-
+bustible liquids, including waste liquids, as herein defined and
+classified, shall comply with this chapter; NFPA 30, Flammable
+and Combustible Liquids Code; and Sections 60.1 and 60.2 of this
+Code.
+66.1.2 Where the provisions of this chapter or NFPA 30 con-
+flict with the provisions of Chapter 60, the provisions of this
+chapter and NFPA 30 shall apply.
+66.1.3 This chapter shall not apply to the following:
+(1)*Any liquid that has a melting point of 100°F (37.8°C) or
+greater
+(2)*Any liquid that does not meet the criteria for fluidity given
+in the definition of liquid in 3.3.30 of NFPA 30 and Chap-
+ter 4 of NFPA 30
+(3) Any cryogenic fluid or liquefied gas, as defined in 3.3.126.8
+(4)*Any liquid that does not have a flash point, but which is
+capable of burning under certain conditions
+(5)*Any aerosol product
+(6) Any mist, spray, or foam
+(7)*Transportation of flammable and combustible liquids as
+governed by the U.S. Department of Transportation
+(8)*Storage, handling, and use of fuel oil tanks and contain-
+ers connected with oil-burning equipment [30:1.1.2]
+66.1.4 Installations made in accordance with the applicable
+requirements of the following standards shall be deemed to be
+in compliance with this Code:
+(1) NFPA 30A, Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Re-
+pair Garages
+(2) NFPA 31,Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment
+(3) NFPA 32, Standard for Drycleaning Plants
+(4) NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or
+Combustible Materials
+(5) NFPA 34, Standard for Dipping and Coating Processes Using
+Flammable or Combustible Liquids
+(6) NFPA 35, Standard for the Manufacture of Organic Coatings
+(7) NFPA 36, Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants
+(8) NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary
+Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines
+(9) NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using
+Chemicals
+(10) Chapter 10 of NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities
+(11) NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety Code
+[30:1.5.3]
+1–313FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.1.5 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+66.2 Reserved.
+66.3 Definitions.
+66.3.1 (Reserved)
+66.3.2 (Reserved)
+66.3.3 General Definitions.
+66.3.3.1 Area.
+66.3.3.1.1 Fire Area.See 3.3.13.4.
+66.3.3.1.2 Inside Liquid Storage Area.See 3.3.13.7.
+66.3.3.2 Barrel. See 3.3.18.
+66.3.3.3 Basement. See 3.3.20.
+66.3.3.4 Boiling Point.See 3.3.25.
+66.3.3.5* Boil-Over.See 3.3.26.
+66.3.3.6 Building.
+66.3.3.6.1* Important Building.See 3.3.27.7.
+66.3.3.6.2 Storage Tank Building.See 3.3.27.12.
+66.3.3.7 Chemical Plant.See 3.3.37.
+66.3.3.8 Closed-Top Diking.See 3.3.44.
+66.3.3.9 Container.Any vessel of 119 gal (450 L) or less capac-
+ity used for transporting or storing liquids. [30, 2008]
+66.3.3.9.1 Closed Container.See 3.3.66.2.
+66.3.3.9.2 Intermediate Bulk Container.See 3.3.66.6.
+66.3.3.10 Control Area. A building or portion of a building
+within which flammable and combustible liquids are allowed to
+be stored, dispensed, and used or handled in quantities that do
+not exceed the maximum allowable quantity (MAQ). [30, 2008]
+66.3.3.11 Crude Petroleum.See 3.3.74.
+66.3.3.12 Cryogenic Fluid.See 3.3.75.
+66.3.3.13 Damage-Limiting Construction.See 3.3.78.
+66.3.3.14 Distillery. See 3.3.82.
+66.3.3.15 Fire Point.See 3.3.112.
+66.3.3.16 Flash Point.See 3.3.120.
+66.3.3.17* Fugitive Emissions.See 3.3.123.
+66.3.3.18* Hazardous Material or Hazardous Chemical.Mate-
+rial presenting dangers beyond the fire problems relating to
+flash point and boiling point. [30, 2008]
+66.3.3.19 Hazardous Materials Storage Locker.See 3.3.136.
+66.3.3.20 Hazardous Reaction or Hazardous Chemical Reac-
+tion. See 3.3.137.
+66.3.3.21 Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF).A liquid that is used as a
+medium to transfer heat energy from a heater or vaporizer to a
+remote heat consumer (e.g., injection molding machine,
+oven, or dryer, or jacketed chemical reactor). [30, 2008]
+66.3.3.22 High Hazard Level 2 Contents. Contents that
+present a deflagration hazard or a hazard from accelerated burn-
+ing. For the purposes of this chapter, this includes Class I, Class II,
+or Class IIIA liquids that are used or stored in normally open
+containers or systems, or in closed containers or systems at gauge
+pressures 15 psi (103 kPa) or greater. [30, 2008]
+66.3.3.23 High Hazard Level 3 Contents. Contents that
+readily support combustion or that present a physical hazard.
+For the purposes of this chapter, this includes Class I, Class II,
+or Class IIIA liquids that are used or stored in normally closed
+containers or in closed systems at gauge pressures of less than
+15 psi (103 kPa). [30, 2008]
+66.3.3.24 Incidental Liquid Use or Storage.See 3.3.146.
+66.3.3.25 Liquid.
+66.3.3.25.1 Combustible Liquid.See 3.3.153.1.
+66.3.3.25.2* Flammable Liquid.See 3.3.153.2.
+66.3.3.25.3 Stable Liquid.See 3.3.153.4.
+66.3.3.26* Operating Unit (Vessel) or Process Unit (Vessel).
+See 3.3.174.
+66.3.3.27 Operations. See 3.3.175.
+66.3.3.28* Process or Processing.See 3.3.193.
+66.3.3.29 Protection for Exposures.See 3.3.196.
+66.3.3.30 Refinery. See 3.3.202.
+66.3.3.31* Safety Can.See 3.3.206.
+66.3.3.32 Storage Tank.See 3.3.240.7.
+66.3.3.32.1 Aboveground Tank.See 3.3.240.2.
+66.3.3.32.1.1 Protected Aboveground Tank.See 3.3.240.2.1.
+66.3.3.32.2 Low-Pressure Tank.A storage tank designed to with-
+stand an internal pressure above a gauge pressure of 1.0 psig
+(6.9 kPa) but not more than a gauge pressure of 15 psi (103 kPa)
+measured at the top of the tank. [30, 2008]
+66.3.3.32.3 Portable Tank.See 3.3.240.4.
+66.3.3.32.3.1* Nonmetallic Portable Tank.A portable tank, as
+herein defined, constructed of plastic, fiber, or a material
+other than metal. [30, 2008]
+66.3.3.32.4 Secondary Containment Tank.See 3.3.240.5.
+66.3.3.33 Unit Operation or Unit Process.See 3.3.245.
+66.3.3.34 Vapor Pressure.See 3.3.251.
+66.3.3.35 Vapor Processing Equipment.Those components of
+a vapor processing system designed to process vapors or liquids
+captured during transfer or filling operations. [30, 2008]
+66.3.3.36* Vapor Processing System.See 3.3.238.12.
+66.3.3.37 Vapor Recovery System.See 3.3.238.13.
+66.3.3.38 Vent.
+66.3.3.38.1 Emergency Relief Vent.See 3.3.88.
+66.3.3.39* Warehouse.
+66.3.3.39.1 General-Purpose Warehouse.See 3.3.254.1.
+66.3.3.39.2 Liquid Warehouse.See 3.3.254.2.
+66.4 Definition and Classification of Liquids.
+66.4.1 Definitions Specific to Liquids.For the purposes of
+this Code, the terms in this chapter shall have the definitions
+given. [30:4.2]
+66.4.1.1* Boiling Point.See 3.3.25. [30:4.2.1]
+1–314 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.4.1.2* Flash Point.See 3.3.120. [30:4.2.4]
+66.4.1.3 Liquid. Any material that (1) has a fluidity greater than
+that of 300 penetration asphalt when tested in accordance with
+ASTM D 5,Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Mate-
+rials, or (2) is a viscous substance for which a specific melting
+point cannot be determined but that is determined to be a liquid
+in accordance with ASTM D 4359, Standard Test for Determining
+Whether a Material is a Liquid or a Solid.[ 30:4.2.5]
+66.4.1.4* Vapor Pressure.See 3.3.251. [30:4.2.6]
+66.4.2 Liquids. Any liquid within the scope of this chapter
+and subject to the requirements of this chapter shall be known
+generally as either a flammable liquid or a combustible liquid
+and shall be defined in accordance with this subsection and
+classified in accordance with 66.4.3.
+66.4.2.1 Combustible Liquid.Any liquid that has a closed-cup
+flash point at or above 100°F (37.8°C). See 3.3.153.1. Combus-
+tible liquids shall be classified in accordance with 66.4.3.2.
+66.4.2.2 Flammable Liquid.See 3.3.153.2. Flammable liquids
+shall be classified in accordance with 66.4.3.1. [30:4.3.1]
+66.4.3* Classification of Liquids.Any liquid within the scope
+of this Code and subject to the requirements of this Code shall
+be classified in accordance with this chapter. [30:4.3]
+66.4.3.1 Flammable liquids, as defined in 3.3.153.2 and
+66.4.2.2, shall be classified as Class I liquids and shall be fur-
+ther subclassified in accordance with the following:
+(1) Class IA Liquid — Any liquid that has a flash point below
+73°F (22.8°C) and a boiling point below 100°F (37.8°C)
+(2) Class IB Liquid — Any liquid that has a flash point below
+73°F (22.8°C) and a boiling point at or above 100°F
+(37.8°C)
+(3) Class IC Liquid — Any liquid that has a flash point at or
+above 73°F (22.8°C), but below 100°F (37.8°C)
+[30:4.3.1]
+66.4.3.2 Combustible liquids, as defined in 3.3.153.1 and
+66.4.2.1, shall be classified in accordance with the following:
+(1) Class II Liquid — Any liquid that has a flash point at or
+above 100°F (37.8°C) and below 140°F (60°C)
+(2) Class III Liquid — Any liquid that has a flash point at or
+above 140°F (60°C)
+(a) Class IIIA Liquid — Any liquid that has a flash point at
+or above 140°F (60°C), but below 200°F (93°C)
+(b) Class IIIB Liquid — Any liquid that has a flash point at
+or above 200°F (93°C)
+[30:4.3.2]
+66.4.4 Determination of Flash Point.The flash point of a liq-
+uid shall be determined according to the methods specified in
+66.4.4.1 through 66.4.4.4. [30:4.4]
+66.4.4.1 Except as specified in 66.4.4.1.1, the flash point of a
+liquid having a viscosity below 5.5 centiStokes at 104°F (40°C)
+or below 9.5 centiStokes at 77°F (25°C) shall be determined in
+accordance with ASTM D 56, Standard Test Method for Flash
+Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester.[ 30:4.4.1]
+66.4.4.1.1 Cut-back asphalts, liquids that tend to form a sur-
+face film, and liquids that contain suspended solids shall not
+be tested in accordance with ASTM D 56, even if they other-
+wise meet the viscosity criteria. Such liquids shall be tested in
+accordance with 66.4.4.2. [30:4.4.1.1]
+66.4.4.2 The flash point of a liquid having a viscosity of
+5.5 centiStokes or more at 104°F (40°C) or 9.5 centiStokes or
+more at 77°F (25°C) or a flash point of 200°F (93.4°C) or
+higher shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D 93,
+Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup
+Tester.[ 30:4.4.2]
+66.4.4.3 As an alternative, ASTM D 3278,Standard Test Method
+for Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed Cup Apparatus, shall
+be permitted to be used for paints, enamels, lacquers, var-
+nishes, and related products and their components that have
+flash points between 32°F (0°C) and 230°F (110°C) and vis-
+cosities below 150 Stokes at 77°F (25°C). [30:4.4.3]
+66.4.4.4 As an alternative, ASTM D 3828,Standard Test Methods
+for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester, shall be permitted to
+be used for materials other than those for which ASTM D 3278 is
+specifically required. [30:4.4.4]
+66.5 Reserved.
+66.6 Fire Prevention and Fire Risk Control.
+66.6.1* Scope.This chapter shall apply to the hazards associated
+with processing and handling of liquids. This chapter shall also
+apply when specifically referenced by another chapter. [30:6.1]
+66.6.2 Reserved.
+66.6.3* Management of Fire and Explosion Hazards.This
+chapter shall apply to the management methodology used to
+identify, evaluate, and control the hazards involved in the pro-
+cessing and handling of flammable and combustible liquids.
+These hazards include, but are not limited to, preparation,
+separation, purification, and change of state, energy content,
+or composition. [30:6.3]
+66.6.4 Hazards Analysis.
+66.6.4.1 General. Operations involving flammable and com-
+bustible liquids shall be reviewed to ensure that fire and explo-
+sion hazards resulting from loss of containment of liquids are
+provided with corresponding fire prevention, fire control, and
+emergency action plans. [30:6.4.1]
+Exception No. 1: Operations where liquids are used solely for on-site
+consumption as fuels.
+Exception No. 2: Operations where Class II or Class III liquids are
+stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred at temperatures below their
+flash points.
+Exception No. 3: Mercantile occupancies, crude petroleum explora-
+tion, drillings, and well servicing operations, and normally unoccu-
+pied facilities in remote locations.
+66.6.4.1.1* The extent of fire prevention and control that is
+provided shall be determined in consultation with the AHJ or
+by means of an engineering evaluation of the operation and
+application of sound fire protection and process engineering
+principles. This evaluation shall include, but not be limited to,
+the following:
+(1) Analysis of the fire and explosion hazards of the operation
+(2) Analysis of emergency relief from process vessels, taking
+into consideration the properties of the materials used
+and the fire protection and control measures taken
+(3) Analysis of applicable facility design requirements in
+Chapters 17, 18, 19, 28, and 29 of NFPA 30
+(4) Analysis of applicable requirements for liquid handling,
+transfer, and use, as covered in Chapters 17, 18, 19, 28,
+and 29 of NFPA 30
+1–315FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(5) Analysis of local conditions, such as exposure to and from
+adjacent properties and exposure to floods, earthquakes,
+and windstorms
+(6) Analysis of the emergency response capabilities of the lo-
+cal emergency services
+[30:6.4.1.1]
+66.6.4.2 Management of Change.The hazards analysis shall be
+repeated whenever the hazards leading to a fire or explosion
+change significantly. Conditions that might require repeating a
+review shall include, but are not limited to, the following:
+(1) When changes occur in the materials in process
+(2) When changes occur in process equipment
+(3) When changes occur in process control
+(4) When changes occur in operating procedures or assign-
+ments
+[30:6.4.2]
+66.6.5 Control of Ignition Sources.
+66.6.5.1 General. Precautions shall be taken to prevent the
+ignition of flammable vapors by sources such as the following:
+(1) Open flames
+(2) Lightning
+(3) Hot surfaces
+(4) Radiant heat
+(5) Smoking
+(6) Cutting and welding
+(7) Spontaneous ignition
+(8) Frictional heat or sparks
+(9) Static electricity
+(10) Electrical sparks
+(11) Stray currents
+(12) Ovens, furnaces, and heating equipment
+[30:6.5.1]
+66.6.5.2 Smoking. Smoking shall be permitted only in desig-
+nated and identified areas. [30:6.5.2]
+66.6.5.3* Hot Work.
+66.6.5.3.1 Welding, cutting, and similar spark-producing op-
+erations shall not be permitted in areas containing flammable
+liquids until a written permit authorizing such work has been
+issued. [30:6.5.3.1]
+66.6.5.3.2 The permit shall be issued by a person in authority
+following inspection of the area to ensure that permit require-
+ments have been implemented and will be followed until the
+job is completed. [30:6.5.3.2]
+66.6.5.4* Static Electricity.
+66.6.5.4.1 All equipment such as tanks, machinery, and pip-
+ing shall be designed and operated to prevent electrostatic
+ignitions. [30:6.5.4.1]
+66.6.5.4.2 All metallic equipment such as tanks, machinery,
+and piping where the potential exists for an ignitible mixture
+to be present shall be bonded and grounded. [30:6.5.4.2]
+66.6.5.4.3 The bond and ground shall be physically applied
+or shall be inherently present by the nature of the installation.
+[30:6.5.4.3]
+66.6.5.4.4 Any electrically isolated section of metallic piping
+or equipment shall be bonded and grounded to prevent haz-
+ardous accumulation of static electricity. [30:6.5.4.4]
+66.6.5.4.5 All nonmetallic equipment and piping where the
+potential exists for an ignitable mixture to be present shall be
+designed and operated to prevent electrostatic ignition.
+[30:6.5.4.5]
+66.6.5.5 Electrical Systems.Design, selection, and installation
+of electrical wiring and electrical utilization equipment shall
+meet the requirements of Section 66.7. [30:6.5.5]
+66.6.6 Detection and Alarm Systems.
+66.6.6.1* An approved means for prompt notification of fire or
+emergency to those within the plant and to the available public
+or mutual aid fire department shall be provided. [30:6.6.1]
+66.6.6.2 Those areas, including buildings, where a potential
+exists for a flammable liquid spill shall be monitored as appro-
+priate. The following methods shall be permitted to be used:
+(1) Personnel observation or patrol
+(2) Process-monitoring equipment that would indicate a spill
+or leak could have occurred
+(3) Provision of gas detectors to continuously monitor the
+area where facilities are unattended
+[30:6.6.2]
+66.6.7 Fire Protection and Fire Suppression Systems.
+66.6.7.1* This section identifies recognized fire protection and
+fire suppression systems and methods used to prevent or mini-
+mize the loss from fire or explosion in liquid-processing facilities.
+The application of one or a combination of these systems and
+methods as well as the use of fire-resistive materials shall be deter-
+mined in accordance with this chapter. [30:6.7.1]
+66.6.7.2 A reliable water supply or other suitable fire control
+agent shall be available in pressure and quantity to meet the
+fire demands indicated by the specific hazards of liquids-
+processing operations, storage, or exposure. [30:6.7.2]
+66.6.7.3* Permanent connections between the fire water sys-
+tem and any process system shall be prohibited, to prevent
+contamination of fire water with process fluids. [30:6.7.3]
+66.6.7.4 Where required by this chapter, hydrants, with or with-
+out fixed monitor nozzles, shall be provided in accordance with
+this Code and NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire
+Service Mains and TheirAppurtenances. The number and placement
+shall depend on the hazards of the facility. [30:6.7.4]
+66.6.7.5* Where the need is indicated by the hazards of liquid
+processing, storage, or exposure as determined by 66.6.4,
+fixed protection shall be provided. [30:6.7.5]
+66.6.7.6 Where provided, fire control systems shall be de-
+signed, installed, and maintained in accordance with this code
+and the following NFPA standards, as applicable:
+(1) NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion
+Foam
+(2) NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
+(3) NFPA 12A, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems
+(4) NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
+(5) NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Pro-
+tection
+(6) NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler
+and Foam-Water Spray Systems
+(7) NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
+(8) NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
+[30:6.7.6]
+1–316 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.6.7.7 Where required by this chapter, standpipe and hose
+systems shall be installed in accordance with Section 13.2 and
+NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Sys-
+tems, or hose connections from sprinkler systems using combi-
+nation spray and straight stream nozzles shall be installed in
+accordance with NFPA 13. [30:6.7.7]
+66.6.7.8* Where required by this chapter, listed portable fire
+extinguishers shall be provided in such quantities, sizes, and
+types as are needed for the specific hazards of operation and
+storage. [30:6.7.8]
+66.6.7.9 Where provided, mobile foam apparatus and sup-
+plies of foam concentrate shall be appropriate to the specific
+hazards. [30:6.7.9]
+66.6.8 Emergency Planning and Training.
+66.6.8.1 A written emergency action plan that is consistent
+with available equipment and personnel shall be established
+to respond to fires and related emergencies. This plan shall
+include the following:
+(1) Procedures to be followed in case of fire, such as sounding
+the alarm, notifying the fire department, evacuating per-
+sonnel, and controlling and extinguishing the fire
+(2) Procedures and schedules for conducting drills of these
+procedures
+(3) Appointment and training of personnel to carry out as-
+signed duties, including review at the time of initial as-
+signment, as responsibilities or response actions change,
+and whenever anticipated duties change
+(4) Maintenance of fire protection equipment
+(5) Procedures for shutting down or isolating equipment to
+reduce the release of liquid, including assigning person-
+nel responsible for maintaining critical plant functions or
+shutdown of plant processes
+(6) Alternate measures for the safety of occupants
+[30:6.8.1]
+66.6.8.2 Personnel responsible for the use and operation of
+fire protection equipment shall be trained in the use of that
+equipment. Refresher training shall be conducted at least an-
+nually. [30:6.8.2]
+66.6.8.3 Planning of effective fire control measures shall be co-
+ordinated with local emergency response agencies. [30:6.8.3]
+66.6.8.4 Procedures shall be established to provide for safe
+shutdown of operations under emergency conditions. Provi-
+sions shall be made for training of shutdown procedures and
+use of associated alarms, interlocks, and controls. Provisions
+shall also be made for inspection and testing of associated
+alarms, interlocks, and controls. [30:6.8.4]
+66.6.8.5 The emergency procedures shall be kept readily
+available in the operating areas and shall be updated when
+conditions change, as identified in 66.6.4.2. [30:6.8.5]
+66.6.8.5.1 Where premises are likely to be unattended for
+considerable periods of time, a summary of the emergency
+plan shall be posted or located in a strategic and accessible
+location. [30:6.8.5.1]
+66.6.9 Inspection and Maintenance.
+66.6.9.1 All fire protection equipment shall be properly
+maintained, and periodic inspections and tests shall be done
+in accordance with both standard practice and the equipment
+manufacturers recommendations. Water-based fire protection
+systems shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in accor-
+dance with this Code and NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection,
+Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems .
+[30:6.9.1]
+66.6.9.2 Maintenance and operating practices shall control
+leakage and prevent spillage of flammable liquids. [30:6.9.2]
+66.6.9.3 Combustible waste material and residues in operat-
+ing areas shall be kept to a minimum, stored in covered metal
+containers, and disposed of daily. [30:6.9.3]
+66.6.9.4 Ground areas around facilities where liquids are
+stored, handled, or used shall be kept free of weeds, trash, or
+other unnecessary combustible materials. [30:6.9.4]
+66.6.9.5 Aisles established for movement of personnel shall
+be kept clear of obstructions to permit orderly evacuation and
+ready access for manual fire-fighting activities. [30:6.9.5]
+66.7 Electrical Systems.
+66.7.1 Scope. This chapter shall apply to areas where Class I
+liquids are stored or handled and to areas where Class II or
+Class III liquids are stored or handled at or above their flash
+points. [30:7.1]
+66.7.2 Reserved.
+66.7.3 General Requirements.
+66.7.3.1 Electrical utilization equipment and wiring shall not
+constitute a source of ignition for any ignitible vapor that might
+be present under normal operation or because of a spill. Compli-
+ance with 66.7.3.2 through 66.7.3.7.1 shall be deemed as meeting
+the requirements of this section. [30:7.3.1]
+66.7.3.2 All electrical utilization equipment and wiring shall
+be of a type specified by and installed in accordance with
+NFPA 70,National Electrical Code.[ 30:7.3.2]
+66.7.3.3* Table 66.7.3.3 shall be used to delineate and classify
+areas for the purpose of installation of electrical utilization equip-
+ment and wiring under normal operating conditions. [30:7.3.3]
+66.7.3.4 A classified area shall not extend beyond a floor,
+wall, roof, or other solid partition that has no openings within
+the classified area. [30:7.3.4]
+66.7.3.5 The designation of classes, divisions, and zones shall
+be as defined in Chapter 5 of NFPA 70. [30:7.3.5]
+66.7.3.6 The area classifications listed in Table 66.7.3.3 are
+based on the premise that all applicable requirements of this
+Code have been met. If this is not the case, the AHJ shall have
+the authority to classify the extent of the area. [30:7.3.6]
+66.7.3.7* Where the provisions of 66.7.3.1 through 66.7.3.6
+require the installation of electrical equipment suitable for
+Class I, Division 1 or 2, or Zone 1 or 2 locations, ordinary
+electrical equipment, including switchgear, shall be permitted
+to be used if installed in a room or enclosure that is main-
+tained under positive pressure with respect to the classified
+area. [30:7.3.7]
+66.7.3.7.1 Ventilation make-up air shall be taken from an un-
+contaminated source. [30:7.3.7.1]
+66.8 Reserved.
+1–317FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 66.7.3.3 Electrical Area Classifications
+Location
+NEC Class I
+Extent of Classified AreaDivision Zone
+Indoor equipment installed in
+accordance with 66.7.3 where
+flammable vapor–air mixtures can
+exist under normal operation
+1 0 The entire area associated with such equipment
+where flammable gases or vapors are present
+continuously or for long periods of time
+1 1 Area within 5 ft of any edge of such equipment,
+extending in all directions
+2 2 Area between 5 ft and 8 ft of any edge of such
+equipment, extending in all directions; also,
+space up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within
+5 ft to 25 ft horizontally from any edge of such
+equipment1
+Outdoor equipment of the type
+covered in 66.7.3 where flammable
+vapor–air mixtures can exist under
+normal operation
+1 0 The entire area associated with such equipment
+where flammable gases or vapors are present
+continuously or for long periods of time
+1 1 Area within 3 ft of any edge of such equipment,
+extending in all directions
+2 2 Area between 3 ft and 8 ft of any edge of such
+equipment, extending in all directions; also,
+space up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within
+3 ft to 10 ft horizontally from any edge of such
+equipment
+Tank storage installations inside
+buildings
+1 1 All equipment located below grade level
+2 2 Any equipment located at or above grade level
+Tank — aboveground, fixed roof 1 0 Inside fixed-roof tank
+1 1 Area inside dike where dike height is greater than
+the distance from the tank to the dike for more
+than 50 percent of the tank circumference
+2 2 Within 10 ft from shell, ends, or roof of tank; also,
+area inside dike up to top of dike wall
+1 0 Area inside of vent piping or vent opening
+1 1 Within 5 ft of open end of vent, extending in all
+directions
+2 2 Area between 5 ft and 10 ft from open end of vent,
+extending in all directions
+Tank — aboveground, floating roof
+With fixed outer roof 1 0 Area between the floating and fixed-roof sections
+and within the shell
+With no fixed outer roof 1 1 Area above the floating roof and within the shell
+Tank vault — interior 1 1 Entire interior volume, if Class I liquids are stored
+within
+Underground tank fill opening 1 1 Any pit, box, or space below grade level, if any part
+is within a Division 1 or 2 or Zone 1 or 2
+classified location
+2 2 Up to 18 in. above grade level within a horizontal
+radius of 10 ft from a loose fill connection and
+within a horizontal radius of 5 ft from a tight fill
+connection
+1–318 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 66.7.3.3 Continued
+Location
+NEC Class I
+Extent of Classified AreaDivision Zone
+Vent — discharging upward 1 0 Area inside of vent piping or opening
+1 1 Within 3 ft of open end of vent, extending in all
+directions
+2 2 Area between 3 ft and 5 ft of open end of vent,
+extending in all directions
+Drum and container filling —
+outdoors or indoors
+1 0 Area inside the drum or container
+1 1 Within 3 ft of vent and fill openings, extending in
+all directions
+2 2 Area between 3 ft and 5 ft from vent or fill opening,
+extending in all directions; also, up to 18 in.
+above floor or grade level within a horizontal
+radius of 10 ft from vent or fill opening
+Pumps, bleeders, withdrawal fittings
+Indoor 2 2 Within 5 ft of any edge of such devices, extending
+in all directions; also, up to 3 ft above floor or
+grade level within 25 ft horizontally from any
+edge of such devices
+Outdoor 2 2 Within 3 ft of any edge of such devices, extending
+in all directions; also, up to 18 in. above grade
+level within 10 ft horizontally from any edge of
+such devices
+Pits and sumps
+Without mechanical ventilation 1 1 Entire area within a pit or sump if any part is within
+a Division 1 or 2 or Zone 1 or 2 classified location
+With adequate mechanical
+ventilation
+2 2 Entire area within a pit or sump if any part is within
+a Division 1 or 2 or Zone 1 or 2 classified location
+Containing valves, fittings, or piping,
+and not within a Division 1 or 2 or
+Zone 1 or 2 classified location
+2 2 Entire pit or sump
+Drainage ditches, separators,
+impounding basins
+Outdoor 2 2 Area up to 18 in. above ditch, separator, or basin;
+also, area up to 18 in. above grade within 15 ft
+horizontally from any edge
+Indoor Same as pits and sumps
+Tank vehicle and tank car2
+Loading through open dome 1 0 Area inside of the tank
+1 1 Within 3 ft of edge of dome, extending in all
+directions
+2 2 Area between 3 ft and 15 ft from edge of dome,
+extending in all directions
+Loading through bottom
+connections with atmospheric
+venting
+1 0 Area inside of the tank
+1 1 Within 3 ft of point of venting to atmosphere,
+extending in all directions
+2 2 Area between 3 ft and 15 ft from point of venting to
+atmosphere, extending in all directions; also, up
+to 18 in. above grade within a horizontal radius
+of 10 ft from point of loading connection
+(continues)
+1–319FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 66.7.3.3 Continued
+Location
+NEC Class I
+Extent of Classified AreaDivision Zone
+Loading through closed dome with
+atmospheric venting
+1 1 Within 3 ft of open end of vent, extending in all
+directions
+2 2 Area between 3 ft and 15 ft from open end of vent,
+extending in all directions; also, within 3 ft of
+edge of dome, extending in all directions
+Loading through closed dome with
+vapor control
+2 2 Within 3 ft of point of connection of both fill and
+vapor lines, extending in all directions
+Bottom loading with vapor control or
+any bottom unloading
+2 2 Within 3 ft of point of connections, extending in all
+directions; also, up to 18 in. above grade within a
+horizontal radius of 10 ft from point of
+connections
+Storage and repair garage for tank
+vehicles
+1 1 All pits or spaces below floor level
+2 2 Area up to 18 in. above floor or grade level for
+entire storage or repair garage
+Garages for other than tank vehicles Ordinary If there is any opening to these rooms within the
+extent of an outdoor classified location, the
+entire room shall be classified the same as the
+area classification at the point of the opening
+Outdoor drum storage Ordinary
+Inside rooms or storage lockers used
+for the storage of Class I liquids
+2 2 Entire room or locker
+Indoor warehousing where there is no
+flammable liquid transfer
+Ordinary If there is any opening to these rooms within the
+extent of an indoor classified location, the
+classified location shall extend through the
+opening to the same extent as if the wall, curb, or
+partition did not exist
+Office and rest rooms Ordinary If there is any opening to these rooms within the
+extent of an indoor classified location, the room
+shall be classified the same as if the wall, curb, or
+partition did not exist
+Piers and wharves See Figure 29.3.22 of NFPA 30.
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+1The release of Class I liquids can generate vapors to the extent that the entire building, and possibly an area
+surrounding it, should be considered a Class I, Division 2, or Zone 2 location.
+2When classifying extent of area, consideration should be given to the fact that tank cars or tank vehicles can
+be spotted at varying points. Therefore, the extremities of the loading or unloading positions should be used.
+[30: Table 7.3.3]
+66.9 Storage of Liquids in Containers — General Requirements.
+66.9.1 Scope.
+66.9.1.1 This section shall apply to the storage of flammable
+and combustible liquids, hereinafter referred to as “liquids,” in:
+(1) Drums or other containers that do not exceed 119 gal
+(450 L) individual capacity
+(2) Portable tanks that do not exceed 660 gal (2500 L) indi-
+vidual capacity
+(3) Intermediate bulk containers that do not exceed 793 gal
+(3000 L)
+[30:9.1.1]
+66.9.1.2 This section shall also apply to limited transfer of
+liquids incidental thereto. [30:9.1.2]
+66.9.1.3 This section shall also apply to overpack drums when
+used for temporary containment of containers that do not ex-
+ceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity. Such overpack containers shall
+be treated as containers as defined in Section 66.3. [30:9.1.3]
+66.9.1.4 This section shall not apply to the following:
+(1) Containers, intermediate bulk containers, and portable
+tanks that are used in operations areas, as covered by Sec-
+tion 66.17
+1–320 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Liquids in the fuel tanks of motor vehicles, aircraft, boats,
+or portable or stationary engines
+(3) Beverages where packaged in individual containers that
+do not exceed 1.3 gal (5 L) capacity
+(4) Medicines, foodstuffs, cosmetics, and other consumer
+products that contain not more than 50 percent by vol-
+ume of water-miscible flammable or combustible liquids,
+with the remainder of the product consisting of compo-
+nents that do not burn and where packaged in individual
+containers that do not exceed 1.3 gal (5 L) capacity
+(5) Liquids that have no fire point when tested in accordance
+with ASTM D 92, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire
+Points by Cleveland Open Cup, up to the boiling point of the
+liquid or up to a temperature at which the liquid shows an
+obvious physical change
+(6) Liquids with a flash point greater than 95°F (35°C) in a
+water-miscible solution or water-miscible dispersion with a
+water and noncombustible solids content of more than
+80 percent by weight, and which does not sustain combus-
+tion when tested in accordance with “Method of Testing
+for Sustained Combustibility,” in accordance with Title
+49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 173, Appendix H,
+or the UN publication Recommendations on the Transport of
+Dangerous Goods
+(7) Distilled spirits and wines in wooden barrels or casks
+[30:9.1.4]
+66.9.2 Reserved.
+66.9.3 General Requirements.
+66.9.3.1 The general requirements of this chapter shall be
+applicable to the storage of liquids in liquid storage areas as
+covered in Chapters 10 through 14 of NFPA 30, regardless of
+the quantities being stored.
+Exception: Where more stringent requirements are set forth in Chap-
+ters 10 through 14 of NFPA 30, those requirements shall take prece-
+dence. [30:9.3.1]
+66.9.3.2 For the purposes of Sections 66.9 through 66.16,
+unstable liquids shall be treated as Class IA liquids. [30:9.3.2]
+66.9.3.3 Means of egress shall meet applicable requirements
+of NFPA101, Life Safety Code.[ 30:9.3.3]
+66.9.3.3.1 Storage of liquids shall not physically obstruct a
+means of egress. [30:9.3.3.1]
+66.9.3.4 For the purposes of this section and Chapters 10, 12,
+and 16 of NFPA 30,protected storage shall mean storage installed
+after January 1, 1997 that is protected in accordance with Sec-
+tion 66.16. All other storage shall be considered to be unpro-
+tected storage unless an alternate means of protection has
+been approved by the AHJ. [30:9.3.4]
+66.9.3.5 Wood of at least 1 in. (25 mm) nominal thickness
+shall be permitted to be used for shelving, racks, dunnage,
+scuffboards, floor overlay, and similar installations. [30:9.3.5]
+66.9.3.6 Class I liquids shall not be permitted to be stored in
+basements as defined in 3.3.20. [30:9.3.6]
+66.9.3.7 Class II and Class IIIA liquids shall be permitted to
+be stored in basements as defined in 3.3.20, provided the base-
+ment is protected in accordance with Section 66.16. [30:9.3.7]
+66.9.3.8 Class IIIB liquids shall be permitted to be stored in
+basements as defined in 3.3.20. [30:9.3.8]
+66.9.3.9 Limited quantities of combustible commodities, as
+defined in NFPA 13, shall be permitted to be stored in liquid
+storage areas if the ordinary combustibles, other than those
+used for packaging the liquids, are separated from the liquids
+in storage by a minimum of 8 ft (2.4 m) horizontally, either by
+aisles or by open racks, and if protection is provided in accor-
+dance with Section 66.16. [30:9.3.9]
+66.9.3.10 Where containers, intermediate bulk containers,
+or portable tanks are stacked, they shall be stacked so that
+stability is maintained and excessive stress on container walls is
+prevented. [30:9.3.10]
+66.9.3.10.1 Portable tanks and intermediate bulk containers
+stored more than one high shall be designed to stack securely,
+without the use of dunnage. [30:9.3.10.1]
+66.9.3.10.2 Materials-handling equipment shall be capable of
+handling containers, portable tanks, and intermediate bulk
+containers that are stored at all storage levels. [30:9.3.10.2]
+66.9.3.10.3* Power-operated industrial trucks used to move
+Class I liquids shall be selected, operated, and maintained in
+accordance with NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for Powered In-
+dustrial Trucks Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, Conver-
+sions, Maintenance, and Operations.[ 30:9.3.10.3]
+66.9.3.11 Containers, intermediate bulk containers, and por-
+table tanks in unprotected liquid storage areas shall not be
+stored closer than 36 in. (915 mm) to the nearest beam,
+chord, girder, or other roof member. [30:9.3.11]
+66.9.3.12 Liquids used for building maintenance, painting, or
+other similar infrequent maintenance purposes shall be permit-
+ted to be stored in closed containers outside of storage cabinets
+or inside liquid storage areas, if limited to an amount that does
+not exceed a 10-day supply at anticipated rates of use. [30:9.3.12]
+66.9.4 Acceptable Containers.
+66.9.4.1* Only the following approved containers, intermedi-
+ate bulk containers, and portable tanks shall be used for
+Class I, Class II, and Class IIIA liquids:
+(1) Metal containers, metal intermediate bulk containers, and
+metal portable tanks meeting the requirements of and con-
+taining products authorized by the U.S. Department of
+Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in Title 49,
+Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 100–199, or by Part 6 of
+the UNRecommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
+(2) Plastic or metal containers meeting the requirements of
+and used for petroleum products within the scope of one
+or more of the following specifications:
+(a) ASTM F 852, Standard Specification for Portable Gasoline
+Containers for Consumer Use
+(b) ASTM F 976, Standard Specification for Portable Kerosine
+and Diesel Containers for Consumer Use
+(c) ANSI/UL 1313, Standard for Nonmetallic Safety Cans for
+Petroleum Products
+(d) ANSI/UL 30, Standard for Metal Safety Cans
+(e) ANSI/UL 1314, Standard for Special Purpose Metal Con-
+tainers
+(f) FM Global Approval Standard for Safety Containers and
+Filling, Supply, and Disposal Containers — Class Num-
+ber 6051 and 6052
+1–321FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(3) Plastic containers that meet requirements set by and con-
+tain products authorized by the following:
+(a) The U. S. Department of Transportation Hazardous
+Materials Regulations in Title 49, Code of Federal Regu-
+lations, Parts 100–199, or by Part 6 of the UN publica-
+tion Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
+(b) Items 256 or 258 of the National Motor Freight Classifi-
+cation (NMFC) for liquids that are not classified as
+hazardous by the U.S. Department of Transportation
+Hazardous Materials Regulations in Title 49, Code of
+Federal Regulations, Parts 100–199, or by Part 6 of
+the UN publicationRecommendations on the Transport of
+Dangerous Goods
+(4) Fiber drums that meet the following:
+(a) Requirements of Items 294 and 296 of the National
+Motor Freight Classification (NMFC), or Rule 51 of the
+Uniform Freight Classification (UFC), for Types 2A, 3A,
+3B-H, 3B-L, or 4A
+(b) Requirements of, and containing liquid products au-
+thorized by, either the U.S. Department of Transpor-
+tation Hazardous Materials Regulations in Title 49,
+Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter I, or by U.S.
+Department of Transportation exemption
+(5)*Rigid nonmetallic intermediate bulk containers that meet
+requirements set by and contain products authorized by
+the following:
+(a) The U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous
+Materials Regulations in Title 49, Code of Federal
+Regulations, Parts 100–199, or by Part 6 of the UN
+publication Recommendations on the Transport of Danger-
+ous Goods, for Classes 31H1, 31H2, and 31HZ1
+(b) The National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC), or
+the International Safe Transit Association for liquids
+that are not classified as hazardous by the U.S. De-
+partment of Transportation Hazardous Materials
+Regulations in Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations,
+Parts 100–199, or by Part 6 of the UN publication
+Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
+(6) Glass containers up to the capacity limits stated in
+Table 66.9.4.3 and in accordance with U.S. Department
+of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations in
+Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 100–199
+[30:9.4.1]
+66.9.4.1.1 For protected storage, rigid nonmetallic interme-
+diate bulk containers, as described in 66.9.4.1(5), shall be sub-
+jected to a standard fire test that demonstrates acceptable in-
+side storage fire performance and shall be listed and labeled.
+[30:9.4.1.1]
+66.9.4.1.2 Medicines, beverages, foodstuffs, cosmetics, and
+other common consumer products, where packaged according
+to commonly accepted practices for retail sales, shall be exempt
+from the requirements of 66.9.4.1 and 66.9.4.3. [30:9.4.1.2]
+66.9.4.2 Each portable tank or intermediate bulk container
+shall be provided with one or more devices installed in the top
+with sufficient emergency venting capacity to limit internal
+pressure under fire exposure conditions to a gauge pressure
+of 10 psi (70 kPa) or 30 percent of the bursting pressure of the
+portable tank, whichever is greater. [30:9.4.2]
+66.9.4.2.1 The total venting capacity shall be not less than that
+specified in 66.22.7.3.2 or 22.7.3.4 of NFPA 30. [30:9.4.2.1]
+66.9.4.2.2 At least one pressure-actuated vent having a mini-
+mum capacity of 6000 ft 3 (170 m3) of free air per hour at an
+absolute pressure of 14.7 psi (101 kPa) and 60°F (15.6°C) shall
+be used. It shall be set to open at not less than a gauge pressure
+of 5 psi (35 kPa). [30:9.4.2.2]
+66.9.4.2.3 If fusible vents are used, they shall be actuated by
+elements that operate at a temperature not exceeding 300°F
+(150°C). Where plugging of a pressure-actuated vent can oc-
+cur, such as when used for paints, drying oils, and similar ma-
+terials, fusible plugs or venting devices that soften to failure at
+a maximum of 300°F (150°C) under fire exposure shall be
+permitted to be used for the entire emergency venting re-
+quirement. [30:9.4.2.3]
+66.9.4.3 The maximum allowable size of a container, inter-
+mediate bulk container, or metal portable tank for Class I,
+Class II, and Class IIIA liquids shall not exceed that specified
+in Table 66.9.4.3.
+Exception: As provided for in 66.9.1, 66.9.4.3.1, 66.9.4.3.2, and
+66.9.4.3.3. [30:9.4.3]
+66.9.4.3.1 Class IB and Class IC water-miscible liquids shall
+be permitted to be stored in plastic containers up to 60 gal
+(230 L) in size, if stored and protected in accordance with
+Table 66.16.5.2.7. [ 30:9.4.3.1]
+66.9.4.3.2 Class IA and Class IB liquids shall be permitted to
+be stored in glass containers of not more than 1.3 gal (5 L)
+capacity if the required liquid purity (such as American
+Chemical Society analytical reagent grade or higher) would be
+affected by storage in metal containers or if the liquid can
+cause excessive corrosion of a metal container. [30:9.4.3.2]
+66.9.4.3.3 Leaking or damaged containers up to 60 gal (230 L)
+capacity shall be permitted to be stored temporarily in accor-
+dance with this section and Chapters 10 through 12 of NFPA 30,
+provided they are enclosed in overpack containers. [30:9.4.3.3]
+66.9.4.3.3.1 To be considered protected storage as defined in
+66.9.3.4 and in accordance with Section 66.16, an overpack
+container shall be constructed of the same material as the
+leaking or damaged container. [30:9.4.3.3.1]
+66.9.4.3.3.2 Metal overpack containers shall be considered
+nonrelieving style containers. [30:9.4.3.3.2]
+66.9.5* Flammable Liquids Storage Cabinets.
+66.9.5.1 The volume of Class I, Class II, and Class IIIA liquids
+stored in an individual storage cabinet shall not exceed 120 gal
+(460 L). [30:9.5.1]
+66.9.5.2 The total aggregate volume of Class I, Class II, and
+Class IIIA liquids in a group of storage cabinets shall not ex-
+ceed the maximum allowable quantity of flammable and com-
+bustible liquids per control area based on the occupancy
+where the cabinets are located. [30:9.5.2]
+66.9.5.3 Storage cabinets that meet at least one of the following
+sets of requirements shall be acceptable for storage of liquids:
+(1) Storage cabinets designed and constructed to limit the inter-
+nal temperature at the center of the cabinet and 1 in.
+(25 mm) from the top of the cabinet to not more than 325°F
+(163°C), when subjected to a 10-minute fire test that simu-
+lates the fire exposure of the standard time–temperature
+curve specified in NFPA 251,Standard Methods of Tests of Fire
+Resistance of Building Construction and Materials, shall be ac-
+ceptable. All joints and seams shall remain tight and the
+door shall remain securely closed during the test.
+1–322 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Metal storage cabinets constructed in the following man-
+ner shall be acceptable:
+(a) The bottom, top, door, and sides of the cabinet shall
+be at least No. 18 gauge sheet steel and shall be
+double-walled, with 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) air space.
+(b) Joints shall be riveted, welded, or made tight by some
+equally effective means.
+(c) The door shall be provided with a three-point latch
+arrangement, and the door sill shall be raised at least
+2 in. (50 mm) above the bottom of the cabinet to
+retain spilled liquid within the cabinet.
+(3) Wooden cabinets constructed in the following manner
+shall be acceptable:
+(a) The bottom, sides, and top shall be constructed of
+exterior grade plywood that is at least 1 in. (25 mm)
+thick and of a type that will not break down or delami-
+nate under fire conditions.
+(b) All joints shall be rabbetted and shall be fastened in
+two directions with wood screws.
+(c) Where more than one door is used, there shall be a
+rabbetted overlap of not less than 1 in. (25 mm).
+(d) Doors shall be equipped with a means of latching,
+and hinges shall be constructed and mounted in such
+a manner as to not lose their holding capacity when
+subjected to fire exposure.
+(e) A raised sill or pan capable of containin ga2i n .
+(50 mm) depth of liquid shall be provided at the bot-
+tom of the cabinet to retain spilled liquid within the
+cabinet.
+(4) Listed storage cabinets that have been constructed and
+tested in accordance with 66.9.5.3(1) shall be acceptable.
+[30:9.5.3]
+66.9.5.4* Storage cabinets shall not be required by thisCode to
+be ventilated for fire protection purposes. [30:9.5.4]
+66.9.5.4.1 If not ventilated, storage cabinet vent openings
+shall be sealed with the bungs supplied with the cabinet or
+with bungs specified by the cabinet manufacturer. [30:9.5.4.1]
+66.9.5.4.2 If ventilated for any reason, the storage cabinet
+vent openings shall be ducted directly to outdoors in such a
+manner that will not compromise the specified performance
+of the cabinet and in a manner that is acceptable to the AHJ.
+[30:9.5.4.2]
+66.9.5.5 Storage cabinets shall be marked in lettering that is
+at least 2 in. (50 mm) high as follows:
+WARNING: FLAMMABLE — KEEP FIRE AWAY . [30:9.5.5]
+66.9.6 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQs) per Control
+Area.
+66.9.6.1 General Occupancy Limits.The MAQs of liquids al-
+lowed in each control area shall not exceed the amounts speci-
+fied in Table 66.9.6.1. [30:9.6.1]
+Exception: As modified by 66.9.6.2 and Chapters 10 through 14 of
+NFPA 30. [30:9.6.1]
+Table 66.9.4.3 Maximum Allowable Size — Containers, Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs), and Portable Tanks
+Flammable Liquids Combustible Liquids
+Container Type Class IA Class IB Class IC Class II Class IIIA
+Glass 1 pt (0.5 L) 1 qt (1 L) 1.3 gal (5 L) 1.3 gal (5 L) 5.3 gal (20 L)
+Metal (other than drums) or
+approved plastic
+1.3 gal (5 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L)
+Safety cans 2.6 gal (10 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) 5.3 gal (20 L)
+Metal drum
+(e.g., UN 1A1/1A2)
+119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L)
+Approved metal portable
+tanks and IBCs
+793 gal (3000 L) 793 gal (3000 L) 793 gal (3000 L) 793 gal (3000 L) 793 gal (3000 L)
+Rigid plastic IBCs
+(UN 31H1 or 31H2) and
+composite IBCs with rigid
+inner receptacle
+(UN31HZ1)
+NP NP NP 793 gal (3000 L) 793 gal (3000 L)
+Composite IBCs with flexible
+inner receptacle
+(UN31HZ2) and
+DOT/UN-approved
+flexible IBCs
+NP NP NP NP NP
+Non-bulk Bag-in-Box NP NP NP NP NP
+Polyethylene UN1H1 and
+UN1H2, or as authorized
+by DOT exemption
+1.3 gal (5 L) 5.3 gal (20 L) * 5.3 gal (20 L)* 119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L)
+Fiber drum
+NMFC or UFC Type 2A;
+Types 3A, 3B-H, or 3B-L;
+or Type 4A
+NP NP NP 119 gal (450 L) 119 gal (450 L)
+NP: Not permitted for the container categories so classified unless a fire protection system is provided that is
+developed in accordance with 66.16.3.6 and is approved for the specific container and protection against
+static electricity is provided in accordance with 66.6.5.4.
+*See 66.9.4.3.1. [30: Table 9.4.3]
+1–323FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.9.6.2 Special Occupancy Limits.
+66.9.6.2.1 For the following occupancies, the MAQs per
+control area shall not exceed the amounts specified in
+Table 66.9.6.2.1:
+(1) Assembly
+(2) Ambulatory health care
+(3) Business
+(4) Day care
+(5) Detention and correctional
+(6) Educational
+(7) Health care
+(8) Residential
+[30:9.6.2.1]
+66.9.6.2.2 For the occupancies specified in 66.9.6.2.1, storage
+in excess of 10 gal (38 L) of Class I and Class II liquids combined
+or in excess of 60 gal (227 L) of Class IIIA liquids shall be permit-
+ted where stored in flammable liquids storage cabinets and
+where the total aggregate quantity does not exceed 180 gal
+(680 L). [30:9.6.2.2]
+66.9.6.2.3 Fuel in the tanks of operating mobile equipment
+shall be permitted to exceed the quantities specified in
+Table 66.9.6.1, where the equipment is operated in accor-
+dance with this Code.[ 30:9.6.2.3]
+66.9.6.2.4 For ambulatory health care, day care, educational,
+and health care occupancies, the MAQ for Class IIIB liquids
+shall not be limited if the building is protected throughout
+with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance
+with Section 13.3 and NFPA 13. [30:9.6.2.4]
+66.9.7 Control Areas.
+66.9.7.1 For the purpose of thisCode, a control area shall be a
+space within a building where quantities of liquids that do not
+exceed the maximum quantities allowed by Table 66.9.6.1 or
+Table 66.9.6.2.1 are stored. See 3.3.13.3. [30:9.7.1]
+66.9.7.2 Control areas shall be separated from each other by
+fire barriers in accordance with Table 66.9.7.2. [30:9.7.2]
+66.9.7.3 Control areas located below grade that are consid-
+ered basements, as defined in 3.3.20, shall not be utilized for
+the storage of Class I liquids. [30:9.7.3]
+66.9.8 Classification of Occupancies That Exceed the MAQs
+of Liquids per Control Area.
+66.9.8.1* Occupancy Classifications.Buildings and portions of
+buildings where liquids are stored shall be classified as Protection
+Level 2 or Protection Level 3, as established in this section, when
+the MAQs per control area are exceeded. [30:9.8.1]
+66.9.8.1.1 Protection Level 2.Buildings and portions thereof
+storing quantities of liquids that are considered as High-
+Hazard Level 2 liquids and that exceed the maximum allow-
+Table 66.9.6.1 MAQ of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
+per Control Area
+Liquid
+Class(es)
+Quantity
+gal L Notes
+Flammable
+liquids
+IA 30 115 1, 2
+IB and IC 120 460 1, 2
+IA, IB, IC
+combined
+120 460 1, 2, 3
+Combustible
+liquids
+II 120 460 1, 2
+IIIA 330 1,265 1, 2
+IIIB 13,200 50,600 1, 4
+[5000: Table 34.1.3.1]
+Notes:
+(1) Quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent where stored
+in approved flammable liquids storage cabinets or in safety cans in
+accordance with this Code. Where Note 2 also applies, the increase for
+both notes is permitted to be applied accumulatively.
+(2) Quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent in buildings
+equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in
+accordance with NFPA 13. Where Note 1 also applies, the increase for
+both notes is permitted to be applied accumulatively.
+(3) Containing not more than the maximum allowable quantity per con-
+trol area of Class IA, Class IB, or Class IC flammable liquids, individually.
+(4) Quantities are not limited in a building equipped throughout with
+an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with NFPA 13.
+[30: Table 9.6.1]
+Table 66.9.6.2.1 MAQs — Special Occupancy Limits
+Quantity
+Liquid Class(es) gal L
+I and II 10 38
+IIIA 60 227
+IIIB 120 454
+[30: Table 9.6.2.1]
+Table 66.9.7.2 Design and Number of Control Areas
+Floor Level
+Maximum
+Allowable
+Quantity per
+Control Area
+(percent)*
+Number of
+Control Areas
+per Floor
+Fire
+Resistance
+Rating for
+Fire Barriers
+(hr)†
+Above grade
+> 9 512
+7–9 5 2 2
+4–6 12.5 2 2
+35 02 1
+27 53 1
+1 100 4 1
+Below grade
+17 53 1
+25 02 1
+Lower than 2 NA NA NA
+NA: Not allowed.
+*Percentages represent the maximum allowable quantities per control
+area shown in Table 66.9.6.1, with all of the increases permitted in the
+footnotes of that table.
+†Fire barriers are required to include floors and walls, as necessary, to
+provide a complete separation from other control areas.
+[5000: Table 34.2.4.1.1]
+1–324 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+able quantities per control area shall be classified as Protec-
+tion Level 2 occupancies. [30:9.8.1.1]
+66.9.8.1.2 Protection Level 3.Buildings and portions thereof
+storing quantities of liquids that are considered as High-Hazard
+Level 3 liquids and that exceed the maximum allowable quanti-
+ties per control area shall be classified as Protection Level 3 occu-
+pancies. [30:9.8.1.2]
+66.9.8.2* Requirements for Specific Occupancies. Liquids
+stored in Protection Level 2 or Protection Level 3 occupancies
+shall meet the applicable requirements for storage in a Liquid
+Storage Room or Liquid Warehouse as defined in thisCodeand in
+NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety Code.[ 30:9.8.2]
+66.9.9 Construction Requirements.
+66.9.9.1 Storage areas shall be constructed to meet the fire
+resistance ratings specified in Table 66.9.9.1. Construction as-
+semblies shall comply with the test specifications given in
+NFPA 251. [30:9.9.1]
+66.9.9.2 Openings in interior walls to adjacent rooms or build-
+ings and openings in exterior walls with fire resistance ratings
+shall be provided with normally closed, listed fire doors with fire
+protection ratings that correspond to the fire resistance rating of
+the wall as specified in Table 66.9.9.2. [30:9.9.2]
+66.9.9.2.1 Such doors shall be permitted to be arranged to
+stay open during material-handling operations if the doors are
+designed to close automatically in a fire emergency by provi-
+sion of listed closure devices. [30:9.9.2.1]
+66.9.9.2.2 Fire doors shall be installed in accordance with
+NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives .
+[30:9.9.2.2]
+66.9.9.3 Exterior walls shall be constructed to provide ready
+access for fire-fighting operations by means of access openings,
+windows, or lightweight, noncombustible wall panels. [30:9.9.3]
+Exception: This requirement does not apply to liquid storage rooms
+totally enclosed within a building. [30:9.9.3]
+66.9.10 Fire Protection.
+66.9.10.1 Protected Storage. Fire protection requirements
+for protected storage shall meet the requirements of 66.9.10.2
+and Section 66.16. [30:9.10.1]
+66.9.10.2 Manual Fire Protection.
+66.9.10.2.1 Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in
+accordance with Section 13.6 and NFPA 10. [30:9.10.2.1]
+66.9.10.2.2 Portable fire extinguishers shall meet the follow-
+ing requirements:
+(1) At least one portable fire extinguisher having a capability
+of not less than 40:B shall be located outside of, but not
+more than 10 ft (3 m) from, the door opening into a
+liquid storage area.
+(2) At least one portable fire extinguisher having a capability
+of not less than 40:B shall be located within 30 ft (9 m) of
+any Class I or Class II liquids located outside of a liquid
+storage area.
+[30:9.10.2.2]
+Exception: An acceptable alternative is at least one portable fire extin-
+guisher having a capacity of 80:B located within 50 ft (15 m) of such
+a storage area. [30:9.10.2.2]
+66.9.10.2.3 Hose connections supplied from sprinkler sys-
+tems shall be installed in accordance with Section 13.3 and
+NFPA 13. [30:9.10.2.3]
+66.9.10.2.4 Hose connections supplied by a standpipe system
+shall be installed in accordance with Section 13.2 and
+NFPA 14. [30:9.10.2.4]
+66.9.10.2.5 Hose connections shall also meet the following
+requirements:
+(1) Hose connections shall be provided in protected general-
+purpose warehouses and in protected liquid warehouses.
+(2) Where preconnected hose is provided, it shall be either
+11⁄2 in. (38 mm) lined fire hose or 1 in. (25 mm) hard
+rubber hose, using combination spray and straight stream
+nozzles.
+[30:9.10.2.5]
+Table 66.9.9.1 Fire Resistance Ratings for Liquid Storage
+Areas
+Fire Resistance Rating (hr)
+Type of
+Storage Area
+Interior Wallsa,
+Ceilings,
+Intermediate
+Floors Roofs
+Exterior
+Walls
+Liquid storage room
+Floor area ≤ 150 ft2 1— —
+Floor area > 150 ft2,
+but ≤ 500 ft2
+2— —
+Liquid warehouseb,c 4d —2 e,4 f
+For SI units, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2 .
+aBetween liquid storage areas and any adjacent areas not dedicated to
+liquid storage.
+bFire resistance ratings for liquid warehouses storing only Class IIIB
+liquids, which are not heated above their flash point, are permitted to
+be reduced to 2 hours.
+cFire resistance ratings for liquid warehouses protected in accordance
+with Section 66.16 are permitted to be reduced to 2 hours.
+dThis should be a fire wall as defined in NFPA 221, Standard for Fire
+Walls and Fire Barrier Walls.
+eFor exposing walls that are located more than 10 ft (3 m) but less
+than 50 ft (15 m) from an important building or line of adjoining
+property that can be built upon.
+fFor exposing walls that are located 10 ft (3 m) or less from an impor-
+tant building or line of adjoining property that can be built upon.
+[30: Table 9.9.1]
+Table 66.9.9.2 Protection Ratings for Fire Doors
+Fire Resistance Rating of
+Wall as Required by
+Table 66.9.9.1 (hr)
+Fire Protection
+Rating of Door (hr)
+1 3⁄4
+21 1⁄2
+43 *
+*One fire door required on each side of interior openings for attached
+liquid warehouses. [30: Table 9.9.2]
+1–325FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.9.10.2.6 The water supply shall be sufficient to meet the
+fixed fire protection demand plus a total of at least 500 gpm
+(1900 L/min) for inside and outside hose connections for at
+least 2 hours, unless otherwise specified in Section 66.10.
+[30:9.10.2.6]
+66.9.11 Emergency Control Systems. (Reserved)
+66.9.12 Electrical Systems.
+66.9.12.1 Electrical area classification shall not be required
+for liquid storage areas where all containers, intermediate
+bulk containers, and portable tanks are sealed and are not
+opened, except as provided for in 66.9.12.2. [30:9.12.1]
+66.9.12.2 For liquid storage rooms that are totally enclosed
+within the building, electrical wiring and utilization equip-
+ment for Class I liquid storage shall be Class I, Division 2
+(Zone 2), and electrical wiring and utilization equipment in
+inside rooms used for the storage of Class II and Class III liq-
+uids shall be suitable for ordinary purpose. [30:9.12.2]
+Exception: Class I, Division 2 (Zone 2) requirements shall apply to
+Class II and Class III liquids when stored at temperatures above their
+flash points. [30:9.12.2]
+66.9.13* Containment, Drainage, and Spill Control.
+66.9.13.1 Storage areas shall be designed and operated to
+prevent the discharge of liquids to public waterways, public
+sewers, or adjoining property, unless such discharge has been
+specifically approved. [30:9.13.1]
+66.9.13.1.1 Where the drainage system discharges to private
+or public sewers or waterways, the drainage system shall be
+equipped with traps and separators. [30:9.13.1.1]
+66.9.13.2 Where individual containers exceed 10 gal (38 L),
+curbs, scuppers, drains, or other suitable means shall be pro-
+vided to prevent flow of liquids under emergency conditions
+into adjacent building areas. [30:9.13.2]
+66.9.13.3 Containment or drainage to an approved location
+shall be provided. [30:9.13.3]
+66.9.13.3.1 Where a drainage system is used, it shall also have
+sufficient capacity to carry the expected discharge of water
+from fire protection systems. [30:9.13.3.1]
+66.9.13.4 Where only Class IIIB liquids are stored, spill control,
+containment, and drainage shall not be required. [30:9.13.4]
+66.9.13.5 Where only unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs)
+containing not more than 50 percent by weight of Class IC,
+Class II, or Class IIIA liquid constituents are stored and are
+protected in accordance with 66.16.5.2.11, spill control, con-
+tainment, and drainage shall not be required. [30:9.13.5]
+66.9.13.6 Where storage is protected in accordance with Sec-
+tion 66.16, spill control, containment, and drainage shall also
+meet the requirements of 66.16.8. [30:9.13.6]
+66.9.14 Ventilation. Liquid storage areas where dispensing is
+conducted shall be provided with ventilation that meets the
+requirements of Section 66.14. [30:9.14]
+66.9.15 Exhausted Enclosures. (Reserved)
+66.9.16 Explosion Control.
+66.9.16.1* Where Class IA liquids are stored in containers
+larger than 1 gal (4 L), areas shall be provided with a means of
+explosion control that meets the requirements of NFPA 69,
+Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems . An approved engi-
+neered damage limiting construction design shall also be per-
+mitted. [30:9.16.1]
+Exception: This shall not apply to a liquid storage room totally en-
+closed within a building.
+66.9.16.2* Where unstable liquids are stored, an approved engi-
+neered construction method that is designed to limit damage
+from a deflagration or detonation, depending on the liquid
+stored, shall be used. [30:9.16.2]
+66.9.17 Separation from Incompatible Materials.
+66.9.17.1 Liquids shall be separated from incompatible ma-
+terials, such as products containing more than 5 percent by
+weight of acids, caustics, or oxidizers by a minimum distance
+of 25 ft (8 m). [30:9.17.1]
+Exception: As provided for in Section 10.17 of NFPA 30.
+66.9.17.2 Liquids shall be separated from Level 2 and Level 3
+aerosols in accordance with Chapter 61 and NFPA 30B,Code for
+the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products.[ 30:9.17.2]
+Exception: As provided for in Section 10.17 of NFPA 30.
+66.9.17.3 Materials that are water-reactive, as described in
+NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of
+Materials for Emergency Response, shall not be stored in the same
+control area with liquids. [30:9.17.3]
+66.9.18 Dispensing, Handling, and Use of Liquids in Storage
+Areas.
+66.9.18.1 Dispensing, handling, and use of liquids shall meet
+all applicable requirements of Section 66.18. [30:9.18.1]
+66.9.18.2 Dispensing of Class I liquids or Class II and Class III
+liquids at temperatures at or above their flash points shall not
+be permitted in storage areas that exceed 1000 ft 2 (93 m2)i n
+floor area unless the dispensing area is separated from the
+storage areas in accordance with Table 66.9.9.1 and meets all
+other requirements of 66.9.9. [30:9.18.2]
+66.9.19 Outdoor Storage of Liquids.Storage of liquids out-
+side of buildings shall meet the requirements of Section 66.14
+or 66.15, whichever is applicable. [30:9.19]
+66.10 Reserved.
+66.11 Reserved.
+66.12 Reserved.
+66.13 Reserved.
+66.14 Hazardous Materials Storage Lockers.
+66.14.1* Scope.This section shall apply to the storage of liq-
+uids in movable, modular, prefabricated storage lockers, spe-
+cifically designed and manufactured for storage of hazardous
+materials, in the following:
+(1) Containers that do not exceed 119 gal (450 L) individual
+capacity
+(2) Portable tanks that do not exceed 660 gal (2500 L) indi-
+vidual capacity
+(3) Intermediate bulk containers that do not exceed 793 gal
+(3000 L) individual capacity
+[30:14.1]
+1–326 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.14.2 Reserved.
+66.14.3 General Requirements.
+66.14.3.1 Hazardous materials storage lockers that are used as
+liquid storage rooms shall meet the requirements of Section 66.9.
+[30:14.3.1]
+66.14.3.2 Subsections 66.14.3 and 66.14.4 shall apply to stor-
+age of flammable and combustible liquids in hazardous mate-
+rials storage lockers (hereinafter referred to as lockers) that
+are located outside. [30:14.3.2]
+66.14.4 Design and Construction of Hazardous Materials
+Storage Lockers.
+66.14.4.1 The design and construction of a locker shall meet all
+applicable local, state, and federal regulations and requirements
+and shall be subject to the approval of the AHJ. [30:14.4.1]
+66.14.4.2 Movable prefabricated structures that have been
+examined, listed, or labeled by an organization acceptable to
+the AHJ for use as a hazardous materials storage facility shall
+be acceptable. [30:14.4.2]
+66.14.4.3 Lockers shall not exceed 1500 ft 2 (140 m2) gross
+floor area. [30:14.4.3]
+66.14.4.4 Vertical stacking of lockers shall not be permitted.
+[30:14.4.4]
+66.14.4.5 Where electrical wiring and equipment are required,
+they shall comply with Section 66.7 and 66.9.12. [30:14.4.5]
+66.14.4.6 Where dispensing or filling is permitted inside a
+locker, operations shall comply with the provisions of Sec-
+tion 66.18. [ 30:14.4.6]
+66.14.4.7 Ventilation shall be provided in accordance with
+66.9.14. [30:14.4.7]
+66.14.4.8 Lockers shall include a spill containment system to
+prevent the flow of liquids from the structure under emer-
+gency conditions. [30:14.4.8]
+66.14.4.8.1 The containment system shall have sufficient ca-
+pacity to contain 10 percent of the volume of containers al-
+lowed in the locker or the volume of the largest container,
+whichever is greater. [30:14.4.8.1]
+66.14.5 Designated Sites for Hazardous Materials Storage
+Lockers.
+66.14.5.1 Lockers shall be located on a designated approved
+site on the property. [30:14.5.1]
+66.14.5.2 The designated site shall be arranged to provide the
+minimum separation distances specified in Table 66.14.5.2 be-
+tween individual lockers, from locker to property line that is or
+can be built upon, and from locker to nearest side of public ways
+or to important buildings on the same property. [30:14.5.2]
+66.14.5.3 Once the designated site is approved, it shall not be
+changed without the approval of the AHJ. [30:14.5.3]
+66.14.5.4 More than one locker shall be permitted on a desig-
+nated site, provided that the separation distance between indi-
+vidual lockers is maintained in accordance with Table 66.14.5.2.
+[30:14.5.4]
+66.14.5.5 Where the approved designated storage site is ac-
+cessible to the general public, it shall be protected from tam-
+pering or trespassing. [30:14.5.5]
+66.14.6 Storage Requirements.
+66.14.6.1 Containers of liquid in their original shipping
+packages shall be permitted to be stored either palletized or
+solid piled. [30:14.6.1]
+66.14.6.2 Unpackaged containers shall be permitted to be
+stored on shelves or directly on the floor of the locker. [30:14.6.2]
+66.14.6.3 Containers over 30 gal (114 L) capacity storing
+Class I or Class II liquids shall not be stored more than two
+containers high. [30:14.6.3]
+66.14.6.4 In all cases, the storage arrangement shall provide
+unrestricted access to and egress from the locker. [30:14.6.4]
+66.14.6.5 Miscellaneous combustible materials, including
+but not limited to idle pallets, excessive vegetation, and pack-
+ing materials, shall not be permitted within 5 ft (1.5 m) of the
+designated site approved for lockers. [30:14.6.5]
+66.14.6.6 Warning signs for lockers shall be in accordance
+with applicable local, state, and federal regulations or with
+NFPA 704. [30:14.6.6]
+66.15 Outdoor Storage.
+66.15.1 Scope. This section shall apply to the storage of liq-
+uids outdoors in the following:
+(1) Drums or other containers that do not exceed 119 gal
+(450 L) individual capacity
+Table 66.14.5.2 Designated Sites
+Minimum Separation Distance (ft)
+Area of
+Designated Sitea
+(ft2)
+Between
+Individual
+Lockers
+From
+Locker to
+Property
+Line That Is
+or Can Be
+Built Uponb
+From Locker
+to Nearest
+Side of Public
+Way or to
+Important
+Buildings on
+Same
+Propertyb,c
+≤100 5 10 5
+>100 and ≤500 5 20 10
+>500 and ≤1500d 53 0 2 0
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2.
+Note: If the locker is provided with a fire resistance rating of not less
+than 4 hours and deflagration venting is not required in accordance
+with 66.9.15, all distances required by Table 66.14.5.2 are permitted to
+be waived.
+aSite area limits are intended to differentiate the relative size and thus
+the number of lockers that are permitted in one designated site.
+bDistances apply to properties that have protection for exposures, as
+defined. If there are exposures and such protection for exposures
+does not exist, the distances should be doubled.
+cWhen the exposed building has an exterior wall, facing the desig-
+nated site, that has a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hours and has
+no openings to above grade areas within 10 ft (3 m) horizontally and
+no openings to below grade areas within 50 ft (15 m) horizontally of
+the designated area, the distances can be reduced to half of those
+shown in the table, except they should never be less than 5 ft (1.5 m).
+dWhen a single locker has a gross single story floor area that will re-
+quire a site area limit of greater than 1500 ft2 (140 m2) or when mul-
+tiple units exceed the area limit of 1500 ft2 (140 m2), the AHJ should
+be consulted for approval of distances. [30: Table 14.5.2]
+1–327FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Portable tanks that do not exceed 660 gal (2500 L) indi-
+vidual capacity
+(3) Intermediate bulk containers that do not exceed 793 gal
+(3000 L) individual capacity
+[30:15.1]
+66.15.2 Reserved.
+66.15.3 General Requirements.Outdoor storage of liquids in
+containers, intermediate bulk containers, and portable tanks
+shall comply with Table 66.15.3 and with all applicable re-
+quirements of this section. [30:15.3]
+66.15.3.1 Where two or more classes of liquids are stored in a
+single pile, the maximum quantity permitted in that pile shall be
+that of the most hazardous class of liquid present. [30:15.3.1]
+66.15.3.2 No container, intermediate bulk container, or por-
+table tank in a pile shall be more than 200 ft (60 m) from a
+minimum 20 ft (6 m) wide access way to permit approach of fire
+control apparatus under all weather conditions. [30:15.3.2]
+66.15.3.3 The distances specified in Table 66.15.3 shall apply
+to properties that have protection for exposures as defined. If
+there are exposures and protection for exposures does not
+exist, the distance to the property line that is or can be built
+upon shall be doubled. [30:15.3.3]
+66.15.3.4 Where total quantity stored does not exceed
+50 percent of the maximum quantity per pile, as specified
+in Table 66.15.3, the distances to a property line that is or
+can be built upon and to streets, alleys, or public ways shall
+be permitted to be reduced by 50 percent but in no case to
+less than 3 ft (0.9 m). [ 30:15.3.4]
+66.15.3.5 The storage area shall be graded in a manner to
+divert possible spills away from buildings or other exposures
+or shall be surrounded by a curb at least 6 in. (150 mm) high.
+[30:15.3.5]
+66.15.3.5.1 Where curbs are used, provisions shall be made
+to drain accumulations of groundwater or rainwater or spills
+of liquids. Drains shall terminate at a safe location and shall
+flow freely under fire conditions. [30:15.3.5.1]
+66.15.3.6 The storage area shall be protected against tamper-
+ing or trespassers where necessary. [30:15.3.6]
+66.15.3.7 The storage area shall be kept free of weeds, debris,
+and other combustible materials not necessary to the storage.
+[30:15.3.7]
+66.15.3.8 The storage area shall be permitted to be protected
+from the weather by a canopy or roof that does not limit the
+dissipation of heat or dispersion of flammable vapors and does
+not restrict fire-fighting access and control. [30:15.3.8]
+66.15.4 Outdoor Storage Adjacent to a Building.
+66.15.4.1 A maximum of 1100 gal (4160 L) of liquids in con-
+tainers, intermediate bulk containers, or portable tanks shall
+be permitted to be stored adjacent to a building under the
+same management, provided the following conditions apply:
+(1) The adjacent building wall has an exterior fire resistance
+rating of 2 hours.
+(2) The adjacent building wall has no openings at grade or
+above grade that are within 10 ft (3 m) horizontally of the
+storage.
+(3) The adjacent building wall has no openings directly above
+the storage.
+(4) The adjacent building wall has no openings below grade
+within 50 ft (15 m) horizontally of the storage.
+[30:15.4.1]
+66.15.4.2 The provisions of 66.15.4.1(1) through (4) shall be
+permitted to be waived, subject to the approval of the AHJ, if
+the building in question is one story, is of fire-resistive or non-
+combustible construction, and is devoted principally to the
+storage of liquids. [30:15.4.2]
+66.15.4.3 The quantity of liquid stored adjacent to a building
+that meets the conditions of 66.15.4.1(1) through (4) shall be
+permitted to exceed that permitted in 66.15.4.1, provided the
+maximum quantity per pile does not exceed 1100 gal (4160 L)
+and each pile is separated by a 10 ft (3 m) minimum clear
+space along the common wall. [30:15.4.3]
+Table 66.15.3 Storage Limitations for Outside Storage
+Liquid
+Class
+Containers
+Portable Tanks and
+Metal IBCs
+Rigid Plastic and
+Composite IBCs Minimum Separation Distance (ft)
+Maximum
+Quantity
+per Pile
+(gal)a,b,c
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Quantity
+per Pile
+(gal)
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Quantity
+per Pile
+(gal)a,c
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Between
+Piles or
+Rack
+Sections
+To Property
+Line That Is or
+Can Be Built
+Uponb,d
+To Street,
+Alley, or
+Public
+Wayb
+IA 1,100 10 2,200 7 NP NP 5 50 10
+IB 2,200 12 4,400 14 NP NP 5 50 10
+IC 4,400 12 8,800 14 NP NP 5 50 10
+II 8,800 12 17,600 14 8,800 14 5 25 5
+III 22,000 18 44,000 14 22,000 18 5 10 5
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 gal = 3.8 L.
+NP: Not permitted.
+aSee 66.15.3.1 regarding mixed-class storage.
+bSee 66.15.3.4 for smaller pile sizes.
+cFor storage in racks, the quantity limits per pile do not apply, but the rack arrangements should be limited
+to a maximum of 50 ft (15 m) in length and two rows or 9 ft (2.7 m) in depth.
+dSee 66.15.3.3 regarding protection for exposures. [30: Table 15.3]
+1–328 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.15.4.4 The quantity of liquid stored shall be permitted
+to exceed the 1100 gal (4160 L) quantity specified by
+66.15.4.1 where a minimum distance equal to that specified
+by Table 66.15.3 for distance to property line shall be main-
+tained between buildings and the nearest container or por-
+table tank. [ 30:15.4.4]
+66.15.4.5 Where the provisions of 66.15.4.1 cannot be met, a
+minimum distance equal to that specified by Table 66.15.3 for
+distance to property line shall be maintained between build-
+ings and the nearest container or portable tank. [30:15.4.5]
+66.16 Automatic Fire Protection for Inside Liquid Storage
+Areas.
+66.16.1 Scope.
+66.16.1.1* This section shall apply to automatic fire protection
+systems for all inside storage of flammable and combustible
+liquids in containers, intermediate bulk containers, and por-
+table tanks as specified in 66.9.4. [30:16.1.1]
+66.16.1.2* This section shall not apply to Class IA flammable
+liquids or to unstable flammable or combustible liquids.
+[30:16.1.2]
+66.16.1.3 Storage of liquids that is protected in accordance
+with the applicable requirements of this section shall be con-
+sidered protected, as defined in 66.16.2.2. All other storage
+shall be considered unprotected unless an alternate means of
+protection has been approved by the AHJ. [30:16.1.3]
+66.16.2 Definitions Specific to Section 66.16.For the purpose
+of this section, the following terms shall be defined as shown.
+[30:16.2]
+66.16.2.1 Protected Storage.Flammable and combustible liq-
+uids storage that is protected in accordance with this section.
+[30:16.2.2]
+66.16.2.2* Relieving-Style Container. A metal container, a
+metal intermediate bulk container, or a metal portable tank
+that is equipped with at least one pressure-relieving mecha-
+nism at its top that is designed, sized, and arranged to relieve
+the internal pressure generated due to exposure to fire so that
+violent rupture is prevented. [30:16.2.3]
+66.16.2.3* Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR).A resin that
+contains up to 50 percent by weight of Class IC, Class II, or
+Class III liquid, but no Class IA or Class IB liquid. [30:16.2.4]
+66.16.2.4 Viscous Liquid.A liquid that gels, thickens, or solidi-
+fies when heated or whose viscosity at room temperature versus
+weight percent content of Class I, Class II, or Class III liquid is in
+the shaded portion of Figure 66.16.2.4. [30:16.2.5]
+66.16.2.5 Water-Miscible Liquid.A liquid that mixes in all pro-
+portions with water without the use of chemical additives, such
+as emulsifying agents. [30:16.2.6]
+66.16.3 General Requirements.
+66.16.3.1 The total quantity of liquids stored in a liquid ware-
+house shall not be restricted. [30:16.3.1]
+66.16.3.2 Where different classes of liquids, container types,
+and storage configurations are stored in the same protected
+area, protection shall meet either of the following:
+(1) Requirements of this section for the most severe storage
+fire hazard present
+(2) Where areas are not physically separated by a barrier or
+partition capable of delaying heat from a fire in one haz-
+ard area from fusing sprinklers in an adjacent hazard
+area, the required protection for the more demanding
+hazard shall:
+(a) Extend 20 ft (6 m) beyond its perimeter, but not less
+than the required minimum sprinkler design area
+(b) Be provided with means to prevent the flow of burn-
+ing liquid under emergency conditions into adjacent
+hazard areas
+(c) Provide containment and drainage as required by
+66.16.8
+[30:16.3.2]
+66.16.3.3 Unless otherwise specified in this section, single-
+row racks shall not be more than 4.5 ft (1.4 m) wide and
+double-row racks shall not be more than 9 ft (2.8 m) wide.
+[30:16.3.3]
+66.16.3.4 When applying the fire protection criteria of this
+section, a minimum aisle space of 6 ft (1.8 m) shall be pro-
+vided between adjacent piles or adjacent rack sections, unless
+otherwise specified in the tables in 66.16.5. [30:16.3.4]
+66.16.3.5 Viscous liquids, as defined in 66.16.2.4, shall be per-
+mitted to be protected using either of the following, as appli-
+cable:
+(1) Criteria for a Class IIIB liquid in accordance with Fig-
+ure 66.16.4.1(a) or Figure 66.16.4.1(b)
+(2) Criteria for Group A plastics in accordance with
+Figure 66.16.4.1(b)
+[30:16.3.5]
+66.16.3.6 Protection systems that are designed and devel-
+oped based on full-scale fire tests performed at an approved
+test facility or on other engineered protection schemes shall
+be considered an acceptable alternative to the protection cri-
+teria set forth in this section. Such alternative protection sys-
+tems shall be approved by the AHJ. [30:16.3.6]
+20 40 60 80 100
+Liquids covered 
+by 66.16.2.4
+Liquids not covered 
+by 66.16.2.4
+100
+90
+80
+70
+60
+50
+40
+30
+20
+10
+Weight (percent flammable or combustible liquid)
+Viscosity at room temperature [in thousands of centipoise (cp)]
+FIGURE 66.16.2.4 Viscous Liquid: Viscosity Versus Weight Per-
+cent Flammable or Combustible Component. [30: Figure 16.2.5]
+1–329FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.16.3.7 For relieving-style containers of greater than 6.6 gal
+(25 L) and up to 119 gal (450 L) capacity, the following shall
+apply:
+(1) The pressure-relieving mechanism shall be listed and la-
+beled in accordance with FM Global Approval, Examina-
+tion Program for Fusible Closures for Steel Drums , Class Num-
+ber 6083, or equivalent.
+(2) The pressure-relieving mechanism shall not be painted,
+and cap seals, if used, shall be made of thermoplastic ma-
+terial.
+(3) For metal containers greater than 6.6 gal (25 L) capacity,
+the pressure-relieving mechanism shall be unobstructed
+or an additional pressure-relieving mechanism shall be
+provided.
+[30:16.3.7]
+66.16.3.8 To be considered protected by Table 66.16.5.2.9
+and Table 66.16.5.2.10, rigid nonmetallic intermediate bulk
+containers shall be subjected to a standard fire test that dem-
+onstrates acceptable inside storage fire performance and shall
+be listed and labeled. [30:16.3.8]
+66.16.4 Automatic Sprinkler and Foam-Water Sprinkler Fire
+Protection Systems.
+66.16.4.1 Where automatic sprinkler systems or low-
+expansion foam-water sprinkler systems are used to protect
+storage of liquids, Figure 66.16.4.1(a), Figure 66.16.4.1(b),
+or Figure 66.16.4.1(c), whichever is applicable, and the ap-
+propriate table in 66.16.5 shall be used to determine pro-
+tection criteria. [ 30:16.4.1]
+66.16.4.1.1 Figure 66.16.4.1(a) shall be used for miscible and
+nonmiscible flammable and combustible liquids in metal con-
+tainers, metal portable tanks, and metal intermediate bulk
+containers. [30:16.4.1.1]
+66.16.4.1.2 Figure 66.16.4.1(b) shall be used for nonmiscible
+flammable and combustible liquids in nonmetallic containers
+and in nonmetallic intermediate bulk containers. [30:16.4.1.2]
+66.16.4.1.3 Figure 66.16.4.1(c) shall be used for water-
+miscible flammable and combustible liquids in nonmetallic
+containers and in nonmetallic intermediate bulk containers.
+[30:16.4.1.3]
+66.16.4.2 Automatic sprinkler and foam-water fire protection
+systems shall be wet pipe, deluge, or preaction systems.
+[30:16.4.2]
+66.16.4.2.1 If a preaction system is used, it shall be designed
+so that water or foam solution will immediately discharge from
+the sprinkler upon sprinkler actuation. [30:16.4.2.1]
+66.16.4.2.2 A foam-water sprinkler system that meets any of
+the design criteria specified in the water sprinkler tables in
+this section shall be acceptable, provided that the system is
+installed in accordance with NFPA 16, Standard for the Installa-
+tion of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems .
+[30:16.4.2.2]
+66.16.4.3 Water-based fire protection systems shall be in-
+spected, tested, and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25.
+[30:16.4.3]
+66.16.5 Fire Protection System Design Criteria.
+66.16.5.1 General. Subsections 66.16.5.2.1 through
+66.16.5.2.12 and their related tables, Table 66.16.5.2.1
+through Table 66.16.5.2.12, shall be used to determine the
+protection criteria and storage arrangement for the appli-
+cable liquid class, container type, and storage configuration,
+as described in 66.16.5.2.1 through 66.16.5.2.12 and subject to
+the provisions of 66.16.5.1. [30:16.5.1]
+66.16.5.1.1 Table 66.16.5.2.1 through Table 66.16.5.2.12 shall
+apply only to stable liquids. [30:16.5.1.1]
+66.16.5.1.2 When foam or foam-water fire protection systems
+are provided, discharge densities shall be determined based
+on the listing criteria of the foam discharge devices selected,
+the foam concentrate, the specific liquids to be protected, and
+the criteria in the appropriate table in this section. Where the
+discharge densities given in the tables differ from those in the
+listing criteria for the discharge devices, the greater of the two
+shall be used. [30:16.5.1.2]
+66.16.5.1.3 In-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance
+with the provisions of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13. In addition,
+the following modifications shall apply:
+(1) Alternate lines of in-rack sprinklers shall be staggered ver-
+tically in the longitudinal flue space.
+(2) Sprinklers in multiple-level in-rack sprinkler systems shall
+be provided with water shields unless they are separated
+by horizontal barriers or are specifically listed for installa-
+tion without water shields.
+(3) A vertical clear space of at least 6 in. (150 mm) shall be
+maintained between the sprinkler deflector and the top
+of the tier of storage.
+(4) Sprinkler discharge shall not be obstructed by horizontal
+rack structural members.
+(5) Where in-rack sprinklers are installed below horizontal
+barriers, the deflector shall be located a maximum of 7 in.
+(180 mm) below the barrier.
+(6) Longitudinal and transverse flue spaces of at least 6 in.
+(150 mm) shall be maintained between each rack load.
+[30:16.5.1.3]
+66.16.5.1.4 Ceiling sprinklers shall be installed in accordance
+with Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 and shall be permitted to have
+the following maximum head spacing:
+(1) Classes I, II, and IIIA liquids: 100 ft2 (9.3 m2) per sprinkler
+(2) Class IIIB liquids: 120 ft 2 (11.1 m2) per sprinkler
+[30:16.5.1.4]
+66.16.5.1.4.1 Ordinary or intermediate temperature–rated
+K-25 extended-coverage sprinklers shall be permitted to be used
+as standard response sprinklers at greater than 144 ft2 (13 m2)
+coverage, with 12 ft (3.7 m) minimum spacing and a maximum
+coverage area of 196 ft2 (18 m2) coverage. [30:16.5.1.4.1]
+66.16.5.1.5 The ceiling heights given in Table 66.16.5.2.1
+through Table 66.16.5.2.12 shall be permitted to be increased
+by a maximum of 10 percent if an equivalent percent increase
+in ceiling sprinkler design density is provided. [30:16.5.1.5]
+66.16.5.1.6 Foam-water sprinkler systems shall be designed
+and installed in accordance with NFPA 16. [30:16.5.1.6]
+66.16.5.1.6.1 Foam-water sprinkler systems shall have at least
+15 minutes of foam concentrate, based on the required design
+flow rate. [30:16.5.1.6.1]
+66.16.5.1.6.2* Foam-water sprinkler systems shall provide
+foam solution at the minimum required concentration with as
+few as four sprinklers flowing. [30:16.5.1.6.2]
+1–330 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Ye s Protect using criteria for
+a Class IIIB liquid
+No
+No
+Ye sIs liquid 
+excluded by
+9.1.4?
+Does liquid 
+meet criteria of 
+16.2.5?
+Chapter 16 does not apply
+Continue
+No
+Ye s
+No
+No
+Ye s
+Ye s
+Ye s Protect using Tables
+16.5.2.1, 16.5.2.3, or
+16.5.2.8
+NoYe s
+No
+Is storage 
+in racks?
+Is storage in a 
+rack/display cut 
+combination?
+Is liquid 
+concentration
+>50%?
+Is liquid 
+concentration
+£50% but  
+>20%?
+Is liquid water- 
+miscible?
+Protect using Table 16.5.2.1 
+[see Note 5 of Table 
+16.5.2.1]
+No
+Ye s Protect using Table 16.5.2.6
+The storage is
+palletized
+Is storage in 
+shelves? (defined 
+by NFPA 13)
+Protect using Tables 
+16.5.2.2, 16.5.2.4, or 
+16.5.2.8
+Protect using criteria for a 
+Class III commodity as 
+described in NFPA 13
+Continue
+Liquid concentration 
+is £20%
+Protect using criteria for a 
+Class I commodity as 
+described in NFPA 13
+Ye sDoes liquid 
+meet criteria of 
+16.2.4?
+Protect using 
+Table 16.5.2.11
+No
+Note: All cross-references refer to NFPA 30.
+FIGURE 66.16.4.1(a) Fire Protection Criteria Decision Tree for Miscible and
+Nonmiscible Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Metal Containers. [30: Figure 16.4.1(a)]
+1–331FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Ye s Protect using Tables 16.5.2.5,
+16.5.2.9, or 16.5.2.10,
+if applicable
+Ye s Protect using criteria for 
+unexpanded Group A plastic
+as described in NFPA 13
+Ye s
+No
+No
+No
+Ye s
+Is liquid a
+Class IIIB liquid? 
+Is liquid water-
+miscible?
+Does liquid
+meet criteria of
+16.2.5? 
+Chapter 16 does not apply
+Continue
+Go to
+Figure 16.4.1(c)
+Liquid is a Class I
+liquid
+No
+Ye sIs liquid a
+Class II or IIIA
+liquid?
+Protect using Tables 16.5.2.9
+or 16.5.2.10, if applicable
+Ye s
+No
+Is
+acceptable
+protection criteria 
+available per
+16.3.6?
+The storage is unprotected
+(see Table 12.6.2.2)
+No
+Protect using criteria for
+unexpanded Group A plastic
+per NFPA 13
+Protect storage per
+authority having jurisdiction
+OR
+Is
+container size
+<1 oz and does
+packaging consist
+of 2 layers of
+cardboard?
+Ye s
+Is liquid
+excluded by
+9.1.4?
+Note: All cross-references refer to NFPA 30.
+FIGURE 66.16.4.1(b) Fire Protection Criteria Decision Tree for Nonmiscible
+Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Nonmetallic Containers. [30: Figure 16.4.1(b)]
+1–332 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+No
+No
+Ye sNo
+Ye s
+Is container
+>5 gal?
+Is liquid
+concentration
+>50%?
+Is liquid
+concentration
+£20%?
+Liquid is water-
+miscible
+No
+Ye s Protect using Tables 16.5.2.7
+or 16.5.2.10, if applicable
+Protect using Tables 16.5.2.9
+or 16.5.2.12, if applicable
+Is storage in
+racks?
+ 
+Storage is
+palletized
+Note:  All cross-references refer to NFPA 30.
+          For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L.
+Ye s
+Protect using criteria
+for a Class III
+commodity as
+described in NFPA 13.
+Is storage in
+racks?
+ 
+Protect using criteria
+for a Group A plastic
+commodity as
+described in NFPA 13.
+Protect using criteria
+for a Class IV
+commodity as
+described in NFPA 13.
+No
+Ye s
+Continue
+Ye s No Is container
+>1 gal?
+Liquid concentration
+is >20%, but
+£50%
+Classify as a
+noncombustible liquid in
+a combustible container
+as described in
+NFPA 13, and
+protect accordingly.
+No
+Ye s Protect storage per authority
+having jurisdiction
+OR
+OR
+Is
+acceptable
+protection criteria
+available per
+16.3.6?
+The storage is unprotected 
+(see Table 12.6.2.2)
+FIGURE 66.16.4.1(c) Fire Protection Criteria Decision Tree for Miscible
+Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Nonmetallic Containers. [30: Figure 16.4.1(c)]
+1–333FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.16.5.1.7 When relieving style containers are used, both
+3⁄4 in. (20 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) listed and labeled pressure-
+relieving mechanisms are required on containers greater than
+6 gal (23 L) capacity. [30:16.5.1.7]
+66.16.5.1.8 For the purposes of 66.16.5, a rigid nonmetallic
+intermediate bulk container is one that meets the maximum
+allowable capacity criteria of Table 66.9.4.3 and has been listed
+and labeled in accordance with UL 2368,Standard for Fire Expo-
+sure Testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers for Flammable and Com-
+bustible Liquids, or equivalent. [30:16.5.1.8]
+66.16.5.1.9 For the purposes of 66.16.5, the following shall
+apply:
+(1) 1 gal = 3.8 L; 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 ft 2 = 0.09 m2
+(2) 1 gpm/ft2 is equivalent to 40.7 L/min/m2 or 40.7 mm/min
+(3) A gauge pressure of 1 psi is equivalent to a gauge pressure
+of 6.9 kPa
+(4) SR = standard response sprinkler; QR = quick response
+sprinkler; ESFR = early suppression fast response sprin-
+kler; (ot) = ordinary temperature
+[30:16.5.1.9]
+66.16.5.1.10 For the purposes of 66.16.5, the following
+shall apply to the in-rack sprinkler design layouts specified
+in Table 66.16.5.2.1 through Table 66.16.5.2.12:
+(1) Layout A shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers 8 ft
+(2.4 m) above the floor, with sprinklers spaced not more
+than 10 ft (3 m) on center. Sprinklers shall be staggered
+vertically.
+(2) Layout B shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers 6 ft
+(1.8 m) above the floor and one line of in-rack sprinklers
+12 ft (3.6 m) above the floor, with sprinklers spaced not
+more than 10 ft (3 m) on center. Sprinklers shall be stag-
+gered vertically.
+(3) Layout C shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers at every
+storage level above the floor, with sprinklers spaced not
+more than 10 ft (3 m) on center. Sprinklers shall be stag-
+gered vertically.
+(4) Layout D shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers at every
+other storage level, beginning above the first storage
+level, with sprinklers spaced not more than 10 ft (3 m) on
+center. Sprinklers shall be staggered vertically.
+(5) Layout E shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers in the
+flue space at every storage level above the floor and face
+sprinklers at the first storage level at each rack upright.
+In-rack sprinklers shall be spaced not more than 9 ft
+(2.7 m) on center and shall be staggered vertically.
+(6) Layout F shall mean one line of in-rack sprinklers in the
+flue space at every other storage level above the first stor-
+age level and face sprinklers at the first storage level at
+each rack upright. In-rack sprinklers shall be spaced not
+more than 10 ft (3 m) on center and shall be staggered
+vertically.
+(7) Layout G shall be as shown in Figure 66.16.6.4(a).
+(8) Layout H shall be as shown in Figure 66.16.6.4(d) or Fig-
+ure 66.16.6.4(e).
+(9) Layout I shall be as shown in Figure 66.16.6.4(b) or
+Figure 66.16.6.4(c).
+[30:16.5.1.10]
+66.16.5.2 Specific Design Criteria.
+66.16.5.2.1 Table 66.16.5.2.1 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Automatic sprinkler protection
+(2) Single- or double-row rack storage
+(3) Nonmiscible liquids and miscible liquids with concentra-
+tion of flammable or combustible component greater
+than 50 percent by volume
+(4) Metal containers, metal portable tanks, metal intermedi-
+ate bulk containers
+(5) Relieving- or nonrelieving-style containers
+[30:16.5.2.1]
+66.16.5.2.2 Table 66.16.5.2.2 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Automatic sprinkler protection
+(2) Palletized or stacked storage
+(3) Nonmiscible liquids and miscible liquids with concentra-
+tion of flammable or combustible component greater
+than 50 percent by volume
+(4) Metal containers, metal portable tanks, metal intermedi-
+ate bulk containers
+(5) Relieving- or nonrelieving-style containers
+[30:16.5.2.2]
+66.16.5.2.3 Table 66.16.5.2.3 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Foam water sprinkler protection
+(2) Single- or double-row rack storage
+(3) Nonmiscible liquids and miscible liquids with concentra-
+tion of flammable or combustible component greater
+than 50 percent by volume
+(4) Metal containers, metal portable tanks, metal intermedi-
+ate bulk containers
+(5) Relieving- or nonrelieving-style containers
+[30:16.5.2.3]
+66.16.5.2.4 Table 66.16.5.2.4 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Foam water sprinkler protection
+(2) Palletized or stacked storage
+(3) Nonmiscible liquids and miscible liquids with concentra-
+tion of flammable or combustible component greater
+than 50 percent by volume
+(4) Metal containers, metal portable tanks, metal intermedi-
+ate bulk containers
+(5) Relieving- or nonrelieving-style containers
+[30:16.5.2.4]
+66.16.5.2.5 Table 66.16.5.2.5 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Automatic sprinkler protection
+(2) Single-, double-, or multiple-row rack storage
+(3) Class IIIB nonmiscible liquids and Class IIIB miscible liq-
+uids with concentration of flammable or combustible
+component greater than 50 percent by volume
+(4) Nonmetallic containers or intermediate bulk containers
+(5) Cartoned or uncartoned
+[30:16.5.2.5]
+66.16.5.2.6 Table 66.16.5.2.6 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Automatic sprinkler protection
+(2) Shelf storage
+(3) Nonmiscible liquids and miscible liquids with concentra-
+tion of flammable or combustible component greater
+than 50 percent by volume
+(4) Nonrelieving-style metal containers
+[30:16.5.2.6]
+1–334 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 66.16.5.2.1 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Single- and Double-Row
+Rack Storage of Liquids in Metal Containers, Portable Tanks, and IBCs
+Container
+Style and
+Capacity
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Ceiling
+Height
+(ft)
+Ceiling Sprinkler Protection In-Rack Sprinkler Protection
+Special
+Notes
+Fire Test
+Ref. [See
+Table D.2(a)
+of NFPA 30]
+Sprinkler Design Sprinkler Discharge
+Flow
+(gpm) LayoutType Response
+Density
+(gpm/ft2)
+Area
+(ft2) Type Response
+NONRELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASSES IB, IC, II, IIIA
+≤ 1 gal 16 30 K ≥11.2 QR 286°F 0.60 2000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR(ot) 30 A 1, 2 1
+20 30 K ≥11.2 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.60 2000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR(ot) 30 B 1, 2 2
+≤ 5 gal 25 30 K ≥8.0 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.30 3000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR(ot) 30 C 1 3
+>5 and ≤60 25 30 K ≥11.2 SR
+286°F
+0.40 3000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR or
+SR (ot)
+30 E 1 5
+NONRELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASS IIIB
+≤ 5 gal 40 50 K ≥8.0 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.30 2000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR(ot) 30 D 1, 3 4
+>5 and ≤60 40 50 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.30 3000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR(ot) 30 D 1, 3 6
+RELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASSES IB, IC, II, IIIA
+≤ 5 gal 14 18 K ≥11.2
+pendent
+only
+QR 286°F 0.65 2000 No in-rack sprinklers required 4 7
+25 30 K ≥8.0 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.30 3000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR(ot) 30 D 1, 5 8
+>5 and ≤60 25 30 K ≥11.2 SR
+286°F
+0.60 3000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR(ot) 30 F 1 10
+Portable
+tanks and
+IBCs
+25 30 K ≥11.2 SR
+286°F
+0.60 3000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR or
+SR (ot)
+30 E 1 12
+RELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASS IIIB
+≤ 5 gal 40 50 K ≥8.0 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.30 2000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR(ot) 30 D 1 9
+>5 and ≤60 40 50 K ≥8.0 SR
+286°F
+0.30 3000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR(ot) 30 D 1, 3 11
+Portable
+tanks and
+IBCs
+40 50 K ≥8.0 SR
+286°F
+0.30 3000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR(ot) 30 D 1, 6 13
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min.
+Special Notes:
+(1) In-rack sprinkler design based on 6 most hydraulically remote sprinklers in each of upper three levels or
+on 8 most hydraulically remote sprinklers, if only one level.
+(2) Protection for uncartoned or case-cut nonsolid shelf display up to 6.5 ft (2 m) and storage above in pallets
+on racking, shelf materials, open wire mesh, or 2 in . × 6 in. (50 mm × 150 mm) wooden slats, spaced a
+minimum of 2 in. (50 mm) apart.
+(3) For K=8.0 and K=11.2 ceiling sprinklers, increase ceiling density to 0.60 if more than one level of storage
+exists above the top level of in-rack sprinklers.
+(4) Double-row racks limited to maximum 6 ft (1.8 m) width.
+(5) For K=8.0 and K=11.2 ceiling sprinklers, increase ceiling density to 0.60 over 2000 ft 2 if more than one
+level of storage exists above the top level of in-rack sprinklers.
+(6) Reduce in-rack sprinkler spacing to maximum 9 ft (2.7 m) centers. [30: Table 16.5.2.1]
+1–335FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 66.16.5.2.2 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Palletized and Stacked
+Storage of Liquids in Metal Containers, Portable Tanks, and IBCs
+Container Style
+and Capacity
+Maximum
+Storage Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Ceiling
+Height
+(ft)
+Ceiling Sprinkler Protection
+Special
+Notes
+Fire Test
+Ref. [See
+Table D.2(b)
+of NFPA 30]
+Sprinkler Design
+Type Response
+Density
+(gpm/ft2)
+Area
+(ft2)
+NONRELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASSES IB, IC, II, IIIA
+≤ 5 gal 4 18 K ≥8.0 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.21 1500 1 1
+51 8 K ≥8.0 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.30 3000 — 2
+6.5 30 K ≥11.2 QR 286°F 0.45 3000 — 3
+>5 and ≤60 5 18 K ≥11.2 SR 286°F 0.40 3000 — 4
+NONRELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASS IIIB
+≤ 5 gal 18 30 K ≥8.0 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.25 3000 — 5
+>5 and ≤60 10 20 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.25 3000 — 6
+18 30 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.35 3000 — 7
+RELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASSES IB, IC, II, IIIA
+≤ 5 gal 12 30 K ≥11.2
+pendent only
+QR 286°F 0.60 3000 2 8
+>5 and ≤60 5 30 K ≥11.2 SR 286°F 0.40 3000 — 9
+6.5 30 K ≥11.2 SR 286°F 0.60 3000 3 10
+Portable tanks 1-high 30 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.30 3000 — 14
+and IBCs 2-high 30 K ≥11.2 SR 286°F 0.60 3000 — 15
+RELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASS IIIB
+≤ 5 gal 18 30 K ≥8.0 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.25 3000 — 11
+>5 and ≤60 10 20 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.25 3000 — 12
+18 30 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.35 3000 — 13
+Portable tanks 1-high 30 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.25 3000 — 16
+and IBCs 2-high 30 K ≥11.2 SR 286°F 0.50 3000 — 17
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min.
+Special Notes:
+(1) Minimum hose stream demand can be reduced to 250 gpm for 2 hours.
+(2) Sprinklers must also be hydraulically calculated to provide a density of 0.80 gpm/ft2 over 1000 ft2.
+(3) Drums must be placed on open slatted pallet, not nested, to allow pressure relief from drums on lower
+levels. [30: Table 16.5.2.2]
+1–336 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 66.16.5.2.3 Design Criteria for Foam-Water Sprinkler Protection of Single-
+or Double-Row Rack Storage of Liquids in Metal Containers, Portable Tanks, and IBCs
+Container
+Style and
+Capacity
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Ceiling
+Height
+(ft)
+Ceiling Sprinkler Protection In-Rack Sprinkler Protection
+Special
+Notes
+Fire Test
+Ref. [See
+Table D.2(c)
+of NFPA 30]
+Sprinkler Design Sprinkler Discharge
+Flow
+(gpm) LayoutType Response
+Density
+(gpm/ft2)
+Area
+(ft2) Type Response
+NONRELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASSES IB, IC, II, IIIA
+≤ 5 gal 25 30 K ≥8.0 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.30 2000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR or
+SR (ot)
+3 0 C 1 ,2 ,4 1
+>5 and ≤60 25 30 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.30 3000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR or
+SR (ot)
+3 0 C 1 ,3 ,4 2
+NONRELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASS IIIB
+≤ 60 gal 40 50 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.30 2000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR or
+SR (ot)
+30 D 1 3
+RELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASSES IB, IC, II, IIIA
+≤ 5 gal 25 30 K ≥8.0 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.30 2000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+QR or
+SR (ot)
+3 0 D 1 ,2 ,4 4
+>5 and ≤60,
+portable
+tanks and
+IBCs
+25 30 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.30 3000 K=5.6
+or 8.0
+3 0 D 1 ,3 ,4 5
+RELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASS IIIB
+≤60 gal 40 50 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.30 2000 K = 5.6
+or 8.0
+QR or
+SR (ot)
+30 D 1 6
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min.
+Special Notes:
+(1) In-rack sprinkler design based on 6 most hydraulically remote sprinklers in each of upper three levels.
+(2) Design area can be reduced to 1500 ft 2 when using a pre-primed foam-water system installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems , and
+maintained according to NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire
+Protection Systems.
+(3) Design area can be reduced to 2000 ft 2 when using a pre-primed foam-water system installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 16 and maintained according to NFPA 25.
+(4) In-rack sprinkler hydraulic design can be reduced to three sprinklers operating per level, with three
+levels operating simultaneously, when using a pre-primed foam-water sprinkler system designed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 16 and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25.
+(5) Double-row racks limited to maximum 6 ft (1.8 m) width.
+(6) For K=8.0 and K=11.2 ceiling sprinklers, increase ceiling density to 0.60 over 2000 ft 2 if more than one
+level of storage exists above the top level of in-rack sprinklers.
+(7) Reduce in-rack sprinkler spacing to maximum 9 ft (2.7 m) centers. [30: Table 16.5.2.3]
+1–337FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 66.16.5.2.4 Design Criteria for Foam-Water Sprinkler Protection of Palletized
+and Stacked Storage of Liquids in Metal Containers, Portable Tanks, and IBCs
+Container Style
+and Capacity
+Maximum Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Ceiling
+Height
+(ft)
+Ceiling Sprinkler Protection
+Special
+Notes
+Fire Test
+Ref. [See
+Table D.2(d)
+of NFPA 30]
+Sprinkler Design
+Type Response
+Density
+(gpm/ft2)
+Area
+(ft2)
+NONRELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASSES IB, IC, II, IIIA
+≤ 5 gal,
+cartoned
+11 30 K ≥11.2 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.40 3000 1 1
+≤ 5 gal,
+uncartoned
+12 30 K ≥8.0 SR or QR
+286°F
+0.30 3000 1 2
+>5 and ≤60 5 (1-high) 30 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.30 3000 1 3
+RELIEVING-STYLE CONTAINERS — LIQUID CLASSES IB, IC, II, IIIA
+>5 and ≤60 6.5 (2-high) 30 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.30 3000 2, 3 4
+10 (3-high) 33 K ≥11.2 SR 286°F 0.45 3000 2, 3 6
+13.75 (4-high) 33 K ≥11.2 SR 286°F 0.60 3000 2, 3 7
+Portable tanks
+and IBCs
+1- or 2-high 30 K ≥8.0 SR 286°F 0.30 3000 3 5
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min.
+Special Notes:
+(1) Design area can be reduced to 2000 ft 2 when using a pre-primed foam-water system installed in accor-
+dance with NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems , and
+maintained according to NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire
+Protection Systems.
+(2) Both 3⁄4 in. (20 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) listed pressure-relieving mechanisms are required on containers
+greater than 6 gal (23 L) capacity.
+(3) Drums placed on open slatted pallet, not nested, to allow pressure relief from drums on lower levels.
+[30: Table 16.5.2.4]
+Table 66.16.5.2.5 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Single-, Double-, and
+Multiple-Row Rack Storage of Class IIIB Liquids
+Closed-Cup
+Flash
+Point
+(F)
+Container
+or IBC
+Capacity
+(gal) Packaging
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Ceiling
+Height
+(ft)
+Minimum
+Aisle
+Width
+(ft)
+Rack
+Width
+(ft)
+Sprinkler Protection Fire Test
+Ref. [See
+Table D.2(e)
+of NFPA 30]
+Ceiling
+Sprinkler
+Type Design
+≥200 ≤5 Plastic containers,
+cartoned or
+uncartoned
+Unlimited Unlimited 4 Any Any See 66.16.6.1, Fire
+Protection System
+Design Scheme “A”
+1
+≥375 ≤275 Flexible plastic liner
+within a composite
+continuously
+wound corrugated
+paperboard
+intermediate bulk
+container (See
+Special Note 1)
+28 30 8 Any Any See 66.16.6.3, Fire
+Protection System
+Design Scheme “C”
+2
+≥375 ≤6 Flexible plastic liner
+within a composite
+corrugated
+paperboard box
+Unlimited Unlimited 8 Any Any See 66.16.6.3, Fire
+Protection System
+Design Scheme “C”
+2
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+Special Notes:
+(1) Construction of intermediate bulk container to be a minimum of 8 layers of paperboard, with a mini-
+mum nominal thickness of 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) at the center of any side panel. [30: Table 16.5.2.5]
+1–338 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.16.5.2.7 Table 66.16.5.2.7 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Automatic sprinkler protection
+(2) Single- or double-row rack storage
+(3) Water-miscible liquids with concentration of flammable or
+combustible component greater than 50 percent by volume
+(4) Plastic containers
+(5) Cartoned or uncartoned
+(6) Minimum 8 ft (2.4 m) aisle width
+[30:16.5.2.7]
+66.16.5.2.8 Table 66.16.5.2.8 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Automatic sprinkler protection
+(2) Single- or double-row rack storage or palletized storage
+(3) Nonmiscible liquids and miscible liquids with concentra-
+tion of flammable or combustible component greater
+than 50 percent by volume
+(4) Relieving-style metal containers
+[30:16.5.2.8]
+66.16.5.2.9 Table 66.16.5.2.9 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Automatic sprinkler protection
+(2) Palletized storage
+(3) Class II and Class III nonmiscible and Class II and Class III
+miscible liquids
+(4) Rigid nonmetallic intermediate bulk containers
+[30:16.5.2.9]
+66.16.5.2.10 Table 66.16.5.2.10 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Automatic sprinkler protection
+(2) Single- or double-row rack storage
+(3) Class II and Class III nonmiscible and Class II and Class III
+miscible liquids
+(4) Rigid nonmetallic intermediate bulk containers
+[30:16.5.2.10]
+Table 66.16.5.2.6 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Shelf Storage of
+Liquids in Metal Containers
+Container
+Style
+and Capacity
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Ceiling
+Height
+(ft)
+Ceiling Sprinkler Protection
+Special
+Notes
+Fire Test
+Ref. [See
+Table D.2(f)
+of NFPA 30]
+Sprinkler Design
+Type Response
+Density
+(gpm/ft2)
+Area
+(ft2)
+≤ 1 gal
+nonrelieving
+style
+61 8 K ≥8.0 SR or QR 286°F 0.19 1500 1, 2 1
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min.
+Special Notes:
+(1) Protection limited to mercantile shelving that is 2 ft (600 mm) or less in depth per side, with backing
+between each side.
+(2) Minimum hose stream demand can be reduced to 250 gpm for 2 hours. [30: Table 16.5.2.6]
+Table 66.16.5.2.7 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Single- and Double-Row
+Rack Storage of Liquids in Plastic Containers
+Container
+Style
+and Capacity
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Ceiling Height
+(ft)
+Ceiling Sprinkler Protection
+Special
+Notes
+Fire Test
+Ref. [See
+Table D.2(g)
+of NFPA 30]
+Ceiling Sprinkler
+Protection In-Rack Sprinklers
+16 oz, cartoned Unlimited Unlimited See 66.16.6.1, Fire
+Protection System
+Design Scheme “A”
+See 66.16.6.1, Fire
+Protection System
+Design Scheme “A”
+1, 2 3
+≤1 gal, cartoned Unlimited Unlimited See 66.16.6.2, Fire
+Protection System
+Design Scheme “B”
+See 66.16.6.2, Fire
+Protection System
+Design Scheme “B”
+1, 2 1
+≤60 gal, cartoned
+or uncartoned
+25 30 See 66.16.6.2, Fire
+Protection System
+Design Scheme “B”
+See 66.16.6.2, Fire
+Protection System
+Design Scheme “B”
+1, 2 2
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+Special Notes:
+(1) Minimum aisle width in all cases is 8 ft (2.4 m).
+(2) Maximum rack width in all cases is 9 ft (2.7 m). [30: Table 16.5.2.7]
+1–339FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.16.5.2.11 Table 66.16.5.2.11 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Automatic sprinkler protection
+(2) Palletized or stacked storage
+(3) Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) with not more than
+50 percent by weight of Class IC, II, or IIIA liquid
+(4) Metal containers; nonrelieving style allowed only up to 6
+gal (23 L)
+[30:16.5.2.11]
+66.16.5.2.12 Table 66.16.5.2.12 shall apply to the following:
+(1) Automatic sprinkler protection
+(2) Palletized or stacked storage
+(3) Miscible liquids with concentration of flammable or com-
+bustible components no greater than 80 percent by vol-
+ume
+(4) Glass or plastic containers
+[30:16.5.2.12]
+Table 66.16.5.2.8 Design Criteria for Single-Row Rack, Double-Row Rack, and Palletized Storage of Liquids in Relieving-Style
+Metal Containers
+Container
+Style
+and Capacity
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Ceiling
+Height
+(ft)
+Ceiling Sprinkler
+Protection In-Rack Sprinkler Protection
+Special
+Notes
+Fire Test
+Ref. [See
+Table D.2(h)
+of NFPA 30]
+Sprinkler
+Type
+Design
+(Number of
+sprinklers @
+stated pressure)
+Sprinkler End
+Sprinkler
+Design
+Pressure LayoutType Response
+LIQUID CLASSES IB, IC, II, IIIA, IIIB
+RACK STORAGE with MAXIMUM 6 ft RACK WIDTH and MINIMUM 7.5 ft AISLE WIDTH
+≤5 gal, cartoned
+or uncartoned
+14 24 Pendent
+ESFR
+K≥14.0
+12 @ 50 psi K=11.2 QR (ot) 10 psi G 1, 2, 3,
+4, 5, 6
+1
+14 24 Pendent
+ESFR
+K≥25.0
+12 @ 25 psi No in-rack sprinklers required 2, 3, 4,
+5, 6
+2
+LIQUID CLASSES IB, IC, II, IIIA, IIIB
+RACK STORAGE with MAXIMUM 9 ft RACK WIDTH and 8 ft MINIMUM AISLE WIDTH
+≤1 gal, cartoned
+only
+20 30 Pendent
+ESFR
+K≥14.0
+(ot)
+12 @ 75 psi No in-rack sprinklers required — 3
+≤1 gal, cartoned
+only
+25 30 Pendent
+ESFR
+K≥14.0
+(ot)
+12 @ 50 psi K=8.0 QR (ot) 15 psi H 1, 2, 5 4
+≤5 gal, cartoned
+or uncartoned
+25 30 Pendent
+ESFR
+K≥14.0
+(ot)
+12 @ 75 psi K=8.0 QR (ot) 30 psi I 1, 2, 5 5
+LIQUID CLASSES IB, IC, II, IIIA, IIIB PALLETIZED STORAGE with MINIMUM 7.5 ft AISLE WIDTH
+≤1 gal, cartoned
+only
+8 30 Pendent
+ESFR
+K≥14.0
+(ot)
+1 2@5 0p s i — — — — — 6
+≤5 gal, cartoned
+or uncartoned
+12 30 Pendent
+ESFR
+K≥14.0
+(ot)
+1 2@7 5p s i — — — — — 7
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 psi = 6.9 kPa.
+Special Notes:
+(1) The in-rack sprinkler water demand shall be based on the simultaneous operation of the most hydrauli-
+cally remote sprinklers as follows:
+(a) Seven sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed.
+(b) Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each of the two top levels) where more than one level of in-rack
+sprinklers is installed.
+(2) The in-rack sprinkler water demand should be balanced with the ceiling sprinkler water demand at their
+point of connection.
+(3) One-gallon and 1-quart containers are not required to be relieving style.
+(4) Provide minimum 3 in. transverse flue at rack uprights.
+(5) For Class IIIB liquids, see also Table 66.16.5.2.5.
+(6) Racks can have open-mesh wire intermediate shelving on lower levels. [30: Table 16.5.2.8]
+1–340 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 66.16.5.2.9 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Palletized Storage
+of Class II and Class III Liquids in Rigid Nonmetallic IBCs
+Maximum
+Capacity
+(gal)
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+Maximum
+Ceiling
+Height
+(ft)
+Ceiling Sprinkler Protection
+Special
+Notes
+Fire Test
+Ref. [See
+Table D.2(i) of
+NFPA 30]
+Sprinkler Design
+Type Response
+Density
+(gpm/ft2)
+Area
+(ft2)
+793 1-high 30 K ≥11.2 SR, high temperature 0.45 3000 1, 2, 4 1
+793 2-high 30 K ≥11.2 SR, high temperature 0.60 3000 1, 2, 3, 4 2
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.9 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min.
+Special Notes:
+(1) Foam-water sprinkler protection shall be permitted to be substituted for water sprinkler protection,
+provided the same design criteria are used.
+(2) Rigid nonmetallic intermediate bulk containers shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL 2368,
+Standard for Fire Exposure Testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers for Flammable and Combustible Liquids ,o ra n
+equivalent test procedure.
+(3) The sprinkler operating gauge pressure shall be a minimum 30 psi (207 kPa).
+(4) See also Section E.1. [30: Table 16.5.2.9]
+Table 66.16.5.2.10 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Single- and Double-Row
+Rack Storage of Class II and Class III Liquids in Rigid Nonmetallic IBCs
+Maximum
+Capacity
+(gal)
+Maximum
+Storage Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Ceiling
+Height
+(ft)
+Ceiling Sprinkler Protection
+Special Notes
+Fire Test Ref.[See
+Table D.2(j) of
+NFPA 30]Sprinkler Type Design
+793 25 30 Standard spray See 66.16.6.2, Fire
+Protection System
+Design Scheme “B”
+1, 2, 3, 4 1
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+Special Notes:
+(1) Rigid nonmetallic intermediate bulk containers are listed and labeled in accordance with UL 2368,
+Standard for Fire Exposure Testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers for Flammable and Combustible Liquids ,o ra n
+equivalent test procedure.
+(2) Maximum rack width is 9 ft (2.7 m).
+(3) Minimum aisle width is 8 ft (2.4 m).
+(4) See also Section E.1. [30: Table 16.5.2.10]
+Table 66.16.5.2.11 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Palletized or
+Stacked Storage of Unsaturated Polyester Resins in Metal Containers
+Capacity
+(gal)
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Ceiling
+Height
+(ft)
+Ceiling Sprinkler Protection
+Special
+Notes
+Fire Test Ref.
+[See
+Table D.2(k) of
+NFPA 30]
+Sprinkler Design
+Type Response
+Density
+(gpm/ft2)
+Area
+(ft2)
+>5 and <60 10 33 K ≥11.2 SR, ordinary
+temperature or high
+temperature
+0.45 3000 1, 2, 3 1
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min.
+Special Notes:
+(1) Drums placed on open, slatted pallet, not nested, to allow pressure relief from drums on lower levels.
+(2) Storage areas containing unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) should not be located in the same spill
+containment area or drainage path of other Class I or Class II liquids, unless protected as required for such
+other liquids.
+(3) Both 3⁄4 in. (20 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) listed and labeled pressure-relieving devices are required on
+containers that exceed 6 gal (23 L) capacity. [30: Table 16.5.2.11]
+1–341FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.16.6 Fire Protection System Design Schemes.
+66.16.6.1 Fire Protection System Design Scheme A.
+66.16.6.1.1 Horizontal barriers of plywood having a mini-
+mum thickness of 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) or of sheet metal of mini-
+mum 22 gauge thickness shall be installed in accordance
+with Figure 66.16.6.1.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.1.1(b), or Fig-
+ure 66.16.6.1.1(c), whichever is applicable. All liquid stor-
+age shall be located beneath a barrier. [See also 66.16.6.1.9
+for liquids with flash points equal to or greater than 450°F
+(230°C).] [30:16.6.1.1]
+66.16.6.1.2 In-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accor-
+dance with Figure 66.16.6.1.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.1.1(b), or
+Figure 66.16.6.1.1(c), whichever is applicable. [ 30:16.6.1.2]
+66.16.6.1.3 Vertical barriers shall not be provided between
+in-rack sprinklers. [30:16.6.1.3]
+66.16.6.1.4 In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following re-
+quirements:
+(1) In-rack sprinklers shall be nominal K=8.0, ordinary
+temperature–rated quick-response sprinklers.
+(2) In-rack sprinklers shall be installed below each barrier level.
+(3) In-rack sprinklers shall provide a minimum end operating
+pressure (gauge pressure) of 50 psi (345 kPa) out of the
+hydraulically most remote six sprinklers (three on two
+lines), if one barrier level is provided, or the hydraulically
+most remote eight sprinklers (four on two lines), if two or
+more barrier levels are provided.
+[30:16.6.1.4]
+66.16.6.1.5 If there are adjacent rack bays that are not dedi-
+cated to storage of liquids, the barrier and in-rack sprinkler
+protection shall be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the
+area devoted to liquid storage. In addition, adjacent racks
+across the aisles on each side of the liquid storage shall be
+protected in accordance with 66.16.6.1. [30:16.6.1.5]
+Table 66.16.5.2.12 Design Criteria for Sprinkler Protection of Palletized or Stacked
+Storage of Miscible Liquids in Glass or Plastic Containers
+Container
+Style and
+Capacity
+Maximum
+Storage
+Height
+(ft)
+Maximum
+Ceiling
+Height
+(ft)
+Ceiling Sprinkler Protection
+Sprinkler Design
+Special
+Notes
+Fire Test Ref.[See
+Table Annex D.2(l)
+of NFPA 30]Type Response
+Density
+(gpm/ft2)
+Area
+(ft2)
+≤ 8 oz 5 38 K ≥ 11.2 QR 155°F 0.47 2000 — S61
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L, 1 ft = 0.3 m, 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.7 L/min/m2 = 40.7 mm/min.
+[30: Table 16.5.2.12]
+ELEVATION VIEW
+12 ft 
+(max)
+Solid barrier
+5 ft 
+(max)
+Minimum 8 ft
+between gaps
+0 in.–12 in. gap 
+at uprights
+PLAN VIEW
+Deflector a maximum of
+7 in. below barrier
+Deflector a minimum of
+6 in. above top of storage
+4 ft– 
+5 ft
+12 ft 
+(max)
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR in-rack sprinkler.
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+FIGURE 66.16.6.1.1(a) Single-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout
+for Design Scheme “A.” [30: Figure 16.6.1.1(a)]
+ELEVATION VIEW
+Solid barrier
+(no gap at longitudinal flue)
+9 ft
+(max)
+Minimum 8 ft
+between gaps
+0 in.–12 in. gap
+at uprights
+PLAN VIEW
+Deflector a maximum of
+7 in. below barrier
+Deflector a minimum of
+6 in. above top of storage
+12 ft
+(max)
+12 ft
+(max)
+4 ft–
+5 ft
+8 ft – 10 ft 
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+           (3)
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR longitudinal flue sprinkler. 
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR face sprinkler.
+FIGURE 66.16.6.1.1(b) Double-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout
+for Design Scheme “A.” [30: Figure 16.6.1.1(b)]
+1–342 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.16.6.1.6 Ceiling sprinkler demand shall not be included in
+the hydraulic calculations for in-rack sprinklers. [30:16.6.1.6]
+66.16.6.1.7 Water demand at point of supply shall be calcu-
+lated separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers and shall be
+based on the greater demand. [30:16.6.1.7]
+66.16.6.1.8 Ceiling sprinklers shall meet the following re-
+quirements:
+(1) Ceiling sprinkler protection shall be designed to protect
+the surrounding occupancy.
+(2) Any sprinkler type shall be acceptable.
+(3) If standard spray sprinklers are used, they shall be capable
+of providing not less than 0.20 gpm/ft 2 over 3000 ft 2
+(8 mm/min over 270 m2).
+(4) If the liquid storage does not extend to the full height of the
+rack, protection for commodities stored above the top hori-
+zontal barrier shall meet the requirements of Section 13.3
+and NFPA 13 for the commodities stored, based on the full
+height of the rack.
+[30:16.6.1.8]
+66.16.6.1.9 Barriers shall not be required for liquids with
+closed-cup flash points of 450°F (230°C) or greater. If barriers
+are omitted, the following shall apply:
+(1) Ceiling sprinkler protection shall provide a minimum
+density of 0.3 gpm/ft2 over the most hydraulically remote
+2000 ft2 (12 mm/min over 180 m 2) using ordinary tem-
+perature, standard-response sprinklers with a nominal
+K-factor equal to or greater than 8.0.
+(2) The ceiling sprinkler water demand and the in-rack water
+demand shall be balanced at their point of connection.
+(3) The sprinklers located at the rack face shall be staggered
+vertically.
+[30:16.6.1.9]
+66.16.6.1.10 A 500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance
+shall be provided. [30:16.6.1.10]
+66.16.6.2 Fire Protection System Design Scheme “B.”
+66.16.6.2.1 Horizontal barriers of plywood having a mini-
+mum thickness of 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) or of sheet metal of mini-
+mum 22 gauge thickness shall be installed in accordance
+with Figure 66.16.6.2.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.2.1(b), or Fig-
+ure 66.16.6.2.1(c), whichever is applicable. All liquid stor-
+age shall be located beneath a barrier. [ 30:16.6.2.1]
+66.16.6.2.2 In-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accor-
+dance with Figure 66.16.6.2.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.1.1(b), or
+Figure 66.16.6.1.1(c), whichever is applicable. [ 30:16.6.2.2]
+66.16.6.2.3 Vertical barriers shall not be provided between
+in-rack sprinklers. [30:16.6.2.3]
+66.16.6.2.4 In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following re-
+quirements:
+(1) In-rack sprinklers shall be nominal K=8.0, ordinary
+temperature–rated quick-response sprinklers.
+(2) In-rack sprinklers shall be installed below each barrier level.
+Solid barrier
+(no gap at flue)
+PLAN VIEW
+Deflector a maximum of
+7 in. below barrier
+Deflector a minimum of
+6 in. above top of storage
+12 ft 
+(max)
+ELEVATION VIEW — TYPICAL BARRIER LEVEL
+4 ft– 
+5 ft
+4 ft–5 ft
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR in-rack sprinkler.
+Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+FIGURE 66.16.6.1.1(c) Multiple-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout
+for Design Scheme “A.” [30: Figure 16.6.1.1(c)]
+6 ft 
+(max)
+ELEVATION VIEW
+Solid plywood (minimum ³⁄₈ in.) or sheet metal  
+(minimum 22 gauge) barrier (no gap at longitudinal flue)
+5 ft 
+(max)
+Minimum 8 ft
+between gaps
+Maximum 12 in. 
+gap at uprights
+PLAN VIEW
+Deflector a maximum of
+7 in. below barrier
+Deflector a minimum of
+6 in. above top of storage
+4 ft–5 ft on center at 
+transverse flue spaces
+6 ft 
+(max)
+6 ft 
+(max)
+6 ft 
+(max)
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR in-rack sprinkler.
+Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+FIGURE 66.16.6.2.1(a) Single-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout
+for Design Scheme “B” — Sprinklers in Center of Rack.
+[30: Figure 16.6.2.1(a)]
+1–343FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(3) For containers that do not exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity
+and where there is only one horizontal barrier, in-rack
+sprinklers shall provide a minimum end operating pres-
+sure (gauge pressure) of 50 psi (345 kPa) out of the hy-
+draulically most remote six sprinklers (three on two
+lines), if one barrier level is provided, or the hydraulically
+most remote eight sprinklers (four on two lines), if two or
+more barrier levels are provided.
+(4) For containers that exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity, but do
+not exceed 793 gal (3000 L), in-rack sprinklers shall provide
+a minimum operating pressure (gauge pressure) of 50 psi
+(345 kPa) from the hydraulically most remote 12 sprinklers,
+six each on two lines.
+[30:16.6.2.4]
+66.16.6.2.5 If there are adjacent rack bays that are not dedi-
+cated to storage of liquids, the barrier and in-rack sprinkler
+protection shall be extended beyond the area devoted to liq-
+uid storage as follows:
+(1) For containers that do not exceed 1 gal (3.8 L) capacity,
+protection shall be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the
+area devoted to liquid storage. In addition, adjacent racks
+across the aisles on each side of the liquid storage shall be
+protected in accordance with Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for
+the commodity stored.
+(2) For containers that exceed 1 gal (3.8 L) capacity, but do not
+exceed 793 gal (3000 L), protection shall be extended at
+least 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the area devoted to liquid storage.
+In addition, protection shall be extended to protect adjacent
+racks across the aisles on each side of the liquid storage.
+[30:16.6.2.5]
+66.16.6.2.6 Ceiling sprinklers for containers that do not exceed
+1 gal (3.8 L) capacity shall meet the following requirements:
+(1) Ceiling sprinklers shall be designed to protect the sur-
+rounding occupancy.
+(2) Ceiling sprinkler water demand shall not be included in the
+hydraulic calculations for the in-rack sprinkler protection.
+(3) Water demand at the point of supply shall be calculated
+separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers and shall be
+based on the greater of the two.
+(4) Any sprinkler type shall be acceptable for the ceiling
+sprinkler protection.
+(5) If standard spray sprinklers are used, they shall be capable
+of providing not less than 0.20 gpm/ft 2 over 3000 ft 2
+(8 L/min over 270 m2).
+(6) If the liquid storage does not extend to the full height of the
+rack, protection for commodities stored above the top hori-
+zontal barrier shall meet the requirements of Section 13.3
+and NFPA 13 for the commodities stored, based on the full
+height of the rack.
+[30:16.6.2.6]
+66.16.6.2.7 Ceiling sprinklers for containers that exceed 1 gal
+(3.8 L) capacity, but do not exceed 60 gal (230 L), shall meet
+the following requirements:
+(1) Ceiling sprinkler protection shall provide a minimum den-
+sity of 0.45 gpm/ft2 (18.3 mm/min) over the most hydrauli-
+cally remote 3000 ft 2 (270 m2), using high-temperature,
+standard-response sprinklers of nominal K-factor of 11.2 or
+greater. Other types of sprinklers shall not be used.
+(2) Ceiling sprinkler water demand and the in-rack sprinkler
+demand shall be balanced at the point of connection.
+[30:16.6.2.7]
+6 ft 
+(max)
+ELEVATION VIEW
+Solid plywood (minimum ³⁄₈ in.) or sheet metal  
+(minimum 22 gauge) barrier (no gap at longitudinal flue)
+5 ft 
+(max)
+Minimum 8 ft
+between gaps
+Maximum 12 in. 
+gap at uprights
+PLAN VIEW
+Deflector a maximum of
+7 in. below barrier
+Deflector a minimum of
+6 in. above top of storage
+4 ft–5 ft on center at 
+transverse flue spaces
+6 ft 
+(max)
+6 ft 
+(max)
+6 ft 
+(max)
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR in-rack sprinkler.
+Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+FIGURE 66.16.6.2.1(b) Double-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout
+for Design Scheme “B” — Sprinklers on Face of Rack.
+[30: Figure 16.6.2.1(b)]
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR longitudinal flue sprinkler.
+6 ft 
+(max)
+ELEVATION VIEW
+9 ft 
+(max)
+Minimum 8 ft
+between gaps
+Maximum 12 in. 
+gap at uprights
+PLAN VIEW
+Deflector a maximum of
+7 in. below barrier
+Deflector a minimum of
+6 in. above top of storage
+6 ft 
+(max)
+6 ft 
+(max)
+6 ft 
+(max)
+Solid plywood (minimum ³⁄₈ in.) or sheet metal  
+(minimum 22 gauge) barrier (no gap at longitudinal flue)
+4 ft–5 ft on center at 
+transverse flue spaces
+8 ft–10 ft on centers at 
+transverse flue spaces
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+           (3) denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR face sprinkler.
+FIGURE 66.16.6.2.1(c) Double-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout
+for Design Scheme “B.” [30: Figure 16.6.2.1(c)]
+1–344 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.16.6.2.8 Ceiling sprinklers for containers that exceed 60
+gal (230 L) capacity, but do not exceed 793 gal (3000 L), shall
+meet the following requirements:
+(1) Ceiling sprinklers shall be designed to provide a mini-
+mum density of 0.60 gpm/ft2 over 3000 ft2 (24 mm/min
+over the most remote 270 m 2), using high-temperature-
+rated, standard-response sprinklers of nominal K-factor of
+11.2 or greater. Other types of sprinklers shall not be
+used.
+(2) Ceiling sprinkler water demand and the in-rack sprinkler
+demand shall be balanced at the point of connection.
+[30:16.6.2.8]
+66.16.6.2.9 A 500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance
+shall be provided. [30:16.6.2.9]
+66.16.6.3 Fire Protection System Design Scheme “C.”
+66.16.6.3.1 Horizontal barriers of plywood having a mini-
+mum thickness of 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) or of sheet metal of mini-
+mum 22 gauge thickness shall be installed in accordance
+with Figure 66.16.6.3.1(a), Figure 66.16.6.3.1(b), or Fig-
+ure 66.16.6.3.1(c), whichever is applicable. All liquid stor-
+age shall be located beneath a barrier. [ 30:16.6.3.1]
+66.16.6.3.2 Vertical baffles shall not be installed between in-
+rack sprinklers. [30:16.6.3.2]
+66.16.6.3.3 In-rack sprinklers shall meet the following re-
+quirements:
+(1) In-rack sprinklers shall be nominal K=8.0, ordinary
+temperature–rated, quick-response sprinklers.
+(2) In-rack sprinklers shall be installed below each barrier
+level.
+(3) In-rack sprinklers shall provide a minimum end operating
+pressure (gauge pressure) of 14 psi (97 kPa) out of the
+hydraulically most remote six sprinklers (three on two
+lines), if one barrier level is provided, or the hydraulically
+most remote eight sprinklers (four on two lines), if two or
+more barrier levels are provided.
+[30:16.6.3.3]
+66.16.6.3.4 If there are adjacent bays of in-rack arrays that are
+not dedicated to storage of liquids, the barrier and in-rack
+sprinkler protection shall be extended at least 8 ft (2.4 m)
+beyond the area devoted to liquid storage. [30:16.6.3.4]
+66.16.6.3.5 Ceiling sprinkler demand shall not be included in
+the hydraulic calculations for in-rack sprinklers. [30:16.6.3.5]
+66.16.6.3.6 Water demand at point of supply shall be calcu-
+lated separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers and shall be
+based on the greater demand. [30:16.6.3.6]
+66.16.6.3.7 Ceiling sprinklers shall meet the following re-
+quirements:
+(1) Ceiling sprinkler protection shall be designed to protect
+the surrounding occupancy.
+(2) Any sprinkler type shall be acceptable.
+(3) If standard spray sprinklers are used, they shall be capable
+of providing not less than 0.20 gpm/ft 2 over 3000 ft 2
+(8 mm/min over 270 m2).
+(4) If the liquid storage does not extend to the full height of
+the rack, protection for commodities stored above the top
+horizontal barrier shall meet the requirements of Section
+13.3 and NFPA 13 for the commodities stored, based on
+the full height of the rack.
+[30:16.6.3.7]
+66.16.6.3.8 A 500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance
+shall be provided. [30:16.6.3.8]
+Solid barrier
+5 ft 
+(max)
+Minimum 8 ft
+between gaps
+0 in.–12 in. gap 
+at uprights
+PLAN VIEW (OPTION 1)
+4 ft– 
+5 ft
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR face sprinkler.
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+ELEVATION VIEW
+5 ft 
+(max)
+Minimum 8 ft
+between gaps
+0 in.–12 in. gap 
+at uprights
+4 ft–5 ft on center at 
+transverse flue 
+PLAN VIEW (OPTION 2)
+6 ft (max) 
+tier height
+Deflector a maximum of
+7 in. below barrier
+Deflector a minimum of
+6 in. above top of storage
+12 ft (max)
+vertical dist.
+between
+barriers
+Barriers required beginning above
+first or second tier and above every
+second tier thereafter. Barriers always 
+required above top tier.
+Height of 
+array not 
+limited
+FIGURE 66.16.6.3.1(a) Single-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout for Design Scheme “C.”
+[30: Figure 16.6.3.1(a)]
+1–345FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.16.6.4 In-Rack Sprinkler Layouts for Table 66.16.5.2.8.
+Where indicated in Table 66.16.5.2.8, in-rack sprinklers shall
+be installed in accordance with Figure 66.16.6.4(a), Fig-
+ure 66.16.6.4(b), Figure 66.16.6.4(c), Figure 66.16.6.4(d), or
+Figure 66.16.6.4(e), whichever is applicable. [30:16.6.4]
+66.16.7 Water Supply. Water supplies for automatic sprin-
+klers, other water-based protection systems, hose streams, and
+hydrants shall be capable of supplying the anticipated water
+flow demand for a minimum of 2 hours. [30:16.7]
+66.16.8 Containment, Drainage, and Spill Control.
+66.16.8.1 Containment or containment and drainage shall
+be provided in accordance with Figure 66.16.8.1, when protec-
+tion systems are installed in accordance with the provisions of
+this section. [30:16.8.1]
+66.16.8.2* Where control of the spread of liquid is required,
+means to limit the spread of liquid to an area not greater than
+the design discharge area of the ceiling sprinkler system shall
+be provided. [30:16.8.2]
+Solid barrier
+(no gap at longitudinal flue)
+9 ft
+(max)
+Minimum 8 ft
+between gaps
+PLAN VIEW
+4 ft–
+5 ft
+8 ft– 10 ft 
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+ELEVATION VIEW
+6 ft (max) 
+tier height
+Deflector a maximum of
+7 in. below barrier
+Deflector a minimum of
+6 in. above top of storage
+12 ft (max)
+vertical dist.
+between
+barriers
+Barriers required beginning above
+first or second tier and above every
+second tier thereafter. Barriers always 
+required above top tier.
+Height of 
+array not 
+limited
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR flue sprinkler. 
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR face sprinkler.
+0 in.–12 in. gap
+at uprights
+FIGURE 66.16.6.3.1(b) Double-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout for Design Scheme “C.”
+[30: Figure 16.6.3.1(b)]
+PLAN VIEW
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+ELEVATION VIEW
+6 ft (max) 
+tier height
+Deflector a maximum of
+7 in. below barrier
+Deflector a minimum of
+6 in. above top of storage
+12 ft (max)
+vertical dist.
+between
+barriers
+Barriers required beginning above
+first or second tier and above every
+second tier thereafter. Barriers always 
+required above top tier.
+Height of 
+array not 
+limited
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR flue sprinkler. 
+denotes K-8.0, ordinary, QR face sprinkler.
+Solid barrier
+(no gap at flue)
+4 ft– 
+5 ft
+4 ft–5 ft
+9 ft (max) 
+FIGURE 66.16.6.3.1(c) Multiple-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout for Design Scheme “C.”
+[30: Figure 16.6.3.1(c)]
+1–346 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+PLAN VIEW
+6 ft 
+(max)
+9 ft (max)
+ELEVATION VIEW
+14 ft 
+(max)
+8 ft
+7.5 ft
+case cut
+or 
+palletized
+6.5 ft
+palletized
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+denotes K-11.2, ordinary, QR in-rack sprinkler.
+Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+FIGURE 66.16.6.4(a) Double-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout G.
+[30: Figure 16.6.4(a)]
+ELEVATION VIEW
+10 ft 
+(max)
+PLAN VIEW
+9 ft 
+(max)
+10 ft 
+(max)
+10 ft (max)
+10 ft (max)
+10 ft 
+(max)
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+and     denote K-8.0, QR in-rack sprinklers.
+Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+FIGURE 66.16.6.4(b) Double-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout I
+— Option #1. [30: Figure 16.6.4(b)]
+ELEVATION VIEW
+10 ft 
+(max)
+PLAN VIEW
+9 ft 
+(max)
+10 ft 
+(max)
+5 ft 
+(max)
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+  denotes K-8.0, QR in-rack sprinkler.
+Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+FIGURE 66.16.6.4(c) Double-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout I
+— Option #2. [30: Figure 16.6.4(c)]
+ELEVATION VIEW
+10 ft 
+(max)
+PLAN VIEW
+9 ft 
+(max)
+15 ft 
+(max)
+5 ft 
+(max)
+10 ft (max)
+10 ft (max)
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+and     denote K-8.0, QR in-rack sprinklers.
+Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+FIGURE 66.16.6.4(d) Double-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout H
+— Option #1. [30: Figure 16.6.4(d)]
+1–347FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.16.9 Other Automatic Fire Protection Systems.Alternate
+fire protection systems, such as automatic water spray systems,
+automatic water mist systems, high-expansion foam systems,
+dry chemical extinguishing systems, alternate sprinkler system
+configurations, or combinations of systems shall be permitted
+if approved by the AHJ. Such alternate systems shall be de-
+signed and installed in accordance with the appropriate NFPA
+standard and with manufacturer’s recommendations for the
+system(s) selected. [30:16.9]
+66.17 Processing Facilities.
+66.17.1 Scope.
+66.17.1.1* This section shall apply where the processing of
+liquids is the principal activity, except as covered elsewhere in
+this Code or in other NFPA standards.(See 66.1.4.) [30:17.1.1]
+66.17.1.2 Provisions of this chapter shall not prohibit the use
+of movable tanks for the dispensing of flammable or combus-
+tible liquids into fuel tanks of motorized equipment outside
+on premises not accessible to the public, where such use has
+the approval of the AHJ. [30:17.1.2]
+66.17.2 Reserved.
+66.17.3 General Requirements.
+66.17.3.1 Liquid processing operations shall be located and
+operated so that they do not constitute a significant fire or
+explosion hazard to life, to property of others, or to important
+buildings or facilities within the same plant. [30:17.3.1]
+66.17.3.2 Specific requirements shall depend on the inher-
+ent risk in the operations themselves, including the liquids
+being processed, operating temperatures and pressures, and
+the capability to control any liquid or vapor releases or fire
+incidents that could occur. [30:17.3.2]
+66.17.3.3 The interrelationship of the many factors involved
+shall be based on good engineering and management prac-
+tices to establish suitable physical and operating require-
+ments. [30:17.3.3]
+66.17.3.4 Process facilities shall comply with the applicable
+requirements for specific operations set forth in Sections 66.18,
+66.19, 66.28, or 66.29. [30:17.3.4]
+66.17.3.5 Process facilities shall comply with the applicable
+requirements for procedures and practices for fire preven-
+tion, fire protection, and fire control set forth in Section 66.6.
+[30:17.3.5]
+66.17.4 Location of Process Vessels and Equipment.
+66.17.4.1 Liquid-processing vessels and equipment shall be
+located in accordance with the requirements of this section.
+[30:17.4.1]
+66.17.4.2 Processing vessels and buildings containing such
+processing vessels shall be located so that a fire involving the
+vessels does not constitute an exposure hazard to other occu-
+pancies. [30:17.4.2]
+66.17.4.3 The minimum distance of a processing vessel to a
+property line that is or can be built upon, including the oppo-
+site side of a public way; to the nearest side of a public way; or
+to the nearest important building on the same property shall
+be one of the following:
+(1) In accordance with Table 66.17.4.3
+(2) Determined by an engineering evaluation of the process,
+followed by application of sound fire protection and pro-
+cess engineering principles
+[30:17.4.3]
+66.17.4.4 Where process vessels are located in a building
+and the exterior wall facing the exposure (line of adjoining
+property that is or can be built upon or nearest important
+building on the same property) is greater than 25 ft (7.6 m)
+from the exposure and is a blank wall having a fire resis-
+tance rating of not less than 2 hours, any greater distances
+required by Table 66.17.4.3 shall be permitted to be waived.
+If the exterior wall is a blank wall having a fire resistance
+rating of not less than 4 hours, all distances required by
+Table 66.17.4.3 shall be permitted to be waived. [ 30:17.4.4]
+66.17.4.5 All the distances given in Table 66.17.4.3 shall be
+doubled where protection for exposures is not provided.
+[30:17.4.5]
+66.17.4.6* Liquid-processing equipment, such as pumps, heat-
+ers, filters, and exchangers, shall not be located closer than
+25 ft (7.6 m) to property lines where the adjoining property is
+or can be built upon or to the nearest important building on
+the same property that is not an integral part of the process.
+This spacing requirement shall be permitted to be waived
+where exposures are protected in accordance with 66.17.4.3.
+[30:17.4.6]
+66.17.4.7 Processing equipment in which unstable liquids are
+handled shall be separated from unrelated plant facilities by
+either of the following:
+(1) 25 ft (7.6 m) clear spacing
+(2) A wall having a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours
+and explosion resistance consistent with the expected
+hazard
+[30:17.4.7]
+ELEVATION VIEW
+PLAN VIEW
+9 ft 
+(max)
+15 ft 
+(max)
+5 ft 
+(max)
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+  denotes K-8.0, QR in-rack sprinkler.
+Notes: (1)
+           (2)
+FIGURE 66.16.6.4(e) Double-Row Rack Sprinkler Layout H
+— Option #2. [30: Figure 16.6.4(e)]
+1–348 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+No Provide liquid spread 
+control per 16.8.2
+No
+Yes
+Yes
+Yes
+Yes
+Yes
+Yes Provide spill containment 
+per Section 9.13
+Is
+liquid mixture 
+water-miscible with 
+£50% flammable
+ or combustible liquid and 
+balance of mixture 
+noncombustible?
+No
+No
+No
+No
+No
+Yes
+Is specific 
+gravity of liquid 
+≥1.0?
+Are all liquids 
+Class IIIB?
+Are all liquids 
+UPRs as defined
+in 6.8.1.7?
+Is liquid
+exempt?
+Are all 
+containers 
+£10 gal?
+No spill containment or 
+drainage required
+No
+Is viscosity of 
+liquid > 10,000 
+cp?
+Is
+protection
+provided by a properly 
+designed low-expansion, 
+foam-water sprinkler system; high- 
+expansion foam system; gaseous
+or dry chemical system;
+or water mist 
+system?
+Yes
+Note: All cross-references refer to NFPA 30.  
+         For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L.
+Are liquids in an 
+inside storage room 
+as covered in 
+12.6.1?
+Yes
+No
+FIGURE 66.16.8.1 Spill Containment and Liquid Spread Control for Protected Storage. [30: Figure 16.8.1]
+1–349FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.17.5 Accessibility. Each process unit or building contain-
+ing liquid-processing equipment shall be accessible from at
+least one side for fire fighting and fire control. [30:17.5]
+66.17.6 Construction Requirements.
+66.17.6.1 Process buildings or structures used for liquid op-
+erations shall be constructed consistent with the operations
+being conducted and with the classes of liquids handled. They
+shall be constructed to minimum Type II (000) construction,
+as defined in NFPA 5000, and shall be constructed in accor-
+dance with Table 66.17.6.1. [30:17.6.1]
+66.17.6.2 Construction types shall be as defined in
+NFPA 5000.[ 30:17.6.2]
+66.17.6.3 Where protection for exposures is not provided,
+the applicable distances given in Table 66.17.6.1 shall be
+doubled. [30:17.6.3]
+66.17.6.4 For buildings or structures that are not provided
+with approved automatic sprinkler protection, the separation
+distances otherwise required by Table 66.17.6.1 shall be deter-
+mined by an engineering evaluation of the process, but shall
+not be less than the separation distances required by Table
+66.17.4.3. [30:17.6.4]
+66.17.6.5 Buildings or structures used solely for blending,
+mixing, or dispensing of Class IIIB liquids at temperatures
+below their flash points shall be permitted to be constructed
+of combustible construction, subject to the approval of the
+AHJ. [30:17.6.5]
+66.17.6.6 Buildings or structures used for processing or han-
+dling of liquids where the quantities of liquids do not exceed
+360 gal (1360 L) of Class I and Class II liquids and 720 gal
+(2725 L) of Class III liquids shall be permitted to be con-
+structed of combustible construction, subject to the approval
+of the AHJ. [30:17.6.6]
+Table 66.17.4.3 Location of Process Vessels with Respect to Property Lines, Public
+Ways, and the Nearest Important Building on the Same Property — Protection for
+Exposures Is Provided
+Minimum Distance (ft)
+Vessel Maximum
+Operating Liquid
+Capacity (gal)
+From Property Line that Is
+or Can Be Built upon,
+Including Opposite Side of Public Way
+From Nearest Side of Any Public Way or from
+Nearest Important Building on Same Property
+that Is Not an Integral Part of the Process
+Stable Liquid
+Emergency Relief*
+Unstable Liquid
+Emergency Relief*
+Stable Liquid
+Emergency Relief
+Unstable Liquid
+Emergency Relief*
+Not Over
+2.5 psi
+Over
+2.5 psi
+Not Over
+2.5 psi
+Over
+2.5 psi
+Not Over
+2.5 psi
+Over
+2.5 psi
+Not Over
+2.5 psi
+Over
+2.5 psi
+275 or less 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
+276 to 750 10 15 25 40 5 10 15 20
+751 to 12,000 15 25 40 60 5 10 15 20
+12,001 to 30,000 20 30 50 80 5 10 15 20
+30,001 to 50,000 30 45 75 120 10 15 25 40
+50,001 to 100,000 50 75 125 200 15 25 40 60
+Over 100,000 80 120 200 300 25 40 65 100
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L; 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 psi = a gauge pressure of 6.9 kPa.
+Note: Double all of above distances where protection for exposures is not provided.
+*Gauge pressure. [30: Table 17.4.3]
+Table 66.17.6.1 Minimum Separation Distances for
+Buildings or Structures Used for Liquid Handling and
+Operations
+Minimum Separation
+Distance (ft)
+Liquid Class
+Minimum
+Type of
+Construction*
+To Street,
+Alley, or
+Public Way
+To
+Adjacent
+Property
+Line that Is
+or Can Be
+Built Upon
+Class I liquids;
+unstable liquids of
+any class; liquids
+of any class heated
+above their flash
+points
+II (222) 5 10
+II (111) 5 25
+II (000) 10 50
+Class II II (111) 5 10
+II (000) 5 25
+Class III II (000) 5 10
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+Note: Distances apply to properties that have protection for expo-
+sures, as defined in this code. If there are exposures for which protec-
+tion does not exist, the distances should be doubled, in accordance
+with 66.17.6.3.
+*Construction types are defined in NFPA 220, Standard on Types of
+Building Construction.[ 30: Table 17.6.1]
+1–350 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.17.6.7 Buildings or structures used for processing or han-
+dling of liquids protected with automatic sprinklers or equiva-
+lent fire protection systems shall be permitted to be con-
+structed of combustible construction, subject to the approval
+of the AHJ. [30:17.6.7]
+66.17.6.8* Load-bearing building supports and load-bearing
+supports of vessels and equipment capable of releasing quan-
+tities of liquids that could result in a fire capable of causing
+substantial property damage shall be protected by one or
+more of the following:
+(1) Drainage to a safe location to prevent liquids from accu-
+mulating under vessels or equipment
+(2) Fire-resistive construction
+(3) Fire-resistant protective coatings or systems
+(4) Water spray systems designed and installed in accordance
+with NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire
+Protection
+(5) Other alternate means acceptable to the AHJ
+[30:17.6.8]
+66.17.6.9 Class I liquids shall not be handled or used in base-
+ments. [30:17.6.9]
+66.17.6.9.1 Where Class I liquids are handled or used above
+grade within buildings with basements or closed pits into
+which flammable vapors can travel, such belowgrade areas
+shall be provided with mechanical ventilation designed to pre-
+vent the accumulation of flammable vapors. [30:17.6.9.1]
+66.17.6.9.2 Means shall be provided to prevent liquid spills
+from running into basements. [30:17.6.9.2]
+66.17.6.10* Smoke and heat venting shall be permitted to be
+used where it assists access for fire fighting. [30:17.6.10]
+66.17.6.11* Areas shall have exit facilities arranged to prevent
+occupants from being trapped in the event of fire. [30:17.6.11]
+66.17.6.11.1 Exits shall not be exposed by the drainage facili-
+ties described in 66.17.10. [30:17.6.11.1]
+66.17.6.12 Aisles shall be maintained for unobstructed move-
+ment of personnel and fire protection equipment. [30:17.6.12]
+66.17.6.13 Indoor areas where Class IA or unstable liquids
+are in use shall be designed to direct flame, combustion gases,
+and pressures resulting from a deflagration away from impor-
+tant buildings or occupied areas through the use of damage-
+limiting construction in accordance with NFPA 68,Standard on
+Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting.[ 30:17.6.13]
+66.17.6.13.1 The damage-limiting construction design shall
+be in accordance with recognized standards and shall be ac-
+ceptable to the AHJ. (See A.9.16.1 of NFPA 30.)[30:17.6.13.1]
+66.17.6.13.2 Where unstable liquids are in use, an approved
+engineered construction method that is designed to limit
+damage from an explosion (deflagration or detonation, de-
+pending on the characteristics of the liquid) shall be used.
+[30:17.6.13.2]
+66.17.7 Reserved.
+66.17.8 Reserved.
+66.17.9 Electrical Systems.Electrical wiring and electrical uti-
+lization equipment shall comply with Section 66.7. [30:17.9]
+66.17.10 Containment, Drainage, and Spill Control.
+66.17.10.1* Emergency drainage systems shall be provided to
+direct liquid leakage and fire protection water to a safe loca-
+tion. [30:17.10.1]
+66.17.10.2 Emergency drainage systems, if connected to pub-
+lic sewers or discharged into public waterways, shall be
+equipped with traps or separators. [30:17.10.2]
+66.17.10.3 A facility shall be designed and operated to pre-
+vent the discharge of liquids to public waterways, public sew-
+ers, or adjoining property. [30:17.10.3]
+66.17.11 Ventilation.
+66.17.11.1 Enclosed processing areas handling or using Class I
+liquids, or Class II or Class III liquids heated to temperatures at or
+above their flash points, shall be ventilated at a rate sufficient to
+maintain the concentration of vapors within the area at or below
+25 percent of the LFL. Compliance with 66.17.11.2 through
+66.17.11.10 shall be deemed as meeting the requirements of this
+section. [30:17.11.1]
+66.17.11.2* Ventilation requirements shall be confirmed by
+one of the following:
+(1) Calculations based on the anticipated fugitive emissions
+(see Annex F of NFPA 30 for calculation method).
+(2) Sampling of the actual vapor concentration under normal
+operating conditions. Sampling shall be conducted ata5f t
+(1.5 m) radius from each potential vapor source extending
+to or toward the bottom and the top of the enclosed process-
+ing area. The vapor concentration used to determine the
+required ventilation rate shall be the highest measured con-
+centration during the sampling procedure.
+[30:17.11.2]
+66.17.11.3 A ventilation rate of not less than 1 ft 3/min/ft2
+(0.3 m3/min/m2) of solid floor area shall be considered as
+meeting the requirements of 66.17.11.1. [30:17.11.3]
+66.17.11.4 Ventilation shall be accomplished by mechanical
+or natural means. [30:17.11.4]
+66.17.11.5 Exhaust ventilation discharge shall be to a safe
+location outside the building. [30:17.11.5]
+66.17.11.6 Recirculation of the exhaust air shall be permitted
+only when it is monitored continuously using a fail-safe system
+that is designed to automatically sound an alarm, stop recircu-
+lation, and provide full exhaust to the outside in the event that
+vapor–air mixtures in concentrations over one-fourth of the
+lower flammable limit are detected. [30:17.11.6]
+66.17.11.7* Provision shall be made for introduction of
+make-up air in such a manner as to avoid short-circuiting the
+ventilation. [30:17.11.7]
+66.17.11.8 Ventilation shall be arranged to include all floor
+areas or pits where flammable vapors can collect. [30:17.11.8]
+66.17.11.9 Local or spot ventilation to control special fire or
+health hazards, if provided, shall be permitted to be utilized
+for up to 75 percent of the required ventilation. [30:17.11.9]
+66.17.11.10 Where equipment such as dispensing stations,
+open centrifuges, plate and frame filters, and open vacuum
+filters is used in a building, the equipment and ventilation of
+the building shall be designed to limit flammable vapor–air
+mixtures under normal operating conditions to the interior of
+1–351FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+equipment and to not more than 5 ft (1.5 m) from equipment
+that exposes Class I liquids to the air. [30:17.11.10]
+66.17.12 Reserved.
+66.17.13 Process Structures. (Reserved)
+66.17.14* Process Equipment and Vessels.Equipment shall be
+designed and arranged to prevent the unintentional escape of
+liquids and vapors and to minimize the quantity escaping in
+the event of accidental release. [30:17.14]
+66.17.15 Management of Operations Hazards.
+66.17.15.1 This section shall apply to the management meth-
+odology used to identify, evaluate, and control the hazards
+involved in processing and handling of flammable and com-
+bustible liquids. These hazards include, but are not limited to,
+preparation; separation; purification; and change of state, en-
+ergy content, or composition. [30:17.15.1]
+66.17.15.2 Operations involving flammable and combustible
+liquids shall be reviewed to ensure that fire and explosion haz-
+ards resulting from loss of containment of liquids are provided
+with corresponding fire prevention and emergency action
+plans.
+Exception No. 1: Operations where liquids are used solely for on-site
+consumption as fuels.
+Exception No. 2: Operations where Class II or Class III liquids are
+stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred at temperatures below their
+flash points.
+Exception No. 3: Mercantile occupancies, crude petroleum explora-
+tion, drillings, and well servicing operations, and normally unoccu-
+pied facilities in remote locations.
+[30:17.15.2]
+66.17.15.3 The extent of fire prevention and control that is
+provided shall be determined by means of an engineering
+evaluation of the operation and application of sound fire pro-
+tection and process engineering principles. This evaluation
+shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
+(1) Analysis of the fire and explosion hazards of the opera-
+tion
+(2) Analysis of emergency relief from process vessels, taking
+into consideration the properties of the materials used
+and the fire-protection and control measures taken
+(3) Analysis of applicable facility design requirements in
+66.17.3 through 66.17.4
+(4) Analysis of applicable requirements in Sections 66.18,
+66.19, 66.28, and 66.29 for liquid handling, transfer, and
+use
+(5) Analysis of local conditions, such as exposure to and from
+adjacent properties and exposure to floods, earthquakes,
+and windstorms
+(6) Analysis of the emergency response capabilities of the lo-
+cal emergency services
+[30:17.15.3]
+66.17.15.4 A written emergency action plan that is consistent
+with available equipment and personnel shall be established
+to respond to fires and related emergencies. This plan shall
+include the following:
+(1) Procedures to be followed in case of fire, such as sounding
+the alarm, notifying the fire department, evacuating per-
+sonnel, and controlling and extinguishing the fire
+(2) Procedures and schedules for conducting drills of these
+procedures
+(3) Appointment and training of personnel to carry out as-
+signed duties, which shall be reviewed at the time of initial
+assignment, as responsibilities or response actions
+change, and whenever anticipated duties change
+(4) Maintenance of fire protection equipment
+(5) Procedures for shutting down or isolating equipment to
+reduce the release of liquid, which shall include assigning
+personnel responsible for maintaining critical plant func-
+tions or shutdown of plant processes
+(6) Alternate measures for the safety of occupants
+[30:17.15.4]
+66.17.15.5 The fire hazards management review conducted
+in accordance with 66.17.15.2 shall be repeated whenever the
+hazards leading to a fire or explosion change significantly.
+Conditions that might require repeating a review shall in-
+clude, but are not limited to, the following:
+(1) When changes occur in the materials in process
+(2) When changes occur in process equipment
+(3) When changes occur in process control
+(4) When changes occur in operating procedures or assign-
+ments
+[30:17.15.5]
+66.18 Dispensing, Handling, Transfer, and Use of Liquids.
+66.18.1 Scope. This section applies where liquids are
+handled, dispensed, transferred, or used. This section also ap-
+plies to the processing of liquids. [30:18.1]
+66.18.2 Reserved.
+66.18.3 Dispensing, Handling, Transfer, and Use.
+66.18.3.1 Class I liquids shall be kept in closed tanks or con-
+tainers when not actually in use. Class II and Class III liquids
+shall be kept in closed tanks or containers when ambient or
+process temperature is at or above their flash point.
+[30:18.3.1]
+66.18.3.2 Where liquids are used or handled, provisions shall
+be made to promptly and safely dispose of leakage or spills.
+[30:18.3.2]
+66.18.3.3 Class I liquids shall not be used outside closed sys-
+tems where there are open flames or other ignition sources
+within the classified areas set forth in Section 66.7. [30:18.3.3]
+66.18.3.4 Transfer of liquids among vessels, containers,
+tanks, and piping systems by means of air or inert gas pressure
+shall be permitted only under all of the following conditions:
+(1) The vessels, containers, tanks, and piping systems shall be
+designed for such pressurized transfer and shall be ca-
+pable of withstanding the anticipated operating pressure.
+(2) Safety and operating controls, including pressure-relief
+devices, shall be provided to prevent overpressure of any
+part of the system.
+(3) Only inert gas shall be used to transfer Class I liquids.
+Only inert gas shall be used to transfer Class II and
+Class III liquids that are heated above their flash points.
+[30:18.3.4]
+66.18.3.5 Positive displacement pumps shall be provided
+with pressure relief that discharges back to the tank, pump
+1–352 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+suction, or other suitable location or shall be provided with
+interlocks to prevent overpressure. [30:18.3.5]
+66.18.3.6 Piping, valves, and fittings shall meet the require-
+ments of Section 66.27. [30:18.3.6]
+66.18.3.7 Listed flexible connectors shall be permitted to be
+used where vibration exists. Approved hose shall be permitted
+to be used at transfer stations. [30:18.3.7]
+66.18.3.8* The staging of liquids in containers, intermediate
+bulk containers, and portable tanks shall be limited to the
+following:
+(1) Containers, intermediate bulk containers, and portable
+tanks that are in use
+(2) Containers, intermediate bulk containers, and portable
+tanks that were filled during a single shift
+(3) Containers, intermediate bulk containers, and portable
+tanks needed to supply the process for one continuous
+24-hour period
+(4) Containers, intermediate bulk containers, and portable
+tanks that are stored in accordance with Section 66.9
+[30:18.3.8]
+66.18.3.9 Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquids used in a pro-
+cess and staged in the process area shall not be filled in the
+process area. [30:18.3.9]
+Exception No. 1: Intermediate bulk containers and portable tanks
+that meet the requirements of Section 66.9.
+Exception No. 2: Intermediate products that are manufactured in the
+process area.
+66.18.4 Incidental Operations.
+66.18.4.1* This section shall apply to areas where the use, han-
+dling, and storage of liquids is only a limited activity to the
+established occupancy classification. [30:18.4.1]
+66.18.4.2 Class I liquids or Class II and Class III liquids that
+are heated up to or above their flash points shall be drawn
+from or transferred into vessels, containers, or portable tanks
+as follows:
+(1) From original shipping containers with a capacity of
+5.3 gal (20 L) or less
+(2) From safety cans
+(3) Through a closed piping system
+(4) From portable tanks or containers by means of a device
+that has antisiphoning protection and that draws through
+an opening in the top of the tank or container
+(5) By gravity through a listed self-closing valve or self-closing
+faucet
+[30:18.4.2]
+66.18.4.2.1 If hose is used in the transfer operation, it shall be
+equipped with a self-closing valve without a hold-open latch in
+addition to the outlet valve. Only listed or approved hose shall
+be used. [30:18.4.2.1]
+66.18.4.2.2 Means shall be provided to minimize generation
+of static electricity. Such means shall meet the requirements of
+66.6.5.4. [30:18.4.2.2]
+66.18.4.2.3 Where pumps are used for liquid transfer, means
+shall be provided to deactivate liquid transfer in the event of a
+liquid spill or fire. [30:18.4.2.3]
+66.18.4.3 Storage of liquids other than those governed by
+66.18.4.4 and 66.18.4.5 shall comply with Section 66.9.
+[30:18.4.3]
+66.18.4.4 The quantity of liquid located outside of identified
+storage areas, such as storage cabinets, other inside liquid stor-
+age areas, general-purpose warehouses, or other specific pro-
+cessing areas that are cut off from the general plant area by at
+least a 2-hour fire separation, shall meet the requirements of
+66.18.4.4.1. [30:18.4.4]
+66.18.4.4.1 The maximum quantity of liquids permitted for
+incidental operations in a single fire area shall not exceed the
+greater of the following:
+(1)*The amount required to supply incidental operations for
+one continuous 24-hour period; or
+(2) The aggregate sum of the following:
+(a) 25 gal (95 L) of Class IA liquids in containers
+(b) 120 gal (454 L) of Class IB, Class IC, Class II, or
+Class III liquids in containers
+(c) 1585 gal (6000 L) of any combination of the following:
+i. Class IB, IC, II, or IIIA liquids in metal portable
+tanks or metal intermediate bulk containers,
+each not exceeding 793 gal (3000 L)
+ii. Class II or Class IIIA liquids in nonmetallic inter-
+mediate bulk containers, each not exceeding
+793 gal (3000 L)
+(d)*20 portable tanks or intermediate bulk containers
+each not exceeding 793 gal (3000 L) of Class IIIB
+liquids
+[30:18.4.4.1]
+66.18.4.5 Where quantities of liquids in excess of the limits in
+66.18.4.4.1 are necessary, storage shall be in tanks that meet all
+applicable requirements of Section 66.17, and Sections 66.21
+through 66.25 and Section 66.27. [30:18.4.5]
+66.18.4.6 Areas in which liquids are transferred from one
+tank or container to another container shall be provided with
+the following:
+(1) Separation from other operations where potential igni-
+tion sources are present by distance or by fire-resistant
+construction
+(2) Drainage or other means to control spills
+(3) Natural or mechanical ventilation that meets the require-
+ments of 66.17.11
+[30:18.4.6]
+66.18.5 Ventilation for Dispensing Areas.Liquid storage areas
+where dispensing is conducted shall be provided with either a
+gravity system or a continuous mechanical exhaust ventilation
+system. Mechanical ventilation shall be used if Class I liquids
+are dispensed within the room. [30:18.5]
+66.18.5.1 Exhaust air shall be taken from a point near a wall on
+one side of the room and within 12 in. (300 mm) of the floor,
+with one or more make-up inlets located on the opposite side of
+the room within 12 in. (300 mm) of the floor. [30:18.5.1]
+66.18.5.2 The location of both the exhaust and inlet air
+openings shall be arranged to provide air movement across all
+portions of the floor to prevent accumulation of flammable
+vapors. [30:18.5.2]
+1–353FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.18.5.3 Exhaust from the room shall be conducted directly
+to the exterior of the building and shall not be recirculated.
+[30:18.5.3]
+66.18.5.3.1 Recirculation of the exhaust air shall be permit-
+ted only when it is monitored continuously using a fail-safe
+system that is designed to automatically sound an alarm, stop
+recirculation, and provide full exhaust to the outside in the
+event that vapor-air mixtures in concentrations over one-
+fourth of the lower flammable limit are detected. [30:18.5.3.1]
+66.18.5.4 If ducts are used, they shall not be used for any
+other purpose and shall comply with NFPA 91, Standard for
+Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Non-
+combustible Particulate Solids.[ 30:18.5.4]
+66.18.5.4.1 If make-up air to a mechanical system is taken
+from within the building, the opening shall be equipped with
+a fire door or damper, as required in NFPA 91. [30:18.5.4.1]
+66.18.5.4.2 For gravity systems, the make-up air shall be sup-
+plied from outside the building. [30:18.5.4.2]
+66.18.5.5 Mechanical ventilation systems shall provide at least
+1 cfm of exhaust air for each square foot of floor area (0.3 m3/
+min/m2), but not less than 150 cfm (4 m3/min). [30:18.5.5]
+66.18.5.5.1 The mechanical ventilation system for dispensing
+areas shall be equipped with an airflow switch or other equally
+reliable method that is interlocked to sound an audible alarm
+upon failure of the ventilation system. [30:18.5.5.1]
+66.19 Specific Operations.
+66.19.1 Scope. This section shall apply to the handling and
+use of flammable and combustible liquids in specific opera-
+tions as herein described. [30:19.1]
+66.19.2 Reserved.
+66.19.3 Reserved.
+66.19.4 Recirculating Heat Transfer Systems.
+66.19.4.1 Scope.
+66.19.4.1.1 This section shall apply only to recirculating heat
+transfer systems that use a heat transfer fluid that is heated up to
+or above its flash point under normal operation. [30:19.4.1.1]
+66.19.4.1.2 This section shall not apply to process streams
+used as a means of heat transfer or to any heat transfer system
+of 60 gal (230 L) capacity or less. [30:19.4.1.2]
+66.19.4.2* General Requirements.A heater or vaporizer for
+heat transfer fluid that is located inside a building shall meet
+all applicable requirements of Section 66.17. [30:19.4.2]
+66.19.4.3* System Design.
+66.19.4.3.1* Drainage shall be provided at strategic low points
+in the heat transfer system. Drains shall be piped to a safe
+location that is capable of accommodating the total capacity of
+the system or the capacity of that part of the system that is
+isolated. [30:19.4.3.1]
+66.19.4.3.2* Where the heat transfer system expansion tank is
+located above floor level and has a capacity of more than
+250 gal (950 L), it shall be provided with a low-point drain line
+that can allow the expansion tank to drain to a drain tank on a
+lower level. The drain line valve shall be operable from a safe
+location. [30:19.4.3.2]
+66.19.4.3.3 A heat transfer fluid system shall not be used to
+provide direct building heat. [30:19.4.3.3]
+66.19.4.3.4 All pressure-relief device outlets shall be piped to
+a safe location. [30:19.4.3.4]
+66.19.4.4* Fuel Burner Controls and Interlocks.Oil- or gas-
+fired heaters or vaporizers shall be designed and installed in ac-
+cordance with the applicable requirements of NFPA 31,Standard
+for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment, or NFPA 85,Boiler and
+Combustion Systems Hazards Code, whichever is applicable. Wood
+dust suspension-fired heaters or vaporizers shall be designed and
+installed in accordance with the applicable requirements of
+NFPA 85. [30:19.4.4]
+66.19.4.5 Piping.
+66.19.4.5.1* Piping shall meet all applicable requirements of
+Section 66.27. [30:19.4.5.1]
+66.19.4.5.2 All pipe connections shall be welded. [30:19.4.5.2]
+66.19.4.5.2.1 Welded, threaded connections shall be permitted
+to be used for piping 2 in. (50 mm) and smaller. [30:19.4.5.2.1]
+66.19.4.5.2.2 Mechanical joints shall be permitted to be used
+at pump, valve, and equipment connections. [30:19.4.5.2.2]
+66.19.4.5.3 New piping that is to be insulated with perma-
+nent insulation and existing piping that has been disturbed
+and is to be reinsulated with permanent insulation shall be
+covered with a closed-cell, nonabsorbent insulation material.
+[30:19.4.5.3]
+66.19.4.5.3.1 Where all pipe joints are welded and where
+there are no other points in the system subject to leakage, such
+as at valves or pumps, other types of insulation shall be permit-
+ted. [30:19.4.5.3.1]
+66.19.4.5.3.2 Where dams are formed around possible leak-
+producing areas, using metal “donut” flanges that are welded to
+the pipe or using a “donut” segment of nonabsorbent insulation
+sealed to the pipe to prevent migration of leakage into adjacent
+insulation, the piping from dam to dam shall be considered to be
+a closed system and other types of insulation shall be permitted.
+The area subject to leakage where the dam has been constructed
+shall be insulated with nonabsorbent insulation or a nonabsor-
+bent insulation system. [30:19.4.5.3.2]
+66.19.4.5.3.3 Where removable, reusable insulated covers are
+required for access, the covers shall be fabricated of flexible or
+rigid insulation that is encapsulated in a manner to provide a
+nonabsorbent insulation system to prevent absorption of leak-
+age into the insulation. [30:19.4.5.3.3]
+66.19.4.6 Fire Protection.
+66.19.4.6.1* Automatic sprinkler protection meeting the re-
+quirements of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for Extra Hazard
+(Group I) Occupancies shall be provided for building areas con-
+taining a heat transfer system heater or vaporizer. [30:19.4.6.1]
+66.19.4.6.2 An alternate fire protection system shall be per-
+mitted to be used, if approved by the AHJ. Such alternate sys-
+tem shall be designed and installed in accordance with the
+appropriate NFPA standard and with manufacturers recom-
+mendations for the system selected. [30:19.4.6.2]
+1–354 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.19.4.7 Operation.
+66.19.4.7.1* Operations involving heat transfer fluid systems
+and equipment shall be reviewed to ensure that the fire and
+explosion hazards resulting from loss of containment of the
+fluid or failure of the system are provided with corresponding
+fire prevention and emergency action plans. [30:19.4.7.1]
+66.19.4.7.2 Operators of heat transfer systems shall be
+trained in the hazards of improper operation of the system
+and leakage and shall be trained to recognize upset conditions
+that can lead to dangerous situations. [30:19.4.7.2]
+66.19.4.7.3 Safety interlocks shall be inspected, calibrated,
+and tested annually or at other intervals established in accor-
+dance with other applicable standards to determine that they
+are in proper operating condition. [30:19.4.7.3]
+66.19.5 Vapor Recovery and Vapor Processing Systems.
+66.19.5.1 Scope.
+66.19.5.1.1 This section shall apply to vapor recovery and
+vapor processing systems where the vapor source operates at
+pressures from vacuum up to and including a gauge pressure
+of 1.0 psi (6.9 kPa), or where there is a potential for vapor
+mixtures in the flammable range. [30:19.5.1.1]
+66.19.5.1.2 This section shall not apply to the following:
+(1) Marine systems that comply with U.S. Department of
+Transportation Regulations in Title 33, Code of Federal
+Regulations, Parts 154, 155, and 156, and U.S. Coast
+Guard Regulations in Title 46, Code of Federal Regula-
+tions, Parts 30, 32, 35, and 39
+(2) Marine and automotive service station systems that com-
+ply with Chapter 30 and NFPA 30A, Code for Motor Fuel
+Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages
+[30:19.5.1.2]
+66.19.5.2 Overpressure Protection and Vacuum Protection.
+Tanks and equipment shall have independent venting for
+overpressure or vacuum conditions that could occur from
+malfunction of the vapor recovery or vapor processing system.
+[30:19.5.2]
+Exception: For tanks, venting shall comply with 66.21.4.3.
+66.19.5.3 Vent Location.
+66.19.5.3.1 Vents on vapor processing systems shall be not
+less than 12 ft (3.7 m) from adjacent ground level, with outlets
+located and directed so that ignitible vapors will disperse to a
+concentration below the lower flammable limit before reach-
+ing any location that contains an ignition source. [30:19.5.3.1]
+66.19.5.3.2 Vapor processing equipment and their vents shall
+be located in accordance with 66.17.3. [30:19.5.3.2]
+66.19.5.4 Vapor Collection Systems.
+66.19.5.4.1 Vapor collection piping shall be designed to pre-
+vent trapping liquid. [30:19.5.4.1]
+66.19.5.4.2 Vapor recovery and vapor processing systems that
+are not designed to handle liquid shall be provided with a
+means to eliminate any liquid that carries over to or condenses
+in the vapor collection system. [30:19.5.4.2]
+66.19.5.5 Liquid Level Monitoring.
+66.19.5.5.1* A liquid knock-out vessel used in the vapor collec-
+tion system shall have means to verify the liquid level and a
+high liquid level sensor that activates an alarm. [30:19.5.5.1]
+66.19.5.5.2 For unattended facilities, the high liquid level
+sensor shall initiate shutdown of liquid transfer into the vessel
+and shutdown of vapor recovery or vapor processing systems.
+[30:19.5.5.2]
+66.19.5.6 Overfill Protection.
+66.19.5.6.1 Storage tanks served by vapor processing or vapor
+recovery systems shall be equipped with overfill protection in
+accordance with 66.21.7.1. [30:19.5.6.1]
+66.19.5.6.2 Overfill protection of tank vehicles shall be in accor-
+dance with 66.28.11.1.6 through 66.28.11.1.8.1. [30:19.5.6.2]
+66.19.5.7 Sources of Ignition.
+66.19.5.7.1 Vapor Release.Tank or equipment openings pro-
+vided for purposes of vapor recovery shall be protected against
+possible vapor release in accordance with 66.23.13.7,
+66.28.11.1.7, and 66.28.11.1.8. [30:19.5.7.1]
+66.19.5.7.2* Electrical Area Classification.Electrical area clas-
+sification shall be in accordance with Section 66.7. [30:19.5.7.2]
+66.19.5.7.3* Static Electricity.Vapor collection and vapor pro-
+cessing equipment shall be protected against static electricity
+in accordance with 66.6.5.4. [30:19.5.7.3]
+66.19.5.7.4* Spontaneous Ignition. Equipment shall be de-
+signed or written procedures established to prevent ignition
+where the potential exists for spontaneous ignition. [30:19.5.7.4]
+66.19.5.7.5* Friction Heat or Sparks from Mechanical Equip-
+ment. Mechanical equipment used to move vapors that are in
+the flammable range shall be designed to prevent sparks or
+other ignition sources under both normal and equipment
+malfunction conditions. [30:19.5.7.5]
+66.19.5.7.6* Flame Propagation. Where there is reasonable
+potential for ignition of a vapor mixture in the flammable
+range, means shall be provided to stop the propagation of
+flame through the vapor collection system. The means chosen
+shall prevent flame propagation under the conditions with
+which they will be used. [30:19.5.7.6]
+66.19.5.7.7 Explosion Protection.Where used, explosion pro-
+tection systems shall comply with NFPA 69. [30:19.5.7.7]
+66.19.5.8 Emergency Shutdown Systems. Emergency shut-
+down systems shall be designed to fail to a safe position in the
+event of loss of normal system power (i.e., air or electric) or
+equipment malfunction. [30:19.5.8]
+66.19.6 Solvent Distillation Units.
+66.19.6.1 Scope.
+66.19.6.1.1 This section shall apply to solvent distillation
+units having distillation chambers or still pots that do not ex-
+ceed 60 gal (227 L) nominal capacity and are used to recycle
+Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquids. [30:19.6.1.1]
+66.19.6.1.2 This section shall not apply to research, testing, or
+experimental processes; to distillation processes carried out in
+petroleum refineries, chemical plants, or distilleries; or to distil-
+lation equipment used in dry cleaning operations. [30:19.6.1.2]
+66.19.6.2 Equipment. Solvent distillation units shall be ap-
+proved or shall be listed in accordance with ANSI/UL 2208,
+Standard for Solvent Distillation Units. [30:19.6.2]
+66.19.6.3 Solvents. Solvent distillation units shall only be used
+to distill liquids for which they have been investigated and that
+1–355FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+are listed on the unit’s marking or contained within the manu-
+facturers’ literature. [30:19.6.3]
+66.19.6.3.1 Unstable or reactive liquids or materials shall not
+be processed unless they have been specifically listed on the
+system’s markings or contained within the manufacturer’s lit-
+erature. [30:19.6.3.1]
+66.19.6.4 Location.
+66.19.6.4.1 Solvent distillation units shall be located and op-
+erated in locations in accordance with their approval or list-
+ing. [30:19.6.4.1]
+66.19.6.4.2 Solvent distillation units shall not be used in base-
+ments. [30:19.6.4.2]
+66.19.6.4.3 Solvent distillation units shall be located away
+from potential sources of ignition, as indicated on the unit’s
+marking. [30:19.6.4.3]
+66.19.6.5 Liquid Storage.Distilled liquids and liquids await-
+ing distillation shall be stored in accordance with this Code.
+[30:19.6.5]
+66.20 Reserved.
+66.21 Storage of Liquids in Tanks — Requirements for All
+Storage Tanks.
+66.21.1 Scope. This section shall apply to the following:
+(1) The storage of flammable and combustible liquids, as de-
+fined in 3.3.153.1 and 3.3.153.2 and Section 66.4, in fixed
+tanks that exceed 60 gal (230 L) capacity
+(2) The storage of flammable and combustible liquids in por-
+table tanks and bulk containers whose capacity exceeds
+793 gal (3000 L)
+(3) The design, installation, testing, operation, and mainte-
+nance of such tanks, portable tanks, and bulk containers
+[30:21.1]
+66.21.2 Definitions Specific to Section 66.21.For the purpose
+of this section, the following terms shall be defined as shown.
+[30:21.2]
+66.21.2.1 Compartmented Tank.A tank that is divided into
+two or more compartments intended to contain the same or
+different liquids. [30:21.2.1]
+66.21.3 General Requirements.
+66.21.3.1 Tanks shall be permitted to be of any shape, size, or
+type consistent with recognized engineering standards. Metal
+tanks shall be welded, riveted, and caulked, or bolted or con-
+structed using a combination of these methods. [30:21.3.1]
+66.21.3.2 Tanks designed and intended for aboveground use
+shall not be used as underground tanks. [30:21.3.2]
+66.21.3.3 Tanks designed and intended for underground use
+shall not be used as aboveground tanks. [30:21.3.3]
+66.21.3.4 Tanks shall be designed and built in accordance
+with recognized engineering standards for the material of
+construction being used. [30:21.3.4]
+66.21.4 Design and Construction of Storage Tanks.
+66.21.4.1 Materials of Construction.Tanks shall be of steel or
+other approved noncombustible material and shall meet the
+applicable requirements of 66.21.4.1.1 through 66.21.4.1.5.
+[30:21.4.1]
+66.21.4.1.1 The materials of construction for tanks and their
+appurtenances shall be compatible with the liquid to be
+stored. In case of doubt about the properties of the liquid to
+be stored, the supplier, producer of the liquid, or other com-
+petent authority shall be consulted. [30:21.4.1.1]
+66.21.4.1.2 Tanks shall be permitted to be constructed of
+combustible materials when approved. Tanks constructed of
+combustible materials shall be limited to any of the following:
+(1) Underground installation
+(2) Use where required by the properties of the liquid stored
+(3) Aboveground storage of Class IIIB liquids in areas not
+exposed to a spill or leak of Class I or Class II liquid
+(4) Storage of Class IIIB liquids inside a building protected by
+an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system
+[30:21.4.1.2]
+66.21.4.1.3 Unlined concrete tanks shall be permitted to be
+used for storing liquids that have a gravity of 40° API or
+heavier. Concrete tanks with special linings shall be permitted
+to be used for other liquids, provided they are designed and
+constructed in accordance with recognized engineering stan-
+dards. [30:21.4.1.3]
+66.21.4.1.4 Tanks shall be permitted to have combustible or
+noncombustible linings. The choice of the lining material and
+its required thickness shall depend on the properties of the
+liquid to be stored. [30:21.4.1.4]
+66.21.4.1.5 An engineering evaluation shall be made if the
+specific gravity of the liquid to be stored exceeds that of water
+or if the tank is designed to contain liquids at a liquid tempera-
+ture below 0°F (−18°C). [30:21.4.1.5]
+66.21.4.2 Design Standards for Storage Tanks.
+66.21.4.2.1 Design Standards for Atmospheric Tanks.
+66.21.4.2.1.1* Atmospheric tanks shall be designed and con-
+structed in accordance with recognized engineering stan-
+dards. Atmospheric tanks that meet any of the following stan-
+dards shall be deemed as meeting the requirements of
+66.21.4.2.1:
+(1) API Specification 12B, Bolted Tanks for Storage of Produc-
+tion Liquids
+(2) API Specification 12D, Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Pro-
+duction Liquids
+(3) API Specification 12F, Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Pro-
+duction Liquids
+(4) API Standard 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
+(5) UL 58, Standard for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable
+and Combustible Liquids
+(6) ANSI/UL 80, Standard for Steel Tanks for Oil Burner Fuel
+(7) ANSI/UL 142, Standard for Steel Aboveground Tanks for
+Flammable and Combustible Liquids
+(8) ANSI/UL 1316, Standard for Glass-Fiber Reinforced Plastic
+Underground Storage Tanks for Petroleum Products, Alcohols,
+and Alcohol-Gasoline Mixtures
+(9) ANSI/UL 1746, Standard for External Corrosion Protection
+Systems for Steel Underground Storage Tanks
+(10) UL 2080, Standard for Fire Resistant Tanks for Flammable and
+Combustible Liquids
+(11) ANSI/UL 2085, Standard for Protected Aboveground Tanks
+for Flammable and Combustible Liquids
+[30:21.4.2.1.1]
+1–356 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.21.4.2.1.2 Except as provided for in 66.21.4.2.1.3 and
+66.21.4.2.1.4, atmospheric tanks designed and constructed in
+accordance with Appendix F of API Standard 650, Welded Steel
+Tanks for Oil Storage, shall be permitted to operate at pressures
+from atmospheric to a gauge pressure of 1.0 psi (6.9 kPa). All
+other tanks shall be limited to operation from atmospheric to
+a gauge pressure of 0.5 psi (3.5 kPa). [30:21.4.2.1.2]
+66.21.4.2.1.3 Atmospheric tanks that are not designed and
+constructed in accordance with Appendix F of API Standard
+650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, shall be permitted to op-
+erate at pressures from atmospheric to a gauge pressure of
+1.0 psi (6.9 kPa) only if an engineering analysis is performed
+to determine that the tank can withstand the elevated pres-
+sure. [30:21.4.2.1.3]
+66.21.4.2.1.4 Horizontal cylindrical and rectangular tanks built
+according to any of the standards specified in 66.21.4.2.1.1 shall
+be permitted to operate at pressures from atmospheric to a
+gauge pressure of 1.0 psi (6.9 kPa) and shall be limited to a gauge
+pressure of 17 kPa (2.5 psi) under emergency venting conditions.
+[30:21.4.2.1.4]
+66.21.4.2.1.5 Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels shall be
+permitted to be used as atmospheric tanks. [30:21.4.2.1.5]
+66.21.4.2.1.6 Atmospheric tanks shall not be used to store a
+liquid at a temperature at or above its boiling point.
+[30:21.4.2.1.6]
+66.21.4.2.2 Design Standards for Low-Pressure Tanks.
+66.21.4.2.2.1 Low-pressure tanks shall be designed and con-
+structed in accordance with recognized engineering standards.
+Low-pressure tanks that meet either of the following standards
+shall be deemed as meeting the requirements of 66.21.4.2.2:
+(1) API 620, Recommended Rules for the Design and Construction
+of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
+(2) ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII, Division 1
+[30:21.4.2.2.1]
+66.21.4.2.2.2 Low-pressure tanks shall not be operated above
+their design pressures. [30:21.4.2.2.2]
+66.21.4.2.2.3 Pressure vessels shall be permitted to be used as
+low-pressure tanks. [30:21.4.2.2.3]
+66.21.4.2.3 Design Standards for Pressure Vessels.
+66.21.4.2.3.1 Tanks with storage pressures above a gauge
+pressure of 15 psi (100 kPa) shall be designed and constructed
+in accordance with recognized engineering standards. Pres-
+sure vessels that meet any of the following standards shall be
+deemed as meeting the requirements of 66.21.4.2.3:
+(1) Fired pressure vessels shall be designed and constructed
+in accordance with Section I (Power Boilers), or Section
+VIII, Division 1 or Division 2 (Pressure Vessels), as appli-
+cable, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
+(2) Unfired pressure vessels shall be designed and con-
+structed in accordance with Section VIII, Division 1 or
+Division 2, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code .
+[30:21.4.2.3.1]
+66.21.4.2.3.2* Pressure vessels that do not meet the require-
+ments of 66.21.4.2.3.1(1) or 66.21.4.2.3.1(2) shall be permit-
+ted to be used, provided they are approved. [30:21.4.2.3.2]
+66.21.4.2.3.3 Pressure vessels shall not be operated above
+their design pressures. The normal operating pressure of the
+vessel shall not exceed the design pressure of the vessel.
+[30:21.4.2.3.3]
+66.21.4.3 Normal Venting for Storage Tanks.
+66.21.4.3.1 Atmospheric storage tanks shall be vented to pre-
+vent the development of vacuum or pressure that can distort the
+roof of a cone roof tank or that exceeds the design pressure of
+other atmospheric tanks when filling or emptying the tank or
+because of atmospheric temperature changes. [30:21.4.3.1]
+66.21.4.3.2 Normal vents shall be sized in accordance with
+either API Standard 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure
+Storage Tanks, or another approved standard. Alternatively, the
+normal vent shall be at least as large as the largest filling or
+withdrawal connection but in no case shall it be less than
+1.25 in. (32 mm) nominal inside diameter. [30:21.4.3.2]
+66.21.4.3.3 Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels shall be
+vented to prevent the development of pressure or vacuum that
+exceeds the design pressure of the tank or vessel when filling
+or emptying the tank or vessel or because of atmospheric tem-
+perature changes. Means shall also be provided to prevent
+overpressure from any pump discharging into the tank or ves-
+sel when the pump discharge pressure can exceed the design
+pressure of the tank or vessel. [30:21.4.3.3]
+66.21.4.3.4 If any tank or pressure vessel has more than one
+fill or withdrawal connection and simultaneous filling or with-
+drawal can be made, the vent size shall be based on the maxi-
+mum anticipated simultaneous flow. [30:21.4.3.4]
+66.21.4.3.5 For tanks equipped with vents that permit pres-
+sures to exceed a gauge pressure of 2.5 psi (17 kPa) and for
+low-pressure tanks and for pressure vessels, the outlet of all
+vents and vent drains shall be arranged to discharge in a man-
+ner that prevents localized overheating of or flame impinge-
+ment on any part of the tank, if vapors from the vents are
+ignited. [30:21.4.3.5]
+66.21.4.3.6 Tanks and pressure vessels that store Class IA liq-
+uids shall be equipped with venting devices that are closed,
+except when venting under pressure or vacuum conditions.
+[30:21.4.3.6]
+66.21.4.3.7 Tanks and pressure vessels that store Class IB and
+Class IC liquids shall be equipped with venting devices or with
+listed flame arresters. When used, vent devices shall be closed,
+except when venting under pressure or vacuum conditions.
+[30:21.4.3.7]
+66.21.4.3.8 Tanks of 3000 barrels (bbl) (126,000 gal or 475 m3)
+capacity or less that store crude petroleum in crude-producing
+areas and outside aboveground atmospheric tanks of less than
+1000 gal (3785 L) capacity that contain other than Class IA liq-
+uids shall be permitted to have open vents. [30:21.4.3.8]
+66.21.4.3.9* Flame arresters or venting devices required in
+66.21.4.3.6 and 66.21.4.3.7 shall be permitted to be omitted
+on tanks that store Class IB or Class IC liquids where condi-
+tions are such that their use can, in case of obstruction, result
+in damage to the tank. [30:21.4.3.9]
+66.21.4.3.10 Piping for normal vents shall be designed in ac-
+cordance with Section 66.27. [30:21.4.3.10]
+1–357FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.21.4.4* Tank Openings Other than Vents.Fill pipes that
+enter the top of a tank shall terminate within 6 in. (150 mm)
+of the bottom of the tank. Fill pipes shall be installed or ar-
+ranged so that vibration is minimized.
+Exception No. 1: Fill pipes in tanks whose vapor space under the
+expected range of operating conditions is not in the flammable range or
+is inerted need not meet this requirement.
+Exception No. 2: Fill pipes in tanks handling liquids with minimal
+potential for accumulation of static charge need not meet this require-
+ment, provided that the fill line is designed and the system is operated
+to avoid mist generation and to provide residence time downstream of
+filters or screens to allow dissipation of the generated static charge.
+[30:21.4.4]
+66.21.4.5* Corrosion Protection.
+66.21.4.5.1 Corrosion protection shall meet the require-
+ments of 66.21.4.5.2 or 66.21.4.5.3, whichever is applicable.
+[30:21.4.5.1]
+66.21.4.5.2 Internal Corrosion Protection for Metal Storage
+Tanks. Where tanks are not designed in accordance with
+66.21.4.5 or with standards of the American Petroleum Insti-
+tute (API), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
+(ASME), or Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL), or if corro-
+sion is anticipated beyond that provided for in the design for-
+mulas or standards used, additional metal thickness or ap-
+proved protective coatings or linings shall be provided to
+compensate for the corrosion loss expected during the design
+life of the tank. [30:21.4.5.2]
+66.21.4.5.3 Internal Corrosion Protection for Nonmetallic
+Tanks. Where tanks are not designed in accordance with stan-
+dards of the API, ASME, ASTM International, or UL, or if deg-
+radation is anticipated beyond that provided for in the design
+formulas or standards used, degradation shall be compen-
+sated for by additional material thickness or application of
+protective coatings or linings. [30:21.4.5.3]
+66.21.5 Testing Requirements for Tanks.
+66.21.5.1 Initial Testing.All tanks, whether shop-built or field-
+erected, shall be tested before they are placed in service in
+accordance with the requirements of the code under which
+they were built. [30:21.5.1]
+66.21.5.1.1 An approved listing mark on a tank shall be con-
+sidered to be evidence of compliance with this requirement.
+Tanks not so marked shall be tested before they are placed in
+service in accordance with recognized engineering standards
+or in accordance with the requirements for testing in the
+codes listed in 66.21.4.2.1.1, 66.21.4.2.2.1, or 66.21.4.2.3.1.
+[30:21.5.1.1]
+66.21.5.1.2 Where the vertical length of the fill and vent pipes is
+such that, when filled with liquid, the static head imposed on the
+bottom of the tank exceeds a gauge pressure of 10 psi (70 kPa),
+the tank and its related piping shall be tested hydrostatically to a
+pressure equal to the static head thus imposed by using recog-
+nized engineering standards. [30:21.5.1.2]
+66.21.5.1.3 Before the tank is initially placed in service, all
+leaks or deformations shall be corrected in an approved man-
+ner. Mechanical caulking shall not be permitted for correcting
+leaks in welded tanks except for pinhole leaks in the roof.
+[30:21.5.1.3]
+66.21.5.1.4 Tanks to be operated at pressures below their de-
+sign pressure shall be tested by the applicable provisions of
+66.21.5.1.1 or 66.21.5.1.2 based upon the pressure developed
+under full emergency venting of the tank. [30:21.5.1.4]
+66.21.5.2* Tightness Testing.In addition to the tests called for
+in 66.21.5.1, all tanks and connections shall be tested for tight-
+ness after installation and before being placed in service in
+accordance with 66.21.5.2.1 and 66.21.5.2.2, as applicable. Ex-
+cept for underground tanks, this test shall be made at operat-
+ing pressure with air, inert gas, or water. [30:21.5.2]
+66.21.5.2.1 Air pressure shall not be used to test tanks that
+contain flammable or combustible liquids or vapors. (See
+66.27.7 for testing pressure piping.) [30:21.5.2.1]
+66.21.5.2.2 For field-erected tanks, the tests required by
+66.21.5.1.1 or 66.21.5.1.2 shall be permitted to be considered
+the test for tank tightness. [30:21.5.2.2]
+66.21.5.3* Periodic Testing.Each tank shall be tested when
+required by the manufacturer’s instructions and applicable
+standards to ensure the integrity of the tank. [30:21.5.3]
+66.21.6 Fire Prevention and Control.
+66.21.6.1 General Requirements.
+66.21.6.1.1 This section shall apply to the commonly recog-
+nized management techniques and fire control methods used
+to prevent or minimize the loss from fire or explosion in tank
+storage facilities. The wide range in size, design, and location
+of tank storage facilities shall preclude the inclusion of de-
+tailed fire prevention and control methods applicable to all
+such facilities. [30:21.6.1.1]
+66.21.6.1.2 Tank storage facilities shall have fire prevention
+and control for life safety, for minimizing property loss, and
+for reducing fire exposure to adjoining facilities resulting
+from fire and explosion. Compliance with 66.21.6.2 through
+66.21.6.6 shall be deemed as meeting the requirements of
+66.21.6.1. [30:21.6.1.2]
+66.21.6.2 Control of Ignition Sources.In order to prevent the
+ignition of flammable vapors in tank storage facilities, ignition
+sources shall be controlled in accordance with Section 66.6.
+[30:21.6.2]
+66.21.6.3 Management of Fire Hazards.The extent of fire
+prevention and control provided for tank storage facilities
+shall be determined by an engineering evaluation of the instal-
+lation and operation, followed by the application of sound fire
+protection and process engineering principles. The evalua-
+tion shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
+(1) Analysis of fire and explosion hazards of the facility
+(2) Analysis of local conditions, such as exposure to and from
+adjacent properties, flood potential, or earthquake potential
+(3) Fire department or mutual aid response
+[30:21.6.3]
+66.21.6.4 Fire Control.Tank storage facilities for flammable
+and combustible liquids shall be reviewed to ensure that fire
+and explosion hazards resulting from loss of containment of
+liquids are provided with corresponding fire prevention and
+emergency action plans. (See also 66.6.3.) [30:21.6.4]
+66.21.6.5 Emergency Planning and Training.
+66.21.6.5.1 An emergency plan, consistent with the available
+equipment and personnel, shall be established to respond to fire
+or other emergencies. This plan shall address the following:
+1–358 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) Procedures to be used in case of fire, such as sounding the
+alarm, notifying the fire department, evacuating person-
+nel, and controlling and extinguishing the fire
+(2) Appointment and training of persons to carry out fire
+safety duties
+(3) Maintenance of fire protection equipment
+(4) Holding fire drills
+(5) Shutdown or isolation of equipment to control uninten-
+tional releases
+(6) Alternate measures for the safety of personnel while any
+fire protection equipment is shut down
+[30:21.6.5.1]
+66.21.6.5.2 Personnel responsible for the use and operation
+of fire protection equipment shall be trained in the use of and
+be able to demonstrate knowledge of the use or operation of
+that equipment. Refresher training shall be conducted at least
+annually. [30:21.6.5.2]
+66.21.6.5.3 Planning of effective fire control measures shall
+be coordinated with local emergency response agencies and
+shall include, but not be limited to, the identification of all
+tanks by location, contents, size, and hazard identification as
+required in 66.21.7.2.1. [30:21.6.5.3]
+66.21.6.5.4 Procedures shall be established to provide for
+safe shutdown of tank storage facilities under emergency con-
+ditions. These procedures shall provide requirements for pe-
+riodic training and inspection, and testing of associated
+alarms, interlocks, and controls. [30:21.6.5.4]
+66.21.6.5.5 Emergency procedures shall be kept available in
+an operating area. The procedures shall be reviewed and up-
+dated whenever conditions change. [30:21.6.5.5]
+66.21.6.5.6 Where tank storage facilities are unattended, a
+summary of the emergency plan shall be posted or located in a
+strategic location that is accessible to emergency responders.
+[30:21.6.5.6]
+66.21.6.6 Inspection and Maintenance of Fire Protection
+Equipment.
+66.21.6.6.1* All fire protection equipment shall be main-
+tained, inspected, and tested in accordance with regulatory
+requirements, standard practices, and equipment manufac-
+turers’ recommendations. [30:21.6.6.1]
+66.21.6.6.2 Maintenance and operating practices at tank stor-
+age facilities shall control leakage and prevent spillage of liq-
+uids. [30:21.6.6.2]
+66.21.6.6.3 Ground areas around tank storage facilities shall
+be kept free of weeds, trash, or other unnecessary combustible
+materials. [30:21.6.6.3]
+66.21.6.6.4 Accessways established for movement of personnel
+shall be maintained clear of obstructions to permit evacuation
+and access for manual fire fighting in accordance with regulatory
+requirements and the emergency plan. [30:21.6.6.4]
+66.21.6.6.5 Combustible waste material and residues in oper-
+ating areas shall be kept to a minimum, stored in covered
+metal containers, and disposed of daily. [30:21.6.6.5]
+66.21.7 Operation of Storage Tanks.
+66.21.7.1* Prevention of Overfilling of Storage Tanks.Facili-
+ties with aboveground tanks larger than 1320 gal (5000 L)
+storing Class I or Class II liquids shall establish procedures or
+shall provide equipment, or both, to prevent overfilling of
+tanks. [30:21.7.1]
+66.21.7.1.1 Facilities with aboveground tanks that receive
+and transfer Class I liquids from mainline pipelines or marine
+vessels shall establish and follow formal written procedures to
+prevent overfilling of tanks utilizing one of the following
+methods of protection:
+(1) Tanks shall be gauged at intervals in accordance with es-
+tablished procedures by personnel continuously on the
+premises during product receipt. Acknowledged commu-
+nication shall be maintained with the supplier so flow can
+be shut down or diverted in accordance with established
+procedures.
+(2) Tanks shall be equipped with a high-level detection device
+that is either independent of any gauging equipment or
+incorporates a gauging and alarm system that provides
+electronic self-checking to indicate when the gauging and
+alarm system has failed. Alarms shall be located where
+personnel who are on duty throughout product transfer
+can arrange for flow stoppage or diversion in accordance
+with established procedures.
+(3) Tanks shall be equipped with an independent high-level
+detection system that will automatically shut down or di-
+vert flow in accordance with established procedures.
+[30:21.7.1.1]
+66.21.7.1.2 Alternatives to instrumentation described in
+66.21.7.1.1(2) and 66.21.7.1.1(3) shall be allowed where ap-
+proved as affording equivalent protection. [ 30:21.7.1.2]
+66.21.7.1.3 Instrumentation systems covered in 66.21.7.1.1(2)
+and 66.21.7.1.1(3) shall be wired fail-safe, such that valid alarm
+conditions or system failures create an alarm condition that
+will notify personnel or automatically shut down or divert
+flow. [30:21.7.1.3]
+66.21.7.1.3.1 Written instrumentation performance proce-
+dures shall be established to define valid alarm conditions and
+system failures in accordance with API 2350, Overfill Protection
+for Storage Tanks in Petroleum Facilities.[ 30:21.7.1.3.1]
+66.21.7.1.3.2 System failure shall include but not be limited
+to the following:
+(1) Loss of main electrical power
+(2) Electrical break, short circuit, or ground fault in the level
+detection system circuit or the alarm and signal circuit
+(3) Failure or malfunction of the level detection system con-
+trol equipment or signaling devices
+[30:21.7.1.3.2]
+66.21.7.1.4 Formal written procedures required by 66.21.7.1.1
+shall include the following:
+(1) Instructions covering methods to check for lineup and
+receipt of initial delivery to tank designated to receive
+shipment.
+(2) Provision for training and monitoring the performance of
+operating personnel by supervisors.
+(3) Schedules and procedures for inspection and testing of
+gauging equipment and high-level instrumentation and
+related systems. Inspection and testing intervals shall be
+approved but shall not exceed 1 year.
+[30:21.7.1.4]
+1–359FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.21.7.1.5 An underground tank shall be equipped with
+overfill prevention equipment that will operate as follows:
+(1) Automatically shut off the flow of liquid into the tank
+when the tank is no more than 95 percent full
+(2) Alert the transfer operator when the tank is no more than
+90 percent full by restricting the flow of liquid into the
+tank or triggering the high-level alarm
+(3) Other approved methods
+[30:21.7.1.5]
+66.21.7.1.6 Shop-fabricated aboveground atmospheric stor-
+age tanks, constructed to the recognized standards of
+66.21.4.2.1.1(1), shall meet the requirements of 66.21.7.1.6.1
+through 66.21.7.1.6.4 whenever the vertical length from the
+tank bottom to the top of the fill, normal vent, or emergency
+vent exceeds 12 ft (3.7 m). [30:21.7.1.6]
+66.21.7.1.6.1 An approved means shall be provided to notify
+the tank filling operator of the pending completion of the
+tank fill operation at the fill connection. [30:21.7.1.6.1]
+66.21.7.1.6.2 An approved means shall be provided to stop
+delivery of liquid to the tank prior to the complete filling of
+the tank. [30:21.7.1.6.2]
+66.21.7.1.6.3 In no case shall these provisions restrict or in-
+terfere with the functioning of the normal vent or emergency
+vent. [30:21.7.1.6.3]
+66.21.7.1.6.4 The manufacturer of the tank shall be consulted
+to determine if reinforcement of the tank is required. If rein-
+forcement is deemed necessary, it shall be done. [30:21.7.1.6.4]
+66.21.7.2 Identification and Security.
+66.21.7.2.1 Identification for Emergency Responders.A sign
+or marking that meets the requirements of NFPA 704,Standard
+System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency
+Response, or another approved system, shall be applied to stor-
+age tanks containing liquids. The marking shall be located
+where it can be seen, such as on the side of the tank, the
+shoulder of an accessway or walkway to the tank or tanks, or on
+the piping outside of the diked area. If more than one tank is
+involved, the markings shall be so located that each tank can
+be identified. [30:21.7.2.1]
+66.21.7.2.2 Security for Unsupervised Storage Tanks.Unsu-
+pervised, isolated aboveground storage tanks shall be secured
+and shall be marked to identify the fire hazards of the tank
+and the tank’s contents to the general public. Where neces-
+sary to protect the tank from tampering or trespassing, the
+area where the tank is located shall be secured. [30:21.7.2.2]
+66.21.7.3 Storage Tanks in Areas Subject to Flooding.
+66.21.7.3.1 Water Loading.
+66.21.7.3.1.1 The filling of a tank to be protected by water
+loading shall be started as soon as floodwaters are predicted to
+reach a dangerous flood stage. [30:21.7.3.1.1]
+66.21.7.3.1.2 Where independently fueled water pumps are
+relied on, sufficient fuel shall be available at all times to permit
+continuing operations until all tanks are filled. [30:21.7.3.1.2]
+66.21.7.3.1.3 Tank valves shall be locked in a closed position
+when water loading has been completed. [30:21.7.3.1.3]
+66.21.7.3.2 Operating Instructions.Operating instructions or
+procedures to be followed in a flood emergency shall be avail-
+able to personnel identified in 66.21.7.3.3. [30:21.7.3.2]
+66.21.7.3.3 Personnel Training.Personnel relied on to carry
+out flood emergency procedures shall be informed of the lo-
+cation and operation of valves and other equipment necessary
+to effect the intent of these requirements. [30:21.7.3.3]
+66.21.7.4 Removal from Service of Storage Tanks.
+66.21.7.4.1* Closure of Aboveground Storage Tanks.Above-
+ground tanks taken out of service or abandoned shall be emp-
+tied of liquid, rendered vapor-free, and safeguarded against
+trespassing in accordance with NFPA 326,Standard for the Safe-
+guarding of Tanks and Containers for Entry, Cleaning, or Repair,o r
+in accordance with the requirements of the AHJ. [30:21.7.4.1]
+66.21.7.4.2 Reuse of Aboveground Storage Tanks. Above-
+ground tanks shall be permitted to be reused for flammable or
+combustible liquids service provided they comply with appli-
+cable sections of this Code and are approved. [30:21.7.4.2]
+66.21.7.4.3 Removal from Service of Underground Storage
+Tanks.
+66.21.7.4.3.1 General. Underground tanks taken out of ser-
+vice or abandoned shall be emptied of liquid, rendered vapor-
+free, and safeguarded against trespassing in accordance with
+this section and in accordance with NFPA 326 or in accor-
+dance with the requirements of the AHJ. The procedures out-
+lined in this section shall be followed when taking under-
+ground tanks temporarily out of service, closing them in place
+permanently, or removing them. (See Annex C of NFPA 30NFPA
+30 for additional information.) [30:21.7.4.3.1]
+66.21.7.4.3.2 Temporary Closure. Underground tanks shall
+be rendered temporarily out of service only when it is planned
+that they will be returned to active service, closed in place
+permanently, or removed within an approved period not ex-
+ceeding 1 year. The following requirements shall be met:
+(1) Corrosion protection and release detection systems shall
+be maintained in operation.
+(2) The vent line shall be left open and functioning.
+(3) The tank shall be secured against tampering.
+(4) All other lines shall be capped or plugged.
+[30:21.7.4.3.2]
+66.21.7.4.3.2.1 Tanks remaining temporarily out of service
+for more than 1 year shall be permanently closed in place or
+removed in accordance with 66.21.6.5.4 or 66.21.6.5.5, as ap-
+plicable. [30:21.7.4.3.2.1]
+66.21.7.4.3.3 Permanent Closure in Place.Underground tanks
+shall be permitted to be permanently closed in place if ap-
+proved by the AHJ. All of the following requirements shall be
+met:
+(1) All applicable AHJs shall be notified.
+(2)*A safe workplace shall be maintained throughout the pre-
+scribed activities.
+(3) All flammable and combustible liquids and residues shall be
+removed from the tank, appurtenances, and piping and
+shall be disposed of in accordance with regulatory require-
+ments and industry practices, using a written procedure.
+(4) The tank, appurtenances, and piping shall be made safe
+by either purging them of flammable vapors or inerting
+the potential explosive atmosphere. Confirmation that
+1–360 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+the atmosphere in the tank is safe shall be by testing of the
+atmosphere using a combustible gas indicator if purging,
+or an oxygen meter if inerting, at intervals in accordance
+with written procedures.
+(5) Access to the tank shall be made by careful excavation to
+the top of the tank.
+(6) All exposed piping, gauging and tank fixtures, and other
+appurtenances, except the vent, shall be disconnected
+and removed.
+(7) The tank shall be completely filled with an inert solid ma-
+terial.
+(8) The tank vent and remaining underground piping shall
+be capped or removed.
+(9) The tank excavation shall be backfilled.
+[30:21.7.4.3.3]
+66.21.7.4.3.4 Removal and Disposal.Underground tanks and
+piping shall be removed in accordance with the following re-
+quirements:
+(1) The steps described in 66.21.7.4.3.3(1) through
+66.21.7.4.3.3(5) shall be followed.
+(2) All exposed piping, gauging and tank fixtures, and other
+appurtenances, including the vent, shall be disconnected
+and removed.
+(3) All openings shall be plugged, leaving a 1⁄4 in. (6 mm)
+opening to avoid buildup of pressure in the tank.
+(4) The tank shall be removed from the excavated site and
+shall be secured against movement.
+(5) Any corrosion holes shall be plugged.
+(6) The tank shall be labeled with its former contents, present
+vapor state, vapor-freeing method, and a warning against
+reuse.
+(7) The tank shall be removed from the site as authorized by
+the AHJ, preferably the same day.
+[30:21.7.4.3.4]
+66.21.7.4.3.5 Temporary Storage of Removed Tanks.If it is
+necessary to temporarily store an underground tank that has
+been removed, it shall be placed in a secure area where public
+access is restricted. A 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) opening shall be main-
+tained to avoid buildup of pressure in the tank. [30:21.7.4.3.5]
+66.21.7.4.3.6 Disposal of Tanks.Disposal of underground tanks
+shall meet the following requirements:
+(1) Before a tank is cut up for scrap or landfill, the atmo-
+sphere in the tank shall be tested in accordance with
+66.21.7.4.3.3(4) to ensure that it is safe.
+(2) The tank shall be made unfit for further use by cutting
+holes in the tank heads and shell.
+[30:21.7.4.3.6]
+66.21.7.4.3.7 Documentation. All necessary documentation
+shall be prepared and maintained in accordance with all fed-
+eral, state, and local rules and regulations. [30:21.7.4.3.7]
+66.21.7.4.3.8 Reuse of Underground Storage Tanks.Under-
+ground tanks shall be permitted to be reused for under-
+ground storage of flammable or combustible liquids provided
+they comply with applicable sections of this Code and are ap-
+proved. [30:21.7.4.3.8]
+66.21.7.4.3.9 Change of Service of Underground Storage
+Tanks.Underground tanks that undergo any change of stored
+product shall be re-evaluated for compliance with Section
+66.21. [30:21.7.4.3.9]
+66.21.7.5* Leak Detection and Inventory Records for Under-
+ground Storage Tanks.Accurate inventory records or a leak
+detection program shall be maintained on all Class I liquid
+storage tanks for indication of leakage from the tanks or asso-
+ciated piping. [30:21.7.5]
+66.21.8 Inspection and Maintenance of Storage Tanks and
+Storage Tank Appurtenances.
+66.21.8.1* Each storage tank constructed of steel shall be in-
+spected and maintained in accordance with API Standard 653,
+Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction ,o rS T I
+SP001, Standard for the Inspection of Aboveground Storage Tanks ,
+whichever is applicable. [30:21.8.1]
+66.21.8.2 Each storage tank constructed of other materials shall
+be inspected and maintained in accordance with the manufac-
+turers’ instructions and applicable standards to ensure compli-
+ance with the requirements of thisCode.[ 30:21.8.2]
+66.21.8.3 Testing of storage tanks shall meet the require-
+ments of 66.21.5. [30:21.8.3]
+66.21.8.4 Each storage tank shall be maintained liquidtight.
+Each storage tank that is leaking shall be emptied of liquid or
+repaired in a manner acceptable to the AHJ. [30:21.8.4]
+66.21.8.5 Each storage tank that has been structurally dam-
+aged, repaired, reconstructed, relocated, jacked, or damaged
+by impact, flood, or other trauma, or is suspected of leaking
+shall be inspected and tested in accordance with 66.21.5 or in
+a manner acceptable to the AHJ. [30:21.8.5]
+66.21.8.6* Storage tanks and their appurtenances, including
+normal vents, emergency vents, overfill prevention devices,
+and related devices shall be maintained to ensure that they
+function as intended in accordance with written procedures.
+[30:21.8.6]
+66.21.8.7 Openings for gauging on storage tanks storing Class I
+liquids shall be provided with a vaportight cap or cover. Such
+covers shall be closed when not gauging. [30:21.8.7]
+66.21.8.8* Facilities with aboveground storage tanks shall es-
+tablish a procedure for checking and removal of water from
+the bottom of storage tanks that contain nonmiscible liquids.
+[30:21.8.8]
+66.22 Storage of Liquids in Tanks — Aboveground Storage
+Tanks.
+66.22.1 Scope. This chapter shall apply to the following:
+(1) The storage of flammable and combustible liquids, as de-
+fined in 3.3.153.1 and 3.3.153.2, in fixed aboveground
+storage tanks as defined in 3.3.240.1
+(2) The storage of flammable and combustible liquids in por-
+table tanks and bulk containers whose capacity exceeds
+793 gal (3000 L)
+(3) The installation and operation of such tanks, portable
+tanks, and bulk containers
+[30:22.1]
+66.22.2 Definitions Specific to Section 66.22.For the purpose
+of this section, the following terms shall be defined as shown.
+[30:22.2]
+1–361FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.22.2.1 Floating Roof Tank.An aboveground storage tank
+that incorporates one of the following designs:
+(1) A closed-top pontoon or double-deck metal floating roof
+in an open-top tank constructed in accordance with API
+Standard 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
+(2) A fixed metal roof with ventilation at the top and roof
+eaves constructed in accordance with API Standard 650
+and containing a closed-top pontoon or double-deck
+metal floating roof meeting the requirements of API Stan-
+dard 650
+(3) A fixed metal roof with ventilation at the top and roof
+eaves constructed in accordance with API Standard 650
+and containing a metal floating cover supported by liq-
+uidtight metal floating devices that provide buoyancy to
+prevent the liquid surface from being exposed when half
+of the flotation is lost
+[30:22.2.1]
+66.22.2.1.1 For the purposes of this section, an aboveground
+storage tank with an internal metal floating pan, roof, or cover
+that does not meet 66.22.2.1 or one that uses plastic foam
+(except for seals) for flotation, even if encapsulated in metal
+or fiberglass, shall meet the requirements for a fixed roof tank.
+[30:22.2.1.1]
+66.22.3 Reserved.
+66.22.4* Location of Aboveground Storage Tanks.
+66.22.4.1 Location with Respect to Property Lines, Public
+Ways, and Important Buildings.
+66.22.4.1.1 Tanks storing Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA stable
+liquids whose internal pressure is not permitted to exceed a
+gauge pressure of 2.5 psi (17 kPa) shall be located in accor-
+dance with Table 66.22.4.1.1(a) and Table 66.22.4.1.1(b).
+Where tank spacing is based on a weak roof-to-shell seam de-
+sign, the user shall present evidence certifying such construc-
+tion to the AHJ upon request. [30:22.4.1.1]
+66.22.4.1.2 Vertical tanks with weak roof-to-shell seams (see
+66.22.7.2) that store Class IIIA liquids shall be permitted to be
+located at one-half the distances specified in Table 66.22.4.1.1(a),
+provided the tanks are not within the same diked area as, or
+within the drainage path of, a tank storing a Class I or Class II
+liquid. [30:22.4.1.2]
+66.22.4.1.3 Tanks storing Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA stable
+liquids and operating at pressures that exceed a gauge pres-
+sure of 2.5 psi (17 kPa), or are equipped with emergency vent-
+ing that will permit pressures to exceed a gauge pressure of
+2.5 psi (17 kPa), shall be located in accordance with Table
+66.22.4.1.3 and Table 66.22.4.1.1(b). [30:22.4.1.3]
+66.22.4.1.4 Tanks storing liquids with boil-over characteristics
+shall be located in accordance with Table 66.22.4.1.4. Liquids
+with boil-over characteristics shall not be stored in fixed roof
+tanks larger than 150 ft (45 m) in diameter, unless an approved
+inerting system is provided on the tank. [30:22.4.1.4]
+66.22.4.1.5 Tanks storing unstable liquids shall be located in
+accordance with Table 66.22.4.1.5 and Table 66.22.4.1.1(b).
+[30:22.4.1.5]
+66.22.4.1.6 Tanks storing Class IIIB stable liquids shall be
+located in accordance with Table 66.22.4.1.6.
+Exception: If located within the same diked area as, or within the drain-
+age path of, a tank storing a Class I or Class II liquid, the tank storing
+Class IIIB liquid shall be located in accordance with 66.22.4.1.1.
+[30:22.4.1.6]
+66.22.4.1.7 Where two tank properties of diverse ownership
+have a common boundary, the AHJ shall be permitted, with
+the written consent of the owners of the two properties, to
+substitute the distances provided in 66.22.4.2 for the mini-
+mum distances set forth in 66.22.4.1.1. [30:22.4.1.7]
+66.22.4.1.8 Where end failure of a horizontal pressure tank
+or vessel can expose property, the tank or vessel shall be
+placed with its longitudinal axis parallel to the nearest impor-
+tant exposure. [30:22.4.1.8]
+66.22.4.2 Shell-to-Shell Spacing of Adjacent Aboveground
+Storage Tanks.
+66.22.4.2.1 Tanks storing Class I, Class II, or Class III stable
+liquids shall be separated by the distances given in Table
+66.22.4.2.1. [30:22.4.2.1]
+66.22.4.2.1.1 Tanks that store crude petroleum, have indi-
+vidual capacities not exceeding 3000 bbl (126,000 gal or 480
+m3), and are located at production facilities in isolated loca-
+tions shall not be required to be separated by more than 3 ft
+(0.9 m). [30:22.4.2.1.1]
+66.22.4.2.1.2 Tanks used only for storing Class IIIB liquids shall
+not be required to be separated by more than 3 ft (0.9 m) pro-
+vided they are not within the same diked area as, or within the
+drainage path of, a tank storing a Class I or Class II liquid. If
+located within the same diked area as, or within the drainage
+path of, a tank storing a Class I or Class II liquid, the tank storing
+Class IIIB liquid shall be spaced in accordance with the require-
+ments for Class IIIA liquids in Table 66.22.4.2.1. [30:22.4.2.1.2]
+66.22.4.2.2 A tank storing unstable liquid shall be separated
+from any other tank containing either an unstable liquid or a
+Class I, II, or III liquid by a distance not less than one-half the
+sum of their diameters. [30:22.4.2.2]
+66.22.4.2.3 Where tanks are in a diked area containing Class I
+or Class II liquids or in the drainage path of Class I or Class II
+liquids and are compacted in three or more rows or in an irregu-
+lar pattern, greater spacing or other means shall be permitted to
+be required by the AHJ to make tanks in the interior of the pat-
+tern accessible for fire-fighting purposes. [30:22.4.2.3]
+66.22.4.2.4 The minimum horizontal separation between an
+LP-Gas container and a Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquid
+storage tank shall be 20 ft (6 m). [30:22.4.2.4]
+66.22.4.2.4.1 Means shall be provided to prevent Class I,
+Class II, or Class IIIA liquids from accumulating under adja-
+cent LP-Gas containers by means of dikes, diversion curbs, or
+grading. [30:22.4.2.4.1]
+66.22.4.2.4.2 Where flammable or combustible liquid stor-
+age tanks are within a diked area, the LP-Gas containers shall
+be outside the diked area and at least 3 ft (0.9 m) away from
+the centerline of the wall of the diked area. [30:22.4.2.4.2]
+66.22.4.2.5 If a tank storing a Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquid
+operates at pressures exceeding a gauge pressure of 2.5 psi
+(17 kPa) or is equipped with emergency relief venting that will
+permit pressures to exceed a gauge pressure of 2.5 psi (17 kPa), it
+shall be separated from an LP-Gas container by the appropriate
+distance given in Table 66.22.4.2.1. [30:22.4.2.5]
+1–362 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 66.22.4.1.1(a) Location of Aboveground Storage Tanks Storing Stable
+Liquids — Internal Pressure Not to Exceed a Gauge Pressure of 2.5 psi (17 kPa)
+Minimum Distance (ft)
+Type of Tank Protection
+From Property Line That Is or
+Can Be Built Upon, Including
+the Opposite Side
+of a Public Waya
+From Nearest Side of Any
+Public Way or from Nearest
+Important Building
+on the Same Propertya
+Floating roof Protection for exposures b 1⁄2 × diameter of tank 1⁄6 × diameter of tank
+None Diameter of tank but need not
+exceed 175 ft
+1⁄6 × diameter of tank
+Vertical with weak
+roof-to-shell seam
+Approved foam or inerting
+systemc on tanks not
+exceeding 150 ft in diameterd
+1⁄2 × diameter of tank 1⁄6 × diameter of tank
+Protection for exposuresb Diameter of tank 1⁄3 × diameter of tank
+None 2 × diameter of tank but need
+not exceed 350 ft
+1⁄3 × diameter of tank
+Horizontal and vertical tanks
+with emergency relief
+venting to limit pressures
+to 2.5 psi (gauge pressure
+of 17 kPa)
+Approved inerting systemb on
+the tank or approved foam
+system on vertical tanks
+1⁄2 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b)
+1⁄2 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b)
+Protection for exposuresb Value in Table 66.22.4.1.1(b) Value in Table 66.22.4.1.1(b)
+None 2 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b)
+Value in Table 66.22.4.1.1(b)
+Protected aboveground tank None 1⁄2 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b)
+1⁄2 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b)
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+aThe minimum distance cannot be less than 5 ft (1.5 m).
+bSee definition 3.3.196, Protection for Exposures.
+cSee NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems.
+dFor tanks over 150 ft (45 m) in diameter, use “Protection for Exposures” or “None,” as applicable. [30: Table
+22.4.1.1(a)]
+Table 66.22.4.1.1(b) Reference Table for Use with Tables 66.22.4.1.1(a), 66.22.4.1.3, and 66.22.4.1.5
+MinimumDistance(ft)
+Tank Capacity
+(gal)
+From Property Line that Is or Can Be
+Built Upon, Including the Opposite Side
+of a Public Way
+From Nearest Side of Any Public Way or
+from Nearest Important Building
+on the Same Property
+275 or less 5 5
+276 to 750 10 5
+751 to 12,000 15 5
+12,001 to 30,000 20 5
+30,001 to 50,000 30 10
+50,001 to 100,000 50 15
+100,001 to 500,000 80 25
+500,001 to 1,000,000 100 35
+1,000,001 to 2,000,000 135 45
+2,000,001 to 3,000,000 165 55
+3,000,001 or more 175 60
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 gal = 3.8 L. [30: Table 22.4.1.1(b)]
+1–363FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.22.4.2.6 The requirements of 66.22.4.2.4 shall not apply
+where LP-Gas containers of 125 gal (475 L) or less capacity are
+installed adjacent to fuel oil supply tanks of 660 gal (2500 L)
+or less capacity. [30:22.4.2.6]
+66.22.5 Installation of Aboveground Storage Tanks.
+66.22.5.1 Tank Supports.
+66.22.5.1.1 Tank supports shall be designed and con-
+structed in accordance with recognized engineering stan-
+dards. [ 30:22.5.1.1]
+66.22.5.1.2 Tanks shall be supported in a manner that pre-
+vents excessive concentration of loads on the supported por-
+tion of the shell. [30:22.5.1.2]
+66.22.5.1.3 In areas subject to earthquakes, tank supports
+and connections shall be designed to resist damage as a result
+of such shocks. [30:22.5.1.3]
+66.22.5.2 Foundations for and Anchoring of Aboveground
+Storage Tanks.
+66.22.5.2.1* Tanks shall rest on the ground or on foundations
+made of concrete, masonry, piling, or steel. [30:22.5.2.1]
+66.22.5.2.2 Tank foundations shall be designed to minimize
+the possibility of uneven settling of the tank and to minimize
+corrosion in any part of the tank resting on the foundation.
+[30:22.5.2.2]
+66.22.5.2.3 Where tanks storing Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA
+liquids are supported above their foundations, tank supports
+shall be of concrete, masonry, or protected steel.
+Exception: Single wood timber supports (not cribbing), laid horizon-
+tally, shall be permitted to be used for outside aboveground tanks if not
+more than 12 in. (300 mm) high at their lowest point.
+[30:22.5.2.3]
+Table 66.22.4.1.3 Location of Aboveground Storage Tanks Storing Stable Liquids —
+Internal Pressure Permitted to Exceed a Gauge Pressure of 2.5 psi (17 kPa)
+Minimum Distance (ft)
+Type of Tank Protection
+From Property Line that Is or
+Can Be Built Upon, Including
+the Opposite Side
+of a Public Way
+From Nearest Side of Any
+Public Way or from Nearest
+Important Building
+on the Same Property
+Any type Protection for exposures * 11⁄2 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b) but not less
+than 25 ft
+11⁄2 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b) but not less
+than 25 ft
+None 3 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b) but not less
+than 50 ft
+11⁄2 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b) but not less
+than 25 ft
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+*See definition 3.3.196, Protection for Exposures. [30: Table 22.4.1.3]
+Table 66.22.4.1.4 Location of Aboveground Storage Tanks Storing Boil-Over Liquids
+Minimum Distance (ft)
+Type of Tank Protection
+From Property Line that Is or
+Can Be Built Upon, Including
+the Opposite Side
+of a Public Waya
+From Nearest Side of Any
+Public Way or from Nearest
+Important Building
+on the Same Propertya
+Floating roof Protection for exposures b 1⁄2 × diameter of tank 1⁄6 × diameter of tank
+None Diameter of tank 1⁄6 × diameter of tank
+Fixed roof Approved foam or inerting
+systemc
+Diameter of tank 1⁄3 × diameter of tank
+Protection for exposuresb 2 × diameter of tank 2⁄3 × diameter of tank
+None 4 × diameter of tank but need
+not exceed 350 ft
+2⁄3 × diameter of tank
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+aThe minimum distance cannot be less than 5 ft.
+bSee definition 3.3.196, Protection for Exposures.
+cSee NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems.[ 30: Table 22.4.1.4]
+1–364 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.22.5.2.4* Steel support structures or exposed piling for
+tanks storing Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquids shall be
+protected by materials having a fire resistance rating of not
+less than 2 hours.
+Exception No. 1: Steel saddles do not need to be protected if less than
+12 in. (300 mm) high at their lowest point.
+Exception No. 2: At the discretion of the AHJ, water spray protection
+in accordance with NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems
+for Fire Protection, or NFPA 13, is permitted to be used.[30:22.5.2.4]
+66.22.5.2.5 Where a tank is located in an area subject to flood-
+ing, provisions shall be taken to prevent tanks, either full or
+empty, from floating during a rise in water level up to the estab-
+lished maximum flood stage.(See 66.21.7.3.)[30:22.5.2.5]
+66.22.6 Vent Piping for Aboveground Tanks.Piping for nor-
+mal and emergency relief venting shall be constructed in ac-
+cordance with Section 66.27. [30:22.6]
+Table 66.22.4.1.5 Location of Aboveground Storage Tanks Storing Unstable Liquids
+Minimum Distance (ft)
+Type of Tank Protection
+From Property Line that Is or
+Can Be Built Upon, Including
+the Opposite Side
+of a Public Way
+From Nearest Side of Any
+Public Way or from Nearest
+Important Building
+on the Same Propertya
+Horizontal and vertical tanks with
+emergency relief venting to
+permit pressure not in excess of
+a gauge pressure of 2.5 psi (17
+kPa)
+Tank protected with any one
+of the following: approved
+water spray, approved
+inerting,a approved
+insulation and
+refrigeration, approved
+barricade
+Value in Table 66.22.4.1.1(b)
+but not less than 25 ft
+Not less than 25 ft
+Protection for exposuresb 21⁄2 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b) but not less
+than 50 ft
+Not less than 50 ft
+None 5 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b) but not less
+than 100 ft
+Not less than 100 ft
+Horizontal and vertical tanks with
+emergency relief venting to
+permit pressure over a gauge
+pressure of 2.5 psi (17 kPa)
+Tank protected with any one
+of the following: approved
+water spray, approved
+inerting,a approved
+insulation and
+refrigeration, approved
+barricade
+2 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b) but not less
+than 50 ft
+Not less than 50 ft
+Protection for exposuresb 4 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b) but not less
+than 100 ft
+Not less than 100 ft
+None 8 × value in Table
+66.22.4.1.1(b) but not less
+than 150 ft
+Not less than 150 ft
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+aSee NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems.
+bSee definition 3.3.196, Protection for Exposures. [30: Table 22.4.1.5]
+Table 66.22.4.1.6 Location of Aboveground Storage Tanks
+Storing Class IIIB Liquids
+Minimum Distance (ft)
+Tank Capacity
+(gal)
+From Property
+Line that Is or Can
+Be Built Upon,
+Including the
+Opposite Side of a
+Public Way
+From Nearest Side
+of Any Public Way
+or from Nearest
+Important Building
+on the Same
+Property
+12,000 or less 5 5
+12,001 to 30,000 10 5
+30,001 to 50,000 10 10
+50,001 to 100,000 15 10
+100,001 or more 15 15
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 gal = 3.8 L. [30: Table 22.4.1.6]
+1–365FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.22.7 Emergency Relief Venting for Fire Exposure for
+Aboveground Storage Tanks.
+66.22.7.1 General.
+66.22.7.1.1 Every aboveground storage tank shall have emer-
+gency relief venting in the form of construction or a device or
+devices that will relieve excessive internal pressure caused by
+an exposure fire. [30:22.7.1.1]
+66.22.7.1.1.1 This requirement shall apply to each compart-
+ment of a compartmented tank, the interstitial space (annu-
+lus) of a secondary containment–type tank, and the enclosed
+space of tanks of closed-top dike construction. [30:22.7.1.1.1]
+66.22.7.1.1.2 This requirement shall also apply to spaces or
+enclosed volumes, such as those intended for insulation,
+membranes, or weather shields, that are capable of containing
+liquid because of a leak from the primary vessel. The insula-
+tion, membrane, or weather shield shall not interfere with
+emergency venting. [30:22.7.1.1.2]
+66.22.7.1.1.3 Tanks storing Class IIIB liquids that are larger
+than 12,000 gal (45,400 L) capacity and are not within the
+diked area or the drainage path of tanks storing Class I or
+Class II liquids shall not be required to meet the requirements
+of 66.22.7.1.1. [30:22.7.1.1.3]
+66.22.7.1.2 For vertical tanks, the emergency relief venting
+construction referred to in 66.22.7.1.1 shall be permitted to be
+a floating roof, a lifter roof, a weak roof-to-shell seam, or an-
+other approved pressure-relieving construction. [30:22.7.1.2]
+66.22.7.1.3 If unstable liquids are stored, the effects of heat or
+gas resulting from polymerization, decomposition, condensa-
+tion, or self-reactivity shall be taken into account. [30:22.7.1.3]
+66.22.7.1.4 If two-phase flow is anticipated during emergency
+venting, an engineering evaluation shall be conducted in or-
+der to size the pressure-relieving devices. [30:22.7.1.4]
+66.22.7.2 Weak Roof-to-Shell Seam Construction.If used, a
+weak roof-to-shell seam shall be constructed to fail preferen-
+tial to any other seam and shall be designed in accordance
+with API Standard 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage ,o r
+ANSI/UL 142,Standard for Steel Aboveground Tanks for Flammable
+and Combustible Liquids.[ 30:22.7.2]
+66.22.7.3 Pressure-Relieving Devices.
+66.22.7.3.1* Where entire dependence for emergency relief
+venting is placed upon pressure-relieving devices, the total
+venting capacity of both normal and emergency vents shall be
+sufficient to prevent rupture of the shell or bottom of a vertical
+tank or of the shell or heads of a horizontal tank. [30:22.7.3.1]
+66.22.7.3.2 Emergency relief vent devices shall be vaportight
+and shall be permitted to be any one of the following:
+(1) Self-closing manway cover
+(2) Manway cover provided with long bolts that permit the
+cover to lift under internal pressure
+(3) Additional or larger relief valve or valves
+[30:22.7.3.2.1]
+66.22.7.3.3 The outlets of all vents and vent drains on tanks
+equipped with emergency relief venting that permits pres-
+sures to exceed a gauge pressure of 2.5 psi (17.2 kPa) shall be
+arranged to discharge so that localized overheating of or
+flame impingement on any part of the tank will not occur if
+vapors from the vents are ignited. [30:22.7.3.9]
+66.22.7.3.4 Each commercial tank venting device shall have
+the following stamped on it:
+(1) Start-to-open pressure
+(2) Pressure at which the valve reaches the full open position
+(3) Flow capacity at the pressure indicated by 66.22.7.3.4(2)
+[30:22.7.3.10]
+66.22.7.4* Extension of Emergency Vent Piping.Piping to or
+from approved emergency vent devices for atmospheric and
+low-pressure tanks shall be sized to provide emergency vent
+flows that limit the back pressure to less than the maximum
+pressure permitted by the design of the tank. Piping to or
+from approved emergency vent devices for pressure vessels
+shall be sized in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure
+Vessel Code.[ 30:22.7.4]
+66.22.8 Fire Control.
+66.22.8.1* A fire-extinguishing system in accordance with an
+applicable NFPA standard shall be provided or shall be avail-
+able for vertical atmospheric fixed-roof storage tanks larger
+than 50,000 gal (190 m 3) capacity, storing Class I liquids, if
+Table 66.22.4.2.1 Minimum Shell-to-Shell Spacing of Aboveground Storage Tanks
+Fixed or Horizontal Tanks
+Tank Diameter Floating Roof Tanks Class I or II Liquids Class IIIA Liquids
+All tanks not over 150 ft (45 m)
+in diameter
+1⁄6 × sum of adjacent tank
+diameters but not less than
+3 ft (0.9 m)
+1⁄6 × sum of adjacent tank
+diameters but not less than
+3 ft (0.9 m)
+1⁄6 × sum of adjacent tank
+diameters but not less than
+3 ft (0.9 m)
+Tanks larger than 150 ft (45 m)
+in diameter:
+If remote impounding is
+provided in accordance
+with 66.22.11.1
+1⁄6 × sum of adjacent tank
+diameters
+1⁄4 × sum of adjacent tank
+diameters
+1⁄6 × sum of adjacent tank
+diameters
+If open diking is provided in
+accordance with 66.22.11.2
+1⁄4 × sum of adjacent tank
+diameters
+1⁄3 × sum of adjacent tank
+diameters
+1⁄4 × sum of adjacent tank
+diameters
+[30: Table 22.4.2.1]
+1–366 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+located in a congested area where there is an unusual expo-
+sure hazard to the tank from adjacent property or to adjacent
+property from the tank. [30:22.8.1]
+66.22.8.2 Fixed-roof tanks storing Class II or Class III liquids
+at temperatures below their flash points and floating-roof
+tanks storing any liquid shall not require protection when in-
+stalled in accordance with this section. [30:22.8.2]
+66.22.9 Additional Requirements for Fire-Resistant Above-
+ground Storage Tanks.
+66.22.9.1 Fire-resistant tanks shall be tested and listed in ac-
+cordance with UL 2080, Standard for Fire Resistant Tanks for
+Flammable and Combustible Liquids.[ 30:22.9.1]
+66.22.10 Additional Requirements for Protected Above-
+ground Storage Tanks.
+66.22.10.1 Protected aboveground tanks shall be tested and
+listed in accordance with ANSI/UL 2085, Standard for Protected
+Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids .
+[30:22.10.1]
+66.22.11* Control of Spills from Aboveground Storage Tanks.
+Every tank that contains a Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquid
+shall be provided with means to prevent an accidental release
+of liquid from endangering important facilities and adjoining
+property or from reaching waterways. Such means shall meet
+the requirements of 66.22.11.1, 66.22.11.2, 66.22.11.3, or
+66.22.11.4, whichever is applicable. [30:22.11]
+66.22.11.1 Remote Impounding. Where control of spills is
+provided by drainage to a remote impounding area so that
+spilled liquid does not collect around tanks, the requirements
+of 66.22.11.1.1 through 66.22.11.1.4 shall apply. [30:22.11.1]
+66.22.11.1.1 The drainage route shall have a slope of not less
+than 1 percent away from the tank for at least 50 ft (15 m)
+toward the impounding area. [30:22.11.1.1]
+66.22.11.1.2 The impounding area shall have a capacity not
+less than that of the largest tank that drains into it.
+Exception: Where compliance with 66.22.11.1.2 is not possible be-
+cause there is not enough open area around the tanks, partial remote
+impounding for a percentage of the required capacity is permitted. The
+remainder of the volume required for spill control can be provided by
+open diking meeting the requirements of 66.22.11.3.
+[30:22.11.1.2]
+66.22.11.1.3 The drainage route shall be located so that, if
+the liquid in the drainage system is ignited, the fire will not
+seriously expose tanks or adjoining property. [30:22.11.1.3]
+66.22.11.1.4 The impounding area shall be located so that,
+when filled to capacity, the liquid will not be closer than 50 ft
+(15 m) from any property line that is or can be built upon or
+from any tank. [30:22.11.1.4]
+Exception: Where partial remote impounding as provided for in
+66.22.11.1.2 is used, the liquid in the partial remote impounding area
+shall meet the requirements of 66.22.11.1.4. Tank spacing shall be deter-
+mined based on the diked tank provisions of Table 66.22.4.2.1.
+66.22.11.2 Impounding Around Tanks by Open Diking.Where
+control of spills is provided by means of impounding by open
+diking around the tanks, such systems shall meet the require-
+ments of 66.22.11.2.1 through 66.22.11.2.8. [30:22.11.2]
+66.22.11.2.1 A slope of not less than 1 percent away from the
+tank shall be provided for at least 50 ft (15 m) or to the dike
+base, whichever is less. [30:22.11.2.1]
+66.22.11.2.2* The volumetric capacity of the diked area shall
+not be less than the greatest amount of liquid that can be
+released from the largest tank within the diked area, assuming
+a full tank. [30:22.11.2.2]
+66.22.11.2.2.1 To allow for volume occupied by tanks, the ca-
+pacity of the diked area enclosing more than one tank shall be
+calculated after deducting the volume of the tanks, other than
+the largest tank, below the height of the dike. [30:22.11.2.2.1]
+66.22.11.2.3 To permit access, the outside base of the dike at
+ground level shall be no closer than 10 ft (3 m) to any property
+line that is or can be built upon. [30:22.11.2.3]
+66.22.11.2.4 Walls of the diked area shall be of earth, steel,
+concrete, or solid masonry designed to be liquidtight and to
+withstand a full hydrostatic head. [30:22.11.2.4]
+66.22.11.2.4.1* Earthen walls 3 ft (0.9 m) or more in height
+shall have a flat section at the top not less than 2 ft (0.6 m)
+wide and shall have a slope that is consistent with the angle of
+repose of the material of which the wall is constructed.
+[30:22.11.2.4.1]
+66.22.11.2.5 Where the average interior height of the walls of
+the diked area exceeds 6 ft (1.8 m), provisions shall be made
+for normal access; necessary emergency access to tanks, valves,
+and other equipment; and egress from the diked enclosure.
+The following requirements shall apply:
+(1) Where the average height of a dike containing Class I
+liquids is over 12 ft (3.6 m) high, measured from interior
+grade, or where the distance between any tank and the
+top inside edge of the dike wall is less than the height of
+the dike wall, provisions shall be made for operation of
+valves and for access to tank roof(s) without entering be-
+low the top of the dike. These provisions shall be permit-
+ted to be met through the use of remote-operated valves,
+elevated walkways, or other arrangements.
+(2) Piping passing through dike walls shall be designed to
+withstand imposed stresses as a result of settlement or fire
+exposure.
+(3) The distance between the shell of any tank and the toe of the
+interior of the dike wall shall be not less than 5 ft (1.5 m).
+[30:22.11.2.5]
+66.22.11.2.6 Each diked area containing two or more tanks
+shall be subdivided, preferably by drainage channels or at least
+by intermediate dikes, in order to prevent minor spills from a
+tank from endangering adjacent tanks within the diked area.
+[30:22.11.2.6]
+66.22.11.2.6.1 The drainage channels or intermediate dikes
+shall be located between tanks so as to take full advantage of
+the space with due regard for the individual tank capacities.
+[30:22.11.2.6.1]
+66.22.11.2.6.2 Intermediate dikes shall be not less than 18 in.
+(450 mm) in height. [30:22.11.2.6.2]
+66.22.11.2.6.3Subdivision shall be provided according to the re-
+quirements of 66.22.11.2.6.3.1, 66.22.11.2.6.3.2, 66.22.11.2.6.3.3,
+66.22.11.2.6.3.4, or 66.22.11.2.6.3.5, whichever is applicable.
+[30:22.11.2.6.3]
+1–367FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.22.11.2.6.3.1 Where stable liquids are stored in vertical cone
+roof tanks of weak roof-to-shell seam design or in floating roof
+tanks, one subdivision shall be provided for each tank greater
+than 10,000 bbl (420,000 gal or 1590 m3) capacity. In addition,
+one subdivision shall be provided for each group of tanks [with
+no individual tank exceeding 10,000 bbl (420,000 gal or
+1590 m3) capacity] having an aggregate capacity not greater than
+15,000 bbl (630,000 gal or 2385 m3). [30:22.11.2.6.3.1]
+66.22.11.2.6.3.2 Where crude petroleum is stored in producing
+areas in any type of tank, one subdivision shall be provided for
+each tank greater than 10,000 bbl (420,000 gal or 1590 m3) ca-
+pacity. In addition, one subdivision shall be provided for each
+group of tanks [with no individual tank exceeding 10,000 bbl
+(420,000 gal or 1590 m3) capacity] having an aggregate capacity
+not greater than 15,000 bbl (630,000 gal or 2385 m 3).
+[30:22.11.2.6.3.2]
+66.22.11.2.6.3.3 Where stable liquids are stored in tanks not
+covered in 66.22.11.2.6.3.1, one subdivision shall be provided for
+each tank greater than 2380 bbl (100,000 gal or 380 m3) capacity.
+In addition, one subdivision shall be provided for each group of
+tanks [with no individual tank exceeding 2380 bbl (100,000 gal
+or 380 m3) capacity] having an aggregate capacity not greater
+than 3750 bbl (150,000 gal or 570 m3). [30:22.11.2.6.3.3]
+66.22.11.2.6.3.4* Where unstable liquids are stored in any
+type of tank, one subdivision shall be provided for each tank.
+Exception: Tanks that store unstable liquids and that are installed
+with drainage meeting the requirements of NFPA 15 need not meet this
+requirement.
+[30:22.11.2.6.3.4]
+66.22.11.2.6.3.5 Whenever two or more tanks storing Class I
+liquids, any one of which is over 150 ft (45 m) in diameter, are
+located in a common diked area, intermediate dikes shall be
+provided between adjacent tanks to hold at least 10 percent of
+the capacity of the tank so enclosed, not including the volume
+displaced by the tank. [30:22.11.2.6.3.5]
+66.22.11.2.7 Where provision is made for draining water
+from diked areas, such drains shall be controlled to prevent
+liquids from entering natural water courses, public sewers, or
+public drains. [30:22.11.2.7]
+66.22.11.2.7.1 Control of drainage shall be accessible under
+fire conditions from outside the dike. [30:22.11.2.7.1]
+66.22.11.2.8 Storage of combustible materials, empty drums,
+full drums, or barrels shall not be permitted within the diked
+area. [30:22.11.2.8]
+66.22.11.3 Impounding Around Tanks by Closed-Top Diking.
+Where control of spills is provided by means of impounding by
+closed-top diking around the tanks, such systems shall meet all
+of the requirements of 66.22.11.4 or shall meet the require-
+ments of 66.22.11.3.1 through 66.22.11.3.4. [30:22.11.3]
+66.22.11.3.1* The volumetric capacity of the diked area shall
+not be less than the greatest amount of liquid that can be
+released from the largest tank within the diked area, assuming
+a full tank. [30:22.11.3.1]
+66.22.11.3.2 To allow for volume occupied by tanks, the ca-
+pacity of the diked area enclosing more than one tank shall be
+calculated after deducting the volume of the tanks, other than
+the largest tank, below the height of the dike. [30:22.11.3.2]
+66.22.11.3.3 To permit access, the outside base of the dike at
+ground level shall be no closer than 10 ft (3 m) to any property
+line that is or can be built upon. [30:22.11.3.3]
+66.22.11.3.4 Walls of the diked area shall be of steel, con-
+crete, or solid masonry designed to be liquidtight and to with-
+stand a full hydrostatic head. [30:22.11.3.4]
+66.22.11.3.5 Where provision is made for draining water
+from diked areas, such drains shall be controlled to prevent
+liquids from entering natural water courses, public sewers, or
+public drains. [30:22.11.3.5]
+66.22.11.3.5.1 Control of drainage shall be accessible under
+fire conditions from outside the dike. [30:22.11.3.5.1]
+66.22.11.3.6 Storage of combustible materials, empty drums,
+full drums, or barrels shall not be permitted within the diked
+area. [30:22.11.3.6]
+66.22.11.3.7 The capacity of the primary tank shall not ex-
+ceed the capacities given in Table 66.22.11.4.1. [30:22.11.3.7]
+66.22.11.3.8 All piping connections to the tank shall be made
+above the normal maximum liquid level. [30:22.11.3.8]
+66.22.11.3.9 The tank shall be capable of resisting the dam-
+age from the impact of a motor vehicle, or collision barriers
+shall be provided. [30:22.11.3.9]
+66.22.11.3.10 Where the means of secondary containment is
+enclosed, it shall be provided with emergency venting in ac-
+cordance with 66.22.7. [30:22.11.3.10]
+66.22.11.3.11 Means shall be provided to establish the integrity
+of the secondary containment, in accordance with Section 66.21.
+[30:22.11.3.11]
+66.22.11.3.12 Where the normal vent or the emergency vent
+device or both discharge outside the enclosure created by the
+closed-top diking, the tank within the enclosure shall comply
+with 66.22.11.4.4 and 66.22.11.4.5. [30:22.11.3.12]
+66.22.11.3.13 Where the fill connection for the tank within
+the enclosure created by the closed-top diking is not located
+within the enclosure, the tank shall meet the requirements of
+66.22.11.4.4 and 66.22.11.4.5. [30:22.11.3.13]
+66.22.11.4 Secondary Containment–Type Aboveground Stor-
+age Tanks.Where a secondary containment–type tank is used
+to provide spill control, the tank shall meet all of the require-
+ments of 66.22.11.4.1 through 66.22.11.4.10. [30:22.11.4]
+66.22.11.4.1 The capacity of the listed primary tank shall not
+exceed the capacities given in Table 66.22.11.4.1. [30:22.11.4.1]
+66.22.11.4.2 All piping connections to the tank shall be made
+above the maximum liquid level. [30:22.11.4.2]
+Table 66.22.11.4.1 Maximum Capacities for Secondary
+Containment–Type Aboveground Storage Tanks
+Liquid
+Classification
+Capacity
+gal L
+I 12,000 45,400
+II and IIIA 20,000 75,700
+[30: Table 22.11.4.1]
+1–368 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.22.11.4.3 Means shall be provided to prevent the release
+of liquid from the tank by siphon flow. [30:22.11.4.3]
+66.22.11.4.4 Means shall be provided for determining the
+level of liquid in the tank. This means shall be accessible to the
+delivery operator. [30:22.11.4.4]
+66.22.11.4.5 Means shall be provided to prevent overfilling by
+sounding an alarm when the liquid level in the tank reaches
+90 percent of capacity and by automatically stopping delivery
+of liquid to the tank when the liquid level in the tank reaches
+95 percent of capacity. [30:22.11.4.5]
+66.22.11.4.5.1 In no case shall these provisions restrict or in-
+terfere with the functioning of the normal vent or the emer-
+gency vent. [30:22.11.4.5.1]
+66.22.11.4.6 Spacing between adjacent tanks shall be not less
+than 3 ft (0.9 m). [30:22.11.4.6]
+66.22.11.4.7 The tank shall be capable of resisting the dam-
+age from the impact of a motor vehicle, or collision barriers
+shall be provided. [30:22.11.4.7]
+66.22.11.4.8 Where the means of secondary containment is
+enclosed, it shall be provided with emergency venting in ac-
+cordance with 66.22.7. [30:22.11.4.8]
+66.22.11.4.9 Means shall be provided to establish the integrity
+of the secondary containment, in accordance with Section 66.21.
+[30:22.11.4.9]
+66.22.11.4.10 The secondary containment shall be designed
+to withstand the hydrostatic head resulting from a leak from
+the primary tank of the maximum amount of liquid that can
+be stored in the primary tank. [30:22.11.4.10]
+66.22.12 Equipment, Piping, and Fire Protection Systems in
+Remote Impoundment Areas and Diked Areas.
+66.22.12.1* Location of Piping.Only piping for product, util-
+ity, or fire protection purposes directly connected to a tank or
+tanks within a single diked area shall be routed through a
+diked area, a remote impoundment area, a spillway draining
+to a remote impoundment area, or above a storage tank drain-
+age area where the piping can be exposed to a fire.
+Exception: Piping for other product lines and from adjacent tanks is
+permitted to be routed through such areas if engineering designs are
+provided to incorporate features to prevent the piping from creating an
+exposure hazard.
+[30:22.12.1]
+66.22.12.2 Drainage.
+66.22.12.2.1 Drainage shall be provided to prevent accumu-
+lation of any liquid under the piping by providing a slope of
+not less than 1 percent away from the piping for at least 50 ft
+(15 m). [30:22.12.2.1]
+66.22.12.2.2 Corrosion-resistant piping and piping that is
+protected against corrosion shall be permitted to be buried
+where such drainage is not provided. [30:22.12.2.2]
+66.22.12.3* Location of Equipment.If located in a remote
+impoundment area, a diked area, or a spillway draining to a
+remote impoundment area, process equipment, pumps, in-
+strumentation, and electrical utilization equipment shall be
+located or protected so that a fire involving such equipment
+does not constitute an exposure hazard to the tank or tanks in
+the same area for a period of time consistent with emergency
+response capabilities. [30:22.12.3]
+66.22.12.4 Fire Protection Systems.Hose connections, con-
+trols, and control valves for application of fire protection foam
+or water to tanks shall be located outside remote impound-
+ment areas, diked areas, or spillways draining to a remote im-
+poundment area. [30:22.12.4]
+66.22.12.5 Combustible Materials. Structures such as stair-
+ways, walkways, instrumentation shelters, and supports for pip-
+ing and equipment that are located in a remote impound-
+ment area, diked area, or spillway draining to a remote
+impoundment area shall be constructed of noncombustible
+materials. [30:22.12.5]
+66.22.13 Tank Openings Other Than Vents.
+66.22.13.1 Each connection to an aboveground tank through
+which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an inter-
+nal or an external valve located as close as practical to the shell
+of the tank. [30:22.13.1]
+66.22.13.2 Each connection below the liquid level through
+which liquid does not normally flow shall be provided with a
+liquidtight closure such as a valve, plug, or blind, or a combi-
+nation of these. [30:22.13.2]
+66.22.13.3 Openings for gauging on tanks storing Class I liq-
+uids shall be provided with a vaportight cap or cover. [30:22.13.3]
+66.22.13.4 Filling and emptying connections for Class I,
+Class II, and Class IIIA liquids that are connected and discon-
+nected shall be located outside of buildings at a location free
+from any source of ignition. [30:22.13.4]
+66.22.13.4.1 Such connections shall be located not less than
+5 ft (1.5 m) away from any building opening. [30:22.13.4.1]
+66.22.13.4.2 Such connections for any liquid shall be closed
+and liquidtight when not in use and shall be properly identi-
+fied. [30:22.13.4.2]
+66.22.14 Aboveground Storage Tanks Located in Areas Sub-
+ject to Flooding.
+66.22.14.1 Vertical tanks shall be located so that the tops of
+the tanks extend above the maximum flood stage by at least
+30 percent of their allowable storage capacity. [30:22.14.1]
+66.22.14.2 Horizontal tanks that are located where more
+than 70 percent of the tank’s storage capacity will be sub-
+merged at the established flood stage shall be secured by one
+of the following methods:
+(1) Anchored to resist movement
+(2) Attached to a foundation of steel and concrete or of con-
+crete having sufficient weight to provide load for the tank
+when filled with liquid and submerged by flood water to
+the established flood stage
+(3) Secured from floating by other means
+[30:22.14.2]
+66.22.14.3 Tank vents or other openings that are not liq-
+uidtight shall extend above the maximum flood stage water
+level. [30:22.14.3]
+66.22.14.4 A dependable water supply shall be used for filling
+an empty or partially filled tank.
+Exception: Where filling the tank with water is impractical or hazard-
+ous because of the contents of the tank, the tank should be protected by
+other means against movement or collapse.
+[30:22.14.4]
+1–369FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.22.14.5 Spherical or spheroid tanks shall be protected by
+any of the methods specified in 66.22.14. [30:22.14.5]
+66.22.15 Collision Protection for Aboveground Storage Tanks.
+Where a tank is exposed to vehicular impact, protection shall
+be provided to prevent damage to the tank. [30:22.15]
+66.22.16 Installation Instructions for Aboveground Storage
+Tanks.Factory-built aboveground tanks shall be provided with
+instructions for testing the tanks and for installation of the
+normal and emergency vents. [30:22.16]
+66.22.17 Inspection and Maintenance of Aboveground Stor-
+age Tanks.
+66.22.17.1 Inspection and maintenance of aboveground
+tanks shall meet the requirements of 66.21.8. [30:22.17.1]
+66.22.17.2 Each aboveground steel tank shall be inspected
+and maintained in accordance with API 653, Tank Inspection,
+Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction, or STI SP001, Standard for
+Inspection of Aboveground Storage Tanks, whichever is applicable.
+[30:22.17.2]
+66.22.17.3 Each tank constructed of other materials shall be
+inspected and maintained in accordance with manufacturers’
+instructions and applicable standards. [30:22.17.3]
+66.22.17.4 Pontoons in external floating roof tanks shall be in-
+spected, at intervals not exceeding 5 years, by visual and atmo-
+spheric testing methods to ensure that the pontoon covers are
+mechanically secured to the floating roof deck and to ensure the
+pontoons do not contain liquids or vapors resulting from leaks or
+corrosion holes in the pontoons. Rim vents, if any, shall also be
+inspected to ensure that they are not frozen open. [30:22.17.4]
+66.23 Storage of Liquids in Tanks — Underground Tanks.
+66.23.1 Scope. This section shall apply to the following:
+(1) The storage of flammable and combustible liquids, as de-
+fined in Section 66.23, in fixed underground tanks
+(2) The installation and operation of underground tanks
+[30:23.1]
+66.23.2 Definitions Specific to Chapter 23. (Reserved)
+66.23.3 General Requirements.
+66.23.3.1 Installation. All underground tanks shall be installed
+in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. [30:23.3.1]
+66.23.3.2 Excavation. Excavation for underground tanks shall
+not undermine foundations of existing structures. [30:23.3.2]
+66.23.3.3* Care in Handling of Tank.The tank shall not be
+damaged during delivery, unloading, and placement into the
+tank excavation. [30:23.3.3]
+66.23.3.4 External Corrosion Protection for Underground
+Storage Tank.Underground tanks and their piping shall be
+protected by either of the following:
+(1)*A properly engineered, installed, and maintained ca-
+thodic protection system in accordance with recognized
+engineering standards of design
+(2)*Approved or listed corrosion-resistant materials or systems
+[30:23.3.4]
+66.23.3.4.1* Selection of the type of protection to be em-
+ployed shall be based upon the corrosion history of the area
+and the judgment of a qualified engineer.[30:23.3.4.1]
+66.23.3.4.2 The AHJ shall be permitted to waive the require-
+ments for corrosion protection where an engineering evaluation
+demonstrates that such protection is not necessary. [30:23.3.4.2]
+66.23.4 Location of Underground Storage Tanks.
+66.23.4.1 Underground tanks or tanks under buildings shall
+be located with respect to existing building foundations and
+supports so that the loads carried by the foundation are not
+transmitted to the tank. [30:23.4.1]
+66.23.4.2 The distance from any part of a tank storing Class I
+liquids to the nearest wall of any basement or pit shall be not
+less than 1 ft (0.3 m) and to any property line that can be built
+upon, not less than 3 ft (0.9 m). [30:23.4.2]
+66.23.4.3 The distance from any part of a tank storing Class II
+or Class III liquids to the nearest wall of any basement, pit, or
+property line shall be not less than 1 ft (0.3 m). [30:23.4.3]
+66.23.5 Reserved.
+66.23.6 Normal Venting for Underground Storage Tanks.
+66.23.6.1* Tank venting systems shall be provided with suffi-
+cient capacity to prevent blowback of vapor or liquid at the fill
+opening while the tank is being filled. [30:23.6.1]
+66.23.6.2 Vent piping shall be sized in accordance with
+Table 66.23.6.2, but shall not be less than 1.25 in. (32 mm)
+nominal inside diameter. [ 30:23.6.2]
+66.23.6.3 Where tank venting devices are installed in vent
+lines, their flow capacities shall be determined in accordance
+with 66.22.7.3.4. [30:23.6.3]
+66.23.6.4 Piping for normal venting shall be designed in ac-
+cordance with Section 66.27. [30:23.6.4]
+66.23.7 Reserved.
+66.23.8 Reserved.
+66.23.9 Reserved.
+66.23.10 Reserved.
+66.23.11 Reserved.
+66.23.12 Reserved.
+66.23.13 Tank Openings Other than Vents.
+66.23.13.1 Connections for all tank openings shall be liq-
+uidtight and vaportight. [30:23.13.1]
+Table 66.23.6.2 Nominal Vent Line Diameter in Inches
+Maximum
+Flow (gpm)
+Pipe Length*
+50 ft 100 ft 200 ft
+100 1.25 1.25 1.25
+200 1.25 1.25 1.25
+300 1.25 1.25 1.5
+400 1.25 1.5 2
+500 1.5 1.5 2
+600 1.5 2 2
+700 2 2 2
+800 2 2 3
+900 2 2 3
+1000 2 2 3
+For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 gal = 3.8 L.
+*Assumes stated length of piping, plus 7 ells. [30: Table 23.6.2]
+1–370 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.23.13.2 Openings for manual gauging, if independent of
+the fill pipe, shall be provided with a liquidtight and vapor-
+tight cap or cover. Covers shall be kept closed when not gaug-
+ing. [30:23.13.2]
+66.23.13.2.1 If inside a building, each such opening shall be
+protected against liquid overflow and possible vapor release by
+means of a spring-loaded check valve or other approved device.
+[30:23.13.2.1]
+66.23.13.3 Fill and discharge lines shall enter tanks only
+through the top. [30:23.13.3]
+66.23.13.4 Fill lines shall be sloped toward the tank.
+[30:23.13.4]
+66.23.13.5 Underground tanks for Class I liquids having a
+capacity of more than 1000 gal (3800 L) shall be equipped
+with a tight fill device for connecting the fill hose to the tank.
+[30:23.13.5]
+66.23.13.6 Filling, emptying, and vapor recovery connections
+for Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquids that are connected and
+disconnected shall be located outside of buildings at a loca-
+tion free from any source of ignition and not less than 5 ft
+(1.5 m) from any building opening. [30:23.13.6]
+66.23.13.6.1 Such connections shall be closed and liquidtight
+and vaportight when not in use. [30:23.13.6.1]
+66.23.13.6.2 Such connections shall be identified.
+[30:23.13.6.2]
+66.23.13.7 Tank openings provided for purposes of vapor re-
+covery shall be protected against possible vapor release by
+means of a spring-loaded check valve or dry-break connection,
+or other approved device, unless the opening is pipe-
+connected to a vapor processing system. [30:23.13.7]
+66.23.13.7.1 Openings designed for combined fill and vapor
+recovery shall also be protected against vapor release unless
+connection of the liquid delivery line to the fill pipe simulta-
+neously connects the vapor recovery line. [30:23.13.7.1]
+66.23.13.7.2 All connections shall be vaportight. [30:23.13.7.2]
+66.23.14 Underground Storage Tanks Located in Areas Sub-
+ject to Flooding.
+66.23.14.1 Water Ballast.At locations where an ample and de-
+pendable water supply is available, underground tanks con-
+taining flammable or combustible liquids, placed so that more
+than 70 percent of their storage capacity will be submerged at
+the maximum flood stage, shall be so anchored, weighted, or
+secured as to prevent movement when filled or loaded with
+water and submerged by floodwater to the established flood
+stage. [30:23.14.1]
+66.23.14.1.1 Tank vents or other openings that are not liq-
+uidtight shall be extended above maximum flood stage water
+level. [30:23.14.1.1]
+66.23.14.2* Tank Anchoring.At locations where an ample and
+dependable water supply is not available or where filling of
+underground tanks with water is impractical because of the
+contents, each tank shall be safeguarded against movement
+when empty and submerged by high groundwater or floodwa-
+ter by anchoring or by securing by other means. [30:23.14.2]
+66.23.14.2.1 Each such tank shall be so constructed and in-
+stalled that it will safely resist external pressures if submerged.
+[30:23.14.2.1]
+66.23.15 Reserved.
+66.23.16 Installation Instructions for Underground Storage
+Tanks.Factory-built underground tanks shall be provided with
+instructions for testing and for installation of the normal
+vents. [30:23.16]
+66.23.17 Inspection and Maintenance of Underground Stor-
+age Tanks.
+66.23.17.1 Inspection and maintenance for underground
+tanks shall meet the requirements of 66.21.8. [30:23.17.1]
+66.23.17.2 Overfill protection devices or systems shall be
+inspected and tested annually to ensure proper operation.
+[30:23.17.2]
+66.24 Storage Tank Buildings.
+66.24.1* Scope.
+66.24.1.1 This section shall apply to installations of tanks stor-
+ing Class I, Class II, and Class IIIA liquids in storage tank build-
+ings. [30:24.1.1]
+66.24.1.2 This chapter shall also apply to installations of
+aboveground storage tanks storing Class IIIB liquids in storage
+tank buildings where Class IIIB liquids are heated up to or
+above their flash point. [30:24.1.2]
+66.24.1.3 This section shall not apply to the following:
+(1) Tanks covered by Sections 66.17, 66.18, and 66.19.
+(2) A tank that has a canopy or roof that does not limit the
+dissipation of heat or dispersion of flammable vapors and
+does not restrict fire-fighting access and control. Such
+tanks shall comply with the provisions of this Code.
+[30:24.1.3]
+66.24.2 Definitions Specific to Chapter 24. (Reserved)
+66.24.3 Reserved.
+66.24.4 Location of Storage Tank Buildings.
+66.24.4.1 Tanks and associated equipment within the storage
+tank building shall be so located that a fire in the area shall not
+constitute an exposure hazard to adjoining buildings or tanks for
+a period of time consistent with the response and suppression
+capabilities of the fire-fighting operations available to the loca-
+tion. Compliance with 66.24.4.2 through 66.24.4.8 shall be
+deemed as meeting the requirements of 66.24.4.1. [30:24.4.1]
+66.24.4.2 The minimum distance from exposed property
+lines and buildings for tank installations within structures hav-
+ing walls with a fire resistance rating of less than 2 hours shall
+be in accordance with Table 66.24.4.2. [30:24.4.2]
+66.24.4.3 The capacity of any individual tank shall not exceed
+100,000 gal (380 m 3) without the approval of the AHJ.
+[30:24.4.3]
+66.24.4.4 Where protection for exposures is not provided,
+the distances given in Table 66.24.4.2 shall be doubled. The
+distances shall not be required to exceed 300 ft (90 m).
+[30:24.4.4]
+66.24.4.5 Where a storage tank building has an exterior wall
+facing an exposure, the distances in Table 66.24.4.2 shall be
+permitted to be modified as follows:
+1–371FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) Where the wall is a blank wall having a fire resistance rat-
+ing of not less than 2 hours, separation distance between
+the storage tank building and its exposure shall not be
+required to be greater than 25 ft (7.6 m).
+(2) Where a blank wall having a fire resistance rating of not
+less than 4 hours is provided, the distance requirements
+of Table 66.24.4.2 shall not apply.
+(3)*Where Class IA liquids or unstable liquids are stored, the
+exposing wall shall have explosion resistance in accor-
+dance with recognized engineering standards, and defla-
+gration venting designed in accordance with NFPA 68
+shall be provided in the nonexposing walls and roof.
+[30:24.4.5]
+66.24.4.6 Other equipment associated with tanks, such as
+pumps, heaters, filters, and exchangers, shall not be located
+closer than 25 ft (7.6 m) to property lines where the adjoin-
+ing property is or can be built upon or to the nearest impor-
+tant building on the same property that is not an integral
+part of the storage tank building. This spacing requirement
+shall not apply where exposures are protected as outlined
+in 66.24.4.2. [ 30:24.4.6]
+66.24.4.7 Tanks in which unstable liquids are stored shall be
+separated from potential fire exposures by a clear space of at
+least 25 ft (7.6 m) or by a wall having a fire resistance rating of
+not less than 2 hours. [30:24.4.7]
+66.24.4.8 Each storage tank building and each tank within
+the building shall be accessible from at least two sides for fire
+fighting and fire control. [30:24.4.8]
+66.24.4.9 Class I liquids and Class II or Class IIIA liquids
+heated above their flash points shall not be stored in base-
+ments. [30:24.4.9]
+66.24.5 Construction of Storage Tank Buildings.
+66.24.5.1 Storage tank buildings shall be constructed so as to
+maintain structural integrity for 2 hours under fire exposure
+conditions and to provide access and egress for unobstructed
+movement of all personnel and fire protection equipment.
+Compliance with 66.24.5.2 through 66.24.5.7 shall be deemed
+as meeting the requirements of 66.24.5.1. [30:24.5.1]
+66.24.5.2* Buildings or structures shall be of at least 2-hour
+fire resistance rating. [30:24.5.2]
+66.24.5.2.1 Noncombustible or combustible construction shall
+be permitted when protected by automatic sprinklers or equiva-
+lent protection subject to the approval of the AHJ. [30:24.5.2.1]
+66.24.5.3 Where Class I liquids are stored above grade within
+buildings with basements or other belowgrade areas into
+which flammable vapors can travel, such belowgrade areas
+shall be provided with mechanical ventilation designed to pre-
+vent the accumulation of flammable vapors. Enclosed storage
+tank pits shall not be considered basements. [30:24.5.3]
+66.24.5.4* Storage tank buildings where Class IA liquids are
+stored shall be designed to direct flame, combustion gases,
+and pressure resulting from an deflagration away from impor-
+tant buildings or occupied areas through the use of damage-
+limiting construction. The damage-limiting construction de-
+sign shall be designed in accordance with NFPA 68 and shall
+be acceptable to the AHJ. [30:24.5.4]
+66.24.5.5 Storage tank buildings where unstable liquids are
+stored shall be designed using an approved engineered con-
+struction method that is intended to limit damage from an
+explosion (deflagration or detonation, depending on the liq-
+uid). [30:24.5.5]
+66.24.5.6* Access aisles of at least 3 ft (0.9 m) shall be main-
+tained for movement of fire-fighting personnel and fire pro-
+tection equipment. [30:24.5.6]
+66.24.5.7 A clear space of at least 3 ft (0.9 m) shall be main-
+tained between the top of each tank and the building structure
+for buildings protected in accordance with 66.24.6.2.3. For build-
+ings without fixed fire suppression systems, sufficient clear space
+shall be provided to allow for the application of hose streams to
+the top of the tank(s) for cooling purposes. [30:24.5.7]
+66.24.6 Fire Protection for Storage Tank Buildings.
+66.24.6.1 Manual Fire Control Equipment for Storage Tank
+Buildings.
+66.24.6.1.1* Listed portable fire extinguishers shall be pro-
+vided for facilities in such quantities, sizes, and types as could
+be needed for special storage hazards as determined in accor-
+dance with 66.21.6.1.2. [30:24.6.1.1]
+66.24.6.1.2* Where the need is indicated in accordance with
+66.21.6.3, water shall be utilized through standpipe and hose
+systems, or through hose connections from sprinkler systems
+Table 66.24.4.2 Location of Storage Tank Buildings with Respect to Property Lines, Public Ways, and the Nearest Important
+Building on the Same Property
+Largest Tank —
+Operating Liquid
+Capacity
+(gal)
+Minimum Distance from Property Line that Is
+or Can Be Built Upon, Including Opposite Side
+of Public Way (ft)
+Minimum Distance from Nearest Side of Any
+Public Way or from Nearest Important Building
+on Same Property (ft)
+Stable Liquid
+Emergency Relief
+Unstable Liquid
+Emergency Relief
+Stable Liquid
+Emergency Relief
+Unstable Liquid
+Emergency Relief
+Not over
+2.5 psi
+Over
+2.5 psi
+Not over
+2.5 psi
+Over
+2.5 psi
+Not over
+2.5 psi
+Over
+2.5 psi
+Not over
+2.5 psi
+Over
+2.5 psi
+Up to 12,000 15 25 40 60 5 10 15 20
+12,001 to 30,000 20 30 50 80 5 10 15 20
+30,001 to 50,000 30 45 75 120 10 15 25 40
+50,001 to 100,000 50 75 125 200 15 25 40 60
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L; 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 psi = 6.9 kPa. [30: Table 66.24.4.2]
+1–372 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+using combination spray and straight stream nozzles to permit
+effective fire control. [30:24.6.1.2]
+66.24.6.1.3 Where the need is indicated in accordance with
+66.21.6.3, mobile foam apparatus shall be provided. [30:24.6.1.3]
+66.24.6.2 Fixed Fire Control Equipment for Tank Buildings.
+66.24.6.2.1 A reliable water supply or other suitable fire con-
+trol agent shall be available in pressure and quantity to meet
+the fire demands indicated by special storage hazards or expo-
+sure as determined by 66.21.6.3. [30:24.6.2.1]
+66.24.6.2.2* Hydrants, with or without fixed monitor nozzles,
+shall be provided in accordance with accepted practice. The
+number and placement shall depend on the hazard of the
+storage, or exposure, as determined by 66.21.6.3. [30:24.6.2.2]
+66.24.6.2.3* Where the need is indicated by the hazards of
+storage or exposure as determined by 66.21.6.3, fixed protec-
+tion shall be required utilizing approved foam, foam-water
+sprinkler systems, sprinkler systems, water spray systems, del-
+uge systems, fire-resistive materials, or a combination of these.
+[30:24.6.2.3]
+66.24.6.2.3.1 When foam or foam-water fire protection sys-
+tems are provided, discharge densities shall be determined
+based on the listing criteria for selected foam discharge de-
+vices, the foam concentrate, and the specific flammable or
+combustible liquids to be protected. [30:24.6.2.3.1]
+66.24.6.2.4 If provided, fire control systems shall be designed,
+installed, and maintained in accordance with the following NFPA
+standards:
+(1) NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion
+Foam
+(2) NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
+(3) NFPA 12A, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems
+(4) NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
+(5) NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Pro-
+tection
+(6) NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler
+and Foam-Water Spray Systems
+(7) NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
+(8) NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Mainte-
+nance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
+[30:24.6.2.4]
+66.24.7 Reserved.
+66.24.8 Electrical Systems for Storage Tank Buildings.
+66.24.8.1 Installation of electrical utilization equipment and
+wiring shall meet the requirements of Section 66.7. [30:24.8.1]
+66.24.8.2 Section 66.7 shall be used to determine the extent
+of classified locations for the purpose of installation of electri-
+cal equipment. [30:24.8.2]
+66.24.8.2.1 In establishing the extent of a classified location, it
+shall not extend beyond a floor, wall, roof, or other solid partition
+that has no openings within the classified area. [30:24.8.2.1]
+66.24.9 Containment, Drainage, and Spill Control from Stor-
+age Tank Buildings.
+66.24.9.1 Drainage systems shall be designed to minimize fire
+exposure to other tanks and adjacent properties or waterways.
+Compliance with 66.24.9.2 through 66.24.9.6 shall be deemed
+as meeting the requirements of 66.24.9.1. [30:24.9.1]
+66.24.9.2 The facility shall be designed and operated to pre-
+vent the discharge of flammable or combustible liquids to
+public waterways, public sewers, or adjoining property under
+normal operating conditions. [30:24.9.2]
+66.24.9.3 Except for drains, solid floors shall be liquidtight
+and walls shall be liquidtight where they join the floor and for
+at least 4 in. (100 mm) above the floor. [30:24.9.3]
+66.24.9.4 Openings to adjacent rooms or buildings shall be
+provided with noncombustible, liquidtight raised sills or
+ramps at least 4 in. (100 mm) in height or shall be otherwise
+designed to prevent the flow of liquids to the adjoining areas.
+[30:24.9.4]
+66.24.9.4.1 An open-grated trench across the width of the
+opening inside of the room that drains to a safe location shall
+be permitted to be used as an alternative to a sill or ramp.
+[30:24.9.4.1]
+66.24.9.5 Means shall be provided to prevent liquid spills
+from running into basements. [30:24.9.5]
+66.24.9.6* The containment shall have a capacity not less than
+that of the largest tank that can drain into it. [30:24.9.6]
+66.24.9.7 Emergency drainage systems shall be provided to
+direct flammable or combustible liquid leakage and fire-
+protection water to a safe location. [30:24.9.7]
+66.24.9.8 Curbs, scuppers, or special drainage systems shall
+be permitted to be used. [30:24.9.8]
+66.24.9.9 Emergency drainage systems, if connected to pub-
+lic sewers or discharged into public waterways, shall be
+equipped with traps or separators. [30:24.9.9]
+66.24.10 Ventilation for Storage Tank Buildings.
+66.24.10.1 Storage tank buildings storing Class I liquids or
+Class II or Class IIIA liquids at temperatures above their flash
+points shall be ventilated at a rate sufficient to maintain the
+concentration of vapors within the building at or below 25 per-
+cent of the lower flammable limit. Compliance with 66.24.10.2
+through 66.24.10.7 shall be deemed as meeting the require-
+ments of 66.24.10.1. [30:24.10.1]
+66.24.10.2* Ventilation shall be designed based on one of the
+following:
+(1) Calculations based on the anticipated fugitive emissions
+(See Annex E of NFPA 30 for calculation methods.)
+(2) Sampling of the actual vapor concentration under nor-
+mal operating conditions
+(3) Ventilation at a rate of not less than 1 cfm of exhaust air
+for each square foot of solid floor area (0.3 m3/min/m2)
+[30:24.10.2]
+66.24.10.2.1 If vapor concentrations are confirmed by sam-
+pling, the sampling shall be conducted at a distance o fa5f t
+(1.5 m) radius from each potential vapor source extending to
+or toward the bottom and the top of the enclosed storage area.
+The vapor concentration used to determine the required ven-
+tilation rate shall be the highest measured concentration dur-
+ing the sampling procedure. [30:24.10.2.1]
+66.24.10.3 Ventilation shall be accomplished by natural or
+mechanical ventilation, with discharge or exhaust to a safe
+location outside the building. [30:24.10.3]
+66.24.10.3.1 Recirculation of exhaust air shall be permitted
+only when it is monitored continuously using a fail-safe system
+1–373FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+that is designed to automatically sound an alarm, stop recircu-
+lation, and provide full exhaust to the outside in the event that
+vapor–air mixtures having concentrations over 25 percent of
+the lower flammable limit are detected. [30:24.10.3.1]
+66.24.10.4* Provision shall be made for introduction of
+make-up air in such a manner as to avoid short-circuiting the
+ventilation. [30:24.10.4]
+66.24.10.5 Ventilation shall be arranged to include all floor
+areas or pits where flammable vapors can collect. [30:24.10.5]
+66.24.10.6 Where natural ventilation is inadequate, mechani-
+cal ventilation shall be provided and shall be kept in operation
+while flammable liquids are being handled. [30:24.10.6]
+66.24.10.6.1 Local or spot ventilation, if provided, shall be
+permitted to be used for up to 75 percent of the required
+ventilation. [30:24.10.6.1]
+66.24.10.7 Storage tank buildings with the interior grade
+more than 12 in. (300 mm) below the average exterior grade
+shall be provided with one of the following:
+(1) Continuous mechanical ventilation in accordance with
+66.24.10.2(3)
+(2) A vapor detection system set to sound a warning alarm at a
+constantly attended location at 25 percent of the lower
+flammable limit, and to start the mechanical ventilation
+system
+[30:24.10.7]
+66.24.11 Reserved.
+66.24.12 Reserved.
+66.24.13 Vents for Tanks Inside Storage Tank Buildings.
+66.24.13.1 Vents for tanks inside tank buildings shall be de-
+signed to ensure that vapors are not released inside the building.
+Compliance with 66.24.13.2 through 66.24.13.6 shall be deemed
+as meeting the requirements of 66.24.13.1. [30:24.13.1]
+66.24.13.2 Vents for tanks inside tank buildings shall be as
+required in 66.21.4.3 and 66.22.7. [30:24.13.2]
+66.24.13.3 Emergency venting by the use of a weak roof-to-
+shell seam shall not be permitted. [30:24.13.3]
+66.24.13.4 Automatic sprinkler systems designed in accor-
+dance with the requirements of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13
+shall be accepted by the AHJ as equivalent to water spray sys-
+tems for purposes of calculating the required airflow rates for
+emergency vents in 22.7.3.5 of NFPA 30, provided the density
+and coverage requirements of NFPA 15 are met. [30:24.13.4]
+66.24.13.5 Vents shall terminate outside the building.
+[30:24.13.5]
+66.24.13.6 Piping for normal and emergency relief venting
+shall meet the requirements of Section 66.27. [30:24.13.6]
+66.24.14 Tank Openings Other than Vents for Tanks Inside
+Storage Tank Buildings.
+66.24.14.1 Tank openings other than vents for tanks inside
+tank buildings shall be designed to ensure that flammable liq-
+uids or vapors are not released inside the building. Compli-
+ance with 66.24.14.2 through 66.24.14.9 shall be deemed as
+meeting the requirements of 66.24.14.1. [30:24.14.1]
+66.24.14.2 All tank openings that are located at or below the
+maximum liquid level shall be liquidtight. Those that are lo-
+cated above the maximum liquid level shall be normally
+closed and shall be mechanically secured to prevent release of
+vapors. [30:24.14.2]
+66.24.14.3 Each liquid transfer connection on any tank stor-
+ing Class I or Class II liquids inside buildings shall be provided
+with one of the following:
+(1) A normally closed, remotely activated valve
+(2) An automatic-closing, heat-activated valve
+(3) Another approved device
+[30:24.14.3]
+66.24.14.4 Connections used for emergency disposal or to
+provide for quick cutoff of flow in the event of fire in the
+vicinity of the tank shall not be required to meet the require-
+ment of 66.24.14.3. [30:24.14.4]
+66.24.14.5 Each connection through which liquid can gravity
+flow from a tank inside a building shall be provided with an
+internal or an external valve located as close as practical to the
+shell of the tank. This valve shall be considered to be in com-
+pliance with 66.24.14.3. If a separate valve is used, both valves
+shall be located adjacent to each other. [30:24.14.5]
+66.24.14.6* Openings for manual gauging of Class I or Class II
+liquids, if independent of the fill pipe, shall be provided with a
+vaportight cap or cover that shall be kept closed when not in
+use. [30:24.14.6]
+66.24.14.6.1 Each such opening for any liquid shall be pro-
+tected against liquid overflow and possible vapor release by
+means of a spring-loaded check valve or other approved de-
+vice. [30:24.14.6.1]
+66.24.14.7 The inlet of the fill pipe and the outlet of a vapor
+recovery line for which connections to tank vehicles and tank
+cars are made and broken shall be as follows:
+(1) Located outside of buildings at a location free from any
+source of ignition
+(2) Located not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) away from any building
+opening
+(3) Closed tight and protected against tampering when not
+in use
+(4) Identified
+[30:24.14.7]
+66.24.14.8* Tanks storing Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquids
+inside buildings shall be equipped with a device, or other
+means shall be provided, to prevent overflow into the build-
+ing. [30:24.14.8]
+66.24.14.9 Tank openings provided for purposes of vapor re-
+covery shall be protected against possible vapor release by
+means of a spring-loaded check valve or dry-break connection
+or other approved device, unless the opening is pipe-
+connected to a vapor processing system. [30:24.14.9]
+66.24.14.9.1 Openings designed for combined fill and vapor
+recovery shall also be protected against vapor release unless
+connection of the liquid delivery line to the fill pipe simulta-
+neously connects the vapor recovery line. [30:24.14.9.1]
+66.24.14.9.2 All connections shall be vaportight. [30:24.14.9.2]
+66.24.15 Detection and Alarm Systems for Storage Tank
+Buildings.
+66.24.15.1 An approved means shall be provided to promptly
+notify those within the plant and the available public or mutual
+aid fire department of any fire or other emergency. [30:24.15.1]
+1–374 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.24.15.2 Those areas, including buildings, where the poten-
+tial exists for a flammable liquid spill shall be monitored as ap-
+propriate. Such methods shall include both of the following:
+(1) Personnel observation or patrol
+(2) Monitoring equipment that indicates a spill or leak has
+occurred in an unattended area
+[30:24.15.2]
+66.24.16 Inspection and Maintenance for Storage Tank Build-
+ings.
+66.24.16.1 Combustible waste material and residues in oper-
+ating areas shall be kept to a minimum, stored in covered
+metal containers, and disposed of daily. [30:24.16.1]
+66.24.16.2 Storage of combustible materials and empty or
+full drums or barrels shall not be permitted within the storage
+tank building. [30:24.16.2]
+66.25 Storage Tank Vaults.
+66.25.1 Scope. This section shall apply to the design, con-
+struction, and installation of vaults for aboveground tanks.
+[30:25.1]
+66.25.2 Definitions Specific to Section 66.25. (Reserved)
+66.25.3 General Requirements.
+66.25.3.1* Storage Tank Selection and Arrangement.
+66.25.3.1.1 Aboveground tanks shall be permitted to be in-
+stalled in vaults that meet the requirements of this chapter.
+[30:25.3.1.1]
+66.25.3.1.2 Vaults shall be constructed and listed in accor-
+dance with ANSI/UL 2245, Standard for Below-Grade Vaults for
+Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks.[ 30:25.3.1.2]
+66.25.3.1.3 Except as modified by the provisions of this sec-
+tion, vaults shall meet all other applicable provisions of this
+Code.[ 30:25.3.1.3]
+66.25.3.1.4 Tanks installed in storage tank vaults shall be
+listed for aboveground use. [30:25.3.1.4]
+66.25.3.1.5 Each tank shall be in its own vault and shall be
+completely enclosed by the vault. [30:25.3.1.5]
+66.25.3.1.6 Sufficient clearance between the tank and the
+vault shall be provided to allow for visual inspection and main-
+tenance of the tank and its appurtenances. [30:25.3.1.6]
+66.25.3.1.7 Backfill shall not be permitted around the tank.
+[30:25.3.1.7]
+66.25.3.1.8 Dispensing devices shall be permitted to be in-
+stalled on the tops of vaults. Dispensing devices used for motor
+fuels shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 30A, Code for
+Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages.[ 30:25.3.1.8]
+66.25.3.1.9 At each entry point into the vault, a warning sign
+indicating the need for procedures for safe entry into con-
+fined spaces shall be posted. Each entry point shall be secured
+against unauthorized entry and vandalism. [30:25.3.1.9]
+66.25.3.2 Storage Tank Appurtenances.
+66.25.3.2.1 An approved means of overfill protection shall be
+provided for the tanks in the vaults. The use of ball float valves
+shall be prohibited. [30:25.3.2.1]
+66.25.3.2.2 Fill connections for vaults installed inside build-
+ings shall comply with 66.22.13.4. [30:25.3.2.2]
+66.25.3.3 Vault Arrangement.
+66.25.3.3.1 Vaults shall be permitted to be either above or
+below grade. [30:25.3.3.1]
+66.25.4 Location of Storage Tank Vaults.In lieu of the separa-
+tion distance requirements given in 66.22.4, separation dis-
+tances between the vault and any of the following shall be
+permitted to be reduced to 0 ft (0 m), as measured from the
+outer perimeter of the vault wall:
+(1) Any property line that is or can be built upon
+(2) The near and far sides of a public way
+(3) The nearest important building on the same property
+[30:25.4]
+66.25.5 Construction and Installation of Storage Tank Vaults.
+66.25.5.1 Construction Requirements.Vaults shall be designed
+and constructed in accordance with 66.25.5.1.1 through
+66.25.5.1.4. [30:25.5.1]
+66.25.5.1.1 The top of an abovegrade vault that contains a
+tank storing Class I liquid or Class II liquid stored at a tempera-
+ture above its flash point shall be constructed of noncombus-
+tible material and shall be designed to be weaker than the
+walls of the vault to ensure that the thrust of any explosion
+occurring inside the vault is directed upward before destruc-
+tive internal pressure develops within the vault. [30:25.5.1.1]
+66.25.5.1.2 The top of an at-grade or belowgrade vault that
+contains a tank storing Class I liquid or Class II liquid stored at
+a temperature above its flash point shall be designed to relieve
+or contain the force of any explosion occurring inside the
+vault. [30:25.5.1.2]
+66.25.5.1.3 Adjacent vaults shall be permitted to share a com-
+mon wall. [30:25.5.1.3]
+66.25.5.1.4 Where required, the vault shall be wind and
+earthquake resistant, in accordance with recognized engineer-
+ing standards. [30:25.5.1.4]
+66.25.5.2 Installation Requirements.Storage tank vaults shall
+be installed in accordance with the requirements of this sec-
+tion. [30:25.5.2]
+66.25.5.2.1 Each vault and its tank shall be anchored to resist
+uplifting by groundwater or flooding, including when the tank
+is empty. [30:25.5.2.1]
+66.25.5.2.2 Vaults that are not resistant to damage from the
+impact of a motor vehicle shall be protected by collision barri-
+ers. [30:25.5.2.2]
+66.25.6 Reserved.
+66.25.7 Reserved.
+66.25.8 Reserved.
+66.25.9 Containment, Drainage, and Spill Control for Storage
+Tank Vaults.
+66.25.9.1 Means shall be provided to recover liquid from the
+vault. [30:25.9.1]
+66.25.9.2 If a pump is used to meet this requirement, the pump
+shall not be permanently installed in the vault. [30:25.9.2]
+66.25.9.3 Electric-powered portable pumps shall be ap-
+proved for use in Class I, Division 1 locations, as defined in
+NFPA 70. [30:25.9.3]
+1–375FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.25.10 Ventilation Systems for Storage Tank Vaults.
+66.25.10.1 Vaults that contain tanks storing Class I liquids
+shall be ventilated at a rate of not less than 1 cfm/ft 2 of floor
+area (0.3 m3/min/m2), but not less than 150 cfm (4 m3/min).
+[30:25.10.1]
+66.25.10.2 Such ventilation shall operate continuously or
+shall be designed to operate upon activation of a vapor and
+liquid detection system. [30:25.10.2]
+66.25.10.3 Failure of the exhaust airflow shall automatically
+shut down the dispensing system. [30:25.10.3]
+66.25.10.4 The exhaust system shall be designed to provide
+air movement across all parts of the vault floor. [30:25.10.4]
+66.25.10.5 Supply and exhaust ducts shall extend to within
+3 in. (75 mm), but not more than 12 in. (300 mm) of the floor.
+[30:25.10.5]
+66.25.10.6 The exhaust system shall be installed in accor-
+dance with the provisions of NFPA 91,Standard for Exhaust Sys-
+tems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible
+Particulate Solids.[ 30:25.10.6]
+66.25.11 Reserved.
+66.25.12 Reserved.
+66.25.13 Vents for Tanks Inside Storage Tank Vaults.
+66.25.13.1 Vent pipes that are provided for normal tank vent-
+ing shall terminate outside the vault and at least 12 ft (3.6 m)
+above ground level and shall meet the requirements of
+66.27.8.1. [30:25.13.1]
+66.25.13.2 Emergency vents shall be vaportight and shall be
+permitted to discharge inside the vault. Long-bolt manhole
+covers shall not be permitted for this purpose. [30:25.13.2]
+66.25.14 Reserved.
+66.25.15 Detection and Alarm Systems for Storage Tank Vaults.
+66.25.15.1 Each vault shall be provided with an approved va-
+por and liquid detection system that is equipped with on-site
+audible and visual warning devices with battery backup.
+[30:25.15.1]
+66.25.15.2 The vapor detection system shall sound an alarm
+when the system detects vapors that reach or exceed 25 per-
+cent of the lower flammable limit of the liquid stored.
+[30:25.15.2]
+66.25.15.3 Vapor detectors shall be located no higher than
+12 in. (300 mm) above the lowest point in the vault. [30:25.15.3]
+66.25.15.4 The liquid detection system shall sound an alarm
+upon detection of any liquid, including water. [30:25.15.4]
+66.25.15.5 Liquid detectors shall be located in accordance
+with the manufacturer’s instructions. [30:25.15.5]
+66.25.15.6 Activation of either the vapor detection system or
+the liquid detection system shall cause a signal to be sounded
+at an approved, constantly attended location within the facility
+serving the tanks or at an approved location. [30:25.15.6]
+66.25.16 Inspection and Maintenance of Storage Tank Vaults
+and Equipment.Vaults and their required equipment shall be
+maintained in accordance with the requirements of this sec-
+tion. [30:25.16]
+66.26 Reserved.
+66.27 Piping Systems.
+66.27.1 Scope.
+66.27.1.1 This section shall apply to the design, installation,
+testing, operation, and maintenance of piping systems for flam-
+mable and combustible liquids or vapors. Such piping systems
+shall include but not be limited to pipe, tubing, flanges, bolting,
+gaskets, valves, fittings, flexible connectors, the pressure-
+containing parts of other components including but not limited
+to expansion joints and strainers, and devices that serve such pur-
+poses as mixing, separating, snubbing, distributing, metering,
+control of flow, or secondary containment. [30:27.1.1]
+66.27.1.2 This section shall not apply to any of the following:
+(1) Tubing or casing on any oil or gas wells and any piping
+connected directly thereto
+(2) Motor vehicles, aircraft, boats, or piping that are integral
+to a stationary engine assembly
+(3) Piping within the scope of any applicable boiler and pres-
+sure vessel code
+[30:27.1.2]
+66.27.2 Definitions Specific to Section 66.27.For the purpose
+of this section, the following terms shall be defined as shown.
+[30:27.2]
+66.27.2.1 Corrosion Protection.A means to lessen or prevent
+the deterioration of the piping system from exposure to its
+contents or its environment. [30:27.2.1]
+66.27.2.2 Flexible Connector.A connection joint in a piping
+system that allows differential movement of the piping system
+and limits system stress and mechanical damage. [30:27.2.2]
+66.27.2.3 Leak. An unintended release of liquid or vapor
+from the piping system due to failure of the piping system.
+[30:27.2.3]
+66.27.2.4 Secondary Containment.Containment that is exter-
+nal to and separate from the primary piping system. [30:27.2.4]
+66.27.3 General Requirements.
+66.27.3.1 Performance Standards.The design, fabrication, as-
+sembly, test, and inspection of piping systems shall be suitable for
+the working pressures and structural stresses to be encountered
+by the piping system. Compliance with applicable sections of
+ASME B31,Code for Pressure Piping, and the provisions of this sec-
+tion shall be consideredprima facieevidence of compliance with
+the foregoing provisions. [30:27.3.1]
+66.27.3.2 Tightness of Piping.Piping systems shall be main-
+tained liquidtight. A piping system that has leaks that consti-
+tute a hazard shall be emptied of liquid or repaired in a man-
+ner acceptable to the AHJ. [30:27.3.2]
+66.27.4 Materials of Construction for Piping Systems.
+66.27.4.1 Materials Specifications.Pipe, valves, faucets, cou-
+plings, flexible connectors, fittings, and other pressure-
+containing parts shall meet the material specifications and
+pressure and temperature limitations of ASME B31, Code for
+Pressure Piping, except as provided for in 66.27.4.2, 66.27.4.3,
+and 66.27.4.4. [30:27.4.1]
+66.27.4.2 Ductile Iron.Ductile (nodular) iron shall meet the
+specifications of ASTM A 395, Standard Specification for Ferritic
+Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevated Tempera-
+tures.[ 30:27.4.2]
+1–376 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.27.4.3 Materials of Construction for Valves.Valves at stor-
+age tanks, as required by 66.22.13 and 66.24.14, and their con-
+nections to the tank shall be of steel or ductile iron, except as
+provided for in 66.27.4.3.1, 66.27.4.3.2, or 66.27.4.4. [30:27.4.3]
+66.27.4.3.1 Valves at storage tanks shall be permitted to be
+other than steel or ductile iron where the chemical characteris-
+tics of the liquid stored are not compatible with steel or where the
+valves are installed internally to the tank. [30:27.4.3.1]
+66.27.4.3.2* Valves installed externally to the tank shall be per-
+mitted to be other than steel or ductile iron if the material of
+construction has a ductility and melting point comparable to
+steel or ductile iron and is capable of withstanding the stresses
+and temperatures involved in fire exposure or the valves are oth-
+erwise protected from fire exposures, such as by materials having
+a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours. [30:27.4.3.2]
+66.27.4.3.3 Cast iron, brass, copper, aluminum, malleable
+iron, and similar materials shall be permitted to be used on
+tanks described in 66.22.4.2.1.1 or on tanks storing Class IIIB
+liquids where the tanks are located outdoors and not within a
+diked area or drainage path of a tank storing a Class I, Class II,
+or Class IIIA liquid. [30:27.4.3.3]
+66.27.4.4 Low Melting Point Materials. Low melting point
+materials such as aluminum, copper, and brass; materials that
+soften on fire exposure such as plastics; or nonductile materi-
+als such as cast iron shall be permitted to be used under-
+ground within the pressure and temperature limitations of
+ASME B31, Code for Pressure Piping.[ 30:27.4.4]
+66.27.4.4.1 Such materials shall be permitted to be used out-
+doors above ground or inside buildings, provided they meet
+one of the following conditions:
+(1) They are resistant to damage by fire.
+(2) They are located so that any leakage resulting from failure
+will not expose persons, important buildings, or structures.
+(3) They are located where leakage can be controlled by op-
+eration of one or more accessible, remotely located valves.
+[30:27.4.4.1]
+66.27.4.4.2 The piping materials chosen shall be compatible
+with the liquids being handled. [30:27.4.4.2]
+66.27.4.4.3 Piping systems of these materials shall be de-
+signed and built in accordance with recognized standards of
+design for the particular materials chosen or with approved
+equivalent standards or shall be listed. [30:27.4.4.3]
+66.27.4.5 Lining Materials.Piping, valves, and fittings shall be
+permitted to have combustible or noncombustible linings.
+[30:27.4.5]
+66.27.4.6 Nonmetallic Piping.
+66.27.4.6.1 Piping systems of nonmetallic materials, includ-
+ing piping systems incorporating secondary containment,
+shall be designed and built in accordance with recognized
+standards of design or approved equivalents and shall be in-
+stalled in accordance with 66.27.4.4. [30:27.4.6.1]
+66.27.4.6.2 Nonmetallic piping shall be built and used within
+the scope of their approvals or within the scope of UL 971,
+Standard for Nonmetallic Underground Piping for Flammable Liq-
+uids.[ 30:27.4.6.2]
+66.27.4.6.3 Nonmetallic piping systems and components
+shall be installed in accordance with manufacturer’s instruc-
+tions. [30:27.4.6.3]
+66.27.5 Pipe Joints.
+66.27.5.1 Tightness of Pipe Joints.
+66.27.5.1.1 Joints shall be made liquidtight and shall be welded,
+flanged, threaded, or mechanically attached. [30:27.5.1.1]
+66.27.5.1.2* Joints shall be designed and installed so that the
+mechanical strength of the joint will not be impaired if ex-
+posed to a fire. [30:27.5.1.2]
+66.27.5.1.3 Threaded joints shall be made with a suitable
+thread sealant or lubricant. [30:27.5.1.3]
+66.27.5.1.4 Joints in piping systems handling Class I liquids
+shall be welded when located in concealed spaces within
+buildings. [30:27.5.1.4]
+66.27.5.2 Flexible Connectors. Listed flexible connectors
+shall be permitted to be used where installed in accordance
+with 66.27.5.3. [30:27.5.2]
+66.27.5.3 Friction Joints.
+66.27.5.3.1 Pipe joints dependent upon the friction charac-
+teristics of combustible materials for mechanical continuity or
+liquidtightness of piping shall only be used outside of build-
+ings above ground, except as provided for in 66.27.5.3.3, or
+below ground. [30:27.5.3.1]
+66.27.5.3.2 Where such joints are used above ground, either
+the piping shall be secured to prevent disengagement at the
+fitting or the piping system shall be so designed that any spill
+resulting from disengagement will not expose persons, impor-
+tant buildings, or structures and can be controlled by remote
+valves. [30:27.5.3.2]
+66.27.5.3.3 Pipe joints dependent on the friction characteris-
+tics of their components shall be permitted to be used inside
+buildings provided both of the following are met:
+(1) They are located where leakage can be controlled by op-
+eration of an accessible, remotely located valve that is out-
+side the fire risk area.
+(2) The mechanical strength and liquidtightness of the joint
+is not dependent on the resiliency of a combustible mate-
+rial or component.
+[30:27.5.3.3]
+66.27.6 Installation of Piping Systems.
+66.27.6.1 General Requirements.Piping systems shall be sup-
+ported and protected against physical damage, including dam-
+age from stresses arising from settlement, vibration, expansion,
+or contraction. The installation of nonmetallic piping shall be in
+accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. [30:27.6.1]
+66.27.6.2* Load-Bearing Supports.Load-bearing piping sup-
+ports that are located in areas with a high fire exposure risk
+shall be protected by one or more of the following:
+(1) Drainage to a safe location to prevent liquid from accu-
+mulating under pipeways
+(2) Fire-resistive construction
+(3) Fire-resistant protective coatings or systems
+(4) Water spray systems designed and installed in accordance
+with NFPA 15
+(5) Other alternate means acceptable to the AHJ
+[30:27.6.2]
+66.27.6.3 Pipe Penetrations. Piping that passes through or
+pierces a dike wall or the wall of a structure shall be designed
+1–377FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+to prevent damaging stresses and leakage due to settlement or
+fire exposure. [30:27.6.3]
+66.27.6.4* Corrosion Protection.Aboveground piping systems
+that are subject to external corrosion shall be suitably pro-
+tected. Underground piping systems shall be protected
+against corrosion in accordance with 66.23.3.4. [30:27.6.4]
+66.27.6.5 Installation of Underground Piping.Underground
+piping shall be installed in accordance with 66.27.6.5.
+66.27.6.6 Valves.
+66.27.6.6.1 Piping systems shall contain valves to operate the
+system properly and to isolate the equipment in the event of
+an emergency. [30:27.6.6.1]
+66.27.6.6.2 Piping systems in connection with pumps shall con-
+tain valves to properly control the flow of liquid both in normal
+operation and in the event of an emergency. [30:27.6.6.2]
+66.27.6.6.3 Each connection to a piping system by which
+equipment such as tank cars, tank vehicles, or marine vessels
+discharges liquids into storage tanks shall be provided with a
+check valve for automatic protection against backflow if the
+piping arrangement is such that backflow from the system is
+possible. (See also 66.22.13.1.) [30:27.6.6.3]
+66.27.6.7 Common Loading and Unloading Piping.If loading
+and unloading is done through a common pipe system, a
+check valve shall not be required. However, an isolation valve
+shall be provided. This valve shall be located so that it is acces-
+sible or shall be remotely operable. [30:27.6.7]
+66.27.7 Testing of Piping Systems.
+66.27.7.1 Initial Testing.Unless tested in accordance with the
+applicable sections of ASME B31, Code for Pressure Piping , all
+piping shall be tested before being covered, enclosed, or
+placed in use. [30:27.7.1]
+66.27.7.1.1 Testing shall be done hydrostatically to 150 per-
+cent of the maximum anticipated pressure of the system or
+pneumatically to 110 percent of the maximum anticipated
+pressure of the system, and the test pressure shall be main-
+tained while a complete visual inspection of all joints and con-
+nections is conducted. [30:27.7.1.1]
+66.27.7.1.2 In no case shall the test pressure be less than a
+gauge pressure of 5 psi (35 kPa) measured at the highest point
+of the system, and in no case shall the test pressure be main-
+tained for less than 10 minutes. [30:27.7.1.2]
+66.27.7.2 Initial Testing of Secondary Containment Piping.
+The interstitial (annular) space of secondary containment–
+type piping shall be tested hydrostatically or with air pressure
+at a gauge pressure of 5 psi (35 kPa) or shall be tested in
+accordance with its listing or with the manufacturer’s instruc-
+tions. [30:27.7.2]
+66.27.7.2.1 The pressure source shall be disconnected from
+the interstitial space to ensure that the test is being conducted
+on a closed system. [30:27.7.2.1]
+66.27.7.2.2 The pressure shall be maintained for a minimum
+of 1 hour. [30:27.7.2.2]
+66.27.7.3 Testing During Maintenance.Existing piping shall
+be tested in accordance with this subsection if the piping is
+leaking. [30:27.7.3]
+66.27.7.3.1 Piping that could contain a Class I, Class II, or
+Class IIIA liquid or vapor shall not be tested using air.
+[30:27.7.3.1]
+66.27.8 Vent Piping. Vent piping shall be designed, con-
+structed, and installed in accordance with this section. [30:27.8]
+66.27.8.1 Vent Piping for Aboveground Storage Tanks.
+66.27.8.1.1 Where the outlets of vent pipes for tanks storing
+Class I liquids are adjacent to buildings or public ways, they
+shall be located so that vapors are released at a safe point
+outside of buildings and not less than 12 ft (3.6 m) above the
+adjacent ground level. [30:27.8.1.1]
+66.27.8.1.2 Vapors shall be discharged upward or horizon-
+tally away from adjacent walls. [30:27.8.1.2]
+66.27.8.1.3 Vent outlets shall be located so that vapors will
+not be trapped by eaves or other obstructions and shall be at
+least 5 ft (1.5 m) from building openings. [30:27.8.1.3]
+66.27.8.1.4 Manifolding of vent piping shall be prohibited ex-
+cept where required for special purposes such as vapor recovery,
+vapor conservation, or air pollution control. [30:27.8.1.4]
+66.27.8.1.4.1 Where vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes
+shall be capable of discharging, within the pressure limitations
+of the system, the vapors they are required to handle when all
+manifolded tanks are subject to the same fire exposure.
+[30:27.8.1.4.1]
+66.27.8.1.5 Vent piping for tanks storing Class I liquids shall
+not be manifolded with vent piping for tanks storing Class II
+or Class III liquids unless positive means are provided to pre-
+vent the following:
+(1) Vapors of Class I liquids from entering tanks storing Class II
+or Class III liquids
+(2) Contamination
+(3) Possible change in classification of the less volatile liquid
+[30:27.8.1.5]
+66.27.8.1.6* Extension of Emergency Vent Piping.Piping to or
+from approved emergency vent devices for atmospheric and
+low-pressure tanks shall be sized to provide emergency vent
+flows that limit the back pressure to less than the maximum
+pressure permitted by the design of the tank. Piping to or
+from approved emergency vent devices for pressure vessels
+shall be sized in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure
+Vessel Code.[ 30:27.8.1.6]
+66.27.8.2 Vent Piping for Underground Tanks.
+66.27.8.2.1 Vent pipes from underground tanks storing Class I
+liquids shall be located so that the discharge point is outside of
+buildings, higher than the fill pipe opening, and not less than
+12 ft (3.6 m) above the adjacent ground level. [30:27.8.2.1]
+66.27.8.2.2 Vent pipe outlets shall be located and directed
+so that vapors will not accumulate or travel to an unsafe
+location, enter building openings, or be trapped under
+eaves and shall be at least 5 ft (1.5 m) from building open-
+ings and at least 15 ft (4.5 m) from powered ventilation air
+intake devices. [ 30:27.8.2.2]
+66.27.8.2.3 Vent pipes shall not be obstructed by devices pro-
+vided for vapor recovery or other purposes unless the tank and
+associated piping and equipment are otherwise protected to
+limit back-pressure development to less than the maximum
+1–378 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+working pressure of the tank and equipment by the provision
+of pressure-vacuum vents, rupture discs, or other tank-venting
+devices installed in the tank vent lines. [30:27.8.2.3]
+66.27.8.2.4 Vent outlets and devices shall be protected to
+minimize the possibility of blockage from weather, dirt, or in-
+sect nests. [30:27.8.2.4]
+66.27.8.2.5 Vent piping shall be sized in accordance with
+Table 66.23.6.2. [30:27.8.2.5]
+66.27.8.2.6 Vent pipes from tanks storing Class II or Class IIIA
+liquids shall terminate outside of the building and higher than
+the fill pipe opening. [30:27.8.2.6]
+66.27.8.2.7 Vent outlets shall be above normal snow level.
+[30:27.8.2.7]
+66.27.8.2.8 Vent pipes shall be permitted to be fitted with
+return bends, coarse screens, or other devices to minimize
+ingress of foreign material. [30:27.8.2.8]
+66.27.8.2.9 Vent pipes and vapor return piping shall be in-
+stalled without sags or traps in which liquid can collect.
+[30:27.8.2.9]
+66.27.8.2.10 Condensate tanks, if utilized, shall be installed
+and maintained so that blocking of the vapor return piping by
+liquid is prevented. [30:27.8.2.10]
+66.27.8.2.11 Vent pipes and condensate tanks shall be located
+so that they will not be subjected to physical damage. The tank
+end of the vent pipe shall enter the tank through the top.
+[30:27.8.2.11]
+66.27.8.2.12 Where tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes
+shall be such as to discharge, within the pressure limitations of
+the system, the vapors they could be required to handle when
+manifolded tanks are filled simultaneously. [30:27.8.2.12]
+66.27.8.2.12.1 Float-type check valves installed in tank open-
+ings connected to manifolded vent piping to prevent product
+contamination shall be permitted to be used, provided that
+the tank pressure will not exceed that permitted by 22.5.3.2 of
+NFPA 30 when the valves close. [30:27.8.2.12.1]
+66.27.8.2.13 Vent piping for tanks storing Class I liquids shall
+not be manifolded with vent piping for tanks storing Class II
+or Class III liquids unless positive means are provided to pre-
+vent the following:
+(1) Vapors of Class I liquids from entering tanks storing Class II
+or Class III liquids
+(2) Contamination
+(3) Possible change in classification of the less volatile liquid
+[30:27.8.2.13]
+66.27.9 Bonding and Grounding. Piping systems shall be
+bonded and grounded in accordance with 66.6.5.4. [30:27.9]
+66.27.10* Identification and Marking of Piping Systems.Each
+loading and unloading riser shall be marked to identify the
+product for which it is to be used. [30:27.10]
+66.27.11 Special Requirements for Marine Piping Systems.
+66.27.11.1 Where piping is from a floating structure or pier,
+an approved flexible connector shall be permitted between
+the fixed shore piping and the piping on the floating structure
+or pier and between separate sections of the floating structure
+to accommodate changes in water level. [30:27.11.1]
+66.27.11.2 The interior of the flexible connectors shall be
+compatible with the liquid handled. [30:27.11.2]
+66.27.11.3 The exterior of the flexible connectors shall be
+resistant to or shielded from salt water and fresh water, ultra-
+violet radiation, physical damage, and damage by fire.
+[30:27.11.3]
+66.27.11.4 The flexible connectors shall be suitable for the
+intended pressures and shall be tested in accordance with
+66.27.7. [30:27.11.4]
+66.27.12 Removal from Service of Piping Systems.Piping sys-
+tems taken out of service or abandoned shall be temporarily or
+permanently closed in accordance with 66.27.12. [30:27.12]
+66.27.12.1 Temporary Closure. (Reserved)
+66.27.12.2 Permanent Closure in Place. (Reserved)
+66.27.12.3 Permanent Removal. (Reserved)
+66.28 Bulk Loading and Unloading Facilities for Tank Cars
+and Tank Vehicles.
+66.28.1 Scope. This section shall apply to operations involv-
+ing the loading or unloading of tank cars and tank vehicles.
+[30:28.1]
+66.28.2 Reserved.
+66.28.3 General Requirements.
+66.28.3.1 Bonding and Grounding and Stray Currents.
+66.28.3.1.1 Bonding for the control of static electricity shall
+not be required where the following conditions exist:
+(1) Where tank cars and tank vehicles are loaded exclusively
+with products that do not have static-accumulating prop-
+erties, such as asphalts (including cutback asphalts), most
+crude oils, residual oils, and water-soluble liquids
+(2) Where no Class I liquids are handled at the loading facil-
+ity and where the tank cars and tank vehicles loaded are
+used exclusively for Class II and Class III liquids
+(3) Where tank cars and tank vehicles are loaded or unloaded
+through closed connections
+[30:28.3.1.1]
+66.28.3.1.2* Loading and unloading facilities that are used to
+load liquids into tank vehicles through open domes shall be
+provided with a means for electrically bonding to protect
+against static electricity hazards. [30:28.3.1.2]
+66.28.3.1.2.1 Such means shall consist of a metallic bond wire
+that is permanently electrically connected to the fill pipe as-
+sembly or to some part of the rack structure that is in electrical
+contact with the fill pipe assembly. [30:28.3.1.2.1]
+66.28.3.1.2.2 The free end of this wire shall be provided with
+a clamp or an equivalent device for convenient attachment to
+some metallic part that is in electrical contact with the cargo
+tank of the tank vehicle. [30:28.3.1.2.2]
+66.28.3.1.2.3 All parts of the fill pipe assembly, including the
+drop tube, shall form a continuous electrically conductive
+path. [30:28.3.1.2.3]
+66.28.3.1.3 Loading and unloading facilities that are used to
+transfer liquids into and from tank cars through open domes
+shall be protected against stray currents by permanently bond-
+ing the fill pipe to at least one rail and to the facility structure,
+if of metal. [30:28.3.1.3]
+1–379FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.28.3.1.3.1 Multiple pipelines that enter the area shall be
+permanently bonded together. [30:28.3.1.3.1]
+66.28.3.1.3.2 In areas where excessive stray currents are
+known to exist, all pipelines entering the area shall be pro-
+vided with insulating sections to electrically isolate them from
+the facility piping. [30:28.3.1.3.2]
+Exception: These precautions need not be required where only Class II
+or Class III liquids are handled and where there is no probability that
+tank cars will contain vapors from previous cargoes of Class I liquids.
+66.28.4 Location of Loading and Unloading Facilities.
+66.28.4.1 Tank vehicle and tank car loading and unloading
+facilities shall be separated from aboveground tanks, ware-
+houses, other plant buildings, or the nearest line of adjoining
+property that can be built upon by a distance of at least 25 ft
+(7.6 m) for Class I liquids and at least 15 ft (4.6 m) for Class II
+and Class III liquids, measured from the nearest fill spout or
+transfer connection. [30:28.4.1]
+66.28.4.2* These distances shall be permitted to be reduced if
+there is suitable protection for exposures. [30:28.4.2]
+66.28.4.3 Buildings for pumps or shelters for personnel shall
+be permitted to be a part of the facility. [30:28.4.3]
+66.28.5 Roofed Structures. A loading or unloading facility
+that has a canopy or roof that does not limit the dissipation of
+heat or dispersion of flammable vapors and does not restrict
+fire-fighting access and control shall be treated as an outdoor
+facility. [30:28.5]
+66.28.6 Reserved.
+66.28.7 Reserved.
+66.28.8 Reserved.
+66.28.9* Containment, Drainage, and Spill Control.Loading
+and unloading facilities shall be provided with drainage sys-
+tems or other means to contain spills. [30:28.9]
+66.28.10 Equipment.
+66.28.10.1 Equipment such as piping, pumps, and meters
+used for the transfer of Class I liquids between storage tanks
+and the fill stem of the loading facility shall not be used for the
+transfer of Class II or Class III liquids unless one of the follow-
+ing conditions exists:
+(1) Only water-miscible liquid mixtures are handled, and the
+class of the mixture is determined by the concentration of
+liquid in water.
+(2) The equipment is cleaned between transfers.
+[30:28.10.1]
+66.28.10.2 Remote pumps located in underground tanks
+shall have a listed leak detection device installed on the pump
+discharge side that will indicate if the piping system is not
+essentially liquidtight. [30:28.10.2]
+66.28.10.2.1 This device shall be checked and tested at least
+annually according to the manufacturer’s specifications to en-
+sure proper installation and operation. [30:28.10.2.1]
+66.28.11 Operating Requirements.
+66.28.11.1 Loading and Unloading of Tank Vehicles.
+66.28.11.1.1 Liquids shall be loaded only into cargo tanks
+whose material of construction is compatible with the chemical
+characteristics of the liquid. The liquid being loaded shall also be
+chemically compatible with the liquid hauled on the previous
+load unless the cargo tank has been cleaned. [30:28.11.1.1]
+66.28.11.1.2 Before loading tank vehicles through open domes,
+a bonding connection shall be made to the vehicle or tank before
+dome covers are raised and shall remain in place until filling is
+completed and all dome covers have been closed and secured,
+unless one of the conditions of 66.28.3.1 exists. [30:28.11.1.2]
+66.28.11.1.3 When transferring Class I liquids, engines of
+tank vehicles or motors of auxiliary or portable pumps shall be
+shut down during the making and breaking of hose connec-
+tions. [30:28.11.1.3]
+66.28.11.1.4 If loading or unloading is done without requir-
+ing the use of the motor of the tank vehicle, the motor shall be
+shut down throughout any transfer operations involving
+Class I liquids. [30:28.11.1.4]
+66.28.11.1.5* Filling through open domes into tank vehicles
+that contain vapor-air mixtures within the flammable range or
+where the liquid being filled can form such a mixture shall be
+by means of a downspout that extends to within 6 in.
+(150 mm) of the bottom of the tank unless the liquid is not an
+accumulator of static electric charges. [30:28.11.1.5]
+66.28.11.1.6 When top loading a tank vehicle with Class I or
+Class II liquids without a vapor control system, valves used for
+the final control of flow shall be of the self-closing type and
+shall be manually held open except where automatic means
+are provided for shutting off the flow when the vehicle is full.
+[30:28.11.1.6]
+66.28.11.1.6.1 Automatic shutoff systems shall be provided
+with a manual shutoff valve located at a safe distance from the
+loading nozzle to stop the flow if the automatic system fails.
+[30:28.11.1.6.1]
+66.28.11.1.6.2 When top loading a tank vehicle with vapor
+control, flow control shall be in accordance with 66.28.11.1.8
+and 66.28.11.1.9. [30:28.11.1.6.2]
+66.28.11.1.7 When bottom loading a tank vehicle, a positive
+means shall be provided for loading a predetermined quantity
+of liquid, together with a secondary automatic shutoff control
+to prevent overfill. [30:28.11.1.7]
+66.28.11.1.7.1 The connecting components between the
+loading rack and the tank vehicle that are required to operate
+the secondary control shall be functionally compatible.
+[30:28.11.1.7.1]
+66.28.11.1.7.2 The connection between the liquid loading
+hose or pipe and the tank vehicle piping shall be by means of a
+dry disconnect coupling. [30:28.11.1.7.2]
+66.28.11.1.8 When bottom loading a tank vehicle that is
+equipped for vapor control, but when vapor control is not
+used, the tank shall be vented to the atmosphere, at a height
+not lower than the top of the cargo tank of the vehicle, to
+prevent pressurization of the tank. [30:28.11.1.8]
+66.28.11.1.8.1 Connections to the facility’s vapor control sys-
+tem shall be designed to prevent the escape of vapor to the
+atmosphere when the system is not connected to a tank ve-
+hicle. [30:28.11.1.8.1]
+66.28.11.1.9 When bottom loading is used, reduced flow
+rates (until the fill opening is submerged), splash deflectors,
+or other devices shall be used to prevent splashing and to
+minimize turbulence. [30:28.11.1.9]
+1–380 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.28.11.1.10 Metal or conductive objects, such as gauge tapes,
+sample containers, and thermometers, shall not be lowered into
+or suspended in a compartment while the compartment is being
+filled or immediately after cessation of pumping, in order to per-
+mit the relaxation of charge. [30:28.11.1.10]
+66.28.11.2 Loading and Unloading of Tank Cars.
+66.28.11.2.1 Liquids shall be loaded only into tank cars whose
+material of construction is compatible with the chemical char-
+acteristics of the liquid. The liquid being loaded shall also be
+chemically compatible with the liquid hauled on the previous
+load unless the tank car has been cleaned. [30:28.11.2.1]
+66.28.11.2.2* Filling through open domes into tank cars that
+contain vapor-air mixtures within the flammable range, or
+where the liquid being filled can form such a mixture, shall be
+by means of a downspout that extends to within 6 in.
+(150 mm) of the bottom of the tank unless the liquid is not an
+accumulator of static electric charges. [30:28.11.2.2]
+66.28.11.2.3 When bottom loading is used, reduced flow
+rates (until the fill opening is submerged), splash deflectors,
+or other devices shall be used to prevent splashing and to
+minimize turbulence. [30:28.11.2.3]
+66.28.11.2.4 Metal or conductive objects, such as gauge tapes,
+sample containers, and thermometers, shall not be lowered
+into or suspended in a compartment while the compartment
+is being filled or immediately after cessation of pumping, in
+order to permit the relaxation of charge. [30:28.11.2.4]
+66.28.11.3* Switch Loading. To prevent hazards due to a
+change in flash point of liquids, any tank car or tank vehicle
+that has previously contained a Class I liquid shall NOT be
+loaded with a Class II or Class III liquid unless proper precau-
+tions are taken. [30:28.11.3]
+66.29 Wharves.
+66.29.1 Scope.
+66.29.1.1 This section shall apply to all wharves, as defined in
+3.3.256, whose primary purpose is the bulk transfer of liquids.
+[30:29.1.1]
+66.29.1.2 This section shall not apply to the following:
+(1) Marine service stations, as covered in Chapter 30 and
+NFPA 30A
+(2) Marinas and boatyards, as covered in Chapter 28 and
+NFPA 303
+(3) Wharves that handle liquefied petroleum gas, as covered
+in Chapter 69 and NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code ,
+or liquefied natural gas, as covered in NFPA 59A,Standard
+for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural
+Gas (LNG)
+[30:29.1.2]
+66.29.2 Reserved.
+66.29.3 General Requirements.
+66.29.3.1 General-purpose wharves that handle bulk transfer
+of liquids and other commodities shall meet the requirements
+of Section 28.2 and NFPA 307,Standard for the Construction and
+Fire Protection of Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves.[ 30:29.3.1]
+66.29.3.2 Incidental handling of packaged cargo of liquids
+and loading or unloading of general cargo, such as ships’
+stores, during transfer of liquids shall be conducted only when
+approved by the wharf supervisor and the senior officer of the
+vessel. [30:29.3.2]
+66.29.3.3 Wharves at which liquid cargoes are to be transferred
+in bulk to or from tank vessels shall be at least 100 ft (30 m) from
+any bridge over a navigable waterway or from any entrance to or
+superstructure of a vehicular or railroad tunnel under a water-
+way. [30:29.3.3]
+66.29.3.4 The termination of the loading or unloading fixed
+piping shall be at least 200 ft (60 m) from any bridge or from
+any entrance to or superstructure of a tunnel. [30:29.3.4]
+66.29.3.5 The substructure and deck of the wharf shall be
+designed for the use intended. [30:29.3.5]
+66.29.3.6 The deck of the wharf shall be permitted to be of
+any material that will afford the desired combination of flex-
+ibility, resistance to shock, durability, strength, and fire resis-
+tance. [30:29.3.6]
+66.29.3.7 Heavy timber construction shall be permitted.
+[30:29.3.7]
+66.29.3.8 Tanks used exclusively for ballast water or Class II
+or Class III liquids shall be permitted to be installed on a wharf
+designed to support the weight of the tank and its contents.
+[30:29.3.8]
+66.29.3.9 Loading pumps capable of building up pressures
+that exceed the safe working pressure of cargo hose or loading
+arms shall be provided with bypasses, relief valves, or other
+arrangements to protect the loading facilities against excessive
+pressure. [30:29.3.9]
+66.29.3.9.1 Relief devices shall be tested at least annually to
+determine that they function satisfactorily at their set pres-
+sure. [30:29.3.9.1]
+66.29.3.10 All pressure hose and couplings shall be inspected
+at intervals recommended by the manufacturer for the service
+in which they are used. [30:29.3.10]
+66.29.3.10.1 With the hose extended, the hose and couplings
+shall be tested using the in-service maximum operating pres-
+sure. [30:29.3.10.1]
+66.29.3.10.2 Any hose showing material deterioration, signs of
+leakage, or weakness in its carcass or at the couplings shall be
+withdrawn from service and repaired or discarded. [30:29.3.10.2]
+66.29.3.11 Piping, valves, and fittings shall meet applicable
+requirements of Section 66.27 and shall also meet the follow-
+ing requirements:
+(1) Flexibility of piping shall be assured by layout and ar-
+rangement of piping supports so that motion of the
+wharf structure resulting from wave action, currents,
+tides, or the mooring of vessels will not subject the pip-
+ing to excessive strain.
+(2) Pipe joints that depend on the friction characteristics of
+combustible materials or on the grooving of pipe ends for
+mechanical continuity of piping shall not be permitted.
+(3) Swivel joints shall be permitted to be used in piping to which
+hose are connected and for articulated swivel-joint transfer
+systems, provided the design is such that the mechanical
+strength of the joint will not be impaired if the packing ma-
+terials should fail, for example, by exposure to fire.
+1–381FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(4) Each line conveying Class I or Class II liquids leading to a
+wharf shall be provided with a readily accessible block
+valve located on shore near the approach to the wharf and
+outside of any diked area. Where more than one line is
+involved, the valves shall be grouped in one location.
+(5) Means shall be provided for easy access to any cargo line
+valves that are located below the wharf deck.
+[30:29.3.11]
+66.29.3.12 Pipelines on wharves that handle Class I or Class II
+liquids shall be bonded and grounded. [30:29.3.12]
+66.29.3.12.1 Insulating flanges or joints shall be installed for
+protection against stray currents. [30:29.3.12.1]
+66.29.3.12.2 Bonding and grounding connections on all
+pipelines shall be located on the wharf side of insulating
+flanges, if used, and shall be accessible for inspection.
+[30:29.3.12.2]
+66.29.3.12.3 Bonding between the wharf and the vessel shall
+not be required. [30:29.3.12.3]
+66.29.3.13 Hose or articulated swivel-joint pipe connections
+used for cargo transfer shall be capable of accommodating the
+combined effects of change in draft and change in tide. Hose
+shall be supported to avoid kinking and damage from chafing.
+[30:29.3.13]
+66.29.3.14 Mooring lines shall be kept adjusted to prevent
+surge of the vessel from placing stress on the cargo transfer
+system. [30:29.3.14]
+66.29.3.15 Material shall not be placed on wharves in such a
+manner as to obstruct access to fire-fighting equipment or im-
+portant pipeline control valves. [30:29.3.15]
+66.29.3.16 Where the wharf is accessible to vehicle traffic, an
+unobstructed roadway to the shore end of the wharf shall be
+maintained for access of fire-fighting apparatus. [30:29.3.16]
+66.29.3.17 Loading or unloading shall not commence until
+the wharf supervisor and the person in charge of the tank
+vessel agree that the tank vessel is properly moored and all
+connections are properly made. [30:29.3.17]
+66.29.3.18 Mechanical work shall not be performed on the
+wharf during cargo transfer, except under special authoriza-
+tion based on a review of the area involved, methods to be
+employed, and precautions necessary. [30:29.3.18]
+66.29.3.19 Sources of ignition shall be controlled during
+transfer of liquids. [30:29.3.19]
+66.29.3.20 Vehicular traffic and mechanical work including,
+but not limited to, welding, grinding, and other hot work,
+shall not be performed during cargo transfer except as autho-
+rized by the wharf supervisor and the senior officer on the
+vessel. [30:29.3.20]
+66.29.3.21 Smoking shall be prohibited at all times on the
+wharf during cargo transfer operations. [30:29.3.21]
+66.29.3.22 For marine terminals handling flammable liquids,
+Figure 66.29.3.22 shall be used to determine the extent of
+classified areas for the purpose of installation of electrical
+equipment. [30:29.3.22]
+66.29.3.23 Where a flammable atmosphere can exist in the
+vessel cargo compartment, cargo transfer systems shall be de-
+signed to limit the velocity of the incoming liquid stream to
+3 ft (0.9 m) per second until the compartment inlet opening is
+sufficiently submerged to prevent splashing. [30:29.3.23]
+Water level
+Shore
+Approach Pier
+2 ft
+50 ft
+25 ft
+25 ft
+50 ft 50 ft
+25 ft 25 ft
+Deck
+Open sump in deck for
+draining lines and hose
+Operating envelope
+and stored position
+of loading arms or
+hose
+Key:
+Division 1 Division 2 Nonclassified
+Notes: 
+(1) For SI units, 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+(2) The "source of vapor" is the operating envelope and stored 
+position of the outboard flange connection of the loading arm 
+(or hose).
+(3) The berth area adjacent to tanker and barge cargo tanks is to 
+be Division 2 to the following extent:
+(a) 25 ft (7.6 m) horizontally in all directions on the pier side 
+from the portion of the hull containing cargo tanks.
+(b) From the water level to 25 ft (7.6 m) above the cargo tanks 
+at their highest position.
+(4) Additional locations can be classified as required by the 
+presence of other sources of flammable liquids on the berth, or by 
+Coast Guard or other regulations.
+FIGURE 66.29.3.22 Area Classification for a Marine Terminal Handling Flammable
+Liquids. [30: Figure 29.3.22]
+1–382 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+66.29.3.24 Filters, pumps, wire screens, and other devices
+that can produce static electric charges through turbulence
+shall be so located to allow a minimum of 30 seconds of relax-
+ation time prior to discharging cargo into the compartment.
+[30:29.3.24]
+66.29.3.25* Spill collection shall be provided around mani-
+fold areas to prevent spread of liquids to other areas of the
+wharf or under the wharf. [30:29.3.25]
+66.29.3.26 Vapor seals shall be provided on all drain lines
+leaving the wharf. [30:29.3.26]
+66.29.3.27 Where required, wharves shall have a system to
+isolate and shut down the loading operation in the event of
+failure of a hose, loading arm, or manifold valve. This system
+shall meet all of the following requirements:
+(1) If the protective system closes a valve on a gravity-fed or
+pipeline-fed loading system, it shall be designed to ensure
+the line is not subjected to damage from pressure surges.
+(2) Emergency shutdown systems shall be permitted to be au-
+tomatically or manually activated.
+[30:29.3.27]
+66.29.3.27.1 Manually activated device(s) shall be identified
+and accessible during an emergency. [30:29.3.27.1]
+66.29.3.28* Fire protection for wharves shall be related to the
+products being handled, emergency response capability, size, lo-
+cation, frequency of use, and adjacent exposures. [30:29.3.28]
+66.29.3.28.1 Where a fire water main is provided, the main
+shall be permitted to be wet or dry. In all cases, isolation valves
+and fire department connections shall be provided at the
+wharf-to-shore connection. [30:29.3.28.1]
+66.29.3.28.2 Where a fire water main is provided, hydrants
+and monitors shall also be provided so that effective fire water
+streams can be applied to any berth or loading manifold from
+two directions. [30:29.3.28.2]
+66.29.3.28.3 Fire water pumps, fire hose, fire water mains,
+foam systems, and other fire suppression equipment shall be
+maintained and tested in accordance with NFPA 25, Standard
+for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Pro-
+tection Systems.[ 30:29.3.28.3]
+66.29.3.28.4 Where no fire water main is provided, at least
+two 150 lb (68 kg) dry chemical extinguishers shall be pro-
+vided. The extinguishers shall be located within 50 ft (15 m) of
+pump or manifold areas and shall be easily reached along
+emergency access paths. [30:29.3.28.4]
+Chapter 67 Flammable Solids
+67.1 General. The storage, use, and handling of flammable
+solids shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 60. The
+storage, use, and handling of flammable solids in amounts
+exceeding the maximum allowable quantity permitted in con-
+trol areas as set forth in Chapter 60 shall also comply with the
+requirements of Chapter 67.
+67.2 Outdoor Storage.
+67.2.1 Location. The outdoor storage area for flammable sol-
+ids shall not be located within 20 ft (6.1 m) of any building,
+property line, street, alley, public way, or means of egress to a
+public way, except as provided in 67.2.2.
+67.2.2 Distance Reduction.An unpierced 2-hour fire-resistive
+wall extending not less than 30 in. (760 mm) above and to the
+sides of the storage area shall be permitted in lieu of the dis-
+tance specified in 67.2.1.
+67.2.3 Pile Size Limit.Flammable solids stored outdoors shall
+be separated into piles not larger than 5000 ft3 (141 m3).
+67.2.4 Aisles. Aisle widths between piles shall not be less than
+one-half the height of the piles or 10 ft (3 m), whichever is
+greater.
+Chapter 68 Highly Toxic and Toxic Solids
+and Liquids
+68.1 General. The storage, use, and handling of highly toxic
+and toxic solids and liquids shall comply with Chapter 60. The
+storage, use, and handling of highly toxic and toxic solids and
+liquids in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quan-
+tity permitted in control areas as set forth in Chapter 60 shall
+also comply with the requirements of Chapter 68.
+68.2 Indoor Storage. Highly toxic solids and liquids not
+stored in approved hazardous materials storage cabinets shall
+be isolated from other hazardous materials storage by a 1-hour
+rated fire barrier.
+68.3 Outdoor Storage.
+68.3.1 Location. The outdoor storage area for highly toxic or
+toxic solids and liquids shall not be within 20 ft (6.1 m) of
+buildings, property lines, streets, alleys, public ways, or means
+of egress to a public way, except as provided in 68.3.2.
+68.3.2 Distance Reduction.An unpierced 2-hour fire-resistive
+wall extending not less than 30 in. (760 mm) above and to the
+sides of the storage area shall be permitted in lieu of the dis-
+tance specified in 68.3.1.
+68.3.3 Clearance from Combustibles.The area surrounding
+outdoor storage areas or tanks shall be kept clear of combus-
+tible materials and vegetation for a minimum distance of 30 ft
+(9.1 m).
+68.3.4 Fire-Extinguishing Systems.The outdoor storage area
+for highly toxic solids and liquids shall consist of fire-resistive
+containers or shall comply with one of the following:
+(1) The storage area shall be protected by an automatic, open
+head, deluge fire sprinkler system in accordance with
+NFPA 13.
+(2) Storage shall be located under a noncombustible weather
+protection structure in accordance with 60.1.24, with the
+canopied area protected by an automatic fire sprinkler
+system in accordance with NFPA 13.
+68.3.5 Storage Arrangement.
+68.3.5.1 Pile Size Limit.Highly toxic solids and liquids stored
+outdoors shall be separated into piles, each not larger than
+2500 ft3 (70.79 m3).
+68.3.5.2 Aisles. Aisle widths between piles shall not be less
+than one-half the height of the pile or 10 ft (3 m), whichever is
+greater.
+68.3.6 Treatment System.
+68.3.6.1 The storage area for highly toxic liquids that liberate
+highly toxic vapors in the event of a spill or other accidental
+1–383HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+discharge shall not be located outside of a building unless
+effective collection and treatment systems are provided.
+68.3.6.2 The treatment system shall comply with the design
+requirements of Chapter 63 for highly toxic gases.
+Chapter 69 Liquefied Petroleum Gases
+and Liquefied Natural Gases
+69.1 General Provisions.
+69.1.1* Application.
+69.1.1.1 The storage, use, and handling of liquefied petro-
+leum gases (LP-Gas) shall comply with the requirements of
+this chapter; NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code ; and Sec-
+tions 60.1 and 60.2 of this Code.
+69.1.1.2 Where the provisions of Chapter 69 or NFPA 58 con-
+flict with the provisions of Chapter 60, the provisions of this
+chapter and NFPA 58 shall apply.
+69.1.1.3 Stationary Installations.Plans for stationary installa-
+tions utilizing storage containers of over 2000 gal (7.6 m 3)
+individual water capacity, or with aggregate water capacity ex-
+ceeding 4000 gal (15.1 m 3), and all rooftop installations of
+ASME containers shall be submitted to the AHJ by the person
+or company that either installs or contracts to have the con-
+tainers installed before the installation is started. [See also
+6.19.11.1(F) of NFPA 58.][58:4.3.1]
+69.1.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+69.2 LP-Gas Equipment and Appliances.
+69.2.1 Containers.
+69.2.1.1 General.
+69.2.1.1.1* Containers shall be designed, fabricated, tested,
+and marked (or stamped) in accordance with the regulations
+of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT); the ASME
+Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, “Rules for the Con-
+struction of Unfired Pressure Vessels”; or the API-ASME Code
+for Unfired Pressure Vessels for Petroleum Liquids and Gases, except
+for UG-125 through UG-136. [58:5.2.1.1]
+69.2.1.1.1.1 Adherence to applicable ASME Code case inter-
+pretations and addenda that have been adopted and published
+by ASME 180 calendar days prior to the effective date of NFPA 58
+shall be considered as compliant with the ASME Code.
+[58:5.2.1.1(A)]
+69.2.1.1.1.2 Containers fabricated to earlier editions of regu-
+lations, rules, or codes listed in 69.2.1.1.1 and of the Interstate
+Commerce Commission (ICC) Rules for Construction of Unfired
+Pressure Vessels, prior to April 1, 1967, shall be permitted to be
+continued to be used in accordance with Section 1.4 of
+NFPA 58. [58:5.2.1.1(B)]
+69.2.1.1.2 Containers that have been involved in a fire and
+show no distortion shall be requalified for continued service
+before being used or reinstalled. [58:5.2.1.2]
+69.2.1.1.2.1 Cylinders shall be requalified by a manufacturer
+of that type of cylinder or by a repair facility approved by DOT.
+[58:5.2.1.2(A)]
+69.2.1.1.2.2 ASME or API-ASME containers shall be retested
+using the hydrostatic test procedure applicable at the time of
+the original fabrication. [58:5.2.1.2(B)]
+69.2.1.1.2.3 All container appurtenances shall be replaced.
+[58:5.2.1.2(C)]
+69.2.1.1.2.4 DOT 4E specification (aluminum) cylinders and
+composite cylinders involved in a fire shall be permanently
+removed from service. [58:5.2.1.2(D)]
+69.2.1.1.3 ASME paragraph U-68 or U-69 containers shall
+be permitted to be continued in use, installed, reinstalled,
+or placed back into service. Installation of containers shall
+be in accordance with all provisions listed in NFPA 58. (See
+Section 5.2, Table 5.2.4.2 and Table 5.7.2.4(A), and Annex D of
+NFPA 58.) [58:5.2.1.3]
+69.2.1.1.4 Containers that show excessive denting, bulging,
+gouging, or corrosion shall be removed from service.
+[58:5.2.1.4]
+69.2.1.1.5 Repairs or alteration of a container shall comply
+with the regulations, rules, or code under which the container
+was fabricated. Repairs or alteration to ASME containers shall
+be in accordance with the National Board Inspection Code .
+[58:5.2.1.5]
+69.2.1.1.6 Field welding shall be permitted only on saddle
+plates, lugs, pads, or brackets that are attached to the con-
+tainer by the container manufacturer. [58:5.2.1.6]
+69.2.1.1.7 Containers for general use shall not have indi-
+vidual water capacities greater than 120,000 gal (454 m 3).
+[58:5.2.1.7]
+69.2.1.1.8 Containers in dispensing stations not located in
+LP-Gas bulk plants, industrial plants, or industrial applica-
+tions shall have an aggregate water capacity not greater
+than 30,000 gal (114 m 3). [58:5.2.1.8]
+69.2.1.1.9 Heating or cooling coils shall not be installed in-
+side storage containers. [58:5.2.1.9]
+69.2.1.2 Portable Container Appurtenance Physical Damage
+Protection.
+69.2.1.2.1 Cylinders of 1000 lb (454 kg) water capacity [nomi-
+nal 420 lb (191 kg) propane capacity] or less shall incorporate
+protection against physical damage to cylinder appurtenances
+and immediate connections to such appurtenances when not
+in use by either of the following means:
+(1) A ventilated cap
+(2) A ventilated collar [ 58:5.2.6.1]
+69.2.1.2.2 Protection of appurtenances of portable contain-
+ers, skid tanks, and tanks for use as cargo tanks of more than
+1000 lb (454 kg) water capacity [nominal 420 lb (191 kg) pro-
+pane capacity] shall comply with 69.2.1.2.2.1 through
+69.2.1.2.2.3. [58:5.2.6.2]
+69.2.1.2.2.1 Appurtenance protection from physical damage
+shall be provided by recessing, by protective housings, or by
+location on the vehicle. [58:5.2.6.2(A)]
+69.2.1.2.2.2 Appurtenance protection shall comply with the
+provisions under which the containers are fabricated.
+[58:5.2.6.2(B)]
+69.2.1.2.2.3 Appurtenance protection shall be secured to the
+container in accordance with the ASME code under which the
+container was designed and built. [58:5.2.6.2(C)]
+1–384 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.2.1.3 Containers with Attached Supports.
+69.2.1.3.1 Vertical ASME containers of over 125 gal (0.5 m3)
+water capacity for use in permanent installations in stationary
+service shall be designed with steel supports that allow the
+container to be mounted on and fastened to concrete founda-
+tions or supports. [58:5.2.7.1]
+69.2.1.3.1.1 Steel supports shall be designed to make the con-
+tainer self-supporting without guy wires and to withstand the
+wind and seismic (earthquake) forces anticipated at the site.
+[58:5.2.7.1(A)]
+69.2.1.3.1.2 Steel supports shall be protected against fire ex-
+posure with a material having a fire resistance rating of at least
+2 hours. [58:5.2.7.1(B)]
+69.2.1.3.1.3 Continuous steel skirts having only one opening
+of 18 in. (460 mm) or less in diameter shall have 2-hour fire
+protection applied to the outside of the skirt. [58:5.2.7.1(C)]
+69.2.1.3.2 ASME containers to be used as portable storage
+containers, including movable fuel storage tenders and farm
+carts for temporary stationary service (normally not more than
+12 months duration at any location), shall comply with
+69.2.1.3.2.1 through 69.2.1.3.2.4. [58:5.2.7.2]
+69.2.1.3.2.1 The legs or supports, or the lugs for the attach-
+ment of legs or supports, shall be secured to the container in
+accordance with the ASME code under which the container
+was designed and built. [58:5.2.7.2(A)]
+69.2.1.3.2.2 The attachment of a container to either a trailer
+or semi-trailer running gear, or the attachments to the con-
+tainer to make it a vehicle, so that the unit can be moved by a
+conventional over-the-road tractor, shall comply with the DOT
+requirements for cargo tank service. [58:5.2.7.2(B)]
+69.2.1.3.2.3 The unit shall be approved for stationary use.
+[58:5.2.7.2(C)]
+69.2.1.3.2.4 Movable fuel storage tenders, including farm
+carts, shall be secured to the trailer support structure for the
+service involved. [58:5.2.7.2(D)]
+69.2.1.3.3 Portable tank design and construction of a full
+framework, skids, or lugs for the attachment of skids, and pro-
+tection of fittings shall be in accordance with DOT portable
+tank specifications. The bottom of the skids shall be not less
+than 2 in. (50 mm) or more than 12 in. (300 mm) below the
+outside bottom of the tank shell. [58:5.2.7.3]
+69.2.1.4 Container Marking.
+69.2.1.4.1 Cylinders shall be marked as provided in the regula-
+tions, rules, or code under which they are fabricated. [58:5.2.8.1]
+69.2.1.4.1.1 Where LP-Gas and one or more other compressed
+gases are to be stored or used in the same area, the cylinders shall
+be marked “Flammable” and either “LP-GAS,” “Propane,” or
+“Butane,” or shall be marked in accordance with the require-
+ments of 49 CFR, “Transportation.” [58:5.2.8.1(A)]
+69.2.1.4.1.2 When being transported, cylinders shall be
+marked and labeled in accordance with 49 CFR, “Transporta-
+tion.” [58:5.2.8.1(B)]
+69.2.1.4.2* Cylinders shall be marked with the following infor-
+mation:
+(1) The water capacity of the cylinder in pounds
+(2) The tare weight of the cylinder in pounds, fitted for ser-
+vice [58:5.2.8.2]
+69.2.1.4.3* The markings specified for ASME containers shall
+be on a stainless steel metal nameplate attached to the con-
+tainer, located to remain visible after the container is installed.
+[58:5.2.8.3]
+69.2.1.4.3.1 The nameplate shall be attached in such a way as to
+minimize corrosion of the nameplate or its fastening means and
+not contribute to corrosion of the container. [58:5.2.8.3(A)]
+69.2.1.4.3.2 Where the container is buried, mounded, insu-
+lated, or otherwise covered so the nameplate is obscured, the
+information contained on the nameplate shall be duplicated
+and installed on adjacent piping or on a structure in a clearly
+visible location. [58:5.2.8.3(B)]
+69.2.1.4.3.3 ASME containers shall be marked with the fol-
+lowing information:
+(1) Service for which the container is designed (for ex-
+ample, underground, aboveground, or both)
+(2) Name and address of container supplier or trade name
+of container
+(3) Water capacity of container in pounds or U.S. gallons
+(4) MAWP in pounds per square inch
+(5) The wording “This container shall not contain a product
+that has a vapor pressure in excess of ___ psig at 100°F”
+(See Table 5.2.4.2 of NFPA 58.)
+(6) Outside surface area in square feet
+(7) Year of manufacture
+(8) Shell thickness and head thickness
+(9) OL (overall length), OD (outside diameter), HD (head
+design)
+(10) Manufacturer’s serial number
+(11) ASME Code symbol
+(12) Minimum design metal temperature ___°F at MAWP
+____ psi
+(13) Type of construction “W”
+(14) Degree of radiography “RT-___” [58:5.2.8.3(C)]
+69.2.1.4.4 Warning labels shall meet the following require-
+ments:
+(1) Warning labels shall be applied to all cylinders of 100 lb
+(45.4 kg) propane capacity or less that are not filled on site.
+(2) Warning labels shall include information on the potential
+hazards of LP-Gas. [58:5.2.8.4]
+69.2.1.4.5 All containers that contain unodorized LP-Gas
+products shall be marked NOT ODORIZED. The marking
+shall have a contrasting background surrounded by a rectan-
+gular border in red letters and red border in the sizes shown in
+Table 69.2.1.4.5. The markings shall be on both ends or on
+both sides of a container or on both sides and the rear of cargo
+tanks. [58:5.2.8.5]
+Table 69.2.1.4.5 NOT ODORIZED Label Size
+Water Capacity Letter Height Border Width
+gal L in. cm in. cm
+499 and
+over
+1881 and
+over
+4.0 10.0 1⁄2 1.3
+49 to 498 184 to 1880 1.5 3.7 5⁄16 0.8
+2.6 to 48 10 to 183 3⁄4 1.8 1⁄4 0.6
+1t o2 . 5 4t o9 3⁄8 1.0 1⁄16 0.2
+[58: Table 5.2.8.5]
+1–385LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GASES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.2.2 Container Appurtenances and Regulators.Container
+appurtenances and regulators shall be fabricated of materials
+that are compatible with LP-Gas, shall be resistant to the ac-
+tion of LP-Gas under service conditions, and shall comply with
+Sections 5.7 and 5.8 of NFPA 58. [58:5.7]
+69.2.3 Piping (Including Hose), Fittings, and Valves.Piping
+(including hose), fittings, and valves shall comply with Sec-
+tion 5.9 of NFPA 58.
+69.3 Installation of LP-Gas Systems.
+69.3.1* Application.Section 69.3 shall apply to the following:
+(1) The location and field installation of LP-Gas systems that
+use components, subassemblies, container assemblies,
+and container systems that are fabricated in accordance
+with Chapter 5 of NFPA 58
+(2) The location of containers and liquid transfer systems
+(3) The installation of container appurtenances and regulators
+(4) The installation of piping (including flexible connectors
+and hose), hydrostatic relief valves, and piping service
+limitations
+(5) The installation of equipment
+(6) The testing of piping systems [ 58:6.1.1]
+69.3.2 Location of Containers.
+69.3.2.1 LP-Gas containers shall be located outside of build-
+ings unless they are specifically allowed to be located inside of
+buildings. [58:6.2.1]
+69.3.2.2 LP-Gas containers shall be allowed in buildings only
+for the following applications:
+(1) Cylinders as specifically provided for in Section 6.19 of
+NFPA 58
+(2) Containers of less than 125 gal (0.5 m3) water capacity for
+the purposes of being filled in buildings or structures
+complying with Chapter 10 of NFPA 58
+(3) Containers on LP-Gas vehicles complying with and parked
+or garaged in accordance with Chapter 9 of NFPA 58
+(4) Containers used with LP-Gas stationary or portable en-
+gine fuel systems complying with Chapter 11 of NFPA 58
+(5) Containers used with LP-Gas–fueled industrial trucks
+complying with 11.12.4 of NFPA 58
+(6) Containers on LP-Gas–fueled vehicles garaged in accor-
+dance with Section 11.15 of NFPA 58
+(7) Cylinders awaiting use, resale, or exchange when stored
+in accordance with Section 69.5 [58:6.2.2]
+69.3.3 Container Separation Distances.
+69.3.3.1 Containers installed outside of buildings, whether of
+the portable type replaced on a cylinder exchange basis or
+permanently installed and refilled at the installation, shall be
+located with respect to the adjacent containers, important
+building, group of buildings, or line of adjoining property that
+can be built upon, in accordance with Table 69.3.3.1,
+Table 69.3.4.2, Table 69.3.4.5.8, and 69.3.3.2 through
+69.3.3.12. [58:6.3.1]
+69.3.3.2 When the provisions of 6.26.3 through 6.26.5 of
+NFPA 58 are met, the minimum distance from an ASME
+container to a building shall be reduced by one-half for
+ASME containers of 2001 gal through 30,000 gal (7.6 m 3
+through 114 m 3) water capacity. [ 58:6.3.2]
+69.3.3.3 The 25 ft (7.6 m) minimum distance from above-
+ground ASME containers of 501 gal through 2000 gal (1.9 m3
+through 7.6 m3) water capacity to buildings, a group of build-
+ings, or the line of adjoining property that can be built upon
+Table 69.3.3.1 Separation Distances Between Containers, Important Buildings, and Line of
+Adjoining Property That Can Be Built Upon
+Minimum Distances
+Water Capacity
+per Container
+Mounded or
+Underground
+Containersa
+Aboveground
+Containersb
+Between
+Containersc
+gal m 3 ft m ft m ft m
+<125d <0.5d 10 3 0 e 0e 00
+125−250 0.5–1.0 10 3 10 3 0 0
+251−500 1.0+ −1.9 10 3 10 3 3 1
+501−2000 1.9+ −7.6 10 3 25 f 7.6 3 1
+2001−30,000 7.6+ −114 50 15 50 15 5 1.5
+30,001−70,000 114+ −265 50 15 75 23
+1⁄4 of sum of
+diameters of
+adjacent
+containers
+70,001−90,000 265+ −341 50 15 100 30
+90,001−120,000 341+ −454 50 15 125 38
+120,001−200,000 454+ −757 50 15 200 61
+200,001–1,000,000 757+ −3785 50 15 300 91
+>1,000,000 >3785 50 15 400 122
+a See 69.3.3.4.
+b See 69.3.3.12.
+c See 69.3.3.11.
+d See 69.3.3.9.
+e See 69.3.3.7 through 69.3.3.9.
+f See 69.3.3.3.
+[58: Table 6.3.1]
+1–386 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+shall be reduced to 10 ft (3 m) for a single ASME container of
+1200 gal (4.5 m3) or less water capacity where such container
+is at least 25 ft (7.6 m) from any other LP-Gas container of
+more than 125 gal (0.5 m3) water capacity. [58:6.3.3]
+69.3.3.4 Minimum distances for underground or mounded
+ASME containers of 2001 gal through 30,000 gal (7.6 m3 through
+114 m3) water capacity incorporating all the provisions of Sec-
+tion 6.26 of NFPA 58 shall be reduced to 10 ft (3 m). [58:6.3.4]
+69.3.3.4.1 Distances for all underground and mounded
+ASME containers shall be measured from the container sur-
+face. [58:6.3.4.1]
+69.3.3.4.2 No part of an underground or mounded ASME
+container shall be less than 10 ft (3 m) from a building or line
+of adjoining property that can be built upon. [58:6.3.4.2]
+69.3.3.5 The minimum separation distances specified in
+Table 69.3.3.1 between containers and buildings of other than
+wood-frame construction devoted exclusively to gas manufac-
+turing and distribution operations shall be reduced to 10 ft
+(3 m). [58:6.3.5]
+69.3.3.6 If the aggregate water capacity of a multicontainer in-
+stallation is 501 gal (1.9 m3) or more comprised of individual
+containers each with a water capacity of less than 125 gal
+(0.5 m3), the minimum distance shall comply with Table 69.3.3.1
+and the following:
+(1) The aggregate capacity shall be used rather than the ca-
+pacity per container.
+(2) If more than one such installation is made, each installa-
+tion shall be separated from any other installation by at
+least 25 ft (7.6 m).
+(3) The minimum distances between containers shall not be
+applied to installations covered by 69.3.3.6. [58:6.3.6]
+69.3.3.7 Cylinders installed alongside of buildings shall be
+positioned so that the discharge from the cylinder pressure
+relief device is located as follows:
+(1) At least 3 ft (1 m) horizontally away from any building
+opening that is below the level of such discharge
+(2) At least 5 ft (1.5 m) in any direction away from any exte-
+rior source of ignition, openings into direct-vent (sealed
+combustion system) appliances, or mechanical ventila-
+tion air intakes [58:6.3.7]
+69.3.3.8 Cylinders shall not be located and installed under-
+neath any building unless the space is open to the atmosphere
+for 50 percent of its perimeter or more. [58:6.3.8]
+69.3.3.9 The distance measured horizontally from the point
+of discharge of a container pressure relief valve to any building
+opening below the level of such discharge shall be in accor-
+dance with Table 69.3.3.9. [58:6.3.9]
+69.3.3.10 The distance measured in any direction from the
+point of discharge of a container pressure relief valve, vent of a
+fixed maximum liquid level gauge on a container, and the
+container filling connection to exterior sources of ignition,
+openings into direct-vent (sealed combustion system) appli-
+ances, and mechanical ventilation air intakes shall be in accor-
+dance with Table 69.3.3.9. [58:6.3.10]
+69.3.3.11 Access at the ends or sides of individual under-
+ground containers having a water capacity of 125 gal (0.5 m3)
+or more shall be provided in multicontainer installations to
+facilitate working with cranes or hoists. [58:6.3.11]
+69.3.3.12 The horizontal distance between the portion of a
+building that overhangs out of the building wall and an ASME
+container of 125 gal (0.5 m 3) or more water capacity shall
+comply with the following:
+(1) The horizontal distance shall be measured from a point
+determined by projecting the outside edge of the over-
+hanging structure vertically downward to grade or other
+level upon which the container is installed.
+(2) This horizontal distance shall be at least 50 percent of the
+separation distance required in Table 69.3.3.1.
+(3) This requirement shall apply only when the overhang ex-
+tends more than 5 ft (1.5 m) from the building.
+(4) This requirement shall not apply when the overhanging
+structure is 50 ft (15 m) or more above the relief valve
+discharge outlet.
+(5) This requirement shall not apply to ASME containers,
+2001 gal through 30,000 gal (7.6 m 3 through 114 m 3)
+water capacity, where the container distance from a build-
+ing is in accordance with 6.26.2 of NFPA 58. [58:6.3.12]
+69.3.4 Other Container Location Requirements.
+69.3.4.1 Where storage containers having an aggregate water
+capacity of more than 4000 gal (15.1 m3) are located in heavily
+populated or congested areas, the siting provisions of 69.3.3.1
+and Table 69.3.3.1 shall be permitted to be modified as indi-
+cated by the fire safety analysis described in 6.25.3 of NFPA 58.
+[58:6.4.1]
+69.3.4.2 Aboveground multicontainer installations com-
+prised of ASME containers having an individual water capacity
+of 12,000 gal (45 m3) or more and installed for use in a single
+location shall be limited to the number of containers in one
+group, with each group separated from the next group in ac-
+cordance with the degree of fire protection provided in Table
+69.3.4.2. [58:6.4.2]
+69.3.4.3 Where the provisions of 6.26.3 and 6.26.4 of NFPA 58
+are met, the minimum separation distance between groups of
+ASME containers protected by hose stream only shall be one-
+half the distances required in Table 69.3.4.2. [58:6.4.3]
+Table 69.3.3.9 Separation Distance Between Container
+Pressure Relief Valve and Building Openings
+Container
+Type
+Exchange
+or Filled
+on Site
+Distance
+Horizontally
+from Relief
+Valve
+Discharge to
+Opening
+Below
+Discharge
+Discharge from
+Relief Valve, Vent
+Discharge, and
+Filling Connection to
+Exterior Source of
+Ignition, Openings
+into Direct-Vent
+Appliances,
+Mechanical
+Ventilation Air
+Intakes
+ft m ft m
+Cylinder Exchange 3 0.9 5 1.5
+Cylinder Filled on
+site
+3 0.9 10 3.0
+ASME Filled on
+site
+5 1.5 10 3.0
+[58: Table 6.3.9]
+1–387LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GASES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.3.4.4 Underground or mounded ASME containers shall
+be located in accordance with 69.3.4.4.1 through 69.3.4.4.5.
+[58:6.4.4]
+69.3.4.4.1 They shall be located outside of any buildings.
+[58:6.4.4.1]
+69.3.4.4.2 Buildings shall not be constructed over any under-
+ground or mounded containers. [58:6.4.4.2]
+69.3.4.4.3 The sides of adjacent containers shall be separated
+in accordance with Table 69.3.3.1 but shall not be separated
+less than 3 ft (1 m). [58:6.4.4.3]
+69.3.4.4.4 Where containers are installed parallel with ends
+in line, the number of containers in one group shall not be
+limited. [58:6.4.4.4]
+69.3.4.4.5 Where more than one row of containers is in-
+stalled, the adjacent ends of the containers in each row shall
+be separated by not less than 10 ft (3 m). [58:6.4.4.5]
+69.3.4.5 Additional container installation requirements shall
+comply with 69.3.4.5.1 through 69.3.4.5.12, 69.3.4.6, and
+69.3.4.7. [58:6.4.5]
+69.3.4.5.1 Containers shall not be stacked one above the
+other. [58:6.4.5.1]
+69.3.4.5.2 Loose or piled combustible material and weeds
+and long dry grass shall be separated from containers by a
+minimum of 10 ft (3 m). [58:6.4.5.2]
+69.3.4.5.3* The area under containers shall be graded or shall
+have dikes or curbs installed so that the flow or accumulation
+of flammable liquids with flash points below 200°F (93.4°C) is
+prevented. [58:6.4.5.3]
+69.3.4.5.4 LP-Gas containers shall be located at least 10 ft
+(3 m) from the centerline of the wall of diked areas containing
+flammable or combustible liquids. [58:6.4.5.4]
+69.3.4.5.5 The minimum horizontal separation between
+aboveground LP-Gas containers and aboveground tanks con-
+taining liquids having flash points below 200°F (93.4°C) shall
+be 20 ft (6 m). [58:6.4.5.5]
+69.3.4.5.6 The requirements of 69.3.4.5.5 shall not apply
+where LP-Gas containers of 125 gal (0.5 m 3) or less water ca-
+pacity are installed adjacent to fuel oil supply tanks of 660 gal
+(2.5 m3) or less capacity. [58:6.4.5.6]
+69.3.4.5.7 No horizontal separation shall be required be-
+tween aboveground LP-Gas containers and underground
+tanks containing flammable or combustible liquids installed
+in accordance with NFPA 30. [58:6.4.5.7]
+69.3.4.5.8* The minimum separation between LP-Gas con-
+tainers and oxygen or gaseous hydrogen containers shall be in
+accordance with Table 69.3.4.5.8. [58:6.4.5.8]
+69.3.4.5.9 Where protective structures having a minimum
+fire resistance rating of 2 hours interrupt the line of sight be-
+tween uninsulated portions of the oxygen or hydrogen con-
+tainers and the LP-Gas containers, no minimum distance shall
+apply. [58:6.4.5.9]
+69.3.4.5.10 The minimum separation between LP-Gas con-
+tainers and liquefied hydrogen containers shall be in accor-
+dance with NFPA 55,Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling
+of Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary
+Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks.[ 58:6.4.5.10]
+69.3.4.5.11 Where LP-Gas cylinders are to be stored or used
+in the same area with other compressed gases, the cylinders
+shall be marked to identify their content in accordance with
+ANSI/CGA C-7, Guide to the Preparation of Precautionary Labeling
+and Marking of Compressed Gas Containers.[ 58:6.4.5.11]
+69.3.4.5.12 An aboveground LP-Gas container and any of its
+parts shall not be located within 6 ft (1.8 m) of a vertical plane
+beneath overhead electric power lines that are over 600 volts,
+nominal. [58:6.4.5.12]
+69.3.4.6* Refrigerated LP-Gas containers shall be located
+within an impoundment in accordance with Section 12.3 of
+NFPA 58. [58:6.4.6]
+69.3.4.7* Structures such as fire walls, fences, earth or con-
+crete barriers, and other similar structures shall not be permit-
+ted around or over installed nonrefrigerated containers un-
+less specifically allowed as follows:
+(1) Structures partially enclosing containers shall be permit-
+ted if designed in accordance with a sound fire protection
+analysis.
+(2) Structures used to prevent flammable or combustible liq-
+uid accumulation or flow shall be permitted in accor-
+dance with 69.3.4.5.3.
+(3) Structures between LP-Gas containers and gaseous hydro-
+gen containers shall be permitted in accordance with
+69.3.4.5.9.
+(4) Structures such as fences shall be permitted in accor-
+dance with 6.18.4 of NFPA 58. [58:6.4.7]
+69.3.5 Location of Transfer Operations.
+69.3.5.1* Liquid shall be transferred into containers, includ-
+ing containers mounted on vehicles, only outdoors or in struc-
+tures specially designed for that purpose. [58:6.5.1]
+69.3.5.1.1 The transfer of liquid into containers mounted on
+vehicles shall not take place within a building but shall be
+permitted to take place under a weather shelter or canopy(see
+6.24.3.3 of NFPA 58). [58:6.5.1.1]
+69.3.5.1.2 Structures housing transfer operations or con-
+verted for such use after December 31, 1972, shall comply with
+Chapter 10 of NFPA 58. [58:6.5.1.2]
+Table 69.3.4.2 Maximum Number of Containers in a Group
+and Their Separation Distances
+Fire Protection
+Provided by
+Maximum
+Number of
+Containers in
+One Group
+Minimum
+Separation
+Between Groups
+ft m
+Hose streams only (see
+6.4.2 and 6.25.3.1 of
+NFPA 58)
+65 0 1 5
+Fixed monitor nozzles
+per 6.25.6.3 of
+NFPA 58
+6 25 7.6
+Fixed water spray per
+6.25.3.1 of NFPA 58
+9 25 7.6
+Insulation per 6.25.5.1
+of NFPA 58
+9 25 7.6
+[58: Table 6.4.2]
+1–388 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.3.5.1.3 The transfer of liquid into containers on the roofs
+of structures shall be permitted, provided that the installation
+conforms to the requirements contained in 6.6.7 and 6.19.11
+of NFPA 58. [58:6.5.1.3]
+69.3.5.1.4 The transfer hose shall not be routed in or through
+any building except those specified in 69.3.5.1.2. [58:6.5.1.4]
+69.3.5.2 Filling of containers located outdoors in stationary
+installations in accordance with Section 69.3.3 shall be permit-
+ted to be filled at that location. [58:6.5.2]
+69.3.5.3 If the point of transfer of containers located out-
+doors in stationary installations is not located at the container,
+it shall be located in accordance with Table 69.3.5.3. [58:6.5.3]
+69.3.5.4 Containers not located in stationary installations
+shall be filled at a location determined by the point of transfer
+in accordance with Table 69.3.5.3. [58:6.5.4]
+69.3.5.4.1 If the point of transfer is a component of a system
+covered by Section 6.23 or Chapter 11 of NFPA 58, the require-
+ments of parts A, B, and C of Table 69.3.5.3 shall not apply to
+the structure containing the point of transfer. [58:6.5.4.1]
+69.3.5.4.2 If LP-Gas is vented to the atmosphere under the
+conditions stipulated in 7.3.1(5) of NFPA 58, the distances in
+Table 69.3.5.3 shall be doubled. [58:6.5.4.2]
+69.3.5.4.3 If the point of transfer is housed in a structure com-
+plying with Chapter 10 of NFPA 58, the distances in Table 69.3.5.3
+shall be permitted to be reduced, provided the common walls
+comply with 10.3.1.3 of NFPA 58. [58:6.5.4.3]
+69.3.5.4.4 The distances in Table 69.3.5.3, parts B, C, D, E,
+F(2), and J, shall be reduced by one-half where the system
+incorporates the provisions of low emission transfer as pro-
+vided in 6.26.5 of NFPA 58. [ 58:6.5.4.4]
+69.3.6 Installation of Containers.
+69.3.6.1 General Requirements.
+69.3.6.1.1 Containers shall be positioned so that the pressure
+relief valve is in direct communication with the vapor space of
+the container. [58:6.6.1.1]
+69.3.6.1.2 LP-Gas containers or systems of which they are a part
+shall be protected from damage from vehicles. [58:6.6.1.2]
+69.3.6.1.3 Field welding on containers shall be limited to
+nonpressure parts such as saddle plates, wear plates, or brack-
+ets installed by the container manufacturer. [58:6.6.1.3]
+69.3.6.1.4* Aboveground containers shall be painted.
+[58:6.6.1.4]
+69.3.6.1.5 Containers shall be installed so that all container
+operating appurtenances are accessible. [58:6.6.1.5]
+69.3.6.1.6 Where necessary to prevent flotation due to pos-
+sible high flood waters around aboveground or mounded con-
+tainers, or high water table for those underground and par-
+tially underground, containers shall be securely anchored.
+[58:6.6.1.6]
+69.3.6.2 Installation of Cylinders.
+69.3.6.2.1 Cylinders shall be installed only aboveground and
+shall be set upon a firm foundation or otherwise be firmly
+secured. The cylinder shall not be in contact with the soil.
+[58:6.6.2.1]
+69.3.6.2.2 Flexibility shall be provided in the connecting pip-
+ing. Where flexible connectors are used, they shall comply
+with 6.9.6 of NFPA 58. [58:6.6.2.2]
+69.3.7 Internal Valves.
+69.3.7.1 The requirements of 69.3.7.2 through 69.3.7.5 shall
+be required for internal valves in liquid service that are in-
+stalled in containers over 4000 gal (15.2 m3) water capacity by
+July 1, 2003. [58:6.11.1]
+69.3.7.2 Internal valves shall be installed in accordance with
+5.7.4.2 and Table 5.7.4.2 of NFPA 58 on containers over 4000 gal
+(15.2 m3) water capacity. [58:6.11.2]
+69.3.7.3 Automatic shutdown of internal valves in liquid ser-
+vice shall be provided using thermal (fire) actuation. The ther-
+mal sensing element of the internal valve shall be within 5 ft
+(1.5 m) of the internal valve. [58:6.11.3]
+69.3.7.4 At least one remote shutdown station for internal
+valves in liquid service shall be installed not less than 25 ft
+(7.6 m) or more than 100 ft (30 m) from the liquid transfer
+point. This shall be retroactive to all internal valves required
+by NFPA 58. [58:6.11.4]
+Table 69.3.4.5.8 Separation Distances of LP-Gas Containers and Oxygen and Hydrogen Containers
+LP-Gas
+Containers
+Aggregate
+Water Capacity
+Separation from Oxygen Containers
+Aggregate Capacity
+Separation from Gaseous Hydrogen
+Containers Aggregate Capacity
+400 ft3
+(11 m3)*
+or Less
+More than 400 ft3
+(11 m3)* to 20,000 ft3
+(566 m3)* Including
+Unconnected
+Reserves
+More than 20,000 ft3
+(566 m3)* Including
+Unconnected
+Reserves Less than
+400 ft3
+(11 m3)*
+400 ft3 (11 m3)* to
+3000 ft3 (85 m3)*
+More than 3000 ft3
+(85 m3)*
+gal m 3 ft m ft m ft m ft m
+≤1200 ≤4.5 None 20 6 25 7.6 — — — — —
+>1200 >4.5 None 20 6 50 15 — — — — —
+≤500 ≤1.9 — — — — — None 10 3 25 7.6
+>500 >1.9 — — — — — None 25 7.6 50 15
+*Cubic feet (m3) measured at 70°F (21°C) and atmospheric pressure.
+[58: Table 6.4.5.8]
+1–389LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GASES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.3.7.5 Emergency remote shutdown stations shall be identi-
+fied by a sign, visible from the point of transfer, incorporating the
+words “Propane — Container Liquid Valve Emergency Shutoff”
+in block letters of not less than 2 in. (51 mm) in height on a
+background of contrasting colors to the letters. [58:6.11.5]
+69.3.8 Emergency Shutoff Valves.
+69.3.8.1 On new installations and on existing installations,
+stationary container storage systems with an aggregate water
+capacity of more than 4000 gal (15.1 m 3) utilizing a liquid
+transfer line that is 1 1⁄2 in. (39 mm) or larger and a pressure
+equalizing vapor line that is 11⁄4 in. (32 mm) or larger shall be
+equipped with emergency shutoff valves. [58:6.12.1]
+69.3.8.2 An emergency shutoff valve shall be installed in the
+transfer lines of the fixed piping transfer system within 20 ft
+(6 m) of lineal pipe from the nearest end of the hose or swivel-
+type piping connections. [58:6.12.2]
+69.3.8.3 When the flow is only into the container, a backflow
+check valve shall be permitted to be used in lieu of an emergency
+shutoff valve if installed in the fixed piping transfer system down-
+stream of the hose or swivel-type piping connections. [58:6.12.3]
+69.3.8.4 The backflow check valve shall have a metal-to-metal
+seat or a primary resilient seat with metal back-up, not hinged
+with combustible material, and shall be designed for this spe-
+cific application. [58:6.12.4]
+69.3.8.5 Where there are two or more liquid or vapor lines with
+hoses or swivel-type piping connected of the sizes designated, an
+emergency shutoff valve or a backflow check valve where allowed
+shall be installed in each leg of the piping. [58:6.12.5]
+69.3.8.6 Emergency shutoff valves shall be installed so that the
+temperature-sensitive element in the valve, or a supplemental
+temperature-sensitive element [250°F (121°C) maximum] con-
+nected to actuate the valve, is not more than 5 ft (1.5 m) from the
+nearest end of the hose or swivel-type piping connected to the
+line in which the valve is installed. [58:6.12.6]
+69.3.8.7 Temperature-sensitive elements of emergency shut-
+off valves shall not be painted, nor shall they have any orna-
+mental finishes applied after manufacture. [58:6.12.7]
+69.3.8.8* The emergency shutoff valves or backflow check
+valves shall be installed in the fixed piping so that any break
+resulting from a pull will occur on the hose or swivel-type pip-
+ing side of the connection while retaining intact the valves and
+piping on the plant side of the connection. [58:6.12.8]
+69.3.8.9 Emergency shutoff valves and backflow check valves
+required by NFPA 58 shall be tested annually for the functions
+required by 5.12.4 of NFPA 58. The results of the test shall be
+documented. [58:6.12.9]
+69.3.8.10 All new and existing emergency shutoff valves shall
+comply with the following:
+(1) Each emergency shutoff valve shall have at least one
+clearly identified and easily accessible manually operated
+remote emergency shutoff device.
+(2) The shutoff device shall be located not less than 25 ft
+(7.6 m) or more than 100 ft (30.5 m) in the path of egress
+from the emergency shutoff valve.
+(3) Where an emergency shutoff valve is used in lieu of an inter-
+nal valve in compliance with 5.7.4.2(D)(2) of NFPA 58, the
+remote shutoff device shall be installed in accordance with
+69.3.7.4 and 69.3.7.5. [58:6.12.10]
+Table 69.3.5.3 Distance Between Point of Transfer and
+Exposures
+Part Exposure
+Minimum
+Horizontal Distance
+ft m
+A Buildings, a mobile homes,
+recreational vehicles, and
+modular homes with
+fire-resistive wallsb
+10c 3.1
+B Buildings a with other than
+fire-resistive wallsb
+25c 7.6c
+C Building wall openings or
+pits at or below the level of
+the point of transfer
+25c 7.6c
+D Line of adjoining property
+that can be built upon
+25c 7.6c
+E Outdoor places of public
+assembly including
+schoolyards, athletic fields,
+and playgrounds
+50c 15c
+F Public ways including public
+streets, highways,
+thoroughfares, and
+sidewalks
+(1) From points of transfer
+in LP-Gas dispensing
+stations and at vehicle
+fuel dispensers
+10 3.1
+(2) From other points of
+transfer
+25c 7.6c
+G Driveways d 5 1.5
+H Mainline railroad track
+centerlines
+25 7.6
+I Containers e other than those
+being filled
+10 3.1
+J Flammable and Class II
+combustible liquidf
+dispensers and the fill
+connections of containers
+10c 3.1c
+K Flammable and Class II
+combustible liquid
+containers, aboveground
+containers, and containers
+underground
+20 6.1
+aFor the purpose of the table, buildings also include structures such as
+tents and box trailers at construction sites.
+bWalls constructed of noncombustible materials having, as erected, a
+fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour as determined by NFPA 251,
+Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and
+Materials.
+cSee 6.3.5.4.4.
+dNot applicable to driveways and points of transfer at vehicle fuel dis-
+pensers.
+eNot applicable to filling connections at the storage container or to dis-
+pensing vehicle fuel dispenser units of 2000 gal (7.6 m3) water capacity or
+less when used for filling containers not mounted on vehicles.
+fNFPA 30 defines these as follows: Flammable liquids include those
+having a flash point below 100°F (37.8°C) and having a vapor pressure
+not exceeding 40 psia (276 kPa) at 100°F (37.8°C). Class II combus-
+tible liquids include those having a flash point at or above 100°F
+(37.8°C) and below 140°F (60°C).
+[58: Table 6.5.3]
+1–390 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.3.8.11 Emergency shutoff valves for railroad tank car
+transfer systems shall be in accordance with 6.18.2.6, 6.26.4,
+7.2.3.7, and 7.2.3.8 of NFPA 58. [58:6.12.11]
+69.3.9 Installation in Areas of Heavy Snowfall.In areas where
+heavy snowfall is anticipated, piping, regulators, meters, and
+other equipment installed in the piping system shall be pro-
+tected from the forces anticipated as a result of accumulated
+snow. [58:6.15]
+69.3.10 LP-Gas Systems in Buildings or on Building Roofs or
+Exterior Balconies.
+69.3.10.1 Application.
+69.3.10.1.1 Subsection 69.3.10 shall apply to the installation
+of the following LP-Gas systems in buildings or structures:
+(1) Cylinders inside of buildings or on the roofs or exterior
+balconies of buildings
+(2) Systems in which the liquid is piped from outside contain-
+ers into buildings or onto the roof [58:6.19.1.1]
+69.3.10.1.2 Cylinders in use shall mean connected for use.
+[58:6.19.1.2]
+69.3.10.1.2.1 The use of cylinders indoors shall be only for
+the purposes specified in 6.19.4 through 6.19.9 of NFPA 58.
+[58:6.19.1.2(A)]
+69.3.10.1.2.2 The use of cylinders indoors shall be limited to
+those conditions where operational requirements make the
+indoor use of cylinders necessary and location outside is im-
+practical. [58:6.19.1.2(B)]
+69.3.10.1.2.3 The use of cylinders on roofs shall be limited to
+those conditions where operational requirements make the
+use of cylinders necessary and location other than on roofs of
+buildings or structures is impractical. [58:6.19.1.2(C)]
+69.3.10.1.2.4 Liquid LP-Gas shall be piped into buildings or
+structures only for the purposes specified in 6.9.1.1(4) of
+NFPA 58. [58:6.19.1.2(D)]
+69.3.10.1.3 Storage of cylinders awaiting use shall be in accor-
+dance with Chapter 8 of NFPA 58. [58:6.19.1.3]
+69.3.10.1.4 Transportation of cylinders within a building
+shall be in accordance with 6.19.3.6 of NFPA 58. [58:6.19.1.4]
+69.3.10.1.5 The following provisions shall be required in ad-
+dition to those specified in Sections 6.2 and 6.3 of NFPA 58:
+(1) Liquid transfer systems shall be in accordance with Chap-
+ter 7 of NFPA 58.
+(2) Engine fuel systems used inside buildings shall be in ac-
+cordance with Chapter 11 of NFPA 58.
+(3) LP-Gas transport or cargo tank vehicles stored, serviced,
+or repaired in buildings shall be in accordance with Chap-
+ter 9 of NFPA 58. [58:6.19.1.5]
+69.3.10.2 Additional Equipment Requirements for Cylinders,
+Equipment, Piping, and Appliances Used in Buildings, Build-
+ing Roofs, and Exterior Balconies.
+69.3.10.2.1 Cylinders shall be in accordance with the following:
+(1) Cylinders shall comply with DOT cylinder specifications.
+(2) Cylinders shall not exceed 245 lb (111 kg) water capacity
+[nominal 100 lb (45 kg) propane capacity] each.
+(3) Cylinders shall comply with other applicable provisions of
+Section 5.2 of NFPA 58, and they shall be equipped as
+provided in Section 5.7 of NFPA 58.
+(4) Cylinders shall be marked in accordance with 5.2.8.1 and
+5.2.8.2 of NFPA 58.
+(5) Cylinders with propane capacities greater than 2 lb
+(0.9 kg) shall be equipped as provided in Table 5.7.4.1 of
+NFPA 58, and an excess-flow valve shall be provided for
+vapor service when used indoors.
+(6) Cylinder valves shall be protected in accordance with
+5.2.6.1 of NFPA 58.
+(7) Cylinders having water capacities greater than 2.7 lb (1.2 kg)
+and connected for use shall stand on a firm and substantially
+level surface.
+(8) Cylinders shall be secured in an upright position if necessary.
+(9) Cylinders and the valve-protecting devices used with them
+shall be oriented to minimize the possibility of impinge-
+ment of the pressure relief device discharge on the cylin-
+der and adjacent cylinders. [58:6.19.2.1]
+69.3.10.2.2 Only regulators recommended by the manufac-
+turer for use with LP-Gas shall be used. [58:6.19.2.2]
+69.3.10.2.3 Manifolds and fittings connecting cylinders to
+pressure regulator inlets shall be designed for at least 250 psig
+(1.7 MPag) service pressure. [58:6.19.2.3]
+69.3.10.2.4 Piping shall comply with Section 5.9 of NFPA 58
+and shall have a pressure rating of 250 psig (1.7 MPag).
+[58:6.19.2.4]
+69.3.10.2.5 Liquid piping and vapor piping at pressures
+above 125 psig (0.9 MPag) shall be installed in accordance
+with 6.9.3 of NFPA 58. [58:6.19.2.5]
+69.3.10.2.6 Hose, hose connections, and flexible connectors
+shall comply with the following:
+(1) Hose used at pressures above 5 psig (34 kPag) shall be
+designed for a pressure of at least 350 psig (2.4 MPag).
+(2) Hose used at a pressure of 5 psig (34 kPag) or less and
+used in agricultural buildings not normally occupied by
+the public shall be designed for the operating pressure of
+the hose.
+(3) Hose shall comply with 5.9.6 of NFPA 58.
+(4) Hose shall be installed in accordance with 6.20.3 of NFPA 58.
+(5) Hose shall be as short as practical, without kinking or
+straining the hose or causing it to be close enough to a
+burner to be damaged by heat.
+(6) Hoses greater than 10 ft (3.3 m) in length shall be pro-
+tected from damage. [58:6.19.2.6]
+69.3.10.2.7* Portable heaters, including salamanders, shall
+comply with the following:
+(1) Portable heaters shall be equipped with an approved au-
+tomatic device to shut off the flow of gas to the main
+burner and to the pilot, if used, in the event of flame
+extinguishment or combustion failure.
+(2) Portable heaters shall be self-supporting unless designed
+for cylinder mounting.
+(3) Portable heaters shall not be installed utilizing cylinder
+valves, connectors, regulators, manifolds, piping, or tub-
+ing as structural supports.
+(4) Portable heaters having an input of more than
+50,000 Btu/hr (53 MJ/hr) shall be equipped with either a
+pilot that must be lighted and proved before the main
+burner can be turned on or an approved electric ignition
+system. [58:6.19.2.7]
+1–391LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GASES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.3.10.2.8 The provisions of 69.3.10.2.7 shall not be appli-
+cable to the following:
+(1) Tar kettle burners, hand torches, or melting pots
+(2) Portable heaters with less than 7500 Btu/hr (8 MJ/hr)
+input if used with cylinders having a maximum water ca-
+pacity of 2.7 lb (1.2 kg) and filled with no more than
+16.8 oz (0.522 kg) of LP-Gas [58:6.19.2.8]
+69.3.10.3 Buildings Under Construction or Undergoing Ma-
+jor Renovation.
+69.3.10.3.1 Cylinders shall be permitted to be used and trans-
+ported in buildings or structures under construction or under-
+going major renovation where such buildings are not occu-
+pied by the public. [58:6.19.4.1]
+69.3.10.3.2 The use and transportation of cylinders in the un-
+occupied portions of buildings or structures under construction
+or undergoing major renovation that are partially occupied by
+the public shall be approved by the AHJ. [58:6.19.4.2]
+69.3.10.3.3 Cylinders, equipment, piping, and appliances
+shall comply with 69.3.10.2. [58:6.19.4.3]
+69.3.10.3.4 Heaters used for temporary heating shall be lo-
+cated at least 6 ft (1.8 m) from any cylinder. (See 69.3.10.3.5 for
+an exception to this requirement.)[ 58:6.19.4.4]
+69.3.10.3.5 Integral heater-cylinder units specifically de-
+signed for the attachment of the heater to the cylinder, or to a
+supporting standard attached to the cylinder, and designed
+and installed to prevent direct or radiant heat application to
+the cylinder shall be exempt from the spacing requirement of
+69.3.10.3.4. [58:6.19.4.5]
+69.3.10.3.6 Blower-type and radiant-type units shall not be
+directed toward any cylinder within 20 ft (6.1 m). [58:6.19.4.6]
+69.3.10.3.7 If two or more heater-cylinder units of either the
+integral or nonintegral type are located in an unpartitioned
+area on the same floor, the cylinder(s) of each such unit shall
+be separated from the cylinder(s) of any other such unit by at
+least 20 ft (6.1 m). [58:6.19.4.7]
+69.3.10.3.8 If heaters are connected to cylinders manifolded
+together for use in an unpartitioned area on the same floor,
+the total water capacity of cylinders manifolded together serv-
+ing any one heater shall not be greater than 735 lb (333 kg)
+[nominal 300 lb (136 kg) propane capacity]. If there is more
+than one such manifold, it shall be separated from any other
+by at least 20 ft (6.1 m). [58:6.19.4.8]
+69.3.10.3.9 Where cylinders are manifolded together for
+connection to a heater or heaters on another floor, the follow-
+ing shall apply:
+(1) Heaters shall not be installed on the same floors with
+manifolded cylinders.
+(2) The total water capacity of the cylinders connected to any
+one manifold shall not be greater than 2450 lb (1111 kg)
+[nominal 1000 lb (454 kg) propane capacity].
+(3) Manifolds of more than 735 lb (333 kg) water capacity
+[nominal 300 lb (136 kg) propane capacity], if located in
+the same unpartitioned area, shall be separated from
+each other by at least 50 ft (15 m). [58:6.19.4.9]
+69.3.10.3.10 Where compliance with the provisions of
+69.3.10.3.6 through 69.3.10.3.9 is impractical, alternate instal-
+lation provisions shall be allowed with the approval of the AHJ.
+[58:6.19.4.10]
+69.3.10.4 Buildings Undergoing Minor Renovation When Fre-
+quented by the Public.
+69.3.10.4.1 Cylinders used and transported for repair or mi-
+nor renovation in buildings frequented by the public during
+the hours the public normally occupies the building shall
+comply with the following:
+(1) The maximum water capacity of individual cylinders shall
+be 50 lb (23 kg) [nominal 20 lb (9.1 kg) propane capac-
+ity], and the number of cylinders in the building shall not
+exceed the number of workers assigned to the use of the
+LP-Gas.
+(2) Cylinders having a water capacity greater than 2.7 lb (1.2 kg)
+shall not be left unattended. [58:6.19.5.1]
+69.3.10.4.2 During the hours the building is not open to the
+public, cylinders used and transported within the building for
+repair or minor renovation and with a water capacity greater
+than 2.7 lb (1.2 kg) shall not be left unattended. [58:6.19.5.2]
+69.3.10.5 Buildings Housing Industrial Occupancies.
+69.3.10.5.1 Cylinders used in buildings housing industrial oc-
+cupancies for processing, research, or experimental purposes
+shall comply with 69.3.10.5.1.1 and 69.3.10.5.1.2. [58:6.19.6.1]
+69.3.10.5.1.1 If cylinders are manifolded together, the total wa-
+ter capacity of the connected cylinders shall be not more than
+735 lb (333 kg) [nominal 300 lb (136 kg) propane capacity]. If
+there is more than one such manifold in a room, it shall be sepa-
+rated from any other by at least 20 ft (6.1 m). [58:6.19.6.1(A)]
+69.3.10.5.1.2 The amount of LP-Gas in cylinders for research
+and experimental use in the building shall be limited to the
+smallest practical quantity. [58:6.19.6.1(B)]
+69.3.10.5.2 The use of cylinders to supply fuel for temporary
+heating in buildings housing industrial occupancies with essen-
+tially noncombustible contents shall comply with the require-
+ments for cylinders in buildings under construction in 69.3.10.3.
+[58:6.19.6.2]
+69.3.10.5.3 The use of fuel cylinders for temporary heating
+shall be permitted only where portable equipment for space
+heating is essential and a permanent heating installation is not
+practical. [58:6.19.6.3]
+69.3.10.6 Buildings Housing Educational and Institutional
+Occupancies.
+69.3.10.6.1 The use of cylinders in classrooms shall be pro-
+hibited unless they are used temporarily for classroom demon-
+strations in accordance with 69.3.10.8. [58:6.19.7.1]
+69.3.10.6.2 Where cylinders are used in buildings housing
+educational and institutional laboratory occupancies for re-
+search and experimental purposes, the following shall apply:
+(1) The maximum water capacity of individual cylinders used
+shall be 50 lb (23 kg) [nominal 20 lb (9.1 kg) propane
+capacity] if used in educational occupancies and 12 lb
+(5.4 kg) [nominal 5 lb (2 kg) propane capacity] if used in
+institutional occupancies.
+(2) If more than one such cylinder is located in the same
+room, the cylinders shall be separated by at least 20 ft
+(6.1 m).
+(3) Cylinders not connected for use shall be stored in accor-
+dance with Chapter 8 of NFPA 58.
+(4) Cylinders shall not be stored in a laboratory room.
+[58:6.19.7.2]
+1–392 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.3.10.7 Temporary Heating and Food Service Appliances in
+Buildings in Emergencies.
+69.3.10.7.1 Cylinders shall not be used in buildings for tem-
+porary emergency heating purposes except when all of the
+following conditions are met:
+(1) The permanent heating system is temporarily out of ser-
+vice.
+(2) Heat is necessary to prevent damage to the buildings or
+contents.
+(3) The cylinders and heaters comply with and are used and
+transported in accordance with 69.3.10.2 and 69.3.10.3.
+(4) The temporary heating equipment is not left unattended.
+(5) Air for combustion and ventilation is provided in accor-
+dance with NFPA 54,National Fuel Gas Code.[ 58:6.19.8.1]
+69.3.10.7.2 When a public emergency has been declared and
+gas, fuel, or electrical service has been interrupted, portable
+listed LP-Gas commercial food service appliances meeting the
+requirements of 69.3.10.8.4 shall be permitted to be tempo-
+rarily used inside affected buildings. [58:6.19.8.2]
+69.3.10.7.3 The portable appliances used shall be discontin-
+ued and removed from the building at the time the perma-
+nently installed appliances are placed back in operation.
+[58:6.19.8.3]
+69.3.10.8 Use in Buildings for Demonstrations or Training,
+and Use of Small Cylinders for Self-Contained Torch Assem-
+blies and Food Service Appliances.
+69.3.10.8.1 Cylinders used temporarily inside buildings for
+public exhibitions or demonstrations, including use in classroom
+demonstrations, shall be in accordance with the following:
+(1) The maximum water capacity of a cylinder shall be 12 lb
+(5.4 kg) [nominal 5 lb (2 kg) propane capacity].
+(2) If more than one such cylinder is located in a room, the
+cylinders shall be separated by at least 20 ft (6.1 m).
+[58:6.19.9.1]
+69.3.10.8.2 Cylinders used temporarily in buildings for training
+purposes related to the installation and use of LP-Gas systems
+shall be in accordance with the following:
+(1) The maximum water capacity of individual cylinders shall
+be 245 lb (111 kg) [nominal 100 lb (45 kg) propane ca-
+pacity], but not more than 20 lb (9.1 kg) of propane shall
+be placed in a single cylinder.
+(2) If more than one such cylinder is located in the same room,
+the cylinders shall be separated by at least 20 ft (6.1 m).
+(3) The training location shall be acceptable to the AHJ.
+(4) Cylinders shall be promptly removed from the building
+when the training class has terminated. [58:6.19.9.2]
+69.3.10.8.3* Cylinders used in buildings as part of approved
+self-contained torch assemblies or similar appliances shall be
+in accordance with the following:
+(1) Cylinders used in buildings shall comply with UL 147A,
+Standard for Nonrefillable (Disposable) Type Fuel Gas Cylinder
+Assemblies.
+(2) Cylinders shall have a maximum water capacity of 2.7 lb
+(1.2 kg). [58:6.19.9.3]
+69.3.10.8.4 Cylinders used with commercial food service ap-
+pliances shall be used inside restaurants and in attended com-
+mercial food catering operations in accordance with the fol-
+lowing:
+(1) Cylinders and appliances shall be listed.
+(2) Commercial food service appliances shall not have more
+than two 10 oz (296 ml) nonrefillable butane gas cylinders,
+each having a maximum capacity of 1.08 lb (0.490 kg).
+(3) Cylinders shall comply with UL 147B, Standard for Nonre-
+fillable (Disposal) Type Metal Container Assemblies for Butane.
+(4) Cylinders shall be connected directly to the appliance and
+shall not be manifolded.
+(5) Cylinders shall be an integral part of the listed, approved,
+commercial food service device and shall be connected
+without the use of a rubber hose.
+(6) Storage of cylinders shall be in accordance with 8.3.1 of
+NFPA 58. [58:6.19.9.4]
+69.3.10.9 Cylinders on Roofs or Exterior Balconies.
+69.3.10.9.1 Where cylinders are installed permanently on roofs
+of buildings, the buildings shall be of fire-resistant construction
+or noncombustible construction having essentially noncombus-
+tible contents, or of other construction or contents that are pro-
+tected with automatic sprinklers. [58:6.19.11.1]
+69.3.10.9.1.1 The total water capacity of cylinders connected
+to any one manifold shall be not greater than 980 lb (445 kg)
+[nominal 400 lb (181 kg) propane capacity]. If more than one
+manifold is located on the roof, it shall be separated from any
+other by at least 50 ft (15 m). [58:6.19.11.1(A)]
+69.3.10.9.1.2 Cylinders shall be located in areas where there
+is free air circulation, at least 10 ft (3 m) from building open-
+ings (such as windows and doors), and at least 20 ft (6.1 m)
+from air intakes of air-conditioning and ventilating systems.
+[58:6.19.11.1(B)]
+69.3.10.9.1.3 Cylinders shall not be located on roofs that are
+entirely enclosed by parapets more than 18 in. (460 mm) high
+unless the parapets are breached with low-level ventilation
+openings no more than 20 ft (6.1 m) apart, or all openings
+communicating with the interior of the building are at or
+above the top of the parapets. [58:6.19.11.1(C)]
+69.3.10.9.1.4 Piping shall be in accordance with 69.3.10.2.4
+through 69.3.10.2.6. [58:6.19.11.1(D)]
+69.3.10.9.1.5 Hose shall not be used for connection to cylin-
+ders. [58:6.19.11.1(E)]
+69.3.10.9.1.6 The fire department shall be advised of each
+installation. [58:6.19.11.1(F)]
+69.3.10.9.2 Cylinders having water capacities greater than
+2.7 lb (1 kg) [nominal 1 lb (0.5 kg) LP-Gas capacity] shall not
+be located on decks or balconies of dwellings of two or more
+living units above the first floor unless they are served by exte-
+rior stairways. [58:6.19.11.2]
+69.3.11 Installation of Appliances.
+69.3.11.1 Installation of Patio Heaters.
+69.3.11.1.1 Patio heaters utilizing an integral LP-Gas con-
+tainer greater than 1.08 lb (0.49 kg) propane capacity shall
+comply with 69.3.11.1.2 and 69.3.11.1.3. [58:6.20.2.1]
+69.3.11.1.2 Patio heaters shall be listed and used in accor-
+dance with their listing and the manufacturer’s instructions.
+[58:6.20.2.2]
+69.3.11.1.3 Patio heaters shall not be located within 5 ft (1.5 m)
+of exits from an assembly occupancy. [58:6.20.2.3]
+1–393LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GASES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.3.11.2 Hose for Portable Appliances.
+69.3.11.2.1 The requirements of 69.3.11 shall apply to hoses
+used on the low-pressure side of regulators to connect por-
+table appliances. [58:6.20.3.1]
+69.3.11.2.2 Where used inside buildings, the following shall
+apply:
+(1) The hose shall be the minimum practical length and shall
+be in accordance with 69.3.10.2.6.
+(2) The hose shall not extend from one room to another or
+pass through any partitions, walls, ceilings, or floors ex-
+cept as provided by 69.3.10.3.9.
+(3) The hose shall not be concealed from view or used in
+concealed locations. [58:6.20.3.2]
+69.3.11.2.3 Where installed outside of buildings, the hose
+length shall be permitted to exceed 10 ft (3.3 m) but shall be
+as short as practical. [58:6.20.3.3]
+69.3.11.2.4 Hose shall be securely connected to the appliance.
+[58:6.20.3.4]
+69.3.11.2.5 The use of rubber slip ends shall not be permitted.
+[58:6.20.3.5]
+69.3.11.2.6 A shutoff valve shall be provided in the piping
+immediately upstream of the inlet connection of the hose.
+[58:6.20.3.6]
+69.3.11.2.7 Where more than one such appliance shutoff is
+located near another, the valves shall be marked to indicate
+which appliance is connected to each valve. [58:6.20.3.7]
+69.3.11.2.8 Hose shall be protected against physical damage.
+[58:6.20.3.8]
+69.3.12 LP-Gas Systems on Vehicles (Other Than Engine Fuel
+Systems).
+69.3.12.1* Application.Subsection 69.3.12 shall apply to the
+following:
+(1) Nonengine fuel systems on all vehicles
+(2) Installations served by exchangeable (removable) cylin-
+der systems and by permanently mounted containers
+[58:6.23.1]
+69.3.12.2 Nonapplication. Subsection 69.3.12 shall not apply
+to the following:
+(1) Systems installed on mobile homes
+(2) Systems installed on recreational vehicles
+(3) Cargo tank vehicles, cargo tank vehicles (trailers and
+semitrailers), and similar units used to transport LP-Gas
+as cargo, which are covered by Chapter 9 of NFPA 58
+(4) LP-Gas engine fuel systems on the vehicles, which are cov-
+ered by Chapter 11 of NFPA 58 [58:6.23.2]
+69.3.12.3 Container Installation Requirements.
+69.3.12.3.1 Containers shall comply with 69.3.12.3.1.1 through
+69.3.12.3.1.6. [58:6.23.3.1]
+69.3.12.3.1.1 ASME mobile containers shall have a MAWP of
+250 psig (1.7 MPag) if constructed prior to April 1, 2001, or
+312 psig (2.2 MPag) if constructed on or after April 1, 2001.
+[58:6.23.3.1(A)]
+69.3.12.3.1.2 Cylinders installed on recreational vehicles or
+on other vehicles shall be constructed for at least a 240 psig
+(1.6 MPag) service pressure. [58:6.23.3.1(B)]
+69.3.12.3.1.3 ASME mobile containers installed on recre-
+ational vehicles or on other vehicles shall be constructed for at
+least a 312 psig (2.2 MPag) MAWP. [58:6.23.3.1(C)]
+69.3.12.3.1.4 LP-Gas fuel containers used on passenger-
+carrying vehicles shall not exceed 200 gal (0.8 m 3) aggregate
+water capacity. [58:6.23.3.1(D)]
+69.3.12.3.1.5 The capacity of individual LP-Gas containers on
+highway vehicles shall be in accordance with Table 69.3.12.3.1.5.
+[58:6.23.3.1(E)]
+69.3.12.3.1.6 Containers designed for stationary service only
+and not in compliance with the container appurtenance pro-
+tection requirements of 5.2.6 of NFPA 58 shall not be used.
+[58:6.23.3.1(F)]
+69.3.12.3.2 ASME containers and cylinders utilized for the pur-
+poses covered by 69.3.12 shall not be installed, transported, or
+stored (even temporarily) inside any vehicle covered by 69.3.12,
+except for ASME containers installed in accordance with
+69.3.12.3.4.9, Chapter 9 of NFPA 58, or DOT regulations.
+[58:6.23.3.2]
+69.3.12.3.3 The LP-Gas supply system, including the contain-
+ers, shall be installed either on the outside of the vehicle or in
+a recess or cabinet vaportight to the inside of the vehicle but
+accessible from and vented to the outside, with the vents lo-
+cated near the top and bottom of the enclosure and 3 ft (1 m)
+horizontally away from any opening into the vehicle below the
+level of the vents. [58:6.23.3.3]
+69.3.12.3.4 Containers shall be mounted securely on the ve-
+hicle or within the enclosing recess or cabinet. [58:6.23.3.4]
+69.3.12.3.4.1 Containers shall be installed with road clear-
+ance in accordance with 11.7.3 of NFPA 58. [58:6.23.3.4(A)]
+69.3.12.3.4.2 Fuel containers shall be mounted to prevent
+jarring loose and slipping or rotating, and the fastenings shall
+be designed and constructed to withstand, without permanent
+visible deformation, static loading in any direction equal to
+four times the weight of the container filled with fuel.
+[58:6.23.3.4(B)]
+69.3.12.3.4.3 Where containers are mounted within a vehicle
+housing, the securing of the housing to the vehicle shall com-
+ply with this provision. Any removable portions of the housing
+or cabinet shall be secured while in transit. [58:6.23.3.4(C)]
+69.3.12.3.4.4 Field welding on containers shall be limited to
+attachments to nonpressure parts such as saddle plates, wear
+plates, or brackets applied by the container manufacturer.
+[58:6.23.3.4(D)]
+Table 69.3.12.3.1.5 Maximum Capacities of Individual
+LP-Gas Containers Installed on LP-Gas Highway Vehicles
+Vehicle
+Maximum Container Water Capacity
+gal m 3
+Passenger vehicle 200 0.8
+Nonpassenger vehicle 300 1.1
+Road surfacing vehicle 1000 3.8
+Cargo tank vehicle Not limited by NFPA 58
+[58:Table 6.23.3.1(E)]
+1–394 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.3.12.3.4.5 All container valves, appurtenances, and connec-
+tions shall be protected to prevent damage from accidental con-
+tacts with stationary objects, from loose objects, stones, mud, or
+ice thrown up from the ground or floor, and from damage due to
+overturn or similar vehicular accident. [58:6.23.3.4(E)]
+69.3.12.3.4.6 Permanently mounted ASME containers shall
+be located on the vehicle to provide this protection.
+[58:6.23.3.4(F)]
+69.3.12.3.4.7 Cylinders shall have permanent protection for
+cylinder valves and connections. [58:6.23.3.4(G)]
+69.3.12.3.4.8 Where cylinders are located on the outside of a
+vehicle, weather protection shall be provided. [58:6.23.3.4(H)]
+69.3.12.3.4.9 Containers mounted on the interior of
+passenger-carrying vehicles shall be installed in compliance
+with Section 11.8 of NFPA 58. Pressure relief valve installations
+for such containers shall comply with 11.7.5 of NFPA 58.
+[58:6.23.3.4(I)]
+69.3.12.3.5 Cylinders installed on portable tar kettles along-
+side the kettle, on the vehicle frame, or on road surface heat-
+ing equipment shall be protected from radiant or convected
+heat from open flame or other burners by the use of a heat
+shield or by the location of the cylinder(s) on the vehicle. In
+addition, the following shall apply:
+(1) Cylinder valves shall be closed when burners are not in use.
+(2) Cylinders shall not be refilled while burners are in use as
+provided in 7.2.3.2(B) of NFPA 58. [58:6.23.3.5]
+69.3.12.4 Installation of Container Appurtenances.
+69.3.12.4.1 Container appurtenances shall be installed in ac-
+cordance with the following:
+(1) Pressure relief valve installation on ASME containers in-
+stalled in the interior of vehicles complying with Section 11.8
+of NFPA 58 shall comply with 11.7.5 of NFPA 58.
+(2) Pressure relief valve installations on ASME containers in-
+stalled on the outside of vehicles shall comply with 11.7.5
+of NFPA 58 and 69.3.12.3.3.
+(3) Main shutoff valves on containers for liquid and vapor
+shall be readily accessible.
+(4) Cylinders shall be designed to be filled in either the verti-
+cal or horizontal position, or if they are the universal type,
+they are permitted to be filled in either position.
+(5) All container inlets, outlets, or valves installed in con-
+tainer inlets or outlets, except pressure relief devices and
+gauging devices, shall be labeled to designate whether
+they communicate with the vapor or liquid space.
+(6) Containers from which only vapor is to be withdrawn shall
+be installed and equipped with connections to minimize
+the possibility of the accidental withdrawal of liquid.
+[58:6.23.4.1]
+69.3.12.4.2 Regulators shall be installed in accordance with
+6.7.2 of NFPA 58 and 69.3.12.4.2.1 through 69.3.12.4.2.5.
+[58:6.23.4.2]
+69.3.12.4.2.1 Regulators shall be installed with the pressure
+relief vent opening pointing vertically downward to allow for
+drainage of moisture collected on the diaphragm of the regu-
+lator. [58:6.23.4.2(A)]
+69.3.12.4.2.2 Regulators not installed in compartments shall
+be equipped with a durable cover designed to protect the
+regulator vent opening from sleet, snow, freezing rain, ice,
+mud, and wheel spray. [58:6.23.4.2(B)]
+69.3.12.4.2.3 If vehicle-mounted regulators are installed at or
+below the floor level, they shall be installed in a compartment
+that provides protection against the weather and wheel spray.
+[58:6.23.4.2(C)]
+69.3.12.4.2.4 Regulator compartments shall comply with the
+following:
+(1) The compartment shall be of sufficient size to allow tool
+operation for connection to and replacement of the regu-
+lators(s).
+(2) The compartment shall be vaportight to the interior of
+the vehicle.
+(3) The compartment shall hav ea1i n . 2 (650 mm 2) mini-
+mum vent opening to the exterior located within 1 in.
+(25 mm) of the bottom of the compartment.
+(4) The compartment shall not contain flame or spark-
+producing equipment. [58:6.23.4.2(D)]
+69.3.12.4.2.5 A regulator vent outlet shall be at least 2 in.
+(51 mm) above the compartment vent opening. [58:6.23.4.2(E)]
+69.3.12.5 Piping.
+69.3.12.5.1 Piping shall be installed in accordance with 6.9.3
+of NFPA 58 and 69.3.12.5.1.1 through 69.3.12.5.1.13.
+[58:6.23.5.1]
+69.3.12.5.1.1 Steel tubing shall have a minimum wall thick-
+ness of 0.049 in. (1.2 mm). [58:6.23.5.1(A)]
+69.3.12.5.1.2 A flexible connector shall be installed between
+the regulator outlet and the piping system to protect against
+expansion, contraction, jarring, and vibration strains.
+[58:6.23.5.1(B)]
+69.3.12.5.1.3 Flexibility shall be provided in the piping be-
+tween a cylinder and the gas piping system or regulator.
+[58:6.23.5.1(C)]
+69.3.12.5.1.4 Flexible connectors shall be installed in accor-
+dance with 6.9.6 of NFPA 58. [58:6.23.5.1(D)]
+69.3.12.5.1.5 Flexible connectors longer than the length al-
+lowed in the code, or fuel lines that incorporate hose, shall be
+used only where approved. [58:6.23.5.1(E)]
+69.3.12.5.1.6 The piping system shall be designed, installed,
+supported, and secured to minimize the possibility of damage
+due to vibration, strains, or wear and to preclude any loosen-
+ing while in transit. [58:6.23.5.1(F)]
+69.3.12.5.1.7 Piping shall be installed in a protected location.
+[58:6.23.5.1(G)]
+69.3.12.5.1.8 Where piping is installed outside the vehicle, it
+shall be installed as follows:
+(1) Piping shall be under the vehicle and below any insula-
+tion or false bottom.
+(2) Fastening or other protection shall be installed to prevent
+damage due to vibration or abrasion.
+(3) At each point where piping passes through sheet metal or
+a structural member, a rubber grommet or equivalent
+protection shall be installed to prevent chafing.
+[58:6.23.5.1(H)]
+69.3.12.5.1.9 Gas piping shall be installed to enter the vehicle
+through the floor directly beneath or adjacent to the appli-
+ance served. [58:6.23.5.1(I)]
+1–395LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GASES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.3.12.5.1.10 If a branch line is installed, the tee connection
+shall be located in the main gas line under the floor and out-
+side the vehicle. [58:6.23.5.1(J)]
+69.3.12.5.1.11 Exposed parts of the piping system either shall
+be of corrosion-resistant material or shall be coated or pro-
+tected to minimize exterior corrosion. [58:6.23.5.1(K)]
+69.3.12.5.1.12 Hydrostatic relief valves shall be installed in
+isolated sections of liquid piping as provided in Section 6.14 of
+NFPA 58. [58:6.23.5.1(L)]
+69.3.12.5.1.13 Piping systems, including hose, shall be pres-
+sure tested and proven free of leaks in accordance with Sec-
+tion 6.14 of NFPA 58. [58:6.23.5.1(M)]
+69.3.12.5.2 There shall be no fuel connection between a trac-
+tor and trailer or other vehicle units. [58:6.23.5.2]
+69.3.12.6 Equipment Installation. Equipment shall be in-
+stalled in accordance with Section 6.17 of NFPA 58 and
+69.3.12.6.1 and 69.3.12.6.2. [58:6.23.6]
+69.3.12.6.1 Installation shall be made in accordance with the
+manufacturer’s recommendations and, in the case of ap-
+proved equipment, as provided in the approval. [58:6.23.6.1]
+69.3.12.6.2 Equipment installed on vehicles shall be pro-
+tected against vehicular damage as provided for container ap-
+purtenances and connections in 69.3.12.3.4.3. [58:6.23.6.2]
+69.3.12.7 Appliance Installation on Vehicles.
+69.3.12.7.1 Paragraph 69.3.12.7 shall apply to the installation
+of all appliances on vehicles. It shall not apply to engines.
+[58:6.23.7.1]
+69.3.12.7.2 All appliances covered by this subparagraph in-
+stalled on vehicles shall be approved. [58:6.23.7.2]
+69.3.12.7.3 Where the device or appliance is designed to be
+in operation while the vehicle is in transit, such as a cargo
+heater or cooler, means to stop the flow of gas in the event of a
+line break, such as an excess-flow valve, shall be installed.
+[58:6.23.7.3]
+69.3.12.7.4 All gas-fired heating appliances shall be equipped
+with safety shutoffs in accordance with 5.20.7(A) of NFPA 58
+except those covered in 69.3.10.2.8. [58:6.23.7.4]
+69.3.12.7.5 Gas-fired heating appliances, other than ranges
+and illuminating appliances installed on vehicles intended for
+human occupancy, shall be designed or installed to provide
+for a complete separation of the combustion system from the
+atmosphere inside the vehicle. [58:6.23.7.5]
+69.3.12.7.6* Where unvented-type heaters that are designed
+to protect cargo are used on vehicles not intended for human
+occupancy, provisions shall be made to provide air from the
+outside for combustion and dispose of the products of com-
+bustion to the outside. [58:6.23.7.6]
+69.3.12.7.7 Appliances installed in the cargo space of a ve-
+hicle shall be readily accessible whether the vehicle is loaded
+or empty. [58:6.23.7.7]
+69.3.12.7.8 Appliances shall be constructed or otherwise pro-
+tected to minimize possible damage or impaired operation
+due to cargo shifting or handling. [58:6.23.7.8]
+69.3.12.7.9 Appliances shall be located so that a fire at any
+appliance will not block egress of persons from the vehicle.
+[58:6.23.7.9]
+69.3.12.7.10 A permanent caution plate shall be provided,
+affixed to either the appliance or the vehicle outside of any
+enclosure and adjacent to the container(s), and shall include
+the following items:
+CAUTION:
+(1) Be sure all appliance valves are closed before opening
+container valve.
+(2) Connections at the appliances, regulators, and containers
+shall be checked periodically for leaks with soapy water or
+its equivalent.
+(3) Never use a match or flame to check for leaks.
+(4) Container valves shall be closed when equipment is not in
+use. [58:6.23.7.10]
+69.3.12.8 General Precautions.Mobile units containing hot-
+plates and other cooking equipment, including mobile kitch-
+ens and catering vehicles, shall be provided with at least one
+approved portable fire extinguisher rated in accordance with
+Section 13.6 and NFPA 10 at not less than 10-B:C. Where fire
+extinguishers have more than one letter classification, they
+can be considered to satisfy the requirements of each letter
+class. [58:6.23.8]
+69.3.12.9 Parking, Servicing, and Repair.
+69.3.12.9.1 Vehicles with LP-Gas fuel systems mounted on
+them for purposes other than propulsion shall be permitted
+to be parked, serviced, or repaired inside buildings in accor-
+dance with the following:
+(1) The fuel system shall be leak-free, and the container(s)
+shall not be filled beyond the limits specified in Chapter 7
+of NFPA 58.
+(2) The container shutoff valve shall be closed, except that
+the container shutoff valve shall not be required to be
+closed when fuel is required for test or repair.
+(3) The vehicle shall not be parked near sources of heat,
+open flames, or similar sources of ignition, or near unven-
+tilated pits. [58:6.23.9.1]
+69.3.12.9.2 Vehicles having containers with water capacities
+larger than 300 gal (1.1 m 3) shall comply with the require-
+ments of Section 9.7 of NFPA 58. [58:6.23.9.2]
+69.3.13 Vehicle Fuel Dispenser and Dispensing Stations.
+69.3.13.1 Application.
+69.3.13.1.1 Subsection 69.3.13 includes location, installation,
+and operation of vehicle fuel dispensers and dispensing sta-
+tions. [58:6.24.1.1]
+69.3.13.1.2 The provisions of Sections 6.2 and 6.3 of NFPA 58,
+as modified by 69.3.13, shall apply. [58:6.24.1.2]
+69.3.13.2 Location.
+69.3.13.2.1 Location of vehicle fuel dispensers and dispens-
+ing stations shall be in accordance with Table 69.3.5.3.
+[58:6.24.2.1]
+69.3.13.2.2 Vehicle fuel dispensers and dispensing stations shall
+be located away from pits in accordance with Table 69.3.5.3 with
+no drains or blow-offs from the unit directed toward or within
+15 ft (4.6 m) of a sewer system’s opening. [58:6.24.2.2]
+69.3.13.3 General Installation Provisions.
+69.3.13.3.1 Vehicle fuel dispensers and dispensing stations
+shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instal-
+lation instructions. [58:6.24.3.1]
+1–396 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.3.13.3.2 Vehicle fuel dispensers and dispensing stations
+shall not be located within a building, except as allowed in
+Chapter 10 of NFPA 58. [58:6.24.3.2]
+69.3.13.3.3 Where a vehicle fuel dispenser is installed under
+a weather shelter or canopy, the area shall be ventilated and
+shall not be enclosed for more than 50 percent of its perim-
+eter. [58:6.24.3.3]
+69.3.13.3.4 Control for the pump used to transfer LP-Gas
+through the unit into containers shall be provided at the de-
+vice in order to minimize the possibility of leakage or acciden-
+tal discharge. [58:6.24.3.4]
+69.3.13.3.5 An excess-flow check valve or a differential back
+pressure valve shall be installed in or on the dispenser at the
+point at which the dispenser hose is connected to the liquid
+piping. [58:6.24.3.5]
+69.3.13.3.6 Piping and the dispensing hose shall be provided
+with hydrostatic relief valves in accordance with Section 6.13
+of NFPA 58. [58:6.24.3.6]
+69.3.13.3.7 Protection against trespassing and tampering
+shall be in accordance with 6.18.4 of NFPA 58. [58:6.24.3.7]
+69.3.13.3.8 The container liquid withdrawal opening used
+with vehicle fuel dispensers and dispensing stations shall be
+equipped with one of the following:
+(1) An internal valve fitted for remote closure and automatic
+shutoff using thermal (fire) actuation.
+(2) A positive shutoff valve that is located as close to the con-
+tainer as practical in combination with an excess-flow
+valve installed in the container, plus an emergency shutoff
+valve that is fitted for remote closure and installed down-
+stream in the line as close as practical to the positive shut-
+off valve. [58:6.24.3.8]
+69.3.13.3.9 An identified and accessible remote emergency
+shutoff device for either the internal valve or the emergency
+shutoff valve required by 69.3.13.3.8(1) or (2) shall be in-
+stalled not less than 3 ft (1 m) or more than 100 ft (30 m) from
+the liquid transfer point. [58:6.24.3.9]
+69.3.13.3.10 Emergency shutoff valves and internal valves
+that are fitted for remote closure as required in this section
+shall be tested annually for proper operation. [58:6.24.3.10]
+69.3.13.3.11 A manual shutoff valve and an excess-flow check
+valve shall be located in the liquid line between the pump and
+dispenser inlet where the dispensing device is installed at a
+remote location and is not part of a complete storage and
+dispensing unit mounted on a common base. [58:6.24.3.11]
+69.3.13.3.12 All dispensers either shall be installed on a con-
+crete foundation or shall be part of a complete storage and dis-
+pensing unit mounted on a common base and installed in accor-
+dance with 6.6.3.1(G) of NFPA 58. Protection against physical
+damage shall be provided for dispensers. [58:6.24.3.12]
+69.3.13.3.13 A listed quick-acting shutoff valve shall be installed
+at the discharge end of the transfer hose. [58:6.24.3.13]
+69.3.13.3.14 An identified and accessible switch or circuit
+breaker shall be installed at a location not less than 20 ft
+(6.1 m) or more than 100 ft (30.5 m) from the dispensing
+device(s) to shut off the power in the event of a fire, accident,
+or other emergency. [58:6.24.3.14]
+69.3.13.3.15 The markings for the switches or breakers shall
+be visible at the point of liquid transfer. [58:6.24.3.15]
+69.3.13.4 Installation of Vehicle Fuel Dispensers.
+69.3.13.4.1 Hoses shall comply with the following:
+(1) Hose length shall not exceed 18 ft (5.5 m) unless ap-
+proved by the AHJ.
+(2) All hoses shall be listed.
+(3) When not in use, hoses shall be secured to protect them
+from damage. [58:6.24.4.1]
+69.3.13.4.2 A listed emergency breakaway device complying
+with UL 567,Standard Pipe Connectors for Flammable and Combus-
+tible Liquids and LP-Gas, and designed to retain liquid on both
+sides of the breakaway point, or other devices affording
+equivalent protection approved by the AHJ, shall be installed.
+[58:6.24.4.2]
+69.3.13.4.3 Dispensing devices for LP-Gas shall be located as
+follows:
+(1) Conventional systems shall be at least 10 ft (3.0 m) from
+any dispensing device for Class I liquids.
+(2) Low-emission transfer systems in accordance with Sec-
+tion 6.26 of NFPA 58 shall be at least 5 ft (1.5 m) from any
+dispensing device for Class I liquids. [58:6.24.4.3]
+69.4 LP-Gas Liquid Transfer.
+69.4.1* Scope.
+69.4.1.1 Section 69.4 applies to transfers of liquid LP-Gas
+from one container to another wherever this transfer involves
+connections and disconnections in the transfer system or the
+venting of LP-Gas to the atmosphere. [58:7.1.1]
+69.4.1.2 Section 69.4 also applies to operational safety and
+methods for determining the quantity of LP-Gas permitted in
+containers. [58:7.1.2]
+69.4.2 Operational Safety.
+69.4.2.1 Transfer Personnel.
+69.4.2.1.1 Transfer operations shall be conducted by quali-
+fied personnel meeting the provisions of Section 4.4 of
+NFPA 58. [58:7.2.1.1]
+69.4.2.1.2 At least one qualified person shall remain in atten-
+dance at the transfer operation from the time connections are
+made until the transfer is completed, shutoff valves are closed,
+and lines are disconnected. [58:7.2.1.2]
+69.4.2.1.3 Transfer personnel shall exercise caution to en-
+sure that the LP-Gases transferred are those for which the
+transfer system and the containers to be filled are designed.
+[58:7.2.1.3]
+69.4.2.2 Filling and Evacuating of Containers.
+69.4.2.2.1 Transfer of LP-Gas to and from a container shall
+be accomplished only by qualified individuals trained in
+proper handling and operating procedures meeting the re-
+quirements of Section 4.4 of NFPA 58 and in emergency re-
+sponse procedures. [58:7.2.2.1]
+69.4.2.2.2 When noncompliance with Section 5.2 and Sec-
+tion 5.7 of NFPA 58 is found, the container owner and user
+shall be notified in writing. [58:7.2.2.2]
+69.4.2.2.3 Injection of compressed air, oxygen, or any oxidiz-
+ing gas into containers to transfer LP-Gas liquid shall be pro-
+hibited. [58:7.2.2.3]
+1–397LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GASES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.4.2.2.4 When evacuating a container owned by others, the
+qualified person(s) performing the transfer shall not inject any
+material other than LP-Gas into the container. [58:7.2.2.4]
+69.4.2.2.5* Valve outlets on cylinders of 108 lb (49 kg) water
+capacity [nominal 45 lb (20 kg) propane capacity] or less shall be
+equipped with a redundant pressure-tight seal or a listed quick-
+connect coupling. Where seals are used, they shall be in place
+whenever the cylinder is not connected for use. [58:7.2.2.5]
+69.4.2.2.6 Nonrefillable (disposable) and new unused cylin-
+ders shall not be required to be equipped with valve outlet
+seals. [58:7.2.2.6]
+69.4.2.2.7 Containers shall be filled only after determination
+that they comply with the design, fabrication, inspection, mark-
+ing, and requalification provisions of NFPA 58. [58:7.2.2.7]
+69.4.2.2.8 “Single trip,”“nonrefillable,” or “disposable” cylin-
+ders shall not be refilled with LP-Gas. [58:7.2.2.8]
+69.4.2.2.9 Containers shall comply with the following with
+regard to service or design pressure requirements:
+(1) The service pressure marked on the cylinder shall be not
+less than 80 percent of the vapor pressure of the LP-Gas
+for which the cylinder is designed at 130°F (54.4°C).
+(2) The maximum allowable working pressure for ASME con-
+tainers shall be in accordance with Table 5.2.4.2 of
+NFPA 58. [58:7.2.2.9]
+69.4.2.2.10 Transfer of refrigerated product shall be made
+only into systems that are designed to accept refrigerated
+product. [58:7.2.2.10]
+69.4.2.2.11 A container shall not be filled if the container
+assembly does not meet the requirements for continued ser-
+vice. [58:7.2.2.11]
+69.4.2.2.12 Transfer hoses larger than 1⁄2 in. (12 mm) inter-
+nal diameter shall not be used for making connections to in-
+dividual cylinders being filled indoors. [58:7.2.2.12]
+69.4.2.3 Arrangement and Operation of Transfer Systems.
+69.4.2.3.1 Public access to areas where LP-Gas is stored and
+transferred shall be prohibited except where necessary for the
+conduct of normal business activities. [58:7.2.3.1]
+69.4.2.3.2 Sources of ignition shall be turned off during
+transfer operations, while connections or disconnections are
+made, or while LP-Gas is being vented to the atmosphere.
+[58:7.2.3.2]
+69.4.2.3.2.1 Internal combustion engines within 15 ft (4.6 m)
+of a point of transfer shall be shut down while such transfer op-
+erations are in progress, with the exception of the following:
+(1) Engines of LP-Gas cargo tank vehicles constructed and
+operated in compliance with Chapter 9 of NFPA 58 while
+such engines are driving transfer pumps or compressors
+on these vehicles to load containers in accordance with
+6.5.4 of NFPA 58
+(2) Engines installed in buildings as provided in Section 11.12 of
+NFPA 58 [58:7.2.3.2(A)]
+69.4.2.3.2.2 Smoking, open flame, portable electrical tools,
+and extension lights capable of igniting LP-Gas shall not be
+permitted within 25 ft (7.6 m) of a point of transfer while
+filling operations are in progress. [58:7.2.3.2(B)]
+69.4.2.3.2.3 Metal cutting, grinding, oxygen–fuel gas cutting,
+brazing, soldering, or welding shall not be permitted within
+35 ft (10.7 m) of a point of transfer while filling operations are
+in progress. [58:7.2.3.2(C)]
+69.4.2.3.2.4 Materials that have been heated above the igni-
+tion temperature of LP-Gas shall be cooled before LP-Gas
+transfer is started. [58:7.2.3.2(D)]
+69.4.2.3.2.5 Sources of ignition shall be turned off during the
+filling of any LP-Gas container on the vehicle. [58:7.2.3.2(E)]
+69.4.2.3.3 Cargo tank vehicles unloading into storage con-
+tainers shall be at least 10 ft (3.0 m) from the container and so
+positioned that the shutoff valves on both the truck and the
+container are readily accessible. [58:7.2.3.3]
+69.4.2.3.4 The cargo tank vehicle shall not transfer LP-Gas
+into dispensing station storage while parked on a public way.
+[58:7.2.3.4]
+69.4.3 Venting LP-Gas to the Atmosphere.
+69.4.3.1 General. LP-Gas in either liquid or vapor form shall
+not be vented to the atmosphere unless it is vented under the
+following conditions:
+(1) Venting of LP-Gas shall be permitted where the maximum
+flow from fixed liquid level, rotary, or slip tube gauges
+does not exceed that from a No. 54 drill orifice.
+(2) Venting of LP-Gas between shutoff valves before discon-
+necting the liquid transfer line from the container shall
+be permitted.
+(3) Venting of LP-Gas, where necessary, shall be permitted to
+be performed by the use of bleeder valves.
+(4) Venting of LP-Gas shall be permitted for the purposes de-
+scribed in 69.4.3.1(1) and 69.4.3.1(2) within structures de-
+signed for container filling in accordance with Chapter 10 of
+NFPA 58.
+(5) Venting of LP-Gas listed liquid transfer pumps using such
+vapor as a source of energy shall be permitted where the
+rate of discharge does not exceed the discharge from a
+No. 31 drill size orifice.
+(6) Venting of LP-Gas for purging in accordance with 7.3.2 of
+NFPA 58 shall be permitted.
+(7) Venting of LP-Gas shall be permitted for emergencies.
+(8) Venting of LP-Gas vapor utilized as the pressure source in
+remote shutdown systems for internal valves and emer-
+gency shutoff valves shall be permitted. [58:7.3.1]
+69.5 Storage of Cylinders Awaiting Use, Resale, or Exchange.
+69.5.1 Scope.
+69.5.1.1 The provisions of Section 69.5 apply to the storage of
+cylinders of 1000 lb (454 kg) water capacity or less, whether
+filled, partially filled, or empty, as follows:
+(1) At consumer sites or dispensing stations, where not con-
+nected for use
+(2) In storage for resale or exchange by dealer or reseller
+[58:8.1.1]
+69.5.1.2 Section 69.5 does not apply to new or unused cylin-
+ders. [58:8.1.2]
+69.5.1.3 Section 69.5 does not apply to cylinders stored at
+bulk plants. [58:8.1.3]
+69.5.2 General Provisions.
+69.5.2.1 General Location of Cylinders.
+69.5.2.1.1 Cylinders in storage shall be located to minimize
+exposure to excessive temperature rises, physical damage, or
+tampering. [58:8.2.1.1]
+1–398 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.5.2.1.2 Cylinders in storage having individual water capacity
+greater than 2.7 lb (1.1 kg) [nominal 1 lb (0.45 kg) LP-Gas capac-
+ity] shall be positioned so that the pressure relief valve is in direct
+communication with the vapor space of the cylinder. [58:8.2.1.2]
+69.5.2.1.3 Cylinders stored in buildings in accordance with
+Section 8.3 of NFPA 58 shall not be located near exits, near
+stairways, or in areas normally used, or intended to be used,
+for the safe egress of occupants. [58:8.2.1.3]
+69.5.2.1.4 If empty cylinders that have been in LP-Gas service
+are stored indoors, they shall be considered as full cylinders for
+the purposes of determining the maximum quantities of LP-Gas
+permitted by 8.3.1, 8.3.2.1, and 8.3.3.1 of NFPA 58. [58:8.2.1.4]
+69.5.2.1.5 Cylinders shall not be stored on roofs. [58:8.2.1.5]
+69.5.2.2 Protection of Valves on Cylinders in Storage.
+69.5.2.2.1 Cylinder valves shall be protected as required by
+5.2.6.1 and 7.2.2.5 of NFPA 58. [58:8.2.2.1]
+69.5.2.2.2 Screw-on-type caps or collars shall be in place on all
+cylinders stored, regardless of whether they are full, partially full,
+or empty, and cylinder outlet valves shall be closed. [58:8.2.2.2]
+69.5.2.2.3 Valve outlets on cylinders less than 108 lb (49 kg)
+water capacity [nominal 45 lb (20 kg) propane capacity] shall
+be plugged, capped, or sealed in accordance with 7.2.2.5 of
+NFPA 58. [58:8.2.2.3]
+69.5.3 Storage Within Buildings.
+69.5.3.1 General. Storage of cylinders in buildings shall be in
+accordance with Table 69.5.3.1(a) or Table 69.5.3.1(b) or the
+requirements of 69.5.3. [58:8.3.1]
+69.5.3.2 Storage Within Buildings Frequented by the Public
+and in Residential Occupancies.
+69.5.3.2.1 The quantity of LP-Gas in cylinders stored or dis-
+played shall not exceed 200 lb (91 kg) in one location, with addi-
+tional storage separated by 50 ft (15 m). The maximum quantity
+to be stored in one building shall not exceed 1000 lb (454 kg).
+[58:8.3.2.1]
+69.5.3.2.1.1 Where the total quantity stored in a building ex-
+ceeds 200 lb (91 kg), an approved sprinkler system that at a mini-
+mum meets the requirement of Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for
+Ordinary Hazard (Group 2) shall be installed. [58:8.3.2.1(A)]
+69.5.3.2.1.2 The sprinkler density shall be 0.300 gpm (1.1 L/
+min) over the most remote 2000 ft2 (18.6 m2) area and 250 gpm
+(946 L/min) hose stream allowance. [58:8.3.2.1(B)]
+69.5.3.2.2 The cylinders shall not exceed a water capacity of
+2.7 lb (1.1 kg) [nominal 1 lb (0.45 kg) LP-Gas]. [58:8.3.2.2]
+69.5.3.2.3 Storage in restaurants and at food service locations
+of 10 oz (283 g) butane nonrefillable containers shall be lim-
+ited to no more than twenty-four containers and an additional
+twenty-four 10 oz (283 g) butane nonrefillable containers
+stored in another location within the building where con-
+structed with at least a 2-hour fire wall protection. [58:8.3.2.3]
+69.5.3.3 Storage Within Buildings Not Frequented by the Public.
+69.5.3.3.1 The maximum quantity of LP-Gas allowed in one
+storage location shall not exceed 735 lb (334 kg) water capac-
+ity [nominal 300 lb (136 kg) propane capacity]. [58:8.3.3.1]
+69.5.3.3.2 Where additional storage locations are required
+on the same floor within the same building, they shall be sepa-
+rated by a minimum of 300 ft (91.4 m). [58:8.3.3.2]
+69.5.3.3.3 Storage beyond the limitations described in
+69.5.3.3.2 shall comply with 69.5.3.4. [58:8.3.3.3]
+69.5.3.3.4 Cylinders carried as part of the service equipment
+on highway mobile vehicles shall not be part of the total stor-
+age capacity requirements of 69.5.3.3.1, where such vehicles
+are stored in private garages and carry no more than three
+cylinders with a total aggregate capacity per vehicle not ex-
+ceeding 100 lb (45.4 kg) of propane. [58:8.3.3.4]
+69.5.3.3.5 Cylinder valves shall be closed when not in use.
+[58:8.3.3.5]
+69.5.3.4 Storage Within Special Buildings or Rooms.
+69.5.3.4.1 The maximum quantity of LP-Gas stored in special
+buildings or rooms shall be 10,000 lb (4540 kg). [58:8.3.4.1]
+69.5.3.4.2 Special buildings or rooms for storing LP-Gas cylin-
+ders shall not be located where the buildings or rooms adjoin the
+line of property occupied by schools, churches, hospitals, athletic
+fields, or other points of public gathering. [58:8.3.4.2]
+69.5.3.4.3 The construction of all such special buildings and
+rooms shall comply with Chapter 10 of NFPA 58 and the fol-
+lowing:
+(1) Vents to the outside only shall be provided at both the top
+and bottom of the building and shall be located at least
+5 ft (1.5 m) from any building opening.
+(2) The entire area shall be classified for purposes of ignition
+source control in accordance with Section 6.22 of
+NFPA 58. [58:8.3.4.3]
+69.5.3.5 Storage Within Residential Buildings.Storage of cyl-
+inders within a residential building, including the basement
+or any storage area in a common basement of a multiple-
+family building and attached or detached garages, shall be
+limited to cylinders each with a maximum water capacity of
+2.7 lb (1.2 kg) and shall not exceed 5.4 lb (2.4 kg) aggregate
+water capacity per each living space unit. [58:8.3.5]
+69.5.4 Storage Outside of Buildings.
+69.5.4.1* Location of Storage Outside of Buildings.
+69.5.4.1.1 Storage outside of buildings for cylinders awaiting
+use, resale, or part of a cylinder exchange point shall be located
+as follows:
+(1) At least 5 ft (1.5 m) from any doorway or opening in a build-
+ing frequented by the public where occupants have at least
+two means of egress as defined by 3.3.164 and NFPA101
+(2) At least 10 ft (3 m) from any doorway or opening in a
+building or sections of a building that has only one means
+of egress
+(3) At least 20 ft (6.1 m) from any automotive service station
+fuel dispenser [58:8.4.1.1]
+69.5.4.1.2 Distances from cylinders in storage outside of
+buildings shall be in accordance with Table 69.5.4.1.2 with
+respect to the following:
+(1) Nearest important building or group of buildings
+(2) Line of adjoining property that can be built upon
+(3) Busy thoroughfares or sidewalks on other than private
+property
+(4) Line of adjoining property occupied by schools, churches,
+hospitals, athletic fields, or other points of public gathering
+(5) Dispensing station [ 58:8.4.1.2]
+1–399LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GASES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.5.4.1.3 The distances in Table 69.5.4.1.2 shall be permitted
+to be reduced to 0 where a 2-hour fire resistive protective struc-
+ture made of noncombustible materials is provided that breaks
+the line of sight of the storage and the building. For buildings
+with exterior walls rated 2-hour fire resistance and constructed of
+noncombustible materials not provided with eaves over the stor-
+age, the exterior wall shall be allowed in lieu of a protective struc-
+ture to reduce the distance to 0. [58:8.4.1.3]
+69.5.4.1.4 Cylinders in the filling process shall not be consid-
+ered to be in storage. [58:8.4.1.4]
+69.5.4.2 Protection of Cylinders.
+69.5.4.2.1* Cylinders at a location open to the public shall be
+protected by either of the following:
+(1) An enclosure in accordance with 6.18.4.2 of NFPA 58
+(2) A lockable ventilated enclosure of metal exterior con-
+struction. [58:8.4.2.1]
+69.5.4.2.2* Protection against vehicular impact shall be pro-
+vided in accordance with good engineering practice where
+vehicular traffic is expected at the location. [58:8.4.2.2]
+69.5.4.3 Alternate Location and Protection of Storage.Where
+the provisions of 69.5.4.1 and 69.5.4.2 are impractical at con-
+struction sites or at buildings or structures undergoing major
+renovation or repairs, alternate storage of cylinders shall be
+acceptable to the AHJ. [58:8.4.3]
+Table 69.5.3.1(a) Maximum Allowable Storage Quantities of LP-Gas in Other Than
+Industrial, Storage, and Mercantile Occupancies
+Occupancy Assembly Educational
+Day
+Care
+Health
+Care
+Ambulatory
+Health
+Care
+Detention
+and
+Correctional
+One- and
+Two-Family
+Dwellings
+Lodging
+or
+Rooming
+House
+Hotel and
+Dormitory Apartment
+Residential
+Board and
+Care Business
+Maximum Allowable Quantity:
+Storage (state
+units: lb,
+gal, etc.)
+2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb
+MAQ increases for: Maximum 1 lb
+cylinders
+1l bc y l
+Total incl.
+cabinets
+2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb
+Total for
+suppression
+2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb
+Total for both
+cabinets
+and
+suppression
+0 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb 2 lb
+Attended
+catered
+food
+service per
+NFPA 58 in
+10 oz max
+cylinders
+15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb
+15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb
+Add’l 10 oz
+cylinders
+w /2h r
+fire wall
+15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb 15 lb
+Other
+Total
+(including
+threshold)
+for other
+20 lb 20 lb 0 5 lb
+Flame
+effects
+NFPA 160.
+Additional
+20 lb
+units with
+20 ft
+separation
+In labs, not
+in
+classrooms.
+Additional
+20 lb units
+with 20 ft
+separation
+In labs
+only.
+Additional
+5 lb units
+with 20 ft
+separation
+Amounts
+per
+dwelling
+[58: Table 8.3.1(a)]
+For SI units, 1 lb = 0.45 kg, 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+1–400 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.5.5* Fire Protection.
+69.5.5.1 Storage locations, where the aggregate quantity of
+propane stored is in excess of 720 lb (327 kg), shall be pro-
+vided with at least one approved portable fire extinguisher
+having a minimum capacity of 18 lb (9.2 kg) dry chemical with
+B:C rating. [58:8.5.1]
+69.5.5.2 The required fire extinguisher shall be located no
+more than 50 ft (15 m) from the storage location. Where fire
+extinguishers have more than one letter classification, they
+can be considered to satisfy the requirements of each letter
+class. [58:8.5.2]
+69.6 Vehicular Transportation of LP-Gas.
+69.6.1 Transportation in Portable Containers.
+69.6.1.1 Transportation of Cylinders.
+69.6.1.1.1 Cylinders having an individual water capacity not
+exceeding 1000 lb (454 kg) [nominal 420 lb (191 kg) propane
+capacity], when filled with propane, shall be transported in
+accordance with the requirements of 69.6.1. [58:9.3.2.1]
+69.6.1.1.2 Cylinders shall be constructed as provided in
+Section 5.2 of NFPA 58 and equipped in accordance with
+Section 5.7 of NFPA 58 for transportation as cylinders.
+[58:9.3.2.2]
+69.6.1.1.3 The quantity of LP-Gas in cylinders shall be in ac-
+cordance with Chapter 7 of NFPA 58. [58:9.3.2.3]
+69.6.1.1.4 Cylinder valves shall comply with the following:
+(1) Valves of cylinders shall be protected in accordance with
+5.2.6.1 of NFPA 58.
+(2) Screw-on-type protecting caps or collars shall be secured
+in place.
+(3) The provisions of 7.2.2.5 of NFPA 58 shall apply. [58:9.3.2.4]
+69.6.1.1.5 The cargo space of the vehicle shall be isolated
+from the driver’s compartment, the engine, and its exhaust
+system. Open-bodied vehicles shall be considered to be in
+compliance with this provision. [58:9.3.2.5]
+69.6.1.1.5.1 Closed-bodied vehicles having separate cargo,
+driver, and engine compartments shall also be considered to
+be in compliance with this provision. [58:9.3.2.5(A)]
+69.6.1.1.5.2 Closed-bodied vehicles such as passenger cars,
+vans, and station wagons shall not be used for transporting
+more than 215 lb (98 kg) water capacity [nominal 90 lb
+(41 kg) propane capacity] but not more than 108 lb (49 kg)
+water capacity [nominal 45 lb (20 kg) propane capacity] per
+cylinder unless the driver and engine compartments are sepa-
+rated from the cargo space by a vaportight partition that con-
+tains no means of access to the cargo space. [58:9.3.2.5(B)]
+69.6.1.1.6 Cylinders and their appurtenances shall be deter-
+mined to be leak-free before being loaded into vehicles.
+[58:9.3.2.6]
+69.6.1.1.7 Cylinders shall be loaded into vehicles with flat floors
+or equipped with racks for holding cylinders. [58:9.3.2.7]
+69.6.1.1.8 Cylinders shall be fastened in position to minimize
+the possibility of movement, tipping, and physical damage.
+[58:9.3.2.8]
+69.6.1.1.9 Cylinders being transported by vehicles shall be
+positioned in accordance with Table 69.6.1.1.9. [58:9.3.2.9]
+69.6.1.1.10 Vehicles transporting cylinders where the total
+weight is more than 1000 lb (454 kg), including the weight of
+the LP-Gas and the cylinders, shall be placarded as required by
+DOT regulations or state law. [58:9.3.2.10]
+69.6.1.2 Fire Extinguishers.Each truck or trailer transporting
+portable containers in accordance with 69.6.1.1 or 9.3.3 of
+NFPA 58 shall be equipped with at least one approved portable
+Table 69.5.3.1(b) Maximum Allowable Storage Quantities of
+LP-Gas in Mercantile, Industrial, and Storage Occupancies
+Occupancy Mercantile Industrial Storage
+Maximum
+Allowable
+Quantity:
+Storage
+(state units: lbs,
+gals, etc.)
+200 lb
+(1 lb
+maximum/cylinder)
+300 lb 300 lb
+MAQ increases
+for:
+Total (including
+threshold) for
+cabinets
+200 lb 300 lb 300 lb
+Total (including
+threshold) for
+suppression
+200 lb 300 lb 300 lb
+Total (including
+threshold) for
+both cabinets
+and
+suppression
+200 lb 300 lb 300 lb
+Total (including
+threshold) for
+other
+(describe)
+Additional
+300 lb
+10,000 lb
+300 ft
+separation
+In special
+rooms or
+buildings
+per
+Chapter 10
+of NFPA 58
+[58: Table 8.3.1(b)]
+For SI units, 1 lb = 0.45 kg, 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+Table 69.5.4.1.2 Distances from Cylinders in Storage and
+Exposures
+Quantity of LP-Gas Stored
+Horizontal Distance to …
+(1) and (2) (3) and (4) (5)
+lb kg ft m ft m ft m
+≤720 ≤227 0 0 0 0 5 1.5
+721 to 2500 227+ to
+1134
+00 1 03 1 0 3
+2501 to
+6000
+1134+ to
+2721
+10 3 10 3 10 3
+6001 to
+10,000
+2721+ to
+4540
+20 6.1 20 6.1 20 6.1
+>10,000 >4540 25 7.6 25 7.6 25 7.6
+[58: Table 8.4.1.2]
+1–401LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GASES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+fire extinguisher having a minimum capacity of 18 lb (8.2 kg)
+dry chemical with a B:C rating. Where fire extinguishers have
+more than one letter classification, they can be considered to
+satisfy the requirements of each letter class. [58:9.3.5]
+69.6.2 Parking and Garaging Vehicles Used to Carry LP-Gas
+Cargo.
+69.6.2.1 Application. Subsection 69.6.2 applies to the parking
+and garaging of vehicles used for the transportation of LP-Gas.
+[58:9.7.1]
+69.6.2.2 Parking Outdoors.
+69.6.2.2.1 Vehicles shall not be left unattended on any street,
+highway, avenue, or alley, except for necessary absences from
+the vehicle associated with drivers’ normal duties, including
+stops for meals and rest stops during the day or night, except
+as follows:
+(1) This requirement shall not apply in an emergency.
+(2) This requirement shall not apply to vehicles parked in
+accordance with 69.6.2.2.3 and 69.6.2.2.4. [58:9.7.2.1]
+69.6.2.2.2 Vehicles shall not be parked in congested areas.
+[58:9.7.2.2]
+69.6.2.2.3 Where vehicles are parked off the street in uncon-
+gested areas, they shall be at least 50 ft (15 m) from any build-
+ing used for assembly, institutional, or multiple residential oc-
+cupancy. [58:9.7.2.3]
+69.6.2.2.4 Where vehicles carrying portable containers or
+cargo tank vehicles of 3500 gal (13 m 3) water capacity or less
+are parked on streets adjacent to the driver’s residence in un-
+congested residential areas, the parking locations shall be at
+least 50 ft (15 m) from a building used for assembly, institu-
+tional, or multiple residential occupancy. [58:9.7.2.4]
+69.6.2.3 Parking Indoors.
+69.6.2.3.1 Cargo tank vehicles parked in any public garage or
+building shall have LP-Gas liquid removed from the following:
+(1) Cargo tank
+(2) Piping
+(3) Pump
+(4) Meter
+(5) Hoses
+(6) Related equipment [ 58:9.7.3.1]
+69.6.2.3.2 Vehicles used to carry portable containers shall not be
+moved into any public garage or building for parking until all por-
+table containers have been removed from the vehicle. [58:9.7.3.2]
+69.6.2.3.3 The pressure in the delivery hose and related
+equipment shall be reduced to approximately atmospheric.
+[58:9.7.3.3]
+69.6.2.3.4 All valves shall be closed before the vehicle is
+moved indoors. Delivery hose or valve outlets shall be plugged
+or capped before the vehicle is moved indoors. [58:9.7.3.4]
+69.6.2.3.5 Vehicles carrying or containing LP-Gas shall only be
+parked in buildings complying with Chapter 10 of NFPA 58 and
+located on premises owned or under the control of the operator
+of such vehicles where the following provisions are met:
+(1) The public shall be excluded from such buildings.
+(2) Floor level ventilation shall be provided in all parts of the
+building where such vehicles are parked.
+(3) Leaks in the vehicle LP-Gas systems shall be repaired be-
+fore the vehicle is moved indoors.
+(4) Primary shutoff valves on cargo tanks and other LP-Gas
+containers on the vehicle (except propulsion engine fuel
+containers) shall be closed and delivery hose outlets
+plugged or capped to contain system pressure before the
+vehicle is moved indoors.
+(5) Primary shutoff valves on LP-Gas propulsion engine fuel
+containers shall be closed while the vehicle is parked.
+(6) No LP-Gas container shall be located near a source of
+heat or within the direct path of hot air being blown from
+a blower-type heater.
+(7) LP-Gas containers shall be gauged or weighed to deter-
+mine that they are not filled beyond the maximum filling
+limit according to Section 7.4 of NFPA 58. [58:9.7.3.5]
+69.6.2.3.6 Where vehicles are serviced or repaired indoors,
+the following shall apply:
+(1) When it is necessary to move a vehicle into any building
+located on premises owned or operated by the operator of
+such vehicle for service on engine or chassis, the provi-
+sions of 69.6.2.3.5 shall apply.
+(2) When it is necessary to move a vehicle carrying or containing
+LP-Gas into any public garage or repair facility for service on
+the engine or chassis, the provisions of 69.6.2.3.1 shall apply,
+or the driver or a qualified representative of an LP-Gas op-
+erator shall be in attendance at all times while the vehicle is
+indoors, and the following shall apply:
+(a) Leaks in the vehicle LP-Gas systems shall be repaired
+before the vehicle is moved indoors.
+(b) Primary shutoff valves on cargo tanks, portable con-
+tainers, and other LP-Gas containers installed on the
+vehicle (other than propulsion engine fuel contain-
+ers) shall be closed.
+(c) LP-Gas liquid shall be removed from the piping,
+pump, meter, delivery hose, and related equipment
+and the pressure therein reduced to approximately
+atmospheric before the vehicle is moved inside.
+(d) Delivery hose or valve outlets shall be plugged or
+capped before the vehicle is moved indoors.
+(e) No container shall be located near a source of heat or
+within the direct path of hot air blown from a blower
+or from a blower-type heater.
+(f) LP-Gas containers shall be gauged or weighed to de-
+termine that they are not filled beyond the maximum
+filling capacity in accordance with Section 7.4 of
+NFPA 58. [58:9.7.3.6]
+Table 69.6.1.1.9 Orientation of Cylinders on Vehicles
+Propane Capacity
+of Cylinder
+Open Vehicles
+Enclosed Spaces
+of Vehicleslb m 3
+≤45 0.17 Any position
+>45 0.17 Relief valve in
+communication
+with the vapor
+space
+≤4.2 0.016 Any position
+>4.2 0.016 Relief valve in
+communication
+with the vapor
+space
+[58:Table 9.3.2.9]
+1–402 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+69.6.2.3.7 If repair work or servicing is to be performed on a
+cargo tank vehicle system, all LP-Gas shall be removed from
+the cargo tank and piping, and the system shall be thoroughly
+purged before the vehicle is moved indoors. [58:9.7.3.7]
+69.7 LP-Gases at Utility Plants.The design, construction, lo-
+cation, installation, and operation of refrigerated and nonre-
+frigerated liquefied petroleum gas systems at utility gas plants
+shall be in accordance with NFPA 59,Utility LP-Gas Plant Code.
+69.8 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). The design, location,
+construction, and operation of liquified natural gas facilities
+shall be in accordance with NFPA 59A, Standard for the Produc-
+tion, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).
+Chapter 70 Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides
+70.1 General.
+70.1.1* The storage, use, and handling of solid and liquid
+oxidizers and organic peroxide formulations shall comply
+with the requirements of Chapter 70.
+70.1.2 Permits. Permits, where required, shall comply with
+Section 1.12.
+70.2 Liquid and Solid Oxidizers.
+70.2.1 Application.
+70.2.1.1* The storage, use, and handling of liquid and solid
+oxidizers shall comply with Section 70.2; NFPA 430,Code for the
+Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers ; and Section 60.1 and Sec-
+tion 60.2 of this Code.
+70.2.1.2 Where the provisions of Section 70.2 or NFPA 430
+conflict with the provisions of Chapter 60, the provisions of
+Section 70.2 and NFPA 430 shall apply.
+70.2.1.3 The requirements of Section 70.2 shall not apply to
+the following:
+(1) The storage of solid and liquid oxidizers for normal use
+on the premises of single-family dwellings
+(2) Explosives or blasting agents, which are covered by
+NFPA 495, Explosive Materials Code ; or to ammonium ni-
+trate, which is covered in NFPA 490, Code for the Storage of
+Ammonium Nitrate; or to organic peroxides, which are cov-
+ered in NFPA 432, Code for the Storage of Organic Peroxide
+Formulations
+70.2.1.4 The quantity and arrangement limits of Section 70.2
+shall not apply to the following:
+(1) The storage of oxidizers at plants where oxidizers are
+manufactured
+(2) Facilities that use ammonium perchlorate in the commer-
+cial manufacture of large-scale rocket motors
+70.2.1.5 Existing buildings that do not comply with the re-
+quirements of Section 70.2 and NFPA 430 pertaining to types
+of construction, separation of buildings, and fixed fire protec-
+tion shall be permitted to be used for storing oxidizers at the
+discretion of the AHJ, provided that the buildings do not con-
+stitute a distinct hazard to life or adjoining property.
+70.2.2* Classification of Oxidizers.For the purpose of Sec-
+tion 70.2, oxidizers shall be classified according to the following:
+(1) Class 1. An oxidizer that does not moderately increase the
+burning rate of combustible materials with which it comes
+into contact.
+(2) Class 2. An oxidizer that causes a moderate increase in the
+burning rate of combustible materials with which it comes
+into contact.
+(3) Class 3. An oxidizer that causes a severe increase in the
+burning rate of combustible materials with which it comes
+into contact.
+(4) Class 4. An oxidizer that can undergo an explosive reac-
+tion due to contamination or exposure to thermal or
+physical shock and that causes a severe increase in the
+burning rate of combustible materials with which it comes
+into contact.
+70.2.3 Classification of Storage Facilities.For the purpose of
+Section 70.2, storage facilities shall be classified according to
+the following:
+(1)*Segregated. Storage in the same room or inside area but physi-
+cally separated by distance from incompatible materials.
+(2) Cutoff. Storage in the same building or inside area but
+physically separated from incompatible materials by parti-
+tions or walls, or storage in a fixed tank.
+(3) Detached. Storage in either an open outside area or a sepa-
+rate building containing no incompatible materials and
+located away from all other structures.
+70.2.4 Basic Requirements.
+70.2.4.1 Hazard Management.
+70.2.4.1.1 The design of a new or modified facility or a facility
+that has had a change of use or occupancy to handle or store
+oxidizers shall be submitted to the AHJ. (For existing structures,
+see Section 1.4 of NFPA 430.)[430:4.1.1]
+70.2.4.1.1.1 All new or existing facilities handling or storing
+oxidizers greater than 4000 lb (1814 kg) for Class 1 oxidizers,
+1000 lb (454 kg) for Class 2 oxidizers, 200 lb (91 kg) for Class 3
+oxidizers, and 10 lb (4.5 kg) for Class 4 oxidizers shall provide
+written notification to the AHJ. [430:4.1.1.1]
+70.2.4.1.2 No new or existing facility shall store materials in any
+occupancy covered by NFPA 430 over 36,000 lb (16,329 kg) for
+Class 1 oxidizers, 4500 lb (2041 kg) for Class 2 oxidizers, 2300 lb
+(1043 kg) for Class 3 oxidizers, and 10 lb (4.5 kg) for Class 4
+oxidizers until a Hazardous Materials Management Plan
+(HMMP) has been completed and submitted to the AHJ.
+[430:4.1.2]
+70.2.4.1.2.1 The HMMP shall be reviewed and updated annu-
+ally and when the facility is modified. [430:4.1.2.1]
+70.2.4.1.2.2 The HMMP shall comply with the requirements
+of this Code.[ 430:4.1.2.2]
+70.2.4.1.2.3 Training exercises according to the HMMP shall
+be conducted at least every 3 years in cooperation with local
+emergency organizations. [430:4.1.2.3]
+70.2.4.1.2.4 The AHJ shall be notified immediately of any of
+the following:
+(1) Release of oxidizers in excess of 100 lb (45.4 kg)
+(2) Release of oxidizers that might pose a threat to people,
+property, or the environment
+(3) Signs of reacting oxidizer, contaminated oxidizer, or
+package deterioration of more than 100 lb (45.4 kg) of
+oxidizer [430:4.1.2.4]
+1–403OXIDIZERS AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+70.2.4.1.2.4.1 Manufacturing plants shall not be required to
+notify the AHJ of an accidental release unless it poses a threat
+to people, property, or the environment or when required by
+local, state, or federal law. [430:4.1.2.4.1]
+70.2.4.1.2.5 The facility responsible for an accidental release
+shall activate the HMMP immediately. [430:4.1.2.5]
+70.2.4.1.3 No facility shall close or abandon any oxidizer stor-
+age facility without notifying the AHJ at least 30 days prior to
+the scheduled closing. [430:4.1.3]
+70.2.4.2 Identification of Materials in Storage.
+70.2.4.2.1* All storage areas containing oxidizers shall be con-
+spicuously identified as to the hazard class by the words “Class
+[appropriate classification number] Oxidizers,” as defined in
+3.3.179. [430:4.2.1]
+70.2.4.2.2 Oxidizers in mercantile display areas shall not be re-
+quired to be identified in accordance with 70.2.4.2.1. [430:4.2.2]
+70.2.4.2.3 Where oxidizers having different classifications are
+stored in the same area, the area shall be marked for the most
+severe hazard class present. [430:4.2.3]
+70.2.4.2.4 All packages shall be approved and individually
+marked with the chemical name of the oxidizer. [430:4.2.4]
+70.2.4.3 Storage Arrangements.
+70.2.4.3.1 At least one side of each pile of oxidizer shall be on
+an aisle. [430:4.4.1]
+70.2.4.3.2* The arrangement and quantity of oxidizers in stor-
+age shall depend upon their classification, type of container,
+type of storage (segregated, cutoff, or detached), and fire pro-
+tection as specified in NFPA 430 and in the manufacturer’s or
+processor’s instructions. [430:4.4.2]
+70.2.4.3.2.1 Mercantile occupancies shall comply with Chap-
+ter 9 of NFPA 430. [430:4.4.2.1]
+70.2.4.3.2.2 Storage occupancies shall store and protect oxi-
+dizers in accordance with Chapter 5 through Chapter 8 of
+NFPA 430. [430:4.4.2.2]
+70.2.4.3.3* Oxidizers shall be stored to avoid contact with in-
+compatible materials such as ordinary combustibles, combus-
+tible or flammable liquids, greases, other oxidizers, and those
+materials that have the potential to react with the oxidizer or
+promote or initiate its decomposition. [430:4.4.3]
+70.2.4.3.3.1 These incompatible materials shall not include
+approved packaging materials, pallets, or other dunnage.
+[430:4.4.3.1]
+70.2.4.3.3.2 Hydrogen peroxide (Classes 2 through 4) stored
+in drums shall not be stored on wooden pallets. [430:4.4.3.2]
+70.2.4.3.3.3 Where oxidizers are in segregated storage with
+flammable and combustible liquids, the oxidizer containers
+and flammable and combustible liquid containers shall be
+separated by at least 25 ft (7.6 m). [430:4.4.3.3]
+70.2.4.3.3.4 The separation shall be maintained by dikes,
+drains, or floor slopes to prevent flammable liquid leakage
+from encroaching on the separation. [430:4.4.3.4]
+70.2.4.3.3.5 Solid oxidizers shall not be stored directly be-
+neath liquids. [430:4.4.3.5]
+70.2.4.3.4 Where Class 2, Class 3, or Class 4 liquid oxidizers
+are stored, means shall be provided to prevent the liquid oxi-
+dizer from flowing out of a cutoff area into an area containing
+incompatible materials. [430:4.4.4]
+70.2.4.3.5* Oxidizers shall be stored to prevent contact with
+water, which can affect either container integrity or product
+stability. [430:4.4.5]
+70.2.4.3.6 Oxidizers shall be stored so that the storage tem-
+perature cannot be within 25°F (14°C) of their decomposition
+temperature or to 125°F (52°C), whichever is lower and in
+accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
+[430:4.4.6]
+70.2.4.4 Mixed Storage.Each class shall be considered inde-
+pendent of the others, and a facility shall be permitted to carry
+up to the maximum quantity for each class of material.
+[430:4.5]
+70.2.4.5 Training.
+70.2.4.5.1 General.
+70.2.4.5.1.1 Facilities storing oxidizers shall have a training
+program. [430:4.7.1.1]
+70.2.4.5.1.2 The training shall be based on current material
+safety data sheets (MSDS) and other information supplied by
+manufacturers. [430:4.7.1.2]
+70.2.4.5.2 Personnel Training Requirements.
+70.2.4.5.2.1 Persons responsible for the operation and main-
+tenance of areas in which oxidizers are stored shall be trained
+in the chemical and physical hazards of the stored materials
+and compatibility of stored materials. [430:4.7.2.1]
+70.2.4.5.2.2 The training shall include coverage of other
+topical areas as required by 29 CFR 1910.1200, “Hazard Com-
+munication,” or other applicable hazard communication
+regulations. [430:4.7.2.2]
+70.2.4.5.3 Persons responsible for the operation and mainte-
+nance, sequence of mitigation, and protection against oxi-
+dizer incidents and/or releases in areas in which oxidizers are
+stored in excess of 36,000 lb (16,329 kg) for Class 1 oxidizers,
+4500 lb (2041 kg) for Class 2 oxidizers, 2300 lb (1043 kg) for
+Class 3 oxidizers, and 10 lb (4.5 kg) for Class 4 oxidizers shall
+be trained to meet all requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120, “Haz-
+ardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response,” and the
+technician level as described in NFPA 472, Standard for Compe-
+tence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass De-
+struction Incidents.[ 430:4.7.3]
+70.2.4.6 Heating and Electrical Installations.
+70.2.4.6.1 Heating shall be arranged so that stored materials
+cannot be placed in direct contact with heating units, piping,
+or ducts. [430:4.8.1]
+70.2.4.6.2 Oxidizers shall be separated from sources of heat
+such as heating units, piping, or ducts so that they cannot be
+heated to within 25°F (14°C) of their decomposition tempera-
+ture or to 125°F (52°C), whichever is lower and in accordance
+with the manufacturer’s recommendations. [430:4.8.2]
+70.2.4.6.3 Electrical installations shall be in conformance
+with Section 11.1. [430:4.8.3]
+70.2.4.7 Smoking.
+70.2.4.7.1 Smoking shall be prohibited in all storage areas
+containing oxidizers. [430:4.9.1]
+1–404 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+70.2.4.7.2 “No Smoking” signs shall be placed conspicuously
+within storage areas and at all entrances to storage areas.
+[430:4.9.2]
+70.2.4.8 Fire Protection.
+70.2.4.8.1* Fire Hydrants.
+70.2.4.8.1.1 Fire hydrants and water supplies shall be pro-
+vided as required by the AHJ. [430:4.11.1.1]
+70.2.4.8.1.2 Hydrants shall be installed in accordance with
+Section 13.5. [430:4.11.1.2]
+70.2.4.8.2 Automatic Sprinkler Protection.
+70.2.4.8.2.1 Automatic sprinklers shall be provided in accor-
+dance with the requirements of Section 13.3 and Chapters 5
+through 9 of NFPA 430. [430:4.11.2.1]
+70.2.4.8.2.2 Where automatic sprinkler systems are required,
+the sprinkler system shall be installed in accordance with Sec-
+tion 13.3, and the system density shall meet the required densi-
+ties contained in NFPA 430 for the class of oxidizer, the storage
+arrangements, and the stored quantities. [430:4.11.2.2]
+70.2.4.8.2.2.1 Buildings with automatic sprinkler systems that
+do not meet the installation requirements of Section 13.3 or the
+required densities contained in NFPA 430 shall be considered as
+nonsprinklered and shall follow the storage arrangements and
+quantities for a nonsprinklered building. [430:4.11.2.2.1]
+70.2.4.8.2.2.2 Buildings that require sprinkler protection
+having total quantities of Class 3 oxidizers greater than 200 lb
+(91 kg) but less than 2300 lb (1043 kg) shall comply with
+7.4.1.1 of NFPA 430. [430:4.11.2.2.2]
+70.2.4.8.3* Dry Pipe and Preaction Sprinkler Systems.
+70.2.4.8.3.1 Dry-pipe and double-interlock preaction (DIPA)
+sprinkler systems shall not be permitted for protection of
+buildings or areas containing oxidizers. [430:4.11.3.1]
+70.2.4.8.3.2 Dry-pipe and DIPA systems shall be permitted for
+protection of Class 1 oxidizers in Type I through Type IV building
+construction and Class 2 and 3 oxidizers in detached storage in
+Type I and Type II construction as specified in the building code.
+[430:4.11.3.2]
+70.2.4.8.3.3 Dry-pipe and DIPA sprinkler systems shall be per-
+mitted in mercantile occupancies when the oxidizers are
+stored in open air environments, such as retail garden centers
+and buildings without exterior walls. For Class 3 oxidizers, the
+location shall be approved by the AHJ. [430:4.11.3.3]
+70.2.4.8.4 Manual Fire Fighting.Manual fire-fighting equip-
+ment in the form of portable water extinguishers or water
+hose reel stations shall be provided in accordance with the
+requirements of Sections 13.2 and 13.6. [430:4.11.6]
+70.2.4.8.4.1* The placement and use of dry chemical extin-
+guishers containing ammonium compounds (Class A:B:C)
+shall be prohibited in areas where oxidizers that can release
+chlorine are stored. [430:4.11.6.1]
+70.2.4.8.4.2* Halon extinguishers shall not be used in areas
+where oxidizers are stored. [430:4.11.6.2]
+70.2.4.8.4.3* Halocarbon clean agent extinguishers shall not
+be used in areas where oxidizers are stored unless they have
+been tested to the satisfaction of the AHJ. [430:4.11.6.3]
+70.2.4.9 Housekeeping and Waste Disposal.
+70.2.4.9.1 Accumulation of combustible waste in oxidizer
+storage areas shall be prohibited. [430:4.13.1]
+70.2.4.9.2* Spilled oxidizers, reacting oxidizers, and leaking
+or broken containers shall be removed immediately by a com-
+petent individual to a safe, secure, dry outside area or to a
+location designated by the competent individual to await dis-
+posal in conformance with applicable regulations and manu-
+facturer’s and processor’s instructions. [430:4.13.2]
+70.2.4.9.2.1 Spilled materials shall be placed in a clean, sepa-
+rate container and shall not be returned to the original con-
+tainer. [430:4.13.2.1]
+70.2.4.9.2.2 The disposal of such materials shall not be com-
+bined with that of ordinary trash. [430:4.13.2.2]
+70.2.4.9.3 Used, empty, combustible containers that previ-
+ously contained oxidizers shall be stored in a detached or
+sprinklered area. [430:4.13.3]
+70.2.4.9.4 Storage shall be managed to prevent excessive dust
+accumulation. [430:4.13.4]
+70.2.4.9.5* Absorptive combustible packing materials used
+to contain water-soluble oxidizers that have become wet
+during either fire or nonfire conditions and wooden pallets
+that are exposed to water solutions of an oxidizer shall be
+relocated to a safe outside area and shall be disposed of
+properly. [ 430:4.13.5]
+70.2.5 Class 1 Oxidizers.
+70.2.5.1 Class 1 oxidizers, where stored in quantities in excess
+of 4000 lb (1814 kg), shall comply with 70.2.5.
+70.2.5.2* Class 1 oxidizers, where stored in quantities of 4000 lb
+(1814 kg) or less, shall comply with those parts of 70.2.5 and
+Chapter 5 of NFPA 430 pertaining to fire prevention, sprinkler
+protection and compatibility, and all of Chapter 4 of NFPA 430.
+70.2.5.3 Storage Arrangements.
+70.2.5.3.1 The storage of Class 1 oxidizers shall be segre-
+gated, cutoff, or detached. [430:5.2.1]
+70.2.5.3.2 Storage of Class 1 oxidizers shall be in accordance
+with Table 70.2.5.3.2(a) and Table 70.2.5.3.2(b). [430:5.2.2]
+70.2.5.3.2.1 For Class 1 oxidizers stored in nonsprinklered
+buildings, the minimum aisle width shall be equal to the pile
+height. [430:5.2.2.1]
+70.2.5.3.2.2 For Class 1 oxidizers stored in sprinklered build-
+ings, the minimum aisle width shall be equal to the pile
+height, but the aisle width shall be no less than 4 ft (1.2 m) and
+no greater than 8 ft (2.4 m). [430:5.2.2.2]
+70.2.5.3.2.3 There shall be no minimum distance from the pile
+to a wall for amounts less than 9000 lb (4082 kg). [430:5.2.2.3]
+70.2.5.3.2.4 Class 1 oxidizers shall be permitted to be sepa-
+rated from ordinary combustible and incompatible materials
+by a solid noncombustible barrier or by a horizontal distance
+in accordance with Table 70.2.5.3.2(a) or Table 70.2.5.3.2(b).
+[430:5.2.2.4]
+70.2.6 Class 2 Oxidizers.
+70.2.6.1 Class 2 oxidizers, where stored in quantities in excess
+of 1000 lb (454 kg), shall comply with 70.2.6.
+1–405OXIDIZERS AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+70.2.6.2* Class 2 oxidizers, where stored in quantities of 1000 lb
+(454 kg) or less, shall comply with those parts of 70.2.6 and Chap-
+ter 6 of NFPA 430 pertaining to fire prevention, sprinkler protec-
+tion and compatibility, and all of Chapter 4 of NFPA 430.
+70.2.6.3 Storage Arrangements.Class 2 oxidizers shall be per-
+mitted to be separated from ordinary combustible and incom-
+patible materials by a solid noncombustible barrier or by a
+horizontal distance in accordance with Table 70.2.6.3.3(a) or
+Table 70.2.6.3.3(b). [430:6.2]
+70.2.6.3.1 The storage of Class 2 oxidizers shall be segre-
+gated, cutoff, or detached. [430:6.2.1]
+70.2.6.3.2 Cutoff walls shall have a fire resistance rating of at
+least 1 hour. [430:6.2.2]
+70.2.6.3.3 Storage of Class 2 oxidizers shall be in accordance
+with Table 70.2.6.3.3(a) and Table 70.2.6.3.3(b). [430:6.2.3]
+70.2.6.3.3.1 For Class 2 oxidizers stored in nonsprinklered
+buildings, the minimum aisle width shall be equal to the pile
+height. [430:6.2.3.1]
+70.2.6.3.3.2 For Class 2 oxidizers stored in sprinklered build-
+ings, the minimum aisle width shall be equal to the pile
+height, but the aisle width shall be no less than 4 ft (1.2 m) and
+no greater than 8 ft (2.4 m). [430:6.2.3.2]
+70.2.6.3.3.3 For cutoff or detached storage under 4500 lb
+(2041 kg), there shall be no minimum separation distance be-
+tween the pile and any wall. [430:6.2.3.3]
+70.2.6.3.4* The building limit shall be permitted to be four
+times the quantities shown in Table 70.2.6.3.3(b) for cutoff
+storage if noncombustible containers are used and buildings
+are of Type I or Type II construction as specified in the build-
+ing code. [430:6.2.4]
+70.2.6.3.5 Storage in glass carboys shall not be more than two
+carboys high. [430:6.2.5]
+70.2.6.3.6 Basement Storage.
+70.2.6.3.6.1 Storage in basements shall be prohibited.
+[430:6.2.6.1]
+70.2.6.3.6.2 Where the oxidizer is stored in fixed tanks, stor-
+age in basements shall be permitted. [430:6.2.6.2]
+Table 70.2.5.3.2(a) Storage Limits of Class 1 Oxidizers in a Nonsprinklered Building
+Segregated Storage Cutoff Storage Detached Storage
+Storage
+Configurations and
+Allowable Distances
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+Building limit 9 tons 8 met ton 36 tons 27 met ton Unlimited Unlimited
+Pile limit 9 tons 8 met ton 20 tons 18 met ton 20 tons 18 met ton
+Storage limit 8 ft 2.4 m 8 ft 2.4 m 8 ft 2.4 m
+Pile width 16 ft 4.9 m 16 ft 4.9 m 16 ft 4.9 m
+Maximum distance
+from any
+container to a
+working aisle
+8 ft 2.4 m 8 ft 2.4 m 8 ft 2.4 m
+Distance to next
+pile*
+Distance to wall 4 ft 1.2 m 4 ft 1.2 m 4 ft 1.2 m
+Distance to
+incompatible
+materials and
+combustible
+commodities
+12 ft 3.7 m NP NP NP NP
+NP: Not permitted.
+* See 70.2.5.3.2.1.
+[430: Table 5.2.2(a)]
+Table 70.2.5.3.2(b) Storage of Class 1 Oxidizers in a
+Sprinklered Building
+Storage Configurations and
+Allowable Distances
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+Building limit Unlimited Unlimited
+Pile limit 200 tons 181 met ton
+Storage height 20 ft 6.1 m
+Pile width 24 ft 7.3 m
+Maximum distance from any
+container to a working aisle
+12 ft 3.7 m
+Distance to next pile*
+Distance to wall† 2 ft 0.6 m
+Distance to incompatible
+materials and combustible
+commodities greater than
+NFPA 13 Class III
+8 ft 2.4 m
+Note: If the storage is to be considered sprinklered, see Section 5.3 of
+NFPA 430.
+*See 5.2.2.2 of NFPA 430.
+†See 5.2.2.3 of NFPA 430.
+[430: Table 5.2.2(b)]
+1–406 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 70.2.6.3.3(a) Storage of Class 2 Oxidizers in a Nonsprinklered Building
+Segregated Storage Cutoff Storage Detached Storage
+Storage Configurations
+and Allowable
+Distances
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+Building limit 2250 lb 1022 kg 9000 lb 4086 kg 100,000 lb 45,400 kg
+Pile limit 20,000 lb 9080 kg
+Storage height 6 ft 1.8 m 8 ft 2.4 m 8 ft 2.4 m
+Pile width 8 ft 2.4 m 12 ft 3.7 m 16 ft 4.9 m
+Maximum distance
+from any container
+to a working aisle
+4 ft 1.2 m 6 ft 1.8 m 8 ft 2.4 m
+Distance to next pile*
+Distance to wall 4 ft 1.2 m 4 ft 1.2 m 4 ft 1.2 m
+Distance to
+incompatible
+materials and
+combustible
+commodities
+12 ft 3.7 m NP NP NP NP
+NP: Not permitted.
+*See 70.2.6.3.3.1.
+[430: Table 6.2.3(a)]
+Table 70.2.6.3.3(b) Storage of Class 2 Oxidizers in a Sprinklered Building
+Segregated Storage Cutoff Storage Detached Storage
+Storage
+Configurations
+and Allowable
+Distances
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+Building limit 100 tons 91 met ton 1000 tons 907 met ton Unlimited Unlimited
+Pile limit 20 tons 18.1 met ton 100 tons 91 met ton 200 tons 18.1 met ton
+Storage heighta
+Pile width 16 ft 4.9 m 25 ft 7.6 m 25 ft 7.6 m
+Maximum
+distance from
+any container
+to a working
+aisle
+8 ft 2.4 m 12 ft 3.7 m 12 ft 3.7 m
+Distance to next
+pileb
+Distance to wallc 2 ft 0.6 m 2 ft 0.6 m 2 ft 0.6 m
+Distance to
+incompatible
+materials and
+combustible
+commodities
+12 ft 3.7 m NP NP NP NP
+NP: Not permitted.
+Note: If the storage is considered to be sprinklered, see Section 6.4 of NFPA 430.
+aSee 70.2.6.3.7 and Table 70.2.6.3.7.2.
+bSee 70.2.6.3.3.2.
+cSee 70.2.6.3.3.3.
+[430: Table 6.2.3(b)]
+1–407OXIDIZERS AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+70.2.6.3.7 Maximum Height of Storage.
+70.2.6.3.7.1 Maximum storage height for nonsprinklered
+buildings shall be in accordance with Table 70.2.6.3.3(a).
+[430:6.2.7.1]
+70.2.6.3.7.2 Maximum storage height for sprinklered buildings
+shall be in accordance with Table 70.2.6.3.7.2. [430:6.2.7.2]
+70.2.6.4 Detached Storage.
+70.2.6.4.1 To be considered detached, a building for storage
+of Class 2 oxidizers shall be separated from flammable or com-
+bustible liquid storage, flammable gas storage, combustible
+material in the open, any building, passenger railroad, public
+highway, or other tanks. [430:6.5.1]
+70.2.6.4.2 The minimum separation distance shall be 35 ft
+(15 m) for a sprinklered building or 50 ft (23 m) for an un-
+sprinklered building. [430:6.5.2]
+70.2.7 Class 3 Oxidizers.
+70.2.7.1 Class 3 oxidizers, where stored in quantities in excess
+of 200 lb (91 kg), shall comply with 70.2.7.
+70.2.7.2* Class 3 oxidizers, where stored in quantities of 200 lb
+(91 kg) or less, shall comply with those parts of 70.2.7 and Chap-
+ter 7 of NFPA 430 pertaining to fire prevention, sprinkler protec-
+tion and compatibility, and all of Chapter 4 of NFPA 430.
+70.2.7.3 Storage Arrangements.
+70.2.7.3.1 Type of Storage.
+70.2.7.3.1.1 The storage of Class 3 oxidizers shall be segre-
+gated, cutoff, or detached. [430:7.2.1.1]
+70.2.7.3.1.2 Storage for sodium chlorate, potassium chlor-
+ate, sodium bromate, potassium bromate, and ammonium
+dichromate shall only be cutoff or detached, not segre-
+gated. [ 430:7.2.1.2]
+70.2.7.3.2 Class 3 oxidizer storage shall be located on the
+ground floor only. [430:7.2.2]
+70.2.7.3.3 Cutoff walls shall have a fire resistance rating of at
+least 2 hours. [430:7.2.3]
+70.2.7.3.4 Storage of Class 3 oxidizers shall be in accordance
+with Table 70.2.7.3.4(a) and Table 70.2.7.3.4(b). [430:7.2.4]
+70.2.7.3.4.1 For Class 3 oxidizers stored in nonsprinklered
+buildings, the minimum aisle width shall be equal to the stor-
+age height, but the aisle width shall be no less than 4 ft (1.2 m)
+and no greater than 8 ft (2.4 m). [430:7.2.4.1]
+70.2.7.3.4.2 For cutoff or detached storage, there shall be no
+minimum separation distance required between oxidizer stor-
+age of less than 2300 lb (1043 kg) and any wall. [430:7.2.4.2]
+70.2.7.3.4.3 Class 3 oxidizers shall be permitted to be sepa-
+rated from ordinary combustible and incompatible materials
+by a solid noncombustible barrier or by a horizontal distance
+in accordance with Table 70.2.7.3.4(a) or Table 70.2.7.3.4(b).
+[430:7.2.4.3]
+70.2.7.3.5 Storage in glass carboys shall be one carboy high.
+[430:7.2.5]
+70.2.7.3.6 Bulk storage in open bins or piles shall not be per-
+mitted. [430:7.2.6]
+70.2.7.3.7 Maximum Height of Storage.
+70.2.7.3.7.1 Maximum storage height for nonsprinklered
+buildings shall be in accordance with Table 70.2.7.3.4(a).
+[430:7.2.7.1]
+70.2.7.3.7.2 Maximum storage height for sprinklered buildings
+shall be in accordance with Table 70.2.7.3.7.2. [430:7.2.7.2]
+70.2.7.4 Building Construction.
+70.2.7.4.1 Buildings used for the storage of liquid Class 3
+oxidizers shall not have basements. [430:7.3.1]
+70.2.7.4.2 Construction materials that can come in contact
+with oxidizers shall be noncombustible. [430:7.3.2]
+70.2.7.4.3 Storage areas for oxidizing materials shall be pro-
+vided with means acceptable to the AHJ to vent products of
+combustion or decomposition. [430:7.3.3]
+70.2.7.4.4 Storage of Class 3 oxidizers in excess of 30 tons
+(27.2 met ton) shall be in buildings of Type I or Type II con-
+struction as specified in the building code. [430:7.3.4]
+70.2.7.4.4.1 If Class 3 oxidizers are stored in accordance with
+rack storage requirements in Table 7.4.2.1 of NFPA 430, then
+they shall be permitted to be in buildings of construction Type I
+through Type IV , as specified in the building code. [430:7.3.4.1]
+Table 70.2.6.3.7.2 Ceiling Sprinkler Protection for Class 2 Oxidizers in Palletized or Bulk and
+Rack Storage Areas
+Ceiling Sprinklers
+Storage Height Density Area of Application
+Type of Storage ft m gpm/ft 2 L/min/m2 ft2 m2 In-Rack Sprinklers
+Palletized or bulk 8 2.4 0.20 8 3750 348 —
+Palletized or bulk 12 3.7 0.35 14 3750 348 —
+Rack 12 3.7 0.20 8 3750 348 One line above each
+level of storage
+except the top level
+Rack 16 4.9 0.30 12 2000 186 One line above each
+level of storage
+except the top level
+[430: Table 6.4.1]
+1–408 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table 70.2.7.3.4(a) Storage of Class 3 Oxidizers in a Nonsprinklered Building
+Segregated Storage Cutoff Storage Detached Storage
+Storage Limit
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+Building limit 1150 lb 522 kg 4600 lb 2088 kg 40,000 lb 18,160 kg
+Pile limit 1150 lb 522 kg 4600 lb 2088 kg 10,000 lb 4540 kg
+Storage height 6 ft 1.8 m 6 ft 1.8 m 6 ft 1.8 m
+Pile width 8 ft 2.4 m 12 ft 3.7 m 12 ft 3.7 m
+Maximum
+distance from
+any container to
+a working aisle
+4 ft 1.2 m 8 ft 2.4 m 8 ft 2.4 m
+Distance to next
+pile*
+Distance to wall 4 ft 1.2 m 4 ft 1.2 m 4 ft 1.2 m
+Distance to
+incompatible
+materials and
+combustible
+commodities
+12 ft 3.7 m NP NP NP NP
+NP: Not permitted.
+*See 70.2.7.3.4.1.
+[430: Table 7.2.4(a)]
+Table 70.2.7.3.4(b) Storage of Class 3 Oxidizers in a Sprinklered Building
+Segregated Storage Cutoff Storage Detached Storage
+Storage Limit
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+Building limit 50 tons 45 met ton 1000 tons 900 met ton Unlimited Unlimited
+Pile limit 10 tons 8.8 met ton 30 tons 27.2 met ton 100 tons 91 met ton
+Storage heighta
+Pile width 12 ft 3.7 m 16 ft 4.9 m 20 ft 6.1 m
+Maximum
+distance from
+any container
+to a working
+aisle
+8f t 2 . 4m 1 0f t 3m 1 0f t 3m
+Distance to next
+pileb
+Distance to wallc 2 ft 0.6 m 2 ft 0.6 m 2 ft 0.6 m
+Distance to
+incompatible
+materials and
+combustible
+commodities
+12 ft 3.7 m NP NP NP NP
+NP: Not permitted.
+Note: If the storage is considered to be sprinklered, see the sprinkler system design requirements of
+Section 7.4 of NFPA 430.
+aSee 70.2.7.3.7, Table 70.2.7.3.7.2, and Table 7.4.2.1 of NFPA 430.
+bSee 70.2.7.3.4.1.
+cSee 70.2.7.3.4.2.
+[430: Table 7.2.4(b)]
+1–409OXIDIZERS AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+70.2.7.5 Detached Storage.
+70.2.7.5.1 To be considered detached, a building for storage
+of Class 3 oxidizers shall be separated from flammable or com-
+bustible liquid storage, flammable gas storage, combustible
+material in the open, any building, passenger railroad, public
+highway, or other tanks. [430:7.5.1]
+70.2.7.5.2 The minimum separation distance shall be 50 ft
+(15 m) for a sprinklered building or 75 ft (23 m) for an un-
+sprinklered building. [430:7.5.2]
+70.2.8 Class 4 Oxidizers.
+70.2.8.1 Class 4 oxidizers, where stored in quantities in excess
+of 10 lb (4.5 kg), shall comply with 70.2.8.
+70.2.8.2* Class 4 oxidizers, where stored in quantities of 10 lb
+(4.5 kg) or less, shall comply with those parts of 70.2.8 and Chap-
+ter 8 of NFPA 430 pertaining to fire prevention, sprinkler protec-
+tion and compatibility, and all of Chapter 4 of NFPA 430.
+70.2.8.3 Storage Arrangements.
+70.2.8.3.1 The storage of Class 4 oxidizers shall be detached.
+[430:8.2.1]
+70.2.8.3.2 Storage in glass carboys shall be one carboy high.
+[430:8.2.2]
+70.2.8.3.3 Storage in drums or in containers or in cases shall
+not exceed the limits outlined in Table 70.2.8.3.3. [430:8.2.3]
+70.2.8.3.4 Bulk storage in piles or fixed bins shall not be per-
+mitted. [430:8.2.4]
+70.2.8.4 Building Construction and Location.
+70.2.8.4.1 A storage building or storage tank shall be located
+not less than the minimum distance provided in Table 70.2.8.4.1
+from flammable liquid storage, combustible material in the
+open, any inhabited building, passenger railroad, public high-
+way, property line, or tank other than oxidizer storage.
+[430:8.3.4]
+70.2.8.4.2* Where tanks are not separated from each other by
+10 percent of the distance specified in Table 70.2.8.4.1 for the
+largest tank, the total contents of all tanks shall be used when
+using Table 70.2.8.4.1. [430:8.3.5]
+70.2.9 Storage and Display of Oxidizing Materials in Mercan-
+tile Occupancies and Storage Occupancies.
+70.2.9.1 Application. Subsection 70.2.9 applies to the display
+and storage of Class 1 through Class 3 oxidizers in mercantile
+occupancies and storage occupancies where the general pub-
+lic has access to the materials for sale and to the storage of
+additional oxidizing materials in such occupancies in areas
+that are not accessible to the public. [430:9.1]
+70.2.9.2 General Requirements.Oxidizing materials that are
+displayed or stored in areas accessible to the general public
+shall meet the requirements of 70.2.9.2.1 through 70.2.9.2.5.
+[430:9.2]
+Table 70.2.7.3.7.2 Sprinkler Protection of Class 3 Oxidizers Stored in Total Quantities of
+Greater Than 200 lb (91kg) But Less Than 2300 lb (1043 kg)
+Shelf Bulk or Pile Bulk or Pile Rack
+Maximum
+storage height
+6 ft (1.8 m) 5 ft (1.5 m) 10 ft (3 m) 10 ft (3 m)
+Maximum
+ceiling height
+25 ft (7.6 m) 25 ft (7.6 m) 25 ft (7.6 m) NA
+Aisles — pile
+separation
+4 ft (1.2 m) min
+clear aisles
+4 ft (1.2 m) min
+clear aisles
+8 ft (2.4 m) min
+clear aisles
+8 ft (2.4 m) min
+clear aisles
+Ceiling design
+criteria
+0.45 gpm/2000 ft2 0.35 gpm/5000 ft2
+or
+0.6 gpm/2000 ft2
+0.65 gpm/5000 ft2 0.35 gpm/5000 ft2
+or
+0.6 gpm/2000 ft2
+In-rack
+sprinklers
+NP NP NA See 7.4.1.2 of
+NFPA 430
+Hose stream
+demand
+500 gpm 500 gpm 500 gpm 500 gpm
+Duration 120 minutes 120 minutes 120 minutes 120 minutes
+NP: Not permitted.
+[430: Table 7.4.1.1]
+Table 70.2.8.3.3 Storage of Class 4 Oxidizers in Drums,
+Containers, and Cases
+Storage
+Configurations
+and Quantities
+Nonsprinklered
+Building
+Sprinklered
+Building
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+U.S.
+Units
+Metric
+Units
+Piles
+Length 10 ft 3.0 m 10 ft 3.0 m
+Width 4 ft 1.2 m 4 ft 1.2 m
+Height 4 ft 1.2 m 8 ft 2.4 m
+Distance to
+next pile
+6 ft 1.8 m 8 ft 2.4 m
+Quantity limit
+per building
+1 ton 0.9 met ton Unlimited Unlimited
+[430: Table 8.2.3]
+1–410 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+70.2.9.2.1* Oxidizing materials shall be separated from ordi-
+nary combustible and incompatible materials by a solid non-
+combustible barrier or by a horizontal distance of not less than
+4 ft (1.2 m). [430:9.2.1]
+70.2.9.2.1.1 Ordinary combustibles shall not include ap-
+proved packaging materials, pallets, or other dunnage used
+for the oxidizers. [430:9.2.1.1]
+70.2.9.2.1.2 Separation from ordinary combustible materials
+shall not be required for Class 1 oxidizers. [430:9.2.1.2]
+70.2.9.2.2 Solid oxidizing materials shall not be displayed di-
+rectly beneath liquids. [430:9.2.2]
+70.2.9.2.3 For sprinklered mercantile occupancies and stor-
+age occupancies, storage heights and sprinkler protection cri-
+teria shall be in accordance with Chapter 5 through Chapter 8
+of NFPA 430. [430:9.2.3]
+70.2.9.2.4 Storage and display of solids shall not exceed
+200 lb/ft2 (976.4 kg/m2) of floor area actually occupied by
+solid merchandise. [430:9.2.4]
+70.2.9.2.5 Storage and display of liquids shall not exceed
+20 gal/ft2 (76 L/m2) of floor area actually occupied by liquid
+merchandise. [430:9.2.5]
+70.2.9.2.6 Racks and shelves used for storage or display shall
+be of substantial construction and adequately braced and an-
+chored. [430:9.2.6]
+70.2.9.2.7 Containers shall be approved for their intended
+use. [430:9.2.7]
+70.2.9.2.8 Individual containers shall not exceed 100 lb
+(45.4 kg) capacity for solids o r a 5 gal (19 L) capacity for
+liquids. [ 430:9.2.8]
+70.2.9.2.9 Except for 4 mm surface coating, floors shall be of
+noncombustible construction. [430:9.2.9]
+70.2.9.2.10 Aisles 4 ft (1.2 m) in width shall be maintained on
+three sides of the storage or display area. [430:9.2.10]
+70.2.9.2.11 Hazard identification signs shall be provided in
+accordance with this Code.[ 430:9.2.11]
+70.2.9.2.12 Storage Arrangements in Nonsprinklered Mercan-
+tile Occupancies and Storage Occupancies.
+70.2.9.2.12.1 Storage and display of Class 2 and Class 3 oxi-
+dizing materials shall extend no higher than 6 ft (1.8 m) from
+the floor to the top of the uppermost container. [430:9.2.12.1]
+70.2.9.2.12.2 The storage and display of Class 2 and Class 3
+oxidizers shall not exceed 4 ft (1.2 m) in depth. [430:9.2.12.2]
+70.2.9.2.13 Containers.
+70.2.9.2.13.1 Individual containers less than 5 gal (19 L) or
+less than 25 lb (11 kg) shall be stored or displayed on pallets,
+racks, or shelves. [430:9.2.13.1]
+70.2.9.3 Quantity Limitations.
+70.2.9.3.1 The quantity of oxidizing materials permitted in a
+mercantile occupancy or storage occupancy shall not exceed the
+quantities given in Table 70.2.9.3.1 for either nonsprinklered or
+sprinklered areas, whichever is applicable. [430:9.3.1]
+70.2.9.3.1.1 Facilities that require sprinkler protection hav-
+ing total quantities of Class 3 oxidizers greater than 200 lb
+(91 kg) but less than 2300 lb (1043 kg) shall comply with
+7.4.1.1 of NFPA 430. [430:9.3.1.1]
+70.2.9.3.1.2 Additional quantities shall be permitted if lo-
+cated in control areas. [430:9.3.1.2]
+70.2.9.3.1.2.1 Control areas shall be constructed in accor-
+dance with the building code. [430:9.3.1.2.1]
+70.2.9.3.1.2.2 The number of control areas allowed shall be
+in accordance with the building code. [430:9.3.1.2.2]
+70.2.9.3.2 Quantities in excess of those in Table 70.2.9.3.1
+shall comply with 7.4.2 of NFPA 430. [430:9.3.2]
+70.3 Organic Peroxide Formulations.
+70.3.1 Application.
+70.3.1.1* The storage, use, and handling of liquid and solid
+organic peroxide formulations shall comply with Section 70.3;
+NFPA 432, Code for the Storage of Organic Peroxide Formulations ;
+and Section 60.1 and Section 60.2 of this Code.
+70.3.1.2 Where the provisions of Section 70.3 or NFPA 432
+conflict with the provisions of Chapter 60, the provisions of
+Section 70.3 and NFPA 432 shall apply.
+70.3.1.3 Section 70.3 shall apply only to commercially avail-
+able organic peroxide formulations in U.S. Department of
+Transportation- or Canadian Ministry of Transport–approved
+packages. [432:1.1.1]
+70.3.1.4 Section 70.3 shall not apply to the storage of such
+formulations in process areas where they are manufactured or
+used. [432:1.1.2]
+70.3.1.5 Section 70.3 does not apply to organic peroxide formu-
+lations that are capable of detonation in their normal shipping
+Table 70.2.8.4.1 Separation of Buildings from Tanks
+Containing Class 4 Oxidizers
+Weight of Class 4 Oxidizer Distance
+lb kg ft m
+10–100 4.5–45.4 75 23
+100–500 45.4–227 100 30
+501–1,000 227–454 125 38
+1,001–3,000 454–1,361 200 61
+3,001–5,000 1,361–2,268 300 91
+5,001–10,000
+over 10,000
+2,268–4,536 400 122
+over 4,536 Subject to approval by the
+AHJ
+[430: Table 8.3.4]
+Table 70.2.9.3.1 Maximum Quantity of Oxidizers Allowed in
+Mercantile and Storage Occupancies
+Class of
+Material
+Weight
+Nonsprinklered
+Weight
+Sprinklered
+lb kg lb kg
+3 1,150 522 2,300 1,044
+2 2,250 1,021 4,500 2,042
+1 18,000 8,165 Unlimited Unlimited
+[430: Table 9.3.1]
+1–411OXIDIZERS AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+containers under conditions of fire exposure. Such formulations
+shall be handled and stored as Explosives 1.1 (formerly known as
+Class A explosives) in accordance with NFPA 495. [432:1.1.3]
+70.3.2* Classification of Organic Peroxide Formulations.For
+the purpose of 70.3.2, organic peroxide formulations shall be
+classified according to the system described in 70.3.2.1
+through 70.3.2.5. [432:4.12]
+70.3.2.1 Class I shall describe those formulations that are ca-
+pable of deflagration but not detonation. [432:4.12.1]
+70.3.2.2 Class II shall describe those formulations that burn
+very rapidly and that present a severe reactivity hazard.
+[432:4.12.2]
+70.3.2.3 Class III shall describe those formulations that burn
+rapidly and that present a moderate reactivity hazard.
+[432:4.12.3]
+70.3.2.4 Class IV shall describe those formulations that burn
+in the same manner as ordinary combustibles and that present
+a minimal reactivity hazard. [432:4.12.4]
+70.3.2.5 Class V shall describe those formulations that burn
+with less intensity than ordinary combustibles or do not sustain
+combustion and that present no reactivity hazard. [432:4.12.5]
+70.3.3 Classification of Storage Facilities.
+70.3.3.1 Segregated storage shall refer to storage in the same
+room or inside area, but physically separated by distance from
+incompatible materials. Sills, curbs, intervening storage of
+nonhazardous compatible materials, and aisles shall be per-
+mitted to be used as aids in maintaining spacing.(See Chapter 5
+of NFPA 432.) [432:4.13.1]
+70.3.3.2 Cut-off storage shall refer to storage in the same
+building or inside area, but physically separated from incom-
+patible materials by partitions or walls. (See Chapter 6 of
+NFPA 432.) [432:4.13.2]
+70.3.3.3 Detached storage shall refer to storage in either an
+open outside area or a separate building containing no incom-
+patible materials and located away from all other structures.
+(See Chapter 7 of NFPA 432.)[432:4.13.3]
+70.3.4 Basic Requirements.
+70.3.4.1 Identification. All storage areas containing organic
+peroxide formulations shall be conspicuously identified by the
+words “Organic Peroxides” and by the class, as defined in
+70.3.2. [432:4.1]
+70.3.4.1.1* When organic peroxide formulations having dif-
+ferent classifications as defined by 70.3.2 are stored in the
+same area, the area shall be marked for the most severe class
+present. [432:4.1.1]
+70.3.4.1.2 Packages containing organic peroxide formula-
+tions shall be individually marked with the chemical name of
+the organic peroxide or with other pertinent information to
+allow proper area classification as required by 70.3.4.1
+through 70.3.4.1.3. [432:4.1.2]
+70.3.4.1.3 Packages containing organic peroxide formula-
+tions that require temperature control shall be marked with
+the recommended storage temperature range. [432:4.1.3]
+70.3.4.2 Employee Instruction.Personnel involved in opera-
+tions in organic peroxide storage areas shall be instructed in
+proper and safe handling of such materials, proper use of per-
+sonal protective equipment, fire suppression equipment,
+proper and safe disposal of spilled material, and proper emer-
+gency procedures. Records shall be maintained of such train-
+ing. Manufacturers’ instructions shall be consulted for each
+specific formulation. [432:4.2]
+70.3.4.3 Building Construction. Any construction materials
+that can be contacted by organic peroxide formulations shall
+be compatible with the materials stored. [432:4.3]
+70.3.4.4 Heating and Cooling.
+70.3.4.4.1 Storage areas shall be maintained within the rec-
+ommended storage temperature range for the materials
+stored. (See Annex B for compounds needing refrigeration systems.)
+[432:4.4.1]
+70.3.4.4.2* Where the required storage temperature range
+extends beyond normal ambient temperatures, high or low
+temperature limit switches, as applicable, shall be provided
+in addition to the normal temperature controls. These limit
+switches shall actuate an alarm arranged to ensure prompt
+response. [ 432:4.4.2]
+70.3.4.4.3 Heating systems shall use hot water, low pressure
+[less than 15 psig (103 kPa gauge)] steam, or indirectly heated
+warm air. Cooling systems shall not utilize direct expansion of
+a flammable gas. [432:4.4.3]
+70.3.4.4.4 Heating coils, radiators, air diffusers, cooling coils,
+piping, and ducts shall be installed so as to prevent direct con-
+tact with containers and to prevent overheating or overcool-
+ing of the materials stored. [432:4.4.4]
+70.3.4.5 Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited in all organic
+peroxide storage areas. “No Smoking” signs shall be placed
+conspicuously at all entrances to and within storage areas.
+[432:4.6]
+70.3.4.6 Fire Protection.
+70.3.4.6.1* Manual fire-fighting equipment shall be provided
+according to manufacturers’ recommendations and main-
+tained according to the requirements of Sections 13.2 and
+13.6. [432:4.8.1]
+70.3.4.6.2* Where required by other provisions of Section 70.3,
+automatic sprinklers and water spray systems shall be designed
+and installed according to the requirements of Sections 13.3 and
+13.8 and shall provide the following discharge densities:
+(1) Clas s I — 0.50 gpm/ft 2 (20.4 L/min/m2)
+(2) Class II — 0.40 gpm/ft 2 (16.3 L/min/m2)
+(3) Class III — 0.30 gpm/ft 2 (12.2 L/min/m2)
+(4) Class IV — 0.25 gpm/ft 2 (10.2 L/min/m2)
+[432:4.8.2]
+70.3.4.6.2.1 The system shall be designed to provide the re-
+quired density over a 3000 ft 2 (280 m 2) area for areas pro-
+tected by a wet pipe sprinkler system or 3900 ft 2 (360 m2) for
+areas protected by a dry pipe sprinkler system. The entire area
+of any building of less than 3000 ft2 (280 m2) shall be used as
+the area of application. [432:4.8.2.1]
+70.3.4.6.3 Where required, water supplies for automatic
+sprinklers, fire hydrants, and so forth, shall be provided in
+accordance with Section 13.5 and shall be capable of supply-
+ing the anticipated demand for at least 90 minutes. [432:4.8.3]
+70.3.4.7 Housekeeping and Waste Disposal.
+70.3.4.7.1 Any accumulation of combustible waste in organic
+peroxide storage areas shall be prohibited. [432:4.9.1]
+1–412 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+70.3.4.7.2* Spilled material and leaking or damaged contain-
+ers and packages shall immediately be removed to a safe loca-
+tion for disposal. [432:4.9.2]
+70.3.4.7.3 Specific disposal procedures shall be established for
+all organic peroxide storage areas. Disposal procedures shall con-
+form to all applicable federal, state, and local regulations and
+with the manufacturers’ recommendations. [432:4.9.3]
+70.3.4.8 Storage Limitations.
+70.3.4.8.1 Storage of organic peroxide formulations shall be
+limited to those areas within the scope of 70.3.4.8. The maximum
+allowable quantities of organic peroxide formulations that can
+be stored in a single area or building shall depend on the classi-
+fication of the formulations and the classification of the storage
+facility, as set forth in Table 70.3.4.8.1(a) and Table 70.3.4.8.1(b).
+[432:4.10.1]
+70.3.4.8.1.1 The quantity of Class III organic peroxide for-
+mulations as it appears in Table 70.3.4.8.1(a) in cut-off storage
+shall be permitted to be increased to 20,000 lb (9070 kg) if the
+walls or partitions providing the cut-off have a fire resistance
+rating of at least 4 hours. [432:4.10.1.1]
+70.3.4.8.1.2 Class I organic peroxide formulation cut-off stor-
+age as it appears in Table 70.3.4.8.1(b) shall have interior walls
+with a blast resistance of 432 psf (0.2 bar). [432:4.10.1.2]
+70.3.4.8.1.3* Class I organic peroxide formulation cut-off stor-
+age as it appears in Table 70.3.4.8.1(b) shall have deflagration
+venting provided for exterior walls. [432:4.10.1.3]
+70.3.4.8.2* Where two or more different classes of organic
+peroxide formulations are stored in the same area, the maxi-
+mum quantity permitted shall be limited to the sum of the
+proportional amounts that each class bears to the maximum
+permitted for that class. The total of the proportional amounts
+shall not exceed 100 percent. [432:4.10.2]
+70.3.4.8.3 Where the storage area is protected by a specially
+engineered fire protection system acceptable to the AHJ, the
+quantity of organic peroxide formulations shall be permitted
+to be increased. [432:4.10.3]
+70.3.4.8.4 Organic peroxide formulations shall not be stored
+where they can be exposed to explosive materials. [432:4.10.4]
+Table 70.3.4.8.1(a) Maximum Allowable Quantity of Organic Peroxide Formulations
+in Nonsprinklered Buildings
+Class of
+Organic
+Peroxide
+Formulation
+Detached Storage Minimum Separation*
+Segregated Storage Cut-Off Storage 50 ft (15 m) 100 ft (30.5 m) 150 ft (46 m)
+lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg
+I N/A N/A N/A N/A 1000 454 4,000 1,810 10,000 4,540
+II N/A N/A 2,000 907 20,000 9,070 80,000 36,300 500,000 227,000
+III 1,500 680 3,000 1,360 70,000 31,800 200,000 90,700 750,000 340,000
+IV 100,000 45,400 200,000 90,700 300,000 136,000 500,000 227,000 1,000,000 454,000
+V UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL
+Note: N/A — Not Allowed; UNL — Unlimited.
+*Minimum separation means the distance from the line of property that is or can be built upon, including
+the opposite side of a public way, or the distance from the nearest important building on the same property.
+[430: Table 4.10(a)]
+Table 70.3.4.8.1(b) Maximum Allowable Quantity of Organic Peroxide Formulations
+in Sprinklered Buildings
+Class of
+Organic
+Peroxide
+Formulation
+Detached Storage Minimum Separation*
+Segregated Storage Cut-off Storage 50 ft (15 m) 100 ft (30.5 m) 150 ft (46 m)
+lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg
+I N/A N/A 2000 907 2000 907 20,000 9070 175,000 79,400
+II 4000 1810 50,000 22,700 100,000 45,400 200,000 90,700 UNL UNL
+III 50,000 22,700 100,000 45,400 200,000 90,700 UNL UNL UNL UNL
+IV UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL
+V UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL UNL
+Note: N/A — Not Allowed; UNL — Unlimited.
+*Minimum separation means the distance from the line of property that is or can be built upon, including
+the opposite side of a public way, or the distance from the nearest important building on the same property.
+[430: Table 4.10(b)]
+1–413OXIDIZERS AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+70.3.4.9 Storage Arrangements.
+70.3.4.9.1 Storage shall be arranged to facilitate manual ac-
+cess and handling, to maintain pile stability, to minimize
+breakage and spillage, and to promote good housekeeping.
+[432:4.11.1]
+70.3.4.9.2 A clear space of at least 2 ft (0.6 m) shall be main-
+tained between organic peroxide storage and uninsulated
+metal walls. [432:4.11.2]
+70.3.4.9.3 Separation Distance.
+70.3.4.9.3.1 Incompatible materials and flammable liquids
+shall not be stored within 25 ft (7.6 m) of organic peroxide
+formulations. The effective separation distance shall be main-
+tained by floor slope, drains, or dikes to prevent liquid leakage
+from encroaching on the organic peroxide formulation stor-
+age area.
+Exception: Organic peroxide formulations that can also be classified as
+flammable liquids by their flash point shall be permitted to be stored with
+other organic peroxide formulations, and the more restrictive requirements
+of NFPA 30, Chapter 66, or 70.3.4.9.3 shall apply. [432:4.11.3.1]
+70.3.4.9.3.2 As an alternative to the 25 ft (7.6 m) separation
+distance, a 1-hour, liquidtight fire barrier shall be permitted.
+[432:4.11.3.2]
+70.3.4.9.4 Only closed containers and packages shall be per-
+mitted in storage areas. [432:4.11.4]
+70.3.4.9.5 Storage of bags, drums, and other containers and
+packages of organic peroxide formulations shall be in accor-
+dance with Table 70.3.4.9.5. [432:4.11.5]
+70.3.4.9.6* Storage of 55 gal (208 L) drums of Class II and
+Class III organic peroxide formulations shall be stored one
+high only. [432:4.11.6]
+70.3.4.9.7 Storage of Class V organic peroxide formulations
+shall meet the requirements of this Code.[ 432:4.11.7]
+70.3.5 Segregated Storage.
+70.3.5.1 Scope. The requirements of 70.3.5 through 70.3.5.5
+and Chapter 5 of NFPA 432 shall apply to the storage of or-
+ganic peroxide formulations when stored under segregated
+conditions as defined in 70.3.3.1 and in quantities not exceed-
+ing those shown in Table 70.3.4.8.1(a)and Table 70.3.4.8.1(b).
+[432:5.1]
+70.3.5.2 Basic Requirements. The basic requirements set
+forth in Chapter 4 of NFPA 432 shall apply to the segregated
+storage of organic peroxide formulations. [432:5.2]
+70.3.5.3 Building Construction.If there are any floors or open
+spaces located below the organic peroxide storage area, the floor
+of the storage area shall be made watertight and shall be pro-
+vided with drainage that leads to a safe location. Every means
+shall be taken to ensure that spilled material cannot run down
+into areas below the organic peroxide storage area. [432:5.3]
+70.3.5.4 Storage Arrangement.
+70.3.5.4.1 A minimum of 8 ft (2.4 m) of clear space shall be
+maintained between organic peroxide storage and any other
+storage. [432:5.4.1]
+70.3.5.4.2 Segregated storage areas shall meet all applicable
+requirements of this Code.[ 432:5.4.2]
+70.3.5.4.3* A clear space of at least 4 ft (1.2 m) shall be main-
+tained between organic peroxide storage and any walls of
+combustible or limited-combustible construction. [432:5.4.3]
+70.3.5.5 Fire Protection.Automatic sprinkler protection shall
+be provided for segregated storage areas in accordance with
+70.3.4.6.2 and 70.3.4.6.3, under the following conditions:
+(1) Storage areas of combustible construction containing
+Classes II, III, or IV organic peroxide formulations
+(2) Storage areas of noncombustible construction where
+quantities exceed the following:
+(a) 100,000 lb (45,400 kg) of Class IV organic peroxide
+formulations
+(b) 1500 lb (680 kg) of Class III organic peroxide formu-
+lations
+(c) Any quantity of Class II organic peroxide formulation
+[432:5.5]
+70.3.6 Cut-Off Storage.
+70.3.6.1 Scope. The requirements of 70.3.6 through 70.3.6.3.3
+and Chapter 6 of NFPA 432 shall apply to the storage of organic
+peroxide formulations when stored under cut-off conditions as
+defined in 70.3.3.2 and in quantities not exceeding those shown
+in Table 70.3.4.8.1(a)and Table 70.3.4.8.1(b). [432:6.1]
+70.3.6.2* Storage Arrangement.A clear space of at least 4 ft
+(1.2 m) shall be maintained between organic peroxide storage
+and any walls of combustible or limited-combustible construc-
+tion. [432:6.4]
+70.3.6.3 Sprinkler Protection.
+70.3.6.3.1 Automatic sprinkler protection in accordance with
+70.3.4.6.2 and 70.3.4.6.3 shall be provided for all storage areas
+Table 70.3.4.9.5 Provisions for Storage Arrangement by Class of Organic Peroxide Formulation
+Class of Organic
+Peroxide
+Formulation
+Maximum
+Pile Height
+Maximum
+Pile Width
+Minimum Main
+Aisle Width
+Minimum
+Additional Aisle Width
+ft m ft m ft m ft m
+I 6 1.8 4 1.2 8 2.4 4 1.2
+II* 8 2.4 8 2.4 6 1.8 4 1.2
+III* 8 2.4 8 2.4 6 1.8 4 1.2
+IV 10 3 16 4.9 4 1.2 3 0.9
+V See 70.3.4.9.7
+*See 70.3.4.9.6.
+[430: Table 4.11.5]
+1–414 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+of combustible construction, regardless of the class of formu-
+lation stored. [432:6.5.1]
+70.3.6.3.2 Automatic sprinkler protection shall be provided for
+all storage areas of noncombustible construction where any
+quantity of Class I organic peroxide formulations are stored.
+[432:6.5.2]
+70.3.6.3.3 Automatic sprinkler protection shall be provided
+for all storage areas of noncombustible construction where
+quantities exceed the following:
+(1) 2000 lb (907 kg) of Class II organic peroxide formulations
+(2) 3000 lb (1360 kg) of Class III organic peroxide formulations
+(3) 200,000 lb (90,700 kg) of Class IV organic peroxide for-
+mulations [432:6.5.3]
+70.3.7 Detached Storage.
+70.3.7.1 Scope. The requirements of 70.3.7 through 70.3.7.2.3
+and Chapter 7 of NFPA 432 shall apply to the storage of organic
+peroxide formulations when stored under detached conditions
+as defined in 70.3.3.3 and in quantities and at separation dis-
+tances as specified in Table 70.3.4.8.1(a) and Table 70.3.4.8.1(b).
+[432:7.1]
+70.3.7.2 Building Location.
+70.3.7.2.1* Detached storage buildings shall be separated
+from the lines of property that are or can be built upon, in-
+cluding the opposite side of a public way, or from the nearest
+important building on the same property. [432:7.3.1]
+70.3.7.2.2 For Classes II, III, and IV organic peroxide formu-
+lations, detached storage buildings separated by less than 50 ft
+(15.3 m) shall be considered to be a single area when applying
+the limits for Table 70.3.4.8.1(a) and Table 70.3.4.8.1(b).
+[432:7.3.2]
+70.3.7.2.3 For Class I organic peroxide formulations, de-
+tached storage buildings shall be separated from each other in
+accordance with Table 70.3.7.2.3. [432:7.3.3]
+Chapter 71 Pyrophoric Solids and Liquids
+71.1 General. The storage, use, and handling of pyrophoric
+solids and liquids shall comply with the requirements of Chap-
+ter 60. The storage, use, and handling of pyrophoric solids
+and liquids in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable
+quantity permitted in control areas as set forth in Chapter 60
+shall also comply with the requirements of Chapter 71.
+71.2 Outdoor Storage.
+71.2.1 Location. The separation of pyrophoric solids and liq-
+uids from buildings, property lines, streets, alleys, public ways,
+or means of egress to a public way shall be twice the separation
+required by Chapter 66 for an equivalent volume of Class IB
+flammable liquid.
+71.2.2 Storage Arrangement. The quantities, arrangement,
+and spacing for pyrophoric liquids and solids in tanks, por-
+table tanks, and containers shall be in accordance with Chap-
+ter 66 as required for Class IB flammable liquids.
+Chapter 72 Unstable (Reactive) Solids and Liquids
+72.1 General. The storage, use, and handling of unstable
+(reactive) solids and liquids shall comply with the require-
+ments of Chapter 60. The storage, use, and handling of
+unstable (reactive) solids and liquids in amounts exceeding
+the maximum allowable quantity permitted in control areas
+as set forth in Chapter 60 shall also comply with the require-
+ments of Chapter 72.
+72.2 Outdoor Storage.
+72.2.1 Location.
+72.2.1.1 Deflagrating Material.The outdoor storage area for
+unstable (reactive) solids and liquids that can deflagrate shall
+not be within 75 ft (23 m) of buildings, property lines, streets,
+alleys, public ways, or means of egress to a public way.
+72.2.1.2 Nondeflagrating Material.The outdoor storage area
+for nondeflagrating unstable (reactive) solids and liquids shall
+not be within 20 ft (6.1 m) of buildings, property lines, streets,
+alleys, public ways, or means of egress to a public way, except as
+provided in 72.2.1.3.
+72.2.1.3 Distance Reduction.An unpierced 2-hour fire-resistive
+wall extending not less than 30 in. (760 mm) above and to the
+side of the storage area shall be permitted in lieu of the distance
+specified in 72.2.1.2 for nondeflagrating materials.
+72.2.2 Storage Arrangement.
+72.2.2.1 Pile Size Limit.Unstable (reactive) solids and liquids
+stored outdoors shall be separated into piles, each not larger
+than 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3).
+72.2.2.2 Aisles. Aisle widths between piles shall not be less
+than one-half the height of the pile or 10 ft (3 m), whichever is
+greater.
+Chapter 73 Water-Reactive Solids and Liquids
+73.1 General.
+73.1.1 The storage, use, and handling of water-reactive solids
+and liquids shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 60.
+73.1.2 The storage, use, and handling of water-reactive solids
+and liquids in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable
+quantity permitted in control areas as set forth in Chapter 60
+shall also comply with the requirements of Chapter 73.
+73.2 Outdoor Storage.
+73.2.1 Location.
+73.2.1.1 Class 3 Materials.The outdoor storage area for Class 3
+water-reactive solids and liquids shall not be within 75 ft (23 m) of
+Table 70.3.7.2.3 Separation of Individual Storage Buildings
+Nonsprinklered Automatic Sprinklered
+Quantity Distance Quantity Distance
+lb kg ft m lb kg ft m
+1,000 454 20 6 2,000 907 20 6
+4,000 1,810 75 23 20,000 9,070 75 23
+10,000 4,540 100 30 175,000 79,400 100 30
+[432: Table 7.3.3]
+1–415WATER-REACTIVE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+buildings, property lines, streets, alleys, public ways, or means of
+egress to a public way.
+73.2.1.2 Class 1 and 2 Materials.The outdoor storage area for
+Class 1 and Class 2 water-reactive solids and liquids shall not be
+within 20 ft (6.1 m) of buildings, property lines, streets, alleys,
+public ways, or means of egress to a public way, except as pro-
+vided in 73.2.1.3.
+73.2.1.3 Distance Reduction.An unpierced 2-hour fire-resistive
+wall extending not less than 30 in. (760 mm) above and to the
+side of the storage area shall be permitted in lieu of the distance
+specified in 73.2.1.2.
+73.2.2 Storage Arrangement.
+73.2.2.1 Pile Size Limits. Pile sizes for water-reactive solids
+and liquids shall be limited as follows:
+(1) Class 3 water-reactive solids and liquids shall be limited to
+piles not greater than 100 ft3 (2.83 m3).
+(2) Class 1 or Class 2 water-reactive solids and liquids shall be
+limited to piles not greater than 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3).
+73.2.2.2 Aisles. Aisle widths between piles shall not be less
+than one-half the height of the pile or 10 ft (3 m), whichever is
+greater.
+Annex A Explanatory Material
+Annex A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+but is included for informational purposes only. This annex contains
+explanatory material, numbered to correspond with the applicable text
+paragraphs.
+A.1.2 Consideration for life safety could include occupants,
+fire department personnel, fire brigade members, employees,
+responsible parties, and the general public.
+A.1.3.2 This Code is partially composed of limited text refer-
+ences extracted from other NFPA codes and standards in an
+effort to bring together information useful during field in-
+spections.
+With respect to hazardous materials, provisions in Chap-
+ters 61, 63, 65, 66, 69, and 70 are partial extracts of materials
+from NFPA standards referenced in each of these chapters.
+These extracts are included in NFPA 1 to assist users of the
+document by providing ready access to provisions that could
+be routinely referenced by fire code enforcers. However,
+through their adoption by reference in NFPA 1, the NFPA stan-
+dards identified in these chapters apply in their entirety.
+A.1.3.6.2 A limited but reasonable time should be allowed for
+compliance with any part of this Code for existing buildings,
+commensurate with the magnitude of expenditure, disruption
+of services, and degree of hazard. Occupied existing buildings
+should comply with 10.3.3.
+A.1.7.2 For additional information on qualifications of code
+enforcement personnel, see NFPA 1031, Standard for Profes-
+sional Qualifications for Fire Inspector and Plan Examiner ;
+NFPA 1033, Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire Inves-
+tigator; NFPA 1035, Standard for Professional Qualifications for
+Public Fire and Life Safety Educator; and NFPA 1037,Standard for
+Professional Qualifications for Fire Marshal.
+A.1.7.15.3 Before each performance or the start of such activ-
+ity, such individuals should inspect the required fire appli-
+ances provided to see that they are properly located and in
+good working order, and should keep diligent watch for fires
+during the time such place is open to the public or such activ-
+ity is being conducted and take prompt measures for extin-
+guishment of fires that can occur.
+A.1.10.9.3 No additional information should be submitted to
+review by the Board of Appeals without the information sub-
+mitted to the AHJ for their review prior to the hearing date.
+Additional information submitted after the filing of the ap-
+peal to the Board and AHJ should be made available to the
+Board and AHJ in a timeframe that permits adequate review
+before the hearing date.
+A.1.12.5.13 Figure A.1.12.5.13 shows a sample permit.
+A.3.2.1 Approved. The National Fire Protection Association
+does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, proce-
+dures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evalu-
+ate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of
+installations, procedures, equipment, or materials, the AHJ
+may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other ap-
+propriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said
+authority may require evidence of proper installation, proce-
+dure, or use. The AHJ may also refer to the listings or labeling
+practices of an organization that is concerned with product
+evaluations and is thus in a position to determine compliance
+with appropriate standards for the current production of
+listed items.
+A.3.2.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).The phrase “au-
+thority having jurisdiction,” or its acronym AHJ, is used in
+NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and
+approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where pub-
+lic safety is primary, the AHJ may be a federal, state, local, or
+other regional department or individual such as a fire chief;
+fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor depart-
+ment, or health department; building official; electrical in-
+spector; or others having statutory authority. For insurance
+purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau,
+or other insurance company representative may be the AHJ.
+In many circumstances, the property owner or his or her des-
+ignated agent assumes the role of the AHJ; at government in-
+stallations, the commanding officer or departmental official
+may be the AHJ.
+A.3.2.3 Code. The decision to designate a standard as a “code”
+is based on such factors as the size and scope of the document, its
+intended use and form of adoption, and whether it contains sub-
+stantial enforcement and administrative provisions.
+A.3.2.6 Listed. The means for identifying listed equipment
+may vary for each organization concerned with product evalu-
+ation; some organizations do not recognize equipment as
+listed unless it is also labeled. The AHJ should utilize the sys-
+tem employed by the listing organization to identify a listed
+product.
+A.3.3.1 Absolute Pressure. Measured from this reference
+point, the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is
+[14.7 psia (an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa)]. Absolute
+pressure in the inch-pound system is commonly denoted in
+terms of pounds per square inch absolute (psia). [55: A.3.3.1]
+A.3.3.4 Aerosol. The base product can be dispensed from the
+container in such form as a mist, spray, foam, gel, or aerated
+powder. [30B: A.3.3.1]
+A.3.3.7 Aisle Width for Rack Storage. See Figure A.3.3.7.
+[13: A.3.9.3.1]
+1–416 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.3.3.13.12 Spray Area.For the purpose of this Code, the AHJ
+can define the limits of the spray area in any specific case. The
+spray area in the vicinity of spray application operations will
+necessarily vary with the design and arrangement of the equip-
+ment and with the method of operation. Where spray applica-
+tion operations are strictly confined to predetermined spaces
+that are provided with adequate and reliable ventilation (such
+as a properly designed and constructed spray booth), the
+spray area ordinarily will not extend beyond this space. When
+spray application operations arenot confined to an adequately
+ventilated space, then the spray area might extend throughout
+the room or building area where the spraying is conducted.
+The following are not considered part of the spray area:
+(1) Fresh air make-up units
+(2) Air supply ducts and air supply plenums
+(3) Recirculation air supply ducts downstream of secondary
+filters
+(4) Exhaust ducts from solvent concentrator (pollution abate-
+ment) units
+[33: A.3.3.1.3]
+A.3.3.16 Available Height for Storage.For new sprinkler in-
+stallations, the maximum height of storage is the height at
+which commodities can be stored above the floor where the
+minimum required unobstructed space below sprinklers is
+maintained. For the evaluation of existing situations, the
+maximum height of storage is the maximum existing height if
+space between the sprinklers and storage is equal to or greater
+than required. [13: A.3.9.1.1]
+A.3.3.17 Baled Cotton.See Table A.3.3.17
+The Joint Cotton Industry Bale Packaging Committee
+(JCIBPC) specifications for baling of cotton now requires that
+all cotton bales be secured with wire bands, polyester plastic
+strapping, or cold-rolled high tensile steel strapping, and then
+covered in fully coated or strip-coated woven polypropylene,
+polyethylene film, or burlap.
+A.3.3.17.2 Densely Packed Baled Cotton.Experimental work
+by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and others (Wakelyn
+and Hughs, 2002), investigated the flammability of cotton
+Side 1
+PERMIT 
+FOR CUTTING AND WELDING
+WITH PORTABLE GAS OR ARC EQUIPMENT
+Date
+Building
+Dept. Floor
+Work to be done
+Special precautions
+Is fire watch required?
+The location where this work is to done has been examined, 
+necessary precautions taken, and permission is granted 
+for this work. (See other side.)
+Permit expires
+ Signed
+Time Started Completed
+FINAL CHECK
+Work area and all adjacent areas to which sparks and heat 
+might have spread [including floors above and below and 
+on opposite side of wall(s)] were inspected 30 minutes after 
+the work was completed and were found firesafe.
+ Signed
+(Individual responsible for 
+authorizing welding and cutting)
+(Supervisor or Fire Watcher)
+Side 2
+ATTENTION
+Before approving any cutting and welding permit, the fire 
+safety supervisor or appointee shall inspect the work area 
+and confirm that precautions have been taken to prevent 
+fire in accordance with NFPA 51B.
+PRECAUTIONS
+❏ Sprinklers in service
+❏ Cutting and welding equipment in good repair
+WITHIN 35 FT (10.7 M) OF WORK
+❏ Floors swept clean of combustibles
+❏ Combustible floors wet down and covered with damp
+  sand, metal, or other shields
+❏ All wall and floor openings covered
+❏ Covers suspended beneath work to collect sparks
+WORK ON WALLS OR CEILINGS
+❏ Construction noncombustible and without combustible 
+ covering
+❏ Combustibles moved away from opposite side of wall
+WORK ON ENCLOSED EQUIPMENT
+(Tanks, containers, ducts, dust collectors, etc.)
+❏ Equipment cleaned of all combustibles
+❏ Containers purged of flammable vapors
+FIRE WATCH
+❏ To be provided during and 30 minutes after operation
+❏ Supplied with extinguisher and small hose
+❏ Trained in use of equipment and in sounding fire alarm
+FINAL CHECK
+❏ To be made 30 minutes after completion of any   
+ operation unless fire watch is provided
+  Signed
+(Supervisor)
+FIGURE A.1.12.5.13 Sample Permit.
+Aisle width
+Aisle 
+width
+PLAN VIEW END VIEW
+FIGURE A.3.3.7 Illustration of Aisle Width. [13:Figure
+A.3.9.3.1]
+1–417ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+bales with a packing density of at least 22 lb/ft3 (360 kg/m2).
+The research showed that such cotton bales (densely packed
+cotton bales) did not undergo self-heating nor spontaneous
+combustion, and that the likelihood of sustained smoldering
+combustion internal to the cotton bale, creating a delayed fire
+hazard, was extremely low. The same research also showed
+that, when the cotton bales were exposed to smoldering ciga-
+rettes, matches, and open flames (including the gas burner
+ignition source used for the mattress tests, ASTM E 1590,Stan-
+dard Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses , and California
+Technical Bulletin 129), the probability of initiating flaming
+combustion was at such a low level as not to qualify the densely
+packed cotton bales as flammable solids. These investigations
+resulted in harmonization between the U.S. Department of
+Transportation (49 CFR 172.102, note 137), the United Na-
+tions Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, the
+International Maritime Organization (the International Mari-
+time Dangerous Goods Code), and the International Civil
+Aviation Organization’s Technical Instructions, with the re-
+moval of the flammable solid designation from densely
+packed cotton bales, complying with ISO 8115, Cotton Bales —
+Dimensions and Density, and the exemption of such cotton bales
+from the corresponding transportation hazardous materials
+regulations.
+A.3.3.22.4 Valve-Regulated (VRLA). In VRLA batteries, the
+liquid electrolyte in the cells is immobilized in an absorptive
+glass mat (AGM cells or batteries) or by the addition of a gel-
+ling agent (gel cells or gelled batteries).
+A.3.3.22.5 Vented (Flooded). Flooded lead-acid batteries
+have a provision for the user to add water to the cell and are
+equipped with a flame-arresting vent that permits the escape
+of hydrogen and oxygen gas from the cell in a diffused man-
+ner such that a spark, or other ignition source, outside the cell
+will not ignite the gases inside the cell.
+A.3.3.25 Boiling Point.At the boiling point, the surrounding
+atmospheric pressure can no longer hold the liquid in the liquid
+state and the liquid boils. A low boiling point is indicative of a
+high vapor pressure and a high rate of evaporation. [30:A.4.2.1]
+A.3.3.26 Boil-Over. Boil-over occurs when the residues from
+surface burning become more dense than the unburned oil and
+sink below the surface to form a hot layer, which progresses
+downward much faster than the regression of the liquid surface.
+When this hot layer, called a “heat wave,” reaches water or water-
+in-oil emulsion in the bottom of the tank, the water is first super-
+heated and then boils almost explosively, overflowing the tank.
+Oils subject to boil-over consist of components having a wide
+range of boiling points, including both light ends and viscous
+residues. These characteristics are present in most crude oils and
+can be produced in synthetic mixtures.
+A boil-over is an entirely different phenomenon from a
+slop-over or froth-over. Slop-over involves a minor frothing
+that occurs when water is sprayed onto the hot surface of a
+burning oil. Froth-over is not associated with a fire but results
+when water is present or enters a tank containing hot viscous
+oil. Upon mixing, the sudden conversion of water to steam
+causes a portion of the tank contents to overflow. [30: A.3.3.5]
+A.3.3.27 Building. The term building is to be understood as if
+followed by the words or portions thereof. (See also A.3.3.236,
+Structure.) [101: A.3.3.32]
+A.3.3.27.1 Airport Terminal Building. The term terminal is
+sometimes applied to airport facilities other than those serv-
+ing passengers, such as cargo- and freight-handling facilities
+and fuel-handling facilities. These facilities are covered by
+other NFPA standards, such as NFPA 30. [415: A.3.3.4]
+A.3.3.27.5 Existing Building.With respect to judging whether
+a building should be considered existing, the deciding factor
+is not when the building was designed or when construction
+started but, rather, the date plans were approved for construc-
+tion by the appropriate AHJ. [101: A.3.3.32.5]
+A.3.3.27.6 High-Rise Building.It is the intent of this definition
+that, in determining the level from which the highest occupiable
+floor is to be measured, the enforcing agency should exercise
+reasonable judgment, including consideration of overall accessi-
+bility to the building by fire department personnel and vehicular
+equipment. Where a building is situated on a sloping terrain and
+there is building access on more than one level, the enforcing
+agency might select the level that provides the most logical and
+adequate fire department access. [5000:A.3.3.65.10]
+A.3.3.27.7 Important Building. Examples of important build-
+ings include occupied buildings where egress within 2 minutes
+cannot be reasonably expected and control buildings that re-
+quire presence of personnel for orderly shutdown of important
+or hazardous processes. Important buildings can also include un-
+protected storage where products from fire can harm the com-
+munity or the environment or buildings that contain high-value
+contents or critical equipment or supplies. [30:A.3.3.6.1]
+A.3.3.27.11 Special Amusement Building.Special amusement
+buildings include amusements such as a haunted house, a roller
+coaster–type ride within a building, a multilevel play structure
+within a building, a submarine ride, and similar amusements
+where the occupants are not in the open air. [101:A.3.3.32.10]
+Table A.3.3.17 Typical Cotton Bale Types and Approximate Sizes
+Dimensions
+Average
+Weight Volume Density
+Bale Type in. mm lb kg ft 3 m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3
+Compressed, standard 57 × 29 × 23 1448 × 736 × 584 500 226.8 22.0 0.62 22.7 366
+Gin, standard 55 × 31 × 21 1397 × 787 × 533 500 226.8 20.7 0.58 24.2 391
+Compressed, universal 58 × 25 × 21 1475 × 635 × 533 500 226.8 17.6 0.50 28.4 454
+Gin, universal 55 × 26 × 21 1397 × 660 × 533 500 226.8 17.4 0.49 28.7 463
+Compressed, high
+density
+58 × 22 × 21 1473 × 559 × 533 500 226.8 15.5 0.44 32.2 515
+Densely packed baled
+cotton
+55 × 21 × 27.6 to 35.4 1400 × 530 × 700 to 900 500 226.8 21.1 0.60 22.0 360
+1–418 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.3.3.38 Chip. Chips are usually 1⁄4 in. to 1 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm to
+31.8 mm) in size, with nothing finer than that which is retainable
+on a 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) screen; however, blower and conveyor sys-
+tems can create some fine dust particles after screening.
+A.3.3.39.1 Extra (High) Hazards.Extra (high) hazard occu-
+pancies could consist of woodworking; vehicle repair; aircraft
+and boat servicing; cooking areas; individual product display
+showrooms; product convention center displays; and storage
+and manufacturing processes such as painting, dipping, and
+coating, including flammable liquid handling. Also included
+is warehousing of or in-process storage of other than Class I
+and Class II commodities. [10: A.5.4.1.3]
+A.3.3.39.2 Light (Low) Hazards.Light (low) hazard occupan-
+cies can include some buildings or rooms occupied as offices,
+classrooms, churches, assembly halls, guest room areas of hotels/
+motels, and so forth. This classification anticipates that the major-
+ity of content items are either noncombustible or so arranged
+that a fire is not likely to spread rapidly. Small amounts of Class B
+flammables used for duplicating machines, art departments, and
+so forth, are included, provided that they are kept in closed con-
+tainers and safely stored. [10:A.5.4.1.1]
+A.3.3.39.3 Ordinary (Moderate) Hazards.Ordinary (moder-
+ate) hazard occupancies could consist of dining areas, mer-
+cantile shops and allied storage, light manufacturing, research
+operations, auto showrooms, parking garages, workshop or
+support service areas of light (low) hazard occupancies, and
+warehouses containing Class I or Class II commodities as de-
+fined by NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
+NFPA 13 defines Class I and Class II commodities as follows:
+A Class I commodity is a noncombustible product that meets
+one of the following criteria:
+(1) Placed directly on wooden pallets
+(2) Placed in single-layer corrugated cartons, with or without
+single-thickness cardboard dividers, with or without pallets
+(3) Shrink-wrapped or paper-wrapped as a unit load, with or
+without pallets
+A Class II commodity is a noncombustible product that is in
+slatted wooden crates, solid wood boxes, multiple-layered cor-
+rugated cartons, or equivalent combustible packaging mate-
+rial, with or without pallets. [10: A.5.4.1.2]
+A.3.3.50 Combustible Dust.Dusts traditionally have been de-
+fined as a material 420 µm or smaller (capable of passing
+through a U.S. No. 40 standard sieve). Combustible particu-
+lates with an effective diameter of less than 420 µm should be
+deemed to fulfill the criterion of the definition. However, flat
+platelet-shaped particles, flakes, or particles of fibers with
+lengths that are large compared to their diameter usually do
+not pass through a 420 µm sieve yet still pose a deflagration
+hazard. Furthermore, many particulates accumulate electro-
+static charge in handling, causing them to attract each other,
+forming agglomerates. Often agglomerates behave as if they
+were larger particles, yet when they are dispersed they present
+a significant hazard. Consequently, it can be inferred that any
+particle that has a surface area to volume ratio greater than
+that of a 420 µm diameter sphere should also be deemed a
+combustible dust.
+Any time a combustible dust is processed or handled, a
+potential for deflagration exists. The degree of deflagration
+hazard varies, depending on the type of combustible dust and
+processing methods used.
+A dust explosion has the following four requirements:
+(1) Combustible dust
+(2) Dust dispersion in air or other oxidant at or exceeding
+the minimum explosible concentration (MEC)
+(3) Ignition source such as an electrostatic discharge, an elec-
+tric current arc, a glowing ember, a hot surface, welding
+slag, frictional heat, or a flame
+(4) Confinement
+Evaluation of the hazard of a combustible dust should be
+determined by the means of actual test data. Each situation
+should be evaluated and applicable tests selected. The follow-
+ing list represents the factors that are sometimes used in deter-
+mining the deflagration hazard of a dust:
+(1) Minimum explosible concentration (MEC)
+(2) Minimum ignition energy (MIE)
+(3) Particle size distribution
+(4) Moisture content as received and as tested
+(5) Maximum explosion pressure at optimum concentration
+(6) Maximum rate of pressure rise at optimum concentration
+(7) K St (normalized rate of pressure rise) as defined in
+ASTM E 1226, Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure
+Rise for Combustible Dusts
+(8) Layer ignition temperature
+(9) Dust cloud ignition temperature
+(10) Limiting oxidant concentration (LOC) to prevent ignition
+(11) Electrical volume resistivity
+(12) Charge relaxation time
+(13) Chargeability [ 654: A.3.3.4]
+A.3.3.51 Combustible Fiber. Combustible fibers can include
+cotton, sisal, henequen, ixtle, jute, hemp, tow, cocoa fiber, oa-
+kum, baled waste, baled wastepaper, kapok, hay, straw, excelsior,
+Spanish moss, or other like materials.
+A.3.3.55 Combustible Waste.These materials include but are
+not limited to all combustible fibers, hay, straw, hair, feathers,
+down, wood shavings, turnings, all types of paper products,
+soiled cloth trimmings and cuttings, rubber trimmings and
+buffings, metal fines, and any mixture of the previously listed
+items, or any other salvageable combustible waste materials.
+A.3.3.58 Common Path of Travel.Common path of travel is
+measured in the same manner as travel distance but termi-
+nates at that point where two separate and distinct routes be-
+come available. Paths that merge are common paths of travel.
+[101: A.3.3.42]
+A.3.3.59.1 Fire Compartment. Additional fire compartment
+information is contained in 8.2.2 of NFPA101.
+In the provisions for fire compartments utilizing the out-
+side walls of a building, it is not intended that the outside wall
+be specifically fire resistance rated, unless required by other
+standards. Likewise, it is not intended that outside windows or
+doors be protected, unless specifically required for exposure
+protection by another section of this Code, NFPA 101,o rb y
+other standards. [101: A.3.3.43.1]
+A.3.3.59.2 Smoke Compartment. Where smoke compart-
+ments using the outside walls or the roof of a building are
+provided, it is not intended that outside walls or roofs, or any
+openings therein, be capable of resisting the passage of
+smoke. Application of smoke compartment criteria where re-
+quired elsewhere in NFPA 101, should be in accordance with
+Section 8.5 of NFPA101.[ 101: A.3.3.43.2]
+A.3.3.65 Consumer Fireworks Retail Sales (CFRS) Stand.
+Stands can include, but are not limited to, small buildings,
+plywood or sheet metal structures, manufactured buildings,
+1–419ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+semitrailers, trailers, shipping containers, or similar structures
+or facilities. [1124:A.3.3.19]
+A.3.3.66.4 Container (Flammable or Combustible Liquid).
+The U.S. DOT defines non-bulk packaging as having up to 119
+gal (450 L) capacity in 49 CFR 171.8. [30: A.3.3.10]
+A.3.3.68 Conventional Pallets. See Figure A.3.3.68. [ 13:
+A.3.9.1.7]
+A.3.3.72 Corrosive. A chemical is considered to be corrosive
+if, when tested on the intact skin of albino rabbits by the
+method described in Appendix A to 49 CFR Part 173, it de-
+stroys or changes irreversibly the structure of the tissue at the
+site of contact following an exposure period of 4 hours. This
+term does not refer to action on inanimate surfaces.
+A.3.3.73 Covered Fuse.The purpose of the covered fuse is to
+minimize the accidental ignition of fireworks in a retail display
+by a lighted cigarette or a match, a cigarette lighter, or similar
+small open flame, as well as to reduce the potential for the
+rapid involvement of fireworks in, and the subsequent accel-
+eration of, a fire originating within a retail display of con-
+sumer fireworks.
+Protection of the fuse can be provided by means of tape
+covering the exposed (ignitable) end of a safety fuse or by
+covering the fuse or the entire fireworks device or group of
+fireworks devices with paper, plastic, cardboard, paperboard,
+or similar or equivalent materials.
+Examples of covered fuses of fireworks devices include
+those contained within packaged assortments, multi-item
+packages, and similar retail merchandise arrangements that
+are displayed within unopened and unperforated containers
+so that they are not exposed to view, or they are covered with,
+or are contained within, plastic wrap, paper, paperboard,
+cardboard, or other types of wrapping or packaging materials
+designed to prevent the fuses from coming into direct contact
+with an ignition source. [1124:A.3.3.22]
+A.3.3.76 Cultural Resource Properties. Such properties in-
+clude, but are not limited to, museums, libraries, historic
+structures, and places of worship. [914: A.3.3.15]
+A.3.3.80.4 Combination Detector.These detectors do not uti-
+lize a mathematical evaluation principle of signal processing
+more than a simple “or” function. Normally, these detectors
+provide a single response resulting from either sensing
+method, each of which operates independent of the other.
+These detectors can provide a separate and distinct response
+resulting from either sensing method, each of which is pro-
+cessed independent of the other. [72: A.3.3.43.4]
+A.3.3.80.7 Fixed-Temperature Detector. The difference be-
+tween the operating temperature of a fixed-temperature de-
+vice and the surrounding air temperature is proportional to
+the rate at which the temperature is rising. The rate is com-
+monly referred to as thermal lag. The air temperature is always
+higher than the operating temperature of the device.
+Typical examples of fixed-temperature sensing elements
+are as follows:
+(1) Bimetallic. A sensing element comprised of two metals that
+have different coefficients of thermal expansion arranged
+so that the effect is deflection in one direction when
+heated and in the opposite direction when cooled.
+(2) Electrical Conductivity. A line-type or spot-type sensing ele-
+ment in which resistance varies as a function of tempera-
+ture.
+(3) Fusible Alloy. A sensing element of a special composition
+metal (eutectic) that melts rapidly at the rated temperature.
+(4) Heat-Sensitive Cable.A line-type device in which the sensing
+element comprises, in one type, two current-carrying
+wires separated by heat-sensitive insulation that softens at
+the rated temperature, thus allowing the wires to make
+electrical contact. In another type, a single wire is cen-
+tered in a metallic tube, and the intervening space is filled
+with a substance that becomes conductive at a critical tem-
+perature, thus establishing electrical contact between the
+tube and the wire.
+(5) Liquid Expansion. A sensing element comprising a liquid
+that is capable of marked expansion in volume in re-
+sponse to an increase in temperature. [72: A.3.3.43.7]
+A.3.3.80.8 Flame Detector.Flame detectors are categorized as
+ultraviolet, single wavelength infrared, ultraviolet infrared, or
+multiple wavelength infrared. [72: A.3.3.43.8]
+A.3.3.80.11 Multi-Criteria Detector.A multi-criteria detector
+is a detector that contains multiple sensing methods that re-
+spond to fire signature phenomena and utilizes mathematical
+evaluation principles to determine the collective status of the
+device and generates a single output. Typical examples of
+multi-criteria detectors are a combination of a heat detector
+with a smoke detector, or a combination rate-of-rise and fixed-
+temperature heat detector that evaluates both signals using an
+algorithm to generate an output such as pre-alarm or alarm.
+The evaluation can be performed either at the detector or at
+the control unit. Other examples are detectors that include
+sensor combinations that respond in a predictable manner to
+any combination of heat, smoke, carbon monoxide, or carbon
+dioxide. [72: A.3.3.43.11]
+A.3.3.80.12 Multi-Sensor Detector.Typical examples of multi-
+sensor detectors are a combination of a heat detector with a
+smoke detector, or a combination rate-of-rise and fixed-
+temperature heat detector that evaluates both signals using an
+algorithm to generate an output such as pre-alarm or alarm.
+The evaluation can be performed either at the detector or at
+the control unit. Other examples are detectors that include
+sensor combinations that respond in a predictable manner to
+any combination of heat, smoke, carbon monoxide, or carbon
+dioxide. [72: A.3.3.43.12]
+Conventional pallet
+Solid flat bottom
+wood pallet (slave pallet)
+FIGURE A.3.3.68 Typical Pallets. [13:Figure A.3.9.1.7]
+1–420 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.3.3.80.17 Rate Compensation Detector.A typical example
+of a rate compensation detector is a spot-type detector with a
+tubular casing of a metal that tends to expand lengthwise as it
+is heated and an associated contact mechanism that closes at a
+certain point in the elongation. A second metallic element
+inside the tube exerts an opposing force on the contacts, tend-
+ing to hold them open. The forces are balanced in such a way
+that, on a slow rate-of-temperature rise, there is more time for
+heat to penetrate to the inner element, which inhibits contact
+closure until the total device has been heated to its rated tem-
+perature level. However, on a fast rate-of-temperature rise,
+there is not as much time for heat to penetrate to the inner
+element, which exerts less of an inhibiting effect so that con-
+tact closure is achieved when the total device has been heated
+to a lower temperature. This, in effect, compensates for ther-
+mal lag. [72: A.3.3.43.17]
+A.3.3.80.18 Rate-of-Rise Detector.Typical examples of rate-
+of-rise detectors are as follows:
+(1) Pneumatic Rate-of-Rise Tubing.A line-type detector compris-
+ing small-diameter tubing, usually copper, that is installed
+on the ceiling or high on the walls throughout the pro-
+tected area. The tubing is terminated in a detector unit
+that contains diaphragms and associated contacts set to
+actuate at a predetermined pressure. The system is sealed
+except for calibrated vents that compensate for normal
+changes in temperature.
+(2) Spot-Type Pneumatic Rate-of-Rise Detector.A device consisting
+of an air chamber, a diaphragm, contacts, and a compen-
+sating vent in a single enclosure. The principle of opera-
+tion is the same as that described for pneumatic rate-of-
+rise tubing.
+(3) Electrical Conductivity–Type Rate-of-Rise Detector. A line-type
+or spot-type sensing element in which resistance changes
+due to a change in temperature. The rate of change of
+resistance is monitored by associated control equipment,
+and an alarm is initiated when the rate of temperature
+increase exceeds a preset value. [72: A.3.3.43.18]
+A.3.3.91 Exhausted Enclosure.Exhausted enclosures include
+laboratory hoods, exhaust fume hoods, and similar appliances
+and equipment used to locally retain and exhaust the gases,
+fumes, vapors, and mists that could be released. Rooms or
+areas provided with general ventilation, in themselves, are not
+exhausted enclosures. [5000: A.3.3.182.1]
+A.3.3.92 Existing. See A.3.3.27.5, Existing Building. [ 101:
+A.3.3.73]
+A.3.3.94 Exit. Exits include exterior exit doors, exit passage-
+ways, horizontal exits, exit stairs, and exit ramps. In the case of a
+stairway, the exit includes the stair enclosure, the door to the stair
+enclosure, stairs and landings inside the enclosure, the door
+from the stair enclosure to the outside or to the level of exit
+discharge, and any exit passageway and its associated doors, if
+such are provided, so as to discharge the stair directly to the out-
+side. In the case of a door leading directly from the street floor to
+the street or open air, the exit comprises only the door.
+Doors of small individual rooms, as in hotels, while consti-
+tuting exit access from the room, are not referred to as exits,
+except where they lead directly to the outside of the building
+from the street floor. [101: A.3.3.75]
+A.3.3.94.1 Horizontal Exit. Horizontal exits should not be
+confused with egress through doors in smoke barriers. Doors
+in smoke barriers are designed only for temporary protection
+against smoke, whereas horizontal exits provide protection
+against serious fire for a relatively long period of time in addi-
+tion to providing immediate protection from smoke.(See 7.2.4
+of NFPA101.) [101: A.3.3.75.1]
+A.3.3.98 Explosive Material. The term explosive material in-
+cludes, but is not limited to, dynamite, Black Powder, pellet
+powder, initiating explosives, detonators, safety fuses, squibs,
+detonating cord, igniter cord, igniters, and Display Fireworks
+1.3G (Class B, Special). The term explosive includes any mate-
+rial determined to be within the scope of Title 18, United
+States Code, Chapter 40, and also includes any material classi-
+fied as an explosive, other than Consumer Fireworks 1.4G
+(Class C, Common), by the Hazardous Materials Regulations
+of the U.S. Department of Transportation in 49 CFR.
+The former classification system used by the DOT included
+the terms high explosive and low explosive, as further defined in
+A.3.3.388.3.2 of NFPA 5000. These terms remain in use by the
+U.S. Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms (BATF). Explo-
+sive materials classified as hazard Class 1 are further defined
+under the current system applied by DOT. Compatibility
+group letters are used in concert with division numbers to
+specify further limitations on each division noted. For ex-
+ample, the letter G (as in 1.4G) identifies substances or articles
+that contain a pyrotechnic substance and similar materials.
+UN/DOT Class 1 Explosives are defined as follows:
+(1) Division 1.1 explosives are explosives that are a mass ex-
+plosion hazard, which is a hazard that instantaneously af-
+fects almost the entire load.
+(2) Division 1.2 explosives are explosives that are a projection
+hazard but not a mass explosion hazard.
+(3) Division 1.3 explosives are explosives that are a fire hazard
+and either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection
+hazard, or both, but not a mass explosion hazard.
+(4) Division 1.4 explosives are explosives that pose a minor
+explosion hazard and meet both of the following criteria:
+(a) The explosive effects are largely confined to the pack-
+age, and no projection of fragments of appreciable
+size or range is to be expected.
+(b) An external fire cannot cause virtually instantaneous ex-
+plosion of almost the entire contents of the package.
+(5) Division 1.5 explosives are very insensitive explosives that
+are comprised of substances that are a mass explosion
+hazard, but are so insensitive that there is very little prob-
+ability of initiation or of transition from burning to deto-
+nation under normal conditions of transport.
+(6) Division 1.6 explosives are extremely insensitive articles
+that are not a mass explosion hazard, that are comprised
+of articles that contain only extremely insensitive detonat-
+ing substances, and that demonstrate a negligible prob-
+ability of accidental initiation or propagation. [ 5000:
+A.3.3.388.3]
+A.3.3.101.2 Interior Finish.Interior finish is not intended to
+apply to surfaces within spaces such as those that are con-
+cealed or inaccessible. Furnishings that, in some cases, might
+be secured in place for functional reasons should not be con-
+sidered as interior finish. [101: A.3.3.84.2]
+A.3.3.101.3 Interior Floor Finish. Interior floor finish in-
+cludes coverings applied over a normal finished floor or stair
+treads and risers. [101: A.3.3.84.3]
+A.3.3.110 Fire Hydrant. See Figure A.3.3.110(a) and Fig-
+ure A.3.3.110(b). [ 25: A.3.3.10]
+1–421ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.3.3.111 Fire Lane.The traditional term fire lane is no longer
+utilized in this Code. However, a fire department access road
+that is marked and prohibits obstructions in accordance with
+18.2.3.5 would meet the traditional intent of a fire lane.
+A.3.3.115 Fireworks.Toy caps for use in toy pistols, toy canes,
+toy guns, and novelties and trick noisemakers are not consid-
+ered to be fireworks (see Annex C of NFPA 1124) . The regula-
+tions referred to limit the explosive content of each toy cap to
+not more than an average of 0.25 gr (16.2 mg). Also, each
+package containing such caps has to be labeled to indicate the
+maximum explosive content per cap. For information on the
+use of model rockets and model rocket motors, see
+NFPA 1122. For information on the use of high power rockets
+and high power rocket motors, see NFPA 1127. Model rockets,
+model rocket motors, high power rockets, and high power
+rocket motors designed, sold, and used for the purpose of
+propelling recoverable aero models are not considered to be
+fireworks. [1124:A.3.3.30]
+A.3.3.115.1 Consumer Fireworks. Consumer fireworks are
+normally classified as Explosives, 1.4G and described as Fire-
+works, UN 0336 by the U.S. Department of Transportation
+(U.S. DOT) (see Annex C of NFPA 1124) . Some small devices
+designed to produce audible effects are included, such as
+whistling devices, ground devices containing 0.8 gr (50 mg) or
+less of explosive composition (salute powder), and aerial de-
+vices containing 2 gr (130 mg) or less of explosive composi-
+tion (salute powder) per explosive unit. Consumer fireworks
+that comply with the construction, chemical composition, and
+labeling regulations of the U.S. DOT for fireworks, 49 CFR
+172, and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
+(CPSC) as set forth in CPSC 16 CFR 1500 and 1507, are not
+considered to be explosive materials for purposes of thisCode.
+[1124:A.3.3.30.1]
+A.3.3.115.2 Display Fireworks. Display fireworks are de-
+scribed as Fireworks, UN0335 and are classed as Explosives,
+1.3G by the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT).
+(See Annex C of NFPA 1124.)
+Display fireworks include, but are not limited to, the fol-
+lowing:
+(1) Salutes or firecrackers containing more than 2 gr (130 mg)
+of explosive composition (salute powder)
+(2) Aerial shells containing more than 2.1 oz (60 g) of total
+pyrotechnic and explosive composition
+(3) Other display pieces that exceed the limits for classifica-
+tion as consumer fireworks
+Such fireworks are also described as fireworks, 49 CFR 172
+by the U.S. DOT. [1124:A.3.3.30.2]
+A.3.3.117 Flame Spread.See Section 10.2 of NFPA 101.[ 101:
+A.3.3.102]
+A.3.3.120 Flash Point. Flash point is a direct measure of a
+liquid’s ability to emit flammable vapors. The lower the flash
+point, the greater the risk of fire. Flash point is determined
+using one of several different test procedures and apparatus
+that are specified in Section 4.4 of NFPA 30.
+A liquid that has a flash point at or below ambient tempera-
+ture is easy to ignite and will burn quickly. On ignition, the
+spread of flame over the surface of such a liquid will be rapid,
+because it is not necessary for the fire to expend energy heat-
+ing the liquid to generate more vapor. Gasoline is a familiar
+example. A liquid with a flash point above ambient tempera-
+ture presents less risk because it must be heated to generate
+enough vapor to become ignitible; it is more difficult to ignite
+and presents less potential for the generation and spread of
+vapor. A common example is home heating oil (Fuel Oil
+No. 2). Home heating oil must be atomized to a fine mist in
+order for it to be easily ignited.
+Certain solutions of liquids in water exhibit a flash point
+using the standard closed-cup test procedures but will not
+burn and could even extinguish a fire. To assist identifying
+such solutions, the following standards are helpful:
+18 in. (457 mm)
+Hydrant
+connection valve
+Thrust
+block
+Thrust block
+against
+undisturbed
+soil
+Flat stone or
+concrete slab
+Small
+stones
+for
+drainage
+FIGURE A.3.3.110(a) Typical Fire Hydrant Connection.
+[25:Figure A.3.3.10(a)]
+Grade 27³⁄₈ in. (695 mm) ¥
+24³⁄₈ in. (619 mm)
+13¹⁄₁₆ in.
+(332 mm)
+24 in.
+(607 mm)
+trench
+(minimum)
+FIGURE A.3.3.110(b) Flush-Type Hydrant. [25:Figure
+A.3.3.10(b)]
+1–422 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) ASTM D 4207, Standard Test Method for Sustained Burning of
+Low Viscosity Liquid Mixtures by the Wick Test
+(2) ASTM D 4206, Standard Test Method for Sustained Burning of
+Liquid Mixtures Using the Small Scale Open-Cup Apparatus
+Liquid mixtures that do not sustain combustion for a speci-
+fied time at a specified temperature are considered to be non-
+combustible. The tests described in the references listed in
+A.3.3.120(a) and A.3.3.120(b) provide additional data for de-
+termining proper storage and handling of such mixtures. In a
+confined space, such mixtures could still create an ignitible
+vapor–air mixture, depending on the amount of flammable
+liquid in the mixture and the quantity of the spill.
+Related to the flash point is the fire point. The fire point of
+a liquid is the temperature at which ignition of vapors will
+result in continued burning. As the term flash point suggests,
+the vapors generated at that temperature will flash but will not
+necessarily continue to burn. The difference between flash
+point and fire point has some significance when conducting
+flash point tests[see 9.1.4(5) and 9.1.4(6) of NFPA 30]. However, a
+closed-cup flash point is used to classify the liquid and characterize its
+hazard.
+For more information, see ASTM E 502,Standard Test Method
+for Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash
+Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods, and the ASTMManual on
+Flash Point Standards and Their Use.[ 30:A.4.2.4]
+A.3.3.121.1 Gross Floor Area. Where the term floor area is
+used, it should be understood to be gross floor area, unless
+otherwise specified. [5000: A.3.3.33.8.1]
+A.3.3.123 Fugitive Emissions.These include leaks from pump
+seals, valve packing, flange gaskets, compressor seals, process
+drains, and so forth. [30: A.3.3.20]
+A.3.3.126.1 Compressed Gas.The states of a compressed gas
+are categorized as follows:
+(1) Nonliquefied compressed gases are gases, other than
+those in solution, that are in a compressed gas container
+under the charged pressure and are entirely gaseous at a
+temperature of 68°F (20°C).
+(2) Liquefied compressed gases are gases that are in a com-
+pressed gas container under the charged pressure and are
+partially liquid at a temperature of 68°F (20°C).
+(3) Compressed gases in solution are nonliquefied gases that
+are dissolved in a solvent.
+(4) Compressed gas mixtures consist of a mixture of two or
+more compressed gases contained in a compressed gas con-
+tainer, the hazard properties of which are represented by the
+properties of the mixture as a whole. [5000:A.3.3.270.1]
+A.3.3.126.6 Inert Gas.Examples of inert gases are argon, he-
+lium, krypton, neon, nitrogen, and xenon.
+A.3.3.126.12 Other Gas. A gas classified as an “Other Gas”
+might be a nonflammable gas or an inert gas. [55: A.3.3.29.9]
+A.3.3.126.18 Unstable Reactive Gas.Unstable reactive mate-
+rials are subdivided into five classifications. Class 4 materials
+are materials that in themselves are readily capable of detona-
+tion or explosive decomposition or explosive reaction at nor-
+mal temperatures and pressures. They include the following:
+(1) Materials that are sensitive to localized thermal or me-
+chanical shock at normal temperatures and pressures
+(2) Materials that have an instantaneous power density (product
+of heat of reaction and reaction rate) at 482°F (250°C) of
+1000 W/mL or greater
+Class 3 materials are materials that in themselves are ca-
+pable of detonation or explosive decomposition or explosive
+reaction but require a strong initiating source or heat under
+confinement before initiation. Class 3 materials include the
+following:
+(1) Materials that have an instantaneous power density (prod-
+uct of heat of reaction and reaction rate) at 482°F
+(250°C) at or above 100 W/mL and below 1000 W/mL
+(2) Materials that are sensitive to thermal or mechanical
+shock at elevated temperatures and pressures
+(3) Materials that react explosively with water without requir-
+ing heat or confinement
+Class 2 materials are materials that readily undergo violent
+chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, in-
+cluding the following:
+(1) Materials that have an instantaneous power density (product
+of heat of reaction and reaction rate) at 482°F (250°C) at or
+above 10 W/mL and below 100 W/mL
+(2) Materials that react violently with water or form poten-
+tially explosive mixtures with water
+Class 1 materials are materials that in themselves are nor-
+mally stable but that can become unstable at elevated tem-
+peratures and pressures, including the following:
+(1) Materials that have an instantaneous power density (product
+of heat of reaction and reaction rate) at 482°F (250°C) at or
+above 0.01 W/mL and below 10 W/mL
+(2) Materials that react vigorously with water, but not vio-
+lently
+(3) Materials that change or decompose on exposure to air,
+light, or moisture
+Class 0 materials are materials that in themselves are nor-
+mally stable, even under fire conditions, including the follow-
+ing:
+(1) Materials that have an instantaneous power density (product
+of heat of reaction and reaction rate) at 482°F (250°C) be-
+low 0.01 W/mL
+(2) Materials that do not react with water
+(3) Materials that do not exhibit an exotherm at tempera-
+tures less than or equal to 932°F (500°C) when tested by
+differential scanning calorimetry [55: A.3.3.29.13]
+A.3.3.127 Gas Cabinet.Doors and access ports for exchang-
+ing cylinders and accessing pressure-regulating controls are
+permitted to be included. [5000: A.3.3.271]
+A.3.3.129 Gas Room.Gas rooms must be constructed and uti-
+lized in accordance with Section 6.4 of NFPA 55. [55: A.3.3.32]
+A.3.3.132 Hazard of Contents.Hazardous materials are mate-
+rials that present physical or health hazards and are regulated
+by the Code. The categories of materials classified as physical
+hazards, health hazards, or both have been established in con-
+cert with those categories identified by OSHA in 29 CFR that
+are used by preparers of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
+In some cases, the hazard categories are further subdivided
+into classes that have long been established by NFPA stan-
+dards. For example, while OSHA recognizes flammable liq-
+uids as a broad class, including those that are combustible,
+such liquids are further categorized by building and fire codes
+with respect to degree of hazard under the system of classifica-
+tion used by NFPA to include Class I, Class II, and Class III
+liquids. They are further subdivided within these classes to
+Class IA, Class IB and so forth. A similar approach is used for
+1–423ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+materials in other categories where there are subcategories of
+hazard established by existing NFPA standards, including oxi-
+dizers, unstable reactives, organic peroxides, water reactives,
+and others.
+Under the classification system used by OSHA, a hazardous
+material can have one or more physical or health hazards in
+categories not currently regulated by the Code; for example,
+irritants, sensitizers, radioactive materials, etiological agents,
+and others. This is not to say that these materials are not haz-
+ardous materials, but rather that the Code does not provide
+specific regulation for the hazard category represented.
+The Code defines contents as either high hazard, low hazard,
+or ordinary hazard. The category of high hazard, which includes
+hazardous materials, is subdivided into groups in which the haz-
+ards of the groups are comparable, that is, high hazard Level 1-5.
+(See also A.34.1.1 of NFPA 5000.)[5000:A.6.3.2]
+A.3.3.132.2 Low Hazard Contents.Chapter 42 of NFPA 101
+recognizes storage of noncombustible materials as low hazard.
+In other occupancies, it is assumed that, even where the actual
+contents hazard is normally low, there is sufficient likelihood
+that some combustible materials or hazardous operations will
+be introduced in connection with building repair or mainte-
+nance, or some psychological factor might create conditions
+conducive to panic, so that the egress facilities cannot safely be
+reduced below those specified for ordinary hazard contents.
+[101: A.6.2.2.2]
+A.3.3.132.3 Ordinary Hazard Contents.Ordinary hazard clas-
+sification represents the conditions found in most buildings
+and is the basis for the general requirements of NFPA101.
+The fear of poisonous fumes or explosions is necessarily a
+relative matter to be determined on a judgment basis. All
+smoke contains some toxic fire gases but, under conditions of
+ordinary hazard, there should be no unduly dangerous expo-
+sure during the period necessary to escape from the fire area,
+assuming there are proper exits. [101: A.6.2.2.3]
+A.3.3.133 Hazard Rating.The criteria for hazard rating are as
+defined in NFPA 704. [55: A.3.3.35]
+A.3.3.137 Hazardous Reaction or Hazardous Chemical Reac-
+tion. These dangers might include, but are not limited to,
+toxic effects, reaction speed (including detonation), exother-
+mic reaction, or production of unstable or reactive materials.
+[30: A.3.3.23]
+A.3.3.139 Heliport. The term heliport applies to all sites used
+or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of helicop-
+ters. [418: A.3.3.7]
+A.3.3.143 Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH).
+This level is established by the National Institute for Occupa-
+tional Safety and Health (NIOSH). If adequate data do not
+exist for precise establishment of IDLH data, an independent
+certified industrial hygienist, industrial toxicologist, or appro-
+priate regulatory agency should make such determination.
+[55: A.3.3.36]
+A.3.3.145 Incident Commander (IC).This position is equiva-
+lent to the on-scene incident commander as defined in OSHA
+1910.120(8), Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency
+Response. The IC has overall authority and responsibility for
+conducting incident operations and is responsible for the
+management of all incident operations at the incident
+site.[472: A.3.3.36]
+A.3.3.151.1 Ceiling Limit.The ceiling limits utilized are to be
+those published in 29 CFR 1910.1000. [5000: A.3.3.355.1]
+A.3.3.151.2 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL). The maxi-
+mum permitted time-weighted average exposures to be utilized
+are those published in 29 CFR 1910.1000. [55:A.3.3.38.2]
+A.3.3.151.3 Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL).STEL limits
+are published in 29 CFR 1910.1000. [55: A.3.3.38.3]
+A.3.3.152 Limited-Combustible (Material). Materials subject
+to increase in combustibility or flame spread index beyond the
+limits herein established through the effects of age, moisture,
+or other atmospheric condition are considered combustible.
+(See NFPA 259 and NFPA 220.)[101: A.3.3.160.2]
+A.3.3.153.2 Flammable Liquid.For the purposes of this Code,
+a material with a Reid vapor pressure greater than an absolute
+pressure of 40 psi (276 kPa) is considered to be a gas and is,
+therefore, not within the scope of NFPA 30. See NFPA 58,Liq-
+uefied Petroleum Gas Code.[ 30: A.3.3.30.2]
+A.3.3.161.6 Highly Toxic Material.Mixtures of highly toxic
+materials with ordinary materials, such as water, might not
+warrant classification as highly toxic. While categorization is
+basically simple in application, any hazard evaluation that is
+required for the precise categorization of highly toxic material
+is required to be performed by experienced, technically com-
+petent persons. [5000: A.3.3.388.18.1]
+A.3.3.161.12 Unstable (Reactive) Material. Unstable (reac-
+tive) material is classified as follows:
+(1) Class 4 unstable (reactive) materials are those that, in
+themselves, are readily capable of detonation, explosive
+decomposition, or explosive reaction at normal tempera-
+tures and pressures and include, among others, materials
+that are sensitive to localized thermal or mechanical
+shock at normal temperatures and pressures.
+(2) Class 3 unstable (reactive) materials are those that, in
+themselves, are capable of detonation, explosive decom-
+position, or explosive reaction, but that require a strong
+initiating source or that must be heated under confine-
+ment before initiation, and include, among others, mate-
+rials that are sensitive to thermal or mechanical shock at
+elevated temperatures and pressures.
+(3) Class 2 unstable (reactive) materials are those that readily
+undergo violent chemical change at elevated temperatures
+and pressures and include, among others, materials that ex-
+hibit an exotherm at temperatures less than or equal to 30°F
+(−1°C) when tested by differential scanning calorimetry.
+(4) Class 1 unstable (reactive) materials are those that, in
+themselves, are normally stable, but that can become un-
+stable at elevated temperatures and pressures and include
+among others, materials that change or decompose on
+exposure to air, light, or moisture and that exhibit an exo-
+therm at temperatures greater than 30°F (−1°C), but less
+than or equal to 57°F (14°C), when tested by differential
+scanning calorimetry. [5000: A.3.3.388.19]
+A.3.3.161.13 Water-Reactive Material. Water-reactive materi-
+als are subdivided as follows:
+(1) Class 3 materials are those that react explosively with wa-
+ter without requiring heat or confinement.
+(2) Class 2 materials are those that might form potentially
+explosive mixtures with water.
+(3) Class 1 materials are those that might react with water
+with some release of energy, but not violently. [ 5000:
+A.3.3.388.20]
+A.3.3.163 Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ).Quantities
+are permitted to exceed the MAQ when they are located in an
+1–424 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+area complying with protection levels 1–5 in accordance with
+the building code.
+A.3.3.164 Means of Egress.A means of egress comprises the
+vertical and horizontal travel and includes intervening room
+spaces, doorways, hallways, corridors, passageways, balconies,
+ramps, stairs, elevators, enclosures, lobbies, escalators, hori-
+zontal exits, courts, and yards. [101: A.3.3.161]
+A.3.3.170.1 Ambulatory Health Care Occupancy.It is not the
+intent that occupants be considered to be incapable of self-
+preservation just because they are in a wheelchair or use assis-
+tive walking devices, such as a cane, a walker, or crutches.
+Rather it is the intent to address emergency care centers that
+receive patients who have been rendered incapable of self-
+preservation due to the emergency, such as being rendered
+unconscious as a result of an accident or being unable to move
+due to sudden illness. [101: A.3.3.178.1]
+A.3.3.170.2 Apartment Building. The Code specifies that,
+wherever there are three or more living units in a building, the
+building is considered an apartment building and is required
+to comply with either Chapter 30 or Chapter 31 of NFPA 101,
+as appropriate. Townhouse units are considered to be apart-
+ment buildings if there are three or more units in the build-
+ing. The type of wall required between units in order to con-
+sider them to be separate buildings is normally established by
+the AHJ. If the units are separated by a wall of sufficient fire
+resistance and structural integrity to be considered as separate
+buildings, then the provisions of Chapter 24 of NFPA 101, ap-
+ply to each townhouse. Condominium status is a form of own-
+ership, not occupancy; for example, there are condominium
+warehouses, condominium apartments, and condominium of-
+fices. [5000: A.3.3.65.4]
+A.3.3.170.3 Assembly Occupancy.Assembly occupancies might
+include the following:
+(1) Armories
+(2) Assembly halls
+(3) Auditoriums
+(4) Bowling lanes
+(5) Club rooms
+(6) College and university classrooms, 50 persons and over
+(7) Conference rooms
+(8) Courtrooms
+(9) Dance halls
+(10) Drinking establishments
+(11) Exhibition halls
+(12) Gymnasiums
+(13) Libraries
+(14) Mortuary chapels
+(15) Motion picture theaters
+(16) Museums
+(17) Passenger stations and terminals of air, surface, under-
+ground, and marine public transportation facilities
+(18) Places of religious worship
+(19) Pool rooms
+(20) Recreation piers
+(21) Restaurants
+(22) Skating rinks
+(23) Special amusement buildings, regardless of occupant load
+(24) Theaters
+Assembly occupancies are characterized by the presence or
+potential presence of crowds with attendant panic hazard in
+case of fire or other emergency. They are generally open or
+occasionally open to the public, and the occupants, who are
+present voluntarily, are not ordinarily subject to discipline or
+control. Such buildings are ordinarily occupied by able-
+bodied persons and are not used for sleeping purposes. Spe-
+cial conference rooms, snack areas, and other areas incidental
+to, and under the control of, the management of other occu-
+pancies, such as offices, fall under the 50-person limitation.
+Restaurants and drinking establishments with an occupant
+load of fewer than 50 persons should be classified as mercan-
+tile occupancies.
+For special amusement buildings, see 12.4.7 and 13.4.7 of
+NFPA101.[ 101: A.3.3.178.2]
+A.3.3.170.5 Business Occupancy. Business occupancies in-
+clude the following:
+(1) Air traffic control towers (ATCTs)
+(2) Ambulatory outpatient clinics
+(3) City halls
+(4) College and university instructional buildings, classrooms
+under 50 persons, and instructional laboratories
+(5) Courthouses
+(6) Dentists’ offices
+(7) Doctors’ offices
+(8) General offices
+(9) Town halls
+Doctors’ and dentists’ offices are included, unless of such
+character as to be classified as ambulatory health care occu-
+pancies. (See 3.3.170.1.)
+Birth centers occupied by fewer than four patients, not in-
+cluding infants, at any one time; not providing sleeping facili-
+ties for four or more occupants; and not providing treatment
+procedures that render four or more patients, not including
+infants, incapable of self-preservation at any one time should
+be classified as business occupancies. For birth centers occu-
+pied by patients not meeting these parameters, see Chapter 19
+of NFPA101.
+Service facilities common to city office buildings such as
+newsstands, lunch counters serving fewer than 50 persons,
+barber shops, and beauty parlors are included in the business
+occupancy group.
+City halls, town halls, and courthouses are included in the
+business occupancy group insofar as their principal function is
+the transaction of public business and the keeping of books
+and records. Insofar as they are used for assembly purposes,
+they are classified as assembly occupancies.
+In evaluating the appropriate classification of laboratories,
+the AHJ should treat each case individually, based on the ex-
+tent and nature of the associated hazards. For laboratories
+within the scope of NFPA 45, the occupancies are defined in
+NFPA 45, Section 3.3, as follows:
+(1) Noninstructional labs are considered industrial.
+(2) Labs within the scope of NFPA 99 are considered health
+care.
+(3) Instructional labs for grades 12 and below are considered
+educational.
+(4) Labs for grades above grade 12 and Class D labs are busi-
+ness occupancies. [5000: A.3.3.424.2]
+A.3.3.170.6 Day-Care Home.A day-care home is generally lo-
+cated within a dwelling unit. [101: A.3.3.131.1]
+A.3.3.170.7 Day-Care Occupancy. Day-care occupancies in-
+clude the following:
+(1) Adult day-care occupancies, except where part of a health
+care occupancy
+1–425ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Child day-care occupancies
+(3) Day-care homes
+(4) Kindergarten classes that are incidental to a child day-
+care occupancy
+(5) Nursery schools
+In areas where public schools offer only half-day kindergar-
+ten programs, many child day-care occupancies offer state-
+approved kindergarten classes for children who need full-day
+care. As these classes are normally incidental to the day-care
+occupancy, the requirements of the day-care occupancy
+should be followed. [5000: A.3.3.424.3]
+A.3.3.170.8 Detention and Correctional Occupancy.Deten-
+tion and correctional occupancies include the following:
+(1) Adult and juvenile substance abuse centers
+(2) Adult and juvenile work camps
+(3) Adult community residential centers
+(4) Adult correctional institutions
+(5) Adult local detention facilities
+(6) Juvenile community residential centers
+(7) Juvenile detention facilities
+(8) Juvenile training schools [ 5000: A.3.3.424.4]
+It is not the intent to classify as detention and correctional
+occupancies the areas of health care occupancies where doors
+are locked against patient egress where needed for the clinical
+needs of the patients. For example, a dementia treatment cen-
+ter can be adequately protected by the health care occupan-
+cies requirements of Chapter 19 of NFPA 101. [See 19.1.1.1.5,
+19.2.2.2.2, 19.2.2.2.4(1), and 19.2.2.2.6 of NFPA 101.]
+The one-resident threshold requirement of 23.1.1.1.4 of
+NFPA101 is not meant to force a residential occupancy, where
+security is imposed on one or more occupants, to be reclassified
+as a detention and correctional occupancy. [101: A.23.1.1.1.4]
+A.3.3.170.9 Dormitory. Rooms within dormitories intended
+for the use of individuals for combined living and sleeping
+purposes are guest rooms or guest suites. Examples of dormi-
+tories are college dormitories, fraternity and sorority houses,
+and military barracks. [101: A.3.3.59]
+A.3.3.170.10 Educational Occupancy. Educational occupan-
+cies include the following:
+(1) Academies
+(2) Kindergartens
+(3) Schools
+An educational occupancy is distinguished from an assembly
+occupancy in that the same occupants are regularly present.
+In evaluating the appropriate classification of laboratories,
+the AHJ should treat each case individually, based on the ex-
+tent and nature of the associated hazards. For laboratories
+within the scope of NFPA 45, the occupancies are defined in
+NFPA 45, Section 3.3, as follows:
+(1) Noninstructional labs are considered industrial.
+(2) Labs within the scope of NFPA 99 are considered health
+care.
+(3) Instructional labs for grades 12 and below are considered
+educational.
+(4) Labs for grades above grade 12 and Class D labs are busi-
+ness occupancies. [5000: A.3.3.424.5]
+A.3.3.170.11 Health Care Occupancy.Health care occupan-
+cies include the following:
+(1) Ambulatory health care facilities
+(2) Hospitals
+(3) Limited care facilities
+(4) Nursing homes
+Occupants of health care occupancies typically have physi-
+cal or mental illness, disease, or infirmity. They also include
+infants, convalescents, or infirm aged persons.
+In evaluating the appropriate classification of laboratories,
+the AHJ should treat each case individually, based on the ex-
+tent and nature of the associated hazards. For laboratories
+within the scope of NFPA 45, the occupancies are defined in
+NFPA 45, Section 3.3, as follows:
+(1) Noninstructional labs are considered industrial.
+(2) Labs within the scope of NFPA 99 are considered health
+care.
+(3) Instructional labs for grades 12 and below are considered
+educational.
+(4) Labs for grades above grade 12 and Class D labs are busi-
+ness occupancies. [5000: A.3.3.424.6]
+A.3.3.170.13 Hotel. So-called apartment hotels should be
+classified as hotels, because they are potentially subject to the
+same transient occupancy as hotels. Transients are those who
+occupy accommodations for less than 30 days. [101: A.3.3.134]
+A.3.3.170.14 Industrial Occupancy.Industrial occupancies in-
+clude the following:
+(1) Drycleaning plants
+(2) Factories of all kinds
+(3) Food processing plants
+(4) Gas plants
+(5) Hangars (for servicing/maintenance)
+(6) Laundries
+(7) Power plants
+(8) Pumping stations
+(9) Refineries
+(10) Sawmills
+(11) Telephone exchanges
+In evaluating the appropriate classification of laboratories,
+the AHJ should treat each case individually, based on the ex-
+tent and nature of the associated hazards. For laboratories
+within the scope of NFPA 45, the occupancies are defined in
+NFPA 45, Section 3.3, as follows:
+(1) Noninstructional labs are considered industrial.
+(2) Labs within the scope of NFPA 99 are considered health
+care.
+(3) Instructional labs for grades 12 and below are considered
+educational.
+(4) Labs for grades above grade 12 and Class D labs are busi-
+ness occupancies. [5000: A.3.3.424.7]
+A.3.3.170.15 Limited Care Facility.Limited care facilities and
+residential board and care occupancies both provide care to
+people with physical and mental limitations. However, the
+goals and programs of the two types of occupancies differ
+greatly. The requirements in NFPA 101 for limited care facili-
+ties are based on the assumption that these are medical facili-
+ties, that they provide medical care and treatment, and that
+the patients are not trained to respond to the fire alarm; that
+is, the patients do not participate in fire drills but, rather, await
+rescue. (See Section 18.7 of NFPA 101.)
+The requirements for residential board and care occupancies
+are based on the assumption that the residents are provided with
+personal care and activities that foster continued independence,
+that the residents are encouraged and taught to overcome their
+1–426 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+limitations, and that most residents, including all residents in
+prompt and slow homes, are trained to respond to fire drills to
+the extent they are able. Residents are required to participate in
+fire drills.(See Section 32.7 of NFPA 101.) [101: A.3.3.82.2]
+A.3.3.170.17 Mercantile Occupancy.Mercantile occupancies
+include the following:
+(1) Auction rooms
+(2) Department stores
+(3) Drugstores
+(4) Restaurants with fewer than 50 persons
+(5) Shopping centers
+(6) Supermarkets
+Office, storage, and service facilities incidental to the sale
+of merchandise and located in the same building should be
+considered part of the mercantile occupancy classification.
+[5000: A.3.3.424.8]
+A.3.3.170.18.3 Motor Fuel Dispensing Facility Located Inside
+a Building. The motor fuel dispensing facility can be either
+enclosed or partially enclosed by the building walls, floors,
+ceilings, or partitions or can be open to the outside. The mo-
+tor fuel dispensing area is that area required for dispensing of
+fuels to motor vehicles. Dispensing of fuel at manufacturing,
+assembly, and testing operations is not included within this
+definition. [30A: A.3.3.11.5]
+A.3.3.170.21 Parking Structure.A parking structure is permit-
+ted to be enclosed or open, use ramps, and use mechanical
+control push-button-type elevators to transfer vehicles from
+one floor to another. Motor vehicles are permitted to be
+parked by the driver or an attendant or are permitted to be
+parked mechanically by automatic facilities. Where mechani-
+cal type parking is provided, the operator of those facilities is
+permitted either to remain at the entry level or to travel to
+another level. Motor fuel is permitted to be dispensed, and
+motor vehicles are permitted to be serviced in a parking struc-
+ture in accordance with NFPA 30A. [88A: A.3.3.2]
+A.3.3.170.23 Residential Board and Care Occupancy.The fol-
+lowing are examples of facilities that are classified as residen-
+tial board and care occupancies:
+(1) Group housing arrangement for physically or mentally
+handicapped persons who normally attend school in the
+community, attend worship in the community, or other-
+wise use community facilities
+(2) Group housing arrangement for physically or mentally
+handicapped persons who are undergoing training in
+preparation for independent living, for paid employ-
+ment, or for other mainstream community activities
+(3) Group housing arrangement for the elderly that provides
+personal care services but does not provide nursing care
+(4) Facilities for social rehabilitation, alcoholism, drug abuse,
+or mental health problems that contain a group housing
+arrangement and that provide personal care services but
+do not provide acute care
+(5) Assisted living facilities
+(6) Other group housing arrangements that provide personal
+care services but not nursing care [5000: A.3.3.424.11]
+A.3.3.170.24 Residential Occupancy.Residential occupancies
+are treated as separate occupancies in this Code as follows:
+(1) One- and two-family dwellings (Chapter 24 of NFPA 101)
+(2) Lodging or rooming houses (Chapter 26 of NFPA 101)
+(3) Hotels, motels, and dormitories (Chapters 28 and 29 of
+NFPA101)
+(4) Apartment buildings (Chapters 30 and 31 of NFPA 101)
+[101: A.3.3.178.13]
+A.3.3.170.25 Storage Occupancy.Storage occupancies include
+the following:
+(1) Barns
+(2) Bulk oil storage
+(3) Cold storage
+(4) Freight terminals
+(5) Grain elevators
+(6) Hangars (for storage only)
+(7) Parking structures
+(8) Stables
+(9) Truck and marine terminals
+(10) Warehouses
+Storage occupancies are characterized by the presence of
+relatively small numbers of persons in proportion to the area.
+[5000: A.3.3.424.14]
+A.3.3.170.25.1 Mini-Storage Building.Mini-storage buildings
+are typically designed to accommodate relatively small tran-
+sient tenants who are often private individuals or persons who
+own small businesses and need additional storage space that is
+generally very small in area to accommodate their short-term
+storage needs. This definition is not intended to apply to large
+warehouse buildings designed to be rented or leased to rela-
+tively large multiple tenants who are generally storing their
+wares in conjunction with their businesses. Garage units that
+are primarily intended for vehicular storage as part of a multi-
+family development are not intended to be classified as mini-
+storage buildings.
+A.3.3.174 Operating Unit (Vessel) or Process Unit (Vessel).
+Unit operations include, but are not limited to, distillation,
+oxidation, cracking, and polymerization. [30: A.3.3.37]
+A.3.3.176.1 Organic Peroxide Formulation.Terms such as ac-
+celerator, catalyst, initiator, and so forth, are sometimes used to
+describe organic peroxide formulations. These terms are mis-
+leading because they can also refer to materials that are not or
+do not contain organic peroxides, some of which might
+present increased hazard when mixed with organic peroxides.
+[432: A.3.3.6]
+A.3.3.179 Oxidizer. Examples of other oxidizing gases in-
+clude bromine, chlorine, and fluorine.
+The classification of oxidizers is based on the technical
+committee’s evaluation of available scientific and technical
+data, actual experience, and its considered opinion. Classifica-
+tion refers to the pure oxidizer. Gross contamination can
+cause oxidizers of all classes to undergo exothermic or explo-
+sive reaction, particularly if they also are subjected to confine-
+ment and heating. (See Sections B.2 through B.5 of NFPA 430 for
+oxidizer classifications.) [430: A.3.3.7]
+A.3.3.180 Packaged Fireworks Merchandise. Packaged fire-
+works merchandise is generally fireworks items or groups of
+fireworks items that have been packaged by the manufacturer
+or distributor before they are offered for sale to the consumer.
+The packaging arrangement completely encapsulates the fire-
+works item or items within paperboard, cardboard, plastic
+wrap, or similar materials or combinations of materials. Such
+encapsulation ensures that a person must puncture, tear, un-
+seal, or break open the package or otherwise damage or de-
+stroy the packaging materials in order to gain access to, and
+1–427ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+directly handle, each individual fireworks item to expose its
+fuse. [1124:A.3.3.50]
+A.3.3.187 Personal Care.Personal care involves responsibility
+for the safety of the resident while inside the building. Per-
+sonal care might include daily awareness by management of
+the resident’s functioning and whereabouts, making and re-
+minding a resident of appointments, the ability and readiness
+for intervention in the event of a resident experiencing a cri-
+sis, supervision in the areas of nutrition and medication, and
+actual provision of transient medical care. [101: A.3.3.192]
+A.3.3.190 Pier.The terms pier and wharf are used interchange-
+ably. [307: A.3.3.13]
+A.3.3.193 Process or Processing.The sequence can include
+both physical and chemical operations, unless the term is modi-
+fied to restrict it to one or the other. The sequence can involve,
+but is not limited to, preparation, separation, purification, or
+change in state, energy content, or composition. [30:A.3.3.41]
+A.3.3.199 Rack. Some rack structures use solid shelves. Racks
+are permitted to be fixed, portable, or movable. Loading is per-
+mitted to be either manual, using lift trucks, stacker cranes, or
+hand placement, or automatic, using machine-controlled stor-
+age and retrieval systems. [See Figure A.34.7.3.1(a) through Fig-
+ure A.34.7.3.1(k).]
+A.3.3.199.2 Movable Racks. Movable racks can be moved
+back and forth only in a horizontal, two-dimensional plane. A
+moving aisle is created as abutting racks are either loaded or
+unloaded, then moved across the aisle to abut other racks.
+A.3.3.199.4 Portable Racks.Portable racks can be arranged in
+any number of configurations.
+A.3.3.200 Ramp. See 7.2.5 of NFPA101.[ 101: A.3.3.205]
+A.3.3.206 Safety Can.Safety cans listed to ANSI/UL 30, Stan-
+dard for Metal Safety Cans, are limited to 5 U.S. gal (19 L).
+ANSI/UL 1313,Standard for Nonmetallic Safety Cans for Petroleum
+Products, allows for capacities up to 5 Imperial gal (23 L).
+[30: A.3.3.44]
+A.3.3.215 Smoke Barrier. A smoke barrier, such as a wall,
+floor, or ceiling assembly, might be aligned vertically or hori-
+zontally. A smoke barrier might or might not have a fire resis-
+tance rating. Application of smoke barrier criteria where re-
+quired elsewhere in the Code should be in accordance with
+Section 12.9.
+A.3.3.217 Smoke Partition.A smoke partition is not required
+to have a fire resistance rating. [101: A.3.3.238]
+A.3.3.220.1 Combustible Particulate Solid.Combustible par-
+ticulate solids include dusts, fibers, fines, chips, chunks, flakes,
+and mixtures of these. A definition of this breadth is necessary
+because it is crucial to address the fact that there is attrition of
+the material as it is conveyed. Pieces and particles rub against
+each other and collide with the walls of the duct as they travel
+through the system. The rubbing and collision break down the
+material and produce a mixture of pieces and much finer par-
+ticles, called “dusts.” Consequently, it is expected that every
+conveying system produces dusts, regardless of the starting
+size of the material, as an inherent by-product of the convey-
+ing process. [69: A.3.3.5]
+A.3.3.220.2 Flammable Solid.Flammable solids include finely
+divided solid materials that, when dispersed in air as a cloud,
+could be ignited and cause an explosion. [5000: A.3.3.238]
+A.3.3.224 Spray Booth.Spray booths are manufactured in a
+variety of forms, including automotive refinishing, downdraft,
+open-face, traveling, tunnel, and updraft booths. This defini-
+tion is not intended to limit the termspray booth to any particu-
+lar design. The entire spray booth is part of the spray area. A
+spray booth is not a spray room. [33: A.3.3.12]
+A.3.3.225 Spray Room.The entire spray room is considered
+part of the spray area. A spray booth is not a spray room.
+[33: A.3.3.13]
+A.3.3.229.6 Laced Tire Storage.See Figure A.34.8.1(g).
+A.3.3.229.7 Miscellaneous Tire Storage.The limitations on
+the type and size of storage are intended to identify those
+situations where tire storage is present in limited quantities
+and incidental to the main use of the building. Occupancies
+such as aircraft hangars, automobile dealers, repair garages,
+retail storage facilities, automotive and truck assembly plants,
+and mobile home assembly plants are types of facilities where
+miscellaneous storage could be present. [13: A.3.9.4.4]
+A.3.3.231 Store. Stores are subclassified as Class A, Class B, or
+Class C in accordance with NFPA101.[ 1124:A.3.3.73]
+A.3.3.232.1 Occupiable Story.Stories used exclusively for me-
+chanical equipment rooms, elevator penthouses, and similar
+spaces are not occupiable stories. [101: A.3.3.251.1]
+A.3.3.234 Street Floor.Where, due to differences in street lev-
+els, there are two or more stories accessible from the street,
+each is a street floor. Where there is no floor level within the
+specified limits for a street floor above or below ground level,
+the building has no street floor.
+A.3.3.236 Structure. The term structure is to be understood as
+if followed by the words or portion thereof. (See also 3.3.27, Build-
+ing.) [101: A.3.3.254]
+A.3.3.238.10 Standpipe System.This arrangement is accom-
+plished by means of connections to water supply systems or by
+means of pumps, tanks, and other equipment necessary to
+provide an adequate supply of water to the hose connections.
+[14: A.3.3.12]
+A.3.3.238.12 Vapor Processing System.Examples are systems
+using blower-assist for capturing vapors and refrigeration,
+absorption, and combustion systems for processing vapors.
+[30: A.3.3.52]
+A.3.3.238.13 Vapor Recovery System.Examples are balanced-
+pressure vapor displacement systems and vacuum-assist sys-
+tems without vapor processing. [30: A.3.3.53]
+A.3.3.240.6 Stationary Tank.A stationary tank does not in-
+clude a cylinder having less than 1000 lb (453.5 kg) water
+capacity. [ 55: A.3.3.55.2]
+A.3.3.249.1 Closed System Use (Material).Examples of closed
+systems for solids and liquids include reaction process operations
+and product conveyed through a piping system into a closed ves-
+sel, system, or piece of equipment. [5000:A.3.3.636.1.1]
+A.3.3.249.2 Open System Use (Material).Examples of open
+systems for solids and liquids include dispensing from or into
+open beakers or containers, dip tank operations, and plating
+tank operations. [5000: A.3.3.636.1.2]
+A.3.3.251 Vapor Pressure.Vapor pressure is a measure of the
+pressure that the liquid exerts against the atmosphere above it.
+Just as the atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of the liq-
+uid, the liquid pushes back. Vapor pressure is normally less than
+1–428 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
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+atmospheric pressure and is a measure of the liquid’s tendency to
+evaporate (i.e., to move from the liquid to the gaseous state).
+This tendency is also referred to as volatility, thus the use of the
+term volatile to describe liquids that evaporate very easily. The
+higher the vapor pressure, the greater the rate of evaporation
+and the lower the boiling point. Simply put, this means more
+vapors and increased fire risk. [30:A.4.2.6]
+A.3.3.256 Wharf. The terms wharf and pier are used inter-
+changeably. [307: A.3.3.24]
+A.3.4.5 Design Specification. Design specifications include
+both hardware and human factors, such as the conditions pro-
+duced by maintenance and training. For purposes of
+performance-based design, the design specifications of inter-
+est are those that affect the ability of the building to meet the
+stated goals and objectives. [5000: A.3.3.580.1]
+A.3.4.7 Exposure Fire.An exposure fire usually refers to a fire
+that starts outside a building, such as a wildlands fire or vehicle
+fire, and that, consequently, exposes the building to a fire.
+[101: A.3.3.80]
+A.3.4.8 Fire Model.Due to the complex nature of the prin-
+ciples involved, models are often packaged as computer soft-
+ware. Any relevant input data, assumptions, and limitations
+needed to properly implement the model will be attached to
+the fire models. [101: A.3.3.92]
+A.3.4.9 Fire Scenario.A fire scenario defines the conditions un-
+der which a proposed design is expected to meet the fire safety
+goals. Factors typically include fuel characteristics, ignition
+sources, ventilation, building characteristics, and occupant loca-
+tions and characteristics. The term fire scenario includes more
+than the characteristics of the fire itself but excludes design speci-
+fications and any characteristics that do not vary from one fire to
+another; the latter are called assumptions. The termfire scenariois
+used here to mean only those specifications required to calculate
+the fire’s development and effects, but, in other contexts, the
+term might be used to mean both the initial specifications and
+the subsequent development and effects (i.e., a complete de-
+scription of fire from conditions prior to ignition to conditions
+following extinguishment). [101: A.3.3.96]
+A.3.4.10 Fuel Load. Fuel load includes interior finish and
+trim. [5000: A.3.3.368.3]
+A.3.4.14 Performance Criteria. Performance criteria are
+stated in engineering terms. Engineering terms include tem-
+peratures, radiant heat flux, and levels of exposure to fire
+products. Performance criteria provide threshold values used
+to evaluate a proposed design. [101: A.3.3.190]
+A.3.4.15 Proposed Design.The design team might develop a
+number of trial designs that will be evaluated to determine
+whether they meet the performance criteria. One of the trial
+designs will be selected from those that meet the performance
+criteria for submission to the AHJ as the proposed design.
+The proposed design is not necessarily limited to fire pro-
+tection systems and building features. It also includes any com-
+ponent of the proposed design that is installed, established, or
+maintained for the purpose of life safety, without which the
+proposed design could fail to achieve specified performance
+criteria. Therefore, the proposed design often includes emer-
+gency procedures and organizational structures that are
+needed to meet the performance criteria specified for the pro-
+posed design. [101: A.3.3.202]
+A.4.1 The overall goals of this Code are presented in 4.1.1.
+These overall goals are treated in greater depth in 4.1.3
+through 4.1.5. In each of these subsections, an overall goal for
+the subsection is defined, specific goals relating to the overall
+goal are presented next, and the objectives that relate to the
+specific goal follow. This format is intended to enhance the
+usability of the Code.
+The subjects addressed in Chapter 4 are general in nature
+and supplement the provisions of Chapter 1, Administration.
+NFPA publication style dictates that Chapter 1 of all codes and
+standards is to include only title, scope, purpose, application,
+equivalency, units and formulas, and enforcement sections.
+All other general provisions are to be contained in Chapter 4,
+General Requirements, which follows Chapter 2, Referenced
+Publications, and Chapter 3, Definitions.
+Chapter 4 provides general information about the Code’s
+goals and objectives, inherent assumptions, options that can
+be applied for compliance with life safety and property protec-
+tion requirements, and information regarding how theCode is
+applied (see Sections 4.1 through 4.5). These goals and objectives
+establish the broad areas that this Code governs. They can be
+achieved via prescriptive-based options or performance-based
+options. Additionally, the goals and objectives can be reviewed
+to determine whether satisfactory conditions are being pro-
+vided when equivalency options are being considered.
+General administrative and application requirements that
+apply to all facilities and buildings are also included in this
+chapter (see Section 4.5).
+A.4.1.1 These highest level goals are intentionally general in
+nature. Each includes a broad spectrum of topics as shown in
+4.1.3. The property protection goal is not just a goal unto it-
+self, as it is also achieved in part as a result of designing to
+achieve the other stated goals. A reasonable level of safety is
+further defined by subsequent language in the Code. The
+facility/property owner or an insurance representative might
+also have other goals, which might necessitate more stringent
+objectives as well as more demanding criteria.
+A.4.1.2 The objectives apply regardless of which option a
+user of the Code selects for a design — the performance-based
+option or the prescriptive-based option. The objectives are
+stated in more specific terms than the goals and tend to be
+more quantitative. The goals and objectives, taken together,
+form the broad, general targets at which a performance-based
+design can take aim. Specific criteria for design follow in
+Chapter 5.
+A.4.1.3 The concept of providing for safety applies not only to
+safety during a fire, explosion, or hazardous materials incident,
+but also during the normal use of a building or facility. A reason-
+able level of safety should be provided for occupants in and indi-
+viduals near the facility or building in question. The resultant
+design in addition to providing for occupant’s safety also pro-
+motes the public welfare. Public welfare is also provided as a re-
+sult of the mission continuity provisions of thisCode.
+A.4.1.3.1.1 The phrase reasonably safe from fire is defined by
+subsequent language in this Code, primarily in the objectives.
+A.4.1.3.1.2.2 In many cases, the provisions of theCode to pro-
+vide safety for occupants satisfies this goal for protection of
+emergency responders.
+A.4.1.3.1.2.5 This provision addresses the fire safety objec-
+tives of operations addressed elsewhere in the Code, such as
+hot work, tar kettle operation, and so forth, that are not di-
+rectly related to building construction and use.
+1–429ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.4.1.3.2.1 The phrase reasonably safe during normal use is de-
+fined by subsequent language in thisCode, primarily in the objec-
+tives. Certain requirements, such as heights of guards and stair
+dimensions, are provided to ensure that the occupants are safe
+during nonemergency use of the buildings. Failure to address
+these features could result in falls or other injuries to occupants
+in their normal day-to-day activities in the building.
+A.4.1.3.3.2.2 For item 3, the phrase external force refers to the
+application of factors such as heat, water, shock, or other phe-
+nomenon onto hazardous materials that are sensitive to such fac-
+tors and could react vigorously to produce unsafe conditions.
+A.4.1.4.2.1 Ignition occurs when combustible materials come
+into contact with a source of heat of sufficient temperature
+and power for a requisite time in an atmosphere where oxygen
+is present. Combustible material does not necessarily ignite
+immediately upon contact with a source of heat.
+A.4.1.4.2.2 Examples of specific conditions to avoid include,
+but are not limited to, flashover, fire spread beyond the item
+or room of fire origin, overheating of equipment, and over-
+pressure of exterior walls.
+A.4.1.5.1 This goal is applicable to certain buildings and fa-
+cilities that have been deemed to be necessary to the contin-
+ued welfare of a community. Depending on the nature of the
+critical mission provided by the building, various stakeholders,
+including community leaders, AHJs, and owners will identify
+the mission critical buildings. Mission critical areas should be
+identified and appropriately protected. The objectives for
+property protection and mission continuity are sometimes dif-
+ficult to differentiate. Achieving the objectives for property
+protection could, to a certain extent, accomplish the objec-
+tives for mission continuity.
+A.4.1.5.2 Examples of buildings and facilities that provide a
+public welfare role for a community could include hospitals, po-
+lice and fire stations, evacuation centers, schools, water and sew-
+erage facilities, and electrical generating plants. Also included
+are buildings and facilities with significant impact on the eco-
+nomic viability of the community. This objective is intended to
+ensure that such buildings and facilities are capable of providing
+essential services following a disaster since the community’s well-
+being depends on such service being available.
+A.4.2.1 Additional assumptions that need to be identified for
+a performance-based design are addressed in Chapter 5.
+A.4.2.2 It is not assumed that a design scenario will be consid-
+ered that simulates the hazards produced when unauthorized
+releases of hazardous materials occur simultaneously at differ-
+ent locations within a facility, unless it is reasonable to expect
+that a single incident, such as a fork lift accident or pipe fail-
+ure, could be expected to create such a condition. However,
+when hazardous materials are in close proximity to one an-
+other, such as on a shelf or in adjacent storage cabinets, it
+could be reasonable to apply a design scenario where multiple
+releases of the hazardous materials occur simultaneously from
+these close proximity areas. In this case, it is not unreasonable
+to expect the shelf to collapse or a forklift to damage adjacent
+hazardous materials containers.
+A.4.2.3 It is not assumed that a design scenario will be consid-
+ered that simulates the hazards produced when a fire, explo-
+sion, or external force that creates a dangerous condition oc-
+curs at the same time that hazardous materials have been
+subject to an unauthorized release. This does not preclude
+considering a scenario where a fire or explosion occurs and
+impinges on hazardous materials that are in their normal stor-
+age, use, or handling conditions.
+The phraseexternal force that creates a dangerous conditionrefers
+to the application of factors such as heat, water, shock, or other
+phenomenon onto hazardous materials that are sensitive to such
+factors and could react vigorously to produce unsafe conditions.
+A.4.4.4 Fire alarms alert occupants to initiate emergency pro-
+cedures, facilitate orderly conduct of fire drills, and initiate
+response by emergency services.
+A.4.5.7 Examples of changes from one occupancy subclassifi-
+cation to another subclassification of the same occupancy
+could include a change from a Class B to a Class A mercantile
+occupancy. Hospitals and nursing homes are both health care
+occupancies and are defined separately, but they are not estab-
+lished as separate suboccupancies; thus, a change from one to
+the other does not constitute a change of occupancy subclas-
+sification.
+For example, a building was used as a hospital but has been
+closed for 4 years. It is again to be used as a hospital. As long as
+the building was not used as another occupancy during the
+time it was closed, it would be considered an existing hospital.
+Hotels and apartments, although both residential occu-
+pancies, are treated separately, and a change from one to the
+other constitutes a change of occupancy.
+A.4.5.8.3 Examples of such features include automatic sprin-
+klers, fire alarm systems, standpipes, and portable fire extinguish-
+ers. The presence of a life safety feature, such as sprinklers or fire
+alarm devices, creates a reasonable expectation by the public that
+these safety features are functional. When systems are inoperable
+or taken out of service but the devices remain, they present a false
+sense of safety. Also, before taking any life safety features out of
+service, extreme care needs to be exercised to ensure that the
+feature is not required, was not originally provided as an alterna-
+tive or equivalent, or is no longer required due to other new
+requirements in the currentCode. It is not intended that the en-
+tire system or protection feature be removed. Instead, compo-
+nents such as sprinklers, initiating devices, notification appli-
+ances, standpipe hose, and exit systems should be removed to
+reduce the likelihood of relying on inoperable systems or fea-
+tures. [101: A.4.6.13.3]
+A.4.5.8.4 In some cases, the requirements for new construc-
+tion are less restrictive, and it might be justifiable to permit an
+existing building to use the less restrictive requirements. How-
+ever, extreme care needs to be exercised when granting such
+permission, because the less restrictive provision might be the
+result of a new requirement elsewhere in the Code. For ex-
+ample, in editions of the Code prior to 1991, corridors in new
+health care occupancies were required to have a 1-hour fire
+resistance rating. Since 1991, such corridors have been re-
+quired only to resist the passage of smoke. However, this pro-
+vision is based on the new requirement that all new health
+care facilities be protected throughout by automatic sprin-
+klers. (See A.4.5.8.5.) [101: A.4.6.8.4]
+A.4.5.8.5 An example of what is intended by 4.5.8.4 and
+4.5.8.5 follows. In a hospital that has 6 ft (1830 mm) wide
+corridors, such corridors cannot be reduced in width, even
+though the provisions for existing hospitals do not require 6 ft
+(1830 mm) wide corridors. However, if a hospital has 10 ft
+(3050 mm) wide corridors, they are permitted to be reduced
+to 8 ft (2440 mm) in width, which is the requirement for new
+construction. If the hospital corridor is 36 in. (915 mm) wide,
+1–430 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+it would have to be increased to 48 in. (1220 mm), which is the
+requirement for existing hospitals. [101: A.4.6.8.5]
+A.5.1 The performance option of thisCode establishes accept-
+able levels of risk for facilities (i.e., buildings and other struc-
+tures and the operations therewith associated) as addressed in
+Section 1.3. (Note that “facility” and “building” can be used
+interchangeably with facility being the more general term.)
+While the performance option of thisCode does contain goals,
+objectives, and performance criteria necessary to provide for
+an acceptable level of risk, it does not describe how to meet
+these goals, objectives, and performance criteria. Design and
+engineering are needed to meet the provisions of Chapter 5.
+For fire protection designs, the SFPE Engineering Guide to
+Performance-Based Fire Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings
+provides a framework for these assessments.
+Pre-construction design requirements address those issues,
+which have to be considered before the certificate of occu-
+pancy is issued for a facility.
+A.5.1.3 Qualifications should include experience, education,
+and credentials that demonstrate knowledgeable and respon-
+sible use of applicable models and methods.
+A.5.1.4 The SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire
+Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings outlines a process for
+using a performance-based approach in the design and assess-
+ment of building fire safety design and identifies parameters
+that should be considered in the analysis of a performance-
+based design. As can be seen this process requires the involve-
+ment of all stakeholders who have a share or interest in the
+successful completion of the project. The steps that are recom-
+mended by the SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire
+Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings for this process are
+shown in Figure A.5.1.4.
+The guide specifically addresses building fire safety
+performance-based design. It might not be directly applicable
+to performance-based designs involving other systems and op-
+erations covered within this Code, such as hot work operations
+or hazardous materials storage. However, the various steps for
+defining, developing, evaluating, and documenting the
+performance-based design should still provide a useful frame-
+work for the overall design process.
+The steps in the performance-based design process are as
+follows:
+(1) Step 1: Defining Project Scope.The first step in a performance-
+based design is to define the scope of the project. Defining
+the scope consists of identifying and documenting the fol-
+lowing:
+(a) Constraints on the design and project schedule
+(b) The stakeholders associated with project
+(c) The proposed building construction and features
+desired by the owner or tenant
+(d) Occupant and building characteristics
+(e) The intended use and occupancy of the building
+(f) Applicable codes and regulations
+An understanding of these items is needed to ensure
+that a performance-based design meets the stakehold-
+ers’ needs.
+(2) Step 2: Identifying Goals. Once the scope of the project is
+defined, the next step in the performance-based design
+process is to identify and document the fire safety goals
+of various stakeholders. Fire safety goals could include
+levels of protection for people and property, or they
+could provide for continuity of operations, historical
+preservation, and environmental protection. Goals
+could be unique for different projects, based on the
+stakeholders needs and desires. The stakeholders should
+discuss which goals are the most important for the
+project. In order to avoid problems later in the design
+process, all stakeholders should be aware of and agree to
+the goals prior to proceeding with the performance-
+based design process (see Step 7).
+(3) Step 3: Defining Stakeholder and Design Objectives.The third
+step in the design process is to develop objectives. The
+objectives are essentially the design goals that are further
+refined into tangible values that can be quantified in
+engineering terms. Objectives could include mitigating
+the consequences of a fire expressed in terms of dollar
+values, loss of life, or other impact on property opera-
+tions, or maximum allowable conditions, such as extent
+of fire spread, temperature, spread of combustion prod-
+ucts, and so forth.
+(4) Step 4: Developing Performance Criteria. The fourth step in
+the design process is the development of performance
+criteria to be met by the design. These criteria are a fur-
+ther refinement of the design objectives and are numeri-
+cal values to which the expected performance of the trial
+designs can be compared. Performance criteria could
+include threshold values for temperatures of materials,
+gas temperatures, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels,
+smoke obscuration, and thermal exposure levels.
+(5) Step 5: Developing Design Scenarios.Once the performance
+criteria have been established, the engineer will develop
+and analyze design alternatives to meet performance cri-
+teria. The first part of this process is the identification of
+possible scenarios and design scenarios. Fire scenarios
+are descriptions of possible fire events, and consist of fire
+characteristics, building characteristics (including facil-
+ity operations), and occupant characteristics. The fire
+scenarios identified will subsequently be filtered (i.e.,
+combined or eliminated) into a subset of design fire sce-
+narios against which trial designs will be evaluated. Haz-
+ardous materials scenarios can be treated similarly.
+(6) Step 6: Developing Trial Design(s). Once the project scope,
+performance criteria, and design scenarios are established,
+the engineer develops preliminary designs, referred to as
+trial designs, intended to meet the project requirements.
+The trial design(s) include proposed fire protection sys-
+tems, construction features, and operation that are pro-
+vided in order for a design to meet the performance crite-
+ria when evaluated using the design fire scenarios. The
+evaluation method should also be determined at this point.
+The evaluation methods used should be appropriate for
+the situation and agreeable to the stakeholders.
+(7) Step 7: Developing a Fire Protection Engineering Design Brief.
+At this point in the process a fire protection engineering
+design brief should be prepared and provided to all
+stakeholders for their review and concurrence. This
+brief should document the project scope, goals, objec-
+tives, trial designs, performance criteria, design fire sce-
+narios, and analysis methods. Documenting and agree-
+ing upon these factors at this point in the design process
+will help avoid possible misunderstandings later.
+1–431ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(8) Step 8: Evaluating Trial Designs. Each trial design is then
+evaluated using each design scenario. The evaluation re-
+sults will indicate whether the trial design will meet the
+performance criteria. Only trial design(s) that meet the
+performance criteria can be considered as final design
+proposals. Yet, the performance criteria can be revised
+with the stakeholders’ approval. The criteria cannot be
+arbitrarily changed to ensure that a trial design meets a
+criterion, but can be changed based on additional analy-
+sis and the consideration of additional data.
+(9) Step 9: Modifying Designs or Objectives. If none of the trial
+designs evaluated comply with the previously agreed
+upon performance criteria, it could be necessary to ei-
+ther develop and evaluate new trial designs, or revisit the
+objectives and performance criteria previously agreed
+upon by the stakeholders to determine if stakeholder
+objectives and performance criteria should be modified.
+(10) Step 10: Selecting the Final Design.Once an acceptable trial
+design is identified using the evaluation, it can be con-
+sidered for the final project design. If multiple trial de-
+signs are evaluated, further analysis will be needed to
+select a final design. The selection of an acceptable trial
+design for the final design could be based on a variety of
+factors, such as financial considerations, timeliness of in-
+Defining Project Scope
+(Step 1)
+Identifying Goals
+(Step 2)
+Developing
+Performance Criteria
+(Step 4)
+Modifying 
+Designs or 
+Objectives
+(Step 9)
+No
+Ye s
+Defining Stakeholder
+and Design Objectives
+(Step 3)
+Developing
+Design Scenarios
+(Step 5)
+Selecting the Final Design
+(Step 10)
+Preparing
+Performance-Based 
+Design Report
+(Step 11)
+Preparing
+Specifications, Drawings, 
+and Operations and 
+Maintenance Manual 
+(Step 12)
+Developing Trial Design(s)
+(Step 6)
+Evaluating Trial Design(s)
+(Step 8)
+Selected
+Design Meets 
+Performance
+Criteria
+Developing a 
+Design Brief
+(Step 7)
+Prepare Design
+Documents
+FIGURE A.5.1.4 Steps in the Performance-Based Analysis and the Conceptual Design Proce-
+dure for Fire Protection Design.
+1–432 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+stallation, system and material availability, ease of instal-
+lation, maintenance and use, and other factors.
+(11) Step 11: Preparing Performance-Based Design Report.Once the
+final design is identified, design documents need to be pre-
+pared. Proper documentation will ensure that all stake-
+holders understand what is necessary for the design imple-
+mentation, maintenance, and continuity of the fire
+protection design. The documentation should include the
+fire protection engineering design brief, a performance
+design report, detailed specifications and drawings, and a
+facility operations and maintenance manual.
+(12) Step 12: Preparing Specifications, Drawings, and Operations
+and Maintenance Manual. The specifications and draw-
+ings portion of the performance-based design report
+convey to building and system designers and installing
+contractors how to implement the performance design.
+Specifications and drawings could include required
+sprinkler densities, hydraulic characteristics and spacing
+requirements, the fire detection and alarm system com-
+ponents and programming, special construction re-
+quirements including means of egress and location of
+fire-resistive walls, compartmentation, and the coordina-
+tion of interactive systems. The detailed specifications
+are the implementation document of the performance-
+based design report. The detailed drawings will graphi-
+cally represent the results of the performance design.
+The Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Manual
+clearly states the requirement of the facility operator to
+ensure that the components of the performance design
+are in place and operating properly. The O&M Manual
+describes the commissioning requirements and the in-
+teraction of the different systems’ interfaces. All sub-
+systems are identified, and inspection and testing re-
+gimes and schedules are created.
+The O&M Manual also gives instruction to the facility opera-
+tor on restrictions placed on facility operations. These limitations
+are based on the engineering assumptions made during the de-
+sign and analysis. These limiting factors could include critical fire
+load, sprinkler design requirements, building use and occu-
+pancy, and reliability and maintenance of systems. The O&M
+Manual can be used to communicate to tenants and occupants
+these limits and their responsibilities as a tenant. It could also be
+used as a guide for renovations and changes. It also can be used
+to document agreements between stakeholders.
+A.5.1.5 A third-party reviewer is a person or group of persons
+chosen by the AHJ to review proposed performance-based de-
+signs. Qualifications of the third-party reviewer should include
+experience, education, and credentials that demonstrate knowl-
+edgeable and responsible use of applicable models and methods.
+A.5.1.8 See Step 12 of A.5.1.4 for a description of these docu-
+ments.
+A.5.1.9 Information that could be needed by the fire service
+arriving at the scene of a fire in a performance-based designed
+facility includes, but is not limited to, the following:
+(1) Safe shutdown procedures of equipment and processes
+(2) Facility personnel responsible for assisting the fire service
+(3) Operating procedures required to maintain the effective-
+ness of the performance-based designed fire protection sys-
+tem: when it is and is not appropriate to alter, shut down, or
+turn off a design feature; assumptions that have to be main-
+tained if a fire occurs; suggested fire-fighting tactics that re-
+late to the specific nature of the performance-based design.
+The design specifications and O&M Manual documenta-
+tion described in 5.1.8 should provide a guide for the facility
+owner and tenants to follow in order to maintain the required
+level of safety anticipated by the original design. It should also
+provide a guide for the AHJ to use in conducting ongoing
+inspections of the facility.
+A.5.1.10 Continued compliance with the goals and objectives
+of the Code involves many factors. The building construction,
+including openings, interior finish, and fire- and smoke-
+resistive construction, and the building and fire protection
+systems need to retain at least the same level of performance
+as is provided for by the original design parameters. The use
+and occupancy should not change to the degree that assump-
+tions made about the occupant characteristics, combustibility
+of furnishings, and existence of trained personnel are no
+longer valid. In addition, actions provided by other personnel,
+such as emergency responders, should not be diminished be-
+low the documented assumed levels. Also, actions needed to
+maintain reliability of systems at the anticipated level need to
+meet the initial design criteria.
+Subsection 5.1.10 deals with issues that arise after the facil-
+ity has been constructed and a certificate of occupancy has
+been issued. Therefore, any changes to the facility or the op-
+erations conducted therein, up to and including the demoli-
+tion of the facility that affect the assumptions of the original
+design are considered as part of the management of change.
+The following is a process for evaluating performance-
+based facilities:
+(1) Review of original design analysis and documentation as
+follows:
+(a) Assumptions
+(b) Input parameter values
+(c) Predictions and/or results of other calculations
+(2) Review of design analysis and documentation for any sub-
+sequent renovations, additions, modifications, and so
+forth, as in Step 1 of A.5.1.4
+(3) Review of the facility’s operations and maintenance
+manual, including any and all revisions to it
+(4) On-site inspection, involving the following:
+(a) Consideration of “prescriptive” issues (e.g., blocked
+egress paths, poor maintenance of systems)
+(b) Comparison of assumptions to specific, pertinent on-
+site conditions
+(c) Comparison of input parameter values to pertinent
+on-site conditions
+(d) Review of maintenance and testing documentation to
+ensure adherence to the schedules detailed in the fa-
+cility’s O&M Manual
+(5) Reconciliation of discrepancies as follows:
+(a) Develop a list of discrepancies
+(b) Consultation with the facility owner and/or their rep-
+resentative
+(c) Preparation of a schedule that reconciles the
+discrepancies
+A.5.1.11 Private fire inspection services can be used to meet this
+provision provided that they are qualified to assess the impact of
+changes on the performance-based design and assumptions.
+A.5.2.2 The performance criteria in 5.2.2 define an acceptable
+level of performance that should be agreed upon by the stake-
+holders, including the owner and the AHJ. The acceptable level
+of performance can vary widely between different facilities based
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+on a number of factors, including the existence of potential igni-
+tion sources, potential fuel loads present, reactivity and quantity
+of hazardous materials present, the nature of the operations con-
+ducted at the facility, and the characteristics and number of per-
+sonnel likely to be present at the facility.
+A.5.2.2.1 Many of the performance criteria related to safety
+from fire can also be found in the annex of NFPA 101, Life
+Safety Code.
+A.5.2.2.2 It is anticipated that the design provides protection
+for occupants who are not intimate with the initial uninten-
+tional detonation or deflagration of explosive materials, and
+individuals immediately adjacent to the property. It is recog-
+nized that employees should be trained and knowledgeable in
+the hazards of the materials present in the workplace. It is
+recognized that some of these individuals could experience
+psychological and physical injuries, such as hearing problems,
+on either a short- or long-term basis. However, the intent is
+that they do not experience thermal burns or loss of life or
+limb as a direct result of the explosion.
+It is not the intent of the Code to provide protection against
+explosions caused by acts of terrorism. This would involve the
+introduction of an unknown quantity of explosives in an un-
+known location within or adjacent to a building. Where protec-
+tion is needed against such acts of terrorism, the appropriate
+military and law enforcement agencies should be consulted.
+A.5.2.2.3 Given the nature and variety of hazardous materi-
+als, more than one performance criterion for a specific facility
+could need to be developed. Criteria have to be developed for
+each hazardous material and possibly for different personnel;
+for example, higher levels of exposure can be tolerated by
+personnel that are in some way protected than those person-
+nel having no protection. Development of performance crite-
+ria for hazardous materials should be developed by the facility
+owner and the facility’s safety personnel in conjunction with
+the AHJ and the emergency response personnel expected to
+respond to an incident.
+It is anticipated that the design provides protection for oc-
+cupants inside or immediately adjacent to the facility who are
+not intimate with the initial unauthorized release of hazard-
+ous materials, or the initial unintentional reaction of hazard-
+ous materials. However, it is assumed that these individuals
+depart from the area of the incident in a time frame reason-
+able for their circumstances, based on their observation of the
+event, or some other form of notification.
+It is also anticipated that employees and emergency re-
+sponse personnel are trained and aware of the hazardous ma-
+terials present in the facility, and the potential consequences
+of their involvement in the incident, and take appropriate
+measures to ensure their own safety during search and rescue
+operations.
+It is not the intent of theCode to provide protection against
+acts of terrorism involving the introduction of hazardous ma-
+terials into a facility. This involves the introduction of an un-
+known quantity of materials in an unknown location within or
+adjacent to a building. Where protection is needed against
+such acts of terrorism, the appropriate military and law en-
+forcement agencies should be consulted.
+A.5.2.2.4 Each facility designed using a performance-based ap-
+proach most likely has different levels of acceptable and unac-
+ceptable property damage. This reflects the unique aspects of the
+performance-based designed facility and the reasons for pursu-
+ing a performance-based design. Therefore, the definition of an
+acceptable and an unacceptable level of property damage results
+from discussions between the facility’s owner, manager and engi-
+neer, the designer, (possibly) the insurance underwriter and
+field engineer, and the AHJ. There could be cases where a prop-
+erty damage criterion is not needed.
+Note that the structural integrity performance criteria for
+property damage most likely differs from the structural integ-
+rity performance criteria for life safety. This reflects the differ-
+ence in the associated objectives: a life safety criterion prob-
+ably is more restrictive than one for property damage.
+A.5.2.2.5 Each facility designed using a performance-based
+approach most likely has a different level of acceptable and
+unacceptable interruption of the facility’s mission. This re-
+flects the unique aspects of the performance-based designed
+facility and the reasons for pursuing a performance-based de-
+sign. Therefore, the definition of an acceptable and an unac-
+ceptable interruption of the facility’s mission results from dis-
+cussions between the facility’s owner, manager and engineer,
+the designer, (possibly) the insurance underwriter and field
+engineer, and the AHJ. There could be cases where a mission
+continuity criterion is not needed.
+A.5.4 Many events can occur during the life of a facility; some
+have a higher probability of occurrence than others. Some
+events, though not typical, could have a devastating effect on
+the facility. A reasonable design should be able to achieve the
+goals, objectives, and performance criteria of this Code for any
+typical or common design scenario and for some of the non-
+typical, potentially devastating scenarios, up to some level
+commensurate with society’s expectations as reflected in this
+Code.
+The challenge in selecting design scenarios is finding a
+manageable number that are sufficiently diverse and repre-
+sentative so that, if the design is reasonably safe for those sce-
+narios, it should then be reasonably safe for all scenarios, ex-
+cept for those specifically excluded as being unrealistically
+severe or sufficiently infrequent to be fair tests of the design.
+A.5.4.1.2 The SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire
+Protection Analysis and Design of Buildingsidentifies methods for
+evaluating fire scenarios.
+A.5.4.1.3 It is desirable to consider a wide variety of different
+design scenarios to evaluate the complete capabilities of the
+building or structure. Design scenarios should not be limited
+to a single or a couple of worst-case events.
+A.5.4.2.1 An example of such a scenario for a health care
+occupancy involves a patient room with two occupied beds
+with a fire initially involving one bed and the room door open.
+This is a cursory example in that much of the explicitly re-
+quired information indicated in 5.4.2.1 can be determined
+from the information provided in the example. Note that it is
+usually necessary to consider more than one scenario to cap-
+ture the features and conditions typical of an occupancy.
+A.5.4.2.2 Examples of such scenarios are a fire involving igni-
+tion of gasoline as an accelerant in a means of egress, clothing
+racks in corridors, renovation materials, or other fuel configu-
+rations that can cause an ultrafast fire. The means of egress
+chosen is the doorway with the largest egress capacity among
+doorways normally used in the ordinary operation of the
+building. The baseline occupant characteristics for the prop-
+erty are assumed. At ignition, doors are assumed to be open
+throughout the building.
+A.5.4.2.3 An example of such a scenario is a fire in a storage
+room adjacent to the largest occupiable room in the building.
+1–434 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+The contents of the room of fire origin are specified to pro-
+vide the largest fuel load and the most rapid growth in fire
+severity consistent with the normal use of the room. The adja-
+cent occupiable room is assumed to be filled to capacity with
+occupants. Occupants are assumed to be somewhat impaired
+in whatever form is most consistent with the intended use of
+the building. At ignition, doors from both rooms are assumed
+to be open. Depending on the design, doorways connect the
+two rooms or they connect via a common hallway or corridor.
+For purposes of this scenario, an occupiable room is a
+room that could contain people (i.e., a location within a build-
+ing where people are typically found).
+A.5.4.2.4 An example of such a scenario is a fire originating in a
+concealed wall- or ceiling-space adjacent to a large, occupied
+function room. Ignition involves concealed combustibles, includ-
+ing wire or cable insulation and thermal or acoustical insulation.
+The adjacent function room is assumed to be occupied to capac-
+ity. The baseline occupant characteristics for the property are
+assumed. At ignition, doors are assumed to be open throughout
+the building.
+A.5.4.2.5 An example of such a scenario is a cigarette fire in a
+trash can. The trash can is close enough to room contents to
+ignite more substantial fuel sources but is not close enough to
+any occupant to create an intimate-with-ignition situation. If
+the intended use of the property involves the potential for
+some occupants to be incapable of movement at any time,
+then the room of origin is chosen as the type of room likely to
+have such occupants, filled to capacity with occupants in that
+condition. If the intended use of the property does not involve
+the potential for some occupants to be incapable of move-
+ment, then the room of origin is chosen to be an assembly or
+function area characteristic of the use of the property, and the
+trash can is placed so that it is shielded by furniture from sup-
+pression systems. At ignition, doors are assumed to be open
+throughout the building.
+A.5.4.2.6 An example of such a scenario is a fire originating
+in the largest fuel load of combustibles possible in normal
+operation in a function or assembly room or in a process/
+manufacturing area, characteristic of the normal operation of
+the property. The configuration, type, and geometry of the
+combustibles are chosen so as to produce the most rapid and
+severe fire growth or smoke generation consistent with the
+normal operation of the property. The baseline occupant
+characteristics for the property are assumed. At ignition, doors
+are assumed to be closed throughout the building.
+This scenario includes everything from a big couch fire in a
+small dwelling to a rack storage fire in combustible liquids
+stock in a big box retail store.
+A.5.4.2.7 An example of such a scenario is an exposure fire.
+The initiating fire is the closest and most severe fire possible
+consistent with the placement and type of adjacent properties
+and the placement of plants and combustible adornments on
+the property. The baseline occupant characteristics of the
+property are assumed.
+This category includes wildland/urban interface fires and
+exterior wood shingle problems, where applicable.
+A.5.4.2.8 This scenario addresses a set of conditions with a
+typical fire originating in the building with any one passive or
+active fire protection system or feature being ineffective. Ex-
+amples include unprotected openings between floors or be-
+tween fire walls or fire barrier walls, rated fire doors that fail to
+close automatically or are blocked open, sprinkler system wa-
+ter supply that is shut off, fire alarm system that’s nonopera-
+tive, smoke management system that is not operational, or
+automatic smoke dampers that are blocked open. This sce-
+nario should represent a reasonable challenge to the other
+building features provided by the design and presumed to be
+available.
+The exemption from Fire Design Scenario 8 is applied to
+each active or passive fire protection system individually and
+requires two different types of information to be developed by
+analysis and approved by the AHJ. System reliability is to be
+analyzed and accepted. Design performance in the absence of
+the system is also to be analyzed and accepted, but acceptable
+performance does not require fully meeting the stated goals
+and objectives. It might not be possible to meet fully the goals
+and objectives if a key system is unavailable, and yet no system
+is totally reliable. The AHJ determines which level of perfor-
+mance, possibly short of the stated goals and objectives, is ac-
+ceptable, given the very low probability (that is, the system’s
+unreliability probability) that the system will not be available.
+A.5.4.3.1 This scenario is intended to address facilities where
+explosives, and products containing explosives, are manufac-
+tured, stored, sold, or handled. From an overall safety stand-
+point, the operations being performed at these facilities
+should include stringent safety procedures that significantly
+reduce the likelihood of an explosion from occurring. How-
+ever, if an explosion does occur, protection methods such as
+storage magazines, property set backs, deflagration, and ex-
+plosion venting and containment need to be in place, as ap-
+propriate, to minimize potential injury and loss of life and
+property.
+Where products containing explosives, such as pyrotechnic
+displays or fireworks, are stored, handled, or used in buildings,
+such as arenas, an explosion scenario should not result in signifi-
+cant injuries to occupants not intimate with the materials.
+A.5.4.4 Design hazardous materials scenarios should explic-
+itly account for the following:
+(1) Occupant activities, training, and knowledge
+(2) Number and location of occupants
+(3) Discharge location and surroundings
+(4) Hazardous materials’ properties
+(5) Ventilation, inerting, and dilution systems and conditions
+(6) Normal and emergency operating procedures
+(7) Safe shutdown and other hazard mitigating systems and
+procedures
+(8) Weather conditions affecting the hazard
+(9) Potential exposure to off-site personnel
+Design hazardous materials scenarios should be evaluated
+as many times as necessary by varying the factors previously
+indicated. Design hazardous materials scenarios could need to
+be established for each different type of hazardous material
+stored or used at the facility.
+A.5.4.4.4.2 This provision should be applied to each protec-
+tion system individually and requires two different types of
+information to be developed by analysis and approved by the
+AHJ. System reliability is to be analyzed and accepted. Design
+performance in the absence of the system is also to be ana-
+lyzed and accepted, but acceptable performance does not re-
+quire fully meeting the stated goals and objectives. It might
+not be possible to meet fully the goals and objectives if a key
+system is unavailable, and yet no system is totally reliable. The
+AHJ determines which level of performance, possibly short of
+stated goals and objectives, is acceptable, given the very low
+1–435ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+probability (that is, the systems’ unreliability probability) that
+the system will be unavailable.
+A.5.4.5.1 An example of such a scenario would involve a fire or
+earthquake effectively blocking the principal entrance/exit but
+not immediately endangering the occupants. The full occupant
+load of the assembly space has to exit using secondary means.
+A.5.6 The assessment of precision required in 5.7.2 requires
+a sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, which can be translated
+into safety factors.
+Sensitivity Analysis.The first run a model user makes should
+be labeled as the base case, using the nominal values of the
+various input parameters. However, the model user should
+not rely on a single run as the basis for any performance-based
+fire safety system design. Ideally, each variable or parameter
+that the model user made to develop the nominal input data
+should have multiple runs associated with it, as should combi-
+nations of key variables and parameters. Thus, a sensitivity
+analysis should be conducted that provides the model user
+with data that indicates how the effects of a real fire could vary
+and how the response of the proposed fire safety design could
+also vary.
+The interpretation of a model’s predictions can be a diffi-
+cult exercise if the model user does not have knowledge of fire
+dynamics or human behavior.
+Reasonableness Check. The model user should first try to de-
+termine whether the predictions actually make sense, that is,
+they don’t upset intuition or preconceived expectations. Most
+likely, if the results don’t pass this test, an input error has been
+committed.
+Sometimes the predictions appear to be reasonable but
+are, in fact, incorrect. For example, a model can predict
+higher temperatures farther from the fire than close to it. The
+values themselves could be reasonable, for example, they are
+not hotter than the fire, but they don’t “flow” down the energy
+as expected.
+A margin of safety can be developed using the results of the
+sensitivity analysis in conjunction with the performance crite-
+ria to provide the possible range of time during which a con-
+dition is estimated to occur.
+Safety factors and margin of safety are two concepts used to
+quantify the amount of uncertainty in engineering analyses.
+Safety factors are used to provide a margin of safety and repre-
+sent, or address, the gap in knowledge between the theoreti-
+cally perfect model, that is, reality and the engineering models
+that can only partially represent reality.
+Safety factors can be applied to either the predicted level of
+a physical condition or to the time at which the condition is
+predicted to occur. Thus, a physical or a temporal safety factor,
+or both, can be applied to any predicted condition. A pre-
+dicted condition (that is, a parameter’s value) and the time at
+which it occurs are best represented as distributions. Ideally, a
+computer fire model predicts the expected or nominal value
+of the distribution. Safety factors are intended to represent
+the spread of these distributions.
+Given the uncertainty associated with data acquisition and
+reduction, and the limitations of computer modeling, any
+condition predicted by a computer model can be thought of
+as an expected or nominal value within a broader range. For
+example, an upper layer temperature of 1110°F (600°C) is
+predicted at a given time. If the modeled scenario is then
+tested (that is, full-scale experiment based on the computer
+model’s input data), the actual temperature at that given time
+could be 1185°F or 1085°F (640°C or 585°C). Therefore, the
+temperature should be reported as 1110°F + 75°F, –25°F
+(600°C + 40°C, –15°C) or as a range of 1085°F to 1184°F
+(585°C to 640°C).
+Ideally, predictions are reported as a nominal value, a per-
+centage, or an absolute value. As an example, an upper layer
+temperature prediction could be reported as 1112°F (600°C),
+86°F (30°C) or 1112°F (600°C), 5 percent. In this case, the physi-
+cal safety factor is 0.05 (that is, the amount by which the nominal
+value should be degraded and enhanced). Given the state-of-the-
+art of computer fire modeling, this is a very low safety factor.
+Physical safety factors tend to be on the order of tens of percent.
+A safety factor of 50 percent is not unheard of.
+Part of the problem in establishing safety factors is that it is
+difficult to state the percentage or range that is appropriate.
+These values can be obtained when the computer model predic-
+tions are compared to test data. However, using computer fire
+models in a design mode does not facilitate this since (1) the
+room being analyzed has not been built yet and (2) test scenarios
+do not necessarily depict the intended design.
+A sensitivity analysis should be performed based on the as-
+sumptions that affect the condition of interest. A base case that
+uses all nominal values for input parameters should be devel-
+oped. The input parameters should be varied over reasonable
+ranges, and the variation in predicted output should be noted.
+This output variation can then become the basis for physical
+safety factors.
+The temporal safety factor addresses the issue of when a
+condition is predicted and is a function of the rate at which
+processes are expected to occur. If a condition is predicted to
+occur 2 minutes after the start of the fire, then this can be used
+as a nominal value. A process similar to that described for
+physical safety factors can also be employed to develop tempo-
+ral safety factors. In this case, however, the rates (for example,
+of heat release and toxic product generation) will be varied
+instead of absolute values (for example, material properties).
+The margin of safety can be thought of as a reflection of
+societal values and can be imposed by the AHJ for that pur-
+pose. Since the time for which a condition is predicted is most
+likely the focus of the AHJ (for example, the model predicts
+occupants have 5 minutes to safely evacuate), the margin of
+safety is characterized by temporal aspects and tacitly applied
+to the physical margin of safety.
+Escaping the harmful effects of fire (or mitigating them) is,
+effectively, a race against time. When assessing fire safety sys-
+tem designs based on computer model predictions, the choice
+of an acceptable time is important. When an AHJ is faced with
+the predicted time of untenability, a decision needs to be
+made regarding whether sufficient time is available to ensure
+the safety of facility occupants. The AHJ is assessing the margin
+of safety. Is there sufficient time to get everyone out safely? If
+the AHJ feels that the predicted egress time is too close to the
+time of untenability, then the AHJ can impose an additional
+time that the designer has to incorporate into the system de-
+sign. In other words, the AHJ can impose a greater margin of
+safety than that originally proposed by the designer.
+A.5.7.1 The SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire
+Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings describes the docu-
+mentation that should be provided for a performance-based
+design.
+Proper documentation of a performance design is critical
+to the design acceptance and construction. Proper documen-
+tation also ensures that all parties involved understand what is
+necessary for the design implementation, maintenance, and
+1–436 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+continuity of the fire protection design. If attention to details
+is maintained in the documentation, then there should be
+little dispute during approval, construction, start-up, and use.
+Poor documentation could result in rejection of an otherwise
+good design, poor implementation of the design, inadequate sys-
+tem maintenance and reliability, and an incomplete record for
+future changes or for testing the design forensically.
+A.5.7.2 The sources, methodologies, and data used in
+performance-based designs should be based on technical ref-
+erences that are widely accepted and used by the appropriate
+professions and professional groups. This acceptance is often
+based on documents that are developed, reviewed, and vali-
+dated under one of the following processes:
+(1) Standards developed under an open consensus process
+conducted by recognized professional societies, codes or
+standards organizations, or governmental bodies
+(2) Technical references that are subject to a peer review pro-
+cess and published in widely recognized peer-reviewed
+journals, conference reports, or other publications
+(3) Resource publications such as the SFPE Handbook of Fire
+Protection Engineering, which are widely recognized techni-
+cal sources of information
+The following factors are helpful in determining the ac-
+ceptability of the individual method or source:
+(1) Extent of general acceptance in the relevant professional
+community. Indications of this acceptance include peer-
+reviewed publication, widespread citation in the technical
+literature, and adoption by or within a consensus document.
+(2) Extent of documentation of the method, including the
+analytical method itself, assumptions, scope, limitations,
+data sources, and data reduction methods.
+(3) Extent of validation and analysis of uncertainties. This in-
+cludes comparison of the overall method with experimen-
+tal data to estimate error rates as well as analysis of the
+uncertainties of input data, uncertainties and limitations
+in the analytical method, and uncertainties in the associ-
+ated performance criteria.
+(4) Extent to which the method is based on sound scientific
+principles.
+(5) Extent to which the proposed application is within the
+stated scope and limitations of the supporting informa-
+tion, including the range of applicability for which there
+is documented validation. Factors such as spatial dimen-
+sions, occupant characteristics, and ambient conditions
+can limit valid applications.
+In many cases, a method is built from and includes numer-
+ous component analyses. These component analyses should
+be evaluated using the same factors that are applied to the
+overall method as outlined in items (1) through (5).
+A method to address a specific fire safety issue, within docu-
+mented limitations or validation regimes, might not exist. In
+such a case, sources and calculation methods can be used out-
+side of their limitations, provided that the design team recog-
+nizes the limitations and addresses the resulting implications.
+The technical references and methodologies to be used in
+a performance-based design should be closely evaluated by
+the design team and the AHJ, and possibly by a third-party
+reviewer. The strength of the technical justification should be
+judged using criteria in items (1) through (5). This justifica-
+tion can be strengthened by the presence of data obtained
+from fire testing.
+A.5.7.11 Documentation for modeling should conform to
+ASTM E 1472, Standard Guide for Documenting Computer Software
+for Fire Models, although most, if not all, models were originally
+developed before this standard was promulgated.
+A.6.1.2.1 Assembly Occupancy.Assembly occupancies might
+include the following:
+(1) Armories
+(2) Assembly halls
+(3) Auditoriums
+(4) Bowling lanes
+(5) Club rooms
+(6) College and university classrooms, 50 persons and over
+(7) Conference rooms
+(8) Courtrooms
+(9) Dance halls
+(10) Drinking establishments
+(11) Exhibition halls
+(12) Gymnasiums
+(13) Libraries
+(14) Mortuary chapels
+(15) Motion picture theaters
+(16) Museums
+(17) Passenger stations and terminals of air, surface, under-
+ground, and marine public transportation facilities
+(18) Places of religious worship
+(19) Pool rooms
+(20) Recreation piers
+(21) Restaurants
+(22) Skating rinks
+(23) Special amusement buildings, regardless of occupant load
+(24) Theaters
+Assembly occupancies are characterized by the presence or
+potential presence of crowds with attendant panic hazard in
+case of fire or other emergency. They are generally or occa-
+sionally open to the public, and the occupants, who are
+present voluntarily, are not ordinarily subject to discipline or
+control. Such buildings are ordinarily not used for sleeping
+purposes. Special conference rooms, snack areas, and other
+areas incidental to, and under the control of, the manage-
+ment of other occupancies, such as offices, fall under the 50-
+person limitation.
+Restaurants and drinking establishments with an occupant
+load of fewer than 50 persons should be classified as mercan-
+tile occupancies.
+Occupancy of any room or space for assembly purposes by
+fewer than 50 persons in another occupancy, and incidental to
+such other occupancy, should be classified as part of the other
+occupancy and should be subject to the provisions applicable
+thereto.
+For special amusement buildings, see 12.4.7 and 13.4.7 of
+NFPA101, Life Safety Code.[ 101: A.6.1.2.1]
+A.6.1.3.1 Educational Occupancy. Educational occupancies
+include the following:
+(1) Academies
+(2) Kindergartens
+(3) Schools
+An educational occupancy is distinguished from an assem-
+bly occupancy in that the same occupants are regularly
+present. [101: A.6.1.3.1]
+A.6.1.4.1 Day-Care Occupancy.Day-care occupancies include
+the following:
+(1) Adult day-care occupancies, except where part of a health
+care occupancy
+1–437ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Child day-care occupancies
+(3) Day-care homes
+(4) Kindergarten classes that are incidental to a child day-
+care occupancy
+(5) Nursery schools
+In areas where public schools offer only half-day kindergarten
+programs, many child day-care occupancies offer state-approved
+kindergarten classes for children who need full-day care. Because
+these classes are normally incidental to the day-care occupancy,
+the requirements of the day-care occupancy should be followed.
+[101: A.6.1.4.1]
+A.6.1.5.1 Health Care Occupancy. Health care occupancies
+include the following:
+(1) Hospitals
+(2) Limited care facilities
+(3) Nursing homes
+Occupants of health care occupancies typically have physi-
+cal or mental illness, disease, or infirmity. They also include
+infants, convalescents, or infirm aged persons. [101: A.6.1.5.1]
+A.6.1.6.1 Ambulatory Health Care Occupancy.It is not the
+intent that occupants be considered to be incapable of self-
+preservation just because they are in a wheelchair or use assis-
+tive walking devices, such as a cane, a walker, or crutches.
+Rather, it is the intent to address emergency care centers that
+receive patients who have been rendered incapable of self-
+preservation due to the emergency, such as being rendered
+unconscious as a result of an accident or being unable to move
+due to sudden illness. [101: A.6.1.6.1]
+A.6.1.7.1 Detention and Correctional Occupancy.Detention
+and correctional occupancies include the following:
+(1) Adult and juvenile substance abuse centers
+(2) Adult and juvenile work camps
+(3) Adult community residential centers
+(4) Adult correctional institutions
+(5) Adult local detention facilities
+(6) Juvenile community residential centers
+(7) Juvenile detention facilities
+(8) Juvenile training schools
+See A.22.1.1.1.4 and A.23.1.1.1.4 of NFPA101.[ 101: A.6.1.7.1]
+A.6.1.7.2 Chapters 22 and 23 of NFPA 101 address the resi-
+dential housing areas of the detention and correctional occu-
+pancy as defined in 3.3.178.5 of NFPA 101. Examples of uses,
+other than residential housing, include gymnasiums or indus-
+tries. [101: A.6.1.7.2]
+A.6.1.8.1.1 One- and Two-Family Dwelling Unit.The applica-
+tion statement of 24.1.1.1 of NFPA 101 limits each dwelling
+unit to being “occupied by members of a single family with not
+more than three outsiders.” This Code and NFPA 101 do not
+define the term family. The definition of family is subject to
+federal, state, and local regulations and might not be re-
+stricted to a person or a couple (two people) and their chil-
+dren. The following examples aid in differentiating between a
+single-family dwelling and a lodging or rooming house:
+(1) An individual or a couple (two people) who rent a house
+from a landlord and then sublease space for up to three
+individuals should be considered a family renting to a
+maximum of three outsiders, and the house should be
+regulated as a single-family dwelling in accordance with
+Chapter 24 of NFPA101.
+(2) A house rented from a landlord by an individual or a
+couple (two people) in which space is subleased to four or
+more individuals, but not more than 16, should be consid-
+ered and regulated as a lodging or rooming house in ac-
+cordance with Chapter 26 of NFPA101.
+(3) A residential building that is occupied by four or more indi-
+viduals, but not more than 16, each renting from a landlord,
+without separate cooking facilities, should be considered
+and regulated as a lodging or rooming house in accordance
+with Chapter 26 of NFPA101.[ 101: A.6.1.8.1.1]
+A.6.1.8.1.3 Hotel. So-called apartment hotels should be classi-
+fied as hotels, because they are potentially subject to the same
+transient occupancy as hotels. Transients are those who occupy
+accommodations for less than 30 days. [101: A.6.1.8.1.3]
+A.6.1.8.1.4 Dormitory. Rooms within dormitories intended
+for the use of individuals for combined living and sleeping
+purposes are guest rooms or guest suites. Examples of dormi-
+tories include college dormitories, fraternity and sorority
+houses, and military barracks. [101: A.6.1.8.1.4]
+A.6.1.9.1 Residential Board and Care Occupancy.The follow-
+ing are examples of facilities classified as residential board and
+care occupancies:
+(1) Group housing arrangement for physically or mentally
+handicapped persons who normally attend school in the
+community, attend worship in the community, or other-
+wise use community facilities
+(2) Group housing arrangement for physically or mentally
+handicapped persons who are undergoing training in
+preparation for independent living, for paid employ-
+ment, or for other normal community activities
+(3) Group housing arrangement for the elderly that provides
+personal care services but that does not provide nursing
+care
+(4) Facilities for social rehabilitation, alcoholism, drug abuse,
+or mental health problems that contain a group housing
+arrangement and that provide personal care services but
+do not provide acute care
+(5) Assisted living facilities
+(6) Other group housing arrangements that provide personal
+care services but not nursing care [101: A.6.1.9.1]
+A.6.1.10.1 Mercantile Occupancy.Mercantile occupancies in-
+clude the following:
+(1) Auction rooms
+(2) Department stores
+(3) Drugstores
+(4) Restaurants with fewer than 50 persons
+(5) Shopping centers
+(6) Supermarkets
+Office, storage, and service facilities incidental to the sale
+of merchandise and located in the same building should be
+considered part of the mercantile occupancy classification.
+[101: A.6.1.10.1]
+A.6.1.11.1 Business Occupancy. Business occupancies in-
+clude the following:
+(1) Air traffic control towers (ATCTs)
+(2) City halls
+(3) College and university instructional buildings, classrooms
+under 50 persons, and instructional laboratories
+(4) Courthouses
+(5) Dentists’ offices
+1–438 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(6) Doctors’ offices
+(7) General offices
+(8) Outpatient clinics (ambulatory)
+(9) Town halls
+Doctors’ and dentists’ offices are included, unless of such
+character as to be classified as ambulatory health care occu-
+pancies. (See 3.3.178.1 of NFPA 101.)
+Birth centers should be classified as business occupancies if
+they are occupied by fewer than four patients, not including
+infants, at any one time; do not provide sleeping facilities for
+four or more occupants; and do not provide treatment proce-
+dures that render four or more patients, not including infants,
+incapable of self-preservation at any one time. For birth cen-
+ters occupied by patients not meeting these parameters, see
+Chapter 18 or Chapter 19 of NFPA101, as appropriate.
+Service facilities common to city office buildings, such as
+newsstands, lunch counters serving fewer than 50 persons,
+barber shops, and beauty parlors are included in the business
+occupancy group.
+City halls, town halls, and courthouses are included in this
+occupancy group, insofar as their principal function is the
+transaction of public business and the keeping of books and
+records. Insofar as they are used for assembly purposes, they
+are classified as assembly occupancies. [101: A.6.1.11.1]
+A.6.1.12.1 Industrial Occupancy. Industrial occupancies in-
+clude the following:
+(1) Drycleaning plants
+(2) Factories of all kinds
+(3) Food processing plants
+(4) Gas plants
+(5) Hangars (for servicing/maintenance)
+(6) Laundries
+(7) Power plants
+(8) Pumping stations
+(9) Refineries
+(10) Sawmills
+(11) Telephone exchanges
+In evaluating the appropriate classification of laboratories,
+the AHJ should treat each case individually, based on the ex-
+tent and nature of the associated hazards. Some laboratories
+are classified as occupancies other than industrial; for ex-
+ample, a physical therapy laboratory or a computer laboratory.
+[101: A.6.1.12.1]
+A.6.1.13.1 Storage Occupancy. Storage occupancies include
+the following:
+(1) Barns
+(2) Bulk oil storage
+(3) Cold storage
+(4) Freight terminals
+(5) Grain elevators
+(6) Hangars (for storage only)
+(7) Parking structures
+(8) Truck and marine terminals
+(9) Warehouses
+Storage occupancies are characterized by the presence of
+relatively small numbers of persons in proportion to the area.
+[101: A.6.1.13.1]
+A.6.1.14.1.3 Examples of uses that might be incidental to an-
+other occupancy include the following:
+(1) Newsstand (mercantile) in an office building
+(2) Giftshop (mercantile) in a hotel
+(3) Small storage area (storage) in any occupancy
+(4) Minor office space (business) in any occupancy
+(5) Maintenance area (industrial) in any occupancy [ 101:
+A.6.1.14.1.3]
+A.6.1.14.1.3(2) Examples of uses that have occupant loads
+below the occupancy classification threshold levels include
+the following:
+(1) Assembly use with fewer than 50 persons within a business
+occupancy
+(2) Educational use with fewer than 6 persons within an
+apartment building. [101: A.6.1.14.1.3(2)]
+A.10.1.2 It is the intent of this Code that all existing buildings
+comply with the referenced edition of NFPA 101, Life Safety
+Code.
+A.10.3.3 The AHJ should take into account the maintenance
+of required means of egress and fire protection systems during
+the construction, repair, alteration, or addition to the build-
+ing. If necessary, alternative protection features can be re-
+quired to ensure that no imminent hazards exist as the result
+of modifications.
+A.10.4.3 Examples of such features include automatic
+sprinklers, fire alarm systems, standpipes, and portable fire
+extinguishers. The presence of a life safety feature, such as
+sprinklers or fire alarm devices, creates a reasonable expec-
+tation by the public that these safety features are functional.
+When systems are inoperable or taken out of service but the
+devices remain, they present a false sense of safety. Also,
+before taking any life safety features out of service, extreme
+care needs to be exercised to ensure that the feature is not
+required, was not originally provided as an alternative or
+equivalency, or is no longer required due to other new re-
+quirements in the current Code. It is not intended that the
+entire system or protection feature be removed. Instead,
+components such as sprinklers, initiating devices, notifica-
+tion appliances, standpipe hose, and exit systems should be
+removed to reduce the likelihood of relying on inoperable
+systems or features. [ 101: A.4.6.13.3]
+A.10.5.2 Premises are deemed to be overcrowded when the
+occupant load exceeds the exit capacity or the posted occu-
+pant load.
+A.10.5.3 This requirement is not necessarily intended to apply
+to facilities utilizing a “defend in place” strategy or other occu-
+pancies where total evacuation is not intended or desired (deten-
+tion, health care, high rise). A written emergency response plan
+can clarify how a facility can conform to this requirement.
+A.10.6 The purpose of emergency egress and relocation
+drills is to educate the participants in the fire safety features of
+the building, the egress facilities available, and the procedures
+to be followed. Speed in emptying buildings or relocating oc-
+cupants, while desirable, is not the only objective. Prior to an
+evaluation of the performance of an emergency egress and
+relocation drill, an opportunity for instruction and practice
+should be provided. This educational opportunity should be
+presented in a nonthreatening manner, with consideration
+given to the prior knowledge, age, and ability of audience.
+The usefulness of an emergency egress and relocation drill,
+and the extent to which it can be performed, depends on the
+character of the occupancy.
+In buildings where the occupant load is of a changing
+character, such as hotels or department stores, no regularly
+1–439ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+organized emergency egress and relocation drill is possible.
+In such cases, the emergency egress and relocation drills
+are to be limited to the regular employees, who can be thor-
+oughly schooled in the proper procedure and can be
+trained to properly direct other occupants of the building
+in case of emergency evacuation or relocation. In occupan-
+cies such as hospitals, regular employees can be rehearsed
+in the proper procedure in case of fire; such training is
+always advisable in all occupancies, regardless of whether
+regular emergency egress and relocation drills can be held.
+[101: A.4.7]
+A.10.6.2 If an emergency egress and relocation drill is consid-
+ered merely as a routine exercise from which some persons
+are allowed to be excused, there is a grave danger that, in an
+actual emergency, the evacuation and relocation will not be
+successful. However, there might be circumstances under
+which all occupants do not participate in an emergency egress
+and relocation drill, for example, infirm or bedridden pa-
+tients in a health care occupancy. [101: A.4.7.2]
+A.10.6.5 Fire is always unexpected. If the drill is always held
+in the same way at the same time, it loses much of its value.
+When, for some reason during an actual fire, it is not possible
+to follow the usual routine of the emergency egress and relo-
+cation drill to which occupants have become accustomed, con-
+fusion and panic might ensue. Drills should be carefully
+planned to simulate actual fire conditions. Not only should
+drills be held at varying times, but different means of exit or
+relocation areas should be used, based on an assumption that
+fire or smoke might prevent the use of normal egress and
+relocation avenues. [101: A.4.7.4]
+A.10.6.7 The written record required by this paragraph
+should include such details as the date, time, participants, lo-
+cation, and results of that drill. [101: A.4.7.6]
+A.10.7.1.3 This requirement should not be construed to for-
+bid the owner, manager, or other person in control of the
+aforementioned building or premises from using all diligence
+necessary to extinguish such fire prior to the arrival of the fire
+department.
+A.10.9.2 For additional guidance on developing emergency
+plans, see NFPA 1600, Standard on Disaster/Emergency Manage-
+ment and Business Continuity Programs. Emergency plans should
+include any of the following items based on the type of occu-
+pancy and hazards involved:
+(1) Procedures for reporting of emergencies relocating or
+evacuating occupants
+(2) Occupants or staff member duties during emergencies
+(3) Floor plans identifying the locations of portable fire ex-
+tinguishers, other manual fire-extinguishing equipment,
+other automatic or manual fire suppression systems, first
+aid equipment, and hazardous material spill equipment
+(4) Manual fire alarm pull stations and fire alarm control
+panels
+(5) Floor plans identifying the primary and secondary routes
+of evacuation for each room or portion of the occupancy
+(6) Floor plans indicating the locations of interior areas of
+refuge
+(7) Site maps identifying the designated exterior assembly
+area for each evacuation route
+(8) Assessments of both building systems and management
+features
+(9) Use of alarms
+(10) Transmission of alarm to fire department
+(11) Response to alarms
+(12) Procedures for isolation or extinguishment of fire
+(13) Properties and location of hazardous storage or operations
+(14) Special procedures for staff members who perform or
+shut down critical plant operations
+(15) A system to account for occupants or staff members after
+evacuation
+(16) Designation of an emergency response coordinator and
+a back-up coordinator
+(17) An alternate means of communications other than the
+fire alarm
+(18) Emergency contact information
+A.10.11.3.1 Areas for such use can include inhabited pre-
+mises or designated campsites where such fires are built in a
+permanent barbecue, portable barbecue, outdoor fireplace,
+incinerator, or grill.
+A.10.11.6.1 It is not the intent of this paragraph to allow the
+permanent installation of portable equipment unless it is per-
+mitted by its listing.
+A.10.11.8.1 Areas for such use can include inhabited pre-
+mises or designated campsites that maintain a defensible
+space in accordance with NFPA 1144, Standard for Reducing
+Structure Ignition Hazards from Wildland Fire.
+A.10.12.1.1 Where a building is not routinely identified by a
+street address, other means of building identification such as
+building name or number should be permitted.
+A.10.12.3 Figure A.10.12.3 shows an example of a stairway
+marking sign. [101: A.7.2.2.5.4]
+A.10.12.3.1.11 It is not the intent to require a sign that reads
+ROOF ACCESS, as such message might be misinterpreted by
+building occupants as an alternative egress route. However, signs
+that read ROOF ACCESS are not prohibited, as many such signs
+have been installed in existing buildings so as to make a require-
+ment for removal impractical. Historically, the ROOF ACCESS
+sign has provided information for the fire department. Where
+there is no roof access, such information will be posted via a NO
+NORTH STAIR
+SUB-BASEMENT TO 24TH FLOOR
+NO ROOF ACCESS
+DOWN TO FIRST FLOOR
+FOR EXIT DISCHARGE
+FIGURE A.10.12.3 Example of a Stairway Marking Sign.
+[101:Figure A.7.2.2.5.4]
+1–440 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ROOF ACCESS sign. The absence of the NO ROOF ACCESS
+sign should be understood by the fire department to mean that
+roof access is possible. [101: A.7.2.2.5.4.1(K)]
+A.10.12.3.3 For stair nosing marking, surface-applied mate-
+rial, such as adhesive-backed tape and magnetic strips,
+should not be used, as it is not durable under the scuffing
+from users’ feet and, in coming loose, it creates a tripping
+hazard. While a carefully applied and consistently main-
+tained coating is acceptable, contrasting color or photolu-
+minescent material integral with the nosings is preferable
+because of its permanence. See also 7.1.6.4 and 7.2.2.3.6 of
+NFPA 101 for slip resistance uniformity requirements, as
+well as prohibition of projections on the treads.
+Guidance on the use of photoluminescent marking is pro-
+vided by ASTM E 2030,Guide for Recommended Uses of Photolumi-
+nescent (Phosphorescent) Safety Markings. Additional marking, for
+example, at the side boundaries of the stair, should be applied
+in accordance with the guidance provided therein.
+A.10.12.3.4 Coatings and other applied markings, if used,
+should be durable for the expected usage, especially at end
+terminations of the marking and at changes in stair direction
+where usage is more extensive and hand forces are larger.
+A.10.13.2.1 Issues to be considered by the AHJ should in-
+clude, but not be limited to, the availability of utilities to the
+building.
+A.10.14.3 One example of acceptable fire retardance is for the
+individual decorative vegetation item to exhibit a maximum heat
+release rate of 100 kilowatts (kW) when tested in accordance with
+UL 1975,Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for Decorative
+Purposes. Another example of acceptable fire retardance is for the
+individual artificial Christmas trees, when exposed to the flames
+from 1 lb of shredded newspaper distributed around the tree, to
+meet the following three criteria:
+(1) To have flames that do not extend more than 3 ft (0.9 m)
+above the tree
+(2) To have no significant lateral flame spread away from the
+area affected by the ignition source
+(3) To have no flaming droplets that continue flaming after
+reaching the floor
+UL Subject 411,Outline of Investigation for Artificial Christmas
+Trees, now withdrawn, used 1 lb of shredded newspaper to ex-
+pose Christmas trees and used the preceding pass/fail criteria.
+A.10.14.9.4 A method to check for dryness is to grasp a tree
+branch with a reasonably firm pressure and pull your hand to
+you, allowing the branch to slip through your grasp. If the
+needles fall off readily, the tree does not have adequate mois-
+ture content and should be removed.
+A.10.15.3.1 Life safety evaluations are examples of
+performance-based approaches to life safety. In this respect,
+significant guidance in the form and process of life safety
+evaluations is provided by Chapter 5 of NFPA 101, keeping in
+mind the fire safety emphasis in Chapter 5 of NFPA 101. Per-
+formance criteria, scenarios, evaluation, safety factors, docu-
+mentation, maintenance, and periodic assessment (including
+a warrant of fitness) all apply to the broader considerations in
+a life safety evaluation. A life safety evaluation deals not only
+with fire but also with storms, collapse, crowd behavior, and
+other related safety considerations for which a checklist is pro-
+vided in A.10.15.3.3. Chapter 5 of NFPA 101 provides guid-
+ance, based on fire safety requirements, for establishing a
+documented case showing that products of combustion in all
+conceivable fire scenarios will not significantly endanger occu-
+pants using means of egress in the facility (for example, due to
+fire detection, automatic suppression, smoke control, large-
+volume space, or management procedures). Moreover, means
+of egress facilities plus facility management capabilities should
+be adequate to cope with scenarios where certain egress
+routes are blocked for some reason.
+In addition to making realistic assumptions about the capa-
+bilities of persons in the facility (e.g., an assembled crowd in-
+cluding many disabled persons or persons unfamiliar with the
+facility), the life safety evaluation should include a factor of
+safety of not less than 2.0 in all calculations relating to hazard
+development time and required egress time (the combination
+of flow time and other time needed to detect and assess an
+emergency condition, initiate egress, and move along the
+egress routes). The factor of safety takes into account the pos-
+sibility that half of the egress routes might not be used (or be
+usable) in certain situations.
+Regarding crowd behavior, the potential hazards created by
+larger masses of people and greater crowd densities (which can
+be problematic during ingress, occupancy, and egress) demand
+that technology be used by designers, managers, and authorities
+responsible for buildings to compensate for the relaxed egress
+capacity provisions of Table 12.4.2.3 of NFPA101. In very large
+buildings for assembly use, the hazard of crowd crushes can ex-
+ceed that of fire or structural failure. Therefore, the building
+designers, managers, event planners, security personnel, police
+authorities, and fire authorities, as well as the building construc-
+tion authorities, should understand the potential problems and
+solutions, including coordination of their activities. For crowd
+behavior, this understanding includes factors of space, energy,
+time, and information, as well as specific crowd management
+techniques, such as metering. Published guidance on these fac-
+tors and techniques is found in theSFPE Handbook of Fire Protection
+Engineering, Section 3, Chapter 13, pp. 3-342–3-366 (Proulx, G.,
+“Movement of People”), and the publications referenced
+therein.
+Table 12.2.3.2 and Table 12.4.2.3 of NFPA101 are based on a
+linear relationship between number of seats and nominal flow
+time, with not less than 200 seconds (3.3 minutes) for 2000 seats
+plus 1 second for every additional 50 seats up to 25,000. Beyond
+25,000 total seats, the nominal flow time is limited to 660 seconds
+(11 minutes). Nominal flow time refers to the flow time for the
+most able group of patrons; some groups less familiar with the
+premises or less able groups might take longer to pass a point in
+the egress system. Although three or more digits are noted in the
+tables, the resulting calculations should be assumed to provide
+only two significant figures of precision. [101: A.12.4.1.1]
+A.10.15.3.3 Factors to be considered in a life safety evaluation
+include the following:
+(1) Nature of the events being accommodated, including the
+following:
+(a) Ingress, intra-event movement, and egress patterns
+(b) Ticketing and seating policies/practices
+(c) Event purpose (e.g., sports contest, religious meeting)
+(d) Emotional qualities (e.g., competitiveness) of event
+(e) Time of day when event is held
+(f) Time duration of single event
+(g) Time duration of attendees’ occupancy of the building
+(2) Occupant characteristics and behavior, including the fol-
+lowing:
+(a) Homogeneity
+(b) Cohesiveness
+1–441ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(c) Familiarity with building
+(d) Familiarity with similar events
+(e) Capability (as influenced by factors such as age, physi-
+cal abilities)
+(f) Socioeconomic factors
+(g) Small minority involved with recreational violence
+(h) Emotional involvement with the event and other oc-
+cupants
+(i) Use of alcohol or drugs
+(j) Food consumption
+(k) Washroom utilization
+(3) Management, including the following:
+(a) Clear, contractual arrangements for facility operation/
+use as follows:
+i. Between facility owner and operator
+ii. Between facility operator and event promoter
+iii. Between event promoter and performer
+iv. Between event promoter and attendee
+v. With police forces
+vi. With private security services
+vii. With ushering services
+(b) Experience with the building
+(c) Experience with similar events and attendees
+(d) Thorough, up-to-date operations manual
+(e) Training of personnel
+(f) Supervision of personnel
+(g) Communications systems and utilization
+(h) Ratios of management and other personnel to at-
+tendees
+(i) Location/distribution of personnel
+(j) Central command location
+(k) Rapport between personnel and attendees
+(l) Personnel support of attendee goals
+(m) Respect of attendees for personnel due to the following:
+i. Dress (uniform) standards
+ii. Age and perceived experience
+iii. Personnel behavior, including interaction
+iv. Distinction between crowd management and
+control
+v. Management concern for facility quality (e.g.,
+cleanliness)
+vi. Management concern for entire event experi-
+ence of attendees (i.e., not just during the occu-
+pancy of the building)
+(4) Emergency management preparedness, including the fol-
+lowing:
+(a) Complete range of emergencies addressed in opera-
+tions manual
+(b) Power loss
+(c) Fire
+(d) Severe weather
+(e) Earthquake
+(f) Crowd incident
+(g) Terrorism
+(h) Hazardous materials
+(i) Transportation accident (e.g., road, rail, air)
+(j) Communications systems available
+(k) Personnel and emergency forces ready to respond
+(l) Attendees clearly informed of situation and proper
+behavior
+(5) Building systems, including the following:
+(a) Structural soundness
+(b) Normal static loads
+(c) Abnormal static loads (e.g., crowds, precipitation)
+(d) Dynamic loads (e.g., crowd sway, impact, explosion,
+wind, earthquake)
+(e) Stability of nonstructural components (e.g., lighting)
+(f) Stability of movable (e.g., telescoping) structures
+(g) Fire protection
+(h) Fire prevention (e.g., maintenance, contents, house-
+keeping)
+(i) Compartmentation
+(j) Automatic detection and suppression of fire
+(k) Smoke control
+(l) Alarm and communications systems
+(m) Fire department access routes and response capability
+(n) Structural integrity
+(o) Weather protection
+(p) Wind
+(q) Precipitation (attendees rush for shelter or hold up
+egress of others)
+(r) Lightning protection
+(s) Circulation systems
+(t) Flowline or network analysis
+(u) Waywinding and orientation
+(v) Merging of paths (e.g., precedence behavior)
+(w) Decision/branching points
+(x) Route redundancies
+(y) Counterflow, crossflow, and queuing situations
+(z) Control possibilities, including metering
+(aa) Flow capacity adequacy
+(bb) System balance
+(cc) Movement time performance
+(dd) Flow times
+(ee) Travel times
+(ff) Queuing times
+(gg) Route quality
+(hh) Walking surfaces (e.g., traction, discontinuities)
+(ii) Appropriate widths and boundary conditions
+(jj) Handrails, guardrails, and other rails
+(kk) Ramp slopes
+(ll) Step geometries
+(mm) Perceptual aspects (e.g., orientation, signage, mark-
+ing, lighting, glare, distractions)
+(nn) Route choices, especially for vertical travel
+(oo) Resting/waiting areas
+(pp) Levels of service (overall crowd movement quality)
+(qq) Services
+(rr) Washroom provision and distribution
+(ss) Concessions
+(tt) First aid and EMS facilities
+(uu) General attendee services
+A scenario-based approach to performance-based fire safety is
+addressed in Chapter 5 of NFPA101. In addition to using such
+scenarios and, more generally, the attention to performance
+criteria, evaluation, safety factors, documentation, mainte-
+nance, and periodic assessment required when the Chapter 5
+of NFPA101 option is used, life safety evaluations should con-
+sider scenarios based on characteristics important in assembly
+occupancies. These characteristics include the following:
+(1) Whether there is a local or mass awareness of an incident,
+event, or condition that might provoke egress
+(2) Whether the incident, event, or condition stays localized
+or spreads
+(3) Whether or not egress is desired by facility occupants
+1–442 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(4) Whether there is a localized start to any egress or mass
+start to egress
+(5) Whether exits are available or not available
+Examples of scenarios and sets of characteristics that might
+occur in a facility follow.
+Scenario 1 . Characteristics: mass start, egress desired (by
+management and attendees), exits not available, local awareness.
+Normal egress at the end of an event occurs just as a severe
+weather condition induces evacuees at the exterior doors to
+retard or stop their egress. The backup that occurs in the
+egress system is not known to most evacuees, who continue to
+press forward, potentially resulting in a crowd crush.
+Scenario 2. Characteristics: mass start, egress not desired (by
+management), exits possibly not available, mass awareness.
+An earthquake occurs during an event. The attendees are
+relatively safe in the seating area. The means of egress outside
+the seating areas are relatively unsafe and vulnerable to after-
+shock damage. Facility management discourages mass egress
+until the means of egress can be checked and cleared for use.
+Scenario 3. Characteristics: local start, incident stays local,
+egress desired (by attendees and management), exits avail-
+able, mass awareness.
+A localized civil disturbance (e.g., firearms violence) pro-
+vokes localized egress, which is seen by attendees, generally,
+who then decide to leave also.
+Scenario 4. Characteristics: mass start, egress desired (by at-
+tendees), incident spreads, exits not available, mass awareness.
+In an open-air facility unprotected from wind, precipita-
+tion, and lightning, sudden severe weather prompts egress to
+shelter, but not from the facility. The means of egress congest
+and block quickly as people in front stop once they are under
+shelter while people behind them continue to press forward,
+potentially resulting in a crowd crush.
+These scenarios illustrate some of the broader factors to be
+taken into account when assessing the capability of both build-
+ing systems and management features on which reliance is
+placed in a range of situations, not just fire emergencies. Some
+scenarios also illustrate the conflicting motivations of manage-
+ment and attendees, based on differing perceptions of danger
+and differing knowledge of hazards, countermeasures, and ca-
+pabilities. Mass egress might not be the most appropriate life
+safety strategy in some scenarios, such as Scenario 2.
+Table A.10.15.3.3 summarizes the characteristics in the
+scenarios and provides a framework for developing other
+characteristics and scenarios that might be important for a
+particular facility, hazard, occupant type, event, or manage-
+ment. [ 101: A.12.4.1.3]
+A.10.15.11.3.1 Visitors to the crop maze should only use flash-
+lights, chemical lights, or similar devices to illuminate their
+travel through the maze. Candles, gas-fired lanterns, cigarette
+lighters, or similar open flame or flame-producing devices are
+prohibited for use inside a crop maze at all times.
+A.10.16 For additional guidance, see Chapter 34 for provi-
+sions for indoor and outdoor storage of material. Chapter 33
+contains provisions for outside storage of tires.
+A.10.19 See A.10.16.
+A.10.19.3.2 The 18 in. (457 mm) dimension is not intended
+to limit the height of shelving on a wall or shelving against a
+wall in accordance with 10.19.3.2. Where shelving is installed
+on a wall and is not directly below sprinklers, the shelves, in-
+cluding storage thereon, can extend above the level of a plane
+located 18 in. (457 mm) below ceiling sprinkler deflectors.
+Shelving, and any storage thereon, directly below the sprin-
+klers cannot extend above a plane located 18 in. (457 mm)
+below the ceiling sprinkler deflectors. [13: A.8.6.6]
+A.10.20.1.2 The flame-retardant requirements for light-
+transmitting plastics can also be found in Chapter 48 of
+NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety Code.
+A.11.1.7.2 See Table A.11.1.7.2.
+A.11.1.9.1 Section 230.70 of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code
+(NEC), includes requirements for the location and marking of
+service disconnect means. NFPA 70 applies to most public and
+private buildings, structures, yards, parking lots, and similar
+installations. It does not apply to certain electrical installations
+under the exclusive control of communications utilities or
+electric utilities, and other specific installations. (See NFPA 70,
+Section 90.2.) Multiple service disconnect means could be pro-
+vided as allowed by NFPA 70.
+A.11.3.3 Continued operation of solid-state elevator equipment
+is contingent on maintaining the ambient temperature in the
+range specified by the elevator manufacturer. If the machine
+room ventilation/air conditioning is connected to the general
+building system, and that system is shut down during a fire, the
+fire department might lose the use of elevators due to excessive
+heat in the elevator machine room. [101: A.9.4.5]
+A.11.5.1.5 Examples of portable devices not covered by
+NFPA 31 are blowtorches, melting pots, and weed burners.
+[31: A.1.1.5]
+A.11.5.1.10.3 Where heavy oils are used, provisions should be
+made to maintain the oil within the recommended tempera-
+ture range indicated in Table A.11.5.1.10.3 so that proper at-
+omization is maintained. [31: A.4.5.3]
+Table A.10.15.3.3 Life Safety Evaluation Scenario Characteristics Matrix
+Management Occupants
+Scenario
+Local
+Awareness
+Mass
+Awareness
+Incident
+Localized
+Incident
+Spreads
+Egress
+Desired
+Egress
+Not
+Desired
+Egress
+Desired
+Egress
+Not
+Desired
+Local
+Start
+Mass
+Start
+Exits
+Available
+Exits
+Not
+Available Other
+1X — —— X —X — — X — X —
+2—X—— — X — — — X — X —
+3—XX — X — X — X — X — —
+4—X— X — — X — — X — X —
+[101: Table A.12.4.1.3]
+1–443ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.11.5.1.10.3(4) UL 296A, Standard for Waste Oil-Burning Air
+Heating Appliances, specifies that a burner provided with pre-
+heating means for the fuel oil may be provided with an oil
+temperature interlock device to prevent delivery of the fuel oil
+to the firing portion of the burner until the fuel oil has
+reached a predetermined minimum temperature. On a
+burner that is not equipped with oil-preheating equipment,
+an oil temperature interlock device should not be provided on
+the burner and should be bypassed during any firing tests of
+the burner. [31: A.4.5.3(4)]
+A.11.7.2.1 It is not the intent of this section to prohibit the
+installation or use of portable generators within outside struc-
+tures such as lean-tos or sheds intended solely to provide
+weather protection for the generator.
+A.11.8 NFPA 92A, Standard for Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing
+Barriers and Pressure Differences , provides guidance in imple-
+menting systems using pressure differentials to accomplish
+one or more of the following:
+(1) Maintain a tenable environment in the means of egress
+during the time required for evacuation
+(2) Control and reduce the migration of smoke from the fire
+area
+(3) Provide conditions outside the fire zone that assist emer-
+gency response personnel to conduct search and rescue
+operations and to locate and control the fire
+(4) Contribute to the protection of life and reduction of
+property loss
+A.12.2 Table A.12.2 provides a cross reference from the NFPA
+construction types to the model building codes.
+A.12.2.1 Building construction types are defined in
+NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction . The fol-
+lowing material is extracted verbatim from NFPA 220 and is
+included here as a convenience for users of this Code. Any
+requests for Formal Interpretations (FIs) or Tentative Interim
+Amendments (TIAs) on the following material should be di-
+rected to the Technical Committee on Building Construction.
+See Table A.12.2.1 for fire resistance ratings for each building
+construction type.
+Type I and Type II Construction. Type I (442 or 332) and
+Type II (222, 111, or 000) construction shall be those types in
+Table A.11.1.7.2 Recommended Extension Cord Sizes for Portable Electric Tools
+Nameplate Ampere Rating
+0–2.0 2.1–3.4 3.5–5.0 5.1–7.0 7.1–12.0 12.1–16.0
+Extension
+Cord Length
+(ft) 115 V 230 V 115 V 230 V 115 V 230 V 115 V 230 V 115 V 230 V 115 V 230 V
+25 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 16 18 14 16
+50 18 18 18 18 18 18 16 18 14 16 12 14
+75 18 18 18 18 16 18 14 16 12 14 10 12
+100 18 18 16 18 14 16 12 14 10 12 8 10
+200 16 18 14 16 12 14 10 12 8 10 6 8
+300 14 16 12 14 10 14 8 12 6 10 4 6
+400 12 16 10 14 8 12 6 10 4 8 4 6
+500 12 14 10 12 8 12 6 10 4 6 2 4
+6 0 0 1 0 1 4 81 2 6 1 048262 4
+8 0 0 1 0 1 2 81 0 6 846241 2
+1000 8 12 6 10 4 826140 2
+Notes:
+(1) Size is based on current equivalent to 150 percent of full load of tool and a loss in voltage of not over 5 volts.
+(2) If voltage is already low at the source (outlet), voltage should be increased to standard, or a larger cord
+than listed should be used to minimize the total voltage drop.
+[70: Table B.20.5]
+Table A.11.5.1.10.3 Recommended Temperature Range for
+Proper Atomization of Heavy Oils
+Fuel No.
+Viscosity in
+SSU at 100°F
+Low
+Temperature
+Limit (°F)
+High
+Temperature
+Limit (°F)
+44 5 3 5 * 50
+50 35 * 65
+60 45 * 85
+75 62 105
+100 80 125
+5 150 100 145
+200 112 160
+300 130 180
+400 140 190
+500 150 200
+6 1,000 170 225
+2,000 190 245
+3,000 205 260
+4,000 212 270
+5,000 218 275
+10,000 240 290
+* At these temperatures, proper operation of the appliance might not
+be attained because of unsatisfactory atomization of the fuel. For this
+reason, the fuel oil should be kept at the high end of the recom-
+mended temperature range.
+[31: Table A.4.5.3]
+1–444 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+which the fire walls, structural elements, walls, arches, floors,
+and roofs are of approved noncombustible or limited-
+combustible materials. [220:4.3.1]
+Type III Construction.Type III (211 or 200) construction shall
+be that type in which exterior walls and structural members that
+are portions of exterior walls are of approved noncombustible or
+limited-combustible materials, and in which fire walls, interior
+structural elements, walls, arches, floors, and roofs, are entirely or
+partially of wood of smaller dimensions than required for Type IV
+construction or are of approved noncombustible, limited-
+combustible, or other approved combustible materials.
+[220:4.4.1]
+Type IV Construction. Type IV (2HH) construction shall be
+that type in which fire walls, exterior walls, and interior bear-
+ing walls and structural elements that are portions of such
+walls are of approved noncombustible or limited-combustible
+materials. Other interior structural elements, arches, floors,
+and roofs shall be of solid or laminated wood without con-
+cealed spaces and shall comply with the allowable dimensions
+of 4.5.5 of NFPA 220. [220:4.5.1]
+Type V (111 or 000) Construction. Type V (111 or 000) con-
+struction shall be that type in which structural elements, walls,
+arches, floors, and roofs are entirely or partially of wood or
+other approved material. [220:4.6]
+A.12.3.2 Fire-resistive construction also includes fire-resistive
+coatings and sprayed fire-resistive materials, as well as mem-
+brane and through-penetration firestops and fire-resistive
+joint systems. It is important to conduct periodic inspections
+of fire-resistive construction, especially these elements and
+components that are directly visible or readily accessible for
+inspection.
+Inspections of sprayed fire-resistive materials and coatings
+are especially important since they can be subject to delamina-
+tion, removal, physical abuse, deterioration, and degradation
+over time. Periodic inspections should be able to identify ap-
+parent deficiencies, especially where they crumble or fall off
+when touched. When such conditions are identified, they
+should be further inspected or tested by qualified third parties
+to verify their integrity and effectiveness. Where they are
+found to be deficient, appropriate corrective action should be
+taken to restore them to their original condition.
+A.12.4.1 See Annex K of NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and
+Other Opening Protectives , for general information about fire
+doors. [80: A.1.1]
+A.12.4.2 No fire test standard requirement currently exists to
+which fabric fire safety curtain assemblies can be tested. Only
+the curtain fabric is tested in accordance with NFPA 251,Stan-
+dard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Construction and
+Materials. The perimeter and internal framework and all sup-
+porting, guide, and operating components used in specific
+applications are not tested. Variations in size of proscenium
+openings and the amount of side and head clearances avail-
+able for individual stages dictate the number of variations in
+design of the assemblies. [80: A.1.1.1]
+A.12.4.3 For requirements on their installation, see NFPA 82,
+Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems
+and Equipment , and NFPA 232, Standard for the Protection of
+Records.[ 80: A.1.1.2]
+A.12.4.4 For requirements on the installation of hoistway
+doors for elevators and dumbwaiters, see the applicable sec-
+tions of ASME A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators ,o r
+CSA B44, Safety Code for Elevators.[ 80: A.1.1.3]
+A.12.4.5 The fire performance evaluation of these assemblies
+is tested in accordance with NFPA 251,Standard Methods of Tests
+of Fire Resistance of Building Construction and Materials, for hori-
+zontal access doors; NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of
+Door Assemblies, for fire doors and shutters; NFPA 257,Standard
+on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies , for fire win-
+dows and glass block; and NFPA 288, Standard Methods of Fire
+Tests of Floor Fire Door Assemblies Installed Horizontally in Fire
+Resistance–Rated Floor Systems, for doors in horizontal fire-rated
+assemblies. It is not the intent of this section to establish the
+degree of protection required or to constitute the approval of
+any product. These are determined by the AHJ. [80: A.1.1.4]
+A.12.4.6.6 Fire doors, shutters, and windows are of no value
+unless they are properly maintained and closed or are able to
+close at the time of fire. A periodic inspection and mainte-
+nance program should be implemented and should be the
+responsibility of the property management. [80: A.5.2]
+Table A.12.2 Cross Reference of Building Construction Types
+Code Source
+NFPA 220 I(443) I(332) II(222) II(111) II(000) III(211) III(200) IV(2HH) V(111) V(000)
+B/NBC 1A 1B 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 4 5A 5B
+IBC — IA IB IIA IIB IIIA IIIB IV VA VB
+SBC I II — IV 1 hr IV UNP V 1 hr V UNP III VI 1 hr VI UNP
+UBC — IF R I IF R I I1h r I IN I I I1h r I I IN I VH T V1h r VN
+B/NBC: BOCA/National Building Code.
+FR: Fire resistive.
+HT: Heavy timber.
+IBC: International Building Code.
+N: Nonrequirement.
+SBC: Standard Building Code.
+UBC: Uniform Building Code.
+UNP: Unprotected.
+1–445ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.12.4.6.6.1 Hinges, catches, closers, latches, and stay rollers
+are especially subject to wear. [80: A.5.2.1]
+A.12.4.6.19.5 Movable parts of the door assembly can include
+but are not limited to stay rollers, gears, and closing mecha-
+nisms. [80: A.5.2.14.5]
+A.12.5 The requirements pertaining to interior finish are in-
+tended to restrict the spread of fire over the continuous sur-
+face forming the interior portions of a building. [101: A.10.2]
+A.12.5.2 The presence of multiple paint layers has the potential
+for paint delamination and bubbling or blistering of paint. Test-
+ing (NFPA Fire Technology, August 1974, “Fire Tests of Building
+Interior Covering Systems,” David Waksman and John Ferguson,
+Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards)
+has shown that adding up to two layers of paint with a dry film
+thickness of about 0.007 in. (0.18 mm) will not change the fire
+properties of surface-covering systems. Testing has shown that
+the fire properties of the surface-covering systems are highly sub-
+strate dependent and that thin coatings generally take on the
+characteristics of the substrate. When exposed to fire, the delami-
+nation, bubbling, and blistering of paint can result in an acceler-
+ated rate of flame spread. [101: A.10.2.1]
+A.12.5.2.3 Such partitions are intended to include washroom
+water closet partitions. [101: A.10.2.1.3]
+A.12.5.3 Table A.12.5.3 provides a compilation of the interior
+finish requirements of the occupancy chapters (Chapters 12
+through 42 of NFPA101). [101: A.10.2.2]
+A.12.5.3.2 This paragraph recognizes that traditional finish
+floors and floor coverings, such as wood flooring and resilient
+floor coverings, have not proved to present an unusual hazard.
+[101: A.10.2.2.2]
+A.12.5.3.2(2) Compliance with 16 CFR 1630, Standard for the
+Surface Flammability of Carpets and Rugs (FFI-70), is considered
+equivalent to compliance with ASTM D 2859, Standard Test
+Method for Ignition Characteristics of Finished Textile Floor Covering
+Materials.[ 101: A.10.2.2.2(2)]
+A.12.5.4 See A.12.5.5.1. [101: A.10.2.3]
+Table A.12.2.1 Fire Resistance Ratings for Type I through Type V Construction (hr)
+Type I Type II Type III
+Type
+IV Type V
+442 332 222 111 000 211 200 2HH 111 000
+Exterior Bearing Wallsa
+Supporting more than one floor,
+columns, or other bearing walls
+4 321 0 b 2 2210 b
+Supporting one floor only 4 3 2 1 0 b 2 2210 b
+Supporting a roof only 4 3 1 1 0 b 2 2210 b
+Interior Bearing Walls
+Supporting more than one floor,
+columns, or other bearing walls
+43 2 101 0210
+Supporting one floor only 3 2 2 1 0 1 0110
+Supporting roofs only 3 2 1 1 0 1 0110
+Columns
+Supporting more than one floor,
+columns, or other bearing walls
+43 2 101 0 H 10
+Supporting one floor only 3 2 2 1 0 1 0 H 1 0
+Supporting roofs only 3 2 1 1 0 1 0 H 1 0
+Beams, Girders, Trusses, and Arches
+Supporting more than one floor,
+columns, or other bearing walls
+43 2 101 0 H 10
+Supporting one floor only 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 H 1 0
+Supporting roofs only 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 H 1 0
+Floor-Ceiling Assemblies 22 2 101 0 H 10
+Roof-Ceiling Assemblies 21 1⁄2 1 101 0 H 10
+Interior Nonbearing Walls 00 0 000 0000
+Exterior Nonbearing Wallsc 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b
+Note: H = heavy timber members (see text for requirements).
+aSee NFPA 5000, 7.3.2.1.
+bSee NFPA 5000, Section 7.3.
+cSee 4.3.2.12, 4.4.2.3, and 4.5.6.8 of NFPA 220.
+[220: Table 4.1.1]
+1–446 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table A.12.5.3 Interior Finish Classification Limitations
+Occupancy Exits Exit Access Corridors Other Spaces
+Assembly — New
+>300 occupant load A
+Io rI I
+Ao rB
+Io rI I
+Ao rB
+NA
+≤300 occupant load A
+Io rI I
+Ao rB
+Io rI I
+A, B, or C
+NA
+Assembly — Existing
+>300 occupant load A A or B A or B
+≤300 occupant load A A or B A, B, or C
+Educational — New A
+Io rI I
+Ao rB
+Io rI I
+A or B; C on low partitions*
+NA
+Educational — Existing A A or B A, B, or C
+Day-Care Centers — New A
+Io rI I
+A
+Io rI I
+Ao rB
+NA
+Day-Care Centers — Existing A or B A or B A or B
+Day-Care Homes — New A or B
+Io rI I
+A or B A, B, or C
+Day-Care Homes — Existing A or B A, B, or C A, B, or C
+Health Care — New A A A
+NA
+Io rI I
+B on lower portion
+of corridor wall*
+Io rI I
+B in small
+individual rooms*
+NA
+Health Care — Existing A or B A or B A or B
+Detention and Correctional — New
+(sprinklers mandatory)
+Ao rB
+Io rI I
+Ao rB
+Io rI I
+A, B, or C
+NA
+Detention and Correctional — Existing A or B
+Io rI I
+Ao rB
+Io rI I
+A, B, or C
+NA
+One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Lodging
+or Rooming Houses
+A, B, or C A, B, or C A, B, or C
+Hotels and Dormitories — New A
+Io rI I
+Ao rB
+Io rI I
+A, B, or C
+NA
+Hotels and Dormitories — Existing A or B
+I or II*
+Ao rB
+Io rI I *
+A, B, or C
+NA
+Apartment Buildings — New A
+Io rI I
+Ao rB
+Io rI I
+A, B, or C
+NA
+Apartment Buildings — Existing A or B
+I or II*
+Ao rB
+Io rI I *
+A, B, or C
+NA
+Residential Board and Care — (See Chapters 32
+and 33 of NFPA 101.)
+Mercantile — New A or B
+Io rI I
+Ao rB Ao rB
+NA
+Mercantile — Existing
+Class A or Class B stores A or B A or B Ceilings — A or B; walls — A, B, or C
+Class C stores A, B, or C A, B, or C A, B, or C
+Business and Ambulatory
+Health Care — New
+Ao rB
+Io rI I
+A or B A, B, or C
+NA
+Business and Ambulatory
+Health Care — Existing
+A or B A or B A, B, or C
+Industrial A or B
+Io rI I
+A, B, or C
+Io rI I
+A, B, or C
+NA
+Storage A or B
+Io rI I
+A, B, or C A, B, or C
+NA
+Notes:
+(1) Class A interior wall and ceiling finish — flame spread 0–25, (new applications) smoke developed 0–450.
+(2) Class B interior wall and ceiling finish — flame spread 26–75, (new applications) smoke developed 0–450.
+(3) Class C interior wall and ceiling finish — flame spread 76–200, (new applications) smoke developed 0–450.
+(4) Class I interior floor finish — critical radiant flux, not less than 0.45 W/cm 2.
+(5) Class II interior floor finish — critical radiant flux, not more than 0.22 W/cm 2, but less than 0.45 W/cm2.
+(6) Automatic sprinklers — where a complete standard system of automatic sprinklers is installed, interior wall
+and ceiling finish with a flame spread rating not exceeding Class C is permitted to be used in any location where
+Class B is required and with a rating of Class B in any location where Class A is required; similarly, Class II interior
+floor finish is permitted to be used in any location where Class I is required, and no critical radiant flux rating is
+required where Class II is required. These provisions do not apply to new detention and correctional occupancies.
+(7) Exposed portions of structural members complying with the requirements for heavy timber construc-
+tion are permitted.
+*See corresponding chapters for details. [101: Table A.10.2.2]
+1–447ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.12.5.4.4 It has been shown that the method of mounting
+interior finish materials might affect actual performance.
+Where materials are tested in intimate contact with a substrate
+to determine a classification, such materials should be in-
+stalled in intimate contact with a similar substrate. Such details
+are especially important for “thermally thin” materials. For
+further information, see ASTM E 84, Standard Test Method for
+Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials.
+Some interior wall and ceiling finish materials, such as fabrics
+not applied to a solid backing, do not lend themselves to a test
+made in accordance with ASTM E 84. In such cases, the large-
+scale test outlined in NFPA 701,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for
+Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films, is permitted to be used.
+Prior to 1978, the test report described by ASTM E 84 in-
+cluded an evaluation of the fuel contribution as well as the
+flame spread rating and the smoke development value. How-
+ever, it is now recognized that the measurement on which the
+fuel contribution is based does not provide a valid measure.
+Therefore, although the data are recorded during the test, the
+information is no longer normally reported. Classification of
+interior wall and ceiling finish thus relies only on flame spread
+index and smoke development value.
+The 450 smoke development value limit is based solely on
+obscuration. (See A.12.5.5.1.) [101: A.10.2.3.4]
+A.12.5.4.7 The methodology specified in NFPA 265,Standard
+Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of
+Textile Coverings on Full Height Panels and Walls, includes provisions
+for measuring smoke obscuration. Such measurement is consid-
+ered desirable, but the basis for specific recommended values is
+not currently available.(See A.12.5.5.1.)[101: A.10.2.3.7]
+A.12.5.5 Surface nonmetallic raceway products, as permitted
+by NFPA 70, National Electrical Code , are not interior finishes.
+[101: A.10.2.4]
+A.12.5.5.1 Previous editions of NFPA101 have regulated tex-
+tile materials on walls and ceilings using NFPA 255, Standard
+Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Mate-
+rials. Full-scale room/corner fire test research has shown that
+flame spread indices produced by NFPA 255 might not reliably
+predict all aspects of the fire behavior of textile wall and ceil-
+ing coverings.
+NFPA 265, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room
+Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Coverings on Full Height Panels
+and Walls, and NFPA 286,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evalu-
+ating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire
+Growth, both known as room-corner tests, were developed for
+assessing the fire and smoke obscuration performance of tex-
+tile wall coverings and interior wall and ceiling finish materi-
+als, respectively. As long as an interior wall or ceiling finish
+material is tested by NFPA 265 or NFPA 286, as appropriate,
+using a mounting system, substrate, and adhesive (if appropri-
+ate) that are representative of actual use, the room-corner test
+provides an adequate evaluation of a product’s flammability
+and smoke obscuration behavior. Manufacturers, installers,
+and specifiers should be encouraged to use NFPA 265 or
+NFPA 286, as appropriate — but not both — because each of
+these standard fire tests has the ability to characterize actual
+product behavior, as opposed to data generated by tests using
+NFPA 255, which only allows comparisons of one product’s
+performance with another. If a manufacturer or installer
+chooses to test a wall finish in accordance with NFPA 286, ad-
+ditional testing in accordance with NFPA 255 is not necessary.
+The test results from NFPA 255 are suitable for classifica-
+tion purposes but should not be used as input into fire models,
+because they are not generated in units suitable for engineer-
+ing calculations. Actual test results for heat, smoke, and com-
+bustion product release from NFPA 265, and from NFPA 286,
+are suitable for use as input into fire models for performance-
+based design. [101: A.10.2.4.1]
+A.12.5.5.2 Expanded vinyl wall covering consists of a woven
+textile backing, an expanded vinyl base coat layer, and a non-
+expanded vinyl skin coat. The expanded base coat layer is a
+homogeneous vinyl layer that contains a blowing agent. Dur-
+ing processing, the blowing agent decomposes, which causes
+this layer to expand by forming closed cells. The total thick-
+ness of the wall covering is approximately 0.055 in. to 0.070 in.
+(1.4 mm to 1.8 mm). [101: A.10.2.4.2]
+A.12.5.5.3.1 Both NFPA 286, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for
+Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire
+Growth, and ANSI/UL 1715,Standard for Fire Test of Interior Finish
+Material, contain smoke obscuration criteria. ANSI/UL 1040,
+Standard for Fire Test of Insulated Wall Construction, and FM 4880,
+Approval Standard for Class I Insulated Wall or Wall and Roof/Ceiling
+Panels; Plastic Interior Finish Materials; Plastic Exterior Building Pan-
+els; Wall/Ceiling Coating Systems; Interior or Exterior Finish Systems,d o
+not include smoke obscuration criteria. Smoke obscuration is an
+important component of the fire performance of cellular or
+foamed plastic materials.[101: A.10.2.4.3.1]
+A.12.5.5.4 Light-transmitting plastics are used for a variety of
+purposes, including light diffusers, exterior wall panels, sky-
+lights, canopies, glazing, and the like. Previous editions of
+NFPA 101 have not addressed the use of light-transmitting
+plastics. Light-transmitting plastics will not normally be used
+in applications representative of interior finishes. Accordingly,
+NFPA 255,Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteris-
+tics of Building Materials, can produce test results that might or
+might not apply.
+Light-transmitting plastics are regulated by model building
+codes such as NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety Code.
+Model building codes provide adequate regulation for most
+applications of light-transmitting plastics. Where an AHJ de-
+termines that a use is contemplated that differs from uses
+regulated by model building codes, light-transmitting plastics
+in such applications can be substantiated by fire tests that dem-
+onstrate the combustibility characteristics of the light-
+transmitting plastics for the use intended under actual fire
+conditions. [101: A.10.2.4.4]
+A.12.5.7 Fire-retardant coatings need to be applied to sur-
+faces properly prepared for the material, and application
+needs to be consistent with the product listing. Deterioration
+of coatings applied to interior finishes can occur due to re-
+peated cleaning of the surface or painting over applied coat-
+ings. [101: A.10.2.6]
+A.12.5.7.1 It is the intent of theCode to mandate interior wall
+and ceiling finish materials that obtain their fire performance
+and smoke developed characteristics in their original form.
+However, in renovations, particularly those involving historic
+buildings, and in changes of occupancy, the required fire per-
+formance or smoke developed characteristics of existing sur-
+faces of walls, partitions, columns, and ceilings might have to
+be secured by applying approved fire-retardant coatings to sur-
+faces having higher flame spread ratings than permitted. Such
+treatments should comply with the requirements of NFPA 703,
+Standard for Fire Retardant–Treated Wood and Fire-Retardant Coat-
+ings for Building Materials . When fire-retardant coatings are
+used, they need to be applied to surfaces properly prepared
+1–448 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+for the material, and application needs to be consistent with
+the product listing. Deterioration of coatings applied to inte-
+rior finishes can occur due to repeated cleaning of the surface
+or painting over applied coatings, but permanency must be
+assured in some appropriate fashion. Fire-retardant coatings
+must possess the desired degree of permanency and be main-
+tained so as to retain the effectiveness of the treatment under
+the service conditions encountered in actual use. [ 101:
+A.10.2.6.1]
+A.12.5.8.2 The fire performance of some floor finishes has
+been tested, and traditional finish floors and floor coverings,
+such as wood flooring and resilient floor coverings, have not
+proved to present an unusual hazard. [101: A.10.2.7.2]
+A.12.5.8.3 The flooring radiant panel provides a measure of
+a floor covering’s tendency to spread flames where located in a
+corridor and exposed to the flame and hot gases from a room
+fire. The flooring radiant panel test method is to be used as a
+basis for estimating the fire performance of a floor covering
+installed in the building corridor. Floor coverings in open
+building spaces and in rooms within buildings merit no fur-
+ther regulation, provided that it can be shown that the floor
+covering is at least as resistant to spread of flame as a material
+that meets the U.S. federal flammability standard 16 CFR
+1630, Standard for the Surface Flammability of Carpets and Rugs
+(FF 1-70). All carpeting sold in the U.S. since 1971 is required
+to meet this standard and, therefore, is not likely to become
+involved in a fire until a room reaches or approaches flash-
+over. Therefore, no further regulations are necessary for car-
+pet other than carpet in exitways and corridors.
+It has not been found necessary or practical to regulate
+interior floor finishes on the basis of smoke development.
+Full-scale fire tests and fire experience have shown floor
+coverings in open building spaces merit no regulation beyond
+the United States federally mandated DOC FF 1-70 “pill test.”
+This is because floor coverings meeting the FF 1-70 regulation
+will not spread flame significantly until a room fire approaches
+flashover. At flashover, the spread of flame across a floor cov-
+ering will have minimal impact on the already existing hazard.
+The minimum critical radiant flux of a floor covering that will
+pass the FF 1-70 regulation has been determined to be ap-
+proximately 0.04 W/cm2 (Tu, King-Mon and Davis, Sanford,
+“Flame Spread of Carpet Systems Involved in Room Fires,” see
+Annex B of NFPA101). The flooring radiant panel is only able
+to determine critical radiant flux values to 0.1 W/cm 2. This
+provision will prevent use of a noncomplying material, which
+might create a problem, especially when the Code is used out-
+side the U.S. where U.S. Federal regulation FF 1-70 is not man-
+dated. [101: A.10.2.7.3]
+A.12.6.2 Testing per NFPA 701,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for
+Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films, applies to textiles and films
+used in a hanging configuration. If the textiles are to be applied
+to surfaces of buildings or backing materials as interior finishes
+for use in buildings, they should be treated as interior wall and
+ceiling finishes in accordance with Section 10.2 of NFPA101, and
+they should then be tested for flame spread index and smoke
+developed index values in accordance with NFPA 255,Standard
+Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials,
+or for flame spread and flashover in accordance with NFPA 265,
+Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contri-
+bution of Textile Coverings on Full Height Panels and Walls. Films and
+other materials used as interior finish applied to surfaces of build-
+ings should be tested for flame spread index and smoke devel-
+oped index values in accordance with NFPA 255 or for heat and
+smoke release and flashover in accordance with NFPA 286,Stan-
+dard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceil-
+ing Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth.
+The test results from NFPA 701 are suitable for classifica-
+tion purposes but should not be used as input into fire models,
+because they are not generated in units suitable for engineer-
+ing calculations. [101: A.10.3.1]
+A.12.6.3.1 The Class I requirement associated with testing per
+NFPA 260, Standard Methods of Tests and Classification System for
+Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture,o r
+with ASTM E 1353,Standard Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resis-
+tance of Components of Upholstered Furniture, and the char length of
+not more than 1 1⁄2 in. (38 mm) required with testing per
+NFPA 261, Standard Method of Test for Determining Resistance of
+Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Material Assemblies to Ignition by Smol-
+dering Cigarettes, or with ASTM E 1352, Standard Test Method for
+Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Assem-
+blies, are indicators that the furniture item or mattress is resistant
+to a cigarette ignition. A fire that smolders for an excessive period
+of time without flaming can reduce the tenability within the
+room or area of fire origin without developing the temperatures
+necessary to operate automatic sprinklers.
+The test results from NFPA 260, or from ASTM E 1353, and
+from NFPA 261, or from ASTM E 1352, are suitable for classi-
+fication purposes but should not be used as input into fire
+models, because they are not generated in units suitable for
+engineering calculations. [101: A.10.3.2.1]
+A.12.6.3.2 The char length of not more than 2 in. (51 mm)
+required in 16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability of
+Mattresses and Mattress Pads (FF–4-72),” is an indicator that
+the mattress is resistant to a cigarette ignition. U.S. federal
+regulations require mattresses in the United States to comply
+with 16 CFR 1632. [101: A.10.3.2.2]
+A.12.6.3.2.1 The intent of the provisions of 12.6.3.2.1 is as
+follows:
+(1) The peak heat release rate of not more than 250 kW by a
+single upholstered furniture item was chosen based on
+maintaining a tenable environment within the room of
+fire origin, and the sprinkler exception was developed be-
+cause the sprinkler system helps to maintain tenable con-
+ditions, even if the single upholstered furniture item were
+to have a peak rate of heat release in excess of 250 kW.
+(2) The total energy release of not more than 40 MJ by the
+single upholstered furniture item during the first 5 min-
+utes of the test was established as an additional safeguard
+to protect against the adverse conditions that would be
+created by an upholstered furniture item that released its
+heat in other than the usual measured scenario, and the
+following should also be noted:
+(a) During the test for measurement of rate of heat re-
+lease, the instantaneous heat release value usually
+peaks quickly and then quickly falls off, so as to create
+a triangle-shaped curve.
+(b) In the atypical case, if the heat release were to peak
+and remain steady at that elevated level, as opposed
+to quickly falling off, the 250 kW limit would not en-
+sure safety.
+(c) Only a sprinkler exception is permitted in lieu of the
+test because of the ability of the sprinkler system to
+control the fire.
+1–449ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Actual test results for heat, smoke, and combustion product
+release from ASTM E 1537,Standard Test Method of Fire Testing of
+Upholstered Furniture, might be suitable for use as input into fire
+models for performance-based design. [101: A.10.3.3]
+A.12.6.3.2.2 The intent of the provisions of 12.6.3.2.2 is as
+follows:
+(1) The peak heat release rate of not more than 250 kW by a
+single mattress was chosen based on maintaining a ten-
+able environment within the room of fire origin, and the
+sprinkler exception was developed because the sprinkler
+system helps to maintain tenable conditions, even if the
+single mattress were to have a peak rate of heat release in
+excess of 250 kW.
+(2) The total energy release of not more than 40 MJ by the
+single mattress during the first 5 minutes of the test was
+established as an additional safeguard to protect against
+the adverse conditions that would be created by a mattress
+that released its heat in other than the usual measured
+scenario, and the following should also be noted:
+(a) During the test for measurement of rate of heat re-
+lease, the instantaneous heat release value usually
+peaks quickly and then quickly falls off, so as to create
+a triangle-shaped curve.
+(b) In the atypical case, if the heat release were to peak
+and remain steady at that elevated level, as opposed
+to quickly falling off, the 250 kW limit would not en-
+sure safety.
+(c) Only a sprinkler exception is permitted in lieu of the
+test because of the ability of the sprinkler system to
+control the fire.
+Actual test results for heat, smoke, and combustion prod-
+uct release from ASTM E 1590, Standard Test Method for Fire
+Testing of Mattresses, might be suitable for use as input into fire
+models for performance-based design. [101: A.10.3.4]
+A.12.6.4 Christmas trees that are not effectively flame-
+retardant treated, ordinary crepe paper decorations, and
+pyroxylin plastic decorations might be classified as highly
+flammable. [ 101: A.10.3.5]
+A.12.6.6 UL 1975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used
+for Decorative Purposes , is not intended for evaluating interior
+wall and ceiling finish materials.
+Actual test results for heat, smoke, and combustion prod-
+uct release from UL 1975 might be suitable for use as input
+into fire models intended for performance-based design.
+[101: A.10.3.7]
+A.12.7.1(4) Walls in good condition with lath and plaster, or
+gypsum board of not less than1⁄2 in. (13 mm) on each side, can
+be considered as providing at least a 1⁄2-hour fire resistance
+rating. Additional information on archaic material assemblies
+can be found in Appendix I of NFPA 914,Code for Fire Protection
+of Historic Structures.[ 101: A.8.3.1(4)]
+A.12.7.2.1.1 Fire resistance–rated glazing complying with
+12.7.2, where not installed in a door, is considered a wall, not
+an opening protective. [101: A.8.3.2.1.1]
+A.12.7.3.2 Some door assemblies have been tested to meet
+the conditions of acceptance of NFPA 251,Standard Methods of
+Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Construction and Materials ;
+ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Con-
+struction and Materials; or ANSI/UL 263,Standard for Fire Tests of
+Building Construction and Materials. Where such assemblies are
+used, the provisions of 12.7.2 should be applied instead of
+those of 12.7.3.2. [101: A.8.3.3.2]
+A.12.7.3.2.3 In existing installations, it is important to be able
+to determine the fire protection rating of the fire door. How-
+ever, steel door frames that are well set in the wall might be
+judged as acceptable even if the frame label is not legible.
+[101: A.8.3.3.2.3]
+A.12.7.3.6 Some window assemblies have been tested to meet
+the conditions of acceptance of NFPA 251; ASTM E 119; or
+ANSI/UL 263. Where such assemblies are used, the provisions
+of 12.7.2 should be applied instead of those of 12.7.3.6.
+[101: A.8.3.3.6]
+A.12.7.4.2 Longer ratings might be required where opening
+protectives are provided for property protection as well as life
+safety. NFPA 80,Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protec-
+tives, should be consulted for standard practice in the selec-
+tion and installation of fire door assemblies and fire window
+assemblies.
+Table 12.7.4.2.A vision panel in a fire door is not a fire
+window, and, thus, it is not the intent of the “NP” notations in
+the “Fire Window Assemblies” column of Table 12.7.4.2 to pro-
+hibit vision panels in fire doors. [101: A.8.3.4.2]
+A.12.7.5.1 ASTM E 2174,Standard Practice for On-Site Inspection
+of Installed Fire Stops , provides guidance for the inspection of
+through-penetration fire stop systems tested in accordance
+with ASTM E 814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-
+Penetration Fire Stops , and UL 1479, Standard for Fire Tests of
+Through-Penetration Fire Stops.[ 101: A.8.3.5.1]
+A.12.7.5.6.3(1)(c) Criteria associated with fireblocking can
+be found in the building code. [101: A.8.3.5.6.3(1)(c)]
+A.12.8.1 Although a smoke partition is intended to limit the
+free movement of smoke, it is not intended to provide an area
+that would be free of smoke. [101: A.8.4.1]
+A.12.8.2(2) An architectural, exposed, suspended-grid acousti-
+cal tile ceiling with penetrations for sprinklers, ducted HV AC sup-
+ply and return-air diffusers, speakers, and recessed light fixtures
+is capable of limiting the transfer of smoke. [101: A.8.4.2(2)]
+A.12.8.3.4 Gasketing of doors should not be necessary, as the
+clearances in NFPA 80 effectively achieve resistance to the pas-
+sage of smoke if the door is relatively tight-fitting. [101:A.8.4.3.4]
+A.12.8.6.2 An air-transfer opening, as defined in NFPA 90A, is
+an opening designed to allow the movement of environmental
+air between two continguous spaces. [101: A.8.4.6.2]
+A.12.9.1 Wherever smoke barriers and doors therein require
+a degree of fire resistance, as specified by requirements in the
+various occupancy chapters (Chapter 12 through Chapter 42
+of NFPA 101), the construction should be a fire barrier that
+has been specified to limit the spread of fire and restrict the
+movement of smoke.
+Although a smoke barrier is intended to restrict the move-
+ment of smoke, it might not result in tenability throughout the
+adjacent smoke compartment. The adjacent smoke compart-
+ment should be safer than the area on the fire side, thus allow-
+ing building occupants to move to that area. Eventually, evacu-
+ation from the adjacent smoke compartment might be
+required. [101: A.8.5.1]
+1–450 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.12.9.2 To ensure that a smoke barrier is continuous, it is
+necessary to seal completely all openings where the smoke
+barrier abuts other smoke barriers, fire barriers, exterior walls,
+the floor below, and the floor or ceiling above. It is not the
+intent to prohibit a smoke barrier from stopping at a fire bar-
+rier if the fire barrier meets the requirements of a smoke bar-
+rier (that is, the fire barrier is a combination smoke barrier/
+fire barrier). [101: A.8.5.2]
+A.12.9.4.1 The clearance for proper operation of smoke
+doors is defined as 1⁄8 in. (3 mm). For additional information
+on the installation of smoke-control door assemblies, see
+NFPA 105. [101: A.8.5.4.1]
+A.12.9.4.4 Where, because of operational necessity, it is de-
+sired to have smoke barrier doors that are usually open, such
+doors should be provided with hold-open devices that are ac-
+tivated to close the doors by means of the operation of smoke
+detectors and other alarm functions. [101: A.8.5.4.4]
+A.13.1.11 Such safeguards or fire safety equipment can in-
+clude, but should not be limited to, automatic fire alarm sys-
+tems, automatic sprinkler or water spray systems, standpipe
+and hose, fixed or portable fire extinguishers, breathing appa-
+ratus, manual or automatic covers, smoke and heat vents, and
+carbon dioxide, foam, halogenated, dry chemical, or other
+special fire-extinguishing systems.
+A.13.2.2.4 Prior editions of the Code required stages to be
+protected by a Class III standpipe system in accordance with
+NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Sys-
+tems. NFPA 14 requires that Class II and Class III standpipes be
+automatic — not manual — because they are intended to be
+used by building occupants. Automatic standpipe systems are
+required to provide not less than 500 gpm (1890 L/min) at
+100 psi (689 kN). This requirement often can be met only if a
+fire pump is installed. Installation of a fire pump presents an
+unreasonable burden for the system supplying the two hose
+outlets at the side of the stage. The revised wording of 13.2.2.4
+offers some relief by permitting the hose outlets to be in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13. [101: A.12.4.5.12]
+A.13.3.1.1 This Code contains requirements for automatic
+sprinkler protection that might not be required by other
+NFPA codes or standards. These requirements are included in
+this Code from a property protection standpoint in an effort to
+reduce property damage due to fire, as well as to reduce the
+costs of manual fire suppression in years to come.
+A.13.3.1.5 Properly designed automatic sprinkler systems
+provide the dual function of both automatic alarms and auto-
+matic extinguishment. Dual function is not provided in those
+cases where early detection of incipient fire and early notifica-
+tion of occupants are needed to initiate actions in behalf of
+life safety earlier than can be expected from heat-sensitive fire
+detectors. [101: A.9.7.1.3]
+A.13.3.1.7.1 NFPA 72 provides details of standard practice in
+sprinkler supervision. Subject to the approval of the AHJ,
+sprinkler supervision is also permitted to be provided by direct
+connection to municipal fire departments or, in the case of
+very large establishments, to a private headquarters providing
+similar functions. NFPA 72 covers such matters.
+Where municipal fire alarm systems are involved, reference
+should also be made to NFPA 1221,Standard for the Installation,
+Maintenance, and Use of Emergency Services Communications Sys-
+tems.[ 101: A.9.7.2.1]
+A.13.3.2.4 Small loading docks, covered platforms, ducts, or
+similar small unheated areas can be protected by dry-pendent
+sprinklers extending through the wall from wet sprinkler pip-
+ing in an adjacent heated area. Where protecting covered plat-
+forms, loading docks, and similar areas, a dry-pendent sprin-
+kler should extend down at a 45 degree angle. The width of
+the area to be protected should not exceed 7 1⁄2 ft (2.3 m).
+Sprinklers should be spaced not over 12 ft (3.7 m) apart. (See
+Figure A.13.3.2.4.) [13: A.8.15.7]
+A.13.3.2.4.1 Balconies, decks, and similar projections from
+the building should be treated as exterior roofs and canopies
+when applying the criteria of 13.3.2.4.1. [13: A.8.15.7.1]
+A.13.3.2.4.2 Vehicles that are temporarily parked are not con-
+sidered storage. Areas located at drive-in bank windows or porte-
+cocheres at hotels and motels normally do not require sprinklers
+where there is no occupancy above, where the area is entirely
+constructed of noncombustible or limited-combustible materials
+or fire retardant treated lumber, and where the area is not the
+only means of egress. However, areas under exterior ceilings
+where the building is sprinklered should be protected due to the
+occupancy above. [13:A.8.15.7.2]
+A.13.3.2.4.5 Short-term transient storage, such as that for
+delivered packages, and the presence of planters, newspa-
+per machines, and so forth, should not be considered stor-
+age or handling of combustibles. [ 13: A.8.15.7.5]
+A.13.3.2.5.3(1) It is the intent to permit a single multipur-
+pose room of less than 12,000 ft 2 (1115 m2) to have certain
+small rooms as part of the single room. These rooms could be
+a kitchen, office, equipment room, and the like. It is also the
+intent that an addition could be made to an existing building
+without requiring that the existing building be sprinklered,
+where both the new and existing buildings have independent
+means of egress and a fire-rated separation is provided to iso-
+late one building from the other.
+A school gymnasium with egress independent of, and sepa-
+rated from, the school would be included in this exception, as
+would a function hall attached to a church with a similar
+egress arrangement. [101: A.12.3.5.3(1)]
+7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m)
+maximum
+Line inside
+heated area
+Canopy over
+loading platform
+Dry-pendent
+sprinkler
+FIGURE A.13.3.2.4 Dry-Pendent Sprinklers for Protection of
+Covered Platforms, Loading Docks, and Similar Areas.
+[13:Figure A.8.15.7]
+1–451ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.13.3.2.7.1 It is the intent to permit use of the criteria of
+8.2.1.3(1) of NFPA 101 to create separate buildings for pur-
+poses of limiting educational occupancy building area to not
+more than 20,000 ft2 (1860 m2). [101: A.14.3.5.1]
+A.13.3.2.9.1 In areas where the replenishment of water supplies
+is not immediately available from on-site sources, alternate provi-
+sions for the water-fill rate requirements of NFPA 13 and NFPA 22
+that are acceptable to the AHJ should be provided. Appropriate
+means for the replenishment of these supplies from other
+sources, such as fire department tankers, public safety organiza-
+tions, or other independent contractors should be incorporated
+into the overall fire safety plan of the facility.
+With automatic sprinkler protection required throughout
+new health care facilities and quick-response sprinklers re-
+quired in smoke compartments containing patient sleeping
+rooms, a fire and its life-threatening byproducts can be re-
+duced, thereby allowing the defend-in-place concept to con-
+tinue. The difficulty in maintaining the proper integrity of life
+safety elements has been considered and it has been judged
+that the probability of a sprinkler system operating as de-
+signed is equal to or greater than other life safety features.
+[101: A.18.3.5.1]
+A.13.3.2.9.4 The requirements for use of quick-response
+sprinklers intend that quick-response sprinklers be the pre-
+dominant type of sprinkler installed in the smoke compart-
+ment. It is recognized, however, that quick-response sprinklers
+might not be approved for installation in all areas such as
+those where NFPA 13 requires sprinklers of the intermediate-
+or high-temperature classification. It is not the intent of the
+13.3.2.9.4 requirements to prohibit the use of standard sprin-
+klers in limited areas of a smoke compartment where
+intermediate- or high-temperature sprinklers are required.
+Where the installation of quick-response sprinklers is im-
+practicable in patient sleeping room areas, appropriate
+equivalent protection features acceptable to the AHJ should
+be provided. It is recognized that the use of quick-response
+sprinklers might be limited in facilities housing certain types
+of patients or by the installation limitations of quick-response
+sprinklers. [101: A.18.3.5.6]
+A.13.3.2.9.5 For the proper operation of sprinkler systems,
+cubicle curtains and sprinkler locations need to be coordi-
+nated. Improperly designed systems might obstruct the sprin-
+kler spray from reaching the fire or might shield the heat from
+the sprinkler. Many options are available to the designer in-
+cluding, but not limited to, hanging the cubicle curtains 18 in.
+(455 mm) below the sprinkler deflector; using a 1⁄2 in.
+(13 mm) diagonal mesh or a 70 percent open weave top panel
+that extends 18 in. (455 mm) below the sprinkler deflector; or
+designing the system to have a horizontal and minimum verti-
+cal distance that meets the requirements of NFPA 13. The test
+data that form the basis of the NFPA 13 requirements are from
+fire tests with sprinkler discharge that penetrated a single pri-
+vacy curtain. [101: A.18.3.5.10]
+A.13.3.2.10.4 It is not the intent to require existing standard
+sprinklers in existing sprinkler systems to be replaced with
+listed quick-response or listed residential sprinklers. It is the
+intent that new sprinkler systems installed in existing build-
+ings comply with the requirements of Chapter 18 of NFPA101,
+including 18.3.5.6. [101: A.19.3.5.4]
+A.13.3.2.10.6 It is intended that any valve that controls auto-
+matic sprinklers in the building or portions of the building,
+including sectional and floor control valves, be electrically su-
+pervised. Valves that control isolated sprinkler heads, such as
+in laundry and trash chutes, are not required to be electrically
+supervised. Appropriate means should be provided to ensure
+that valves that are not electrically supervised remain open.
+[101: A.19.3.5.7]
+A.13.3.2.10.7 The provisions of 13.3.2.10.7(6) and (7) are
+not intended to supplant NFPA 13, which requires that resi-
+dential sprinklers with more than a 10°F (5.6°C) difference in
+temperature rating not be mixed within a room. Currently
+there are no additional prohibitions in NFPA 13 on the mixing
+of sprinklers having different thermal response characteris-
+tics. Conversely, there are no design parameters to make prac-
+tical the mixing of residential and other types of sprinklers.
+[101: A.19.3.5.8]
+A.13.3.2.10.9 For the proper operation of sprinkler systems,
+cubicle curtains and sprinkler locations need to be coordinated.
+Improperly designed systems might obstruct the sprinkler spray
+from reaching the fire or might shield the heat from the sprin-
+kler. Many options are available to the designer including, but
+not limited to, hanging the cubicle curtains 18 in. (455 mm)
+below the sprinkler deflector; using 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) diagonal
+mesh or a 70 percent open weave top panel that extends 18 in.
+(455 mm) below the sprinkler deflector; or designing the system
+to have a horizontal and minimum vertical distance that meets
+the requirements of NFPA 13. The test data that forms the basis of
+the NFPA 13 requirements is from fire tests with sprinkler dis-
+charge that penetrated a single privacy curtain. [101:A.19.3.5.10]
+A.13.3.2.12.1 Where the openings in ceilings or partitions
+are 1⁄4 in. (6.3 mm) or larger in the smallest dimension, where
+the thickness or depth of the material does not exceed the
+smallest dimension of the openings, and where such openings
+constitute not less than 70 percent of the area of the ceiling or
+partition material, the disruption of sprinkler spray patterns is
+permitted to be disregarded. [101: A.23.3.5.2]
+A.13.3.2.14.2 Although not required by NFPA101, the use of
+residential sprinklers or quick-response sprinklers is encour-
+aged for new installations of sprinkler systems within dwelling
+units, apartments, and guest rooms. Caution should be exer-
+cised, as the system needs to be designed for the sprinkler
+being used. [101: A.29.3.5.3]
+A.13.3.2.16.1 Although not required by NFPA101, the use of
+residential sprinklers or quick-response sprinklers is encour-
+aged for new installations of sprinkler systems within dwelling
+units, apartments, and guest rooms. Caution should be exer-
+cised, because the system needs to be designed for the sprin-
+kler being used. [101: A.31.3.5.3]
+A.13.3.2.16.6 For example, if an Option 3 sprinkler system were
+being used to justify use of Class C wall finish in an exit enclosure,
+the sprinkler system would need to be extended into the exit
+enclosure, even if the rest of the requirements for Option 3 did
+not require the sprinklers in the exit enclosure. [101:A.31.3.5.11]
+A.13.3.2.17.3.3 The decision to permit the use of the criteria
+from NFPA 13D in these occupancies is based on the following:
+(1) The desire to obtain a level of fire suppression and con-
+trol that is approximately equivalent to that delivered by
+residential facilities protected by such systems(See A.1.1 in
+NFPA 13D.)
+(2) The fact that potential fire exposure and challenge to the
+suppression system in a small lodging and rooming occu-
+pancy is of the same nature and no more severe than that
+found in residences [101: A.26.3.6.3.3]
+1–452 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.13.3.2.19.2.1 Where any provision requires the use of an
+automatic sprinkler system in accordance with 13.3.2.19.2,
+the provision of 13.3.2.19.2.2 is not permitted to be used.
+[101: A.32.2.3.5.1]
+A.13.3.2.19.2.2 Where a facility utilizing the provision of
+13.3.2.19.2.2 contains residents who can no longer comply
+with the 3-minute evacuation response, 33.1.7 of NFPA 101
+requires the facility to comply with the requirements for new
+construction, including automatic sprinkler protection. (See
+also A.33.1.7 of NFPA101.) [101: A.32.2.3.5.2]
+A.13.3.2.19.2.3.2 The decision to permit the use of the criteria
+from NFPA 13D in these occupancies is based on the following:
+(1) The desire to obtain a level of fire suppression and con-
+trol approximately equivalent to that delivered by resi-
+dential facilities protected by such systems (See A.1.1 in
+NFPA 13D.)
+(2) The fact that potential fire exposure and challenge to the
+suppression system in a small board and care facility are of
+the same nature and are no more severe than those found
+in residences
+Chapter 13 permits the use of NFPA 13D and NFPA 13R out-
+side of their scopes. This permission is based on a review of the
+occupancy and a recognition that the fires in board and care
+facilities are similar to those of other residential occupancies and
+that the level of protection is appropriate. The requirements of
+NFPA 13D and NFPA 13R have been supplemented with require-
+ments for additional water supplies to compensate for the special
+needs of the board and care occupancy.
+NFPA 13D contains additional requirements for a piping
+system serving both sprinkler and domestic needs. [ 101:
+A.32.2.3.5.3.2]
+A.13.3.2.20.1.1 It is intended that this requirement apply to
+existing small facilities that are converted to large facilities.
+Chapter 13 permits the use of NFPA 13D and NFPA 13R
+outside of their scopes. This permission is based on a review of
+the occupancy and a recognition that the fires in board and
+care facilities are similar to those of other residential occupan-
+cies and that the level of protection is appropriate. In some
+circumstances, such as those for impractical evacuation capa-
+bilities, the requirements of NFPA 13D and NFPA 13R have
+been supplemented with requirements for additional water
+supplies to compensate for the special needs of the board and
+care occupancy. [101: A.33.3.3.5.1]
+A.13.3.2.20.2.1.1 The decision to permit the use of the criteria
+from NFPA 13D in these occupancies is based on the following:
+(1) The desire to obtain a level of fire suppression and con-
+trol approximately equivalent to that delivered by resi-
+dential facilities protected by such systems (See A.1.1 in
+NFPA 13D.)
+(2) The fact that potential fire exposure and challenge to the
+suppression system in a small board and care facility are of
+the same nature and are no more severe than those found
+in residences.
+Chapter 13 permits the use of NFPA 13D and NFPA 13R
+outside of their scopes. This permission is based on a review of
+the occupancy and a recognition that the fires in board and
+care facilities are similar to those of other residential occupan-
+cies and that the level of protection is appropriate. In some
+circumstances, such as those for impractical evacuation capa-
+bilities, the requirements of NFPA 13D and NFPA 13R have
+been supplemented with requirements for additional water
+supplies to compensate for the special needs of the board and
+care occupancy. [101: A.33.2.3.5.2.1]
+A.13.3.2.24.2 The enabling legislation adopting this Code
+should specify a specific date for compliance with 13.3.2.24.2.
+Building owners and managers should be notified of this re-
+quirement within 180 days of code adoption. The following
+items should be considered by the AHJ as guidance in evaluat-
+ing compliance plans:
+(1) Shortage of qualified contractors to install sprinkler systems
+(2) Impact on owners and tenants as a result of existing con-
+ditions contained in lease agreements
+(3) Environmental constraints resulting from contaminated
+material being removed from limited areas of the build-
+ing during installation of sprinklers and attendant activity
+(4) Available time to install sprinklers in the occupied spaces
+(5) Financial constraints of owners being able to fund the cost of
+installing automatic sprinklers with associated costs
+(6) Ability of the owner to coordinate general building re-
+modeling with the actual sprinkler retrofit process
+A.13.3.2.24.2.3 Examples of retrofit schedules can include
+the following:
+(1) Plan submitted and approved within 1 year; 33 percent
+of square footage completed within 4 years; 66 percent
+of square footage completed within 8 years; 100 per-
+cent of square footage completed within 12 years.
+(2) Plans submitted and approved with 1 year; all common
+areas completed within 4 years; 50 percent of remaining
+area completed within 8 years; 100 percent of remaining
+area completed within 12 years.
+(3) An alternative schedule can be approved by the AHJ that
+does not have any intermediary stages but has to be
+100 percent complete within 8 years.
+A.13.3.2.25 For the purpose of the requirements in 13.3.2.25.1
+through 13.3.2.25.3, combustibles include all combustible mate-
+rials in storage as well as noncombustible materials that are en-
+closed, encapsulated, or packaged in combustible materials.
+A.13.3.2.25.2 Portions of structures that are subdivided by
+fire walls can be considered to be separate buildings for the
+purpose of applying this Code. Fire walls by their definition
+have sufficient structural stability to maintain the integrity of
+the wall in the event of the collapse of the building construc-
+tion on either side of the wall.
+A.13.3.3.4.1.1 The components are not required to be open
+or exposed. Doors, removable panels, or valve pits can be per-
+mitted to satisfy the need for accessibility. Such equipment
+should not be obstructed by features such as walls, ducts, col-
+umns, direct burial, or stock storage. [25: A.4.1.1]
+A.13.3.3.4.1.2 Inspection, testing, and maintenance can be
+permitted to be contracted with an inspection, testing, and
+maintenance service. [25: A.4.1.2]
+A.13.3.3.4.1.4 Recalled products should be replaced or rem-
+edied. Remedies include entrance into a program for scheduled
+replacement. Such replacement or remedial product should be
+installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and
+the appropriate NFPA installation standards. A recalled product
+is a product subject to a statute or administrative regulation spe-
+cifically requiring the manufacturer, importer, distributor,
+wholesaler, or retailer of a product, or any combination of such
+entities, to recall the product, or a product voluntarily recalled by
+a combination of such entities. [25:A.4.1.4]
+1–453ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.13.3.3.4.1.4.1 System deficiencies not explained by normal
+wear and tear, such as hydraulic shock, can often be indicators
+of system problems and should be investigated and evaluated
+by a qualified person or engineer. Failure to address these
+issues could lead to catastrophic failure. Examples of deficien-
+cies that can be caused by issues beyond normal wear and tear
+are as follows:
+Pressure Gauge
+(1) Gauge not returning to zero
+(2) Gauge off scale
+(3) Gauge with bent needle
+Support Devices
+(1) Bent hangers and/or rods
+(2) Hangers pulled out/off structure
+(3) Indication of pipe or hanger movement such as the fol-
+lowing:
+(a) Hanger scrape marks on pipe, exposed pipe surface
+where pipe and hangers are painted
+(b) Fire stop material damaged at pipe penetration of
+fire rated assembly
+Unexplained System Damage
+(1) Unexplained system damage beyond normal wear and tear
+(2) Bent or broken shafts on valves
+(3) Bent or broken valve clappers
+(4) Unexplained leakage at branch lines, cross main, or feed
+main piping
+(5) Unexplained leakage at close nipples
+(6) Loose bolts on flanges and couplings
+Fire Pump
+(1) Fire pump driver out of alignment
+(2) Vibration of fire pump and/or driver
+(3) Unusual sprinkler system piping noises (sharp report,
+loud bang) [25: A.4.1.4.1]
+A.13.3.3.4.1.5 Fire protection systems should not be removed
+from service when the building is not in use; however, where a
+system that has been out of service for a prolonged period
+(such as in the case of idle or vacant properties) is returned to
+service, it is recommended that a responsible and experienced
+contractor be retained to perform all inspections and tests.
+[25: A.4.1.5]
+A.13.3.3.4.4.1 Typical records include, but are not limited to,
+valve inspections; flow, drain, and pump tests; and trip tests of
+dry pipe, deluge, and preaction valves.
+Computer programs that file inspection and test results
+should provide a means of comparing current and past results
+and should indicate the need for corrective maintenance or
+further testing.
+Acceptance test records should be retained for the life of
+the system or its special components. Subsequent test records
+should be retained for a period of 1 year after the next test.
+The comparison determines deterioration of system perfor-
+mance or condition and the need for further testing or main-
+tenance. [25: A.4.4.1]
+A.13.3.3.4.4.3 See Section B.2 of NFPA 25 for information
+regarding sample forms. [25: A.4.4.3]
+A.13.3.3.5.2.1.1 To help in the replacement of like sprinklers,
+unique sprinkler identification numbers (SINs) are provided on
+all sprinklers manufactured after January 1, 2001. The SIN ac-
+counts for differences in orifice size, deflector characteristics,
+pressure rating, and thermal sensitivity. [25:A.5.4.1.1]
+A.13.3.3.5.2.1.1(A) Old-style sprinklers are permitted to re-
+place existing old-style sprinklers. Old-style sprinklers should not
+be used to replace standard sprinklers without a complete engi-
+neering review of the system. The old-style sprinkler is the type
+manufactured before 1953. It discharges approximately 40 per-
+cent of the water upward to the ceiling, and it can be installed in
+either the upright or pendent position. [25:A.5.4.1.1.1]
+A.13.3.3.5.2.1.3 It is imperative that any replacement sprinkler
+have the same characteristics as the sprinkler being replaced. If
+the same temperature range, response characteristics, spacing
+requirements, flow rates, and K-factors cannot be obtained, a
+sprinkler with similar characteristics should be used, and the sys-
+tem should be evaluated to verify the sprinkler is appropriate for
+the intended use. With regard to response characteristics, match-
+ing identical Response Time Index (RTI) and conductivity fac-
+tors is not necessary unless special design considerations are
+given for those specific values. [25:A.5.4.1.3]
+A.13.3.3.5.3.1 A minimum of two sprinklers of each type and
+temperature rating installed should be provided. [25:A.5.4.1.4]
+A.13.3.3.5.3.3 Other types of wrenches could damage the
+sprinklers. [25: A.5.4.1.6]
+A.13.3.3.5.3.5 Corrosion-resistant or specially coated sprin-
+klers should be installed in locations where chemicals, mois-
+ture, or other corrosive vapors exist. [25: A.5.4.1.8]
+A.13.3.3.5.4 Conversion of dry pipe systems to wet pipe systems
+on a seasonal basis causes corrosion and accumulation of foreign
+matter in the pipe system and loss of alarm service. [25:A.5.4.2]
+A.13.3.3.5.5 Where pressure testing listed CPVC piping, the
+sprinkler systems should be filled with water and air should be
+bled from the highest and farthest sprinkler before test pres-
+sure is applied. Air or compressed gas should never be used for
+pressure testing.
+For repairs affecting the installation of less than 20 sprin-
+klers, a test for leakage should be made at normal system work-
+ing pressure. [25: A.5.4.3]
+A.13.3.3.6.3.1 A clearly visible tag alerts building occupants and
+the fire department that all or part of the water-based fire protec-
+tion system is out of service. The tag should be weather resistant,
+plainly visible, and of sufficient size [typically 4 in. × 6 in.
+(100 mm × 150 mm)]. The tag should identify which system is
+impaired, the date and time impairment began, and the person
+responsible. Figure A.13.3.3.6.3.1 illustrates a typical impairment
+tag. [25:A.15.3.1]
+A.13.3.3.6.3.2 An impairment tag should be placed on the
+fire department connection to alert responding fire fighters of
+an abnormal condition. An impairment tag that is located on
+the system riser only could go unnoticed for an extended pe-
+riod if fire fighters encounter difficulty in gaining access to the
+building or sprinkler control room. [25: A.15.3.2]
+A.13.3.3.6.5 The need for temporary fire protection, termina-
+tion of all hazardous operations, and frequency of inspections in
+the areas involved should be determined. All work possible
+should be done in advance to minimize the length of the impair-
+ment. Where possible, temporary feedlines should be used to
+maintain portions of systems while work is completed.
+Water-based fire protection systems should not be removed
+from service when the building is not in use. Where a system
+1–454 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+that has been out of service for a prolonged period, such as in
+the case of idle or vacant properties, is returned to service,
+qualified personnel should be retained to inspect and test the
+systems. [25: A.15.5]
+A.13.3.3.6.5.2(3)(b) A fire watch should consist of trained
+personnel who continuously patrol the affected area. Ready
+access to fire extinguishers and the ability to promptly notify
+the fire department are important items to consider. During
+the patrol of the area, the person should not only be looking
+for fire, but making sure that the other fire protection features
+of the building such as egress routes and alarm systems are
+available and functioning properly. [25: A.15.5.2(3)(b)]
+A.13.3.3.6.5.2(3)(c) Temporary water supplies are possible
+from a number of sources including use of a large-diameter
+hose from a fire hydrant to a fire department connection, use
+of a portable tank and a portable pump, or use of a standby
+fire department pumper and/or tanker. [25: A.15.5.2(3)(c)]
+A.13.3.3.6.5.2(3)(d) Depending on the use and occupancy of
+the building, it could be enough in some circumstances to stop
+certain processes in the building or to cut off the flow of fuel to
+some machines. It is also helpful to implement “No Smoking”
+and “No Hot Work” (cutting, grinding, or welding) policies while
+the system is out of service because these activities are responsible
+for many fire ignitions. [25:A.15.5.2(3)(d)]
+A.13.4.1.5 Because of the unique nature of fire pump units,
+the approval should be obtained prior to the assembly of any
+specific component. [20: A.5.2]
+A.13.4.2 Special consideration needs to be given to fire
+pump installations installed below grade. Light, heat, drain-
+age, and ventilation are several of the variables that need to be
+addressed. Some locations or installations might not require a
+pump house. Where a pump room or pump house is required,
+it should be of ample size and located to permit short and
+properly arranged piping. The suction piping should receive
+first consideration. The pump house should preferably be a
+detached building of noncombustible construction. A one-
+story pump room with a combustible roof, either detached or
+well cut off from an adjoining one-story building, is acceptable
+if sprinklered. Where a detached building is not feasible, the
+pump room should be located and constructed so as to pro-
+tect the pump unit and controls from falling floors or machin-
+ery and from fire that could drive away the pump operator or
+damage the pump unit or controls. Access to the pump room
+should be provided from outside the building. Where the use
+of brick or reinforced concrete is not feasible, metal lath and
+plaster is recommended for the construction of the pump
+room. The pump room or pump house should not be used for
+storage purposes. Vertical shaft turbine–type pumps might ne-
+cessitate a removable panel in the pump house roof to permit
+the pump to be removed for inspection or repair. Proper
+clearances to equipment should be provided as recom-
+mended by the manufacturer’s drawings. [20: A.5.12]
+A.13.4.2.1 A fire pump that is inoperative for any reason at
+any time constitutes an impairment to the fire protection sys-
+tem. It should be returned to service without delay.
+Rain and intense heat from the sun are adverse conditions
+to equipment not installed in a completely protective enclo-
+sure. At a minimum, equipment installed outdoors should be
+shielded by a roof or deck. [20: A.5.12.1]
+A.13.4.2.1.1 Most fire departments have procedures requir-
+ing operation of a fire pump unit during an incident. Building
+designers should locate the fire pump room to be easily acces-
+sible during an incident. [20: A.5.12.1.1]
+A.13.4.2.1.1.1 Equipment that increases the fire hazard
+(such as boilers) and is not related to fire protection systems
+should not be in a fire pump room. [20: A.5.12.1.1.1]
+A.13.4.2.6 Pump rooms and pump houses should be dry and
+free of condensate. To accomplish a dry environment, heat
+might be necessary. [20: A.5.12.6]
+A.13.4.3 Isolation valves and control valves are considered to
+be identical when used in conjunction with a backflow preven-
+tion assembly. [20: A.5.16]
+A.13.4.4 Internal combustion engines necessarily embody
+moving parts of such design and in such number that the en-
+gines cannot give reliable service unless given diligent care.
+The manufacturer’s instruction book covering care and op-
+eration should be readily available, and pump operators
+should be familiar with its contents. All of its provisions should
+be observed in detail. [20: A.11.6]
+A.13.4.4.2 See NFPA 25,Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and
+Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems , for proper
+maintenance of engine(s), batteries, fuel supply, and environ-
+mental conditions. [20: A.11.6.2]
+A.13.4.4.4 Active systems that are permanently added to fuel
+tanks for removing water and particulates from the fuel can be
+acceptable, provided the following apply:
+(1) All connections are made directly to the tank and are not
+interconnected with the engine or its fuel supply and re-
+turn piping in any way.
+SHUT
+ATTACH TO VALVE
+ READ INSTRUCTIONS ON OTHER SIDE  
+SPRINKLER VALVE
+THIS VALVE CONTROLS SPRINKLERS IN BUILDING(S): 
+SHUT BY (SIGNATURE)
+STATIC PRESSURE
+DATE
+DRAIN TEST MADE BY (SIGNATURE) DATE
+psi (bar) psi (bar)
+FLOWING PRESSURE
+After valve is opened, make 2 in. (50 mm) drain test. Drop in
+pressure should be normal. If pressure drop is extreme and does
+not build up, the system is impaired and immediate investigation
+is necessary. 
+DRAIN TEST RESULTS 
+FIGURE A.13.3.3.6.3.1 Sample Impairment Tag. [25:Figure
+A.15.3.1]
+1–455ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) There are no valves or other devices added to the engine or
+its fuel supply and return piping in any way. [20:A.11.6.4]
+A.13.4.4.5 Proper engine temperature when the engine is
+not running can be maintained through the circulation of hot
+water through the jacket or through heating of engine water
+by electric elements. As a general rule, water heaters and oil
+heaters are required for diesel engines below 70°F (21°C).
+The benefits to be gained are as follows:
+(1) Quick starting (fire pump engines may have to carry full
+load as soon as started)
+(2) Reduced engine wear
+(3) Reduced drain on batteries
+(4) Reduced oil dilution
+(5) Reduced carbon deposits, so that the engine is far more
+likely to start every time [20: A.11.6.5]
+A.13.4.5.1.2 It is recommended that the pilot lamp for signal
+service have operating voltage less than the rated voltage of
+the lamp to ensure long operating life. When necessary, a suit-
+able resistor should be used to reduce the voltage for operat-
+ing the lamp. [20: A.12.4.1.2]
+A.13.4.5.2.2(3) The following signals should be monitored
+remotely from the controller:
+(1) A common signal can be used for the following trouble indi-
+cations: the items in 13.4.5.1.4(1) through 13.4.5.1.4(7) and
+loss of output of battery charger on the load side of the
+dc overcurrent protective device.
+(2) If there is no other way to supervise loss of power, the
+controller can be equipped with a power failure circuit,
+which should be time delayed to start the engine upon
+loss of current output of the battery charger.
+(3) The arrangement specified in A.13.4.5.2.2(3)(2) is only
+permitted where approved by the AHJ in accordance with
+Section 1.5 of NFPA 20 and allows, upon loss of the ac
+power supply, the batteries to maintain their charge, acti-
+vates ventilation in case conditions require cooling the
+engine, and/or maintains engine temperature in case
+conditions require heating the engine. (See also A.5.6.4
+and A.11.4.3.1 of NFPA 20.)[20: A.12.4.2.2(3)]
+A.13.4.6.2 In addition, representatives of the installing con-
+tractor and owner should be present. [20: A.14.2.2]
+A.13.4.6.4 If a complete fire pump submittal package is avail-
+able, it should provide for comparison of the equipment speci-
+fied. Such a package should include an approved copy of the fire
+pump room general arrangement drawings, including the elec-
+trical layout, the layout of the pump and water source, the layout
+of the pump room drainage details, the pump foundation layout,
+and the mechanical layout for heat and ventilation. [20:A.14.2.4]
+A.13.5.3 The installation of backflow prevention devices on
+services supplying water to existing fire protection systems can
+result in excessive pressure losses. Therefore, installation of
+backflow prevention devices to protect public health has to be
+accomplished with due regard for the implications on fire pro-
+tection. The provisions of AWWA Manual 14, Backflow Preven-
+tion and Cross Connection Control, should be used as a guide for
+determining the appropriate protection for public health. Hy-
+draulic calculations and water supply analysis should be con-
+ducted prior to installation to determine the impact on fire
+protection.
+A.13.6.2 Employees expected or anticipated to use fire extin-
+guishers should be instructed on the hazards of fighting fire, how
+to properly operate the fire extinguishers available, and what
+procedures to follow in alerting others to the fire emergency.
+The intended application of footnote e in Table 13.6.2 is
+for warehouse areas that are generally unoccupied except by
+operators on forklifts or similar vehicles or occasional workers
+or maintenance personnel. The footnote is not intended to
+apply to office or process areas. Office and process areas have
+to be provided with fixed extinguishers in accordance with
+NFPA 10 and applicable provisions in thisCode.
+A.13.6.3.2 AHJs should determine the acceptability and cred-
+ibility of the organization listing or labeling fire extinguishers.
+Authorities should determine if the organization tests to all the
+requirements of the standard. Factors such as the structure of the
+organization, its principal fields of endeavor, its reputation and
+established expertise, its involvement in the standards-writing
+process, and the extent of its follow-up service programs should
+all be assessed before recognition is given. [10:A.4.1.2]
+A.13.6.3.3 AHJs should determine the thoroughness of the fac-
+tory follow-up quality assurance program exercised by third-party
+certification organizations listing and labeling portable fire extin-
+guishers. The specified factory follow-up standard provides a
+minimum basis for that determination. Application of the factory
+follow-up standard provides a reasonable assurance that portable
+fire extinguishers sold to the public continue to have the same
+structural reliability and performance as the fire extinguishers
+the manufacturer originally submitted to the listing and labeling
+organization for evaluation. [10:A.4.1.3]
+A.13.6.4 OSHA federal regulations require that manufactur-
+ers communicate information as to the type of chemicals in a
+product that can be hazardous and the level of hazard. This
+information is contained in the Material Safety Data Sheet
+(MSDS) created for each chemical or mixture of chemicals
+and is summarized on labels or tags attached to the product.
+Additionally, state and local authorities have enacted similar
+acts and regulations requiring identification of chemicals and
+hazardous ingredients in products. MSDSs for fire extin-
+guisher agents are available on request from a fire equipment
+dealer or distributor, or the fire equipment manufacturer.
+The identification of contents information enables determi-
+nation of the type of chemicals contained in the fire extinguisher
+and helps to resolve complications arising from an unusual use of
+the agent. The hazardous materials identification systems
+(HMIS) [in Canada, workplace hazardous materials identifica-
+tion systems (WHMIS)] developed by the National Paint & Coat-
+ings Association uses a three-place format with numerical indexes
+from 0 to 4. The first place is for “toxic properties,” the second
+place is for “flammability,” and the third place is for “reactivity”
+with other chemicals. Most fire extinguishers have a 0 numerical
+index in the second and third places because they are nonflam-
+mable and relatively inert.
+Information on the HMIS can be obtained from Label Mas-
+ter, Inc., Chicago, IL, or National Paint & Coatings Associa-
+tion, Washington, DC. Extinguisher contents information can
+be integrated into the standard fire extinguisher label in some
+form or can be contained on a separate label or tag. The fol-
+lowing is a typical chemical contents identification marking:
+CONTENTS: ABC DRY CHEMICAL/HMIS 1-0-0 MUSCO-
+VITE MICA, MONOAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE AMMONIUM
+SULFATE/NUISANCE DUST IRRITANT/CONTENTS UN-
+DER PRESSURE [Manufacturer’s Name, Mailing Address,
+Phone Number] [10:A.4.2]
+A.13.6.5 The manual can be specific to the fire extinguisher
+involved, or it can cover many types. [10: A.4.3]
+1–456 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.13.6.7.2.2.1 Examples of extinguishers for protecting Class A
+hazards are as follows:
+(1) Water type
+(2) Halogenated agent type (For halogenated agent–type fire ex-
+tinguishers, see 13.6.7.2.2.6.)
+(3) Multipurpose dry chemical type
+(4) Wet chemical type
+[10: A.5.3.2.1]
+A.13.6.7.2.2.2 Examples of extinguishers for protecting Class B
+hazards are as follows:
+(1) Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)
+(2) Film-forming fluoroprotein foam (FFFP)
+(3) Carbon dioxide
+(4) Dry chemical type
+(5) Halogenated agent type (For halogenated agent–type fire ex-
+tinguishers, see 13.6.7.2.2.6.)
+[10: A.5.3.2.2]
+A.13.6.7.2.2.3 The use of dry chemical fire extinguishers on
+wet energized electrical equipment (such as rain-soaked utility
+poles, high-voltage switch gear, and transformers) could ag-
+gravate electrical leakage problems. The dry chemical in com-
+bination with moisture provides an electrical path that can
+reduce the effectiveness of insulation protection. The removal
+of all traces of dry chemical from such equipment after extin-
+guishment is recommended. [10: A.5.3.2.3]
+A.13.6.7.2.2.4 The following information pertains to Class D
+hazards:
+(1) Chemical reaction between burning metals and many ex-
+tinguishing agents (including water) can range from ex-
+plosive to inconsequential, depending in part on the type,
+form, and quantity of metal involved. In general, the haz-
+ards from a metal fire are significantly increased when
+such extinguishing agents are applied. The advantages
+and limitations of a wide variety of commercially available
+metal fire extinguishing agents are discussed in Section 6,
+Chapter 26, of the NFPA Fire Protection Handbook . The
+MSDS of the Class D hazard being protected or the extin-
+guisher manufacturer should be consulted.
+(2) The agents and fire extinguishers discussed in this section
+are of specialized types, and their use often involves spe-
+cial techniques peculiar to a particular combustible
+metal. A given agent will not necessarily control or extin-
+guish all metal fires. Some agents are valuable in working
+with several metals; others are useful in combating only
+one type of metal fire. The authorities having jurisdiction
+should be consulted in each case to determine the de-
+sired protection for the particular hazard involved.
+(3) Certain combustible metals and reactive chemicals require
+special extinguishing agents or techniques. If there is doubt,
+applicable NFPA standards should be consulted. (Although
+NFPA 49 and NFPA 325 have been officially withdrawn from
+the National Fire Codes, the information is still available in
+NFPA’sFire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials.)
+(4) Reference should be made to the manufacturer’s recom-
+mendations for use and special technique for extinguish-
+ing fires in various combustible metals.
+(5) Fire of high intensity can occur in certain metals. Ignition
+is generally the result of frictional heating, exposure to
+moisture, or exposure from a fire in other combustible
+materials. The greatest hazard exists when these metals
+are in the molten state, in finely divided forms of dust,
+turnings, or shavings.
+The properties of a wide variety of combustible metals and
+the agents available for extinguishing fires in these metals are
+discussed in Section 4, Chapter 16, and Section 6, Chapter 26,
+of the NFPAFire Protection Handbook.[ 10: A.5.3.2.4]
+A.13.6.7.2.2.6 Halon agent is highly effective for extinguish-
+ing fire and evaporates after use, leaving no residue. Halon
+agent is, however, included in the Montreal Protocol list of
+controlled substances developed under the United Nations
+Environment Program. Where agents other than halon can
+satisfactorily protect the hazard, they should be used instead
+of halon. Halon use should be limited to extinguishment of
+unwanted fire; halon should not be used for routine training
+of personnel. [10: A.5.3.2.6]
+A.13.6.7.2.2.7 Wheeled fire extinguishers are available in ca-
+pacities of 33 gal (125 L) for foam units and range from 30 lb
+to 350 lb (13.6 kg to 158.8 kg) for other types of extinguishers.
+These fire extinguishers are capable of delivering higher
+agent flow rates and greater agent stream range than the nor-
+mal portable-type fire extinguishers. Wheeled fire extinguish-
+ers are capable of furnishing increased fire-extinguishing ef-
+fectiveness for high hazard areas and have added importance
+when a limited number of people are available. [10: A.5.3.2.7]
+A.13.6.7.3.1.1 Light (low) hazard occupancies can include
+some buildings or rooms occupied as offices, classrooms,
+churches, assembly halls, guest room areas of hotels/motels,
+and so forth. This classification anticipates that the majority of
+content items are either noncombustible or so arranged that a
+fire is not likely to spread rapidly. Small amounts of Class B
+flammables used for duplicating machines, art departments,
+and so forth, are included, provided that they are kept in
+closed containers and safely stored. [10: A.5.4.1.1]
+A.13.6.7.3.1.2 Ordinary (moderate) hazard occupancies
+could consist of dining areas, mercantile shops and allied stor-
+age, light manufacturing, research operations, auto show-
+rooms, parking garages, workshop or support service areas of
+light (low) hazard occupancies, and warehouses containing
+Class I or Class II commodities as defined by NFPA 13,Standard
+for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
+NFPA 13 defines Class I and Class II commodities as follows:
+A Class I commodity is a noncombustible product that meets
+one of the following criteria:
+(1) Placed directly on wooden pallets
+(2) Placed in single-layer corrugated cartons, with or without
+single-thickness cardboard dividers, with or without pal-
+lets
+(3) Shrink-wrapped or paper-wrapped as a unit load, with or
+without pallets
+A Class II commodity is a noncombustible product that is in
+slatted wooden crates, solid wood boxes, multiple-layered cor-
+rugated cartons, or equivalent combustible packaging mate-
+rial, with or without pallets. [10: A.5.4.1.2]
+A.13.6.7.3.1.3 Extra (high) hazard occupancies could consist
+of woodworking; vehicle repair; aircraft and boat servicing;
+cooking areas; individual product display showrooms; product
+convention center displays; and storage and manufacturing
+processes such as painting, dipping, and coating, including
+flammable liquid handling. Also included is warehousing of or
+in-process storage of other than Class I and Class II commodi-
+ties. [10: A.5.4.1.3]
+1–457ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.13.6.7.3.2 Most buildings have Class A fire hazards. In any
+occupancy, there could be a predominant hazard as well as
+special hazard areas requiring supplemental protection. For
+example, a hospital will generally have need for Class A fire
+extinguishers covering patients’ rooms, corridors, offices, and
+so forth, but will need Class B fire extinguishers in laboratories
+and where flammable anesthetics are stored or handled,
+Class C fire extinguishers in electrical switch gear or generator
+rooms, and Class K extinguishers in kitchens. [10: A.5.4.2]
+A.13.6.7.3.2.2 If fire extinguishers intended for different
+classes of fires are grouped, their intended use should be
+marked conspicuously to aid in the choice of the proper fire
+extinguisher at the time of a fire. In an emergency, the ten-
+dency is to reach for the closest fire extinguisher. If this fire
+extinguisher is of the wrong type, the user could endanger
+himself or herself and the property he or she is endeavoring to
+protect. Wherever possible, it is preferable to have only those
+fire extinguishers available that can be safely used on any type
+of fire in the immediate vicinity. [10: A.5.4.2.2]
+A.13.6.7.4.1.1.1 Pressurized flammable liquids and pressur-
+ized gas fires are considered to be a special hazard. Class B fire
+extinguishers containing agents other than dry chemical are
+relatively ineffective on this type of hazard due to stream and
+agent characteristics. The system used to rate the effectiveness
+of fire extinguishers on Class B fires (flammable liquids in
+depth) is not applicable to these types of hazards. It has been
+determined that special nozzle design and rates of agent appli-
+cation are required to cope with such hazards. [10: A.5.5.1.1]
+A.13.6.7.4.1.1.2 A three-dimensional Class B fire involves
+Class B materials in motion such as pouring, running, or drip-
+ping flammable liquids, and generally includes vertical as well
+as one or more horizontal surfaces. Fires of this nature are
+considered to be a special hazard. The system used to rate fire
+extinguishers on Class B fires (flammable liquids in depth) is
+not directly applicable to this type of hazard. The installation
+of fixed systems should be considered where applicable.
+[10: A.5.5.1.1.2]
+A.13.6.7.4.4(2) Where multiple extinguishers are utilized, si-
+multaneous discharge from multiple locations to eliminate
+any blind spots created by an obstacle should be employed.
+[10: A.5.5.4(2)]
+A.13.6.7.4.5 Fire extinguishers for cooking media (vegetable or
+animal oils and fats) traditionally followed Table 13.6.8.3.1.1 for
+extra (high) hazard, requiring a minimum 40-B rated sodium
+bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate dry chemical extin-
+guisher. The evolution of high-efficiency cooking appliances and
+the change to hotter-burning vegetable shortening has created a
+more severe fire hazard. Testing has shown that wet chemical
+extinguishers have several times the cooking fire-extinguishing
+capability of a minimum 40-B rated sodium bicarbonate or potas-
+sium bicarbonate dry chemical extinguisher, which has
+prompted the creation of a new classification and a new listing
+test protocol. The test protocol is found in ANSI/UL 711,Stan-
+dard for Rating and Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishers.
+See NFPA 96, Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protec-
+tion of Commercial Cooking Operations , for further information.
+Persons in cooking areas need specific training on the use of
+extinguishers as an essential step for personal safety. Class K
+fire extinguishers equipped with extended wand-type dis-
+charge devices should not be used in a manner that results in
+subsurface injection of wet chemical extinguishing agents into
+hot cooking media. Subsurface injection causes a thermody-
+namic reaction comparable to an explosion. [10: A.5.5.5]
+A.13.6.7.4.5.3 Figure A.13.6.7.4.5.3(a) and Figure
+A.13.6.7.4.5.3(b) show the recommended wording for the
+Class K placard. Recommended size is 7 5⁄8 in. × 11 in.
+(193 mm × 279 mm). [ 10: A.5.5.5.3]
+0.2 in. (4.8 mm) Dia. holes
+(4 places)
+IN CASE OF APPLIANCE FIRE, USE
+THIS EXTINGUISHER AFTER FIXED
+SUPPRESSION SYSTEM HAS BEEN
+ACTUATED.
+WARNING!
+EN CASO DE INCENDIO DE ALGÚN
+APARATO, UTILICE ESTE EXTINTOR
+DESPUÉS DE QUE EL SISTEMA FIJO DE
+SUPRESIÓN AUTOMÁTICO HAYA SIDO
+ACTIVADO.
+! PRECAUCIÓN
+7.6 in.
+(194 mm)
+11 in. (279 mm)
+0.5 in. (12.7 mm) Typ.
+0.5 in. 
+(12.7 mm)
+Typ.
+Notes:
+Material: 0.4 in. (10 mm) 
+white styrene
+Print: Reverse printing –
+ PMS 4 85 red background
+ White print
+0.6 in. (14.3 mm) letters for
+“warning.”
+0.25 in. (6.4 mm) letters for 
+warning note. 
+Radius corners.
+FIGURE A.13.6.7.4.5.3(a) Typical Class K Placard (English/Spanish).
+[10:Figure A.5.5.5.3(a)]
+1–458 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.13.6.7.4.6 Delicate electronic equipment includes, but is
+not limited to, data processing, computers, CAD, CAM, robot-
+ics, and reproduction equipment. Use of fire extinguishers
+containing other extinguishing agents can damage beyond re-
+pair both the equipment at the source of the fire and related
+equipment in the immediate vicinity of the fire. Dry chemical
+residue will probably not be able to be completely and imme-
+diately removed, and, in addition, multipurpose dry chemical,
+when exposed to temperatures in excess of 250°F (121°C) or
+relative humidity in excess of 50 percent, can cause corrosion.
+[10: A.5.5.6]
+A.13.6.8.1.1 The following are items that affect distribution
+of portable fire extinguishers:
+(1) Area and arrangement of the building occupancy condi-
+tions
+(2) Severity of the hazard
+(3) Anticipated classes of fire
+(4) Other protective systems or devices
+(5) Distances to be traveled to reach fire extinguishers
+In addition, the following factors should be considered:
+(1) Anticipated rate of fire spread
+(2) Intensity and rate of heat development
+(3) Smoke contributed by the burning materials
+(4) Accessibility of a fire to close approach with portable fire
+extinguishers
+Wheeled fire extinguishers have additional agent and range
+and should be considered for areas where the additional protec-
+tion is needed. Portable fire extinguishers offer the occupant a
+means to assist in evacuation of a building or occupancy. They are
+useful to knock down the fire if it occurs along the evacuation
+route. Whenever possible, the individual property should be sur-
+veyed for actual protection requirements. [10:A.6.1.1]
+A.13.6.8.1.3.3.2 Acceptable means of identifying the fire ex-
+tinguisher locations could include arrows, lights, signs, or cod-
+ing of the wall or column. [10: A.6.1.3.3.2]
+A.13.6.8.1.3.4 In situations where it is necessary that fire extin-
+guishers be provided temporarily, a good practice is to provide
+portable stands, consisting of a horizontal bar on uprights with
+feet, on which the fire extinguishers can be hung. [10:A.6.1.3.4]
+A.13.6.8.1.3.10.4 Vented fire extinguisher cabinets should
+utilize tinted glass and should be constructed to prevent the
+entrance of insects and the accumulation of water. Vented fire
+extinguisher cabinets constructed in this manner lower the
+maximum internal temperature 10°F to 15°F (5.6°C to 8.3°C).
+[10: A.6.1.3.10.4]
+A.13.6.8.1.3.11 The following precautions should be noted
+where fire extinguishers are located in areas that have tem-
+peratures outside the range of 40°F to 120°F (4°C to 49°C):
+(1) AFFF and FFFP fire extinguishers cannot be protected
+against temperatures below 40°F (4°C) by adding an anti-
+freeze charge because it tends to destroy the effectiveness
+of the extinguishing agent.
+(2) Plain water fire extinguishers should not be protected
+against temperatures below 40°F (4°C) with ethylene gly-
+col antifreeze. Calcium chloride solutions should not be
+used in stainless steel fire extinguishers.
+(3) Fire extinguishers installed in machinery compartments,
+diesel locomotives, automotive equipment, marine engine
+compartments, and hot processing facilities can easily be
+subjected to temperatures above 120°F (49°C). Selection of
+fire extinguishers for hazard areas with temperatures above
+the listed limits should be made on the basis of recommen-
+dations by manufacturers of this equipment. [10:A.6.1.3.11]
+0.2 in. (4.8 mm) Dia. holes
+(4 places)
+IN CASE OF APPLIANCE FIRE, USE
+THIS EXTINGUISHER AFTER FIXED
+SUPPRESSION SYSTEM HAS BEEN
+ACTUATED.
+WARNING!
+EN CAS D'INCENDIE IMPLIQUANT
+UN ÉQUIPMENT DE CUISSON, UTILISEZ
+CET EXTINCTEUR APRÈS AVOIR ACTIVÉ
+LE SYSTÈME D'EXTINCTION FIXE.
+! ATTENTION
+7.6 in. 
+(194 mm)
+11 in. (279 mm)
+0.5 in. (12.7 mm) Typ.
+0.5 in. 
+(12.7 mm)
+Typ.
+Notes:
+Material: 0.4 in. (10 mm) white 
+styrene
+Print: Reverse printing –
+ PMS 4 85 red background
+ White print
+0.6 in. (14.3 mm) letters for 
+“warning.”
+0.25 in. (6.4 mm) letters for 
+warning note. 
+Radius corners.
+FIGURE A.13.6.7.4.5.3(b) Typical Class K Placard (English/French).
+[10:Figure A.5.5.5.3(b)]
+1–459ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.13.6.8.3.2.2 Where such personnel are not available, the
+hazard should be protected by fixed systems. [10: A.6.3.2.2]
+A.13.6.8.4 Electrical equipment should be de-energized as
+soon as possible to prevent reignition. [10: A.6.4]
+A.13.6.9.1 Chapter 7 of NFPA 10 or subsection 13.6.9 is con-
+cerned with the rules governing inspection, maintenance, and
+recharging of fire extinguishers. These factors are of prime
+importance in ensuring operation at the time of a fire. The
+procedure for inspection and maintenance of fire extinguish-
+ers varies considerably. Minimal knowledge is necessary to per-
+form a monthly “quick check” or inspection in order to follow
+the inspection procedure as outlined in 13.6.9. [10: A.7.1]
+A.13.6.9.1.2.2 A fire equipment servicing agency is usually
+the most reliable means available to the public for having
+maintenance and recharging performed. Large industries
+could find it desirable to establish their own maintenance and
+recharge facilities, training personnel to perform these func-
+tions. Service manuals and parts lists should be obtained from
+the fire extinguisher manufacturer. [10: A.7.1.2.2]
+A.13.6.9.2.1.1 Frequency of fire extinguisher inspections
+should be based on the need of the area in which fire extin-
+guishers are located. The required monthly inspection is a
+minimum. [10: A.7.2.1.1]
+A.13.6.9.2.1.3 An inspection should be more frequent if any
+of the following conditions exist:
+(1) High frequency of fires in the past
+(2) Severe hazards
+(3) Susceptibility to tampering, vandalism, or malicious mis-
+chief
+(4) Possibility of, or experience with, theft of fire extinguishers
+(5) Locations that make fire extinguishers susceptible to me-
+chanical injury
+(6) Possibility of visible or physical obstructions
+(7) Exposure to abnormal temperatures or corrosive atmo-
+spheres
+(8) Characteristics of fire extinguishers, such as susceptibility
+to leakage
+Due to these conditions, more frequent inspections could
+be enhanced through electronic monitoring of the fire extin-
+guisher. [10: A.7.2.1.3]
+A.13.6.9.2.2 The following procedure permits rapid removal
+of the hose by one person without kinking and obstruction of
+flow of extinguishing agent:
+(1) Form a loop over hose supports [see Figure A.13.6.9.2.2(a)]
+(2) Follow with a reverse loop so that hose passes behind loop
+as shown in Figure A.13.6.9.2.2(b)
+(3) Repeat Steps (1) and (2) until all hose is coiled on sup-
+port [see Figure A.13.6.9.2.2(c)]
+(4) Adjust coil so that nozzle is in the downward position as
+shown in Figure A.13.6.9.2.2(d) (Hose coiled in this man-
+ner pulls off free of twists.)
+(5) Place nozzle in holder with handle forward in the closed
+position [see Figure A.13.6.9.2.2(e)] [10: A.7.2.2]
+A.13.6.9.3 Persons performing maintenance operations usu-
+ally come from two major groups:
+(1) Fire extinguisher service agencies
+(2) Trained industrial safety or maintenance personnel
+FIGURE A.13.6.9.2.2(a) Counterclockwise Loop. [10:Figure
+A.7.2.2(a)]
+FIGURE A.13.6.9.2.2(b) Reverse Loop. [10:Figure A.7.2.2(b)]
+FIGURE A.13.6.9.2.2(c) Continued Reverse Loops. [10:Fig-
+ure A.7.2.2(c)]
+1–460 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Fire extinguishers owned by individuals are often neglected
+because a periodic follow-up program is not planned. It is recom-
+mended that such owners become familiar with their fire extin-
+guishers so they can detect telltale warnings during inspection
+that could suggest the need for maintenance. When mainte-
+nance is indicated, it should be performed by trained persons
+having proper equipment.(See 13.6.9.1.2.2.)
+The purpose of a well-planned and well-executed mainte-
+nance program for a fire extinguisher is to maximize the fol-
+lowing probabilities:
+(1) The extinguisher will operate properly between the time
+intervals established for maintenance examinations in the
+environment to which it is exposed.
+(2) The extinguisher will not constitute a potential hazard to
+persons in its vicinity or to operators or rechargers of fire
+extinguishers.
+Any replacement parts needed should be obtained from
+the manufacturer or a representative. [10: A.7.3]
+A.13.6.9.3.1.2.1 Halon removed from a fire extinguisher is
+kept in a closed recovery/recharge system until disposition
+can be made as to whether to recharge the halon back into a
+fire extinguisher or return unsatisfactory halon to a manufac-
+turer for proper disposal. A listed Halon 1211 closed recovery/
+recharge system has the following:
+(1) Clear sight glass for monitoring the cleanliness of the
+Halon 1211
+(2) A means of determining if the acceptable water content of
+the halon has been exceeded
+(3) A means of mechanically filtering the Halon 1211 and
+removing excess water
+Such a recovery system also has a motor-driven pump sys-
+tem that permits the transfer of halon into a fire extinguisher
+or supply container without the need to vent the receiving
+container to reduce its pressure before halon transfer. Closed
+recovery/recharge systems also include the plumbing, valves,
+regulators, and safety relief devices to permit convenient,
+quick transfer of the Halon 1211. [10: A.7.3.1.2.1]
+A.13.6.9.3.1.3 Carbon dioxide hose assemblies have a con-
+tinuous metal braid that connects to both couplings to mini-
+mize the static shock hazard. The reason for the conductivity
+test is to determine that the hose is conductive from the inlet
+coupling to the outlet orifice. A basic conductivity tester con-
+sists of a flashlight having an open circuit and a set of two wires
+with a conductor (clamps or probe) at each end.
+Figure A.13.6.9.3.1.3 provides a guide to the design of a
+conductivity test label. [10: A.7.3.1.3]
+A.13.6.9.3.2 See Annex I of NFPA 10 for recommended main-
+tenance procedures. [10: A.7.3.2]
+A.13.6.9.3.2(5) Certain fire extinguisher electronic monitoring
+devices require annual maintenance, such as replacement of the
+primary or alternate battery or batteries. See specific manufactur-
+ers’ maintenance recommendations. [10:A.7.3.2(5)]
+A.13.6.9.3.2.2 Where a safety seal or tamper indicator is miss-
+ing, it can be evidence that the fire extinguisher has been used
+and therefore should be removed from service. Extreme cau-
+tion should be exercised before replacing a tamper seal on a
+nonrechargeable fire extinguisher. [10: A.7.3.2.2]
+A.13.6.9.3.2.3 Removable extinguisher boots and foot rings
+are those that are not put on by the extinguisher manufac-
+turer with glue or welded. [10: A.7.3.2.3]
+A.13.6.9.3.3 In addition to the required tag or label (see
+13.6.9.3.3), a permanent file record should be kept for each
+fire extinguisher. This file record should include the following
+information, as applicable:
+(1) Maintenance date and the name of the person and
+agency performing the maintenance
+(2) Date when last recharged and the name of the person and
+agency performing the recharge
+(3) Hydrostatic retest date and the name of the person and
+agency performing the hydrostatic test
+FIGURE A.13.6.9.2.2(d) Nozzle in Downward Position.
+[10:Figure A.7.2.2(d)]
+FIGURE A.13.6.9.2.2(e) Nozzle in Holder. [10:Figure
+A.7.2.2(e)]
+2006
+2007
+Jan/Feb/March/April/May/June/July/Aug/Sept/Oct/Nov/Dec
+CONDUCTIVITY TESTED
+DISTRIBUTION NAME
+Dist. license no.
+Employee name
+Employee lic. no.
+2008
+2009
+FIGURE A.13.6.9.3.1.3 Conductivity Test Label. [10:Figure
+A.7.3.1.3]
+1–461ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(4) Description of dents remaining after passing a hydrostatic
+test
+(5) Date of the 6-year maintenance for stored-pressure dry
+chemical and halogenated agent types (see 13.6.9.3.1.2.2)
+It is recognized that an electronic bar coding system is of-
+ten acceptable to the AHJ in lieu of a tag or label for mainte-
+nance record keeping.
+Under special circumstances or when local requirements are
+in effect, additional information can be desirable or required.
+[10:A.7.3.3]
+A.13.6.9.3.3.1 Labels should be printed in black with a light
+blue background. [10: A.7.3.3.1]
+A.13.6.9.3.3.2 A number of states have regulations requiring
+an internal marking of an extinguisher, which is used to verify
+if the extinguisher was depressurized, if the valve was re-
+moved, and if a complete maintenance was performed. The
+verification of service collar design also requires that the valve
+be removed before the collar can be attached to the extin-
+guisher. The collar provides the AHJ with a more convenient
+visual proof that the extinguisher was disassembled and that
+maintenance was performed.
+This standard does not specifically require a verification of
+service collar when a hydrostatic test is performed on a fire extin-
+guisher cylinder. All extinguishers are to have the valve removed
+for hydrostatic testing and are to be subsequently recharged be-
+fore they are returned to service. To be valid, the date on the
+verification of service collar should always be the same as or more
+recent than the date on the hydrostatic test label.
+Figure A.13.6.9.3.3.2 provides a guide to the design of a
+verification of service collar. [10: A.7.3.3.2]
+A.13.6.9.4.1 General safety guidelines for recharging include
+the following:
+(1) Make sure all pressure is vented from fire extinguisher
+before attempting to remove valve body or fill closure.
+(Warning: Do not depend on pressure-indicating devices
+to tell if container is under pressure, because the devices
+could malfunction.)
+(2) Use proper recharge materials when refilling a fire extin-
+guisher. Mixing of some extinguishing agents could
+cause a chemical reaction, resulting in a dangerous pres-
+sure buildup in the container.
+(3) The weight of agent as specified on the nameplate is
+critical. Overfilling could render the fire extinguisher
+dangerous or ineffective.
+(4) All sealing components should be cleaned and properly
+lubricated to prevent leakage after recharge.
+(5) Check pressure-indicating device to ascertain that it is
+reading properly.
+(6) Most manufacturers recommend the use of dry nitrogen as
+an expellant gas for stored-pressure fire extinguishers. Lim-
+iting charging pressure regulator setting to 25 psi (172 kPa)
+above service pressure as per 13.6.9.4.4.2 prevents gauge
+damage and loss of calibration. (Warning: Never connect
+the fire extinguisher to be charged directly to the high-
+pressure source. Connecting directly to the high-pressure
+source could cause the container to rupture, resulting in
+injury. Never leave a fire extinguisher connected to the
+regulator of a high-pressure source for an extended period
+of time. A defective regulator could cause the container to
+rupture due to excess pressure.)
+(7) Use the manufacturer’s recommended charging adapter
+to prevent damage to a valve and its components.
+(8) When recharging separate expellant source fire extin-
+guishers, make sure filled enclosure is in place and tight-
+ened down. Replace all safety devices prior to installing
+replacement cartridges.
+(9) Use only gas cartridges recommended by the manufac-
+turer. Cartridge features such as pressure relief, puncturing
+capabilities, fill density, and thread compatibility are de-
+signed and approved to specific functional requirements.
+(10) Use proper safety seals, as other types, such as meter seals,
+could possibly fail to break at the prescribed requirements.
+(11) Regulators utilized on wheeled fire extinguishers are fac-
+tory pinned at the operating pressure and should not be
+field adjusted. [10: A.7.4.1]
+A.13.6.9.4.1.2 Some manufacturers require that their fire
+extinguishers be returned to the factory for recharging.
+[10: A.7.4.1.2]
+A.13.6.9.4.1.3 To determine the gross weight, the entire
+fire extinguisher should be weighed empty. The weight of
+the specified recharge agent should be added to this
+amount. [ 10: A.7.4.1.3]
+A.13.6.9.4.1.3.5 The leak test required for stored-pressure and
+self-expelling types should be sufficiently sensitive to ensure that
+the fire extinguisher remains operable for at least 1 year. Any
+tamper indicators or seals need to be replaced after recharging.
+[10:A.7.4.1.3.5]
+A.13.6.9.4.3.1 On properties where fire extinguishers are
+maintained by the occupant, a supply of recharging agents
+should be kept on hand. These agents should meet the re-
+quirements of 13.6.9.4.3.1.
+The intent of this provision is to maintain the efficiency of
+each fire extinguisher as produced by the manufacturer and as
+labeled by one or more of the fire testing laboratories. For ex-
+ample, the extinguishing agent and the additives used in the vari-
+ous types of dry chemical fire extinguishers vary in chemical com-
+position and in particle size and, thus, in flow characteristics.
+Each fire extinguisher is designed to secure maximum efficiency
+with the particular formulation used. Changing the agent from
+that specified on the fire extinguisher nameplate could affect
+flow rates, nozzle discharge characteristics, and the quantity of
+available agent (as influenced by density), and would void the
+label of the testing laboratory.
+Diameter to fit cylinder neck
+MONTH
+1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
+11
+12
+YEAR
+06
+07
+08
+09
+ABC
+FIREEXTSERVICE ABCFIREEXTSERVICE
+1–06
+Mold, emboss, or stamp
+(punch month and year as required)
+Material: aluminum or polyethylene
+FIGURE A.13.6.9.3.3.2 Design of a Verification of Service
+Collar. [10:A.7.3.3.2]
+1–462 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Certain recharging materials deteriorate with age, exposure
+to excessive temperature, and exposure to moisture. Storage of
+recharge agents for long periods of time should be avoided.
+Dry powder used for combustible metal fires (Class D)
+should not become damp, as the powder will not be free flow-
+ing. In addition, when dry powder contains sufficient mois-
+ture, a hazardous reaction could result when applied to a
+metal fire. [10: A.7.4.3.1]
+A.13.6.9.4.3.2 Mixing multipurpose dry chemicals with
+alkaline-based dry chemicals could result in a chemical re-
+action capable of developing sufficient pressures to rupture
+a fire extinguisher. Substituting a different formulation for
+the one originally employed could cause malfunctioning of
+the fire extinguisher or result in substandard performance.
+[10: A.7.4.3.2]
+A.13.6.9.4.3.6 Moisture within a nonwater-type fire extin-
+guisher creates a serious corrosion hazard to the fire extin-
+guisher shell and also indicates what is probably an inoperative
+fire extinguisher. Moisture could possibly enter at the following
+times:
+(1) After a hydrostatic test
+(2) When recharging is being performed
+(3) When the valve has been removed from the cylinder
+(4) When using compressed air and a moisture trap for pres-
+surizing nonwater types
+It is extremely important to remove any water or moisture
+from any fire extinguisher before recharging. Excess moisture
+in a dry chemical fire extinguisher causes the agent to cake
+and lump and become unusable. It also causes corrosion to
+the fire extinguisher shell and valve. In carbon dioxide and
+halogenated fire extinguishers, excess moisture causes ex-
+tremely corrosive acids to form when combined with the extin-
+guishing agent. These acids can corrode the fire extinguisher
+shell and valve. [10: A.7.4.3.6]
+A.13.6.9.4.3.7 If the fire extinguisher valve is removed for
+servicing, it is recommended that the fire extinguisher be
+purged with nitrogen or argon (as appropriate) or that a
+vacuum be drawn on the fire extinguisher cylinder prior to
+recharging. [10: A.7.4.3.7]
+A.13.6.9.4.3.9 The preferred source of carbon dioxide for
+recharging fire extinguishers is from a low-pressure [300 psi at
+0°F (2068 kPa at −17.8°C)] supply, supplied either directly or
+via dry cylinders used as an intermediary means. Dry ice con-
+verters should not to be used to recharge carbon dioxide por-
+table fire extinguishers. [10: A.7.4.3.9]
+A.13.6.9.4.3.10 When stored-pressure fire extinguishers
+are recharged, overfilling results in improper discharge.
+[10: A.7.4.3.10]
+A.13.6.9.4.4.1 If it becomes necessary to replace a pressure
+gauge on a fire extinguisher, in addition to knowing the charg-
+ing pressure, it is important to know the type of extinguishing
+agent for which the gauge is suitable, as well as the valve body
+with which the gauge is compatible. This information could be
+available in the form of markings on the dial face. Where the
+marking is provided, the extinguishing agent is indicated by
+references such as “Use Dry Chemicals Only,” while the valve
+body compatibility is indicated as follows:
+(1) Gauges intended for use with aluminum or plastic valve
+bodies are marked with a line above the gauge manufac-
+turer’s code letter.
+(2) Gauges intended for use with brass or plastic valve bodies are
+marked with a line below the manufacturer’s code letter.
+(3) Universal gauges that can be used with aluminum, brass,
+or plastic valve bodies are marked with lines above and
+below the manufacturer’s code letter or by the absence of
+any line above or below the manufacturer’s code letter.
+Using the proper replacement gauge as to pressure range,
+extinguishing agent, and valve body compatibility is recom-
+mended to avoid or to reduce gauge-related problems. [ 10:
+A.7.4.4.1]
+A.13.6.9.4.4.2.3 A defective regulator could cause the con-
+tainer to rupture due to excess pressure. [10: A.7.4.4.2.3]
+A.13.6.9.4.4.3.5 Some Class D fire extinguishers are required
+to be pressurized with argon. [10: A.7.4.4.3.5]
+A.13.7.1.4.3 Records of conducted maintenance and testing
+and a copy of the certificate of compliance should be main-
+tained. [101: A.9.6.1.5]
+A.13.7.1.4.4 A fire watch should at least involve some special
+action beyond normal staffing, such as assigning an additional
+security guard(s) to walk the areas affected. Such individuals
+should be specially trained in fire prevention and in occupant
+and fire department notification techniques, and they should
+understand the particular fire safety situation for public edu-
+cation purposes. (Also see NFPA 601, Standard for Security Services
+in Fire Loss Prevention.) [101: A.9.6.1.6]
+A.13.7.1.4.6.1 The Code intends that only one smoke detector
+is required to be installed at the fire alarm control unit, the
+notification circuit power extenders, and the supervising sta-
+tion transmitting equipment, even when the area of the room
+would require more than one smoke detector if installed ac-
+cording to the spacing rules in NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm
+Code, Chapter 5. [101: A.9.6.1.8.1]
+A.13.7.1.4.7 The requirement of 13.7.1.4.7 recognizes there
+will be instances where, for example, a facility owner would
+want to apply detection to meet certain performance goals
+and to address a particular hazard or need, but that detection
+is not required. Once installed, of course, acceptance testing,
+annual testing, and ongoing maintenance in accordance with
+this Code is expected. The intent of this section is to allow the
+use of a single detector, or multiple detectors provided for
+specific protection, with spacing to meet specific fire safety
+objectives as determined in accordance with 5.6.1.1 and
+5.7.1.1 of NFPA 72.[ 72: A.5.5.2.3]
+A.13.7.1.4.8.5 It is not the intent of 13.7.1.4.8.5 to require
+manual fire alarm boxes to be attached to movable parti-
+tions or to equipment, nor is it the intent to require the
+installation of permanent structures for mounting purposes
+only. [101: A.9.6.2.5]
+A.13.7.1.4.8.6 The manual fire alarm box required by
+13.7.1.4.8.6 is intended to provide a means to manually acti-
+vate the fire alarm system when the automatic fire detection
+system or waterflow devices are out of service due to mainte-
+nance or testing, or where human discovery of the fire pre-
+cedes automatic sprinkler system or automatic detection sys-
+tem activation. Where the fire alarm system is connected to a
+monitoring facility, the manual fire alarm box required by
+13.7.1.4.8.6 should be connected to a separate circuit that is
+not placed “on test” when the detection or sprinkler system is
+placed on test. The manual fire alarm box should be located
+1–463ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+in an area that is accessible to occupants of the building and
+should not be locked. [101: A.9.6.2.6]
+A.13.7.1.4.8.7 Manual fire alarm boxes can include those with
+key-operated locks for detention areas or psychiatric hospitals,
+manual fire alarm boxes in areas where explosive vapors or dusts
+might be a hazard, or manual fire alarm boxes in areas with cor-
+rosive atmospheres. The appearance of manual fire alarm boxes
+for special uses often differs from those used in areas of normal
+occupancy. Manual fire alarm boxes, such as those with locks,
+that are located in areas where the general public has limited
+access might need to have signage advising persons to seek assis-
+tance from staff in the event a fire is noted. [101: A.9.6.2.7]
+A.13.7.1.4.9.1.3 NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, mandates
+smoke alarms in all sleeping rooms, and interconnection of
+smoke alarms is required for both new and existing installations.
+Per 9.6.2.10.1.2 of NFPA101, the residential occupancy chapters
+determine whether smoke alarms are needed within sleeping
+rooms. Paragraph 9.6.2.10.1.3 of NFPA101 limits the require-
+ment for interconnection of smoke alarms to those in new con-
+struction. ThisCode does not intend to require compliant, exist-
+ing smoke alarm installations to be interconnected. ThisCode is
+periodically revised to add retrospective requirements only
+where the need is clearly substantiated. [101: A.9.6.2.10.1.3]
+A.13.7.1.4.9.3 A dwelling unit is that structure, area, room, or
+combination of rooms, including hotel rooms/suites, in which a
+family or individual lives. A dwelling unit includes living areas
+only and not common usage areas in multifamily buildings, such
+as corridors, lobbies, and basements. [101: A.9.6.2.10.3]
+A.13.7.1.4.10.2.1 Elevator lobbies have been considered ar-
+eas subject to unwanted alarms due to factors such as low ceil-
+ings and smoking. In the past several years, new features have
+become available to reduce this problem. These features are,
+however, not necessarily included in any specific installation.
+[101: A.9.6.3.2.1]
+A.13.7.1.4.10.2.2 The concept addressed is that detectors
+used for releasing service, such as door or damper closing and
+fan shutdown, are not required to sound the building alarm.
+[101: A.9.6.3.2.2]
+A.13.7.1.4.10.2.3 The concept addressed is that detectors
+used for releasing service, such as door or damper closing and
+fan shutdown, are not required to sound the building alarm.
+[101: A.9.6.3.2.3]
+A.13.7.1.4.10.5.7 Visual notification appliances installed in
+large volume spaces, such as arenas, stadiums, malls and atri-
+ums, can be alternative devices which are not listed as visible
+notification appliances for fire alarm systems provided that
+the notification objective of the visual signal is reasonably
+achieved. Examples of alternative devices include, but are not
+limited to, scoreboards, message boards, and other electronic
+devices that meet the performance objectives of visible fire
+alarm appliances in large volume spaces.
+It is the intent to permit the omission of visible notification
+appliances as identified in 9.6.3.5.7 of NFPA101 provided that
+the adjacent areas that have not been specifically designated
+as exempt are provided with visible notification as required by
+9.6.3.5 of NFPA101.[ 101: A.9.6.3.5.7]
+A.13.7.1.4.10.5.8 Documentation should be maintained with
+the as-built drawings so that inspection and testing personnel
+understand that the visible appliances have been exempted
+from certain areas and, therefore, can note the deviation on
+the acceptance test documentation and ongoing inspection
+reports. This will provide inspection and testing personnel
+with necessary details regarding the omission of visible notifi-
+cation appliances. [101: A.9.6.3.5.8]
+A.13.7.1.4.10.6.2 To approve an evacuation plan to selec-
+tively notify building occupants, the AHJ should consider sev-
+eral building parameters, including building compartmenta-
+tion, detection and suppression system zones, occupant loads,
+and the number and arrangement of the means of egress.
+In high-rise buildings, it is typical to evacuate the fire floor,
+the floor(s) above, and the floor immediately below. Other
+areas are then evacuated as the fire develops. [101: A.9.6.3.6.2]
+A.13.7.1.4.14.4 The primary purpose of fire alarm system an-
+nunciation is to enable responding personnel to identify the lo-
+cation of a fire quickly and accurately and to indicate the status of
+emergency equipment or fire safety functions that might affect
+the safety of occupants in a fire situation. [72:A.4.4.6.3]
+A.13.7.1.4.14.7 Fire alarm system annunciation should, as a
+minimum, be sufficiently specific to identify a fire alarm signal
+in accordance with the following:
+(1) If a floor exceeds 2093 m 2 (22,500 ft2) in area, the floor
+should be subdivided into detection zones of 2093 m 2
+(22,500 ft2) or less, consistent with the existing smoke and
+fire barriers on the floor.
+(2) If a floor exceeds 2093 m 2 (22,500 ft2) in area and is un-
+divided by smoke or fire barriers, detection zoning should
+be determined on a case-by-case basis in consultation with
+the authority having jurisdiction.
+(3) Waterflow switches on sprinkler systems that serve mul-
+tiple floors, areas exceeding 2093 m2 (22,500 ft2), or areas
+inconsistent with the established detection system zoning
+should be annunciated individually.
+(4) In-duct smoke detectors on air-handling systems that
+serve multiple floors, areas exceeding 2093 m2 (22,500 ft2),
+or areas inconsistent with the established detection system
+zoning should be annunciated individually.
+(5) If a floor area exceeds 2093 m2 (22,500 ft2), additional zon-
+ing should be provided. The length of any zone should not
+exceed 91 m (300 ft) in any direction. If the building is pro-
+vided with automatic sprinklers throughout, the area of the
+alarm zone should be permitted to coincide with the allow-
+able area of the sprinkler zone. [72:A.4.4.6.6]
+A.13.7.2.5.3 The requirement for smoke detectors in
+spaces open to the corridors eliminates the requirements of
+18.3.6.1(1)(c), 18.3.6.1(2)(b), and 18.3.6.1(5)(b) of
+NFPA 101 for direct supervision by the facility staff of nurs-
+ing homes. [ 101: A.18.3.4.5.3]
+A.13.7.2.7.2 Examples of contiguous common spaces are gal-
+leries and corridors. [101: A.22.3.4.4]
+A.13.7.2.7.2.3 An open dormitory is a dormitory that is ar-
+ranged to allow staff to observe the entire dormitory area at
+one time. [101: A.22.3.4.4.3]
+A.13.7.2.8.2.3 An open dormitory is a dormitory that is ar-
+ranged to allow staff to observe the entire dormitory area at
+one time. [101: A.23.3.4.4.3]
+A.13.7.2.9.3 Caution needs to be exercised in locating smoke
+alarms with regard to their proximity to bathrooms, cooking
+facilities, and HV AC outlets in order to prevent nuisance
+alarms. [101: A.28.3.4.5]
+1–464 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.13.7.2.10.2 Caution needs to be exercised in locating
+smoke alarms with regard to their proximity to bathrooms,
+cooking facilities, and HV AC outlets in order to prevent nui-
+sance alarms. [101: A.29.3.4.5]
+A.13.7.2.10.2.3 It is the intent that smoke detection be pro-
+vided at each fire alarm control unit, regardless of the pres-
+ence of sprinkler protection. [101: A.29.3.4.6]
+A.13.7.2.11.3 Previous editions of the Code permitted the
+single-station smoke alarm required by 30.3.4.5 of NFPA101 to
+be omitted from each apartment where a complete automatic
+smoke detection system was installed throughout the building.
+With such a system, when one detector is activated, an alarm is
+sounded throughout the building. Experience with complete
+smoke detection systems in apartment buildings has shown
+that numerous nuisance alarms are likely to occur. Where
+there is a problem with frequent nuisance alarms, occupants
+ignore the alarm, or the system is either disconnected or oth-
+erwise rendered inoperative. [101: A.30.3.4.5]
+A.13.7.2.11.4 It is the intent that smoke detection be pro-
+vided at each fire alarm control unit, regardless of the pres-
+ence of sprinkler systems. [101: A.30.3.4.6]
+A.13.7.2.12.3.1 NFPA 101 provides adequate, balanced fire
+protection and takes into consideration the passive and active
+systems required in a given occupancy. The level of protection
+prescribed by NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, which includes
+smoke alarms in all sleeping rooms, without exception, does
+not necessarily take into consideration the complete protec-
+tion package mandated by NFPA101.[ 101: A.31.3.4.5.1]
+A.13.7.2.12.4 It is the intent that smoke detection be pro-
+vided at each fire alarm control unit, regardless of the pres-
+ence of sprinkler protection. [101: A.31.3.4.6]
+A.13.7.2.15.1.2.5 It is the intent that smoke detection be pro-
+vided at each fire alarm control unit, regardless of the pres-
+ence of sprinkler protection. [101: A.32.3.3.4.9]
+A.13.7.2.15.2.3.3 It is the intent that smoke detection be pro-
+vided at each fire alarm control unit, regardless of the pres-
+ence of sprinkler protection. [101: A.32.3.3.4.9]
+A.13.7.2.16.1.4 Most often smoke alarms sounding an alarm at
+85 dBA or greater, installed outside the bedroom area, will meet
+the intent of this requirement. Smoke alarms remotely located
+from the bedroom might not be loud enough to awaken the
+average person. In such cases, it is recommended that smoke
+alarms be interconnected so that the activation of any smoke
+alarm will cause all smoke alarms to activate. [101: A.33.2.3.4.3]
+A.13.7.2.16.1.4.7 It is the intent that smoke detection be pro-
+vided at each fire alarm control unit, regardless of the pres-
+ence of sprinkler protection. [101: A.33.2.3.4.4]
+A.13.7.2.16.2.3.4 It is the intent that smoke detection be pro-
+vided at each fire alarm control unit, regardless of the pres-
+ence of sprinkler protection. [101: A.33.3.3.4.9]
+A.13.7.2.27.2.1 The need for voice communication can be
+based on a decision regarding staged or partial evacuation
+versus total evacuation of all floors. The determination of
+need is a function of occupancy classification and building
+height. [101: A.11.8.4.1]
+A.13.7.2.27.2.2.2 Public safety radio enhancement systems
+provide for greater flexibility and safety for emergency re-
+sponders during in-building operations. This provision serves
+to facilitate adoption of Code language prescribing design,
+installation, testing, and maintenance criteria for in-building
+public safety radio enhancement systems. Annex O offers
+guidance. AHJs are directed to 6.10.2 of NFPA 72, which per-
+mits the use of in-building public safety radio enhancement
+systems in lieu of two-way fire fighter telephone systems.
+A.13.7.3.2.1.1 Shop drawings for fire alarm systems are in-
+tended to provide basic information consistent with the objec-
+tive of installing a fully operational, code-compliant fire alarm
+system and to provide the basis for the record drawings re-
+quired elsewhere in this Code.
+Approval of shop drawings is not intended to imply waiver
+or modification of any requirements of this Code or any other
+applicable criteria.
+Shop drawings should include, to an extent commensurate
+with the extent of the work being performed, floor plan draw-
+ings, riser diagrams (except for systems in single-story build-
+ings), control unit wiring diagrams, point-to-point wiring dia-
+grams, and typical wiring diagrams as described herein.
+All shop drawings should be drawn on sheets of uniform
+size and should include the following information:
+(1) Name of owner and occupant
+(2) Location, including street address
+(3) Device legend
+(4) Date
+(5) Input/output programming matrix
+Floor plan drawings should be drawn to an indicated scale
+and should include the following information:
+(1) Floor identification
+(2) Point of compass
+(3) Graphic scale
+(4) All walls and doors
+(5) All partitions extending to within 15 percent of the ceil-
+ing height
+(6) Room descriptions
+(7) Fire alarm device/component locations
+(8) Locations of fire alarm primary power connection(s)
+(9) Locations of monitor/control interfaces to other systems
+(10) Riser locations
+(11) Routing for Class A compliance, where applicable
+(12) Methods for compliance with 6.9.10.4 of NFPA 72, Na-
+tional Fire Alarm Code, for survivability (emergency voice
+systems) as shown in Section 6.9 ofNFPA 72, National Fire
+Alarm Code, where applicable
+(13) Ceiling height and ceiling construction details
+Fire alarm system riser diagrams should include the follow-
+ing information:
+(1) General arrangement of the system, in building cross-
+section
+(2) Number of risers
+(3) Type and number of circuits in each riser
+(4) Type and number of fire alarm system components/
+devices on each circuit, on each floor or level
+Control unit wiring diagrams should be provided for all con-
+trol equipment (i.e., equipment listed as either a control unit or
+control unit accessory), power supplies, battery chargers, and an-
+nunciators and should include the following information:
+(1) Identification of the control equipment depicted
+(2) Location(s)
+(3) All field wiring terminals and terminal identifications
+(4) All circuits connected to field wiring terminals, and cir-
+cuit identifications
+1–465ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(5) All indicators and manual controls, including the full text
+of all labels
+(6) All field connections to supervising station signaling
+equipment, releasing equipment, and fire safety control
+interfaces
+Typical wiring diagrams should be provided for all initiat-
+ing devices, notification appliances, remote alarm light emit-
+ting diodes (LEDs), remote test stations, and end-of-line and
+power supervisory devices. [72: A.4.5.1.1]
+A.13.7.3.2.1.3 Protected premises fire alarm systems are of-
+ten installed under construction or remodeling contracts and
+subsequently connected to a supervising station fire alarm sys-
+tem under a separate contract. All contractors should com-
+plete the portions of the record of completion form for the
+portions of the connected systems for which they are respon-
+sible. Several partially completed forms might be accepted by
+the AHJ provided that all portions of the connected systems
+are covered in the set of forms. [72: A.4.5.1.3]
+A.13.7.3.2.2.1 The requirements of Chapter 10 of NFPA 72
+should be used to perform the installation wiring and opera-
+tional acceptance tests required when completing the record
+of completion.
+The record of completion form shall be permitted to be
+used to record decisions reached prior to installation regard-
+ing intended system type(s), circuit designations, device types,
+notification appliance type, power sources, and the means of
+transmission to the supervising station.
+An example of a completed record of completion form is
+shown in Figure A.13.7.3.2.2.1. [72: A.4.5.2.1]
+A.13.7.3.2.2.3(1) The owner’s manual should include the fol-
+lowing:
+(1) A detailed narrative description of the system inputs,
+evacuation signaling, ancillary functions, annunciation,
+intended sequence of operations, expansion capability,
+application considerations, and limitations
+(2) Operator instructions for basic system operations, includ-
+ing alarm acknowledgment, system reset, interpretation
+of system output (LEDs, CRT display, and printout), op-
+eration of manual evacuation signaling and ancillary
+function controls, and change of printer paper
+(3) A detailed description of routine maintenance and testing
+as required and recommended and as would be provided
+under a maintenance contract, including testing and
+maintenance instructions for each type of device in-
+stalled. This information should include the following:
+(a) Listing of the individual system components that re-
+quire periodic testing and maintenance
+(b) Step-by-step instructions detailing the requisite test-
+ing and maintenance procedures, and the intervals at
+which these procedures shall be performed, for each
+type of device installed
+(c) A schedule that correlates the testing and mainte-
+nance procedures that are recommended by
+A.13.7.3.2.2.3(1)(3)(b) with the listing recom-
+mended by A.13.7.3.2.2.3(1)(3)(a)
+(4) Detailed troubleshooting instructions for each trouble
+condition generated from the monitored field wiring, in-
+cluding opens, grounds, and loop failures [These instruc-
+tions should include a list of all trouble signals annunci-
+ated by the system, a description of the condition(s) that
+causes such trouble signals, and step-by-step instructions
+describing how to isolate such problems and correct them
+(or how to call for service, as appropriate).]
+(5) A service directory, including a list of names and tele-
+phone numbers of those who provide service for the sys-
+tem [72: A.4.5.2.3(1)]
+A.13.7.3.2.2.4 Subparagraph 13.7.3.2.2.4 is intended to pro-
+vide a basis for the AHJ to require third-party verification and
+certification that the AHJ and the system owner can rely on to
+reasonably assure that the fire alarm system installation com-
+plies with the applicable requirements. [72: A.4.5.2.4]
+A.13.7.3.2.4 It is suggested that the annual test be conducted
+in segments so that all devices are tested annually.
+The intent of 13.7.3.2.4 is to prevent a test from being
+made at intervals exceeding those allowed by Table 13.7.3.2.4.
+Annual tests should be made every 12 months; monthly tests
+should be made every 30 days, and so forth. For example, it is
+not acceptable to conduct an annual test in January of year one,
+and December of year two (23-month frequency) just because
+Table 13.7.3.2.4 requires a test once each year. [72:A.10.4.4]
+A.13.7.3.3.5 Manual fire alarm boxes should be of contrast-
+ing color to the background on which they are mounted.
+[72: A.5.13.5]
+A.13.7.3.3.8 It is not the intent of 13.7.3.3.8 to require
+manual fire alarm boxes to be attached to movable partitions
+or to equipment, nor to require the installation of permanent
+structures for mounting purposes only. [72: A.5.13.8]
+A.13.7.3.4 The terms certificated and placarded, which ap-
+peared in previous editions of NFPA 72, were considered by
+some to be too specific to two listing organizations and were
+replaced with more generic wording. The concept of provid-
+ing documentation to indicate ongoing compliance of an in-
+stalled system continues to be reflected by the current lan-
+guage. [72: A.8.3.4]
+A.13.7.3.4.2(2) The record of completion (see Chapter 4 of
+NFPA 72) might be used to fulfill this requirement. [ 72:
+A.8.3.4.2(2)]
+A.13.7.3.4.5 It is the prime contractor’s responsibility to re-
+move all compliance markings (certification markings or plac-
+ards) when a service contract goes into effect that conflicts in
+any way with the requirements of 13.7.3.4. [72: A.8.3.4.5]
+A.13.7.3.4.6 The prime contractor should be aware of stat-
+utes, public agency regulations, or certifications regarding fire
+alarm systems that might be binding on the subscriber. The
+prime contractor should identify for the subscriber which
+agencies could be an AHJ and, if possible, advise the sub-
+scriber of any requirements or approvals being mandated by
+these agencies.
+The subscriber has the responsibility for notifying the
+prime contractor of those private organizations that are being
+designated as an AHJ. The subscriber also has the responsibil-
+ity to notify the prime contractor of changes in the AHJ, such
+as where there is a change in insurance companies. Although
+the responsibility is primarily the subscriber’s, the prime con-
+tractor should also take responsibility for seeking out these
+private AHJs through the subscriber. The prime contractor is
+responsible for maintaining current records on the AHJ for
+each protected premises.
+1–466 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ NFPA 72 (p. 1 of 5)© 2007 National Fire Protection Association
+FIRE ALARM SYSTEM RECORD OF COMPLETION
+To be completed by the system installation contractor at the time of system acceptance and approval.
+1. PROTECTED PROPERTY INFORMATION
+ Name of property:
+ Address:
+ Description of property:
+ Occupancy type:
+ Name of property representative:
+ Address:
+ Phone: Fax: E-mail:
+ Authority having jurisdiction over this property:
+ Phone: Fax: E-mail:
+2. FIRE ALARM SYSTEM INSTALLATION, SERVICE, AND TESTING INFORMATION
+ Installation contractor for this equipment:
+ Address:
+ Phone: Fax: E-mail:
+ Service organization for this equipment:
+ Address:
+ Phone: Fax: E-mail:
+ Location of as-built drawings:                                           Location of historical test reports:
+ Location of system operation and maintenance manuals:
+ A contract for test and inspection in accordance with NFPA standards is in effect as of
+ Contracted testing company:
+ Address:
+ Phone: Fax: E-mail:
+ Contract expires:                  Contract number:                Frequency of routine inspections:
+3. TYPE OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEM OR SERVICE
+ NFPA 72 Chapter Reference of System Type:
+ Name of organization receiving alarm signals with phone numbers (if applicable):
+  Alarm:               Phone:
+  Supervisory:              Phone:
+  Trouble:               Phone:
+ Entity to which alarms are retransmitted:                Phone:
+  Method of retransmission of alarms to that organization or location:
+Buy American, Inc.
+1776 Freedom Lane, Anytown, FL
+World Headquarters
+B1 Business Occupancy
+George Washington
+1776 Freedom Lane, Anytown, FL 00000-0000
+666/666-6666 777/777-7777 georgew@usa.com
+Olin Firestop, Fire Chief, Anytown FD
+888/888-8888 999/999-9999 olinf@anytown.com
+Alarm System Installations, Inc.
+1234 Alarm Lane, Anytown, FL 00000-0000
+222/222-2222 333/333-3333 johnqsmith@anytown.com
+Alarm System Installations, Inc.
+1234 Alarm Lane, Anytown, FL 00000-0000
+222/222-2222 333/333-3333 johnqsmith@anytown.com
+Buy American Maintenance Shop
+Same
+Same
+444/444-4444 555/555-5555 abctesters@anytown.com
+ABC Fire Service Company
+5678 Testing Avenue, Anytown, FL 00000-0000
+July 4, 2007 9876 Quarterly
+Chapters 6 and 8
+Monitoring Company, Inc. 987/654-3210
+Monitoring Company, Inc. 987/654-3210
+Monitoring Company, Inc. 987/654-3210
+Anytown Fire Department 888/888-8888
+Telephone
+July 4, 2006
+FIGURE A.13.7.3.2.2.1 Example of a Filled Out Record of Completion for a
+Fire Alarm System. [72:Figure A.4.5.2.1]
+1–467ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ NFPA 72 (p. 2 of 5)© 2007 National Fire Protection Association
+3. TYPE OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEM OR SERVICE (continued)
+ If Chapter 8, note the means of transmission from the protected premises to the central station:
+  ❏   Digital alarm communicator      ❏  McCulloh      ❏  Multiplex      ❏  2-way radio      ❏  1-way radio      ❏  N/A
+ If Chapter 9, note the type of connection:     ❏  Local energy      ❏  Shunt      ❏  N/A
+ 3.1 System Software
+ Operating system (executive) software revision level:
+ Site-specific software revision date:            Revision completed by:
+4. SIGNALING LINE CIRCUITS
+ Characteristics of signaling line circuits connected to this system (see NFPA 72, Table 6.6.1):
+ Quantity:   Style:         Class:
+5. ALARM-INITIATING DEVICES AND CIRCUITS
+ Characteristics of initiating device circuits connected to this system (see NFPA 72, Table 6.5):
+ Quantity:   Style:         Class:
+ 5.1 Manual Initiating Devices
+ 5.1.1 Manual Pull Stations Number of manual pull stations:
+ Type of devices:     ❏  Addressable      ❏  Conventional      ❏  Coded      ❏  Transmitter      ❏  N/A
+ 5.2 Automatic Initiating Devices
+ 5.2.1 Area Smoke Detectors Number of smoke detectors:
+ Type of coverage:     ❏  Complete area      ❏  Partial area      ❏  Nonrequired partial area      ❏  N/A
+ Type of devices:     ❏  Addressable      ❏  Conventional      ❏  Coded      ❏  Transmitter      ❏  N/A
+ Type of smoke detector sensing technology:      ❏  Ionization      ❏  Photoelectric
+ 5.2.2 Duct Smoke Detectors Number of duct smoke detectors:
+ Type of coverage:     
+ Type of devices:     ❏  Addressable      ❏  Conventional      ❏  Coded      ❏  Transmitter      ❏  N/A
+ Type of smoke detector sensing technology:      ❏  Ionization      ❏  Photoelectric
+ 5.2.3 Heat Detectors Number of heat detectors:
+ Type of coverage:     ❏  Complete area      ❏  Partial area      ❏  Nonrequired partial area      ❏  N/A
+ Type of devices:     ❏  Addressable      ❏  Conventional      ❏  Coded      ❏  Transmitter      ❏  N/A
+ 5.2.4 Sprinkler Waterflow Detectors Number of waterflow detectors:
+ Type of devices     ❏  Addressable      ❏  Conventional      ❏  Coded      ❏  Transmitter      ❏  N/A
+ 5.2.5 Alarm Verification Number of devices subject to alarm verification:
+ Alarm verification on this system is:     ❏  Enabled     ❏  Disabled      ❏  Set for                seconds
+X
+X 2.3.4.5.6.7.8
+January 1, 2006 Abel Programmer
+3 4 B
+X
+X
+X
+X
+22
+42
+16
+8
+X
+X
+X
+X
+X
+2
+0
+All HVAC Units over 2000 CFM
+X
+FIGURE A.13.7.3.2.2.1 Continued
+1–468 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ NFPA 72 (p. 3 of 5)© 2007 National Fire Protection Association
+6. SUPERVISORY SIGNAL-INITIATING DEVICES AND CIRCUITS
+ 6.1 Sprinkler System             Number of valve supervisory switches:
+ Type of devices:     ❏  Addressable      ❏  Conventional      ❏  Coded      ❏  Transmitter      ❏  N/A
+ 6.2 Fire Pump
+ Type of fire pump:     ❏  Electric      ❏  Diesel
+ Type of fire pump supervisory devices:     ❏  Addressable     ❏  Conventional     ❏  Coded     ❏  Transmitter     ❏  N/A
+ Fire Pump Functions Supervised
+ ❏  Fire pump power      ❏  Fire pump running      ❏  Fire pump phase reversal      ❏  Selector switch not in auto
+ ❏  Engine or control panel trouble      ❏  Low fuel
+ Other:
+ 6.3 Engine-Driven Generator
+ Type of generator supervisory devices:     ❏  Addressable     ❏  Conventional     ❏  Coded     ❏  Transmitter     ❏  N/A
+ ❏  Engine or control panel trouble      ❏  Generator running      ❏  Selector switch not in auto      ❏  Low fuel
+ Other:
+7. ANNUNCIATORS
+ 7.1 Annunciator 1       ❏  Local      ❏  Remote
+ Type:    ❏  Addressable      ❏  Directory      ❏  Graphic      ❏  N/A         Location:
+ 7.2 Annunciator 2       ❏  Local      ❏  Remote
+ Type:    ❏  Addressable      ❏  Directory      ❏  Graphic      ❏  N/A         Location:
+ 7.3 Annunciator 3       ❏  Local      ❏  Remote
+ Type:    ❏  Addressable      ❏  Directory      ❏  Graphic      ❏  N/A         Location:
+8. ALARM NOTIFICATION DEVICES AND CIRCUITS
+ 8.1 Emergency Voice Alarm Service
+ Number of single voice alarm channels:           Number of multiple voice alarm channels:
+ Number of speakers:             Number of speaker zones:
+ 8.2 Telephone Jacks
+ Number of telephone jacks installed:           Number of telephone handsets stored on site:
+ Type of telephone system installed:     ❏  Electrically powered      ❏  Sound powered      ❏  N/A
+ 8.3 Nonvoice Audible System
+ Characteristics of notification device circuits connected to this system (see NFPA 72, Table 6.5):
+ Quantity:   Style:         Class:
+4
+X
+X
+X
+X X
+XX
+X
+X X XX
+X
+X Building Main Entrance
+0
+X
+0
+0 0
+4 YB
+16 6
+FIGURE A.13.7.3.2.2.1 Continued
+1–469ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ NFPA 72 (p. 4 of 5)© 2007 National Fire Protection Association
+ 8. ALARM NOTIFICATION DEVICES AND CIRCUITS  (continued)
+  8.4 Types and Quantities of Nonvoice Notification Appliances Installed
+ Bells:  With visual device: Horns: With visual device:
+ Chimes:  With visual device: Bells: With visual device:
+ Visual devices without audible devices:  Other (describe):
+ 9. EMERGENCY CONTROL FUNCTIONS ACTIVATED
+  ❏ Hold-Open Door Releasing Devices ❏ Smoke Management or Smoke Control
+  ❏ Door Unlocking ❏ Elevator Recall ❏ Other
+10. SYSTEM POWER SUPPLY
+ 10.1 Primary Power
+ Nominal voltage   Amps  
+ Overcurrent protection:    Type   Amps  
+ Location (of primary supply panelboard):  
+ Disconnecting means location:  
+ 10.2 Secondary Power
+ Location:                        Type:             Nominal voltage:                     Current rating:
+ Number of standby batteries:            Amp hour rating:
+ Location of emergency generator:
+ Location of fuel storage:
+ Calculated capacity of secondary power to drive the system
+ In standby mode:             In alarm mode:
+11. RECORD OF SYSTEM INSTALLATION
+ Fill out after all installation is complete and wiring has been checked for opens, shorts, ground faults, and improper 
+ branching, but before conducting operational acceptance tests.
+ The system has been installed in accordance with the following NFPA standards: (Note any or all that apply.)
+ ❏  NFPA 72 ❏  NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Article 760
+ ❏  Manufacturer’s published instructions ❏  Other (please specify):
+ System deviations from referenced NFPA standards:
+ Signed: Printed name: Date:
+ Organization:             Title: Phone:
+12. RECORD OF SYSTEM OPERATION
+ All operational features and functions of this system were tested by or in the presence of the signer shown below, on 
+ the date shown below, and were found to be operating properly in accordance with the requirements of:
+ ❏  NFPA 72 ❏  NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Article 760
+ ❏  Manufacturer’s published instructions ❏  Other (please specify):
+ ❏  Documentation in accordance with Inspection and Testing Form and 10.6.2.3 is attached 
+ Signed: Printed name: Date:
+ Organization:           Title: Phone:
+July 4, 2006
+July 4, 2006
+14 14
+6
+X
+X
+120 VAC 8.5
+Circuit Breaker 20
+Electrical Room 103, P anel EP-2
+Electrical Room 103, P anel EP-2
+Basement Generator Room Generator 120 VAC 20
+21 2
+Basement Generator Room
+Adjacent to Generator Room
+24 hours 5 minutes
+X X
+X
+John Q. Smith
+Alarm System Installations Manager 222/222-2222
+X
+X
+X
+Benjamin Franklin
+444/444-4444PresidentABC Fire Service Company
+None
+FIGURE A.13.7.3.2.2.1 Continued
+1–470 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ NFPA 72 (p. 5 of 5)© 2007 National Fire Protection Association
+13. CERTIFICATIONS AND APPROVALS
+ 13.1  System Installation Contractor
+ This system as specified herein has been installed and tested according to all NFPA standards cited herein. 
+ Signed:           Printed name:         Date:
+ Organization:                         Title:          Phone:
+ 13.2  System Service Contractor
+ This system as specified herein has been installed and tested according to all NFPA standards cited herein. 
+ Signed:           Printed name:         Date:
+ Organization:                        Title:          Phone:
+ 13.3  Central Station
+ This system as specified herein will be monitored according to all NFPA standards cited herein. 
+ Signed:           Printed name:         Date:
+ Organization:                        Title:          Phone:
+ 13.4  Property Representative
+ I accept this system as having been installed and tested to its specifications and all NFPA standards cited herein. 
+ Signed:           Printed name:         Date:
+ Organization:           Title:       Phone:
+ 13.5  Authority Having Jurisdiction
+ I have witnessed a satisfactory acceptance test of this system and find it to be installed and operating properly 
+ in accordance with its approved plans and specifications, its approved sequence of operations, and with all NFPA 
+ standards cited herein. 
+ Signed:           Printed name:         Date:
+ Organization:           Title:       Phone:
+John Q. Smith
+666/666-6666
+July 4, 2006
+Alarm System Installations Manager 222/222-2222
+John Q. Smith July 4, 2006
+Alarm System Installations Manager 222/222-2222
+Abraham Lincoln July 4, 2006
+Monitoring Company, Inc. President 987/654-3210
+July 4, 2006
+President
+George Washington
+Buy American, Inc.
+888/888-8888
+Olin Firestop July 4, 2006
+Anytown Fire Dept. Fire Chief
+FIGURE A.13.7.3.2.2.1 Continued
+1–471ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+The most prevalent public agency involved as an AHJ with
+regard to fire alarm systems is the local fire department or fire
+prevention bureau. These are normally city or county agencies
+with statutory authority, and their approval of fire alarm system
+installations might be required. At the state level, the fire mar-
+shal’s office is most likely to serve as the public regulatory agency.
+The most prevalent private organizations involved as AHJs
+are insurance companies. Others include insurance rating bu-
+reaus, insurance brokers and agents, and private consultants.
+It is important to note that these organizations have no statu-
+tory authority and become AHJs only when designated by the
+subscriber.
+With both public and private concerns to satisfy, it is not
+uncommon to find multiple AHJs involved with a particular
+protected premises. It is necessary to identify all AHJs in order
+to obtain all the necessary approvals for a central station fire
+alarm system installation. [72: A.8.3.4.6]
+A.13.7.4.3.1 Figure A.13.7.4.3.1 illustrates the proper mount-
+ing placement for detectors. [72: A.5.6.3.1]
+A.13.7.4.3.3 In high-ceiling areas, such as atriums, where
+spot-type smoke detectors are not accessible for periodicmain-
+tenance and testing, projected beam–type or air sampling–type
+detectors should be considered where access can be provided.
+[72:A.5.7.3.2]
+A.13.7.4.3.3.1 Refer to Figure A.13.7.4.3.1 for an example of
+proper mounting for detectors. [72: A.5.7.3.2.1]
+A.13.7.4.3.3.2 Figure A.13.7.4.3.3.2 illustrates under-floor
+mounting installations. [72: A.5.7.3.2.2]
+A.13.7.4.3.3.3.1 The 30 ft (9.1 m) spacing is a guide for pre-
+scriptive designs. The use of such a spacing is based upon cus-
+tomary practice in the fire alarm community.
+Where there are explicit performance objectives for the
+response of the smoke detection system, the performance-
+based design methods outlined in Annex B should be used.
+[72: A.5.7.3.2.3.1]
+A.13.7.4.3.3.3.5 This is useful in calculating locations in
+corridors or irregular areas (see A.5.6.5.1 of NFPA 72 and
+Figure A.5.6.5.1.2 of NFPA 72) . For irregularly shaped areas,
+the spacing between detectors can be greater than the se-
+lected spacing, provided the maximum spacing from a de-
+tector to the farthest point of a sidewall or corner within its
+zone of protection is not greater than 0.7 times the selected
+spacing (0.7 S). [72: A.5.7.3.2.3.5]
+A.13.7.4.3.3.4 Detectors are placed at reduced spacings at right
+angles to joists or beams in an attempt to ensure that detection
+time is equivalent to that which would be experienced on a flat
+ceiling. It takes longer for the combustion products (smoke or
+heat) to travel at right angles to beams or joists because of the
+phenomenon wherein a plume from a relatively hot fire with
+significant thermal lift tends to fill the pocket between each beam
+or joist before moving to the next beam or joist.
+Though it is true that this phenomenon might not be sig-
+nificant in a small smoldering fire where there is only enough
+thermal lift to cause stratification at the bottom of the joists,
+reduced spacing is still recommended to ensure that detection
+time is equivalent to that which would exist on a flat ceiling,
+even in the case of a hotter type of fire. [72: A.5.7.3.2.4]
+A.13.7.4.3.3.4.2(3) The geometry and reservoir effect is a sig-
+nificant factor that contributes to the development of velocity,
+temperature, and smoke obscuration conditions at smoke de-
+tectors located on the ceiling in beam pocket areas or at the
+bottom of beams as smoke collected in the reservoir volume
+spills into adjacent pockets. The waffle- or pan-type ceiling
+created by beams or solid joists, although retarding the initial
+flow of smoke, results in increased optical density, tempera-
+ture rise, and gas velocities comparable to unconfined smooth
+ceilings. [72: A.5.7.3.2.4.2(3)]
+A.13.7.4.3.3.4.2(4) Corridor geometry is a significant factor
+that contributes to the development of velocity, temperature,
+and smoke obscuration conditions at smoke detectors located
+along a corridor. This is based on the fact that the ceiling jet is
+confined or constrained by the nearby walls without opportu-
+nity for entrainment of air. For corridors of approximately
+15 ft (4.5 m) in width and for fires of approximately 100 kW or
+greater, modeling has demonstrated that the performance of
+smoke detectors in corridors with beams has been shown to be
+comparable to spot smoke detector spacing on an unconfined
+smooth ceiling surface. [72: A.5.7.3.2.4.2(4)]
+A.13.7.4.3.3.4.3 The spacing guidelines in 13.7.4.3.3.4.3 are
+based on a detection design fire of 100 kW. For detection at a
+larger 1 MW fire, the following spacings should be used:
+(1) For beamed ceilings with beams running parallel to (up)
+the slope, with slopes 10 degrees or less, spacing for flat-
+beamed ceilings should be used. For ceilings with slopes
+greater than 10 degrees, twice the smooth ceiling spacing
+should be used in the direction parallel to (up) the
+slopes, and one-half the spacing should be used in the
+direction perpendicular to (across) the slope. For slopes
+greater than 10 degrees, the detectors located at a dis-
+tance of one-half the spacing from the low end are not
+required. Spacing should be measured along the horizon-
+tal projection of the ceiling.
+(2) For beamed ceilings with beams running perpendicular
+to (across) the slope, for any slope, smooth ceiling spac-
+ing should be used in the direction parallel to the beams
+(across the slope), and one-half the smooth ceiling spac-
+ing should be used in the direction perpendicular to the
+beams (up the slope). [72: A.5.7.3.2.4.3]
+Ceiling
+Acceptable
+Never here
+Top of detector
+acceptable here
+Sidewall
+4 in. (100 mm)
+4 in.
+(100 mm) 
+minimum
+12 in. 
+(300 mm)
+maximum
+Note: Measurements shown are to 
+the closest edge of the detector.
+FIGURE A.13.7.4.3.1 Example of Proper Mounting for De-
+tectors. [72:Figure A.5.6.3.1]
+1–472 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.13.7.4.3.4.3 A single-pipe network has a shorter transport
+time than a multiple-pipe network of similar length pipe; how-
+ever, a multiple-pipe system provides a faster smoke transport
+time than a single-pipe system of the same total length. As the
+number of sampling holes in a pipe increases, the smoke
+transport time increases. Where practicable, pipe run lengths
+in a multiple-pipe system should be nearly equal, or the system
+should be otherwise pneumatically balanced. [72: A.5.7.3.3.3]
+A.13.7.4.3.4.6 The air sampling–type detector system should
+be able to withstand dusty environments by either air filtering
+or electronic discrimination of particle size. The detector
+should be capable of providing optimal time delays of alarm
+outputs to eliminate nuisance alarms due to transient smoke
+conditions. The detector should also provide facilities for the
+connection of monitoring equipment for the recording of
+background smoke level information necessary in setting alert
+and alarm levels and delays. [72: A.5.7.3.3.6]
+A.13.7.4.3.5 On smooth ceilings, a spacing of not more than
+60 ft (18.3 m) between projected beams and not more than
+one-half that spacing between a projected beam and a sidewall
+(wall parallel to the beam travel) should be used as a guide.
+Other spacing should be determined based on ceiling height,
+airflow characteristics, and response requirements.
+In some cases, the light beam projector is mounted on
+one end wall, with the light beam receiver mounted on the
+opposite wall. However, it is also permitted to suspend the
+projector and receiver from the ceiling at a distance from
+the end walls not exceeding one-quarter the selected spac-
+ing (S). (See Figure A.13.7.4.3.5.) [72: A.5.7.3.4]
+A.13.7.4.3.5.8 Where the light path of a projected beam–type
+detector is abruptly interrupted or obscured, the unit should
+not initiate an alarm. It should give a trouble signal after veri-
+fication of blockage. [72: A.5.7.3.4.8]
+A.13.7.4.3.12.2 Smoke detector spacing depends on the
+movement of air within the room. [72: A.5.7.5.3.3]
+FMC or EMT
+FMC or EMT
+Smoke detector
+Raised floor
+panel
+FMC or EMT
+Smoke detectorEMT
+Clamp
+Raised floor
+panel
+Box secured 
+to structure
+Steel angle or
+channel support
+Underfloor mounting orientations — permitted
+Junction box secured
+at floor support
+FMC or
+EMT
+Underfloor mounting orientations — not permitted
+FMC or
+EMT
+FIGURE A.13.7.4.3.3.2 Mounting Installations Permitted (top) and Not Permitted (bottom).
+[72: Figure A.5.7.3.2.2]
+Projector
+S
+ReceiverProjector
+Receiver¹⁄₂ S
+¹⁄₄ S
+¹⁄₂ S
+S = Selected detector spacing
+¹⁄₄ S
+FIGURE A.13.7.4.3.5 Maximum Distance at Which Ceiling-
+Suspended Light Projector and Receiver Can Be Positioned
+from End Wall Is One-Quarter Selected Spacing (S). [72:
+A.5.7.3.4]
+1–473ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.13.7.4.7 Detectors that cause unwanted alarms should be
+tested at their lower listed range (or at 0.5 percent obscuration
+if unmarked or unknown). Detectors that activate at less than
+this level should be replaced. [72: A.10.4.3.2]
+A.14.3.1(1) In existing buildings, existing walls in good re-
+pair and consisting of lath and plaster, gypsum wallboard, or
+masonry units can usually provide satisfactory protection for
+the purposes of this requirement where a 1-hour fire resis-
+tance rating is required. Further evaluation might be needed
+where a 2-hour fire resistance rating is required. Additional
+guidelines can be found in Appendix D of NFPA 914, Code for
+Fire Protection of Historic Structures, and in the SFPE Handbook of
+Fire Protection Engineering.[ 101: A.7.1.3.2.1(1)]
+A.14.3.1(2) In existing buildings, existing walls in good repair
+and consisting of lath and plaster, gypsum wallboard, or masonry
+units can usually provide satisfactory protection for the purposes
+of this requirement where a 1-hour fire resistance rating is re-
+quired. Further evaluation might be needed where a 2-hour fire
+resistance rating is required. Additional guidelines can be found
+in Appendix O of NFPA 914 and in the SFPE Handbook of Fire
+Protection Engineering.[ 101: A.7.1.3.2.1(2)]
+A.14.3.1(3) Some glass and window sprinkler assemblies
+have been tested in accordance with the method described
+in ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building
+Construction and Materials , to demonstrate up to a 2-hour
+fire resistance rating. It is the Code’s intent to prohibit the
+use of such assemblies to protect exit enclosures, since the
+failure of the sprinklers would render the exit enclosure
+unprotected. It is not the intent to prohibit the use of fire
+resistance-rated glazing, provided that it is tested as a fire
+barrier wall in accordance with NFPA 251, Standard Methods
+of Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Construction and Materials .
+(See 8.3.2.1.1 of NFPA 101.) [101: A.7.1.3.2.1(3)]
+A.14.3.1(5) It is not the intent to require the structural ele-
+ments supporting outside stairs, or structural elements that
+penetrate within exterior walls or any other wall not required
+to have a fire resistance rating, to be protected by fire
+resistance–rated construction. [101: A.7.1.3.2.1(5)]
+A.14.3.1(8) Means of egress from the level of exit discharge is
+permitted to pass through an exit stair enclosure or exit passage-
+way serving other floors. Doors for convenience purposes and
+unrelated to egress also are permitted to provide access to and
+from exit stair enclosures and exit passageways, provided that
+such doors are from corridors or normally occupied spaces. It is
+also the intent of this provision to prohibit exit enclosure win-
+dows, other than approved vision panels in doors, that are not
+mounted in an exterior wall. [101: A.7.1.3.2.1(8)]
+A.14.3.1(9)(b) Penetrations for electrical wiring are permit-
+ted where the wiring serves equipment permitted by the AHJ
+to be located within the exit enclosure, such as security sys-
+tems, public address systems, and fire department emergency
+communications devices. [101: A.7.1.3.2.1(6)(b)]
+A.14.3.3 This provision prohibits the use of exit enclosures
+for storage or for installation of equipment not necessary for
+safety. Occupancy is prohibited other than for egress, refuge,
+and access. The intent is that the exit enclosure essentially be
+“sterile” with respect to fire safety hazards. [101: A.7.1.3.2.3]
+A.14.4.1 A proper means of egress allows unobstructed travel
+at all times. Any type of barrier including, but not limited to,
+the accumulations of snow and ice in those climates subject to
+such accumulations is an impediment to free movement in the
+means of egress. [101: A.7.1.10.1]
+A.14.5.1.1 Where doors are subject to two-way traffic, or where
+their opening can interfere with pedestrian traffic, an appropri-
+ately located vision panel can reduce the chance of accidents.
+Swinging doors in horizontal- or vertical-rolling partitions
+complying with the following should be permitted in a means
+of egress where the following criteria are met:
+(1) The door or doors comply with 14.5.1.
+(2) The partition in which the doors are mounted complies with
+the applicable fire protection rating and closes upon smoke
+detection or power failure at a speed not exceeding 9 in./s
+(230 mm/s) and not less than 6 in./s (150 mm/s).
+(3) The doors mounted in the partition are self-closing or
+automatic-closing in accordance with 14.5.4.1. [ 101:
+A.7.2.1.4.1]
+A.14.5.1.3 The requirements of 14.5.1.4 are not intended to
+apply to the swing of cross-corridor doors, such as smoke bar-
+rier doors and horizontal exits. [101: A.7.2.1.4.3]
+A.14.5.2.7 It is intended that the re-entry provisions apply only
+to enclosed exit stairs, not to outside stairs. This arrangement
+makes it possible to leave the stairway at such floor if the fire
+renders the lower part of the stair unusable during egress or if the
+occupants seek refuge on another floor. [101: A.7.2.1.5.7]
+A.14.5.2.9 Examples of devices that might be arranged to
+release latches include knobs, levers, and bars. This require-
+ment is permitted to be satisfied by the use of conventional
+types of hardware, whereby the door is released by turning a
+lever, knob, or handle or by pushing against a bar, but not by
+unfamiliar methods of operation such as a blow to break glass.
+It is also within the intent of this requirement that switches
+integral to traditional doorknobs, lever handles, or bars, and
+that interrupt the power supply to an electromagnetic lock, be
+permitted, provided that they are affixed to the door leaf. The
+operating devices should be capable of being operated with
+one hand and should not require tight grasping, tight pinch-
+ing, or twisting of the wrist to operate. [101: A.7.2.1.5.9]
+A.14.5.2.9.3 Examples of devices that, when used with a latch,
+can be arranged to require not more than one additional re-
+leasing operation include night latches, dead bolts, and secu-
+rity chains. [101: A.7.2.1.5.9.3]
+A.14.5.2.11 Examples of devices prohibited by this require-
+ment include locks, padlocks, hasps, bars, chains, or combina-
+tions thereof. [101: A.7.2.1.5.11]
+A.14.5.3 None of the special locking arrangements addressed
+in 14.5.3 are intended to allow credentialed egress, request to exit,
+or similar provisions, where an occupant cannot leave the
+building without swiping a card through a reader. Where such
+an arrangement is desired to keep track of occupants, the
+swiping of cards needs to be procedural but not necessary for
+releasing the door lock or latch. Free egress needs to be avail-
+able at all times. Another option to free egress is the use of a
+delayed-egress locking system. [101: A.7.2.1.6]
+A.14.5.3.1(4) It is not the intent to require a direct physical or
+electrical connection between the door release device and the
+lock. It is the intent to allow door movement initiated by oper-
+ating the door release device required in 7.2.1.5.9 of NFPA101
+as one option to initiate the irreversible process.
+Several factors need to be considered in approving an in-
+crease in delay time from 15 seconds to 30 seconds. Some of
+1–474 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+those factors include occupancy, occupant density, ceiling
+height, fire hazards present, fire protection features provided,
+and the location of the delayed-egress locks. An example of a
+location where the increase on delay time might not be ap-
+proved is at an exit stair discharge door. [101: A.7.2.1.6.1(4)]
+A.14.5.3.1(5) In the event that the AHJ has permitted in-
+creased operation time, the sign should reflect the appropri-
+ate time. [101: A.7.2.1.6.1(5)]
+A.14.5.3.2 It is not the intent to require doors that restrict ac-
+cess but comply with 14.5.2.9 to comply with the access-
+controlled egress door provisions of 14.5.3.2. [101: A.7.2.1.6.2]
+A.14.5.3.3(15) It is not the intent to prohibit elevator lobby
+doors from being equipped with card access systems for gaining
+access, for example, to tenant spaces. It is the access-controlled
+egress door system described in 7.2.1.6.2 of NFPA101 that is pro-
+hibited from being installed on the same door as the lock ad-
+dressed by 7.2.1.6.3 of NFPA101.[ 101: A.7.2.1.6.3(15)]
+A.14.5.4.1 Examples of doors designed to normally be kept
+closed include those to a stair enclosure or horizontal exit.
+[101: A.7.2.1.8.1]
+A.14.6.2 The purpose of this provision is to protect the exte-
+rior wall of a stairway from fires in other portions of the build-
+ing. If the exterior wall of the stair is flush with the building
+exterior wall, the fire would need to travel around 180 degrees
+in order to impact the stair. This has not been a problem in
+existing buildings, so no protection is required. However, if
+the angle of exposure is less than 180 degrees, protection of
+either the stair wall or building wall is required.
+Figure A.14.6.2(a), Figure A.14.6.2(b), and Figure A.14.6.2(c)
+illustrate the requirement, assuming nonrated glass on the exte-
+rior wall of the stair is used. [101: A.7.2.2.5.2]
+A.14.6.3 An example of a use with the potential to interfere
+with egress is storage. [101: A.7.2.2.5.3]
+A.14.7 An exit passageway serves as a horizontal means of exit
+travel that is protected from fire in a manner similar to an
+enclosed interior exit stair. Where it is desired to offset exit
+stairs in a multistory building, an exit passageway can be used
+to preserve the continuity of the protected exit by connecting
+the bottom of one stair to the top of the stair that continues to
+the street floor. Probably the most important use of an exit
+passageway is to satisfy the requirement that at least 50 percent
+of the exit stairs discharge directly outside from multistory
+buildings (see 7.7.2 of NFPA 101). Thus, if it is impractical to
+locate the stair on an exterior wall, an exit passageway can be
+connected to the bottom of the stair to convey the occupants
+safely to an outside exit door. In buildings of extremely large
+area, such as shopping malls and some factories, the exit pas-
+sageway can be used to advantage where the travel distance to
+reach an exit would otherwise be excessive. [101: A.7.2.6]
+A.14.7.1 Examples of building elements that might be ar-
+ranged as exit passageways include hallways, corridors, pas-
+sages, tunnels, underfloor passageways, or overhead passage-
+ways. [101: A.7.2.6.1]
+A.14.7.4.1(1) Where an exit passageway serves occupants on
+the level of exit discharge as well as other floors, it should not
+be required that the occupant loads be added, thus increasing
+the width of the exit passageway. The situation is the same as
+that in which occupants from the level of exit discharge join
+occupants from upper floors for a few feet of horizontal travel
+through a stair enclosure. [101: A.7.2.6.4.1(1)]
+A.14.8.1.2 The normal occupant load is not necessarily a suit-
+able criterion, because the greatest hazard can occur when an
+unusually large crowd is present, which is a condition often
+difficult for AHJs to control by regulatory measures. The prin-
+ciple of this Code is to provide means of egress for the maxi-
+mum probable number of occupants, rather than to attempt
+to limit occupants to a number commensurate with available
+means of egress. However, limits of occupancy are specified in
+certain special cases for other reasons.
+No protection
+required
+Inside
+FIGURE A.14.6.2(a) Stairway with Nonrated Exterior Wall in
+Same Plane as Building Exterior Wall. [101:Figure A.7.2.2.5.2(a)]
+No protection
+required
+Protection
+required
+Inside
+10 ft
+(3050 mm)
+FIGURE A.14.6.2(b) Stairway with Unprotected Exterior Pe-
+rimeter Protruding Past Building Exterior Wall. [101:Figure
+A.7.2.2.5.2(b)]
+No protection
+requiredProtection
+required
+Inside
+Inside
+10 ft
+(3050 mm)
+FIGURE A.14.6.2(c) Stairway with Nonrated Exterior Wall
+Exposed by Adjacent Exterior Wall of Building. [101:Figure
+A.7.2.2.5.2(c)]
+1–475ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Suggested occupant load factors for components of large
+airport terminal buildings are given in Table A.14.8.1.2. How-
+ever, the AHJ might elect to use different occupant load fac-
+tors, provided that egress requirements are satisfied.
+The figure used in determining the occupancy load for
+mall shopping centers of varying sizes was arrived at empiri-
+cally by surveying over 270 mall shopping centers, by studying
+mercantile occupancy parking requirements, and by observ-
+ing the number of occupants per vehicle during peak seasons.
+These studies show that, with an increase in shopping cen-
+ter size, there is a decrease in the number of occupants per
+square foot of gross leasable area.
+This phenomenon is explained when one considers that,
+above a certain shopping center gross leasable area [approxi-
+mately 600,000 ft2 (56,000 m2)], there exists a multiplicity of
+the same types of stores. The purpose of duplicate types of
+stores is to increase the choices available to a customer for any
+given type of merchandise. Therefore, when shopping center
+size increases, the occupant load increases as well, but at a
+declining rate. In using Table A.14.8.1.2, the occupant load
+factor is applied only to the gross leasable area that uses the
+mall as a means of egress. [101: A.7.3.1.2]
+A.14.8.3.2 The effective capacity of stairways has been shown
+by research to be proportional to the effective width of the
+stairway, which is the nominal width minus 12 in. (305 mm).
+This phenomenon, and the supporting research, were de-
+scribed in the chapter, “Movement of People,” in the first,
+second, and third editions of the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protec-
+tion Engineering and was also addressed in Appendix D of the
+1985 edition of NFPA 101, among several other publications.
+In 1988, this appendix was moved to form Chapter 2 of the
+1988 edition of NFPA 101M,Alternative Approaches to Life Safety.
+(This document was later designated as NFPA 101A, Guide on
+Alternative Approaches to Life Safety , and this chapter remained
+in the document through the 1998 edition.) In essence, the
+effective width phenomenon recognizes that there is an edge
+or boundary effect at the sides of a circulation path. It has
+been best examined in relation to stairway width, where the
+edge effect was estimated to be 6 in. (150 mm) on each side,
+but a similar phenomenon occurs with other paths, such as
+corridors and doors, although quantitative estimates of their
+edge effect are not as well established as they have been for
+stairways, at least those stairways studied in Canada during the
+late 1960s through the 1970s in office building evacuation
+drills and in crowd movement in a variety of buildings with
+assembly occupancy.
+More recent studies have not been performed to deter-
+mine how the edge effect might be changing (or has changed)
+with demographic changes to larger, heavier occupants mov-
+ing more slowly, and thus swaying laterally, to maintain bal-
+ance when walking. The impact of such demographic
+changes, which are significant and influential for evacuation
+flow and speed of movement on stairs, for example, has the
+effect of increasing the time of evacuation in a way that affects
+all stair widths, but will be most pronounced for nominal
+widths less than 56 in. (1422 mm).
+Without taking into account occupant demographic changes
+in the last few decades that affect evacuation performance, espe-
+cially on stairs, the formula for enhanced capacity of stairways
+wider than 44 in. (1120 mm) assumes that any portion of the
+nominal width greater than 44 in. (1120 mm) is as effective pro-
+portionally as the effective width of a nominal 44 in. (1120 mm)
+stair, that is, 32 in. (810 mm). Thus, the denominator (0.218) in
+the equation is simply the effective width of 32 in. (810 mm)
+divided by the capacity of 147 persons that is credited, by the
+0.3 in. (7.6 mm) capacity factor in Table A.14.8.3.2, to the corre-
+sponding nominal width, 44 in. (1120 mm).
+The resulting permitted stairway capacities, based on occu-
+pant load of single stories (in accordance with 7.3.1.4 of
+NFPA 101), for several stairway widths are shown in
+Table A.14.8.3.2.
+A.14.8.3.4.1.1 The criteria of 14.8.3.4.1.1 provide for mini-
+mum widths for small spaces such as individual offices. The
+intent is that these reductions in required width apply to
+spaces formed by furniture and movable walls so that accom-
+modations can easily be made for mobility-impaired individu-
+als. One side of a path could be a fixed wall, provided that the
+Table A.14.8.1.2 Airport Terminal Occupant Load Factors
+Airport
+Terminal Area
+ft2
+(gross)
+m2
+(gross)
+Concourse 100 9.3
+Waiting areas 15 1.4
+Baggage claim 20 1.9
+Baggage handling 300 27.9
+[101: Table A.7.3.1.2 ]
+Table A.14.8.3.2 Stairway Capacities
+Permitted
+Capacity
+(no. of
+persons)
+Nominal
+Width
+Clear Width
+Between
+Handrailsa
+Effective
+Width
+in. mm in. mm in. mm
+120b 36 915 28 710 24 610
+147 44 1120 36 915 32 810
+202 56 1420 48 1220 44 1120
+257 68 1725 60 1525 c 56 1420
+aA reasonable handrail incursion of only 4 in. (100 mm), into the
+nominal width, is assumed on each side of the stair, although 7.3.3.2
+permits a maximum incursion of 41⁄2 in. (114 mm) on each side.
+bOther Code sections limit the occupant load for such stairs more se-
+verely, (e.g., 50 persons in 7.2.2.2.1.2 of NFPA101). Such lower limits
+are partly justified by the relatively small effective width of such stairs,
+which, if taken into account by Table 7.3.3.1 of NFPA101, would result
+in a correspondingly low effective capacity of only 110 persons (24
+divided by 0.218), or a more realistic capacity factor of 0.327, appli-
+cable to nominal width.
+c A clear width of 60 in. (1525 mm) is the maximum permitted by the
+handrail reachability criteria of 7.2.2.4.1.2 of NFPA 101. Although
+some prior editions of the Code permitted wider portions of stairs [up
+to 88 in. (2240 mm), between handrails], such wider portions are less
+effective for reasonably safe crowd flow and generally should not be
+used for major crowd movement. To achieve the maximum possible,
+reasonably safe egress capacity for such stairs, retrofit of an intermedi-
+ate — not necessarily central — handrail is recommended; for ex-
+ample, with an intermediate handrail located 36 in. (915 mm) from
+the closest side handrail. In this case, the effective capacity would be
+358 persons for the formerly permitted, now retrofitted, stair. This is
+based on a retrofitted, effective width of about 78 in. (1980 mm) [sub-
+tracting 2 in. (51 mm) from each usable side of a handrail and assum-
+ing a 2 in. (51 mm) wide, retrofitted intermediate handrail].
+1–476 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+other side is movable. This does not exempt the door widths
+or widths of fixed-wall corridors, regardless of the number of
+people or length.
+Figure A.14.8.3.4.1.1(a) and Figure A.14.8.3.4.1.1(b)
+present selected anthropometric data for adults. The male
+and female figures depicted in the figures are average, 50th
+percentile, in size. Some dimensions apply to very large,
+97.5 percentile, adults (noted as 97.5 P). [101: A.7.3.4.1.1]
+A.14.10.1.1.1 See A.14.10.1.5. [101: A.7.5.1.1.1]
+A.14.10.1.3.2 Figure A.14.10.1.3.2(a) through Figure
+A.14.10.1.3.2(e) illustrate the method of measurement in-
+tended by 14.10.1.3.2. [101: A.7.5.1.3.2]
+A.14.10.1.3.4 Figure A.14.10.1.3.4 illustrates the method of
+measuring exit separation distance along the line of travel
+within a minimum 1-hour fire resistance–rated corridor.
+[101: A.7.5.1.3.4]
+A.14.10.1.4.2 It is difficult in actual practice to construct
+scissor stairs so that products of combustion that have en-
+tered one stairway do not penetrate into the other. Their
+use as separate required exits is discouraged. The term
+limited-combustible is intentionally not included in
+14.10.1.4.2. The user’s atten tion is directed to the definitions
+of limited-combustibleand noncombustiblein 3.3.152 and 3.3.161.9,
+respectively. [101: A.7.5.1.4.2]
+17 in. 
+rotund
+10 in. 
+rotund
+8 in. 
+average
+0
+12 in. 
+pregnant
+14 in. 
+pregnant
+Seating
+height
+0
+Chair back
+heights
+Table
+heights
+Inches
+Inches
+70
+60
+50
+40
+30
+20
+10
+22 in.
+(97.5 P)
+with sway
+18 in. (97.5 P)
+female static
+15 in. (97.5 P)
+male static
+70
+60
+50
+40
+30
+20
+10
+11 in.
+20 in. (97.5 P)
+static
+20 in.–30 in.
+with sway
+FIGURE A.14.8.3.4.1.1(a) Anthropometric Data (in in.) for Adults; Males and
+Females of Average, 50th Percentile, Size; Some Dimensions Apply to Very Large,
+97.5 Percentile (97.5 P), Adults. [101:Figure A.7.3.4.1.1(a)]
+1–477ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+430 mm 
+rotund
+255 mm 
+rotund
+205 mm 
+average
+0
+305 mm 
+pregnant
+355 mm 
+pregnant
+Seating
+height
+0
+Chair back
+heights
+Table
+heights
+Millimeters
+Millimeters
+1750
+1500
+1250
+1000
+750
+500
+250
+560 mm 
+(97.5 P)
+with sway
+455 mm (97.5 P)
+female static
+380 mm (97.5 P)
+male static
+1750
+1500
+1250
+1000
+750
+500
+250
+280 mm510 mm (97.5 P)
+static
+510 mm –760 mm
+with sway
+FIGURE A.14.8.3.4.1.1(b) Anthropometric Data (in mm) for Adults; Males and
+Females of Average, 50th Percentile, Size; Some Dimensions Apply to Very Large,
+97.5 Percentile (97.5 P), Adults. [101:Figure A.7.3.4.1.1(b)]
+1–478 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Room or area
+Minimum distance = 
+¹⁄₂ of diagonal Diagonal
+FIGURE A.14.10.1.3.2(a) Diagonal Rule for Exit Remote-
+ness. [101:Figure A.7.5.1.3.2(a)]
+Room A 
+Room B 
+¹⁄₂ D minimum
+d
+D
+¹⁄₂ d minimum
+FIGURE A.14.10.1.3.2(b) Diagonal Rule for Exit and Exit
+Access Remoteness. [101:Figure A.7.5.1.3.2(b)]
+D
+¹⁄₂ D minimum
+FIGURE A.14.10.1.3.2(c) Diagonal Rule for Exit and Access
+Remoteness. [101:Figure A.7.5.1.3.2(c)]
+Diagonal
+Exit
+separation
+FIGURE A.14.10.1.3.2(d) Exit Separation and Diagonal Mea-
+surement of Area Served. [101:Figure A.7.5.1.3.2(d)]
+1–479ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.14.10.1.5 The terms dead end and common path of travel are
+commonly used interchangeably. Although the concepts of
+each are similar in practice, they are two different concepts.
+A common path of travel exists where a space is arranged so
+that occupants within that space are able to travel in only one
+direction to reach any of the exits or to reach the point at
+which the occupants have the choice of two paths of travel to
+remote exits. Part (a) of Figure A.14.10.1.5 is an example of a
+common path of travel.
+While a dead end is similar to a common path of travel, a
+dead end can exist where there is no path of travel from an
+occupied space but can also exist where an occupant enters a
+corridor thinking there is an exit at the end and, finding
+none, is forced to retrace his or her path to reach a choice of
+exits. Part (b) of Figure A.14.10.1.5 is an example of such a
+dead-end arrangement.
+Combining the two concepts, Part (c) of Figure A.14.10.1.5
+is an example of a combined dead-end/common path of
+travel problem.
+Common paths of travel and dead-end travel are measured
+using the same principles used to measure travel distance as
+described in Section 7.6 of NFPA 101. Starting in the room
+shown in Part (d) of Figure A.14.10.1.5, measurement is made
+from the most remote point in the room, A, along the natural
+path of travel, and through the doorway along the centerline
+of the corridor to point C, located at the centerline of the
+corridor, which then provides the choice of two different
+paths to remote exits; this is common path of travel. The space
+(Not to scale)
+D
+(Not to scale)
+D
+(Not to scale)
+D
+(Not to scale)
+¹⁄₂ 
+D 
+minimum D
+(Not to scale)
+¹⁄₂ D minimum
+D
+¹⁄₂ 
+D minimum
+¹⁄₂ D minimum
+¹⁄₂ D minimum
+FIGURE A.14.10.1.3.2(e) Diagonal Measurement for Unusu-
+ally Shaped Areas. [101:Figure A.7.5.1.3.2(e)]
+Diagonal of
+area served
+Exit separation permitted to be based on travel
+distance in a 1-hour fire resistance–rated corridor
+FIGURE A.14.10.1.3.4 Exit Separation Measured Along Cor-
+ridor Path. [101:A.7.5.1.3.4]
+1–480 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+between point B and point C is a dead end. (See 3.3.58 for the
+definition of common path of travel.) [101: A.7.5.1.5]
+A.14.10.2.1 It is not the intent that an area with equipment
+such as a beverage brewpot, microwave oven, and a toaster be
+considered a kitchen. [101: A.7.5.2.1]
+A.14.10.2.2 Doors that lead through wall paneling, and that
+harmonize in appearance with the rest of the wall to avoid de-
+tracting from some desired aesthetic or decorative effect, are not
+acceptable, because casual occupants might not be aware of such
+means of egress even though it is visible. [101: A.7.5.2.2]
+A.14.10.4.1 An accessible means of egress should comply
+with the accessible route requirements of ICC/ANSI A117.1,
+American National Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and
+Facilities. [101: A.7.5.4.1]
+A.14.11.1 An exit from the upper stories in which the direc-
+tion of egress travel is generally downward should not be ar-
+ranged so that it is necessary to change to travel in an upward
+direction at any point before discharging to the outside. A
+similar prohibition of reversal of the vertical component of
+travel should be applied to exits from stories below the floor of
+exit discharge. However, an exception is permitted in the case
+of stairs used in connection with overhead or underfloor exit
+passageways that serve the street floor only.
+It is important that ample roadways be available from build-
+ings in which there are large numbers of occupants so that
+exits will not be blocked by persons already outside. Two or
+more avenues of departure should be available for all but very
+small places. Location of a larger theater — for example, on a
+narrow dead-end street — might be prohibited by the AHJ
+under this rule, unless some alternate way of travel to another
+street is available.
+Exterior walking surfaces within the exit discharge are not
+required to be paved and often are provided by grass or simi-
+lar surfaces. Where discharging exits into yards, across lawns,
+or onto similar surfaces, in addition to providing the required
+width to allow all occupants safe access to a public way, such
+access also is required to meet the following:
+(1) Provisions of 7.1.7 of NFPA 101 with respect to changes in
+elevation
+(2) Provisions of 7.2.2 of NFPA 101 for stairs, as applicable
+(3) Provisions of 7.2.5 of NFPA 101 for ramps, as applicable
+(4) Provisions of 7.1.10 of NFPA 101 with respect to maintain-
+ing the means of egress free of obstructions that would
+prevent its use, such as snow and the need for its removal
+in some climates [101: A.7.7.1]
+A.14.12.1.1 Illumination provided outside the building
+should be to either a public way or a distance away from the
+building that is considered safe, whichever is closest to the
+building being evacuated. [101: A.7.8.1.1]
+A.14.12.1.3 A desirable form of means of egress lighting is
+by lights recessed in walls about 12 in. (305 mm) above the
+floor. Such lights are not likely to be obscured by smoke.
+[101: A.7.8.1.3]
+A.14.12.1.3(4) Some processes, such as manufacturing or han-
+dling of photosensitive materials, cannot be performed in areas
+provided with the minimum specified lighting levels. The use of
+spaces with lighting levels below 1 ft-candle (10.8 lux) might ne-
+cessitate additional safety measures, such as written emergency
+plans, training of new employees in emergency evacuation pro-
+cedures, and periodic fire drills. [101: A.7.8.1.3(4)]
+A.14.12.1.4 An example of the failure of any single lighting
+unit is the burning out of an electric bulb. [101: A.7.8.1.4]
+A.14.12.2.1 An example of a power source with reasonably en-
+sured reliability is a public utility electric service. [101: A.7.8.2.1]
+A.14.13.1.1 Emergency lighting outside the building should
+provide illumination to either a public way or a distance away
+from the building that is considered safe, whichever is closest
+to the building being evacuated. [101: A.7.9.1.1]
+A.14.14.1.2.1 Where a main entrance serves also as an exit, it
+will usually be sufficiently obvious to occupants so that no exit
+sign is needed.
+The character of the occupancy has a practical effect on
+the need for signs. In any assembly occupancy, hotel, depart-
+ment store, or other building subject to transient occupancy,
+the need for signs will be greater than in a building subject to
+permanent or semipermanent occupancy by the same people,
+such as an apartment house where the residents are presumed
+to be familiar with exit facilities by reason of regular use
+thereof. Even in a permanent residence-type building, how-
+ever, there is need for signs to identify exit facilities such as
+Exit 
+Part (a) 
+x 
+x 
+Part (b) 
+Part (c) 
+Part (d) 
+Exit 
+Exit Exit 
+Exit Exit 
+Exit Exit 
+x 
+x 
+x 
+A 
+B 
+C 
+FIGURE A.14.10.1.5 Common Paths of Travel and Dead-End
+Corridors. [101:Figure A.7.5.1.5]
+1–481ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+outside stairs that are not subject to regular use during the
+normal occupancy of the building.
+There are many types of situations where the actual need
+for signs is debatable. In cases of doubt, however, it is desirable
+to be on the safe side by providing signs, particularly because
+posting signs does not ordinarily involve any material expense
+or inconvenience.
+The requirement for the locations of exit signs visible from
+any direction of exit access is illustrated in Figure A.14.14.1.2.1.
+[101: A.7.10.1.2.1]
+A.14.14.1.2.2 The direction of travel to the exit discharge
+within a stair enclosure with horizontal components in excess
+of the typical landings might need additional signage to be
+readily visible or obvious. Exit signs should be installed above
+doors through which the egress path leads. Directional exit
+signs should be installed where the horizontal egress path
+changes directions. The stairway marking signs required by
+7.2.2.5.4 of NFPA 101, provided within the stair enclosure at
+each floor landing, indicate the vertical direction to exit dis-
+charge. [101: A.7.10.1.2.2]
+A.14.14.1.5.2 For externally illuminated signs in accordance
+with 14.14.6 and internally illuminated signs listed without a
+viewing distance, the rated viewing distance should be consid-
+ered to be 100 ft (30 m). However, placing signs to meet the
+100 ft (30 m) viewing distance in other than exit access corri-
+dors might create operating difficulties or encourage place-
+ment of a sign above the line of sight. To resolve the viewing
+distance versus placement issue, consideration should be
+given to increasing the level of illumination and the size of the
+exit legend to the viewing distance proportionally, if signs are
+placed at greater distances. [101: A.7.10.1.5.2]
+A.14.14.1.6 See A.7.10.3 of NFPA101.[ 101: A.7.10.1.6]
+A.14.14.1.7 See 3.3.126.2 of NFPA 101 for the definition of
+internally illuminated.[ 101: A.7.10.1.7]
+A.14.14.1.8 In stores, for example, an otherwise adequate
+exit sign could be rendered inconspicuous by a high-intensity
+illuminated advertising sign located in the immediate vicinity.
+Red is the traditional color for exit signs and is required by law
+in many places. However, at an early stage in the development of
+NFPA101, a provision made green the color for exit signs, follow-
+ing the concept of traffic lights in which green indicates safety
+and red is the signal to stop. During the period when green signs
+were specified by NFPA101, many such signs were installed, but
+the traditional red signs also remained. In 1949, the Fire Mar-
+shals Association of North America voted to request that red be
+restored as the required exit sign color, because it was found that
+the provision for green involved difficulties in law enactment that
+were out of proportion to the importance of safety. Accordingly,
+the 10th edition of NFPA101 specified red where not otherwise
+required by law. The present text avoids any specific requirement
+for color on the assumption that either red or green will be used
+in most cases and that there are some situations in which a color
+other than red or green could actually provide better visibility.
+[101: A.7.10.1.8]
+A.14.14.2.1 A sign complying with 14.14.2 and indicating the
+direction of the nearest approved exit should be placed at the
+point of entrance to any escalator or moving walk. (See
+A.14.14.3.) [101: A.7.10.2.1]
+A.14.14.3 Where graphics are used, the symbols provided in
+NFPA 170,Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols, should
+be used. Such signs need to provide equal visibility and illumi-
+nation and are to comply with the other requirements of Sec-
+tion 7.10 of NFPA101.[ 101: A.7.10.3]
+A.14.14.3.2 Pictograms are permitted to be used in lieu of, or
+in addition to, signs with text. [101: A.7.10.3.2]
+A.14.14.4 It is not the intent of this paragraph to require emer-
+gency lighting but only to have the sign illuminated by emer-
+gency lighting if emergency lighting is required and provided.
+It is not the intent to require that the entire stroke width
+and entire stroke height of all letters comprising the word
+EXIT be visible per the requirements of 7.10.6.3 of NFPA 101
+under normal or emergency lighting operation, provided that
+the sign is visible and legible at a 100 ft (30 m) distance under
+all room illumination conditions. [101: A.7.10.4]
+A.14.14.5.1 See A.7.8.1.3(4) of NFPA101.[ 101: A.7.10.5.1]
+A.14.14.5.2 It is the intent to prohibit a freely accessible light
+switch to control the illumination of either an internally or
+externally illuminated exit sign. [101: A.7.10.5.2]
+A.14.14.5.2.2 The flashing repetition rate should be approxi-
+mately one cycle per second, and the duration of the off-time
+Exit with sign
+over exit 
+Direction of exit access travel
+Flow of people
+Direction of exit access travel
+Flow of people
+Direction of exit access travel
+Direction of exit access travel
+Direction of exit access travel
+Flow of people
+Exit sign erected perpendicular
+to direction
+Exit signs
+Exit 
+Exit 
+FIGURE A.14.14.1.2.1 Location of Exit Signs. [101:Figure
+A.7.10.1.2.1]
+1–482 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+should not exceed 1⁄4 second per cycle. During on-time, the
+illumination levels need to be provided in accordance with
+7.10.6.3 of NFPA 101. Flashing signs, when activated with the
+fire alarm system, might be of assistance. [101: A.7.10.5.2.2]
+A.14.14.6.1 Experience has shown that the word EXIT, or other
+appropriate wording, is plainly legible at 100 ft (30 m) if the
+letters are as large as specified in 14.14.6.1. [101: A.7.10.6.1]
+A.14.14.6.2 Figure A.14.14.6.2 shows examples of acceptable
+locations of directional indicators with regard to left and right
+orientation. Directional indicators are permitted to be placed
+under the horizontal stroke of the letter T, provided that spac-
+ing of not less than 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) is maintained from the
+horizontal and vertical strokes of the letter T. [101: A.7.10.6.2]
+A.14.14.6.3 Colors providing a good contrast are red or
+green letters on matte white background. Glossy background
+and glossy letter colors should be avoided.
+The average luminance of the letters and background is
+measured in footlamberts or candela per square meter. The
+contrast ratio is computed from these measurements by the
+following formula:
+Contrast = −LL
+L
+ge
+g
+Where Lg is the greater luminance and Le is the lesser
+luminance, either the variable Lg or Le is permitted to rep-
+resent the letters, and the remaining variable will represent
+the background. The average luminance of the letters and
+background can be computed by measuring the luminance
+at the positions indicated in Figure A.14.14.6.3 by num-
+bered spots. [ 101: A.7.10.6.3]
+A.14.14.7.2 Photoluminescent signs need a specific mini-
+mum level of light on the face of the sign to ensure that the
+sign is charged for emergency operation and legibility in both
+the normal and emergency modes. Additionally, the type of
+light source (for example, incandescent, fluorescent, halogen,
+metal halide) is important. Each light source produces differ-
+ent types of visible and invisible light (for example, UV) that
+might affect the ability of some photoluminescent signs to
+charge and might also affect the amount of light output avail-
+able during emergency mode. This type of sign would not be
+suitable where the illumination levels are permitted to de-
+cline. The charging light source should not be connected to
+automatic timers, because the continuous illumination of the
+sign is needed; otherwise, the sign illumination would not be
+available, because it would be discharged. [101: A.7.10.7.2]
+A.14.14.8.3 The likelihood of occupants mistaking passage-
+ways or stairways that lead to dead-end spaces for exit doors
+and becoming trapped governs the need for exit signs. Thus,
+such areas should be marked with a sign that reads as follows:
+NO EXIT
+Supplementary identification indicating the character of the
+area, such as TO BASEMENT, STOREROOM, LINEN CLOSET,
+or the like, is permitted to be provided. [101: A.7.10.8.3]
+A.16.1.3 See also NFPA 241. [101: A.4.6.11.2]
+A.16.2.1.5 This can necessitate the removal of the heater
+prior to refueling. The appliance also should be allowed to
+cool prior to refueling. [241: A.5.2.5]
+A.16.2.1.8 Misuse of temporary heating devices has resulted
+in numerous fires and millions of dollars in property loss.
+Temporary heating equipment, while operating, should be vi-
+sually inspected every hour to ensure that combustibles have
+not blown or fallen over near the temporary heating device.
+During windy periods, it might be necessary to reduce the
+interval between inspections. Any object near the temporary
+heating device that is hot to the touch should be moved, or the
+temporary heating device should be relocated. The visual in-
+spection also should ensure that the appliance is operating
+properly. Any appliance that is not operating properly should
+be turned off until repairs have been made. [241: A.5.2.8]
+A.16.2.2.1 Failure to remove scrap and trash accumulations
+provides fuel for the rapid expansion of a fire that might other-
+wise be confined to a small area. These accumulations also pro-
+vide a convenient fuel source for malicious fires. [241:A.5.4.1]
+A.16.2.2.4 An approved safety plan should include the follow-
+ing:
+(1) A fire watch should be in accordance with Section 5.1 of
+NFPA 241.
+(2) Adequate fire protection should include sprinklers, hose,
+extinguishers, or barriers as needed for the particular
+hazard present, including the construction of the chute.
+(3) Protection of openings in exterior walls and protection of
+combustible exterior building surfaces should be adja-
+cent to the chute.
+(4) At the end of each work day, provisions should be made to
+assure that exposure fires are minimized. (See 5.4.1 of
+NFPA 241.)
+(5) Trash chutes used in the interior of a building should be
+of noncombustible construction.
+(6) Trash chutes used on the exterior of a building should be
+of noncombustible construction, or protected if of com-
+bustible construction.
+(7) The main artery of the chute should be as straight as prac-
+tical to avoid accumulations or clogging within the chute.
+[241: A.5.4.4]
+A.16.2.3.1.2 The reference to “structure” is intended to apply
+to those structures under construction, alteration, or demolition
+EXIT
+EXIT
+EXIT
+FIGURE A.14.14.6.2 Directional Indicators. [ 101:Figure
+A.7.10.6.2]
+4 
+5 
+9 
+10 
+14 19 
+15 
+6 
+2 
+3 7 
+4 
+5 8 
+1 
+2 
+3 
+1 
+7 10 
+8 
+6 
+12 
+13 
+11
+22 
+23 
+21 16 17 18 
+15 
+16 
+17 
+18 
+19 
+20 
+14 
+11
+9 
+13 
+12 
+20 
+FIGURE A.14.14.6.3 Measurement of Exit Sign Luminance.
+[101:Figure A.7.10.6.3]
+1–483ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+and not to temporary structures on the construction site. Addi-
+tionally, existing properly protected storage within 50 ft (15 m) of
+the structure or inside an existing structure under alteration is
+not intended to be regulated by this provision. [241:A.5.5.1.2]
+A.16.2.3.2.4 The vapors given off by flammable liquids gener-
+ally have vapor densities greater than those of air. Therefore,
+these vapors tend to collect in low spots and travel at floor
+level. Being invisible, these vapors are difficult to detect with-
+out the aid of proper instruments designed specifically for the
+purpose.
+Proper ventilation is, therefore, important in the preven-
+tion of accidental ignition of these vapors. Proper ventilation
+can be accomplished by either natural or mechanical means.
+[241: A.5.5.2.4]
+A.16.3.2.1 One person should be made responsible for the
+protection of property from fire. This person should ensure
+that the proper procedures for controlling fire hazards are
+established and should have full authority to enforce them.
+The responsible person should be appointed by the owner.
+Where an entirely new structure is being constructed, the
+owner should ensure that specifications for new buildings con-
+tain a clause stating that the “contractor will take all reason-
+able precautions against fire in accordance with good fire pro-
+tection engineering practice.”
+The responsibility for loss prevention is the owner’s. However,
+loss prevention recommendations normally are accomplished by
+the contractor. To ensure that recommendations are carried out
+promptly, the owner’s assistance might be needed.
+Fire prevention education should be a topic at contractor
+safety meetings (“tailgate talks”) at least once a month. Topics
+that could be discussed include maintaining clear access to
+fire-fighting equipment, reinforcing cutting and welding pro-
+cedures, flammable liquids use and storage, use of first aid
+fire-fighting equipment, roofing operations, and precautions
+for the use of temporary heating equipment.
+All fires should be investigated by the manager, and neces-
+sary fire prevention improvements that are identified by the
+investigation should be communicated to all employees as
+soon as possible. [241: A.7.2.1]
+A.16.3.2.3 Large-scale construction sites change rapidly as
+construction progresses. The prefire plan should be flexible to
+allow for different stages of construction. Critical stages that
+should be considered include access, installation of water
+mains and fire hydrants, framing/exterior shell, roofing, cov-
+ering of interior partitions, installation of fixed fire protec-
+tion, concrete form work, installation of building systems, and
+construction safety hazards.
+Since construction projects do change, the local fire de-
+partment should be encouraged to visit the site on a regular
+basis. Prefire plan visits should be scheduled by the manager
+at least semiannually and when there have been major revi-
+sions to the fire prevention plan. Since municipal fire depart-
+ments work rotating shifts, a series of prefire plan visits might
+be necessary to allow all responding fire fighters an opportu-
+nity to visit the site. In rural areas and smaller cities, the local
+fire department might be a volunteer organization or might
+have only a small career fire fighter crew on duty during the
+day. It might be necessary for the manager to schedule the
+prefire plan visit during the evening hours to meet the needs
+of the local fire department. [241: A.7.2.3]
+A.16.3.2.4.5 See NFPA101 for impairments to fire protection
+systems or fire alarm, detection, or communication systems
+where required by that code. In addition, see NFPA 72 for im-
+pairments resulting to fire alarm equipment, and NFPA 25 for
+impairments resulting to water-based fire protection equip-
+ment. [241: A.7.2.4.5]
+A.16.3.2.5.1 Due to the growing threat of arson, guard ser-
+vice should be provided on major projects even where not
+required by the AHJ. The requirements for guard service also
+should be based on, but should not be limited to, the hazards
+at the site, the size of the risk, the difficulty of the fire-fighting
+situation, the exposure risk, and the physical security of the
+site. [241: A.7.2.5.1]
+A.16.3.2.5.2 It is recommended that areas in buildings should
+be patrolled at all times when construction, alteration, and
+demolition operations are not in progress by a competent guard
+registered on an approved security tour supervision system
+(watch clock) with stations covering all parts of the building in
+accordance with NFPA 601,Standard for Security Services in Fire Loss
+Prevention. Guard rounds should include all parts of the buildings
+and outside areas where hazardous equipment or materials are
+located. Rounds should be conducted every1⁄2 hour for 2 hours
+after suspension of work for the day and every hour thereafter
+during the night and nonworking days and should include tours
+of all accessible work areas. [241:A.7.2.5.2]
+A.16.3.2.5.4 The requirements for security fencing should be
+based on, but should not be limited to, the hazards at the site, the
+size of the risk, the difficulty of the fire-fighting situation, the
+exposure risk, and the presence of guard service. [241:A.7.2.5.4]
+A.16.3.2.5.5 Securing the openings (doors and windows) to
+the structure, where possible, reduces the chance of entry by
+unauthorized persons. This, in turn, reduces the chance of
+arson or accidental fires. It could, in some instances, eliminate
+the need for guard service or security fencing. It also helps
+prevent freezing or wind damage to fire protection equipment
+and prevents combustible material from being blown against
+heating devices and igniting. [241: A.7.2.5.5]
+A.16.3.3 In large projects or tall structures, or both, the use of
+an audible device for an evacuation signal in case of fire or
+other emergency is recommended. [241: A.7.4]
+A.16.3.6 Portable fire extinguishers, water pails, small hose
+lines, and 1.5 in. (38 mm) standpipe hose are considered first
+aid fire-fighting equipment. To be effective, first aid fire-
+fighting equipment should be used in the incipient stage of a
+fire. [241: A.7.7]
+A.16.3.6.1 A suitable number and type of spare fire extin-
+guishers should be provided on site for immediate replace-
+ment of discharged fire extinguishers. [241: A.7.7.1]
+A.16.3.6.6 Clear and unobstructed access to all first aid fire-
+fighting equipment should be maintained. Fire-fighting
+equipment also should be clearly visible from surrounding ar-
+eas. If visibility to first aid fire-fighting equipment is ob-
+structed, signs in accordance with NFPA 170, Standard for Fire
+Safety and Emergency Symbols, should be installed to indicate the
+position of the fire-fighting equipment. [241: A.7.7.6]
+A.16.4.1 Steel scaffolding or approved fire-retardant lumber
+and planking should be used on both the outside and inside of
+the structure. Construction materials (e.g., forms, shoring,
+bracing, temporary stairways, platforms, tool boxes, plan
+boxes, solvents, paints, tarpaulins, and similar items) should
+1–484 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+be of the noncombustible, fire-retardant, safety solvent, or
+high flash point type, as the case necessitates. A concerted ef-
+fort should be made to attain as high a level of noncombusti-
+bility of materials as possible. (See the definition of the term “fire
+retardant-treated wood” in the building code.) [241: A.8.2]
+A.16.4.1.5 The AHJ should be contacted regarding the ad-
+equacy of water supplies for hose lines. [241: A.8.2.5]
+A.16.4.2.4 Construction tarps would not be considered ap-
+propriate barriers or opening protectives. [241: A.8.6.2.4]
+A.16.4.3.1.1 No minimum water supply is specified due to the
+wide range of construction types, sites, and sizes. However, unless
+combustibles are essentially nonexistent in the completed struc-
+ture and occupancy, a minimum of 500 gpm (1893 L/min)
+should be provided. In most instances, the required supply is
+greater, and AHJs should be consulted. [241:A.8.7.2.1]
+A.16.4.3.2.1 With proper scheduling and contracting, it is
+possible for the sprinkler installation to follow the building
+construction closely as it progresses. This is frequently done in
+multiple-story buildings to facilitate protection on the lower
+floors before the upper floors have been built. [241: A.8.7.3.1]
+A.16.4.3.3.1.1 Threaded plugs should be inserted in fire de-
+partment hose connections, and they should be guarded
+properly against physical damage. [241: A.8.7.4.1.1]
+A.16.4.3.3.1.3 The intent of this provision is to permit the
+permanent standpipes to be used as temporary standpipes
+during construction. [241: A.8.7.4.1.3]
+A.16.4.3.3.2.4 A substantial box, preferably of metal, in which a
+sufficient amount of hose to reach all parts of the floor, appropri-
+ate nozzles, spanner wrenches, and hose straps are kept should
+be maintained at the highest hose outlet. [241:A.8.7.4.2.4]
+A.16.4.3.3.2.8 A supply of fire hose and nozzles should be
+ordered in advance so that it is available as soon as the stand-
+pipes are ready. Hose lines should be connected in areas
+where construction is in progress. [241: A.8.7.4.2.8]
+A.16.7.1.6.2 Appropriate means should be provided to pre-
+vent portable fire extinguishers from damage and secured
+from falling when roofing operations are being conducted.
+A.17.3.1 The unrestricted use of grass-, grain-, brush-, or
+forest-covered lands under the jurisdiction of the AHJ pre-
+sents a potential hazard to life and property from fire and
+resulting erosion.
+A.17.3.2 Possible uses include recreation (e.g., camping,
+hunting, hiking), construction, and seasonal habitation.
+A.17.3.5.1.5 An emergency can include situations such as
+trees falling into power lines or trees’ location in violation of
+Table 17.3.5.1.3.1.
+A.18.2.2 Access control devices take many forms such as re-
+mote opening devices, card keys, key codes, keys, and so forth.
+A.18.2.3.1.3 The intent of 18.2.3.1.3 is to not require fire
+department access roads to detached gazebos and ramadas,
+independent buildings associated with golf courses, parks,
+and similar uses such as restrooms or snack shops that are
+400 ft2 (37 m2) or less in area, and detached equipment or
+storage buildings for commercial use that are 400 ft2 (37 m2)
+or less in area.
+A.18.2.3.4.6.2 The design limits of fire department apparatus
+should take into account mutual aid companies and other re-
+sponse agencies that might respond to emergencies.
+A.18.2.4 Fire department access roads should be kept clear of
+obstructions such as parked vehicles, fences and other barri-
+ers, dumpsters, and excess vegetation. However, it should be
+understood that a severe snowstorm can make these roads
+temporarily inaccessible. In many parts of the country, the an-
+nual snowfall is of such magnitude that alternative arrange-
+ments such as temporary roads over the snow accumulation
+could be necessary.
+A.18.2.4.1.3 These obstructions include those obscuring or
+interfering with fire department connections to sprinkler sys-
+tems or standpipe systems or both.
+A.18.3.1 See Section 18.4 for determining required fire flow.
+A.18.3.2 The following documents can serve as a reference
+for additional water supply and fire flow information. These
+include NFPA 1141 and NFPA 1142.
+A.18.3.3 See Annex I for guidance determining number and
+location of fire hydrants.
+A.18.4.1 Section 18.4 and the associated tables are only appli-
+cable for determining minimum water supplies for manual
+fire suppression efforts. Water supplies for fire protection sys-
+tems are not addressed by this section. It is not the intent to
+add the minimum fire protection water supplies, such as for a
+fire sprinkler system, to the minimum fire flow for manual fire
+suppression purposes required by this section.
+A.18.4.1.1 For the purpose of this section, a building subdi-
+vided by fire walls constructed in accordance with the building
+code is considered to be a separate building.
+A.19.2.1.2.1 Nonmetallic or plastic rubbish containers
+should be limited in their combustibility and should be tested
+for heat release with the cone calorimeter, to the recognized
+standard of ASTM E 1354 or NFPA 271 referred to as the Cone
+or Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter. The cone calorimeter
+test standard does not indicate the exact conditions (heat flux
+and orientation) needed for testing. This test is intended to
+give detailed information as to how the fire performance of
+materials perform under actual fire conditions. The value of
+300 kW/m2 for peak rate of heat release of the rubbish container
+material corresponds to the value that Douglas fir wood emits
+under the same conditions. Rubbish containers are often manu-
+factured of polyethylene [effective heat of combustion ca.
+19,000 Btu/lb (45 MJ/kg)], which releases much more heat in a
+fire than the typical contents of the container, much of which is
+paper (effective heat of combustion ca. 6400 Btu/lb (15 MJ/
+kg]). For comparison purposes, Table A.19.2.1.2.1 shows peak
+heat release rates of a series of materials (34 plastics and Douglas
+fir wood) at an incident heat flux of 40 kW/m2, in the horizontal
+orientation and at a thickness of 0.25 in. (6 mm) [Hirschler
+1992]. For further comparison, a fire test conducted with a small
+ignition source on a 22.4 lb polyethylene rubbish container re-
+sulted in the release of 1.34 MW within 13.35 minutes of ignition
+(before it had to be manually extinguished) and caused flashover
+in the test room. The maximum a container can release is
+300 kW/m2 or maximum heat release rate. Douglas fir has a con-
+stant of 300 kW/m2 where polyethylene has a peak heat release
+rate of 1268 kW/m2. Nonmetallic containers such as polyethyl-
+ene can represent more fuel than their contents (high density
+polyethylene 19,994 Btu/lb versus newsprint at 8000). A detailed
+review of listings or approvals is advised prior to acceptance.
+1–485ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.20.1.4 Where a special amusement building is installed in-
+side another building, such as within an exhibit hall, the spe-
+cial amusement building requirements apply only to the spe-
+cial amusement building. For example, the smoke detectors
+required by 20.1.4.4 are not required to be connected to the
+building’s system. Where installed in an exhibit hall, such
+smoke detectors are also required to comply with the provi-
+sions applicable to an exhibit. [101: A.12.4.7; 101: A.13.4.7]
+A.20.1.4.1 The aggregate horizontal projections of a multi-
+level play structure are indicative of the number of children
+who might be within the structure and at risk from a fire or
+similar emergency. The word “aggregate” is used in recogni-
+tion of the fact that the platforms and tubes that make up the
+multilevel play structure run above each other at various lev-
+els. In calculating the area of the projections, it is important to
+account for all areas that might be expected to be occupied
+within, on top of, or beneath the components of the structure
+when the structure is used for its intended function. [ 101:
+A.12.4.7.1; 101: A.13.4.7.1]
+A.20.1.4.2 See A.20.1.4.1. [101: A.12.4.7.2; 101: A.13.4.7.2]
+A.20.1.4.7.3 Consideration should be given to the provi-
+sion of directional exit marking on or adjacent to the floor.
+[101: A.12.4.7.7.3; 101: A.13.4.7.7.3]
+A.20.1.5.2.4(5) NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, permits
+portable butane-fueled appliances in restaurants and in attended
+commercial food catering operations where fueled by not more
+than two 10 oz (0.3 kg) LP-Gas capacity, nonrefillable butane
+containers that have a water capacity not exceeding 1.08 lb
+(0.5 kg) per container. The containers are required to be directly
+Table A.19.2.1.2.1 Peak Rate of Heat Release of Materials in the Cone Calorimeter at an
+Incident Heat Flux of 40 kW/m2, in the Horizontal Orientation, at a Thickness of 6 mm
+Material
+Description Abbreviation
+Peak Rate of Heat
+Release (kW/m2)
+1 Polytetrafluorethylene PTFE 14
+2 Poly(vinyl chloride) flexible 1 PVC Plenum 1 43
+3 Poly(vinyl chloride) flexible 2 PVC Plenum 2 64
+4 Poly(vinyl chloride) flexible 3 PVC Plenum 3 87
+5 Polycarbonate 1 PolyCarb 1 429
+6 Poly(vinyl chloride) flexible 4 PVC Plenum 4 77
+7 Chlorinated PVC CPVC 84
+8 Poly(vinyl chloride) rigid computer
+housing
+PVC computer 175
+9 Poly(vinyl chloride) flexible wire FR PVC flex FR 92
+10 Poly(vinyl chloride) rigid low smoke PVC low smoke 111
+11 Cross linked polyethylene FR XLPE FR 192
+12 Poly(vinyl chloride) flexible wire
+semi FR
+PVC Flex semi FR 142
+13 Poly(vinyl chloride) rigid window PVC window 183
+14 Poly(vinyl chloride) flexible wire
+non FR
+PVC Flex non FR 167
+15 Poly(methyl methacrylate) FR Blend PMMA FR 176
+16 Polycarbonate 2 Polycarb 2 420
+17 Polyphenylene Oxide FR Blend 1 PPO/PS 1 276
+18 Polyphenylene Oxide FR Blend 2 PPO/PS 2 265
+19 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene FR 1 ABS FR 1 291
+20 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene FR 2 ABS FR 2 402
+21 Poly(vinyl chloride) flexible bath
+curtain
+PVC Flex Poor 237
+22 Douglas fir D Fir 221
+23 Polystyrene FR PS FR 334
+24 Polyacetal P Acetal 360
+25 Polyurethane Flexible Foam non FR PU 710
+26 Poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA 665
+27 Polyurethane Thermoplastic TPU 221
+28 Nylon Nylon 1313
+29 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ABS 944
+30 Polystyrene PS 1101
+31 Styrene acrylonitrile EPDM blend EPDM SAN 956
+32 Poly(butylene terephthalate) PBT 1314
+33 Poly(ethylene terephtahalate) PET 534
+34 Polyethylene PE 1408
+35 Polypropylene PP 1509
+Source: Hirschler 1992. “Heat release from plastic materials”, M.M. Hirschler, Chapter 12 a, in “Heat Release in Fire,”
+Elsevier, London, UK, Eds. V . Babrauskas and S.J. Grayson, 1992. pp. 375–422.
+1–486 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+connected to the appliance, and manifolding of containers is not
+permitted. Storage of cylinders is also limited to 24 containers,
+with an additional 24 permitted where protected by a 2-hour fire
+resistance–rated barrier. [101: A.12.7.2.4(5);101: A.13.7.2.4(5)]
+A.20.1.5.3(3)(a) Securely supported altar candles in
+churches that are well separated from any combustible mate-
+rial are permitted. On the other hand, lighted candles carried
+by children wearing cotton robes present a hazard too great
+to be permitted. There are many other situations of inter-
+mediate hazard where the AHJ will have to exercise judg-
+ment. [ 101: A.12.7.3(3)(a); 101: A.13.7.3(3)(a)]
+A.20.1.5.4.3 The term unprotected materials containing foamed
+plastic is meant to include foamed plastic items covered by
+“thermally thin” combustible fabrics or paint.(See A.10.2.3.4 of
+NFPA101.) [101: A.12.7.4.3; 101: A.13.7.4.3]
+A.20.1.5.5.4.7.1(3) See A.12.4.1.1 and A.13.4.1.1 of NFPA101.
+[101: A.12.7.5.3.7.1(3); 101: A.13.7.5.3.7.1(3)]
+A.20.1.5.6 The training program in crowd management
+should develop a clear appreciation of factors of space, energy,
+time, and information, as well as specific crowd management
+techniques such as metering. Published guidelines on these
+factors and techniques are found in the SFPE Handbook of Fire
+Protection Engineering , Section 3, Chapter 13. [ 101: A.12.7.6;
+101: A.13.7.6]
+A.20.1.5.7 Because of the variety of types of places of assem-
+bly covered in thisCode, no general requirement for patrols or
+fire watchers has been included. The NFPA 102 Committee
+fully recognizes the importance of this feature of fire protec-
+tion, however, and believes that a system of well-trained patrols
+or fire watchers should be maintained in every place of assem-
+bly where fire hazards might develop. Such locations would in-
+clude, among others, the spaces underneath grandstands and
+the areas inside and outside tents and air-supported structures.
+The fire watchers serve to detect incipient fires and to prevent an
+accumulation of materials that will carry fire. The number of
+such watchers required will, of course, vary for the different types
+of assembly occupancies, depending upon the combustibility of
+the construction and the number of persons accommodated.
+Provided with an adequate supply of portable fire extinguishing
+equipment located at readily accessible points, such a fire watch
+or detail should be able to prevent small fires from reaching seri-
+ous proportions.
+A.20.1.5.8 It is important that an adequate number of com-
+petent attendants are on duty at all times when the assembly
+occupancy is occupied. [101: A.12.7.7; 101: A.13.7.7]
+A.20.1.5.8.3 It is not the intent of this provision to require an
+announcement in bowling alleys, cocktail lounges, restau-
+rants, or places of worship. [101: A.12.7.7.3; 101: A.13.7.7.3]
+A.20.2.4.2.1 The requirements are, of necessity, general in
+scope, as it is recognized that they apply to all types of educa-
+tional occupancies as well as conditions of occupancies, such
+as truant schools; schools for the mentally handicapped, vision
+impaired, hearing impaired, and speech impaired; and public
+schools. It is fully recognized that no one code can meet all the
+conditions of the various buildings involved, and it will be nec-
+essary for site administrators to issue supplements to these re-
+quirements, but all supplements should be consistent with
+these requirements. [101: A.14.7.2.1; 101: A.15.7.2.1]
+A.20.2.4.3.1 Particular attention should be given to keeping
+all doors unlocked; keeping doors that serve to protect the
+safety of paths of egress closed and under no conditions
+blocked open, such as doors on stairway enclosures; keeping
+outside stairs and fire escape stairs free from all obstructions
+and clear of snow and ice; and allowing no accumulation of
+snow or ice or materials of any kind outside exit doors that
+might prevent the opening of the door or interfere with rapid
+escape from the building.
+Any condition likely to interfere with safe egress should be
+corrected immediately, if possible, or otherwise should be re-
+ported at once to the appropriate authorities. [101: A.14.7.3.1;
+101: A.15.7.3.1]
+A.20.3.2.2 The purpose of this requirement is to prevent
+arrangements whereby a child can be trapped in a closet. It
+is intended that this provision be broadly interpreted by the
+AHJ to include equipment such as refrigerators and freez-
+ers. [101: A.16.2.2.2.5; 101: A.17.2.2.2.5]
+A.20.3.4.1.2 Day-care homes do not provide for the full-time
+maintenance of a client. Day-care occupancies that provide a
+primary place of residence are addressed in other day-care
+occupancy chapters. (See Chapters 24 through 33 of NFPA 101.)
+[101: A.17.6.1.1.2]
+A.20.3.4.2.1 The requirements are, of necessity, general in
+scope, because it is recognized that they apply to all types of
+day-care occupancies as well as conditions of occupancies,
+such as truant day-care occupancies; occupancies for the men-
+tally handicapped, vision impaired, hearing impaired, and
+speech impaired; adult day-care; care of infants; and day-care
+occupancies. It is fully recognized that no one code can meet
+all the conditions of the various buildings involved, and it will
+be necessary for site administrators, through the written fire
+emergency response plan, to issue supplements to these re-
+quirements; however, all supplements should be consistent
+with these requirements. Additionally, it is recommended that
+fire safety be a part of the educational programs of the occu-
+pancy for clients.
+Fire emergency response plans need to be written and made
+available to all employees, including temporary or substitute staff,
+so that all employees know what is expected of them during a fire
+emergency. The elements needed in the written plan should be
+identified in coordination with the AHJ.
+The facility fire emergency response plan might be a mod-
+ule of a facility disaster plan that covers other emergencies.
+The proper safeguarding of clients during a fire emergency
+requires prompt and effective response by the facility employ-
+ees in accordance with the fire emergency response plan. Du-
+ties covered under the plan should be assigned by position
+rather than by employee name. Such assignment ensures that,
+in the absence of an employee, the duties of the position will
+be performed by a substitute or temporary employee assigned
+to the position. Temporary or substitute employees should be
+instructed in advance regarding their duties under the plan
+for the position to which they are assigned.
+Written fire emergency response plans should include, but
+should not be limited to, information for employees regard-
+ing methods and devices available for alerting occupants of a
+fire emergency. Employees should know how the fire depart-
+ment is to be alerted. Even where automatic systems are ex-
+pected to alert the fire department, the written plan should
+provide for backup alerting procedures by staff. Other re-
+sponses of employees to a fire emergency should include the
+following:
+(1) Removal of clients in immediate danger to areas of safety,
+as set forth in the plan
+1–487ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Methods of using building features to confine the fire and
+its by-products to the room or area of origin
+(3) Control of actions and behaviors of clients during re-
+moval or evacuation activities and at predetermined safe
+assembly areas
+The written plan should state clearly the facility policy regard-
+ing the actions staff are to take or not take to extinguish a fire. It
+should also incorporate the emergency egress and relocation
+drill procedures set forth in 16.7.2 and 17.7.2 of NFPA101.
+For additional guidance on emergency plans, see NFPA 1600,
+Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity
+Programs. This standard establishes a common set of criteria for
+disaster management, emergency management, and business
+continuity programs. [101: A.16.7.1;101: A.17.7.1]
+A.20.3.4.2.2.1 The requirements are, of necessity, general in
+scope, because it is recognized that they apply to all types of day-
+care occupancies as well as conditions of occupancies, such as
+truant day-care occupancies; day-care occupancies for the men-
+tally handicapped, vision impaired, hearing impaired, and
+speech impaired. It is fully recognized that no one code can meet
+all the conditions of the various buildings involved, and it will be
+necessary for site administrators to issue supplements to these
+requirements, but all supplements should be consistent with
+these requirements. [101: A.16.7.2.1;101: A.17.7.2.1]
+A.20.3.4.2.3.2 Particular attention should be given to keep-
+ing all doors unlocked; keeping doors that serve to protect the
+safety of paths of egress closed and under no conditions
+blocked open, such as doors on stairway enclosures; keeping
+outside stairs and fire escape stairs free from all obstructions
+and clear of snow and ice; and allowing no accumulation of
+snow or ice or materials of any kind outside exit doors that
+might prevent the opening of the door or interfere with rapid
+escape from the building. [101: A.16.7.3.2; 101: A.17.7.3.2]
+A.20.3.4.2.3.5.4 It is the intent that the requirement for ad-
+equate adult staff to be awake at all times when clients are
+present be applied to family day-care and group day-care
+homes that are operated at night, as well as day-care occupan-
+cies. [101: A.16.7.5; 101: A.17.7.5]
+A.20.4.2 Health care occupants have, in large part, varied
+degrees of physical disability, and their removal to the outside,
+or even their disturbance caused by moving, is inexpedient or
+impractical in many cases, except as a last resort. Similarly,
+recognizing that there might be an operating necessity for the
+restraint of the mentally ill, often by use of barred windows
+and locked doors, fire exit drills are usually extremely disturb-
+ing, detrimental, and frequently impracticable.
+In most cases, fire exit drills, as ordinarily practiced in other
+occupancies, cannot be conducted in health care occupancies.
+Fundamentally, superior construction, early discovery and extin-
+guishment of incipient fires, and prompt notification need to be
+relied on to reduce the occasion for evacuation of buildings of
+this class to a minimum. [101: A.18.7;101: A.19.7]
+A.20.4.2.1.5 Many health care occupancies conduct fire drills
+without disturbing patients by choosing the location of the
+simulated emergency in advance and by closing the doors to
+patients’ rooms or wards in the vicinity prior to initiation of
+the drill. The purpose of a fire drill is to test and evaluate the
+efficiency, knowledge, and response of institutional personnel
+in implementing the facility fire emergency plan. Its purpose
+is not to disturb or excite patients. Fire drills should be sched-
+uled on a random basis to ensure that personnel in health care
+facilities are drilled not less than once in each 3-month period.
+Drills should consider the ability to move patients to an
+adjacent smoke compartment. Relocation can be practiced us-
+ing simulated patients or empty wheelchairs. [101: A.18.7.1.4;
+101: A.19.7.1.4]
+A.20.4.2.2.1 Each facility has specific characteristics that vary
+sufficiently from other facilities to prevent the specification of a
+universal emergency procedure. The recommendations that fol-
+low, however, contain many of the elements that should be con-
+sidered and adapted, as appropriate, to the individual facility.
+Upon discovery of fire, personnel should immediately take
+the following action:
+(1) If any person is involved in the fire, the discoverer should go
+to the aid of that person, calling aloud an established code
+phrase, which provides for both the immediate aid of any
+endangered person and the transmission of an alarm.
+(2) Any person in the area, upon hearing the code called
+aloud, should activate the building fire alarm using the
+nearest manual fire alarm box.
+(3) If a person is not involved in the fire, the discoverer
+should activate the building fire alarm using the nearest
+manual fire alarm box.
+(4) Personnel, upon hearing the alarm signal, should imme-
+diately execute their duties as outlined in the facility fire
+safety plan.
+(5) The telephone operator should determine the location of
+the fire as indicated by the audible signal.
+(6) In a building equipped with an uncoded alarm system, a
+person on the floor of fire origin should be responsible
+for promptly notifying the facility telephone operator of
+the fire location.
+(7) If the telephone operator receives a telephone alarm re-
+porting a fire from a floor, the operator should regard
+that alarm in the same fashion as an alarm received over
+the fire alarm system and should immediately notify the
+fire department and alert all facility personnel of the
+place of fire and its origin.
+(8) If the building fire alarm system is out of order, any person
+discovering a fire should immediately notify the telephone
+operator by telephone, and the operator should then trans-
+mit this information to the fire department and alert the
+building occupants. [101: A.18.7.2.1;101: A.19.7.2.1]
+A.20.4.2.4 The most rigid discipline with regard to prohibition
+of smoking might not be nearly as effective in reducing incipient
+fires from surreptitious smoking as the open recognition of
+smoking, with provision of suitable facilities for smoking. Proper
+education and training of the staff and attendants in the ordinary
+fire hazards and their abatement is unquestionably essential. The
+problem is a broad one, varying with different types and arrange-
+ments of buildings; the effectiveness of rules of procedure, which
+need to be flexible, depends in large part on the management.
+[101: A.18.7.4;101: A.19.7.4]
+A.20.4.2.5.1 In addition to the provisions of 12.6.2, which deal
+with ignition resistance, additional requirements with respect to
+the location of cubicle curtains relative to sprinkler placement
+are included in NFPA 13. [101: A.18.7.5.1;101: A.19.7.5.1]
+A.20.4.2.5.6(2) When determining if the hazard for fire de-
+velopment or spread is present, consideration should be given
+to whether the building or area being evaluated is sprinklered.
+[101: A.18.7.5.6(2); 101: A.19.7.5.6(2)]
+1–488 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.20.5.2.4.1 Smoking regulations should include the following:
+(1) Smoking should be prohibited in any room, compartment,
+or area where flammable or combustible liquids, combus-
+tible gases, or oxygen is used or stored and in any other
+hazardous location, and the following also should apply:
+(a) Such areas should be posted with signs that read NO
+SMOKING or the international symbol for no smoking.
+(b) In residential board and care facilities where smoking
+is totally prohibited and signs so indicating are placed
+at all major entrances, secondary signs with language
+that prohibits smoking are not required.
+(2) Smoking by residents classified as not responsible with
+regard to their ability to safely use and dispose of smoking
+materials should be prohibited.
+(3) Where a resident, as specified in A.20.5.2.4.1(2), is under
+direct supervision by staff or by a person approved by the
+administration, smoking might be permitted.
+(4) Smoking materials should not be provided to residents or
+maintained by residents without the approval of the ad-
+ministration.
+(5) Areas where smoking is permitted should be clearly iden-
+tified.
+(6) Ashtrays of noncombustible material and safe design
+should be provided and required to be used in all areas
+where smoking is permitted.
+(7) Self-closing cover devices into which ashtrays can be emptied
+should be made available to all areas where smoking is per-
+mitted and should be required to be used. [101: A.32.7.4.1;
+101: A.33.7.4.1]
+A.20.5.2.5 The requirements applicable to draperies/curtains,
+upholstered furniture, and mattresses apply only to new
+draperies/curtains, new upholstered furniture, and new mat-
+tresses. The wordnew means unused, normally via procurement
+from the marketplace, either by purchase or donation, of items
+not previously used. Many board and care facilities allow resi-
+dents to bring into the board and care home upholstered furni-
+ture items from the resident’s previous residence. Such an item is
+not new and, thus, is not regulated. On the other hand, some of
+the larger board and care homes purchase contract furniture, as
+is done in hotels. Such new, unused furniture, whether pur-
+chased or received as a donation, is regulated by the require-
+ments of 20.5.2.5.2. By federal law, mattresses manufactured and
+sold within the United States must pass testing per 16 CFR 1632
+(FF4-72), Standard for the Flammability of Mattresses and Mattress
+Pads.[ 101: A.32.7.5;101: A.33.7.5]
+A.20.5.2.5.2 New upholstered furniture within board and care
+homes should be tested for rates of heat release in accordance
+with 10.3.3 of NFPA101.[ 101: A.32.7.5.2;101: A.33.7.5.2]
+A.20.5.2.5.2.3 New mattresses within board and care homes
+should be tested for rates of heat release in accordance with
+10.3.4 of NFPA101.[ 101: A.32.7.5.3; 101: A.33.7.5.3]
+A.20.6.2 Health care occupants have, in large part, varied
+degrees of physical disability, and their removal to the outside,
+or even their disturbance caused by moving, is inexpedient or
+impractical in many cases, except as a last resort. Similarly,
+recognizing that there might be an operating necessity for the
+restraint of the mentally ill, often by use of barred windows
+and locked doors, fire exit drills are usually extremely disturb-
+ing, detrimental, and frequently impracticable.
+In most cases, fire exit drills, as ordinarily practiced in other
+occupancies, cannot be conducted in health care occupancies.
+Fundamentally, superior construction, early discovery and extin-
+guishment of incipient fires, and prompt notification need to be
+relied on to reduce the occasion for evacuation of buildings of
+this class to a minimum. [101: A.20.7;101: A.21.7]
+A.20.6.2.1.2 Many health care occupancies conduct fire drills
+without disturbing patients by choosing the location of the simu-
+lated emergency in advance and by closing the doors to patients’
+rooms or wards in the vicinity prior to the initiation of the drill.
+The purpose of a fire drill is to test and evaluate the efficiency,
+knowledge, and response of institutional personnel in imple-
+menting the facility fire emergency plan. Its purpose is not to
+disturb or excite patients. Fire drills should be scheduled on a
+random basis to ensure that personnel in health care facilities are
+drilled not less than once in each 3-month period.
+Drills should consider the ability to move patients to an
+adjacent smoke compartment. Relocation can be practiced us-
+ing simulated patients or empty wheelchairs. [101: A.20.7.1.4;
+101: A.21.7.1.4]
+A.20.6.2.2.1 Each facility has specific characteristics that vary
+sufficiently from other facilities to prevent the specification of a
+universal emergency procedure. The recommendations that fol-
+low, however, contain many of the elements that should be con-
+sidered and adapted, as appropriate, to the individual facility.
+Upon discovery of fire, personnel should immediately take
+the following action:
+(1) If any person is involved in the fire, the discoverer should go
+to the aid of that person, calling aloud an established code
+phrase, which provides for both the immediate aid of any
+endangered person and the transmission of an alarm.
+(2) Any person in the area, upon hearing the code called
+aloud, should activate the building fire alarm using the
+nearest manual fire alarm box.
+(3) If a person is not involved in the fire, the discoverer
+should activate the building fire alarm using the nearest
+manual fire alarm box.
+(4) Personnel, upon hearing the alarm signal, should imme-
+diately execute their duties as outlined in the facility fire
+safety plan.
+(5) The telephone operator should determine the location of
+the fire as indicated by the audible signal.
+(6) In a building equipped with an uncoded alarm system, a
+person on the floor of fire origin should be responsible
+for promptly notifying the facility telephone operator of
+the fire location.
+(7) If the telephone operator receives a telephone alarm re-
+porting a fire from a floor, the operator should regard
+that alarm in the same fashion as an alarm received over
+the fire alarm system and should immediately notify the
+fire department and alert all facility personnel of the
+place of fire and its origin.
+(8) If the building fire alarm system is out of order, any person
+discovering a fire should immediately notify the telephone
+operator by telephone, and the operator should then trans-
+mit this information to the fire department and alert the
+building occupants. [101: A.20.7.2.1;101: A.21.7.2.1]
+A.20.6.2.4 The most rigid discipline with regard to prohibition
+of smoking might not be nearly as effective in reducing incipient
+fires from surreptitious smoking as the open recognition of
+smoking, with provision of suitable facilities for smoking. Proper
+education and training of the staff and attendants in the ordinary
+fire hazards and their abatement is unquestionably essential. The
+problem is a broad one, varying with different types and arrange-
+ments of buildings; the effectiveness of rules of procedure, which
+need to be flexible, depends in large part on the management.
+[101: A.20.7.4;101: A.21.7.4]
+1–489ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.20.6.2.5.1 In addition to the provisions of 12.6.2, which deal
+with ignition resistance, additional requirements with respect to
+the location of cubicle curtains relative to sprinkler placement
+are included in NFPA 13. [101: A.20.7.5.1;101: A.21.7.5.1]
+A.20.7.2.1.2 This requirement is permitted to be met by elec-
+tronic or oral monitoring systems, visual monitoring, call sig-
+nals, or other means. [101: A.22.7.1.2; 101: A.23.7.1.2]
+A.20.7.2.1.3 Periodic, coordinated training should be con-
+ducted and should involve detention and correctional facility
+personnel and personnel of the fire department legally com-
+mitted to serving the facility. [101: A.22.7.1.3; 101: A.23.7.1.3]
+A.20.7.2.4 Personal property provides combustible contents
+for fire development. Therefore, adequate controls are
+needed to limit the quantity and combustibility of the fuels
+available to burn to reduce the probability of room flashover.
+The provisions of 20.7.2.4 will not, by themselves, prevent
+room flashover if personal property controls are not provided.
+[101: A.22.7.4; 101: A.23.7.4]
+A.20.7.2.4.3 Mattresses used in detention and correctional
+facilities should be evaluated with regard to the fire hazards of
+the environment. The potential for vandalism and excessive
+wear and tear also should be taken into account when evaluat-
+ing the fire performance of the mattress. [101: A.23.7.4.3]
+A.20.8.2.1.1 Employers are obligated to determine the de-
+gree to which employees are to participate in emergency ac-
+tivities. Regulations of the U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA)
+govern these activities and provide options for employers,
+from total evacuation to aggressive structural fire fighting by
+employee brigades. (For additional information, see 29 CFR 1910,
+E and L, “OSHA Regulations for Emergency Procedures and Fire Bri-
+gades.”) [101: A.28.7.1.1; 101: A.29.7.1.1]
+A.20.8.2.1.2 Emergencies should be assumed to have arisen
+at various locations in the occupancy in order to train employ-
+ees in logical procedures. [101: A.28.7.1.2; 101: A.29.7.1.2]
+A.20.8.2.4.1 Floor diagrams should reflect the actual floor
+arrangement and should be oriented with the actual direction
+to the exits. [101: A.28.7.4.1; 101: A.29.7.4.1]
+A.20.8.2.4.2 Factors for developing the fire safety informa-
+tion include such items as construction type, suppression sys-
+tems, alarm and detection systems, building layout, and build-
+ing HV AC systems. [101: A.28.7.4.2; 101: A.29.7.4.2]
+A.20.15.5.1 Examples of facilities covered by this standard
+include, but are not limited to, bakeries, grain elevators, feed
+mills, flour mills, milling, corn milling (dry and wet), rice mill-
+ing, dry milk products, mix plants, soybean and other oilseed
+preparation operations, cereal processing, snack food process-
+ing, tortilla plants, chocolate processing, pet food processing,
+cake mix processing, sugar refining and processing, and seed
+plants. [61: A.1.1.1]
+A.20.15.6.2 See NFPA 232,Standard for the Protection of Records,
+where large archives or records storage buildings are involved.
+A.20.17.3(2) See also NFPA 914, Code for Fire Protection of His-
+toric Structures.
+A.21.1.4 For further information on aircraft hangars, see
+NFPA 409,Standard on Aircraft Hangars.[ 101: A.40.6]
+A.21.1.5 For further information on aircraft hangars, see
+NFPA 409,Standard on Aircraft Hangars.[ 101: A.42.6]
+A.21.2.3.2 Furniture, floor and wall coverings, and other fur-
+nishings in airport terminal occupancies, including passenger
+holding lounges, waiting areas, restaurant dining rooms, bars,
+and retail stores, and should not be made of materials that
+have high combustibility, smoke-development characteristics,
+or both, for example, some plastic foams, latex-rubber foam,
+some plastics, and some synthetic fibers. Such materials have a
+tendency to release combustible gases at relatively low tem-
+peratures, making them easily ignitible. When burning, these
+materials also release high amounts of heat energy at rapid
+rates, thereby contributing greatly to fire propagation.
+Interior finish Class A and Class B are described in NFPA101,
+Life Safety Code.[ 415:A.4.1.2]
+A.21.2.4.2 Examples of points of flammable vapor release are
+fuel tank vent openings and fuel hydrant pits. Air supply in-
+take and exhaust openings for air-conditioning or ventilating
+equipment serving the terminal building should not be lo-
+cated on the ramp side of an airport terminal building. Fixed
+air-conditioning and ventilating equipment serving only air-
+craft should be in a room that has no openings communicat-
+ing with the remainder of the terminal building. [415: A.4.2.2]
+A.21.2.4.3 Rooms that contain coal-, gas-, or oil-fired equip-
+ment or any other open-flame device should not have open-
+ings on the ramp side of the building. Combustion and venti-
+lation air should be supplied from the street side or the roof of
+the building or through a gravity louver from a nonhazardous
+area in the building. [415: A.4.2.3]
+A.21.2.5.2 The hazards to persons from jet intakes and blast,
+noise, propellers, and so forth, on the ramp should be taken
+into consideration in locating emergency exit points leading
+to ramps from the airport terminal building. A means of noti-
+fication of unauthorized usage (such as an alarm system) of
+these emergency exits may be desirable. [415: A.4.3.2]
+A.21.2.6 The assembly portion of the terminal building can
+include areas such as the concourse waiting areas, baggage
+claim areas, and restaurants. The assembly portion should ex-
+clude kitchens, toilets, small office areas, and other areas not
+normally accessible to the public. [415: A.4.5.1]
+A.21.2.6.5 The exposure to the airport terminal building
+from the airport ramp is significant. The number of building
+sprinklers operating from the exposure fire could be greater
+than the number of building sprinklers operating from an
+internal ignition source. [415: A.4.5.1.5]
+A.21.2.7.2 If the public fire department is responding to the
+“street” side of the airport terminal building, timely access to
+the normal alarm receiving point might be limited by emer-
+gency conditions or distance. Planned radio communication
+with a constantly attended alarm-receiving point can assist in a
+more efficient response by the public fire department. The
+remote annunciator on the street side of the terminal building
+can provide building condition information not otherwise
+available. [415: A.4.5.2.2]
+A.21.3.3.1 FAA A/C 150/5390-2B,Heliport Design Advisory Cir-
+cular, contains design and construction information on heli-
+ports. This advisory circular provides for adequate clearance
+between operating aircraft and buildings or structures located
+at the heliport. The FAA advisory circular should be consulted
+to ensure that adequate safe practice and facilities are main-
+tained. [418: A.4.2]
+A.21.3.4.1 Where the landing pad is nonporous, fuel tight,
+and provided with a proper drainage system, and where fuel
+1–490 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+cannot flow to support members, the main structural support
+members would not need to be fire rated. [418: A.5.2]
+A.21.3.4.4 For further information on exit principles, see
+NFPA101.[ 418: A.5.5]
+A.21.3.4.5.3 Where doors accessing the interior of the build-
+ing are locked, an approved means should be provided for
+entry of emergency responders. [418: A.5.6.3]
+A.21.3.4.6.2 Where personnel trained in the operations of
+the equipment are in attendance, a hose line system is pre-
+ferred. (Also see Annex C of NFPA 418.)[418: A.5.7.2]
+A.21.3.4.6.4 The area of application and the duration
+where using a hose line system is reduced because foam is
+applied efficiently and directly on the fire by trained per-
+sonnel. [ 418: A.5.7.4]
+A.25.1.4.2 NFPA 58,Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, permits por-
+table butane-fueled appliances in restaurants and in attended
+commercial food catering operations where fueled by not in
+excess of two 10 oz (0.28 kg) LP-Gas capacity, nonrefillable
+butane containers having a water capacity not in excess of
+1.08 lb (0.4 kg) per container. Containers are required to be
+directly connected to the appliance, and manifolding of con-
+tainers is not permitted. Storage of cylinders is also limited to
+24 containers, with an additional 24 permitted where pro-
+tected by a 2-hour fire resistance–rated barrier. [102: A.9.2.2]
+A.25.1.5.4(3)(a) Securely supported altar candles in churches
+that are well separated from any combustible material are permit-
+ted. On the other hand, lighted candles carried by children wear-
+ing cotton robes present a hazard too great to be permitted.
+There are many other situations of intermediate hazard where
+the AHJ will have to exercise judgment. [102:A.9.3(3)(a)]
+A.25.1.7.2.3 The intent is to require detectors only in non-
+sprinklered hazardous areas that are unoccupied. When the
+building is occupied, the detectors in the unoccupied, un-
+sprinklered hazardous areas will initiate occupant notifica-
+tion. If the building is unoccupied, the fire in the nonsprin-
+klered hazardous area is not a life safety issue, and the
+detectors, upon activation, are not required to notify anyone.
+The signal from a detector is permitted to be sent to a control
+panel in an area that is occupied when the building is occu-
+pied, but that is unoccupied when the building is unoccupied,
+without the need for central station monitoring or the equiva-
+lent. [101: A.12.3.4.2.3]
+A.25.1.7.3.5 Examples of devices that might be used to pro-
+vide alternative visible means include scoreboards, message
+boards, and other electronic devices. [101: A.12.3.4.3.5]
+A.25.1.8 Because of the variety of types of places of assembly
+covered by this Code, no general requirement for patrols or
+fire watchers has been included. The committee fully recog-
+nizes the importance of this feature of fire protection, how-
+ever, and believes that a system of well-trained patrols or fire
+watchers should be maintained in every place of assembly
+where fire hazards might develop. Such locations would in-
+clude, among others, the spaces underneath grandstands and
+the areas inside and outside tents and air-supported struc-
+tures. The fire watchers serve to detect incipient fires and to
+prevent an accumulation of materials that will carry fire. The
+number of such watchers required will, of course, vary for the
+different types of assembly occupancies, depending upon the
+combustibility of the construction and the number of persons
+accommodated. Provided with an adequate supply of portable
+fire-extinguishing equipment located at readily accessible
+points, such a fire watch or detail should be able to prevent
+small fires from reaching serious proportions.
+A.25.5.3.3.1 The requirements of 25.5.3.3.1 can be consid-
+ered as a Class 4, Type 60 system per NFPA 110, Standard for
+Emergency and Standby Power Systems.[ 101: A.11.9.3.3.1]
+A.26.1.3(1) Either condition (a) or (b) of 26.1.3(1) of NFPA 45
+meeting the minimum quantity will bring the lab within the
+scope of NFPA 45. A school lab with a low pressure natural gas
+system supplying Bunsen burners (with less than the minimum
+quantities of combustible or flammable liquids and less than the
+minimum quantities of other flammable gases) is an example of
+a lab outside the scope of NFPA 45. [45:A.1.1.2(1)]
+A.26.1.5.1 Laboratory buildings, laboratory units, and labora-
+tory work areas need to have clearly developed plans for fire
+prevention, maintenance, and emergency procedures. Guid-
+ance of the development of these plans and procedures can be
+found in NFPA 45.
+A.26.2 These laboratories are not intended to include isolated
+frozen section laboratories; areas in which oxygen is adminis-
+tered; blood donor rooms in which flammable, combustible, or
+otherwise hazardous materials normally used in laboratory pro-
+cedures are not present; and clinical service areas not using haz-
+ardous materials. [99:A.3.3.87]
+A.28.1.6.2.1.3 Where clearly impractical for economic or physi-
+cal reasons, the AHJ could permit the omission of an automatic
+fire-extinguishing system when considering water supply avail-
+ability and adequacy and size of facility. [303:A.6.3.1.3]
+A.28.1.6.2.2 The combustibility of the boats in storage should
+be considered in determining the hazard classification for ap-
+propriate sprinkler system design. [303: A.6.3.2]
+A.28.1.6.2.2.2 See A.28.1.6.2.1.3. [303: A.6.3.2.2]
+A.28.1.6.2.3.4 See A.28.1.6.2.1.3. [303: A.6.3.3.4]
+A.28.1.6.2.3.5.1 Multilevel racks with height of storage not
+exceeding 12 ft (3.66 m) are covered by NFPA 13. The com-
+bustibility of the boats in storage should be considered in de-
+termining hazard classifications. Plan view configuration of
+the boats in storage should be reviewed to determine whether
+in-rack sprinklers are needed and to aid in the proper design
+of the in-rack portion of the sprinkler system. Sound engineer-
+ing judgment is necessary in selecting sprinkler spacing, place-
+ment, and design criteria. [303: A.6.3.4.1]
+A.28.1.6.2.3.5.3 See A.28.1.6.2.1.3. [303: A.6.3.4.3]
+A.28.1.6.2.4 To comply with this requirement, water supplies
+can consist of a hydrant that is part of an approved water sup-
+ply system, drafting hydrant, or drafting site. [303: A.6.3.5]
+A.28.1.7.3 It is recommended that an auxiliary power supply
+be provided to ensure lighting in the event of a power failure.
+[303: A.7.1.3]
+A.28.1.8.4 Batteries should be removed for storage and
+charging wherever practical. [303: A.7.2.4]
+A.28.1.9 Marinas and boatyard owners and operators are en-
+couraged to be familiar with the requirements of NFPA 302,
+Fire Protection Standard for Pleasure and Commercial Motor Craft.I t
+is recommended that marina and boatyard owners and opera-
+tors encourage vessel owners and occupants to practice
+proper fire prevention aboard moored and stored vessels.
+[303: A.8.1]
+1–491ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.28.2.2 See NFPA 303,Fire Protection Standard for Marinas and
+Boatyards.[ 307: A.1.3.2]
+A.28.2.3(1) See NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids
+Code.[ 307: A.1.3.3(1)]
+A.28.2.3(2) See NFPA 59A,Standard for the Production, Storage,
+and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), or NFPA 58,Lique-
+fied Petroleum Gas Code.[ 307: A.1.3.3(2)]
+A.28.3.1 Many vessels undergoing construction, conversion, or
+repairs, and vessels laid up in a shipyard or elsewhere are readily
+vulnerable to fire, due to the quantity and character of combus-
+tible materials used in building. Long passageways, unenclosed
+stairways, hatches, and hoistways facilitate the rapid spread of fire
+throughout the vessel. Often the location of the vessel is isolated
+so that private protection is the main source of fire-fighting ser-
+vices. Even where major municipal protection is available, mate-
+rial damage or complete destruction before effective means of
+extinguishment are brought into action often results from the
+following:
+(1) Possible delayed response, due either to late discovery of
+the fire or to the absence of means for quick notification
+(2) Lack of special equipment in many municipal fire depart-
+ments for combating shipboard fires
+(3) An unfamiliarity with ship construction due to the transi-
+tory nature of the risk [312: A.1.2]
+A.30.1.5.1 Additional fire protection considerations can in-
+clude items such as fixed suppression systems, automatic fire
+detection, manual fire alarm stations, transmission of alarms
+to off-site locations, and limiting volume delivered per trans-
+action. [30A: A.7.3.5.1]
+A.30.1.6.7 Natural ventilation can normally be expected to
+dissipate any fuel vapors before they reach ignitible concentra-
+tions if at least two sides of the dispensing area are open to the
+building exterior. [30A: A.7.3.6.7]
+A.30.1.6.9 Oil/water separators might not be designed to re-
+move or separate flammable or combustible liquids other
+than oil. [30A: A.7.3.6.9]
+A.30.2.9 The ventilation requirements contained in this sec-
+tion do not consider exhaust emissions from motor vehicle
+engines. An appropriate professional should be consulted to
+determine precautions necessary to protect against this health
+hazard. [30A: A.7.5]
+A.30.2.9.1 Manual control switches for supply and exhaust
+ventilating systems should be located close to the entrance to
+the area served. In buildings protected by automatic sprin-
+klers or fire alarm systems, it is recommended that the neces-
+sary interlocks be provided to shut down supply and exhaust
+fans when the sprinklers or fire alarms operate. For service
+facilities for CNG-fueled vehicles and LNG-fueled vehicles, see
+NFPA 52. [30A: A.7.5.1]
+A.30.2.10.6 Enclosed rooms or spaces storing CNG- or LNG-
+fueled vehicles should prohibit the transmission of gases to
+other areas of the building. Other areas outside of the enclo-
+sure, if not used for repairing or storing CNG- or LNG-fueled
+vehicles, can use other heating methods. Note that, according
+to A.1.1 of NFPA 52, CNG weighs about two-thirds as much as
+air and, therefore, as a gas, will rise in a room. LNG at a tem-
+perature of less than or equal to –170°F (–112°C) is heavier
+than ambient air [at 60°F (15°C )], but as the LNG’s tempera-
+ture rises, the gas becomes lighter than air. Determination of
+the potential for gas accumulation should be based on an en-
+gineering analysis. (Guidance for classification of hazardous
+locations is available in NFPA 497.) [30A: A.7.6.6]
+A.31.1 Each individual property has its own special condi-
+tions of stock handling, exposure, and topography. For this
+reason, only basic fire protection principles are discussed
+herein and are intended to be applied with due consideration
+of all local factors involved. The AHJ should be consulted.
+A.31.3.2.1.1 Good housekeeping should be maintained at all
+times, including regular and frequent cleaning of materials-
+handling equipment.
+A.31.3.2.1.6.1 See NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for Powered
+Industrial Trucks Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, Conver-
+sions, Maintenance, and Operations.
+A.31.3.2.1.10.1 See NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and
+Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment, for small rub-
+bish burners.
+A.31.3.2.2.1 Saw mills, planing mills, treating plants, adzing
+mills, and similar buildings without blank walls should be
+separated from yard storage by a clear space in accordance
+with the recommendations of NFPA 80A,Recommended Practice
+for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures.
+Unsprinklered manufacturing buildings and other large
+structures with combustible contents represent a severe expo-
+sure to yard storage, unless the exterior walls have the neces-
+sary fire resistance to act as a fire separation and are essentially
+absent of unprotected openings.
+A.31.3.2.2.2 Weeds, grass, and similar vegetation should be
+prevented throughout the entire yard, and any vegetation
+growth should be sprayed as often as needed with an herbicide
+or ground sterilizer, or should be grubbed out. Dead weeds
+should be removed after destruction. Weed burners should
+not be used.
+A.31.3.2.3 Where practical, some form of fixed system of
+alarm notification or communication equipment should be
+provided within the storage yard (e.g., telephones, radios).
+Portable fire extinguishers suitable for the fire hazard in-
+volved should be provided at convenient, conspicuously acces-
+sible locations in the yard. Approved portable fire-extinguishing
+equipment should be located so that the travel distance to the
+nearest unit is not more than 75 ft (23 m). See Section 13.6.
+Approved fire extinguishers suitable for the fire hazard involved
+should be provided on all power vehicles and units, including
+haulage or private locomotives in the yard.
+A.31.3.3.1.2 The type of operations at properties where the
+provisions of 31.3.4 apply vary widely. Retail lumber and build-
+ing material operations are often characterized by large area
+buildings with minor outside storage areas. On the other
+hand, wholesale and distribution yards can involve large out-
+side storage areas that present fire protection problems simi-
+lar to mill yards.
+A.31.3.3.2.1 Fire loss experience in lumberyards indicates
+that the following are the principal factors that allow lumber-
+yard fires to reach serious proportions:
+(1) Large, undivided stacks
+(2) Congested storage conditions
+(3) Delayed fire detection
+(4) Inadequate fire protection
+(5) Ineffective fire-fighting tactics
+1–492 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.31.3.3.2.2 It is recognized that retail and wholesale lumber
+storage yards are normally located within municipal system
+boundaries, where the system should be capable of supplying
+not less than four 2 1⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose streams simulta-
+neously [1000 gpm (4000 L/min)]. Where large-scale fire-
+fighting operations can be expected, larger water supplies are
+needed. Where protection from municipal water supplies and
+hydrant systems is not provided or is not considered adequate
+by the AHJ, a yard fire hydrant system should be provided and
+installed in accordance with NFPA 24, Standard for the Installa-
+tion of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances.
+A.31.3.3.3.1 Where the danger of underground fire is present,
+refuse-filled or sawdust-filled land should not be used.
+A.31.3.3.3.3 Air-dried stickered stacks are subject to rapid-
+fire spread through the air spaces and should therefore be
+kept as low as practicable.
+A.31.3.3.4.2 Because of the large quantities of material gen-
+erally involved in lumberyard fires, some form of exposure
+protection for adjoining properties is recommended. Clear
+spaces or walls capable of providing fire barriers between yard
+storage and the exposed properties should be used. The re-
+sponsibility for the protection of properties adjoining a lum-
+beryard is often a joint responsibility to be worked out be-
+tween the lumberyard and adjoining property owners. The
+AHJ should be consulted.
+A.31.3.4.1 Each individual property has its own special condi-
+tions of yard use, material-handling methods, and topography.
+For this reason, only basic fire protection principles are dis-
+cussed herein and are intended to be applied with due consid-
+eration of all local factors involved. The AHJ should be con-
+sulted.
+A.31.3.4.2 Fire loss experience in lumber storage yards indi-
+cates that the following are the principal factors that allow
+lumberyard fires to reach serious proportions:
+(1) Large, undivided stacks
+(2) Congested storage conditions
+(3) Delayed fire detection
+(4) Inadequate fire protection
+(5) Ineffective fire-fighting tactics
+A.31.3.4.3 Refuse-filled or sawdust-filled land, swampy ground,
+or areas where the hazard of underground fire is present should
+not be used as a storage site.
+A.31.3.4.3.1 For basic fire protection, the hydrant system
+should be capable of supplying not less than four 21⁄2 in. (65 mm)
+hose streams simultaneously [1000 gpm (4000 L/min)] while
+maintaining a positive residual pressure in the fire protection
+hydrant system of not less than 20 psi (1.38 bar).
+Where large-scale fire-fighting operations can be expected,
+larger water supplies with adequate mains are needed.
+For early extinguishment with basic fire protection, hy-
+drants should be spaced with sufficient 2 1⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose
+attached to allow rapid hose laying to all parts of the stacking
+areas. For this reason, the hydrants should be spaced at about
+250 ft (76 m) intervals so that any part of the yard can be
+reached with 250 ft (60 m) of hose. Hydrants preferably
+should be located at fire department access road intersections.
+A hydrant hose house with not less than 250 ft (60 m) of fire
+hose and auxiliary equipment should be provided at each hy-
+drant. (See NFPA 24.)
+A.31.3.5.1.1 Each individual property has its own special con-
+ditions of yard use, stock-handling methods, and topography.
+For this reason, only basic fire protection principles are dis-
+cussed herein, and are intended to be applied with due con-
+sideration of all local factors involved. Ties, as used herein,
+include ties, poles, piles, posts, and other similar forest prod-
+ucts. Treated ties are ties that are pressure impregnated with
+preservatives.
+A.31.3.5.2 Fire loss experience in tie storage yards indicates
+that the following are the principal factors that allow fires to
+reach serious proportions:
+(1) Large, undivided stacks
+(2) Congested storage conditions
+(3) Delayed fire detection
+(4) Inadequate fire protection
+(5) Ineffective fire-fighting tactics
+A.31.3.5.3 Refuse-filled or sawdust-filled land, swampy
+ground, or areas where the hazard of underground fire is
+present should not be used as storage site.
+A.31.3.5.3.1 With relatively open stacking (that is, stacking that
+allows for penetration of fire-extinguishing streams), sufficient
+alleyway width can usually be accomplished by providing a not-
+less-than 4 ft (1.2 m) alleyway width between alternate rows of tie
+stacks. [See Figure A.31.3.5.3.1(a).]Flat crib-style stacking without
+space between the stacks that forms solid packed rows should
+require a not-less-than 4 ft (1.2 m) alleyway width between each
+row.[See Figure A.31.3.5.3.1(b).]
+Fire 
+department 
+access road 
+as necessary
+for access
+and fire-
+fighting
+operations
+4 ft (1.2 m) wide alleyways
+between alternate rows
+Fire department
+access road
+ 100 ft (30 m)
+maximum
+Fire department access road
+FIGURE A.31.3.5.3.1(a) Relatively Open Stacking Methods.
+Fire department
+access road
+Fire department access road
+W
+4 ft (1.2 m) alleyway between 
+each row. If less than 4 ft (1.2 m), 
+hold W to 75 ft (23 m) or less 
+depending upon conditions.
+Fire 
+department 
+access road  
+as necessary
+for access
+and fire-
+fighting
+operations
+FIGURE A.31.3.5.3.1(b) Crib-Style Stacking into Solid Rows.
+1–493ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.31.3.5.3.2 For basic fire protection, the hydrant system
+should be capable of supplying not less than four 2 1⁄2 in.
+(65 mm) hose streams simultaneously [not less than 1000 gpm
+(4000 L/min)] while maintaining a positive residual pressure
+in the fire protection hydrant system of not less than 20 psi
+(1.38 bar).
+Where large-scale fire-fighting operations can be expected,
+larger water supplies with adequate mains are needed.
+For early extinguishment with basic fire protection, hy-
+drants should be spaced with sufficient 2 1⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose
+attached to allow rapid hose laying to all parts of the stacking
+areas. For this reason, hydrants should be spaced at about
+250 ft (76 m) intervals so that any part of the yard can be
+reached with 200 ft (60 m) of hose. Hydrants preferably
+should be located at fire department access road intersections.
+A hydrant hose house with not less than 200 ft (60 m) of fire
+hose and auxiliary equipment should be provided at each hy-
+drant. (See NFPA 24.)
+A.31.3.5.3.5 Heights in excess of 20 ft (6 m) seriously restrict
+effective extinguishing operations.
+A.31.3.6.1 Each individual property has its own special condi-
+tions of yard use, stock-handling methods, and topography. It is
+recognized that climate conditions, wood species, and the age of
+piles are all factors affecting fire safety. For these reasons, only
+basic fire protection principles are discussed herein, and are in-
+tended to be applied with due consideration of all local factors
+involved. Except for the surface layer, the moisture content of a
+pile of wood chips or hogged material is quite high, so surface
+fires do not generally penetrate more than a few inches into the
+pile. Fire tests indicate that, for areas of average humidity condi-
+tions, the flame propagation over the surface is relatively slow.
+These conditions allow ready extinguishment, provided that
+there is early detection and good access. It is expected that, in
+areas where long periods of low humidity prevail, faster surface
+flame spread can be anticipated, increasing the importance of
+early detection and good access.
+A.31.3.6.2.1 Fire experience and fire tests indicate that two
+completely different types of fires can occur in storage piles —
+surface fires and internal fires. Fire prevention activities and
+fire protection facilities should, therefore, include prepara-
+tions for coping with both situations.
+Internal heating is a hazard inherent to long-term bulk
+storage of chips and hogged material that progresses to spon-
+taneous combustion under certain pile conditions. Internal
+fires are difficult to detect and extinguish. Unless provisions
+are made for measuring internal temperatures, such fires can
+burn for long periods before emission of smoke at the surface
+indicates an internal fire.
+Extinguishment then becomes a lengthy and expensive
+loss-control and operating problem requiring equipment and
+manpower to move large portions of the pile, either by dig-
+ging out the burning portions or removing the unburned por-
+tions of the pile. Experience has shown that these conditions
+create very large losses, and special attention should be given
+to the prevention of spontaneous combustion and to pre-fire
+planning where evaluating how best to handle an imminent or
+actual fire in a particular pile.
+A.31.3.6.2.2 Prevention of internal fires requires an under-
+standing of the factors that cause exothermic oxidation so that
+steps can be taken to minimize this hazard and to provide
+means of monitoring temperature conditions inside the pile.
+Refuse and old chips should not be permitted in the chip pile
+base. The storage site should be thoroughly cleaned before
+starting a new pile.
+The quality of chip supplies should be controlled in terms
+of percentage of fines. The concentration of fines should not
+be allowed during pile buildup.
+Pneumatic systems produce an air classification of stored
+materials that should be recognized, and appropriate steps
+should be taken to minimize concentration of fines.
+It is preferable to spread new stored materials in a relatively
+even layer over the pile.
+Vehicles used on all piles should be of a type that minimizes
+compaction.
+Veneer chip piles should be limited to 50 ft (15 m) in height.
+A.31.3.6.2.2(4) For example, whole-tree chip piles contain-
+ing bark, leaves, and other extraneous or hogged material can
+be subject to greater degrees of spontaneous heating and ther-
+mal degradation and should be reclaimed more frequently.
+A.31.3.6.2.2(5) Fundamentally, several small piles are better
+than one large pile.
+A.31.3.6.2.2(8) Minimizing the diffusion of water from wet,
+stored material into dry fires is important to reduce exother-
+mic heating caused by adsorption effects. Maintaining surface
+moisture content is also important so as to reduce the hazard
+of surface fires during periods of hot, dry weather.
+A.31.3.6.3 A high standard of housekeeping should be main-
+tained around all potential heat sources.
+Care should be exercised to prevent tramp metal from en-
+tering the piles, or sections of blower pipes from being buried
+in the piles.
+A.31.3.6.3.1 For very large piles, two or more access roadways
+should be provided on opposite sides of the pile.
+A.31.3.6.3.2 Narrow, low piles facilitate fire extinguishment.
+A.31.3.6.3.4 Due to the size and configuration of piles, pro-
+viding portable fire extinguishers within 75 ft (23 m) of travel
+distance to any point is not practical.
+A.31.3.6.3.5 Fire hydrants connected to yard mains should be
+provided so that any part of the pile(s) can be reached by hose
+equipment provided in each hydrant hose house. Each hy-
+drant hose house should be equipped with a complement of
+21⁄2 in. (65 mm) and 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) hose, a 21⁄2 in. (65 mm)
+and 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) gated wye, and 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) combina-
+tion nozzles.
+Hydrants should be spaced at about 250 ft (76 m) intervals
+so that any part of the yard can be reached with 200 ft (60 m)
+of hose.
+Where pile configurations are such that all parts of the pile
+cannot be reached by the hose, a fire hose cart(s) equipped
+with an ample supply of hose and nozzles should be strategi-
+cally placed in the storage area.
+The amount of water needed to control a pile fire varies
+substantially depending on the size of the pile. Weather condi-
+tions, operating methods, geographic location, type of mate-
+rial stored, and the degree to which wetting can be employed
+affect the potential for a large area surface fire. Experience
+indicates that exposure to long periods of hot, dry weather
+with no regular surface wetting creates conditions under
+which fast-spreading surface fires, which require many hose
+streams for control depending on the size of the pile, can
+occur.
+1–494 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Likewise, the frequency of pile turnover and operating
+methods affect the potential for serious internal fires. Piles
+built using methods that allow a concentration of fines and
+piles stored for long periods of time with no turnover are sub-
+ject to internal heating that, if undetected, can create intense
+internal fires.
+A flow of not less than 500 gpm (2000 L/min) should be
+provided at any fire hydrant in the pile area. Additional flows
+should be provided as needed where conditions are likely to
+produce serious surface fires or large internal fires. Fire mains
+should be engineered to deliver the recommended gallonage
+plus allowance for operational uses and special extinguishing
+equipment at a residual pressure of 60 psi to 100 psi (4.1 bar to
+6.9 bar) at the hydrants.
+A.31.3.6.3.7 With the use of the equipment specified in
+31.3.6.3.7, surface types of pile fires can usually be removed
+from the affected areas and extinguished.
+Where deep-seated fires occur within the pile or under the
+pile in tunnels or other enclosures, this equipment is invalu-
+able in breaking down the entire pile and spreading it out in a
+safe yard area, which allows fire fighters using hand hose lines
+or deluge units to extinguish both the pile and ground-spread
+stored material.
+A.31.3.6.4.1 Experience indicates that radiated heat from ex-
+posing fires in storage piles does not ordinarily pose a serious
+ignition threat to other piles, provided that recommended
+clear spaces are maintained. Flying brands from exposing
+fires, especially during high winds, do present a hazardous
+ignition source. Upwind forest or brush fires can also present
+a problem in relation to flying sparks and brands.
+A.31.3.6.4.2 Buildings or other structures near storage piles
+can pose a serious exposure hazard to the pile.
+A.31.3.6.4.3 Greater clearance is desirable when piles are
+high and side slopes are greater than 60 degrees.
+A.31.3.7 This type of chip has a much higher aliphatic hydro-
+carbon (sugar) content and spontaneously ignites readily.
+Lumber chips are debarked and thus lose the cambium
+layer associated with stored sugars. It is these sugars that
+start the bacterial decomposition that proceeds to sponta-
+neous ignition.
+A.31.3.8.1.1 Each individual property has its own special con-
+ditions for yard use, stock-handling methods, and topography.
+For this reason, only basic fire protection principles are dis-
+cussed herein, and are intended to be applied with due con-
+sideration of all local factors involved.
+A.31.3.8.2 Fire loss experience in outside storage of logs in-
+dicates that the following are the principal factors that allow
+log pile fires to reach serious proportions:
+(1) Large, undivided piles
+(2) Congested storage conditions
+(3) Delayed fire detection
+(4) Inadequate fire protection
+(5) Ineffective fire-fighting tactics
+A.31.3.8.3 Refuse-filled or sawdust-filled land, swampy
+ground, or areas where the hazard of underground fire is
+present should not be used as a storage site.
+A.31.3.8.3.3 Where practical, greater widths should be pro-
+vided to minimize the effects of radiated heat, particularly in
+high-piled yards.
+A.31.3.8.3.3.2 Heights in excess of 20 ft (6 m) seriously re-
+strict effective extinguishing operations, since successful ex-
+tinguishment of log pile fires requires penetration of the pile
+from the side by hose streams.
+A.31.3.8.3.3.3 See Figure A.31.3.8.3.3.3.
+A.31.3.8.3.3.4 For basic fire protection, the hydrant system
+should be capable of supplying not less than four 2 1⁄2 in.
+(65 mm) hose streams simultaneously [not less than 1000 gpm
+(4000 L/min)] while maintaining a positive residual pressure
+in the fire protection hydrant system of not less than 20 psi
+(1.38 bar).
+Where large-scale fire-fighting operations can be expected,
+larger water supplies with adequate mains are needed.
+For early extinguishment with basic fire protection, hy-
+drants should be spaced with sufficient 2 1⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose
+attached to allow rapid hose laying to all parts of the piling
+areas. For this reason, hydrants should be spaced at about
+250 ft (76 m) intervals so that any part of the yard can be
+reached with 200 ft (60 m) of hose. Hydrants should be lo-
+cated at fire department access road intersections. A hydrant
+hose house with not less than 200 ft (60 m) of fire hose and
+auxiliary equipment should be provided at each hydrant. (See
+NFPA 24.)
+A.31.3.8.3.6 The installation of a portable piping system
+equipped with irrigation or lawn-type sprinklers on the top of
+each log pile is recommended.
+A.32.4.2(8) An example of achange of usewould be a soundstage
+with audience facilities for 50 persons being used for a preview
+party for 500 persons. An example of achange of occupancy classifi-
+cation would be a soundstage without audience facilities being
+used for a preview party for 500 persons. [140:A.4.2(8)]
+A.32.4.3.1 Particular attention needs to be given to combus-
+tible materials used in close proximity to pyrotechnic and
+open-flame special effects. On-site verification of the fire retar-
+dant properties of set components, furnishings, props, and
+other combustible materials is essential to ensure the safety of
+pyrotechnic and open-flame special effects. The provisions of
+32.4.5 address the need to render drapes, greens, foamed plas-
+tics, and other combustible materials fire retardant.
+Log pile
+Fire department access road 
+(1¹⁄₂ times H ) — not less than 20 ft (6 m)
+Log pile (H ft high)
+Exposed property
+Log pile
+100 ft (30 m) clear space and
+fire department access road
+100 ft  
+(30 m)  
+clear  
+space  
+and fire 
+department 
+access 
+road
+FIGURE A.31.3.8.3.3.3 Layout of Log Storage Yard.
+1–495ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A comprehensive safety meeting should be conducted to de-
+fine the intended scope of a special effect and establish appropri-
+ate safe areas. The safe areas need to be sized in consideration of
+the variable predictability of the materials used in the special ef-
+fect. The safety meeting should include the participation of all
+persons who will be present during the special effect. The meet-
+ing discussion should also include consideration of the following:
+(1) Conducting a test in an approved location of all devices
+and materials intended to be used in the special effect
+(2) Excluding nonessential persons from the area of the ef-
+fect until special effects personnel and a representative
+of the AHJ declare the area to be safe
+(3) Evaluating the potential impact of the special effect on
+the uninvolved public
+(4) Establishing an emergency plan that includes initial ac-
+tions to take if the special effect exceeds its intended
+size, intensity, or duration
+(5) Maintaining safe escape routes from the special effects area
+(6) Developing methods of communication to be used dur-
+ing the special effect
+(7) Identifying the individuals authorized to require that
+emergency actions be taken
+(8) Specifying the licensing requirements for the individuals
+initiating the special effect
+(9) Specifying the clothing to be worn by all special effects
+and safety personnel
+(10) Evaluating the assignments and required abilities of all
+special effects and safety personnel
+(11) Assigning the appropriate number of safety personnel to
+implement the plan
+(12) Determining adequate and appropriate fire protection
+tailored to the materials used
+(13) Establishing primary and backup methods of requesting
+additional fire suppression resources
+(14) Identifying a definitive point when the special effect is
+complete [140: A.4.3.1]
+A.32.4.8.2 This requirement does not prohibit the use of mo-
+bile generators for auxiliary power. [140: A.4.8.2]
+A.32.4.11.1.3.1 Paragraphs 32.4.11.1.3.1 and 32.4.11.1.3.2
+recognize motion picture and television industry practices
+that require sets to change constantly and that sets are “tem-
+porary” construction not subject to building codes or stan-
+dards. Solid ceilings that obstruct the stage sprinklers are
+“flown” (moved) in or out to permit special shooting angles or
+lighting requirements, often on a scene-by-scene basis. With
+temporary walls and ceilings, it would be impractical to install
+a sprinkler system in a constantly changing structure. There-
+fore, one or more of the following mitigation techniques
+should be used to compensate for the areas shielded from
+sprinkler spray by solid or hard ceilings or platforms:
+(1) Approved and listed heat detectors or smoke detectors
+can be installed beneath such solid or hard ceilings in
+excess of 600 ft2 (55.7 m2) in area and platforms in excess
+of 600 ft 2 (55.7 m2) in area and 3 ft (0.9 m) in height.
+Detectors should be connected to an approved and listed
+central, proprietary, or remote station service or to a local
+alarm that will provide an audible signal (i.e., a bell or
+horn) at a constantly attended location. The detector sys-
+tem, including the alarm panel, is defined as a portable
+system because it is intended to be reinstalled when plat-
+forms or sets are changed. The detectors that are secured
+to standard outlet boxes and the listed fire alarm panels
+can be temporarily supported by sets, platforms, or pedes-
+tals. Spacing of detectors should be per manufacturers’
+requirements.
+(2) The ceiling can be positioned to allow for the operation
+of the building’s automatic fire sprinkler system after vid-
+eotaping, filming, or broadcasting of programs has been
+completed for the day.
+(3) A fire watch should be provided when the set is not in use.
+(4) No combustible materials should be stored under any
+platforms. Consideration should be given to secure such
+covered areas with screen wire or other materials that will
+permit visual inspection and emergency access.
+(5) Approved/listed fire retardants can be applied beneath
+combustible platforms.
+(6) Approved/listed fire retardants can be applied to scenery,
+props, framework and deck of combustible platforms, and
+the hard-ceilings of combustible sets. [140:A.4.11.1.3.1]
+A.32.4.11.1.3.2 See A.32.4.11.1.3.1. [140: A.4.11.1.3.2]
+A.32.5.2(1) The AHJ might waive the production location
+permit provided the AHJ is notified that the site is to be used
+as a production location. [140: A.5.2(1)]
+A.32.5.8.3 The AHJ might approve the routing of power
+cables through fire-rated windows or doors if standby fire per-
+sonnel or other approved safeguards are provided during
+such periods. [140: A.5.8.3]
+A.32.5.9 The AHJ, when granting a permit to a production
+company to film on location should consider the placement of
+the support equipment. Typically, the production support ve-
+hicles are numerous, and unregulated placement of these ve-
+hicles could impede emergency access or egress. Additionally,
+the types of support vehicles need to be arranged so that a
+hazardous operation (e.g., fueling or special effects) is distant
+from sources of ignition and crew gathering areas (e.g., cater-
+ing locations). The location permit should include a plot plan so
+the AHJ can adequately assess potential problems. [140:A.5.9]
+A.32.5.10 Where a production company filmson location, such
+activity might interfere with, or prevent, the normal use of the
+facility or area. As such, the facility being occupied as a produc-
+tion location is often used for a purpose different from that of its
+normal use. Where the production company filming causes the
+facility or area to curtail normal operations, the facility should
+not be required to meet the life safety provisions applicable to the
+normal occupancy. Rather, life safety features should be main-
+tained consistent with provisions required for the temporary use.
+For example, consider a single story assembly occupancy build-
+ing with occupant load of 600 persons that has three exits for
+compliance with the provision of NFPA101, that requires a mini-
+mum of three exits where the occupant load of a floor exceeds
+500 persons. The assembly occupancy building is used as a pro-
+duction location for a total of 200 persons. The production crew
+presents, for approval of the AHJ, a plan to block off one of the
+three exits while maintaining compliance with the requirements
+for egress width, travel distance, common path of travel, and
+dead-end corridors. The AHJ approves the proposed means of
+egress as appropriate for the intended use as required by 32.5.10.
+[140:A.5.10]
+A.32.5.11.1 The phrase “intimate with the initial fire develop-
+ment” refers to the person(s) at the ignition source or first mate-
+rials burning, not to all persons within the same room or area.
+1–496 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+The occupant protection requirement of 32.5.11.1 is the
+same as that required for all occupancies by NFPA 101. The
+activities associated with filming at a production location with-
+out an audience are characteristic of the occupancy classifica-
+tion of industrial occupancy. Industrial occupancies are not
+required by NFPA101 to be sprinklered. The objective of pro-
+tecting occupants not intimate with the initial fire develop-
+ment for the time needed to evacuate, relocate, or defend in
+place is accomplished for industrial occupancies by prescrip-
+tive provisions not dependent on sprinkler protection.
+Where production location filming occurs in a building
+area not provided with the life safety systems required for in-
+dustrial occupancies (e.g., in a tower with a single means of
+egress provided by an unenclosed stair), sprinklers, a fire
+alarm system, or other mitigation techniques acceptable to the
+AHJ will need to be employed for compliance with 32.5.11.1.
+Where sprinklers are provided, see 32.5.11.2 and 32.5.11.6.
+[140: A.5.11.1]
+A.32.5.11.4 See A.32.4.11.1.3.1. [140: A.5.11.4]
+A.32.5.11.5 See A.32.4.11.1.3.1. [140: A.5.11.5]
+A.32.6.4 Special attention should be focused on any possible
+obstructions to the means of egress. The means of egress and the
+marking of it might be confusing to the audience due to the
+numerous bright lights, scenery, video and film cameras, and
+other equipment in and around the soundstage. [140:A.6.4]
+A.33.1 Fire service professionals who have managed major
+scrap tire piles believe that the best approach is to allow the
+tire pile to burn while protecting exposures like buildings,
+heavy equipment, and surrounding tire piles. Once the tire
+pile is in a smoldering stage, heavy equipment can be used to
+pull the pile apart and the tire material can be extinguished
+incrementally. For additional information, see “Rings of Fire:
+Fire Prevention & Suppression of Outdoor Tire Piles.”
+A.33.4.3 This can include but is not limited to the availability
+of earth-moving equipment or other approved means of con-
+trolling a fire.
+A.33.7.5 Altered tire material piles have been known to spon-
+taneously combust after a heavy precipitation. Investigators
+have considered anaerobic action and potential heat from oxi-
+dation of steel belts as the source of exothermic reaction.
+A.34.1.1.2(7) The limitations on the type and size of storage
+are intended to identify those situations where tire storage is
+present in limited quantity and incidental to the main use of
+the building. Occupancies such as aircraft hangars, automo-
+bile dealers, repair garages, retail storage facilities, automotive
+and truck assembly plants, and mobile home assembly plants
+are types of facilities where miscellaneous tire storage could be
+present. The fire protection sprinkler design densities speci-
+fied by NFPA 13 are adequate to provide protection for the
+storage heights indicated. Storage beyond these heights or ar-
+eas presents hazards that are addressed by this Code and are
+outside the scope of NFPA 13.
+A.34.2.5 See Table A.34.2.5.
+Table A.34.2.5 Alphabetized Listing of Commodity Classes
+Commodity
+Commodity
+Class
+Aerosols
+Cartoned or uncartoned — Level 1 Class III
+Alcoholic Beverages
+Cartoned or uncartoned
+- Up to 20 percent alcohol in metal,
+glass, or ceramic containers
+Class I
+- Up to 20 percent alcohol in wood
+containers
+Class II
+Ammunition
+Small arms, shotgun — packaged,
+cartoned
+Class IV
+Appliances, Major
+(e.g., stoves, refrigerators)
+- Not packaged, no appreciable plastic
+exterior trim
+Class I
+- Corrugated, cartoned
+(no appreciable plastic trim)
+Class II
+Baked Goods
+Cookies, cakes, pies
+- Frozen, packaged in cartonsa Class II
+- Packaged, in cartons Class III
+Batteries
+Dry cells
+(nonlithium or similar exotic metals)
+- Packaged in cartons Class I
+- Blister-packed in cartons Class II
+Automobile — filled b Class I
+Truck or larger — empty or filled b Group A plastics
+Beans
+Dried — packaged, cartoned Class III
+Bottles, Jars
+Empty, cartoned
+- Glass Class I
+- Plastic PET
+(polyethylene terephthalate)
+Class IV
+Filled noncombustible powders
+- Plastic PET Class II
+- Glass, cartoned Class I
+- Plastic, cartoned
+[less than 1 gal (3.8 L)]
+Class IV
+- Plastic, uncartoned (other than PET),
+any size
+Group A plastics
+- Plastic, cartoned or exposed
+[greater than 1 gal (3.8 L)]
+Group A plastics
+- Plastic, solid plastic crates Group A plastics
+- Plastic, open plastic crates Group A plastics
+Filled noncombustible liquids
+- Glass, cartoned Class I
+- Plastic, cartoned
+[less than 5 gal (18.9 L)]
+Class I
+- Plastic, open or solid plastic cratesc Group A plastics
+- Plastic, PET Class I
+Boxes, Crates
+- Empty, wood, solid walls Class II
+- Empty, wood, slattedd Outside of
+scope
+(continues)
+1–497ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table A.34.2.5 Continued
+Commodity
+Commodity
+Class
+Bread
+Wrapped cartoned Class III
+Butter
+Whipped spread Class III
+Candles
+Packaged, cartoned
+- Treat as expanded plastic Group A plastics
+Candy
+Packaged, cartoned Class III
+Canned Foods
+In ordinary cartons Class I
+Cans
+Metal — empty Class I
+Carpet Tiles
+Cartoned Group A plastics
+Cartons
+Corrugated
+- Unassembled (neat piles) Class III
+- Partially assembled Class IV
+Wax coated, single walled Group A plastics
+Cement
+Bagged Class I
+Cereals
+Packaged, cartoned Class III
+Charcoal
+Bagged — standard Class III
+Cheese
+- Packaged, cartoned Class III
+- Wheels, cartoned Class III
+Chewing Gum
+Packaged, cartoned Class III
+Chocolate
+Packaged, cartoned Class III
+Cloth
+Cartoned and not cartoned
+- Natural fiber, viscose Class III
+- Synthetice Class IV
+Cocoa Products
+Packaged, cartoned Class III
+Coffee
+- Canned, cartoned Class I
+- Packaged, cartoned Class III
+Coffee Beans
+Bagged Class III
+Cotton
+Packaged, cartoned Class III
+Diapers
+- Cotton, linen Class III
+- Disposable with plastics and nonwoven
+fabric (in cartons)
+Class IV
+- Disposable with plastics and nonwoven
+fabric (uncartoned), plastic wrapped
+Group A plastics
+Dried Foods
+Packaged, cartoned Class III
+Fertilizers
+Bagged
+- Phosphates Class I
+- Nitrates Class II
+Table A.34.2.5 Continued
+Commodity
+Commodity
+Class
+Fiberglass Insulation
+- Paper-backed rolls, bagged or
+unbagged
+Class IV
+File Cabinets
+Metal
+- Cardboard box or shroud Class I
+Fish or Fish Products
+Frozen
+- Nonwaxed, nonplastic packaging Class I
+- Waxed-paper containers, cartoned Class II
+- Boxed or barreled Class II
+- Plastic trays, cartoned Class III
+Canned
+- Cartoned Class I
+Frozen Foods
+Nonwaxed, nonplastic packaging Class I
+- Waxed-paper containers, cartoned Class II
+- Plastic trays Class III
+Fruit
+Fresh
+- Nonplastic trays or containers Class I
+- With wood spacers Class I
+Furniture
+Wood
+- No plastic coverings or foam plastic
+cushioning
+Class III
+- With plastic coverings Class IV
+- With foam plastic cushioning Group A plastics
+Grains — Packaged in Cartons
+- Barley Class III
+- Rice Class III
+- Oats Class III
+Ice Cream Class I
+Leather Goods Class III
+Leather Hides
+Baled Class II
+Light Fixtures
+Nonplastic — cartoned Class II
+Lighters
+Butane
+- Blister-packed, cartoned Group A plastics
+- Loose in large containers
+(Level 3 aerosol)
+Outside of
+scope
+Liquor
+100 proof or less, 1 gal (3.8 L) or less,
+cartoned
+- Glass (palletized)f Class IV
+- Plastic bottles Class IV
+Marble
+Artificial sinks, countertops
+- Cartoned, crated Class II
+Margarine
+- Up to 50 percent oil (in paper or
+plastic containers)
+Class III
+- Between 50 percent and 80 percent oil
+(in any packaging)
+Group A plastics
+1–498 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table A.34.2.5 Continued
+Commodity
+Commodity
+Class
+Matches
+Packaged, cartoned
+- Paper Class IV
+- Wood Group A plastics
+Mattresses
+- Standard (box spring) Class III
+- Foam (in finished form) Group A plastics
+Meat, Meat Products
+- Bulk Class I
+- Canned, cartoned Class I
+- Frozen, nonwaxed, nonplastic
+containers
+Class I
+- Frozen, waxed-paper containers Class II
+- Frozen, expanded plastic trays Class II
+Metal Desks
+- With plastic tops and trim Class I
+Milk
+- Nonwaxed-paper containers Class I
+- Waxed-paper containers Class I
+- Plastic containers Class I
+- Containers in plastic crates Group A plastics
+Motors
+- Electric Class I
+Nail Polish
+- 1 oz to 2 oz (29.6 ml to 59.1 ml) glass,
+cartoned
+Class IV
+- 1 oz to 2 oz (29.6 ml to 59.1 ml) plastic
+bottles, cartoned
+Group A plastics
+Nuts
+- Canned, cartoned Class I
+- Packaged, cartoned Class III
+- Bagged Class III
+Paints
+Friction-top cans, cartoned
+- Water-based (latex) Class I
+- Oil-based Class IV
+Paper Products
+- Books, magazines, stationery,
+plastic-coated paper food containers,
+newspapers, cardboard games, or
+cartoned tissue products
+Class III
+- Tissue products, uncartoned and
+plastic wrapped
+Group A plastics
+Paper, Rolled
+In racks or on side Class III
+- Medium- or heavyweight
+In racks Class IV
+- Lightweight
+Paper, Waxed
+Packaged in cartons Class IV
+Pharmaceuticals
+Pills, powders
+- Glass bottles, cartoned Class II
+- Plastic bottles, cartoned Class IV
+Nonflammable liquids
+- Glass bottles, cartoned Class II
+Table A.34.2.5 Continued
+Commodity
+Commodity
+Class
+Photographic Film
+- Motion picture or bulk rolls of film in
+polycarbonate, polyethylene, or metal
+cans; polyethylene bagged in cardboard
+boxes
+Class II
+- 35 mm in metal film cartridges in
+polyethylene cans in cardboard boxes
+Class III
+- Paper, in sheets, bagged in
+polyethylene, in cardboard boxes
+Class III
+- Rolls in polycarbonate plastic cassettes,
+bulk wrapped in cardboard boxes
+Class IV
+Plastic Containers (except PET)
+- Noncombustible liquids or semiliquids
+in plastic containers less than 5 gal
+(18.9 L) capacity
+Class I
+- Noncombustible liquids or semiliquids
+(such as ketchup) in plastic containers
+with nominal wall thickness of 1⁄4 in.
+(6.4 mm) or less and larger than 5 gal
+(18.9) capacity
+Class II
+- Noncombustible liquids or semiliquids
+(such as ketchup) in plastic containers
+with nominal wall thickness greater than
+1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) and larger than 5 gal
+(18.9 L) capacity
+Group A plastics
+Polyurethane
+- Cartoned or uncartoned expanded Group A plastics
+Poultry Products
+- Canned, cartoned Class I
+- Frozen, nonwaxed, nonplastic
+containers
+Class I
+- Frozen (on paper or expanded plastic
+trays)
+Class II
+Powders
+Ordinary combustibles — free flowing
+- In paper bags (e.g., flour, sugar) Class II
+PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) Resins
+PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
+- Flexible (e.g., cable jackets, plasticized
+sheets)
+Class III
+- Rigid (e.g., pipe, pipe fittings) Class III
+- Bagged resins Class III
+Rags
+Baled
+- Natural fibers Class III
+- Synthetic fibers Class IV
+Rubber
+- Natural, blocks in cartons Class IV
+- Synthetic Group A plastics
+Salt
+- Bagged Class I
+- Packaged, cartoned Class II
+Shingles
+- Asphalt-coated fiberglass Class III
+- Asphalt-impregnated felt Class IV
+(continues)
+1–499ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table A.34.2.5 Continued
+Commodity
+Commodity
+Class
+Shock Absorbers
+- Metal dust cover Class II
+- Plastic dust cover Class III
+Signatures
+Books, magazines
+- Solid array on pallet Class II
+Skis
+- Wood Class III
+- Foam core Class IV
+Stuffed Toys
+Foam or synthetic Group A plastics
+Syrup
+- Drummed (metal containers) Class I
+- Barreled, wood Class II
+Textiles
+Natural fiber clothing or textile
+products
+Class III
+Synthetics (except rayon and nylon) —
+50/50 blend or less
+- Thread, yarn on wood or paper spools Class III
+- Fabrics Class III
+- Thread, yarn on plastic spools Class IV
+- Baled fiber Group A plastics
+Synthetics (except rayon and nylon) —
+greater than 50/50 blend
+- Thread, yarn on wood or paper spools Class IV
+- Fabrics Class IV
+- Baled fiber Group A plastics
+- Thread, yarn on plastic spools Group A plastics
+Rayon and nylon
+- Baled fiber Class IV
+- Thread, yarn on wood or paper spools Class IV
+- Fabrics Class IV
+- Thread, yarn on plastic spools Group A plastics
+Tobacco Products
+In paperboard cartons Class III
+Transformers
+Dry and oil filled Class I
+Vinyl-Coated Fabric
+Cartoned Group A plastics
+Vinyl Floor Coverings
+- Tiles in cartons Class IV
+- Rolled Group A plastics
+Wax-Coated Paper
+Cups, plates
+- Boxed or packaged inside cartons
+(emphasis on packaging)
+Class IV
+- Loose inside large cartons Group A plastics
+Wax
+Paraffin/petroleum wax, blocks,
+cartoned
+Group A plastics
+Wire
+- Bare wire on metal spools on wood
+skids
+Class I
+- Bare wire on wood or cardboard spools
+on wood skids
+Class II
+Table A.34.2.5 Continued
+Commodity
+Commodity
+Class
+- Bare wire on metal, wood, or
+cardboard spools in cardboard boxes
+on wood skids
+Class II
+- Single- or multiple-layer PVC-covered
+wire on metal spools on wood skids
+Class II
+- Insulated (PVC) cable on large wood
+or metal spools on wood skids
+Class II
+- Bare wire on plastic spools in
+cardboard boxes on wood skids
+Class IV
+- Single- or multiple-layer PVC-covered
+wire on plastic spools in cardboard
+boxes on wood skids
+Class IV
+- Single, multiple, or power cables
+(PVC) on large plastic spools
+Class IV
+- Bulk storage of empty plastic spools Group A plastics
+Wood Products
+- Solid piles — lumber, plywood,
+particleboard, pressboard
+(smooth ends and edges)
+Class II
+- Spools (empty) Class III
+- Toothpicks, clothespins, hangers in
+cartons
+Class III
+- Doors, windows, wood cabinets, and
+furniture
+Class III
+- Patterns Class IV
+a The product is presumed to be in a plastic-coated package in a corru-
+gated carton. If packaged in a metal foil, it can be considered Class I.
+b Most batteries have a polypropylene case and, if stored empty, should be
+treated as a Group A plastic. Truck batteries, even where filled, should be
+considered a Group A plastic because of their thicker walls.
+c As the openings in plastic crates become larger, the product behaves
+more like a Class III commodity. Conversely, as the openings become
+smaller, the product behaves more like a plastic.
+d These items should be treated as idle pallets.
+e Tests clearly indicate that a synthetic or synthetic blend is considered
+greater than Class III.
+f When liquor is stored in glass containers in racks, it should be con-
+sidered a Class III commodity; where it is palletized, it should be con-
+sidered a Class IV commodity.
+A.34.2.7 Paper Classifications.These were derived from a series
+of large-scale and laboratory-type small-scale fire tests. How-
+ever, not all paper in a class burns with exactly the same char-
+acteristics.
+Paper can be soft or hard, thick or thin, or heavy or light and
+can also be coated with various materials. The broad range of
+papers can be classified according to various properties. One im-
+portant property is basis weight, which is defined as the weight of
+a sheet of paper of a specified area. Two broad categories of pa-
+per are recognized by industry, which are paper and paperboard.
+Paperboard normally has a basis weight of 20 lb (9 kg) or greater
+measured on a sheet 1000 ft2 (92.9 m2) in area. Stock with a basis
+weight less than 20 lb/1000 ft2 (9.1 kg/92.9 m2) is normally cat-
+egorized as paper. The basis weight of paper is usually measured
+on a sheet 3000 ft2 (278.7 m2) in area. The basis weight of paper
+can also be measured on the total area of a ream of paper, which
+is normally the case for the following types of printing and writ-
+ing papers:
+1–500 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) Bond paper— 500 sheets, 17 in. × 22 in. (432 mm × 559 mm)
+= 1300 ft2 (120.8 m2) per ream
+(2) Book paper— 500 sheets, 25 in. × 38 in. (635 mm × 965 mm)
+= 3300 ft2 (306.6 m2) per ream
+(3) Index paper — 500 sheets, 25.5 in. × 30.5 in. (648 mm
+× 775 mm) = 2700 ft2 (250.8 m2) per ream
+(4) Bristol paper — 500 sheets, 22.5 in.× 35 in. (572 mm
+× 889 mm) = 2734 ft2 (254 m2) per ream
+(5) Tag paper— 500 sheets, 24 in. × 36 in. (610 mm × 914 mm)
+= 3000 ft2 (278.7 m2) per ream
+For the purposes of thisCode, all basis weights are expressed in
+lb/1000 ft 2 (kg/92.9 m 2) of paper. To determine the basis
+weight per 1000 ft2 (92.9 m2) for papers measured on a sheet
+of different area, the following formula should be applied:
+Basis weight
+1000 ft basis weight  1000 measured area2 =×
+Example:To determine the basis weight per 1000 ft2 (92.9 m2)
+of 16 lb (7.3 kg) bond paper:
+16 lb
+1300 ft  1000 12.3 lb
+1000 ft22×=
+Large- and small-scale fire tests indicate that the burning
+rate of paper varies with the basis weight. Heavyweight paper
+burns more slowly than lightweight paper. Full-scale roll paper
+fire tests were conducted with the following types of paper:
+(1) Linerboard — 42 lb/1000 ft 2 (19.1 kg/92.9 m 2) nominal
+basis weight
+(2) Newsprint — 10 lb/1000 ft 2 (4.5 kg/92.9 m2) nominal ba-
+sis weight
+(3) Tissue — 5 lb/1000 ft 2 (2.3 kg/92.9 m 2) nominal basis
+weight
+The rate of fire spread over the surface of the tissue rolls
+was extremely rapid in the full-scale fire tests. The rate of fire
+spread over the surface of the linerboard rolls was slower.
+Based on the overall results of these full-scale tests, along with
+additional data from small-scale testing of various paper
+grades, the broad range of papers has been classified into
+three major categories as follows:
+(1) Heavyweight — Basis weight of 20 lb/1000 ft 2 (9.1 kg/
+92.9 m2) or greater
+(2) Mediumweight — Basis weight of 10 lb to 20 lb/1000 ft 2
+(4.5 kg to 9.1 kg/92.9 m2)
+(3) Lightweight — Basis weight of less than 10 lb/1000 ft 2
+(4.5 kg/92.9 m2) and tissues regardless of basis weight
+The following SI units were used for conversion of English
+units: 1 lb = 0.454 kg; 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 ft 2 =
+0.0929 m2.
+The various types of papers normally found in each of
+the four major categories are illustrated in Table A.34.2.7.
+[13: A.5.6.5]
+A.34.3.1 With protection installed in accordance with this
+Code, fire protection of overhead steel and steel columns
+might not be necessary. Consideration should be given to sub-
+dividing large area warehouses in order to reduce the amount
+of merchandise that could be affected by a single fire.
+Walls or partitions are recommended to be provided to
+separate the storage area from mercantile, manufacturing, or
+other occupancies to prevent the possibility of transmission of
+fire or smoke between the two occupancies. Door openings
+should be equipped with automatic-closing fire doors appro-
+priate for the fire resistance rating of the wall or partition.
+A.34.3.3 Since most of the fire tests were conducted without
+heat and smoke venting and draft curtains, protection speci-
+fied in NFPA 13 was developed without their use.
+For guidance on smoke and heat venting, see NFPA 204,
+Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting.
+Smoke removal is important to manual fire fighting and
+overhaul. Vents through eave-line windows, doors, monitors,
+or gravity or mechanical exhaust systems facilitate smoke re-
+moval after control of the fire is achieved.
+Results of tests organized by the Fire Protection Research
+Foundation and the Retail Committee on Group A Plastics to
+study the interaction of sprinklers, vents, and draft curtains
+indicate that the impact of automatic vents on sprinkler per-
+formance is neutral when automatic sprinkler discharge is ad-
+equate for the hazard and that draft curtains are potentially
+negative. Test results show that the placement of sprinklers
+and the thermal sensitivity of sprinklers and vents should be
+considered. Care should be exercised in the placement of
+draft curtains. Where required to be installed, draft curtains
+should be aligned where possible with aisles or other clear
+Table A.34.2.7 Paper Classification
+Heavyweight Mediumweight Lightweight Tissue
+Linerboards Bond and reproduction Carbonizing tissue Toilet tissue
+Corrugated medium
+board
+Vellum Cigarette Towel tissue
+Kraft roll wrappers Offset Fruit wrap
+Milk carton board Tablet Onion skin
+Folding carton board Computer
+Bristol board Envelope
+Tag Book
+Vellum bristol board Label
+Index Magazine
+Cupstock Butcher
+Pulp board Bag
+Newsprint (unwrapped)
+[13: Table A.5.6.5]
+1–501ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+spaces in storage areas. Draft curtains where positioned over
+storage could adversely affect sprinkler operations. The num-
+ber of operating sprinklers increased and led to a fire that
+consumed more commodity compared to other tests with fires
+ignited away from the draft curtains.
+A.34.4.1 Commodities that are particularly susceptible to wa-
+ter damage should be stored on skids, dunnage, pallets, or
+elevated platforms in order to maintain at least 4 in. (100 mm)
+clearance from the floor.
+A.34.4.2.2 Protection for exposed steel structural roof mem-
+bers could be needed and should be provided as indicated by
+the AHJ.
+A.34.4.2.5 Incandescent light fixtures should have shades or
+guards to prevent the ignition of commodity from hot bulbs
+where possibility of contact with storage exists.
+A.34.5.1 Wet systems are recommended for storage occupan-
+cies. Dry systems are permitted only where it is impractical to
+provide heat. Preaction systems should be considered for stor-
+age occupancies that are unheated, particularly where in-rack
+sprinklers are installed or for those occupancies that are
+highly susceptible to water damage.
+A.34.5.4.2 See Annex B of NFPA 13E.
+A.34.6.3.2 The use of welding, cutting, soldering, or brazing
+torches in the storage areas introduces a severe fire hazard
+and, when possible, should be relocated to a designated area.
+The use of mechanical fastenings and mechanical saws or cut-
+ting wheels is recommended.
+A.34.6.6 Periodic inspections of all fire protection equipment
+should be made in conjunction with regular inspections of the
+premises. Unsatisfactory conditions should be reported immedi-
+ately and necessary corrective measures taken promptly.
+A.34.6.6.2 All fire-fighting and safety personnel should real-
+ize the great danger in shutting off sprinklers once opened by
+heat from fire. Shutting off sprinklers to locate fire could
+cause a disaster. Ventilation, use of smoke masks, smoke re-
+moval equipment, and removal of material are more safe. (See
+NFPA 1620, Recommended Practice for Pre-Incident Planning, for
+additional information.)
+Sprinkler water should be shut off only after the fire is ex-
+tinguished or completely under the control of hose streams.
+Even then, rekindling is a possibility. To be ready for prompt
+valve reopening if fire rekindles, a person stationed at the
+valve, a fire watch, and dependable communications between
+them are needed until automatic sprinkler protection is re-
+stored.
+Prefire emergency planning is important and should be
+done by management and fire protection personnel, and the
+action to be taken discussed and correlated with the local fire
+department personnel. The critical time during any fire is in
+the incipient stage, and the action taken by fire protection
+personnel upon notification of fire can allow the fire to be
+contained in its early stages.
+Pre-emergency planning should incorporate the following:
+(1) Availability of hand fire-fighting equipment for the height
+and type of commodity involved
+(2) Availability of fire-fighting equipment and personnel
+trained for the type of storage arrangement involved
+(3) Assurance that all automatic fire protection equipment,
+such as sprinkler systems, water supplies, fire pumps, and
+hand hose, is in service at all times
+Sprinkler protection installed as required in this Code is
+expected to protect the building occupancy without supple-
+mental fire department activity. Fires that occur in rack stor-
+age occupancies protected in accordance with this Code are
+likely to be controlled within the limits outlined in Annex K,
+since no significant building damage is expected. Fire depart-
+ment activity can, however, minimize the extent of loss. The
+first fire department pumper arriving at a rack storage–type
+fire should connect immediately to the sprinkler system’s fire
+department connection and start pumping operations.
+In the test series for storage up to 25 ft (7.6 m), the average
+time from ignition to smoke obscuration in the test building
+was about 13 minutes. The first sprinkler operating time in
+these same fires averaged about 3 minutes. Considering re-
+sponse time for the waterflow device to transmit a waterflow
+signal, approximately 9 minutes remains between the time of
+receipt of a waterflow alarm signal at fire department head-
+quarters and the time of smoke obscuration within the build-
+ing as an overall average.
+In the test series for storage over 25 ft (7.6 m), the visibility
+time was extended. If the fire department facility emergency
+personnel arrive at the building in time to have sufficient vis-
+ibility to locate the fire, suppression activities with small hose
+lines should be started. (Self-contained breathing apparatus is
+recommended.) If, on the other hand, the fire is not readily
+visible, hose should be laid to exterior doors or exterior open-
+ings in the building and charged lines provided to these
+points, ready for ultimate mop-up operations. Manual fire-
+fighting operations in such a warehouse should not be consid-
+ered a substitute for sprinkler protection.
+Important: The sprinkler system should be kept in opera-
+tion during manual fire-fighting and mop-up operations.
+During the testing program, the installed automatic extin-
+guishing system was capable of controlling the fire and reduc-
+ing all temperatures to ambient within 30 minutes of ignition.
+Ventilation operations and mop-up were not started until this
+point. The use of smoke removal equipment is important.
+Smoke removal capability should be provided. Examples of
+smoke removal equipment include the following:
+(1) Mechanical air-handling systems
+(2) Powered exhaust fans
+(3) Roof-mounted gravity vents
+(4) Perimeter gravity vents
+Whichever system is selected, it should be designed for
+manual actuation by the fire department, thus allowing per-
+sonnel to coordinate the smoke removal (ventilation) with
+mop-up operations.
+See also NFPA 600, Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades, and
+Annex B of NFPA 13E and NFPA 1031,Standard for Professional
+Qualifications for Fire Inspector and Plan Examiner.
+A.34.7.1 Annex K provides an explanation of rack storage
+test data and procedures.
+A.34.7.3.1 Rack storage as referred to in this Code contains
+commodities in a rack structure, usually steel. Many variations
+of dimensions are found. Racks can be single-row, double-row,
+or multiple-row, with or without solid shelves. The standard
+commodity used in most of the tests was 42 in. (1.07 m) on a
+side. The types of racks covered in this Code are as follows:
+1–502 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) Double-row racks, in which pallets rest on two beams par-
+allel to the aisle. Any number of pallets can be supported
+by one pair of beams. [See Figure A.34.7.3.1(a) through Fig-
+ure A.34.7.3.1(d).]
+T
+AISLE VIEW
+T
+Legend 
+L — Longitudinal flue space
+T — Trans verse flue space
+L
+END VIEW
+DOUBLE ROW
+L
+T
+T
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(a) Conventional Pallet Rack.
+L
+H
+E
+G
+T
+AB
+F
+T
+A — Load depth
+B — Load width
+E — Storage height
+F — Commodity
+G — Pallet
+H — Rack depth
+L —  Longitudinal flue space
+T —  Trans verse flue space
+Legend
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(b) Double-Row Racks Without Solid or
+Slatted Shelves.
+T
+F
+B E
+A
+A H
+L
+Legend
+A — Shelf depth
+B — Shelf height
+E — Storage height
+F — Commodity
+H — Rack depth
+L —   Longitudinal flue space
+T —  Trans verse flue space
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(c) Double-Row Racks with Solid Shelves.
+Legend
+A — Shelf depth
+B — Shelf height
+E — Storage height
+F — Commodity
+H — Rack depth
+L —  Longitudinal flue space
+T —  Trans verse flue space
+A
+A H
+B
+E
+L
+F
+T
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(d) Double-Row Racks with Slatted
+Shelves.
+1–503ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) Automatic storage-type rack, in which the pallet is sup-
+ported by two rails running perpendicular to the aisle.
+[See Figure A.34.7.3.1(e).]
+(3) Multiple-row racks more than two pallets deep, measured
+aisle to aisle, which include drive-in racks, drive-through
+racks, flow-through racks, and portable racks arranged in
+the same manner, and conventional or automatic racks
+with aisles less than 42 in. (1.07 m) wide. [See Figure
+A.34.7.3.1(f) through Figure A.34.7.3.1(j).]
+(4) Movable racks, which are racks on fixed rails or guides.
+They can be moved back and forth only in a horizontal
+two-dimensional plane. A moving aisle is created as abut-
+ting racks are either loaded or unloaded, then moved
+across the aisle to abut other racks. [See Figure
+A.34.7.3.1(k).]
+(5) Solid shelving, which are conventional pallet racks with
+plywood shelves on the shelf beams[see Figure A.34.7.3.1(c)
+and Figure A.34.7.3.1(d)]. These are used in special cases.
+(6) Cantilever rack, in which the load is supported on arms
+that extend horizontally from columns. The load can rest
+on the arms or on the shelves supported by the arms. [See
+Figure A.34.7.3.1(l).]
+Load depth in conventional or automatic racks should be
+considered a nominal 4 ft (1.22 m). [See Figure A.34.7.3.1(b).]
+AISLE VIEW
+B T
+E
+G
+A
+L
+END VIEW
+Material- 
+handling 
+device
+F
+Legend
+A — Load depth
+B — Load width
+E — Storage height
+F — Commodity
+G — Pallet
+L —  Longitudinal flue space
+T —  Trans verse flue space
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(e) Automatic Storage-Type Rack.
+END VIEW
+L — Longitudinal flue space
+L
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(f) Multiple-Row Rack to be Served by a
+Reach Truck.
+END VIEW
+AISLE VIEW
+Aisle
+T T
+T
+T — Transverse fl ue
+T
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(g) Flow-Through Pallet Rack.
+1–504 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+END VIEW
+AISLE VIEW
+T
+T T
+T — Trans verse flue space
+T
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(h) Drive-In Rack — Two or More Pallets
+Deep (Fork Truck Drives into the Rack to Deposit and With-
+draw Loads in the Depth of the Rack).
+END VIEW AI SLE VIEW
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(i) Flow-Through Rack.
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(j) Portable Racks.
+TTL
+END VIEW
+DOUBLE ROW
+AISLE VIEW
+Direction of
+movement
+Carriage 
+wheel
+Carriage 
+wheel
+Movable 
+pallet 
+rack
+T — Trans verse flue space
+L — Longitudinal flue space
+Track
+ in floor
+Legend
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(k) Movable Rack.
+Cantilever racking
+Aisle
+Single arm Dou ble arm
+Optional 
+over-aisle tie
+Optional aisle
+base
+Aisle
+AISLE VIEW
+END VIEW
+FIGURE A.34.7.3.1(l) Cantilever Rack.
+1–505ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.34.7.3.2 Fixed rack structures should be designed to facili-
+tate removal or repair of damaged sections without resorting
+to flame cutting or welding in the storage area. Where sprin-
+klers are to be installed in racks, rack design should anticipate
+the additional clearances necessary to facilitate installation of
+sprinklers. The rack structure should be anchored to prevent
+damage to sprinkler lines and supply piping in racks.
+Rack structures should be designed for seismic conditions
+in areas where seismic resistance of building structure is re-
+quired.
+A.34.7.3.3 Storage in aisles can render protection ineffective
+and should be discouraged.
+A.34.7.3.3.3 See Chapter 12 of NFPA 13.
+A.34.7.3.4.1.1 Detection systems, concentrate pumps, gen-
+erators, and other system components essential to the opera-
+tion of the system should have an approved standby power
+source.
+A.34.7.3.4.2.1(1) Where high-expansion foam is contem-
+plated as the protection media, consideration should be given
+to possible damage to the commodity from soaking and corro-
+sion. Consideration also should be given to the problems asso-
+ciated with removal of foam after discharge.
+A.34.8.1 Illustrations of some, but not necessarily all, tire stor-
+age arrangements are shown in Figure A.34.8.1(a) through
+Figure A.34.8.1(g).
+FIGURE A.34.8.1(a) Typical Open Portable Rack Unit.
+FIGURE A.34.8.1(b) Typical Palletized Portable Rack Units.
+68 in.
+(1.7 m)
+typical
+33 in.
+(0.8 m)
+76 in.
+(1.9 m)
+typical
+48 in.
+(1.2 m)
+typical
+FIGURE A.34.8.1(c) Open Portable Tire Rack.
+Legend
+B
+T
+G
+H
+E
+L
+F
+A
+G — Pallet
+H — Rack depth
+L — Longitudinal flue space
+T — Trans verse flue space
+A — Load depth
+B — Load width
+E — Storage height
+F — Commodity
+FIGURE A.34.8.1(d) Double-Row Fixed Rack Tire Storage.
+FIGURE A.34.8.1(e) Palletized Portable Rack On-Side Tire
+Storage Arrangement (Banded or Unbanded).
+1–506 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.34.8.2.3 NFPA 101 accurately reflects the travel distance
+requirements as follows:
+(1) Tire storage is classified as ordinary hazard.
+(2) Tire fires begin burning slowly. In combination with an
+acceptable automatic sprinkler system, this slower burn-
+ing allows time for egress.
+(3) Tire storage warehouses have a low occupant load.
+(4) Large aisle widths [8 ft (2.4 m) minimum] required in
+34.8.3.1.4 of this Code facilitate egress.
+A.34.8.3.1.1 Limiting the pile length is not intended.(See Fig-
+ure A.34.8.3.1.1.)
+A.34.9.2 With protection installed in accordance with this
+Code, fire protection of overhead steel and steel columns is not
+necessary. However, some lightweight beams and joists can dis-
+tort and necessitate replacement, particularly following fires
+involving plastic-wrapped rolls stored 20 ft (6.1 m) and higher.
+A.34.10.1 Idle pallet storage introduces a severe fire condi-
+tion. Stacking idle pallets in piles is the best arrangement of
+combustibles to promote rapid spread of fire, heat release,
+and complete combustion. After pallets are used for a short
+time in warehouses, they dry out and edges become frayed and
+splintered. In this condition they are subject to easy ignition
+from a small ignition source. Again, high piling increases con-
+siderably both the challenge to sprinklers and the probability
+of involving a large number of pallets when fire occurs. There-
+fore storing idle pallets outdoors where possible is preferable.
+A fire in idle plastic or wooden pallets is one of the greatest chal-
+lenges to sprinklers. The undersides of the pallets create a dry
+area on which a fire can grow and expand to other dry or partially
+wet areas. This process of jumping to other dry, closely located,
+parallel, combustible surfaces continues until the fire bursts
+through the top of the stack. Once this happens, very little water
+is able to reach the base of the fire. The only practical method of
+stopping a fire in a large concentration of pallets with ceiling
+sprinklers is by means of prewetting. In high stacks, prewetting
+cannot be done without abnormally high water supplies. The
+storage of idle pallets should not be permitted in an unsprin-
+klered warehouse containing other storage.
+A.34.10.3 The practice that some materials are stored on pal-
+lets in an open yard is recognized. Since stacks of idle pallets
+present a severe fire problem, attention needs to be paid to
+the storage arrangements of the pallets. Manual outside open
+sprinklers generally are not a reliable means of protection un-
+less property is attended to at all times by plant emergency
+personnel. Open sprinklers with a deluge valve are preferred.
+A.40.3.2.1 A relatively small initial dust deflagration can dis-
+turb and suspend in air dust that has been allowed to accumu-
+late on the flat surfaces of a building or equipment. Such a
+dust cloud provides fuel for the secondary deflagration, which
+can cause damage. Reducing significant additional dust accu-
+mulations is therefore a major factor in reducing the hazard in
+areas where a dust hazard can exist. (See Annex D of NFPA 654
+for more information on Dust Layer Characterization and Pre-
+cautions.) [654: A.6.2.3.1]
+A.40.3.2.2 Factory Mutual recommends that surfaces should be
+cleaned frequently enough to prevent hazardous accumulations
+(FM Data Sheet 7-76, “Operations and Maintenance,” 2.3.5).
+[654:A.8.2.2]
+A.40.4.1.1.3 Specific attention should be paid to combustible
+particulate solids where they are introduced into the process
+stream. Some sources of particulate could include stone, tramp
+iron, other metallic contaminants, and already burning material.
+Before a risk management strategy is adopted, both the particu-
+late and the process equipment have to be carefully evaluated.
+See Figure A.40.4.1.1.3(a) and Figure A.40.4.1.1.3(b) for
+examples of foreign material removal. [654: A.9.1.1.3]
+FIGURE A.34.8.1(f) On-Tread, On-Floor Tire Storage Ar-
+rangement (Normally Banded).
+FIGURE A.34.8.1(g) Typical Laced Tire Storage.
+Main aisle 8 ft (2.4 m) minimum
+Pile width 25 ft (7.6 m) maximum
+Pile width 50 ft (15 m) maximum
+Main aisle 8 ft (2.4 m) minimum
+Pile width 25 ft (7.6 m) maximum
+L
+W
+W
+W
+L — Length 
+W — Width
+Legend
+FIGURE A.34.8.3.1.1 Typical Tire Piling Arrangement.
+1–507ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.40.4.1.2 If the particulate particle size range includes dusts
+that can attain concentrations capable of propagating a flame
+front through a fuel–air mixture, the risk management op-
+tions in 40.4.1.2 are appropriate. Conversely, if the analysis
+indicates that the particle size and concentration do not pre-
+dict a propagating flame front through the fuel–air mixture,
+the fire protection methods in Chapter 10 of NFPA 654 should
+be considered. [654: A.9.1.2]
+A.40.4.1.4 Consideration should be given to the potential for
+overheating caused by dust entry into bearings. Bearings should
+be located outside the combustible dust stream, where they are
+less exposed to dust and more accessible for inspection and ser-
+vice. Where bearings are in contact with the particulate solids
+stream, sealed or purged bearings are preferred. [654:A.9.1.4]
+A.40.4.3.1 Bonding minimizes the potential difference be-
+tween conductive objects. Grounding minimizes the potential
+difference between objects and ground. [654: A.9.3.1]
+A.40.4.3.2.1 For further information regarding the hazards
+and uses of flexible and rigid intermediate bulk containers,
+see the following publications:
+(1) NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity , Section
+10.1
+(2) Britton, Avoiding Static Ignition Hazards in Chemical Opera-
+tions, pp. 199–204
+[654: A.9.3.3.1]
+A.40.4.3.2.1(2) MIE is measured in accordance with ASTM E
+2019, Standard Test Method for Minimum Ignition Energy of a Dust
+Cloud in Air.[ 654: A.9.3.3.1(2)]
+A.40.4.3.2.1(3) Suitability of Type C FIBCs for specific atmo-
+spheres should be determined by the FIBC manufacturer(s).
+Failure to provide grounding for a Type C FIBC can create a
+potential static discharge hazard greater than that created by
+using Type A or Type B FIBCs. [654: A.9.3.3.1(3)]
+A.40.4.3.2.1(4) Suitability of Type D FIBCs for specific atmo-
+spheres should be determined by the FIBC manufacturer(s).
+[654: A.9.3.3.1(4)]
+A.40.4.3.2.1(5) For example, emptying velocities are slow
+enough to prevent electrostatic accumulation, MIEs are suf-
+ficiently high to preclude electrostatic ignition, or electrostatic
+charge generation is sufficiently low. [654:A.9.3.3.1(5)]
+A.40.4.3.2.2 Certain fabrics that pose significantly less risk of
+ignition in flammable atmospheres have been developed for
+use in FIBCs. One such fabric that has been tested for use in
+atmospheres having a minimum ignition energy of 0.25 mJ or
+greater and that has been used in FIBCs is documented in the
+paper for AIChE presented by Ebadat and Mulligan, “Testing
+the Suitability of FIBCs for Use in Flammable Atmospheres.”
+[654: A.9.3.3.2]
+A.40.4.6.1 Heating by indirect means is less hazardous than
+by direct means and is therefore preferred. Improved protec-
+tion can be provided for direct-fired dryers by providing an
+approved automatic spark detection and extinguishing sys-
+tem. [654: A.9.6.1]
+A.40.5.2.1 Pneumatic conveying systems that move combus-
+tible particulate solids can be classified as water compatible,
+water incompatible, or water reactive. Inasmuch as water is
+universally the most effective, most available, and most eco-
+nomical extinguishing medium, it is helpful to categorize
+combustible particulate solids in relation to the applicability
+of water as the agent of choice. For details on use of water as an
+Reject
+chute
+Feedstock
+Interior of
+mill
+Air intake
+to mill
+Feed
+hopper
+FIGURE A.40.4.1.1.3(a) Pneumatic Separator. [654: Figure
+A.9.1.1.3(a)]
+Feed chute
+Operational position
+of magnets
+Open position of
+magnets for removal
+of tramp metal
+Grinding
+machine
+FIGURE A.40.4.1.1.3(b) Magnetic Separator. [654: Figure
+A.9.1.1.3(b)]
+1–508 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+extinguishing agent, see Annex F of NFPA 654 for more infor-
+mation on use of water as extinguishing agent for combustible
+particulate solid. [654: A.10.2.1]
+A.40.5.3.2 Extreme care should be employed in the use of por-
+table fire extinguishers in facilities where combustible dusts are
+present. The rapid flow of the extinguishing agent across or
+against accumulations of dust can produce a dust cloud. When a
+dust cloud is produced, there is always a deflagration hazard. In
+the case of a dust cloud produced as a result of fire fighting, the
+ignition of the dust cloud and a resulting deflagration are virtu-
+ally certain.
+Consequently, when portable fire extinguishers are used in
+areas that contain accumulated combustible dusts (refer to
+A.6.2.3.1 of NFPA 654), the extinguishing agent should be ap-
+plied in a manner that does not disturb or disperse accumu-
+lated dust. Generally, fire extinguishers are designed to maxi-
+mize the delivery rate of the extinguishing agent to the fire.
+Special techniques of fire extinguisher use should be em-
+ployed to prevent this inherent design characteristic of the
+fire extinguisher from producing an unintended deflagration
+hazard. [654: A.10.3.2]
+A.40.5.5 Automatic sprinkler protection in dust collectors,
+silos, and bucket elevators should be considered. Consider-
+ations should include the combustibility of the equipment,
+the combustibility of the material, and the amount of mate-
+rial present. [ 654: A.10.5]
+A.40.5.5.1 A risk evaluation should consider the presence of
+combustibles both in the equipment and in the area around
+the process. Considerations should include the combustibility
+of the building construction, the equipment, the quantity and
+combustibility of process materials, the combustibility of pack-
+aging materials, open containers of flammable liquids, and
+the presence of dusts. Automatic sprinkler protection in dust
+collectors, silos, and bucket elevators should be considered.
+[654: A.10.5.1]
+A.40.6.3.2(8) All plant personnel, including management, su-
+pervisors, and maintenance and operating personnel, should be
+trained to participate in plans for controlling plant emergencies.
+Trained plant fire squads or fire brigades should be maintained.
+The emergency plan should contain the following elements:
+(1) A signal or alarm system
+(2) Identification of means of egress
+(3) Minimization of effects on operating personnel and the
+community
+(4) Minimization of property and equipment losses
+(5) Interdepartmental and interplant cooperation
+(6) Cooperation of outside agencies
+(7) The release of accurate information to the public
+Emergency drills should be performed annually by plant
+personnel. Malfunctions of the process should be simulated
+and emergency actions undertaken. Disaster drills that simu-
+late a major catastrophic situation should be undertaken peri-
+odically with the cooperation and participation of public fire,
+police, and other local community emergency units and
+nearby cooperating plants. [654: A.11.3.2(8)]
+A.40.7.1.2(5) Process interlocks should be calibrated and
+tested in the manner in which they are intended to operate,
+with written test records maintained for review by manage-
+ment. Testing frequency should be determined in accordance
+with the AIChE Guidelines for Safe Automation of Chemical Pro-
+cesses.[ 654: 12.1.2(5)]
+A.40.7.2.2.4 Periodic cleaning of components is especially
+important if the blower or fan is exposed to heated air. [ 654:
+A.12.2.2.4]
+A.40.7.2.2.5 If rust is allowed to form on the interior steel
+surfaces, it is only a matter of time before an iron oxide (rust)
+becomes dislodged and is taken downstream, striking against
+the duct walls. In some cases, this condition could cause an
+ignition of combustibles within the duct. The situation wors-
+ens if aluminum paint is used. If the aluminum flakes off or is
+struck by a foreign object, the heat of impact could be suffi-
+cient to cause the aluminum particle to ignite, thereby initiat-
+ing a fire downstream. [654: A.12.2.2.5]
+A.40.7.2.5.3 For information on maintenance of deflagration
+venting, see NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Defla-
+gration Venting.[ 654: A.12.2.5.3]
+A.41.1.2(7) There are more detailed and in some cases more
+stringent requirements for torch-applied roofing found in
+Section 16.6 or NFPA 241. [51B: A.1.3.1(7)]
+A.41.2.1 The Technical Committee on Hot Work Operations
+(NFPA 51B) recognizes that management might not always
+have expertise in hot work and, therefore, would need a
+knowledgeable designated agent or contractor to act on its
+behalf. Examples of those who might not have the expertise
+can include owners of small retail shops, a small apartment
+complex manager, or a grocery store owner who has no knowl-
+edge of hot work safe practices.
+Management should ensure that the contractor has evi-
+dence of financial responsibility, which can take the form of
+an insurance certificate or other document attesting to cover-
+age or responsibility. [51B: A.4.1]
+A.41.2.2.1 Other special hazards can include, but are not lim-
+ited to, lead, noise, and radiation. Sometimes these special
+hazards require disposable outer garments that can catch fire.
+[51B: A.4.2.1]
+A.41.2.2.3(1) Alternatives to hot work can include the fol-
+lowing:
+(1) Mechanical removal and relocation of frozen piping to a
+heated area
+(2) Manual hydraulic shears
+(3) Mechanical bolting
+(4) Screwed, flanged, or clamped pipe
+(5) Reciprocating saw
+(6) Mechanical pipe cutter
+(7) Approved self-drilling or compressed air-actuated fasten-
+ers [51B: A.4.2.3(1)]
+A.41.2.2.7 The inspection is usually made 1⁄2 hour after the
+completion of hot work to detect and extinguish possible
+smoldering fires. The inspector should be alert for circum-
+stances that can require an extension of the final inspection
+interval. [51B: A.4.2.7]
+A.41.2.4.1 The fire watch duties can be assigned to anyone
+who understands the hazard of the hot work being performed
+and the limitations placed on that hot work operation by the
+person issuing the hot work permit (PAI). The fire watch has
+the responsibility to make certain the hot work area is main-
+tained in a fire-safe condition throughout performance of the
+hot work and has the authority to stop the hot work if unsafe
+1–509ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+conditions are observed. The fire watch must understand the
+basic hazards of any combustible construction involved with
+the hot work area, the fire exposure hazard hot work creates to
+occupancies adjacent to or below the hot work operation, the
+hazards associated with the occupancy, and the need to main-
+tain proper isolation of all hot work operations from combus-
+tible or flammable materials. The fire watch should also be
+properly trained in use of manual, portable fire extinguishers
+and emergency notification procedures within the facility. The
+fire watch is not a replacement for proper planning to prevent
+conditions that allow a fire to develop, regardless of the fire-
+fighting equipment available and the capabilities of the indi-
+viduals involved. [51B: A.4.4.1]
+A.41.2.4.4 The fire watch should have experience with test
+fires. [51B: A.4.4.4]
+A.41.2.4.7 These tasks might include moving partitions relat-
+ing to the hot work, sweeping in the immediate area, and
+minimal assistance to the operator. [51B: A.4.4.7]
+A.41.2.5 The trend toward outsourcing facility maintenance
+and renovations can influence the risks associated with hot
+work. A contractor may have the technical expertise to per-
+form hot work but is not likely to have a full understanding of
+fire prevention or of the specific combustible hazards within a
+client property. Additional safeguards to be considered in-
+clude, but are not be limited to, how the hot work should be
+isolated to prevent fire hazards; who will be assigned as the fire
+watch for the hot work operations; the facility emergency no-
+tification procedures; available manual fire fighting tools (like
+portable fire extinguishers and small hose stations); identifica-
+tion of all areas where hot work is not allowed; connecting hot
+work equipment to existing utility systems (gas or electricity);
+and review of any requirements for completion of hot work by
+a certain time each day.
+Hot work loss incidents involving contractors occur with
+regular frequency. For many of these incidents, facility man-
+agement has not implemented a process for managing the fire
+hazards associated with the proposed contract work activity,
+views the contractor’s personnel as the recognized subject
+matter expert, and is either ignorant of potential fire hazards
+with the planned contract activity or presumes the contractor
+is expert in all associated safety regulations and requirements
+and will address hazards accordingly. [51B: A.4.5]
+A.41.3.1 At a work site, hazards other than hot work, such as
+radiation, lead, or noise, are often present. Any additional PPE
+donned for protection against these other hazards should also
+be appropriate for hot work. Heavier materials, such as
+woolen clothing or heavy cotton, are preferable to lighter ma-
+terials because they are more difficult to ignite. Cotton cloth-
+ing, if used for protection, should be chemically treated to
+reduce its combustibility. Clothing treated with flame-resistant
+materials can lose some of its protective characteristics after
+repeated washing or cleaning. Materials that can melt and
+cause severe burns should not be used as clothing when the
+wearer will be welding or cutting.
+Sparks can lodge in rolled-up sleeves, pockets of clothing,
+or cuffs of overalls or trousers. Therefore, it is recommended
+that sleeves and collars be kept buttoned and pockets be elimi-
+nated from the front of clothing. Where pockets are present,
+they should be emptied of flammable or readily combustible
+materials. Trousers or overalls should not have cuffs and
+should not be turned up on the outside. Trousers should over-
+lap shoe tops to prevent spatter from getting inside shoes.
+Frayed clothing is particularly susceptible to ignition and
+burning and should not be worn when welding or cutting.
+[51B: A.5.1]
+A.41.3.3 For additional information on cutting and welding of
+containers that have held flammable materials, see NFPA 326,
+Standard for the Safeguarding of Tanks and Containers for Entry, Clean-
+ing, or Repair, and AWS F-4.1, Recommended Safe Practices for the
+Preparation for Welding and Cutting Containers and Piping.
+Additional consideration should be given when hot work is
+performed in areas near the storage of large quantities of ex-
+posed, readily ignitable materials such as bulk sulfur, baled
+paper, or cotton. For additional information on welding and
+cutting in storage areas, refer to Chapter 34 and NFPA 655,
+Standard for Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions.[ 51B: A.5.3]
+A.41.3.4 The decision tree in Figure A.41.3.4 can be used to
+determine if a hot work permit is necessary. [51B: A.5.4]
+A.41.3.4.1 An example of a hot work permit is shown in Fig-
+ure A.41.3.4.1. This permit can be modified to suit local con-
+ditions. [51B: A.5.4.1]
+A.41.3.4.2(3) When hot work is performed at an elevated level,
+it should be noted that the sparks or slag can fall at a trajectory
+and land further than 35 ft (11 m) horizontally from a point
+directly under the hot work operator. [51B:A.5.4.2(3)]
+A.41.3.4.2(14) Hot work operations that might fall into the
+category where the 35 Foot Rule could be enlarged include,
+but are not limited to, elevated hot work and windy areas.
+[51B: A.5.4.2(14)]
+Is there an 
+acceptable alternative 
+to hot work?
+Complete job with 
+cold work. No hot work  
+permit is needed.
+Yes
+Yes
+Yes
+Yes
+No
+No
+No
+Can hot work be 
+performed in a  
+designated area (e.g., 
+maintenance shop)?
+Examine designated 
+area, then complete 
+hot work there. No hot  
+work permit is needed.
+Obtain a written hot  
+work permit.
+Hot work and permit are 
+not authorized.
+Is the proposed work 
+to be performed in  
+a nondesignated area 
+(e.g., NOT in a 
+maintenance shop)?
+Is the proposed work 
+to be performed in a 
+nonpermissible area?
+1.
+2.
+3.
+4.
+Obtain a written hot  
+work permit.
+5.
+No
+FIGURE A.41.3.4 Hot Work Permit Decision Tree. [51B:Fig-
+ure A.5.4]
+1–510 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ NFPA 51B© 2008 National Fire Protection Association
+Seek an alternative/safer method if possible!
+Before initiating hot work, ensure precautions are in place as required by NFPA 51B and ANSI Z49.1.
+Make sure an appropriate fire extinguisher is readily available.
+This Hot Work Permit is required for any operation involving open flame or producing heat and/or sparks. This work includes, 
+but is not limited to, welding, brazing, cutting, grinding, soldering, thawing pipe, torch-applied roofing, or chemical welding.
+Date
+Location/Building and floor
+Work to be done
+Time started                       Time completed
+THIS PERMIT IS GOOD FOR ONE DAY ONL Y
+❏ Available sprinklers, hose streams, and extinguishers are in service and operable.
+❏ Hot work equipment is in good working condition in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications.
+❏ Special permission obtained to conduct hot work on metal vessels or piping lined with rubber or plastic.
+Requirements within 35 ft (11 m) of hot work
+❏ Flammable liquid, dust, lint, and oily deposits removed.
+❏ Explosive atmosphere in area eliminated.
+❏ Floors swept clean and trash removed.
+❏ Combustible floors wet down or covered with damp sand or fire-resistive/noncombustible materials or equivalent.
+❏ Personnel protected from electrical shock when floors are wet.
+❏ Other combustible storage material removed or covered with listed or approved materials (welding pads, blankets, or curtains; 
+ fire-resistive tarpaulins), metal shields, or noncombustible materials.
+❏ All wall and floor openings covered.
+❏ Ducts and conveyors that might carry sparks to distant combustible material covered, protected, or shut down.
+Requirements for hot work on walls, ceilings, or roofs
+❏ Construction is noncombustible and without combustible coverings or insulation.
+❏ Combustible material on other side of walls, ceilings, or roofs is moved away.
+Requirements for hot work on enclosed equipment
+❏ Enclosed equipment is cleaned of all combustibles.
+❏ Containers are purged of flammable liquid/vapor.
+❏ Pressurized vessels, piping, and equipment removed from service, isolated, and vented.
+Requirements for hot work fire watch and fire monitoring
+❏ Fire watch is provided during and for a minimum of 30 min. after hot work, including any break activity.
+❏ Fire watch is provided with suitable extinguishers and, where practical, a charged small hose.
+❏ Fire watch is trained in use of equipment and in sounding alarm.
+❏ Fire watch can be required in adjoining areas, above and below.
+❏ Yes    ❏  No     Per the PAI/fire watch, monitoring of hot work area has been extended beyond the 30 min.
+Hot work by   ❏ employee   ❏ contractor
+Name (print) and signature of person doing hot work
+I verify that the above location has been examined, the precautions 
+marked on the checklist below have been taken, and permission is 
+granted for this work.
+Name (print) and signature of permit-authorizing individual (PAI)
+FIGURE A.41.3.4.1 Sample of a Hot Work Permit. [51B:Figure A.5.4.1]
+1–511ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.41.3.4.2(15) Hot work operations that might fall into the
+category where the 35 Foot Rule could be reduced include,
+but are not limited to, torch soldering, gas tungsten arc weld-
+ing, heat gun operations, and handheld pen-type soldering.
+[51B: A.5.4.2(15)]
+A.41.3.4.3 It is advisable that the permit be issued for a maxi-
+mum period of 24 hours. [51B: A.5.4.3]
+A.41.3.4.4 In some situations, it is advisable to inspect the
+area once per shift if conditions warrant. [51B: A.5.4.4]
+A.41.3.5.1 The decision tree in Figure A.41.3.5.1 can be used
+to determine if a fire watch is necessary. [51B: A.5.5.1]
+A.41.3.5.1(1) Figure A.41.3.5.1(a) and Figure A.41.3.5.1(b)
+demonstrate the hot work 35 Foot Rule. [51B: A.5.5.1(1)]
+A.41.3.5.3 An additional fire watch(es) might be necessary in
+certain situations, such as where hot work is performed near
+open shafts, or at elevated heights or where sparks can travel
+through spaces such as openings. [51B: A.5.5.3]
+A.41.3.6 For hot tapping on a gas pipeline, see ANSI/ASME
+B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems .[ 51B:
+A.5.6]
+A.41.4.1 A common example of a situation where Chapter 6
+of NFPA 51B would apply is work performed in a single-
+dwelling home by a plumber sweating a pipe. Another ex-
+ample is the repair of a wrought iron railing used for steps in a
+single-dwelling home. A third example is welding performed
+on construction or agricultural equipment on site. The
+NFPA 51B committee recognizes that it is not always practical
+to have more than one individual present, and completing a
+job with one person is a common practice. The NFPA 51B
+committee stresses that it is always better to have more than
+one individual present to ensure fire safety, but realizes that it
+is not always practical to do so. [51B: A.6.1]
+1. Did the PAI or AHJ tell you to have a fire watch?
+2. Is hot work to be done in a designated area that has been
+    examined and still qualifies as a designated area?
+3. Is hot work to be done where other than a minor fire might
+    develop?
+4. Is hot work to be done where flammables or combustibles 
+    are more than 11 m (35 ft) away but are easily ignited 
+    by sparks?
+No
+5. Is hot work to be done where wall or floor openings within 
+   11 m (35 ft) would expose combustibles in adjacent areas?
+6. Is hot work to be done where combustibles are adjacent to
+    partitions, ceilings, or roofs being worked on?
+Ye s
+Ye s
+Ye s
+Ye s
+Ye s
+Ye s
+Ye s
+No
+No
+No
+No
+No
+Fire watch
+required
+No
+No fire watch
+required
+8. Are you unsure of any of the “No” answers in questions
+    1–7?
+7. Is the operator required to don specialty PPE that does not
+    comply with Section 5.1 of NFPA 51B?
+No Ye s
+FIGURE A.41.3.5.1 Fire Watch Decision Tree. [51B:Figure A.5.5.1]
+1–512 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+11 m (35 ft)
+11 m (35 ft)
+1. Close doors, seal floor 
+openings, post copy of  permit, 
+shut down conveyers, and 
+prevent general access.
+2. If possible, 
+position operator 
+to redirect spatter 
+during work, or 
+add an additional 
+fire curtain or 
+equivalent.
+3. Relocate combustible storage 
+or separate with approved 
+barriers (seal area below 
+dividers) or cover with approved 
+welding pads, blankets, curtains, 
+or fire-resistive tarpaulins.
+4. Position fire watch with suitable fire extinguishers to protect potential hazard area and equip 
+fire watch with means for emergency communications.
+FIGURE A.41.3.5.1(1)(a) The 35 Foot Rule Illustrated. [51B:FigureA.5.5.1(1)(a)
+11 m (35 ft)
+1. Application of 35 Foot Rule involving 
+elevated work — additional safeguards will 
+apply. Close doors, seal floor openings, post 
+copy of permit, shut down conveyers, and 
+prevent general access. Consider whether 
+areas can be tented to contain spatter. PAI 
+will determine how many additional fire 
+watchers will be required.
+2. If possible, position operator to redirect 
+(limit) spatter during work.
+4. Equipment below might need to 
+be protected.
+5. Position fire watchers with 
+suitable fire extinguishers to protect 
+potential hazard areas and equip 
+them with means for emergency 
+communications.
+6. The PAI can extend the 35 Foot Rule as necessary (e.g., because of wind or elevation).
+3. Relocate combustible storage or 
+separate with approved barriers 
+(seal area below dividers) or cover 
+with approved welding pads, blankets, 
+curtains, or fire-resistive tarpaulins.
+FIGURE A.41.3.5.1(1)(b) Example of Where Multiple Fire Watches Are Needed. [51B:Figure
+A.5.5.1(1)(b)]
+1–513ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.41.5.5.2.3 The preferred location for cylinder storage is in
+an approved storage area outdoors. [51B: A.7.5.2.3]
+A.42.2.1.3 See NFPA 52 and NFPA 58 for requirements for
+facilities where only these fuels are dispensed. [30A: A.1.1.2]
+A.42.3.3.2 PEI RP200, Recommended Practices for Installation of
+Aboveground Storage Systems for Motor Vehicle Fueling , also pro-
+vides information on this subject. [30A: A.4.3.2]
+A.42.3.3.3.3 Some of the specifications for vault design and
+construction include the following:
+(1) The walls and floor of the vault are to be constructed of
+reinforced concrete at least 6 in. (50 mm) thick.
+(2) The top and floor of the vault and the tank foundation
+must be designed to withstand all anticipated loading, in-
+cluding loading from vehicular traffic, where applicable.
+(3) The walls and floor of a belowgrade vault must be designed
+to withstand anticipated soil and hydrostatic loading.
+(4) The vault must be liquidtight.
+(5) The vault enclosure must have no openings except those
+necessary for access to, inspection of, and filling, empty-
+ing, and venting of the tank.
+(6) The vault shall be provided with connections to permit
+ventilation to dilute, disperse, and remove any vapors
+prior to personnel entering the vault.
+(7) The vault must be provided with a means for personnel
+entry.
+(8) The vault must be provided with an approved means to
+admit a fire suppression agent. [30A: A.4.3.3.3]
+A.42.3.3.7.2 The top of the posts should be set not less than
+3 ft (0.9 m) above ground and should be located not less than
+5 ft (1.5 m) from the tank. Other approved means to protect
+tanks subject to vehicular damage include vehicle impact resis-
+tance testing such as that prescribed in UL 2085, Standard for
+Protected Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liq-
+uids, for protected aboveground tanks. [30A: A.4.3.7.2]
+A.42.3.3.8 Appropriate corrosion control standards include
+the following:
+(1) STI RP 892-91, Recommended Practice for Corrosion Protection
+of Underground Piping Networks Associated with Liquid Storage
+and Dispensing Systems
+(2) STI RP-01-69, Recommended Practice for Control of External
+Corrosion of Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems
+(3) STI RP 1632, Cathodic Protection of Underground Petroleum
+Storage Tanks and Piping Systems [30A: A.4.3.8]
+A.42.5.6.2 The flow of fuel can be stopped by dispensers used
+in self-serve motor fuel dispensing facilities. The nozzle can be
+returned to the dispenser in the latched-open position. Subse-
+quent activation of the dispenser would then immediately re-
+lease fuel from the latched-open nozzle, creating a hazardous
+situation. [30A: A.6.6.2]
+A.42.6.1.4.1 Additional fire protection considerations can in-
+clude items such as fixed suppression systems, automatic fire
+detection, manual fire alarm stations, transmission of alarms
+to off-site locations, and limiting volume delivered per trans-
+action. [30A: A.7.3.5.1]
+A.42.6.1.5.7 Natural ventilation can normally be expected to
+dissipate any fuel vapors before they reach ignitible concentra-
+tions if at least two sides of the dispensing area are open to the
+building exterior. [30A: A.7.3.6.7]
+A.42.6.1.5.9 Oil/water separators might not be designed to
+remove or separate flammable or combustible liquids other
+than oil. [30A: A.7.3.6.9]
+A.42.6.2 The ventilation requirements contained in this para-
+graph do not consider exhaust emissions from motor vehicle en-
+gines. An appropriate professional should be consulted to deter-
+mine precautions necessary to protect against this health hazard.
+[30A:A.7.5]
+A.42.6.2.1 Manual control switches for supply and exhaust
+ventilating systems should be located close to the entrance
+to the area served. In buildings protected by automatic
+sprinklers or fire alarm systems, it is recommended that the
+necessary interlocks be provided to shut down supply and
+exhaust fans when the sprinklers or fire alarms operate. For
+service facilities for CNG-fueled vehicles and LNG-fueled
+vehicles, see NFPA 52. [ 30A: A.7.5.1]
+A.42.6.3.6 Enclosed rooms or spaces storing CNG- or LNG-
+fueled vehicles should prohibit the transmission of gases to
+other areas of the building. Other areas outside of the enclo-
+sure, if not used for repairing or storing CNG- or LNG-fueled
+vehicles, can use other heating methods. Note that, according
+to A.1.1 of NFPA 52, CNG weighs about two-thirds as much as
+air and, therefore, as a gas, will rise in a room. LNG at a tem-
+perature of less than or equal to –170°F (–112°C) is heavier
+than ambient air [at 60°F (15°C)], but as the LNG’s tempera-
+ture rises, the gas becomes lighter than air. Determination of
+the potential for gas accumulation should be based on an en-
+gineering analysis. (Guidance for classification of hazardous
+locations is available in NFPA 497.) [30A: A.7.6.6]
+A.42.7.2.1 API RP 1621,Recommended Practice for Bulk Liquid Stock
+Control at Retail Outlets , provides information on this subject.
+[30A:A.9.2.1]
+A.42.7.2.3.1 See Section 9.4 of NFPA 30 for further informa-
+tion. [30A: A.9.2.3.1]
+A.42.7.2.5.4 The following language includes both the man-
+datory requirements and some optional text that could be
+used to comply with the requirements in 42.7.2.5.4:
+WARNING
+It is unlawful and dangerous to dispense gasoline into
+unapproved containers.
+No smoking.
+Stop motor.
+No filling of portable containers in or on a motor
+vehicle.
+Place container on ground before filling.
+Discharge your static electricity before fueling by
+touching a metal surface away from the nozzle.
+Before using pump, touch any metal on the car away
+from your vehicle’s fuel filler with bare hand. This
+will discharge static electricity on your body. Failure
+to fully discharge may ignite gasoline vapors.
+Do not re-enter your vehicle while gasoline is
+pumping. This can re-charge your body with static
+electricity. If you must re-enter your vehicle,
+discharge static electricity again before touching
+the pump nozzle.
+If a fire starts, do notremove nozzle — back away
+immediately and tell attendant. If no attendant is
+on site, use the emergency shut-off button to stop
+pump.
+Do not allow individuals under licensed age to use the
+pump.
+1–514 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Only persons of licensed age should use pump.
+Keep children away from the pump area.
+Do not allow children to use pump. [30A: A.9.2.5.4]
+A.42.7.5.6 Additional fire protection considerations can in-
+clude fixed suppression systems, automatic fire detection,
+manual fire alarm stations, transmission of alarms to off-site
+locations, and limitation of the quantity of motor fuel deliv-
+ered per transaction. [30A: A.9.5.6]
+A.42.8.3.3 The selection of the 50 ft (15 m) separation dis-
+tance for gaseous fuels is based on the existing separation re-
+quirements prescribed in NFPA 30A. No technical data were
+available to support different separation distances, and the
+50 ft (15 m) distance was considered reasonable and conserva-
+tive, based on the information available to the Technical Com-
+mittee on Automotive and Marine Service Stations at the time.
+[30A: A.12.3.3]
+A.42.8.6.2 The designation of classes and divisions of classi-
+fied locations is defined in Article 500 of NFPA 70. [ 30A:
+A.12.6.2]
+A.42.9.2.2 Cases where the length of the supply line to dis-
+pensing devices would result in insufficient pressure for opera-
+tional purposes or would increase the potential for leakage
+due to the increased number of fittings or exposure of the line
+can warrant location of the supply on the pier. [30A: A.11.2.2]
+A.42.9.6.2 NFPA 77 contains information on this subject.
+[30A: A.8.5.2]
+A.42.9.6.4 Where excessive stray currents are encountered,
+piping handling Class I and Class II liquids should be electri-
+cally isolated from the shore piping. This requirement pre-
+vents stray currents originating in the vessel’s electrical system
+from causing an electrical arc or spark. [30A: A.11.6]
+A.42.9.6.4.1 NFPA 77 contains information on this subject.
+[30A: A.11.6.1]
+A.42.9.8.2 See Section 9.4 of NFPA 30 for further informa-
+tion. [30A: A.11.8.2]
+A.42.10.2.1.2.6 The charge on the fuel can be reduced by the
+use of a static dissipater additive that increases the electrical
+conductivity of the fuel and thereby allows the charge to relax
+or dissipate more quickly, or by the use of a relaxation cham-
+ber that increases the residence time of the fuel downstream
+of the filter to at least 30 seconds, thereby allowing most of the
+charge to dissipate before the fuel arrives at the receiving tank.
+API RP 2003 recommends a 30-second relaxation time for
+loading tank trucks and refuelers. However, it has not been a
+common practice to require a similar relaxation time for air-
+craft refueling, primarily because of the relatively few electro-
+static incidents that have occurred during aircraft fueling.(For
+additional information on this topic, see CRC Report No. 583.)
+In filling tank trucks or storage tanks, API RP 2003 recom-
+mends that at least 30 seconds of residence time be provided
+downstream of a filter in order to allow static charges gener-
+ated in flowing fuel to relax before fuel enters the tank.
+The reason it is possible to fuel aircraft safely with low con-
+ductivity fuel without providing 30 seconds of relaxation time
+is due primarily to the difference in the geometry of aircraft
+tanks as compared with tank truck compartments. Flow into
+the aircraft normally is subdivided into several tanks simulta-
+neously and also distributed into adjoining compartments of
+each tank by a multihole inlet. Bachman and Dukek (1972)
+conducted full-scale research using a simulated large aircraft
+tank and concluded that none of the tanks or compartments
+hold sufficient fuel to allow enough charges to accumulate
+and create large surface voltages. Slower fill rates per compart-
+ment also allow more charge to relax.
+Additionally, the inlet system of most aircraft tanks directs
+fuel towards the bottom of the tank to avoid splashing that
+generates more charge. Finally, while the hoses that connect
+the fueler to the aircraft provide only a few seconds of resi-
+dence time for charge relaxation at high rates of flow, the
+actual relaxation volume in the system is significantly greater
+where a coated screen is used as a second stage water barrier.
+In this case, the vessel’s volume after the first stage filter coa-
+lescer could represent an additional 15 seconds of residence
+time for charge relaxation. (The coated screen, unlike other
+water barriers, does not generate charge.)
+A flammable vapor space in the tank due to the presence of
+JET B or JP-4 fuels still constitutes a potential hazard. There-
+fore, to minimize the chance for static ignition, FAA regula-
+tions require that fueling be conducted at half of the rated
+flow where civil aircraft have used such fuels. [407: A.4.1.2.6]
+A.42.10.2.1.5 The beam of radar equipment has been known
+to cause ignition of flammable vapor–air mixtures from induc-
+tive electric heating of solid materials or from electrical arcs or
+sparks from chance resonant conditions. The ability of an arc
+to ignite flammable vapor–air mixtures depends on the total
+energy of the arc and the time lapse involved in the arc’s du-
+ration, which is related to the dissipation characteristics of the
+energy involved. The intensity or peak power output of the
+radar unit, therefore, is a key factor in establishing safe dis-
+tances between the radar antenna and fueling operations, fuel
+storage or fuel loading rack areas, fuel tank truck operations,
+or any operations where flammable liquids and vapors could
+be present or created.
+Most commercially available weather-mapping airborne radar
+equipment operates at peak power outputs, varying from 25 kW
+to 90 kW. Normally this equipment should not be operated on
+the ground. Tests have shown that the beam of this equipment
+can induce energy capable of firing flash bulbs at considerable
+distances. If the equipment is operated on the ground for service
+checking or for any other reason, the beam should not be di-
+rected toward any of the hazards described in the previous para-
+graph that are located within 100 ft (30 m). (WARNING: Higher
+power radar equipment can require greater distances.)
+Airport surface detection radar operates under a peak power
+output of 50 kW. It is fixed rather than airborne equipment.
+Airborne surveillance radar of the type currently carried on
+military aircraft has a high peak power output. Aircraft carry-
+ing this type of radar can be readily distinguished by radomes
+atop or below the fuselage, or both.
+Aircraft warning radar installations are the most powerful.
+Most of these installations are, however, remotely located
+from the hazards specified in the first paragraph and there-
+fore are not covered herein. Ground radar for approach con-
+trol or traffic pattern surveillance is considered the most fire
+hazardous type of radar normally operating at an airport. The
+latter type of equipment has a peak power output of 5 MW.
+Where possible, new installations of this type of equipment
+should be located at least 500 ft (150 m) from any of the haz-
+ards described in the first paragraph. [407: A.4.1.4.2]
+1–515ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.42.10.2.1.7.1 Multipurpose dry chemical (ammonium phos-
+phate) should not be selected due to corrosion concerns relative
+to the agent. Carbon dioxide extinguishers should not be se-
+lected due to their limited range and effectiveness in windy con-
+ditions. [407:A.4.1.6.1]
+A.42.10.2.2.4 Electrical equipment contained in aircraft fuel
+servicing vehicle or cart engine compartments and located
+18 in. (460 mm) or more above ground can be permitted to be
+of the general purpose type. [407: A.4.3.7.4]
+A.42.10.3.3.1 Where pressure tanks are used, details on con-
+struction, spacing, and location should be in accordance with
+industry good practice and approved by the AHJ. When A V-
+GAS, MOGAS, or JET B turbine fuels are stored in bulk quan-
+tities in aboveground tanks, they should be stored in floating
+roof-type tanks. Covered floating roof tanks minimize the haz-
+ardous flammable vapor–air space above the liquid level. The
+vapor spaces of underground tanks storing fuels should not be
+interconnected. [407: A.4.4.4.1]
+A.42.10.5.1.1 Records should be kept of personnel training.
+These records should be made available to the AHJ upon re-
+quest. [407: A.5.1.1]
+A.42.10.5.2 The following actions are appropriate in the
+event of a fuel spill, although each spill should be treated as an
+individual case due to such variables as the size of the spill,
+type of flammable or combustible liquid involved, wind and
+weather conditions, equipment arrangement, aircraft occu-
+pancy, emergency equipment, and personnel available:
+(1) The flow of fuel should be stopped, if possible. If the fuel is
+discovered leaking or spilling from fuel servicing equip-
+ment or hose, the emergency fuel shutoff should be oper-
+ated at once. If the fuel is discovered leaking or spilling
+from the aircraft at the filler opening, vent line, or tank
+seams during fueling operations, fueling should be
+stopped immediately. Evacuation of the aircraft should be
+ordered when necessary. The aircraft then should be thor-
+oughly checked for damage or entrance of flammable liq-
+uid or vapors into any concealed wing or fuselage area, and
+corrective action should be taken as necessary before it is
+returned to normal operational service.
+(2) The airport fire crew should be notified if the spill pre-
+sents a fire hazard. The only routine exceptions are for
+small spills. Supervisory personnel should be notified to
+ensure that operations in progress can be continued
+safely or halted until the emergency is past and that cor-
+rective measures can be taken to prevent recurrence of a
+similar accident.
+(3) It could be necessary to evacuate the aircraft if the spill
+poses a serious fire exposure to the aircraft or its occu-
+pants. Walking through the liquid area of the fuel spill
+should not be permitted. Persons who have been
+sprayed with fuel or had their clothing soaked with fuel
+should go to a place of refuge, remove their clothing,
+and wash. Individuals whose clothing has been ignited
+should be wrapped in blankets, coats, or other items or
+should be told to or forced to roll on the ground.
+(4) Mobile fueling equipment and all other mobile equip-
+ment should be withdrawn from the area or left as is
+until the spilled fuel is removed or made safe. No fixed
+rule can be made as fire safety varies with circumstances.
+Shutting down equipment or moving vehicles can pro-
+vide a source of ignition if no fire immediately results
+from the spillage.
+(5) Aircraft, automotive, or spark-producing equipment in
+the area should not be started before the spilled fuel is
+removed or made safe. If a vehicle or cart engine is run-
+ning at the time of the spill, it normally is good practice
+to drive the vehicle away from the hazard area unless the
+hazard to personnel is judged too severe. Fuel servicing
+vehicles or carts in operation at the time of the spill
+should not be moved until a check is made to verify that
+any fuel hose that could have been in use or connected
+between the vehicle and the aircraft is safely stowed.
+(6) If any aircraft engine is operating at the time of the spill,
+it normally is good practice to move the aircraft away
+from the hazard area unless air currents set up by oper-
+ating power plants would aggravate the extent or the
+nature of the existing vapor hazard.
+(7) If circumstances dictate that operating internal combus-
+tion engine equipment within a spill area that has not
+ignited should be shut down, engine speeds should be
+reduced to idle prior to cutting ignition in order to pre-
+vent backfire.
+(8) The volatility of the fuel can be a major factor in the
+initial severity of the hazard created by a spill. Gasoline
+and other low flash point fuels at normal temperatures
+and pressures produce vapors that are capable of form-
+ing ignitible mixtures with the air near the surface of the
+liquid, whereas this condition does not normally exist
+with kerosene fuels (JET A or JET A-1) except where am-
+bient temperatures are 100°F (38°C) or above or where
+the liquid has been heated to a similar temperature.
+(9) Spills of gasoline and low flash point turbine fuels (JET
+B) greater than 10 ft (3 m) in any dimension and cover-
+ing an area of over 50 ft2 (5 m2) or that are of an ongoing
+nature should be blanketed or covered with foam. The
+nature of the ground surface and the existing exposure
+conditions dictate the exact method to be followed.
+Such fuels should not be washed down sewers or drains.
+The decision to use a sewer or drain should be made
+only by the chief of the airport fire brigade or the fire
+department. If fuels do enter sewers, either intentionally
+or unintentionally, large volumes of water should be in-
+troduced to flush such sewers or drains as quickly as pos-
+sible to dilute the flammable liquid content of the sewer
+or drain to the maximum possible extent. Normal opera-
+tions involving ignition sources (including aircraft and
+vehicle operations) should be prohibited on surface ar-
+eas adjacent to open drains or manholes from which
+flammable vapors could issue due to the introduction of
+liquids into the sewer system until it can be established
+that no flammable vapor–air mixture is present in the
+proximity. (NOTE: NFPA 415, Standard on Airport Termi-
+nal Buildings, Fueling Ramp Drainage, and Loading Walk-
+ways, provides further information on aircraft fueling
+ramp drainage designs to control the flow of fuel that
+could be spilled on a ramp and to minimize the resulting
+possible danger.)
+(10) Spills of kerosene grades of aviation fuels (JET A or JET
+A-1) greater than 10 ft (3 m) in any dimension and cov-
+ering an area of over 50 ft 2 (5 m 2) or that are of an
+ongoing nature and that have not ignited should be
+blanketed or covered with foam if there is danger of ig-
+nition. If there is no danger of ignition, an absorbent
+compound or an emulsion-type cleaner can be used to
+clean the area. Kerosene does not evaporate readily at
+normal temperatures and should be cleaned up. Smaller
+1–516 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+spills can be cleaned up using an approved, mineral-
+type, oil absorbent.
+(11) Aircraft on which fuel has been spilled should be in-
+spected thoroughly to ensure that no fuel or fuel vapors
+have accumulated in flap well areas or internal wing sec-
+tions not designed for fuel tankage. Any cargo, baggage,
+express, mail sacks, or similar items that have been wet-
+ted by fuel should be decontaminated before being
+placed aboard any aircraft. [407: A.5.2]
+A.42.10.5.4 Hydrocarbon fuels, such as aviation gasoline and
+JET A, generate electrostatic charge when passing through the
+pumps, filters, and piping of a fuel transfer system. (The pri-
+mary electrostatic generator is the filter/separator that in-
+creases the level of charge on a fuel by a factor of 100 or more
+as compared with pipe flow.) Splashing, spraying, or free-
+falling of the fuel further enhances the charge. When charged
+fuel arrives at the receiving tank (cargo tank or aircraft fuel
+tank), one of two possible events will occur:
+(1) The charge will relax harmlessly to ground.
+(2) If the charge or the fuel is sufficiently high, a spark dis-
+charge can occur. Whether or not an ignition follows de-
+pends on the energy (and duration) of the discharge and
+the composition of the fuel/air mixture in the vapor
+space (i.e., whether or not it is in the flammable range).
+The amount of charge on a fuel when it arrives at the re-
+ceiving tank, and hence its tendency to cause a spark dis-
+charge, depends on the nature and amount of impurities in
+the fuel, its electrical conductivity, the nature of the filter me-
+dia (if present), and the relaxation time of the system [i.e., the
+residence time of the fuel in the system between the filter
+(separator) and the receiving tank]. The time needed for this
+charge to dissipate is dependent upon the conductivity of the
+fuels; it could be a fraction of a second or several minutes.
+No amount of bonding or grounding prevents discharges
+from occurring inside of a fuel tank. Bonding ensures that the
+fueling equipment and the receiving tank (aircraft or fueler)
+are at the same potential and provides a path for the charges
+separated in the fuel transfer system (primarily the filter/
+separator) to combine with and neutralize the charges in the
+fuel. Also, in overwing fueling and in top loading of cargo
+tanks, bonding ensures that the fuel nozzle or the fill pipe is at
+the same potential as the receiving tank, so that a spark does
+not occur when the nozzle or fill pipe is inserted into the tank
+opening. For this reason, the bonding wire has to be con-
+nected before the tank is opened.
+Grounding during aircraft fueling or refueler loading is no
+longer required because of the following:
+(1) Grounding does not prevent sparking at the fuel surface
+(see NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity).
+(2) Grounding is not required by NFPA 77.
+(3) The static wire might not be able to conduct the current
+in the event of an electrical fault in the ground support
+equipment connected to the aircraft and could constitute
+an ignition source if the wire fuses. If ground support
+equipment is connected to the aircraft or if other opera-
+tions are being conducted that necessitate electrical
+earthing, then separate connections should be made for
+this purpose. Static electrical grounding points can have
+high resistance and, therefore, are unsuitable for ground-
+ing. For a more complete discussion of static electricity in
+fuels, see NFPA 77. [407: A.5.4]
+A.42.10.5.4.3 Ordinary plastic funnels or other nonconduct-
+ing materials can increase static generation. The use of cham-
+ois as a filter is extremely hazardous. [407: A.5.4.3]
+A.42.10.5.7 Electric hand lamps used in the immediate prox-
+imity of the fueling operation should be of the type approved
+for use in NFPA 70 Class I, Division 1, Group D hazardous
+locations. No supportable basis exists for requiring in the pe-
+troleum industry the use of approved, listed, or permitted two-
+or three-cell flashlights to avoid igniting Class I, Group D va-
+pors. [407: A.5.7]
+A.42.10.5.7.2 Aircraft ground-power generators should be lo-
+cated as far as practical from aircraft fueling points and tank
+vents to reduce the danger of igniting flammable vapors that
+could be discharged during fueling operations at sparking
+contacts or on hot surfaces of the generators. [407: A.5.7.2]
+A.42.10.5.7.6 For further information on intrinsically safe ap-
+paratus, see ANSI/UL 913, FM Class 3610, ANSI/ISA 12.02.01,
+or ANSI/UL 60079-11. [407: A.5.7.6]
+A.42.10.5.9 Establishing precise rules for fueling is impos-
+sible when the electrical storms are in the vicinity of the air-
+port. The distance of the storm from the airport, the direction
+in which it is traveling, and its intensity are all factors to be
+weighed in making the decision to suspend fueling operations
+temporarily. Experience and good judgment are the best
+guides. Sound travels approximately 1⁄5 mi/sec (322 m/sec).
+The approximate number of miles to the storm can be deter-
+mined by counting the seconds between a flash of lightning
+and the sound of thunder and dividing by 5. [407: A.5.9]
+A.42.10.5.10.2 The precautions in 42.10.5.10.2 are intended
+to minimize the danger of the ignition of any flammable va-
+pors discharged during fueling and of fuel spills by sources of
+ignition likely to be present in airport terminal buildings.
+[407: A.5.10.2]
+A.42.10.5.13 Portable fire extinguishers for ramps where fu-
+eling operations are conducted are intended to provide an
+immediate means of fire protection in an area likely to contain
+a high concentration of personnel and valuable equipment.
+The prominent and strategic positioning of portable fire ex-
+tinguishers is essential in order for them to be of a maximum
+value in the event of an emergency. Extinguishers should not
+be located in probable spill areas. For normal, single parking
+configurations, extinguishers specified for protection of fuel
+servicing operations should be located along the fence, at ter-
+minal building egress points, or at emergency remote control
+stations of airport fixed-fuel systems. To provide accessibility
+from adjoining gates, particularly where more than one unit is
+specified, extinguishers can be permitted to be located ap-
+proximately midway between gate positions. Where this is
+done, the maximum distance between extinguishers should
+not be over 300 ft (90 m). Where the specified extinguishers
+are not located along the fence but are brought into the ser-
+vicing area prior to the fueling operation, they should be lo-
+cated upwind not over 100 ft (30 m) from the aircraft being
+serviced. For protection of fuel servicing of aircraft that are
+double parked or triple parked, extinguishers should be lo-
+cated upwind not over 100 ft (30 m) from the aircraft being
+serviced. [407: A.5.13]
+A.42.10.5.13.5 During inclement weather, extinguishers not
+in enclosed compartments can be permitted to be protected
+by canvas or plastic covers. If icing occurs, the extinguisher
+should be sprayed with deicing fluid. [407: A.5.13.5]
+1–517ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.42.10.5.13.6 Fuel servicing personnel should be given ad-
+equate training with extinguishers so that such equipment is
+used effectively in an emergency. Such training should be
+given on fires of the type that could be encountered on the
+job. To ensure prompt action in the event of a spill or other
+hazardous condition developing during fueling operations,
+aircraft servicing personnel also should be trained in the op-
+eration of emergency fuel shutoff controls. Each new fuel ser-
+vicing employee should be given indoctrination training cov-
+ering these and similar safety essentials that are related to the
+job. Follow-up and advanced training should be given as soon
+as the employee is sufficiently acquainted with the work to
+benefit from such training. Supervisors should be given train-
+ing in the more technical aspects of fire safety so that they
+understand the reason for these and similar requirements and
+have an appreciation for the responsibility of a supervisor and
+the safety of an operation. [407: A.5.13.6]
+A.42.10.5.16 Failure of aircraft fueling hose in service is a
+potential source of fuel spillage and a potential fire hazard.
+The principal reasons for failure of aircraft fueling hose in-
+clude the following:
+(1) Using damaged hoses
+(2) Using aged hoses
+(3) Exceeding pressure limits
+(4) Improper installation [ 407: A.5.16]
+A.42.10.5.16.4 Splicing of a hose with couplings alters the
+design bend radius of the hose, creating two kinks when the
+hose is wound on a drum. [407: A.5.16.4]
+A.42.10.5.21.2(2) If passengers remain onboard an aircraft
+during fuel servicing, at least one person trained in emer-
+gency evacuation procedures is required to be aboard (see
+42.10.5.11.1). It is not intended that the pilot in command
+perform this function. [ 407: A.5.21.2(2)]
+A.42.11.1.1 Natural gas is a flammable gas. It is colorless, taste-
+less, and nontoxic. It is a light gas, weighing about two-thirds as
+much as air. As used in the systems covered by this standard, it
+tends to rise and diffuses rapidly in air when it escapes from the
+system.
+Natural gas burns in air with a luminous flame. At atmo-
+spheric pressure, the ignition temperature of natural gas–air
+mixtures has been reported to be as low as 900°F (482°C). The
+flammable limits of natural gas–air mixtures at atmospheric pres-
+sure are about 5 percent to 15 percent by volume natural gas.
+Natural gas is nontoxic but can cause anoxia (asphyxia-
+tion) when it displaces the normal 21 percent oxygen in air in
+a confined area without adequate ventilation.
+Hydrogen is a colorless gas with no odor. It is not toxic; the
+immediate health hazard is that it can cause thermal burns. It
+is flammable and can form mixtures with air that are flam-
+mable or explosive. Hydrogen can react violently if combined
+with oxidizers, such as air, oxygen, and halogens. Hydrogen is
+an asphyxiant and can displace oxygen in a workplace atmo-
+sphere. The concentrations at which flammable or explosive
+mixtures form are much lower than the concentration at
+which asphyxiation risk is significant.
+NFPA 704,Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards
+of Materials for Emergency Response, rating is as follows:
+(1) Health — 0
+(2) Flammability — 4
+(3) Reactivity — 0
+(4) Special — None
+Hydrogen is not toxic by any route. Asphyxia can result if
+the oxygen concentration is reduced to below 18 percent by
+displacement. None of the available data indicate toxicity for
+exposures of any duration. Asphyxiation is the primary health
+risk. No detrimental effects of skin contact or eye contact have
+been reported. Ingestion is not an observed route of exposure
+to gaseous hazardous materials.
+Hydrogen Data and Physical Properties.The following in-
+formation provides basic physical property data and regula-
+tory guidance:
+(1) Flash point: Not applicable (This material is a gas.)
+(2) Flammability limits in air: 4.0% to 75.0%
+(3) Autoignition temperature: 932°F (500°C)
+(4) Flammability classification (per 29 CFR 1910.1200): Flam-
+mable gas
+(5) Known or anticipated hazardous products of combustion:
+None
+Cryogenic fluids are gases that have been liquefied by hav-
+ing their temperature brought below –130°F (–90°C). They
+are typically stored at low pressures in vacuum jacketed con-
+tainers. Some of the potential hazards of cryogenic fluids are
+the following:
+(1) Extreme cold that freezes or damages human skin on con-
+tact and can embrittle metals
+(2) Extreme pressure resulting from rapid vaporization of the
+fluid during a leak or release of the cryogenic fluid
+(3) Asphyxiation resulting from a release of the cryogenic
+fluid that vaporizes and displaces air
+Personnel handling cryogenic fluids should use the protec-
+tive clothing proscribed on the material safety data sheet
+(MSDS). This clothing typically includes heavy leather gloves,
+aprons, and eye protection. [52: A.1.1]
+A.42.11.1.1.2 Current DOT and TC specifications, exemp-
+tions, and specific permits do not address the use of cylinders
+that are approved for the transportation of natural gas to be
+used in CNG service.
+The following Compressed Gas Association publications
+are four relevant cylinder inspection standards:
+(1) CGA C-6, Standards for Visual Inspection of Steel Compressed
+Gas Cylinders
+(2) CGA C-6.1, Standards for Visual Inspection of High Pressure
+Aluminum Compressed Gas Cylinders
+(3) CGA C-6.2, Guidelines for Visual Inspection and Requalifica-
+tion of Fiber Reinforced High Pressure Cylinders
+(4) CGA C-10, Recommended Procedures for Changes of Gas Service
+for Compressed Gas Cylinders [52: A.4.4.4]
+A.42.11.2.2.1 Chapter 11 of NFPA 58 covers engine fuel systems
+for engines installed on vehicles for any purpose, as well as fuel
+systems for stationary and portable engines. [58:A.11.1.1]
+A.42.11.2.2.2 Containers for engine fuel systems can be of
+the permanently installed or exchange type. [58: A.11.1.2]
+A.42.11.2.4.2.2 See Figure A.42.11.2.4.2.2. [58: A.11.11.2.2]
+A.42.11.3 For information on on-site storage of LNG in ASME
+tanks larger than 70,000 gal (265 m3) and in tanks built to API or
+other standards, see NFPA 59A,Standard for the Production, Storage,
+and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).
+Prior to the time NFPA 52 was developed, the use of LNG as
+an aviation fuel, fueling site liquefaction facilities, and the use
+of residential LNG fueling facilities were not being considered
+1–518 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+actively. The NFPA 52 committee intends to provide coverage
+for these applications at the appropriate time.
+A.43.1.1 The risk to life and property because of the fire and
+explosion hazards of spray application of flammable and com-
+bustible materials varies depending on the arrangement and
+operation of the particular process and on the nature of the
+material being sprayed. The principal hazards addressed in
+this Code are those of the materials being sprayed: flammable
+and combustible liquids and combustible powders, as well as
+their vapors, mists, and dusts, and the highly combustible de-
+posits and residues that result from their use. Properly de-
+signed, constructed, and ventilated spray areas are able to con-
+fine and control combustible residues, dusts, or deposits and
+to remove vapors and mists from the spray area and discharge
+them to a safe location, thus reducing the likelihood of fire or
+explosion. Likewise, accumulations of overspray residues,
+some of which are not only highly combustible but also subject
+to spontaneous ignition, can be controlled.
+The control of sources of ignition in spray areas and in
+areas where flammable and combustible liquids or powders
+are handled, together with constant supervision and mainte-
+nance, is essential to safe spray application operations. The
+human element requires careful consideration of the location
+of spray application operations and the installation of fire ex-
+tinguishing systems so that the potential for spread of fire to
+other property and damage to property by extinguishing
+agent discharge is reduced. [33: A.1.1]
+A.43.1.1.2(1) This Code does not cover spray application op-
+erations that are conducted outdoors on buildings, bridges,
+tanks, or similar structures. These situations occur only occa-
+sionally for any given structure and overspray deposits are not
+likely to present a hazardous condition. Also, the space where
+there might be an ignitible vapor–air or dust–air mixture is
+very limited due to atmospheric dilution. [33: A.1.1.4]
+A.43.1.1.2(2) The occasional use of small portable spray equip-
+ment or aerosol spray containers is not likely to result in hazard-
+ous accumulations of overspray. Therefore, such operations are
+not within the scope of thisCode. The following safeguards, how-
+ever, should be observed:
+(1) Adequate ventilation should be provided at all times, par-
+ticularly when spray application is conducted in relatively
+small rooms or enclosures.
+(2) Spray application should not be conducted in the vicinity of
+open flames or other sources of ignition. Either the spray
+operation should be relocated or the source of ignition
+should be removed or turned off.
+(3) Containers of coating materials, thinners, or other haz-
+ardous materials should be kept tightly closed when not
+actually being used.
+(4) Oily or coating-laden rags or waste should be disposed of
+promptly and in a safe manner at the end of each day’s
+operations, due to the potential for spontaneous ignition.
+(5) The same fundamental rules for area cleanliness and
+housekeeping that are required for industrial spray appli-
+cation operations should be observed. [33: A.1.1.5]
+A.43.1.2.1 Fires involving spray application operations and pro-
+cesses can be expected to develop rapidly and to generate copi-
+ous quantities of heat and smoke. In sprinklered buildings, such
+fires can also result in the operation of a greater-than-normal
+number of sprinklers. The following guidance is offered:
+(1) Operations and equipment should be arranged and located
+so that there is adequate egress for personnel and adequate
+access for fire-fighting operations. Where spray application
+operations are extensive, they should be located in a sepa-
+rate building or in an area that is separated by fire-rated
+construction from all other operations or storage.
+(2) Spray application operations that incorporate assembly lines
+or conveyor systems present special problems. If conveyor
+systems extend between separate buildings, a noncombus-
+tible or limited-combustible, sprinkler-protected enclosure
+or passageway might be of value. If conveyor systems pass
+through floors, the openings should be surrounded by deep
+[greater than 18 in. (460 mm)] draft curtains on the under-
+side of the floor deck and might even be provided with auto-
+matic high-velocity spray nozzles arranged to create a coun-
+terdraft. If conveyor systems pass through fire walls or fire
+partitions, it will be difficult to reliably protect the openings
+by means of automatic-closing fire doors. One option is to
+provide a noncombustible or limited-combustible, sprinkler-
+protected tunnel on both sides of the opening.
+(3) Rooms that house spray application operations should be
+separated from other occupancies or operations by con-
+struction that meets the requirements of 43.1.3.
+(4) In sprinklered buildings where spray application operations
+occupy one portion of an open area, the spray application
+operations should be surrounded by noncombustible or
+limited-combustible draft curtains extending downward at
+least 18 in. (460 mm) from the ceiling, but deeper if practi-
+cal. The draft curtains will aid in minimizing the number of
+sprinkler heads that open beyond the area of primary con-
+cern. Additional consideration might be given to the use of
+heat and smoke vents to aid in fire control.
+(5) Sprinkler discharge should be drained to the outside of the
+building, to an internal drain system, or to some other suit-
+able location. Properly designed and installed floor drains
+and scuppers of sufficient number and size to handle ex-
+pected sprinkler discharge should be provided. Where spray
+application operations are located on an upper floor, they
+should not be located directly above goods or equipment
+that are subject to water damage. In addition, the floor
+should be made watertight and means should be provided
+to drain sprinkler discharge directly from the area.
+(6) Finally, spray application operations should not be lo-
+cated in a basement area. [33: A.4.1]
+FIGURE A.42.11.2.4.2.2 Example of Vehicle Identification
+Marking. [58:Figure A.11.11.2.2]
+1–519ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.43.1.3.1 Spray booths can be of a wide variety of shapes and
+sizes to accommodate the various industrial applications of
+spray application. Without the use of a spray booth, the spray
+area, as defined in 3.3.13.12, can constitute a considerable
+area, with all the requirements for a spray area then becoming
+applicable. It is important that only equipment suitable for
+specific purposes be utilized in connection with the handling
+and application of flammable or combustible liquids or pow-
+ders. [33: A.5.1]
+A.43.1.3.3 The “other” operations referred to in 43.1.3.3 are
+those that do not involve spray application processes. [ 33:
+A.5.3]
+A.43.1.4.1 Because of the requirements for special safeguards,
+electrostatic apparatus, drying, curing, and fusing apparatus, and
+vehicle undercoating and body lining operations are covered in
+other chapters of NFPA 33. [33:A.6.2]
+A.43.1.4.1.2 In the Division system, areas are classified as ei-
+ther Division 1 or Division 2 depending on whether ignitible
+gases or vapors are always present or likely to be present (Divi-
+sion 1) or whether ignitible gases or vapors are not normally
+present (Division 2). The Zone system identifies hazardous
+locations as Zone 0, Zone 1, or Zone 2, depending on whether
+the ignitible atmosphere will always be present (Zone 0), is
+likely to be present (Zone 1), or is not normally present (Zone
+2). The Zone system is based on International Electrotechni-
+cal Commission (IEC) standards and was incorporated into
+NFPA 70 in 1996.
+Although there are requirements in international standards
+for Zone classification of dust locations, NFPA 70 permits only
+ignitible gas and vapor atmospheres to be classified using the
+Zone system. Therefore, powder coating applications are not
+permitted to be classified using the Zone system. [33:A.6.2.2]
+A.43.1.4.1.5 There should be no open flames, hot surfaces,
+or spark-producing equipment in the spray area or in any area
+where they might be exposed to combustible residues. Open
+flames or spark-producing equipment should not be located
+where they can be exposed to deposits of combustible resi-
+dues. Some residues can be ignited at low temperatures, such
+as those produced by steam pipes, incandescent light fixtures,
+and power tools. [33: A.6.2.5]
+A.43.1.4.1.6 Areas that are above or adjacent to spray areas
+and, where materials are located, stored, mixed, or processed
+should be ventilated. Equipment that is known to produce
+flame, sparks, or particles of hot metal, including light fix-
+tures, that are adjacent to areas that are safe under normal
+operating conditions but which can become dangerous due to
+accident or careless operation should not be installed in such
+areas unless the equipment is totally enclosed or is separated
+from the area by partitions that will prevent the sparks or par-
+ticles from entering the area. [33: A.6.2.6]
+A.43.1.4.2.1 See NFPA 70. [33: A.6.3.1]
+A.43.1.4.2.1.1 This classification usually includes the follow-
+ing locations:
+(1) Where volatile flammable liquids are transferred from
+one container to another
+(2) Interiors of spray booths and areas in the vicinity of spray-
+ing and painting operations where volatile flammable sol-
+vents are used
+(3) Locations containing open tanks or vats of volatile flam-
+mable liquids
+(4) Drying rooms or compartments for the evaporation of
+flammable solvents
+(5) All other locations where ignitible concentrations of flam-
+mable vapors or gases are likely to occur in the course of
+normal operations
+In some Division 1 locations, ignitible concentrations of
+flammable gases or vapors might be present continuously or
+for long periods of time. Examples include the following:
+(1) The inside of vented tanks containing volatile flammable
+liquids
+(2) Inadequately ventilated areas within spraying or coating
+operations using volatile flammable fluids
+(3) The interior of an exhaust duct that is used to vent ig-
+nitible concentrations of vapors [33: A.6.3.1.1]
+A.43.1.4.2.1.2 This classification usually includes locations
+where volatile flammable liquids or ignitible vapors are used
+but that, in the judgment of the AHJ, would become hazard-
+ous only in case of an accident or of some unusual operating
+condition. The quantity of flammable material that might es-
+cape in case of accident, the adequacy of ventilating equip-
+ment, the total area involved, and the record of the industry or
+business with respect to explosions or fires are all factors that
+merit consideration in determining the classification and ex-
+tent of each location.
+Piping without valves, checks, meters, and similar devices
+would not ordinarily introduce a hazardous condition even
+though used for flammable liquids. Depending on factors
+such as the quantity and size of the containers and ventilation,
+locations used for the storage of flammable liquids in sealed
+containers might be considered either hazardous (classified)
+or unclassified locations. See NFPA 30. [33: A.6.3.1.2]
+A.43.1.4.2.1.3 This classification includes locations inside
+vented tanks or vessels that contain volatile flammable liq-
+uids; inside inadequately vented spraying or coating enclo-
+sures, where volatile flammable solvents are used; inside
+open vessels, tanks and pits containing volatile flammable
+liquids; and the interior of an exhaust duct that is used to
+vent ignitible concentrations of vapors.
+It is not good practice to install electrical equipment in
+Zone 0 locations except when the equipment is essential to the
+process or when other locations are not feasible. [See NFPA 70,
+505.5(A) FPN No. 2.] If it is necessary to install electrical systems in a
+Zone 0 location, it is good practice to install intrinsically safe systems
+as described by NFPA 70, Article 504. [33: A.6.3.1.3]
+A.43.1.4.2.1.4 Normal operation is considered the situation
+when plant equipment is operating within its design param-
+eters. Minor releases of flammable material might be part of
+normal operations. Minor releases include the releases from
+mechanical packings on pumps. Failures that involve repair or
+shutdown (such as the breakdown of pump seals and flange
+gaskets, and spillage caused by accidents) are not considered
+normal operation.
+This classification usually includes locations where volatile
+flammable liquids are transferred from one container to an-
+other; areas in the vicinity of spraying and painting operations
+where flammable solvents are used; adequately ventilated dry-
+ing rooms or compartments for evaporation of flammable sol-
+vents; inadequately ventilated pump rooms for volatile flam-
+mable liquids; … and other locations where ignitible
+concentrations of flammable vapors or gases are likely to oc-
+cur in the course of normal operation but not classified Zone
+0. [33: A.6.3.1.4]
+1–520 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.43.1.4.2.2.1 Dusts containing magnesium or aluminum are
+particularly hazardous, and the use of extreme precaution is
+necessary to avoid ignition and explosion. [33: A.6.3.2.1]
+A.43.1.4.2.2.2 The quantity of combustible dust that might
+be present and the adequacy of dust removal systems are fac-
+tors that merit consideration in determining the classification
+and might result in an unclassified area.
+Where products are handled in a manner that produces
+low quantities of dust, the amount of dust deposited might not
+warrant classification. [33: A.6.3.2.2]
+A.43.1.4.2.2.3 As a guide to classification of Zone 20, 21, and
+22 locations, refer to ANSI/ISA-61241 (12.10.05),Electrical Ap-
+paratus for Use in Zone 20, Zone 21 and Zone 22 Hazardous (Clas-
+sified) Locations — Classification of Zone 20, Zone 21, and Zone 22
+Hazardous (Classified) Locations.
+Zone 20 classification includes locations inside dust con-
+tainment systems; inside hoppers, silos, cyclones and filter
+houses, dust transport systems, except some parts of belt and
+chain conveyors, etc.; inside blenders, mills, dryers, bagging
+equipment, etc. [33: A.6.3.2.3]
+A.43.1.4.2.2.4 This classification usually includes locations out-
+side dust containment and in the immediate vicinity of access
+doors subject to frequent removal or opening for operation pur-
+poses when internal combustible mixtures are present; locations
+outside dust containment in the proximity of filling and empty-
+ing points, feed belts, sampling points, truck dump stations, belt
+dump over points, etc. where no measures are employed to pre-
+vent the formation of combustible mixtures; locations outside
+dust containment where dust accumulates and where due to pro-
+cess operations the dust layer is likely to be disturbed and form
+combustible mixtures; locations inside dust containment where
+explosive dust clouds are likely to occur (but neither continu-
+ously, nor for long periods, nor frequently) as, for example, silos
+(if filled and/or emptied only occasionally) and the dirty side of
+filters if large self-cleaning intervals are occurring. (See also
+A.43.1.4.2.2.3.)[33:A.6.3.2.4]
+A.43.1.4.2.2.5 Zone 22 locations usually include outlets from
+bag filter vents, because in the event of a malfunction there
+can be emission of combustible mixtures; locations near
+equipment that has to be opened at infrequent intervals or
+equipment that from experience can easily form leaks where,
+due to pressure above atmospheric, dust will blow out; pneu-
+matic equipment, flexible connections that can become dam-
+aged, etc.; storage locations for bags containing dusty product,
+since failure of bags can occur during handling, causing dust
+leakage; and locations where controllable dust layers are
+formed that are likely to be raised into explosive dust/air mix-
+tures. Only if the layer is removed by cleaning before hazard-
+ous dust–air mixtures can be formed is the area designated
+non-hazardous.
+Locations that normally are classified as Zone 21 can fall
+into Zone 22 when measures are employed to prevent the for-
+mation of explosive dust–air mixtures. Such measures include
+exhaust ventilation. The measures should be used in the vicin-
+ity of (bag) filling and emptying points, feed belts, sampling
+points, truck dump stations, belt dump over points, etc. (See
+also A.43.1.4.2.2.3.) [33: A.6.3.2.5]
+A.43.1.4.3.2 Equipment that is listed for both Class I, Division
+1; Class I, Zone 1; and Class II, Division 1 locations and is also
+listed for accumulation of deposits of combustible residues
+can be installed in the spray area. (See NFPA 70.) [33: A.6.4.2]
+A.43.1.4.6 During operation of any electrostatic equipment,
+electrically conductive isolated objects within the process area
+are influenced by the process and can become charged to volt-
+ages that result in spark discharges capable of igniting flam-
+mable or combustible substances. Objects commonly involved
+in such incidents include workpieces on conveyor racks that
+have fouled contact points; solvent containers or tools placed
+on nonconducting paint residues, cardboard, or wooden
+rests; spray booth components such as loose floor grates; and
+human beings insulated from ground by rubber footwear,
+paint residue accumulations on floors, and gloves.
+Even in spray painting environments where there is no
+electrostatic equipment in operation, but where sticky, electri-
+cally nonconductive paint residues have accumulated on the
+floor, a significant hazard is associated with static electrifica-
+tion of human bodies that results from walking across such a
+floor. As few as two or three steps can produce sufficient volt-
+age on the body of a worker to create an incendive spark when
+he or she approaches a grounded object. If this spark occurs in
+a flammable vapor such as is found surrounding a solvent con-
+tainer or a freshly painted object, a fire results. See NFPA 77
+for additional information. [33: A.6.7]
+A.43.1.5.3 All spray areas require make-up air, and since the
+air exhausted from spray application operations is normally
+contaminated and can be recirculated only under rigidly con-
+trolled conditions, the source of the make-up air should be
+given careful consideration. When the capacity of the ventilat-
+ing fan is low and the area where the exhaust system is located
+is large, sufficient make-up air often can be provided by natu-
+ral infiltration of air through building walls, windows, doors,
+and so forth. In general, if the volume of the room or building
+where the exhaust system is located is not equal to at least
+20 times the volumetric capacity of the fans (three air changes
+per hour), then additional make-up air should be provided.
+Outside air should be tempered and might have to be dehu-
+midified or chilled for proper operation of the spray applica-
+tion apparatus. Automatic controls, including a high tempera-
+ture limit switch, fan interlocks, and safety shutoff valves,
+should be provided for safe operation.
+The method of distributing the make-up air requires careful
+consideration. If the velocities and distribution of air through
+baffles, filters, and registers have not been carefully designed, the
+spray application operation can be inefficient. The velocity of the
+air through filters, and so forth, should not exceed 200 ft/min
+(60 m/min). Higher velocities can disrupt spray application op-
+erations due to turbulent airflow in the vicinity of the spray appa-
+ratus. This turbulence can also cause a properly designed ex-
+haust system to fail to confine and remove vapors or to fail to
+confine and control residues, dusts, and deposits.
+In some heating arrangements, forced make-up or replace-
+ment air directly compensating for the contaminated air ex-
+hausted from spray application operations is used in place of
+or to augment general area heating and ventilation.
+With the many variables that can be encountered in heat-
+ing and ventilating systems, it generally is advisable to engage
+the services of a qualified ventilating engineer to obtain a safe
+and efficient installation.
+The features that should be considered include the following:
+(1) Location of sources of heat to comply with 43.1.4
+(2) Locating air intakes to prevent recalculation of contami-
+nated air, and equipping air intakes with appropriate
+screens or filters
+1–521ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(3) Automatic temperature and proportioning controls, in-
+cluding an independent excess temperature limit control
+(4) A safety system interlocked with the heater to automati-
+cally provide for its safe ignition and to minimize the haz-
+ards that might result from failure of its proper operating
+cycle, proper pressure of fuel supply, ventilation, and elec-
+trical power
+(5) An interlock between the spray booth exhaust system and
+the make-up air system to ensure that both systems are
+operable and provide a proper balance of supply and re-
+placement air
+(6) In the case of direct-fired units, operating controls that
+ensure that concentrations of unburned fuel or products
+of combustion are kept to levels that are safe for operating
+personnel if inhaled [33: A.7.3]
+A.43.1.5.5.1 If air exhausted from the spray area is permitted
+to be recirculated, as provided for in 43.1.5.5.1, it is critical for
+effective monitoring that sensors be protected from obstruc-
+tion and contamination. SeeNFPA 72for recommended main-
+tenance and calibration procedures. [33: A.7.5.1]
+A.43.1.5.5.2 If recirculated air is used for make-up air for occu-
+pied spaces, including spray areas, spray booths, spray rooms,
+and other process areas, the requirements for decontamination
+and maximum allowable concentrations of solvents are far more
+stringent than those required by thisCode for fire and explosion
+prevention. Refer to appropriate occupational safety and health
+and industrial hygiene standards for permissible exposure limits.
+One such standard is ANSI Z9.7,Recirculation of Air from Industrial
+Process Exhaust Systems.[ 33:A.7.5.2]
+A.43.1.5.6 Exhaust systems should be individually ducted to
+the outside of the building. Where treatment of the exhaust
+airstream is necessary to satisfy environmental regulations or
+where energy conservation measures are used, this might not
+be practical, and manifolding of the exhaust ducts might be
+necessary. It should be understood that manifolding of ex-
+haust ducts increases the fire hazard. A fire starting in one
+booth can spread through the exhaust system and involve
+other spray areas. Heat exchangers, which are sometimes used
+to preheat exhaust air before it enters an incinerator, are sub-
+ject to fires from the spontaneous ignition of residue that col-
+lects on heat exchanger surfaces. [33: A.7.6]
+A.43.1.5.7 For ducts for powder coating systems, the strength
+of the materials of construction should be considered, since
+the duct might have to contain the pressure of a deflagration.
+(See NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Vent-
+ing.) [33: A.7.7]
+A.43.1.5.8 The designer of the exhaust ducts and fasteners
+should refer to appropriate design guides, such as the SMACNA
+Round Industrial Duct Construction Standards and the SMACNA
+Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards, published by the
+Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Associa-
+tion, Inc. [33:A.7.8]
+A.43.1.5.11 If there are other operations that give off ignitible
+vapors in the vicinity of a spray application operation, these
+should be provided with independent mechanical ventilation.
+[33:A.7.11]
+A.43.1.6.1 For large spray operations, coatings, thinners, and
+solvents can be stored in one of the following locations:
+(1) Underground storage tanks
+(2) Aboveground storage tanks
+(3) Separate buildings
+(4) Separate dedicated rooms within the facility
+In some cases, liquids are pumped to a mixing room or
+paint kitchen, where they are mixed and then pumped to the
+spray area. For smaller operations, separate storage and mix-
+ing areas might not be justified. However, it is desirable to
+minimize the fire loading in or near the spray area by one or a
+combination of the following methods:
+(1) Flammable liquid storage cabinets
+(2) A protected enclosed metal structure
+(3) Use of metal containers with limitations on the quantity of
+liquid located near the spray area [33: A.8.1]
+A.43.1.6.4.1 NFPA 77 provides information on bonding and
+grounding. [33: A.8.4.1]
+A.43.1.6.4.2 Valves should be kept shut when spray applica-
+tion operations are not being conducted, to minimize the re-
+lease of coating material in the event of fire. [33: A.8.4.2]
+A.43.1.6.4.3 If plastic tubing leaks within shielded areas, such as
+within color changers, the resulting spray fire will destroy all tub-
+ing, releasing large quantities of coating material in an area that
+cannot be reached by the booth protection system. Automatic
+protection systems should be provided for these areas.
+A major cause of fire in automatic electrostatic spray booths
+has been the replacement of original equipment plastic tub-
+ing with other types of tubing. Such replacement tubing, par-
+ticularly if conductive coatings are used, is susceptible to the
+development of pinhole leaks. [33: A.8.4.3]
+A.43.1.6.4.5 The severity and extent of the many fires in spray
+application operations has been substantially increased when
+rubber or plastic supply hose were burned off, resulting in the
+entire contents of the supply system being added to the fire.
+By limiting the amount of fuel available, the magnitude of the
+fire can be held to more manageable limits. The shutoff
+should be accomplished by means of an interlock with a fire
+detection system or the automatic fire extinguishing system
+for the spray area. This shutoff is normally accomplished by
+shutting the distribution pumps. In some cases, it is also advis-
+able to limit the flow from the solvent piping system. This can
+be accomplished with properly specified check valves in the
+pipe “drops.” [33: A.8.4.5]
+A.43.1.6.5.2 NFPA 77 provides information on static protec-
+tion. [33: A.8.5.2]
+A.43.1.7.1 As indicated in 43.1.6, it is not advisable to keep large
+quantities of flammable or combustible liquids in areas that ex-
+pose personnel or important property to injury or loss. The pri-
+mary reason is that fires in flammable liquids are difficult to ex-
+tinguish by the usual methods, and if large quantities are
+involved, they can spread the fire by flowing over large areas. For
+fires in small amounts of flammable or combustible liquids, hand
+extinguishers or large extinguishers on wheels especially de-
+signed for such fires are effective. If large quantities of liquids are
+to be protected, suitable automatic equipment should be pro-
+vided and special attention should be given to proper dikes,
+curbs, and drains to prevent the flow to other property.
+For the extinguishment of fire in spray residues, handheld
+fire extinguishers suitable for fire in ordinary combustibles or
+hose streams are effective.
+Regardless of the level of filtration, residues will accumu-
+late in the exhaust ductwork. Because the ductwork is part of
+the spray area, it must be protected in accordance with 43.1.5.
+This includes the ductwork from a water-wash booth.
+1–522 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Because the particulate filters will accumulate paint residue,
+they must be protected. The solvent concentrator units, by their
+design, contain high concentrations of solvent, so they also must
+be protected. Also, the most commonly used solvent concentra-
+tors use activated carbon as the adsorption media. This media is
+highly combustible, especially with high levels of solvents ab-
+sorbed. Ketone solvents pose an even greater risk.
+Because suppression media other than water might dam-
+age the carbon bed, water-based suppression systems (wet pipe
+sprinklers, preaction sprinklers, dry pipe sprinklers, and open-
+head deluge systems) are recommended for this application.
+The recirculated air supply unit must be protected because
+of the filter media it contains. Also, many large air supply units
+have gas-fired heaters to heat outside make-up air.
+Air supply ducts from the particulate filter to the air supply
+unit and from the air supply unit to the spray booth are not
+normally protected, since all particulates have been filtered.
+The choice of the automatic fire protection system should
+always be based on good engineering practice. Generally, for
+most spray areas, automatic sprinklers are considered most
+appropriate (see A.43.1.7.4). However, consideration must be
+given to how much water is likely to flow and to how much
+water is to be contained.
+Dry chemical extinguishing systems are most appropriate
+for small spray application operations (e.g., automotive refin-
+ishing, furniture refinishing, and similar processes) that uti-
+lize dry filters to capture overspray. These systems provide eco-
+nomical adequate protection. They are a viable alternative for
+any facility without sufficient water supply to support an auto-
+matic sprinkler system.
+Carbon dioxide or clean agent extinguishing systems should
+be used for open area protection only after careful consider-
+ation. Holding the required concentration of agent for the pe-
+riod of time needed for extinguishment in a spray booth environ-
+ment can be difficult. In addition, total flooding with carbon
+dioxide in normally or potentially occupied areas presents seri-
+ous health concerns. The time delay required prior to discharge
+can allow a fire time to grow and spread. Carbon dioxide and
+clean agent systems, however, are an appropriate choice for pro-
+tecting electrostatic equipment enclosures inside or immediately
+outside the spray area. [33:A.9.1]
+A.43.1.7.4 Spray application operations should be located only
+in buildings that are completely protected by an approved system
+of automatic sprinklers. If the operations are located in unsprin-
+klered buildings, sprinklers should be installed to protect spray
+application processes where practical. Because of the rapidity
+and intensity of fires that involve spray operations, the available
+water should be ample to simultaneously supply all sprinkler
+heads likely to open in one fire without depleting the available
+water for use by hose streams. Noncombustible draft curtains can
+be used to limit the number of sprinklers that will open.
+Even when areas adjacent to coating operations are consid-
+ered under reasonably positive fire control by adequate auto-
+matic sprinkler protection, damage is possible if operations are
+conducted on floors above those containing contents that are
+highly susceptible to water damage. Waterproofing and drainage
+of spray room floors can assist in reducing water damage on
+floors below. Proper drainage of the large volume of water fre-
+quently necessary to extinguish spray finishing room fires often
+presents considerable difficulty.
+Automatic sprinklers in spray areas, including the interior
+of spray booths and exhaust ducts, should be wet pipe, preac-
+tion, or deluge system so that water can be placed on the fire
+in the shortest possible time. Automatic sprinklers in spray
+booths and exhaust ducts should be of the lowest practical
+temperature rating. The delay in application of water with or-
+dinary dry pipe sprinklers can permit a fire to spread so rap-
+idly that final extinguishment is difficult without extensive re-
+sulting damage.
+The location of the sprinkler heads inside spray booths
+should be selected with care in order to avoid heads being placed
+in the direct path of spray and yet afford protection for the entire
+booth interior. When sprinkler heads are in the direct path of
+spray, even one day’s operation can result in deposits on the
+sprinkler heads that insulate the fusible link or choke open head
+orifices to the extent that sprinklers cannot operate efficiently.
+Automatic sprinklers should also be located so that areas
+subject to substantial accumulations of overspray residue are
+protected. Generally, sprinklers are located no more than 4 ft
+(1220 mm) from side walls of booths and rooms and from dry
+overspray collectors (where applicable). Sprinklers in booths
+or rooms should be on Extra Hazard occupancy spacing of
+90 ft2 (8.4 m2).
+All sprinkler systems in spray areas should be controlled by
+an accessible control valve, preferably an OS&Y valve.
+Use of water as the extinguishing agent for solvent and coat-
+ing material fires might, in some cases, cause problems with
+splashing and “floating” of flaming liquids and residues. This pos-
+sibility should be included with the other factors that are nor-
+mally considered in the selection of an extinguishing agent. In
+addition, water from sprinkler or deluge systems, after coming
+into contact with coating materials, residues, or solvents, might
+have to be collected and treated as hazardous waste. [33:A.9.4]
+A.43.1.7.4.1 Subsection 43.1.7.4.1 lists four types of automatic
+sprinkler systems and requires that the one “most appropriate for
+the portion of the spray area being protected” be used. Generally,
+an open-head deluge system provides the highest level of protec-
+tion, given that all sprinklers in the protected area flow simulta-
+neously. This type of system is most appropriate for large, down-
+draft, water-wash spray booths when protecting automatic
+electrostatic spray application zones.
+Wet pipe automatic sprinkler systems are appropriate for
+protecting spray booths that utilize nonelectrostatic applica-
+tion processes or operations using listed electrostatic applica-
+tion processes. Wet pipe systems are also generally used to
+protect exhaust plenums (eliminator or scrubber sections),
+exhaust ducts, and air recirculation filter houses.
+Dry pipe systems have been included because some exhaust
+duct designs include sections that are subject to freezing.
+Preaction systems have been included because some spray
+application processes and equipment can be damaged by un-
+wanted water discharge. This damage can be disruptive and
+costly. Powder spray booths and solvent concentrator (air pol-
+lution abatement) systems are examples of systems where it is
+appropriate to use a preaction system. [33: A.9.4.1]
+A.43.1.7.4.6 Water supply requirements for most industrial
+paint spray operations should be adequate to supply all auto-
+matic sprinklers in the spray area. Loss experience has shown
+that fires starting in the exhaust duct have spread to the spray
+booth and that fires starting in the booth have spread to the
+exhaust duct.
+Sprinklers or sprinkler systems protecting stacks or ducts
+should be of a type not subject to freezing. Automatic sys-
+tems are preferred, but manual systems are also acceptable.
+Dry pendent sprinklers are often used inside buildings near
+exhaust duct penetrations to the outside. Nonfreeze or dry-
+1–523ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+type sprinkler systems are often used in ducts outside build-
+ings. For some industries, such as the automotive industry,
+manually operated open-head systems have proven effective
+protection for ducts and stacks. [ 33: A.9.4.6]
+A.43.1.7.5 This discharge is typically accomplished by means
+of a piping network from the fire protection system into all
+parts of the spray area. To avoid potential flashback of an un-
+extinguished fire, modular fire protection units should not be
+used to protect areas with ducts, plenums, or areas that exceed
+the listing of the system. They might, however, be suited for
+smaller open spray areas that fall within the limits of the list-
+ing. [33: A.9.5]
+A.43.1.7.7 During the first few seconds in the development of
+a fire in a dry powder spray booth, the following observations
+can be made:
+(1) Conventional structure equipment (spray booth connected to en-
+closed collector by ductwork)
+(a) Airborne powder in the spray plumes of the gun(s)
+burns vigorously as long as the gun feeder(s) contin-
+ues to supply powder. Flames from about 2 ft to 6 ft
+(600 mm to 1800 mm) in length might extend from
+the guns but do not intrude into the interior of the
+guns. These flames do not extend into the exhaust
+ductwork if adequate airflow has been provided to
+maintain maximum powder concentration in the ex-
+haust stream below the minimum explosive concen-
+tration (MEC). The flames are extinguished almost
+instantly if their supply of airborne fuel is interrupted
+by shutting down the gun feeders.
+(b) Deposits of powder that have accumulated on the in-
+terior surfaces of the spray enclosure are not readily
+ignited, even by direct exposure to flames for a few
+seconds.
+(c) If a fire in a powder spray booth has been sustained
+for an appreciable period of time (10- to 60-second
+delays have been observed), propagation proceeds as
+follows:
+i. Heat exposure effects of the fire, acting on the
+deposits of overspray powder that have accumu-
+lated on the interior surfaces of the spray enclo-
+sure, will modify a layer on the surface of the
+deposits to form an extremely fragile, tissue-thin
+structure of powder grains that have been soft-
+ened only enough to adhere to adjacent grains
+but not enough to flow together and form a film.
+This is called a sintered structure. In response to
+the effects of vibration and rapidly fluctuating
+temperature (flickering of flames, etc.), this
+structure will break into a “mud-cracked” pat-
+tern, and individual platelets in some regions
+will curl up, presenting their edges to the fire-
+involved atmosphere. Exposure to this environ-
+ment’s heat and turbulence will char and dis-
+lodge platelets to form airborne glowing embers
+comparable to those formed by burning piles of
+autumn leaves. These embers, if drawn through
+exhaust ductwork to the powder collector, could
+ignite the collector, resulting in an explosion.
+ii. If this sequence is interrupted within the first
+few seconds of a fire’s history, then ember for-
+mation and propagation by this mechanism
+can be stopped. The requirements of 43.1.7.7
+are directed toward this result.
+(2) Integrated spray booth/“open” collector
+(a) Fire in the spray plumes of the guns is identical to
+that found in A.43.1.7.7(1). Because there is no ex-
+haust ductwork and no enclosed collector, however,
+the conditions necessary for generation of an explo-
+sion do not exist and the risk is confined only to con-
+ventional fire considerations. If powder feed to the
+spray guns is sustained after ignition and if the ex-
+haust fan is kept in operation, enough heat can be
+delivered to the region of the cartridge filters to re-
+sult in ignition of the filters and collected residues,
+which will then be sustained as a “deep-seated” fire
+producing large quantities of smoke but limited heat.
+(b) Attempts to extinguish “deep-seated” fires with car-
+bon dioxide and dry chemical extinguishers have
+yielded disappointing results. Although flame is
+promptly knocked down, continued production of
+smoke and ultimate reflash should be expected. The
+most satisfactory results have been yielded by thor-
+oughly soaking the filter cartridges and residues with
+water. [33: A.9.7]
+A.43.1.7.8 Unlike powder application systems, the make-up
+air and exhaust systems for a liquid application system have to
+continue to function, unless there is a compelling reason to
+shut them down. [33: A.9.8]
+A.43.1.8.1 The materials used in spray application processes
+can create serious fire hazards. For example, the vapors and
+mists created by the atomization of flammable and combus-
+tible liquids can form explosive mixtures in air. In addition,
+deposits of residues can ignite spontaneously or be easily ig-
+nited. Finally, fires involving flammable and combustible liq-
+uids or combustible residues can spread rapidly and can pro-
+duce intense heat and smoke. Properly designed equipment
+can do much to lessen these hazards but cannot eliminate
+them. These inherent characteristics should make it obvious
+that supervision of operations, maintenance of equipment,
+and daily cleaning are essential to a safe operation.
+It is important that some type of periodic inspection be
+conducted and recorded as part of the maintenance proce-
+dures. It is also important that any inspections of spray appli-
+cation equipment be conducted by competent and reliable
+personnel who have knowledge of the equipment and the in-
+herent characteristics of the materials used.
+The frequency of the inspections depends on the indi-
+vidual components of the spray application process. For ex-
+ample, it might be acceptable to check sprinkler control valves
+or other control mechanisms for approved fire protection sys-
+tems on a weekly or even monthly basis. However, this fre-
+quency would not be acceptable for ensuring adequate airflow
+through collector filters of a spray booth. At a minimum, that
+should be done at the beginning of each operating shift. Simi-
+larly, the build-up of residues would also need to be checked
+on a per-shift basis. Individual plant operations might dictate
+that either of these items (airflow and residue build-up) be
+checked every few hours. [33: A.10.1]
+A.43.1.8.1.1 The use of the term predetermined is intended to
+convey the idea that one cannot arbitrarily locate or conduct
+spray application operations without thought to the hazards
+and special requirements that such operations demand. Re-
+quirements regarding electrical equipment and ventilation
+are of primary concern. This Code also specifies requirements
+that can vary based on the type of equipment used, the type of
+material being spray applied, and even the type of operation.
+1–524 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Any spray application operation should also consider the stor-
+age, handling, and distribution of the coating materials used
+in the process. Certainly there are other factors, but these ex-
+amples should adequately explain the need for predetermin-
+ing the spray area and why operations should be confined to
+those areas. [33: A.10.1.1]
+A.43.1.8.2 In the spray finishing of any workpiece, there is fre-
+quently a portion of the spray that does not deposit directly on
+the object or material being coated but does deposit on adjacent
+surfaces as residue material. This is referred to asoverspray. Many
+of these residues are highly combustible, igniting at very low tem-
+peratures or spontaneously, resulting in fast-spreading fires. To
+limit the duration and intensity of fires, the accumulation of de-
+posits has to be minimized and controlled as much as practical.
+The accumulation of residues represents one of the most signifi-
+cant challenges to fire control.
+Cleaning. The interior of spray booths, exhaust fan blades,
+and exhaust ducts should be cleaned regularly to avoid the
+accumulation of residues. Either spray operators should be
+allowed ample time for this cleaning, or a special maintenance
+crew should be provided for cleaning at the close of each day’s
+operation. If equipment is so designed that during cleanup
+hose streams or fixed water nozzles can be used in ducts and
+spray booths without water damage to building and contents,
+cleaning operations are greatly facilitated. Many plants have
+found that by coating the interior of spray booths with a suit-
+able soap-like or water-soluble material immediately after
+cleaning, adhesive spray deposits can be removed on the fol-
+lowing day with the use of water streams. Other materials, such
+as plastics that can be readily peeled off the interior of the
+spray booth, can also be used to facilitate cleaning of the over-
+spray residue.
+Properly maintained water-wash booths offer lower fire load-
+ing than dry booths. In order to maintain this advantage, it is
+necessary to perform regular and scheduled maintenance. This
+maintenance schedule should be recorded and the records filed.
+When the nozzles, jets or orifices, eliminator packs, and strainer
+screens become fouled with accumulated sludge or overspray,
+combustible residues will be deposited on the interior of the ex-
+haust duct and fan blades. The nozzles, jets, orifices, and elimina-
+tor packs should be inspected each work shift. Strainer screens
+should be removed and cleaned each work shift.
+The booth interior, exhaust stack, and fan blades should be
+checked periodically, and accumulations of overspray and dirt
+should be removed as required. Exhaust ducts or stacks
+should not be entered for cleaning or repairs unless they are
+free from flammable vapors and have been thoroughly wet
+down. [33: A.10.2]
+A.43.1.8.5 Many fires have originated from the spontaneous
+ignition of fabric and waste impregnated with coating materials.
+When sprayed articles are rubbed with rags or waste, all unclean
+rags and waste should be immediately placed in approved waste
+cans and removed from the premises at least daily at the close of
+each shift. When employees change clothes on plant premises,
+soiled clothing should be kept in metal lockers provided in a
+segregated dressing room. [33:A.10.5]
+A.43.1.8.5.3 See NFPA 77 for information on bonding and
+grounding. [33: A.10.5.3]
+A.43.1.8.7.4 See NFPA 77 for information on bonding and
+grounding. [33: A.10.7.4]
+A.43.1.8.9 Bleaching compounds, such as hydrogen peroxide,
+hypochlorites, perchlorates, or other oxidizing compounds, can
+cause fires when in contact with organic finishing materials.
+Hence, if bleaching compounds are to be used in spray booths,
+the booths should be thoroughly cleaned and used only for that
+purpose. The alternate use of spray booths for bleaching com-
+pounds and other finishing materials or the alternate use of lac-
+quers containing nitrocellulose and other types of finishing ma-
+terials containing drying oils, such as varnishes, oil-based stains,
+air-drying enamels, primers, and so forth, without first thor-
+oughly removing all traces of deposits can result in a spontaneous
+ignition fire. [33:A.10.9]
+A.43.1.8.10 Stricter environmental regulation has given rise
+to the increased use of chlorinated solvents, such as 1,1,1-
+trichloroethane and methylene chloride. These solvents are
+not photochemically reactive and, therefore, can be useful in
+helping to meet standards regarding volatile organic compound
+emissions. However, these solvents have a well-documented char-
+acteristic of being chemically reactive with aluminum. The reac-
+tion that occurs is unpredictable both in terms of when it will
+occur and to what degree it will proceed. In most situations there
+is no apparent reaction. Other situations have noted effects rang-
+ing from simple corrosion to catastrophic explosion-like failure
+accompanied by considerable shrapnel and a fireball. Under-
+standing and controlling the subsequent hazard is hindered by
+this unpredictability. Although there is some understanding of
+the actual reaction, the following factors acting as independent
+variables have been found to have an effect on the initiation and
+rate of reaction:
+(1) Heat
+(2) Pressure
+(3) Ratio of aluminum surface area to volume of solvent, pres-
+ence of moisture (condensation), aluminum alloy con-
+tent, metal content of the coating, and the introduction
+of other solvents or materials
+Therefore, the only assuredly safe condition is to keep
+these materials separate.
+It is important to realize that aluminum has been used as a
+primary material for spray equipment construction over many
+years. Incorporating these solvents into existing spray systems
+cannot be done safely without first determining the construction
+material of the equipment and then replacing those components
+where contact with aluminum and chlorinated solvent will occur
+within a pressurizable device (e.g., pumps, heaters, piping, fluid
+valves, and spray gun cups). [33:A.10.10]
+A.43.1.8.12 If repairs or changes are to be made to equipment,
+care should be taken to see that all residue deposits are removed
+and the area wet down with water beforehand in order to avoid a
+fire. During such repairs, no spraying should be conducted, all
+flammable and combustible liquids and portable combustible
+material should be removed from the vicinity, and suitable fire
+extinguishers should be kept readily available.
+The use of welding or cutting torches should be prohibited
+except under the supervision of a competent person familiar
+with the fire hazards involved. (See NFPA 51B.) [33: A.10.12]
+A.43.5.3.1(4) For dry chemical fire protection systems, it might
+be prudent to double the quantity of agent and its flowrate, com-
+pared to a similar size fully enclosed spray booth to achieve the
+desired degree of protection. This is due to the relatively unen-
+closed nature of a limited finishing workstation compared to a
+traditional spray booth.
+1–525ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+This recommendation is based on a white paper provided
+by the Fire Equipment Manufacturers’Association titled “Rec-
+ommendations for Protection of Curtained Limited Finishing
+Workstations.” [33: A.14.3.1(4)]
+A.43.5.3.7.2 A means of showing that the limited finishing
+workstation is in the drying or curing mode of operation can
+be, but is not limited to, having the lighting of the workstation
+go out, use of a flashing light or strobe, or an audible device.
+[33: A.14.3.7.2]
+A.43.7.1 Organic peroxides are a group of chemicals that are
+used as catalysts (chain reaction initiators) in the polymeriza-
+tion of plastics monomers and resins. Commercially, they are
+available as numerous formulations that differ not only in
+chemical species but also in concentration, type, and amount
+of diluent.
+The rapidly expanding reinforced styrene–polyester com-
+posites industry is one of the larger users of organic peroxide
+formulations. The formulations are used to catalyze (harden)
+the styrene–polyester resin. Frequently, the resin mixture and
+the catalyst are spray-applied to the reinforcing matrix using
+an automatic proportioning spray applicator. The most widely
+used catalyst systems are formulations of methyl ethyl ketone
+peroxide (MEKP), in varying concentration with different di-
+luents, usually dibutyl phthalate. For transportation purposes,
+the U.S. Department of Transportation classifies these formu-
+lations as “organic peroxides” or “flammable liquids.”
+For purposes of storage and warehousing, NFPA 432 classifies
+these materials using a five-tiered system, depending on their
+relative hazard as packaged for shipment. Thus, NFPA 432 recog-
+nizes that the different formulations available differ widely in fire
+hazard. In many cases, the “active oxygen,” a measure of the ma-
+terial’s catalytic activity and one measure of its reactivity hazard,
+has been reduced, thus reducing any explosion hazard.
+The following precautions are recommended:
+(1) Organic peroxide formulations should be stored in a
+cool, dry location that is separated from the work area.
+The formulations should not be stored with materials
+with which it might not be compatible. Storage quantity
+limitations and fire protection requirements are con-
+tained in NFPA 432.
+(2) The amount of organic peroxide formulation kept in the
+work area should be limited to that needed for a single
+day’s use. Any formulation remaining at the end of a work-
+day should be returned to the storage area.
+(3) All necessary precautions, as recommended by the sup-
+plier, should be taken when organic peroxide formula-
+tions are used. Good housekeeping should be strictly ob-
+served, and spills should be immediately cleaned. Spilled
+material or material (such as resin) that has been con-
+taminated with organic peroxide formulations has to be
+properly disposed of immediately. Trained personnel and
+safe operating procedures are essential for safe operation.
+The user should refer to the Material Safety Data Sheet
+(MSDS) or its equivalent for safety and handling informa-
+tion for the specific formulation being used. [33: A.16.1]
+A.43.7.3.2 Such mixing can result in a spontaneous fire or
+explosion. [33: A.16.3.2]
+A.43.7.6 The chemical and thermal stability of organic perox-
+ide formulations is markedly reduced by contact or contami-
+nation with strong acids or bases, sulfur compounds, amines,
+and reducing agents of any type. Decomposition gases or va-
+pors produced by some organic peroxide formulations can
+present a fire or explosion hazard. For example, the decompo-
+sition of benzoyl peroxide produces highly flammable vapors.
+Heat, including heat from fire exposure, is an important
+factor in the decomposition of organic peroxide formulations.
+Some formulations decompose quietly when exposed to a
+slow, gradual increase in temperature. However, these same
+formulations can decompose violently or even explode when
+subjected to a rapid, excessive increase in temperature, such
+as from fire exposure.
+In general, an organic peroxide that is formulated with a
+diluent into a dilute solution or paste burns more slowly than
+the concentrated or pure material and is less sensitive to shock
+or impact. [33: A.16.6]
+A.43.8.1 The reinforced styrene–polyester composites indus-
+try uses a variety of fabrication techniques to manufacture a
+wide range of useful products. Most of these products are fab-
+ricated with polyester- or vinyl ester–based resins and a fiber
+reinforcement, most commonly glass fiber. The resins contain
+a monomer, usually styrene, and are mixed with a catalyst to
+initiate curing. Other volatile organic chemicals used include
+the organic peroxide formulations, such as methyl ethyl ke-
+tone peroxide (MEKP), used to cure the resin, and various
+dyes and admixtures.
+Open molding is the predominant molding method, with
+mold sizes ranging from less than 1 ft 2 (0.1 m2) to very large
+structures, such as boat hulls over 100 ft (30 m) in length. The
+two most widely used application methods are hand lay-up and
+spray-up. In the hand lay-up fabrication method, a glass fiber
+mat is saturated with the resin by direct spray application or by
+manual application of the liquid resin. The spray-up fabrica-
+tion method employs a “chopper gun” that simultaneously ap-
+plies catalyzed resin and chopped glass fiber to a mold. In
+addition, many operations use a spray-applied polyester resin
+gelcoat, as for in-mold coating. Products produced by this in-
+dustry include boats, bathtubs and shower enclosures, sinks
+and lavatories, underground storage tanks, auto and truck
+bodies, recreational vehicles, pollution control equipment,
+piping, and other specialized parts. [33: A.17.1]
+A.43.8.3 The determination by the Technical Committee on
+Finishing Processes that Ordinary Hazard (Group 2) sprinkler
+design density is sufficient for protecting spray application of
+styrene cross-linked thermoset resins (commonly known as
+glass fiber–reinforced plastics) is based on several factors:
+(1) Although the styrene monomer that is a component in
+unsaturated polyester resin is a Class I flammable liquid
+by definition, actual burn tests reveal that the resin does
+not readily ignite and burns slowly when it does ignite.
+(2) Tests of resin application areas have shown that the pro-
+cesses do not produce vapors that exceed 25 percent of the
+lower flammable limit (LFL). Resin application tests have
+also indicated that the maximum levels of vapor concentra-
+tions are about 690 parts per million (ppm) for spray appli-
+cation. The tests were conducted in an enclosed area with no
+ventilation. This concentration is much less than 25 percent
+of the LFL, which is 11,000 ppm for styrene. [33:A.17.3]
+A.43.8.5.3 NFPA 77 contains information on static electricity.
+[33: A.17.5.3]
+1–526 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.43.9.1 Such processes include, but are not limited to, dip-
+ping, roll coating, flow coating, curtain coating, and cleaning.
+A.43.9.1.3 See NFPA 86,Standard for Ovens and Furnaces.
+A.43.9.2 Section 43.9 anticipates conditions of average use.
+A.43.10.1 The safety of a spray application process depends
+on the employees who operate it and the knowledge and un-
+derstanding they have of the process and equipment involved.
+Therefore, it is important to maintain an effective and ongo-
+ing training program for all employees involved in such work.
+New employees should be effectively trained before being as-
+signed to a job. After the initial training, employees should
+receive periodic retraining to ensure their knowledge and un-
+derstanding of normal process procedures as well as with
+emergency procedures or changes in procedures. Safe work
+habits are developed; they do not occur naturally.
+All training should be provided by qualified personnel knowl-
+edgeable in the processes and operations involved. Appropriate
+training should be provided for all employees involved in or af-
+fected by spray application processes. This includes, but is not
+limited to, operating, supervisory, housekeeping, and mainte-
+nance personnel. [33:A.18.1]
+A.43.10.1.2 Any work requiring entry of employees into con-
+fined spaces should be conducted in accordance with a writ-
+ten procedure that is rigidly followed. This procedure should
+include, but not be limited to, the following:
+(1) Analysis of confined space atmosphere for flammable,
+combustible, toxic, or oxygen-deficient conditions
+(2) Rescue, fire, and emergency procedures
+(3) Locking and tagging procedures for all power and pro-
+cess hazard sources
+(4) Ventilation
+(5) Personal protective equipment
+(6) Proper tools and electrical equipment
+(7) Written entry authorization by a qualified responsible in-
+dividual [33: A.18.1.2]
+A.45.1.2 The use of automatic sprinkler protection in accor-
+dance with NFPA 13 is recommended for all storage of com-
+bustible fibers.
+A.50.1.1 These requirements include, but are not limited to,
+all manner of cooking equipment, exhaust hoods, grease re-
+moval devices, exhaust ductwork, exhaust fans, dampers, fire-
+extinguishing equipment, and all other auxiliary or ancillary
+components or systems that are involved in the capture, contain-
+ment, and control of grease-laden cooking effluent. [96:A.1.1.1]
+A.50.1.4 This judgment should take into account the type
+of cooking being performed, items being cooked, and the
+frequency of cooking operations. Examples of operations
+that might not require compliance with NFPA 96 include
+the following:
+(1) Day care centers warming bottles and lunches
+(2) Therapy cooking facilities in health care
+(3) Churches and meeting operations that are not cooking
+meals that produce grease-laden vapors
+(4) Employee break rooms where food is warmed [ 96:
+A.1.1.4]
+A.50.2.1.1.1 See UL 710B. [96: A.4.1.1.1]
+A.50.2.1.6 When solid fuel is burned in cooking operations,
+increased quantities of carbon, creosote, and grease-laden va-
+pors are produced that rapidly contaminate surfaces, produce
+airborne sparks and embers, and are subject to significant
+flare-ups. Also, solid fuel cooking requires fuel storage and
+handling and produces ash that requires disposal. For these
+reasons, solid fuel cooking operations should comply with
+Chapter 14 of NFPA 96. [96: A.4.1.6]
+A.50.2.1.9 The AHJ can exempt temporary facilities, such as a
+tent, upon evaluation for compliance to the applicable por-
+tions of NFPA 96 or thisCode.
+Although it might not be practical to enforce all require-
+ments of NFPA 96 in temporary facilities, the AHJ should de-
+termine that all necessary provisions that affect the personal
+safety of the occupants are considered. [96: A.4.1.9]
+A.50.2.2 See Figure A.50.2.2(a) through Figure A.50.2.2(g)
+for clarification of the appropriate clearances required in
+50.2.2. [96: A.4.2]
+A.50.4.3.2 Examples of cooking equipment that produce
+grease-laden vapors include, but are not limited to, appli-
+ances such as deep-fat fryers, ranges, griddles, broilers,
+woks, tilting skillets, and braising pans. [ 96: A.10.1.2]
+A.50.4.4.3 UL 300 primarily addresses the method of fire test-
+ing for self-contained chemical extinguishing systems com-
+monly referred to as pre-engineered systems. UL 300 has been
+identified as a baseline for testing fire-extinguishing systems
+intended for the protection of commercial cooking–related
+hazards. Additional equivalent testing standards can and have
+been written for other types of fire-extinguishing systems not
+considered pre-engineered that demonstrate equivalent fire
+testing severity to the UL 300 test standard. Current examples
+include, but are not limited to, UL 199, UL Subject 199B, UL
+Subject 199E, and UL 710B. [96: A.10.2.3]
+A.50.4.4.10(4) An approved weekly recorded inspection could
+consist of a log of entries that would display the date and time of
+the inspection and the initials of the person(s) conducting the
+visual inspection. Attaching the log to a clipboard and mounting
+it near the valve in question serves as a convenient reminder of
+the need to conduct the inspection. [96:A.10.2.10(4)]
+A.50.4.11.2 Although training and qualification might be
+available elsewhere, the manufacturer of the equipment be-
+ing installed should be considered an appropriate source of
+training and qualification. [ 96: A.10.9.2]
+A.50.4.12.1 The system used to rate extinguishers for Class B
+fires (flammable liquids in depth) does not take into consider-
+ation the special nature of heated grease fires. Cooking-grease
+fires are a special hazard requiring agents that saponify (make
+a soap foam layer to seal the top surface of the grease) for this
+application. [96: A.10.10.1]
+A.50.5.2.1 It is recommended that such training and qualifi-
+cation be performed by the manufacturer of the equipment
+being inspected and serviced. The various electrical, mechani-
+cal, and filtration components of the systems should be in-
+spected and tested as required to ensure that they continue to
+function according to original design. [96: A.11.2.1]
+A.50.5.2.4 The date of manufacture marked on fusible metal
+alloy sensing elements does not limit when they can be used.
+These devices have unlimited shelf life. The intent of 50.5.2.4
+is to require semiannual replacement of fusible metal alloy
+sensing elements that have been installed in environments
+that subject them to contaminant loading, such as grease in
+restaurant hoods and ducts, that could adversely affect their
+proper operation. [96: A.11.2.4]
+1–527ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Not less than 1 hr fire 
+resistance for building less 
+than 4 stories in height
+Weather-
+protected 
+opening
+Not less than 2 hr fire resistance for  
+building 4 stories or more in height
+Fire-rated floor–
+ceiling assembly
+Continuous 
+enclosure
+Sealed around the duct at this point, 
+because of fire-rated floor–ceiling assembly
+Exhaust hood
+ 0 in. (0 mm) clearance to   
+ noncomb ustibles
+ 3 in. (76 mm) clearance to   
+ limited-comb ustibles
+ 1 8 in. (457 mm) clearance to  
+ comb ustibles, unless protected
+Grease duct
+Second 
+story
+Opening in 
+enclosure
+Hinged upblast exhaust fan
+Access panel
+ 0 in. (0 mm) clearance to  
+ noncomb ustibles
+ 3 in. (76 mm) clearance to  
+ limited-comb ustibles
+ 1 8 in. (457 mm) clearance to  
+ comb ustibles, unless protected
+40 in. (1 m)
+18 in. (457 mm)Roof
+ Not less than 1 8 in. (457 mm)
+ clearance to comb ustibles
+ Not less than 6 in. (152 mm)
+ to limited-comb ustibles or
+ noncomb ustibles
+10 ft (3 m)
+FIGURE A.50.2.2(a) Typical Section View for Building with Two Stories or More with Fire-Rated
+Floor–Ceiling Assembly. [96:Figure A.4.2(a)]
+10 ft
+(3 m)
+Fire-rated 
+roof–ceiling 
+assembly
+Sealed around the 
+duct at this point, 
+because of fire-rated 
+roof–ceiling assembly
+Exhaust hood
+Grease duct
+1 hr rated 
+continuous 
+enclosure
+Discharge
+Exhaust fan
+Access panel
+Weather-protected 
+opening
+Roof
+40 in. 
+(1 m)
+Access panel
+FIGURE A.50.2.2(b) Typical Section View for One-Story
+Building with Fire-Rated Roof–Ceiling Assembly. [Clearance
+notes in Figure A.50.2.2(a) apply also to this drawing.] [96:Fig-
+ure A.4.2(b)]
+1–528 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Not less than 1 hr fire resistance for 
+building less than 4 stories in height
+40 in. 
+(1 m)
+Fire-rated floor
+Discharge
+Exhaust fan
+Access panel
+Access panel
+Weather-
+protected 
+opening
+Roof
+Sealed around the duct 
+at this point, because 
+of fire-rated floor
+Exhaust hood
+Non-fire-rated 
+ceiling
+Not less than 2 hr fire resistance for 
+building 4 stories or more in height Access panel
+Opening in 
+enclosure
+Second story
+Grease duct
+10 ft (3 m)
+FIGURE A.50.2.2(c) Typical Section View for Building with
+Two Stories or More with Non-Fire-Rated Ceiling and Fire-
+Rated Floor. [Clearance notes in Figure A.50.2.2(a) apply also
+to this drawing.] [96:Figure A.4.2(c)]
+18 in. (457 mm)
+ 0 in. (0 mm)
+ clearance to
+ noncomb ustibles
+ 3 in. (76 mm)
+ clearance to limited-
+ comb ustibles
+ 18 in. (457 mm)
+ clearance to comb ustibles, 
+ unless protected
+Roof
+Exhaust 
+hood
+Ceiling
+Note: Enclosure is not required in 1-story building where roof–ceiling 
+assembly does not have a fire resistance rating.
+10 ft
+(3 m)
+ 0 in. (0 mm) clearance
+ to noncomb ustibles
+ 3 in. (76 mm) clearance
+ to limited-comb ustibles
+ 18 in. (457 mm)
+ clearance to
+ comb ustibles, 
+ unless protected
+Grease duct
+Hinged upblast 
+exhaust fan
+40 in.
+(1 m)
+FIGURE A.50.2.2(d) Typical Section View for One-Story
+Building Without Fire-Rated Roof–Ceiling Assembly. [96:Fig-
+ure A.4.2(d)]
+Continuous
+enclosure
+ 0 in. (0 mm) clearance 
+ to noncomb ustibles
+ 3 in. (76 mm) clearance 
+ to limited-comb ustibles
+ 1 8 in. (457 mm) clearance  
+ to comb ustibles, unless  
+ protected
+ 0 in. (0 mm) clearance  
+ to noncomb ustibles
+ 3 in. (76 mm) clearance  
+ to limited-comb ustibles
+ 1 8 in. (457 mm) clearance  
+ to comb ustibles, unless  
+ protected
+Grease duct
+Fire-rated
+floor–ceiling 
+assembly
+Sealed around hood 
+with noncombustible
+material
+Sealed around
+the duct at this
+point, because 
+of fire-rated
+floor–ceiling  
+assemblyExhaust 
+hood
+Exhaust 
+hood
+TYPICAL SECTION VIEW
+(For building with 2 or more stories 
+with fire-rated floor–ceiling assembly)
+(For building with 2 or more stories 
+with non-fire-rated ceiling and fire-rated floor)
+Non-fire-rated ceiling
+Sealed around hood 
+with noncombustible
+material
+Sealed at 
+this point 
+because of 
+fire-rated 
+floor
+Second story
+Grease duct
+Second story
+TYPICAL SECTION VIEW
+Continuous enclosure
+Fire-rated floor
+FIGURE A.50.2.2(e) Detail Drawings Showing Hoods Pen-
+etrating Ceilings. [96:Figure A.4.2(e)]
+1–529ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.50.5.3.3 See A.50.5.2.4. [96: A.11.3.3]
+A.50.5.4 The primary focus of an inspection for cleanliness is
+to establish whether the volume of grease buildup within the
+exhaust system warrants cleaning and to determine whether
+adequate access is available throughout the exhaust system to
+remove the grease buildup. [96: A.11.4]
+A.50.5.6.2 Hoods, grease removal devices, fans, ducts, and
+other appurtenances should be cleaned to remove combus-
+tible contaminants to a minimum of 0.002 in. (50 microns).
+When to clean: A measurement system of deposition should
+be established to trigger a need to clean, in addition to a time
+reference based on equipment emissions.
+The method of measurement is a depth gauge comb,
+shown in Figure A.50.5.6.2, which is scraped along the duct sur-
+face. For example, a measured depth of 0.078 in. (2000 microns)
+indicates the need to remove the deposition risk. The system
+would also include point measurement in critical areas. For ex-
+ample, 0.125 in. (3175 microns) in a fan housing requires clean-
+ing. [96:A.11.6.2]
+A.50.6.1.2.2 The effectiveness of an automatic extinguishing
+system is affected by the placement of the nozzles. For this
+reason, it is essential that cooking appliances be situated in the
+area in which they were when the extinguishing equipment
+was designed and installed. If an appliance is moved from un-
+der the equipment for cleaning or any other reason, it should
+be returned to its original position prior to initiating a cook-
+ing operation.
+When appliances are on wheels or casters for ease of clean-
+ing, it is important that the appliance be placed in its design
+position to ensure that the fire-extinguishing system will be
+effective. An approved method should ensure that the appli-
+ance is returned to its appropriate position before cooking
+takes place. Channels, markings, or other approved methods
+assist in ensuring proper placement. [96: A.12.1.2.2]
+A.52.3.4.2 Methods of achieving this protection can include,
+but are not limited to, the following:
+(1) Liquidtight sloped or recessed floors in indoor locations
+or similar areas in outdoor locations
+(2) Liquidtight floors in indoor locations or similar areas in
+outdoor locations provided with liquidtight raised or re-
+cessed sills or dikes
+(3) Sumps and collection systems
+(4) Spill containment systems such as that described in
+A.52.3.5.1
+A.52.3.5.1 One method to determine compliance with the neu-
+tralization requirements of this subsection is found in Underwrit-
+ers Laboratories Subject 2436 Outline of Investigation for Spill
+Containment For Stationary Lead Acid Battery Systems. Subject
+2436 investigates the liquid tightness, level of electrolyte absorp-
+1 in. 
+(25.4 
+mm) 
+air 
+space
+Duct
+28-gauge 
+sheet metal
+PLAN SECTION
+Nail or screw anchor
+1 in. (25.4 mm) 
+noncombustible 
+spacer
+Combustible
+material
+28-gauge 
+sheet metal
+Duct
+SIDE SECTION
+1 in. (25.4 mm) noncombustible 
+spacer, such as stacked 
+washers, small-diameter pipe,
+tubing, or electrical conduit
+Combustible
+material
+9 in. (229 mm)
+9 in.
+(229 mm)9 in. (229 mm)
+9 in. 
+(229 
+mm)
+1 in. (25.4 mm)
+noncombustible 
+spacer
+9 in.
+(229 mm)
+18 in.
+(457 mm)
+18 in.(457 mm)
+18 in.
+(457 mm)
+18 in.(457 mm)
+9 in.
+(229 mm)
+FIGURE A.50.2.2(f) Example of Clearance Reduction System:
+9 in. (229 mm) Clearance to Combustible Material. [96:Figure
+A.4.2(f)]
+PLAN SECTION
+SIDE SECTION
+22-gauge sheet 
+metal
+Nail or screw anchor
+Combustible
+material
+22-gauge 
+sheet metal
+Duct
+1 in. (25.4 mm) noncombustible spacer, 
+such as stacked washers, small-diameter 
+pipe, tubing, or electrical conduit
+Wire mesh
+1 in. (25.4 mm)
+mineral wool batt or 
+ceramic fiber blanket
+Combustible material
+Duct
+Wire mesh
+1 in. (25.4 mm) 
+noncombustible
+spacer
+1 in. (25.4 mm) 
+mineral wool batt or 
+ceramic fiber blanket
+3 in. (76 mm)
+1 in.
+(25.4 mm) 
+noncombustible
+spacer
+1 in.
+(25.4 mm)
+1 in.
+(25.4 mm)
+3 in.
+(76 mm)
+3 in.
+(76 mm)
+18 in.(457 mm)
+18 in.
+(457 mm)
+18 in.(457 mm) 18 in.
+(457 mm)
+FIGURE A.50.2.2(g) Example of Clearance Reduction System:
+3 in. (76 mm) Clearance to Combustible Material. [96:Figure
+A.4.2(g)]
+Acceptable
+cleaned 
+surface Depth gauge comb
+Maximum duct deposition — 
+clean measurement
+Location or point 
+measurement:
+maximum deposit — 
+cleaning required
+FIGURE A.50.5.6.2 Depth Gauge Comb. [96:Figure A.11.6.2]
+1–530 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+tion, pH neutralization capability, and flame spread resistance of
+spill containment systems.
+A.53.1 See the mechanical code for refrigerant group de-
+scriptions.
+A.60.1.1 This chapter introduces the concepts of control ar-
+eas and maximum allowable quantities. The purpose is to per-
+mit limited amounts of hazardous contents in occupancies
+having minimum controls without triggering the more restric-
+tive Protection Level 1 through Protection Level 5 building
+requirements. The allowable quantities in Table 60.1.26.1 are
+based on demonstrated need and historical safe storage and
+use of hazardous contents. Section 60.3, however, establishes
+additional controls for occupancies exceeding the hazardous
+contents limits prescribed for control areas.
+Not all of the hazardous materials categories are placed
+into the high hazard category, and some of these materials
+(contents) have been recognized as being of low or ordinary
+hazards, depending on their nature in a fire. Class IIIB com-
+bustible liquids, Class 1 unstable (reactive) materials, Class 1
+water-reactive materials, Class 1 oxidizing solids and liquids,
+and Class IV and Class V organic peroxides are high hazard
+materials, which, in some cases, do not have a MAQ and,
+therefore, are not required to comply with the requirements
+for Protection Level 1 through Protection Level 5. Some ma-
+terials, though classified as high hazard, such as aerosols, are
+exempt from the requirements of Chapter 60, as they are
+regulated elsewhere in the Code. For additional exceptions,
+see 60.1.2. Figure A.60.1.1 helps to illustrate the conditions
+under which the protection level requirements are applicable.
+[5000: A.34.1.1]
+A.60.1.5.1.1 Permit applications might require submittal of a
+hazardous materials management plan and a hazardous materi-
+als inventory statement in accordance with 60.1.6.1 and 60.1.6.2.
+A.60.1.6.1.1 See Annex D for a model Hazardous Materials
+Management Plan (HMMP).
+A.60.1.6.2 See Annex D for a model Hazardous Materials In-
+ventory Statement (HMIS).
+A.60.1.22 For seismic requirements and the seismic zone in
+which the material is located, see the building code.
+A.60.3.2.6 Footnote to Table 60.3.2.6. The following items
+should be considered in the design:
+(1) Deflagration vents designed to release from the exterior
+walls or roofs of the building should discharge directly to
+the exterior of the building where an unoccupied space
+of not less than 50 ft (15 m) in width is provided between
+the exterior walls of the building and the property line,
+unless the vents comply with A.60.3.2.6(2).
+(2) Deflagration vents designed to remain attached to the build-
+ing when venting a deflagration should be located so that
+the discharge opening is not less than 10 ft (3050 mm) verti-
+cally from window openings and exit discharge doors in the
+building and not less than 20 ft (6100 mm) horizontally
+from exit discharge doors in the building, window openings
+and exit discharge doors in adjacent buildings on the same
+property, and property lines.
+(3) Deflagration vents should not discharge into the interior
+of the building.
+(4) Additional guidance for deflagration venting can be found
+in NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration
+Venting.
+[5000: A.34.3.2.6]
+A.60.4.1 For storage, see Section 60.4.
+A.60.4.1.1 For requirements pertaining to the application of
+registered pesticide products, see regulations of the United
+States Environmental Protection Agency.
+A.61.1.1.1 This Code provides minimum acceptable require-
+ments for fire prevention and protection in facilities that
+manufacture and store aerosol products and in mercantile oc-
+cupancies where aerosol products are displayed and sold. As
+explained in A.5.1 of NFPA 30B, the hazards presented by each
+stage of the manufacturing process will vary, depending on the
+flammability of the base product and on the flammability of
+the propellant. Considerable judgment will be required of the
+designer and of the AHJ to provide an adequate level of fire
+protection. (See also Annex B, Mechanism of Fire Growth in Aerosol
+Containers of NFPA 30B.) See A.1.3.2. [30B: A.1.2]
+A.61.1.1.3 See NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code .[ 30B:
+A.1.1.2]
+A.61.1.1.5 This Code does not apply to products that might be
+dispensed as aerosolized sprays that are not packaged in aero-
+sol containers as defined in 3.3.2 of NFPA 30B. ThisCode is not
+applicable to other applications such as industrial spray adhe-
+sives that are dispensed from large (5–125 gallon) pressurized
+gas cylinders. There is no assurance that the protection speci-
+fied in this Code will be adequate. [30B: A.1.1.4]
+Apply 
+provisions for 
+protection 
+levels
+(Section 60.3)
+Apply provisions 
+for multiple 
+(more than one) 
+control areas
+(60.2.3)
+No special 
+construction 
+features required 
+by Chapter 60
+(60.2.3.2)
+Classify 
+hazardous 
+material
+(60.1.4)
+Determine quantity 
+of hazardous 
+material to be used 
+or stored
+Quantity 
+exceeds maximum 
+allowable quantity 
+(MAQ) for occupancy 
+(for a single 
+control area)
+(60.1.26.1) 
+Ye s
+“or” gate
+No
+FIGURE A.60.1.1 Application of Chapter 60 Requirements
+for Hazardous Materials. [5000:Figure A.34.1.1]
+1–531ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.61.1.3 See Annex F of NFPA 30B entitled Chemical Heat of
+Combustion.
+A.61.3.1.2 At the present time there have been no fire-
+retardant packaging systems tested that have demonstrated
+substantial mitigation of the fire hazards presented by aerosol
+products. [30B: A.6.1.2]
+A.61.3.2 Fire tests and fire experience show that Level 1 aero-
+sol products present relatively the same fire hazards as Class III
+commodities, as these are defined and described in NFPA 13.
+In some cases, the AHJ or applicable fire or building regula-
+tions might require storage of such materials to be protected
+from fire. If fire protection is by means of automatic sprin-
+klers, then the requirements of NFPA 13 should be used as a
+design basis. [30B: A.6.2]
+A.61.3.3.2.2 Fire testing has not been performed on encapsu-
+lated pallets of cartoned aerosol products; however, this type
+of protection should be appropriate for this condition, based
+on testing of uncartoned aerosol products. [30B: A.6.3.2.2]
+A.61.3.3.2.9 ESFR ceiling sprinklers are permitted to be used
+in conjunction with the in-rack sprinkler protection criteria in
+Table 6.3.2.7(e) through Table 6.3.2.7(l) of NFPA 30B where
+the following conditions are met:
+(1) Roof height does not exceed 30 ft (9.14 m).
+(2) Storage height does not exceed 25 ft (7.62 m).
+(3) Clearance between top of storage and sprinkler deflectors
+is at least 3 ft (0.91 m).
+(4) Ceiling sprinkler design criterion is 12 sprinklers operat-
+ing at a gauge pressure of 75 psi (517 kPa).
+(5) All in-rack sprinklers are quick-response type. [ 30B:
+A.6.3.2.9]
+A.61.5.3.3 See NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During
+Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work.[ 30B: A.8.3.3]
+A.61.5.7 See NFPA 77,Recommended Practice on Static Electricity,
+for further information. [30B: A.8.7]
+A.63.1.1.1 See A.1.3.2.
+A.63.1.1.3(1) For regulations on the transportation of gases,
+see 49 CFR 100 to 179 (Transportation) and Transportation of
+Dangerous Goods Regulations.[ 55: A.1.1.2(1)]
+A.63.1.1.3(4) It is intended that installations of bulk oxygen
+systems regulated by NFPA 99 also comply with the require-
+ments of Chapter 9 of NFPA 55. The bulk oxygen system ter-
+minates at the point where oxygen at service pressure first
+enters the supply line. [55: A.1.1.2(4)]
+A.63.1.1.3(8) For information, see NFPA 52, Vehicular Fuel
+Systems Code , or NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code .[ 55:
+A.1.1.2(8)]
+A.63.1.1.3(9) The storage of gases outside of laboratory work
+areas is covered by NFPA 55. [55: A.1.1.2(9)]
+A.63.2.8 Under the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.38 estab-
+lished by OSHA regulations, employers must establish an em-
+ployee alarm system that complies with 29 CFR 1910.165. The
+requirements of 29 CFR 1910.165 for the employee alarm system
+include, but are not limited to, systems that are capable of being
+perceived above ambient noise or light levels by all employees in
+the affected portions of the workplace. Tactile devices can be
+used to alert those employees who would not otherwise be able to
+recognize the audible or visual alarm. The alarm system can be
+electrically powered or powered by pneumatic or other means.
+State, local, or other governmental regulations can also establish
+requirements for employee alarm systems. [55:A.6.8]
+A.63.2.9 NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagra-
+tion Venting, provides more information on this subject. [ 55:
+A.6.9]
+A.63.2.10 The intent of this section is to require a water-based
+fire-extinguishing system to keep vessels containing compressed
+gases cool in the event of an exposure fire, thereby minimizing
+the likelihood of a release and associated consequences. Accord-
+ingly, alternative fire-extinguishing systems, such as dry-chemical
+or gaseous agent systems, should not be substituted. [55:A.6.10]
+A.63.3.1.1 The equipment referenced is intended to include
+fuel cell applications, generation of hydrogen from portable
+or transportable hydrogen generation equipment, batteries,
+and similar devices and equipment that utilize hydrogen for
+the purpose of power generation. It does not include hydro-
+gen production facilities intended to produce hydrogen used
+for distribution or repackaging operations operated by gas
+producers, distributors, and repackagers. [55: A.7.1.1]
+A.63.3.1.6.2 Figure A.63.3.1.6.2 is a schematic showing the
+separation distances required by 63.3.1.6.2. [55: A.7.1.6.2]
+A.63.3.1.10.3 The gas supplier should be consulted for ad-
+vice under these circumstances. [55: A.7.1.10.3]
+A.63.3.9.3.6 The areas for typical restricted flow orifices are
+shown in Table A.63.3.9.3.6.
+The formula has been taken from industry publications in-
+cluding the Scott Specialty GasesDesign and Safety Handbook.I t
+is based on estimated flow rates for air at 70°F (21°C) discharg-
+ing to normal atmospheric pressure through an average shape
+and quality orifice. It can be assumed to be ±15 percent accu-
+rate. Correction factors have been built into the formula as
+presented in 63.3.9.3.6.2 to accommodate the use of gases
+other than air (e.g., use of specific gravity data). [55: A.7.9.3.6]
+Toxic or 
+highly toxic
+Pyrophoric
+Oxidizing Flammable Unstable 
+reactive 
+Class 2, 3, 
+and 4  
+20 ft (6.1 m) 
+from all other 
+gases except 
+other gasCorrosive  
+20 ft (6.1 m) from  
+all other types 
+except other gas
+Other gas— 
+No separation 
+required
+* The 20 ft (6.1 m) distance can be reduced without limit when 
+separated by a barrier of noncombustible materials at least  
+5 ft (1.5 m) high that has a fire-resistant rating of at least ¹⁄₂ hour.
+20 ft*
+(6.1 m)
+20 ft*
+(6.1 m)
+20 ft*
+(6.1 m)20 ft*
+(6.1 m) 20 ft*
+(6.1 m)
+20 ft*
+(6.1 m)
+FIGURE A.63.3.1.6.2 Separation of Gas Cylinders by Haz-
+ard. [55:Figure A.7.1.6.2]
+1–532 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.63.4.2 Pressure vessels of any type might be subject to addi-
+tional regulations imposed by various states or other legal juris-
+dictions. Users should be aware that compliance with DOT or
+ASME requirements might not satisfy all of the required regula-
+tions of the location in which the vessel is to be installed or used.
+Liquid oxygen containers should be fabricated from materials
+meeting the impact test requirements of paragraph UG-84 of the
+ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII. [55:A.8.2]
+A.63.4.4.1.1.2 An example of this identification is 360 degree
+wrap-around tape. [55: A.8.4.1.1.2]
+A.63.4.12.2.5.4.1 The intent of these provisions is to make
+certain that the cryogenic installation is not exposed to the
+potential of a pool fire from the release of flammable or com-
+bustible liquids. Cryogenic fluids are not diked in order that
+they are allowed to dissipate should leakage occur. Studies
+conducted by NASA (NSS 1740.16,Safety Standard for Hydrogen
+and Hydrogen Systems, 1997) shows that the use of dikes around
+liquid hydrogen storage facilities serves to prolong ground-
+level flammable cloud travel and that the dispersion mecha-
+nism is enhanced by vaporization-induced turbulence. The
+travel of spilled or leaked cryogenic fluid to distances greater
+than a few feet from the source given the nature of the typical
+leak is considered to be implausible due to the character of
+cryogenic fluids and their ability to quickly absorb heat from
+the surrounding environment. [55: A.8.12.2.5.4.1]
+A.63.4.12.2.6.2 The placement of stationary containers is lim-
+ited with respect to exposure hazards. Table 63.4.6.2 establishes
+the minimum separation distance between a building and any
+stationary tank at 1 ft (0.3 m). Additional limitations are placed
+on wall openings, air intakes, and other exposures. The material-
+specific tables for liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen specify in-
+creased distances according to the type of construction adjacent
+to the tank. A problem arises when courtyards are configured so
+as to interrupt the free movement of air around a tank where an
+asphyxiation hazard, a flammable hazard, or an oxygen-enriched
+environment can be created.
+Placement of stationary containers proximate to the wall of
+the building served is allowable providing the minimum sepa-
+ration distances for exposure hazards are met. When addi-
+tional walls encroach on the installation to form a court, the
+focus of concern shifts away from the exposure hazards associ-
+ated with the building itself to the hazards associated with per-
+sonnel due to hazardous atmospheres that can be created due
+to the lack of free air movement and ventilation.
+By specifying the minimum distance between the tank and
+the encroaching walls that form the court, the circulation of
+adequate air is ensured. Placing the tank at not less than the
+height of two of the three encroaching walls results in creating
+an opening such that the angular dimension between the top
+of two of the three encroaching walls and the point over which
+the tank is placed is not greater than 45 degrees, thereby al-
+lowing the circulation of air through the space in which the
+tank is installed. [55: A.8.12.2.6.2]
+A.63.4.12.2.6.2.1See Figure A.63.4.12.2.6.2.1. [55:A.8.12.2.6.2.1]
+A.65.11.1 The content of Section 65.11 has been extensively
+reorganized in order to provide all the requirements for a
+specific facility or store type to appear in one section. To facili-
+tate use of this section for those familiar with the 2003 Code,a
+guide to this reorganization has been provided in Annex H of
+NFPA 1124. [1124:A.7.1]
+A.65.11.1.1 To assist the user of this Code in determining
+whether a CFRS facility or store is new or existing for the pur-
+pose of applying this Code, Table A.65.11.1.1 has been pro-
+vided. [1124:A.7.1.1]
+A.65.11.2.2 This requirement is not intended to preclude the
+retail sales of consumer fireworks in occupancies that might
+be classified as Group H High Hazard (Hazardous) by a build-
+ing code. [1124:A.7.2.2]
+A.65.11.3.2 Specific information and requirements for per-
+mits can be found in Section 1.12 for those jurisdictions that
+have not adopted a building code or fire code. [1124:A.7.3.2]
+A.65.11.3.4 See A.6.6 of NFPA 1124. [1124:A.7.3.4]
+A.65.11.3.13 Fire safety and evacuation plans should be pre-
+pared by the owner or operator of the consumer fireworks
+retail sales facility or store in consultation with the AHJ. [1124:
+A.7.3.13]
+A.65.11.3.14.3.2 The purpose of 65.11.3.14.3.1.1 is to ensure
+that a readily available path of travel is provided to reach the
+required exits and that such travel can occur under emer-
+gency conditions without significant impedance by the aisle
+arrangement. In fact, cross-aisles are required to facilitate ac-
+cess to alternate aisles and paths of travel in case an aisle or a
+path of travel is blocked by an incident. An example of how the
+requirements of 65.11.3.14.3.2 would be implemented for the
+design of an exit access aisle system in a CFRS facility is shown
+in Figure A.65.11.3.14.3.2. [1124:A.7.3.14.3.2]
+Table A.63.3.9.3.6 Typical Orifice Areas
+Orifice Diameter Area
+in. cm in. 2 cm2
+0.006 0.015 2.83 × 10 −5 1.83 × 10−4
+0.010 0.025 7.85 × 10 −5 5.06 × 10−4
+0.014 0.036 1.54 × 10 −4 9.93 × 10−4
+[55: Table A.7.9.3.6]
+Wall 1
+Wall 3
+Distance 
+≥ Wall 2 height
+1 ft (0.3 m) 
+minimum
+Tank
+Wall 2
+Distance ≥ Wall 1 height
+FIGURE A.63.4.12.2.6.2.1 Bulk Oxygen System Located in a
+Courtyard. [55:Figure A.8.12.2.6.2.1]
+1–533ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.65.11.3.15 Consumer fireworks sealed in packaging meet-
+ing U.S. DOT standards for shipping would not be considered
+to be on display. [1124:A.7.3.15]
+A.65.11.3.15.2 The ability to view the entire retail sales area is
+important for several reasons. For employees, such visibility
+allows easier supervision of the customers and helps to mini-
+mize the possibility of malicious mischief, such as the willful
+setting of fires in the fireworks merchandise displays. It also
+allows employees to quickly observe and respond to an incipi-
+ent fire condition. Response might include the following:
+(1) Evacuation of the occupants
+(2) Notification of the local fire department
+(3) Initiation of a fire attack using the fire extinguishers in
+the facility, provided that the fire is still small enough
+For the customers, such visibility allows them also to
+quickly see a developing fire condition and react accordingly.
+Exits and their corresponding paths of travel are more easily
+observed, thus minimizing panic and facilitating evacuation in
+a timely manner. Full visibility can be easily achieved by keep-
+ing the height of displays and displayed merchandise within
+the retail sales area below adult eye level. Where displays lo-
+cated around the perimeter of the retail sales area do not impact
+the ability to view the area, it is not necessary to limit their height.
+However, if it is desirable to have higher displays of merchandise
+within the retail sales area, equivalent means of achieving full
+visibility should be employed, such as the use of unobstructed
+surveillance mirrors strategically located throughout the sales
+area or the addition of more employees who can walk the sales
+floor and monitor the customers. [1124:A.7.3.15.2]
+A.65.11.3.15.3 Flame breaks can be constructed of any of the
+following:
+(1) Sheet steel
+(2) Sheet aluminum not less than 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) thick
+(3) Hardboard not less than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) thick
+(4) Gypsum board not less than 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) thick
+(5) Wood panels not less than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) thick
+(6) Plywood not less than 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) thick
+(7) Particleboard not less than 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) thick
+(8) Cement fiberboard
+(9) Plastic laminate not less than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) thick
+(10) Safety glass not less than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) thick
+(11) Other approved material
+Where installed within a retail display fixture containing
+consumer fireworks, the flame break should impede or retard
+the rapid spread of an incipient fire involving the fireworks
+and their packaging materials as any of the following occurs:
+(1) The fire progresses along a display level or shelf.
+(2) The fire attacks another display level or shelf above.
+(3) The fire attacks another display fixture abutting the dis-
+play fixture of origin.
+Table A.65.11.1.1 Applicability of Section 65.11 to New and
+Existing CFRS Facilities and Stores
+Venue Type Application
+Temporary stand – seasonal New
+Temporary tent – seasonal New
+Temporary facility – seasonal New
+Temporary stores (including
+bulk retail) – seasonal
+New
+Permanent stand*
+– Year round Existing
+– Seasonal Existing
+Permanent stand†
+– Year round New
+– Seasonal New
+Permanent tent*
+– Year round Existing
+– Seasonal Existing
+Permanent tent†
+– Year round New
+– Seasonal New
+Permanent CFRS facility*
+– Year round Existing
+– Seasonal Existing
+Permanent CFRS facility†
+– Year round New
+– Seasonal New
+Permanent store*
+– Year round Existing
+– Seasonal Existing
+Permanent store†
+– Year round New
+– Seasonal New
+Note: Change in display or exit layout can require new permit based
+on local requirements.
+* Sales conducted within 1 year prior to the effective date.
+† Sales not conducted within 1 year prior to the effective date.
+CFRS facility – consumer fireworks retail sales facility
+[1124: Table A.7.1.1]
+50 ft
+(15.2 m)
+48 in.
+(1.2 m)
+min.
+100 ft
+(30.4 m)
+FIGURE A.65.11.3.14.3.2 Typical Design for Exit Access
+Aisle System in CFRS Facility. [1124: Figure A.7.3.14.3.2]
+1–534 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+As a result of installing flame breaks to impede fire spread, the
+quantity and rate of smoke production can be retarded as well.
+Thus, flame breaks can provide the building occupants with ad-
+ditional time to react to an incipient fire and safely evacuate the
+building. See Figure A.65.11.3.15.3. [1124:A.7.3.15.3]
+A.65.11.3.15.3.3 The purpose of specifying packaged fireworks
+merchandise is to permit such merchandise to be used in longer
+lengths of displays of consumer fireworks without the installation
+of a flame break. It is presumed that packaged fireworks mer-
+chandise does not readily ignite when exposed to a fire develop-
+ing within the retail display area merchandise and does not
+readily contribute to or accelerate a fire that might spread along
+the surface of a display. See Figure A.65.11.3.15.3.3. Since the
+purpose of a flame break is to slow down the rapid spread of a fire
+involving a retail display of consumer fireworks to allow occu-
+pants time to react and evacuate the immediate area, properly
+packaged fireworks merchandise can also serve the purpose of a
+flame break. For a description of packaged fireworks merchan-
+dise, see A.3.3.73, Covered Fuse. [1124:A.7.3.15.3.3]
+A.65.11.3.15.6 This paragraph describes performance crite-
+ria for how aerial devices, which are described in C.3.1.2 of
+NFPA 1124, are to be packaged, displayed, and restrained as
+needed, depending upon the device and the manner in which
+it is packaged and displayed. Thus, upon ignition by a fire in
+the retail sales display area containing devices, the resultant
+effect of the ejection of pyrotechnic components will be rea-
+sonably limited so as not to pose an undue threat to evacuat-
+ing occupants or to cause rapid spread of the fire to areas
+remote from the immediate area of the fire.
+The method and manner of packaging and displaying
+aerial devices have been demonstrated to be effective in ac-
+complishing the intent of this section. This performance crite-
+rion could also be met by enclosing consumer fireworks within
+bins. The packaging material itself can be designed to contain
+the consumer fireworks. The placement and arrangement of
+the aerial devices within the packages or within bins or on
+shelves are also important factors. Other containment meth-
+ods include fastening aerial devices together, restraining their
+movement with packaging materials, or placing aerial devices
+or packages of aerial devices within racks, containers, holders,
+or other structures. [1124:A.7.3.15.6]
+A.65.11.3.15.7 Arrangement of horizontal plywood barriers
+should be as shown in Figure A.65.11.3.15.7. [1124:A.7.3.15.7]
+A.65.11.3.21 Refer to Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for
+additional information. [1124:A.7.3.21]
+A.65.11.3.22 Training might be required by the U.S. Depart-
+ment of Transportation or the Occupational Safety and Health
+Administration as applicable for the purpose of being employed
+in the operation of a CFRS or storage facility. [1124:A.7.3.22]
+A.65.11.4.8.1.2 NFPA 102 has been referenced for the pur-
+pose of determining the requirements for the means of egress
+in tents and membrane structures except as modified by
+65.11.3.14 of this Code for special requirements for the retail
+sales of consumer fireworks. It should be noted that although
+Section 9.7 of NFPA 102 permits fireworks in any tent or tem-
+porary membrane structure, the intent is to prohibit the use,
+discharge, or ignition of fireworks within the tent or tempo-
+rary membrane structure because unauthorized open flames
+are also prohibited in the same section. See Section 7.4 of
+NFPA 1124. Consumer fireworks in and of themselves do not
+pose an unusual fire hazard when they are stored or placed on
+display for retail sales within a tent or temporary membrane
+structure unless they are actually ignited or discharged. Section
+65.11 in thisCode contains several provisions that specifically deal
+with how fireworks can be safely displayed or stored in tents or
+temporary membrane structures for the purpose of selling them
+at retail. Those requirements are an effort to minimize the fire
+hazard associated with such fireworks. [1124:A.7.4.8.1.2]
+A.65.11.4.9.2.4 See NFPA 30 for the separation distances.
+[1124:A.7.4.9.2.4]
+Display fixture
+Flame break
+Flame 
+breaks
+Flame breaks
+FIGURE A.65.11.3.15.3 Flame Break Design. [1124:Figure
+A.7.3.15.3]
+Flame break
+≤48 ft
+(≤14.6 m)
+≤16 ft
+(≤4.9 m)
+≤16 ft
+(≤4.9 m)
+≥8 ft
+(≥2.4 m)
+≤32 ft
+(≤9.8 m)
+Packaged
+fireworks
+FIGURE A.65.11.3.15.3.3 Packaged Fireworks Merchandise
+and Flame Break Requirements. [1124:Figure A.7.3.15.3.3]
+1–535ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.65.11.5.1.1 Preliminary results of recent full scale fire tests
+indicate that automatic sprinkler systems designed for an Or-
+dinary Hazard, Group 2 occupancy in accordance with
+NFPA 13 might be suitable for protecting retail displays of con-
+sumer fireworks where the ceiling height does not exceed 10 ft
+(3.1 m) and might also be adequate for ceiling heights up to
+16 ft (4.9 m). This implies that there might be a need to design
+the sprinkler system in new buildings for an Extra Hazard,
+Group 1 occupancy for ceiling heights greater than 16 ft
+(4.9 m). For existing buildings, existing sprinkler systems de-
+signed for an Ordinary Hazard, Group 2 occupancy should
+suffice. Until such time as additional fire testing is completed
+and more conclusive design criteria can be verified, designers
+of automatic sprinkler systems for areas where retail sales of
+consumer fireworks are located might want to consider these
+design criteria. For additional information contact the Ameri-
+can Pyrotechnics Association (APA), PO Box 30438, Bethesda,
+MD 20824. [1124:A.7.5.1.1]
+A.65.11.5.1.2(3) This item describes performance criteria for
+how consumer fireworks displayed for sale in stores are to be
+packaged and displayed and restrained as needed, depending
+upon the device and the manner in which it is packaged and
+displayed. Thus, upon ignition by a fire in the retail sales dis-
+play area containing consumer fireworks, the resultant effect
+of the ejection of pyrotechnic components will be reasonably
+limited so as not to pose an undue threat to evacuating occu-
+pants or to cause rapid spread of the fire to areas remote from
+the immediate area of the fire. The method and manner of
+packaging and displaying consumer fireworks have been dem-
+onstrated to be effective in accomplishing the intent of this
+section. The performance criteria might also be met by enclos-
+ing consumer fireworks within bins. The packaging material
+itself can be designed to contain the consumer fireworks. The
+placement and arrangement of the consumer fireworks within
+the packages or within bins or on shelves are also important
+factors. Other containment methods include fastening con-
+sumer fireworks together, restraining their movement with
+packaging materials, or placing consumer fireworks or pack-
+ages of consumer fireworks within racks, containers, holders,
+or other structures. [1124:A.7.5.1.2(3)]
+A.66.1.1 See A.1.3.2.
+A.66.1.3(1) Liquids that are solid at 100°F (37.8°C) or above,
+but are handled, used, or stored at temperatures above their
+flash points, should be reviewed against pertinent sections of
+this Code.[ 30: A.1.1.2(1)]
+A.66.1.3(2) The information in A.66.1.3(1) also applies here.
+[30: A.1.1.2(2)]
+A.66.1.3(4) Certain mixtures of flammable or combustible
+liquids and halogenated hydrocarbons either do not ex-
+hibit a flash point using the standard closed-cup test meth-
+ods or will exhibit elevated flash points. However, if the
+halogenated hydrocarbon is the more volatile component,
+preferential evaporation of this component can result in a
+liquid that does have a flash point or has a flash point that is
+lower than the original mixture. In order to evaluate the
+fire hazard of such mixtures, flash point tests should be
+conducted after fractional evaporation of 10, 20, 40, 60, or
+even 90 percent of the original sample or other fractions
+representative of the conditions of use. For systems such as
+open process tanks or spills in open air, an open-cup test
+method might be more appropriate for estimating the fire
+hazard. [ 30: A.1.1.2(4)]
+A.66.1.3(5) See NFPA 30B,Code for the Manufacture and Storage
+of Aerosol Products.[ 30: A.1.1.2(5)]
+A.66.1.3(7) Requirements for transportation of flammable
+and combustible liquids can be found in NFPA 385, Stan-
+dard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquids ,
+and in the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Hazardous
+Materials Regulations, Title 49, Code of Federal Regula-
+tions, Parts 100–199. [ 30: A.1.1.2(7)]
+A.66.1.3(8) See NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-
+Burning Equipment.[ 30: A.1.1.2(8)]
+A.66.3.3.5 See A.3.3.26.
+A.66.3.3.6.1 See A.3.3.27.7.
+A.66.3.3.17 See A.3.3.123.
+A.66.3.3.18 Hazardous Material or Hazardous Chemical.These
+dangers can arise from, but are not limited to, toxicity, reactivity,
+instability, or corrosivity. [30, 2008]
+A.66.3.3.25.2 See A.3.3.153.2.
+A.66.3.3.26 See A.3.3.174.
+ELEVATION VIEW
+Vertical rack member
+Horizontal rack member
+Oxidizer commodity
+Other commodity
+Plywood barrier
+Wire mesh or steel grate
+Sprinkler head
+PLAN VIEW
+FIGURE A.65.11.3.15.7 Arrangement of Horizontal Barrier
+Separating Combustible Materials and Consumer Fireworks.
+[1124:Figure A.7.3.15.7]
+1–536 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.66.3.3.28 See A.3.3.193.
+A.66.3.3.31 See A.3.3.206.
+A.66.3.3.32.3.1 Nonmetallic Portable Tank.Permissible non-
+metallic portable tanks for shipping Class I, Class II, and Class
+IIIA liquids are governed by hazardous materials transporta-
+tion regulations promulgated by the United Nations (UN)
+and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Small
+tanks for Class IIIB liquids are not governed by either UN or
+DOT hazardous materials regulations. Fiber portable tanks for
+Class IIIB liquids include composite designs consisting of a
+multi-ply corrugated box with a rigid or flexible inner plastic
+bladder. [30, 2008]
+A.66.3.3.36 See A.3.3.238.12.
+A.66.3.3.39 Warehouse. Warehousing operations referred to
+in these definitions are those operations not accessible to the
+public and include general-purpose, merchandise, distribu-
+tion, and industrial warehouse–type operations. [30, 2008]
+A.66.4.1.1 See A.3.3.25.
+A.66.4.1.2 See A.3.3.120.
+A.66.4.1.4 See A.3.3.251.
+A.66.4.3 The classification of liquids is based on flash points
+that have been corrected to sea level, in accordance with the
+relevant ASTM test procedures. At high altitudes, the actual
+flash points will be significantly lower than those either ob-
+served at sea level or corrected to atmospheric pressure at sea
+level. Allowances could be necessary for this difference in or-
+der to appropriately assess the risk.
+Table A.66.4.3 presents a comparison of the definitions and
+classification of flammable and combustible liquids, as set
+forth in Chapter 66 of this Code, with similar definitions and
+classification systems used by other regulatory bodies.
+The Hazardous Materials Regulations of the U.S. Depart-
+ment of Transportation (DOT), as set forth in the 49 CFR
+173.120(b)(2) and 173.150(f), provide an exception whereby
+a flammable liquid that has a flash point between 37.8°C (100°F)
+and 60.5°C (141°F) and does not also meet the definition of any
+other DOT hazard class can be reclassified as a combustible liq-
+uid [i.e., one having a flash point above 60.5°C (141°F)] for ship-
+ment by road or rail within the United States. [30:A.4.3]
+A.66.6.1 These provisions might not provide adequate pro-
+tection for all operations involving hazardous materials or
+chemical reactions, nor do they consider health hazards re-
+sulting from exposure to such materials. [30: A.6.1]
+A.66.6.3 The evaluation for management of fire hazards
+should consider probability of an ignitible mixture, the pres-
+ence of a credible ignition source, and consequences of an
+ignition. Where the risk is unacceptable to the AHJ, explosion
+protection in accordance with NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion
+Prevention Systems, or deflagration venting in accordance with
+NFPA 68,Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting,
+Table A.66.4.3 Comparative Classification of Liquids
+Agency
+Agency
+Classification
+Agency Flash Point
+NFPA
+Definition
+NFPA
+Classification
+NFPA Flash Point
+°F °C °F °C
+ANSI/CMA
+Z129.1
+Flammable <141 <60.5 Flammable
+Combustible
+Class I
+Class II
+Class IIIA
+<100
+≥100 to <140
+≥140 to <200
+<37.8
+≥37.8 to <60
+≥60 to <93
+Combustible ≥141 to <200 ≥60.5 to <93 Combustible Class IIIA ≥140 to <200 ≥60 to <93
+DOT Flammable <141 <60.5 Flammable
+Combustible
+Class I
+Class II
+Class IIIA
+<100
+≥100 to <140
+≥140 to <200
+<37.8
+≥37.8 to <60
+≥60 to <93
+Combustible ≥141 to <200 ≥60.5 to <93 Combustible Class IIIA ≥140 to <200 ≥60 to <93
+DOT
+HM-181
+Domestic
+Exemption*
+Flammable <100 <37.8 Flammable Class I <100 <37.8
+Combustible ≥100 to <200 ≥37.8 to <93 Combustible Class II
+Class IIIA
+≥100 to <140
+≥140 to <200
+≥37.8 to <60
+≥60 to <93
+UN Flammable <141 <60.5 Flammable
+Combustible
+Class I
+Class II
+Class IIIA
+<100
+≥100 to <140
+≥140 to <200
+< 37.8
+≥37.8 to <60
+≥60 to <93
+Combustible ≥141 to <200 ≥60.5 to <93 Combustible Class II
+Class IIIA
+≥100 to <140
+≥140 to <200
+≥37.8 to <60
+≥60 to <93
+OSHA Flammable <100 <37.8 Flammable Class I <100 <37.8
+Combustible† ≥100 ≥37.8 Combustible Class II
+Class IIIA
+Class IIIB†
+≥100 to <140
+≥140 to <200
+≥200
+≥37.8 to <60
+≥60 to <93
+≥93
+*See A.4.3.
+†See 29 CFR 1910.106 for Class IIIB liquid exemptions. [30: Table A.4.3]
+1–537ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+or a combination of the two should be provided. See also
+Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis, 2nd edi-
+tion, from the Center for Chemical Process Safety/American
+Institute of Chemical Engineers. [30: A.6.3]
+A.66.6.4.1.1 The wide range in size, design, and location of
+liquid-processing facilities precludes the inclusion of detailed
+fire prevention and control systems and methods applicable to
+all such facilities. [30: A.6.4.1.1]
+A.66.6.5.3 See NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During
+Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work.[ 30: A.6.5.3]
+A.66.6.5.4 The prevention of electrostatic ignition in equip-
+ment is a complex subject. Refer to NFPA 77, Recommended
+Practice on Static Electricity, for guidance. [30: A.6.5.4]
+A.66.6.6.1 One method of complying with this requirement
+could be through the installation of an automatic and/or
+manual fire alarm system as covered in NFPA 72, National Fire
+Alarm Code.[ 30: A.6.6.1]
+A.66.6.7.1 Other recognized fire prevention and control fac-
+tors, involving construction, location, and separation, are ad-
+dressed elsewhere in this chapter. [30: A.6.7.1]
+A.66.6.7.3 Permanent connections to process water lines
+from the fire water system present an opportunity for contami-
+nation of the fire water with process fluids. Incidents have oc-
+curred where fire water was contaminated with flammable
+process liquids, with subsequent increased fire damage and, in
+some cases, injury. Temporary connections are permitted to
+meet extraordinary needs, as in turnaround and inspection
+periods, tank cleaning, and so forth. However, care should be
+taken to address the potential for contamination. Where such
+use occurs frequently enough to justify a more robust arrange-
+ment, double block-and-bleed valves, removable spool pieces,
+or other means should be used to assure that no contamina-
+tion can occur. Check valves alone are not sufficient.
+Use of utility water sources, such as boiler feedwater, that
+are not contaminated, is acceptable for use as a supplemental
+fire water supply. [30: A.6.7.3]
+A.66.6.7.5 See NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler
+Systems, and NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for
+Fire Protection, for information on these subjects. [30: A.6.7.5]
+A.66.6.7.8 NFPA 10,Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, pro-
+vides information on the suitability of various types of extin-
+guishers. [30: A.6.7.8]
+A.66.7.3.3 For additional information, see NFPA 497, Recom-
+mended Practice for the Classification of Flammable Liquids, Gases, or
+Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Instal-
+lations in Chemical Process Areas.[ 30: A.7.3.3]
+A.66.7.3.7 NFPA 496,Standard for Purged and Pressurized Enclo-
+sures for Electrical Equipment, provides details for these types of
+installations. [30:7.3.7]
+A.66.9.3.10.3 Paragraph 4.2.3.2 of NFPA 505, Fire Safety Stan-
+dard for Powered Industrial Trucks Including Type Designations, Ar-
+eas of Use, Conversions, Maintenance, and Operations , states “In
+locations used for the storage of flammable liquids in sealed
+containers or liquefied or compressed flammable gases in con-
+tainers, approved power-operated industrial trucks designated
+as Types CNS, DS, ES, GS, LPS, GS/CNS, or GS/LPS shall be
+permitted to be used where approved by the AHJ.” Compared
+to the above types, industrial trucks that are designated DY
+and EE have significantly less potential for igniting flammable
+vapors (such as might result from a spill of Class I liquid) and
+should be used in inside liquid storage areas where conditions
+warrant. [30: A.9.3.10.3]
+A.66.9.4.1 It is not the intent of 66.9.4 to regulate containers
+and packaging systems for Class IIIB liquids, except as re-
+quired for protected storage in accordance with Chapter 16 of
+NFPA 30. [30: A.9.4.1]
+A.66.9.4.1(5) The term rigid nonmetallic intermediate bulk con-
+tainer is used to describe intermediate bulk containers that
+have a plastic vessel that serves as the primary liquid-holding
+component. This vessel can be enclosed in or encased by an
+outer structure consisting of a steel cage, a single-wall metal or
+plastic enclosure, a double wall of foamed or solid plastic, or a
+paperboard enclosure. These are often called composite IBCs,
+which is the term used by the U.S. Department of Transporta-
+tion (DOT) to describe them. The term rigid nonmetallic inter-
+mediate bulk container also denotes an all-plastic single-wall IBC
+that might or might not have a separate plastic base and for
+which the containment vessel also serves as the support struc-
+ture. IBCs that have an outer liquidtight metal structure are
+considered to be metal IBCs or metal portable tanks by DOT
+and are defined in 66.9.4.1(1). [30: A.9.4.1(5)]
+A.66.9.5 The requirements in 66.9.5 are based on hazards
+associated with fixed flammable liquids storage cabinets. They
+do not address potential hazards associated with mobile stor-
+age cabinets (i.e., cabinets with integral wheels) such as the
+following:
+(1) Increased risk of spills
+(2) Potential for tipover or blockage of egress
+(3) Maintenance of vent and grounding integrity
+(4) Variable condition of exposed floor surfaces under the
+cabinet
+[30: A.9.5]
+A.66.9.5.4 Venting of storage cabinets has not been demon-
+strated to be necessary for fire protection purposes. Additionally,
+venting a cabinet could compromise the ability of the cabinet to
+adequately protect its contents from involvement in a fire, be-
+cause cabinets are not generally tested with any venting. There-
+fore, venting of storage cabinets is not recommended.
+However, it is recognized that some jurisdictions might re-
+quire storage cabinets to be vented and that venting can also be
+desirable for other reasons, such as health and safety. In such
+cases, the venting system should be installed so as to not affect
+substantially the desired performance of the cabinet during a
+fire. Means of accomplishing this can include thermally actuated
+dampers on the vent openings or sufficiently insulating the vent
+piping system to prevent the internal temperature of the cabinet
+from rising above that specified. Any make-up air to the cabinet
+should also be arranged in a similar manner.
+If vented, the cabinet should be vented from the bottom with
+make-up air supplied to the top. Also, mechanical exhaust venti-
+lation is preferred and should comply with NFPA 91,Standard for
+Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncom-
+bustible Particulate Solids. Manifolding the vents of multiple storage
+cabinets should be avoided. [30:A.9.5.4]
+A.66.9.8.1 The Protection Level classifications are taken
+from NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety Code . Protec-
+tion Levels 1, 4, and 5 do not apply to the storage of flammable
+and combustible liquids and are therefore not extracted here.
+[30: A.9.8.1]
+1–538 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.66.9.8.2 See NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety
+Code, for additional requirements. [30: A.9.8.2]
+A.66.9.13 Spill containment can be accomplished by any of
+the following:
+(1) Noncombustible, liquidtight raised sills, curbs, or ramps
+of suitable height at exterior openings
+(2) Noncombustible, liquidtight raised sills, curbs, or ramps
+of suitable height, or other flow-diverting structures at in-
+terior openings
+(3) Sloped floors
+(4) Open-grate trenches or floor drains that are connected to
+a properly designed drainage system
+(5) Wall scuppers that discharge to a safe location or to a
+properly designed drainage system
+(6) Other means that are acceptable to the AHJ
+Where sills, curbs, or ramps are used, the appropriate
+height will depend on a number of factors, including the
+maximum expected spill volume, the floor area, and the exist-
+ence of any drainage systems. Historically, curbs and sills have
+been 4 in. (100 mm) high.
+A variety of curb, sill, and ramp heights can be used to
+obtain the desired containment volume. As a guide, 1 ft 2 of
+water at a depth of 1 in. equals 0.6 gal (1 m2 of water @ 25 mm
+= 25 L). Once the total quantity of liquid containment has
+been established, the necessary curb, sill, or ramp height can
+then be calculated.
+Where open-grate trenches are used, the volume of the
+trench should be able to contain the maximum expected spill
+volume or otherwise be connected to a properly designed
+drainage system.
+It should be noted that these containment and drainage
+provisions address only fire protection concerns. Consult the
+appropriate environmental regulations for other restrictions
+that could apply. [30: A.9.13]
+A.66.9.16.1 Release of a Class IA liquid into a room or enclo-
+sure can result in the evolution of large quantities of flam-
+mable vapor. The ignition of this flammable mixture can re-
+sult in a significant pressure rise, the production of hot
+combustion gases, and flame. Failure to adequately design a
+room or building for this type of event can result in the failure
+of the room or building walls and/or roof and the uncon-
+trolled release of the hot combustion gases, flames, and pres-
+sure. An acceptable method of protection against this type of
+event is the use of damage-limiting construction consisting of a
+combination of pressure-relieving construction and pressure-
+resistant construction as described in NFPA 68,Standard on Explo-
+sion Protection by Deflagration Venting.[ 30:A.9.16.1]
+A.66.9.16.2 Unstable liquids can create deflagration or deto-
+nation hazards. A complete engineering review of the type of
+explosion event that might be produced by an unstable liquid
+is needed to define the necessary protection measures. Protec-
+tion measures for detonations require construction features
+such as barricades. [30: A.9.16.2]
+A.66.14.1 Environmental concerns have dictated special han-
+dling of hazardous materials, chemicals, and wastes. Some of
+these have flammable and combustible liquid characteristics, in
+addition to their environmental and health problems, thus caus-
+ing some questions as to how they should be stored and handled.
+Several manufacturers have met this problem by designing
+and manufacturing movable, modular prefabricated storage
+lockers, working diligently with various building officials and
+AHJs. This results in a product that is intended to meet gov-
+ernment standards and regulations for hazardous materials
+storage. Several municipalities have passed model ordinances
+covering the design, construction, and location of hazardous
+materials storage lockers. Design features can include, but are
+not limited to, the following:
+(1) Secondary spill containment sumps
+(2) Deflagration venting
+(3) Ventilation requirements, including mechanical ventila-
+tion where dispensing operations are expected
+(4) Electrical equipment for hazardous locations in accor-
+dance with NFPA 70,National Electrical Code
+(5) Static electricity control
+(6) Fire suppression systems (dry chemical or sprinklers)
+(7) Heavy structural design for the following:
+(a) Security provisions
+(b) Doors that lock and permit pallet loading
+(c) Wind load, snow load, and storage load conditions
+(d) Anchorage provisions
+(e) Skid design, permitting relocation using lift trucks
+(8) Fire-related exterior walls, if required
+(9) Interior partitions to segregate incompatible materials
+(10) Size limits to limit quantities that can be stored within
+preassembled or ready-to-assemble designs
+(11) Nonsparking floors
+(12) Shelving, if required
+(13) Heating or cooling units, if needed
+(14) Corrosion protection as required
+(15) Employee safety provisions (eye/face wash)
+(16) NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Haz-
+ards of Materials for Emergency Response, hazard symbols
+Features provided are determined by specific storage re-
+quirements and needs of the owner, keeping in mind appli-
+cable regulations and ordinances that apply and the approval
+requirements of the AHJ.
+Several testing laboratories have developed internal proce-
+dures for the examination, testing, and listing or labeling of
+hazardous materials storage lockers submitted by manufactur-
+ers. [30: A.14.1]
+A.66.16.1.1 See Annex E of NFPA 30 for limitations of the
+protection criteria of Table 16.5.2.1 through Table 16.5.2.12 of
+NFPA 30, particularly for intermediate bulk containers and
+portable tanks having capacities greater than 60 gal (230 L).
+Protected storage allowed under previous editions of NFPA 30
+can be continued if the class of liquids stored, the quantity of
+liquids stored, fire protection, and building configuration re-
+main unchanged. Table A.66.16.1.1(a) and Table A.66.16.1.1(b),
+reprinted here from the 1993 edition of NFPA 30, can be used as
+a reference for storage arrangements in previously approved,
+protected, inside liquid storage areas.
+For certain liquids such as ketones, esters, and alcohols, the
+minimum required densities established in the listing criteria
+for foam discharge devices are often higher than the general
+densities specified for protection of flammable and combus-
+tible liquids. When determining the design criteria for extin-
+guishing systems using foam, it is important to ensure that the
+listing criteria, which are typically based on empirical data
+from fire tests, are not overlooked. Otherwise, the fire protec-
+tion system design can be inadequate for proper protection.
+Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers have been
+tested for protection of liquids only to the extent reflected in the
+tables in Section 16.5 of NFPA 30. Any other use of ESFR sprin-
+klers for protection of liquids should be based on an engineering
+analysis that evaluates the potential failure of the sprinkler system
+1–539ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+based on a rapid-growth fire or a large pool fire that would oper-
+ate more sprinklers than are accommodated by the design area.
+The use of ESFR protection, particularly without provisions for
+the control of spread of liquid, presents the possibility of a liquid
+pool fire that could exceed the limited design operating area of
+an ESFR system.
+The information in Table 16.5.2.1 through Table 16.5.2.12 of
+NFPA 30 was developed from full-scale fire tests. Where only one
+K-factor sprinkler is allowed, this was the only size proven to pro-
+vide fire control. Where a choice of K-factors is allowed by the
+tables, each was able to provide fire control; however, the larger
+K-factor sprinklers sometimes demonstrated better fire control
+and further limited fire damage. Where only one response type
+of sprinkler is allowed, this is the only type of sprinkler proven to
+provide fire control. Where a choice of response characteristics
+(SR or QR) is allowed by the tables, each was able to provide fire
+control; however, the QR sprinklers sometimes demonstrated
+better fire control and further limited fire damage.
+In the testing involving metal containers, only steel con-
+tainers were tested. Other metal containers, such as alumi-
+num, have not been tested. [30: A.16.1.1]
+A.66.16.1.2 To date, there has been no full-scale testing to
+determine appropriate fire protection design criteria for Class
+IA liquids or unstable liquids. [30: A.16.1.2]
+A.66.16.2.2 Table A.66.16.2.2 provides examples of commonly
+used metal containers that are considered either relieving style or
+nonrelieving style for use in developing protected storage ar-
+rangements in accordance with Table 16.5.2.1 through Table
+16.5.2.12 of NFPA 30. [30:A.16.2.3]
+A.66.16.2.3 Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) are high mo-
+lecular weight unsaturated polymers dissolved in a reactive
+monomer, usually styrene, in concentrations of 50 percent or less
+by weight. UPRs are combined with reinforcements such as fiber-
+glass and/or fillers to produce a wide range of products. Ex-
+amples of such products include automobile parts, bathroom
+tubs and shower stalls, cultured marble, and many products for
+architectural, recreational, construction, and corrosion-resistant
+applications. UPRs are normally packaged in 55 gal (208 L)
+drums. The U.S. Department of Transportation classification for
+UPRs is “UN 1866, Resin Solution”; however, it should be noted
+that this classification includes many materials that are not unsat-
+urated polyester resins. [30:A.16.2.4]
+A.66.16.5.1.6.2 Most fire tests using foam-water protection
+schemes have been conducted with immediate foam solution
+discharge from the operating sprinklers. If an appreciable de-
+lay is encountered before properly proportioned foam is dis-
+charged, control of the fire might not be established. One
+method of accomplishing immediate foam solution discharge
+is by using an in-line balanced pressure (ILBP) proportioning
+system. [30: A.16.5.1.6.2]
+A.66.16.8.2 Paragraph 66.16.8.2 requires that control of liq-
+uid spread be provided to prevent a pool fire on the floor from
+spreading and opening more sprinkler heads than the design
+of the sprinkler system anticipates. For example, if the sprin-
+kler system is designed to provide 0.45 gpm/ft 2 over 3000 ft2
+(18 mm/min over 280 m2), 66.16.8.2 requires that the spread
+of liquid also be limited to 3000 ft 2 (280 m2). Various means
+are available to achieve this control.
+Table A.66.16.1.1(a) Storage Arrangements for Protected Palletized or Solid Pile
+Storage of Liquids in Containers and Portable Tanks
+Maximum Storage Height
+(ft)
+Maximum Quantity per Pile
+(gal)
+Maximum Quantitya
+(gal)
+Liquid Class Storage Level Containers
+Portable
+Tanks Containers
+Portable
+Tanks Containers
+Portable
+Tanks
+IA Ground floor 5 — 3,000 — 12,000 —
+Upper floors 5 — 2,000 — 8,000 —
+Basement NP NP — — — —
+IB Ground floor 6 1⁄2 7 5,000 20,000 15,000 40,000
+Upper floors 6 1⁄2 7 3,000 10,000 12,000 20,000
+Basement NP NP — — — —
+IC Ground floor 6 1⁄2b 7 5,000 20,000 15,000 40,000
+Upper floors 6 1⁄2b 7 3,000 10,000 12,000 20,000
+Basement NP NP — — — —
+II Ground floor 10 14 10,000 40,000 25,000 80,000
+Upper floors 10 14 10,000 40,000 25,000 80,000
+Basement 5 7 7,500 20,000 7,500 20,000
+III Ground floor 20 14 15,000 60,000 55,000 100,000
+Upper floors 20 14 15,000 60,000 55,000 100,000
+Basement 10 7 10,000 20,000 25,000 40,000
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 gal = 3.8 L.
+NP: Not permitted.
+aApplies only to cut-off rooms and attached buildings.
+bThese height limitations can be increased to 10 ft for containers of 5 gal capacity or less. [30: Table A.16.1.1(a)]
+1–540 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Typical methods use trench or spot drains that divide the
+floor of the storage area into rectangles having areas equal to
+or less than the design area of the sprinkler system. Drains are
+centered under racks, and the floor is sloped toward the drain
+trenches with a minimum slope of 1 percent. The floor is
+made highest at the walls. See Figure A.66.16.8.2(a) and Fig-
+ure A.66.16.8.2(b). Trenches are arranged as described in
+NFPA 15,Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection,
+and as shown in Figure A.66.16.8.2(c). Note particularly the
+dimensions of the trenches, and note that the solid covering
+spans one-third of the width on either side of the open
+grate and the open grate spans the middle third. Spot
+drains can be similarly arranged. Another method, shown
+in Figure A.66.16.8.2(d), uses spot drains located at build-
+ing columns, where the area between any four columns
+does not exceed the design area of the sprinkler system.
+The floor is sloped to direct water flow to the drains.
+Connections to the drains are provided at trapped sumps,
+arranged as described in NFPA 15. See Figure A.66.16.8.2(e).
+To provide a safety factor, the drain pipes are sometimes
+sized to carry 150 percent of anticipated sprinkler dis-
+charge. The following equation can be used to calculate the
+flow of the drain pipe:
+FD A= 15.
+where:
+F = flow (gpm or L/min)
+D = sprinkler design density (gpm/ft 2 or L/min/m2)
+A = sprinkler design area (ft 2 or m2)
+Additional information can be found in Guidelines for Safe
+Warehousing of Chemicals, Center for Chemical Process Safety,
+American Institute of Chemical Engineers. [30: A.16.8.2]
+A.66.17.1.1 Facilities designed in accordance with Chapter 17
+of NFPA 30 do not use the maximum allowable quantity and con-
+trol area concepts found in the building code. [30:A.17.1.1]
+A.66.17.4.6 Equipment operated at gauge pressures that ex-
+ceed 1000 psi (6900 kPa) might require greater spacing. [ 30:
+A.17.4.6]
+A.66.17.6.8 API 2218, Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Pet-
+rochemical Processing Plants, contains guidance on selecting and
+installing fire-resistant coatings to protect exposed steel sup-
+ports from a high-challenge fire exposure. It also contains a
+general discussion on determining need for such protection
+and estimating the extent of the area exposed. [30: A.17.6.8]
+A.66.17.6.10 NFPA 204, Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting ,
+provides information on this subject. [30: A.17.6.10]
+A.66.17.6.11 NFPA101, Life Safety Code, provides information
+on this subject. [30: A.17.6.11]
+A.66.17.10.1 This might require curbs, scuppers, or special
+drainage systems to control the spread of fire. Annex A of
+NFPA 15,Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection,
+provides information on this subject. [30: A.17.10.1]
+A.66.17.11.2 Equipment in enclosed processing areas can de-
+teriorate over time, and periodic evaluation should be con-
+ducted to ensure that leakage rates have not increased or that
+the ventilation rate is adequate for any increase in leakage
+rates. [30: A.17.11.2]
+A.66.17.11.7 NFPA 91,Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Convey-
+ing of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids, and
+NFPA 90A,Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Venti-
+lating Systems, provide information on this subject. [30:A.17.11.7]
+A.66.17.14 Where the vapor space of equipment is usually
+within the flammable range, the probability of explosion dam-
+age to the equipment can be limited by inerting, by provid-
+ing an explosion suppression system, or by designing the
+equipment to contain the peak explosion pressure that can
+be modified by explosion relief. Where the special hazards
+of operation, sources of ignition, or exposures indicate a
+Table A.66.16.1.1(b) Storage Arrangements for Protected Rack Storage of Liquids
+in Containers and Portable Tanks
+Liquid Class Type Rack Storage Level
+Maximum Storage
+Height of Containers
+(ft)
+Maximum Quantity
+of Containers
+(gal)a,b
+IA Double row Ground floor 25 7,500
+or single row Upper floors 15 4,500
+Basement NP —
+IB Double row Ground floor 25 15,000
+IC or single row Upper floors 15 9,000
+Basement NP —
+II Double row Ground floor 25 24,000
+or single row Upper floors 25 24,000
+Basement 15 9,000
+III Multirow, Ground floor 40 55,000
+double row, Upper floors 20 55,000
+or single row Basement 20 25,000
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3 m; 1 gal = 3.8 L.
+NP: Not permitted.
+aMaximum quantity allowed on racks in cut-off rooms and attached buildings.
+bMaximum quantity allowed per rack section in liquid warehouses. [30: Table A.16.1.1(b)]
+1–541ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+need, consideration should be given to providing protec-
+tion by one or more of the above means.
+See NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration
+Venting, and NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems ,
+for additional information on various methods of mitigating
+losses from explosions. [30: A.17.14]
+A.66.18.3.8 The process area is not intended to be a storage
+area for liquid containers. However, it is recognized that con-
+tainers will be brought into the process area either for transfer
+of liquids to the process or for dispensing liquids from the
+process to the containers.
+The amount of liquid in containers in the process area
+should be limited as much as possible. Full containers should
+not be stored in the process area but can be staged there. Only
+the amount of liquid needed for one continuous 24-hour pe-
+riod should be brought into the process area in full contain-
+ers. Partial containers can remain in the process area as long
+as they do not increase the hazard present. Containers that
+were filled in the process area can remain there during the
+shift that they were filled but should be relocated to the appro-
+priate storage area before the end of the workday or shift in
+the case of 24-hour-a-day operations. [30: A.18.3.8]
+A.66.18.4.1 Incidental operations are operations that utilize
+liquids only as a limited activity to that which establishes the
+occupancy classification. Examples include automobile assem-
+bly, assembly of electronic equipment, furniture manufactur-
+ing, and areas within refineries, distilleries, and chemical
+plants where the use of liquids is incidental, such as in mainte-
+nance shops, offices, or vehicle repair shops. Some more de-
+tailed descriptions follow:
+(1) Vehicle Assembly.Vehicle assembly operations usually involve
+both process and incidental use of liquids. An example of a
+Table A.66.16.2.2 Common Relieving- and Nonrelieving-Style Metal Containers
+Container Type Relieving Style Nonrelieving Style
+≤1q t1 All N/A
+>1 qt and ≤6 gal1 Metal containers with plastic cap, or flexible
+or rigid plastic spout with plastic cap
+Metal containers with steel spout and steel
+screw cap
+≤1 gal, friction lid Metal containers with metal friction-fit covers
+(e.g., paint can lid)
+N/A
+1 gal and ≤6 gal (lug cover) Metal containers with metal covers held in
+place with a mechanical friction-fit (e.g.,
+lug-type) closure mechanism
+N/A
+>6 gal and ≤60 gal2,3 (drums) Metal containers, tight or open-head
+(drums) having at least one 2 in. plastic
+plug (Note: cap seals, if used, need to be
+plastic and nonmetallic)
+Open head metal containers with steel covers
+having no steel flange openings; or open
+head and tight head metal containers with
+steel flange openings where only steel plugs
+and/or cap seals are used
+>60 gal and≤793 gal Metal portable tanks or metal intermediate
+bulk containers with at least one relief device
+conforming to the design, construction, and
+capacity of the container’s section
+N/A
+For SI units, 1 gal = 3.8 L.
+N/A: Not applicable.
+1All containers ≤1 qt are considered relieving style because their failure is inconsequential.
+2In full-scale fire tests, where containers were provided with both3⁄4 in. (19 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) relieving
+vent openings and, in some cases, both vents were obstructed by pallet slats, rupture of containers did not
+occur. Because it is not possible to determine if all conceivable obstruction scenarios were represented,
+where drums are stacked more than one high, provide an additional 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) or 2 in. (50 mm)
+pressure-relieving mechanism.
+3The use of plastic plugs instead of steel plugs (bungs) in a steel drum in order to achieve a relieving-style
+container should contemplate the following issues in order to assure the safe storage of liquids:
+(1) The compatibility of the plastic plug materials and gaskets with the liquids being stored.
+(2) The stability and shelf life of the liquids being stored as the plastic plugs can admit water vapor, oxygen,
+and light.
+(3) The difference in expansion coefficients for plastic plugs and steel drums for those drums subject to
+temperature variations and hot or cold conditions.
+(4) The tooling issues involved with the use of plastic plugs as the torque levels are different from those
+levels used for steel plugs.
+(5) The training of fill line operators in order to avoid cross-threading and/or the stripping of threads.
+(6) The voiding of the United Nations (UN) rating on the steel drum by installing plastic plugs. If the user
+needs to install a plug other than the one originally provided by the container manufacturer, then the user
+should contact the manufacturer to ensure that the UN rating will still be valid. [30: Table A.16.2.3]
+1–542 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Protect if pit  
+is less than  
+50 ft (15 m)  
+from building
+Main drain
+Trench drain
+FIGURE A.66.16.8.2(a) General Scheme for Warehouse Spill Control of Liquids. [30: Figure
+A.16.8.2(a)]
+Storage
+Storage
+Storage
+Storage
+Storage Storage Area equal to 
+sprinkler design 
+area
+Main drain
+Trench drain
+FIGURE A.66.16.8.2(b) Plan View of Warehouse Spill Con-
+trol of Liquids. [30: Figure A.16.8.2(b)]
+Removable solid plate
+¹⁄₃¹⁄₃ ¹⁄₃
+Trap
+Removable grate
+FIGURE A.66.16.8.2(c) Details of Drainage Trench Design.
+[30: Figure A.16.8.2(c)]
+Maximum area =
+Sprinkler design 
+area
+Drain Col umn
+Key:
+FIGURE A.66.16.8.2(d) Typical Arrangement of Floor
+Drains. [30: Figure A.16.8.2(d)]
+FIGURE A.66.16.8.2(e) Details of Liquid-Seal Trap. [30: Fig-
+ure A.16.8.2(e)]
+1–543ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+process operation would be paint storage and mixing uti-
+lized for application of the vehicle primer, color coats,
+and clear coats. For these operations, the requirements of
+Chapter 17 of NFPA 30 apply. Examples of incidental use
+would be sealer deck wipedown operations, windshield
+washer solvent dispensing, brake fluid filling, and final
+line paint repair operations. These operations might be
+continuous. However, the quantities of liquids used and
+the vapor exposures are significantly reduced from larger
+volume usage found within vehicle body component
+paint mixing and storage operations.
+(2) Assembly of Electrical Equipment. Examples of incidental use
+of liquids in these types of occupancies might include
+“photoresist” coating operations, “softbaking” operations,
+wave solder operations, and wipedown operations.
+(3) Chemical Plant Maintenance Shop. Incidental use of liquids
+is commonplace in maintenance shops located within a
+chemical plant. Examples are cutting oils used in a ma-
+chine shop, Class II solvents for degreasing, and Class I
+and II paint solvents and fuels associated with automotive
+and industrial truck repair.
+(4) Cleaning and Sanitation. Under provisions established by
+the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 21 CFR,
+“GMP for Medical Devices,” Class I and Class II liquids can
+be used for cleaning and sanitation purposes. Limited
+quantities are used to remove manufacturing materials,
+mold release compounds, and other contaminants not in-
+tended to be on the final product. An example would be
+the use of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), transferred to a clean-
+ing wipe via a plunger-type liquid-dispensing container.
+The cleaning wipe is then used to remove manufacturing
+materials not intended to be on the final product. The key
+point here is not that the liquid is not part of the final
+product, but that limited quantities of liquid are used and
+the use is incidental to the manufacturing operation that
+produces the product. [30: A.18.4.1]
+A.66.18.4.4.1(1) The intent of this requirement is to allow
+the quantities of flammable and combustible liquids needed
+to safely and efficiently operate for the actual operating hours
+in any 24-hour period. As an example, if the facility operates
+only 8 hours out of 24 (i.e., a single shift) and uses 50 gal
+(190 L) of liquid during that time, then 50 gal (190 L) is the
+allowable quantity for the continuous 24-hour period. If the
+facility increases operations to two shifts, then the allowable
+quantity doubles to 100 gal (380 L). [30: A.18.4.4.1(1)]
+A.66.18.4.4.1(2)(d) NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for
+Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particu-
+late Solids, provides information on the design and installation
+of mechanical ventilation. [30: A.18.4.6.3]
+A.66.19.4.2 Mist explosions have occurred when heat trans-
+fer fluid that is above its boiling point has been released in an
+enclosed area. Consideration should be given to locating heat-
+ers or vaporizers either in a detached building or in a room
+with damage-limiting construction. [30: A.19.4.2]
+A.66.19.4.3 The system should be interlocked to stop circula-
+tion of the heat transfer fluid through the system and to shut
+off the system heater or vaporizer in the event of a fire, abnor-
+mally low pressure in the system, or operation of an approved
+heat detection system. Where the refractory inside the heater
+or vaporizer can retain enough heat to cause either break-
+down of the heat transfer fluid or tube fouling if fluid circula-
+tion through the unit is stopped, circulation could have to be
+continued. In the event of a confirmed fire, it is desirable to
+subdivide the piping system by means of interlocked safety
+shutoff valves. A practical way of accomplishing this is to isolate
+all secondary circulating loops from the primary loop that
+runs into and out of the vaporizer or heater.
+A well-marked remote emergency shutoff switch or electri-
+cal disconnect should be provided to shut down the entire
+system in the event of an emergency. This should be located
+either in a constantly attended location or at a location that
+would be accessible in the event of a leak or a fire.
+If there are any process or utility lines running in or through
+rooms or areas containing parts of the heat transfer system, con-
+sideration should be given to providing emergency shutoff valves.
+They should be located so they are readily accessible in the event
+of a fire.
+Where the liquid level in the system expansion tank is
+maintained by an automatically actuated supply pump taking
+suction from the heat transfer fluid storage tank, an interlock
+should be provided to shut down the supply pump when a
+high level indicator is actuated, regardless of whether the
+pump is in automatic or manual mode. [30: A.19.4.3]
+A.66.19.4.3.1 Heat transfer fluid systems have the potential
+for releasing large quantities of heated flammable or combus-
+tible liquid. Low point drains piped to a safe location provide
+the ability to remove heat transfer fluid from a breached pip-
+ing system in order to minimize the total quantity of fluid
+released. An engineering analysis should be used to determine
+the location and design of low point drains. The engineering
+analysis should consider system inventory, the amount of heat
+transfer fluid that can be released in a specific fire area, the
+exposure created by a release, and the fire protection pro-
+vided. [30: A.19.4.3.1]
+A.66.19.4.3.2 Where possible, the drain tank(s) should be lo-
+cated below the lowest system drain opening to permit gravity
+flow. Breather vents should be provided based on the maximum
+emptying or filling rates. [30:A.19.4.3.2]
+A.66.19.4.4 If stack gas from a heater or vaporizer is recov-
+ered to provide auxiliary heat for other equipment (e.g., ro-
+tary dryers), suitable dampers, isolation gates, burner control
+logic, or other means should be provided to ensure that all
+equipment is properly purged and will operate in a safe man-
+ner. The control logic should anticipate all possible operating
+modes of the individual pieces of equipment, whether operat-
+ing singly or together, to ensure safe startup and shutdown
+under normal or upset conditions.
+Instrumentation and interlocks should be provided to
+sound an alarm and to automatically shut down the fuel
+source to the heater or vaporizer when any of the following
+conditions are detected:
+(1) Low flow of heat transfer fluid through the heat exchange
+tubes of the heater, as measured at the discharge.
+(2) High temperature or pressure of the fluid at the heater or
+vaporizer outlet. The high-temperature interlock should
+be set at or below the manufacturer’s maximum recom-
+mended bulk fluid temperature.
+(3) Low pressure at the heater or vaporizer outlet or else-
+where in the system. This interlock could require a bypass
+to allow for startup.
+(4) Low fluid level in the expansion tank.
+(5) Low liquid level in the vaporizer.
+(6) Sprinkler system flow in any area containing the heat
+transfer equipment or piping.
+1–544 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Alarm set points should be provided at levels below or
+above the automatic shutoff setpoints to monitor the above-
+mentioned variables and provide an opportunity for operators
+to correct the problem before conditions reach an unsafe
+level.[30: A.19.4.4]
+A.66.19.4.5.1 Where possible, piping should be run under-
+ground, outside, or in floor trenches. Overhead routing of heat
+transfer fluid piping should be minimized. [30:A.19.4.5.1]
+A.66.19.4.6.1 Historical records show that fires involving heat
+transfer fluids can be very severe and long lasting. It is recom-
+mended that automatic sprinkler or deluge protection be pro-
+vided throughout all building areas potentially exposed to a
+heat transfer fluid spill fire. [30: A.19.4.6.1]
+A.66.19.4.7.1 Some factors that should be considered as part
+of such a review include the following:
+(1) Infiltration of material being heated into the heat transfer
+system. In this case, the system should be shut down and the
+internal leak point found and repaired as soon as possible.
+(2) Leaks in the system. Any leak should be corrected promptly
+regardless of how small. Corrections should be permanent,
+such as repacking valve stems and replacing leaky gaskets.
+Any heat transfer fluid released as a result of a leak or opera-
+tion of a safety valve should be cleaned up immediately if it is
+or can come in contact with a hot surface. Other spills can be
+cleaned up at the first available opportunity.
+(3) Pipe or equipment insulation that is soaked with heat
+transfer fluid. In this case, the cause of the leak should be
+corrected promptly and the insulation replaced with
+clean, dry insulation.
+(4) High temperature anywhere in the system. In this case,
+operating procedures should specify shutdown of the
+heater or vaporizer fuel supply as soon as the temperature
+of the heat transfer fluid exceeds the manufacturer’s rec-
+ommended maximum bulk fluid temperature. Any cor-
+rective actions taken to correct a high temperature condi-
+tion should only be done with the heat source shut off.
+[30: A.19.4.7.1]
+A.66.19.5.5.1 If the liquid knock-out vessel utilizes a pump
+for automatic liquid removal, consideration should be given
+to a low-level alarm and shutdown to avoid running the pump
+dry, resulting in a potential source of ignition. [30: A.19.5.5.1]
+A.66.19.5.7.2 Electrical enclosures that need to be opened
+frequently for maintenance (i.e., enclosures housing vapor
+processing system controls) have a higher potential for me-
+chanical damage that could render the enclosures unable to
+contain an explosion. Additional inspection could be needed
+to ensure the integrity of the enclosure. [30: A.19.5.7.2]
+A.66.19.5.7.3 NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electric-
+ity, and API 2003, Protection Against Ignition Arising Out of Static,
+Lightning, and Stray Currents , can be used as a reference for
+protections against static ignition. [30: A.19.5.7.3]
+A.66.19.5.7.4 Spontaneous ignition can be a problem in the
+following:
+(1) Facilities where pyrophoric deposits can accumulate from
+the handling of oxygen-deficient vapors containing sulfur
+compounds or asphaltic materials. When air is introduced
+into the system, the pyrophoric materials can react, result-
+ing in potential ignition and fire.
+(2) Facilities that handle fluids in such a way that mixing of
+hypergolic or otherwise incompatible materials can oc-
+cur. Such mixing could occur with fluids remaining in the
+vapor recovery system from prior loading activities.
+(3) Facilities handling oxygenated hydrocarbons in carbon ab-
+sorption units. Higher heats of absorption for these types of
+vapors can potentially lead to overheated carbon beds and
+increase the chance that an oxidation reaction can be initi-
+ated. (For further information, refer to API Report, “An En-
+gineering Analysis of the Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on
+Marketing Vapor Recovery Equipment.”)
+[30: A.19.5.7.4]
+A.66.19.5.7.5 U.S. Coast Guard Regulations in Title 33, Code
+of Federal Regulations, Part 154, Section 154.826(b), (c), and
+(d), can be used as a reference for vapor mover designs that
+minimize the potential for ignition. [30: A.19.5.7.5]
+A.66.19.5.7.6 The potential for ignition in the vapor collection
+system needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. If ignition
+occurs, flame propagation in piping systems containing vapor
+mixtures in the flammable range normally starts with low-speed
+burning (deflagration). As the flame moves through the piping,
+it accelerates and, within a short distance, can reach supersonic
+speeds (detonation). Initial low-speed flame propagation can be
+stopped by flame arresters, liquid seals, or automatic fast-acting
+valve systems where designed, operated, and tested within the
+requirements of NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems.
+Flame propagation can also be stopped for both deflagrations
+and detonations by use of detonation arresters tested in accor-
+dance with U.S. Department of Transportation Coast Guard
+Regulations of the 33 CFR 154, Appendix A, or other procedures
+acceptable to the AHJ, or automatic fast-acting valve systems
+tested under the appropriate conditions. [30:A.19.5.7.6]
+A.66.21.4.2.1.1 Atmospheric tanks include tanks of compart-
+mented design and tanks that incorporate secondary contain-
+ment. [30: A.21.4.2.1.1]
+A.66.21.4.2.3.2 Such pressure vessels are generally referred
+to as “state special.” [30: A.21.4.2.3.2]
+A.66.21.4.3.9 Liquid properties that justify omitting such de-
+vices include, but are not limited to, condensation, corrosive-
+ness, crystallization, polymerization, freezing, or plugging.
+When any of these conditions exist, consideration should be
+given to heating, use of devices that employ special materials
+of construction, use of liquid seals, or inerting. See NFPA 69,
+Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems.[ 30: A.21.4.3.9]
+A.66.21.4.4 Exception No. 2.Examples of liquids with mini-
+mal potential for accumulation of static charge include crude
+oil, asphalt, and water-miscible liquids. For additional infor-
+mation, see NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity .
+[30: A.21.4.4 Exc. 2]
+A.66.21.4.5 Other means of internal corrosion protection in-
+clude protective coatings and linings and cathodic protection.
+[30: A.21.4.5]
+A.66.21.5.2 See PEI RP200, Recommended Practices for Installa-
+tion of Aboveground Storage Systems for Motor Vehicle Fueling , and
+STI R931, Double Wall AST Installation and Testing Instructions ,
+for additional requirements to test secondary containment
+tanks. [30: A.21.5.2]
+A.66.21.5.3 For information on testing of underground tanks,
+see NFPA 329,Recommended Practice for Handling Releases of Flam-
+mable and Combustible Liquids and Gases. For information on test-
+ing aboveground tanks, see API 653,Tank Inspection, Repair, Alter-
+ation, and Reconstruction.[ 30:A.21.5.3]
+1–545ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.66.21.6.6.1 See NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing,
+and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems , or other
+specific fire protection system standards. [30: A.21.6.6.1]
+A.66.21.7.1 Further guidance is given in API 2350, Overfill
+Protection for Storage Tanks in Petroleum Facilities.[ 30: A.21.7.1]
+A.66.21.7.4.1 For further information, see API 2015, Safe En-
+try and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks ; API 2015A, A Guide
+for Controlling the Lead Hazard Associated with Tank Entry and
+Cleaning; and API 2015B,Cleaning Open Top and Covered Floating
+Roof Tanks. [30: A.21.7.4.1]
+A.66.21.7.4.3.3(2) Special training might be required.
+[30:21.7.4.3.3(2)]
+A.66.21.7.5 See NFPA 329, Recommended Practice for Handling
+Releases of Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases, for infor-
+mation on testing methods. [30: A.21.7.5]
+A.66.21.8.1 Regular inspections of aboveground storage
+tanks, including shop fabricated aboveground storage tanks,
+performed in accordance with national standards, provide a
+means to ensure system maintenance. Acceptable standards
+include, but are not limited to, the following:
+(1) API 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruc-
+tion
+(2) STI SP001, Standard for Inspection of Aboveground Storage
+Tanks
+(3) API 12R1, Setting, Maintenance, Inspection, Operation, and
+Repair of Tanks in Production Service
+(4) API 2350, Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petroleum
+Facilities
+[30: A.21.8.1]
+A.66.21.8.6 For additional information, see API 653,Tank In-
+spection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction.[ 30: A.21.8.6]
+A.66.21.8.8 The accumulation of water in the bottom of a
+tank encourages microbial activity that hampers operations
+and increases the risk of product release. It is imperative that
+tank owners and operators routinely monitor the tank bottom
+for accumulation of water and establish a procedure for when
+and how the water is to be removed. Additional information
+can be found in API 1501, Filtration and Dehydration of Aviation
+Fuels, API RP 1621,Bulk Liquid Stock Control at Retail Outlets, and
+API Standard 2610, Design, Construction, Operation, Mainte-
+nance, and Inspection of Terminal and Tank Facilities. Other sources
+of information are ASTM D 6469,Standard Guide for Microbial Con-
+tamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems, the National Oilheat Research
+Alliance Oilheat Technician’s Manual, and the STI publication
+Keeping Water Out of Your Storage System.[ 30:A.21.8.8]
+A.66.22.4 See PEI RP200, Recommended Practices for Installation
+of Aboveground Storage Systems for Motor Vehicle Fueling, for addi-
+tional information. [30: A.22.4]
+A.66.22.5.2.1 Appendix E of API Standard 650, Welded Steel
+Tanks for Oil Storage , and Appendix B of API 620, Recom-
+mended Rules for the Design and Construction of Large, Welded,
+Low-Pressure Storage Tanks , provide information on tank
+foundations. [ 30: A.22.5.2.1]
+A.66.22.5.2.4 For further information, see ASTM E 119,Stan-
+dard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Mate-
+rials, and UL 1709, Standard for Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection
+Materials for Structural Steel.[ 30: A.22.5.2.4]
+A.66.22.7.3.1 An engineering evaluation should be per-
+formed whenever two-phase flow is anticipated. The objective
+of the engineering evaluation determining emergency vent
+requirements and design of the relief system is to protect
+against catastrophic failure resulting in unacceptable risk to
+persons or to the facility. Factors that should be included in
+the evaluation are as follows:
+(1) Properties of the materials including evaluated influence of
+two-phase flow and thermally induced instability. See the fol-
+lowing references from the Design Institute for Emergency
+Relief Systems of the Center for Chemical Process Safety/
+American Institute of Chemical Engineers:
+(a) Fisher, H. G. and Forrest, H. S., “Protection of Stor-
+age Tanks from Two-Phase Flow Due to Fire Expo-
+sure”
+(b) Houser, J., et al, “Vent Sizing for Fire Considerations:
+External Fire Duration, Jacketed Vessels, and Heat
+Flux Variations Owing to Fuel Consumption”
+(c) Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling
+Systems
+(2) Rate of heat input to the tank and contents. Computer
+models such as PLGS (supported by the UK Health and
+Safety Executive) can be useful in making the analysis.
+(3) Fire duration. For pool fires this analysis can be based on
+burning rate and pool depth. Computer programs can be
+useful in making this analysis.
+[30: A.22.7.3.1]
+A.66.22.7.4 Vent sizing formulae and prescriptive vent sizes,
+such as those established by UL 142, Standard for Steel Above-
+ground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, are typically
+based on the direct installation of a venting device on to a tank
+with a nipple not exceeding 12 in. (300 mm). When the outlet
+of a vent must be extended to a remote location, such as for
+tanks located in buildings, which require vent discharges to be
+located outside, a significant reduction in vent flow can occur
+unless the size of the vent and connecting piping is increased.
+In such cases, the size of vents and vent pipe extensions should
+be calculated to ensure that a tank will not be over-pressurized
+during a fire exposure. [30: A.22.7.4]
+A.66.22.8.1 Protection against fire or explosion required for
+large flammable liquid storage tanks should consider the use
+of fixed, semi-fixed, or portable protection system designed in
+conformance with good engineering practice such as those
+described in NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-
+Expansion Foam, NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems
+for Fire Protection, and NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention
+Systems. Ordinary combustibles (such as wood) would be sub-
+ject to radiant heat unpiloted ignition from a burning tank,
+when such exposures are located a distance of less than about
+150 percent of the tank diameter (assuming no wind effects).
+Exposure from adjacent property to the tanks would depend
+on the specific products and storage arrangement and may
+require some engineering analysis based on the occupancy
+and its exposure potential. [30: A.22.8.1]
+A.66.22.11 “Accidental release” includes but is not limited to
+the following:
+(1) Leakage from the tank shell
+(2) Overfill
+(3) Leakage from piping connected to the tank
+[30: A.22.11]
+1–546 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.66.22.11.2.2 An aboveground storage tank dike is normally
+sized to contain the entire contents of the largest single tank
+within it. Some designs incorporate sufficient freeboard (addi-
+tional capacity) to accommodate precipitation or fire-fighting
+water. The amount of this freeboard is usually governed by
+local conditions. [30: A.22.11.2.2]
+A.66.22.11.2.4.1 Diked areas for tanks containing Class I liquids
+located in extremely porous soils might require special treatment
+to prevent seepage of hazardous quantities of liquids to low-lying
+areas or waterways in case of spills. [30:A.22.11.2.4.1]
+A.66.22.11.2.6.3.4 Because unstable liquids will react more
+rapidly when heated than when at ambient temperatures, sub-
+division by drainage channels is the preferred method. [ 30:
+A.22.11.2.6.3.4]
+A.66.22.11.3.1 See 66.22.11.2.2. [30: A.22.11.3.1]
+A.66.22.12.1 Exception. As noted in this exception, engineer-
+ing designs that can reduce exposure hazards include use of
+sealed sleeve piping and secondary containment piping to
+prevent leakage and the use of remotely controlled isolation
+valves on product lines to stop the flow of liquids when the
+piping is subjected to fire exposure. [30: A.22.12.1]
+A.66.22.12.3 Methods of preventing an exposure hazard in-
+clude intermediate diking, drainage, or fire protection fea-
+tures such as water spray systems, monitors, or fire-resistive
+coatings. High integrity pumps or equipment also constitute a
+method of limiting exposure hazards. [30: A.22.12.3]
+A.66.23.3.3 Dropping or rolling the tank into the hole can
+break a weld, puncture or damage the tank, or scrape off the
+protective coating of coated tanks. See PEI RP100, Recom-
+mended Practices for Installation of Underground Liquid Storage Sys-
+tems.[ 30: A.23.3.3]
+A.66.23.3.4(1) Acceptable design standards for cathodic pro-
+tection systems include the following:
+(1) API RP 1632, Cathodic Protection of Underground Petroleum
+Storage Tanks and Piping Systems
+(2) ULC-S603.1M, Standard for Galvanic Corrosion Protection
+Systems for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and Com-
+bustible Liquids
+(3) STI-P3, Specification and Manual for External Corrosion Pro-
+tection of Underground Steel Storage Tanks
+(4) NACE RP-0169, Recommended Practice, Control of External Cor-
+rosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems
+(5) NACE RP-0285, Recommended Practice, Corrosion Control of
+Underground Storage Tank Systems by Cathodic Protection
+(6) UL 1746, Standard for External Corrosion Protection Systems for
+Steel Underground Storage Tanks, Part 1
+(7) STI RP 892, Recommended Practice for Corrosion of Under-
+ground Piping Networks Associated with Liquid Storage and Dis-
+pensing Systems
+[30: A.23.3.4(1)]
+A.66.23.3.4.1 See API RP 1615, Installation of Underground Pe-
+troleum Storage Systems, for further information. [30: A.23.3.4.1]
+A.66.23.6.1 The required venting capacity depends upon the
+filling or withdrawal rate, whichever is greater, and the vent
+line length. Unrestricted vent piping sized in accordance with
+Table 66.23.6.2 will prevent back pressure development in
+tanks from exceeding a gauge pressure of 2.5 psi (17.2 kPa).
+[30: A.23.6.1]
+A.66.23.14.2 Anchoring should be done using nonmetallic
+straps or metallic straps that are separated from the tank shell
+by inert insulating dielectric material. The straps should be
+connected to a bottom hold-down pad or deadman anchors.
+For additional information, see reference to API RP 1615, In-
+stallation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems ; PEI RP100,
+Recommended Practices for Installation of Underground Liquid Stor-
+age Systems; and STI RP R011,Recommended Practice for Anchoring
+of Steel Underground Storage Tanks.[ 30: A.23.14.2]
+A.66.24.1 Section 66.24 provides an approach that allows con-
+siderable flexibility for compliance without compromising fire
+safety, while fostering ingenuity in application of fire safety prin-
+ciples to achieve the intended objectives, outlined in the perfor-
+mance criteria set out at the beginning of each subsection. Each
+subsection has been written with the first sentence outlining the
+performance criteria that, if implemented, would achieve com-
+pliance with that subsection. In order to clarify the intent of each
+performance criterion, the subsequent paragraphs constitute
+one method of achieving compliance with the intent envisioned
+in the performance requirements. It is recognized that other
+combinations of requirements can also be used to meet the in-
+tent of the performance criteria, provided such requirements are
+acceptable to the AHJ. [30:A.24.1]
+A.66.24.4.5(3) See NFPA 68,Standard on Explosion Protection by
+Deflagration Venting, for information on deflagration venting.
+[30: A.24.4.5(3)]
+A.66.24.5.2 See NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Con-
+struction.[ 30: A.24.5.2]
+A.66.24.5.4 See NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by
+Deflagration Venting, for information on deflagration venting.
+[30: A.24.5.4]
+A.66.24.5.6 NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, provides information
+on the design of exit facilities. [30: A.24.5.6]
+A.66.24.6.1.1 NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers,
+provides information on the suitability of various types of ex-
+tinguishers. [30: A.24.6.1.1]
+A.66.24.6.1.2 See NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprin-
+kler Systems, and NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Stand-
+pipe and Hose Systems.[ 30: A.24.6.1.2]
+A.66.24.6.2.2 See NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Pri-
+vate Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances, for information
+on this subject. [30: A.24.6.2.2]
+A.66.24.6.2.3 See NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprin-
+kler Systems; NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for
+Fire Protection; and NFPA 16,Standard for the Installation of Foam-
+Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems, for information on
+these subjects.
+For certain fuel types, such as ketones, esters, and alcohols,
+the minimum required densities established in the listing cri-
+teria for foam discharge devices are often higher than the gen-
+eral densities specified for protection of flammable and com-
+bustible liquids. When determining the design criteria for
+extinguishing systems using foam, it is important to ensure
+that the listing criteria, which are typically based on empirical
+data from fire tests, are not overlooked. Otherwise, the fire
+protection system design can be inadequate for proper protec-
+tion. [30: A.24.6.2.3]
+A.66.24.9.6 Annex A of NFPA 15,Standard for Water Spray Fixed
+Systems for Fire Protection, provides information on this subject.
+[30: A.24.9.6]
+1–547ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.66.24.10.2 Equipment in enclosed storage areas can dete-
+riorate over time and periodic evaluation should be con-
+ducted to assure that leakage rates have not increased or that
+the ventilation rate is adequate for any increase in leakage
+rates. [30: A.24.10.2]
+A.66.24.10.4 Local or spot ventilation might be needed for
+the control of special fire or health hazards. NFPA 91,Standard
+for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and
+Noncombustible Particulate Solids, and NFPA 90A,Standard for the
+Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems , provide
+information on this subject. [30: A.24.10.4]
+A.66.24.14.6 Substitutes for manual gauging include, but are
+not limited to, heavy-duty flat gauge glasses; magnetic, hydrau-
+lic, or hydrostatic remote reading devices; and sealed float
+gauges. [30: A.24.14.6]
+A.66.24.14.8 Suitable devices include, but are not limited to,
+a float valve; a pre-set meter on the fill line; a low head pump
+incapable of producing overflow; or a liquidtight overflow
+pipe, sized at least one pipe size larger than the fill pipe, that
+discharges by gravity back to the outside source of liquid or to
+an approved location. [30: A.24.14.8]
+A.66.25.3.1 Inspections are recommended for shop fabri-
+cated aboveground tanks. One guide is SP001, Standard for
+Inspection of Aboveground Storage Tanks , which is published by
+the Steel Tank Institute. In addition, the tank owner might
+desire to conduct additional inspections to ensure the ongo-
+ing integrity of tanks and equipment. Because the interior of a
+vault will ordinarily remain dry and temperature-moderated,
+environmental effects on tanks and equipment inside vaults
+will be reduced as compared to aboveground tanks that are
+not protected from weather exposure. Accordingly, inspection
+and maintenance frequencies for exterior surfaces of tanks
+and piping in vaults are typically less critical than for above-
+ground tanks installed outdoors. Nevertheless, inspection and
+maintenance of emergency vents and overfill prevention de-
+vices are still necessary.
+Clearance between the shell of a tank or equipment in a
+vault and the interior vault wall should be sufficient to accom-
+modate visual inspections and maintenance that might be
+needed. In addition, consideration should be given to the
+need for inspection and maintenance of tank interior surfaces
+that may be impacted by internal corrosion.
+Clearance should be adequate to permit the following:
+(1) Entry into the vault interior by an inspector or mainte-
+nance worker
+(2) Access to manipulate, repair, or replace any equipment or
+fittings in the vault
+(3) Access within the vault to visually inspect, either by direct
+sight or with the aid of an optical vision extension tools,
+interior vault surfaces and exterior surfaces of tanks and
+equipment, to determine the source of any leakage that
+may occur, and to conduct any needed repairs
+Because vaults are designed to provide for entry by inspec-
+tors or maintenance workers, consideration should also be
+given to providing access for rescue by emergency responders
+who might be called upon to rescue an individual from a vault.
+Such consideration can include providing a minimum access
+hatch dimension of 36 in. (915 mm) and a minimum dimen-
+sion for walkways in vault interior spaces of 30 in. (760 mm) to
+permit an emergency responder with an SCBA to maneuver
+and providing, in some cases, a second means of access to the
+vault interior. [30: A.25.3.1]
+A.66.27.4.3.2 For further information, see ASTM E 119,Stan-
+dard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Mate-
+rials, and UL 1709, Standard for Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection
+Materials for Structural Steel.[ 30: A.27.4.3.2]
+A.66.27.5.1.2 It is expected that some joints might leak under
+fire conditions but will not come apart. [30: A.27.5.1.2]
+A.66.27.6.2 API 2218, Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Pet-
+rochemical Processing Plants, contains guidance on selecting and
+installing fire-resistant coatings to protect exposed steel sup-
+ports from a high-challenge fire exposure. It also contains a
+general discussion on determining need for such protection
+and estimating the extent of the area exposed. [30: A.27.6.2]
+A.66.27.6.4 Buried steel piping should be coated with a suit-
+able material and should be cathodically protected. Galva-
+nized steel pipe, by itself and without other corrosion protec-
+tion methods, is not acceptable for underground piping. Steel
+swing joints and stainless steel flexible connectors should also
+be made corrosion resistant when in contact with the soil.
+Thus, such fittings should also be coated and cathodically pro-
+tected when installed between nonmetallic, compatible tanks
+and piping, such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic. [30: A.27.6.4]
+A.66.27.8.1.6 Vent sizing formulae and prescriptive vent sizes,
+such as those established by UL 142,Standard for Steel Aboveground
+Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, are typically based on
+the direct installation of a venting device onto a tank. When the
+outlet of a vent must be extended to a remote location, such as
+for tanks located in buildings, which require vent discharges, to
+be located outside, a significant reduction in vent flow can occur
+unless the size of the vent and connecting piping is increased. In
+such cases, the size of vents and vent pipe extensions should be
+calculated to ensure that a tank will not be over-pressurized dur-
+ing a fire exposure. [30:A.27.8.1.6]
+A.66.27.10 Where loading and unloading risers for Class II or
+Class IIIA liquids are located in the same immediate area as
+loading and unloading risers for Class I liquids, consideration
+should be given to providing positive means, such as different
+pipe sizes, connection devices, special locks, or other methods
+designed to prevent the erroneous transfer of Class I liquids
+into or from any container or tank used for Class II or Class
+IIIA liquids. Note that such consideration might not be neces-
+sary for water-miscible liquids, where the class is determined
+by the concentration of liquid in water, or where the equip-
+ment is cleaned between transfers. [30: A.27.10]
+A.66.28.3.1.2 The use of nonconductive materials in the fill
+pipe assembly should be avoided to prevent any electrical discon-
+tinuity in the piping of the system. Serious accidents have oc-
+curred when nonconductive materials, such as plastic or rubber
+hose, have been used in the fill pipe assembly. [30:A.28.3.1.2]
+A.66.28.4.2 Use of fixed fire protection systems, dikes, fire-
+rated barriers, or a combination of any of these can provide
+suitable protection from exposures. [30: A.28.4.2]
+A.66.28.9 The intent of this requirement is to prevent the
+spread of uncontrolled, spilled liquid from traveling beyond
+the loading or unloading area and exposing surrounding
+equipment and buildings. [30: A.28.9]
+A.66.28.11.1.5 NFPA 77,Recommended Practice on Static Electric-
+ity, provides additional information on static electricity protec-
+tion. [30: A.28.11.1.5]
+1–548 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.66.28.11.2.2 NFPA 77 provides additional information on
+static electricity protection. [30:28.11.2.2]
+A.66.28.11.3 The term switch loading describes a situation that
+warrants special consideration.
+When a tank is emptied of a cargo of Class I liquid, a mix-
+ture of vapor and air is left, which can be, and often is, within
+the flammable range. When such a tank is refilled with a Class
+I liquid, any charge that reaches the tank shell will be bled off
+by the required bond wire. Also, there will be no flammable
+mixture at the surface of the rising oil level because the Class I
+liquid produces at its surface a mixture too rich to be ignitible.
+This is the situation commonly existing in tank vehicles in
+gasoline service. If, as occasionally happens, a static charge
+does accumulate on the surface sufficient to produce a spark,
+it occurs in a too-rich, nonignitible atmosphere and thus
+causes no harm.
+A very different situation arises if the liquid is “switch
+loaded,” that is, when a Class II or Class III liquid is loaded into
+a tank vehicle that previously contained a Class I liquid.
+Class II or Class III liquids are not necessarily more potent
+static generators than the Class I liquid previously loaded, but
+the atmosphere in contact with the rising oil surface is not
+enriched to bring it out of the flammable range. If circum-
+stances are such that a spark should occur either across the oil
+surface or from the oil surface to some other object, the spark
+occurs in a mixture that can be within the flammable range,
+and an explosion can result.
+It is emphasized that bonding the tank to the fill stem is not
+sufficient; a majority of the recorded explosions have oc-
+curred when it was believed the tank had been adequately
+bonded. The electrostatic potential that is responsible for the
+spark exists inside the tank on the surface of the liquid and
+cannot be removed by bonding. Measures to reduce the
+chance of such internal static ignition can be one or more of
+the following:
+(1) Avoid spark promoters. Conductive objects floating on
+the oil surface increase the charge of sparking to the tank
+wall. Metal gauge rods or other objects projecting into the
+vapor space can create a spark gap as the rising liquid
+level approaches the projection. A common precaution is
+to require that fill pipes (downspouts) reach as close to
+the bottom of the tank as practicable. Any operation such
+as sampling, taking oil temperature, or gauging that in-
+volves lowering a conductive object through an opening
+into the vapor space on the oil should be deferred until at
+least 1 minute after flow has ceased. This will permit any
+surface charge to relax.
+(2) Reduce the static generation by one or more of the
+following:
+(a) Avoid splash filling and upward spraying of oil where
+bottom filling is used.
+(b) Employ reduced fill rates at the start of filling
+through downspouts, until the end of the spout is
+submerged. Some consider 3 ft/sec (0.9 m/sec) to be
+a suitable precaution.
+(c) Where filters are employed, provide relaxation time
+in the piping downstream from the filters. A relation
+time of 30 seconds is considered by some to be a suit-
+able precaution.
+(3) Eliminate the flammable mixture before switch loadings
+by gas freeing or inerting.
+See NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity , and
+NFPA 385, Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combus-
+tible Liquids, for further information. [30: A.28.11.3]
+A.66.29.3.25 Where practical, the collection basin should be
+drained to a remote location. [30: A.29.3.25]
+A.66.29.3.28 Because of the many variables involved, exact re-
+quirements cannot be provided. However, Table A.66.29.3.28
+provides guidance on the level of fire protection typically pro-
+vided at wharves and marine terminals handling flammable liq-
+uids.[30:A.29.3.28]
+A.69.1.1 See A.1.3.2.
+A.69.2.1.1.1 Prior to April 1, 1967, regulations of the U.S. De-
+partment of Transportation were promulgated by the Interstate
+Commerce Commission. In Canada, the regulations of the Cana-
+dian Transport Commission apply and are available from the Ca-
+nadian Transport Commission, Union Station, Ottawa, Canada.
+Construction of containers to the API-ASME Code for Un-
+fired Pressure Vessels for Petroleum Liquids and Gases, has not been
+authorized after July 1, 1961. [58: A.5.2.1.1]
+A.69.2.1.4.2 The tare weight is the cylinder weight plus the
+weight of all permanently attached valves and other fittings
+but does not include the weight of protecting devices that are
+removed in order to load the cylinder. [58: A.5.2.8.2]
+A.69.2.1.4.3 Head design refers to the shape of the head.
+Shapes include hemispherical, semi-ellipsoidal, and others.
+(Refer to the API-ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels for Petroleum
+Liquids and Gases for more information.) [58: A.5.2.8.3]
+A.69.3.1 Section 6.4 of NFPA 58 includes general provi-
+sions that are applicable to most stationary systems. Section
+6.5 through Section 6.13 of NFPA 58 extend and modify
+Section 6.4 of NFPA 58 for systems installed for specific pur-
+poses. [ 58: A.6.1.1]
+A.69.3.4.5.3 For information on determination of flash points
+see NFPA 30. [58:A.6.4.5.3]
+A.69.3.4.5.8 Also see NFPA 51 for oxygen systems, and
+NFPA 55 for gaseous hydrogen systems. [58: A.6.4.5.8]
+A.69.3.4.6 Because of the anticipated flash of nonrefriger-
+ated LP-Gas when it is released to the atmosphere, dikes nor-
+mally serve no useful purpose for nonrefrigerated installa-
+tions. [58: A.6.4.6]
+A.69.3.4.7 The presence of such structures can create signifi-
+cant hazards, such as the following:
+(1) Pocketing of escaping gas
+(2) Interference with application of cooling water by fire de-
+partments
+(3) Redirection of flames against containers
+(4) Impeding the egress of personnel in an emergency [ 58:
+A.6.4.7]
+A.69.3.5.1 It is the intent to allow transfer of liquid into con-
+tainers in open areas under canopies or roofs where 50 per-
+cent or more of the perimeter is not enclosed. [58: A.6.5.1]
+A.69.3.6.1.4 Generally, a light reflecting color paint is pre-
+ferred unless the system is installed in an extremely cold cli-
+mate. [58: A.6.6.1.4]
+A.69.3.8.8 Anchorage can be accomplished by use of con-
+crete bulkheads or equivalent anchorage or by the use of a
+weakness or shear fitting. [58: A.6.12.8]
+1–549ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.69.3.10.2.7 The requirement for a pilot or an electronic
+ignition system became effective for heaters with inputs over
+50,000 Btu/hr manufactured on or after May 17, 1967. [ 58:
+A.6.19.2.7]
+A.69.3.10.8.3 The weight of the cylinders will be affected by
+the specific gravity of the LP-Gas. Weights varying from 16.0 oz
+(454 g) to 16.8 oz (476 g) are recognized as being within the
+range of what is nominal. [58: A.6.19.9.3]
+A.69.3.12.1 Typical nonengine fuel systems include those on
+commercial, industrial, construction, and public service ve-
+hicles such as trucks, semitrailers, trailers, portable tar kettles,
+road surface heating equipment, mobile laboratories, clinics,
+and mobile cooking units (such as catering and canteen ve-
+hicles). [58: A.6.23.1]
+A.69.3.12.7.6 Requirements for the design of containers are
+located in Section 5.2 of NFPA 58. Requirements for container
+appurtenances are located in Section 5.3 of NFPA 58. [ 58:
+A.6.23.7.6]
+A.69.4.1 Ignition source control at transfer locations is cov-
+ered in Section 6.22 of NFPA 58. Fire protection is covered in
+Section 6.25 of NFPA 58. [58: A.7.1]
+A.69.4.2.2.5 Examples of an effective seal are a plug, cap, and
+listed quick-closing coupling. [58: A.7.2.2.5]
+A.69.5.4.1 The filling process in 69.5.4.1.4 refers to the time
+period beginning when a cylinder or cylinders are brought to
+a dispensing station to be filled and ending when the last cyl-
+inder is filled and all the cylinders are removed from the fill-
+ing area. This is meant to define a continuous process with the
+cylinders being unattended for only brief periods, such as op-
+erator breaks or lunch. [58: A.8.4.1]
+A.69.5.4.2.1 The shelves should be made of any material with
+a flame spread rating of less than 25 and be of sufficient
+strength to support the cylinders. [58: A.8.4.2.1]
+A.69.5.4.2.2 There are numerous effective means to provide
+protection against accidental vehicle impact or damage. The
+method selected depends upon local conditions with regard
+to the kinds of traffic that can be reasonably expected and the
+environment surrounding the location. While additional pro-
+tection over and above that used to protect the building might
+not be needed at some locations, others might need addi-
+tional protection. Examples of such additional protection
+could be the following:
+(1) Guard rails
+(2) Steel bollards
+(3) Raised sidewalks [ 58: A.8.4.2.2]
+A.69.5.5 See 6.25.4.3 of NFPA 58. [58: A.8.5]
+A.70.1.1 See Annex B for the classification of hazard catego-
+ries and hazard evaluations of oxidizers and organic peroxide
+formulations.
+A.70.2.1.1 See A.1.3.2.
+A.70.2.2 Examples of other oxidizing gases include bromine,
+chlorine, and fluorine.
+The classification of oxidizers is based on the evaluation by
+the Technical Committee on Hazardous Chemicals of avail-
+able scientific and technical data, actual experience, and its
+considered opinion. Classification refers to the pure oxidizer.
+Gross contamination can cause oxidizers of all classes to un-
+dergo exothermic or explosive reaction, particularly if they
+also are subjected to confinement and heating. (See definition
+Table A.66.29.3.28 Typical Fire Protection for Wharves and Marine Terminals
+Locations
+Water
+Demand
+(gpm)
+Hydrant
+Monitorsa
+(gpm)
+Hose
+Reels
+Fire Extinguisher
+Dry Chemical International
+Shore
+Connection
+Emergency
+Equipment
+Lockers
+Monitors and
+Hose Foam
+Concentrate
+Required (gal)
+Fire Boat
+Connection30 lb
+150 lb
+Wheeled
+Barge
+terminals
+500–1000 Two 500 Two 1 1⁄4 2 NR NR 1 100 b NR
+Tankers
+20,000
+DWT
+and
+under
+1000–2000 Two 500 Two 1 1⁄4 2 1 1 1 300 b 2
+20,001–
+70,000
+DWT
+2000 Two 1000 Four
+11⁄4c
+22 d 2 1 2000 2
+70,001
+DWT
+and over
+2000e Two 1000 Four
+11⁄4c
+32 d 2 1 2000 f 2
+Sea islands 2000–4000 e Three
+1000
+Four
+11⁄4c
+4 2 3 2 3000 2
+For SI units, 1 gpm = 3.8 L/min; 1 gal = 3.8 L; 1 lb = 0.45 kg.
+NR: Not required.
+aA minimum of two 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) hydrant outlets should be provided at each monitor riser.
+bCan be provided by onshore mobile equipment.
+cOne hose reel at each berth should have foam capability.
+dThe proximity of adjacent berths can reduce total required.
+eUnder-dock systems are optional. Add water for under-dock system (0.16 × area).
+fUnder-dock systems are optional. Add foam for under-dock system (0.16 × 0.3 × 30 × area). [ 30: Table
+A.29.3.28]
+1–550 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+3.3.179, Oxidizer. See B.5.2 through B.5.2.5 for oxidizer classifica-
+tions.) [430: A.3.3.7]
+A.70.2.3(1) Sills, curbs, or intervening storage of nonhazard-
+ous compatible materials and aisles should be used as aids in
+maintaining separation. [430: A.3.3.10.5]
+A.70.2.4.2.1 The classification system for oxidizer hazard (see
+3.3.175) should be used only to determine the storage require-
+ments established by thisCode. It is not meant to be a substitute
+for the hazard identification system established by NFPA 704.
+Since the hazard characteristics of oxidizers vary widely de-
+pending on the type of oxidizer and its relative concentration,
+each oxidizer should be rated individually according to the
+criteria established in NFPA 704.
+NFPA 704 is designed to apprise fire fighters or emergency
+personnel of the inherent hazards related to the manufacture,
+storage, or use of hazardous materials. It is concerned with the
+health, fire, reactivity, and other related hazards created by
+short-term exposure that might be encountered under fire or
+related emergency conditions.
+The hazard rating classifications for oxidizers do not corre-
+late to the reactivity classification in NFPA 704. [430: A.4.2.1]
+A.70.2.4.3.2 Automatic sprinklers are an effective method to
+control fires involving oxidizers in conjunction with the other
+fire prevention requirements in the document. [430: A.4.4.2]
+A.70.2.4.3.3 Care should be exercised because some oxidiz-
+ers are mutually incompatible. Chlorinated isocyanurates and
+hypochlorites are examples of oxidizers that are incompatible.
+The NFPAFire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials lists many
+oxidizers and other materials that result in hazardous interac-
+tions. [430: A.4.4.3]
+A.70.2.4.3.5 This requirement to restrict exposure to water is
+not intended to apply to the application of fire protection
+water. [430: A.4.4.5]
+A.70.2.4.8.1 Conditions that affect the need for hydrant pro-
+tection include nearness of the exposures, size and construc-
+tion of the building, amount and class of the oxidizer stored,
+and availability of public fire protection. [430: A.4.11.1]
+A.70.2.4.8.3 Dry-pipe and double-interlock preaction (DIPA)
+sprinkler systems are generally prohibited by 70.2.4.8.3 for use
+with oxidizers. In mercantile occupancies with open air envi-
+ronments that are already protected by these types of systems
+as prescribed by other codes, it is considered acceptable to
+store quantities defined by NFPA 430, with the recognition
+that these commodities might not be adequately protected.
+Outside storage in this manner is preferred to inside storage.
+[430: A.4.11.3]
+A.70.2.4.8.4.1 A dry chemical fire-extinguishing agent con-
+taining ammonium compounds (such as some A:B:C agents)
+should not be used on oxidizers that contain chlorine. The
+reaction between the oxidizer and the ammonium salts in the
+fire-extinguishing agent can produce an explosive compound
+(NCl3). Carbon dioxide or other extinguishing agents that func-
+tion by a smothering action for effective use are of no value in
+extinguishing fires involving oxidizers. [430:A.4.11.6.1]
+A.70.2.4.8.4.2 Halon extinguishers should not be used on
+fires involving oxidizers since they can react with the oxidizer.
+[430: A.4.11.6.2]
+A.70.2.4.8.4.3 Halocarbon clean agent extinguishers as iden-
+tified in NFPA 2001 are chemically similar to Halon and unless
+proven differently should be assumed to react with the oxi-
+dizer. [430: A.4.11.6.3]
+A.70.2.4.9.2 Spill control, drainage, and containment are typi-
+cally required under environmental regulations. Check the
+building code to determine whether it contains spill control re-
+quirements. [430:A.4.13.2]
+A.70.2.4.9.5 Where absorptive combustible packing materi-
+als used to contain water-soluble oxidizers have become wet
+during either fire or nonfire conditions, the oxidizer can im-
+pregnate the packing material. This creates a serious fire haz-
+ard when the packing material dries. Wooden pallets that are
+exposed to water solutions of an oxidizer also can exhibit this
+behavior. [430: A.4.13.5]
+A.70.2.5.2 The NFPAFire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials
+should be used for guidance on compatibility. [430:A.1.1.1.3]
+A.70.2.6.2 The NFPAFire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials
+should be used for guidance on compatibility. [430:A.1.1.1.3]
+A.70.2.6.3.4 Only the building limit, not the pile limit, height,
+or width, can be increased by this provision. [430:A.6.2.4]
+A.70.2.7.2 The NFPAFire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials
+should be used for guidance on compatibility. [430:A.1.1.1.3]
+A.70.2.8.2 The NFPAFire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials
+should be used for guidance on compatibility. [430:A.1.1.1.3]
+A.70.2.8.4.2 For example, two tanks contain 4000 lb (1814 kg)
+and 3000 lb (1360 kg) of Class 4 oxidizer and they are separated
+by 25 ft (7.6 m). Because they are separated by less than 10 per-
+cent of 300 ft (92 m), the total quantity of 7000 lb (3175 kg)
+requires a minimum separation of 400 ft (122 m) to the nearest
+important structure in accordance with 70.2.8.4. [430:A.8.3.5]
+A.70.2.9.2.1 Recommended mercantile store arrangements
+for mutually incompatible oxidizers are shown in Figure
+A.70.2.9.2.1(a) and Figure A.70.2.9.2.1(b). These two dia-
+grams illustrate arrangements that minimize the chance of
+exposure to incompatible materials. Wherever possible, verti-
+cal separation should be maintained between incompatible
+materials. [430: A.9.2.1]
+A.70.3.1.1 See A.1.3.2.
+A.70.3.2 Test procedures described in United Nations Recom-
+mendation on Transportation of Dangerous Goods, Tests and Criteria
+are useful in determining the classification of organic perox-
+ide formulations.
+The system is based on the behavior of certain specific for-
+mulations in their U.S. Department of Transportation- or Ca-
+nadian Ministry of Transport-approved shipping containers
+and under conditions of fire exposure. (See Annex B for classifi-
+cation of typical organic peroxide formulations.) [432: A.4.12]
+A.70.3.4.1.1 The classification system described in 70.3.2 is
+used only to determine the storage requirements established
+by NFPA 432. It is not meant to be a substitute for the hazard
+identification system established by NFPA 704. Since the haz-
+ard characteristics of organic peroxide formulations vary
+widely depending on the type of organic peroxide, the dilu-
+ent, and their relative concentrations, each specific formula-
+tion will have to be rated individually according to the criteria
+established in NFPA 704. [432: A.4.1.1]
+1–551ANNEX A
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+A.70.3.4.4.2 Considerations should be given for maintaining
+proper refrigeration capability in the event of a loss of power.
+Some materials when frozen could cause separation of a car-
+rier from the organic peroxide. [432: A.4.4.2]
+A.70.3.4.6.1 Manual fire-fighting equipment can consist of
+small hose equipped with adjustable spray nozzles or portable
+fire extinguishers suitable for Class A and for Class B:C fires, or
+both. Manual fire fighting in storage areas should be under-
+taken only by those having a clear understanding of the stor-
+age conditions and the characteristics of fires involving or-
+ganic peroxides. [432: A.4.8.1]
+A.70.3.4.6.2 The use of high-expansion foam or liquid nitrogen
+flooding can be substituted for automatic sprinkler protection if
+installed subject to the approval of the AHJ. For Class I organic
+peroxide formulations, see 7.5.2 of NFPA 432. [432:A.4.8.2]
+A.70.3.4.7.2 The method of disposal can vary depending on
+the specific formulation and materials with which they might
+have been contaminated. Refer to the manufacturer or the
+supplier of the specific formulation for advice. [432: A.4.9.2]
+A.70.3.4.8.1.3 In the venting equation, use the fuel character-
+istic constant for “gases with fundamental burning velocity less
+than 1.3 times that of propane.” See NFPA 68 for information
+on vent design. Refer to manufacturers’ technical data for in-
+formation on organic peroxide formulations that give off
+flammable gases upon decomposition. [432: A.6.3.4]
+A.70.3.4.8.2 For example, a sprinklered building, detached
+by 50 ft (15.3 m), can contain up to 500 lb (227 kg) of Class I,
+50,000 lb (22,700 kg) of Class II, and 50,000 lb (22,700 kg) of
+Class III formulations, according to the following ratios:
+(1) Class I:
+500 lb
+2000 lb (max)
+100 = 25%  227 kg
+907 kg (max)
+×× = 100 25%
+(2) Class II:
+50,000 lb
+100,000 lb (max)
+100 = 50%  22,700 kg
+45,400 kg (m
+×
+aax)
+×=100 50%
+(3) Class III:
+50,000 lb
+200,000 lb (max)
+  22,700 kg
+90,700 kg (max
+×=100 25%
+))
+×=100 25%
+In no case does the quantity in storage exceed the maxi-
+mum for its class, nor does the sum of the percentages exceed
+100 percent. [432: A.4.10.2]
+A.70.3.4.9.6 Since no commercially available Class I organic
+peroxide formulations are supplied in 55 gal (208 L) drums,
+there is no requirement for such storage. [432: A.4.11.6]
+A.70.3.5.4.3 For information on combustible or limited-
+combustible construction, see NFPA 220. [432: A.5.4.3]
+A.70.3.6.2 For information on combustible or limited-
+combustible construction, see NFPA 220. [432: A.6.4]
+A.70.3.7.2.1 For the purpose of NFPA 432, an important
+building is one that is occupied or that contains facilities vital
+to the operation of the plant. [432: A.7.3.1]
+Annex B Hazardous Materials Classifications
+This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+but is included for informational purposes only.
+B.1 Scope. Annex B provides information, explanations, and
+examples to illustrate and clarify the hazard categories con-
+tained in Chapter 60. The hazard categories are based upon
+Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Where numerical
+classifications are included, they are in accordance with na-
+Solid partitions
+Shelf
+ 1
+Shelf 
+2
+Shelf 
+3
+Shelf 
+4
+Shelf 
+5
+Shelf 
+6
+Shelf 
+7
+Shelf 
+8
+Shelf 
+9
+Shelf 1:  Oxidizer A             Shelf 4:  Oxidizer B             Shelf 7:  Oxidizer C
+Shelf 2:  Oxidizer A             Shelf 5:  Oxidizer B             Shelf 8:  Oxidizer C
+Shelf 3:  Oxidizer A             Shelf 6:  Oxidizer B             Shelf 9:  Oxidizer C
+Oxidizers A, B, and C are mutually incompatible.
+FIGURE A.70.2.9.2.1(a) Recommended Mercantile Store Ar-
+rangement for Mutually Incompatible Oxidizers. [430:Figure
+A.9.2.1(a)]
+Solid partitions
+Shelf
+ 1
+Shelf 
+2
+Shelf 
+3
+Shelf 
+4
+Shelf 
+5
+Shelf 
+6
+Shelf 
+7
+Shelf 
+8
+Shelf 
+9
+Shelf 1:  Oxidizer A         Shelf 4:  Oxidizer C          Shelf 7:  Oxidizer D
+Shelf 2:  Inert                   Shelf 5:  Inert                    Shelf 8:  Inert
+Shelf 3:  Oxidizer B         Shelf 6:  Incompatible     Shelf 9:  Incompatible
+                                                      liquid                               liquid
+Oxidizers A, B, C, and D are mutually incompatible with each 
+other and with the incompatible liquids.
+FIGURE A.70.2.9.2.1(b) Recommended Mercantile Store Ar-
+rangement for Mutually Incompatible Oxidizers and Other
+Incompatible Materials. [430:Figure A.9.2.1(b)]
+1–552 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+tionally recognized standards. Annex B should not be used as
+the sole means of hazardous materials classification.
+B.2 Hazard Categories.
+B.2.1 Physical Hazards.
+B.2.1.1 Explosives and Blasting Agents.
+B.2.1.1.1 High Explosives. Can be detonated by means of
+blasting cap when unconfined. Examples: dynamite, TNT, ni-
+troglycerine, C-3, and C-4.
+B.2.1.1.2 Low Explosives.Can be deflagrated when confined.
+Examples: black powder, smokeless powder, propellant explo-
+sives, and display fireworks.
+B.2.1.1.3 Blasting Agents.Oxidizer and liquid fuel slurry mix-
+tures. Example: ammonium nitrate combined with fuel oil.
+B.2.1.2 Compressed Gases.
+B.2.1.2.1 Flammable. Examples: acetylene, carbon monox-
+ide, ethane, ethylene, hydrogen, and methane.
+B.2.1.2.2 Oxidizing. Examples: oxygen, ozone, oxides of ni-
+trogen, chlorine, and fluorine. Chlorine and fluorine do not
+contain oxygen but reaction with flammables is similar to that
+of oxygen.
+B.2.1.2.3 Corrosive.Examples: ammonia, hydrogen chloride,
+and fluorine.
+B.2.1.2.4 Highly Toxic.Examples: arsine, cyanogen, fluorine,
+germane, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen selenide, nitric oxide,
+phosphine, and stibene.
+B.2.1.2.5 Toxic. Examples: chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, hy-
+drogen sulfide, silicon tetrafluoride, and phosgene.
+B.2.1.2.6 Inert (Chemically Unreactive).Examples: argon, he-
+lium, krypton, neon, nitrogen, and xenon.
+B.2.1.2.7 Pyrophoric. Examples: diborane, dichloroborane,
+phosphine, and silane.
+B.2.1.2.8 Unstable (Reactive).Examples: butadiene (unstabi-
+lized), ethylene oxide, and vinyl chloride.
+B.2.1.3 Flammable and Combustible Liquids.
+B.2.1.3.1 Flammable Liquids.
+B.2.1.3.1.1 Class I-A liquids include those having flash points
+below 73°F (22.8°C) and having a boiling point below 100°F
+(37.8°C).
+B.2.1.3.1.2 Class I-B liquids include those having flash points
+below 73°F (22.8°C) and having a boiling point at or above
+100°F (37.8°C).
+B.2.1.3.1.3 Class I-C liquids include those having flash points
+at or above 73°F (22.8°C) and below 100°F (37.8°C).
+B.2.1.3.2 Combustible Liquids.
+B.2.1.3.2.1 Class II liquids include those having flash points
+at or above 100°F (37.8°C) and below 140°F (60°C).
+B.2.1.3.2.2 Class III-A liquids include those having flash
+points at or above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F (93.3°C).
+B.2.1.3.2.3 Class III-B liquids include those liquids having
+flash points at or above 200°F (93.3°C).
+B.2.1.4 Flammable Solids.
+B.2.1.4.1 Organic Solids.Examples: camphor, cellulose nitrate,
+and naphthalene.
+B.2.1.4.2 Inorganic Solids. Examples: decaborane, lithium
+amide, phosphorous heptasulfide, phosphorous sesquisulfide,
+potassium sulfide, anhydrous sodium sulfide, and sulfur.
+B.2.1.4.3 Combustible Metals (Except Dusts and Powders).
+Examples: cesium, magnesium, and zirconium.
+B.2.1.4.4 Combustible Dusts and Powders (Including Met-
+als). Examples: wood sawdust, plastics, coal, flour, and pow-
+dered metals (few exceptions).
+B.2.1.5 Oxidizers.
+B.2.1.5.1 Gases. Examples: oxygen, ozone, oxides of nitro-
+gen, fluorine, and chlorine (reaction with flammables is simi-
+lar to that of oxygen).
+B.2.1.5.2 Liquids. Examples: bromine, hydrogen peroxide,
+nitric acid, perchloric acid, and sulfuric acid.
+B.2.1.5.3 Solids. Examples: chlorates, chromates, chromic
+acid, iodine, nitrates, perchlorates, and peroxides.
+B.2.1.5.4 Examples of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers According
+to Hazard.
+B.2.1.5.4.1 Class 4. Examples: ammonium perchlorate (par-
+ticle size greater than 15 microns), ammonium permangan-
+ate, guanidine nitrate, hydrogen peroxide solutions (greater
+than 91 percent), and tetranitromethane.
+B.2.1.5.4.2 Class 3. Examples: ammonium dichromate, cal-
+cium hypochlorite (over 50 percent by weight), chloric acid
+(10 percent maximum concentration), hydrogen peroxide
+solutions (greater than 52 percent up to 91 percent),
+mono-(trichloro)-tetra-(monopotassium dichloro)-penta-s-
+triazinetrione, nitric acid, fuming (more than 86 percent
+concentration), perchloric acid solutions (60 percent to
+72 percent by weight), potassium bromate, potassium chlor-
+ate, potassium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (potassium dichlor-
+oisocyanurate), sodium bromate, sodium chlorate, sodium
+chlorite (over 40 percent by weight), and sodium dichloro-s-
+triazinetrione (sodium dichloroisocyanurate).
+B.2.1.5.4.3 Class 2. Examples: barium bromate, barium chlor-
+ate, barium hypochlorite, barium perchlorate, barium perman-
+ganate, 1-bromo-3-chloro-5, 5-dimethylhydantoin, calcium chlor-
+ate, calcium chlorite, calcium hypochlorite (50 percent or less by
+weight), calcium perchlorate, calcium permanganate, chro-
+mium trioxide (chromic acid), copper chlorate, halane (1,3-
+dichloro-5, 5-dimethylhydantoin), hydrogen peroxide (greater
+than 27.5 percent up to 52 percent), lead perchlorate, lithium
+chlorate, lithium hypochlorite (more than 39 percent available
+chlorine), lithium perchlorate, magnesium bromate, magne-
+sium chlorate, magnesium perchlorate, mercurous chlorate, ni-
+tric acid (more than 40 percent but less than 86 percent), per-
+chloric acid solutions (more than 50 percent but less than
+60 percent), potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate,
+potassium peroxide, potassium superoxide, silver peroxide, so-
+dium chlorite (40 percent or less by weight), sodium perchlorate,
+sodium perchlorate monohydrate, sodium permanganate, so-
+dium peroxide, strontium chlorate, strontium perchlorate, thal-
+lium chlorate, trichloro-s-triazinetrione (trichloroisocyanuric
+acid), urea hydrogen peroxide, zinc bromate, zinc chlorate, and
+zinc permanganate.
+1–553ANNEX B
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+B.2.1.5.4.4 Class 1. Examples: all inorganic nitrates (unless
+otherwise classified), all inorganic nitrites (unless otherwise
+classified), ammonium persulfate, barium peroxide, calcium
+peroxide, hydrogen peroxide solutions (greater than 8 per-
+cent up to 27.5 percent), lead dioxide, lithium hypochlorite
+(39 percent or less available chlorine), lithium peroxide, mag-
+nesium peroxide, manganese dioxide, nitric acid (40 percent
+concentration or less), perchloric acid solutions (less than
+50 percent by weight), potassium dichromate, potassium percar-
+bonate, potassium persulfate, sodium carbonate peroxide, so-
+dium dichloro-s-triazinetrione dihydrate, sodium dichromate, so-
+dium perborate (anhydrous), sodium perborate monohydrate,
+sodium perborate tetrahydrate, sodium percarbonate, sodium
+persulfate, strontium peroxide, and zinc peroxide.
+B.2.1.6 Organic Peroxides.Examples of organic peroxides ac-
+cording to hazard: Unclassified. Unclassified organic perox-
+ides are capable of detonation and are regulated in accor-
+dance with Chapter 65.
+B.2.1.6.1 Class I. Examples: acetyl cyclohexane sulfonyl 60-
+65 percent concentration by weight, fulfonyl peroxide, ben-
+zoyl peroxide over 98 percent concentration,t-butyl hydroper-
+oxide 90 percent, t-butyl peroxyacetate 75 percent, t-butyl
+peroxyisopropylcarbonate 92 percent, diisopropyl peroxydi-
+carbonate 100 percent, di-n-propyl peroxydicarbonate 98 per-
+cent, and di-n-propyl peroxydi-carbonate 85 percent.
+B.2.1.6.2 Class II. Examples: acetyl peroxide 25 percent,t-butyl
+hydroperoxide 70 percent, t-butyl peroxybenzoate 98 percent,
+t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhex-anoate 97 percent,t-butyl peroxyisobu-
+tyrate 75 percent,t-butyl peroxyisopropyl-carbonate 75 percent,
+t-butyl peroxypivalate 75 percent, dybenz-oyl peroxydicarbonate
+85 percent, di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate 98 percent, di-sec-
+butyl peroxydicarbonate 75 percent, 1,1-di-(t-butylperoxy)-3,5,5-
+trimethyecyclohexane 95 percent, di-(2-ethythexyl) peroxydicar-
+bonate 97 percent, 2,5-dymethyl-2-5 di (benzoylperoxy) hexane
+92 percent, and peroxyacetic acid 43 percent.
+B.2.1.6.3 Class III. Examples: acetyl cyclohexane sulfonal per-
+oxide 29 percent, benzoyl peroxide 78 percent, benzoyl peroxide
+paste 55 percent, benzoyl peroxide paste 50 percent peroxide/
+50 percent butylbenzylphthalate diluent, cumene hydroperox-
+ide 86 percent, di-(4-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate 98 per-
+cent, t-butyl peroxy-2-ethytehexanoate 97 percent, t-butyl
+peroxyneodecanoate 75 percent, decanoyl peroxide 98.5 per-
+cent, di-t-butyl peroxide 99 percent, 1,1-di-(t-butylperoxy)-3,5,5-
+trimethylcyclohexane 75 percent, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide
+50 percent, diisopropyl peroxydi-carbonate 30 percent, 2,-5-
+dimethyl-2,5-di- (2-ethylhexanolyperoxy)-hexane 90 percent, 2,5-
+dimethyl-2,5-di- (t-butylperoxy) hexane 90 percent, and methyl
+ethyl ketone peroxide 9 percent active oxygen diluted in dim-
+ethyl phthalate.
+B.2.1.6.4 Class IV. Examples: benzoyl peroxide 70 percent,
+benzoyl peroxide paste 50 percent peroxide/15 percent wa-
+ter/35 percent butylphthalate diluent, benzoyl peroxide
+slurry 40 percent, benzoyl peroxide powder 35 percent,t-butyl
+hydroperoxide 70 percent, t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate
+50 percent, decumyl peroxide 98 percent, di-(2-ethylhexal)
+peroxydicarbonate 40 percent, laurel peroxide 98 percent,
+p-methane hydroperoxide 52.5 percent, methyl ethyl ketone
+peroxide 5.5 percent active oxygen and methyl ethyl ketone
+peroxide 9 percent active oxygen diluted in water and glycols.
+B.2.1.6.5 Class V. Examples: benzoyl peroxide 35 percent, 1,1-
+di-t-butyl peroxy 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane 40 percent, 2,5-di-
+(t-butyl peroxy) hexane 47 percent, and 2,4-pentanedione per-
+oxide 4 percent active oxygen.
+B.2.1.7 Pyrophoric Materials.
+B.2.1.7.1 Gases. Examples: diborane, phosphine, and silane.
+B.2.1.7.2 Liquids. Examples: diethyl aluminum chloride, di-
+ethyl beryllium, diethyl phosphine, diethyl zinc, dimethyl ars-
+ine, triethyl aluminum etherate, thriethyl bismuthine, thri-
+ethyl boron, trimethyl aluminum, and trimethyl gallium.
+B.2.1.7.3 Solids. Examples: cesium, hafnium, lithium, white
+or yellow phosphorus, plutonium, potassium, rubidium, so-
+dium, and thorium.
+B.2.1.8 Examples of Unstable (Reactive) Materials According
+to Hazard.Classification by degree of hazard must be in accor-
+dance with Chapter 72.
+B.2.1.8.1 Class 4. Examples: acetyl peroxide, dibutyl perox-
+ide, dinitrobenzene, ethyl nitrate, peroxyacetic acid, and pi-
+cric acid (dry) trinitrobenzene.
+B.2.1.8.2 Class 3. Examples: hydrogen peroxide (greater
+than 52 percent), hydroxylamine, nitromethane, paranitro-
+aniline, perchloric acid, and tetrafluoroethylene monomer.
+B.2.1.8.3 Class 2. Examples: acrolein, acrylic acid, hydrazine,
+methacrylic acid, sodium perchlorate, styrene, and vinyl acetate.
+B.2.1.8.4 Class 1.Examples: acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide
+35 percent to 52 percent, paraldehyde, and tetrahydrofuran.
+B.2.1.9 Examples of Water-Reactive Materials According to
+Hazard. Classification by degree of hazard must be in accor-
+dance with Chapter 73.
+B.2.1.9.1 Class 3.Examples: aluminum alkyls such as triethyl-
+aluminum, isobutylaluminum, and trimethylaluminum; bro-
+mine pentafluoride, bromine trifluoride, chlorodiethylalu-
+minium, and diethylzinc.
+B.2.1.9.2 Class 2.Examples: calcium carbide, calcium metal,
+cyanogen bromide, lithium hydride, methyldichlorosilane,
+potassium metal, potassium peroxide, sodium metal, sodium
+peroxide, sulfuric acid, and trichlorosilane.
+B.2.1.9.3 Class 1. Examples: acetic anhydride, sodium hy-
+droxide, sulfur monochloride, and titanium tetrachloride.
+B.2.1.10 Cryogenic Fluids.All of the cryogenics listed will ex-
+ist as compressed gases when they are stored at ambient tem-
+peratures.
+B.2.1.10.1 Flammable. Examples: carbon monoxide, deute-
+rium (heavy hydrogen), ethylene, hydrogen, and methane.
+B.2.1.10.2 Oxidizing. Examples: fluorine, nitric oxide, and
+oxygen.
+B.2.1.10.3 Corrosive. Examples: fluorine and nitric oxide.
+B.2.1.10.4 Inert (Chemically Unreactive). Examples: argon,
+helium, krypton, neon, nitrogen, and xenon.
+B.2.1.10.5 Highly Toxic.Examples: fluorine and nitric oxide.
+B.2.2 Health Hazards.
+B.2.2.1 Highly Toxic and Toxic Materials.
+B.2.2.1.1 Highly Toxic Materials.
+1–554 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+B.2.2.1.1.1 Gases. Examples: arsine, chlorine trifluoride, cy-
+anogen, diborane, fluorine, germane, hydrogen cyanide, ni-
+tric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, phosphine, hydrogen se-
+lenide, and stibene.
+B.2.2.1.1.2 Liquids. Examples: acrolein, acrylic acid,
+2-chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin), hydazine, hydrocyanic
+acid, 2-methylaziridine (propylenimine), 2-methyllactonitrile
+(acetone cyanohydrin), methyl ester isocyanic acid (methyl isocy-
+anate), nicotine, tetranitromethane, and tetraethylstannane (tet-
+raethyl tin).
+B.2.2.1.1.3 Solids. Examples: (acetato) phenylmercury (phe-
+nyl mercuric acetate), 4-aminopyridine, arsenic pentoxide, ar-
+senic trioxide, calcium cyanide, 2-choloroacetophenone, afla-
+toxin B, decaborane (14), mercury (II) bromide (mercuric
+bromide), mercury (II) chloride (corrosive mercury chlo-
+ride), pentachlorophenol, methyl parathion, phosphorus
+(white), and sodium azide.
+B.2.2.1.2 Toxic Materials.
+B.2.2.1.2.1 Gases. Examples: boron trichloride, boron tri-
+fluoride, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, phos-
+gene, and silicon tetrafluoride.
+B.2.2.1.2.2 Liquids. Examples: acrylonitrile, allyl alcohol,
+alpha-chlorotoluene, aniline, 1-chloro-2, 3-epoxypropane,
+chloroformic acid (allyl ester), 3-chloropropene (allyl chlo-
+ride), o-cresol, crotonaldehyde, dibromomethane, diisopro-
+pylamine, diethyl ester sulfuric acid, dimethyl ester sulfuric
+acid, 2-furaldehyde (furfural), furfuryl alcohol, phosphorus
+chloride, phosphoryl chloride (phosphorus oxychloride), and
+thionyl chloride.
+B.2.2.1.2.3 Solids. Examples: acrylamide, barium chloride,
+barium (II) nitrate, benzidine, p-benzoquinone, beryllium
+chloride, cadmium chloride, cadmium oxide, chloroacetic
+acid, chlorophenylmercury (phenyl mercuric chloride), chro-
+mium (VI) oxide (chromic acid, solid), 2,4-dinitrotoluene, hy-
+droquinone, mercury chloride (calomel), mercury (II) sulfate
+(mercuric sulfate), osmium tetroxide, oxalic acid, phenol,
+P-phenylenediamine, phenylhydrazine, 4-phenylmorpholine,
+phosphorus sulfide, potassium fluoride, potassium hydroxide,
+selenium (IV) disulfide, and sodium fluoride.
+B.2.2.2 Radioactive Materials. (Reserved)
+B.2.2.3 Corrosives.
+B.2.2.3.1 Acids. Examples: chromic, formic, hydrochloric
+(muriatic greater than 15 percent), hydrofluoric, nitric
+(greater than 6 percent), perchloric, and sulfuric (4 per-
+cent or more).
+B.2.2.3.2 Bases (Alkalis). Examples: hydroxides — ammo-
+nium (greater than 10 percent), calcium, potassium (greater
+than 1 percent), sodium (greater than 1 percent), and certain
+carbonates — potassium.
+B.2.2.3.3 Other Corrosives. Examples: bromine, chlorine,
+fluorine, iodine, and ammonia.
+Note: Corrosives that are oxidizers, e.g., nitric acid, chlo-
+rine, fluorine; or are compressed gases, e.g., ammonia, chlo-
+rine, fluorine; or are water-reactive, e.g., concentrated sulfuric
+acid, sodium hydroxide, are physical hazards in addition to
+being health hazards.
+B.2.2.4 Carcinogens, Irritants, Sensitizers, and Other Health
+Hazard Materials. Reserved.
+B.3 Evaluation of Hazards.
+B.3.1 Degree of Hazard.The degree of hazard present de-
+pends upon many variables that should be considered indi-
+vidually and in combination. Some of the variables are as fol-
+lows in B.3.1.1 through B.3.1.3.
+B.3.1.1 Chemical Properties of the Material.Chemical prop-
+erties of the material determine self-reactions and reactions
+that can occur with other materials. Generally, materials
+within subdivisions of hazard categories exhibit similar chemi-
+cal properties. However, materials with similar chemical prop-
+erties can present very different hazards. Each individual ma-
+terial should be researched to determine its hazardous
+properties and then considered in relation to other materials
+that it could contact and the surrounding environment.
+B.3.1.2 Physical Properties of the Material.Physical proper-
+ties, such as whether a material is a solid, liquid, or gas at
+ordinary temperatures and pressures, considered along with
+chemical properties determines requirements for contain-
+ment of the material. Specific gravity (weight of a liquid com-
+pared to water) and vapor density (weight of a gas compared
+to air) are both physical properties that are important in evalu-
+ating the hazards of a material.
+B.3.1.3 Amount and Concentration of the Material.
+B.3.1.3.1 General. The amount of material present and its
+concentration must be considered along with physical and
+chemical properties to determine the magnitude of the haz-
+ard. Hydrogen peroxide, for example, is used as an antiseptic
+and a hair bleach in low concentrations (approximately 8 per-
+cent in water solution). Over 8 percent, hydrogen peroxide is
+classed as an oxidizer and is toxic. Above 90 percent, it is a
+Class 4 oxidizer ‘‘that can undergo an explosive reaction when
+catalyzed or exposed to heat, shock, or friction,’’ a definition
+that incidentally also places hydrogen peroxide over 90 per-
+cent concentration in the unstable (reactive) category. Small
+amounts at high concentrations can present a greater hazard
+than large amounts at low concentrations.
+B.3.1.3.2 Mixtures. Gases — toxic and highly toxic gases in-
+clude those gases that have an LC50 of 2000 parts per million
+(ppm) or less when rats are exposed for a period of 1 hour or
+less. To maintain consistency with the definitions for these
+materials, exposure data for periods other than 1 hour must
+be normalized to 1 hour. To classify mixtures of compressed
+gases that contain one or more toxic or highly toxic compo-
+nents, the LC50 of the mixture must be determined. Mixtures
+that contain only two components are binary mixtures. Those
+that contain more than two components are multicomponent
+mixtures. When two or more hazardous substances (compo-
+nents) having an LC50 below 2000 ppm are present in a mix-
+ture, their combined effect, rather than that of the individual
+substances (components), must be considered. In the absence
+of information to the contrary, the effects of the hazards
+present must be considered as additive. Exceptions to the
+above rule can be made when there is a good reason to believe
+that the principal effects of the different harmful substances
+(components) are not additive.
+For binary mixtures where the hazardous component is di-
+luted with a nontoxic gas such as an inert gas, the LC50 of the
+mixture is estimated by use of the following formula:
+LC
+C
+LC
+m
+i
+i
+50
+50
+1= ⎛
+⎝
+⎜
+⎞
+⎠
+⎟
+1–555ANNEX B
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+For multicomponent mixtures where more than one com-
+ponent has a listed LC50, the LC50 of the mixture is estimated
+by use of the following formula:
+LC
+C
+LC
+C
+LC
+C
+LC
+m
+i
+i
+i
+i
+in
+50
+1
+50 1
+2
+50 2 50
+1=
+⎛
+⎝
+⎜
+⎞
+⎠
+⎟ + ⎛
+⎝
+⎜
+⎞
+⎠
+⎟ + ⎛
+⎝
+⎜
+⎞
+⎠
+⎟
+ε
+where:
+LC 50m =L C 50 of the mixture in parts per million (ppm).
+C = concentration of component ( i) in decimal
+percent. The concentration of the individual
+components in a mixture of gases is to be
+expressed in terms of percent by volume.
+LC 50i =L C 50 of component (i). The LC50 of the
+component is based on a 1-hour exposure. LC50
+data that are for other than 1-hour exposures
+must be normalized to 1 hour by multiplying the
+LC50 for the time determined by the factor
+indicated in Table B.3.1.3.2. The preferred
+mammalian species for LC50 data is the rat, as
+specified in the definitions of toxic and highly
+toxic in Chapter 3. If data for rats are
+unavailable, and in the absence of information
+to the contrary, data for other species can be
+utilized. The data must be taken in the following
+order of preference: rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea
+pig, cat, dog, and monkey.
+in = component 1, component 2, and so on to the
+nth component.
+Examples:
+A. What is the LC 50 of a mixture of 15 percent chlorine,
+85 percent nitrogen? The 1-hour (rat) LC50 of pure chlorine is
+293 ppm.
+LC50m = 1 / (0.15 / 293) or 1953 ppm. Therefore the mix-
+ture is toxic.
+B. What is the LC 50 of a mixture of 15 percent chlorine,
+15 percent fluorine, and 70 percent nitrogen? The 1-hour
+(rat) LC50 of chlorine is 293 ppm. The 1-hour (rat) LC 50 of
+fluorine is 185 ppm.
+LC50m = 1 / (0.15 / 293) + (0.15 / 185) or 755 ppm. There-
+fore the mixture is toxic.
+C. Is the mixture of 1 percent phosphine in argon toxic or
+highly toxic? The 4-hour (rat) LC50 is 11 ppm.
+LC50m = 1 / [0.01 / (11 × 2)] or 2200 ppm. Therefore the
+mixture is neither toxic nor highly toxic. Note that the 4-hour
+LC50 of 11 ppm was normalized to 1 hour by use of Table
+B.3.1.3.2.
+B.3.1.3.3 Actual Use, Activity, or Process Involving the Mate-
+rial. The definition of handling, storage, and use in closed
+systems refers to materials in packages or containers. Dispens-
+ing and use in open containers or systems describes situations
+where a material is exposed to ambient conditions or vapors
+are liberated to the atmosphere. Dispensing and use in open
+systems, then, are generally more hazardous situations than
+handling, storage, or use in closed systems. The actual use or
+process can include heating, electric or other sparks, catalytic
+or reactive materials, and many other factors that could affect
+the hazard and must therefore be thoroughly analyzed.
+B.3.1.3.4 Surrounding Conditions.Conditions such as other
+materials or processes in the area, type of construction of the
+structure, fire protection features (e.g., fire walls, sprinkler
+systems, alarms, etc.), occupancy (use) of adjoining areas, nor-
+mal temperatures, exposure to weather, etc., must be taken
+into account in evaluating the hazard.
+B.3.2 Evaluation Questions.The following are sample evalua-
+tion questions:
+(1) What is the material? Correct identification is important;
+exact spelling is vital. Check labels, MSDS, ask respon-
+sible persons, etc.
+(2) What are the concentration and strength?
+(3) What is the physical form of the material? Liquids, gases,
+and finely divided solids have differing requirements for
+spill and leak control and containment.
+(4) How much material is present? Consider in relation to
+permit amounts, exempt amounts (from Group H Occu-
+pancy requirements), amounts that require detached
+storage, and overall magnitude of the hazard.
+(5) What other materials (including furniture, equipment,
+and building components) are close enough to interact
+with the material?
+(6) What are the likely reactions?
+(7) What is the activity involving the material?
+(8) How does the activity impact the hazardous characteris-
+tics of the material? Consider vapors released or hazards
+otherwise exposed.
+(9) What must the material be protected from? Consider
+other materials, temperature, shock, pressure, etc.
+(10) What effects of the material must people and the envi-
+ronment be protected from?
+(11) How can protection be accomplished? Consider the fol-
+lowing:
+(a) Proper containers and equipment
+(b) Separation by distance or construction
+(c) Enclosure in cabinets or rooms
+(d) Spill control, drainage, and containment
+(e) Control systems — ventilation, special electrical, de-
+tection and alarm, extinguishment, explosion vent-
+ing, limit controls, exhaust scrubbers, and excess
+flow control
+(f) Administrative (operational) controls — signs, igni-
+tion source control, security, personnel training, es-
+tablished procedures, storage plans, and emergency
+plans
+Evaluation of the hazard is a strongly subjective process;
+therefore, the person charged with this responsibility must
+gather as much relevant data as possible so that the decision is
+objective and within the limits prescribed in laws, policies, and
+standards.
+Table B.3.1.3.2 Normalization Factor
+Time (hours) Multiply By
+0.5 0.7
+1.0 1.0
+1.5 1.2
+2.0 1.4
+3.0 1.7
+4.0 2.0
+5.0 2.2
+6.0 2.4
+7.0 2.6
+8.0 2.8
+1–556 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+It could be necessary to cause the responsible persons in
+charge to have tests made by qualified persons or testing labo-
+ratories to support contentions that a particular material or
+process is or is not hazardous. See 1.4.2.
+B.4 Reference Publications. Reserved.
+B.5 Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides.
+B.5.1 General. This annex provides information, explana-
+tions, and examples to illustrate and clarify the hazard catego-
+ries contained in Chapter 70 of this Code. The hazard catego-
+ries are based on 29 CFR. Where numerical classifications are
+included, they are in accordance with nationally recognized
+standards.
+B.5.2 Oxidizers.
+B.5.2.1 General. The oxidizers on the following lists are typi-
+cal for their class. Each oxidizer is undiluted unless a concen-
+tration is specified.
+Unless concentration is specified, undiluted material is ref-
+erenced. The following lists of oxidizers are provided to clarify
+how the NFPA Hazardous Chemicals Committee has classified
+typical oxidizers. The lists are not all-inclusive and are
+amended to reflect typical oxidizers used.
+B.5.2.2 Class 1 Oxidizers.The following are typical Class 1
+oxidizers:
+(1) All inorganic nitrates (unless otherwise classified)
+(2) All inorganic nitrites (unless otherwise classified)
+(3) Ammonium persulfate
+(4) Barium peroxide
+(5) Calcium peroxide
+(6) Hydrogen peroxide solutions (greater than 8 percent up
+to 27.5 percent)
+(7) Lead dioxide
+(8) Lithium hypochlorite (39 percent or less available chlo-
+rine)
+(9) Lithium peroxide
+(10) Magnesium peroxide
+(11) Manganese dioxide
+(12) Nitric acid (40 percent concentration or less)
+(13) Perchloric acid solutions (less than 50 percent by
+weight)
+(14) Potassium dichromate
+(15) Potassium percarbonate
+(16) Potassium persulfate
+(17) Sodium carbonate peroxide
+(18) Sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione dihydrate (sodium di-
+cholorisocyanurate dihydrate)
+(19) Sodium dichromate
+(20) Sodium perborate (anhydrous)
+(21) Sodium perborate monohydrate
+(22) Sodium perborate tetrahydrate
+(23) Sodium percarbonate
+(24) Sodium persulfate
+(25) Strontium peroxide
+(26) Trichloro-s-triazinetrione [trichloroisocyanuric acid
+(TCCA; trichlor), all physical forms]
+(27) Zinc peroxide [ 430: B.2]
+B.5.2.3 Class 2 Oxidizers.The following are typical Class 2
+oxidizers:
+(1) Barium bromate
+(2) Barium chlorate
+(3) Barium hypochlorite
+(4) Barium perchlorate
+(5) Barium permanganate
+(6) 1-Bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (BCDMH)
+(7) Calcium chlorate
+(8) Calcium chlorite
+(9) Calcium hypochlorite (50 percent or less by weight)
+(10) Calcium perchlorate
+(11) Calcium permanganate
+(12) Chromium trioxide (chromic acid)
+(13) Copper chlorate
+(14) Halane (1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin)
+(15) Hydrogen peroxide (greater than 27.5 percent up to
+52 percent)
+(16) Lead perchlorate
+(17) Lithium chlorate
+(18) Lithium hypochlorite (more than 39 percent available
+chlorine)
+(19) Lithium perchlorate
+(20) Magnesium bromate
+(21) Magnesium chlorate
+(22) Magnesium perchlorate
+(23) Mercurous chlorate
+(24) Nitric acid (more than 40 percent but less than 86 percent)
+(25) Nitrogen tetroxide
+(26) Perchloric acid solutions (more than 50 percent but less
+than 60 percent)
+(27) Potassium perchlorate
+(28) Potassium permanganate
+(29) Potassium peroxide
+(30) Potassium superoxide
+(31) Silver peroxide
+(32) Sodium chlorite (40 percent or less by weight)
+(33) Sodium perchlorate
+(34) Sodium perchlorate monohydrate
+(35) Sodium permanganate
+(36) Sodium peroxide
+(37) Strontium chlorate
+(38) Strontium perchlorate
+(39) Thallium chlorate
+(40) Urea hydrogen peroxide
+(41) Zinc bromate
+(42) Zinc chlorate
+(43) Zinc permanganate [ 430: B.3]
+B.5.2.4 Class 3 Oxidizers.The following are typical Class 3
+oxidizers:
+(1) Ammonium dichromate
+(2) Calcium hypochlorite (over 50 percent by weight)
+(3) Chloric acid (10 percent maximum concentration)
+(4) Hydrogen peroxide solutions (greater than 52 percent
+up to 91 percent)
+(5) Mono-(trichloro)-tetra-(monopotassium dichloro)-
+penta-s-triazinetrione
+(6) Nitric acid, fuming (more than 86 percent concentration)
+(7) Perchloric acid solutions (60 percent to 72 percent by
+weight)
+(8) Potassium bromate
+(9) Potassium chlorate
+(10) Potassium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (potassium dichloro-
+isocyanurate)
+(11) Sodium bromate
+(12) Sodium chlorate
+(13) Sodium chlorite (over 40 percent by weight)
+(14) Sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione anhydrous (sodium
+dichloroisocyanurate anhydrous) [430: B.4]
+1–557ANNEX B
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+B.5.2.5 Class 4 Oxidizers.The following are typical Class 4
+oxidizers:
+(1) Ammonium perchlorate (particle size greater than 15
+microns)
+(2) Ammonium permanganate
+(3) Guanidine nitrate
+(4) Hydrogen peroxide solutions (greater than 91 percent)
+(5) Tetranitromethane
+Ammonium perchlorate less than 15 microns is classified as
+an explosive and, as such, is not covered by NFPA 430. (See
+NFPA 495.) [430: B.5]
+B.5.3 Organic Peroxide Formulations.
+B.5.3.1 General.
+B.5.3.1.1 The assignment of the organic peroxide formula-
+tion classifications shown in the tables in this annex are based
+on the container sizes shown. A change in the container size
+could affect the classification.
+B.5.3.1.2 For alphabetical listing of typical organic peroxide
+formulations, see Table B.5.3.1.2.
+B.5.3.2 Class I Formulations.
+B.5.3.2.1 Fire Hazard Characteristics. Class I formulations
+present a deflagration hazard through easily initiated, rapid
+explosive decomposition. Class I includes some formulations
+that are relatively safe only under closely controlled tempera-
+tures. Either excessively high or low temperatures can increase
+the potential for severe explosive decomposition.
+B.5.3.2.2 Fire-Fighting Information. The immediate area
+should be evacuated and the fire should be fought from a
+remote location. Some damage to structures from overpres-
+sure can be expected should a deflagration occur.
+B.5.3.2.3 Typical Class I Formulations.See Table B.5.3.2.3.
+Table B.5.3.1.2 Typical Organic Peroxide Formulations
+Recommended Maximum
+Temperatures1
+Control Emergency Hazard Identification 2
+Organic Peroxide
+Concen-
+tration Diluent °F °C °F °C Health
+Flamma-
+bility
+Reac-
+tivity Class Container
+t-Amyl hydroperoxide 88 Water 3 3 2 III 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Amyl peroxyacetate 60 OMS 2 3 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Amyl peroxybenzoate 96 — 2 3 2 II 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Amyl peroxy-
+2-ethylhexanoate
+96 — 68 20 77 25 0 3 2 III 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Amyl peroxyneodecanoate 75 OMS 32 0 50 10 1 3 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Amyl peroxypivalate 75 OMS 50 10 59 15 1 3 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl cumyl peroxide 95 — 2 2 2 IV 55 gal (208 L)
+n-Butyl-4,4-di(t-butyl peroxy)
+valerate
+98 — 2 3 2 II 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl hydroperoxide 90 Water &
+t-BuOH
+3 3 3 I 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl hydroperoxide3 70 DTBP &
+t-BuOH
+3 3 3 II 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Butyl hydroperoxide3 70 Water 3 2 2 IV 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Butyl monoperoxymaleate 98 — 2 3 3 I 50 @ 1 lb (50 @ 0.5
+kg)
+t-Butyl peroxyacetate 75 OMS 1 3 3 I 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxyacetate 60 OMS 1 3 3 I 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxybenzoate 98 — 1 3 3 II 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate 97 — 68 20 77 25 1 3 3 III 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxy-2-
+ethylhexanoate
+97 — 68 20 77 25 1 3 3 II 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Butyl peroxy-2-
+ethylhexanoate
+50 DOP or
+OMS
+86 30 95 35 1 2 2 IV 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxy-2-
+ethylhexanoate
+50 DOP or
+OMS
+86 30 95 35 1 2 2 III 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Butylperoxy
+2-ethylhexyl carbonate
+95 — 1 3 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxyisobutyrate 75 OMS 59 15 68 20 2 3 3 II 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butylperoxy isopropyl carbonate 92 OMS 1 3 3 I 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butylperoxy isopropyl carbonate 75 OMS 1 3 3 II 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxyneodecanoate 75 OMS 32 0 50 10 2 3 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxypivalate 75 OMS 32 0 50 10 2 3 3 II 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxypivalate 45 OMS 32 0 50 10 2 2 2 IV 5 gal (19 L)
+Cumyl hydroperoxide 88 Cumene 3 2 2 III 55 gal (208 L)
+Cumyl peroxyneodecanoate 75 OMS 14 −10 32 0 1 3 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+Cumyl peroxyneoheptanoate 75 OMS 32 0 50 10 2 3 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+Diacetyl peroxide 25 DMP 68 20 77 25 2 3 3 II 5 gal (19 L)
+1–558 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table B.5.3.1.2 Continued
+Recommended Maximum
+Temperatures1
+Control Emergency Hazard Identification 2
+Organic Peroxide
+Concen-
+tration Diluent °F °C °F °C Health
+Flamma-
+bility
+Reac-
+tivity Class Container
+1,1-Di(t-amylperoxy)
+cyclohexane
+80 OMS or BBP 2 3 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide 98 — 1 3 4 I 1 lb (0.5 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide 78 Water 1 2 3 II 25 lb (11 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide 75 Water 1 2 2 III 25 lb (11 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide 70 Water 1 2 2 IV 25 lb (11 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide (paste) 55 Plasticizer T 1 2 2 III 350 lb
+(160 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide (paste) 55 Plasticizer & Water T 1 2 2 IV 350 lb
+(160 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide (paste) 50 Plasticizer T 1 2 2 III 380 lb
+(170 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide (paste) 50 Plasticizer & Water T 1 2 2 IV 380 lb
+(170 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide (slurry) 40 Water &
+Plasticizer
+T 1 2 2 IV 380 lb
+(170 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide (slurry) 40 Water 1 2 2 IV 5 gal (19 L)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide (powder) 35 Dicalcium phosphate
+dihydrate or Calcium
+sulfate dihydrate
+1 0 0 V 100 lb (45 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide (powder) 35 Starch 1 2 2 IV 100 lb (45 kg)
+Di (4-t-butylcyclohexyl)
+peroxydicarbonate
+98 — 86 30 95 35 1 3 2 III 88 lb (40 kg)
+Di-t-butyl peroxide3 99 — 1 3 2 III 55 gal (208 L)
+2,2-Di(t-butylperoxy)
+butane
+50 Toluene 1 3 3 I 1 gal (4 L)
+1,1-Di(t-butylperoxy)
+cyclohexane
+80 OMS or BBP 1 3 3 II 5 gal (19 L)
+Di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate 98 — −4 −20 14 −10 1 3 3 II 1 gal (4 L)
+Di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate 75 OMS −4 −20 14 −10 1 3 3 II 5 gal (19 L)
+Di(2-t-butylperoxy-iso-
+propyl) benzene
+96 — 1 2 2 III 100 lb (45 kg)
+Di(2-t-butylperoxyiso-
+propyl) benzene
+40 Clay 1 1 0 V 100 lb (45 kg)
+Di(butylperoxy) phthalate 40 DBP 2 2 2 IV 30 gal (110 L)
+1,1-Di(t-butylperoxy)-
+3,3,5-trimethyl-
+cyclohexane
+75–95 — 2 3 3 II 5 gal (19 L)
+1,1-Di(t-butylperoxy)-
+3,3,5-trimethyl-
+cyclohexane
+40 Calcium carbonate 1 1 1 V 100 lb (45 kg)
+Dicetyl peroxydicarbonate 85 — 86 30 95 35 1 2 2 IV 44 lb (20 kg)
+Dicumyl peroxide 98 — 2 2 2 IV 55 gal (208 L)
+Dicumyl peroxide 40 Clay or Calcium
+carbonate
+1 1 1 V 100 lb (45 kg)
+Didecanoyl peroxide 98 — 86 30 95 35 1 3 2 III 50 lb (23 kg)
+Di-2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide 50 DBP & Silicone T 1 2 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+Di(2-ethylhexyl)
+peroxydicarbonate
+97 — −4 −20 14 −10 1 3 3 II 1 gal (4 L)
+Di(2-ethylhexyl)
+peroxydicarbonate
+40 OMS 5 −15 23 −5 1 2 2 IV 5 gal (19 L)
+Diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate 99 — 5 −15 23 −5 2 3 4 I 10 lb (4.5 kg)
+Diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate 30 Toluene 14 −10 32 0 2 3 2 III 5 lb (2.3 kg)
+Di-n-propyl peroxydicarbonate 98 — −13 −25 5 −15 2 3 4 I 1 gal (4 L)
+Di-n-propyl peroxydicarbonate 85 OMS −13 −25 5 −15 2 3 4 I 1 gal (4 L)
+Dilauroyl peroxide 98 — 1 2 2 IV 110 lb (50 kg)
+(continues)
+1–559ANNEX B
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table B.5.3.1.2 Continued
+Recommended Maximum
+Temperatures1
+Control Emergency Hazard Identification 2
+Organic Peroxide
+Concen-
+tration Diluent °F °C °F °C Health
+Flamma-
+bility
+Reac-
+tivity Class Container
+2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di
+(benzoylperoxy)hexane
+9 5 — 2 3 3 I I 4@5l b
+(4 @ 2.3 kg)
+2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di
+(t-butylperoxy)hexane
+92 — 2 3 2 III 30 gal (110 L)
+2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di
+(t-butylperoxy)hexane
+47 Calcium carbonate or
+Silica
+1 1 1 V 100 lb (45 kg)
+2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di
+(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)
+hexane
+90 — 68 20 77 25 0 3 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-dihydro-
+peroxyhexane
+70 Water 2 3 3 II 100 lb (45 kg)
+Ethyl-
+3,3-di(t-amylperoxy)
+butyrate
+75 OMS 1 3 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+Ethyl-
+3,3-di(t-butylperoxy)
+butyrate
+75 OMS 2 2 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+Ethyl-
+3,3-di(t-butylperoxy)
+butyrate
+40 Clay or Calcium silicate 1 3 2 V 100 lb (45 kg)
+p-Menthyl hydroperoxide 54 Alcohols & Ketones 3 2 2 IV 55 gal (208 L)
+Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide 9.0% AO DMP 3 2 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide 5.5% AO DMP 3 2 2 IV 5 gal (19 L)
+Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide 9.0% AO Water &
+Glycols
+3 2 2 IV 5 gal (19 L)
+Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and
+Cyclohexanone peroxide
+mixture
+9.0% AO DMP 3 2 2 III 5 gal (19 L)
+2,4-Pentanedione peroxide 4.0% AO Water &
+Solvent
+2 1 1 IV 5 gal (19 L)
+Peroxyacetic acid, Type E,
+stabilized
+43 Water, HOAc, & H 2O2 3 2 3 II 30 gal (110 L)
+1These columns refer to temperatures in the Department of Transportation (DOT) Organic Peroxides
+Table. Refer to document 49 CFR 173.225 for details.
+2The column refers to NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency
+Response, hazard ratings for health, flammability, and reactivity. See NFPA 704 for details.
+3See NFPA 30,Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, for additional storage requirements.
+T — Temperature control should be considered to reduce fire hazard depending on packaging size and
+recommendations in manufacturers’ literature.
+Note: Diluents: BBP— Butyl benzyl phthalate; DBP — Dibutyl phthalate; DMP — Dimethyl phthalate; DOP
+— Dioctyl phthalate; DTBP — Di-tertiary-butyl peroxide; HOAc — Acetic acid; H 2O2 — Hydrogen peroxide;
+OMS — Odorless mineral spirits; t-BuOH — Tertiary butanol.
+[432: Table B.1]
+1–560 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table B.5.3.2.3 Typical Class I Formulations
+Organic Peroxide
+Concen-
+tration Diluent
+Recommended Maximum
+Temperatures1
+Control Emergency Hazard Identification 2
+°F °C °F °C Health
+Flamma-
+bility
+Reac-
+tivity Container
+t-Butyl hydroperoxide 90 Water
+& t-BuOH
+3 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl
+monoperoxymaleate
+98 — 2 3 3 50 @ 1 lb (50 @
+0.5 kg)
+t-Butyl peroxyacetate 75 OMS 1 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxyacetate 60 OMS 1 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butylperoxy isopropyl
+carbonate
+92 OMS 1 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide 98 — 1 3 4 1 lb (0.5 kg)
+2,2-Di(t-butylperoxy)
+butane
+50 Toluene 1 3 3 1 gal (4 L)
+Diisopropyl
+peroxydicarbonate
+99 — 5 −15 23 −5 2 3 4 10 lb (4.5 kg)
+Di-n-propyl
+peroxydicarbonate
+98 — −13 −25 5 −15 2 3 4 1 gal (4 L)
+Di-n-propyl
+peroxydicarbonate
+85 OMS −13 −25 5 −15 2 3 4 1 gal (4 L)
+1These columns refer to temperatures in the Department of Transportation(DOT) Organic Peroxides Table.
+Refer to document 49 CFR 173.225 for details.
+2The column refers to NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency
+Response, hazard ratings for health, flammability, and reactivity. See NFPA 704 for details.
+Note: Diluents: OMS — Odorless mineral spirits; t-BuOH— Tertiary butanol.
+[432: Table B.2.3]
+B.5.3.3 Class II Formulations.
+B.5.3.3.1 Fire Hazard Characteristics.Class II formulations
+present a severe fire hazard similar to Class I flammable
+liquids. The decomposition is not as rapid, violent, or com-
+plete as that produced by Class I formulations. As with Class
+I formulations, this class includes some formulations that
+are relatively safe when under controlled temperatures or
+when diluted.
+B.5.3.3.2 Fire-Fighting Information. Fires should be fought
+from a safe distance, since a hazard exists from rupturing con-
+tainers.
+B.5.3.3.3 Typical Class II Formulations.See Table B.5.3.3.3.
+B.5.3.4 Class III Formulations.
+B.5.3.4.1 Fire Hazard Characteristics.Class III formulations
+present a fire hazard similar to Class II combustible liquids.
+They are characterized by rapid burning and high heat libera-
+tion due to decomposition.
+B.5.3.4.2 Fire-Fighting Information. Caution should be ob-
+served due to possible unexpected increases in fire intensity.
+B.5.3.4.3 Typical Class III Formulations.See Table B.5.3.4.3.
+1–561ANNEX B
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table B.5.3.3.3 Typical Class II Formulations
+Recommended
+Maximum
+Temperatures1
+Control Emergency Hazard Identification 2
+Organic Peroxide
+Concen-
+tration Diluent °F °C °F °C Health
+Flamma-
+bility
+Reac-
+tivity Container
+t-Amyl peroxybenzoate 96 — 2 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+n-Butyl-
+4,4-di(t-butylperoxy)
+valerate
+98 — 2 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl hydroperoxide3 70 DTBP&
+t-BuOH
+3 3 3 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Butyl peroxybenzoate 98 — 1 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxy-2-ethyl-
+hexanoate
+97 — 68 20 77 25 1 3 3 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Butyl
+peroxyisobutyrate
+75 OMS 59 15 68 20 2 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butylperoxy isopropyl
+carbonate
+75 OMS 1 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxypivalate 75 OMS 32 0 50 10 2 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+Diacetyl peroxide 25 DMP 68 20 77 25 2 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide 78 Water 1 2 3 25 lb (11 kg)
+1,1-Di(t-butylperoxy)
+cyclohexane
+80 OMS or BBP 1 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+Di-sec-butyl
+peroxydicarbonate
+98 — −4 −20 14 −10 1 3 3 1 gal (4 L)
+Di-sec-butyl
+peroxydicarbonate
+75 OMS −4 −20 14 −10 1 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+1,1-Di(t-butylperoxy)-
+3,3,5-trimethyl-
+cyclohexane
+75–95 — 2 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+Di(2-ethylhexyl)
+peroxydicarbonate
+97 — −4 −20 14 −10 1 3 3 1 gal (4 L)
+2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-
+di(benzoylperoxy)
+hexane
+9 5 — 2 3 3 4@5l b
+(4 @ 2.3 kg)
+2,5-Dimethyl-
+2,5-dihydroperoxy
+hexane
+70 Water 2 3 3 100 lb (45 kg)
+Peroxyacetic acid, Type
+E, stabilized
+43 Water, HOAc,
+&H 2O2
+3 2 3 30 gal (110 L)
+1These columns refer to temperatures in the Department of Transportation(DOT) Organic Peroxides Table.
+Refer to document 49 CFR 173.225 for details.
+2The column refers to NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency
+Response, hazard ratings for health, flammability, and reactivity. See NFPA 704 for details.
+3Also a flammable liquid; see NFPA 30,Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, for storage requirements.
+Note: Diluents: BBP — Butyl benzyl phthalate; DMP — Dimethyl phthalate; DTBP — Di-tertiary-butyl perox-
+ide; HOAc — Acetic acid; H 2O2 — Hydrogen peroxide; OMS — Odorless mineral spirits; t-BuOH — Tertiary
+butanol.
+[432: Table B.3.3]
+1–562 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table B.5.3.4.3 Typical Class III Formulations
+Recommended Maximum
+Temperatures1
+Organic Peroxide
+Concen-
+tration Diluent
+Control Emergency Hazard Identification 2
+°F °C °F °C Health
+Flamma-
+bility
+Reac-
+tivity Container
+t-Amyl hydroperoxide 88 Water 3 3 2 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Amyl peroxyacetate 60 OMS 2 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Amyl peroxy-2-
+ethylhexanoate
+96 — 68 20 77 25 0 3 2 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Amyl
+peroxyneodecanoate
+75 OMS 32 0 50 10 1 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Amyl peroxypivalate 75 OMS 50 10 59 15 1 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxy-2-
+ethylhexanoate
+97 — 68 20 77 25 1 3 3 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxy-2-
+ethylhexanoate
+50 DOP or
+OMS
+86 30 95 35 1 2 2 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Butyl
+peroxy-2-ethylhexyl
+carbonate
+95 — 1 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl
+peroxyneodecanoate
+75 OMS 32 0 50 10 2 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+Cumyl hydroperoxide 88 Cumene 3 2 2 55 gal (208 L)
+Cumyl
+peroxyneodecanoate
+75 OMS 14 −10 32 0 1 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+Cumyl
+peroxyneoheptanoate
+75 OMS 32 0 50 10 2 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+1,1-Di(t-amylperoxy)
+cyclohexane
+80 OMS or
+BBP
+2 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide 75 Water 1 2 2 25 lb (11 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide
+(paste)
+55 Plasticizer T 1 2 2 350 lb (160 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide
+(paste)
+50 Plasticizer T 1 2 2 380 lb (170 kg)
+Di(4-t-butylcyclohexyl)
+peroxydicarbonate
+98 — 86 30 95 35 1 3 2 88 lb (40 kg)
+Di-t-butyl peroxide3 99 — 1 3 2 55 gal (208 L)
+Di(2-t-butylperoxy-
+isopropyl) benzene
+96 — 1 2 2 100 lb (45 kg)
+Didecanoyl peroxide 98 — 86 30 95 35 1 3 2 50 lb (23 kg)
+Di-2,4-dichlorobenzoyl
+peroxide
+50 DBP
+& Silicone
+T 1 2 2 5 gal (19 L)
+Diisopropyl
+peroxydicarbonate
+30 Toluene 14 −10 32 0 2 3 2 5 lb (2.3 kg)
+2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di
+(t-butylperoxy)
+hexane
+92 — 2 3 2 30 gal (110 L)
+2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di-
+(2-ethyl
+hexanoylperoxy)
+hexane
+90 — 20 25 0 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+(continues)
+1–563ANNEX B
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table B.5.3.4.3 Continued
+Recommended Maximum
+Temperatures1
+Organic Peroxide
+Concen-
+tration Diluent
+Control Emergency Hazard Identification 2
+°F °C °F °C Health
+Flamma-
+bility
+Reac-
+tivity Container
+Ethyl-3,3-di
+(t-amylperoxy)
+butyrate
+75 OMS 1 3 2 5 gal (19 L)
+Ethyl-3,3-di
+(t-butylperoxy)
+butyrate
+75 OMS 2 2 2 5 gal (19 L)
+Methyl ethyl ketone
+peroxide
+9.0%
+AO
+DMP 3 2 2 5 gal (19 L)
+Methyl ethyl ketone
+peroxide and
+Cyclohexanone
+peroxide mixture
+9.0%
+AO
+DMP 3 2 2 5 gal (19 L)
+1These columns refer to temperatures in the Department of Transportation(DOT) Organic Peroxides Table.
+Refer to document 49 CFR 173.225 for details.
+2The column refers to NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency
+Response, hazard ratings for health, flammability, and reactivity. See NFPA 704 for details.
+3Also a flammable liquid; see NFPA 30,Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, for storage requirements.
+T — Temperature control should be considered to reduce fire hazard depending on packaging size and
+recommendations in manufacturers’ literature.
+Note: Diluents: BBP— Butyl benzyl phthalate; DBP — Dibutyl phthalate; DMP — Dimethyl phthalate; DOP
+— Dioctyl phthalate; OMS — Odorless mineral spirits; AO — Active oxygen.
+[432: Table B.4.3]
+B.5.3.5 Class IV Formulations.
+B.5.3.5.1 Fire Hazard Characteristics.Class IV formulations
+present fire hazards that are easily controlled. Reactivity has
+little effect on fire intensity.
+B.5.3.5.2 Fire-Fighting Information.Normal fire-fighting pro-
+cedures can be used.
+B.5.3.5.3 Typical Class IV Formulations.See Table B.5.3.5.3.
+B.5.3.6 Class V Formulations.
+B.5.3.6.1 Fire Hazard Characteristics.Class V formulations do
+not present severe fire hazards. Those that do burn do so with
+less intensity than ordinary combustibles.
+B.5.3.6.2 Fire-Fighting Information.Fire-fighting procedures
+need primarily to consider the combustibility of containers.
+B.5.3.6.3 Typical Class V Formulations.See Table B.5.3.6.3.
+1–564 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table B.5.3.5.3 Typical Class IV Formulations
+Recommended
+Maximum
+Temperatures1
+Organic Peroxide
+Concen-
+tration Diluent
+Control Emergency
+Hazard
+Identification2
+°F °C °F °C Health
+Flamma-
+bility
+Reac-
+tivity Container
+t-Butyl cumyl
+peroxide
+95 — 2 2 2 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Butyl hydroperoxide 70 Water 3 2 2 55 gal (208 L)
+t-Butyl peroxy-2-
+ethylhexanoate
+50 DOP or OMS 86 30 95 35 1 2 2 5 gal (19 L)
+t-Butyl peroxypivalate 45 OMS 32 0 50 10 2 2 2 5 gal (19 L)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide 70 Water 1 2 2 25 lb (11 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide
+(paste)
+55 Plasticizer
+& Water
+T 1 2 2 350 lb (160 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide
+(paste)
+50 Plasticizer
+& Water
+T 1 2 2 380 lb (170 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide
+(slurry)
+40 Water &
+Plasticizer
+T 1 2 2 380 lb (170 kg)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide
+(slurry)
+40 Water 1 2 2 5 gal (19 L)
+Dibenzoyl peroxide
+(powder)
+35 Starch 1 2 2 100 lb (45 kg)
+Di(t-butylperoxy)
+phthalate
+40 DBP 2 2 2 30 gal (110 L)
+Dicetyl
+peroxydicarbonate
+85 — 86 30 95 35 1 2 2 44 lb (20 kg)
+Dicumyl peroxide 98 — 2 2 2 55 gal (208 L)
+Di(2-ethylhexyl)
+peroxydicarbonate
+40 OMS 5 −15 23 −5 1 2 2 5 gal (19 L)
+Dilauroyl peroxide 98 — 1 2 2 110 lb (50 kg)
+p-Menthyl
+hydroperoxide
+54 Alcohols
+& Ketones
+T 3 2 2 55 gal (208 L)
+Methyl ethyl ketone
+peroxide
+5.5%
+AO
+DMP 3 2 2 5 gal (19 L)
+Methyl ethyl ketone
+peroxide
+9.0%
+AO
+Water
+& Glycols
+3 2 2 5 gal (19 L)
+2,4-Pentanedione
+peroxide
+4.0%
+AO
+Water
+& Solvent
+2 1 1 5 gal (19 L)
+1These columns refer to temperatures in the Department of Transportation(DOT) Organic Peroxides Table.
+Refer to document 49 CFR 173.225 for details.
+2The column refers to NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency
+Response, hazard ratings for health, flammability, and reactivity. See NFPA 704 for details.
+T — Temperature control should be considered to reduce fire hazard depending on packaging size and
+recommendations in manufacturers’ literature.
+Note: Diluents: DBP — Dibutyl phthalate; DMP — Dimethyl phthalate; DOP— Dioctyl phthalate; OMS —
+Odorless mineral spirits; AO — Active oxygen.
+[432: Table B.5.3]
+1–565ANNEX B
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Annex C Sample Ordinance Adopting the NFPA 1,
+Fire Code
+This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+but is included for informational purposes only.
+C.1 The following sample ordinance is provided to assist a
+jurisdiction in the adoption of this Code and is not part of this
+Code.
+ORDINANCE NO. ____________________
+An ordinance of the [jurisdiction] adopting the [year] edi-
+tion of NFPA 1, Fire Code, 2009 edition; documents listed in
+Chapter 2 of that Code; prescribing regulations governing
+conditions hazardous to life and property from fire or explo-
+sion; providing for the issuance of permits and collection of
+fees; repealing Ordinance No.______ of the [jurisdiction] and
+all other ordinances and parts of ordinances in conflict there-
+with; providing a penalty; providing a severability clause; and
+providing for publication; and providing an effective date.
+BE IT ORDAINED BY THE[governing body] OF THE[juris-
+diction]:
+Section 1:That NFPA 1, Fire Code, 2009 edition, and docu-
+ments adopted by Chapter 2, three (3) copies of which are on
+file and are open to inspection by the public in the office of
+the [jurisdiction’s keeper of records] of the [jurisdiction], are
+hereby adopted and incorporated into this ordinance as fully
+as if set out at length herein, and from the date on which this
+ordinance shall take effect, the provisions thereof shall be con-
+trolling within the limits of the [jurisdiction]. The same are
+hereby adopted as theCode of the [jurisdiction] for the purpose
+of prescribing regulations governing conditions hazardous to
+life and property from fire or explosion and providing for
+issuance of permits and collection of fees.
+Section 2:Any person who shall violate any provision of this
+code or standard hereby adopted or fail to comply therewith;
+or who shall violate or fail to comply with any order made
+thereunder; or who shall build in violation of any detailed
+statement of specifications or plans submitted and approved
+thereunder; or failed to operate in accordance with any certifi-
+cate or permit issued thereunder; and from which no appeal
+has been taken; or who shall fail to comply with such an order
+as affirmed or modified by ___________ or by a court of com-
+petent jurisdiction, within the time fixed herein, shall sever-
+ally for each and every such violation and noncompliance, re-
+spectively, be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of
+Table B.5.3.6.3 Typical Class V Formulations
+Organic Peroxide
+Concen-
+tration Diluent
+Recommended
+Maximum
+Temperatures1
+Control Emergency Hazard Identification 2
+°F °C °F °C Health
+Flamma-
+bility
+Reac-
+tivity Container
+Dibenzoyl peroxide
+(powder)
+35 Dicalcium
+phosphate
+dihydrate or
+Calcium sulfate
+dihydrate
+1 0 0 100 lb (45 kg)
+Di(2-t-butylperoxy-
+isopropyl) benzene
+40 Clay 1 1 0 100 lb (45 kg)
+1,1-Di(t-butylperoxy)-
+3,3,5-trimethyl-
+cyclohexane
+40 Calcium
+carbonate
+1 1 1 100 lb (45 kg)
+Dicumyl peroxide 40 Clay or Calcium
+carbonate
+1 1 1 100 lb (45 kg)
+2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-
+di(t-butylperoxy)
+hexane
+47 Calcium
+carbonate or
+Silica
+1 1 1 100 lb (45 kg)
+Ethyl-3,3-
+di(t-butylperoxy)
+butyrate
+40 Clay or Calcium
+silicate
+1 3 2 100 lb (45 kg)
+1These columns refer to temperatures in the Department of Transportation(DOT) Organic Peroxides Table.
+Refer to document 49 CFR 173.225 for details.
+2The column refers to NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency
+Response, hazard ratings for health, flammability, and reactivity. See NFPA 704 for details.
+AO — Active oxygen.
+[432: Table B.6.3]
+1–566 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+not less than $ _________ nor more than $_________ or by
+imprisonment for not less than _________ days nor more than
+__________ days or by both such fine and imprisonment. The
+imposition of one penalty for any violation shall not excuse
+the violation or permit it to continue; and all such persons
+shall be required to correct or remedy such violations or de-
+fects within a reasonable time; and when not otherwise speci-
+fied the application of the above penalty shall not be held to
+prevent the enforced removal of prohibited conditions. Each
+day that prohibited conditions are maintained shall constitute
+a separate offense.
+Section 3:Additions, Insertions, and Changes. — That the
+[year] edition of NFPA 1, Fire Code, 2009 edition, is amended
+and changed in the following respects:
+[List Amendments]
+Section 4: That ordinance No. ____________ of [jurisdic-
+tion] entitled [fill in the title of the ordinance or ordinances in effect
+at the present time] and all other ordinances or parts of ordi-
+nances in conflict herewith are hereby repealed.
+Section 5:That if any section, subsection, sentence, clause,
+or phrase of this ordinance is, for any reason, held to be in-
+valid or unconstitutional, such decision shall not affect the
+validity or constitutionality of the remaining portions of this
+ordinance. The [governing body] hereby declares that it would
+have passed this ordinance, and each section, subsection,
+clause, or phrase hereof, irrespective of the fact that any one
+or more sections, subsections, sentences, clauses, and phrases
+be declared unconstitutional.
+Section 6:That the [jurisdiction’s keeper of records] is hereby
+ordered and directed to cause this ordinance to be published.
+[NOTE: An additional provision may be required to direct the number
+of times the ordinance is to be published and to specify that it is to be in
+a newspaper in general circulation. Posting may also be required.]
+Section 7:That this ordinance and the rules, regulations,
+provisions, requirements, orders, and matters established and
+adopted hereby shall take effect and be in full force and effect
+[time period] from and after the date of its final passage and
+adoption.
+Annex D Hazardous Materials Management Plans
+and Hazardous Materials Inventory Statements
+This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+unless specifically adopted by the AHJ.
+D.1 Scope. Hazardous materials inventory statements (HMIS)
+and hazardous materials management plans (HMMP), which are
+required by the AHJ pursuant to Chapter 60, shall be provided
+for hazardous materials in accordance with Annex D.
+Exception No. 1: Materials that have been satisfactorily demonstrated
+not to present a potential danger to public health, safety, or welfare, based
+upon the quantity or condition of storage, when approved.
+Exception No. 2: Chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and silver need
+not be considered hazardous materials for the purposes of this annex
+unless they are stored in a friable, powdered, or finely divided state.
+Proprietary and trade secret information shall be protected under the
+laws of the state or AHJ.
+D.2 Hazardous Materials Inventory Statements (HMIS).
+D.2.1 When Required.A separate HMIS shall be provided for
+each building, including its appurtenant structures, and each
+exterior facility in which hazardous materials are stored. The
+hazardous materials inventory statement shall list by hazard
+class all hazardous materials stored. The hazardous materials
+inventory statement shall include the following information
+for each hazardous material listed:
+(1) Hazard class.
+(2) Common or trade name.
+(3) Chemical name, major constituents, and concentrations
+if a mixture. If a waste, the waste category.
+(4) Chemical Abstract Service number (CAS number) found
+in 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
+(5) Whether the material is pure or a mixture, and whether
+the material is a solid, liquid, or gas.
+(6) Maximum aggregate quantity stored at any one time.
+(7) Storage conditions related to the storage type, tempera-
+ture, and pressure.
+D.2.2 Changes to HMIS. An amended HMIS shall be pro-
+vided within 30 days of the storage of any hazardous materials
+that changes or adds a hazard class or that is sufficient in quan-
+tity to cause an increase in the quantity that exceeds 5 percent
+for any hazard class.
+D.3 Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP).
+D.3.1 General. Applications for a permit to store hazardous
+materials shall include an HMMP standard form or short form
+in accordance with Section D.3 and shall provide a narrative
+description of the operations and processes taking place at the
+facility. (See Figure D.3.1.)
+D.3.2 Information Required.The HMMP standard form shall
+include the information in D.3.2.1 through D.3.2.9.
+D.3.2.1 General Information. General information, includ-
+ing business name and address, emergency contacts, business
+activity, business owner or operator, SIC code, number of em-
+ployees and hours, Dunn and Bradstreet number, and signa-
+ture of owner, operator, or designated representative.
+D.3.2.2 General Site Plan.A general site plan drawn at a leg-
+ible scale that shall include, but not be limited to, the location
+of buildings, exterior storage facilities, permanent access ways,
+evacuation routes, parking lots, internal roads, chemical load-
+ing areas, equipment cleaning areas, storm and sanitary sewer
+accesses, emergency equipment, and adjacent property uses.
+The exterior storage areas shall be identified with the hazard
+class and the maximum quantities per hazard class of hazard-
+ous materials stored. When required by the AHJ, information
+regarding the location of wells, flood plains, earthquake
+faults, surface water bodies, and general land uses within 1
+mile (1.6 km) of the facility boundaries shall be included.
+D.3.2.3 Building Floor Plan.A building floor plan drawn to a
+legible scale that shall include, but not be limited to, hazard-
+ous materials storage areas within the building and shall indi-
+cate rooms, doorways, corridors, means of egress, and evacua-
+tion routes. Each hazardous materials storage facility shall be
+identified by a map key that lists the individual hazardous ma-
+terials, their hazard class, and quantity present for each area.
+D.3.2.4 Hazardous Materials Handling.Information showing
+that activities involving the handling of hazardous materials
+between the storage areas and manufacturing processes on
+site are conducted in a manner to prevent the accidental re-
+lease of such materials.
+D.3.2.5 Chemical Compatibility and Separation.Information
+showing procedures, controls, signs, or other methods used to
+ensure separation and protection of stored materials from fac-
+tors that could cause accidental ignition or reaction of ignit-
+able, reactive, or incompatible materials in each area.
+1–567ANNEX D
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+SAMPLE FORMAT
+HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT PLAN (HMMP) INSTRUCTIONS
+SECTION I — FACILITY DESCRIPTION
+1.1 Part A
+ 1. Fill out Items 1 through 11 and sign the
+  declaration.
+ 2. Only Part A of this section is required to be 
+  updated and submitted annually, or within 30 
+  days of a change.
+1.2 Part B—General Facility Description 
+ (Site Plan)
+ 1. Provide a site plan on 8 ¹⁄₂ in. by 11 in. (215 mm 
+  by 279 mm) paper, using letters on the top and   
+  bottom margins and numbers on the right and 
+  left side margins, showing the location of all 
+  buildings, structures, chemical loading areas, 
+  parking lots, internal roads, storm and sanitary   
+  sewers, wells, and adjacent property uses. Indicate 
+  the approximate scale, northern direction and 
+  date the drawing was completed.
+ 2. List all special land uses within 1 mile (1.609 km).
+1.3 Part C—Facility Storage Map (Confidential 
+ Information)
+ 1. Provide a floor plan of each building on 8 ¹⁄₂ in. by 
+  11 in. (215 mm by 279 mm) paper, using letters
+  on the top and bottom margins and numbers on 
+  the right and left side margins, with approximate 
+  scale and northern direction, showing the location  
+  of each storage area. Mark map clearly “Confidential 
+  — Do Not Disclose” for trade-secret information 
+  as specified by federal, state, and local laws.
+ 2. Identify each storage area with an identification 
+  number, letter, name, or symbol.
+ 3. Show the following:
+  (a) Accesses to each storage area.
+  (b) Location of emergency equipment.
+  (c) The general purpose of other areas within 
+   the facility.
+  (d) Location of all aboveground and underground 
+   tanks to include sumps, vaults, below-grade 
+   treatment systems, piping, etc.
+ 4. Map key. Provide the following on the map or in  
+  a map key or legend for each storage area:
+  (a) A list of hazardous materials, including wastes.
+  (b) Hazard class of each hazardous waste.
+  (c) The maximum quantity for hazardous 
+   materials.
+  (d) Include the contents and capacity limit of all 
+   tanks at each area and indicate whether they 
+   are above or below ground.
+  (e) List separately any radioactives, cryogens,
+   and compressed gases for each facility.
+  (f) Trade-secret information shall be listed as 
+   specified by federal, state, and local laws.
+SECTION II — HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INVENTORY 
+STATEMENT (HMIS)
+2.1  Part A—Declaration
+ Fill out all appropriate information.
+2.2  Part B—Inventory Statement
+ 1. You must complete a separate inventory 
+  statement for all waste and nonwaste hazardous 
+  materials. List all hazardous materials in 
+  alphabetical order by hazard class.
+ 2. Inventory Statement Instructions.
+Column              Information Required
+  1  Provide hazard class for each material.
+ 2  Nonwaste. Provide the common or trade 
+   name of the regulated material.
+   Waste. In lieu of trade names, you may 
+   provide the waste category.
+ 3  Provide the chemical name and major 
+   constituents and concentrations, if a mixture.
+ 4  Enter the chemical abstract service number 
+   (CAS number) found in 29 CFR. For mixtures, 
+   enter the CAS number of the mixture as a 
+   whole if it has been assigned a number 
+   distinct from its constituents. For a mixture 
+   that has no CAS number, leave this item blank 
+   or report the CAS numbers of as many 
+   constituent chemicals as possible.
+ 5  Enter the following descriptive codes as they 
+   apply to each material. You may list more than 
+   one code, if applicable.
+       P =  Pure
+       M =  Mixture
+       S =  Solid
+       L =  Liquid
+       G =  Gas
+ 6  Provide the maximum aggregate quantity of 
+   each material handled at any one time by the 
+   business. For underground tanks, list the 
+   maximum volume [in gallons (liters)] of the 
+   tank.
+   Enter the estimated average daily amount on 
+   site during the past year.
+ 7  Enter the units used in Column 6 as:
+       Lb =  Pounds
+       Ga =  Gallons
+       Cf =  Cubic Feet
+ 8  Enter the number of days that the material 
+   was present on site (during the last year).
+NFPA 1 (p. 1 of 8)© 2008 National Fire Protection Association 
+FIGURE D.3.1 Sample Format of Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP) Instructions.
+1–568 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Column Information Required
+  9   Enter the storage codes below for type, 
+   temperature, and pressure:
+   Type
+   A = Aboveground Tank
+   B = Belowground Tank
+   C = Tank Inside Building
+   D = Steel Drum
+   E = Plastic or Nonmetallic Drum
+   F = Can
+   G = Carboy
+   H = Silo
+   I = Fiber Drum
+   J = Bag
+   K = Box
+   L = Cylinder
+   M = Glass Bottle or Jug
+   N =  Plastic Bottles or Jugs
+   O = Tote Bin
+   P =  Tank Wagon
+   Q = Rail Car
+   R = Other
+   Temperature
+   4 = Ambient
+   5 = Greater than Ambient
+   6 = Less than Ambient, but not Cryogenic 
+     [less than –150 ∞F (–101.1∞C)]
+   7 = Cryogenic conditions [less than –150 ∞F 
+     (–101.1 ∞C)]
+   Pressure
+   1 = Ambient (Atmospheric)
+   2 = Greater than Ambient (Atmospheric)
+   3 = Less than Ambient (Atmospheric)
+ 10  For each material listed, provide the SARA 
+   Title III hazard class as listed below. You may
+   list more than one class. These categories are
+   defined in 40 CFR 370.3.
+   Physical Hazard 
+   F = Fire
+   P = Sudden Release of Pressure
+   R = Reactivity
+   Health Hazard
+   I = Immediate (Acute)
+   D = Delayed (Chronic)
+ 11  Waste Only. For each waste, provide the 
+   total estimated amount of hazardous waste 
+   handled throughout the course of the year.
+SECTION III — SEPARATION AND MONITORING
+3.1 Part A — Aboveground
+ Fill out Items 1 through 6, or provide similar 
+ information for each storage area shown on the 
+ facility map. Use additional sheets as necessary.
+3.2 Part B — Underground
+ 1. Complete a separate page for each underground 
+  tank, sump, vault, belowgrade treatment system, 
+  etc.
+ 2. Check the type of tank and method(s) that 
+  applies to your tank(s) and piping, and answer 
+  the appropriate questions. Provide any
+  additional information in the space provided or 
+  on a separate sheet.
+SECTION IV— WASTE DISPOSAL
+ Check all that apply and list the associated wastes 
+ for each method checked.
+SECTION V— RECORD KEEPING
+ Include a brief description of your inspection 
+ procedures. You are also required to keep an 
+ inspection log and recordable discharge log, which 
+ are designed to be used in conjunction with routine 
+ inspections for all storage facilities or areas.
+ Place a check in each box that describes your forms.  
+ If you do not use the sample forms, provide copies 
+ of your forms for review and approval.
+SECTION VI — EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
+ 1. This plan should describe the personnel, 
+  procedures, and equipment available for 
+  responding to a release or threatened release 
+  of hazardous materials that are stored, handled, 
+  or used on site.
+ 2. A check or a response under each item indicates 
+  that a specific procedure is followed at the 
+  facility, or that the equipment specified is  
+   maintained on site.
+ 3. If the facility maintains a more detailed 
+  emergency response plan on site, indicate this 
+  in Item 5. This plan shall be made available for 
+  review by the inspecting jurisdiction.
+SECTION VII — EMERGENCY RESPONSE TRAINING 
+PLAN
+ 1. This plan should describe the basic training plan 
+  used at the facility.
+ 2. A check in the appropriate box indicates the 
+  training is provided or the records are maintained.
+ 3. If the facility maintains a more detailed 
+  emergency response training plan, indicate this
+  in Item 4. This plan shall be made available for 
+  review by the inspecting jurisdiction.
+© 2008 National Fire Protection Association NFPA 1 (p. 2 of 8)
+FIGURE D.3.1 Continued
+1–569ANNEX D
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Part A — General Information
+ 1. Business Name:   Phone:
+  Address:
+ 2. Person Responsible for the Business:
+                     Name                                                             Title  Phone
+ 3. Emergency Contacts:
+   Name Title Home Number Work Number
+ 4. Person Responsible for the Application/Principal Contact:
+                     Name                                                             Title  Phone
+ 5. Property Owner:
+                     Name                                                             Address  Phone
+ 6. Principal Business Activity:
+ 7. Number of Employees:
+ 8. Number of Shifts:
+ 9. Hours of Operation:
+ 10. SIC Code:
+ 11. Dunn and Bradstreet Number:
+ 12. Declaration:
+  I certify that the information above and on the following parts is true and correct to the best of my knowledge.
+  Signature:  Date:
+  Print Name:  Title:
+  (Must be signed by owner/operator or designated representative)
+Part B — General Facility Description/Site Plan
+(Use grid format in Part C)
+Special land uses within 1 mile (1.609 km):
+HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT PLAN
+SECTION I: FACILITY DESCRIPTION
+© 2008 National Fire Protection Association NFPA 1 (p. 3 of 8)
+FIGURE D.3.1 Continued
+1–570 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Part C — Facility Map
+(Use grid format below)
+Part A—Declaration
+ 1. Business Name:
+ 2. Address:
+ 3. Declaration:
+  Under penalty of perjury, I declare the above and subsequent information, provided as part of the hazardous
+  materials inventory statement, is true and correct.
+  Signature: Date:
+  Print Name: Title:
+  (Must be signed by owner/operator or designated representative)
+SECTION II: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INVENTORY STATEMENT
+SECTION I: FACILITY DESCRIPTION (Continued)
+BUSINESS NAME DATE
+PAGE              OF
+ADDRESS CITY
+ABCDEFGH I JKLMN
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+16
+15
+17
+14
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+16
+15
+17
+14
+ABCDEFGH I JKLMN
+© 2008 National Fire Protection Association NFPA 1 (p. 4 of 8)
+FIGURE D.3.1 Continued
+1–571ANNEX D
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+SECTION III: SEPARATION, SECONDARY CONTAINMENT, AND MONITORING
+Part A —Aboveground Storage Areas
+Storage Area Identification (as shown on facility map):
+1. Storage Type:
+  Original Containers Safety Cans
+  Inside Machinery Bulk Tanks
+  55 gal (208.2 L) Drums or Storage Shed Outside Barrels
+  Pressurized Vessel Other:
+2. Storage Location:
+  Inside Building Outside Building
+  Secured
+3. Separation:
+  All Materials One-Hour Separation Wall/Partition
+  Compatible Approved Cabinets
+  Separation by 20 ft (6.1 m) Other:
+Part B—Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement
+SECTION II: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INVENTORY STATEMENT (Continued)
+(1)
+Hazard Class
+(2)
+Common/
+Trade Name
+(3)
+Chemical Name,
+Components and
+Concentration
+(4)
+Chemical
+Abstract
+Service No.
+(5)
+Physical
+State
+(6)
+Maximum
+Quantity on Hand
+at Any Time
+(7)
+Units
+(8)
+Days
+on Site
+(9)
+Storage Code
+(Type, Pressure,
+Temperature)
+(10)
+SARA Class
+(11)
+Annual Waste
+Throughput
+© 2008 National Fire Protection Association NFPA 1 (p. 5 of 8)
+FIGURE D.3.1 Continued
+1–572 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+SECTION III: SEPARATION, SECONDARY CONTAINMENT, AND MONITORING (Continued)
+4. Secondary Containment:
+  Approved Cabinet Secondary Drums
+  Tray Bermed, Coated Floor
+  Vaulted Tank Other: 
+  Double-Wall Tank
+5. Monitoring:
+  Visual Other: 
+  Continuous
+6. Monitoring Frequency:
+  Daily Other:
+  Weekly
+Part B—Underground
+Single-Wall Tanks and Piping
+Tank Area Identification (as shown on facility map):
+1.  Backfill Vapor Wells
+  Model and Manufacturer:
+  Continuous or Monthly Testing:
+2.  Groundwater Monitoring Wells
+3.  Monthly Precision Tank Test
+4.  Piping
+  Monitoring Method:
+  Frequency:
+5.  Other:
+Double-Wall Tanks and Piping
+Tank Area Identification (as shown on facility map):
+1. Method of monitoring the annular space:
+2. Frequency:     ❏  Continuous     ❏  Daily     ❏  Weekly     ❏  Other:
+3. List the type of secondary containment for piping:
+4. List method of monitoring the secondary containment for piping:
+5. Are there incompatible materials within the same vault?   ❏  Yes   ❏  No
+ If yes, how is separate secondary containment provided?
+Note: If you have continuous monitoring equipment, you shall maintain copies of all service and maintenance work. Such 
+reports shall be made available for review on site, and shall be submitted to the fire prevention bureau upon request.
+Attach additional sheets as necessary
+SECTION IV: WASTE DISPOSAL
+  Discharge to the Sanitary Sewer— Pretreatment—
+  Wastes: Wastes: 
+   
+  Licensed Waste Hauler— Recycle—
+  Wastes: Wastes:
+   
+Attach specifications if necessary
+Attach additional sheets as necessary
+© 2008 National Fire Protection Association NFPA 1 (p. 6 of 8)
+FIGURE D.3.1 Continued
+1–573ANNEX D
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+SECTION IV: WASTE DISPOSAL (Continued)
+  Other —
+  Describe Method:
+  Wastes:
+  No Waste
+SECTION V: RECORD KEEPING
+Description of our inspection program:
+  We will use the attached sample forms in our inspection program.
+  We will not use the sample forms. We have attached a copy of our own forms.
+SECTION VI: EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
+1. In the event of an emergency, the following shall be notified:
+ A. On-Site Responders:
+                     Name                                                             Title  Phone
+ B. Method of Notification to Responder:
+   Automatic Alarm Verbal
+   Manual Alarm Other:
+   Phone
+ C. Agency and Phone Number:
+  Fire Department:
+  State Office of Emergency:
+  Services:
+  Other:
+2. Designated Local Emergency Medical Facility:
+                     Name                                                             Address  Phone (24 hours)
+3. Mitigation Equipment:
+ A. Monitoring Devices:
+   Toxic or Flammable Gas Detection
+   Fluid Detection
+   Other:
+ B. Spill Containment:
+   Absorbents Other:
+ C. Spill Control and Treatment
+   Vapor Scrubber Mechanical Ventilation
+   Pumps/Vacuums Secondary Containment
+   Neutralizer Other:
+© 2008 National Fire Protection Association NFPA 1 (p. 7 of 8)
+FIGURE D.3.1 Continued
+1–574 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+SECTION VI: EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN (Continued)
+4. Evacuation:
+   Immediate area evacuation routes posted
+   Entire building evacuation procedures developed
+   Assembly areas preplanned
+   Evacuation maps posted
+   Other:
+5. Supplemental hazardous materials emergency response plan on site.
+ Location:
+ Responsible Person:
+ Phone:
+SECTION VII: EMERGENCY RESPONSE TRAINING PLAN
+1. Person responsible for the emergency response training plan:
+                     Name                                                             Title            Phone
+2. Training Requirements:
+ A. All employees trained in the following as indicated:
+   Procedures for internal alarm/notification
+   Procedures for notification of external emergency response organizations
+   Location and content of the emergency response plan
+ B. Chemical handlers are trained in the following as indicated:
+   Safe methods for handling and storage of hazardous materials
+   Proper use of personal protective equipment
+   Locations and proper use of fire- and spill-control equipment
+   Specific hazards of each chemical to which they may be exposed 
+ C. Emergency response team members are trained in the following:
+   Procedures for shutdown of operations
+   Procedures for using, maintaining, and replacing facility emergency and monitoring equipment
+3. The following records are maintained for all employees:
+   Verification that training was completed by the employee
+   Description of the type and amount of introductory and continuing training
+   Documentation on and description of emergency response drills conducted at the facility
+4. A more comprehensive and detailed emergency response training plan is maintained on site.
+ Location:
+ Responsible Person:
+ Phone:
+© 2008 National Fire Protection Association NFPA 1 (p. 8 of 8)
+FIGURE D.3.1 Continued
+1–575ANNEX D
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+D.3.2.6 Monitoring Program.Information including, but not
+limited to, the location, type, manufacturer’s specifications, if
+applicable, and suitability of monitoring methods for each
+storage facility when required.
+D.3.2.7 Inspection and Record Keeping.Schedules and pro-
+cedures for inspecting safety and monitoring and emergency
+equipment. The permittee shall develop and follow a written
+inspection procedure acceptable to the AHJ for inspecting the
+facility for events or practices that could lead to unauthorized
+discharges of hazardous materials. Inspections shall be con-
+ducted at a frequency appropriate to detect problems prior to
+a discharge. An inspection check sheet shall be developed to
+be used in conjunction with routine inspections. The check
+sheet shall provide for the date, time, and location of inspec-
+tion; note problems and dates and times of corrective actions
+taken; and include the name of the inspector and the counter-
+signature of the designated safety manager for the facility.
+D.3.2.8 Employee Training.A training program appropriate
+to the types and quantities of materials stored or used shall be
+conducted to prepare employees to safely handle hazardous
+materials on a daily basis and during emergencies. The train-
+ing program shall include the following:
+(1) Instruction in safe storage and handling of hazardous ma-
+terials, including maintenance of monitoring records
+(2) Instruction in emergency procedures for leaks, spills,
+fires, or explosions, including shutdown of operations
+and evacuation procedures
+(3) Record-keeping procedures for documenting training
+given to employees
+D.3.2.9 Emergency Response.A description of facility emer-
+gency procedures is to be provided.
+D.3.3 HMMP Short Form — Minimal Storage Site.A facility
+shall qualify as a minimal storage site if the quantity of each
+hazardous material stored in one or more facilities in an ag-
+gregate quantity for the facility is 500 lb (227 kg) or less for
+solids, 55 gal (208.2 L) or less for liquids, or 200 ft3 (5.7 m3)o r
+less at NTP for compressed gases and does not exceed the thresh-
+old planning quantity as listed in 40 CFR 355 Sections 302 and
+304. The applicant for a permit for a facility that qualifies as a
+minimal storage site shall be permitted to file the short form
+HMMP. Such plan shall include the following components:
+(1) General facility information
+(2) A simple line drawing of the facility showing the location
+of storage facilities and indicating the hazard class or
+classes and physical state of the hazardous materials being
+stored
+(3) Information describing that the hazardous materials will
+be stored and handled in a safe manner and will be appro-
+priately contained, separated, and monitored
+(4) Assurance that security precautions have been taken, em-
+ployees have been appropriately trained to handle the
+hazardous materials and react to emergency situations,
+adequate labeling and warning signs are posted, adequate
+emergency equipment is maintained, and the disposal of
+hazardous materials will be in an appropriate manner
+D.4 Maintenance of Records.Hazardous materials inventory
+statements and hazardous materials management plans shall
+be maintained by the permittee for a period of not less than
+3 years after submittal of updated or revised versions. Such
+records shall be made available to the AHJ upon request.
+Annex E Reserved
+Annex F Reserved
+Annex G Ozone Gas–Generating Equipment
+This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+unless specifically adopted by the jurisdiction.
+G.1 Scope. Equipment having a maximum ozone-generating
+capacity of 1⁄2 lb (0.23 kg) or more over a 24-hour period shall
+be in accordance with this annex.
+Exception: Ozone-generating equipment used in one- and two-
+family dwellings and lodging and rooming house occupancies.
+G.2 Definitions. For the purpose of this annex, certain terms
+are defined in this section.
+G.2.1 Ozone Generator.Equipment that causes the produc-
+tion of ozone.
+G.3 Standards.NEMA 250, Enclosures for Electrical Equipment,i s
+intended for use as a guide in the design, fabrication, testing,
+and use of equipment regulated by this annex.
+G.4 Location.
+G.4.1 General. Ozone generators shall be located in ap-
+proved cabinets or ozone-generator rooms in accordance with
+Section G.4.
+Exception: A generator within an approved pressure vessel need not be
+in a cabinet or ozone-generator room when located outside of buildings.
+G.4.2 Cabinets. Ozone cabinets shall be constructed of ap-
+proved materials compatible with ozone in accordance with
+nationally recognized standards. Cabinets shall display an ap-
+proved sign stating: OZONE GAS GENERATOR — HIGHLY
+TOXIC — OXIDIZER. (See Section G.3.)
+Cabinets shall be braced for seismic activity in accordance
+with the building code. Cabinets shall be mechanically ventilated
+with a minimum of six air changes per hour. Exhausted air shall
+be directed to a treatment system designed to reduce the dis-
+charge concentration of the gas to one half of the IDLH value at
+the point of discharge to the atmosphere. The average velocity of
+ventilation at makeup air openings with cabinet doors closed
+shall not be less than 200 ft per minute (1.02 m/s).
+G.4.3 Ozone-Generator Rooms.Ozone-generator rooms shall
+be mechanically ventilated with a minimum of six air changes per
+hour. Exhausted air shall be directed to a treatment system de-
+signed to reduce the discharge concentration of gas to one half
+of the IDLH value at the point of discharge to the atmosphere, or
+ozone-generator rooms shall be equipped with a continuous gas
+detection system that will shut off the generator and sound a local
+alarm when concentrations above the permissible exposure limit
+occur. Ozone-generator rooms shall not normally be occupied,
+and such rooms shall be kept free of combustible and hazardous
+material storage. Room access doors shall display an approved
+sign stating: OZONE GAS GENERATOR — HIGHLY TOXIC —
+OXIDIZER.
+G.5 Piping, Valves, and Fittings.
+G.5.1 General. Piping, valves, fittings, and related compo-
+nents used to convey ozone shall be in accordance with Sec-
+tion G.5.
+1–576 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+G.5.2 Secondary Containment.Secondary containment, such
+as double-walled piping or exhausted enclosures, shall be pro-
+vided for piping, valves, fittings, and related components. Sec-
+ondary containment shall be capable of directing a sudden
+release to an approved treatment system.
+Exception: Welded stainless steel piping and tubing.
+G.5.3 Materials. Materials shall be compatible with ozone and
+shall be rated for the design operating pressures.
+G.5.4 Identification. Piping shall be identified: OZONE GAS
+— HIGHLY TOXIC — OXIDIZER.
+G.6 Automatic Shutdown. Ozone generators shall be de-
+signed to automatically shut down when any one of the follow-
+ing occurs:
+(1) The dissolved ozone concentration in the water being
+treated is above saturation when measured at the point
+where the water is exposed to the atmosphere.
+(2) The process using generated ozone is shut down.
+(3) The ventilation system for the cabinet or ozone-generator
+room fails.
+(4) The gas detection system fails.
+G.7 Manual Shutdown. Manual shutdown controls shall be
+provided at the generator and, if in a room, within 10 ft (3 m)
+of the main exit or exit-access door.
+Annex H Reserved
+Annex I Fire Hydrant Locations and Distribution
+This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+unless specifically adopted by the jurisdiction.
+I.1 Scope. Fire hydrants shall be provided in accordance with
+Annex I for the protection of buildings, or portions of build-
+ings, hereafter constructed.
+I.2 Location. Fire hydrants shall be provided along required
+fire apparatus access roads and adjacent public streets.
+I.3 Number of Fire Hydrants.The minimum number of fire
+hydrants available to a building shall not be less than that
+listed in Table I.3. The number of fire hydrants available to a
+complex or subdivision shall not be less than that determined
+by spacing requirements listed in Table I.3 when applied to
+fire apparatus access roads and perimeter public streets from
+which fire operations could be conducted.
+I.4 Consideration of Existing Fire Hydrants.Existing fire hy-
+drants on public streets shall be permitted to be considered as
+available. Existing fire hydrants on adjacent properties shall
+not be considered available unless fire apparatus access roads
+extend between properties and easements are established to
+prevent obstruction of such roads.
+I.5 Distribution of Fire Hydrants.The average spacing be-
+tween fire hydrants shall not exceed that listed in Table I.3.
+Exception: The AHJ shall be permitted to accept a deficiency of up to
+10 percent where existing fire hydrants provide all or a portion of the
+required fire hydrant service. Regardless of the average spacing, fire hy-
+drants shall be located such that all points on streets and access roads
+adjacent to a building are within the distances listed in Table I.3.
+Table I.3 Number and Distribution of Fire Hydrants
+Number and Distribution of Fire Hydrants Maximum Distance from
+Any Point on Street
+or Road Frontage
+to a Hydrant4Fire Flow Requirements Minimum
+Number
+of Hydrants
+Average Spacing
+Between Hydrants1,2,3
+gpm L/min ft m ft m
+1750 or less 6650 or less 1 500 152 250 76
+2000–2250 7600–8550 2 450 137 225 69
+2500 9500 3 450 137 225 69
+3000 11,400 3 400 122 225 69
+3500–4000 13,300–15,200 4 350 107 210 64
+4500–5000 17,100–19,000 5 300 91 180 55
+5500 20,900 6 300 91 180 55
+6000 22,800 6 250 76 150 46
+6500–7000 24,700–26,500 7 250 76 150 46
+7500 or more 28,500 or more 8 or more 5 200 61 120 37
+Note: 1 gpm = 3.8 L/min; 1 ft = 0.3 m.
+1 Reduce by 100 ft (30.5 m) for dead-end streets or roads.
+2 Where streets are provided with median dividers that can be crossed by fire fighters pulling hose lines, or
+arterial streets are provided with four or more traffic lanes and have a traffic count of more than 30,000
+vehicles per day, hydrant spacing shall average 500 ft (152.4 m) on each side of the street and be arranged on
+an alternating basis up to a fire flow requirement of 7000 gpm (26,500 L/min) and 400 ft (122m)o r higher
+fire flow requirements.
+3 Where new water mains are extended along streets where hydrants are not needed for protection of
+structures or similar fire problems, fire hydrants shall be provided at spacing not to exceed 1000 ft (305 m) to
+provide for transportation hazards.
+4 Reduce by 50 ft (15.2 m) for dead-end streets or roads.
+5 One hydrant for each 1000 gpm (3785 L/min) or fraction thereof.
+1–577ANNEX I
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Annex J Reserved
+Annex K Explanation of Rack Storage Test Data
+and Procedures
+This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+but is included for informational purposes only.
+K.1 General. Annex K provides an explanation of the test
+data and procedures that led to the development of the pro-
+tection for rack storage and roll paper storage.
+K.2 Some of the rack storage fire tests that were conducted as
+a part of this program to develop protection criteria were run
+with eave-line windows or louvers open to simulate smoke and
+heat venting. These tests opened 87.5 percent and 91 percent
+more sprinklers than did comparative tests without windows
+or louvers open. Results from these tests might or might not
+provide an indication as to how smoke and heat vents installed
+in the roof of a building would affect the operation of auto-
+matic sprinklers.
+K.3 Rack Fire Test 85 was conducted to evaluate the results of
+a liquid spill fire. Test results indicate it is not practical from an
+economic standpoint to install sprinkler systems with densities
+capable of controlling such a fire and, therefore, industrial
+trucks should be fueled outside of buildings only.
+K.4 Chapter 5 from NFPA 13 uses as a basis the large-scale fire
+test series conducted at the Factory Mutual Research Center,
+West Glocester, RI.
+The test building was approximately 200 ft × 250 ft (61 m
+× 76 m) [50,000 ft 2 (4.65 km2) in area], of fire-resistive con-
+struction, and contained a volume of approximately 2.25 million
+ft3 (63,761.86 m3), the equivalent of a 100,000 ft 2 (9.29 km2)
+building 221⁄2 ft (6.86 m) high. The test building had two primary
+heights beneath a single large ceiling. The east section was 30 ft
+(9.1 m) high, and the west section was 60 ft (18.29 m) high.
+The test series for storage height of 20 ft (6.1 m) was con-
+ducted in the 30 ft (9.1 m) section with clearances from the
+top of storage to the ceiling nominally 10 ft (3.1 m). Doors at
+the lower and intermediate levels and ventilation louvers at
+the tops of walls were kept closed during the majority of the
+fire tests, which minimized the effect of exterior conditions.
+The entire test series was fully instrumented with thermo-
+couples attached to rack members, simulated building col-
+umns, bar joists, and the ceiling.
+Racks were constructed of steel vertical and horizontal
+members designed for 4000 lb (1814 kg) loads. Vertical mem-
+bers were 8 ft (2.44 m) on center (O.C.) for conventional
+racks and 4 ft (1.22 m) O.C. for simulated automated racks.
+Racks were 31⁄2 ft (1.07 m) wide with 6 in. (152.4 mm) longitu-
+dinal flue space for an overall width of 7 1⁄2 ft (2.29 m). Simu-
+lated automated racks and slave pallets were used in the main
+central rack in the 4 ft (1.22 m) aisle tests. Conventional racks
+and conventional pallets were used in the main central rack in
+the 8 ft (2.44 m) aisle tests. The majority of the tests were
+conducted with 100 ft2 (9.29 m2) sprinkler spacing.
+The test configuration for storage heights of 15 ft (4.6 m),
+20 ft (6.1 m), and 25 ft (7.6 m) covered an 1800 ft2 (167.2 m2)
+floor area, including aisles between racks. Tests that were used
+in producing this standard limited fire damage to this area.
+The maximum water damage area anticipated in the standard
+is 6000 ft2 (557.4 m2) — the upper limit of the design curves.
+The test data shows that, as density is increased, both the
+extent of fire damage and sprinkler operation are reduced.
+The data also indicates that, with sprinklers installed in the
+racks, a reduction is gained in the area of fire damage and
+sprinkler operations (i.e., water damage).
+Table K.4 illustrates these points. The information is taken
+from the test series for storage height of 20 ft (6.1 m) using the
+standard commodity.
+The fact that there is a reduction in both fire damage and
+area of water application as sprinkler densities are increased
+or where sprinklers are installed in racks should be considered
+carefully by those responsible for applying this standard to the
+rack storage situation.
+In the test for storage height of 25 ft (7.6 m), a density of
+0.55 gpm/ft 2 [(22.4 L/min)/m 2] produced 42 percent, or
+756 ft 2 (70.26 m 2), fire damage in the test array and a
+sprinkler-wetted area of 1400 ft 2 (130.1 m2). Lesser densities
+would not be expected to achieve the same limited degree of
+control. Therefore, if the goal of smaller areas of fire damage
+is to be achieved, sprinklers in racks should be considered.
+The test series for storage height over 25 ft (7.6 m) was
+conducted in the 60 ft (18.29 m) section of the test building
+with nominal clearances from the top of storage to the ceiling
+of either 30 ft (9.1 m) or 10 ft (3.1 m).
+Doors at the lower and intermediate levels and ventilation
+louvers at the top of walls were kept closed during the fire
+tests. This minimized the effect of exterior wind conditions.
+The purpose of the over 25 ft (7.6 m) series was to accom-
+plish the following:
+(1) Determine the arrangement of in-rack sprinklers that can
+be repeated as pile height increases and that provide con-
+trol of the fire
+(2) Determine other protective arrangements, such as high-
+expansion foam, that provide control of the fire
+Control was considered to have been accomplished if the
+fire was unlikely to spread from the rack of origin to adjacent
+racks or spread beyond the length of the 25 ft (7.6 m) test
+rack. To aid in this judgment, control was considered to have
+been achieved if the fire did not do the following:
+(1) Jump the 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles to adjoining racks
+(2) Reach the end face of the end stacks (north or south
+ends) of the main rack
+Control is defined as holding the fire in check through the
+extinguishing system until the commodities initially involved
+are consumed or until the fire is extinguished by the extin-
+guishing system or manual aid.
+The standard commodity as selected in the 20 ft (6.1 m)
+test series was used in the majority of over 25 ft (7.6 m) tests.
+Hallmark products and 3-M products described in the 20 ft
+(6.1 m) test series report also were used as representative of
+Class III or IV commodities, or both, in several tests. The re-
+sults of privately sponsored tests on Hallmark products and
+plastic-encapsulated standard commodities also were made
+available to the NFPA technical committee.
+A 25 ft (7.6 m) long test array was used for the majority of
+the over 25 ft (7.6 m) high test series. The decision to use such
+an array was made because it was believed that a fire in racks
+over 25 ft (7.6 m) high that extended the full length of a 50 ft
+(15.24 m) long rack could not be considered controlled, par-
+ticularly as storage heights increased.
+One of the purposes of the tests was to determine arrange-
+ments of in-rack sprinklers that can be repeated as pile height
+1–578 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+increases and that provide control of the fire. The tests for
+storage height of 30 ft (9.1 m) explored the effect of such
+arrays. Many of these tests, however, produced appreciable
+fire spread in storage in tiers above the top level of protection
+within the racks. (In some cases, a total burnout of the top
+tiers of both the main rack and the target rack occurred.) In
+the case of the 30 ft (9.1 m) Hallmark Test 134 on the 60 ft
+(18.3 m) site, the material in the top tiers of storage burned
+vigorously, and the fire jumped the aisle above the fourth tier.
+The fire then burned downward into the south end of the fourth
+tier. In the test on the floor, a nominal 30 ft (9.1 m) clearance
+occurred between the top of storage and the ceiling sprinklers,
+whereas on the platform this clearance was reduced to nominal
+10 ft (3.1 m). In most cases, the in-rack sprinklers were effective
+in controlling fire below the top level of protection within the
+racks. It was assumed by the Test Planning Committee that, in an
+actual case with a clearance of 10 ft (3.1 m) or less above storage,
+ceiling sprinklers would be expected to control damage above
+the top level of protection within the racks. Tests have been
+planned to investigate lesser clearances.
+Tests 114 and 128 explored the effect of changing the igni-
+tion point from the in-rack standard ignition point to a face
+ignition location. It should be noted, however, that both of
+these tests were conducted with 30 ft (9.1 m) clearance from
+the ceiling sprinklers to the top of storage and, as such, ceiling
+sprinklers had little effect on the fire in the top two tiers of
+storage. Fire spread in the three lower tiers was essentially the
+same. A similar change in the fire spread where the ignition
+point is changed was noted in Tests 126 and 127. Once again,
+30 ft (9.1 m) clearance occurred between the top of storage
+and the ceiling sprinklers, and, as such, the ceiling sprinklers
+had little effect on the face fire. Comparisons of Tests 129, 130,
+and 131 in the test series for storage height of 50 ft (15.24 m)
+indicated little effect of point of ignition in the particular con-
+figuration tested.
+Test 125, when compared with Test 133, indicated no sig-
+nificant difference in result between approved low profile
+sprinklers and standard sprinklers in the racks.
+K.4.1 None of the tests that were conducted with densities in
+accordance with the design curves produced critical tempera-
+tures in bar joists 12 1⁄2 ft (3.81 m) from the ignition source.
+Therefore, with sprinkler systems designed in accordance with
+the curves, fireproofing of roof steel should not be necessary.
+K.4.2 Temperatures in the test column were maintained be-
+low 1000°F (538°C) in all tests where sprinklers in racks were
+used.
+K.4.3 Temperatures in the test column were maintained be-
+low 1000°F (538°C) with densities, of roof ceiling sprinklers
+only, of 0.375 gpm/ft2 (15.3 mm/min) with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
+and 0.45 gpm/ft 2 (18.34 mm/min) with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles
+using the standard commodity.
+K.5 This annex provides a summary of the data developed from
+the tissue test series of full-scale roll paper tests conducted at the
+Factory Mutual Research Center, West Glocester, RI.
+The test building was approximately 50,000 ft 2 (4.65 km2)
+(200 ft × 250 ft) in area, of fire-resistive construction, and con-
+tained a volume of approximately 2.25 million ft 3 (63,761.86
+m3), the equivalent of a 100,000 ft2 (9.29 km2) building 22.5 ft
+(6.86 m) high. The test building had two primary heights be-
+neath a single large ceiling. The east section was 30 ft (9.1 m)
+high, and the west section was 60 ft (18.29 m) high.
+The tissue test series was conducted in the 30 ft (9.1 m)
+section with clearances from the top of storage to the ceiling
+nominally 10 ft (3.1 m).
+Figure K.5 illustrates a typical storage array used in the tis-
+sue series of tests.
+The basic criteria used in judging test failure included one
+or more of the following:
+(1) Firespread to the north end of the storage array
+(2) Gas temperatures near the ceiling maintained at high lev-
+els for a time judged to be sufficient to endanger exposed
+structural steel
+(3) Fire reaching the target stacks
+Table K.4 Summary of Fire Test Data
+Density
+Fire Damage
+in Test Array
+Sprinkler Operation
+165°F (74°C) Area
+gpm/ft2 L/min/m2 Percent ft 2 m2 ft2 m2
+0.30
+(ceiling only)
+1.14 (ceiling only) 22 395 37 4,500–4,800 418–446
+0.375
+(ceiling only)
+1.4 (ceiling only) 17 306 28 1,800 167
+0.45
+(ceiling only)
+1.7 (ceiling only) 9 162 15 700 65
+0.20
+(ceiling only)
+0.76 (ceiling only) 28 −36 504 −648 47–60 13,100–14,000 1219–1300
+0.20
+(sprinklers at
+ceiling and in
+racks)
+0.76 (sprinklers at
+ceiling and in
+racks)
+8 144 13 4,100 380
+0.30
+(sprinklers at
+ceiling and in
+racks)
+1.14 (sprinklers at
+ceiling and in
+racks)
+7 126 12 700 65
+For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; °C = 5⁄9 (°F − 32); 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.746 (L/min)/m2.
+1–579ANNEX K
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Table K.5 outlines the tissue test results.
+Fire tests have been conducted on 20 ft (6.1 m) and 25 ft
+(7.6 m) high vertical storage of tissue with 10 ft (3.1 m) and
+5 ft (1.5 m) clear space to ceiling in piles extending up to
+seven columns in one direction and six columns in the other
+direction. In these tests, target columns of tissue were located
+directly across an 8 ft (2.4 m) aisle from the main pile. Three
+tests were conducted using 17⁄32 in. (13.5 mm) 286°F (141°C)
+high temperature sprinklers on a 100 ft2 (9.3 m2) spacing and at
+constant pressures of 14 psi, 60 psi, and 95 psi (97 kPa, 414 kPa,
+and 655 kPa), respectively. One test was run using 0.64 in.
+(16.3 mm) 286°F (141°C) high temperature sprinklers on a
+100 ft 2 (9.3 m 2) spacing at a constant pressure of 50 psi
+(345 kPa). Two tests were conducted following a scheduled decay
+from an initial pressure of 138 psi (952 kPa) to a design point of
+59 psi (407 kPa) if 40 sprinklers opened.
+The significant characteristic of these fire tests was the rapid
+initial fire spread across the surface of the rolls. Ceiling tempera-
+tures were controlled during the decaying pressure tests and dur-
+ing the higher constant pressure tests. With the exception of the
+20 ft (6.1 m) high decaying pressure test, the extent of fire spread
+within the pile could not be clearly established. Aisle jump was
+experienced, except at the 95 psi (655 kPa) constant pressure,
+20 ft (6.1 m) high decaying pressure, and large drop test. Water
+Ignition location
+at base of array
+Tissue paper —
+approx. 20 ft (6 m) high
+Kraft linerboard —
+6 rolls, 20 ft (6 m) high
+*
+26 ft (7.9 m)
+21¹⁄₂ ft
+(6.6 m)
+8 ft
+(2.4 m)
+Target stack
+*
+16 in.
+(406.4 mm)
+16 in.
+(406.4 mm)
+6 in.
+(152 mm) 6 in.
+(152 mm)
+6 in.
+(152 mm)
+N
+FIGURE K.5 Plan View of Typical Tissue Storage Array.
+Table K.5 Summary of Roll Paper Tissue Tests
+Test Number
+B1a B2 B3 B4 B5 b B6b
+Test date 10/4/79 7/23/80 7/30/80 10/15/80 7/28/82 8/5/82
+Paper type Tissue Tissue Tissue Tissue Tissue Tissue
+Stack height [ft-in. (m)] 21-10 (6.66) 20-0 (6.1) 21-8 (6.6) 18-6 (5.64) 19-10 (6.05) 25-3 (7.69)
+Paper, banded No No No No No No
+Paper, wrapped No No No No No No
+Fuel array Std. Std. Std. Std. Std. Std.
+Clearance to ceiling [ft-in. (m)] 8-2 (2.49) 10-0 (3.05) 8-4 (2.54) 11-6 (3.51) 5-2 (1.58) 4-9 (1.45)
+Clearance to sprinklers [ft-in. (m)] 7-7 (2.31) 9-5 (2.87) 7-9 (2.36) 10-9 (3.28) 4-7 (1.40) 4-2 (1.27)
+Sprinkler orifice [ft-in. (mm)] 17⁄32 (13.5) 17⁄32 (13.5) 17⁄32 (13.5) 0.64 (16.33) 17⁄32 (13.5) 17⁄32 (13.5)
+Sprinkler temp. rating [°F (°C)] 280 (138) 280 (138) 280 (138) 280 (138) 280 (138) 280 (138)
+Sprinkler spacing [ft × ft (m × m)] 10 × 10
+(3.05 × 3.05)
+10 × 10
+(3.05 × 3.05)
+10 × 10
+(3.05 × 3.05)
+10 × 10
+(3.05 × 3.05)
+10 × 10
+(3.05 × 3.05)
+10 × 10
+(3.05 × 3.05)
+Water pressure [psi (kPa)] 14 (0.67) c 60 (2.87) 95 (4.55) 50 (2.39) 138 (6.61) initial
+102 (4.88) final
+138 (6.61) initial
+88 (4.21) final
+Moisture content of paper (%) 9.3 9.3 10.2 6.0 8.2 9.2
+First sprinkler operation (min:sec) 0:43 0:32 0:38 0:31 0:28 0:22
+Total sprinklers open 88 33 26 64 17 29
+Final flow [gpm (L/min)] 2575 (9746) c 1992 (7540) 1993 (7544) 4907 (18,573) 1363 (5159) 2156 (8161)
+Sprinkler demand area [ft2 (m2)] 8800 (817.5) 3300 (306.6) 2600 (241.5) 6400 (595) 1700 (158) 2900 (269)
+Avg. discharge density [gpm/ft2
+(L/min·m2)]
+0.29 (11.8)c 0.60 (24.4) 0.77 (31.4) — 0.92 (37.5) initial
+0.80 (32.6) final
+0.96 (39.1) initial
+0.74 (30.2) final
+Max. 1 minute avg. gas temp. over
+ignition [°F (°C)]
+1680 (916)c 1463 (795) 1634 (890) 1519 (826) de
+Duration of high temp. within
+acceptable limits
+No Yes Yes Marginal Yes Yes
+Max. 1 minute avg. fire plume gas
+velocity over ignition [ft/sec
+(m/sec)]
+— 40.7 (12.4) 50.2 (15.3) 47.8 (14.6) — —
+Target ignited Yes Yes No No No Briefly
+Extent of fire damage within
+acceptable limits
+No No Marginal Marginal Yes Marginal
+Test duration (minutes) 17.4 20 20 25.5 45 45
+a Phase I Test.
+b Phase III tests decaying pressure.
+c Pressure increased to 50 psi (345 kPa) at 10 minutes.
+d Maximum steel temperature over ignition 341°F (172°C).
+e Maximum steel temperature over ignition 132°F (56°C).
+1–580 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+absorption and pile instability caused pile collapse in all tests.
+This characteristic should be considered where manually attack-
+ing a fire in tissue storage occupancies.
+Available fire experience in roll tissue storage occupancies
+does not correlate well with the constant pressure full-scale
+fire tests with respect to the number of sprinklers operating
+and the extent of fire spread. Better correlation is noted with
+the decaying pressure tests. Thirteen fires reported in storage
+occupancies with storage piles ranging from 10 ft to 20 ft
+(3.1 m to 6.1 m) high and protected by wet-pipe sprinkler
+systems ranging from ordinary hazard design densities to de-
+sign densities of 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24.5 mm/min) were controlled
+with an average of 17 sprinkler heads. The maximum number of
+wet-pipe sprinkler heads that opened was 45 and the minimum
+number was 5, versus 88 and 26, respectively, in the constant pres-
+sure tests. Seventeen sprinkler heads opened in the 20 ft (6.1 m)
+high decaying pressure test. One actual fire in tissue storage pro-
+vided with a dry-pipe system opened 143 sprinklers but was re-
+ported as controlled.
+One fire test was conducted with plastic-wrapped rolls of
+heavyweight kraft paper. The on-end storage was in a standard
+configuration, 20 ft (6.1 m) high with 91⁄2 ft (2.9 m) clearance
+to ceiling sprinklers. The prescribed 0.30 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/
+min) density controlled the fire spread, but protection to roof
+steel was marginal to the point where light beams and joists could
+be expected to distort. A lower moisture content in the paper as a
+result of the protective plastic wrapping was considered to be the
+reason for the higher temperatures in this test as compared to a
+similar test where the rolls were not wrapped.
+Annex L Protection of Baled Cotton:
+History of Guidelines
+This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+but is included for informational purposes only.
+L.1 Introduction.
+L.1.1 Origin. In the early 1900s, a group of marine underwrit-
+ers formulated regulations to reduce the frequency of exces-
+sive fire loss in baled cotton facilities. In 1916, following a joint
+conference with the cotton industry, guidelines were estab-
+lished under the title Specifications and Standards (also known
+as Marine Standards).
+From 1947 through 1969, the sponsorship was through the
+Cotton Warehouse and Inspection Service (dissolved in 1969).
+In 1967, interested insurance rating bureaus were added as
+sponsors, and, in 1969, to prevent conflicts with various rating
+bureau schedules, the wordStandards was replaced withRecom-
+mended Good Practices . However, since 1939, the booklet was
+commonly referred to as the Blue Book.
+Numerous revisions were made over the years to keep cur-
+rent, the last made in 1973. Early in 1978, the committee for
+the Blue Book requested that the NFPA consider a standard on
+baled cotton storage and handling based on the Blue Book
+recommended practices. The NFPA Correlating Committee
+for Storage expanded the scope to include all fibers in baled
+form, which were covered in NFPA 44, Storage of Combustible
+Fibers, which was withdrawn many years ago. Little data was
+found on fire experience for baled fibers other than cotton,
+and that data was largely empirical in nature.
+Therefrom, the former NFPA 231E,Recommended Practice for
+the Storage of Baled Cotton, was developed by consensus of a test
+group formed in 1978 that was made up of the cotton ware-
+housing, cotton processing, and insurance industries, under
+the auspices of the Technical Committee on General Storage.
+The recommendations were limited to cotton fiber in baled
+form with the intent to convert to a standard as field experi-
+ence became available to further substantiate its content.
+In the 1990s, experimental work by the U.S. Department of
+Agriculture and others (Wakelyn and Hughs, 2002) investi-
+gated, for the first time in detail, the flammability of cotton
+bales. The research showed the following:
+(1) That such cotton bales with a packing density of at least
+22 lb/ft3 (360 kg/m3) (densely packed cotton bales) did
+not undergo any of the following:
+(a) Self-heating
+(b) Spontaneous combustion
+(c) Sustained smoldering combustion internal to the cot-
+ton bale, creating a delayed fire hazard (also known
+as a fire-packed bale)
+(2) That, if the cotton bale density was greater than 14 lb/ft 3
+(225 kg/m3), a smoldering fire inside the bale did not
+spread but self extinguished in a short time, since air diffu-
+sion into the bale was insufficient to sustain combustion.
+(3) That, when densely packed cotton bales were exposed to
+smoldering cigarettes, matches, and open flames (includ-
+ing the gas burner ignition source used for the mattress
+tests ASTM E 1590, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of
+Mattresses, and California Technical Bulletin 129, Flamma-
+bility Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use in Public Building ),
+the probability of initiating flaming combustion was at
+such a low level as not to qualify the densely packed cot-
+ton bales as flammable solids.
+These investigations resulted in harmonization between
+the U.S. Department of Transportation (49 CFR 172.102,
+“Special Provisions,” note 137), the United Nations Recom-
+mendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, the Inter-
+national Maritime Organization (the International Maritime
+Dangerous Goods Code), and the International Civil Aviation
+Organization’s Technical Instructions, with the removal of the
+flammable solid designation from densely packed cotton
+bales, complying with ISO 8115,Cotton Bales — Dimensions and
+Density, and the exemption of such cotton bales from the Haz-
+ardous Materials Regulations where the cotton bales have a
+packing density of at least 22 lb/ft3 (360 kg/m3). The limiting
+density of densely packed cotton bales was set up with a sub-
+stantial margin of safety, since a fire-packed bale was never
+able to be experimentally found in cotton bales compressed to
+a density greater than 14 lb/ft3 (225 kg/m3).
+With the merger of a number of general storage standards
+in 1999, and the incorporation of the information into this
+Code (identified as Annex L), the results are shown in this
+annex as guidance for the user.
+L.1.2 Scope.
+L.1.2.1 This annex provides fire protection guidance for the
+storage of baled cotton in buildings and in yards.
+L.1.2.2 None of the provisions outlined should be consid-
+ered mandatory. However, it is recommended that property
+owners follow these guidelines as a minimum means of limit-
+ing fire spread by the application of the storage methods
+specified, by the separation of major storages using fire walls
+or clear spaces, and by the provision of an adequate means of
+extinguishment.
+L.1.2.3 These guidelines can be applied to new or existing
+facilities.
+1–581ANNEX L
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+L.1.2.4 There is no intent to restrict new technologies or al-
+ternative arrangements that offer protection features superior
+to those outlined.
+L.1.3 General.
+L.1.3.1 Cotton fiber, unless stored as densely packed cotton
+bales, is readily ignitable, burns freely, and when stored in
+relatively large quantities, poses special fire control problems
+not generally encountered in other common commodities.
+Densely packed cotton bales are difficult to ignite and do not
+burn easily.
+Cotton fiber is compressed to various densities into baled
+form for transport, storage, and handling and is largely covered
+by industry-accepted packaging materials. The bales are bound
+by wire bands, polyester plastic strapping, or cold rolled high
+tensile steel strapping, and covered with fully coated or strip-
+coated woven polypropylene, polyethylene film, or burlap. Un-
+covered bale surfaces normally are ragged in appearance due to
+the loose fibrous material not confined by the binding or wrap-
+ping. In the past, this ragged appearance was also further aggra-
+vated by sampling, which exposed additional fibrous material
+and could contribute to the rapid spread of fire. This is no longer
+an issue, as current cotton industry standards (for example, the
+cotton industry practices established by the Joint Cotton Industry
+Bale Packaging Committee) require bales to be fully covered and
+sample holes to be patched, thereby minimizing the presence of
+exposed cotton.
+The storage of cotton bales in relatively large quantities can
+pose severe fire control problems due to the potential for sur-
+face flammability and the large area of involvement that could
+overcome even a well designed and supplied sprinkler system.
+Therefore, this annex takes into consideration limits on the
+number of bales, including densely packed cotton bales, per
+building or fire division and the size of storage blocks.
+Where the bales are tiered or piled in buildings or out-
+doors, the loose surface fibers are easily ignited in the pres-
+ence of an ignition source and the fire can spread rapidly over
+the entire mass or body of the material. Fire then can burrow
+into the bale interiors, making detection and extinguishment
+difficult, particularly in large mass storage. A quick, hot fire
+then can ensue and spread beyond the control of ordinary
+extinguishing methods. However, it has been shown that fire
+will not spread rapidly over the surface of densely packed cot-
+ton bales (Wakelyn and Hughs, 2002).
+In properly arranged storage and with adequate automatic
+sprinkler protection, fire normally is confined to the pile of
+origin, although an aisle fire can be expected to involve more
+than one tier or pile. Sprinklers usually operate beyond the
+confines of the fire and wet down bales immediately adjacent
+to the burning pile.
+If adequate sprinkler protection is lacking, if tiers or piles
+are too large or high, if aisle separation is not properly main-
+tained, or if the loosely packed bales are otherwise improperly
+arranged, damage to the section, building, or area of involve-
+ment will be more severe, if not totally destructive.
+L.1.3.2 Common causes of fire in baled cotton include, but
+are not limited to, the following:
+(1) Arson or other malicious acts.
+(2) Fire-packed bales — bales of cotton containing an inter-
+nal smoldering fire. These bales, normally produced dur-
+ing ginning, might meet the size requirements for densely
+packed cotton bales, but will not meet the density (or
+compression) requirements. Therefore, fire-packed bales
+are low density, underweight bales that could contain an
+internal smoldering fire.
+(3) Extraneous sparks from sources such as vehicle exhausts
+and incinerators.
+(4) Miscellaneous sources such as cutting and welding, elec-
+trical and mechanical faults, and smoking.
+L.2 Building Construction.
+L.2.1 Construction. Buildings used for the storage of baled
+cotton that is stored and protected in accordance with these
+guidelines are permitted to be of any of the types described in
+NFPA 220,Standard on Types of Building Construction.
+L.2.2 Emergency Smoke and Heat Venting.The protection
+outlined in these guidelines applies to buildings with or with-
+out roof vents and draft curtains.
+L.2.3 Fire Divisions or Clear Spaces Between Buildings.
+L.2.3.1 A fire division is a building, compartment, or section
+cut off by fire walls or separation.
+L.2.3.1.1 Fire divisions or clear spaces between buildings
+should be in accordance with NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice
+for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures.
+L.2.3.1.2 Storage of baled cotton, other than densely packed
+cotton bales, generally has a fire load in excess of 15 lb/ft 2
+(73 kg/m3), which would place its classification, according to
+NFPA 80A, in the “severe” category.
+L.2.3.2 Fire walls should be of masonry and rated for at least
+4 hours (based on NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire
+Resistance of Building Construction and Materials ; ASTM E 119,
+Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materi-
+als; and UL 263, Standard for Fire Tests of Building Construction
+and Materials ). For a complete description of construction
+Types I, II, III, IV , and V , see NFPA 220. Such walls should be
+parapeted as follows:
+(1) For wood frame [Type V (111-000)] and ordinary or heavy
+timber masonry [Type III (211-200) and Type IV (2HH)],
+construction parapets should extend at least 5 ft (1.5 m)
+above the highest point of any adjacent monitor or roof
+structure within 50 ft (15 m) of the fire wall. Where the
+monitors or the roof structure adjoins a fire wall, the para-
+pet should extend not less than 71⁄2 ft (2.3 m) horizontally
+from the vertical side of the roof structure. If intersecting
+end or side walls are other than masonry, the fire wall
+should extend outward 10 ft (3.1 m) beyond the end or
+side wall or should be “teed” at the ends 10 ft (3.1 m) from
+each side of the wall or should be “elled” 20 ft (6.1 m) and
+of an equivalent fire rating.
+(2) For noncombustible construction [Type II (000)] other
+than that outlined in L.2.3.2(3), parapets should be at
+least 21⁄2 ft (0.75 m) above the roof. If intersecting side
+walls are other than masonry, such wall construction
+should conform to the specifications of L.2.3.2(1).
+(3) For noncombustible construction [Type II (222-111)]
+having masonry walls and with roofs of concrete, gypsum,
+or Class 1 (UL-classified) metal deck, the parapet should
+extend at least 12 in. (0.3 m) above the roof.
+(4) For walls and roofs of fire-resistive construction [Type I
+(443-332)], parapets are not necessary.
+L.2.3.3 Fire walls should be free of openings. Where openings
+are necessary, the number should be kept to the minimum nec-
+essary, and each side should be protected by an approved and
+listed 3-hour-rated fire door installed in accordance with
+1–582 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 80,Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives. Doors
+should be automatic closing with detectors or fusible links in-
+stalled on both sides of the opening and interconnected so that
+the operation of any single detector or fusible link closes both
+doors simultaneously.
+L.2.3.4 Substantial guards of a size to protect fire doors from
+damage or obstruction should be provided.
+L.3 Storage Arrangements.
+L.3.1 General. This section applies to storage of baled cotton
+in buildings protected by a sprinkler system in accordance
+with Section L.4, or to those not so protected. The tier heights,
+block sizes, and aisle widths outlined are permitted but repre-
+sent recommended maximum and minimum limitations. Fire
+experience and fire tests of high-piled commodities have shown
+that lower pile heights, smaller block sizes, and wider aisles result
+in a substantial delay in fire spread and in providing for manual
+fire fighting. Automatic sprinkler effectiveness is also improved
+substantially, with a reduction in water demand and a decrease in
+the quantity of goods damaged. Fire tests with densely packed
+cotton bales have shown that such products are difficult to ignite
+and release little heat when ignited.
+L.3.2 Storage Blocks.
+L.3.2.1 Storage blocks, tiered, untiered, or in racks, should
+be limited to 25,000 ft3 (708 m3) of baled cotton.
+L.3.2.2 The height of tiered or rack storage should be limited
+to a nominal 15 ft (4.6 m). Rack storage, as used in this docu-
+ment, contemplates baled cotton in a skeleton steel pipe or
+tubular frame, without shelving, and is limited to a single- or
+double-row configuration not in excess of two bales deep.
+L.3.2.3 Rack storage should not extend over aisles or door-
+ways.
+L.3.2.4 Racks should not be loaded beyond their design ca-
+pacity and should be designed for seismic conditions in areas
+where seismic resistance for buildings is required.
+L.3.3 Aisles.
+L.3.3.1 Aisles should be provided and maintained to mini-
+mize the spread of fire and to allow convenient access for fire
+fighting, removal of storage, and salvage operations.
+L.3.3.2 At least one main aisle, 12 ft (3.7 m) or more in width,
+should be provided in each fire division and arranged to sub-
+divide the storage into two or more approximately equal areas.
+L.3.3.3 Cross aisles separating each storage block should be
+at least 5 ft (1.5 m) in width. The recommended 5 ft (1.5 m)
+aisles allow sprinkler water to penetrate the lower areas of stor-
+age. An alternative is to construct flash fire barriers consisting
+of continuous sheets of noncombustible material extending
+from the floor to a height of at least 1 ft (0.3 m) beyond the
+top of the piles and projecting not less than 1 ft (0.3 m) be-
+yond the sides of the piles.
+L.3.3.4 Cross aisles separating each single- or double-row
+rack storage configuration should be at least 10 ft (3.1 m) in
+width.
+L.3.3.5 Aisles should be maintained free of loose cotton fi-
+bers.
+L.3.4 Freshly Ginned Cotton Bales.See L.5.4.
+L.3.5 Storage of Commodities Other than Cotton.
+L.3.5.1 Cotton warehouses, in general, can be used for the
+storage of other commodities, subject to the following:
+(1) The storage of other commodities in a building is permit-
+ted where baled cotton is not stored.
+(2) High-hazard commodities, such as nitrates or similar oxi-
+dizing materials, flammable liquids or gases, explosives,
+or materials of a highly combustible nature, should not be
+permitted where baled cotton is stored in the fire division.
+(3) Any commodities that could be hazardous in combina-
+tion with each other should be stored so that they cannot
+come in contact with each other.
+L.3.5.2 Where it is necessary to store other commodities with
+storage of baled cotton, a clear space of at least 15 ft (4.6 m)
+should be maintained between the baled cotton storage and
+other commodities.
+L.3.5.3 Where commodities of different classifications are
+permitted and stored in the same building, whether on a sea-
+sonal or other basis, the protection should be adequate for the
+most hazardous material. (For protection of other commodi-
+ties, refer to the main body of this Code or to the other appli-
+cable NFPA standards.)
+L.3.6 Clearances.
+L.3.6.1 Proper clearances from lights or light fixtures should
+be maintained to prevent possible ignition. Incandescent light
+fixtures should have guards to prevent ignition of a commod-
+ity from hot bulbs where the possibility of contact exists.
+L.3.6.2 No storage should be located within 3 ft (0.9 m) of
+any electrical switch or panel boards and fuse boxes.
+L.3.6.3 Storage of baled cotton and of any other combus-
+tibles should be kept at least 4 ft (1.2 m) from fire door open-
+ings so that the transmission of fire through a door opening is
+minimized.
+L.3.6.4 At least 2 ft (0.6 m) of clearance should be main-
+tained around all doors (other than as indicated in L.3.6.3),
+fire protection equipment (including automatic sprinkler ris-
+ers, controlling valves, hose stations, and portable extinguish-
+ers), and telephones for accessibility.
+L.3.6.5 A clearance of at least 3 ft (0.9 m) should be main-
+tained between the top of storage and the roof or ceiling con-
+struction in order to allow sufficient space for the effective use
+of hose streams in buildings not equipped with automatic
+sprinkler protection.
+L.4 Fire Protection.
+L.4.1 Automatic Sprinkler Systems.
+L.4.1.1 Automatic sprinkler protection is not part of the rec-
+ommendations of this annex. However, it is unfortunate that,
+in a fire situation, human response is, in most cases, unreliable
+in the first critical moments of fire development. Sprinkler
+protection is, therefore, the most reliable method of fire de-
+tection and suppression. Property owners are encouraged to
+provide sprinkler protection as the best means of minimizing
+a large loss. (See L.3.5 for sprinkler protection for other than cotton
+fiber storage.)
+L.4.1.2 Automatic sprinkler systems, where provided, should
+be installed in accordance with Section 13.3 where modified
+by this annex.
+1–583ANNEX L
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+L.4.1.3 Clearance between the top of the storage and the sprin-
+kler deflectors should be at least 18 in. (0.45 m). Building heights
+should allow for proper clearance between the pile height and
+sprinkler deflectors. Fire tests of high-piled storage have shown
+that sprinklers are generally more effective if located 11⁄2 ft to
+41⁄2 ft (0.45 m to 1.4 m) above the storage height.
+L.4.2 Water Supplies.
+L.4.2.1 The total water supply available should be sufficient to
+provide the recommended sprinkler discharge density over the
+area to be protected, plus a minimum of 500 gpm (2000 L/min)
+for hose streams.
+L.4.2.2 Water supplies should be capable of supplying the
+total demand required for sprinklers and hose streams to con-
+trol any potential fire. Further details can be found in Section
+13.5 and Section 18.4.
+L.4.2.3 Recommended water supplies contemplate success-
+ful sprinkler operation when installed. However, because of
+the potential for rapid surface flammability and inherent un-
+favorable features of cotton warehousing of loose cotton fi-
+bers, there should be an adequate water supply available for
+fire department use.
+L.4.3 Hydrants. At locations without public hydrants, private
+hydrants should be provided in accordance with Section 13.5
+and Section 18.3.
+L.4.4 Manual Inside Protection.
+L.4.4.1 Small Hose.In buildings of 15,000 ft 2 (1380 m2)o r
+larger, small hose [11⁄2 in. (38 mm)] with combination water
+spray nozzle should be provided to reach any portion of a
+storage area with due consideration to access aisle configura-
+tion with a maximum length of 100 ft (30 m) of hose. Such
+small hose should be supplied from one of the following:
+(1) Outside hydrants
+(2) A separate piping system for small hose stations in accor-
+dance with Section 13.2
+(3) Valved hose connections on sprinkler risers where such
+connections are made upstream of the sprinkler control
+valves
+(4) Adjacent sprinkler systems in accordance with Section
+13.3
+L.4.4.2 Portable Fire Extinguishers.Portable listed fire extin-
+guishers should be provided in accordance with Section 13.6
+and as amended by this section. Up to one-half of the required
+complement of portable fire extinguishers for Class A fires can
+be omitted in storage areas where fixed small hose lines are
+installed in accordance with L.4.4.1.
+L.4.4.2.1 Cotton and its wrappings represent a Class A fire.
+Experience has shown that extinguishment using “wet water”
+— a chemical agent additive to lower the surface tension of
+water, thus increasing its penetrating and spreading qualities
+— is the most effective on baled cotton fires. Plain water is
+effective on surface fires but lacks the penetrating power of
+wet water.
+Dry chemical extinguishers using sodium bicarbonate, po-
+tassium bicarbonate, or potassium chloride base powders have
+been used to control a surface fire on baled fibers and work
+mainly by coating the fiber with the fire-retardant powder.
+However, such chemicals do not affect a smoldering or bur-
+rowing fire beneath the surface.
+L.4.4.2.2 Additional listed extinguishers, suitable for Class B
+and C fires, or multipurpose types, should be provided at each
+press location and for each motorized vehicle or area of haz-
+ard other than Class A.
+L.4.4.3 Wetting Agent Extinguishing Units.
+L.4.4.3.1 Pressurized, wheeled, listed, wetting agent extin-
+guishing units, as specified in Section 13.8, can be used subject
+to the AHJ in lieu of Class A conventional types or small hose
+lines, provided the following:
+(1) The unit(s) has an equivalent extinguishing effectiveness
+of 20A for each 15,000 ft2 (1380 m2) of floor area or less.
+(2) The unit(s) has an equivalent extinguishing effectiveness
+of 40A or more for each 30,000 ft2 (2760 m2) of floor area.
+L.4.4.3.2 Placement of extinguishing units should be at loca-
+tions readily accessible to the main aisles and properly pro-
+tected from damage.
+L.4.4.4 Nonfreezing-Type Extinguishers.Extinguishers should
+be of the nonfreezing type or protected against freezing where
+necessary.
+L.4.5 Alarm Service.
+L.4.5.1 Automatic sprinkler systems should have approved
+central station, local, auxiliary, remote station, or proprietary
+waterflow supervised alarm service. Local waterflow alarm ser-
+vice is permitted where standard guard service is provided in
+accordance with NFPA 601, Standard for Security Services in Fire
+Loss Prevention. Alarm service should comply with Section 13.7.
+L.4.5.2 Valves should be supervised in accordance with
+NFPA 13.
+L.4.6 Fire Emergency Planning.
+L.4.6.1 Arrangements should be made to allow rapid entry
+into the premises by the municipal fire department, police
+department, or other authorized personnel in the case of fire
+or other emergency.
+L.4.6.2 Industrial fire brigades, where provided, should be in
+compliance with NFPA 600,Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades.
+L.4.6.3 Manual fire-fighting operations should not be consid-
+ered to be a substitute for sprinkler operation. The sprinkler
+system should be kept in operation during manual fire-
+fighting operations until visibility has improved so that the fire
+can be clearly seen and the extent of fire has been reduced to
+a mop-up stage. It is essential that charged hose lines be avail-
+able before venting is started because of a possible increase in
+fire intensity. When a sprinkler valve is closed, a designated
+person should remain at the valve so it can be opened
+promptly if necessary. The water supply for the sprinkler sys-
+tem should be augmented, where possible, and care should be
+exercised so that the water supply for the sprinkler system is
+not rendered ineffective by the use of excessive hose streams.
+L.4.6.4 Fire departments should be encouraged to make pe-
+riodic inspections of the property in cooperation with man-
+agement and personnel for the purposes of loss prevention
+and pre-fire planning. For further information, see NFPA 13E,
+Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in Properties
+Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems.
+L.4.6.5 A fire watch should be maintained when the sprinkler
+protection is not in service.
+1–584 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+L.5 Yard Storage.
+L.5.1 General.
+L.5.1.1 This section applies to baled cotton storage yards des-
+ignated for that purpose. Generally, yards are at or convenient
+to compression warehouses and gins but can include storage
+at locations remote from routine operations.
+L.5.1.2 This section refers to seed cotton trailers or modules,
+vehicles, incinerators, and other facilities, or exposures from
+same, only for the purpose of establishing recommended dis-
+tances to designated yard storage areas.
+L.5.2 Site. Preference should be given to locations having ad-
+equate public fire and police protection, adequately supplied
+fire hydrants for protection of yard areas, good drainage, all-
+weather roads or driveways for emergency vehicle use, and
+remoteness from buildings or other combustible storages or
+facilities that could constitute an exposure hazard.
+L.5.3 Storage Arrangements.
+L.5.3.1 Tiered storage is not recommended; however, yard or
+outdoor storage conditions can necessitate storage methods
+other than those outlined. The AHJ should be consulted for
+approval in such cases.
+L.5.3.2 Storage should be arranged to provide reasonable
+fire breaks and ready access for fire fighting.
+L.5.3.3 A row of storage should be limited to 100 bales.
+L.5.3.4 Maximum storage limitations should be as follows:
+(1) Protected block, 10 rows (1000 bales)
+(2) Unprotected block, five rows (500 bales)
+(3) Protected yard, five protected blocks (5000 bales)
+(4) Unprotected yard, five unprotected blocks (2500 bales)
+(5) Protected group yard, four protected yards (20,000 bales)
+(6) Unprotected group yard, four unprotected yards (10,000
+bales)
+L.5.3.5 Minimum clear spaces should be as follows:
+(1) 10 ft (3.1 m) between parallel rows and 25 ft (7.6 m) be-
+tween rows arranged end-to-end
+(2) 50 ft (15 m) between protected or unprotected blocks
+(3) 200 ft (60 m) between protected or unprotected yards
+(4) 1000 ft (300 m) between protected or unprotected group
+yards
+L.5.3.6 Rows should be arranged so that prevailing winds
+blow in the direction of the parallel clear spaces between rows.
+L.5.4 Quarantine Yards.
+L.5.4.1 Low density cotton bales are highly subject to insidi-
+ous fires originating from the ginning operation. Such bales
+are known as fire-packed bales; further details can be found in
+L.1.3.2. Known or suspect fire-packed bales should be marked
+as such and kept segregated from other contents or buildings
+for a period of not less than 5 days (further details can be
+found in L.7.10. If no fire is detected after that period, the
+bales then can be handled in the appropriate manner for low
+density bales.
+L.5.4.2 A clear space of at least 100 ft (30 m) from any yard
+storage and 25 ft (7.6 m) from all buildings should be estab-
+lished as a quarantine area for known or suspect fire-packed
+bales.
+L.5.4.3 Known or suspect fire-packed bales should be sepa-
+rated from each other by at least a 10 ft (3.1 m) clear space.
+L.5.5 Unobstructed Clear Space.
+L.5.5.1 Except as noted in L.5.5.1 unobstructed clear space
+to designated yard storage should be maintained as follows:
+(1) 100 ft (30 m) to any approved sprinklered building
+(2) 200 ft (60 m) to any nonapproved sprinklered or non-
+sprinklered building
+(3) 200 ft (60 m) to an approved incinerator
+(4) 500 ft (150 m) to a nonapproved incinerator or open fire
+(5) 100 ft (30 m) to vehicle and seed trailer, or module park-
+ing areas and trash piles
+(6) 50 ft (15 m) to roadways and railroad main lines and sid-
+ings
+(7) 200 ft (60 m) upwind of any reconditioning activity
+L.5.5.2 In the case of buildings, sprinklered or unsprinklered,
+the clear space can be reduced up to 50 percent if construction is
+fire-resistive or if facing walls are masonry and parapeted with
+adequately protected openings. This area reduction can also be
+permitted to be applied to noncombustible buildings of a type
+limited to corrugated iron or walls and roof on a steel frame.
+L.5.6 Fire Protection.
+L.5.6.1 To qualify as a protected yard, hydrants should com-
+ply with L.4.3, except where amended by Section L.5.
+L.5.6.1.1 All areas of yard storage should be within 500 ft
+(152.5 m) of a fire hydrant. Adequate clearance should be
+maintained between storage and hydrants.
+L.5.6.1.2 Hydrant equipment for each yard group (20,000
+bales) should consist of the following:
+(1) 250 ft (75 m) of 2 1⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose
+(2) 300 ft (90 m) of 1 1⁄2 in. (38 mm) hose with provisions to
+“Y-connect” to the 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose
+(3) Combination water spray nozzles
+(4) Proper wrenches for hydrant operation and hose
+connections
+L.5.6.1.3 Water available to the most remote yard hydrants
+should be capable of delivering at least 500 gpm (2000 L/min) at
+an effective pressure for at least a 2-hour period.
+L.5.6.2 Approved extinguishing units should be provided on
+the basis of an equivalent 40A rating for each protected or
+unprotected yard area or greater fraction thereof (see L.5.3).
+L.5.6.2.1 Subject to the AHJ, a motorized wet water unit(s)
+can be substituted for that specified in L.5.6.2, provided that a
+unit of 250 gal (1000 L) or greater capacity is provided for
+each group yard area storing up to 20,000 bales.
+L.5.6.2.2 Placement of wheeled or motorized units should be
+at readily accessible locations within 250 ft (75 m) of each
+yard, protected from damage, and maintained in good oper-
+ating condition at all times.
+L.5.6.3 Water containers and pails, if used, should be distrib-
+uted at a ratio of one 40 gal (150 L) or greater container with
+two pails for each 100 bales of storage. However, wheeled wet
+water pressure extinguishers are permitted in lieu of contain-
+ers and pails.
+L.5.6.4 All motorized vehicles used in designated yard areas
+should be equipped with a listed multipurpose dry chemical
+1–585ANNEX L
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+extinguisher of a size appropriate for the anticipated hazard.
+(See L.4.4.2 for information on portable fire extinguishers.)
+L.5.6.5 A suitable and reliable means of communication
+should be available to summon the fire department or other
+appropriate personnel promptly, to sound a general alarm in
+the case of fire or other emergency, or both.
+L.5.6.6 Reference should be made to L.4.6 for fire emer-
+gency planning and procedures that apply to yard storage.
+L.5.7 Yard Maintenance and Operations.
+L.5.7.1 Smoking. Smoking should be strictly prohibited
+within 100 ft (30.5 m) of yard storage areas, and “No Smoking”
+signs should be posted conspicuously. (See L.6.6.)
+L.5.7.2 Internal Combustion Equipment. All internal com-
+bustion equipment used in or around yard storage areas
+should be equipped with a suitable spark arrester–type muf-
+fler properly maintained and otherwise approved by the AHJ.
+L.5.7.3 Guard Watch Service.
+L.5.7.3.1 Guard watch service should be provided through-
+out all designated yard storage areas during all shutdown pe-
+riods when fewer than 5 days have passed after cotton bales
+have been ginned or when the total stock exceeds 1000 bales.
+L.5.7.3.2 Hourly rounds should be made and recorded dur-
+ing all nonworking hours, using an approved and listed por-
+table clock and having key stations situated to ensure com-
+plete coverage of the area of responsibility. Watch service
+information should be obtained from NFPA 601.
+L.6 Administration, Buildings, Equipment, Maintenance, and
+Operations.
+L.6.1 Administration. The administration of buildings and
+equipment, and the maintenance thereof, is an important
+consideration in the reduction of fire incidence and loss. The
+finest buildings and protective features can be abrogated
+quickly by neglect of the continuous, necessary maintenance
+of fire loss prevention programs and protective equipment.
+Thus, management at all levels plays a critical part in the re-
+duction of fire loss. In addition to the recommendations out-
+lined in this annex, the liaison between management and per-
+sonnel should include a meaningful loss prevention program
+that provides the following:
+(1) Encourages loss prevention habits
+(2) Teaches the prompt sounding of alarms
+(3) Minimizes panic and effects safe evacuation
+(4) Instructs key personnel in the effective utilization of fire-
+extinguishing equipment and other protective features
+(5) Teaches basic salvage and cleanup techniques to mini-
+mize the downtime of operations
+L.6.2 Mechanical-Handling Equipment.
+L.6.2.1 Industrial Trucks. Power-operated industrial trucks
+and mobile equipment should comply with Section 10.18. Cot-
+ton storage and handling areas are defined as Class III, Divi-
+sion 2 hazardous areas and require vehicles designated as
+types DS, DY , ES, EE, EX, GS, LPS, and GS/LPS.
+L.6.2.1.1 Gasoline and diesel fuel should be prohibited in
+cotton storage areas, on platforms, and in exposing yard areas.
+Fueling should be done outside at a well-detached location in
+accordance with Chapter 66.
+L.6.2.1.1.1 Gasoline and diesel fuel contained in the vehicle
+tanks are permitted.
+L.6.2.1.2 Liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas) fuel containers
+should be exchanged or removed only outdoors. The valve at
+the fuel container should be closed and the engine allowed to
+run until the fuel line is exhausted. Tanks should be refueled
+only at well-detached locations. LP-Gas fuel systems on LP-Gas
+dual fuel–powered trucks should be in accordance with the
+applicable provisions of Chapter 69.
+L.6.2.1.3 Charging equipment for storage batteries should
+be in a separate area, room, or building designated for that
+purpose. If located in a separate room, the room should be
+lined with substantial noncombustible materials constructed
+to exclude “fly” or lint. Charging areas should be kept free of
+extraneous combustible materials and trash. Adequate ventila-
+tion should be provided to minimize concentrations of hydro-
+gen gas during charging.
+L.6.2.1.4 All mechanical equipment and refueling areas
+should be kept free of accumulations of fibrous lint, oil, and
+trash with particular attention paid to the internal areas of
+vehicles.
+L.6.2.2 Maintenance and Operations.The following recom-
+mendations should be met prior to the entrance or use of
+industrial trucks in a cotton storage or handling area:
+(1) All traces of fuel should be cleaned from the vehicle be-
+fore it is started.
+(2) Vehicles that have exhausted fuel tanks should be towed
+to the assigned fueling area for refueling.
+(3) Repairs should be prohibited in cotton storage or han-
+dling areas.
+(4) Alterations of the fire safety features should be prohib-
+ited.
+(5) Maintenance procedures should comply with those out-
+lined in Section 10.18. (See L.6.2.1.)
+L.6.2.3 Interplant Haulage.Tractors used for interplant haul-
+ing should be equipped with a properly maintained, suitable,
+spark arrester–type muffler.
+L.6.2.4 Motorized Vehicles. Motorized vehicles, other than
+those specified under L.6.2.1, should not be permitted to en-
+ter any cotton storage area. A loading platform should be lo-
+cated so that trucks cannot fully enter inside the closing walls
+of a warehouse with the truck space inclined away from the
+platform and lower than the platform. The loading area
+should be closed off from any under-floor building space.
+L.6.2.5 Equipment Storage. Mechanical-handling equip-
+ment, when not in use, should be stored outside.
+L.6.3 Building Service and Equipment.
+L.6.3.1 Electrical Installation.
+L.6.3.1.1 It is recommended that cotton storage and han-
+dling areas be free of electrical installations. However, installa-
+tions that are necessary should comply with NFPA 70 for Class
+III, Division 2 hazardous areas.
+L.6.3.1.2 Electrical extension cords should be prohibited in
+storage areas. If portable lights are necessary, battery-powered
+lanterns or flashlights can be used.
+L.6.3.2 Open-Flame Heating Devices. Open-flame heating
+devices, permanent or temporary, should be prohibited.
+1–586 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+L.6.3.3 Shops and Equipment.
+L.6.3.3.1 Repairing and reconditioning and boilers or simi-
+lar equipment should be prohibited in cotton storage areas.
+Separate buildings should be provided for such purposes or
+should be separated from storage areas by a standard 2-hour
+fire wall.
+L.6.3.3.2 The termreconditioningapplies mainly to cotton and is
+defined as any opening, drying, cleaning, or picking of bales of
+loose cotton by any means whatsoever, except for the following:
+(1) Air drying (not compressed air) of baled cotton at room
+temperature where not more than one band is removed
+from each bale being so dried.
+(2) The picking of baled cotton by hand where not more than
+five bales are in the process of being picked on the pre-
+mises at any one time, and where at least two bands re-
+main on each bale so picked. Removal of more than one
+band is to be considered part of the picking process.
+(3) The opening of bales in the press room for pressing or
+recompressing.
+(4) The cleaning of baled cotton by brushing (manual only)
+where the process employed does not remove an appre-
+ciable quantity of lint.
+Mechanical reconditioning operations should confine lint
+and “fly” to the reconditioning building and should be sepa-
+rated from cotton storage (or compress) by a standard fire
+wall without openings or by unobstructed clear spaces as out-
+lined in Section L.2.
+L.6.4 Cutting and Welding.
+L.6.4.1 Where cutting and welding operations are necessary,
+the precautions contained in Chapter 41 should be followed.
+L.6.4.2 Welding, soldering, brazing, or cutting should be per-
+mitted only by the authorization of management. Proper precau-
+tions should be observed and should include the following:
+(1) A supervisor should be assigned to the operation.
+(2) The area should be made fire-safe.
+(3) Work should be removed to a safe area, where possible.
+(4) Where these operations are performed on equipment or
+building components that cannot be moved, there
+should be no storage below or within a 35 ft (10.7 m)
+radius.
+(5) Floors should be swept clean and wooden floors wet
+down within the 35 ft (10.7 m) radius.
+(6) The cutting and welding equipment to be used should
+be in good operating condition and properly main-
+tained. Personnel operating arc welding or cutting
+equipment should be protected from possible shock.
+(7) Openings and cracks in wood construction should be
+tightly covered to prevent the passage of sparks.
+(8) All cotton bordering the area should be protected by
+flameproofed covers or otherwise shielded with metal or
+asbestos guards or curtains. The edges of the covers at
+the floor should be tight to prevent sparks from escap-
+ing. This precaution should extend to where several cov-
+ers are used to protect a large storage pile.
+(9) All fire protection equipment should be in service and
+ready for immediate use.
+(10) A fire watch should be maintained and equipped with a
+portable extinguisher during these operations for not
+less than 1 hour following the completion of open-flame
+operation.
+L.6.5 Waste Disposal.
+L.6.5.1 Rubbish, trash, and other waste material should be
+disposed of at regular intervals. Approved waste cans with self-
+closing covers should be used where needed. Open fires and
+incinerator operations should be prohibited within 100 ft
+(30 m) of any cotton storage building.
+L.6.5.2 For additional details, see NFPA 82,Standard on Incin-
+erators and Waste and Linen Handling Systems and Equipment.
+L.6.6 Smoking.
+L.6.6.1 Smoking should be strictly prohibited, except in loca-
+tions prominently designated as safe smoking areas. “No Smok-
+ing” signs should be posted conspicuously in prohibited areas.
+L.6.6.2 The cooperation of employees is more easily secured
+when a reasonable smoking policy is adopted with smoking
+allowed in specified locations where there is little hazard, at
+specified times, and under suitable supervision. Complete
+prohibition is likely to lead to surreptitious smoking in out-of-
+the-way locations where the hazard is most dangerous.
+L.6.7 Maintenance and Inspection.
+L.6.7.1 Fire walls, fire doors, fire door guards, and floors
+should be maintained in good repair at all times.
+L.6.7.2 NFPA 25,Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Main-
+tenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems , should be refer-
+enced for information on the maintenance and service of
+sprinkler systems and water supplies.
+L.6.7.3 All portable and manual fire-extinguishing equip-
+ment should be maintained and serviced.
+L.6.7.4 As an aid in maintaining fire protection features and
+equipment in full service at all times, Figure L.6.7.4 provides a
+simple self-inspection form that contains a checklist of loss
+prevention principles. This sample form can be used without
+change or as a guide in establishing a specialized form to suit
+individual facilities.
+L.6.8 Grass and Weeds.All dried grass and weeds should be
+kept clear of buildings for at least 50 ft (15 m).
+L.7 Information on Fighting Fires in Baled Cotton.
+L.7.1 Introduction.The information contained in this section
+is a summary of knowledge gained over the years by cotton
+warehouse personnel, fire fighters, and insurance authorities
+in fighting fires in the Cotton Belt. The most common consid-
+erations when fires occur with densely packed cotton bales are
+arson and exposure to a fire from an external source. Cotton
+bale fires have peculiarities that should be understood and
+respected if a large loss is to be avoided with minimum danger
+to personnel. Automatic sprinklers, if properly designed and
+supplied, can be expected to control a baled cotton fire where
+storage methods outlined in this standard are followed, but
+extinguishment should not be expected.
+The primary rule for any fire is always to call the respond-
+ing fire department first. Fighting fires of any type is a profes-
+sion and, even where a well-trained private fire organization is
+available, professional aid should be effected as soon as pos-
+sible, and plant personnel should not be unduly exposed to
+the peril.
+The myriad of small fibers that make up a cotton bale, es-
+pecially a naked cotton bale or one wrapped in burlap, and
+cover its surface offer a highly vulnerable source of ignition as
+well as the potential for a rapid flame spread above the stored
+1–587ANNEX L
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 1 (p. 1 of 1)
+YES NO
+WAREHOUSE NO. COMPARTMENT NO.
+General Housekeeping
+ 1. Inside Buildings
+  (a) Floor and dock areas clean of loose cotton   ❏ ❏
+   and trash?
+  (b) Covered metal containers for loose cotton  ❏ ❏  
+   and trash?
+ 2. Outside Buildings
+  (a) Surrounding areas free of dried grass,   ❏ ❏
+   weeds, and combustible trash?
+Smoking
+ 1. Evidence of smoking in unauthorized areas?  ❏ ❏
+ 2. Signs posted and readily visible?  ❏ ❏
+Electrical Equipment
+ 1. Extension cords prohibited?  ❏ ❏
+ 2. Storage in contact with lights or wiring?  ❏ ❏
+ 3. Wiring properly supported and undamaged?  ❏ ❏
+ 4. Circuits properly fused?  ❏ ❏
+ 5. All panels, junction, switch, and receptacle   ❏ ❏
+  boxes covered?
+Mechanical Equipment
+ 1. Listed for fiber storage (Type DS, DY, ES,   ❏ ❏
+  EE, EX, GS, or LPS)?
+ 2. Spark-retardant mufflers maintained?  ❏ ❏
+ 3. Refueled outside at designated area?  ❏ ❏
+ 4. Stored outside when idle?  ❏ ❏
+ 5. General condition and maintenance good?  ❏ ❏
+Buildings
+ 1. Fire walls in good repair, including around   ❏ ❏
+  fire door openings?
+ 2. Fire doors in proper working condition and   ❏ ❏
+  tested for ease of closing each week? 
+  (Overhead, roll-type doors should be tested at 
+  least annually.)
+ 3. Fire door guards in place and maintained?  ❏ ❏
+ 4. Floor and exterior walls in good repair?  ❏ ❏
+ 5. Exterior wall openings have doors and   ❏ ❏
+  windows in place that close properly and lock?
+ 6. Space under grade floor, if any, closed off?  ❏ ❏
+Storage Arrangements
+ 1. Storage Blocks
+  (a) Within prescribed height [15 ft (4.6 m)]?  ❏ ❏
+  (b) Sprinkler heads unimpaired [18 in.   ❏ ❏
+   (457 mm) clearance]?
+  (c) Block sizes limited to 700 bales pressed   ❏ ❏
+   or 350 flat?
+  (d) Tiered storage stable and secure?  ❏ ❏
+ 2. Aisles
+  (a) At least one main aisle 12 ft (3.7 m) or   ❏ ❏
+   more in width?
+  (b) Cross or work aisles at least 4 ft (1.2 m)   ❏ ❏
+   in width?
+  (c) Any damaged bales, broken bands, or   ❏ ❏
+   wet stock?
+YES NO
+Fire Department
+ 1. Phone number prominently displayed at   ❏ ❏
+  each phone?
+ 2. Personnel instructed on procedure in case   ❏ ❏
+  of fire?
+Watch Service
+ 1. Making regular rounds?  ❏ ❏
+ 2. All key stations punched?  ❏ ❏
+ 3. Records checked, dated, and filed?  ❏ ❏
+Fire Alarm Service
+ 1. Automatic fire alarm system in service?  ❏ ❏
+ 2. Manual pull stations clearly marked and   ❏ ❏
+  accessible?
+ 3. System tested within required frequency?  ❏ ❏
+Manual Extinguishing Equipment Portable 
+Extinguishers
+ 1. Hand Units
+  (a) Properly placed and accessible?  ❏ ❏
+  (b) Recharged within the last year?  ❏ ❏
+  (c) All in good condition?  ❏ ❏
+ 2. Containers and Buckets
+  (a) Properly distributed?  ❏ ❏
+  (b) Kept full?  ❏ ❏
+  (c) Two buckets per barrel?  ❏ ❏
+ 3. Mobile Equipment
+  (a) Properly placed and protected from damage?  ❏ ❏
+  (b) Charged and ready for service?  ❏ ❏
+Inside Hose
+ 1. Hose and nozzle attached to each?  ❏ ❏
+ 2. Racked and in good condition?  ❏ ❏
+ 3. Easily accessible and ready for use?  ❏ ❏
+ 4. Valves operate readily?  ❏ ❏
+Yard Hydrants and Hose Houses
+ 1. Readily accessible?  ❏ ❏
+ 2. Hose racked or reeled and in good condition?  ❏ ❏
+ 3. Nozzles, spanners, hydrant wrench available?  ❏ ❏
+ 4. Hydrants operable?  ❏ ❏
+ 5. General condition:
+  ❏  Good      ❏ Poor
+Remarks (Report on any unusual conditions and action taken):
+Report by:                                                           Date:
+© 2008 National Fire Protection Association 
+FIGURE L.6.7.4 Sample Loss Prevention Self-Inspection Form for Baled Cotton Storage.
+1–588 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+material. Such rapid flame spread is usually followed by a
+slower flame spread at the surface, then tenacious burrowing
+into the pile between bales and penetration of the interiors of
+individual bales. Densely packed cotton bales are less vulner-
+able to rapid flame spread, surface fire, and a burrowing fire
+than loose fibers or low density cotton bales, but the possibility
+of such a fire should not be ignored.
+L.7.2 Causes. Some of the causes of cotton fiber fires include
+the following:
+(1) Fire-packed bales (as discussed further in L.1.3.2 and
+L.7.10)
+(2) Electrical faults
+(3) Mechanical equipment (e.g., defective lift trucks)
+(4) Friction
+(5) Lightning
+(6) Cutting and welding
+(7) Smoking
+Arson and exposure to fire from an external source appear
+to be the most prominent fire causes.
+L.7.3 Incipient Stage.If caught in the incipient stage, fire can
+often be controlled, provided the proper procedures are fol-
+lowed. Portable extinguishing equipment, such as containers
+and pails, or pressurized or pump-type water units can be used
+to wet down the exterior of the bale quickly. If small extin-
+guishers are not successful, portable, wheeled, wetting agent
+tanks or standpipe hose, or both, should be used. The last
+resort is hose streams from outside hydrants. Extreme caution
+should be exercised when straight hose streams are used, as
+the force of the stream could scatter the burning wads or por-
+tions of cotton over a wide area. Spray or fog nozzles are recom-
+mended, but, if they are not available, it might be possible to
+deflect a solid stream off the walls, roof, or other solid object.
+Once the exterior of the bale(s) is fully wet down and fire is
+suppressed, the bales involved should be removed to an out-
+side, safe location for final extinguishment.
+CAUTION: An obviously burning bale should never be
+dragged or mechanically moved down aisles, as this is likely to
+spread the fire to bales bordering the aisle. (See L.7.9.)
+L.7.4 Active Stage in Sprinklered Buildings.If a fire progresses
+well beyond the incipient stage or involves more than a few bales
+and further fire spread is likely, the building could readily prove
+untenable, and dense smoke could quickly obscure vision. It
+then is best to have all personnel vacate the building to a point
+of safety. As drafts, including early venting through roofs and
+walls, are undesirable, it is essential to leave the building un-
+ventilated, close all doors, and cut off all possible drafts to the
+building or section involved. This procedure reduces available
+oxygen to the fire, and the dense smoke suppresses fire inten-
+sity. Drafts not only provide fresh air to increase fire intensity
+but also can blow heat away from the fire, opening sprinklers
+beyond the fire area and possibly overtaxing the available wa-
+ter to the sprinkler system.
+The sprinkler system should be given a chance to do its job
+— do not ventilate! Ventilating a cotton fire can cause it to
+flash out of control, spread with explosive violence, and open
+an excessive number of sprinklers. After the fire is under con-
+trol of the sprinkler system, the compartment door should be
+opened only enough to use fire hose or to enter and remove
+the cotton. The smoldering bales should be removed to the
+outside as soon as possible for individual attention. Extreme
+caution should be exercised when entering a fire area. Entry
+should be on the downwind side, if possible, to avoid creating
+draft conditions that could cause the fire to reignite. It is im-
+portant to remain alert for gas explosions. If the fire appears
+to flare up again, the building should be vacated immediately,
+the doors again should be closed tightly, and the sprinkler
+system should be allowed to regain control.
+L.7.5 Sprinkler Failure.If the sprinkler system fails to main-
+tain fire control, then hose streams should be used, preferably
+through door openings only large enough for the hose.
+Where it is apparent that the fire is beyond the control of
+the sprinklers and the building is nearing the point of col-
+lapse, the control valve(s) to the sprinkler systems in the build-
+ing or section involved should be shut off to conserve water for
+hose stream use.
+L.7.6 Active Stage in Nonsprinklered Buildings.Immediately
+upon arrival at the fire, personnel should close all openings to
+the compartment involved. As many hose lines as possible,
+preferably supplied with a wetting agent, should be available.
+The doors should be opened only enough to allow the use of
+the hose in a spray-like fashion. Caution should be exercised
+to open these doors slowly to minimize the chance of an ex-
+plosion. The doors on the opposite sides of the compartment
+should not be opened, which would allow a cross-draft. Only
+the door on the lee side and not the windward side of the
+building should be opened.
+L.7.7 Cotton Yard Fires.Conditions in a cotton yard fire are
+not as controllable as those in a warehouse fire, since draft
+conditions are almost entirely dependent upon the climatic
+conditions at the time of the fire. If an adverse wind prevails, a
+small involvement can easily become a catastrophe. Preplan-
+ning is particularly important in this case. Upon responding
+personnel arrival at a cotton yard fire, the following steps
+should be taken immediately:
+(1) If available, fire department connection to the hydrants
+should be utilized.
+(2) Hose lines should be laid out.
+(3) Using divided stream nozzles, water should be applied
+ahead and downwind of the fire and then worked toward
+the fire.
+(4) Bales and dunnage should be checked underneath for
+fire.
+(5) It is important to remain alert for flying sparks.
+(6) The nearby uninvolved cotton should be removed to cre-
+ate a fire break.
+(7) Burned cotton should be removed to a segregated area.
+L.7.8 After Watch.Where the fire-involved cotton has been
+removed and leaves behind undamaged stock, a minute and
+unobserved spark often causes a rekindling of the previous
+fire with disastrous results. The involved area should be in-
+spected and carefully cleaned. Hose lines and fire department
+watch should be maintained until the area is known to be safe.
+Before leaving the scene of the fire, responsible plant person-
+nel should be advised that after watch should be kept for at
+least 24 hours. One of the most disastrous fires on record
+could possibly have been prevented with adequate after watch
+following a minor involvement.
+L.7.9 Salvage Operations.Salvage is important, and every pre-
+caution should be taken to protect the salvage. The usual se-
+verity of a fire in a cotton warehouse, along with the appear-
+ance of the charred bales, is misleading with respect to the
+amount of remaining salvage.
+1–589ANNEX L
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Water does not damage cotton, and if the charred bales are
+kept cool with hose streams until proper salvage operation is
+begun, the quantity of the loss can be reduced substantially.
+After the fire is brought under control, all bales involved
+should be removed to a safe outside location as quickly as pos-
+sible and practicable. Each bale then should be handled indi-
+vidually in order to effect complete extinguishment. This extin-
+guishment is best accomplished by the use of small hose lines or
+barrels and buckets, using a wetting agent known as wet water.
+WARNING: Do not remove the bands or wires from the bales.
+To do so exposes more lint to the fire and threatens the loss
+of the entire bale. Salvage crews should be ready to move the
+cotton out of the involved shed as rapidly as possible. Extreme
+caution should be exercised in preparing and watching the
+path along which the burned bales are removed from the in-
+volved shed. Burning fibers of cotton are easily blown from the
+bale, especially in the haste and excitement of moving the
+bales outside. It could be necessary to move the uninvolved
+bales away from the exit route (or from the entire compart-
+ment) or even to make a hole in the side of the compartment.
+The spread of fire along the exit route caused by burning
+bales is not uncommon. The burning bales should be wetted
+down and moved to a safe, segregated place as soon as possible
+for individual attention.
+The following are steps to be taken in the salvage operation:
+(1) An open area, without exposures, into which the burn-
+ing bales can be moved should be selected.
+(2) A salvage crew should be stationed at the yard.
+(3) A good supply of wetting agent should be available.
+(4) A good supply of water should be available.
+(5) Containers, pails, and stirrup pump-type extinguishers
+should be available, filled with wet water.
+(6) Burning bales should be wetted down and removed from
+the fire area as soon as possible. They should be placed
+approximately 3 ft (0.9 m) apart in an open area away
+from other exposures.
+(7) Care should be exercised in removing these bales so as
+not to start another fire in the process. If the side of the
+compartment is metal-clad or frame, it could be best to
+remove a portion of the side so that the cotton can be
+removed. Some warehouse personnel take the time to
+remove cotton from those compartments through which
+the burning bales travel before salvage operations are
+allowed to start. If there is any question regarding addi-
+tional exposures, they should be removed, if possible,
+before moving the burning bales.
+(8) Any outside blaze on the bale should be knocked down.
+The wet water should be applied to each smoldering
+spot on the bale. Often a handful of cotton soaked in the
+wet water can be applied directly on or into the smolder-
+ing spot. Cotton fires burrow into the bale, so it is neces-
+sary to apply the wet water as far into the hole as possible,
+soaking the area thoroughly. In order to be certain the
+fire is out, the burned cotton should be removed from
+each hot spot while applying wet water to the hole. When
+the area around the spot is no longer warm, it can be
+assumed that the fire has been extinguished.
+(9) The bands from the bales should not be removed. To do
+so exposes more lint to the fire, and the bale will prob-
+ably be a complete loss.
+(10) Bales involved in a fire should be closely watched for at
+least 5 days after the last spark is believed to have been
+extinguished.
+L.7.10 Fire-Packed Bales.Fire-packed bales are bales of cot-
+ton suspected of containing an internal fire. In the ginning
+process, the lint fiber is separated from the cotton seed by
+automated mechanical operations, involving heating of the
+lint fiber for drying purposes. During ginning, the three most
+common sources of ignition are friction, sparks created by the
+machinery, and high temperatures, usually from the process
+heater drying the lint fiber. Fire occurs during the ginning
+process when loose cotton fibers are ignited and incorporated
+into the bale during compression. In cases where fires occur
+during the ginning process, technical instructions have been
+developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and are con-
+tained in the section on“Procedures for (fighting) Gin Fires”
+in the USDA-ARS Cotton Ginners Handbook. These procedures
+recommend that, when a fire has occurred, all lint traveling
+towards the bale press box is to be treated as if a fire is in the
+lint. The current guidelines state that the (bale) press opera-
+tor is to do the following:
+(1) Stay with the press and battery condenser until the fire is
+out.
+(2) Wait until all cotton is down the (lint) slide, and then turn
+the press and raise (press) the bale out of the press (hole).
+(3) Keep the tramper running if cotton is burning in the lint
+slide
+(4) If a fire is in the battery condenser, wet down the areas
+around the flashing and rollers, and avoid letting the fire
+burn on the lint belt or near the flashing.
+(5) Isolate at least two bales before and after a suspected bale
+fire.
+Under this scenario, fire-packed bales might result. Even
+though these bales might meet the size requirements for
+densely packed baled cotton, they will not meet the density (or
+compression) requirement. Any bale that is successfully com-
+pressed to the packing density of a densely packed cotton bale
+would have had any internal fire rapidly extinguished due to
+lack of oxygen. However, surface smoldering fires can occur
+even with densely packed cotton bales. Such fires will be im-
+mediately visible to the operator, who needs to ensure that
+even densely packed cotton bales produced during the gin-
+ning process should undergo a thorough inspection whenever
+a fire has occurred. Any cotton bale found to have a surface
+fire should be treated as if it were a fire-packed bale until the
+quarantine period has ended.
+Gin and warehouse forepersons train their workers to use
+the senses of smell, touch, and sight to find potential fire
+bales. In a low density bale, with an internal fire, the fire usu-
+ally burns through to the outside of the bale within a few
+hours, but it can remain undetected for several days. The ob-
+vious acrid odor associated with smoldering cotton is usually
+the first indicator that fire is present inside a bale. Once an
+acrid odor is traced to a specific bale, the worker should use
+his sense of touch to determine if the bale feels excessively
+warm and is thus a fire-packed bale.
+The recommended procedure for handling and extin-
+guishing fire-packed bales is as follows:
+(1) All known or suspect fire-packed bales should be stored in
+the open and segregated from buildings and other stor-
+age. They should be separated about 3 ft (0.9 m) from
+other such bales.
+(2) These bales should be under constant surveillance to de-
+tect fire as soon as it moves to the surface.
+(3) A supply of an approved wetting agent and at least one
+stirrup pump should be available at all times.
+1–590 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(4) When fire is detected, the area around the hot spot
+should be wetted immediately to prevent the spread of
+the fire. The hot spot then should be saturated with wet
+water. The burned cotton should be removed by hand
+while water is constantly applied to the hole. This proce-
+dure should be continued until no warm areas are de-
+tected. It is not uncommon for several fires to be packed
+into a single bale.
+(5) Do not remove the bands from the bale, as this exposes
+more cotton fibers to ignition and usually results in the
+total loss of the bale.
+(6) Fire-packed bales or bales suspected of being fire-packed
+should remain in quarantine and under surveillance for
+at least 5 days. After this time, they can be considered to
+be safe and handled in the regular manner.
+Note that there is no set time after which a fire can be
+considered extinguished in a bale, as this depends on the thor-
+oughness of extinguishment. However, 5 days after the fire is
+believed to have been extinguished is generally considered to
+be a rule-of-thumb safe period.
+Annex M Reserved
+Annex N Reserved
+Annex O In-Building Public Safety Radio
+Enhancement Systems
+This annex is not part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+unless specifically adopted by the authority having jurisdiction.
+O.1 Scope. Where installed, in-building public safety radio en-
+hancement systems shall meet the requirements of Annex O.
+O.2 General. The AHJ shall be permitted to determine the
+frequency spectrum that these systems will enhance to ensure
+emergency responders communications systems will operate
+within, and to and from, the building without interference. In
+addition, AHJs shall be permitted to determine if the systems
+to be enhanced are analog or digital systems.
+O.3 Public Safety Radio Enhancement System.
+O.3.1 General.
+O.3.1.1 Non-Interference. No amplification system capable of
+operating on frequencies or causing interference on frequencies
+assigned to the jurisdiction by the FCC shall be installed without
+prior coordination and approval of the AHJ. The building
+manager/owner shall suspend and correct other equipment in-
+stallations that degrade the performance of the public safety ra-
+dio system or public safety radio enhancement system.
+O.3.1.2 Approval and Permit.Plans shall be submitted for ap-
+proval prior to installation. At the conclusion of successful ac-
+ceptance testing, a renewable permit shall be issued for the
+public safety radio enhancement system by the AHJ.
+O.3.2 Radio Coverage. Radio coverage shall be provided
+throughout the building as a percentage of floor area, as
+follows in O.3.2.1 and O.3.2.2.
+O.3.2.1 Critical Areas. Critical areas, such as the emergency
+command center(s), the fire pump room(s), exit stairs, exit pas-
+sageways, elevator lobbies, standpipe cabinets, sprinkler sectional
+valve locations, and other areas deemed critical by the AHJ, shall
+be provided with 99 percent floor area radio coverage.
+O.3.2.2 General Building Areas.General building areas shall
+be provided with 90 percent floor area radio coverage.
+O.3.2.3 Amplification Components.Buildings and structures
+that cannot support the required level of radio coverage shall
+be equipped with a radiating cable system and/or a distrib-
+uted antenna system (DAS) with FCC-certified signal boosters,
+or systems otherwise approved in order to achieve the re-
+quired adequate radio coverage.
+O.3.3 Signal Strength.
+O.3.3.1 Inbound. A minimum inbound signal strength of
+95 dBm or other signal strength as required by the AHJ shall
+be provided throughout the coverage area.
+O.3.3.2 Outbound. A minimum outbound signal strength of
+95 dBm at the donor site or other signal strength as required
+by the AHJ shall be provided from the coverage area.
+O.3.3.3 Isolation. If a donor antenna exists, isolation shall be
+maintained between the donor antenna and all inside anten-
+nas and shall be a minimum of 15 dB above the signal booster
+gain under all operating conditions.
+O.3.4 System Frequencies.The public safety radio enhance-
+ment system shall be capable of transmitting all public safety
+radio frequencies assigned to the jurisdiction and be capable
+of using any modulation technology.
+Note: Modulation technologies include analog and digital
+modulation.
+O.3.4.1 List of Assigned Frequencies.The AHJ shall maintain
+a list of all inbound/outbound frequency pairs for distribu-
+tion to system designers.
+O.3.4.2 Frequency Changes.Systems shall be capable of up-
+grade to allow for instances where the jurisdiction changes or
+adds system frequencies in order to maintain radio system cov-
+erage as originally designed.
+Note: There is currently an ongoing national effort to elimi-
+nate current interference issues between cellular carriers and
+public safety bands in the 800 MHz band. This effort could revise
+the actual frequencies for public agencies within this band. The
+public safety radio enhancement system design shall be capable
+of being changed to accommodate updated frequencies in order
+to allow maintenance of the minimum system design criteria.
+O.3.5 System Components.
+O.3.5.1 Component Approval.Components utilized in the in-
+stallation of the public safety radio enhancement system, such
+as repeaters, transmitters, receivers, signal boosters, cabling,
+and fiber distributed antenna system, shall be approved and
+shall be compatible with the public safety radio system.
+O.3.5.2 Component Enclosures.All repeater, transmitter, re-
+ceiver, and signal booster components shall be contained in a
+NEMA 4- or 4X-type enclosure(s).
+O.3.5.3 External Filters. Permanent external filters and at-
+tachments shall not be permitted.
+O.3.5.4 Signal Booster Components.If used, signal boosters
+shall meet the following requirements as well as any other re-
+quirements determined by the AHJ:
+1–591ANNEX O
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(1) Signal boosters shall have FCC certification prior to instal-
+lation. Note: All repeaters, transmitters, receivers, and sig-
+nal boosters shall be permitted to be installed and oper-
+ated in a manner consistent with Title 47, Code of Federal
+Regulations. Within these regulations is a mandatory re-
+quirement that repeaters, transmitters, and signal boost-
+ers have Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
+“Certification.” Receivers do not normally have an FCC
+certification requirement but must comply with other ap-
+plicable FCC regulations. FCC certification is a formal
+procedure that verifies the equipment meets certain mini-
+mum FCC technical specifications. Each brand and
+model type is issued a distinct FCC Certification Number.
+Use of repeaters, transmitters, or signal boosters that do
+not have an existing FCC-issued certification is a violation
+of federal law and users are subject to fine and/or impris-
+onment. A label displaying the exact FCC Certification
+Number shall be placed in a visible place on the equip-
+ment itself. FCC certification verification shall be permit-
+ted to be obtained from any FCC office or on-line at
+https://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/oetcf/eas/reports/
+GenericSearch.cfm.
+(2) All signal boosters shall be compatible with both analog
+and digital communications simultaneously at the time of
+installation. The AHJ shall provide the maximum accept-
+able propagation delay standard.
+O.3.6 Power Supplies.At least two independent and reliable
+power supplies shall be provided, one primary and one sec-
+ondary.
+O.3.6.1 Monitoring the Integrity.Monitoring the integrity of
+power supplies shall be in accordance with 4.4.7.3 ofNFPA 72.
+O.3.6.2 Primary Power Source.The primary power source shall
+be supplied from a dedicated branch circuit and comply with
+4.4.1.4 ofNFPA 72.
+O.3.6.3 Secondary Power Source.The secondary power source
+shall consist of one of the following:
+(1) A storage battery dedicated to the system with at least
+12 hours of 100 percent system operation capacity.
+Note: The battery requirement of 12 hours for the pub-
+lic safety radio enhancement system is purposely longer
+than the 5-minute performance requirement for gen-
+eral evacuation and the 15-minute performance re-
+quirement for emergency voice/alarm communication
+systems. This is due to the primary mission of the sys-
+tems, where the fire alarm system’s primary mission is
+to assist fire detection and occupant egress, and the
+public safety radio enhancement system’s primary mis-
+sion is to assist fire department operations, which
+might take longer than occupant egress.
+(2) An automatic starting, engine-driven generator serving
+the dedicated branch circuit for the system and storage
+batteries dedicated to the system with at least 2 hours of
+100 percent system operation capacity.
+O.3.6.4 Battery Systems. The battery system shall automati-
+cally charge in the presence of external power input. The bat-
+tery system shall be contained in one NEMA 4- or 4X-type
+enclosure.
+O.3.6.5 Generator. Engine-driven generator shall be ar-
+ranged in accordance with 4.4.1.9.3.1(A) of NFPA 72.
+O.3.7 System Monitoring.
+O.3.7.1 Fire Alarm System.The public safety radio enhance-
+ment system shall include automatic supervisory and trouble
+signals for malfunctions of the signal booster(s) and power
+supplies that are annunciated by the fire alarm system:
+(1) The integrity of the circuit monitoring signal booster(s) and
+power supply(ies) shall comply with 4.4.7.1 ofNFPA 72.
+(2) System and signal booster supervisory signals shall in-
+clude the following:
+(a) Antenna malfunction
+(b) Signal booster failure
+(3) Power supply supervisory signals shall include the follow-
+ing for each signal booster:
+(a) Loss of normal ac power
+(b) Failure of battery charger
+(c) Low battery capacity, alarming at 70 percent of bat-
+tery capacity
+O.3.7.2 Dedicated Panel.A dedicated monitoring panel shall
+be provided within the emergency command center to annun-
+ciate the status of all signal booster locations. The monitoring
+panel shall provide visual and labeled indication of the follow-
+ing for each signal booster:
+(1) Normal ac power
+(2) Signal booster trouble
+(3) Loss of normal ac power
+(4) Failure of battery charger
+(5) Low battery capacity
+Note: Due to the longer backup battery requirement for the
+public safety radio enhancement system, it is recognized that the
+fire alarm system might not be available to provide monitoring of
+radio system signals, including low battery signals. Therefore, re-
+dundant status annunciation shall be permitted to be required to
+provide local signals to the incident commander or their desig-
+nee at the emergency command center.
+O.3.8 Technical Criteria.The AHJ shall maintain a document
+of technical information specific to their requirements. This
+document shall contain as a minimum the frequencies required,
+the location and effective radiated power (ERP) of radio sites
+used by the public safety radio enhancement system, the maxi-
+mum propagation delay (in microseconds), a list of specifically
+approved system components, and other supporting technical
+information necessary to direct system design.
+O.3.9 Testing.
+O.3.9.1 Signal Level Testing.Signal level testing shall be con-
+ducted to verify the signal strengths as required in O.3.3 at the
+following times:
+(1) Initial assessment of radio coverage in accordance with
+O.3.2.1 and O.3.2.2 for new or existing buildings
+(2) After installation or modification of public safety radio
+enhancement system needed to assure compliance with
+O.3.2.3
+(3) On an annual basis or other interval as specified by the AHJ
+O.3.9.2 System Commissioning Testing.System commission-
+ing tests shall comply with the following:
+(1) The building owner shall be responsible to ensure that a
+commissioning test of the public safety radio enhancement
+system occurs prior to final acceptance testing with the AHJ.
+1–592 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+(2) The commissioning test shall ensure that two-way cover-
+age on each floor of the building meets the minimum
+coverage requirements of O.3.2.1 and O.3.2.2.
+(3) Tests shall be made using the frequencies assigned to the
+jurisdiction.
+(4) Testing shall be coordinated with the AHJ to ensure no
+undue interference to any public safety operations.
+(5) All testing shall be done on frequencies authorized by the
+FCC.
+O.3.9.3 Test Procedures.The test plan shall ensure testing
+throughout the building. Test procedures shall be as directed
+by the AHJ.
+Note: Testing procedures typically are done on a grid sys-
+tem. A grid is overlaid onto a floor area to provide 20 grid cells.
+Grid cells are provided with definite minimum and maximum
+dimensions. For most buildings, using a minimum grid di-
+mension of 20 ft (6.1 m) and a maximum grid dimension of
+80 ft (24.4 m) will suffice to encompass the entire floor area.
+Where a floor exceeds 128,000 ft 2 (11,900 m2), which is the
+floor area that can be covered by the maximum grid dimen-
+sion of 80 ft (24.4 m), it is recommended that the floor be
+subdivided into sectors each having an area of less than or
+equal to 128,000 ft 2 (11,900 m2), and each sector be tested
+individually with 20 grid cells in each sector. Signal strength
+measurements should be taken at the center of each grid and
+should be performed using standardized parameters as speci-
+fied in the note in O.3.9.4. Signal strength typically is recorded
+on the Delivered Audio Quality (DAQ) scale. This is a univer-
+sal standard often cited in system designs and specifications,
+using the following measures:
+(1) DAQ 1: Unusable, speech present but unreadable.
+(2) DAQ 2: Understandable with considerable effort. Frequent
+repetition due to noise/distortion.
+(3) DAQ 3: Speech understandable with slight effort. Occa-
+sional repetition required due to noise/distortion.
+(4) DAQ 3.5: Speech understandable with repetition only rarely
+required. Some noise/distortion.
+(5) DAQ 4: Speech easily understood. Occasional noise/
+distortion.
+(6) DAQ 4.5: Speech easily understood. Infrequent noise/
+distortion.
+(7) DAQ 5: Speech easily understood.
+The minimum allowable DAQ for each grid cell typically is
+3. Not more than two (2) nonadjacent grid cells should be
+allowed to fail the test. In the event that three (3) of the areas
+fail the test, or if two (2) adjacent areas fail the test, in order to
+be more statistically accurate, the testing grid resolution
+should be doubled. This would require decreasing the size of
+the grids to one-half the dimension used in the failed test, to a
+minimum of 10 ft (3 m) and a maximum of 40 ft (12.2 m).
+Further, to cover the same floor area, the number of grids is
+quadrupled to 80 grids. Not more than eight (8) nonadjacent
+and/or five (5) adjacent grid cells should then be allowed to
+fail the test. In the event that nine (9) or more nonadjacent
+and/or six (6) or more adjacent grid cells fail the test, consid-
+eration should be given to redesigning and reinstalling the
+public safety radio enhancement system to meet the minimum
+system design requirements. Failures should not be allowed in
+critical areas. Measurements should be made with the antenna
+held in a vertical position at 3 to 4 ft (0.9 to 1.2 m) above the
+floor. The DAQ readings should be recorded on small-scale
+drawings that are used for testing with the AHJ. In addition,
+the gain values of all amplifiers should be measured and the
+test measurement results should be kept on file with the build-
+ing owner so that the measurements can be verified each year
+during annual tests.
+O.3.9.4 Measurement Parameters.Signal levels shall be mea-
+sured to ensure the system meets the criteria of O.3.3 accord-
+ing to parameters as directed by the AHJ.
+Note: Downlink measurements should be made with the
+following standardized parameters:
+(1) A calibrated spectrum analyzer or a calibrated automatic
+signal level measurement recording system.
+(2) Receive antennas of equal gain to the agency’s standard
+portable radio antenna, oriented vertically, with a center-
+line between 3 ft to 4 ft (0.9 m to 1.2 m) above floor.
+(3) A resolution bandwidth nearest the bandwidth of the
+channel under test.
+(4) Levels recorded while walking an “X” pattern, with the
+center of the pattern located approximately in the center
+of each grid area.
+(5) The linear distance of each side of the “X” equal to at least
+10 percent of the length of the grid’s side and a minimum
+length of 10 ft (3 m).
+(6) Measurements sampled in averaging mode to include a
+minimum of one sample per each 5 ft (1.5 m) traveled
+recorded with not less than five samples per measurement
+recorded per side of the “X.”
+O.3.9.5 Acceptance Test. An acceptance test of the public
+safety radio enhancement system shall be scheduled with the
+AHJ. Acceptance test procedures and requirements shall be as
+directed by the AHJ.
+Note: Typically, acceptance tests are required by the AHJ
+prior to building occupancy. As-built drawings should be pro-
+vided along with other information required from the signal
+level and commissioning tests, including a full report with grid
+locations, DAQ measurements, and amplifier gain values,
+should be provided at the acceptance test. The acceptance test
+typically entails a random test by the AHJ of radio communica-
+tion in various portions of the building, especially including
+the critical areas. The AHJ can review any test documentation
+and ensure that the findings of the commissioning test with
+respect to DAQ levels and gain values are supported by the
+acceptance test.
+If amplification systems are utilized in the public safety radio
+enhancement system, a spectrum analyzer shall be utilized to en-
+sure spurious oscillations are not being generated or unautho-
+rized carriers are being repeated in violation of FCC regulations.
+This testing should be conducted at time of installation and dur-
+ing subsequent inspections. Downlink and uplink spectrum
+should be recorded with a maximum-hold screen capture at the
+active system air interfaces with the system under normal load
+and at least one uplink carrier active on the indoor portion of the
+system. Measurements should be analyzed for correct gains on
+both uplink and downlink paths, noise floor elevation from ac-
+tive components, intermodulation, and other parameters deter-
+mined necessary by the AHJ. Gain values of all amplifiers should
+be measured and the results kept on file with the building owner
+and the AHJ. In the event that the measurement results become
+lost, the building owner will need to repeat the acceptance test to
+reestablish the gain values.
+O.3.9.6 Annual Tests.Where a public safety radio enhance-
+ment system is required, it shall be the building owner’s re-
+sponsibility to have all active components of the system, such
+1–593ANNEX O
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+as signal boosters, power supplies, and backup batteries tested
+at a minimum of once every 12 months. The AHJ shall be
+notified in advance and shall direct annual test procedures
+and requirements.
+Note: Typically, annual tests require several items to be
+checked. Annual tests should include all procedures encom-
+passed in O.3.9.1 through O.3.9.4. Signal boosters should be
+tested to ensure that the gain is the same as it was upon initial
+installation and acceptance. Backup batteries and power sup-
+plies should be tested under load for a period of 1 hour to
+verify that they will properly operate during an actual power
+outage. Other active components are typically checked to de-
+termine that they are operating within the manufacturers’
+specifications for the intended purpose.
+O.3.10 Personnel Qualification. Note: Many manufacturers
+of signal boosters provide certification programs for installing
+contractors. Local adopting jurisdictions could require certifi-
+cation of public safety radio enhancement system training for
+the installing contractors issued by a nationally recognized or-
+ganization or school, or a certificate issued by the manufac-
+turer of the equipment being installed.
+O.3.10.1 License or Certification.All tests shall be conducted,
+documented, and signed by a person in possession of a cur-
+rent FCC general radiotelephone operator license, acceptable
+manufacturer/industry certification, electrical engineering li-
+cense, or as required by the AHJ.
+O.3.10.2 Documentation. Copies of license or certification
+shall be provided to the AHJ as part of an annual permit re-
+newal process.
+O.3.11 Maintenance.The building owner shall maintain a ser-
+vice contract for emergency repair with response to the site
+within 2 hours of notification. A copy of the contract shall be
+submitted to the AHJ at the time of acceptance testing. If the
+building owner drops the maintenance contract, the contrac-
+tor shall notify the AHJ within 24 hours.
+Annex P Fire Department Service Delivery
+Concurrency Evaluation
+This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+but is included for informational purposes only.
+P.1 Application.
+P.1.1 The AHJ should be permitted to require a proposed
+development in the jurisdiction be subject to a Fire Depart-
+ment Service Delivery Concurrency Evaluation.
+P.1.2 Proposed developments that would increase the juris-
+dictions population by less than 1 percent or increase the ju-
+risdictions total building square footage by less than 1 percent
+should not be subject to a Fire Department Delivery Concur-
+rency Evaluation.
+P.2 Level of Service Objectives.
+P.2.1 The fire department should provide the developer with
+their current level of service standards for fire protection,
+emergency medical, and other operational services.
+P.2.2 The level of service for the proposed development should
+not be less than the current fire department’s level of service
+standards for fire protection, emergency medical, and other op-
+erational services.
+P.2.2.1 The AHJ should be permitted to approve a reduced
+level of service for the proposed development if a mitigation
+plan has been adopted by the jurisdiction.
+P.3 Approved Qualifications.The Fire Department Service De-
+livery Evaluation should be prepared by a person with qualifica-
+tions acceptable to the AHJ.
+P.4 Fire Department Service Delivery Concurrency Evaluation
+Documentation.
+P.4.1 When a Fire Department Service Delivery Concurrency
+Evaluation is submitted to the AHJ for review and approval,
+the evaluation should document, in an approved format, the
+current level of service for each objective and the post devel-
+opment proposed level of service for each objective.
+P.4.2 Mitigation Recommendations.If the level of service falls
+below the minimum level of service as specified by the jurisdic-
+tion, the report should provide recommendations in order to
+mitigate the impact of the new development on fire depart-
+ment service levels.
+P.5 Independent Review.The AHJ should be permitted to re-
+quire an approved, independent third party evaluation to re-
+view the Fire Department Service Delivery Concurrency Evalu-
+ation documentation at the expense of the owner.
+P.6 Sources of Data.Data sources should be identified and
+documented for each input data requirement in the evaluation.
+P.7 Final Determination.The AHJ should make the final de-
+termination as to whether the level of service objectives have
+been met.
+Annex Q Fire Fighter Safety Building
+Marking System
+This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+unless specifically adopted by the AHJ.
+Q.1 Fire Fighter Safety Building Marking System (FFSBMS).
+Q.1.1 General.
+Q.1.1.1 The fire fighter safety building marking system pro-
+vides basic building information for fire fighters responding
+to the building or structure.
+Q.1.1.2 Where required by the AHJ, buildings and structures
+shall have the fire fighter safety building marking system sign
+installed.
+Q.1.2 Sign.
+Q.1.2.1 The approved fire fighter safety building marking
+system sign shall be placed in a position to be plainly legible
+and visible from the street or road fronting the property or as
+approved by the fire department.
+Q.1.2.2 The fire fighter safety building marking system sign
+shall consist of the following:
+(1) White reflective background with black letters
+(2) Durable material
+(3) Arabic numerals or alphabet letters
+(4) Permanently affixed to the building or structure in an
+approved manner
+Q.1.2.3 The fire fighter safety building marking system shall
+be a Maltese cross as shown in Figure Q.1.2.3.
+1–594 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Q.1.2.4 The minimum size of the fire fighter safety building
+marking system sign and lettering shown in Figure Q.1.2.4
+shall be in accordance with the following or as approved by the
+fire department:
+(1) “A” shall be 5 in. by 5 in.
+(2) “B” shall be 11⁄4 in.
+(3) “C” shall be 21⁄2 in.
+(4) Letters shall be 1 in. height with a stroke of 1⁄4 in.
+Q.1.3 Ratings.
+Q.1.3.1 Ratings shall be determined by the construction
+type, hazards of contents, automatic fire sprinkler systems and
+standpipe systems, occupancy/life safety, and special hazards
+in accordance with this section.
+Q.1.3.1.1 Where multiple ratings occur within a classification
+category, a determination shall be made by the AHJ of the
+rating that shall be based on the greatest potential risk for the
+specific category. (See “Note 1” in Q.2.1 at end of annex.)
+Q.1.3.2 Construction Type. The construction type shall be
+designated by assigning the appropriate lettering to the top of
+the Maltese cross as follows.
+(1) FR—Fire-resistive construction
+(2) NC—Noncombustible construction
+(3) ORD—Ordinary construction
+(4) HT—Heavy timber construction
+(5) C—Combustible construction
+Q.1.3.3 Hazards of Contents.The hazards of contents shall
+be rated by determining its hazard and assigning the appropri-
+ate rating to the left of the Maltese cross as follows(see “Note 2”
+in Q.2.2 at end of annex):
+L—Low hazard. Low hazard contents shall be classified as
+those of such low combustibility that no self-propagating fire
+therein can occur.
+M—Moderate hazard. Moderate hazard contents shall be
+classified as those that are likely to burn with moderate rapid-
+ity or to give off a considerable volume of smoke.
+H—High hazard. High hazard contents (see “Note 3” in Q.2.3
+at end of annex)shall be classified as those that are likely to burn
+with extreme rapidity or from which explosions are likely.
+Q.1.3.4 Automatic Fire Sprinkler and Standpipe System.The
+automatic fire sprinkler system and standpipe system shall be
+rated by determining its level of protection and assigning the
+appropriate rating to the right of the Maltese cross. If multiple
+systems are provided, all systems shall be included in the mal-
+tese cross as follows:
+(1) A—Automatic fire sprinkler system installed throughout
+(2) P—Partial automatic fire sprinkler system or other sup-
+pression system installed
+(3) S—Standpipe system installed
+(4) N—None
+Q.1.3.5 Occupancy/Life Safety Issues. The occupancy/life
+safety type shall be rated by determining the level of difficulty
+in evacuating occupants from the building and the occupancy
+type by assigning the appropriate rating to the bottom of the
+Maltese cross as follows:
+(1) L—Business, industrial, mercantile, residential, and stor-
+age occupancies
+(2) M—Ambulatory health care, assembly, educational, and day
+care occupancies
+(3) H—Detention and correction facilities, health care, and
+board and care occupancies
+Q.1.3.6 Special Designations.The special hazards can be as-
+signed to the center of the Maltese cross (see Note 4 in Q.2.4 at
+end of annex).
+Q.1.4 Installation and Maintenance.
+Q.1.4.1 Fire departments that implement the fire fighter safety
+building marking system (FFSBMS) shall provide written in-
+structions to the owner/operator of a facility equipped with a
+fire fighter safety building marking system sign regarding the
+information to be included on the sign, and the fire depart-
+ment shall perform annual inspections to verify continued
+compliance with the information shown on the sign (see Note
+5 in Q.2.5 at end of annex).
+Q.1.4.2 Installation and maintenance of the sign shall be the
+responsibility of the owner/operator.
+Q.1.4.3 The fire department shall enact procedures to iden-
+tify changes of occupancy that could establish a need to up-
+date information on the sign and shall notify the owner/
+operator when changes are necessary.
+Q.1.5 Training.
+Q.1.5.1 Training shall be provided to all fire department per-
+sonnel responding to buildings using the fire fighter safety
+building marking system sign.
+FR
+OA
+L
+Special Hazards
+FIGURE Q.1.2.3 Sample Sign for Fire Fighter Safety Build-
+ing Marking System.
+FR
+OA
+L
+“C”
+“A”
+“B”
+FIGURE Q.1.2.4 Dimensions for Fire Fighter Safety Building
+Marking System Signs.
+1–595ANNEX Q
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Q.2 Notes. The following notes are explanatory and are not
+part of the mandatory text for Annex Q.
+Q.2.1 Note 1.An example of the greatest potential risk for
+construction type where an FR and an NC are present, the
+ranking on the fire fighter safety building marking system
+sign would be NC.
+Q.2.2 Note 2.Hazard of contents are described as follows:
+Low hazard recognizes storage of noncombustible materi-
+als as low hazard. In other occupancies it is assumed that, even
+where the actual contents hazard is normally low, there is suf-
+ficient likelihood that some combustible materials or hazard-
+ous operations will be introduced in connection with building
+repair or maintenance, or some psychological factor might
+create conditions conducive to panic, so that the egress facili-
+ties cannot safely be reduced below those specified for ordi-
+nary hazard contents.
+Moderate hazard classification represents the conditions
+found in most buildings and is the basis for the general re-
+quirements of this Code.
+The fear of poisonous fumes or explosions is necessarily a
+relative matter to be determined on a judgment basis. All
+smoke contains some toxic fire gases but, under conditions of
+moderate hazard, there should be no unduly dangerous expo-
+sure during the period necessary to escape from the fire area,
+assuming there are proper exits.
+Q.2.3 Note 3.High hazard contents include occupancies where
+flammable liquids are handled or used or are stored under con-
+ditions involving possible release of flammable vapors; where
+grain dust, wood flour or plastic dust, aluminum or magnesium
+dust, or other explosive dusts are produced; where hazardous
+chemicals or explosives are manufactured, stored, or handled;
+where cotton or other combustible fibers are processed or
+handled under conditions producing flammable flyings; and
+other situations of similar hazard.
+Q.2.4 Note 4. The center of the fire fighter safety building
+marking system sign has been left empty to permit the local
+jurisdiction space to provide for additional information that
+they may wish to add. The NFPA 704 marking system can be in-
+corporated into the center of the fire fighter safety building
+marking system sign if all the applicable provisions of NFPA 704
+are met including lettering size and so forth.
+Q.2.5 Note 5.The intent of this provision is to verify that the
+information on the fire fighter safety building marking system
+sign is correct on a regular basis. Fire departments responding
+to facilities equipped with a fire fighter safety building mark-
+ing system sign should verify signage and preplans annually.
+Other means of verifying the information on the fire fighter
+safety building marking system sign could include mailings,
+outside consultants, and community service programs.
+Annex R Additional Adoptable NFPA Codes
+and Standards
+This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
+unless specifically adopted by the jurisdiction.
+R.1 The following documents have been included as a part of
+the adoption of thisCode and are considered to be enforceable
+by the adopting jurisdiction.
+National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,
+Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
+NFPA 18,Standard on Wetting Agents, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 68,Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Vent-
+ing, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 70A,National Electrical Code® Requirements for One- and
+Two-Family Dwellings, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 70E®, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace ®,
+2009 edition.
+NFPA 73,Electrical Inspection Code for Existing Dwellings, 2006
+edition.
+NFPA 75, Standard for the Protection of Information Technology
+Equipment, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 76,Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications
+Facilities, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 79, Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery , 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 92A,Standard for Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers
+and Pressure Differences, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 92B, Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls,
+Atria, and Large Spaces, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 99B,Standard for Hypobaric Facilities, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 99C, Standard on Gas and Vacuum Systems , 2005 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 105,Standard for the Installation of Smoke Door Assemblies
+and Other Opening Protectives, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 115,Standard for Laser Fire Protection, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 122, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Metal/
+Nonmetal Mining and Metal Mineral Processing Facilities, 2004 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 130, Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger
+Rail Systems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 150,Standard on Fire and Life Safety in Animal Housing
+Facilities, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 170,Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols, 2006
+edition.
+NFPA 214,Standard on Water-Cooling Towers, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 225, Model Manufactured Home Installation Standard ,
+2005 edition.
+NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building
+Materials, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 260, Standard Methods of Tests and Classification System
+for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furni-
+ture, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 261,Standard Method of Test for Determining Resistance of
+Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Material Assemblies to Ignition by
+Smoldering Cigarettes, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 262,Standard Method of Test for Flame Travel and Smoke
+of Wires and Cables for Use in Air-Handling Spaces, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 265, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room
+Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Coverings on Full Height Panels
+and Walls, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 268, Standard Test Method for Determining Ignitibility of
+Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 269, Standard Test Method for Developing Toxic Potency
+Data for Use in Fire Hazard Modeling, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 270,Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Ob-
+scuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Cham-
+ber, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 271, Standard Method of Test for Heat and Visible Smoke
+Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consump-
+tion Calorimeter, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 274, Standard Test Method to Evaluate Fire Performance
+Characteristics of Pipe Insulation, 2009 edition.
+1–596 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 285, Standard Fire Test Method for Evaluation of Fire
+Propagation Characteristics of Exterior Non-Load-Bearing Wall As-
+semblies Containing Combustible Components, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 286,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contri-
+bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth, 2006
+edition.
+NFPA 287, Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Flamma-
+bility of Materials in Cleanrooms Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus
+(FPA), 2007 edition.
+NFPA 290, Standard for Fire Testing of Passive Protection Mate-
+rials for Use on LP-Gas Containers, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 301, Code for Safety to Life from Fire on Merchant Vessels,
+2008 edition.
+NFPA 306, Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels ,
+2009 edition.
+NFPA 326,Standard for the Safeguarding of Tanks and Contain-
+ers for Entry, Cleaning, or Repair, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 408,Standard for Aircraft Hand Portable Fire Extinguish-
+ers, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 423, Standard for Construction and Protection of Aircraft
+Engine Test Facilities, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 496, Standard for Purged and Pressurized Enclosures for
+Electrical Equipment, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 502,Standard for Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Lim-
+ited Access Highways, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 520,Standard on Subterranean Spaces, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 600,Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 601,Standard for Security Services in Fire Loss Prevention,
+2005 edition.
+NFPA 720, Standard for the Installation of Carbon Monoxide
+(CO) Detection and Warning Equipment, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 731, Standard for the Installation of Electronic Premises
+Security Systems, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection
+Systems, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 804,Standard for Fire Protection for Advanced Light Water
+Reactor Electric Generating Plants, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 805, Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for
+Light Water Reactor Electric Generating Plants, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 820, Standard for Fire Protection in Wastewater Treatment
+and Collection Facilities, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 853, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell
+Power Systems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 900,Building Energy Code, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 901, Standard Classifications for Incident Reporting and
+Fire Protection Data, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 914, Code for Fire Protection of Historic Structures , 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 1143,Standard for Wildland Fire Management, 2009 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 1961,Standard on Fire Hose, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 1962, Standard for the Inspection, Care, and Use of Fire
+Hose, Couplings, and Nozzles and the Service Testing of Fire Hose ,
+2008 edition.
+NFPA 1964,Standard for Spray Nozzles, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 1965,Standard for Fire Hose Appliances, 2003 edition.
+NFPA 2010, Standard for Fixed Aerosol Fire-Extinguishing Sys-
+tems, 2006 edition.
+Uniform Mechanical Code, 2006 edition.
+Uniform Plumbing Code, 2006 edition.
+Annex S Informational References
+S.1 Referenced Publications. The documents or portions
+thereof listed in this annex are referenced within the informa-
+tional sections of this code and are not part of the require-
+ments of this document unless also listed in Chapter 2 for
+other reasons.
+S.1.1 NFPA Publications.National Fire Protection Association,
+1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
+NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers , 2007 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion
+Foam, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in
+One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes , 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 13E,Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations
+in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems, 2005 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in
+Residential Occupancies up to and Including Four Stories in Height,
+2007 edition.
+NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose
+Systems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 15,Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protec-
+tion, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler
+and Foam-Water Spray Systems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for
+Fire Protection, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection ,
+2008 edition.
+NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service
+Mains and Their Appurtenances, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 25,Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
+of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code , 2008 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 30A,Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair
+Garages, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 30B,Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Prod-
+ucts, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equip-
+ment, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or
+Combustible Materials, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using
+Chemicals, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 51, Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen–
+Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes , 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cut-
+ting, and Other Hot Work, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 52,Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 55, Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of Com-
+pressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary Con-
+tainers, Cylinders, and Tanks, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 58,Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 59A,Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling
+of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 2009 edition.
+1–597ANNEX S
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 68,Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Vent-
+ing, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm Code®, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 77,Recommended Practice on Static Electricity, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 80,Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives,
+2007 edition.
+NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings
+from Exterior Fire Exposures, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Han-
+dling Systems and Equipment, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 86,Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 90A,Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and
+Ventilating Systems, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of
+Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids , 2004
+edition.
+NFPA 92A,Standard for Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers
+and Pressure Differences, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 96,Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of
+Commercial Cooking Operations, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 99,Standard for Health Care Facilities, 2005 edition.
+NFPA101®, Life Safety Code®, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 101A,Guide on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 102, Standard for Grandstands, Folding and Telescopic
+Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 105,Standard for the Installation of Smoke Door Assemblies
+and Other Opening Protectives, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems ,
+2005 edition.
+NFPA 170,Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols, 2006
+edition.
+NFPA 204,Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction , 2009
+edition.
+NFPA 232,Standard for the Protection of Records, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration,
+and Demolition Operations, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 251,Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Build-
+ing Construction and Materials, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies ,
+2008 edition.
+NFPA 255,Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Charac-
+teristics of Building Materials, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 257, Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block
+Assemblies, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building
+Materials, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 260, Standard Methods of Tests and Classification System
+for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furni-
+ture, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 261,Standard Method of Test for Determining Resistance of
+Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Material Assemblies to Ignition by
+Smoldering Cigarettes, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 265, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room
+Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Coverings on Full Height Panels
+and Walls, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 271, Standard Method of Test for Heat and Visible Smoke
+Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consump-
+tion Calorimeter, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 286,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contri-
+bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth, 2006
+edition.
+NFPA 288, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Floor Fire Door As-
+semblies Installed Horizontally in Fire Resistance–Rated Floor Systems,
+2007 edition.
+NFPA 302,Fire Protection Standard for Pleasure and Commercial
+Motor Craft, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 303,Fire Protection Standard for Marinas and Boatyards,
+2006 edition.
+NFPA 326,Standard for the Safeguarding of Tanks and Contain-
+ers for Entry, Cleaning, or Repair, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 329,Recommended Practice for Handling Releases of Flam-
+mable and Combustible Liquids and Gases, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 385, Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Com-
+bustible Liquids, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 409,Standard on Aircraft Hangars, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 415, Standard on Airport Terminal Buildings, Fueling
+Ramp Drainage, and Loading Walkways, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 418,Standard for Heliports, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 430, Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers ,
+2004 edition.
+NFPA 432,Code for the Storage of Organic Peroxide Formulations,
+2002 edition.
+NFPA 495,Explosive Materials Code, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 496, Standard for Purged and Pressurized Enclosures for
+Electrical Equipment, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 497,Recommended Practice for the Classification of Flammable
+Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for
+Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks
+Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions, Mainte-
+nance, and Operations, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 600,Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 601,Standard for Security Services in Fire Loss Prevention,
+2005 edition.
+NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explo-
+sions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combus-
+tible Particulate Solids, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 655, Standard for Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explo-
+sions, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 701,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation
+of Textiles and Films, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 703, Standard for Fire Retardant–Treated Wood and Fire-
+Retardant Coatings for Building Materials, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 704,Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards
+of Materials for Emergency Response, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 914, Code for Fire Protection of Historic Structures , 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 1031,Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire In-
+spector and Plan Examiner, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 1033,Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire In-
+vestigator, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 1035, Standard for Professional Qualifications for Public
+Fire and Life Safety Educator, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 1037, Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire
+Marshal, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 1122,Code for Model Rocketry, 2008 edition.
+1–598 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 1124,Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Storage,
+and Retail Sales of Fireworks and Pyrotechnic Articles, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 1127,Code for High Power Rocketry, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 1141,Standard for Fire Protection Infrastructure for Land
+Development in Suburban and Rural Areas, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 1142,Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural
+Fire Fighting, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 1144, Standard for Reducing Structure Ignition Hazards
+from Wildland Fire, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 1221,Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use
+of Emergency Services Communications Systems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 1600, Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and
+Business Continuity Programs, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 1620, Recommended Practice for Pre-Incident Planning ,
+2003 edition.
+NFPA 5000®, Building Construction and Safety Code ®, 2009
+edition.
+NFPAFire Protection Guide.
+NFPAFire Protection Handbook, 19th edition, 2003.
+NFPA Fire Technology, August 1974, “Fire Tests of Building
+Interior Covering Systems”.
+SFPE Engineering Guide.
+SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd edition, 2002.
+S.1.2 Other Publications.
+S.1.2.1 AIChE Publications.American Institute of Chemical
+Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5991.
+Guidelines for Safe Warehousing of Chemicals, 1998.
+Testing the Suitability of FIBCs for Use in Flammable Atmospheres.
+S.1.2.2 ANSI Publications.American National Standards Insti-
+tute, Inc., 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
+ANSI A117.1, American National Standard for Accessible and
+Usable Buildings and Facilities, 1998.
+ANSI/CMA Z129.1.
+ANSI/FM 4950, Evaluating Welding Pads, Welding Blankets
+and Welding Curtains for Hot Work Operations.
+ANSI Z9.7, Recirculation of Air from Industrial Process Exhaust
+Systems, 2004.
+ANSI/ISA 12.02.01.
+ANSI/ISA 61241, (12.10.05), Electrical Apparatus for Use in
+Zone 20, Zone 21 and Zone 22 Hazardous (Classified) Locations.
+S.1.2.3 ANSI/UL Publication. Underwriters Laboratories
+Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096.
+ANSI/UL 263, Standard for Fire Tests of Building Construction
+and Materials, 2003.
+ANSI/UL 711, Standard for Rating and Fire Testing of Fire Ex-
+tinguishers, 2004.
+ANSI/UL 913, Standard for Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and
+Associated Apparatus for Use in Class I, II, and III Division 1, Haz-
+ardous (Classified) Locations, 2006.
+ANSI/UL 1040, Standard for Fire Test of Insulated Wall Con-
+struction.
+ANSI/UL 1715, Evaluating Welding Pads, Welding Blankets
+and Welding Curtains for Hot Work Operations Standard for Fire Test
+of Interior Finish Material.
+S.1.2.4 API Publications.American Petroleum Institute, 1220
+L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070.
+“An Engineering Analysis of the Effects of Oxygenated Fu-
+els on Marketing Vapor Recovery Equipment”.
+API 12R1, Setting, Maintenance, Inspection, Operation, and Re-
+pair of Tanks in Production Service.
+API 620, Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-
+Pressure Storage Tanks,2008.
+API 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage,2007.
+API 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruc-
+tion, 2008.
+API 1501, Filtration and Dehydration of Aviation Fuels.
+API RP 1615, Installation of Underground Petroleum Storage
+Systems
+API 2015, Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks,
+6th ed., 2001.
+API 2015A, Guide for Controlling the Lead Hazard Associated
+with Tank Entry and Cleaning, 1982.
+API 2015B, Cleaning Open-Top and Covered Floating-Roof
+Tanks, 1981.
+API 2218, Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical
+Processing Plants, 2nd ed., 1999.
+API 2350, Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petroleum Fa-
+cilities, 2nd ed., 2005.
+API RP 1621, Bulk Liquid Stock Control at Retail Outlets,1993.
+API RP 2003, Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static,
+Lightning, and Stray Currents, 2008.
+S.1.2.5 ASME Publications.American Society of Mechanical
+Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.
+Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
+ASME A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators.
+ANSI/ASME B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
+Systems.
+S.1.2.6 ASTM Publications.ASTM International, 100 Barr Har-
+bor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
+ASTM D 2859,Standard Test Method for Ignition Characteristics
+of Finished Textile Floor Covering Materials.
+ASTM D 4206, Standard Test Method for Sustained Burning of
+Liquid Mixtures using the Small-Scale Open Cup Apparatus, 2007.
+ASTM D 4207, Standard Test Method for Sustained Burning of
+Low Viscosity Liquid Mixtures by the Wick Test.
+ASTM D 6469, Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in
+Fuels and Fuel Systems.
+ASTM E 84, Standard Test Method of Surface Burning Charac-
+teristics of Building Materials.
+ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building
+Construction and Materials, 2008.
+ASTM E 502, Standard Test Method for Selection and Use of
+ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals by
+Closed Cup Methods, 2007,
+ASTM E 814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through
+Penetration Fire Stops.
+ASTM E 1226,Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise
+for Combustible Dusts, 2005.
+ASTM E 1352, Standard Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Re-
+sistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Assemblies
+ASTM E 1353, Standard Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Re-
+sistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture
+ASTM E 1354, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke
+Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consump-
+tion Calorimeter.
+ASTM E 1472, Standard Guide for Documenting Computer Soft-
+ware for Fire Models.
+1–599ANNEX S
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ASTM E 1537, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Uphol-
+stered Furniture.
+ASTM E 1590, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Mat-
+tresses, 2007.
+ASTM E 2019, Standard Test Method for Minimum Ignition
+Energy of a Dust Cloud in Air.
+ASTM E 2030, Guide for Recommended Uses of Photoluminesent
+(Phosphorescent) Safety Markings.
+ASTM E 2174, Standard Practice for On-Site Inspection of In-
+stalled Fire Stops.
+S.1.2.7 AWS Publications.American Welding Society, 550 NW
+LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
+ANSI/AWS F-4.1, Recommended Safe Practices for the Prepara-
+tion for Welding and Cutting of Containers and Piping, 1994.
+S.1.2.8 AWWA Publications.American Water Works Associa-
+tion Inc., 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235.
+AWWA M14,Recommended Practice for Backflow Prevention and
+Cross-Connection Control, 2004 edition.
+S.1.2.9 CGA Publications.Compressed Gas Association, 4221
+Walney Road, 5th floor, Chantilly, V A 20151-2923.
+CGA C-6 (C-6.3), Standards for Visual Inspection of Steel Com-
+pressed Gas Cylinders, 2007.
+CGA C-6.1,Standards for Visual Inspection of High Pressure Alu-
+minum Compressed Gas Cylinders, 2006.
+CGA C-6.2, Guidelines for Visual Inspection and Requalification
+of Fiber Reinforced High Pressure Cylinders, 2005.
+CGA C-10, Recommended Procedures for Changes of Gas Service
+for Compressed Gas Cylinders, 2005.
+S.1.2.10 CSFM Publications.California State Fire Marshal
+Publications, Office of the State Fire Marshal, 1131 S Street,
+Sacramento, CA 95811.
+“Rings of Fire: Fire Prevention & Suppression of Waste Tire
+Piles,” 2005.
+S.1.2.11 FAA Publication.Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.
+Department of Transportation, 800 Independence Avenue, SW,
+Washington, DC 20591.
+FAA A/C 150/5390-2B,Heliport Design, 1994.
+S.1.2.12 ICAO Publications. International Civil Aviation Or-
+ganization, Document Sales Unit, 999 University Street, Mon-
+tréal, Quebec, Canada, H3C 5H7. icaohq@icao.int
+Technical Publications.
+S.1.2.13 IMO Publications. International Maritime Organi-
+zation, 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, U.K.,
+publications-sales@imo.org.
+IM Dangerous Goods Code, 2007.
+S.1.2.14 ISO Publications.International Organization for Stan-
+dardization 1, ch. de la V oie-Creuse, case postale 56, CH-1211
+Geneva 20, Switzerland.
+ISO 8115, Cotton Bales — Dimensions and Density, 1986.
+S.1.2.15 PEI Publications. Petroleum Equipment Institute,
+P.O. Box 2380, Tulsa, OK 74101-2380.
+PEI RP100, Recommended Practices for Installation of Under-
+ground Liquid Storage Systems.
+PEI RP200, Recommended Practices for Installation of Above-
+ground Storage Systems for Motor Vehicle Fueling, 2003.
+S.1.2.16 Scott Specialty Gases Publications. Scott Specialty
+Gases, 6141 Easton Road, Box 310, Plumsteadville, PA 18949.
+Design and Safety Handbook, 2004.
+S.1.2.17 California Department of Consumer Affairs Publica-
+tions. Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation,
+3485 Orange Grove Avenue, North Highlands, CA 95660-5595.
+Technical Bulletin CA TB 129,Flammability Test Procedure for
+Mattresses for Use in Public Buildings, 1992.
+S.1.2.18 STI Publications.Steel Tank Institute, 570 Oakwood
+Road, Lake Zurich, IL 60047.
+STI P3, Specification and Manual for External Corrosion Protec-
+tion of Underground Steel Storage Tanks.
+STI RP 01-69, Recommended Practice for Control of External Cor-
+rosion of Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems.
+STI RP 892-91,Recommended Practice for Corrosion Protection of
+Underground Piping Networks Associated with Liquid Storage and
+Dispensing Systems.
+STI RP 1632, Cathodic Protection of Underground Petroleum
+Storage and Piping Systems.
+STI SP001,Standard for Inspection of Aboveground Storage Tanks
+STI R 931, Double Wall AST Installation and Testing Instruc-
+tions.
+STI RP R011, Recommended Practice for Anchoring of Steel Un-
+derground Storage Tanks.
+S.1.2.19 Transport Canada Publications.Transport Canada, 330
+Sparks Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0N5. webfeedback@tc.gc.ca
+Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations.
+S.1.2.20 UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,
+333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096.
+ANSI/UL 30, Standard for Metal Safety Cans.
+UL 142, Standard for Steel Aboveground Tanks for Flammable
+and Combustible Liquids.
+UL 199, Standard for Automatic Sprinklers for Fire-Protection Ser-
+vice, 2005.
+UL 263, Standard for Fire Tests of Building Construction and
+Materials.
+UL 296A,Standard for Waste Oil-Burning Air-Heating Appliances.
+UL 300, Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishing Systems for Protection
+of Commercial Cooking Equipment, 2005.
+UL 411, Outline of Investigation for Artificial Christmas Trees.
+UL 1313, Nonmetallic Safety Cans for Petroleum Products.
+UL 1479,Standard for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops.
+UL 1709, Standard for Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection Materi-
+als for Structural Steel, 2005.
+UL 1746, Standard for External Corrosion Protection Systems for
+Steel Underground Storage Tanks.
+UL 1975, Standard for Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for
+Decorative Purposes, 2006.
+UL 2085, Standard for Protected Aboveground Tanks for Flam-
+mable and Combustible Liquids, 1997.
+UL Subject 199B, Outline of Investigation for Control Cabinets
+for Automatic Sprinkler Systems Used for Protection of Commercial
+Cooking Equipment, 2006.
+UL Subject 199E, Outline of Investigation for Fire Testing of
+Sprinklers and Water Spray Nozzles for Protection of Deep Fat Fryers,
+2004.
+UL Subject 2436,Outline of Investigation for Spill Containment
+For Stationary Lead Acid Battery Systems.
+1–600 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+S.1.2.21 United Nations Publications.United Nations Publi-
+cations, United Nations Plaza, Room DC2–853, New York, NY
+10017.
+United Nations Recommendation on Transportation of Dangerous
+Goods, 2003.
+S.1.2.22 U.S. Government Publications. U.S. Government
+Printing Office, 732 North Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC
+20401.
+Title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1500, Commer-
+cial Practices, Chapter 11
+Title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1630, Standard
+for the Surface Flammability of Carpets and Rugs.
+Title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1632, Standard
+for the Flammability of Mattresses and Mattress Pads.
+Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910, OSHA
+Regulations for Emergency Procedures and Fire Brigades.
+Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.38.
+Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.165.
+Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.1000.
+Title 33, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 154.
+Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, U.S. Department of
+Transportation, Hazardous Materials Regulations.
+Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 100–179,
+Transportation.
+Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 100–199.
+Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 172.102.
+Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 173, Appendix A.
+S.1.2.23 Other Publications.
+Bachman, K. C., and W. G. Dudek, Static Electricity in Fu-
+eling Superjets , 1972. Exxon Research and Engineering Co.
+Brochure, Linden, NJ.
+Blue Book.
+Britton, Avoiding Static Ignition Hazards.
+BOCA/National Building Code.
+CRC Report NO. 583.
+CSA B44, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators.
+Fisher, H. G. and Forrest, H. S., “Protection of Storage Tanks
+from Two-Phase Flow Due to Fire Exposure”.
+Hirschler, 1992: “Heat release from plastic materials”.
+Fire Equipment Manufacturers’ Association, “Recommen-
+dations for Protection of Curtained Limited Finishing Work-
+stations”.
+FM 4880, Approval Standard for Class I Insulated Wall or Wall
+and Roof/Ceiling Panels; Plastic Interior Finish Materials; Plastic
+Exterior Building Panels; Wall/Ceiling Coating Systems; Interior or
+Exterior Finish Systems.
+FM Data Sheet 7–76, “Operations and Maintenance”.
+Houser, J. et al, “Vent Sizing for Fire Considerations: Exter-
+nal Fire Duration, Jacketed Vessels, and Heat Flux Variations
+Owing to Fuel Consumption”.
+NACE RP-0169, Recommended Practice, Control of External Cor-
+rosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems.
+NACE RP-0285, Recommended Practice, Corrosion Control of
+Underground Storage Tank Systems by Cathodic Protection.
+NASA, NSS 1740.16, Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hy-
+drogen Systems.
+International Building Code.
+Standard Building Code.
+Uniform Building Code.
+Oilheat Research Alliance, Oilheat Technicians’s Manual.
+P. J. Wakelyn and S. E. Hughs, “Evaluation of the Flamma-
+bility of Cotton Bales,” Fire and Materials V olume 26, pages
+183–189 (2002).
+SMACNA Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Stan-
+dards.
+SMACNA Round Industrial Duct Construction Standards.
+Specifications and Standards (Marine Standards).
+“Cotton Ginners Handbook,” Agricultural Handbook Num-
+ber 503, W. S. Anthony and W. D. Mayfield, editors, 1994.
+ULC-S603, Standard for Galvanic Corrosion Protection Systems
+for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids.
+S.2 Informational References. The following documents or
+portions thereof are listed here as informational resources only.
+They are not a part of the requirements of this document.
+S.2.1 NFP APublications.National Fire Protection Association,
+1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
+NFPA 13E,Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations
+in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems, 2005 edi-
+tion.
+NFPA 18,Standard on Wetting Agents, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 53, Recommended Practice on Materials, Equipment, and
+Systems Used in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 70A,National Electrical Code® Requirements for One- and
+Two-Family Dwellings, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 70B, Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment
+Maintenance, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 70E®, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace ®,
+2009 edition.
+NFPA 73,Electrical Inspection Code for Existing Dwellings, 2006
+edition.
+NFPA 75, Standard for the Protection of Information Technology
+Equipment, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 76,Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications
+Facilities, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 79, Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery , 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 85, Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code , 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 92B, Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls,
+Atria, and Large Spaces, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 99B,Standard for Hypobaric Facilities, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 99C,Standard on Gas and Vacuum Systems, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 101A,Guide on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 115,Standard for Laser Fire Protection, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 122, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Metal/
+Nonmetal Mining and Metal Mineral Processing Facilities , 2004
+edition.
+NFPA 130, Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger
+Rail Systems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 150,Standard on Fire and Life Safety in Animal Housing
+Facilities, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 214,Standard on Water-Cooling Towers, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 260, Standard Methods of Tests and Classification System
+for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furni-
+ture, 2009 edition.
+1–601ANNEX S
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 262,Standard Method of Test for Flame Travel and Smoke
+of Wires and Cables for Use in Air-Handling Spaces, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 268, Standard Test Method for Determining Ignitibility of
+Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 269, Standard Test Method for Developing Toxic Potency
+Data for Use in Fire Hazard Modeling, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 270,Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Ob-
+scuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Cham-
+ber, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 271, Standard Method of Test for Heat and Visible Smoke
+Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consump-
+tion Calorimeter, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 286,Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contri-
+bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth, 2006
+edition.
+NFPA 287, Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Flamma-
+bility of Materials in Cleanrooms Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus
+(FPA), 2007 edition.
+NFPA 288, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Floor Fire Door As-
+semblies Installed Horizontally in Fire Resistance–Rated Floor Systems,
+2007 edition.
+NFPA 291, Recommended Practice for Fire Flow Testing and
+Marking of Hydrants, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 301, Code for Safety to Life from Fire on Merchant Vessels,
+2008 edition.
+NFPA 306, Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels ,
+2009 edition.
+NFPA 326,Standard for the Safeguarding of Tanks and Contain-
+ers for Entry, Cleaning, or Repair, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 408,Standard for Aircraft Hand Portable Fire Extinguish-
+ers, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 412, Standard for Evaluating Aircraft Rescue and Fire-
+Fighting Foam Equipment, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 423, Standard for Construction and Protection of Aircraft
+Engine Test Facilities, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 424, Guide for Airport/Community Emergency Planning ,
+2008 edition.
+NFPA 484,Standard for Combustible Metals, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 499, Recommended Practice for the Classification of Com-
+bustible Dusts and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical
+Installations in Chemical Process Areas, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 502,Standard for Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Lim-
+ited Access Highways, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 520,Standard on Subterranean Spaces, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 550,Guide to the Fire Safety Concepts Tree, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 555,Guide on Methods for Evaluating Potential for Room
+Flashover, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 600,Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 720, Standard for the Installation of Carbon Monoxide
+(CO) Detection and Warning Equipment, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection
+Systems, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 804,Standard for Fire Protection for Advanced Light Water
+Reactor Electric Generating Plants, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 805, Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for
+Light Water Reactor Electric Generating Plants, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 820, Standard for Fire Protection in Wastewater Treatment
+and Collection Facilities, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 850, Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Electric
+Generating Plants and High Voltage Direct Current Converter Sta-
+tions, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 851, Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Hydro-
+electric Generating Plants, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 853, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell
+Power Systems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 901, Standard Classifications for Incident Reporting and
+Fire Protection Data, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations , 2008
+edition.
+NFPA 1201, Standard for Providing Emergency Services to the
+Public, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 1452,Guide for Training Fire Service Personnel to Conduct
+Dwelling Fire Safety Surveys, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 1620, Recommended Practice for Pre-Incident Planning ,
+2003 edition.
+NFPA 1961,Standard on Fire Hose, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 1962, Standard for the Inspection, Care, and Use of Fire
+Hose, Couplings, and Nozzles and the Service Testing of Fire Hose ,
+2008 edition.
+NFPA 1964,Standard for Spray Nozzles, 2008 edition.
+S.2.2 Other Publications.
+S.2.2.1 CGA Publications.Compressed Gas Association, 4221
+Walney Road, 5th Floor, Chantilly, V A 20151.
+CGA-C-7, Guide to the Preparation of Precautionary Labeling
+and Marking of Compressed Gas Containers, 2004.
+S.2.2.2 CSA Publications. Canadian Standards Association,
+5060 Spectrum Way, Mississauga, Ontario, L4W 5N6, Canada.
+CSA–B44, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, 2007.
+S.2.2.3 Other Publications.
+Farm Chemicals Handbook, Meister Publishing Co., Willoughby,
+OH, 1999.
+Introduction to Performance-Based Fire Safety , Society of Fire
+Protection Engineers, 7315 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 6206, Be-
+thesda, MD 20814, 2005.
+S.3 References for Extracts. The following documents are
+listed here to provide reference information, including title
+and edition, for extracts given throughout the nonmandatory
+sections of this code as indicated by a reference in brackets [ ]
+following a section or paragraph. These documents are not a
+part of the requirements of this document unless also listed in
+Chapter 2 for other reasons.
+NFPA 10,Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose
+Systems, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for
+Fire Protection, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 25,Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
+of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 30,Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 30A,Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair
+Garages, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 30B,Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Prod-
+ucts, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equip-
+ment, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or
+Combustible Materials, 2007 edition.
+1–602 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using
+Chemicals, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cut-
+ting, and Other Hot Work, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 52,Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 55, Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of Com-
+pressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary Con-
+tainers, Cylinders, and Tanks, 2005 edition.
+NFPA 58,Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explo-
+sions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm Code®, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 80,Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives,
+2007 edition.
+NFPA 88A,Standard for Parking Structures, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 96,Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of
+Commercial Cooking Operations, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 99,Standard for Health Care Facilities, 2005 edition.
+NFPA101®, Life Safety Code®, 2009 edition.
+NFPA 102, Standard for Grandstands, Folding and Telescopic
+Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 140, Standard on Motion Picture and Television Produc-
+tion Studio Soundstages, Approved Production Facilities, and Produc-
+tion Locations, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction , 2009
+edition.
+NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration,
+and Demolition Operations, 2004 edition.
+NFPA 303,Fire Protection Standard for Marinas and Boatyards,
+2006 edition.
+NFPA 307, Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of
+Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 312, Standard for Fire Protection of Vessels During Con-
+struction, Conversion, Repair, and Lay-Up, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 407,Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing, 2007 edition.
+NFPA 415, Standard on Airport Terminal Buildings, Fueling
+Ramp Drainage, and Loading Walkways, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 418,Standard for Heliports, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 430, Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers ,
+2004 edition.
+NFPA 432,Code for the Storage of Organic Peroxide Formulations,
+2002 edition.
+NFPA 472,Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous
+Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents, 2008 edition.
+NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explo-
+sions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combus-
+tible Particulate Solids, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 914, Code for Fire Protection of Historic Structures , 2007
+edition.
+NFPA 1124,Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Storage,
+and Retail Sales of Fireworks and Pyrotechnic Articles, 2006 edition.
+NFPA 5000®, Building Construction and Safety Code ®, 2009
+edition.
+1–603ANNEX S
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Index
+Copyright © 2008 National Fire Protection Association. All Rights Reserved.
+The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document that it indexes. The licensing provisions set forth for the
+document are not applicable to this index. This index may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the express written
+permission of NFPA.
+-A-
+Aboveground tanks............................................... see Tanks
+Absolute pressure (definition)............................. 3.3.1, A.3.3.1
+Access, fire-fighting/emergency..................... 1.1.1(7), 5.3.3(5),
+5.3.3(6), 18.1.1, 18.2, A.18.2.2 to A.18.2.4.1.3
+Aircraft fuel servicing ...................................... 42.10.2.1.6
+Aircraft hangars .................................................. 21.1.2
+Airport terminal buildings .................................... 21.2.2.2
+Automobile wrecking yards ....................................... 22.3
+Construction sites ......................... 16.3.4, 16.3.6.6, A.16.3.6.6
+Electrical service disconnect .................................. 1 1.1.9.2
+Fire protection equipment, access to .......................... 13.1.4
+Fireworks facilities .............................. 65.11.3.4, A.65.11.3.4
+Flammable and combustible liquids processing ........... 66.9.9.3,
+66.17.5, 66.17.6.10, 66.17.6.12, 66.21.6.6.4, 66.24.5.6,
+A.66.17.6.10, A.66.24.5.6
+Forest products, storage of ................................. 31.3.3.3.5,
+31.3.3.3.6, 31.3.4.2(3), 31.3.4.3.2, 31.3.5.2(3), 31.3.5.3.3,
+31.3.6.2.1(4), 31.3.8.3.2, 31.3.8.3.3, A.31.3.8.3.3.2
+Gated communities ............................................ 18.2.2.2
+Heliports, roof-top ......... 21.3.2.2, 21.3.3.3, 21.3.4.5, A.21.3.4.5.3
+Marinas, boatyards, piers, and wharves ....... 28.1.6.2.5, 28.1.8.3.2
+Marine motor fuel dispensing facility ........................ 42.9.7.3
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ........................... 32.4.9, 32.5.9, A.32.5.9
+Special outdoor events, carnivals, and fairs .................. 10.15.2
+Storage occupancies ........................ 34.3.2, 34.4.3.2, 34.5.4.1
+Tires, outside storage of ................................... 33.5, 33.6.3
+Wildland fire-prone areas ....................................... 17.3.7
+Access, limiting ................................................... 1.7.10.3
+Tires, outside storage of ........................................... 33.6
+Wildland fire-prone areas ....................................... 17.3.3
+Access boxes............................................ 16.3.4.3, 18.2.2.1
+Definition .......................................................... 3.3.2
+Additions ............... 1.3.6.3; see also Buildings, Under construction
+Definition .......................................................... 3.3.3
+Aerosol products ................................................ Chap. 61
+Classification of ........................................ 61.1.3, A.61.1.3
+Definition ................................................. 3.3.4, A.3.3.4
+Marking of ............................................. 61.1.4, 61.3.1.1
+Mercantile occupancies ........................................... 61.4
+Operations and maintenance ............. 61.5, A.61.5.3.3, A.61.5.7
+Permits .............................. T able 1.12.7(a), 61.1.2, 61.5.3.3
+Storage ...................... 61.3, 66.9.17.2, A.61.3.2 to A.61.3.3.2.9
+Agricultural products, storage of.................................... 45.7
+Air bag systems...................................................... 22.9.4
+Air conditioning ........ see Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
+(HV AC) systems
+Aircraft fuel servicing................................. 21.2.3.3, 42.10, A.
+42.10.2.1.2.6 to A.42.10.5.1.6
+Bonding ......................................... 42.10.5.4, A.42.10.5.4
+Defueling .................................................... 42.10.5.14
+Heliports, rooftop .............................................. 42.10.4
+Internal combustion engine equipment near ............. 42.10.5.6
+Occupancy of aircraft during fueling ..................... 42.10.5.11
+Open flames .................................................. 42.10.5.8
+Operation of aircraft engines and heaters ................. 42.10.5.5
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Spills, prevention and control of ............. 42.10.5.2, A.42.10.5.2
+Aircraft hangars............................ T able 1.12.7(a), 21.1, 21.1.1
+Air-inflated structures...................................... 25.5.3, 25.6.5
+Airport (aerodrome) ............................................ Chap. 21
+Definition .......................................................... 3.3.5
+Fuel systems ..................................... 42.10.3, A.42.10.3.3.1
+Radar equipment ............. 42.10.2.1.4, 42.10.2.1.5, A.42.10.2.1.5
+Airport ramps.......................................... 21.2.3.3, 21.2.3.5,
+21.2.5.2, 42.10.5.7, 42.10.5.8, A.21.2.5.2, A.42.10.5.7
+Definition .......................................................... 3.3.6
+Airport terminal buildings................ 21.2, A.21.2.3.2 to A.21.2.7.2
+Definition .......................................... 3.3.27.1, A.3.3.27.1
+Permits ....................................... T able 1.12.7(a), 21.2.2.1
+Air samplingtype detectors............................ 13.7.4.3.12.2 Ex.
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.80.1
+Air-supported structures................................... 25.5.3, 25.6.5
+Air-transfer openings.......................... 12.8.6, 12.9.5, A.12.8.6.2
+Aisles
+Aerosol products storage ........................................ 61.5.4
+Baled cotton storage .............................................. L.3.3
+Fireworks retail sales facilities ........ 65.11.3.14.3, A.65.11.3.14.3.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ............................... 66.17.6.12, 66.24.5.6
+Flammable solids, outdoor storage ............................ 67.2.4
+Hazardous materials ................................... 60.1.1.3.4(10)
+Oxidizers ..................................... 70.2.6.3.3.1, 70.2.6.3.3.2
+Soundstages ................................................... 32.4.10.3
+Storage occupancies ..................... 34.4.3, 34.7.3.3, 34.8.3.1.4,
+34.8.3.2.3, A.34.7.3.3
+Unstable (reactive) solids and liquids, outdoor
+storage of ........................................... 72.2.2.2
+Water-reactive solids and liquids outdoor storage .......... 73.2.2.2
+Width
+Baled cotton storage ......................................... L.3.3.2
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.7, A.3.3.7
+Fireworks retail sales facilities ....................... 65.11.3.14.3.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ............................................ 66.24.5.6
+Flammable solids, outdoor storage ......................... 67.2.4
+Hazardous materials ................................ 60.1.1.3.4(10)
+Oxidizers .................................. 70.2.6.3.3.1, 70.2.6.3.3.2
+Storage occupancies ............................. 34.4.3.1, 34.7.3.3,
+34.8.3.1.4, 34.8.3.2.3, A.34.7.3.3
+Unstable (reactive) solids and liquids, outdoor
+storage of ........................................... 72.2.2.2
+Water-reactive solids and liquids outdoor storage ....... 73.2.2.2
+Alarms
+Definition .......................................................... 3.3.8
+Door ................................. 14.5.2, A.14.5.2.7 to A.14.5.2.9.3
+Waterflow ........................................... 1 1.9.5(6), 34.5.5.1
+Alarm signals .................................................... see Signals
+Alarm systems ... 13.7, A.13.7.1.4.3 to A.13.7.4.7; see also Notification;
+Waterflow alarms
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ................. 61.2.7
+Airports .............................................. 21.2.7, A.21.2.7.2
+Assembly occupancies .............. 20.1.4.5, 25.1.7.2.3, A.25.1.7.2.3
+Baled cotton storage .............................................. L.4.5
+Central station ................. see Central station fire alarm systems
+Compressed gas ......................... 63.2.7, 63.3.9.6.2, 63.3.9.6.3
+Construction sites ..................................... 16.3.3, A.16.3.3
+Cooking equipment ....... 50.4.4.10, 50.4.8, 50.4.9, A.50.4.4.10(4)
+Cryogenic fluids .................................................. 63.2.7
+Definition (fire alarm system) .............................. 3.3.238.7
+Detection and .................. 13.7.1.4.8.6, 13.7.3.5, A.13.7.1.4.8.6
+Emergency command center ................................... 1 1.9.5
+1–604 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Fire pumps ... 13.4.3, 13.4.5, A.13.4.3, A.13.4.5.1.2, A.13.4.5.2.2(3)
+Fireworks facilities ............................................ 65.11.3.9
+Flammable and combustible liquids
+operations .................... 66.6.6, 66.24.15, A.66.6.6.1
+Forest products ................................................ 31.3.2.3,
+31.3.3.2.1(2), 31.3.4.2(2), 31.3.5.2(2), 31.3.8.2(2),
+A.31.3.2.3
+Hazardous material storage and use ....................... 60.1.23.1,
+60.1.23.4, 60.3.2.7.1, 60.3.2.8.3.11, 60.3.4, 60.4.5
+Health care occupancies .................................. 20.4.2.2.1.2
+to 20.4.2.2.3.3, 20.6.2.1.2, 20.6.2.2.1.2, 20.6.2.2.3,
+20.6.2.2.3.3, 20.6.2.3.1, A.20.6.2.1.2
+Heliports, roof-top ............................................. 21.3.4.7
+Inspection, testing, and maintenance ......................... 10.2.4,
+13.7.3.2.4, A.13.7.3.2.4
+Integrity, monitoring for ..................... 13.7.1.4.3, A.13.7.1.4.3
+Manual fire alarm boxes ................ see Manual fire alarm boxes
+Marinas and boatyards .................................. 28.1.6.2.3.5.2
+Motion picture and television soundstages ................ 32.4.11.2
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Refrigerant machinery rooms .................... 53.2.3.1, 53.2.3.4.4
+Spray application operations ............................... 43.1.7.2.1
+Storage occupancies ............................................. 34.5.5
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating ................... 25.1.7, A.25.1.7.2.3, A.25.1.7.3.5
+Vacant buildings ................................ 10.13.2.1, A.10.13.2.1
+Zoning .................. 13.7.1.4.14, A.13.7.1.4.14.4, A.13.7.1.4.14.7
+Alleyways ........................................................ 18.2.4.2.1
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.10
+Alterations ................................................ see Construction
+Alternate fuels ................................................ 42.8, 42.11,
+A.42.8.3.3, A.42.8.6.2, A.42.11.1.1 to A.42.11.3
+Alternative calculation procedure (definition).................... 3.4.1
+Alternatives to code............................................ 1.4, 1.11.1
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.11
+Ambulatory health care occupancies..................... 20.6, A.20.6.2
+Alarm systems ..................................... 13.7.2.25, 13.7.2.26
+Battery systems, location of ................................... 52.3.3.4
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ................... 3.3.170.1, 6.1.6.1, A.3.3.170.1, A.6.1.6.1
+Emergency plans ........... 10.9.1, 20.6.2.1, 20.6.2.2.2, A.20.6.2.1.2
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ............. 66.9.6.2.1,
+66.9.6.2.2, 66.9.6.2.4
+Hazardous materials storage and use ............ T able 60.1.26.2(b)
+Multiple occupancies ............................ T able 6.1.14.4.1(a),
+Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Ammonia refrigerant ...................... 53.2.2.1.3, 53.2.2.2, 53.2.2.3
+Ammonium nitrate ............................... T able 1.12.7(a), 65.10
+Amusement parks ........ T able 1.12.7(a); see also Special amusement
+buildings
+Analysis
+Sensitivity ................................................... 5.7.7, 5.7.8
+Definition ..................................................... 3.4.2.1
+Uncertainty ...................................................... 5.5.3.3
+Definition ..................................................... 3.4.2.2
+Animal housing facilities....................................... Chap. 35
+ANSI/ASME (definition) .......................................... 3.3.12
+Apartment buildings.................................................. 20.9
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ............................ 3.3.170.2, 6.1.8.1.5, A.3.3.170.2
+Detection, alarm, and communication
+systems ................. 13.7.2.11, 13.7.2.12, A.13.7.2.11.4
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Hazardous materials storage and
+use ..................... T able 60.1.26.2(h), Table 60.3.2.3
+Means of egress, occupant load ....................... T able 14.8.1.2
+Multiple occupancies ............................. T able 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Sprinkler systems ................ 13.3.2.15, 13.3.2.16, A.13.3.2.16.1,
+A.13.3.2.16.6
+Apiaries ............................................................ 17.3.4.5
+Appeals
+Board of ................................................ 1.10, A.1.10.9.3
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.24
+Means of ............................................. 1.10.9, A.1.10.9.3
+Application of code.................................. 1.3, 1.3.6.2, A.1.3.2
+Approvals ............................................ 1.12; see also Permits
+Fire protection systems ............................. 13.1.1, 13.7.3.2.1,
+50.2.4, 50.4.11, A.13.7.3.2.1.1, A.13.7.3.2.1.3, A.50.4.11.2
+Fire pumps ......................................... 13.4.1.5, A.13.4.1.5
+Refrigerant type, changing ................................... 53.3.1.4
+Wildland fire-prone areas, use of .................... 17.3.2, A.17.3.2
+Approved (definition)...................................... 3.2.1, A.3.2.1
+Arc welding equipment............................................... 41.6
+Areas; ......... see also Control areas; Cut-off storage areas; Floor area;
+Indoor areas; Inside liquid storage areas; Outdoor
+areas; Sales display area; Smoking areas; Spray areas;
+Sub-floor work areas
+Back stock areas
+Aerosol products .............................................. 61.4.3
+Definition ................................................... 3.3.13.1
+Consumer fireworks retail sales area (definition) ......... 3.3.13.2;
+see also Fireworks
+Fire area (definition) .......................................... 3.3.13.4
+Fire flow area (definition) .................................... 3.3.13.6
+Organic peroxide storage area (definition) ................. 3.3.13.8
+Areas of refuge................................... 20.7.2.1.3, A.20.7.2.1.3
+Arson .................................................. 10.1.5, A.16.3.2.5.1
+Artificial barricades......................................... see Barricades
+Artwork ......................................... 20.2.4.3.3, 20.3.4.2.3.4.3
+Asbestos removal .................................. T able 1.12.7(a), 16.8
+ASME (definition) .................................................. 3.3.14
+ASME containers or tanks..................................... 69.2.1.1.1,
+69.2.1.1.2.2, 69.2.1.1.3, 69.2.1.3.1, 69.2.1.3.2,
+69.3.12.3.1.1, 69.3.12.3.1.3, 69.3.12.3.2, 69.3.12.3.4.6,
+A.69.2.1.1.1
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.66.1
+Markings ....................................... 69.2.1.4.3.3, 69.2.1.4.5
+Separation distances .............................. 69.3.3.3, 69.3.3.4.2
+Asphyxiant, inert and simple........................... T able 1.12.7(b)
+Assemblies, fire-resistant.......... 12.3, A.12.3.2; see also Fire barriers;
+Fire door assemblies
+Assembly occupancies .................... 20.1, A.20.1.4 to A.20.1.5.8.3
+Battery systems, location of ................................... 52.3.3.4
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ................... 3.3.170.3, 6.1.2.1, A.3.3.170.3, A.6.1.2.1
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ............ 13.7.2.1,
+13.7.2.2, 25.1.7.2.3, A.25.1.7.2.3
+Emergency plans ................................................. 10.9.1
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids
+storage ............................... 66.9.6.2.1, 66.9.6.2.2
+Hazardous materials storage and use ............ T able 60.1.26.2(a)
+Means of egress, occupant load ....................... T able 14.8.1.2
+Multiple occupancies ..... T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Permits ....................................... 1.12, 20.1.1.1, 20.1.5.3.1
+Sprinkler systems ................. 13.3.2.5, 13.3.2.6, A.13.3.2.5.3(1)
+Assumptions, fire protection..................... 4.2, A.4.2.1 to A.4.2.3
+Atmospheric tanks............................................ 66.21.4.2.1,
+66.22.8.1, A.66.21.4.2.1.1, A.66.22.8.1
+Attached buildings (definition).................................. 3.3.27.3
+Attendants .......................................................... see Staff
+Attics
+Sprinklers for ........................................ T able 13.3.1.8(b)
+Storage in ....................................................... 10.19.6
+Audience
+Life safety .............................................. 32.6.4, A.32.6.4
+Pyrotechnics, use of ............ see Pyrotechnics before a proximate
+audience
+Authority having jurisdiction.... 1.7, 4.5.1, A.1.7.2, A.1.7.15.3; see also
+Approvals
+Certificate of fitness requirement ................................ 1.13
+Definition ................................................. 3.2.2, A.3.2.2
+Liability ............................................................... 1.9
+1–605INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Performance-based design, role in ........................... 5.1.3 to
+5.1.8, 5.3.3(5), 5.4.1.1, 5.4.1.2, 5.4.1.3.1, 5.4.2.8,
+5.4.4.4.2, 5.5.1.2, 5.7.2.1, A.5.1.3 to A.5.1.8, A.5.4.1.2,
+A.5.4.2.8, A.5.4.4.4.2
+Plan review ......................................................... 1.14
+Technical assistance ............................... 1.15, 5.1.5, A.5.1.5
+Automatic-closing doors......................................... 12.8.3.5,
+12.9.4.4, 14.5.4, A.12.9.4.4, A.14.5.4.1
+Automatic fire extinguishing system......... see Extinguishing systems
+Automatic sprinkler systems....................... see Sprinkler systems
+Automobile wrecking yards.................. T able 1.12.7(a), Chap. 22
+Automotive fuel servicing.......... see Motor fuel dispensing facilities
+Available height for storage (definition)............... 3.3.16, A.3.3.16
+-B-
+Backflow prevention devices...................... 13.5.3.1, 63.3.3.1.4.2
+Back stock areas
+Aerosol products ................................................. 61.4.3
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.13.1
+Balconies ........................................................... 14.11.4
+Cooking grills or hibachis on .................... 10.11.6, A.10.11.6.1
+LP-Gas systems on .............. 69.3.10, A.69.3.10.2.7, A.69.3.10.8.3
+Means of egress ...................................... 14.8.1.6, 14.9.1.1
+Baled cotton...................................................... Annex L
+Block ............................................................... L.3.2
+Definition ................................................... 3.3.17.1
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.17, A.3.3.17
+Densely packed .......................................... L.1.1, L.1.3.1
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.17.2, A.3.3.17.2
+Fire-packed .......................................... L.1.3.2(2), L.7.10
+Definition ................................................... 3.3.17.3
+Freshly ginned bales .............................................. L.3.4
+Naked cotton bales (definition) .............................. 3.3.17.4
+Yard storage .................................................. L.5, L.7.7
+Baled storage, combustible fibers................................... 45.6
+Barrels (bbl) (definition).................... 3.3.18; see also Containers
+Barricades .................................................. T able 60.3.2.6
+Artificial (definition) .......................................... 3.3.19.1
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.19
+Fire department access roads .................... 18.2.4.1.4, 18.2.4.2
+Natural (definition) ........................................... 3.3.19.2
+Tampering with .................................................. 10.8.3
+Barriers
+Emergency scene ........................................... 1.8.4, 1.8.5
+Fire ...................................................... see Fire barriers
+Smoke ............................................... see Smoke barriers
+Basement parking structures...................................... 29.1.1
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.170.21.1
+Basements
+Aerosol products, storage of .... 61.3.3.2, A.61.3.3.2.2. A.61.3.3.2.9
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.20
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ... 66.9.3.6 to 66.9.3.8, Table 66.9.7.2, 66.17.6.9
+Oxidizer storage ............................................. 70.2.6.3.6
+Sprinkler systems .............................................. 13.3.2.2
+Unstable reactive compressed gases ........................ 63.3.10.4
+Batteries
+Baled cotton storage areas ................................... L.6.2.1.3
+Boat storage and ........................................ 28.1.8.3.3(2),
+28.1.8.3.6, 28.1.8.4, 28.1.9.4.3, 28.1.9.4.4, A.28.1.8.4
+Exposition facilities, vehicles at ..... 20.1.5.5.4.12.2, 20.1.5.5.4.12.3
+Fire alarm system, testing of ......................... T able 13.7.3.2.4
+Fire pumps ..................................................... 13.4.4.3
+Lithium-ion (definition) ...................................... 3.3.22.1
+Lithium metal polymer (definition) ......................... 3.3.22.2
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities, use at .......... 42.10.2.2.1
+Nickel cadmium (NiCad) (definition) ...................... 3.3.22.3
+Nonrecombitant .................................. T able 52.1, 52.3.1.1
+Recombinant ..................................... T able 52.1, 52.3.1.2
+Salvage vehicles, removal from ................................. 22.9.5
+Valve-regulated (VRLA) ................. T able 52.1, 52.3.2, 52.3.4.3
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.22.4, A.3.3.22.4
+Vented (flooded) ................................... T able 52.1, 52.3.1
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.22.5, A.3.3.22.5
+Battery systems
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.21
+Permits ........................................... T able 1.12.7(a), 52.2
+Stationary systems ............................................ Chap. 52
+Bedding
+Board and care occupancies ..................... 20.5.2.5, A.20.5.2.5
+Detention and correctional occupancies ....... 20.7.2.4, A.20.7.2.4
+Health care occupancies ................................. 20.4.2.5, 20.
+6.2.5, A.20.4.2.5.1, A.20.4.2.5.6(2), A.20.6.2.5.1
+Blasting ............................................................ 17.3.4.3
+Bleachers .................................................. see Grandstands
+Block .................................................................. L.3.2
+Board and care occupancies, residential.... see Residential board and
+care occupancies
+Board of appeals......................................... 1.10, A.1.10.9.3
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.24
+Boatyards ................................ 28.1, A.28.1.6.2.1.3 to A.28.1.9
+Boiling point (definition)............................... 3.3.25, A.3.3.25
+Boil-over ....................................................... 66.22.4.1.4
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.26, A.3.3.26
+Bonding, electrical
+Aircraft fuel servicing ..................................... 42.10.2.1.2,
+42.10.5.4, A.42.10.2.1.2.6, A.42.10.5.4
+Cryogenic fluid containers and systems ..................... 63.4.7.3
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ........................ 40.4.3.1.3
+Marine motor fuel dispensing facilities ..................... 42.9.6.4,
+42.9.10.7(4), A.42.9.6.4
+Spray application operations .................... 43.1.4.6, 43.1.8.5.3,
+43.1.8.7.4, A.43.1.4.6, A.43.1.8.5.3, A.43.1.8.7.4
+Tank cars and tank vehicles, loading and unloading of..... 66.28.3.1
+Wharves, pipelines on ...................................... 66.29.3.12
+Bridges ................................................. 14.11.4, 18.2.3.4.5
+Building codes ...................................................... 10.1.3
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.46.1
+Buildings ............. see also Apartment buildings; Existing buildings;
+Historic buildings; Special amusement buildings
+Attached (definition) ......................................... 3.3.27.3
+Under construction .................................. 4.5.6, 5.3.3(10),
+10.3.3, 11.1.8, Chap. 16, 69.3.10.3, 69.3.10.4, A.10.3.3
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.27, A.3.3.27
+Detached ......................................... see Detached storage
+Emergency services buildings, sprinkler systems for ....... 13.3.2.3
+Fire flow requirements for ............................. 18.4, A.18.4.1
+Important (definition) ........................... 3.3.27.7, A.3.3.27.7
+Loose house ...................................................... 45.5.6
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.155
+Mini-storage ................................... see Storage occupancies
+On piers ...................................................... 28.1.6.2.1
+Private (definition) ............................................ 3.3.27.9
+Safety during building use ........................ 4.1.3.2, A.4.1.3.2.1
+Performance-based design option ................. 5.4.5, A.5.4.5.1
+Satellite (definition) ......................................... 3.3.27.10
+Storage tank ......................... 66.24, A.66.24.1 to A.66.24.14.8
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.27.12
+Vacant ..................................... 5.3.3(8), 10.13, A.10.13.2.1
+Wildland fireprone areas ...................................... 17.3.5.2
+Building services................................................. Chap. 11
+Baled cotton storage .............................................. L.6.3
+Design/installation ............................................... 4.4.6
+Equipment rooms, storage in ................................. 10.19.5
+Storage occupancies ............................................. 34.6.2
+Bulk loading/unloading facilities for tank cars/vehicles....... 66.28,
+A.66.28.3.1.2 to A.66.28.11.3
+Bulk merchandising retail buildings
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.170.4
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ......... 13.7.2.17.3,
+13.7.2.18.3
+Sprinkler systems ............................. 13.3.2.21.3, 13.3.2.22.2
+1–606 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Bulk oxygen systems.................................................. 63.5
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.238.1
+Bulk plants or terminals
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.29
+Fireworks facilities and ..................................... 65.11.3.12
+Motor fuel dispensing facility at ................ 42.3.2.2, 42.9.1.2(1)
+Bulk storage ................................................... 34.1.1.2(3)
+Elevators ........................................... 20.15.5, A.20.15.5.1
+Fireworks facilities and ..................................... 65.11.3.12
+Oxidizers ............................... T able 70.2.6.3.7.2, 70.2.7.3.6,
+Table 70.2.7.3.7.2, 70.2.8.3.4
+Tires ......................................................... 13.3.2.25.5
+Burners, kerosene .................................................. 1 1.5.2
+Burning, open............................................... see Open fires
+Burn-it (definition) ................................................. 3.3.30
+Bury-it (definition).................................................. 3.3.31
+Business occupancies ............................................... 20.13
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ................ 3.3.170.5, 6.1.11.1, A.3.3.170.5, A.6.1.11.1
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ........... 13.7.2.19,
+13.7.2.20
+Extinguishers, portable fire .................. T able 13.6.2, 20.13.2.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage.... 66.9.6.2.1, 66.9.6.2.2
+Hazardous materials storage and use ............ T able 60.1.26.2(c)
+Means of egress, occupant load ....................... T able 14.8.1.2
+Multiple occupancies ................ 6.1.14.1.3, Table 6.1.14.4.1(b),
+A.6.1.14.1.3
+Bus repair garages..................................... see Repair garages
+-C-
+Calculation procedure, alternative (definition)................... 3.4.1
+Campgrounds ......................................................... 27.3
+Candles .................................................... see Open flames
+Canopies ........................................... see also Outdoor areas
+Airports ......................................................... 21.2.6.6
+CNG or LNG motor fuel dispensing facilities ................. 42.8.4
+Fireworks sales .................................... 65.11.1.2, 65.11.3.2,
+65.11.3.5, 65.11.3.14.2, 65.11.4.7.2, A.65.11.3.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ............... 66.15.3.8
+Outside storage areas ........................................ 68.3.4(2)
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Sprinkler systems .................................. 13.3.2.4, A.13.3.2.4
+Carbon dioxide extinguishing systems...................... T able 13.8,
+43.1.7.5, 43.1.7.8.2(1), 66.6.7.6, 66.24.6.2.4, A.43.1.7.5
+Carbon dioxide portable fire extinguishers............... 13.6.9.4.3.9,
+A.13.6.9.4.3.9
+Cargo tank fueling facilities....................................... 42.9.9
+Cargo vehicles, LP-Gas............................................... 69.6
+Carnivals ........ T able 1.12.7(a), 10.15, A.10.15.3.1 to A.10.15.11.3.1
+Cartoned storage............................................... see Storage
+Cartridge-actuated tools................................. 40.4.4, A.40.4.4
+Ceiling limit (definition)......................... 3.3.151.1, A.3.3.151.1
+Ceilings
+Detector installation ......................... 13.7.4.3.1, 13.7.4.3.3.1,
+13.7.4.3.3.3, 13.7.4.3.3.4.2 to 13.7.4.3.3.4.5, 13.7.4.3.7,
+13.7.4.3.11, A.13.7.4.3.1, A.13.7.4.3.3.1, A.13.7.4.3.3.3.1,
+A.13.7.4.3.3.3.5, A.13.7.4.3.3.4.2(3) to A.13.7.4.3.3.4.3
+Finish ................................................. see Interior finish
+Ceiling tiles and ceiling assemblies
+Hot work operations ............................... 41.3.4.2(6) to (9)
+Sprinkler systems .............................................. 13.3.3.3
+Cellulose nitrate film....... T able 1.12.7(a), Table 1.12.7(d), 20.15.7
+Cellulose nitrate plastic................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Central station fire alarm systems.................. 13.7.3.4, A.13.7.3.4
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.238.2
+Certificate of fitness.................................................. 1.13
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.32
+Certification, annual, for performance-based design
+features ..................................... 5.1.11, A.5.1.11
+CFR (definition) .................................................... 3.3.33
+CGA (definition).................................................... 3.3.34
+Chemical heat of combustion (definition)....................... 3.3.35
+Chemical name (definition)....................................... 3.3.36
+Chemical plant (definition)........................................ 3.3.37
+Chemicals
+Hazardous (definition) ........................ 66.3.3.18, A.66.3.3.18
+Peroxide forming (definition) ................................ 3.3.186
+Chips
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.38, A.3.3.38
+Outside storage of ............................ 31.3.1.1(4), 31.3.2.1.1,
+31.3.2.1.6.2, 31.3.6, 31.3.7, A.31.3.2.1.1, A.31.3.6.1 to
+A.31.3.6.4.3, A.31.3.7
+Christmas trees ............................ 10.14, A.10.14.3, A.10.14.9.4
+Chutes, rubbish or laundry... 11.6, Table 12.7.4.2, 16.2.2.4, A.16.2.2.4
+Circuits, initiating device (definition)........................... 3.3.148
+Class A fires
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.102.1
+Extinguishers for ........................... 13.6.7.2.1.1, 13.6.7.2.2.1,
+13.6.7.3.2.1 to 13.6.7.3.2.5, 13.6.8.2, A.13.6.7.2.2.1,
+A.13.6.7.3.2.2
+Class B fires
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.102.2
+Extinguishers for ........................... 13.6.7.2.1.1, 13.6.7.2.2.2,
+13.6.7.3.2.2, 13.6.7.3.2.4, 13.6.7.3.2.5, 13.6.7.4.1,
+13.6.8.3, A.13.6.7.2.2.2, A.13.6.7.3.2.2, A.13.6.7.4.1.1.1,
+A.13.6.7.4.1.1.2, A.13.6.8.3.2.2
+Class C fires
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.102.3
+Extinguishers for ........................... 13.6.7.2.1.2, 13.6.7.2.2.3,
+13.6.7.3.2.2, 13.6.7.3.2.4, 13.6.7.3.2.5, 13.6.7.4.6,
+13.6.8.4, A.13.6.7.2.2.3, A.13.6.7.3.2.2, A.13.6.7.4.6,
+A.13.6.8.4
+Class D fires
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.102.4
+Extinguishers for ........................... 13.6.7.2.1.2, 13.6.7.2.2.4,
+13.6.7.3.2.2, 13.6.8.5, A.13.6.7.2.2.4, A.13.6.7.3.2.2
+Class K fires
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.102.5
+Extinguishers for ........................... 13.6.7.2.1.2, 13.6.7.2.2.5,
+13.6.7.3.2.2, 13.6.8.6, A.13.6.7.3.2.2
+Clean agent extinguishing systems.......................... T able 13.8,
+43.1.7.5, 66.6.7.6, A.43.1.7.5
+Clean agent portable fire extinguishers... 70.2.4.8.4.3, A.70.2.4.8.4.3
+Cleaning, cooking equipment......................... 50.5.6, A.50.5.6.2
+Cleaning solvents .................................. 43.1.8.7, A.43.1.8.7.4
+Cleanrooms ... Chap. 23; see also Semiconductor fabrication facilities
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.41
+Permits ........................................... T able 1.12.7(a), 23.3
+Clean zones............................................................ 23.1
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.40
+Clearance
+Baled cotton storage .............................................. L.3.6
+Brush
+Outdoor storage, toxic and highly toxic materials ........ 68.3.3
+Wildland urban interface ................... 17.3.5.1, A.17.3.5.1.5
+Ceiling sprinklers, from storage .............. 10.19.3.2 to 10.19.3.3,
+34.4.2.1, 34.4.2.2, A.10.19.3.2, A.34.4.2.2
+Cooking equipment ................................... 50.2.2, A.50.2.2
+Ducts, from storage ............................................ 34.4.2.3
+Heaters, from storage ......................................... 34.4.2.4
+Idle pallet storage .................................. 34.10.3, A.34.10.3
+Tire storage ..................................................... 34.8.3.2
+Clear space............................................ 13.1.4, L.2.3, L.5.5
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.42
+Closed containers .................................... 42.3.2.1, 43.1.6.5.1
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.66.2
+Closed system use (definition)................... 3.3.249.1, A.3.3.249.1
+Closed-top diking (definition).......................... 3.3.44, 66.3.3.8
+Clothes dryers ................................................... 1 1.5.1.11
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.45
+Clothing storage
+Assembly occupancies ........................................ 20.1.5.11
+Day-care occupancies ................................... 20.3.4.2.3.4.2
+1–607INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Detention and correctional occupancies .................... 20.7.2.2
+Educational occupancies ................................... 20.2.4.4.2
+Spray application operations ................................. 43.1.8.6
+Coating processes ............ T able 1.12.7(a), 43.9, A.43.9.1, A.43.9.2
+Code
+Application ........................................ 1.3, 1.3.6.2, A.1.3.2
+Building code .................................................... 10.1.3
+Definition ................................................... 3.3.46.1
+Compliance ...................................................... 10.1.3
+Conflicts ............................................................ 1.3.3
+Definition ................................................. 3.2.3, A.3.2.3
+Electrical code (definition) ................................... 3.3.46.2
+Enforcement ......................................................... 1.6
+Assistance ....................................................... 1.7.4
+Interference with ............................................... 1.7.8
+Liability ............................................................ 1.9
+Equivalencies, alternatives, and modifications .......... 1.4, 1.11.1,
+4.5.1.2, 4.5.2, 4.5.3, 5.3.5
+Interpretations .................................................... 1.7.3
+Life Safety Code® ........................................ 10.1.2, A.10.1.2
+Mechanical code (definition) ................................ 3.3.46.3
+Plumbing code (definition) .................................. 3.3.46.4
+Purpose ....................................................... 1.2, A.1.2
+Sample ordinance adopting ................................. Annex C
+Scope ................................................................. 1.1
+Severability ......................................................... 1.3.7
+Violations ................................................... 1.16, 10.1.5
+Cold deck....................................... 31.3.8.3.3, A.31.3.8.3.3.2
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.47
+Column (paper) (definition)...................................... 3.3.48
+Combustible (definition) .......................................... 3.3.49
+Combustible dusts................. Chap. 40, 60.3.2.5.1, Table 60.3.2.6
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.50, A.3.3.50
+Hot work operations ......................................... 41.3.3(5)
+Permits ........................................... T able 1.12.7(a), 40.2
+Combustible fibers............................... see Fibers, combustible
+Combustible liquids... 60.1.2, Table 60.1.26.1, 60.3.2.5.1.1, Chap. 66
+In buildings under construction ................ 16.2.3, A.16.2.3.1.2,
+A.16.2.3.2.4
+Classification of ..................................... 66.4.3.2, A.66.4.3
+Containers ............................................... see Containers
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.153.1, 66.4.2.1
+Electrical equipment and systems ..... see Electrical equipment and
+systems
+Fire prevention and risk control ........ 66.6, A.66.6.1 to A.66.6.6.1
+Handling, dispensing, transfer, and use of .................... 66.18,
+A.66.18.3.8 to A.66.18.4.4.1(2)(d)
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ...................... 32.4.2(4), 32.5.2(5), 32.6.2
+Operations ............ 66.17.15, 66.21.7, A.66.21.7.1 to A.66.21.7.5
+Permits ................................................ T able 1.12.7(a),
+Table 1.12.7(d), 32.4.2(4), 32.5.2(5), 66.1.5
+Piping systems ..................... 66.27, A.66.27.4.3.2 to A.66.27.10
+Processing facilities ................. 66.17, A.66.17.1.1 to A.66.17.14
+Recirculating heat transfer systems .......................... 66.19.4,
+A.66.19.4.2 to A.66.19.4.7.1
+Secondary containment ............ 60.3.2.8.3, Table 60.4.10.1.5.2.1
+Solvent distillation units ....................................... 66.19.6
+Specific occupancies, storage and use in ....... T ables 60.1.26.2(a)
+to (h), 60.1.26.3.3
+Spray applications .............. see Spray applications, of flammable
+and combustible materials
+Storage of ................................... 34.4.4, 43.1.6, 43.1.8.7.6,
+66.9, 66.21 to 66.25, A.43.1.6.1 to A.43.1.6.6.2,
+A.66.9.3.10.3 to A.66.9.16.2, A.66.21.4.2.1.1 to
+A.66.25.3.1; see also Liquid storage cabinets
+Tank cars/vehicles, loading and unloading of ................ 66.28,
+A.66.28.3.1.2 to A.66.28.11.3
+Tank storage ............................................ 66.21 to 66.25,
+66.27.8.2, A.66.21.4.2.1.1 to A.66.25.3.1
+Vapor recovery and vapor processing systems ............... 66.19.5,
+A.66.19.5.5.1 to A.66.19.5.7.6
+Wharves ............................ 66.29, A.66.29.3.25, A.66.29.3.28
+Combustible material storage................................. see Storage
+Combustible particulate solid (definition)..... 3.3.220.1, A.3.3.220.1
+Combustible refuse.............................. see Refuse, combustible
+Combustible vegetation .................... see Vegetation, combustible
+Combustible waste................................ see Waste, combustible
+Combustion (definition) ........................................... 3.3.56
+Command center, emergency........................................ 1 1.9
+Commodities
+Classes ............................................................ 34.2.5
+Classification of .......................................... 34.2, A.34.2.7
+Paper, rolled ........................................ 34.2.7, A.34.2.7
+Plastics, elastomers, and rubber ............................. 34.2.6
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.57
+Mixed ............................................................. 34.2.3
+Common path of travel....................................... 14.10.1.1.4
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.58, A.3.3.58
+Communications systems............... 13.7, A.13.7.1.4.3 to A.13.7.4.7
+Airports .............................................. 21.2.7, A.21.2.7.2
+Emergency command center ........................... 1 1.9.4, 11.9.5
+Special outdoor events, carnivals, and fairs .................. 10.15.9
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating ................... 25.1.7, A.25.1.7.2.3, A.25.1.7.3.5
+Compartmented tanks (definition)............................ 66.21.2.1
+Compartments
+Fire (definition) ................................... 3.3.59.1, A.3.3.59.1
+Smoke (definition) ............................... 3.3.59.2, A.3.3.59.2
+Compatible materials (definition)............................. 3.3.161.2
+Compliance options.................................................... 4.3
+Compost, storage at yard waste recycling facilities.... 31.3.7, A.31.3.7
+Compressed air.................................................. 63.2.16.2
+Compressed gas............................... 60.1.13.2.3, 60.1.19.2(4),
+63.1 to 63.3, A.63.1.1.1 to A.63.3.9; see also Hazardous
+materials
+Building-related controls ................. 63.2, A.63.2.8 to A.63.2.10
+Compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicular fuel ........... 30.2.10.6,
+42.8, 42.11.1, A.30.2.10.6, A.42.8.3.3, A.42.8.6.2,
+A.42.11.1.1
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.126.1, A.3.3.126.1
+Inflation, use for ............................................ 63.3.3.1.11
+Liquefied (definition) ..................................... 3.3.126.1.3
+Mixtures .............................................. 63.1.3.3, 63.1.3.4
+Definition ................................................ 3.3.126.1.1
+Nonliquefied (definition) ................................. 3.3.126.1.4
+Permits ..................... T able 1.12.7(a), Table 1.12.7(b), 63.1.2
+In solution (definition) .................................... 3.3.126.1.2
+Compressed gas containers.............. 63.3, A.63.3.1.1 to A.63.9.3.6
+Boat storage and ......................................... 28.1.8.1.5(2)
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.66.3
+Leaking ............................. 63.3.1.10, 63.3.9.4, A.63.3.1.10.3
+Weather protection ............................................ 63.2.5.2
+Compressed gas systems
+Compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicular fuel ........... 30.2.10.6,
+42.11.1, A.30.2.10.6, A.42.11.1.1
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.238.3
+Concealed spaces, storage in..................................... 10.19.6
+Conditions, existing (definition).................................. 3.3.93
+Connectors, flexible ............................. see Flexible connectors
+Construction
+Aerosol products, buildings for ................................ 61.2.2
+Airport terminal buildings .................................... 21.2.3.1
+Baled cotton storage ................................................ L.2
+Buildings under ........................................... see Buildings
+Damage-limiting ............................................ 66.17.6.13
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.78
+Documents (definition) ......................................... 3.3.61
+Fire safety features ............................................... 12.2.2
+Fireworks retail sales facilities ............................... 65.11.3.5
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ................. 66.9.9,
+66.14.4, 66.17.6, 66.21.4.1, 66.24.5, 66.25.5.1, 66.27.4,
+A.66.17.6.8 to A.66.17.6.11, A.66.27.4.3.2
+Gas rooms ...................................................... 63.2.4.3
+1–608 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Hazardous materials control areas ........................... 60.2.3.1
+Heliports, roof-top ................... 21.3, A.21.3.3.1 to A.21.3.4.6.4
+Historic buildings ............................... 20.17.3, A.20.17.3(2)
+Marine vessels ........................................... 28.3, A.28.3.1
+Motor fuel dispensing facility ....... 42.6, A.42.6.1.4.1 to A.42.6.3.6
+Occupancy during .............................................. 4.5.6.1
+Organic peroxide storage areas .................... 70.3.4.3, 70.3.5.3
+Oxidizer storage areas ............... 70.2.7.4, 70.2.8.4, A.70.2.8.4.2
+Repair garages ................................................... 30.2.3
+Roofing kettles ................................................... 16.7.4
+Safeguards during ................................ 5.3.3(10), Chap. 16
+Spray areas, spray rooms, and spray booths .................. 43.1.3,
+A.43.1.3.1, A.43.1.3.3
+Storage occupancies ...................................... 34.3, 34.7.2,
+34.9.2, A.34.3.1, A.34.3.3, A.34.9.2
+Types of construction ................................... 12.2.1, A.12.2
+Airport terminal buildings ................................. 21.2.3.1
+Storage occupancies ............................... 34.3.1, A.34.3.1
+Consumer fireworks............................ see Fireworks, consumer
+Contained, Use Condition V (definition)................. 3.3.170.8.1.5
+Containers ................... see also ASME containers or tanks; Closed
+containers; Intermediate bulk containers; Tanks
+Aerosol products, disposal of ................................... 61.5.5
+Combustible liquids .......................... see Combustible liquids
+Compressed gas ....................... see Compressed gas containers
+Cryogenic fluids .................. 63.4, A.63.4.2 to A.63.4.12.3.6.2.1
+Definition ................................................... 3.3.66.5
+Definition .................................... 3.3.66, 66.3.3.9, A.3.3.66
+Flammable and combustible liquids ...................... 43.1.6.3.1,
+43.1.6.5, 66.9, 66.14.6.1 to 66.14.6.4, 66.18.3.1,
+66.18.3.4, 66.18.3.8, 66.18.3.9, 66.18.4.2, 66.18.4.4.1(2),
+66.18.4.6, A.43.1.6.5.2, A.66.9.3.10.3 to A.66.9.16.2,
+A.66.18.3.8, A.66.18.4.4.1(2)(d)
+Definition ................................................... 3.3.66.4
+Hazardous materials .............................. 60.1.6.1.1, 60.1.20,
+60.1.23.2, 60.3.2.5.1.1, 60.3.2.5.1.2, A.60.1.6.1.1
+Identification .............................. 60.1.13.2.1, 60.1.13.2.2
+Location ........................................................ 69.5.2.1
+LP-Gas ............................................ see LP-Gas containers
+Portable
+Cryogenic fluids .................. 63.4.2.4.6.2, 63.4.4.1.1, 63.4.6.3
+Fuel .............. 42.5.3.5, 42.7.2.3, 42.9.8, A.42.9.3.2, A.47.2.3.1
+LP-Gas ....................... 69.2.1.2, 69.5, A.69.5.4.1 to A.69.5.5
+Relieving-style ................................................. 66.16.5.2
+Definition .................................... 66.16.2.2, A.66.16.2.2
+Waste and refuse .................................... 19.2.1, 20.4.2.5.7,
+34.6.4.1, 43.1.8.5, A.19.2.1.2.1, A.43.1.8.5
+Containment ............................................... see also Spillage
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ............................. 66.17.10, A.66.17.10.1
+Primary (definition) ........................................... 3.3.191
+Vessels ......................................................... 63.3.9.4.2
+Contents .................................................... see Furnishings
+Continuous gas detection system (definition)................ 3.3.238.4
+Control areas........................................ 60.1.26.1, 60.1.26.2,
+60.1.26.3.1, 60.2.3, 63.2.2, 66.9.6, 66.9.7, 66.9.8,
+70.2.9.3.1.2, A.66.9.8.1, A.66.9.8.2
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.13.3, 66.3.3.10
+Controllers, fire pump............ 13.4.5, A.13.4.5.1.2, A.13.4.5.2.2(3)
+Controls
+Emergency ..................................... see Emergency controls
+Ovens and furnaces ................................................ 51.3
+Conventional pallets................................... Fig. A.34.7.3.1(a)
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.68, A.3.3.68
+Conveyors ........................................................... 1 1.3.5
+Aerosol products, buildings for ............................ 61.2.2.2.2
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ................... 40.4, 40.5.2.1,
+40.5.2.2, 40.5.2.3.1, A.40.4.1.3 to A.40.4.6, A.40.5.2.1
+Forest products, storage of ....................... 31.3.6.3.8, 31.3.7.4
+Hot work operations ....................................... 41.3.4.2(5)
+Spray areas ..................................... 43.1.3.2, 43.1.7.7.1(1)
+Cooking equipment
+Assembly occupancies ........ 20.1.5.2, 20.1.5.5.4.9, A.20.1.5.2.4(5)
+Business occupancies ........................................ 20.13.2.4
+Clearances ............................................. 50.2.2, A.50.2.2
+Commercial ................................................... Chap. 50
+Concession stands ....................... 10.15.8, 50.2.1.9, A.50.2.1.9
+Extinguishing systems for ........ 50.6.1.2.2, 50.6.1.2.3, A.50.6.1.2.2
+Fireworks facilities .......................................... 65.11.4.9.3
+Grills, location of ........................ 10.11.6, 10.11.7, A.10.11.6.1
+LP-Gas ................... 69.3.10.7, 69.3.10.8.4, 69.3.12.8, 69.5.3.2.3
+Mercantile occupancies ...................................... 20.12.2.4
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Portable ............ 10.19.7, 20.1.5.2.4, 28.1.9.5(1), A.20.1.4.2.4(5)
+Sprinkler systems .......................................... 13.3.3.5.3.6
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating ........................ 25.1.11, 50.2.1.9, A.50.2.1.9
+Ventilation of .......................................... see Duct systems
+Cooking fires ..................... 10.11.2, 10.11.6, 10.11.7, A.10.11.6.1
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.69
+Cooking media fires, Class K fire extinguishers
+for .................................. 13.6.7.4.5, A.13.6.7.4.5
+Cords
+Extension .................................. 1 1.1.5.1, 11.1.7, A.11.1.7.2
+Flexible ......................................................... 43.1.4.7
+Cordwood (definition) ............................................. 3.3.70
+Core (definition).................................................... 3.3.71
+Correctional occupancies............... see Detention and correctional
+occupancies
+Corridors, exit access.................. T able 12.7.4.2, 14.2, 14.10.1.5,
+14.11.4, 60.4.12.2, A.14.10.1.5
+Corrosion protection
+Definition ..................................................... 66.27.2.1
+Piping systems
+Cryogenic fluids ............................... 63.4.2.3.5, 63.4.13.8
+Flammable and combustible liquids ....... 66.27.6.4, A.66.27.6.4
+Tanks ............................................... 43.3.3.8, 66.21.4.5,
+66.22.12.2.2, 66.23.3.4, A.66.21.4.5, A.66.23.3.4(1) to
+A.66.23.3.4.1
+Corrosive gas .................................. T able 60.1.26.1, 60.3.2.9,
+63.1.3.1(2)(a), Table 63.2.3.1, Table 63.3.1.6.2, 63.3.5;
+see also Compressed gas
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.126.2
+Permit amounts for ................ T able 1.12.7(b), Table 1.12.7(d)
+Corrosives (solids and liquids).................................... 60.1.2,
+Tables 60.1.26.2(a) to (h), Chap. 64; see also Hazardous
+materials
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.72, A.3.3.72
+Permit amounts .................... T able 1.12.7(c), Table 1.12.7(d)
+Secondary containment .......... 60.3.2.8.3.3, Table 60.4.10.1.5.2.1
+Cotton ..................................................... see Baled cotton
+Covered fuses .................................. 65.11.3.15.5, 65.11.6.4.5
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.73, A.3.3.73
+Covered mall buildings................................ see Mall buildings
+Covered plane-loading positions................................ 21.2.6.6
+Crop maze.................... T able 1.12.7(a), 10.15.11, A.10.15.11.3.1
+Crowd managers ..................................... 20.1.5.6, A.20.1.5.6
+Crude petroleum......................... 66.22.4.2.1.1, 66.22.11.2.6.3.2
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.74
+Cryogenic fluids ......................................... T able 60.1.26.1,
+Tables 60.1.26.2(a) to (h), 63.1, 63.2, 63.4, A.63.1.1.1 to
+A.63.1.1.3(9), A.63.2.8 to A.63.2.10, A.63.4.2 to
+A.63.4.12.3.6.2.1; see also Hazardous materials
+Building-related controls ................. 63.2, A.63.2.8 to A.63.2.10
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.75
+Permits ............................. T able 1.12.7(a), Table 1.12.7(c),
+Table 1.12.7(d), 63.1.2
+Cryogenic fluids containers........ 63.4, A.63.4.2 to A.63.4.12.3.6.2.1
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.66.5
+Cultural properties................................................ 20.17.2
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.76, A.3.3.76
+Cutoff rooms...................................................... 34.4.4.1
+1–609INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Cut-off storage areas
+Organic peroxide ............................................. 70.3.3.2,
+70.3.4.8.1.1 to 70.3.4.8.1.3, 70.3.6, A.70.3.6.2
+Oxidizers ........................................ 70.2.3(2), 70.2.5.3.1,
+70.2.6.3.1, 70.2.6.3.2, 70.2.7.3.1, 70.2.7.3.3, 70.2.7.3.4,
+A.70.2.6.3.2
+Cutting and welding............................ see Hot work operations
+Cylinder containment system (definition).................... 3.3.238.5
+Cylinder containment vessel (definition)....................... 3.3.77.1
+Cylinders ............................................... see also Containers
+Compressed gas ....................... see Compressed gas containers
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.77
+Hot work operations ....................... 41.3.7, 41.5.5, A.1.5.5.2.3
+LP-Gas ............................................ see LP-Gas containers
+-D-
+Damage-limiting construction ................................ 66.17.6.13
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.78
+Dampers
+Fire ........................................ 30.1.6.4, 42.6.1.5.4, 50.5.3,
+50.5.5, 50.5.6.11, 61.2.2.1.3, A.50.5.3.3
+Smoke ......................... 12.8.6.2 to 12.8.6.4, 12.9.5, A.12.8.6.2
+Data conversion (definition)........................................ 3.4.3
+Data sources, performance-based design.......................... 5.1.6
+Day-care homes ................. 20.3.4, A.20.3.4.1.2 to A.20.3.4.2.3.4.4
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.170.6, A.3.3.170.6
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ......... 13.7.2.23.3,
+13.7.2.24.3
+Hazardous materials storage and use ................. T able 60.3.2.3
+Multiple occupancies ..... T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Day-care occupancies............... 20.3, A.20.3.2.2 to A.20.3.4.2.3.4.4
+Adult care ...................................................... 20.3.1.5
+Battery systems, location of ................................... 52.3.3.4
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ................... 3.3.170.7, 6.1.4.1, A.3.3.170.7, A.6.1.4.1
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ........... 13.7.2.23,
+13.7.2.24
+Emergency plans ................................................. 10.9.1
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ............. 66.9.6.2.1,
+66.9.6.2.2, 66.9.6.2.4
+Hazardous materials storage and use ........... T able 60.1.26.2(e),
+Table 60.3.2.3
+Means of egress, occupant load ....................... T able 14.8.1.2
+Multiple occupancies ..... T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Sprinkler systems ............................................. 13.3.2.27
+Dead-end access roads......................................... 18.2.3.4.4
+Dead-end corridors........... 14.10.1.5, 21.1.4.3, 21.1.5.3, A.14.10.1.5
+Decorations ............................................... 12.5.5.5, 12.6.1
+Apartment buildings .......................................... 20.9.4.1
+Assembly occupancies .......................... 20.1.5.4, A.20.1.5.4.3
+Board and care occupancies ..................... 20.5.2.5, A.20.5.2.5
+Day-care occupancies ..................................... 20.3.4.2.3.4
+Detention and correctional occupancies ....... 20.7.2.4, A.20.7.2.4
+Educational occupancies ...................................... 20.2.4.4
+Health care occupancies ........................... 20.4.2.5, 20.6.2.5,
+A.20.4.2.5.1, A.20.4.2.5.6(2), A.20.6.2.5.1
+Hotels and dormitories ....................................... 20.8.2.5
+In means of egress ............................................... 14.4.2
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ...................................... 32.4.5, 32.5.5
+Dedicated smoke control systems (definition)............... 3.3.238.6
+Deep fat fryers............................. 50.6.1.2.4, 50.6.1.2.5, 50.6.2
+Defend-in-place ........................... 5.2.2.6, 32.5.11.1, A.32.5.11.1
+Definitions ................... Chap. 3, 6.1.2 to 6.1.14, 66.3.3, 66.4.1.3,
+66.16.2, 66.21.2, 66.27.2, A.6.1.2.1 to A.6.1.14.1.3(2),
+A.66.3.3.18 to A.66.3.3.32.3.1
+Deflagration
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.79
+Unstable (reactive) solids and liquids, storage of ....... 66.17.6.13,
+72.2.1.1
+Deflagration vents ................................ A.17.11.13, A.60.3.2.6
+Delayed-egress locks ............................. 14.5.3.1, A.14.5.3.1(4)
+Deluge systems................................................. T able 13.8
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use .............. 66.16.4.2, 66.24.6.2.3, A.66.24.6.2.3
+Highly toxic and toxic solids and liquids storage ......... 68.3.4(1)
+Spray application equipment ............................... 43.1.7.8.2
+Demolition, safeguards during.......................... 5.3.3(10), 16.5
+Design ....... see Performance-based design; Prescriptive-based design
+Design fire scenarios......................... see Fire scenarios (design)
+Design specifications (definition)......................... 3.4.5, A.3.4.5
+Design team (definition)............................................ 3.4.6
+Detached storage ............................. 34.4.4.1, 60.1.24, 60.3.3.2
+Compressed gases ................................................ 63.2.5
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.229.3
+Organic peroxide formulations ....... 70.3.3.3, 70.3.7, A.70.3.7.2.1
+Oxidizers ............................ 70.2.3(3), 70.2.5.3.1, 70.2.6.3.1,
+70.2.6.3.2, 70.2.6.3.3.3, 70.2.6.4, 70.2.7.3.1, 70.2.7.3.4,
+70.2.7.5, 70.2.8.3.1, A.70.2.6.3.2
+Detection systems ...... 13.7, A.13.7.1.4.3 to A.13.7.4.7; see also Flame
+detection systems; Gas detection system; Smoke
+detectors
+Alarm systems and ............................................. 13.7.3.5
+Compressed gas ..................................... 63.3.9.6, 63.3.9.7
+Continuous gas detection system (definition) ............. 3.3.238.4
+Cooking equipment ............................... 50.4.10.2, 50.5.6.7
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ............. 40.5.2.2 to 40.5.2.6
+Emergency command center ............................... 1 1.9.5(2)
+Flammable and combustible liquids ............... 66.6.6, 66.21.7.5,
+66.24.15, 66.25.15, A.66.6.6.1
+Forest products storage, handling, and use ................ 31.3.2.3,
+31.3.3.2.1(2), 31.3.4.2(2), 31.3.5.2(2), 31.3.6.2.1(3),
+31.3.8.2(2), A.31.3.2.3
+Hazardous material storage and use ....................... 60.1.23.1,
+60.1.23.4, 60.3.4, 60.4.5
+Inspection, maintenance, and testing ....................... 13.7.4.4
+Marinas and boatyards ........................ 28.1.6.2.3.5.2, 28.1.6.5
+Permits ................................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Rack storage ................................................ 34.7.3.4.1.3
+Refrigerant vapor detection ...................... 53.2.3.1, 53.2.3.4.4
+Spray application operations ................... 43.1.7.7.1, 43.1.7.8.1
+Detectors
+Air samplingtype ..................................... 13.7.4.3.12.2 Ex.
+Definition ................................................... 3.3.80.1
+Automatic fire (definition) ................................... 3.3.80.2
+Automatic fire extinguishing or suppression system
+operation (definition) ............................ 3.3.80.3
+Combination (definition) ........................ 3.3.80.4, A.3.3.80.4
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.80
+Fixed-temperature detectors (definition) ...... 3.3.80.7, A.3.3.80.7
+Flame (definition) ................................ 3.3.80.8, A.3.3.80.8
+Heat .................................................. see Heat detectors
+Line-type ........................................ see Line-type detectors
+Multi-criteria (definition) ..................... 3.3.80.11, A.3.3.80.11
+Multi-sensor (definition) ...................... 3.3.80.12, A.3.3.80.12
+Other (definition) ........................................... 3.3.80.13
+Pneumatic rate-of-rise (definition) ......................... 3.3.80.14
+Projected beam-type (definition) ........................... 3.3.80.15
+Radiant energy-sensing (definition) ........................ 3.3.80.16
+Rate compensation (definition) .............. 3.3.80.17, A.3.3.80.17
+Rate-of-rise (definition) ....................... 3.3.80.18, A.3.3.80.18
+Smoke .............................................. see Smoke detectors
+Spark/ember (definition) ................................... 3.3.80.20
+Spot-type ........................................ see Spot-type detectors
+Detention and correctional occupancies............. 20.7, A.20.7.2.1.2
+to A.20.7.2.4.3
+Battery systems, location of ................................... 52.3.3.4
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ................... 3.3.170.8, 6.1.7.1, A.3.3.170.8, A.6.1.7.1
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ............ 13.7.2.7,
+13.7.2.8, A.13.7.2.7.2, A.13.7.2.8.2.3
+Emergency plans ..................... 10.9.1, 20.7.2.1.3, A.20.7.2.1.3
+1–610 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ............. 66.9.6.2.1,
+66.9.6.2.2
+Hazardous materials storage and use ........... T able 60.1.26.2(g),
+Table 60.3.2.3
+Means of egress, occupant load ....................... T able 14.8.1.2
+Multiple occupancies ..... T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Nonresidential uses .................................. 6.1.7.2, A.6.1.7.2
+Sprinkler systems ................. 13.3.2.11, 13.3.2.12, A.13.3.2.12.1
+Standpipe systems ............................................. 13.2.2.5
+Detention and correctional use conditions (definition)... 3.3.170.8.1
+Detonation
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.81
+High hazard level 1 contents, detonation hazard of ....... 60.3.1.1
+Dipping and coating processes.................. 43.9, A.43.9.1, A.439.2
+Directional signs and indicators.................... 14.14.2, A.14.14.2.1
+Discharge, unauthorized (definition)............................ 3.3.244
+Dispensing areas
+Cryogenic fluids ........................................... 63.4.13.10.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids ......................... 66.9.14,
+66.9.18, 66.14.4.6, 66.18, 66.25.5.3.1.8,
+A.66.18.3.8 to A.66.18.4.4.1(2)(d)
+Fuel dispensing, inside buildings ...................... 30.1.6, 30.3.1,
+42.6.1.5, A.30.1.6.7, A.30.1.6.9, A.42.6.1.5.7,
+A.42.6.1.5.9
+Dispensing stations.................. see Motor fuel dispensing facilities
+Dispensing systems and devices....... see Fuel dispensing systems and
+devices
+Display fireworks ................................... see Fireworks, display
+Distilleries .......................................................... 66.19.6
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.82
+Distributors (definition) ........................................... 3.3.83
+Documentation ................................................ see Records
+Doors ........................................ see also Opening protectives
+Access-controlled ................................. 14.5.3.2, A.14.5.3.2
+Aerosol products, buildings for ............................ 61.2.2.1.2
+Alarms ............................... 14.5.2, A.14.5.2.7 to A.14.5.2.9.3
+Baled cotton storage buildings .............. L.2.3.3, L.2.3.4, L.6.7.1
+Combustible fiber storage room or building ................ 45.5.3.2
+Day-care occupancies ................... 20.3.2.2, 20.3.2.3, A.20.3.2.2
+Educational occupancies ................................... 20.2.4.3.3
+Elevator lobby exit ........................... 14.5.3.3, A.14.5.3.3(15)
+Fire door assemblies ......................... see Fire door assemblies
+Fireworks facilities .............. 65.11.3.6.1, 65.11.5.3.1, 65.11.6.4.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids inside storage
+areas ................................................ 66.9.9.2
+Gas cabinets ................................................. 63.2.17.1.3
+Kettle ............................................................ 16.7.3.6
+As means of egress ........................... 14.5, 14.10.2.2, 14.11.4,
+A.14.5.1.1 to A.14.5.4.1, A.14.10.2.2
+As means of escape ........................................... 4.5.6.2.2
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ..................... 30.1.6.3,
+30.3.5, 42.6.1.5.3, 42.7.2.8
+Panic hardware and fire exit hardware .......... 14.5.3.4, 32.4.10.5
+Performance-based design option ........................... 5.3.4(3)
+Repair garages ................................................... 30.3.5
+Screen and storm assemblies ................................. 14.5.1.4
+Self-closing ....................................... see Self-closing doors
+Smoke barriers ......................... 12.9.4, A.12.9.4.1, A.12.9.4.4
+Smoke partitions .................................... 12.8.3, A.12.8.3.4
+Soundstages and approved production facilities .......... 32.4.10.5
+Storage occupancies ........................................... 34.6.6.1
+Swing and force to open ............... 14.5.1, A.14.5.1.1, A.14.5.1.3
+Dormitories ............................ 20.8, A.20.8.2.1.1 to A.20.8.2.4.2
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ............... 3.3.170.9, 6.1.8.1.4, A.3.3.170.9, A.6.1.8.1.4
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ............ 13.7.2.9,
+13.7.2.10, A.13.7.2.9.3, A.13.7.2.10.2
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Hazardous materials storage and use ........... T able 60.1.26.2(h),
+Table 60.3.2.3
+Means of egress, occupant load ....................... T able 14.8.1.2
+Multiple occupancies ..... T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Sprinkler systems ................. 13.3.2.13, 13.3.2.14, A.13.3.2.14.2
+DOT
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.84
+LP-Gas containers ........................................... 69.2.1.1.1,
+69.2.1.1.2.1, 69.2.1.1.2.4, 69.2.1.3.3, A.69.2.1.1.1
+Drainage systems
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ..................... 63.2.13,
+63.4.12.2.5, A.63.3.12.2.5.4.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids ............... 66.9.13, 66.16.8,
+66.17.6.8, 66.17.10, 66.22.11.1, 66.22.11.2.6,
+66.22.11.2.7.1, 66.22.11.3.5, 66.22.12.2, 66.24.9, 66.28.9,
+A.66.9.13, A.66.16.8.2, A.66.17.6.8, A.66.17.10.1,
+A.66.22.11.2.6.3.4, A.66.24.9.6, A.66.28.9
+Hazardous materials storage facility .................... 60.3.2.8.3.12
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ............. 30.1.4, 30.1.6.9,
+42.6.1.3, 42.6.1.5.9, A.30.1.6.9, A.42.6.1.5.9
+Repair garages ................................................... 30.2.5
+Tires, outside storage of ......................................... 33.1.9
+Drills .......................................................... see Fire drills
+Driveways (definition).... 3.3.85; see also Clear space; Fire department
+access roads
+Drums .................................................. see Tanks, portable
+Dry chemical extinguishing systems......................... T able 13.8,
+43.1.7.5, 43.1.7.8.2(1), 50.4.5.3, 66.6.7.6, 66.16.9,
+66.24.6.2.4, A.43.1.7.5
+Dry chemical portable fire extinguishers................... 13.6.9.4.3.4
+Drycleaning plants .............................................. Chap. 24
+Permits ........................................... T able 1.12.7(a), 24.2
+Dry pipe sprinkler systems.................................... 13.3.3.5.4,
+70.2.4.8.3, A.13.3.3.5.4, A.70.2.4.8.3
+Duct systems
+Air-handling ductwork .................... 1 1.2.1, 12.9.5, 25.1.10.1.4
+Openings for ................................................ 12.7.5.7
+Cooking equipment ....................................... 50.2.1.3(3),
+50.2.2.1, 50.2.2.2, 50.3.3, 50.4.3, 50.4.4.4, 50.4.4.8.1,
+50.4.4.8.6, 50.4.5.3, 50.4.11.1, 50.5.6.2, A.50.5.6.2,
+A.50.10.4.3.2
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ............................ 40.4.7
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling, and
+use .................................... 66.18.5.4, 66.25.10.5
+Hazardous materials storage facility ....................... 60.3.2.5.7
+Heaters, from storage ......................................... 34.4.2.3
+Hot work operations ......................... 41.3.4.2(4), 41.3.4.2(5)
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ......... 30.1.6.4, 42.6.1.5.4
+Spray application operations ....................... 43.1.5.4, 43.1.5.6
+to 4.3.1.5.9, A.43.1.5.6 to A.43.1.5.8
+Sprinkler temperature ratings for ................ T able 13.3.1.8(a),
+Table 13.3.1.8(c)
+Dumbwaiters ..................................... 1 1.3.5, 12.4.4, A.12.4.4
+Dumpsters, rubbish within....................................... 19.2.1.4
+Dusts
+Combustible ..................................... see Combustible dusts
+Explosion prevention ..................... T able 1.12.7(a), Chap. 40
+Wood processing and woodworking facilities ................. 31.3.9
+Dwellings, one- and two-family...... see One- and two-family dwellings
+Dwelling units
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.86
+Doors ........................................................ 14.5.1.1(1)
+-E-
+Educational occupancies ............... 20.2, A.20.2.4.2.1, A.20.2.4.3.1
+Battery systems, location of ................................... 52.3.3.4
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ................ 3.3.170.10, 6.1.3.1, A.3.3.170.10, A.6.1.3.1
+Detection, alarm, and communication
+systems .................................... 13.7.2.3, 13.7.2.4
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ............. 66.9.6.2.1,
+66.9.6.2.2, 66.9.6.2.4
+Hazardous materials storage and use ........... T able 60.1.26.2(d),
+Table 60.3.2.3
+1–611INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Incidental instruction ........................................... 6.1.3.3
+LP-Gas use in ................................................. 69.3.10.6
+Means of egress .............................. T able 14.8.1.2, 20.2.2.2,
+20.2.2.3, 20.2.4.3, A.20.2.4.3.1
+Multiple occupancies ..... T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Other occupancies associated with ............................ 6.1.3.2
+Sprinkler systems .................................... 13.3.2.7, 13.3.2.8
+Egress, means of...................................... see Means of egress
+Elastomers ........................................................... 34.2.6
+Electrical code (definition)...................................... 3.3.46.2
+Electrical equipment and systems... see also Batteries; Lighting; Wiring
+Aerosol products, buildings for ................................ 61.2.3
+Baled cotton storage areas ................................... L.6.3.1.2
+Boat storage facilities ........................... 28.1.8.1.6, 28.1.9.4.5
+Combustible fiber storage rooms or buildings .................. 45.2
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ....................... 63.2.6,
+63.3.1.6.7.1, 63.3.6.4, 63.4.7
+Detention and correctional occupancies ......... 20.7.2.3, 20.7.2.6
+Disconnects
+Emergency disconnects, fuel dispensing systems .......... 42.5.7
+Fire department access .......................... 1 1.1.9, A.11.1.9.1
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ........................... 40.4.2,
+40.7.1.2(5), A.40.4.2, A.40.7.1.2(5)
+Equipment rooms, storage in ............................... 10.19.5.1
+Fibers, combustible, storage and handling .................. 19.1.6.1
+Fires ................................ see Class C fires, extinguishers for
+Fire safety .................................. 1 1.1, A.11.1.7.2, A.11.1.9.1
+Fireworks facilities .......................................... 65.11.3.16
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling, and
+use ...................... 66.6.5.5, 66.7, 66.9.12, 66.14.4.5,
+66.17.9, 66.24.8, A.66.7.3.3, A.66.7.3.7
+Forest products storage ..................................... 31.3.2.1.7
+Hazardous materials areas ..................................... 60.1.16
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ......................... 32.4.8, 32.5.8, A.32.5.8.3
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ..... 42.5.7, 42.8.6, 42.9.5.1
+to 42.9.5.4, 42.9.6, 42.10.2.2, 42.10.5.7, A.42.8.6.2,
+A.42.9.6.2 to A.42.9.6.4.1, A.42.10.2.2.4, A.42.10.5.7
+Oil-burning appliances, for ................................... 1 1.5.1.9
+Oxidizer storage ............................................... 70.2.4.6
+Performance-based design features ............................. 5.3.2
+Refrigeration, mechanical ...................... 53.2.3.2(1), 53.2.3.4
+Special outdoor events, carnivals, and fairs .................. 10.15.7
+Spray application operations .............. 43.1.4, 43.8.5, A.43.1.4.1
+to A.43.1.4.6, A.43.8.5.3
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating ..................................... 25.1.9, 25.1.10.2
+Transmission lines
+Clearance of brush from .................... 17.3.5.1, A.17.3.5.1.5
+Tire piles, locations of ........................................ 33.1.7
+Waste and refuse, handling of combustible ................... 19.1.6
+Electronic equipment fires............................... see Class C fires
+Electrostatic spray application equipment... see Spray applications, of
+flammable and combustible materials
+Elevator machine rooms................................. 1 1.3.3, A.11.3.3
+Elevators ............................................ 10.2.4, 11.3, A.11.3.3
+Bulk storage ....................................... 20.15.5, A.20.15.5.1
+Fire fighters’ emergency operations ........................... 1 1.3.1
+Hoistway doors .............................. 12.4.4, 14.9.1.5, A.12.4.4
+Hoistways ................................................ T able 12.7.4.2
+Lobbies ......................................................... 14.9.1.6
+Exit access door ........................... 14.5.3.3, A.14.5.3.3(15)
+Means of egress ................................................ 14.9.1.5
+Testing .................................................... 10.2.4, 11.3.4
+Ember detectors ............................. see Spark/ember detectors
+Emergency
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.87
+Egress drills ................................................ see Fire drills
+Reporting of ........................................... 10.7, A.10.7.1.3
+Response records ................................................ 1.1 1.3
+Emergency command center......................................... 1 1.9
+Emergency controls ........................................... 13.7.1.4.13
+Compressed gas shutoff ................................... 63.3.3.1.12
+Fuel dispensing systems power cutoff .......................... 42.5.7
+Fuel shutoff
+Aircraft refueling .............................. 42.10.4.4, 42.10.5.3
+Cooking equipment .......................................... 50.4.6
+LP-Gas shutoff ....................................... 69.3.8, A.69.3.8.8
+Ozone-gas generating equipment ........................... G.6, G.7
+Refrigeration systems ..................... 53.2.1, 53.2.3.3, 53.2.3.4.5
+Spray application operations ............................... 43.1.7.2.2
+Vapor recovery/processing systems ......................... 66.19.5.8
+Emergency forces notification........................... see Notification
+Emergency instructions
+Apartment building residents ................................ 20.9.2.1
+Hotel and dormitory residents/guests ...................... 20.8.2.4,
+A.20.8.2.4.1, A.20.8.2.4.2
+Emergency lighting........................ 5.3.4(11), 14.13, A.14.13.1.1
+Fire pump areas ................................................ 13.4.2.4
+Fireworks facilities ........... 65.11.3.14.6, 65.11.4.8.4, 65.11.6.2.3.5
+Soundstages and approved production facilities .......... 32.4.10.4
+Emergency organization
+Hotel ...................................... 20.8.2.1, 20.8.2.2, 20.8.2.4,
+A.20.8.2.1.1, A.20.8.2.1.2, A.20.8.2.4.1, A.20.8.2.4.2
+Storage occupancies ................................ 34.5.4, A.34.5.4.2
+Wood chips and hogged material, storage of ........... 31.3.6.3.3.2
+Emergency plans................................... 10.2.4, 10.9, A.10.9.2
+Baled cotton storage .............................................. L.4.6
+Day-care occupancies ......................... 20.3.4.2.1, A.20.3.4.2.1
+Detention and correctional occupancies ..................... 10.9.1,
+20.7.2.1.3, A.20.7.2.1.3
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ............................ 40.6.2
+Educational occupancies ...................................... 20.2.4.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling, and
+use ............................ 66.6.8, 66.17.15.4, 66.21.6.5
+Hazardous materials management plans ......................... D.3
+Health care occupancies ............................. 10.9.1, 20.4.2.1,
+20.4.2.2.2, 20.6.2.1, 20.6.2.2.2, A.20.4.2.1.5, A.20.6.2.1.2
+Laboratories using chemicals ................................... 26.1.5
+Mercantile occupancies ...................................... 20.12.2.1
+Oxidizer storage facilities ................................... 70.2.4.1.2
+Residential board and care occupancies ............ 10.9.1, 20.5.2.1
+Storage operations .......................................... A.34.6.6.2
+Tires, outside storage of ........................................... 33.3
+Wood chips and hogged material, outside storage of ...... 31.3.6.5
+Emergency power........ 10.2.4, 11.7.2 to 11.7.5, 11.9.5(7), A.11.7.2.1
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ........... 63.2.6.2, 63.3.9.5
+Hazardous materials storage and use .......................... 60.4.3
+Emergency relief venting (definition).......... 3.3.88; see also Venting
+Emergency responder protection................................. 5.2.2.7
+Emergency scene
+Barriers ...................................................... 1.8.4, 1.8.5
+Control of .......................................................... 1.8.2
+Emergency services, buildings housing......................... 13.3.2.3
+Emissions, fugitive................................. see Fugitive emissions
+Enclosed parking structures....................................... 29.1.1
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.170.21.2
+Enclosures ................................. see also Exhausted enclosures
+Exit ................... 14.3, 60.4.12.2, A.14.3.1(1) to A.14.3.1(9)(b)
+Exit passageways ................................................. 14.7.2
+Rubbish chutes and laundry chutes ............................ 1 1.6.1
+Stairs ............ 14.5.2.7, 14.6, 14.7.3, A.14.5.2.7, A.14.6.2, A.14.6.3
+Equipment rooms, storage in.................................... 10.19.5
+Equivalency to code............................................ 1.4, 1.11.1
+Performance-based design option ............................... 5.3.5
+Escalators .......................................................... 14.11.4
+Escape, means of..................................... see Means of escape
+Evacuation ..... 1.7.14, 5.2.2.6, 10.2.4, 10.5, A.10.5.2, A.10.5.3; see also
+Fire drills
+Aircraft ....................................................... 42.10.5.11
+Compressed gases or cryogenic fluids storage
+and use ..................................... 63.2.8, A.63.2.8
+Construction sites ............................................. A.16.3.3
+1–612 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Detention and correctional occupancies ................... 20.7.2.1,
+A.20.7.2.1.2, A.20.7.2.1.3
+Fireworks facilities ........................... 65.11.3.13, A.65.11.3.13
+Flammable and combustible liquids operations ........... 66.6.9.5,
+66.21.6.6.4
+Health care occupancies ....................... 20.4.2.1, 20.4.2.2.1.2,
+20.4.2.2.2, 20.6.2.1, 20.6.2.2.1.2, 20.6.2.2.2, A.20.4.2.1.5,
+A.20.6.2.1.2
+Motion picture production locations ......... 32.5.11.1, A.32.5.11.1
+Storage occupancies ....................................... 34.5.4.2(8)
+Excess flow control........................................... 63.3.3.1.13
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.89
+Excess flow valve (definition)..................................... 3.3.90
+Exhausted enclosures................................. 63.2.18, 63.3.5.3.2
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.91, A.3.3.91
+Exhaust systems
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ................. 63.2.16.7 to
+63.2.16.10, 63.2.17.2.1, 63.2.18, 63.3.9.3.4.3.2(A),
+63.3.9.4.1
+Gas rooms ................................................... 63.2.4.2
+Cooking equipment .......................... 50.2.2.1, 50.2.3, 50.2.4,
+50.3.3, 50.4.4.4, 50.4.4.8, 50.4.11.1, 50.5.4, 50.5.6,
+A.50.5.4, A.50.5.6.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling, and
+use ...................... 66.17.11.5 to 66.17.11.7, 66.18.5,
+66.24.10.3, 66.25.10, A.66.17.11.7
+Hazardous materials storage and use ...................... 60.3.2.5.2
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ..................... 30.1.6.7,
+42.6.1.5.7, 42.6.2.4, A.30.1.6.7, A.42.6.1..57
+Repair garages ................................................. 30.2.9.4
+Spray application operations ........................ 43.1.5, 43.5.3.1,
+43.5.3.9, A.43.1.5.3 to A.43.1.5.11, A.45.5.3.1(4)
+Exhibits ............................................. 20.1.5.5.2, 20.1.5.5.4
+Hot work ............................................. 41.5, A.41.5.5.2.3
+LP-Gas, use of ................................. 69.3.10.8, A.69.3.10.8.3
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Existing (definition) ..................................... 3.3.92, A.3.3.92
+Existing buildings............ 1.3.6.2, 10.1.1, 10.1.2, A.1.3.6.2, A.10.1.2
+Definition .......................................... 3.3.27.5, A.3.3.27.5
+Existing conditions (definition)................................... 3.3.93
+Exit access... 14.2, 14.10.1, A.14.10.1.1.1 to A.14.10.1.5, A.14.10.1.3.4
+Definition ............................. 3.3.95; see also Means of egress
+Elevator lobby ................................ 14.5.3.3, A.14.5.3.3(15)
+Exterior ways .................................................... 14.10.3
+Marking of means of egress ................. 14.14.1.5, A.14.14.1.5.2
+Protectives, minimum ratings for ..................... T able 12.7.4.2
+Width of ........................................................ 14.8.3.4
+Exit discharge.................................... 14.7.3, 14.11, A.14.11.1
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.96
+Exit passageways.................................... 14.7, 14.11.4, A.14.7
+Exits ..... 14.3, A.14.3.1(1) to A.14.3.1(9)(b); see also Means of egress
+Airport terminal buildings ......................... 21.2.5, A.21.2.5.2
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.94, A.3.3.94
+Educational occupancies ...................................... 20.2.4.3
+Enclosures ....................... 14.3, A.14.3.1(1) to A.14.3.1(9)(b)
+Fireworks facilities ........................... 65.11.3.14, 65.11.3.19.2,
+65.11.4.8, 65.11.5.2, 65.11.6.2.3, A.65.11.3.14.3.2,
+A.65.11.4.8.1.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids processing
+areas .............................. 66.17.6.11, A.66.17.6.11
+Health care occupancies ............................ 20.4.2.3, 20.6.2.3
+Horizontal .......................................... see Horizontal exits
+Maintenance of ........... see Inspection, testing, and maintenance
+Mirrors on ...................................................... 14.4.2.3
+Obstruction of ......................................... 14.4.1, A.14.4.1
+Soundstages and approved production facilities .......... 32.4.10.2
+Storage occupancies .............................. 34.8.2.3, A.34.8.2.3
+Explosions
+Compressed gases or cryogenic fluids storage and use,
+control for ................................. 63.2.9, A.63.2.9
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.97
+Dust explosions, prevention of .............................. Chap. 40
+Flammable and combustible liquids .................. 66.6.3, 66.6.4,
+66.9.16, 66.19.5.7.7, A.66.6.3, A.66.6.4.1.1, A.66.9.16.1,
+A.66.9.16.2
+Hazardous materials storage facility, control at ............ 60.3.2.6,
+60.4.10.1.4, 60.4.10.2.4, A.60.3.2.6
+Investigations ................................................... 1.7.10.1
+Organic peroxides, mixing of ............... 43.7.5, 43.7.6, A.43.7.6
+Performance-based design option
+Design scenarios .................................... 5.4.3, A.5.4.3.1
+Performance criteria ............................. 5.2.2.2, A.5.2.2.2
+Property protection .................... 4.1.4, A.4.1.4.2.1, A.4.1.4.2.2
+Safety from ............................................... 4.1.3, A.4.1.3
+Explosive materials...................................... T able 60.1.26.1,
+Tables 60.1.26.2(a) to (h), 65.9, 65.11.2.5; see also
+Hazardous materials
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.98, A.3.3.98
+Permits ..................... T able 1.12.7(a), Table 1.12.7(d), 65.9.2
+For repairs or alterations ....................................... 4.5.6.3
+Wildland fire-prone areas ..................................... 17.3.4.3
+Exposition facilities ........................... 20.1.5.5; see also Exhibits
+Exposure fire (definition).................................. 3.4.7, A.3.4.7
+Exposures, protection for................. see Protection for exposures
+Extension cords .............................. 1 1.1.5.1, 11.1.7, A.11.1.7.2
+Extinguishers, portable fire.......... 13.6, A.13.6.2 to A.13.6.9.4.4.3.5
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ............... 61.2.6.3
+Aircraft fuel servicing ....................... 42.10.5.13, A.42.5.10.13
+Airport terminal buildings .................................... 21.2.10
+Antifreeze in ................................................. 13.6.8.1.4
+Assembly occupancies ................................. 20.1.5.5.4.9(5)
+Automobile wrecking yards ....................................... 22.6
+Baled cotton storage ....................... L.4.4.2 to L.4.4.4, L.6.7.3
+Buildings under construction ..................... 16.3.6, 16.7.1.6.2,
+A.16.3.6, A.16.7.1.6.2
+Business occupancies ........................................ 20.13.2.3
+Cabinets for .......................... 13.6.8.1.3.10, A.13.6.8.1.3.10.4
+Classification, ratings, and performance ............. 3.3.39, 13.7.2,
+A.13.7.2.5.3 to A.13.7.2.27.2.2.2
+Concession stands .............................................. 10.15.5
+Cooking equipment ........... 50.4.4.1, 50.4.4.2, 50.4.12, A.50.4.12
+Detention and correctional occupancies .................. 20.7.2.1.4
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ............... 40.5.3, A.40.5.3.2
+Fireworks facilities ............... 6.5.11.3.6.3, 65.11.3.8, 65.11.4.5.2,
+65.11.6.2.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ................................. 66.6.7.8, 66.9.10.2,
+66.24.6.1.1, A.66.6.7.8, A.66.24.6.1.1
+Forest products, storage of ...... 31.3.6.3.3, 31.3.6.3.4, A.31.3.6.3.4
+Halogenated agent ....................... 13.6.7.2.2.6, A.13.6.7.2.2.6
+Heliports .......................................................... 21.3.5
+Hot work operations ........................... 41.3.4.2(10), 41.5.4.1
+Identification of contents ............................ 13.6.4, A.13.6.4
+Inspection, testing, and maintenance ............. 13.6.9, A.13.6.9.1
+to A.13.6.9.4.4.3.5
+Installation .......................... 13.6.8, A.13.6.8.1.1 to A.13.6.8.4
+Listing and labeling ..... 13.6.3, 13.6.8.1.3.9, A.13.6.3.2, A.13.6.3.3
+LP-Gas systems and containers ............................. 69.3.12.8,
+69.5.5, 69.6.1.2, A.69.5.5
+Marinas and boatyards ............................ 28.1.6.1, 28.1.8.3.1
+Membrane structures ..................... 25.1.6.3, 25.1.12.3, 25.6.3
+Mercantile occupancies ...................................... 20.12.2.3
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ............................. 32.4.11.1.5, 32.5.11.7
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ................... 42.7.2.5.2,
+42.9.7.1, 42.10.2.1.7, 42.10.2.4, A.42.2.1.7.1
+Oxidizer storage ......... 70.2.4.8.4, A.70.2.4.8.4.1 to A.70.2.4.8.4.3
+Parade floats .................................................... 10.17.2
+Recharging .................................... 13.6.9.1.1, 13.6.9.1.2.2,
+13.6.9.4, A.13.6.9.1.2.2, A.13.6.9.4.1 to A.13.6.9.4.4.3.5
+Repair garages ................................................. 30.3.2.2
+Selection of ..................... 13.6.7, A.13.6.7.2.2.1 to A.13.6.7.4.6
+Special outdoor events, carnivals, and fairs ..... 10.15.5, 10.15.10.4
+Spray application operations ................................. 43.1.7.6
+1–613INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Storage occupancies ............................. 34.5.3.1, 34.6.3.3(2)
+Tampering with .................................................... 10.8
+Tar kettles ........................................ 16.7.1.6, A.16.7.1.6.2
+Tents ........................................ 25.1.6.3, 25.1.12.3, 25.2.5
+Tires, outside storage of ............................ 33.4.1.1, 33.4.1.2
+Waste disposal sites .............................................. 19.1.4
+Extinguishing systems
+Airports .................................... 21.2.3.5.3, 21.2.6, A.21.2.6
+Assembly occupancies ..................................... 20.1.5.5.4.7
+Automatic fire ..................... 50.4.4, A.50.4.4.3, A.50.4.4.10(4)
+Baled cotton storage .......................... L.4, L.5.6, L.6.7, L.7.5
+Buildings under construction .................................. 16.4.3,
+A.16.4.3.1.1 to A.16.4.3.3.2.4
+Combustible fibers, storage vaults for ....................... 45.5.5.2
+Cooking equipment ...................... 50.2.1.3(5), 50.4, 50.5.6.5,
+50.6.1.2.2, 50.6.1.2.3, A.50.4.3.2 to A.50.4.12.1,
+A.50.6.1.2.2
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ...... 40.5, 40.5.2.1, 40.5.2.3.2,
+40.5.2.4, 40.5.2.5, 40.5.2.6, A.40.5.2.1, A.40.5.5
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling, and
+use ................................. 66.6.7, 66.16.6, 66.22.8,
+A.66.6.7.1 to A.66.6.7.3.7, A.66.22.8.1
+Forest products ................................. 31.3.2.1.6.2, 31.3.2.3,
+31.3.3.2.1(2), 31.3.4.2(2), 31.3.5.2(2), 31.3.6.2.1(3),
+31.3.6.2.1(5), 31.3.7.4, 31.3.8.2(2), A.31.3.2.3
+Hazardous material storage and use ................... 60.3.4, 60.4.5
+Heliports, roof-top ............... 21.3.4.6, A.21.3.4.6.2, A.21.3.4.6.4
+Highly toxic and toxic solids and liquids storage ............. 68.3.4
+Hot work operations ............................... 41.2.2.5, 41.2.4.4,
+41.3.4.2(12), 41.5.4.1, A.41.2.4.4
+Marinas and boatyards ......................... 28.1.6.2, A.28.1.6.2.2
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ....................... 30.1.5,
+30.3.2.3, 42.7.2.5.3, 42.9.7.2, A.30.1.5.1
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Repair garages ......................................... 30.2.7, 30.3.2.3
+Spray application operations .................. 43.1.7.1, 43.5.3.1(4),
+43.8.3, 60.4.10.1.3, 60.4.10.2.3, A.43.1.7.1, A.43.5.3.1(4),
+A.43.8.3
+Storage occupancies ...................... 34.5.1, 34.5.2, 34.5.4.2(8),
+34.6.3.3(1), 34.7.2, 34.7.3.4, A.34.5.1, A.34.7.3.4.1.1,
+A.34.7.3.4.2.1(1)
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating ................................................ 25.1.6
+Waste disposal sites .............................................. 19.1.4
+Extra (high) hazard occupancies
+Definition .......................................... 3.3.39.1, A.3.3.39.1
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............. 13.6.7.3.1.3, A.13.6.7.3.1.3
+-F-
+Facilities; ................... see also Hazardous materials storage facility
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.99
+Fairs .............. T able 1.12.7(a), 10.15, A.10.15.3.1 to A.10.15.11.3.1
+Fans
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ......................... 40.7.2.2,
+A.40.7.2.2.4, A.40.7.2.2.5
+Exhaust .................... 50.2.1.3(4), 50.2.2.1, 50.5.6.2, A.50.5.6.2
+Fiberboard/fiber containers .............................. see Containers
+Fibers, combustible.... 19.1.6.1, 19.1.7, 34.1.1.2(8), Chap. 45; see also
+Baled cotton
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.51, A.3.3.51
+Permits ..................... T able 1.12.7(a), Table 1.12.7(d), 45.1.3
+Film, cellulose nitrate.......................... T able 1.12.7(a), 20.15.7
+Fines
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.100
+Yard waste recycling facilities, storage at ............ 31.3.7, A.31.3.7
+Finish .................................................... see Interior finish
+Fire alarm systems...................................... see Alarm systems
+Fire area (definition)............................................. 3.3.13.4
+Fire barriers............................................ 12.3, 12.7, 12.9.3,
+A.12.3.2, A.12.7.1(4) to A.12.7.5.6.3(1)(c)
+Aerosol products, buildings for .............................. 61.2.2.1
+Combustible fibers, storage vaults for ....................... 45.5.4.1
+Cryogenic fluids storage and use .............. 63.4.6.2.1, 63.4.6.3.1
+Fireworks facilities ........................... 65.11.3.6.1, 65.11.3.6.2,
+65.11.3.7, 65.11.4.4.1 to 65.11.4.4.3, 65.11.5.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ................ 66.9.7.2
+Hazardous materials control areas ......................... 60.2.3.1.1
+Toxic and highly toxic gases, storage and use areas .... 63.3.9.2.2.1
+Fireblocking ..................................................... 12.7.5.6.3
+Firebreaks ........................................................... 17.3.7
+Fire command center, alarm annunciation at............. 13.7.1.4.14.6
+Fire compartments (definition)..................... 3.3.59.1, A.3.3.59.1
+Fire conditions, performance design criteria........ 5.2.2.1, A.5.2.2.1
+Fire control
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ................................ 66.21.6.1, 66.21.6.4,
+66.22.8, A.66.22.8.1
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ..................... 42.7.2.5,
+42.9.7, A.42.7.2.5.4
+Tires, outside storage of ................................ 33.4, A.33.4.3
+Fire dampers.................................................. see Dampers
+Fire department access roads............................. 16.1.4, 16.1.5,
+18.1.1.1, 18.2.3, 18.2.4, 22.3, 28.1.6.2.5, A.18.2.3.1.3,
+A.18.2.3.4.6.2, A.18.2.4
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.106
+Forest products, storage of .................... 31.3.3.3.5, 31.3.3.3.6,
+31.3.4.2(3), 31.3.5.2(3), 31.3.5.3.3, 31.3.6.2.1(4),
+31.3.8.3.2, 31.3.8.3.3, A.31.3.8.3.3.2
+Fire department operations..... see alsoAccess, fire-fighting/emergency;
+Emergency scene
+Hazardous materials liaison ................................... 60.1.10
+Obstruction of ..................................................... 1.8.3
+Fire detail.................................................... see Fire watch
+Fire door assemblies....................... 12.4, 12.7.3, Table 12.7.4.2,
+12.7.4.3, 12.7.4.4, 34.6.6.1, A.12.4.1 to A.12.4.6.19.5,
+A.12.7.3.2, A.12.7.3.6
+Aerosol products, buildings for ............................ 61.2.2.1.2
+Baled cotton storage buildings .............. L.2.3.3, L.2.3.4, L.6.7.1
+Combustible fiber storage room or building ................ 45.5.3.2
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.107
+Fireworks facilities ............................ 65.11.3.6.1, 65.11.4.4.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids inside liquid storage
+areas ................................................ 66.9.9.2
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities and repair
+garages ........................... 30.1.6.3, 30.3.5, 42.7.2.8
+Fire drills................................... 5.3.3(2), 10.2.4, 10.6, A.10.6
+Assembly occupancies ............................ 20.1.5.8, A.20.1.5.8
+Board and care occupancies .................................. 20.5.2.3
+Business occupancies ........................................ 20.13.2.2
+Day-care occupancies ....................... 20.3.4.2.2, A.20.3.4.2.2.1
+Detention and correctional occupancies ................ 20.7.2.1.3.1
+Dormitories .................................................... 20.8.2.3
+Educational occupancies ....................... 20.2.4.2, A.20.2.4.2.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ....................................... 66.17.15.4(2)
+Health care occupancies ........................... 20.4.2.1, 20.6.2.1,
+A.20.4.2.1.5, A.20.6.2.1.2
+Hotels ............................. 20.8.2.1, A.20.8.2.1.1, A.20.8.2.1.2
+Mercantile occupancies ...................................... 20.12.2.2
+Fire escapes....................................................... 4.5.6.2.2
+Fire exit hardware..................................... 14.5.3.4, 32.4.10.5
+Fire flow area (definition)....................................... 3.3.13.6
+Fire flow requirements for buildings..................... 18.4, A.18.4.1
+Fire hazards
+Definition ........................... 3.3.109; see also Ignition sources
+Flammable and combustible liquids .................. 66.6.3, 66.6.4,
+A.66.6.3, A.66.6.4.1.1
+Fire hydrants.............. 18.1.1.2, 18.3, A.18.3.1 to A.18.3.3, Annex I
+Airport terminal buildings ...................................... 21.2.8
+Baled cotton storage .................................... L.4.3, L.5.6.1
+Buildings under construction .............................. 16.4.3.1.3
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.110, A.3.3.110
+Dust explosion and fire prevention .......................... 40.5.4.3
+1–614 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ...... 66.6.7.4, 66.16.7, 66.24.6.2.2, A.66.24.6.2.2
+Forest products, storage of .............................. A.31.3.4.3.1,
+A.31.3.5.3.2, A.31.3.6.3.5, A.31.3.8.3.3.4
+Indoor storage ................................................. 34.5.3.2
+Marinas and boatyards ........................................ 28.1.6.4
+Obstructions ...................................................... 13.1.3
+Organic peroxide storage ................................... 70.3.4.6.3
+Outdoor storage ............................................... 34.5.3.2
+Oxidizer storage .............................. 70.2.4.8.1, A.70.2.4.8.1
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Private .................................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Fire lanes .... 3.3.111, A.3.3.111;see also Fire department access roads
+Fire model ........................................ 5.7.11, 5.7.12, A.5.7.11
+Definition ................................................. 3.4.8, A.3.4.8
+Fire personnel, standby...................... 1.7.15, 10.15.4, A.1.7.15.3
+Fireplaces
+Outdoor .................................... 5.3.3(4), 10.11.7, 17.3.4.6
+Sprinkler temperature ratings in area of ......... T able 13.3.1.8(c)
+Fire point ...................................................... 66.9.1.4(5)
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.112
+Fire protection assumptions...................... 4.2, A.4.2.1 to A.4.2.3
+Fire protection markings................................ 5.3.3(7), 10.12,
+A.10.12.1.1 to A.10.12.3.1.11
+Fire protection systems and equipment.............. Chap. 13; see also
+Extinguishers, portable fire; Extinguishing systems; Fire
+pumps; Standpipe systems
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ...... 61.2.6, 61.3.1.2,
+61.3.2.2, 61.3.3.1.1.1, 61.3.3.2, 61.4.2.3, A.61.3.3.2.2.
+A.61.3.3.2.9
+Airport terminal buildings ............... 21.2.3.5.3, 21.2.6, A.21.2.6
+Buildings, fire flow requirements for .................. 18.4, A.18.4.1
+Buildings under construction ................. 10.3.3, 16.3, A.10.3.3,
+A.16.2.2.4, A.16.3.2.1 to A.16.3.6.6
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ..................... 63.2.10,
+63.2.17.3, 63.2.18.1.3, A.63.2.10
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.238.8
+Design/installation ............................................... 4.4.6
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ............................. 40.5,
+40.7.1.2(1), 40.7.2.5, A.40.5.5, A.40.7.2.5.3
+Fireworks facilities ............................................ 65.11.4.5
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling, and
+use .................. 66.6.7, 66.9.10, 66.16, 66.17.15.4(4),
+66.19.4.6, 66.21.6.6.1, 66.22.8 to 66.2.10, 66.22.12.4,
+66.24.6, A.66.6.7.1 to A.66.6.7.3.7, A.66.16.1.1 to
+A.66.16.8.2, A.66.19.4.6.1, A.66.22.8.1, A.66.24.6.1.1 to
+A.66.24.6.2.3
+Hazardous material storage and use .......... 60.3.3, 60.3.4, 60.4.5
+Heliports, roof-top ............... 21.3.4.6, A.21.3.4.6.2, A.21.3.4.6.4
+Highly toxic and toxic solids and liquids storage ............. 68.3.4
+Inspection, testing, and maintenance ....... see Inspection, testing,
+and maintenance
+LP-Gas systems and containers ............ 69.5.5, 69.6.1.2, A.69.5.5
+Manual ........................................................ 20.7.2.1.4
+Marinas and boatyards ............................. 28.1.6, 28.1.8.3.1,
+A.28.1.6.2.2 to A.28.1.6.2.4
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ..................... 32.4.11, 32.5.11, A.32.5.11.1
+to A.32.5.11.4
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ............. 30.1.5, 30.3.2.2,
+30.3.2.3, 42.6.1.4, 42.7.2.5.2, 42.7.2.5.3, 42.9.7.1,
+42.9.7.2, 42.10.2.1.6, 42.10.2.1.7, 42.10.2.4, 42.10.4.5,
+A.30.1.5.1, A.42.2.1.7.1, A.42.6.1.4.1
+Organic peroxide storage ................ 70.3.4.6, 70.3.5.5, 70.3.6.3
+Oxidizer storage ................................ 70.2.4.8, 70.2.6.3.3.2,
+70.2.6.3.7.2, 70.2.7.3.7.2, 70.2.8.2, 70.2.9.3, A.70.2.4.8.1
+to A.70.2.4.8.4.3, A.70.2.8.2
+Performance-based design features
+Annual certification ................................ 5.1.11, A.5.1.11
+Fire service, information transfer to ................ 5.1.9, A.5.1.9
+Maintenance ........................................ 5.1.10, A.5.1.10
+Operations and maintenance (O & M) manual .... 5.1.8, A.5.18
+Retained prescriptive elements ............................... 5.3.1
+Repair garages ............................... 30.2.7, 30.3.2.2, 30.3.2.3
+Spray application operations .................... 43.1.7, 43.5.3.1(4),
+43.8.3, A.43.1.7.1 to A.43.1.7.8, A.43.5.3.1(4), A.43.8.3
+Storage occupancies ................................ 34.5, 34.6.3.3(1),
+34.6.6.2, 34.7.2, A.34.5.1, A.34.5.4.2, A.34.6.6.2
+Baled cotton ....................................... L.4, L.5.6, L.6.7
+Tampering with ............................................ 10.8, 17.3.8
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating ................................................ 25.1.6
+Vacant buildings .................................. 10.13.2, A.10.13.2.1
+Fire pumps ........ 1 1.9.5(8), 13.4, 61.2.6.4.2, A.13.4.1.5 to A.13.4.6.4
+Controllers ...................... 13.4.5, A.13.4.5.1.2, A.13.4.5.2.2(3)
+Foam extinguishing systems .............................. 21.3.4.6.5.1
+Inspection, testing, and maintenance ................. 13.4.4, 13.4.6
+to 13.4.9, A.13.4.4, A.13.4.6.2, A.13.4.6.4
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Fire reporting........................................... 10.7.1, A.10.7.1.3
+Fire-resistant assemblies ..... 12.3, A.12.3.2; see also Fire barriers; Fire
+door assemblies
+Tank buildings ............................. 66.24.6.2.3, A.66.24.6.2.3
+Tanks ............................................................ 66.22.9
+Fire retardant................................... 12.5.7, 32.4.5.3, A.12.5.7
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.113
+Fires
+Classifications
+Definitions ................................... 3.3.102.1 to 3.3.102.5
+Extinguishers selected and distributed for .............. 13.6.7.3,
+13.7.2, A.13.6.7.3.1.1 to A.13.6.7.3.2.2, A.13.7.2.5.3 to
+A.13.7.2.27.2.2.2
+Investigations ................................................... 1.7.10.1
+Open ...................................................... see Open fires
+Property protection .................... 4.1.4, A.4.1.4.2.1, A.4.1.4.2.2
+Recreational (definition) ...................................... 3.3.201
+Safety from ....................... 4.1.3.1, A.4.1.3.1.1 to A.4.1.3.1.2.5
+Fire safety, general.............................................. Chap. 10
+Fire safety equipment..... see Fire protection systems and equipment
+Fire scenarios (definition)................................. 3.4.9, A.3.4.9
+Fire scenarios (design).......................................... 5.4, A.5.4
+Assumptions ..................................... 4.2.2.2, 4.2.3, A.4.2.3
+Definition ........................................................ 3.4.9.1
+Fire service, information transfer to...................... 5.1.9, A.5.1.9
+Fire source, single........................................... 4.2.1, A.4.2.1
+Firestop systems and devices........... 12.7.5.1, 12.7.5.6.2, A.12.7.5.1
+Fire walls...................................................... 12.3, 12.7.5,
+34.6.6.1, 34.8.2.2, 45.7.3, 61.2.2.1, A.12.3.2, A.12.7.5.1,
+A.12.7.5.6.3(1)(c), A.18.4.1.1, L.2.3.2, L.2.3.3, L.6.7.1
+Fire watch............................................................ 16.5.4
+Assembly occupancies ............................ 20.1.5.7, A.20.1.5.7
+Baled cotton storage .................................... L.4.6.5, L.7.8
+Construction, alteration, and demolition operations .... A.16.2.2.4
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.114
+Fire protection systems, impaired ............... 13.3.3.6.5.2(3)(b),
+13.7.1.4.4, A.13.3.3.6.5.2(3)(b), A.13.7.1.4.4
+Hot work operations ............................... 41.2.2.6, 41.2.2.7,
+41.2.4, 41.3.5, 41.4.1, A.41.2.2.7, A.41.2.4.1 to A.41.2.4.7,
+A.41.3.5.1 to A.41.3.5.3, A.41.4.1
+Storage occupancies ............................. 34.5.4.3, 34.6.3.3(4)
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating ...................................... 25.1.8, A.25.1.8
+Fire windows................................ 12.4, 12.7.3, Table 12.7.4.2,
+12.9.4.5, A.12.4.1 to A.12.4.6.19.5, A.12.7.3.2, A.12.7.3.6
+Fireworks ......................................................... Chap. 65
+Consumer ............................................. T able 1.12.7(d),
+60.1.2, Tables 60.1.26.2(a) to (h), 65.11, A.65.11.1 to
+A.65.11.5.1.2(3)
+Consumer fireworks retail sales area (definition) ....... 3.3.13.2
+Consumer fireworks retail sales facility ..................... 65.11,
+A.65.11.1 to A.65.11.5.1.2(3)
+Definition ................................................... 3.3.64
+1–615INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Consumer fireworks retail sales stand ........... 65.11.1.2(2)(a),
+65.11.3.2(1)(b), 65.11.3.5(4), 65.11.3.12.2, 65.11.4.7.2,
+65.11.6.2
+Definition ........................................ 3.3.65, A.3.3.65
+Definition .................................... 3.3.115.1, A.3.3.115.1
+Permit requirements ............................... T able 1.12.7(a)
+Tents and temporary membrane structures ..... 65.11.1.2(2)(b)
+and (d), 65.11.3.2(1)(b), 65.11.3.5(2), 65.11.3.12.2,
+65.11.3.14.2, 65.11.4.7.2, 65.11.6.2
+Wildland fire-prone areas .................................. 17.3.4.4
+Crop maze, separation from ............................... 10.15.11.4
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.115, A.3.3.115
+Display ............................. T able 1.12.7(a), Table 1.12.7(d),
+10.15.11.4.2, 65.2, 65.11.2.4
+Definition .................................... 3.3.115.2, A.3.3.115.2
+Manufacturing ..................................................... 65.5
+Packaged fireworks merchandise ..................... 65.11.3.15.3.3,
+65.11.3.15.3.4, 65.11.3.15.4.3, 65.11.3.15.5.2,
+65.11.3.15.6, 65.11.5.1.2, A.65.11.3.15.3.3,
+A.65.11.3.15.6, A.65.11.5.1.2(3)
+Definition ........................................ 3.3.180, A.3.3.180
+Fitness
+Certificate of .................................. see Certificate of fitness
+Warrant of .......................................................... 4.5.5
+Fixed-temperature detectors (definition).......... 3.3.80.7, A.3.3.80.7
+Flame breaks................................................. 65.11.3.15.3,
+65.11.4.11, 65.11.5.5, 65.11.6.4.4, A.65.11.3.15.3
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.116
+Flame detection systems........................... 43.1.7.7.1, 43.1.7.8.1
+Flame detectors (definition)........................ 3.3.80.8, A.3.3.80.8
+Flame effects before an audience..................... T able 1.12.7(a),
+25.1.5.4(2), 32.4.3.3, 32.5.3.3, 65.4
+Flame spread........................................ 4.1.4.2.2, A.4.1.4.2.2
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.117, A.3.3.117
+Flame spread index (definition)................................. 3.3.118
+Flammable gas ........................................... T able 60.1.26.1,
+Table 60.3.2.6, 63.1.3.1(1)(a), 63.1.3.4.2, 63.2.3.1.3,
+Table 63.2.3.1, Table 63.2.9, 63.2.10.2.2, Table
+63.3.1.6.2, 63.3.6; see also Compressed gas; Hazardous
+materials
+Aerosol products and ............................................ 61.2.5
+In buildings under construction ................ 16.2.3, A.16.2.3.1.2,
+A.16.2.3.2.4
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.126.3
+Liquefied gas (definition) .............. 3.3.126.4; see also Liquefied
+natural gas (LNG)
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations .............................. 32.4.2(4), 32.5.2(5)
+Permits ..... T able 1.12.7(b), Table 1.12.7(d), 32.4.2(4), 32.5.2(5)
+Refrigerants ........................................ 53.2.2.1.2, 53.2.2.2
+Specific occupancies, storage and use in ....... T ables 60.1.26.2(a)
+to (h)
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating .................................... 25.1.4, A.25.1.4.2
+Vacuum cleaner operation and ............................. 40.3.2.3.2
+Flammable liquids............................... 60.1.2, Table 60.1.26.1,
+Tables 60.1.26.2(a) to (h), 60.1.26.3.3, 60.3.2.5.1.1,
+Table 60.3.2.6, Chap. 66; see also Hazardous materials
+Aerosol products and ............................................ 61.2.5
+Baled cotton storage areas ................................... L.6.2.1.1
+In buildings under construction . . .16.2.3, A.16.2.3.1.2, A.16.2.3.2.4
+Classification of ..................................... 66.4.3.1, A.66.4.3
+Cleaning solvents ............................... 43.1.8.7, A.43.1.8.7.4
+Containers ............................................... see Containers
+Definition ............................. 3.3.153.2, 66.4.2.2, A.3.3.153.2
+Electrical equipment and systems .......... see Electrical equipment
+and systems
+Fire prevention and risk control ........ 66.6, A.66.6.1 to A.66.6.6.1
+Fires ..................................................... see Class B fires
+Handling, dispensing, transfer, and use of ................. 66.18, A.
+66.18.3.8 to A.66.18.4.4.1(2)(d)
+Marinas and boatyards, use and storage at ............... 28.1.8.1.3,
+28.1.8.1.4, 28.1.8.2.3
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ...................... 32.4.2(4), 32.5.2(5), 32.6.2
+Motor fuel dispensing facilities and systems .............. 42.3, 42.5,
+42.9.2, A.42.3.3.3.3 to A.42.3.3.8, A.42.5.6.2, A.42.9.2.2
+Operations ............ 66.17.15, 66.21.7, A.66.21.7.1 to A.66.21.7.5
+Permits ............................. T able 1.12.7(a), Table 1.12.7(c),
+Table 1.12.7(d), 32.4.2(4), 32.5.2(5), 66.1.5
+Piping systems ..................... 66.27, A.66.27.4.3.2 to A.66.27.10
+Processing facilities ................. 66.17, A.66.17.1.1 to A.66.17.14
+Recirculating heat transfer systems .......................... 66.19.4,
+A.66.19.4.2 to A.66.19.4.7.1
+Secondary containment ............ 60.3.2.8.3, Table 60.4.10.1.5.2.1
+Solvent distillation units ....................................... 66.19.6
+Solvent extraction ............................................ Chap. 44
+Specific occupancies, storage and use in ....... T ables 60.1.26.2(a)
+to (h), 60.1.26.3
+Spray applications ......... see Spray applications, of flammable and
+combustible materials
+Storage of ................................... 34.4.4, 43.1.6, 43.1.8.7.6,
+66.9, 66.21 to 66.25, A.43.1.6.1 to A.43.1.6.6.2,
+A.66.9.3.10.3 to A.66.9.16.2, A.66.21.4.2.1.1 to
+A.66.25.3.1; see also Liquid storage cabinets
+Tank cars/vehicles, loading and unloading of ................ 66.28,
+A.66.28.3.1.2 to A.66.28.11.3
+Tank storage ................................ 66.21 to 66.25, 66.27.8.2,
+A.66.21.4.2.1.1 to A.66.25.3.1
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating .................................... 25.1.4, A.25.1.4.2
+Vapor recovery and vapor processing systems ............... 66.19.5,
+A.66.19.5.5.1 to A.66.19.5.7.6
+Wharves ............................ 66.29, A.66.29.3.25, A.66.29.3.28
+Flammable materials
+For repairs or alterations ....................................... 4.5.6.3
+Wildland fire-prone areas ....................................... 17.3.4
+Flammable solids..................... T able 1.12.7(d), Table 60.1.26.1,
+Tables 60.1.26.2(a) to (h), Chap. 67; see also Hazardous
+materials
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.220.2, A.3.3.220.2
+Flammable vapors....... 40.3.2.3.2, 60.3.2.5.1; see also Flammable gas
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.119
+Detection systems ................................... 53.2.3.1, 66.25.15
+Flash point............................... 43.5.1.1.3, 66.9.18.2, 66.18.4.2
+Classification of liquids and .......................... 66.4.3, A.66.4.3
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.120, A.3.3.120
+Determination of ................................................ 66.4.4
+Drycleaning solvents ............................................. 24.1.2
+Fleet vehicle motor fuel dispensing facility.............. see Motor fuel
+dispensing facilities
+Flexible connectors ............................................. 66.27.5.2
+Definition ..................................................... 66.27.2.2
+Flexible plan buildings................................... 20.2.2, 20.3.2.4
+Floating roof tanks.................................. 66.22.2.1, 66.22.8.2
+Flooding, tanks in areas subject to.................. 66.22.14, 66.23.14,
+66.25.5.2.1, A.66.23.14.2
+Floor area
+Gross (definition) .............................. 3.3.121.1, A.3.3.121.1
+Net (definition) .............................................. 3.3.121.2
+Floors
+Hazardous materials storage and use areas ................... 60.4.7
+Hot work operations ......................... 41.3.4.2(2), 41.3.4.2(4)
+Interior finish ........................................ see Interior finish
+Openings in ....................................................... 4.4.5
+Storage occupancies ........................................... 34.6.6.1
+Under-floor detector mounting ......... 13.7.4.3.3.2, A.13.7.4.3.3.2
+Under-floor storage ............................................ 10.19.6
+Flow control, excess.............................. see Excess flow control
+Foam agent, portable fire extinguishers....... 13.6.7.4.3, 13.6.9.4.2.3
+1–616 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Foam extinguishing systems.................................. T able 13.8
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ......................... 66.6.7.6, 66.6.7.9, 66.16.4,
+66.16.5.1.2, 66.16.5.1.6, 66.16.5.2.3, 66.16.5.2.4, 66.16.9,
+66.24.6.1.3, 66.24.6.2.3, 66.24.6.2.4, A.66.16.5.1.6.2,
+A.66.24.6.2.3
+Heliports, rooftop ................ 21.3.4.6, A.21.3.4.6.2, A.21.3.4.6.4
+Storage occupancies .............................. 34.5.2, 34.5.4.2(8),
+34.5.5.1, 34.7.3.4, A.34.7.3.4.1.1, A.34.7.3.4.2.1(!)
+Folding and telescopic seating......................... T able 1.12.7(a),
+25.1, 25.4, A.25.1.4.2 to A.25.1.7.2.3
+Food service operations......................... see Cooking equipment
+Forecasting (definition)........................................... 3.3.122
+Forest products.................................................. Chap. 31
+Forms, construction...................................... 16.4.1, A.16.4.1
+Free egress, Use condition I (definition)................. 3.3.170.8.1.1
+Fruit ripening process, permit for...................... T able 1.12.7(a)
+Fuel burner controls and interlocks............................ A.19.4.5
+Fuel delivery nozzles.......................... 42.5.6, 42.7.5.4, 42.7.6.4,
+42.9.4.2, 42.9.9.4, 42.10.2.1.1, 42.10.2.6.3, 42.10.5.2.3,
+A.42.5.6.2
+Fuel dispensing areas, inside buildings.................. 30.1.6, 30.3.1,
+42.6.1.5, A.30.1.6.7, A.30.1.6.9, A.42.6.1.5.7, A.42.6.1.5.9
+Fuel dispensing stations............ see Motor fuel dispensing facilities
+Fuel dispensing systems and devices
+Compressed natural gas .................... 42.8, 42.11.1, A.42.8.3.3,
+A.42.8.6.2, A.42.11.1.1
+LNG .............................. 42.8, 42.11.3, A.42.8.3.3, A.42.8.6.2
+LP-Gas .............................. 42.8, 42.11.2, 69.3.13, A.42.8.3.3,
+A.42.8.6.2, A.42.11.2.2.1 to A.42.11.2.4.2.2
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ......................... 42.5,
+42.9.4, 42.10.2.6, A.42.5.6.2
+Fueled equipment, storage of.................................... 10.19.7
+Fuel load (definition).................................... 3.4.10, A.3.4.10
+Fuel tanks ............................................... see Tanks, storage
+Fugitive dust control........................ 40.3, A.40.3.2.1, A.40.3.2.2
+Fugitive emissions (definition)....................... 3.3.123, A.3.3.123
+Fundamental requirements .................................. 4.4, A.4.4.4
+Furnishings ............ 12.5.5.5, 12.6, 14.8.3.4.1.1, A.12.6.2 to A.12.6.6
+Apartment buildings ............................................ 20.9.4
+Assembly occupancies .......................... 20.1.5.4, A.20.1.5.4.3
+Board and care occupancies ..................... 20.5.2.5, A.20.5.2.5
+Day-care occupancies ..................................... 20.3.4.2.3.4
+Detention and correctional occupancies ....... 20.7.2.4, A.20.7.2.4
+Educational occupancies ...................................... 20.2.4.4
+Health care occupancies ............ 20.4.2.5, 20.6.2.5, A.20.4.2.5.1,
+A.20.4.2.5.6(2), A.20.6.2.5.1
+Hotels and dormitories ....................................... 20.8.2.5
+In means of egress ............................................... 14.4.2
+Fuses, covered........................................... see Covered fuses
+-G-
+Gallon (definition) ................................................ 3.3.124
+Garages
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.125
+LP-Gas cargo vehicles ............................................ 69.6.2
+LP-Gas fueled vehicles ....................................... 42.11.2.7
+LP-Gas systems on vehicles .................................. 69.3.12.9
+Repair ................................................ see Repair garages
+Gas
+Compressed ........................................ see Compressed gas
+Cooking equipment ............................................ 10.19.7
+Corrosive .............................................. see Corrosive gas
+Highly toxic ........................................ see Highly toxic gas
+Inert ........................................................... 66.18.3.4
+Definition .................................... 3.3.126.6, A.3.3.126.6
+Irritant ................................................... 63.1.3.1(2)(e)
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.126.7
+Liquefied .............................................. see Liquefied gas
+Liquefied natural gas (LNG) ...... see Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
+Liquefied petroleum ........................................ see LP-Gas
+Nonflammable ......................................... 63.1.3.1(1)(b)
+Definition ................................................. 3.3.126.11
+Other (definition) ........................... 3.3.126.12, A.3.3.126.12
+Oxidizing ............................................. see Oxidizing gas
+Ozone-gas generating equipment .......................... Annex G
+Permit amounts for ................................... T able 1.12.7(b)
+Pyrophoric ........................................... see Pyrophoric gas
+Scavenged (definition) ..................................... 3.3.126.15
+Simple asphyxiant (definition) ............................ 3.3.126.16
+Toxic ........................................................ see Toxic gas
+Unstable reactive .......................... see Unstable (reactive) gas
+Gas cabinets............................... 63.2.17, 63.3.5.3.1, 63.3.9.4.1
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.127, A.3.3.127
+Hazardous materials identification ....................... 60.1.13.2.3
+Ozone .............................................................. G.4.2
+Gas detection system........... 30.2.8, 63.3.9.3.2.1, 63.3.9.3.4.3.2(B),
+63.3.9.6
+Continuous (definition) ..................................... 3.3.238.4
+Gaseous extinguishing systems............................ 43.1.7.8.2(1)
+Gaseous hydrogen systems........................................... 63.6
+Gas-fired vehicles ...................................... see Motor vehicles
+Gas-fueled heating appliances............. see Heating equipment and
+appliances
+Gas manufacturer/producer (definition)....................... 3.3.128
+Gas rooms................................. 60.1.13.2.3, 63.2.4, 63.3.5.3.3
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.129, A.3.3.129
+Gas turbines......................................................... 1 1.7.1
+Gated communities, access to................................... 18.2.2.2
+General requirements............................................ Chap. 4
+General storage.................................. see Storage occupancies
+Generators
+Aircraft ground-power ..................... 42.10.5.7.2, A.42.10.5.7.2
+Fireworks facilities .......... 65.11.3.18, 65.11.4.9.2, A.65.11.4.9.2.4
+Membrane structures .......................................... 25.1.12
+Ozone-gas generating equipment .......................... Annex G
+Stationary ..................................... 1 1.7.1, 11.7.5, 11.9.5(9)
+Glass fiber reinforced plastics............. 43.8, A.43.8.1 to A.43.8.5.3
+Goals ........................................................... 4.1.1, A.4.1
+Compliance options ................................................ 4.3
+Performance-based design ....................................... 5.1.2
+Property protection ............................. 4.1.1, 4.1.4.1, A.4.1.1
+Public welfare ........................................ 4.1.5.1, A.4.1.5.1
+Safety-during-building-use ...................... 4.1.3.2.1, A.4.1.3.2.1
+Safety-from-fire ................................... 4.1.3.1.1, A.4.1.3.1.1
+Safety-from-hazardous materials ............................. 4.1.3.3.1
+Grandstands .... T able 1.12.7(a), 25.1, 25.3, A.25.1.4.2 to A.25.1.7.2.3
+Grease removal devices............................... 50.2.2.1, 50.2.2.2,
+50.4.3, 50.4.4.4, 50.4.4.8.1, 50.4.4.8.6, 50.5.6.2,
+A.50.5.6.2, A.50.10.4.3.2
+Grounding
+Cryogenic fluid containers and systems ..................... 63.4.7.3
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ........................ 40.4.3.1.3
+Marine motor fuel dispensing facilities ..................... 42.9.6.4,
+42.9.10.7(4), A.42.9.6.4
+Spray application operations .................... 43.1.4.6, 43.1.8.5.3,
+43.1.8.7.4, A.43.1.4.6, A.43.1.8.5.3, A.43.1.8.7.4
+Tank cars and tank vehicles, loading and unloading of..... 66.28.3.1
+Wharves, pipelines on ...................................... 66.29.3.12
+Ground kettles (definition)....................................... 3.3.130
+Guard service.................................... 16.3.2.5.1 to 16.3.2.5.3,
+28.1.6.2.3.5.2(3), 28.1.8.2.2, 34.5.6, A.16.3.2.5.1,
+A.16.3.2.5.2, L.5.7.3
+Guide (definition) ................................................... 3.2.4
+-H-
+Halogenated agent extinguishers............ 13.6.7.2.2.6, 13.6.9.4.3.7,
+13.6.9.4.3.8, 70.2.4.8.4.2, A.13.6.7.2.2.6, A.13.6.9.4.3.7,
+A.70.2.4.8.4.2
+Halon 1301 extinguishing systems... Table 13.8, 66.6.7.6, 66.24.6.2.4
+Handling (definition) ............................................. 3.3.131
+Hangars ............................................... see Aircraft hangars
+1–617INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Hay, straw, and other agricultural products, storage of........... 45.7
+Hazard of contents............ see also High hazard contents; Ordinary
+hazard contents
+Definition ..................................................... A.3.3.132
+Low hazard contents (definition) ............ 3.3.132.2, A.3.3.132.2
+Hazardous chemicals (definition)............... 66.3.3.18, A.66.3.3.18
+Hazardous materials............... Chap. 60; see also specific materials
+Automobile wrecking yards ....................................... 22.9
+Classification ............................................. 60.1.4, 63.1.3
+Combustible fiber storage and ................................... 45.8
+Containers ............................................... see Containers
+Control areas ......................................... see Control areas
+Definition ........................... 3.3.161.3, 66.3.3.18, A.66.3.3.18
+Incidents
+Assumptions ........................................... 4.2.3, A.4.2.3
+Investigation ................................................ 1.7.10.1
+Safety, design for .................................. 5.2.2.3, A.5.2.2.3
+Inventory statements ........................ 60.1.6.2, A.60.1.6.2, D.2
+Management plans ................................................. D.3
+Maximum allowable quantities ......................... see Maximum
+allowable quantities
+Mixtures ........................................................ 60.1.4.2
+Multiple hazards ............................................... 60.1.4.3
+Notification of unauthorized discharge ....................... 10.7.3
+Outdoor storage and use .................... 60.1.24, 60.1.25, 60.2.4
+Performance-based design option ............................. 5.1.12
+Design scenarios ...................................... 5.4.4, A.5.4.4
+Performance criteria ............................. 5.2.2.3, A.5.2.2.3
+Permits .................. T able 1.12.7(a), 60.1.5, 60.2.2, A.60.1.5.1.1
+Property protection ........................................... 4.1.4.2.4
+Protection ............................................ 60.1.15, 60.1.22,
+60.3.1, 60.3.2.1, Table 60.3.2.6, A.60.1.22
+Release of .................................... 53.3.1.6, 53.3.1.7, 60.1.8
+For repairs or alterations ....................................... 4.5.6.3
+Safety from ....................................... 4.1.3.3, A.4.1.3.3.2.2
+Single release, assumption of ........................... 4.2.2, A.4.2.2
+Specific occupancies, allowable storage and use in ..... 60.1.26.3.1
+Storage cabinets ................................................ 60.1.20
+Storage of hazardous commodities .......... 20.15.4, Table 60.3.2.3
+Hazardous materials storage facility
+Closure of ...................................................... 60.1.5.3
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.135
+Hazardous materials storage lockers.................. 66.14, A.66.14.1
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.136
+Hazardous production materials (HPM) (definition)........ 3.3.161.4
+Hazardous reaction or hazardous chemical reaction
+(definition) .............................. 3.3.137, A.3.3.137
+Hazard rating (definition)............................ 3.3.133, A.3.3.133
+Health care occupancies..... 20.4, A.20.4.2 to A.20.4.2.5.6(2); see also
+Ambulatory health care occupancies
+Battery systems, location of ................................... 52.3.3.4
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ................ 3.3.170.11, 6.1.5.1, A.3.3.170.11, A.6.1.5.1
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ............ 13.7.2.5,
+13.7.2.6, A.13.7.2.5.3
+Emergency plans ......................... 10.9.1, 20.4.2.1, 20.4.2.2.2,
+20.6.2.1, 20.6.2.2.2, A.20.4.2.1.5, A.20.6.2.1.2
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ............. 66.9.6.2.1,
+66.9.6.2.2, 66.9.6.2.4
+Hazardous materials storage and use ............ T able 60.1.26.2(f),
+Table 60.2.26.2(b), Table 60.3.2.3
+Laboratories in ..................................................... 26.2
+Means of egress .................... T able 14.8.1.2, 20.4.2.3, 20.6.2.3
+Multiple occupancies ..... T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Sprinkler systems .................................. 13.3.2.9, 13.3.2.10,
+A.13.3.2.9.1 to A.13.3.2.9.5, A.13.3.2.10.4 to
+A.13.3.2.10.9
+Health hazard materials................................. T able 60.1.26.1,
+Table 60.4.10.1.5.2.1, 63.1.3.1(2); see also Hazardous
+materials
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.161.5
+Supply piping for ............................. 60.1.6.1.1, A.60.1.6.1.1
+Heat detectors........................................ 13.7.4.3.2, 13.7.4.5
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.80.9
+Electrical conductivity detector (definition) ................ 3.3.80.5
+Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC)
+systems ...................................... 1 1.2, 11.9.5(4)
+Airport terminal buildings .............. 21.2.3.4, 21.2.4, A.21.2.4.2,
+A.21.2.4.3
+Battery rooms and cabinets ........................ T able 52.1, 52.3.6
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ............ 63.2.16, 63.2.18,
+63.3.9.2
+Cryogenic fluid containers and systems ................. 63.4.12.1.4,
+63.4.13.10.3.2.2
+Elevator machine rooms .............................. 1 1.3.3, A.11.3.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ........... 66.7.3.7.1, 66.9.5.4, 66.9.14, 66.14.4.7,
+66.17.11, 66.18.5, 66.24.10, 66.25.10, A.66.9.5.4,
+A.66.17.11.2, A.66.17.11.7, A.66.24.10.2, A.66.24.10.4
+Gas cabinets ................................................... 63.2.17.2
+Gas rooms ...................................................... 63.2.4.2
+Hazardous materials storage and use ............... 60.3.2.5, 60.4.2,
+60.4.10.2.2
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ............. 42.6.2, A.42.6.2
+Organic peroxide .............................................. 70.3.4.4
+Refrigerant machinery rooms ................................ 53.2.3.3
+Repair garages ......................................... 30.2.9, A.30.2.9
+Smoke dampers .................................................. 12.9.5
+Soundstages and approved production facilities ............ 32.4.12
+Spray applications, of flammable and combustible
+materials ................... 43.1.3.6, 43.1.5, 43.1.6.3.2(4),
+43.1.7.3, 43.1.7.7.1(2), 43.5.3.1, 43.5.3.9, 43.8.6,
+A.43.1.5.3 to A.43.1.5.11, A.45.5.3.1(4)
+Sprinkler systems for ...................................... 13.3.3.5.3.6
+Heating equipment and appliances
+Aerosol products, buildings for ................................ 61.2.4
+Aircraft ........................................................ 42.10.5.5
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ................... 63.3.1.6.7
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ................. 40.4.6, A.40.4.5
+Electric ........................................................ 25.1.10.2
+Escape blocked by ........................................... 20.5.2.5.3
+Forest products, storage of ..................... 31.3.2.1.8, 31.3.2.1.9
+Installation ............................................. 1 1.5, A.11.5.1.5
+Kerosene burners ................................................ 1 1.5.2
+LP-Gas ....................... 69.3.10.2.7, 69.3.10.3.4 to 69.3.10.3.10,
+69.3.10.7, 69.3.11.1, 69.3.12.7.4 to 69.3.12.7.6,
+A.69.3.10.2.7, A.69.3.12.7.6
+Oil- and gas-fueled ................................... T able 1.12.7(a),
+25.1.10.1, 66.19.4.4, A.66.19.4.4
+Oil stoves ......................................................... 1 1.5.2
+Oxidizer storage ............................................... 70.2.4.6
+Patio heaters .................................................. 10.11.6.2
+Permits .......................................................... 1 1.5.1.8
+Portable ........................... 1 1.5.3, 20.4.2.6, 20.6.2.6, 20.7.2.6,
+28.1.8.1.1, 69.3.10.2.7, 69.3.11.1, A.69.3.10.2.7
+Spray application operations ..................... 43.5.3.7.1, 43.8.5.4
+Sprinkler temperature ratings for ................ T able 13.3.1.8(a),
+Table 13.3.1.8(c)
+Stored commodities, clearance from ........................ 34.4.2.4
+Temporary ..... 16.2.1, 69.3.10.3.4, 69.3.10.7, A.16.2.1.5, A.16.2.1.8
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating ............................................... 25.1.10
+Tires, outside storage of ....................................... 33.1.6.2
+Unvented fuel-fired .................... 20.2.4.5, 20.3.2.1, 20.5.2.5.4,
+20.8.2.6, 20.9.2.2, 20.10.2, 20.11.2, 69.3.12.7.6,
+A.69.3.12.7.6
+Vents .............................................................. 1 1.5.4
+Heat-producing appliances
+Detention and correctional appliances ...................... 20.7.2.3
+LP-Gas ....................................... 69.3.10.2.7, A.69.3.10.2.7
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ........... 42.6.3, A.42.6.3.6
+Repair garages .................................... 30.2.10, A.30.2.10.6
+1–618 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Heat transfer fluid (HTF).......... 66.19.4.1.1, 66.19.4.2, 66.19.4.3.3
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.138, 66.3.3.21
+Heat transfer systems, recirculating............................ 66.19.4,
+A.66.19.4.2 to A.66.19.4.7.1
+Heliports
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.139, A.3.3.139
+Rapid refueling of helicopters ........ 42.10.5.21, A.42.10.5.21.2(2)
+Rooftop
+Construction and protection .... 21.3, A.21.3.3.1 to A.21.3.4.6.4
+Fueling at .................................................... 42.10.4
+Permit requirements .................... T able 1.12.7(a), 21.3.2.1
+High air movement areas, smoke detectors in............. 13.7.4.3.12,
+A.13.7.4.3.12.2
+High hazard contents;...................... see also Hazardous materials
+Definitions .................................................... 3.3.132.1
+Level 2 (definition) .......................................... 66.3.3.22
+Level 3 (definition) .......................................... 66.3.3.23
+Performance-based design option ............................. 5.1.12
+Storage occupancies ................ T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), 34.1.1.2(5)
+Highly toxic gas.............................. 63.1.3.1(2)(c), 63.2.3.1.4,
+Table 63.2.3.1, Table 63.3.1.6.2, 63.3.9, A.63.3.9.3.6;see
+also Compressed gas
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.126.5
+Ozone-gas generating equipment .......................... Annex G
+Permit amounts for .......................... T ables 1.12.7(b) to (d)
+Refrigerants ........................................ 53.2.2.1.1, 53.2.2.2
+Specific occupancies, storage and use in ............ T able 60.1.26.1
+Highly toxic materials (solids and liquids)..... 60.3.2.9, Chap. 68; see
+also Hazardous materials
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.161.6, A.3.3.161.6
+Permit amounts for ................ T able 1.12.7(c), Table 1.12.7(d)
+Secondary containment ........................ T able 60.4.10.1.5.2.1
+Highly volatile liquids (definition)............................ 3.3.153.3
+High-piled storage................ T able 1.12.7(a), 13.3.2.25.1, 20.15.8
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.229.4
+High-powered rocketry ............................... see Rockets, model
+High-rise buildings .................................................. 20.16
+Definition .......................................... 3.3.27.6, A.3.3.27.6
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ......... 13.7.2.27.2,
+A.13.7.2.27.2.1, A.13.7.2.27.2.2.2
+Emergency plans ................................................. 10.9.1
+Sprinkler systems .......................................... 13.3.2.14.1,
+13.3.2.20.1.2, 13.3.2.24, A.13.3.2.24.2
+Standpipe systems ............................................. 13.2.2.3
+Historic buildings............................. 4.5.2, 20.17, A.20.17.3(2)
+Hogged material
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.140
+Outside storage of .......................... 31.3.1.1(4), 31.3.2.1.6.2,
+31.3.6, 31.3.7, A.31.3.6.1 to A.31.3.6.4.3, A.31.3.7
+Storage of ........................... 31.3.6, A.31.3.6.1 to A.31.3.6.4.3
+Hoods, commercial cooking...................... 50.2.1.3(2), 50.2.2.1,
+50.2.2.2, 50.4.3, 50.4.4.4, 50.4.4.7, 50.4.4.8, 50.4.5.1.1,
+50.4.5.1.2, 50.4.10.1, 50.4.11.1, 50.5.5, 50.5.6.2,
+A.50.5.6.2, A.50.10.4.3.2
+Horizontal exits
+Aircraft hangars ................................. 21.1.4.1.3, 21.1.5.1.3
+Definition .......................................... 3.3.94.1, A.3.3.94.1
+Doors in ....................................... 14.5.1.1(4), 14.5.1.1(7)
+Protectives, minimum ratings for ..................... T able 12.7.4.2
+Hospitals (definition) ... 3.3.170.12; see also Health care occupancies
+Hotels .................................. 20.8, A.20.8.2.1.1 to A.20.8.2.4.2
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ............ 3.3.170.13, 6.1.8.1.3, A.3.3.170.13, A.6.18.1.3
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ............ 13.7.2.9,
+13.7.2.10, A.13.7.2.9.3, A.13.7.2.10.2
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Hazardous materials storage and use ........... T able 60.1.26.2(h),
+Table 60.3.2.3
+Means of egress, occupant load ....................... T able 14.8.1.2
+Multiple occupancies ..... T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Sprinkler systems ................. 13.3.2.13, 13.3.2.14, A.13.3.2.14.2
+Hot work operations................................. 10.11.8.1, 40.4.5.1,
+40.4.5.2, Chap. 41, A.10.11.8.1
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ........... 61.2.8.2(6),
+61.5.3.1(6), 61.5.3.3
+Automobile wrecking yards ....................................... 22.4
+Baled cotton storage .............................................. L.6.4
+Contractors ............................................ 41.2.5, A.41.2.5
+Demolition sites .................................................. 16.5.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ...................... 66.6.5.1, 66.6.5.3, A.66.6.5.3
+Forest products, storage of ................................ 31.3.2.1.12
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ...................... 32.4.2(3), 32.5.2(4), 32.6.3
+Permits .................................... T able 1.12.7(a), 32.4.2(3),
+32.5.2(4), 41.1.5, 41.2.1.1, 41.2.1.2, 41.2.2, 41.3.2 to
+41.3.4, 41.4.2, 43.1.8.12, 61.5.3.3, A.41.2.2.1 to
+A.41.2.2.7, A.41.3.3, A.41.3.4, A.43.1.8.12
+Personal protective clothing .......... 41.3.1, 41.3.4.2(13), A.41.3.1
+Sole proprietors and individual owners ............... 41.4, A.41.4.1
+Spray application operations .................. 43.1.8.12, A.43.1.8.12
+Storage occupancies ................................ 34.6.3, A.34.6.3.2
+Tires, outside storage of .............................. 33.1.6.2, 33.7.3
+Housekeeping
+Automobile wrecking yards ....................................... 22.5
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ........................... 40.3.2,
+40.7.1.2(3), A.40.3.2.1, A.40.3.2.2
+Fireworks facilities ........................... 65.11.3.21, A.65.11.3.21
+Motion picture and television soundstages ...................... 32.3
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ...................... 42.7.2.7
+Organic peroxide storage ..................................... 70.3.4.7
+Oxidizer storage .................. 70.2.4.9, A.70.2.4.9.2, A.70.2.4.9.5
+Repair garages ................................................... 30.3.4
+Hydrants .................................................. see Fire hydrants
+Hydrogen systems
+Gaseous ............................................................. 63.6
+Liquefied ........................................................... 63.7
+-I-
+Ignition sources..................................... 4.1.4.2.1, A.4.1.4.2.1
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ................. 61.2.8,
+61.5.3, A.61.5.3
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ......... 63.3.1.6.8, 63.3.6.3
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ............... 40.4, 40.7.1.2(4),
+A.40.4.1.3 to A.40.4.6
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ....................... 66.6.5, 66.19.5.7, 66.21.6.2,
+A.66.6.5.3, A.66.6.5.4, A.66.19.5.7.2 to A.66.19.5.7.6
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ........... 42.7.2.5.1, 42.9.5
+Outdoor storage
+Forest products .......... 31.3.2.1, A.31.3.2.1.1 to A.31.3.2.1.10.1
+Tires ................................................... 33.1.6, 33.7.3
+Refrigeration machinery rooms .............................. 53.2.3.2
+Spray application, flammable and combustible
+liquids ....................... 43.1.4, 43.1.8.5 to 43.1.8.12,
+43.5.3.6, 43.7.6, 43.7.7, 43.8.5, A.43.1.4.1 to A.43.1.4.6,
+A.43.1.8.5 to A.43.1.8.12, A.43.7.6, A.43.8.5.3
+Illumination of means of egress................... 4.4.3.2.3, 5.3.4(10),
+14.12, 14.14.5, 14.14.6, 20.1.4.6, A.14.12.1.1 to
+A.14.12.2.1, A.14.14.5.1 to A.14.14.5.2.2, A.14.14.6.1 to
+A.14.14.6.5.3; see also Emergency lighting
+Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH)
+(definition) .............................. 3.3.143, A.3.3.143
+Imminent danger (definition).................................... 3.3.144
+Impeded egress, Use Condition IV (definition).......... 3.3.170.8.1.4
+Important buildings (definition)................... 3.3.27.7, A.3.3.27.7
+Incapacitation (definition)......................................... 3.4.11
+Incidental liquid use or storage (definition).................... 3.3.146
+Incident commanders
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.145, A.3.3.145
+Duties and powers ................................................... 1.8
+1–619INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Incinerators ................................ 5.3.3(4), 10.11, 11.6, 12.4.3,
+A.10.11.3.1 to A.10.11.8.1, A.12.4.3
+Forest products, storage of .............. 31.3.2.1.10, A.31.3.2.1.10.1
+Refrigerant flaring systems ...................................... 53.2.2
+Tires, outside storage of ....................................... 33.1.6.3
+Wildland fire-prone areas ..................................... 17.3.4.6
+Incompatible materials (definition)........................... 3.3.161.8
+Independent review .................................. 1.15, 5.1.5, A.5.1.5
+Indicating valves (definition).................................. 3.3.250.1
+Indoor areas
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ..................... 63.2.5.2
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.13.5
+Hazardous materials ....................................... 60.2, 60.2.2
+Industrial occupancies .............................................. 20.14
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ............. 3.3.170.14, 6.1.12.1, A.3.3.170.14, A.6.1.12.1
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ........... 13.7.2.21
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Hazardous materials storage and use ................. T able 60.3.2.3
+LP-Gas use in ....................................... 69.3.10.5, 69.5.3.3
+Means of egress, occupant load ....................... T able 14.8.1.2
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ................ see Motor fuel
+dispensing facilities
+Multiple occupancies ................ 6.1.14.1.3, Table 6.1.14.4.1(a),
+Table 6.1.14.4.1(b), A.6.1.14.1.3
+Industrial ovens and furnaces................. T able 1.12.7(a), 51.1.2,
+Chap. 51, 61.2.8.2(12), 61.5.3.1(12)
+Industrial trucks ......................................... 10.18, 42.11.2.5
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ................. 61.5.2
+Baled cotton storage areas ..................................... L.6.2.1
+Combustible fiber storage room or building .................... 45.4
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ............................ 40.4.8
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use .......................................... 66.9.3.10.3
+Spray areas ..................................................... 43.1.3.4
+Storage occupancies ............................................. 34.6.1
+Inert gas....................................... T able 1.12.7(b), 66.18.3.4
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.126.6, A.3.3.126.6
+Infrared detection systems........................ 40.5.2.3.2, 40.5.2.3.3
+Initiating device circuits (definition)............................ 3.3.148
+Input data specification...................................... 5.5.3, 5.7.7
+Definition ......................................................... 3.4.12
+Inside liquid storage areas.................... 66.9.3, 66.9.9, 66.9.12.1,
+66.9.13, 66.9.14, 66.9.16, 66.9.18.2, 66.16, A.66.9.3.10.3,
+A.66.9.13, A.66.9.16.1, A.66.9.16.2, A.66.16.1.1 to
+A.66.16.8.2
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.13.7
+Inspection, testing, and maintenance....................... 4.5.8, 10.4,
+A.4.5.8.3 to A.4.5.8.5
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ................. 61.5.6
+Aircraft fuel servicing .......... 42.10.5.16, 42.10.5.17, A.42.10.5.16
+Alarm systems ............ 10.2.4, 13.7.3.2.4, 13.7.3.5.1, A.13.7.3.2.4
+Alternatives, test of ................................................ 1.4.7
+Authority having jurisdiction, inspections by..... 1.7.6, 1.7.12, 1.11.2
+Baled cotton storage ................................................ L.6
+Ceiling tiles and ceiling assemblies ............. 13.3.3.3, 13.7.4.3.11
+CNG and LNG vehicle fuel dispensing .................. 42.11.1.1.1,
+42.11.1.1.3, 42.11.1.1.5, 42.11.1.1.8
+Compressed gases storage and use ......................... 63.3.1.3.2
+Construction and installation, inspection of .................. 1.7.12
+Cooking equipment extinguishing and exhaust systems..... 50.2.1.5,
+50.4.4.10(4), 50.5, A.50.4.4.10(4), A.50.5.2.1 to
+A.50.5.6.2
+Cryogenic fluids storage ....................... 63.4.13.1.3, 63.4.13.9
+Day-care occupancies ....................... 20.3.4.2.3, A.20.3.4.2.3.2
+Detection systems .............................................. 13.7.4.4
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ............................. 40.7,
+A.40.7.1.2(5) to A.40.7.2.5.3
+Emergency command center ................................... 1 1.9.6
+Emergency lighting ............................................ 14.13.2
+Emergency plans ...................................... 10.2.4, 10.9.2.4
+Equipment rooms ............................................ 10.19.5.2
+Exits
+Day-care occupancies ... 20.3.4.2.3.2, 20.3.4.2.3.3, A.20.3.4.2.3.2
+Educational occupancies ................................... 20.2.4.3
+Health care occupancies ......................... 20.4.2.3, 20.6.2.3
+Extinguishers, portable fire ........................ 13.6.9, 28.1.6.1.2,
+A.13.6.9.1 to A.13.6.9.4.4.3.5
+Fire department access ............ 18.2.2.3, 18.2.4.1.3, A.18.2.4.1.3
+Fire doors and other opening protectives .................... 12.4.6,
+A.12.4.6.6 to A.12.4.6.19.5
+Fire protection systems ........................ 10.2.4, 13.1.1, 13.3.3,
+18.3.7, 34.6.6.2, A.13.3.3.4.1.1 to A.13.3.3.6.5.2(3)(d),
+A.34.6.6.2
+Fire pumps .................................... 13.4.4, 13.4.6 to 13.4.9,
+A.13.4.4, A.13.4.6.2, A.13.4.6.4
+Fire-resistive construction ............................ 12.3.2, A.12.3.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use .................. 66.6.9, 66.16.4.3, 66.17.15.4(4),
+66.21.5, 66.21.6.6, 66.21.8, 66.22.10.1, 66.22.17,
+66.23.17, 66.24.16, 66.25.16, 66.27.7, A.66.21.5.3,
+A.66.21.6.6.1, A.66.21.8.1 to A.66.21.8.8
+Folding and telescopic seating ................................. 25.4.3
+Forest products, outside storage of ...... 31.3.3.2.1(5), 31.3.4.2(5),
+31.3.5.2(5), 31.3.7.3.4, 31.3.8.2(5)
+Grandstands ...................................................... 25.3.6
+Hazardous material storage and use ........... 60.1.12, 60.1.13.1.3,
+60.1.23
+Interior finishes ...... 12.5.4, 12.5.8, A.12.5.4, A.12.5.8.2, A.12.5.8.3
+Laboratories using chemicals ................................... 26.1.5
+Membrane structures ................................... 25.5.4, 25.6.6
+Motor fuel dispensing devices ................... 42.5.3.6, 42.5.3.9.1
+Owner/occupant requirements ................................ 10.2.2
+Performance-based design features ................. 5.1.10, A.5.1.10
+Private fire service mains ........................................ 13.5.4
+Refrigeration, mechanical ........................................ 53.3
+Roofing kettles ................................................... 16.7.3
+Rubbish chutes, laundry chutes, and incinerators ............ 1 1.6.2
+Smoke control ..................................... 10.2.4, 11.8, A.11.8
+Smoke dampers ................................................ 12.9.5.4
+Sprinkler systems ..... 13.3.3, A.13.3.3.4.1.1 to A.13.3.3.6.5.2(3)(d)
+Standpipe systems ............................................... 13.2.3
+Stationary generators and standby power systems ............ 1 1.7.5
+Storage occupancies .................................. 34.6.6, A.34.6.6
+Tank vehicles, refueling from ................................ 42.7.6.1
+Wildland fire-prone areas ....................................... 17.3.9
+Wiring, temporary ............................................. 1 1.1.8.5
+Institutional occupancies .................. see also specific occupancies
+LP-Gas use in ................................................. 69.3.10.6
+Interior finish................................................. 12.5, A.12.5
+Airport terminal buildings ....................... 21.2.3.2, A.21.2.3.2
+Ambulatory health care centers ................................ 20.6.3
+Apartment buildings ............................................ 20.9.3
+Assembly occupancies ................................. 20.1.3, 20.1.4.8
+Business occupancies .......................................... 20.13.3
+Ceiling ............................................... 12.5.2.2, 12.5.3.1,
+12.5.4 to 12.5.6, 12.5.9.1, A.12.5.4 to A.12.5.5.4
+Ambulatory health care centers ........................... 20.6.3.2
+Apartment buildings ............................. 20.9.3.2, 20.9.3.3
+Assembly occupancies ................. 20.1.3.2, 20.1.3.3, 20.1.4.8
+Business occupancies ..................................... 20.13.3.2
+Daycare occupancies ............................. 20.3.3.2, 20.3.3.3
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.101.1
+Detention and correctional occupancies ...... 20.7.3.2, 20.7.3.3
+Educational occupancies ................................... 20.2.3.2
+Health care occupancies ......................... 20.4.3.2, 20.4.3.3
+Hotels and dormitories .......................... 20.8.3.2, 20.8.3.3
+Industrial occupancies .................................... 20.14.3.2
+Lodging or rooming houses .............................. 20.10.3.2
+Mercantile occupancies ................................... 20.12.3.2
+One- and two-family dwellings ........................... 20.11.3.2
+Residential board and care occupancies ............... 20.4.3.2.2,
+20.5.3.1.2, 20.5.3.1.3, 20.5.3.2.3
+Storage occupancies ...................................... 20.15.3.2
+1–620 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Daycare occupancies ............................................ 20.3.3
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.101.2, A.3.3.101.2
+Detention and correctional occupancies ...................... 20.7.3
+Educational occupancies ........................................ 20.2.3
+Floor ......................................... 12.5.3.2, 12.5.6.2, 12.5.8,
+12.5.9.2, 20.6.3.3, A.12.5.3.2, A.12.5.8.2, A.12.5.8.3
+Apartment buildings ............................. 20.9.3.4, 20.9.3.5
+Assembly occupancies ...................................... 20.1.3.5
+Business occupancies ..................................... 20.13.3.3
+Daycare occupancies ....................................... 20.3.3.4
+Definition .................................... 3.3.101.3, A.3.3.101.3
+Detention and correctional occupancies ................. 20.7.3.4
+Educational occupancies ................................... 20.2.3.3
+Health care occupancies ......................... 20.4.3.4, 20.4.3.5
+Hotels and dormitories .................................... 20.8.3.4
+Industrial occupancies .................................... 20.14.3.3
+Lodging or rooming houses .............................. 20.10.3.3
+Mercantile occupancies ................................... 20.12.3.3
+One- and two-family dwellings ........................... 20.11.3.3
+Residential board and care occupancies ... 20.5.3.1.4, 20.5.3.2.4
+Storage occupancies ...................................... 20.15.3.3
+Fuel dispensing areas, inside buildings ...................... 30.1.6.2
+Health care occupancies ........................................ 20.4.3
+Hotels and dormitories .......................................... 20.8.3
+Industrial occupancies ......................................... 20.14.3
+Lodging or rooming houses ................................... 20.10.3
+Mercantile occupancies ........................................ 20.12.3
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities .................... 42.6.1.5.2
+One- and two-family dwellings ................................ 20.11.3
+Residential board and care occupancies ...................... 20.5.3
+Storage occupancies ........................................... 20.15.3
+W all ........................................ 12.5.2.2, 12.5.2.3, 12.5.3.1,
+12.5.4 to 12.5.6, 12.5.9.1, A.12.5.2.3, A.12.5.4 to
+A.12.5.5.4
+Ambulatory health care centers ........................... 20.6.3.2
+Apartment buildings ............................. 20.9.3.2, 20.9.3.3
+Assembly occupancies ................. 20.1.3.2, 20.1.3.3, 20.1.4.8
+Business occupancies ..................................... 20.13.3.2
+Daycare occupancies ............................. 20.3.3.2, 20.3.3.3
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.101.4
+Detention and correctional occupancies ...... 20.7.3.2, 20.7.3.3
+Educational occupancies ................................... 20.2.3.2
+Health care occupancies ......................... 20.4.3.2, 20.4.3.3
+Hotels and dormitories .......................... 20.8.3.2, 20.8.3.3
+Industrial occupancies .................................... 20.14.3.2
+Lodging or rooming houses .............................. 20.10.3.2
+Mercantile occupancies ................................... 20.12.3.2
+One- and two-family dwellings ........................... 20.11.3.2
+Residential board and care occupancies ............... 20.4.3.2.2,
+20.5.3.1.2, 20.5.3.1.3, 20.5.3.2.3
+Storage occupancies ...................................... 20.15.3.2
+Intermediate bulk containers (IBCs).................... 40.4.3.2, 66.9,
+66.15, 66.18.3.8, 66.18.3.9, 66.18.4.4.1(2), A.40.4.3.2,
+A.66.9.3.10.3 to A.66.9.16.2, A.66.18.3.8,
+A.66.18.4.4.1(1), A.66.18.4.4.1(2)(d)
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.66.6
+Internal combustion power sources..... 10.15.10, 11.5.1.5, A.11.5.1.5
+Irritant gas ..................... 63.1.3.1(2)(e); see also Compressed gas
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.126.7
+Isolated storage (definition)................................... 3.3.229.5
+-J-
+Joints
+Fire/smoke partitions and barriers .......... 12.7.5.8, 12.8.5, 12.9.7
+Flammable and combustible liquids pipe .... 66.27.5, A.66.27.5.1.2
+Jurisdiction (definition) .......................................... 3.3.150
+-K-
+Kerosene burners................................................... 1 1.5.2
+Kettles
+Ground (definition) ........................................... 3.3.130
+Patch (definition) .............................................. 3.3.183
+T ar ................... T able 1.12.7(a), 16.7, 69.3.12.3.5, A.16.7.1.6.2
+Key boxes ................................................. see Access boxes
+Keys ................................................................ 20.7.2.5
+-L-
+Labeled
+Definition .......................................................... 3.2.5
+Equipment, devices, and materials ............................. 10.1.7
+Laboratories using chemicals............... T able 1.12.7(a), Chap. 26
+Laboratory fume hoods......................... 60.4.10.1.3, 60.4.10.2.3
+Ladders ...................... 4.5.6.2.2, 5.3.4(6), 28.1.8.1.2, 31.3.6.3.3.1
+Laundry chutes........................... see Chutes, rubbish or laundry
+Leakage detection and control............................... see Spillage
+Leak (definition) ................................................ 66.27.2.3
+Liability, authority having jurisdiction................................ 1.9
+Life safety........................ 4.1.3, A.4.1.3; see also Means of egress
+Appropriateness of safeguards ................................... 4.4.2
+Of audience ............................................ 32.6.4, A.32.6.4
+Authority having jurisdiction, role of ........... see Authority having
+jurisdiction
+Building use, safety during ..... 4.1.3.2, 5.4.5, A.4.1.3.2.1, A.5.4.5.1
+Evaluation, special outdoor events, carnivals, and
+fairs ...................... 10.15.3, A.10.15.3.1, A.10.15.3.3
+Existing features, maintenance or removal of ........ 10.4.2, 10.4.3
+Fireworks retail sales facilities ............. 65.11.1.1.3, 65.11.1.1.4.2
+Multiple safeguards ............................................... 4.4.1
+Safety from fire ................... 4.1.3.1, A.4.1.3.1.1 to A.4.1.3.1.2.5
+Life Safety Code® .......................................... 10.1.2, A.10.1.2
+Lighting
+Christmas tree lights .................................. 10.14.5, 10.14.6
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ...................... 63.2.11
+Cryogenic fluid containers and systems ...................... 63.4.11
+Emergency ..................................... see Emergency lighting
+Fire pump areas ..................................... 13.4.2.3, 13.4.2.4
+Hazardous materials areas ..................................... 60.1.17
+Marinas, boatyards, piers, and wharves ......... 28.1.7.3, A.28.1.7.3
+Means of egress illumination ..................... see Means of egress
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities .... 42.10.2.2, A.42.10.2.2.4
+Spray application areas
+Fixtures ...................................................... 43.1.4.5
+Portable lights ............................................... 43.1.4.8
+Sprinkler temperature ratings in area of ......... T able 13.3.1.8(c)
+Storage occupancies ............................................. 34.6.8
+Temporary ......................................... 1 1.1.8.3 to 11.1.8.5
+Light (low) hazard occupancies
+Definition .......................................... 3.3.39.2, A.3.3.39.2
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............. 13.6.7.3.1.1, A.13.6.7.3.1.1
+Lightning precautions, aircraft fuel servicing................ 42.10.5.9,
+A.42.10.5.9
+Limited care facilities (definition)........... 3.3.170.15, A.3.3.170.15;
+see also Health care occupancies
+Limited-combustible (material) (definition)........ 3.3.152, A.3.3.152
+Limits
+Ceiling (definition) ............................ 3.3.151.1, A.3.3.151.1
+Permissible exposure limit (PEL) (definition) ........... 3.3.151.2,
+A.3.3.151.2
+Short-term exposure limit (STEL) (definition) .......... 3.3.151.3,
+A.3.3.151.3
+Line-type detectors................................... 13.7.4.3.2, 13.7.4.5
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.80.10
+Liquefied gas
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.126.8
+Flammable (definition) ...................................... 3.3.126.4
+Liquefied hydrogen systems......................................... 63.7
+Liquefied natural gas (LNG)........................................ 69.8
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.126.9
+Vehicular fuel ................................ 30.2.10.6, 42.8, 42.11.3,
+A.30.2.10.6, A.42.8.3.3, A.42.8.6.2, A.42.11.3
+Liquid-fired vehicles................................... see Motor vehicles
+1–621INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Liquids ........ see also Combustible liquids; Flammable liquids; Inside
+liquid storage areas; Unstable (reactive) materials
+(solids and liquids); Warehouses, Liquid
+Definition ...................................................... 66.4.1.3
+Flash point ............................................... see Flash point
+Highly volatile (definition) .................................. 3.3.153.3
+Incidental liquid use or storage (definition) ................ 3.3.146
+Stable ...................... 66.22.4.1.6, 66.22.4.2.1, 66.22.11.2.6.3.1,
+66.22.11.2.6.3.3
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.153.4
+Liquid storage cabinets.......................... 34.4.4, 66.9.5, A.66.9.5
+Listed
+Definition ................................................. 3.2.6, A.3.2.6
+Equipment, devices, and materials ............................. 10.1.7
+Locks and latches...................... 14.5.2, A.14.5.2.7 to A.14.5.2.11
+Construction sites ................................... 16.3.4.3, 16.3.4.4
+Day-care occupancies ................... 20.3.2.2, 20.3.2.3, A.20.3.2.2
+Detention and correctional occupancies ....... 20.7.2.1.1, 20.7.2.5
+Elevator lobby exit access ................... 14.5.3.3, A.14.5.3.3(15)
+Fire apparatus access roads or fire lanes .................. 18.2.4.2.5
+Lodging or rooming houses........................................ 20.10
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ......................................... 3.3.170.16, 6.1.8.1.2
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ........... 13.7.2.13
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Hazardous materials storage and use ........... T able 60.1.26.2(h),
+Table 60.3.2.3
+Multiple occupancies ..... T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Sprinkler systems ........................... 13.3.2.17, A.13.3.2.17.3.3
+Logs
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.154
+Outside storage of .......................... 31.3.1.1(5), 31.3.2.1.6.2,
+31.3.8, A.31.3.8.1.1 to A.31.3.8.3.6
+Loose house......................................................... 45.5.6
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.155
+Low hazard contents
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.132.2, A.3.3.132.2
+Storage occupancies .............................. T able 6.1.14.4.1(a)
+Low-pressure tanks............................................ 66.21.4.2.2
+Definition ................................................... 66.3.3.32.2
+LP-Gas ............................................................ Chap. 69
+Containers ....................................... see LP-Gas containers
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.126.10
+Equipment and appliances ............... 20.1.5.2.4(5), 20.1.5.3(6),
+69.3.9, 69.3.10.2, 69.3.10.7, 69.3.10.8.4, 69.3.11,
+69.3.12.6, 69.3.12.7, 69.3.12.8, A.20.1.5.2.4(5),
+A.69.3.10.2.7, A.69.3.12.7.6
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and locations,
+use at ................................................ 32.6.2.2
+Permits ..................... T able 1.12.7(a), Table 1.12.7(d), 69.1.2
+Piping, fittings, and valves ............................. 69.2.3, 69.3.9,
+69.3.10.2.4 to 69.3.10.2.6, 69.3.12.5
+Systems ............................................... see LP-Gas systems
+Tar kettles, use with ................... 16.7.2, 16.7.4.2.6, 69.3.12.3.5
+Transfer operations, location of ......................... 69.3.5, 69.4,
+A.69.3.5.1, A.69.4.1, A.69.4.2.2.5
+Utility plants, at .................................................... 69.7
+Vehicular fuel ...................... 42.8, 42.11.2, 69.3.13, A.42.8.3.3,
+A.42.8.6.2, A.42.11.2.2.1 to A.42.11.2.4.2.2
+Vehicular transportation of ....................................... 69.6
+LP-Gas containers...................................... 69.2, A.69.2.1.1.1
+Appurtenances ............................. 69.2.1.2, 69.2.2, 69.3.12.4
+ASME .................................... see ASME containers or tanks
+On balconies ................... 69.3.10, A.69.3.10.2.7, A.69.3.10.8.3
+Baled cotton storage areas ................................... L.6.2.1.2
+Boat storage and ......................................... 28.1.8.1.5(2)
+In buildings ................... 69.3.10, 69.5.2.1.3, 69.5.2.1.4, 69.5.3,
+A.69.3.10.2.7, A.69.3.10.8.3
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.66.7
+Filling and evacuating .......................... 69.4.2.2, A.69.4.2.2.5
+Fire protection for ............................................. 69.6.1.2
+Installation ...................... 69.3.1 to 6.9.3.5, 69.3.6, A.69.3.1 to
+A.69.3.5.1, A.69.3.6.1.4
+Location ................. 69.3.2 to 6.9.3.4, A.69.3.4.5.3 to A.69.3.4.7
+Marking ............................. 69.2.1.1.1, 69.2.1.4, A.69.2.1.1.1,
+A.69.2.1.4.2, A.69.2.1.4.3
+Outside storage .................... 69.5.4, A.69.5.4.1 to A.69.5.4.2.2
+Portable ......................................................... 69.2.1.2
+Storage, awaiting use or resale ....... 69.5, A.69.5.4.1 to A.69.5.5
+Refrigerated ....................................... 69.3.4.6, A.69.3.4.6
+On roofs ........................ 69.3.10, A.69.3.10.2.7, A.69.3.10.8.3
+Special storage buildings ...................................... 69.5.3.4
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating ................................ 25.1.4.1, 25.1.10.1.6
+Underground ................................. T able 69.3.3.1, 69.3.3.4
+Vehicle (other than engine fuel system) ................... 69.3.12.3
+Vehicular transportation of ..................................... 69.6.1
+LP-Gas systems
+In buildings, on roofs, or on balconies ...................... 69.3.10,
+A.69.3.10.2.7, A.69.3.10.8.3
+Fire protection .............................. 69.5.5, 69.6.1.2, A.69.5.5
+Installation of ............................. 69.3, A.69.3.1 to A.69.3.8.8
+Snowfall, systems in areas of heavy ............................. 69.3.9
+Tampering, protection against ............................ 69.3.13.3.7
+On vehicles (other than engine fuel systems) .............. 69.3.12,
+A.69.3.12.1, A.69.3.12.7.6
+Lumber
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.156
+Storage, manufacturing, and processing of ................ Chap. 31
+Lumber yards.......................... T able 1.12.7(a), 31.3.1 to 31.3.4
+-M-
+Maintenance .................. see Inspection, testing, and maintenance
+Make-up air ............................. 43.1.5.3, 66.7.3.7.1, 66.17.11.7,
+66.18.5.4.1, 66.24.10.4, A.43.1.5.3, A.66.17.11.7,
+A.66.24.10.4
+Mall buildings
+Alarm systems ................................. 13.7.2.17.2, 13.7.2.18.2
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Manual fire alarm boxes................... 13.7.1.4.8.1 to 13.7.1.4.8.7,
+13.7.3.3, A.13.7.1.4.8.5, A.13.7.1.4.8.6, A.13.7.3.3.5,
+A.13.7.3.3.8
+Airports ......................................................... 21.2.7.1
+Construction sites .............................................. 16.3.3.1
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.157
+Health care occupancies ..... 20.6.2.2.1.2, 20.6.2.2.3.1, 20.6.2.2.3.3
+Heliports, rooftop ........................................... 21.3.4.7.1
+Manual fire suppression equipment................. 20.7.2.1.4, 33.4.1,
+43.1.7.7.2(3), 43.1.7.8.2(2), 50.4.7, 70.2.4.8.4,
+A.70.2.4.8.4.1 to A.70.2.4.8.4.3; see also Extinguishers,
+portable fire
+Baled cotton storage .............................................. L.4.4
+Storage tank buildings, flammable and combustible liquids
+storage ............ 66.24.6.1, A.66.24.6.1.1, A.66.24.6.1.2
+Manual pull station......................... see Manual fire alarm boxes
+Manufactured homes sites........................................... 27.1
+Manufactured housing......... 20.11.4, 27.1.1, 27.2; see also One- and
+two-family dwellings
+Marinas .................................. 28.1, A.28.1.6.2.1.3 to A.28.1.9
+Marine motor fuel dispensing facilities............... T able 1.12.7(a),
+28.1.9.5(6), 28.1.9.6, 42.3.2.1(4), 42.5.6.4, 42.9,
+A.42.9.2.2 to A.42.9.6.4.1; see also Motor fuel dispensing
+facilities
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.170.18.2
+Marine piping, flammable and combustible liquids.......... 66.27.11
+Marine terminals .......................... 28.2, A.28.2.2 to A.28.2.3(2)
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.159
+Marine vessels ........................................................ 1.3.5
+Construction, repair, and lay-up of .................... 28.3, A.28.3.1
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.160
+Marking ....................................................... see also Signs
+Aerosol products ...................................... 61.1.4, 61.3.1.1
+1–622 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Central station fire alarm systems ............... 13.7.3.4, A.13.7.3.4
+Compressed gas containers, cylinders, and tanks ........ 63.3.1.2.1,
+63.3.1.3
+Compressed gas ventilation system ......................... 63.2.16.6
+Cryogenic containers and systems .................. 63.2.16.6, 63.4.4
+Disconnecting means .......................................... 1 1.1.9.3
+Extinguishers, portable fire ............. 13.6.3, 13.6.4, 13.6.8.1.3.9,
+13.6.9.1.4, 13.6.9.2.4.4, 13.6.9.3.3, 13.6.9.3.3.1,
+13.6.11.2, A.13.6.3.2, A.13.6.3.3, A.13.6.4, A.13.6.9.3.3,
+A.13.6.9.3.3.1
+Fire alarm systems ................................. 13.7.3.4, A.13.7.3.4
+Fire apparatus access road or fire lane ...................... 18.2.3.5
+Fire protection ....... 5.3.3(7), 10.12, A.10.12.1.1 to A.10.12.3.1.11
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage cabinets ...... 66.9.5.5
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage tanks ........ 66.21.7.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage tank
+vaults ............................................ 66.25.3.1.9
+Hazardous material storage lockers ........................ 66.14.6.6
+LP-Gas containers ................................ 69.2.1.1.1, 69.2.1.4,
+A.69.2.1.1.1, A.69.2.1.4.2, A.69.2.1.4.3
+LP-Gas fuel dispensing stations .......................... 69.3.13.3.15
+LP-Gas fueled vehicles ......................... 42.11.2.4, A.11.2.4.2.2
+Means of egress ......... 14.11.3, 14.14, A.14.14.1.2 to A.14.14.6.5.3
+Motor fuel dispensing facility fill pipes ...................... 42.4.2.5
+Organic peroxide storage ..................................... 70.3.4.1
+Oxidizer storage ................................ 70.2.4.2, A.70.2.4.2.1
+Sprinkler systems, impairment of ......................... 13.3.3.6.3,
+A.13.3.3.6.3.1, A.13.3.3.6.3.2
+Materials
+Compatible (definition) ..................................... 3.3.161.2
+Hazardous .................................... see Hazardous materials
+Health hazard ............................ see Health hazard materials
+Highly toxic ................................. see Highly toxic materials
+Hogged ............................................ see Hogged material
+Incompatible (definition) ................................... 3.3.161.8
+Noncombustible (definition) ............................... 3.3.161.9
+Physical hazard .......................... see Physical hazard materials
+Toxic ................................................. see Toxic materials
+Unstable (reactive) ................. see Unstable (reactive) materials
+Water-reactive ............................. see Water-reactive materials
+Material safety data sheet (MSDS)........................ 43.7.9, 60.1.7
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.162
+Maximum allowable quantities........................ T able 1.12.7(d),
+60.1.26, 60.1.26.3, 66.9.6; see also Hazardous materials
+storage facility
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.163, A.3.3.163
+Storage and use in amounts exceeding ................. 60.1.26.3.1,
+60.3, A.60.3.2.6
+Maze, crop....................................... 10.15.11, A.10.15.11.3.1
+Means of egress................... 4.4.3, Chap. 14; see also Doors; Exits
+Accessible ............................... 14.9.1.3, 14.10.4, A.14.10.4.1
+Aerosol products, buildings for ...................... 61.2.2.2, 61.5.1
+Aircraft hangars ......................................... 21.1.4, 21.1.5
+Airport terminal buildings ......................... 21.2.5, A.21.2.5.2
+Arrangement of ................. 14.10, A.14.10.1.1.1 to A.14.10.4.1,
+A.14.10.1.3.4
+Awareness of egress system ..................................... 4.4.3.2
+Buildings under construction ......................... 10.3.3, 16.1.3,
+16.3.4.5, 16.7.1.7, A.10.3.3, A.16.1.3
+Capacity of .......................... 14.8, A.14.8.1.3 to A.14.8.3.3.1.1
+Combustible materials storage ................................ 10.19.4
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.164, A.3.3.164
+Educational occupancies ............... see Educational occupancies
+Exterior ways of exit access .................................... 14.10.3
+Fireworks facilities ........................... 65.11.3.14, 65.11.3.19.2,
+65.11.4.8, 65.11.5.2, 65.11.6.2.3, A.65.11.3.14.3.2,
+A.65.11.4.8.1.2
+Heliports, roof-top ................................ 21.3.4.4, A.21.3.4.4
+Illumination ...................... see Illumination of means of egress
+Impediments to egress .... 14.4.3, 14.10.2, A.14.10.2.1, A.14.10.2.2
+Marking of ................................. 5.3.4(12), 14.14, 20.1.4.7,
+A.14.14.1.2 to A.14.14.6.5.3, A.20.1.4.7.3
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ....................... 32.4.10, 32.5.10, A.32.5.10
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities .............. 30.1.3, 42.6.1.2
+Number of .......................................................... 14.9
+Performance-based design option ............................... 5.3.4
+Reliability ................................................ 14.4, A.14.4.1
+Repair garages ................................................... 30.2.4
+Storage occupancies .............................. 34.8.2.3, A.34.8.2.3
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating ................................................ 25.1.3
+Unobstructed egress ............................................ 4.4.3.1
+Width of ............................... 14.8.2, Table 14.8.3.1, 14.8.3.4
+Means of escape.............................................. 5.3.4, 14.15
+Buildings under construction ............... 4.5.6.2, 16.1.3, A.16.1.3
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.165
+Measurement, units of................................................. 1.5
+Mechanical code (definition).................................... 3.3.46.3
+Medical gas systems................................................ 63.3.4
+Membrane penetrations ......... 12.7.5.6, 12.9.6.1, A.12.7.5.6.3(1)(c)
+Membrane structures
+Permanent ................................ T able 1.12.7(a), 25.1, 25.5,
+A.25.1.4.2 to A.25.1.7.2.3, A.25.5.3.3.1
+Temporary ... Table 1.12.7(a), 25.1, 25.6, A.25.1.4.2 to A.25.1.7.2.3
+Fireworks sales ......................................... see Fireworks
+Mercantile occupancies ..................... 13.3.2.21, 13.3.2.22, 20.12
+Aerosol products ................................................... 61.4
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Class A (definition) ....................................... 3.3.170.17.1
+Class B (definition) ....................................... 3.3.170.17.2
+Class C (definition) ....................................... 3.3.170.17.3
+Definition ............. 3.3.170.17, 6.1.10.1, A.3.3.170.17, A.6.1.10.1
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ........... 13.7.2.17,
+13.7.2.18
+Extinguishers, portable fire .................. T able 13.6.2, 20.12.2.3
+Fireworks, consumer ........... 65.11, A.65.11.1 to A.65.11.5.1.2(3)
+Flammable and combustible liquids ...................... 66.17.15.2
+Hazardous materials storage and use ..... 60.1.26.3, Table 60.3.2.3
+Means of egress, occupant load ....................... T able 14.8.1.2
+Multiple occupancies ................ 6.1.14.1.3, Table 6.1.14.4.1(b),
+A.6.1.14.1.3
+Oxidizers, storage and display of ................ 70.2.9, A.70.2.9.2.1
+Metals, combustible, fires................................ see Class D fires
+Mezzanines
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.166
+Means of egress ................. 14.8.1.6, 14.9.1.1, 21.1.4.2, 21.1.5.2
+Mini-storage buildings .......................... see Storage occupancies
+Mixed occupancies ............................... 6.1.14.1.1(1), 6.1.14.3
+Definition .................................................... 6.1.14.2.2
+Mixing rooms .............................. 43.1.6.3, 43.1.7.1, A.43.1.7.1
+Model rocketry ........................................ see Rockets, model
+Modifications, code.................................... 1.4, 4.5.1.2, 4.5.2
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ............ T able 1.12.7(a), 20.16.1.2, Chap. 32
+Motor fuel dispensing facilities.............................. 30.1, 30.3,
+Chap. 42, A.30.1.5.1 to A.20.1.6.9
+Aircraft ....................................... see Aircraft fuel servicing
+Alternate fuels ................................. 42.8, 42.11, A.42.8.3.3,
+A.42.8.6.2, A.42.11.1.1 to A.42.11.3
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.170.18
+Fleet vehicle motor fuel dispensing facility ................. 42.2.1.1,
+42.2.1.2, 42.3.3.2.6, 42.6.1.5.6
+Definition ............................................... 3.3.170.18.1
+Forest products storage, manufacturing, and
+processing ..................... 31.3.2.1.6.1, A.31.3.2.1.6.1
+Located inside buildings ........................... 42.2.1.1, 42.3.2.1,
+42.3.3.9, 42.6.1.5, A.42.6.1.5.7, A.42.6.1.5.9
+Definition ............................. 3.3.170.18.3, A.3.3.170.18.3
+Marine .................... see Marine motor fuel dispensing facilities
+Permits ........................... T able 1.12.7(a), 30.1.1.3, 42.2.2.1,
+42.9.1.4, 42.11.2.2.4, 42.11.3.1
+Piping ............................................................... 42.4
+Storage requirements ................ 42.3, A.42.3.3.3.3 to A.42.3.3.8
+1–623INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Motor vehicle fluids.................................................. 22.9
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.167
+Motor vehicles............................ 1.3.5; see also Salvage vehicles
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling .......... 61.2.8.2(13),
+61.5.3.1(13)
+Air bag systems ................................................... 22.9.4
+Alternative fuels ....... see Compressed gas systems; LP-Gas systems
+Baled cotton storage areas ..................................... L.6.2.4
+Combustible fiber storage room or building, use in/near ..... 45.4
+Cryogenic fluids, loading and unloading of .......... 63.4.13.10.3.3
+Exposition facilities ................... T able 1.12.7(a), 20.1.5.5.4.12
+Forest products, storage of ................... 31.3.2.1.6, 31.3.2.1.10,
+A.31.3.2.1.6.1, A.31.3.2.1.10.1
+Fueled equipment, storage of ................................. 10.19.7
+Hazardous materials areas, protection of .................... 60.1.15
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations .............................. 32.4.2(6), 32.5.2(7)
+Spray application, undercoating and body lining ............ 43.5.1
+Tanks, collision protection for ............................... 66.22.15
+Tanks/vaults, collision protection for .................... 66.25.5.2.2
+Waste or refuse transport ....................................... 19.1.8
+Wrecking yards ............................ T able 1.12.7(a), Chap. 22
+Moving walks....................................................... 14.11.4
+Multilevel play structures............................ 20.1.4.1, A.20.1.4.1
+Multiple occupancies ......................... 1.3.4, 6.1.14, A.6.1.14.1.3
+Definition .................................................... 6.1.14.2.1
+Multiplug adapters.................................................. 1 1.1.5
+-N-
+Natural barricades.......................................... see Barricades
+Nesting (definition) ............................................... 3.3.168
+No exit, marking of........................... 14.14.6.5.3, A.14.14.6.5.3
+Noncombustible material (definition)........................ 3.3.161.9
+Nondedicated smoke control systems (definition)........... 3.3.238.9
+Nonflammable cryogens ................................ T able 1.12.7(c)
+Nonflammable gas.............. 63.1.3.1(1)(b), Table 63.2.3.1; see also
+Compressed gas
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.126.11
+Normal temperature and pressure (NTP) (definition)........ 3.3.169
+Notice of violations, penalties....................................... 1.16
+Notification
+Emergency forces ............. 13.7.1.4.11, 32.6.5, 42.7.5.5, 53.3.1.7
+Special outdoor events, carnivals, and fairs ............... 10.15.9
+Occupant notification .............................. 4.4.4, 13.7.1.4.10,
+25.1.7.3, A.4.4.4, A.13.7.4.10.2.1 to A.13.7.1.4.10.6.2,
+A.25.1.7.3.5
+Nozzles, dust control and........................................ 40.5.4.2
+Nursing homes......................... see also Health care occupancies
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.170.19
+Smoke detection systems ..................... 13.7.2.5.3, A.13.7.2.5.3
+-O-
+Objectives ................................................... 4.1.2, A.4.1.2
+Compliance options ................................................ 4.3
+Performance-based design ....................................... 5.1.2
+Property protection .................. 4.1.4.2, A.4.1.4.2.1, A.4.1.4.2.2
+Public welfare ........................................ 4.1.5.2, A.4.1.5.2
+Safety-during-building-use ................................... 4.1.3.2.2
+Safety-from-fire ................................ 4.1.3.1.2, A.4.1.3.1.2.2
+Safety-from-hazardous materials ............. 4.1.3.3.2, A.4.1.3.3.2.2
+Occupancies; .............. see also specific occupancies, e.g., Assembly
+occupancies
+Changes of ................................. 4.5.7, 10.3.4, 13.3.3.4.1.5,
+13.3.3.4.1.6, 32.4.2(8), A.4.5.7, A.13.3.3.4.1.5
+Classification of ................................................ Chap. 6
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.170
+Multiple ............................................................ 1.3.4
+Occupancy, conditions for......................... 4.5.4, 10.3, A.10.3.3
+Occupancy fire safety........................................... Chap. 20
+Occupant characteristics (definition)............................. 3.4.13
+Occupant load................................. 14.8.1, 14.8.3.3, 14.9.1.2,
+14.9.1.4, A.14.8.1.2, A.14.8.3.3.1.1
+Assembly occupancies, posting in ........................ 20.1.5.10.3
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.171
+Occupant notification........................ 4.4.4, 13.7.1.4.10, A.4.4.4,
+A.13.7.4.10.2.1 to A.13.7.1.4.10.6.2
+Occupant protection, performance-based design option...... 5.2.2.6,
+5.2.2.8
+Occupant responsibilities ............................................ 10.2
+Extinguishers, portable fire ................................. 13.6.9.1.1
+Fire reporting requirements ..................... 10.7.1.3, A.10.7.1.3
+Sprinkler systems .......... 13.3.3.4.1, A.13.3.3.4.1.1 to A.13.3.4.1.5
+Occupiable story (definition).................... 3.3.232.1, A.3.3.231.1
+Oil burners .................. 1 1.5.1.1, 11.5.1.9, 11.5.1.10, A.11.5.1.10.3
+Oil-fueled heating appliances.............. see Heating equipment and
+appliances
+Oil stoves ............................................................ 1 1.5.2
+One- and two-family dwellings..................................... 20.11
+Access to .................................................... 18.2.3.2.1.1
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ............ 3.3.170.20, 3.3.170.20.1, 6.1.8.1.1, A.6.1.8.1.1
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ........... 13.7.2.14
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Fire flow requirements ...................................... 18.4.5.1.1
+Hazardous materials storage and use ................. T able 60.3.2.3
+Multiple occupancies ..... T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Sprinkler systems ................ 13.3.2.18, Table 13.8, 18.2.3.2.1.1,
+18.4.5.1.1.1, 18.4.5.1.2.1
+One- and two-family dwelling units (definition)......... 3.3.170.20.1,
+6.1.8.1.1, A.6.1.8.1.1; see also Dwelling units
+Open fires................... 5.3.3(4), 10.11, A.10.11.3.1 to A.10.11.8.1
+Automobile wrecking yards ....................................... 22.8
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Tires, outside storage of ....................................... 33.1.6.2
+Open-flame devices
+Assembly occupancies .......... 20.1.5.3, 20.1.5.5.4.8, A.20.1.5.3(1)
+Baled cotton storage areas ..................................... L.6.3.2
+Marinas and boatyards, use at .............................. 28.1.8.1.3
+Open flames......... 10.1.6, 10.11, 10.14.7, A.10.11.3.1 to A.10.11.8.1
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ........... 61.2.8.2(1),
+61.5.3.1(1)
+Aircraft fuel servicing ........................................ 42.10.5.8
+Buildings under construction .............................. 16.2.3.1.4
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ................... 63.3.6.3.2
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ............................ 40.4.5
+Fibers, combustible, storage and handling .................... 19.1.7
+Forest products, storage of ................................ 31.3.2.1.12
+Hazardous materials, in areas with ......................... 60.1.11.2
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations .......... 32.4.2(2), 32.4.3, 32.5.2(3), 32.5.3(3)
+Motor fuel dispensing facilities .......................... 42.9.10.4(2)
+Permit requirements ...................... T able 1.12.7(a), 32.4.2(2)
+Refrigerant machinery rooms ................................ 53.2.3.2
+Spray application operations ...... 43.1.4.1.5, 43.5.3.6, A.43.1.4.1.5
+Tents and temporary membrane structures ................ 25.1.5.4,
+A.25.1.5.4(3)(a)
+Tires, outside storage of ......................................... 33.7.3
+Opening protectives ....... see also Fire door assemblies; Fire windows
+Baled cotton storage buildings ....................... L.2.3.3, L.6.7.1
+Combustible fiber storage room or building ............... 45.5.3.2,
+45.5.4.3, 45.5.4.4
+Fire barriers ........ 12.7.3, 12.7.4, A.12.7.3.2, A.12.7.3.6, A.12.7.4.2
+Fireworks facilities ........................... 65.11.3.6.1, 65.11.3.6.2,
+65.11.4.4.3, 65.11.5.3.1
+Fuel dispensing areas, inside buildings ...................... 30.1.6.3
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities .................... 42.6.1.5.3
+Smoke barriers and partitions ......................... 12.8.3, 12.9.4,
+A.12.8.3.4, A.12.9.4.1, A.12.9.4.4
+Temporary separation walls ............ 16.4.2.3, 16.4.2.4, A.16.4.2.4
+Openings
+Aerosol products, buildings for .............................. 61.2.2.1
+Airport ramps, openings facing .............................. 21.2.3.5
+1–624 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ................. 63.3.9.2.2.2
+Conveyor, spray areas .......................................... 43.1.3.2
+Door ..................................... 14.5, A.14.5.1.1 to A.14.5.4.1
+Exit enclosures ................ 14.3.1, A.14.3.1(1) to A.14.3.1(9)(b)
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ...................... 66.9.9.2, 66.21.4.4, 66.22.13,
+66.23.13, 66.24.14, A.66.24.14.6, A.66.24.14.8
+Hot work operations ....................................... 41.3.4.2(4)
+Smoke barriers ................................................... 12.9.6
+Supply and exhaust, hazardous materials storage facility.... 60.3.2.11
+Vertical ..................................... 4.4.5; see also Penetrations
+For conveyors, elevators, and dumbwaiters ................. 1 1.3.5
+Marking of shaftways ........................................ 10.12.2
+Protectives, minimum ratings for .................. T able 12.7.4.2
+Rubbish chutes and laundry chutes ....... see Chutes, rubbish or
+laundry
+Open parking structures....................... 13.3.2.13.6, 13.3.2.15.6,
+13.7.2.22.2.2, 29.1.1
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.170.21.3
+Open plan buildings....................... 20.2.2, 20.3.2.4, 20.3.4.2.3.3
+Open system use (definition).................... 3.3.249.2, A.3.3.249.2
+Operating or process unit (vessel)......... 66.6.4.1.1(2), 66.17.4.1 to
+66.17.4.5, 66.17.14, 66.18.3.4, 66.18.4.2, 66.21.4.2.3,
+A.66.17.14, A.66.21.4.2.3.2
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.174, A.3.3.174
+Operating pressure (definition).................................. 3.3.173
+Operations and maintenance (O & M) manual........... 5.1.8, A.5.18
+Operations (definition)........................................... 3.3.175
+Operators, responsibilities of........... see Owners, responsibilities of
+Ordinance adopting code, sample............................. Annex C
+Ordinary hazard contents
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.132.3, A.3.3.132.3
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............. 13.6.7.3.1.2, A.13.6.7.3.1.2
+Storage occupancies .............................. T able 6.1.14.4.1(a)
+Ordinary (moderate) hazard occupancies
+(definition) ............................ 3.3.39.3, A.3.3.39.3
+Organic coatings ................................... see Coating processes
+Organic peroxide......... 44.4, Table 60.1.26.1, 70.1, A.70.1.1;see also
+Hazardous materials
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.176
+Permits ..................... T able 1.12.7(a), Table 1.12.7(d), 70.1.2
+Peroxide forming chemicals (definition) .................... 3.3.186
+Secondary containment .............. 60.3.2.9, Table 60.4.10.1.5.2.1
+Specific occupancies, storage and use in ....... T ables 60.1.26.2(a)
+to (h)
+Spray application of ............... 43.7, 43.8.7, A.43.7.1 to A.43.7.6
+Storage area (definition) ..................................... 3.3.13.8
+Organic peroxide formulations...................... 70.3, A.70.3.1.1 to
+A.70.3.7.2.1, B.2.1.6, B.5.1, B.5.3
+Classification ..................................................... 70.3.2
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.176.1, A.3.3.176.1
+Storage arrangements ....... 70.3.4.9, 70.3.5.4, 70.3.6.2, A.70.3.6.2
+Storage limitations ............................................. 70.3.4.8
+Organic peroxide storage area (definition).................... 3.3.13.8
+OSHA (definition) ................................................ 3.3.177
+Outdoor areas.................. 60.1.24, 60.2.5, 63.2.5.2, 68.3.1, 68.3.4
+Definition ...................................................... 3.3.13.9
+Outdoor storage................ 10.16, Chap. 34, A.10.16; see also Yards
+Compressed gases ............................................. 63.2.5.2
+Corrosive solids and liquids ....................................... 64.2
+Cryogenic fluid containers ............................... 63.4.12.2, A.
+63.4.12.2.5.4.1 to A.63.4.12.2.6.2.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids ....... 66.9.19, 66.15, A66.22.4
+Flammable solids ................................................... 67.2
+Forest products ............................................... Chap. 31
+Hazardous materials ......................... see Hazardous materials
+Highly toxic and toxic solids and liquids ........................ 68.3
+LP-Gas portable containers ....... 69.5.4, A.69.5.4.1 to A.69.5.4.2.2
+Pyrophoric solids and liquids ..................................... 71.2
+Tires ............................................................. see Tires
+Unstable (reactive) solids and liquids ........................... 72.2
+Water-reactive solids and liquids .................................. 73.2
+Ovens and furnaces.................. see Industrial ovens and furnaces
+Overcrowded (definition) ........................................ 3.3.178
+Owners, responsibilities of........................ 10.2, 13.1.2, 13.2.3.2
+Buildings under construction ..... 16.3.2, A.16.3.2.1 to A.16.3.2.5.5
+Emergency plans ................................................. 10.9.3
+Extinguishers, portable fire ................................. 13.6.9.1.1
+Fire reporting requirements ..................... 10.7.1.3, A.10.7.1.3
+Hot work ................................................. 41.4, A.41.4.1
+Marine vessels, fueling of .................................... 42.9.10.7
+Private fire service mains ...................................... 13.5.4.1
+Sprinkler systems .......... 13.3.3.4.1, A.13.3.3.4.1.1 to A.13.3.4.1.5
+Oxidizers .......................... T able 60.1.26.1, Tables 60.1.26.2(a)
+to (h), Table 60.1.3.3.1(a), Table 60.2.5.5, Table
+60.3.2.6, 70.1, 70.2, A.70.1.1, A.70.2.1.1 to A.70.29.2.1;
+see also Hazardous materials
+Bulk storage ........................................ T able 70.2.6.3.7.2,
+70.2.7.3.6, Table 70.2.7.3.7.2, 70.2.8.3.4
+Class 1 ............. 70.2.2(1), 70.2.5, A.70.2.5.2, B.2.1.5.4.4, B.5.2.2
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.179.1
+Class 2 ................................... 70.2.2(2), 70.2.6, A.70.2.6.2,
+A.70.2.6.3.4, B.2.1.5.4.2, B.5.2.3
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.179.2
+Class 3 ............. 70.2.2(3), 70.2.7, A.70.2.7.2, B.2.1.5.4.2, B.5.2.4
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.179.3
+Class 4 ................................... 70.2.2(4), 70.2.8, A.70.2.8.2,
+A.70.2.8.4.2, B.2.1.5.4.3, B.5.2.5
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.179.4
+Classification of ....................... 70.2.2, A.70.2.2, B.2.1.5, B.5.1
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.179, A.3.3.179
+Detached storage ................................ see Detached storage
+Fire protection ...................... 13.6.7.4.7, 70.2.4.8, A.70.2.4.8.1
+to A.70.2.4.8.4.3
+Permits ............................. T able 1.12.7(a), Table 1.12.7(c),
+Table 1.12.7(d), 70.1.2
+Retail storage and display ........................ 70.2.9, A.70.2.9.2.1
+Secondary containment .............. 60.3.2.9, Table 60.4.10.1.5.2.1
+Specific occupancies, storage and use in ....... T ables 60.1.26.2(a)
+to (h)
+Oxidizing gas........................... T able 60.1.26.1, 63.1.3.1(1)(c),
+63.2.3.1.3, Table 63.2.3.1, Table 63.3.1.6.2, 63.3.7;see
+also Compressed gas; Hazardous materials
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.126.13
+Permit amounts for .......................... T ables 1.12.7(b) to (d)
+Specific occupancies, storage and use in ....... T ables 60.1.26.2(a)
+to (h)
+Oxygen-fuel gas systems............................... 41.5, A.41.5.5.2.3
+Ozone-gas generating equipment.............................. Annex G
+-P-
+Packaging
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.181
+Fireworks .................................................. see Fireworks
+Palletized storage ..................... 34.1.1.1, 34.2.3.3, 34.2.4, 34.2.5,
+34.9.1(3), 34.10, 66.16.5.2, Table 70.2.6.3.7.2, Fig.
+A.34.8.1(b), Fig. A.34.8.1(e), A.34.10.1, A.34.10.3
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.229.10
+Pallets, conventional................................... Fig. A.34.7.3.1(a)
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.68, A.3.3.68
+Panic hardware........................................ 14.5.3.4, 32.4.10.5
+Paper
+Column (definition) ............................................ 3.3.48
+Core (definition) ................................................ 3.3.71
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.182
+Storage, rolled paper ............................. 34.1.1, 34.2.7, 34.9,
+A.34.1.1.2(7), A.34.2.7, A.34.9.2
+Rack storage test data and procedures .................. Annex K
+Tissue ................................................ 34.2.7.4, Annex K
+Parade floats...................................... T able 1.12.7(a), 10.17
+Parking structures ..... 13.3.2.13.6, 13.3.2.15.6, 13.7.2.22.2, Chap. 29
+Basement and underground .................................... 29.1.1
+Definition ............................................... 3.3.170.21.1
+1–625INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Definition .................................... 3.3.170.21, A.3.3.170.21
+LP-Gas cargo vehicles ............................................ 69.6.2
+LP-Gas fueled vehicles ....................................... 42.11.2.7
+LP-Gas systems on vehicles .................................. 69.3.12.9
+Partitions ... 14.8.3.4.1.1, 41.3.4.2(6) to (9); see also Smoke partitions
+Patch kettles (definition)......................................... 3.3.183
+Patio heaters ..................................................... 10.11.6.2
+Penalties, for code violation......................................... 1.16
+Penetrations ...................... 12.7.5, A.12.7.5.1, A.12.7.5.6.3(1)(c)
+Exit enclosures ................ 14.3.1, A.14.3.1(1) to A.14.3.1(9)(b)
+Smoke barriers ................................................... 12.9.6
+Smoke partitions ................................................. 12.8.4
+Performance-based design.................... 1.4, 4.3.2, 4.5.3, Chap. 5
+Definitions ........................................................... 3.4
+Design scenarios ............................................. 5.4, A.5.4
+Documentation requirements ............... 5.7, A.5.7.1 to A.5.7.11
+Evaluation ................................... 5.1.5, 5.5, 5.7.13, A.5.1.5
+Performance criteria ........................ see Performance criteria
+Pre-construction design requirements ..................... 5.1, A.5.1
+Retained prescriptive elements ................... 4.3.2.2, 5.3, 5.7.10
+Safety factors ........................................... 5.6, 5.7.9, A.5.6
+Warrant of fitness ............................................... 4.5.5.1
+Performance criteria ......................................... 5.2, A.5.2.2
+Definition .............................................. 3.4.14, A.3.4.14
+Permissible exposure limit (PEL) (definition)............... 3.3.151.2,
+A.3.3.151.2
+Permits ................... 1.12; see also Maximum allowable quantities;
+specific occupancies
+Aerosol products ...................................... 61.1.2, 61.5.3.3
+Animal housing facilities .......................................... 35.2
+Asbestos removal .............................. T able 1.12.7(a), 16.8.2
+Automobile wrecking yards .................... T able 1.12.7(a), 22.2
+Commercial cooking equipment ............................... 50.4.2
+Compressed gas .................................................. 63.1.2
+Crop maze ................................................... 10.15.11.1
+Cryogenic fluids .................................................. 63.1.2
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.185
+Explosives, fireworks, and model rocketry ........... 65.2.3, 65.3.3,
+65.4.2, 65.5.2, 65.7.2, 65.8.2, 65.9.2, 65.10.2, 65.11.3.2,
+A.65.11.3.2
+Fibers, combustible .............................................. 45.1.3
+Fire protection systems ........................................ 13.1.1.1
+Fire pumps ..................................................... 13.4.1.2
+Forest products .................................................... 31.2
+Hazardous materials ......................... see Hazardous materials
+Hot work operations ......................... see Hot work operations
+Industrial occupancies ......................................... 20.14.2
+Laboratories using chemicals ..................................... 26.3
+Misrepresentation, effect of ..................................... 1.12.4
+Motion picture and television production soundstages, facilities,
+and locations ............ 32.2, 32.4.2, 32.5.2, A.32.5.2(1)
+Motor fuel dispensing facilities ........... see Motor fuel dispensing
+facilities
+Organic peroxides ............................................... 70.1.2
+Oxidizers ......................................................... 70.1.2
+Refrigeration, mechanical ...................................... 53.1.3
+Revocation or suspension of .................................... 1.12.6
+Special outdoor events, carnivals, and fairs ........ T able 1.12.7(a),
+10.15.1, 10.15.11.1, 10.17.1
+Spraying, dipping, and coating operations .................. 43.1.1.4
+Storage
+Combustible materials ...................................... 10.19.2
+General ........................................................ 34.1.2
+Tents, membranes, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating ................................................ 25.1.2
+Tires, outside storage of ......................................... 33.1.2
+Waste and refuse ................................................. 19.1.1
+Wildland fireprone areas ............................. 17.3.2, A.17.3.2
+Peroxide-forming chemicals (definition)....................... 3.3.186
+Personal care (definition)............................ 3.3.187, A.3.3.187
+Pest control devices............................................. 65.11.2.6
+Pesticides (definition) ............................................ 3.3.188
+Petroleum, crude ................................... see Crude petroleum
+Physical hazard (definition)....... 3.3.189; see also Organic peroxide;
+Oxidizers
+Physical hazard materials... 63.1.3.1(1); see also Hazardous materials
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.161.10
+Piers ........ Chap. 28, 42.9.1.3, 42.9.2.2, 42.9.7.2, 42.9.7.3, A.42.9.2.2
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.190, A.3.3.190
+Flammable and combustible liquids, bulk transfer of ........ 66.29,
+A.66.29.3.25, A.66.29.3.28
+Pipes and piping
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids .......... 63.2.15, 63.3.1.3.4
+Cryogenic fluids ........... 63.4.13.1.4.3, 63.4.13.2, 63.4.13.10.3.2.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids ........................ 43.1.6.4,
+66.18.3.4 to 66.18.3.7, 66.18.4.2, 66.19.4.5, 66.19.5.4.1,
+66.22.11.4.2, 66.22.12.1, 66.27, 66.29.3.11 to 66.29.3.13,
+A.43.1.6.4.1 to A.43.1.6.4.5, A.66.19.4.5.1, A.66.22.12.1,
+A.66.27.4.3.2 to A.66.27.10
+Hazardous materials .......................... 60.1.6.1.1, A.60.1.6.1.1
+Hot tapping of pipeline .............................. 41.3.6, A.41.3.6
+Hot work operations ....................................... 41.3.4.2(9)
+LP-Gas equipment and appliances .................... 69.2.3, 69.3.1,
+69.3.9, 69.3.12.5, 69.3.13.3.6, A.69.3.1
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ....... 42.4, 42.9.3, 42.9.7.3
+Ozone-gas generating equipment ................................. G.5
+Tar kettles .......................................... 16.7.3.2 to 16.7.3.5
+Pits, repair garages....................................... 30.2.6, 30.2.9.3
+Plans .................................... 1.7.11; see also Emergency plans
+Construction operations
+Prefire plans for ................................ 16.3.2.3, A.16.3.2.3
+Waste chutes, safety plans for ................. 16.2.2.4, A.16.2.2.4
+Fire department access ........................................ 18.1.1.1
+Fire hydrants ................................................... 18.1.1.2
+Fireworks retail sales facilities .......................... 65.11.3.3, 65.
+11.3.13, 65.11.4.1, 65.11.4.2, 65.11.6.1, A.65.11.3.13
+Forest products, outside storage of .............. 31.3.6.5, 31.3.7.3.4
+Hazardous materials storage and handling ................... 60.1.6,
+A.60.1.6.1.1, A.60.1.6.2, D.3
+Heliports ........................................... 21.3.3.1, A.21.3.3.1
+Laboratories using chemicals ................................... 26.1.5
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ...................... 42.2.2.2
+Refrigeration, mechanical ...................................... 53.1.3
+Review of ............................................................ 1.14
+Wildland/urban interface, construction plans for .............. 17.2
+Plastic containers........................................... see Containers
+Plastics ..................................................... 20.1.5.5.4.4(6)
+Cellulose nitrate plastic ........... T able 1.12.7(a), Table 1.12.7(d)
+Foamed or cellular ............................ 10.20.1.1(3), 12.5.5.3,
+20.1.2.2, 20.1.2.4, 20.1.5.4.3, 20.1.5.5.4.4(7),
+20.1.5.5.4.6.2, 32.4.5.1, 32.5.5, A.12.5.5.3.1, A.20.1.5.4.3
+Indoor children’s play structures . 10.20.1.1, 10.20.1.2, A.10.20.1.2
+Light-transmitting ..... 10.20.1.1(2), 10.20.1.2, 12.5.5.4, A.12.5.5.4
+Pyroxylin ............................................... T able 1.12.7(a)
+Storage ................................... 34.1.1, 34.2.6, A.34.1.1.2(7)
+Play structures .................................................... 20.1.1.2
+Indoor playground structures ..................... 10.20, A.10.20.1.2
+Multilevel .......................................... 20.1.4.1, A.20.1.4.1
+Plumbing code (definition)...................................... 3.3.46.4
+Plural component coverings................. 43.7, A.43.7.1 to A.43.7.6
+Pneumatic rate-of-rise detectors (definition)................. 3.3.80.14
+Poles, outside storage of............................ 31.3.1.1(3), 31.3.5,
+A.31.3.5.1.1 to A.31.3.5.3.5
+Portable cooking................................. see Cooking equipment
+Portable tanks .................................................... see Tanks
+Posts, outside storage of............................ 31.3.1.1(3), 31.3.5,
+A.31.3.5.1.1 to A.31.3.5.3.5
+Powder coating...................... 43.1.3.1.8, 43.1.5.2.2, 43.1.7.2.1.1,
+43.1.7.3 Ex. 2, 43.1.7.7, 43.6, A.43.1.7.7
+Power ............................. see Emergency power; Standby power
+Power taps, relocatable............................................. 1 1.1.6
+Preaction sprinkler systems......... 66.16.4.2, 70.2.4.8.3, A.70.2.4.8.3
+Premises identification ............................. 10.12.1, A.10.12.1.1
+Prepackaged fireworks merchandise....................... see Fireworks
+1–626 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Prescriptive-based design ..................... 4.3.1, 4.3.2.2, 5.3, 5.7.10
+Pressure-treating plants............. 31.3.5, A.31.3.5.1.1 to A.31.3.5.3.5
+Pressure vessels ............................. 66.21.4.2.3, A.66.21.4.2.3.2
+Pressurization system, membrane structures........ 25.5.3.2, 25.6.5.2
+Primary containment (definition)............................... 3.3.191
+Private buildings (definition).................................... 3.3.27.9
+Private fire hydrants..................................... see Fire hydrants
+Private fire service mains.................................. 13.5.1, 13.5.4
+Private water supply systems....................................... 18.3.5
+Processes or processing...... see also specific processes, e.g. Oxidizers
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.193, A.3.3.193
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ............................. 40.4,
+40.7.1.2, 40.7.2, A.40.4.1.3 to A.40.4.6, A.40.7.1.2(5),
+A.40.7.2.2.4 to A.40.7.2.5.3
+Process unit (vessel)............. see Operating or process unit (vessel)
+Projected beam-type detectors............................... 13.7.4.3.5,
+13.7.4.3.12.2 Ex., 13.7.4.6.2, A.13.7.4.3.5
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.80.15
+Projection rooms................................................ 20.1.5.12
+Projection screens ................................................ 20.1.3.4
+Property protection....... 4.1.1, 4.1.4, A.4.1.1, A.4.1.4.2.1, A.4.1.4.2.2
+Appropriateness of safeguards ................................... 4.4.2
+Multiple safeguards ............................................... 4.4.1
+Performance-based design option ................. 5.2.2.4, A.5.2.2.4
+Proposed design (definition)........................... 3.4.15, A.3.4.15
+Proprietary information (definition)............................ 3.3.195
+Protected above ground tanks.................................. see Tanks
+Protected storage............................................... see Storage
+Protection for exposures
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.196
+Forest products, storage of ........................ 31.3.2.2, 31.3.3.4,
+31.3.6.4, A.31.3.2.2.1, A.31.3.3.4.2, A.31.3.6.4.1 to
+A.31.3.6.4.3
+Public fire education............................................... 1.7.16
+Public way (definition)....................... 3.3.197; see also Roadways
+Public welfare ............. 4.1.5, 5.2.2.5, A.4.1.5.1, A.4.1.5.2, A.5.2.2.5
+Pumps, fire................................................. see Fire pumps
+Pumps, fuel
+Aircraft fueling ............................... 42.10.5.2.4, 42.10.5.2.7
+Remote/submersible ............................................ 42.5.4
+Rooftop heliports ............................................ 42.10.4.3
+Purpose of code................................................. 1.2, A.1.2
+Pyrophoric gas .......................... T able 60.3.2.6, 63.1.3.1(1)(d),
+Table 63.2.3.1, Table 63.2.9, 63.2.10.2.2, Table
+63.3.1.6.2, 63.3.8; see also Compressed gas; Hazardous
+materials
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.126.14
+Permit amounts for ................ T able 1.12.7(b), Table 1.12.7(d)
+Pyrophorics (solids and liquids)....................... T able 60.1.26.1,
+Tables 60.1.26.2(a) to (h), Chap. 71
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.198
+Permit amounts for ................................... T able 1.12.7(d)
+Secondary containment ........................ T able 60.4.10.1.5.2.1
+Pyrotechnic articles ..................................... T able 1.12.7(a),
+20.1.5.3, 65.11.2.4, A.20.1.5.3(1)
+Pyrotechnic devices............................................... 25.1.5.4
+Pyrotechnics before a proximate audience........... T able 1.12.7(a),
+32.4.3.2, 32.5.3.2, 65.3
+Pyrotechnic special effects.................................... 32.4.2(1),
+32.4.3, 32.4.4.1, 32.5.2(2), 32.5.3, 32.5.4.1
+Pyroxylin plastics......................................... T able 1.12.7(a)
+-R-
+Racks
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.199, A.3.3.199
+Double-row racks ........................ A.34.7.3.1, Fig. A.34.8.1(d)
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.199.1
+Movable racks ................................................ A.34.7.3.1
+Definition .................................... 3.3.199.2, A.3.3.199.2
+Multiple-row racks ........................................... A.34.7.3.1
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.199.3
+Portable racks ................................. Figs. A.34.8.1(a) to (e)
+Definition .................................... 3.3.199.4, A.3.3.199.4
+Single-row racks ............................................. A.34.7.3.1
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.199.5
+Rack storage.......................... 34.1.1.1, 34.1.1.2(1), 34.1.1.2(6),
+34.7, A.34.7.1 to A.34.7.3.4.2(1)
+Baled cotton ....................................................... L.3.2
+Boats ........ 28.1.6.2.3.5, 28.1.8.3, A.28.1.6.2.3.5.1, A.28.1.6.2.3.5.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids inside liquid storage
+areas ................................. 66.16.3.3, 66.16.5.1.3,
+66.16.5.1.10, 66.16.5.2, 66.16.6
+Oxidizers ...................... T able 70.2.6.3.7.2, Table 70.2.7.3.7.2
+Test data and procedures .................................... Annex K
+Radar equipment, airports..... 42.10.2.1.4, 42.10.2.1.5, A.42.10.2.1.5
+Radiant energy-sensing detectors (definition)................ 3.3.80.16
+Ramps .............................................................. 14.11.4
+Airport ................................................ see Airport ramps
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.200, A.3.3.200
+As means of escape ........................................... 4.5.6.2.2
+Performance-based design option ........................... 5.3.4(5)
+Width of ................................................. T able 14.8.3.1
+Rate compensation detectors (definition)...... 3.3.80.17, A.3.3.80.17
+Rate-of-rise detectors (definition)............... 3.3.80.18, A.3.3.80.18
+Recirculating heat transfer systems............................. 66.19.4,
+A.66.19.4.2 to A.66.19.4.7.1
+Recommended practice (definition)............................... 3.2.7
+Records and reports.................................................. 1.1 1
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ............... 61.5.6.1
+Cooking equipment
+Exhaust system ............................. 50.2.3, 50.2.4, 50.4.11,
+50.5.3.3, 50.5.6.13 to 50.5.6.15, A.50.4.11.2, A.50.5.3.3
+Water valve supervision .............. 50.4.4.10(4), A.50.4.4.10(4)
+Cryogenic fluids storage ................................. 63.4.13.1.3.2
+Dust explosion and fire prevention .......................... 40.7.1.3
+Fire drills ............................................... 10.6.7, A.10.6.7
+Fire protection systems ........................ 13.3.3.4.4, 13.6.9.2.4,
+13.6.9.3.3, 13.6.9.4.5, 13.7.3.2, A.13.3.3.4.4.1 to
+A.13.3.3.4.4.3, A.13.6.9.3.3, A.13.7.3.2.1.1 to A.13.7.3.2.4
+Construction documents for ................................. 13.1.1
+Testing and maintenance .................................... 13.1.5
+Fires and other emergencies, reporting of ......... 10.7, A.10.7.1.3
+Fireworks facilities .......................................... 65.11.3.24
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ............ 66.21.7.1.1,
+66.21.7.1.3.1, 66.21.7.1.4, 66.21.7.4.3.7, 66.21.7.5,
+A.66.21.7.4.3.3(2), A.66.21.7.5
+Hazardous materials ................................. D.2, D.3.2.7, D.4
+Heliports, staff training at ............................... A.42.10.5.1.1
+Owners and occupants, of .............................. 10.2.4, 10.2.5
+Performance-based design ................................ 5.1.4, 5.1.6,
+5.1.12.3, 5.7, A.5.1.4, A.5.7.1 to A.5.7.11
+Refrigerant quantities ............................... 53.3.1.5, 53.3.2.4
+Spray application staff, training of .......................... 43.10.1.4
+Record storage.................... 12.4.3, 20.15.6, A.12.4.3, A.20.15.6.2
+Recreational fires (definition)................................... 3.3.201
+Recreational vehicle parks........................................... 27.3
+Reduced flow valves (definition).............................. 3.3.250.2
+References ............................. 1.3.2, Chap. 2, A.1.3.2, Annex S
+Refineries (definition)............................................ 3.3.202
+Refrigeration, mechanical .......... T able 1.12.7(a), 34.6.7, Chap. 53
+Refueling ......................................................... Chap. 42
+Refuse, combustible... 10.13.1, Chap. 19; see also Waste, combustible
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.54
+Registered design professional (definition).................... 3.3.203
+Relocatable power tap (definition).............................. 3.3.204
+Relocation area .................................... 5.2.2.6, 10.2.4, 10.6.6
+Relocation drills ............................................. see Fire drills
+Remote pumping systems.......................................... 42.5.4
+Repair garages ....................... 30.2, 30.3, A.30.2.9 to A.30.2.10.6
+Construction ..................................................... 30.2.3
+LP-Gas cargo vehicles in .................................... 69.6.2.3.6
+LP-Gas fueled vehicles ....................................... 42.11.2.7
+LP-Gas systems on vehicles .................................. 69.3.12.9
+1–627INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Major repair garage (definition) ........................ 3.3.170.22.1
+Minor repair garage (definition) ........................ 3.3.170.22.2
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Repairs to structure......... 10.1.4, 10.2.3; see also Inspection, testing,
+and maintenance
+Reports ........................................... see Records and reports
+Residential board and care occupancies........................... 20.5,
+A.20.5.2.4.1 to A.20.5.2.5.2.3
+Battery systems, location of ................................... 52.3.3.4
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ................ 3.3.170.23, 6.1.9.1, A.3.3.170.23, A.6.1.9.1
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ........... 13.7.2.15,
+13.7.2.16, A.13.7.2.16.1.4
+Doors ........................................................ 14.5.1.1(2)
+Emergency plans ...................................... 10.9.1, 20.5.2.1
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Hazardous materials storage and use ........... T able 60.1.26.2(h),
+Table 60.3.2.3
+Means of egress, occupant load ....................... T able 14.8.1.2
+Multiple occupancies ............................. T able 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Sprinkler systems ................................ 13.3.2.19, 13.3.2.20,
+A.13.3.2.19.2.1 to A.13.3.2.19.2.3.2, A.13.3.2.20.1.1,
+A.13.3.2.20.2.1.1
+Residential occupancies ................... see also Specific occupancies
+Battery systems, location of ................................... 52.3.3.4
+Board and care facilities .............. see Residential board and care
+occupancies
+Definitions ............. 3.3.170.24, 6.1.8.1, A.3.3.170.24, A.6.1.8.1.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage .............. 66.9.6.2.1
+Hazardous materials storage and use ............ T able 60.1.26.2(h)
+LP-Gas storage in .................................... 69.5.3.2, 69.5.3.5
+Multiple occupancies ..... T able 6.1.14.4.1(a), Table 6.1.14.4.1(b)
+Sprinkler temperature ratings for specific
+areas of ................................... T able 13.3.1.8(c)
+Resins, spray application of................ 43.8, A.43.8.1 to A.43.8.5.3
+Retail buildings, bulk merchandising
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.170.4
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ......... 13.7.2.17.3,
+13.7.2.18.3
+Sprinkler systems ............................. 13.3.2.21.3, 13.3.2.22.2
+Roadways
+Fire department access roads ..... see Fire department access roads
+Wildland fire-prone areas ............................. 17.3.5.3, 17.3.7
+Rockets, model ............................................... 65.6 to 65.8
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Wildland fire-prone areas ..................................... 17.3.4.2
+Roofing kettles .................................................. see Kettles
+Roofing systems, torch-applied................... T able 1.12.7(a), 16.6
+Roofs ..................................................... see also Canopies
+Access to ......................................................... 14.11.6
+Combustible fibers, storage vaults for ....................... 45.5.4.5
+Heliports, rooftop .............................. see Heliports, rooftop
+Hot work operations ............................... 41.3.4.2(6) to (9)
+LP-Gas systems on .............. 69.3.10, A.69.3.10.2.7, A.69.3.10.8.3
+Membrane structures ..................... 25.5.1.1, 25.5.1.4, 25.6.1.3
+Sprinkler systems
+Exterior spaces under roof, sprinkler systems for ....... 13.3.2.4,
+21.2.6.6, A.13.3.2.4
+Sprinkler temperature ratings .................. T able 13.3.1.8(b)
+Roof tanks............................................ 66.22.2.1, 66.22.8.2
+Rooming houses ........................ see Lodging or rooming houses
+Rooms .................................. see also Cutoff rooms; Gas rooms
+Equipment rooms, storage in ................................. 10.19.5
+Rows (definition).................................................. 3.3.205
+Rubber, storage of........................... 34.2.6; see also Tire storage
+Rubbish, combustible.... 16.2.2, 34.6.4, A.16.2.2.1, A.16.2.2.4; see also
+Waste, combustible
+Rubbish chutes........................... see Chutes, rubbish or laundry
+Rubbish-handling operations, commercial............ T able 1.12.7(a)
+-S-
+Safe location (definition).......................................... 3.4.16
+Safety ......................................................... see Life safety
+Safety cans................ 43.1.6.5.1, 66.9.4.1(2), 66.18.4.2, A.66.9.4.1
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.206, A.3.3.206
+Safety factor (definition).......................................... 3.4.17
+Safety margin (definition)......................................... 3.4.18
+Sales display area............................... 65.11.3.15, A.65.11.3.15
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.13.10
+Salvage vehicles......................................... 22.9.2.1, 22.9.5.1
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.208
+Satellite buildings (definition)................................. 3.3.27.10
+Scaffolding, shoring, and forms........................ 16.4.1, A.16.4.1
+Scavenged gas (definition).................................... 3.3.126.15
+Scene ................................................. see Emergency scene
+Scope of code.......................................................... 1.1
+Seating
+In assembly occupancies ..................................... 20.1.5.10
+Folding and telescopic ............................... T able 1.12.7(a),
+25.1, 25.4, A.25.1.4.2 to A.25.1.7.2.3
+Grandstands .................... 25.1, 25.3, A.25.1.4.2 to A.25.1.7.2.3
+Secondary containment ....................................... 60.3.2.8.3,
+60.4.10.1.5, 66.22.11.3.10, 66.22.11.3.11
+Definition ..................................................... 66.27.2.4
+Secondary containment tanks................................. 66.22.11.4
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.240.5
+Security service.......................................... see Guard service
+Segregated storage
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.229.11
+Organic peroxide ...................................... 70.3.3.1, 70.3.5
+Oxidizers ........................................ 70.2.3(1), 70.2.5.3.1,
+70.2.6.3.1, 70.2.6.3.2, 70.2.6.3.3.3, 70.2.7.3.1.1,
+70.2.7.3.4, A.70.2.3(1), A.70.2.6.3.2
+Seismic protection
+Battery systems ...................................... T able 52.1, 52.3.9
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids storage ........... 63.2.14.2
+Hazardous materials storage and use ............. 60.1.22, A.60.1.22
+Tank storage, flammable and combustible liquids ...... 66.22.5.1.3
+Self-closing (definition)........................................... 3.3.209
+Self-closing doors ............................. 12.8.3.5, 12.9.4.4, 14.5.4,
+63.2.17.1.3, 65.11.3.6.1, 65.11.5.3.1, A.12.9.4.4,
+A.14.5.4.1
+Self-service stations
+Aircraft fueling .............................................. 42.10.5.22
+Attended .......................................................... 42.7.4
+Unattended ............................. 42.5.3.8, 42.5.7.2, 42.6.1.4.1,
+42.7.5, A.42.6.1.4.1, A.42.7.5.6
+Semiconductor fabrication facilities.......................... Chap. 23
+Sensitivity analysis ............................................. see Analysis
+Separated occupancies........................... 6.1.14.1.1(2), 6.1.14.4
+Definition .................................................... 6.1.14.2.3
+Separation of hazards
+Aerosol products .......................... 61.4.2.6, 61.4.3.1, 61.4.3.2
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ................... 63.2.17.5,
+63.2.18.1.2, 63.2.18.2, 63.3.1.6, 63.3.3.2.2.2, 63.4.6,
+63.4.13.10.2.2, A.63.3.1.6.2
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.210
+Fireworks facilities .......................... 65.11.4.7, A.65.11.4.9.2.4
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ................ 66.9.17,
+Table 66.17.6.1, 66.17.6.4, 66.22.4, 66.23.4, 66.24.4,
+66.25.4, A66.22.4, A.66.23.3.4.1, A.66.23.3.4(1),
+A.66.24.4.5(3)
+Gas rooms ...................................................... 63.2.4.4
+Hazardous materials storage and use ........................ 60.3.2.3
+LP-Gas containers ................................................ 69.3.3
+Organic peroxide ............................................ 70.3.4.9.3
+Outdoor storage
+Flammable and combustible liquids tanks .............. A66.22.4
+Tires ............................ 33.1.3 to 33.1.5, 33.2.1.3, 33.2.2.4
+Spray booths ....................................... 43.1.3.3, A.43.1.3.3
+Shaftways ........................................... see Openings, vertical
+1–628 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Shall (definition)..................................................... 3.2.8
+Shelving, solid .................................................. A.34.7.3.1
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.221
+Shop drawings (definition)....................................... 3.3.211
+Shoring, construction.................................... 16.4.1, A.16.4.1
+Short-term exposure limit (STEL) (definition).............. 3.3.151.3,
+A.3.3.151.3
+Should (definition) .................................................. 3.2.9
+Signals
+Alarm (definition) ........................................... 3.3.212.1
+Fire alarm signal ................................ 13.3.1.7.2, 13.7.1.4.8,
+A.13.7.1.4.8.5, A.13.7.1.4.8.6
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.212.2
+Supervisory signals ............................ 13.3.1.7.1, A.13.3.1.7.1
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.212.3
+Trouble (definition) ......................................... 3.3.212.4
+Signs ....................................................... see also Marking
+Aircraft fuel servicing ...................................... 42.10.2.1.3
+Airports ............................................ 21.2.5.2, A.21.2.5.2
+Asbestos removal ................................................. 16.8.3
+Assembly occupancies ......................... 20.1.5.9.2, 20.1.5.10.3
+Baled cotton storage .................................... L.5.7.1, L.6.6
+Battery systems, location of ........................ T able 52.1, 52.3.8
+Buildings under construction .............................. 16.2.3.1.5
+Combustible fibers, handling or storage of ................... 45.3.2
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids .......... 63.2.12, 63.3.6.3.2
+Cooking oil fires, extinguishers for ..... 13.6.7.4.5.3, A.13.6.7.4.5.3
+Cryogenic containers and systems ......................... 63.4.4.1.3
+Doors ......................................... 14.5.1.1(3), 14.5.2.4(2),
+14.5.3.1(5), 14.5.3.2(4), A.14.5.3.1(5)
+Egress direction .................................. 14.14.2, A.14.14.2.1
+Emergency fuel shutoff stations ........................... 42.10.4.4.3
+Exit discharge ................................................... 14.11.5
+Fibers, combustible, storage and handling .................. 19.1.7.2
+Fireworks facilities .............. 65.11.3.11, 65.11.3.14.5, 65.11.4.6.3
+Forest products, storage of ................. 31.3.2.1.2.1, 31.3.2.1.2.2
+Hazardous materials ................................ 60.1.13, 60.1.13.3
+Health care occupancies .................... 20.4.2.4(1), 20.6.2.4(1)
+Heliports, roof-top ........................................... 21.3.3.5.2
+Hot work operations ...................................... 41.3.2.2.2.2
+Marinas and boatyards .............................. 28.1.9.5, 28.1.9.6
+Means of egress ......................... 14.14, 20.1.4.7, 65.11.3.14.5,
+A.14.14.1.2 to A.14.14.6.5.3, A.20.1.4.7.3
+Motor fuel dispensing facilities .................. 42.7.2.5.4, 42.7.5.3,
+42.9.5.3, 42.9.5.5, 42.9.10.8, 42.10.2.5.1, A.42.7.2.5.4
+No exit ...................................... 14.14.6.5.3, A.14.14.6.5.3
+Organic peroxide storage ..................................... 70.3.4.5
+Oxidizer storage ............................................. 70.2.4.7.2
+Ozone-gas generating equipment ................ G.4.2, G.4.3, G.5.4
+Refrigeration systems ............................................ 53.2.4
+Shaftways ........................................................ 10.12.2
+Spray application operations ........................ 43.1.8.11, 43.7.7
+Sprinkler system information ............................ 13.3.3.4.1.8
+Stair identification ................................. 10.12.3, A.10.12.3
+Storage occupancies ........................................... 34.6.5.2
+Tires, outside storage of ......................................... 33.6.1
+Wildland fire-prone areas, restricted entry to ............... 17.3.3.3
+Silane and silane mixtures....................................... 63.3.8.2
+Simple asphyxiant gas (definition)........................... 3.3.126.16
+Single fire source, assumption of......................... 4.2.1, A.4.2.1
+Sisal, baled storage of.............................................. 45.6.2
+SI units .................................................................. 1.5
+Smoke alarms .................................. 13.7.1.4.9, A.13.7.1.4.9.3
+Apartment buildings ......................... 13.7.2.11.3, 13.7.2.11.4,
+13.7.2.12.3, A.13.7.2.11.4
+Day-care occupancies ................... 13.7.2.23.3.1, 13.7.2.23.3.3,
+13.7.2.24.3.1, 13.7.2.24.3.3, 13.7.2.24.3.4
+Definition ......................................................... 3.3.21
+Hotels and dormitories ....................... 13.7.2.9.3, 13.7.2.10.2,
+A.13.7.2.9.3, A.13.7.2.10.2
+Lodging and rooming houses ............................. 13.7.2.13.2
+One- and two-family dwelling ............................... 13.7.2.14
+Residential board and care occupancies ............... 13.7.2.15.1.2
+to 13.7.2.15.1.2.4, 13.7.2.16.1.4, 13.7.2.16.2.2,
+A.13.7.2.16.1.4
+Stock or equipment trailers ................................... 10.15.6
+Smoke barriers ....... 12.7.4.2, 12.9, A.12.7.4.2, A.12.9.1 to A.12.9.4.4
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.215, A.3.3.215
+Smoke compartments (definition)................. 3.3.59.2, A.3.3.59.2
+Smoke control systems........... 10.2.4, 11.8, 11.9.5(11), 12.9.5.3(2),
+A.11.8
+Dedicated (definition) ....................................... 3.3.238.6
+Fireworks facilities .......................................... 65.11.3.10
+Nondedicated (definition) .................................. 3.3.238.9
+Smoke dampers............................................... see Dampers
+Smoke detectors ..... 13.7.1.4.8.9, 13.7.4.6; see also Detection systems
+Assembly occupancies ............................ 20.1.4.4 to 20.1.4.6
+Battery systems, location of ...................... T able 52.1, 52.3.10
+Compressed gas ................................................ 63.3.9.7
+Day-care occupancies ...................... 13.7.2.23.2, 13.7.2.23.3.2,
+13.7.2.23.3.3, 13.7.2.24.2, 13.7.2.24.3.2, 13.7.2.24.3.3
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.80.19
+Detention and correctional occupancies ................. 13.7.2.7.2,
+13.7.2.7.3, 13.7.2.8.2, A.13.7.2.7.2, A.13.7.2.8.2.3
+Health care occupancies ......... 13.7.2.5.3, 13.7.2.6.3, A.13.7.2.5.3
+Hotels and dormitories ..................................... 13.7.2.9.2
+One- and two-family dwellings .............. 13.7.2.14.1, 13.7.2.14.3
+Residential board and care occupancies .............. 13.7.2.15.2.3,
+13.7.2.16.2.3
+Smoke dampers, closing of ....... 12.8.6.4, 12.9.5.7, 13.7.1.4.10.2.2
+to 13.7.1.4.10.2.4, A.13.7.1.4.10.2.2, A.13.7.1.4.10.2.3
+Smoke partitions ..... 12.7.4.2, 12.8, A.12.7.4.2, A.12.8.1 to A.12.8.6.2
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.217, A.3.3.217
+Smoking ................................................... 5.3.3(3), 10.10
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ........... 61.2.8.2(5),
+61.5.3.1(5), 61.5.3.2
+Aircraft fuel servicing ...................................... 42.10.2.1.3
+Aircraft hangars .................................................. 21.1.3
+Airport terminal buildings .................................... 21.2.2.3
+Assembly occupancies ......................................... 20.1.5.9
+Baled cotton storage .................................... L.5.7.1, L.6.6
+Board and care occupancies ................... 20.5.2.4, A.20.5.2.4.1
+Buildings under construction .................. 16.2.3.1.4, 16.2.3.1.5
+Combustible fibers, handling or storage of ..................... 45.3
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ..... 63.2.12.2.2, 63.3.6.3.2
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.218
+Dust explosion and fire prevention .......................... 40.4.5.3
+Fibers, combustible, storage and handling .................... 19.1.7
+Fireworks facilities .......................................... 65.11.3.11
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ................................... 66.6.5.1, 66.6.5.2
+Forest products, storage of ................................. 31.3.2.1.2
+Hazardous materials, in areas with .............. 60.1.11.1, 60.1.13.3
+Health care occupancies .............. 20.4.2.4, 20.6.2.4, A.20.4.2.4,
+A.20.6.2.4
+Heliports, roof-top .................................. 21.3.2.3, 21.3.3.5
+Marinas, boatyards, piers, and wharves .................... 28.1.9.4.1
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ...................................... 32.4.6, 32.5.6
+Motor fuel dispensing facilities .................. 42.7.2.5.1, 42.9.5.5,
+42.9.10.4(2), 42.10.2.5
+Organic peroxide .............................................. 70.3.4.5
+Oxidizer storage ............................................... 70.2.4.7
+Repair garages ................................................. 30.3.2.1
+Spray application operations ........................ 43.1.8.11, 43.7.7
+Storage occupancies ............................................. 34.6.5
+Temporary membrane structures .................. 25.1.5.2, 25.6.2.2
+Tents .................................................. 25.1.5.2, 25.2.4.2
+Tires, outside storage of .............................. 33.1.6.1, 33.7.3
+Wildland fire-prone areas ..................................... 17.3.4.1
+Smoking areas ..................................................... 10.10.2
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.13.11
+1–629INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Solids
+Combustible particulate solid (definition) ................ 3.3.220.1,
+A.3.3.220.1
+Flammable ........................................ see Flammable solids
+Solid shelving................................................... A.34.7.3.1
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.221
+Solvent distillation units................................ 43.1.8.8, 66.19.6
+Solvent extraction plants....................................... Chap. 44
+Permits ........................................... T able 1.12.7(a), 44.3
+Solvents
+Chlorinated ..................................... 43.1.8.10, A.43.1.8.10
+Cleaning .................. 43.1.8.7, 43.5.1.1.3, 50.5.6.6, A.43.1.8.7.4
+Soundstages ....................... T able 1.12.7(a), 20.16.1.2, Chap. 32
+Spark arresters........................... 10.11.7.3, 17.3.4.6, 31.3.2.1.11
+Spark/ember detectors ................... 40.5.2.3.2, 40.5.2.3.3, 40.5.6
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.80.20
+Sparks ........................................... 40.4.1, 40.4.5, A.40.4.1.3
+Special amusement buildings................... 10.9.1, 20.1.4, A.20.1.4
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.27.11, A.3.3.27.11
+Special outdoor events.................................. T able 1.12.7(a),
+10.15, A.10.15.3.1 to A.10.15.11.3.1
+Special structures...................................... 6.1.1.2, 13.7.2.27,
+20.16, A.13.7.2.27.2.1, A.13.7.2.27.2.2.2
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+LP-Gas storage in .............................................. 69.5.3.4
+Special use (definition)......................................... 3.3.249.3
+Spillage
+Aerosol products ............................................. 61.4.2.6.1
+Aircraft fuel servicing .......................... 42.10.5.2, A.42.10.5.2
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ...................... 63.2.13
+Electrolyte ......... T able 52.1, 52.3.4, 52.3.5, A.52.3.4.2, A.52.3.5.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids .............. 66.6.6.2, 66.6.9.2,
+66.9.4.3.3, 66.9.13, 66.14.4.8, 66.15.3.5, 66.16.8,
+66.17.6.8, 66.17.10, 66.18.3.2, 66.21.6.6.2, 66.21.7.5,
+66.22.11, 66.22.12, A.66.9.13, A.66.16.8.2, A.66.17.6.8,
+A.66.17.10.1, A.66.22.11, A.66.22.12.1, A.66.22.12.3
+Hazardous materials storage and use ....................... 60.3.2.8,
+60.4.10.1.5, 66.14.4.8
+Spontaneous ignition............................................. 16.2.2.3
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ........... 61.2.8.2(7),
+61.5.3.1(7)
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use .......................... 66.19.5.7.4, A.66.19.5.7.4
+Spray application, flammable and combustible
+liquids .................................. 43.1.8.9, A.43.1.8.9
+Spot-type detectors................................ 13.7.4.3.1, 13.7.4.3.3,
+13.7.4.5.1, A.13.7.4.3.1, A.13.7.4.3.3
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.80.21
+Spray applications, of flammable and combustible
+materials ................... Chap. 43; see also Spray areas;
+Spray booths; Spray rooms
+Drying, curing, or fusion processes ................... 43.4, 43.5.3.7,
+43.5.3.8, A.43.5.3.7.2
+Drying areas ..................................... 43.1.5.11, A.43.1.5.11
+Electrical equipment and systems ..................... 43.1.4, 43.8.5,
+A.43.1.4.1 to A.43.1.4.6, A.43.8.5.3
+Electrostatic equipment
+Automated ................................ 43.1.7.8, 43.2, A.43.1.7.8
+Handheld ........................................................ 43.3
+Fire protection systems and equipment ....................... 43.1.7,
+60.4.10.1.3, 60.4.10.2.3, A.43.1.7.1 to A.43.1.7.8
+High-pressure hose lines ...................................... 43.1.8.3
+Ignition sources ...................... 43.1.4, A.43.1.4.1 to A.43.1.4.6
+Limited finishing workstations.... 43.5.3, A.43.5.3.1(4), A.43.5.3.7.2
+Location of .......................................... 43.1.2, A.43.1.2.1
+Operations and maintenance ..... 43.1.8, A.43.1.8.1 to A.43.1.8.12
+Organic peroxides and plural component
+coatings ......................... 43.7, A.43.7.1 to A.43.7.6
+Outdoor .................................... 43.1.1.2(1), A.43.1.1.2(1)
+Overspray collectors ........................................... 43.1.8.4
+Permits ....................... T able 1.12.7(a), 43.1.8.12, A.43.1.8.12
+Portable spraying equipment or aerosol product
+use .............................. 43.1.1.2(2), A.43.1.1.2(2)
+Preparation workstations ........................................ 43.5.2
+Storage, handling and distribution of flammable and
+combustible liquids .... 43.1.6, A.43.1.6.1 to A.43.1.6.6.2
+Styrene cross-linked composites manufacturing ............... 43.8,
+A.43.8.1 to A.43.8.5.3
+Vehicle undercoating and body lining ......................... 43.5.1
+Ventilation ............................. 43.1.3.6, 43.1.5, 43.1.6.3.2(4),
+43.8.6, A.43.1.5.3 to A.43.1.5.11
+Spray areas................................. 43.1.3, A.43.1.3.1, A.43.1.3.3
+Definition ....................................... 3.3.13.12, A.3.3.13.12
+Electrical devices in or adjacent to ................ 43.1.4.3, 43.1.4.4,
+43.1.4.7, 43.1.4.8, A.43.1.3.2
+Extinguishing systems ............................ 43.1.7.1, A.43.1.7.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids in ............ 43.1.6.2, 43.1.6.3
+Sprinklers in ............................................... 13.3.3.5.3.4
+Ventilation ...................................... 43.1.5.2, 43.1.6.3.2(4)
+Spray booths ............................ 43.1.3, 43.1.4.4.2 to 43.1.4.4.4,
+43.1.4.6, 43.1.7.7.2(2), 43.1.7.8.2, 60.4.10.1.3,
+60.4.10.2.3, A.43.1.3.1, A.43.1.3.3, A.43.1.4.6
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.224, A.3.3.224
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Spray rooms ............................... 43.1.3, 43.1.4.4.2, 43.1.4.4.4,
+43.1.4.6, A.43.1.3.1, A.43.1.3.3, A.43.1.4.6
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.225, A.3.3.225
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Sprinklers
+Alteration or painting of ................. 13.3.3.5.3.5, A.13.3.3.5.3.5
+Penetrations for ................................................ 12.9.6.4
+Quick-response or residential, use of listed .............. 13.3.2.9.4,
+13.3.2.13.5, 13.3.2.15.5, A.13.3.2.9.4
+Spare, stock of ........... 13.3.3.5.3, A.13.3.3.5.3.1 to A.13.3.3.5.3.5
+In spray coating areas ..................................... 13.3.3.5.3.4
+Temperature ratings ........................................... 13.3.1.8
+Sprinkler systems ........................... 1 1.9.5(6), 13.3, Table 13.8,
+A.13.3.1.1 to A.13.3.3.6.5.2(3)(d); see also Deluge
+systems; Extinguishing systems
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ............... 61.2.6.1,
+61.2.6.4.1, 61.3.3.2.6, 61.3.3.2.7, 61.3.3.2.9 to 6.3.3.2.15,
+61.4.2.3.1.1, 61.4.2.3.2, 61.4.2.5, A.61.3.3.2.9
+Airports ................................................ 21.2.6, A.21.2.6
+Assembly occupancies .................. 20.1.4.2, 20.1.4.6, A.20.1.4.2
+Baled cotton storage .................... L.4.1, L.4.6.3, L.6.7.2, L.7.5
+Canopies and exterior roofs ........... 13.3.2.4, 21.2.6.6, A.13.3.2.4
+Combustible fibers, storage of ..................... 45.5.5.2, A.45.1.2
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids .......... 63.2.10, A.63.2.10
+Construction, during .... 16.4.2.4, 16.4.3.2, A.16.4.2.4, A.16.4.3.2.1
+Cooking equipment ...... 13.3.3.5.3.6, 50.4.5.2, 50.4.7.4, 50.4.10.1
+Day-care occupancies ........................................ 13.3.2.27
+Demolition of buildings and .................................... 16.5.1
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ................. 40.5.5, A.40.5.5
+Fire department access and ................ 18.2.3.2.1.1, 18.2.3.2.2.1
+Fire flow and ........ 18.4.5.1.1.1, 18.4.5.1.2.1, 18.4.5.2.1, 18.4.5.2.2
+Fireworks facilities .................... 65.11.3.6, 65.11.3.7, 65.11.5.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ........................ 66.6.7.6, 66.6.7.7, 66.6.9.1,
+66.9.6.2.4, 66.9.10.2.3, 66.16.4, 66.16.5, 66.16.6, 66.16.7,
+66.17.6.7, 66.24.6.1.2, 66.24.6.2.3, 66.24.6.2.4,
+66.24.13.4, A.66.16.5.1.6.2, A.66.19.4.6.1, A.66.24.6.1.2,
+A.66.24.6.2.3
+Forest products, storage of .................................... 31.3.7.4
+Freezing, protection from .................................. 13.3.3.5.1
+Highly toxic and toxic solids and liquids storage ............. 68.3.4
+High rise buildings ............. 13.3.2.14.1, 13.3.2.24, A.13.3.2.24.2
+Hot work operations ......................... 41.3.3(2), 41.3.4.2(12)
+Impairment ................... 13.1.8 to 13.1.10, 13.3.3.4.2, 13.3.3.6,
+A.13.3.3.6.3.1 to A.13.3.3.6.5.2(3)(d)
+Inspection, testing, and maintenance ......................... 13.3.3,
+A.13.3.3.4.1.1 to A.13.3.3.6.5.2(3)(d)
+Interior finish and ............................................... 12.5.9
+Marinas and boatyards ...................... 28.1.6.2.3.5.4, 28.1.6.5.2
+1–630 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ........................ 32.4.11.1.1 to 32.4.11.1.4,
+32.5.11.2 to 32.5.11.6, A.32.5.11.4, A.32.5.11.5
+One- and two-family dwellings .............................. 13.3.2.18,
+Table 13.8, 18.2.3.2.1.1, 18.4.5.1.1.1, 18.4.5.1.2.1
+Organic peroxide storage ........... 70.3.4.6.2, 70.3.4.6.3, 70.3.5.5,
+70.3.6.3
+Oxidizer storage ................. 70.2.4.8.2, 70.2.4.8.3, 70.2.6.3.3.2,
+70.2.6.3.7.2, Table 20.7.3.4(b), 70.2.7.3.7.2, 70.2.8.2,
+Table 70.2.8.3.3, 70.2.9.3.1, A.70.2.4.8.3, A.70.2.8.2
+Repair garages ................................................... 30.2.7
+Spray application operations ................ 43.1.6.2.1.3, 43.1.7.1.1,
+43.1.7.4, 43.1.7.8.2(3), 43.8.3, A.43.1.7.4, A.43.8.3
+Storage occupancies ........................... 10.19.3.2 to 10.19.3.3,
+20.15.8.3.2, 34.2.4.6, 34.5.1, 34.5.4.2, 34.5.5.1,
+34.6.3.3(1), 34.7.2, 34.7.3.4.1.2, 34.7.3.4.2, A.10.19.3.2,
+A.34.5.1, A.34.5.4.2, A.34.7.3.4.2.1(1)
+Tents, membrane structures, grandstands, and folding/telescopic
+seating .................................... 25.1.6.1, 25.1.6.2
+Ventilating systems ......................................... 13.3.3.5.3.6
+Stable liquids ................................................... see Liquids
+Staff, training of
+Business occupancies .......................................... 20.13.2
+Cooking equipment extinguishing systems .............. A.50.4.11.2
+Day-care occupancies ................ 20.3.4.2.3.4.4, A.20.3.4.2.3.4.4
+Detention and correctional occupancies ................... 20.7.2.1,
+A.20.7.2.1.2, A.20.7.2.1.3
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ......................... 40.5.3.2,
+40.6, A.40.5.3.2, A.40.6.3.2(8)
+Fireworks, consumer, handling of ......... 65.11.3.22, A.65.11.3.22
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ........... 43.10.1.1, 66.6.8, 66.17.15.4, 66.21.6.5
+Hazardous materials, handling of ........................... 53.3.2.5,
+60.1.9, 60.1.10.1, D.3.2.8
+Health care occupancies ....................... 20.4.2.1.2, 20.4.2.1.7,
+20.4.2.1.9, 20.4.2.2, 20.6.2.1.1.1, 20.6.2.2, A.20.4.2.2.1,
+A.20.6.2.2.1
+Heliports ...................................................... 42.10.4.6
+Hotels ................... 20.8.2.1, 20.8.2.2, A.20.8.2.1.1, A.20.8.2.1.2
+LP-Gas liquid transfer ......................................... 69.4.2.1
+Maintenance of fire extinguishers ........ 13.6.9.1.2, A.13.6.9.1.2.2
+Mercantile occupancies ........................................ 20.12.2
+Motor fuel dispensing facilities ........................ 42.7.3, 42.7.4,
+42.9.10.1, 42.11.2.3
+Organic peroxide storage ..................................... 70.3.4.2
+Oxidizer storage ............................................... 70.2.4.5
+Spray application operations . . .43.7.8, 43.10, A.43.10.1, A.43.10.1.2
+Storage occupancies .............................. 34.5.4.2, A.34.5.4.2
+Tank operation ............................................. 66.21.7.3.3
+Tire storage ..................................................... 33.4.1.3
+Wood chips and hogged material, storage of ........... 31.3.6.3.3.2
+Stages
+Scenery, assembly occupancies ........ 20.1.2, 20.1.5.4, A.20.1.5.4.3
+Sprinkler systems ................................ 13.3.2.5.5, 13.3.2.6.5
+Standpipe systems ................................. 13.2.2.4, A.13.2.2.4
+Stairways ................................................ 1 1.9.5(5), 14.11.4
+Buildings under construction ................................ 16.3.4.5
+Doors, reentry through ........................... 14.5.2.7, A.14.5.2.7
+Enclosure and protection of .................. 14.5.2.7, 14.6, 14.7.3,
+A.14.5.2.7, A.14.6.2, A.14.6.3
+Exit discharge .................................................... 14.7.3
+Interior finish .................................................. 20.1.3.2
+Interlocking or scissor ....................... 14.10.1.4, A.14.10.1.4.2
+Marking ............................................. 10.12.3, A.10.12.3
+As means of escape ........................................... 4.5.6.2.2
+Performance-based design option ........................... 5.3.4(4)
+Protectives, minimum ratings for ..................... T able 12.7.4.2
+Width of .......................... T able 14.8.3.1, 14.8.3.2, A.14.8.3.2
+Stakeholder (definition) ........................................... 3.4.20
+Standard cubic foot (scf) (definition)........................... 3.3.226
+Standard (definition)............................................... 3.2.10
+Standard temperature and pressure (definition)............... 3.3.227
+Standby fire personnel...... 1.7.15, 10.15.4, 32.4.4, 32.5.4, A.1.7.15.3
+Standby power......... 1 1.7.2 to 11.7.5, 11.9.5(7), 50.4.7.6, A.11.7.2.1
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ..................... 63.2.6.1
+Hazardous materials storage and use ........................ 60.3.2.7
+Membrane structures ............................... 25.5.3.3, 25.6.5.3
+Standpipe systems........................................ 13.2, A.13.2.2.4
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ..... 61.2.6.2, 61.2.6.4
+Airports ........................................................... 21.2.9
+Buildings under construction ....................... 16.3.5, 16.4.3.3,
+A.16.4.3.3.1.1 to A.16.4.3.3.2.8
+Definition .................................... 3.3.238.10, A.3.3.238.10
+Detention and correctional occupancies .................... 13.2.2.5
+Dust explosion and fire prevention .......................... 40.5.4.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ................. 66.6.7.7, 66.9.10.2.4, 66.24.6.1.2,
+A.66.24.6.1.2
+Heliports, roof-top ........................................ 21.3.4.6.5.2
+Hot work operations ..................................... 41.3.4.2(11)
+Marinas, boatyards, piers, and wharves ...................... 28.1.6.3
+Marine motor fuel dispensing facilities ...................... 42.9.7.2
+Permit requirements .................................. T able 1.12.7(a)
+Storage occupancies ......................................... 20.15.8.3
+Static electricity
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ........... 61.2.8.2(9),
+61.5.3.1(9), 61.5.7, A.61.5.7
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ................... 63.3.6.3.1
+Dust explosion and fire prevention ........................ 40.4.3, A.
+40.4.3.1 to A.40.4.3.2.2
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ........ 66.6.5.1, 66.6.5.4, 66.19.5.7.3, A.66.6.5.4,
+A.66.19.5.7.3
+Hazardous materials storage and use ....................... 60.1.16.2
+Spray application operations .................... 43.1.4.6, A.43.1.4.6
+Stationary tanks................................................... see Tanks
+Stop work............................................................ 1.7.14
+Storage ....... see also Hazardous materials storage facility; High-piled
+storage; Inside liquid storage areas; Outdoor storage;
+Tanks; Warehouses
+Aerosol products ........... 61.2, 61.3, 61.4, A.61.3.2 to A.61.3.3.2.9
+Automotive fuel servicing ............................ 42.2.2.2.2, 42.3,
+A.42.3.3.3.3 to A.42.3.3.8
+Available height for storage (definition) ............ 3.3.16, A.3.3.16
+Baled, combustible fibers ................. 45.6; see also Baled cotton
+Boats ....................................... 28.1.6.2.3.5, 28.1.7, 28.1.8,
+A.28.1.6.2.3.5.1, A.28.1.6.2.3.5.3, A.28.1.7.3, A.28.1.8.4
+Bulk ..................................................... see Bulk storage
+Cartoned (definition) ....................................... 3.3.229.2
+Cellulose nitrate motion picture film ........................ 20.15.7
+Clothing ........................................... see Clothing storage
+Compressed gas ............ 63.2.4, 63.2.5, 63.2.17, 63.3.2, 63.3.6.1,
+63.3.9.3.1
+Corrosive solids and liquids ................................. Chap. 64
+Cryogenic fluids ......... 63.4, 63.4.12, A.63.4.2 to A.63.4.12.3.6.2.1
+Detached ......................................... see Detached storage
+Exhibit booths ............................................ 20.1.5.5.4.10
+Exposition facilities .......................................... 20.1.5.5.3
+Fireworks facilities .................. 65.11.3.7, 65.11.5.3, 65.11.6.4.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids ........................ Chap. 66
+Flammable solids ............................................. Chap. 67
+Forest products ............................................... Chap. 31
+Of fueled equipment ........................................... 10.19.7
+Hay, straw, and other agricultural products ..................... 45.7
+Hazardous materials ......................... see Hazardous materials
+Highly toxic and toxic solids and liquids ................... Chap. 68
+High-piled ....................................... see High-piled storage
+Incidental liquid use or storage (definition) ................ 3.3.146
+Isolated (definition) ......................................... 3.3.229.5
+Organic peroxide ...................................... 43.7.4, 43.8.7.1
+Oxidizers ................................................... see Oxidizers
+Oxygen-fuel gas cylinders and containers .... 41.5.5.2, A.41.5.5.2.3
+Protected (definition) ....................................... 66.16.2.1
+Pyrophoric solids and liquids ............................... Chap. 71
+1–631INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Records ............................................ 20.15.6, A.20.15.6.2
+Refrigerant machinery rooms ................................ 53.3.1.3
+Resins ............................................................. 43.8.4
+Segregated ...................................... see Segregated storage
+Tires ..................................................... see Tire storage
+Unstable (reactive) solids and liquids ...................... Chap. 72
+Waste and rubbish, combustible ..................... 19.1.6.1, 19.1.7
+Water-reactive solids and liquids ............................ Chap. 73
+Yards ............................................................. see Yards
+Storage aids (definition)............ 3.3.230; see also Palletized storage
+Storage cabinets ......... see also Gas cabinets; Liquid storage cabinets
+Hazardous materials ........................................... 60.1.20
+Storage occupancies................... 10.19, 20.15, Chap. 34, A.10.19,
+A.20.15.5.1, A.20.15.6.2
+Christmas tree provisions ............................... T able 10.14.1
+Definition ............. 3.3.170.25, 6.1.13.1, A.3.3.170.25, A.6.1.13.1
+Detection, alarm, and communication systems ........... 13.7.2.22
+Extinguishers, portable fire .............................. T able 13.6.2
+Hazardous materials .......................... 20.15.4, Table 60.3.2.3
+Means of egress, occupant load ....................... T able 14.8.1.2
+Mini-storage buildings
+Definition ............................. 3.3.170.25.1, A.3.3.170.25.1
+Sprinkler systems ........................................ 13.3.2.25.4
+Multiple occupancies .. 6.1.14.1.3, Table 6.1.14.4.1(a), A.6.1.14.1.3
+Permits ................ T able 1.12.7(a), 20.15.2, 20.15.7.2, 20.15.8.2
+Sprinkler systems ............................... 13.3.2.25, A.13.3.2.25
+Storage tank buildings................ 66.24, A.66.24.1 to A.66.24.14.8
+Definition ..................................................... 3.3.27.12
+Storage tanks ..................................................... see Tanks
+Stored electrical energy systems......................... 1 1.7.4, 11.7.5.3
+Stores
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.231, A.3.3.231
+Fireworks sales at ............................ see Fireworks, Consumer
+Story
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.232
+Means of egress, number of ........................ 14.9.1.1, 14.9.1.2
+Occupiable (definition) ..................................... 3.3.232.1
+Street (definition) ............................ 3.3.233; see also Roadways
+Street floor (definition)............................... 3.3.234, A.3.3.234
+Structural element (definition).................................. 3.3.235
+Structural failure, occupant protection from.................... 5.2.2.8
+Structural integrity............................................... 4.1.4.2.3
+Structures ................................................ see also Buildings
+Access to ......................... see Access, fire-fighting/emergency
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.236, A.3.3.236
+Special ............................................................. 20.16
+Styrene cross-linked composites manufacturing.................. 43.8,
+A.43.8.1 to A.43.8.5.3
+Sub-floor work areas, repair garages................... 30.2.6, 30.2.9.3
+Submersible pumping systems.................................... 42.5.4
+Summarily abate (definition)..................................... 3.3.237
+Supervision
+Cooking equipment alarm systems ........................ 50.4.4.10,
+50.4.9, A.50.4.4.10(4)
+Fire pump valves ...................................... 13.4.3, A.13.4.3
+Sprinkler systems ................................ 13.3.1.7, A.13.3.1.7.1
+Supervisory signals.............................................. see Signals
+Suppression systems........................... see Extinguishing systems
+Systems ............................................ see also specific systems
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.238
+Design/installation ............................................... 4.4.6
+-T-
+Tactics (definition)................................................ 3.3.239
+Tank cars ........................... 66.28, A.66.28.3.1.2 to A.66.28.11.3
+Tanks
+Aboveground
+Alternative fuels .................................. 42.8.3, A.42.8.3.3
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.240.2
+Hazardous materials ................................ 60.1.13.2.1(1)
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ................ 42.2.2.2.2,
+42.3.2.1, 42.3.3.2 to 42.3.3.10, 42.7.2.2.5.1, A.42.3.3.3.3
+to A.42.3.3.8
+Fire-resistant .............................................. 42.3.3.4
+Protection ........ 42.3.3.5 to 42.3.3.8, A.42.3.3.7.2, A.42.3.3.8
+Vaults ....................................... 42.3.3.3, A.42.3.3.3.3
+Aboveground storage ......................... A.6.22.4 to A.6.22.12.3
+In areas subject to flooding ............................... 66.22.14
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.240.1
+Fire control .................................... 66.22.8, A.66.22.8.1
+Fire-resistant ................................................. 66.22.9
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ............... 66.21,
+66.22, A.6.22.4 to A.6.22.12.3, A.66.21.4.2.1.1 to
+A.66.21.8.8
+Floating roof tanks ........................................ 66.22.2.1
+Inspection, testing, and maintenance ...... 66.22.10.1, 66.22.17
+Installation ........ 66.22.5, 66.22.16, A.66.22.5.2.1, A.66.22.5.2.4
+Location of ................................................... 66.22.4
+Openings other than vents ................................ 66.22.13
+Outdoor tanks, location of ................................ A66.22.4
+Protected ........................... 66.22.8 to 66.2.10, 66.22.12.4,
+66.22.15, A.66.22.8.1
+Definition ............................................... 3.3.240.3
+Spill control and impounding ................ 66.22.11, 66.22.12,
+A.66.22.11, A.66.22.12.1, A.66.22.12.3
+Vaults ............................................. 66.25, A.66.25.3.1
+Venting ............... 66.22.4.2.5, 66.22.6, 66.22.7, 66.22.11.3.12
+ASME .................................... see ASME containers or tanks
+Car go ............................................................. 42.9.9
+Compartmented (definition) ............................... 66.21.2.1
+Compressed gas ................... 63.3.1, A.63.3.1.1 to A.63.3.1.10.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids ................. 66.9, 66.18.3.1,
+66.18.3.4, 66.18.4.4.1(2), 66.18.4.6, 66.19.5.2, 66.19.5.6,
+66.21 to 66.25, A.66.9.3.10.3 to A.66.9.16.2,
+A.66.18.4.4.1(2)(d), A.66.21.4.2.1.1 to A.66.25.3.1
+Fuel
+Aircraft fuel ................................ 42.10.3.3, A.42.10.3.3.1
+Boat storage and .......................................... 28.1.8.1.5
+Fire pump fuel supply ......................... 13.4.4.4, A.13.4.4.4
+Generators ................................................. 25.1.12.2
+Heliports .................................................... 21.3.3.2
+Hazardous materials ................... 60.1.2, 60.1.23.2, 60.1.26.3.3
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ............. 42.3, 42.7.2.2.4,
+42.7.2.2.5, 42.7.4, 42.9.2, 42.9.8, A.42.3.3.3.3 to
+A.42.3.3.8, A.42.9.2.2, A.42.9.3.2
+Operation ........................ 66.21.7, A.66.21.7.1 to A.66.21.7.5
+Oxidizer storage ................................ 70.2.8.4, A.70.2.8.4.2
+Portable ................................. 42.9.8, 43.1.6.5.1, A.42.9.3.2
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.240.4
+Flammable and combustible liquids ................ 66.9, 66.9.10,
+66.15, 66.18.3.8, 66.18.3.9, 66.18.4.2, 66.18.4.4.1(2),
+A.66.9.3.10.3 to A.66.9.16.2, A.66.9.4.1, A.66.18.3.8,
+A.66.18.4.4.1(2)(d)
+Mixing tanks .............................................. 43.1.6.3.1
+Nonmetallic (definition) ........... 66.3.3.32.3.1, A.66.3.3.32.3.1
+Secondary containment .................................... 66.22.11.4
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.240.5
+Stationary (definition) ......................... 3.3.240.6, A.3.3.240.6
+Storage (definition) .......................................... 3.3.240.7
+Underground ....... 42.2.2.2.2, 42.3.3.1; see also LP-Gas containers
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage ........... 66.21.3.2,
+66.21.3.3, 66.21.7.1.5, 66.21.7.4.3, 66.23, 66.27.8.2,
+A.66.21.7.4.3.3(2), A.66.23.3.3 to A.66.23.14.2
+Water supply ................................................. 61.2.6.4.2
+Tank vehicles............................................. 42.7.2.2, 42.7.6,
+42.9.9, 42.10.5.17 to 42.10.5.20, 66.28, A.66.28.3.1.2 to
+A.66.28.11.3
+Tar kettles........................................................ see Kettles
+Technical assistance.......................... 1.15, 5.1.5, 10.1.4, A.5.1.5
+Telephones, two-way.................... 13.7.2.27.2.2, A.13.7.2.27.2.2.2
+Television production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations ............ T able 1.12.7(a), 20.16.1.2, Chap. 32
+1–632 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Temporary heating equipment............. see Heating equipment and
+appliances
+Temporary wiring................................................... 1 1.1.8
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.241
+Tensioned-membrane structures.......................... 25.5.2, 25.6.4
+Tents ............................... 25.1, 25.2, A.25.1.4.2 to A.25.1.7.2.3
+Fireworks sales ............................................ see Fireworks
+Permits ......................................... T able 1.12.7(a), 25.1.2
+Terminal buildings, airport.............. see Airport terminal buildings
+Testing ........................ see Inspection, testing, and maintenance
+Ties, outside storage of...................................... 31.3.1.1(3),
+31.3.5, A.31.3.5.1.1 to A.31.3.5.3.5
+Tire-rebuilding plants.................................... T able 1.12.7(a)
+Tires ................................................... see also Tire storage
+Rubber (definition) .......................................... 3.3.242.1
+Scrap (definition) ............................................ 3.3.242.2
+Tire storage ....... 34.1.1, 34.8, A.34.1.1.2(7), A.34.8.1 to A.34.8.3.1.1
+Banded (definition) ......................................... 3.3.229.1
+Bulk storage
+Automobile wrecking yards .................................... 22.7
+Sprinkler systems for .................................... 13.3.2.25.5
+Laced .................................................. Fig. A.34.8.1(g)
+Definition .................................... 3.3.229.6, A.3.3.229.6
+Miscellaneous (definition) .................... 3.3.229.7, A.3.3.229.7
+On-side ................................................. Fig. A.34.8.1(e)
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.229.8
+On-tread ................................... 34.8.3.1.3, Fig. A.34.8.1(f)
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.229.9
+Outside storage ............................ T able 1.12.7(a), Chap. 33
+Altered tire material, storage of .... 33.1.7, 33.1.8, 33.7, A.33.7.5
+Title of code.......................................................... 1.1.2
+Torch-applied roofing systems.................... T able 1.12.7(a), 16.6
+Torches, use of............................................... see Hot work
+Towers .......................................................... 13.7.2.27.1
+Toxic gas..................................... T able 60.1.26.1, 60.3.2.5.1,
+63.1.3.1(2)(d), 63.1.3.4.1, 63.2.3.1.4, Table 63.2.3.1,
+Table 63.3.1.6.2, 63.3.9; see also Compressed gas
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.126.17
+Permit amounts for ................ T able 1.12.7(b), Table 1.12.7(d)
+Refrigerants ........................................ 53.2.2.1.1, 53.2.2.2
+Toxic materials (solids and liquids)....... T ables 60.1.26.2(a) to (h),
+Table 60.1.2.6.3.1(b), Table 60.2.5.5, Chap. 68;see also
+Hazardous materials
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.161.11
+Permit amounts for ................................... T able 1.12.7(d)
+Secondary containment ........................ T able 60.4.10.1.5.2.1
+Tracer bullets and tracer charges............................... 17.3.4.2
+Trade secrets...................................................... 1.7.10.4
+Trade shows.................................................... see Exhibits
+Traffic calming devices........................................ 18.2.3.4.7
+Training
+Board and care occupancy residents, of ..................... 20.5.2.2
+Staff ................................................. see Staff, training of
+Treated finishes..................................................... 12.6.1
+Treatment systems (definition)............................... 3.3.238.11
+Trouble signals.................................................. see Signals
+Truck repair garages................................... see Repair garages
+Turbines, gas ........................................................ 1 1.7.1
+Turning radius, access roads.................................. 18.2.3.4.3
+Two-family dwellings................. see One- and two-family dwellings
+-U-
+Unauthorized discharge (definition)............................ 3.3.244
+Uncertainty analysis............................................ see Analysis
+Underground structures
+Emergency plans ................................................. 10.9.1
+Parking structures ............................................... 29.1.1
+Definition ............................................... 3.3.170.21.1
+Sprinkler systems ............................................. 13.3.2.23
+Underground tanks .............................................. see Tanks
+Unit operation or process (definition).......................... 3.3.245
+Units of measurement................................................. 1.5
+Unit (vessel), operating or process........... see Operating or process
+unit (vessel)
+Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs)
+Definition ....................................... 66.16.2.3, A.66.16.2.3
+Unstable (reactive) gas.................................. T able 60.1.26.1,
+63.1.3.1(1)(e), 63.1.3.1(1)(f), Table 63.2.3.1, Table
+63.2.9, Table 63.3.1.6.2, 63.3.10; see also Compressed
+gas; Hazardous materials
+Definition .................................... 3.3.126.18, A.3.3.126.18
+Permit amounts for ................ T able 1.12.7(b), Table 1.12.7(d)
+Unstable (reactive) materials (solids and
+liquids) ................................ T ables 60.1.26.2(a)
+to (h), Table 60.3.2.6, 66.22.11.2.6.3.4, Chap. 72,
+A.66.22.11.2.6.3.4; see also Hazardous materials
+Containers, storage of liquids in ............................ 66.9.16.2
+Definition .................................... 3.3.161.12, A.3.3.161.12
+Indoor storage .............................................. 66.17.6.13
+Permit amounts for ................................... T able 1.12.7(d)
+Secondary containment ........................ T able 60.4.10.1.5.2.1
+Specific occupancies, storage and use in ....... T ables 60.1.26.2(a)
+to (h)
+Storage tank buildings ....................................... 66.24.5.5
+Tank storage .................................. 66.22.4.1.5, 66.22.7.1.3
+Untenable conditions, occupant protection from............... 5.2.2.6
+Use
+Closed system use (definition) ................ 3.3.249.1, A.3.3.249.1
+Incidental liquid use or storage (definition) ................ 3.3.146
+Open system use (definition) ................. 3.3.249.2, A.3.3.249.2
+Special use (definition) ...................................... 3.3.249.3
+Utilities ................................................................ 1 1.4
+Utility plants, LP-Gas at.............................................. 69.7
+-V-
+Vacant buildings ............................ 5.3.3(8), 10.13, A.10.13.2.1
+Vacuum cleaners.................................................. 40.3.2.3
+Valve-regulated batteries..................................... see Batteries
+Valves ............................................. see also Excess flow valve
+Compressed gas systems .................................... 63.3.3.1.5
+Cryogenic fluid piping systems ................. 63.4.13.4 to 6.4.13.6
+Fire pump valves, supervision of ..................... 13.4.3, A.13.4.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids piping systems ...... 66.27.4.3,
+66.27.4.5, 66.27.6.6, 66.29.3.11, A.66.27.4.3.2
+Indicating (definition) ....................................... 3.3.250.1
+LP-Gas systems and equipment ........................ 69.2.3, 69.3.7,
+69.3.8, 69.3.13.3.8, 69.3.13.3.10, 69.5.2.2, A.69.3.8.8
+Outlet cap or plug ............................ 63.3.1.5.3, 63.3.9.3.1.1
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.250.3
+Ozone gas-generating equipment ................................. G.5
+Protection cap ............................................... 63.3.1.5.3
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.250.4
+Protection device .............................................. 63.3.1.5
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.250.5
+Reduced flow (definition) ................................... 3.3.250.2
+Sprinkler systems .......................................... 13.3.3.4.1.7
+Water-control .......................................... T able 1.12.7(a)
+Vapor pressure (definition)........................... 3.3.251, A.3.3.251
+Vapor processing equipment (definition)..................... 66.3.3.35
+Vapor processing systems...... 66.19.5, A.66.19.5.5.1 to A.66.19.5.7.6
+Definition .................................... 3.3.238.12, A.3.3.238.12
+Vapor recovery systems.................................. 42.5.8, 66.19.5,
+A.66.19.5.5.1 to A.66.19.5.7.6
+Definition .................................... 3.3.238.13, A.3.3.238.13
+Vapors, flammable................................. see Flammable vapors
+Vaults
+Combustible fiber storage ...................................... 45.5.4
+Doors ................................................... 12.4.3, A.12.4.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids, aboveground
+tanks for ................................. 66.25, A.66.25.3.1
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facility tank ... 42.3.3.3, A.42.3.3.3.3
+1–633INDEX
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Vegetation, combustible......................................... 5.3.3(9),
+10.13.1, 10.14, 17.3.5, 25.1.5, 33.5.2, 60.1.24, 63.3.1.6.3,
+65.11.4.6.1, 66.14.6.5, 66.15.3.7, 66.21.6.6.3, 68.3.3,
+A.10.14.3, A.10.14.9.4, A.17.3.5.1.5, L.6.8
+Vehicles ................................................. see Motor vehicles
+Vented batteries............................................... see Batteries
+Ventilation systems ..... see Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
+(HV AC) systems
+Venting
+Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids .......... 63.2.15, 63.3.3.1.6
+Emergency relief venting (definition) ......................... 3.3.88
+Flammable and combustible liquids ..................... 66.22.4.2.5,
+66.22.6, 66.22.7, 66.22.11.3.12, 66.23.6, 66.24.13,
+66.27.8, A.66.23.6.1, A.66.27.8.1.6
+Processing areas .......................... 66.17.6.10, A.66.17.6.10
+Storage tanks .............................. 66.21.4.3, A.66.21.4.3.9
+Vapor recovery/processing systems .......... 66.19.5.2, 66.19.5.3
+LP-Gas ................................................ 69.3.5.4.2, 69.4.3
+Vents
+Cleaning ............................................. 50.5.6, A.50.5.6.2
+Deflagration .................................... A.17.11.13, A.60.3.2.6
+Emergency smoke and heat ............... 34.3.2, 34.5.4.2(4), L.2.2
+Heating equipment and appliances ............................ 1 1.5.4
+Tanks and containers, flammable and combustible
+liquids ............................................... 66.9.4.2
+Verification method (definition).................................. 3.4.22
+Vertical openings................................... see Openings, vertical
+Vessels, marine.......................................... see Marine vessels
+Vessels, pressure ...................................... see Pressure vessels
+Vessels, process.................. see Operating or process unit (vessel)
+Violations of code............................................ 1.16, 10.1.5
+Viscous liquids (definition)..................................... 66.16.2.4
+-W-
+Walls
+Fire ......................................................... see Fire walls
+Fire barrier .............................................. 12.7.2, 12.7.5,
+A.12.7.2.1.1, A.12.7.5.1, A.12.7.5.6.3(1)(c)
+Hot work operations ................. 41.3.4.2(4), 41.3.4.2(6) to (9)
+Interior finish ........................................ see Interior finish
+Temporary separation, construction site .......... 16.4.2, A.16.4.2.4
+Warehouses
+General-purpose
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.254.1
+Liquid .............................................. 66.9.8.2, A.66.9.8.2
+Definition .................................................. 3.3.254.2
+Warrant of fitness.................................................... 4.5.5
+Waste, combustible....................... Chap. 19, 43.1.8.5, A.43.1.8.5
+Aerosol containers ............................................... 61.5.5
+Baled cotton storage .............................................. L.6.5
+Buildings under construction ......... 16.2.2, A.16.2.2.1, A.16.2.2.4
+Commercial rubbish-handling operations .................. 19.2.1.5
+Definition .............................................. 3.3.55, A.3.3.55
+Demolition sites .................................................. 16.5.3
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ..................... 66.6.9.3, 66.6.9.4, 66.21.6.6.5
+Forest products, storage of ................................. 31.3.2.1.1
+Waste recycling facilities ........................... 31.3.7, A.31.3.7
+Motion picture production soundstages, facilities, and
+locations .............................................. 32.6.1
+Motor vehicle fuel dispensing facilities ...................... 42.7.2.6
+Organic peroxide storage ..................................... 70.3.4.7
+Oxidizer storage .................. 70.2.4.9, A.70.2.4.9.2, A.70.2.4.9.5
+Repair garages ................................................... 30.3.3
+Storage occupancies ............................................. 34.6.4
+Vacant buildings ................................................ 10.13.1
+Water capacity (definition)....................................... 3.3.255
+Water-control valves...................................... T able 1.12.7(a)
+Waterflow alarms ..................................... 1 1.9.5(6), 34.5.5.1
+Water-miscible liquids (definition)............................ 66.16.2.5
+Water mist extinguishing systems................... T able 13.8, 66.16.9
+Water-reactive materials.......... T able 60.1.26.1, Tables 60.1.26.2(a)
+to (h), Table 60.2.5.5, Table 60.3.2.6, 66.9.17.3, Chap.
+73; see also Hazardous materials
+Definition ...................................... 3.3.161.13, A.3.3.161.3
+Permit amounts for ................................... T able 1.12.7(d)
+Secondary containment ........................ T able 60.4.10.1.5.2.1
+Water spray systems............................................ T able 13.8
+Airport terminal buildings .................................. 21.2.3.5.3
+Cooking equipment ............................................. 50.5.5
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ...... 66.6.7.6, 66.16.9, 66.17.6.8(4), 66.24.6.2.3,
+66.24.6.2.4, A.66.24.6.2.3
+Organic peroxide storage ................................... 70.3.4.6.2
+Water supplies ................ 13.5, 18.3, A.13.5.3, A.18.3.1 to A.18.3.3
+Aerosol products storage, use, and handling ............... 61.2.6.4
+Assembly occupancies ......................................... 20.1.4.3
+Baled cotton storage .................................... L.4.2, L.6.7.2
+Buildings under construction .................. 16.4.3.1, A.16.4.3.1.1
+Flammable and combustible liquids storage, handling,
+and use ........... 66.6.7.2, 66.6.7.3, 66.9.10.2.6, 66.16.7,
+66.24.6.2.1, A.66.6.7.3
+Foam extinguishing systems ................................ 21.3.4.6.5
+Forest products, storage of .................... 31.3.3.2.2, 31.3.4.3.1,
+31.3.5.3.2, 31.3.6.3.5, 31.3.8.3.4, A.31.3.3.2.2,
+A.31.3.4.3.1, A.31.3.5.3.2, A.31.3.6.3.5
+Marinas, boatyards, piers, and wharves ....... 28.1.6.2.4, 28.1.6.2.5,
+28.1.6.4, 28.1.8.3.1, A.28.1.6.2.4
+Oxidizer storage ........................................... 70.2.4.8.1.1
+Private ............................................................. 18.3.5
+Spray application operations ............................... 43.1.7.4.3
+Sprinkler systems ................................ 43.1.7.4.3, 70.3.4.6.3
+Storage occupancies .............................. 34.6.6.2, A.34.6.6.2
+Tires, outside storage of ......................................... 33.4.2
+Welding and cutting............................. see Hot work operations
+Wet chemical extinguishing systems............... T able 13.8, 50.4.5.3
+Wet chemical portable fire extinguishers................. 13.6.9.4.3.11
+Wet pipe sprinkler systems.......... 13.3.3.5.1, 66.16.4.2, 70.3.4.6.2.1
+Wetting agent extinguishing units................................ L.4.4.3
+Wharves ......... 28.2, Chap. 28, A.28.2.2 to A.28.2.3(2); see also Piers
+Definition ........................................... 3.3.256, A.3.3.256
+Flammable and combustible liquids, bulk transfer of ........ 66.29,
+A.66.29.3.25, A.66.29.3.28
+Wildland fireprone areas................. 17.3, A.17.3.1 to A.17.3.5.1.5
+Permits .............................. T able 1.12.7(a), 17.3.2, A.17.3.2
+Wildland/urban interface ...................................... Chap. 17
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.257
+Windowless structures
+Emergency plans ................................................. 10.9.1
+Sprinkler systems ............................................. 13.3.2.23
+Windows ..................................... see also Opening protectives
+Fire windows ........................................... see Fire windows
+Fireworks facilities ............................ 65.11.3.6.1, 65.11.5.3.1
+Motor fuel dispensing facilities .................. 30.1.6.3, 42.6.1.5.3
+Sprinkler temperature ratings ..................... T able 13.3.1.8(b)
+Wiring ......................... see also Electrical equipment and systems
+For oil-burning appliances .................................... 1 1.5.1.9
+Permanent ............................................... 1 1.1.3, 11.1.4
+Temporary ........................................................ 1 1.1.8
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.241
+Wood ........................................................... see also Logs
+Cordwood (definition) .......................................... 3.3.72
+Lumber ........................................... see also Lumber yards
+Definition .................................................... 3.3.156
+Storage, manufacturing, and processing of ............. Chap. 31
+Wood chips, storage of............... 31.3.6, A.31.3.6.1 to A.31.3.6.4.3
+Wooden panels
+Definition ....................................................... 3.3.258
+Outside storage of ............................................ Chap. 31
+Wood processing and woodworking facilities......... T able 1.12.7(a),
+13.3.2.26, 31.1, 31.3.9, A.31.1
+Wrecking yards........................... see Automobile wrecking yards
+Written notice (definition)....................................... 3.3.259
+1–634 FIRE CODE
+2009 Edition
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+-Y-
+Yards
+Automobile wrecking ..................... T able 1.12.7(a), Chap. 22
+Exit discharge ................................................. 14.11.1.1
+Storage ........................ see also Baled cotton; Outdoor storage
+Definition ................................................. 3.3.229.12
+Forest products storage ................................... Chap. 31
+-Z-
+Zoned egress, Use condition II (definition).............. 3.3.170.8.1.2
+Zoned impeded egress, Use condition III (definition).. 3.3.170.8.1.3
+Zoning, alarm ............. 13.7.1.4.14, A.13.7.1.4.14.4, A.13.7.1.4.14.7
+1–635INDEX
+2009 EditionCou/W 123456 1 11 00 90 8
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+Sequence of Events Leading to Issuance 
+of an NFPA Committee Document
+Step 1: Call for Proposals
+• Proposed new Document or new edition of an existing 
+Document is entered into one of two yearly revision cy -
+cles, and a Call for Proposals is published.
+Step 2: Report on Proposals (ROP)
+• Committee meets to act on Proposals, to develop its own 
+Proposals, and to prepare its Report.
+• Committee votes by written ballot on Proposals. If two-
+thirds approve, Report goes forward. Lacking two-thirds 
+approval, Report returns to Committee.
+• Report on Proposals (ROP) is published for public re -
+view and comment.
+Step 3: Report on Comments (ROC)
+• Committee meets to act on Public Comments to develop 
+its own Comments, and to prepare its report.
+• Committee votes by written ballot on Comments. If two-
+thirds approve, Report goes forward. Lacking two-thirds 
+approval, Report returns to Committee.
+• Report on Comments (ROC) is published for public re -
+view.
+Step 4: Technical Report Session
+• “Notices of intent to make a motion” are filed, are reviewed, 
+and valid motions are certified for presentation at the 
+Technical Report Session. (“Consent Documents” that 
+have no certified motions bypass the Technical Report 
+Session and proceed to the Standards Council for issu -
+ance.)
+• NFPA membership meets each June at the Annual Meet-
+ing Technical Report Session and acts on Technical 
+Committee Reports (ROP and ROC) for Documents 
+with “certified amending motions.” 
+• Committee(s) vote on any amendments to Report ap -
+proved at NFPA Annual Membership Meeting.
+Step 5: Standards Council Issuance
+• Notification of intent to file an appeal to the Standards 
+Council on Association action must be filed within 20 
+days of the NFPA Annual Membership Meeting.
+• Standards Council decides, based on all evidence, 
+whether or not to issue Document or to take other ac -
+tion, including hearing any appeals.
+Committee Membership Classifications
+The following classifications apply to Technical Commit -
+tee members and represent their principal interest in the 
+activity of the committee.
+M  Manufacturer: A representative of a maker or mar -
+keter of a product, assembly, or system, or portion 
+thereof, that is affected by the standard.
+U  User: A representative of an entity that is subject to 
+the provisions of the standard or that voluntarily 
+uses the standard.
+I/M  Installer/Maintainer:  A representative of an entity 
+that is in the business of installing or maintaining 
+a product, assembly, or system affected by the stan-
+dard.
+L  Labor:  A labor representative or employee con -
+cerned with safety in the workplace.
+R/T  Applied Research/Testing Laboratory: A representative 
+of an independent testing laboratory or indepen -
+dent applied research organization that promul -
+gates and/or enforces standards.
+E  Enforcing Authority:  A representative of an agency 
+or an organization that promulgates and/or en -
+forces standards.
+I  Insurance: A representative of an insurance com -
+pany, broker, agent, bureau, or inspection agency.
+C  Consumer:  A person who is, or represents, the ul -
+timate purchaser of a product, system, or service 
+affected by the standard, but who is not included 
+in the User classification.
+SE  Special Expert:  A person not representing any of 
+the previous classifications, but who has a special 
+expertise in the scope of the standard or portion 
+thereof.
+NOTES;
+1. “Standard” connotes code, standard, recommended 
+practice, or guide.
+2. A representative includes an employee.
+3. While these classifications will be used by the Standards 
+Council to achieve a balance for Technical Committees, 
+the Standards Council may determine that new classifi -
+cations of members or unique interests need representa -
+tion in order to foster the best possible committee delib -
+erations on any project. In this connection, the Standards 
+Council may make appointments as it deems appropriate 
+in the public interest, such as the classification of “Utili -
+ties” in the National Electrical Code Committee.
+4. Representatives of subsidiaries of any group are gener -
+ally considered to have the same classification as the par -
+ent organization.
+1/08-A
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+ NFPA Technical Committee Document Proposal Form 
+ 
+NOTE:  All Proposals must be received by 5:00 pm EST/EDST on the published Proposal Closing Date. 
+For further information on the standards-making process, please contact the Codes 
+and Standards Administration at 617-984-7249 or visit www.nfpa.org/codes. 
+For technical assistance, please call NFPA at 1-800-344-3555. 
+ FOR OFFICE USE ONLY 
+Log #:       
+Date Rec’d:        
+Please indicate in which format you wish to receive your ROP/ROC   electronic   paper   download 
+(Note:  If choosing the download option, you must view the ROP/ROC from our website; no copy will be sent to you.) 
+Date April 1, 200X Name John J. Doe Tel. No. 716-555-1234 
+Company  Air Canada Pilot's Association Email  
+Street Address 123 Summer Street Lane City Lewiston State NY Zip 14092 
+***If you wish to receive a hard copy, a street address MUST be provided.  Deliveries cannot be made to PO boxes.  
+Please indicate organization represented (if any)       
+1. (a) NFPA Document Title National Fuel Gas Code NFPA No. & Year 54, 200X Edition 
+    (b) Section/Paragraph 3.3 
+2. Proposal Recommends (check one):   new text  revised text  deleted text 
+3. Proposal (include proposed new or revised wording, or identification of wording to be deleted): [Note: Proposed text should 
+be in legislative format; i.e., use underscore to denote wording to be inserted (inserted wording) and strike-through to denote wording to 
+be deleted (deleted wording).] 
+Revise definition of effective ground-fault current path to read: 
+3.3.78 Effective Ground-Fault Current Path. An intentionally constructed, permanent, low impedance electrically conductive path 
+designed and intended to carry underground electric fault current conditions from the point of a ground fault on a wiring system to the 
+electrical supply source. 
+4. Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Proposal:  (Note: State the problem that would be resolved by your 
+recommendation; give the specific reason for your Proposal, including copies of tests, research papers, fire experience, etc. If more 
+than 200 words, it may be abstracted for publication.)  
+Change uses proper electrical terms. 
+5.  Copyright Assignment 
+(a)   I am the author of the text or other material (such as illustrations, graphs) proposed in this Proposal. 
+(b)   Some or all of the text or other material proposed in this Proposal was not authored by me.  Its source is as 
+follows  (please identify which material and provide complete information on its source): 
+ABC Co. 
+ 
+I agree that any material that I author, ei ther individually or with others, in connec tion with work performed by an NFPA Techn ical Committee shall be 
+considered to be works made for hire for the NFPA. To the extent that I retain any rights in copyright as to such material, or as to any other material 
+authored by me that I submit for the use of an NFPA Technical Committee in the drafting of an NFPA code, standard, or other NFP A document, I hereby 
+grant and assign all and full rights in copyright to the NFPA.  I further agree and acknowledge that I acquire no rights in any  publication of the NFPA and 
+that copyright and all rights in materials produced by NFPA Tec hnical Committees are owned by the NFPA and that the NFPA may re gister copyright in 
+its own name. 
+ 
+Signature (Required)        
+ 
+PLEASE USE SEPARATE FORM FOR EACH PROPOSAL • email: proposals_comments@nfpa.org • NFPA Fax:  (617) 770-3500 
+  Mail to:  Secretary, Standards Council, National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 
+6/11/2008 
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+NFPA Technical Committee Document Proposal Form 
+ 
+NOTE:  All Proposals must be received by 5:00 pm EST/EDST on the published Proposal Closing Date. 
+For further information on the standards-making process, please contact the Codes 
+and Standards Administration at 617-984-7249 or visit www.nfpa.org/codes. 
+For technical assistance, please call NFPA at 1-800-344-3555. 
+ FOR OFFICE USE ONLY 
+Log #:       
+Date Rec’d:        
+Please indicate in which format you wish to receive your ROP/ROC   electronic   paper   download 
+(Note:  If choosing the download option, you must view the ROP/ROC from our website; no copy will be sent to you.) 
+Date       Name       Tel. No.       
+Company        Email  
+Street Address       City       State       Zip       
+***If you wish to receive a hard copy, a street address MUST be provided.  Deliveries cannot be made to PO boxes.  
+Please indicate organization represented (if any)       
+1. (a) NFPA Document Title       NFPA No. & Year       
+    (b) Section/Paragraph       
+2. Proposal Recommends (check one):   new text  revised text  deleted text 
+3. Proposal (include proposed new or revised wording, or identification of wording to be deleted): [Note: Proposed text should 
+be in legislative format; i.e., use underscore to denote wording to be inserted (inserted wording) and strike-through to denote wording to 
+be deleted (deleted wording).] 
+      
+4. Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Proposal:  (Note: State the problem that would be resolved by your 
+recommendation; give the specific reason for your Proposal, including copies of tests, research papers, fire experience, etc. If more 
+than 200 words, it may be abstracted for publication.)  
+      
+5.  Copyright Assignment 
+(a)   I am the author of the text or other material (such as illustrations, graphs) proposed in this Proposal. 
+(b)   Some or all of the text or other material proposed in this Proposal was not authored by me.  Its source is as 
+follows  (please identify which material and provide complete information on its source): 
+      
+ 
+I agree that any material that I author, ei ther individually or with others, in connec tion with work performed by an NFPA Techn ical Committee shall be 
+considered to be works made for hire for the NFPA. To the extent that I retain any rights in copyright as to such material, or as to any other material 
+authored by me that I submit for the use of an NFPA Technical Committee in the drafting of an NFPA code, standard, or other NFP A document, I hereby 
+grant and assign all and full rights in copyright to the NFPA.  I further agree and acknowledge that I acquire no rights in any  publication of the NFPA and 
+that copyright and all rights in materials produced by NFPA Tec hnical Committees are owned by the NFPA and that the NFPA may re gister copyright in 
+its own name. 
+ 
+Signature (Required)        
+ 
+PLEASE USE SEPARATE FORM FOR EACH PROPOSAL • email: proposals_comments@nfpa.org • NFPA Fax:  (617) 770-3500 
+ Mail to:  Secretary, Standards Council, National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 
+6/11/2008 
+--`,,``,,,,``,,,`,````````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
\ No newline at end of file