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-NFPA
-®
- 13 
- 
-Standard for 
-the Installation of 
-Sprinkler Systems 
- 
- 
- 
- 
-2013 Edition 
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-NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 
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-ISBN:  978-145590406-8 (Print) 
-ISBN:  978-145590455-6 (PDF)                                                                                                                            8/12
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-IMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS CONCERNING NFPA DOCUMENTS 
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-   12/11
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-Copyright © 2012 National Fire Protection Association®. All Rights Reserved.
-NFP A® 13
-Standard for the
-Installation of Sprinkler Systems
-2013 Edition
-This edition of NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, was prepared by the
-Technical Committees on Private Water Supply Piping Systems, Residential Sprinkler Systems,
-Sprinkler System Discharge Criteria, and Sprinkler System Installation Criteria, released by
-the Technical Correlating Committee on Automatic Sprinkler Systems, and acted on by NFPA
-at its June Association Technical Meeting held June 11–14, 2012, in Las Vegas, NV . It was
-issued by the Standards Council on August 9, 2012, with an effective date of August 29, 2012,
-and supersedes all previous editions.
-Tentative interim amendments (TIAs) to Chapter 6, Section 7.6, and Paragraphs 7.8.3.4,
-23.1.3(42), and 23.4.2.1.3 were issued on August 9, 2012. For further information on tentative
-interim amendments, see Section 5 of the NFPA Regulations Governing Committee Projects
-available at http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/CodesStandards/TIAErrataFI/TIARegs.pdf
-This edition of NFPA 13 was approved as an American National Standard on August 29, 2012.
-Origin and Development of NFP A 13
-NFPA 13 represents the first standard published under the auspices of the NFPA Commit-
-tee on Automatic Sprinklers. Originally titled Rules and Regulations of the National Board of Fire
-Underwriters for Sprinkler Equipments, Automatic and Open Systems, the standard has been continu-
-ously updated to keep in step with change.
-Full information about the NFPA actions on various changes will be found in the NFPA Pro-
-ceedings. The dates of successive editions are as follows: 1896, 1899, 1902, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1912,
-1913, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929. In 1930,
-a separate standard was published on Class B systems. This was integrated into the 1931 edition.
-Further revisions were adopted in 1934, 1935, and 1936. A two-step revision was presented in the
-form of a progress report in 1939 and finally adopted in 1940. Further amendments were made in
-1947, 1950, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973,
-1974, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, and 1989.
-The 1991 edition incorporated an entire rewrite of the standard to make the overall
-format user friendly. Substantive changes were made to numerous terms, definitions, and
-descriptions, with additional refinements made in 1994.
-The centennial (1996) edition included a significant rework of the requirements pertain-
-ing to the application, placement, location, spacing, and use of various types of sprinklers.
-Other changes provided information on extended coverage sprinklers and recognized the
-benefits of fast-response sprinkler technology.
-The 1999 edition encompassed a major reorganization of NFPA’s Sprinkler Project that included
-the establishment of a Technical Correlating Committee on Automatic Sprinkler Systems and four
-new sprinkler systems technical committees, the consolidation of NFPA’s sprinkler system design and
-installation requirements, and the implementation of numerous technical changes.
-The scope of NFPA 13 was expanded to address all sprinkler system applications. The
-1999 edition contained information on the installation of underground pipe from NFPA 24
-and sprinkler system discharge criteria for on-floor and rack storage of Class I, II, III, IV , and
-plastic commodities, rubber tires, baled cotton, and roll paper that were previously located in
-NFPA 231, 231C, 231D, 231E, and 231F. Additionally, sprinkler system information for special-
-ized hazards from over 40 NFPA documents was either brought into NFPA 13 using NFPA’s
-extract policy or specifically referenced. A new chapter was also added to address the struc-
-tural aspects of exposed and buried system piping. A table of cross-references to previous
-editions and material that was located in other NFPA documents was included at the end of
-the 1999 edition.
-13–1
-NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169.
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-More specific changes included a new sprinkler identification marking system and the designation of sprinkler sizes
-by nominal K-factors. New criteria for the use of steel pipe in underground applications was added, as well as a new
-provision to guard against microbiologically influenced corrosion. Obstruction rules for specific sprinkler types and
-rules for locating sprinklers in concealed spaces were revised. New limitations were placed on the sprinkler sizes in
-storage applications, and criteria for the K-25 sprinkler was added. Additionally, the requirements for protecting
-sprinklers against seismic events also underwent significant revision.
-The 2002 edition of NFPA 13 underwent style formatting and technical revisions. The style formatting was completed to
-comply with theManual of Style for NFPATechnical Committee Documentsand to reorganize many of the requirements in NFPA 13 into
-unique chapters. Editorially, NFPA 13 eliminated all of the exceptions and reworded them as requirements where applicable,
-moved the mandatory references to Chapter 2, and relocated all of the definitions to Chapter 3. In reorganizing NFPA 13, several
-new chapters were created to consolidate requirements including the following: Chapter 10 contained all of the applicable
-requirements for underground piping including materials, installation, and acceptance testing; Chapter 11 contained design
-approaches including pipe schedule, density/area method, room design method, special design areas, residential sprinklers,
-exposure protection, and water curtains; Chapter 12 contained the design approaches for the protection of storage, including idle
-pallets, miscellaneous storage, storage less than 12 ft, palletized, solid pile, bin box, and shelf storage, rack storage less than 25 ft,
-rack storage greater than 25 ft, rubber tire, baled cotton, rolled paper, and special storage designs; and Chapter 13 contained all of
-the design and installation requirements from all of the various documents that have been extracted into NFPA 13.
-The 2002 edition made specific technical changes to address several key issues. Three major areas of irregular
-ceiling were addressed, including skylights, stepped ceilings, and ceiling pockets. The design requirements for ESFR
-sprinklers were expanded to allow the user to choose the storage height and then the building height for any allowable
-arrangement. Design requirements for the protection of storage on solid shelves were added. Requirements for the
-installation of residential sprinklers were added that parallel the requirements for other types of sprinklers.
-For the 2007 edition, definitions were reorganized to locate all of the storage definitions in one area, and several new
-definitions addressing private water supply terms were added. The definitions and requirements of Ordinary Hazard
-Group 1 and 2 Occupancies were clarified where storage is present. The requirements for trapeze hangers were clarified
-and made consistent for all components, and the seismic bracing criteria were updated to ensure that NFPA 13 contains all
-of the appropriate requirements for installation and design of seismic bracing of fire sprinkler systems. The requirements
-for storage were further reorganized and divided into separate chapters addressing general requirements for storage;
-miscellaneous storage; protection of Class I to Class IV commodities that are stored palletized, solid piled, bin boxes, or self
-storage; protection of plastic and rubber commodities that are stored palletized, solid piled, bin boxes, or shelf storage;
-protection of Class I through Class IV commodities that are stored on racks; protection of plastic and rubber commodities
-that are stored on racks; protection of rubber tire storage; protection of roll paper; and special designs of storage protection.
-For the 2010 edition many of the major changes related to the requirements for storage protection. First was the combination
-of large drop sprinkler and the specific application control mode sprinkler requirements and the revision of the terminology to
-identify them as Control Mode Specific Application sprinklers (CMSA). Next, new criteria for use of smoke vents were added to
-Chapter 12. The density/area curves in the storage chapters were reduced to a maximum 3000 ft2 operating area; this was a
-significant reduction of some curves that had extended up to 6000 ft2. Changes to rack storage in the 2010 edition included a new
-method to calculate the rack shelf area. Finally, the provisions for back to back shelf storage were added to the storage chapters.
-Criteria for the protection of three new special storage arrangements were added to Chapter 20. These included
-protection of carton records storage with catwalk access; compact shelving of commodities consisting of paper files,
-magazines, books, and similar documents in folders and miscellaneous supplies with no more than 5 percent plastics
-up to 8 ft high; and protection of high bay record storage.
-In Chapter 9, a number of changes occurred regarding sway bracing of sprinkler systems including the introduction
-of new zone of influence tables for Schedule 5 steel pipe, CPVC, and Type M copper tube. Also the means for
-calculating the loads in the zone of influence were modified to correlate with SEI/ASCE-7 and a new Annex E was
-added that described this calculation.
-Other areas of change included requirements for listed expansion chambers; clarification of ceiling pocket rules;
-and clarification of the formulas used in calculating large antifreeze systems.
-The 2013 edition of NFPA 13 included changes to many technical requirements as well as the reorganization of multiple
-chapters. One significant change that was made to the administrative chapter of NFPA 13 was to clarify that watermist
-systems were not covered within NFPA 13 and that NFPA 750 should be used when looking for guidance on the design and
-installation of those systems. A series of new requirements address the need for a compatibility review where nonmetallic
-piping and fittings are installed in systems also using petroleum-based products such as cutting oils and corrosion inhibitors.
-Several modifications were made to the standard pertaining to freeze protection. The use of antifreeze in new NFPA 13
-sprinkler systems is now prohibited unless the solution use has been listed and the listing indicates illustrates the inability for
-the solution to ignite. Other freeze protection modifications to the standard include clarification on the use of heat tracing,
-required barrel length for dry sprinklers, and the allowance for engineering analyses to be submitted to support an alternate
-freeze protection scheme. New sprinkler omission requirements were added for elevator machine rooms and other elevator
-associated spaces where certain criteria is met. Chapter 9 includes updated information on shared support structures as well
-as a revised seismic bracing calculation form. Chapters 16 and 17 were reorganized to make the chapters easier to follow to
-create more consistency between the various storage chapters. A new chapter on alternative approaches for storage applica-
-tions was added to provide guidance on performance-based approaches dealing with storage arrangements.
-Prior editions of this document have been translated into languages other than English, including French and Spanish.
-13–2 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Technical Correlating Committee on Automatic Sprinkler Systems (AUT-AAC)
-Edward K. Budnick, Chair
-Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
-Jose R. Baz, JRB Associates Group Inc., FL [M]
-Rep. NFPA Latin American Section
-Kerry M. Bell, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., IL [RT]
-Russell P . Fleming, National Fire Sprinkler Association,
-Inc., NY [M]
-Scott T. Franson, The Viking Corporation, MI [M]
-Michael J. Friedman, Friedman Consulting, Inc., MD [SE]
-Raymond A. Grill, Arup Fire, DC [SE]
-Luke Hilton, Liberty Mutual Property, NC [I]
-Alex Hoffman, Viking Fire Protection Inc., Canada [IM]
-Rep. Canadian Automatic Sprinkler Association
-Roland J. Huggins, American Fire Sprinkler Association,
-Inc., TX [IM]
-Sultan M. Javeri, SC Engineering, France [IM]
-Charles W. Ketner, National Automatic Sprinkler Fitters
-LU 669, MD [L]
-Rep. United Association of Journeymen and
-Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry
-Andrew Kim, National Research Council of Canada,
-Canada [RT]
-Russell B. Leavitt, Telgian Corporation, AZ [U]
-Rep. Trinity Health
-John G. O’Neill, The Protection Engineering Group, PC,
-V A [SE]
-Garner A. Palenske, Aon/Schirmer Engineering
-Corporation, CA [I]
-J. William Sheppard, Sheppard & Associates, LLC, MI [SE]
-Robert D. Spaulding, FM Global, MA [I]
-Douglas Paul Stultz, U.S. Department of the Navy, V A [E]
-Lynn K. Underwood, Axis U.S. Property, IL [I]
-Alternates
-Donald D. Becker, RJC & Associates, Inc., MO [IM]
-(Alt. to R. J. Huggins)
-Thomas C. Brown, The RJA Group, Inc., MD [SE]
-(Alt. to R. A. Grill)
-David B. Fuller, FM Global, MA [I]
-(Alt. to R. D. Spaulding)
-Kenneth E. Isman, National Fire Sprinkler Association,
-Inc., NY [M]
-(Alt. to R. P. Fleming)
-George E. Laverick, Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,
-IL [RT]
-(Alt. to K. M. Bell)
-Scott T. Martorano, The Viking Corporation, MI [M]
-(Alt. to S. T. Franson)
-Donato A. Pirro, Electro Sistemas De Panama, S.A.,
-Panama [M]
-(Alt. to J. R. Baz)
-J. Michael Thompson, The Protection Engineering
-Group, PC, V A [SE]
-(Alt. to J. G. O’Neill)
-Nonvoting
-James B. Biggins, Global Risk Consultants Corporation,
-IL [SE]
-Rep. TC on Hanging and Bracing of Water-Based
-Systems
-Robert M. Gagnon, Gagnon Engineering, MD [SE]
-Rep. TC on Foam-Water Sprinklers
-William E. Koffel, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
-Rep. Safety to Life Correlating Committee
-Kenneth W. Linder, Swiss Re, CT [I]
-Rep. TC on Sprinkler System Discharge Criteria
-Joe W. Noble, Noble Consulting Services, LLC, NV [E]
-Rep. TC on Sprinkler System Installation Criteria
-Maurice M. Pilette, Mechanical Designs Ltd., MA [SE]
-Rep. TC on Residential Sprinkler Systems
-Chester W. Schirmer, Aon/Schirmer Engineering
-Corporation, NC [I]
-(Member Emeritus)
-Kenneth W. Wagoner, Parsley Consulting Engineers,
-CA [SE]
-Rep. TC on Private Water Supply Piping Systems
-John J. Walsh, UA Joint Apprenticeship Committee,
-MD [SE]
-Rep. United Association of Journeymen and
-Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry
-(Member Emeritus)
-Matthew J. Klaus, NFPA Staff Liaison
-This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time,
-changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.
-NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or
-any document developed by the committee on which the member serves.
-Committee Scope: This Committee shall have overall responsibility for documents that pertain to the criteria
-for the design and installation of automatic, open and foam-water sprinkler systems including the character
-and adequacy of water supplies, and the selection of sprinklers, piping, valves, and all materials and accesso-
-ries. This Committee does not cover the installation of tanks and towers, nor the installation, maintenance,
-and use of central station, proprietary, auxiliary, and local signaling systems for watchmen, fire alarm, super-
-visory service, nor the design of fire department hose connections.
-13–3COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Technical Committee on Hanging and Bracing of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (AUT-HBS)
-James B. Biggins, Chair
-Global Risk Consultants Corporation, IL [SE]
-Richard W. Bonds, Ductile Iron Pipe Research
-Association, AL [M]
-Samuel S. Dannaway, S. S. Dannaway Associates, Inc.,
-HI [SE]
-Christopher I. Deneff, FM Global, RI [I]
-John Deutsch, City of Brea Fire Department, CA [E]
-Daniel C. Duggan, Fire Sprinkler Design, MO [M]
-Thomas J. Forsythe, Hughes Associates, Inc., CA [SE]
-Jeffrey E. Harper, The RJA Group, Inc., IL [SE]
-David J. Jeltes, ERICO International Corporation, OH [M]
-Kraig Kirschner, AFCON, CA [M]
-Alan R. Laguna, Merit Sprinkler Company, Inc., LA [IM]
-George E. Laverick, Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,
-IL [RT]
-Philip D. LeGrone, Risk Management Solutions, Inc.,
-TN [SE]
-Leslie “Chip” L. Lindley, II, Lindley Fire Protection
-Company Inc., CA [IM]
-Norman J. MacDonald, III, FlexHead Industries, Inc.,
-MA [M]
-Wayne M. Martin, Wayne Martin & Associates Inc., CA [SE]
-David S. Mowrer, Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services,
-LLC, TN [U]
-Randy R. Nelson, VFS Fire and Security Services, CA [IM]
-Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Association
-Marco R. Nieraeth, XL Global Asset Protection Services,
-CA [I]
-Janak B. Patel, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions,
-GA [U]
-Michael A. Rothmier, UA Joint Apprenticeship
-Committee, CO [L]
-Rep. United Assn. of Journeymen & Apprentices of the
-Plumbing & Pipe Fitting Industry
-Peter T. Schwab, Wayne Automatic Fire Sprinklers, Inc.,
-FL [IM]
-Zeljko Sucevic, Vipond Fire Protection, Canada [IM]
-Rep. Canadian Automatic Sprinkler Association
-James Tauby, Mason Industries, Inc., NY [M]
-Jack W. Thacker, Allan Automatic Sprinkler Corp. of So.
-California, CA [IM]
-Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association
-Glenn E. Thompson, Liberty Mutual Property, CA [I]
-Rep. Property Casualty Insurers Association of America
-Victoria B. Valentine, National Fire Sprinkler Association,
-Inc., NY [M]
-Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association
-George Von Gnatensky, Tolco, CA [M]
-Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association
-Thomas G. Wellen, American Fire Sprinkler Association,
-Inc., TX [IM]
-Alternates
-Robert E. Bachman, Robert E. Bachman, Consulting
-Structural Engineer, CA [M]
-(Alt. to N. J. MacDonald, III)
-Charles W. Bamford, Bamford Inc., WA [IM]
-(Alt. to R. R. Nelson)
-Sheldon Dacus, Security Fire Protection Company, TN [M]
-(Alt. to V . B. Valentine)
-Todd A. Dillon, XL Global Asset Protection Services, OH [I]
-(Alt. to M. R. Nieraeth)
-Matthew W. Donahue, The RJA Group, Inc., CA [SE]
-(Alt. to J. E. Harper)
-Donald L. Dutra, Liberty Mutual Insurance, CA [I]
-(Alt. to G. E. Thompson)
-Charles W. Ketner, National Automatic Sprinkler Fitters
-LU 669, MD [L]
-(Alt. to M. A. Rothmier)
-Michael J. Madden, Hughes Associates, Inc., CA [SE]
-(Alt. to T. J. Forsythe)
-Emil W. Misichko, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., IL [RT]
-(Alt. to G. E. Laverick)
-J. Scott Mitchell, B & W Technical Services Pantex, TX [U]
-(Alt. to D. S. Mowrer)
-Joseph Normandeau, Tyco/SimplexGrinnell, CA [M]
-(Alt. to G. V on Gnatensky)
-Kenneth W. Wagoner, Parsley Consulting Engineers,
-CA [IM]
-(Alt. to T. G. Wellen)
-Ronald N. Webb, S.A. Comunale Company, Inc., OH[IM]
-(Alt. to J. W. Thacker)
-Matthew J. Klaus, NFPA Staff Liaison
-This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time,
-changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.
-NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or
-any document developed by the committee on which the member serves.
-Committee Scope: This Committee shall have the primary responsibility for those portions of NFPA 13 that
-pertain to the criteria for the use and installation of components and devices used for the support of
-water-based fire protection system piping including protection against seismic events.
-13–4 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Technical Committee on Private Water Supply Piping Systems (AUT-PRI)
-Kenneth W. Wagoner, Chair
-Parsley Consulting Engineers, CA [SE]
-Richard W. Bonds, Ductile Iron Pipe Research
-Association, AL [M]
-Phillip A. Brown, American Fire Sprinkler Association,
-Inc., TX [IM]
-James A. Charrette, Allan Automatic Sprinkler Corp. of
-So. California, CA [IM]
-Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association
-Flora F . Chen, City of Hayward, CA [E]
-Stephen A. Clark, Jr., Allianz Risk Consultants, LLC, GA [I]
-Jeffry T. Dudley, National Aeronautics & Space
-Administration, FL [U]
-Byron E. Ellis, Entergy Corporation, LA [U]
-Rep. Edison Electric Institute
-Brandon W. Frakes, XL Global Asset Protection Services,
-NC [I]
-David B. Fuller, FM Global, MA [I]
-Robert M. Gagnon, Gagnon Engineering, MD [SE]
-Tanya M. Glumac, Liberty Mutual Property, MA [I]
-William J. Gotto, Global Risk Consultants Corporation,
-NJ [SE]
-LaMar Hayward, 3-D Fire Protection, Inc., ID [IM]
-Alan R. Laguna, Merit Sprinkler Company, Inc., LA [IM]
-John Lake, City of Gainesville, FL [E]
-Michael T. Larabel, Amway Inc., MI [U]
-George E. Laverick, Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,
-IL [RT]
-James M. Maddry, James M. Maddry, P.E., GA [SE]
-Kevin D. Maughan, Tyco Fire Protection Products, RI [M]
-Bob D. Morgan, Fort Worth Fire Department, TX [E]
-David S. Mowrer, Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services,
-LLC, TN [U]
-Dale H. O’Dell, National Automatic Sprinkler Fitters
-LU 669, CA [L]
-Rep. United Assn. of Journeymen & Apprentices of the
-Plumbing & Pipe Fitting Industry
-Adam P . Olomon,Aon/RRS/Schirmer Engineering, TX [I]
-Sam P . Salwan,Environmental Systems Design, Inc., IL [SE]
-James R. Schifiliti, Fire Safety Consultants, Inc., IL [IM]
-Rep. Illinois Fire Prevention Association
-Peter T. Schwab, Wayne Automatic Fire Sprinklers, Inc.,
-FL [IM]
-J. William Sheppard, Sheppard & Associates, LLC, MI [SE]
-Scott M. Twele, The RJA Group, Inc., CA [SE]
-Karl Wiegand, National Fire Sprinkler Association, NY [M]
-Alternates
-James B. Biggins, Global Risk Consultants Corporation,
-IL [SE]
-(Alt. to W. J. Gotto)
-Mark A. Bowman, XL Global Asset Protection Services,
-OH [I]
-(Alt. to B. W. Frakes)
-Joshua Davis, The RJA Group, Inc., GA [SE]
-(Alt. to S. M. Twele)
-Steve L. Escue, TK Engineering Company, TN [M]
-(Alt. to K. Wiegand)
-Cliff Hartford, Tyco Fire & Building Products, NY [M]
-(Alt. to K. D. Maughan)
-Andrew C. Higgins, Allianz Risk Consultants, LLC, GA [I]
-(Alt. to S. A. Clark, Jr.)
-Luke Hilton, Liberty Mutual Property, NC [I]
-(Alt. to T. M. Glumac)
-Charles W. Ketner, National Automatic Sprinkler Fitters
-LU 669, MD [L]
-(Alt. to D. H. O’Dell)
-Michael G. McCormick, Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,
-IL [RT]
-(Alt. to G. E. Laverick)
-Martin Ramos, Environmental Systems Design, Inc., IL[SE]
-(Alt. to S. P. Salwan)
-Jeffrey J. Rovegno, Mr. Sprinkler Fire Protection, CA[IM]
-(Alt. to P. A. Brown)
-Austin L. Smith, Babcock & Wilcox Y-12, LLC, TN [U]
-(Alt. to D. S. Mowrer)
-Ronald N. Webb, S.A. Comunale Company, Inc., OH[IM]
-(Alt. to J. A. Charrette)
-Matthew J. Klaus, NFPA Staff Liaison
-This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time,
-changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.
-NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or
-any document developed by the committee on which the member serves.
-Committee Scope: This Committee shall have the primary responsibility for documents on private piping
-systems supplying water for fire protection and for hydrants, hose houses, and valves. The Committee is also
-responsible for documents on fire flow testing and marking of hydrants.
-13–5COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Technical Committee on Residential Sprinkler Systems (AUT-RSS)
-Maurice M. Pilette, Chair
-Mechanical Designs Ltd., MA [SE]
-Kerry M. Bell, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., IL [RT]
-Fred Benn, Advanced Automatic Sprinkler, Inc., CA [IM]
-Jonathan C. Bittenbender, REHAU Incorporated, V A [M]
-Frederick C. Bradley, FCB Engineering, GA [SE]
-Phillip A. Brown, American Fire Sprinkler Association,
-Inc., TX [IM]
-Thomas G. Deegan, The Viking Group, Inc., MI [M]
-Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association
-Jeffrey Feid, State Farm Insurance Company, IL [I]
-Dawn M. Flancher, American Water Works Association,
-CO [U]
-Jeffrey S. Grove, The RJA Group, Inc., NV [SE]
-Dana R. Haagensen, Massachusetts Department of Fire
-Services, MA [E]
-Tonya L. Hoover, CAL Fire, Office of the State Fire
-Marshal, CA [E]
-Mark Hopkins, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
-Kenneth E. Isman, National Fire Sprinkler Association,
-Inc., NY [M]
-Gary L. Johnson, Lubrizol, FL [M]
-Rep. Committee for Firesafe Dwellings
-Charles W. Ketner, National Automatic Sprinkler Fitters
-LU 669, MD [L]
-Rep. United Assn. of Journeymen & Apprentices of the
-Plumbing & Pipe Fitting Industry
-Ronald G. Nickson, National Multi Housing Council,
-DC [U]
-Michael O’Brian, Brighton Area Fire Authority, MI [E]
-Rep. International Association of Fire Chiefs
-Steven Orlowski, National Association of Home Builders,
-DC [U]
-Milosh T. Puchovsky, Worcester Polytechnic Institute,
-MA [SE]
-Scott C. Pugsley, Classic Fire Protection Inc., Canada [IM]
-Rep. Canadian Automatic Sprinkler Association
-Steven R. Rians, Standard Automatic Fire Enterprises,
-Inc., TX [IM]
-Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Association
-Chester W. Schirmer, Aon/Schirmer Engineering
-Corporation, NC [I]
-Peter T. Schwab, Wayne Automatic Fire Sprinklers, Inc.,
-FL [IM]
-Harry Shaw, Fail Safe Safety Systems Inc., MD [M]
-Matt Sigler, International Association of Plumbing
-& Mechanical Officials, CA [E]
-Eric J. Skare, Uponor, Inc., MN [M]
-George W. Stanley, Wiginton Fire Systems, FL [IM]
-Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association
-Ed Van Walraven, Aspen Fire Protection District, CO [E]
-Terry L. Victor, Tyco/SimplexGrinnell, MD [M]
-Hong-Zeng Yu, FM Global, MA [I]
-Alternates
-David W. Ash, Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc., OH [M]
-(Alt. to G. L. Johnson)
-Robert S. Blach, Menlo Park Fire Protection District,
-CA [E]
-(Alt. to M. O’Brian)
-Lawrence Brown, National Association of Home Builders,
-DC [U]
-(Alt. to S. Orlowski)
-Edward K. Budnick, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
-(Alt. to M. Hopkins)
-Bradford T. Cronin, Newport Fire Department, RI [E]
-(Alt. to D. R. Haagensen)
-Mark E. Fessenden, Tyco Fire Suppression & Building
-Products, RI [M]
-(Alt. to T. L. Victor)
-David B. Fuller, FM Global, MA [I]
-(Alt. to H.-Z. Yu)
-Jerry R. Hunter, Aon Fire Protection Engineering
-Corporation, TX [I]
-(Alt. to C. W. Schirmer)
-Thomas L. Jacquel, Thomas L. Jacquel Automatic Fire
-Sprinkler Consulting Services, MA [IM]
-(Alt. to P. A. Brown)
-Marshall A. Klein, Marshall A. Klein & Associates, Inc.,
-MD [U]
-(Alt. to R. G. Nickson)
-George E. Laverick, Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,
-IL [RT]
-(Alt. to K. M. Bell)
-Stephen M. Leyton, Protection Design and Consulting,
-CA [IM]
-(Alt. to S. R. Rians)
-Paul McCulloch, Uponor, Inc., MN [M]
-(Alt. to E. J. Skare)
-Thomas L. Multer, Reliable Automatic Sprinkler
-Company, Inc., SC [M]
-(Alt. to T. G. Deegan)
-David A. Nickelson, REHAU Incorporated, V A [M]
-(Alt. to J. C. Bittenbender)
-Matthew Osburn, Canadian Automatic Sprinkler
-Association, Canada [IM]
-(Alt. to S. C. Pugsley)
-Richard M. Ray, Cybor Fire Protection Company, IL [M]
-(Alt. to K. E. Isman)
-Ronald N. Webb, S.A. Comunale Company, Inc., OH[IM]
-(Alt. to G. W. Stanley)
-Nonvoting
-Rohit Khanna, U.S. Consumer Product Safety
-Commission, MD [C]
-M. Larry Maruskin, U.S. Department of Homeland
-Security, MD [C]
-Lawrence A. McKenna, Jr., U.S. Department of
-Homeland Security, MD [C]
-Matthew J. Klaus, NFPA Staff Liaison
-This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time,
-changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.
-NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or
-any document developed by the committee on which the member serves.
-Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the design and installa-
-tion of automatic sprinkler systems in dwellings and residential occupancies up to and including four stories in
-height, including the character and adequacy of water supplies, and the selection of sprinklers, piping, valves, and
-all materials and accessories.
-13–6 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Technical Committee on Sprinkler System Discharge Criteria (AUT-SSD)
-Kenneth W. Linder, Chair
-Swiss Re, CT [I]
-Weston C. Baker, Jr., FM Global, MA [I]
-Charles O. Bauroth, Liberty Mutual Property, MA [I]
-Rep. Property Casualty Insurers Association of America
-Kerry M. Bell, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., IL [RT]
-Tracey D. Bellamy, Telgian Corporation, GA [U]
-Rep. The Home Depot
-Thomas C. Brown, The RJA Group, Inc., MD [SE]
-Thomas G. Deegan, The Viking Group, Inc., MI [M]
-John August Denhardt, Strickland Fire Protection, Inc.,
-MD [IM]
-Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Association
-James E. Golinveaux, Tyco Fire Suppression & Building
-Products, RI [M]
-Bo Hjorth, AlbaCon AB, Sweden [SE]
-Alfred J. Hogan, Winter Haven, FL [E]
-Rep. New England Association of Fire Marshals
-Donald Hopkins, Jr., Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
-Roland J. Huggins, American Fire Sprinkler Association,
-Inc., TX [IM]
-Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Association
-Kenneth E. Isman, National Fire Sprinkler Association,
-Inc., NY [M]
-Sultan M. Javeri, SC Engineering, France [IM]
-Larry Keeping, Vipond Fire Protection, Canada [IM]
-Rep. Canadian Automatic Sprinkler Association
-William E. Koffel, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
-A. Christine LaFleur, Sandia National Laboratories, NM [U]
-Thomas L. Multer, Reliable Automatic Sprinkler
-Company, Inc., SC [M]
-Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association
-Eric L. Packard, United Assn. of Journeymen
-& Apprentices of the Plumbing & Pipe Fitting Industry,
-MD [L]
-Garner A. Palenske, Aon/Schirmer Engineering
-Corporation, CA [I]
-Richard Pehrson, Pehrson Fire PC, MN [E]
-Rep. International Fire Marshals Association
-Michael D. Sides, XL Global Asset Protection Services,
-FL [I]
-Jack W. Thacker, Allan Automatic Sprinkler Corp. of So.
-California, CA [IM]
-Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association
-Alternates
-Mark J. Aaby, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
-(Alt. to W. E. Koffel)
-Ralph E. Bless, Jr., Telgian Corporation, GA [U]
-(Alt. to T. D. Bellamy)
-Mark A. Bowman, XL Global Asset Protection Services,
-OH [I]
-(Alt. to M. D. Sides)
-Edward K. Budnick, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
-(Alt. to D. Hopkins, Jr.)
-John A. Carbone, Victaulic Company, PA [M]
-(Alt. to T. L. Multer)
-Pravinray D. Gandhi, Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,
-IL [RT]
-(Alt. to K. M. Bell)
-Tanya M. Glumac, Liberty Mutual Property, MA [I]
-(Alt. to C. O. Bauroth)
-Thomas McNamara, United Assn. of Journeymen
-& Apprentices of the Plumbing & Pipe Fitting Industry,
-MI [L]
-(V oting Alt. to UA Rep.)
-Jack A. Medovich, Fire & Life Safety America, MD [IM]
-(Alt. to R. J. Huggins)
-Daniel J. O’Connor, Aon Fire Protection Engineering,
-IL [I]
-(Alt. to G. A. Palenske)
-Matthew Osburn, Canadian Automatic Sprinkler
-Association, Canada [IM]
-(Alt. to L. Keeping)
-Thomas Prymak, The RJA Group, Inc., TX [SE]
-(Alt. to T. C. Brown)
-Steven J. Scandaliato, SDG, LLC, AZ [IM]
-(Alt. to J. A. Denhardt)
-Peter T. Schwab, Wayne Automatic Fire Sprinklers, Inc.,
-FL [M]
-(Alt. to K. E. Isman)
-George W. Stanley, Wiginton Fire Systems, FL [IM]
-(Alt. to J. W. Thacker)
-Peter W. Thomas, Tyco Fire Suppression & Building
-Products, RI [M]
-(Alt. to J. E. Golinveaux)
-Martin H. Workman, The Viking Corporation, MI [M]
-(Alt. to T. G. Deegan)
-Nonvoting
-Barry M. Lee, Tyco International, Australia [M]
-Matthew J. Klaus, NFPA Staff Liaison
-This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time,
-changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.
-NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or
-any document developed by the committee on which the member serves.
-Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for those portions of NFPA 13 that
-pertain to the classification of various fire hazards and the determination of associated discharge criteria for
-sprinkler systems employing automatic and open sprinklers, sprinkler system plans and calculations, and
-water supplies.
-13–7COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Technical Committee on Sprinkler System Installation Criteria (AUT-SSI)
-Joe W. Noble, Chair
-Noble Consulting Services, LLC, NV [E]
-Rep. International Fire Marshals Association
-Hamid R. Bahadori, Hughes Associates, Inc., FL [SE]
-Weston C. Baker, Jr., FM Global, MA [I]
-Pat D. Brock, Oklahoma State University, OK [SE]
-Phillip A. Brown, American Fire Sprinkler Association,
-Inc., TX [IM]
-Robert G. Caputo, Fire & Life Safety America, CA [SE]
-Del Dornbos, Viking Group, Inc., MI [M]
-Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association
-Ralph D. Gerdes, Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC, IN [SE]
-Rep. American Institute of Architects
-Donald G. Goosman, The RJA Group, Inc., IL [SE]
-Luke Hilton, Liberty Mutual Property, NC [I]
-Rep. Property Casualty Insurers Association of America
-Elwin G. Joyce, II, Eastern Kentucky University, KY [U]
-Rep. NFPA Industrial Fire Protection Section
-Larry Keeping, Vipond Fire Protection, Canada [IM]
-Rep. Canadian Automatic Sprinkler Association
-Charles W. Ketner, National Automatic Sprinkler Fitters
-LU 669, MD [L]
-Rep. United Assn. of Journeymen & Apprentices of the
-Plumbing & Pipe Fitting Industry
-Michael D. Kirn, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [SE]
-James D. Lake, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc.,
-MA [M]
-George E. Laverick, Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,
-IL [RT]
-Kenneth W. Linder, Swiss Re, CT [I]
-Ausmus S. Marburger, Fire Protection Industries, Inc.,
-PA [IM]
-Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association
-Rodney A. McPhee, Canadian Wood Council, Canada [U]
-Michael F . Meehan, VSC Fire & Security, V A [IM]
-Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Association
-David S. Mowrer, Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services,
-LLC, TN [U]
-Thomas A. Noble, City of Henderson, Building & Fire
-Safety, NV [E]
-Janak B. Patel, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, GA [U]
-Peter T. Schwab, Wayne Automatic Fire Sprinklers, Inc.,
-FL [IM]
-LeJay Slocum, Aon Fire Protection Engineering, GA [I]
-Paul A. Statt, Eastman Kodak Company, NY [U]
-Leonard R. Swantek, Victaulic Company of America, PA [M]
-Lynn K. Underwood, Axis US Property, IL [I]
-Terry L. Victor, Tyco/SimplexGrinnell, MD [M]
-Alternates
-Kerry M. Bell, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., IL [RT]
-(Alt. to G. E. Laverick)
-Cecil Bilbo, Jr., Academy of Fire Sprinkler Technology,
-Inc., IL [IM]
-(Alt. to P. A. Brown)
-John A. Carbone, Victaulic Company, PA [M]
-(Alt. to L. R. Swantek)
-James A. Charrette, Allan Automatic Sprinkler Corp. of
-So. California, CA [IM]
-(Alt. to A. S. Marburger)
-Todd A. Dillon, XL Global Asset Protection Services,
-OH [I]
-(Alt. to K. W. Linder)
-David B. Fuller, FM Global, MA [I]
-(Alt. to W. C. Baker, Jr.)
-James E. Golinveaux, Tyco Fire Suppression & Building
-Products, RI [M]
-(Alt. to T. L. Victor)
-Mark Hopkins, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
-(Alt. to H. R. Bahadori)
-Russell B. Leavitt, Telgian Corporation, AZ [IM]
-(Alt. to M. F. Meehan)
-Belynda Miranda, The RJA Group, Inc., V A [SE]
-(Alt. to D. G. Goosman)
-Matthew Osburn, Canadian Automatic Sprinkler
-Association, Canada [IM]
-(Alt. to L. Keeping)
-Michael A. Rothmier, UA Joint Apprenticeship
-Committee, CO [L]
-(Alt. to C. W. Ketner)
-Austin L. Smith, Babcock & Wilcox Y-12, LLC, TN [U]
-(Alt. to D. S. Mowrer)
-William B. Smith, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [SE]
-(Alt. to M. D. Kirn)
-Glenn E. Thompson, Liberty Mutual Property, CA [I]
-(Alt. to L. Hilton)
-Steven M. Tomlin, Aon/Schirmer Engineering
-Corporation, Canada [I]
-(Alt. to L. Slocum)
-Robert Vincent, Shambaugh & Son, L.P., IN [M]
-(Alt. to J.D. Lake)
-Nonvoting
-Barry M. Lee, Tyco International, Australia [M]
-Matthew J. Klaus, NFPA Staff Liaison
-This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time,
-changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.
-NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or
-any document developed by the committee on which the member serves.
-Committee Scope: This Committee shall have the primary responsibility for those portions of NFPA 13 that
-pertain to the criteria for the use and installation of sprinkler systems components (with the exception of those
-components used for supporting of piping), position of sprinklers, types of systems, and acceptance testing.
-13–8 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Contents
-Chapter 1 Administration ............................... 13–1 3
-1.1 Scope ............................................. 13–1 3
-1.2 Purpose .......................................... 13–1 3
-1.3 Application ...................................... 13–1 3
-1.4 Retroactivity ..................................... 13–1 3
-1.5 Equivalency ..................................... 13–1 3
-1.6 Units and Symbols ............................. 13–1 3
-1.7 New Technology ............................... 13–1 4
-Chapter 2 Referenced Publications ................... 13–1 4
-2.1 General ........................................... 13–1 4
-2.2 NFPA Publications ............................. 13–1 5
-2.3 Other Publications ............................ 13–1 5
-2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory
-Sections .......................................... 13–1 7
-Chapter 3 Definitions .................................... 13–1 7
-3.1 General ........................................... 13–1 7
-3.2 NFPA Official Definitions .................... 13–1 7
-3.3 General Definitions ........................... 13–1 7
-3.4 Sprinkler System Type Definitions ......... 13–1 8
-3.5 System Component Definitions ............ 13–1 9
-3.6 Sprinkler Definitions ......................... 13–1 9
-3.7 Construction Definitions ..................... 13–2 0
-3.8 Private Water Supply Piping
-Definitions ...................................... 13–2 0
-3.9 Storage Definitions ............................ 13–2 1
-3.10 Marine Definitions ............................ 13–2 4
-3.11 Hanging and Bracing Definitions .......... 13–2 4
-Chapter 4 General Requirements ..................... 13–2 4
-4.1 Level of Protection ............................ 13–2 4
-4.2 Limited Area Systems ......................... 13–2 5
-4.3 Owner’s Certificate ............................ 13–2 5
-4.4 Additives ......................................... 13–2 5
-4.5 Air, Nitrogen, or Other Approved Gas .... 13–2 5
-4.6 Support of Nonsprinkler System
-Components .................................... 13–2 5
-Chapter 5 Classification of Occupancies and
-Commodities ................................. 13–2 5
-5.1 Classification of Occupancies ............... 13–2 5
-5.2 Light Hazard Occupancies .................. 13–2 5
-5.3 Ordinary Hazard Occupancies ............. 13–2 5
-5.4 Extra Hazard Occupancies .................. 13–2 5
-5.5 Special Occupancy Hazards ................. 13–2 5
-5.6 Commodity Classification .................... 13–2 5
-Chapter 6 System Components and Hardware ..... 13–2 7
-6.1 General ........................................... 13–2 7
-6.2 Sprinklers ........................................ 13–2 7
-6.3 Aboveground Pipe and Tube ............... 13–2 9
-6.4 Fittings ........................................... 13–3 1
-6.5 Joining of Pipe and Fittings ................. 13–3 1
-6.6 Hangers .......................................... 13–3 3
-6.7 Valves ............................................. 13–3 3
-6.8 Fire Department Connections .............. 13–3 3
-6.9 Waterflow Alarm Devices ..................... 13–3 4
-6.10 Signs .............................................. 13–3 4
-Chapter 7 System Requirements ....................... 13–3 4
-7.1 Wet Pipe Systems ............................... 13–3 4
-7.2 Dry Pipe Systems ............................... 13–3 4
-7.3 Preaction Systems and Deluge Systems ... 13–3 6
-7.4 Combined Dry Pipe and Preaction
-Systems for Piers, Terminals, and
-Wharves .......................................... 13–3 8
-7.5 Multi-Cycle Systems ........................... 13–3 8
-7.6 Antifreeze Systems ............................ 13–3 8
-7.7 Automatic Sprinkler Systems with
-Non–Fire Protection Connections ......... 13–4 0
-7.8 Outside Sprinklers for Protection
-Against Exposure Fires (Exposure
-Protection Sprinkler Systems) .............. 13–4 1
-7.9 Refrigerated Spaces ........................... 13–4 2
-7.10 Commercial-Type Cooking Equipment
-and Ventilation ................................. 13–4 4
-7.11 Additives and Coatings ....................... 13–4 5
-Chapter 8 Installation Requirements ................. 13–4 5
-8.1 Basic Requirements ........................... 13–4 5
-8.2 System Protection Area Limitations ....... 13–4 5
-8.3 Use of Sprinklers ............................... 13–4 6
-8.4 Application of Sprinkler Types ............. 13–4 9
-8.5 Position, Location, Spacing, and Use
-of Sprinklers .................................... 13–5 0
-8.6 Standard Pendent and Upright Spray
-Sprinklers ........................................ 13–5 2
-8.7 Sidewall Standard Spray Sprinklers ........ 13–5 9
-8.8 Extended Coverage Upright and
-Pendent Spray Sprinklers .................... 13–6 2
-8.9 Extended Coverage Sidewall Spray
-Sprinklers ........................................ 13–6 7
-8.10 Residential Sprinklers ........................ 13–7 0
-8.11 CMSA Sprinklers ............................... 13–7 7
-8.12 Early Suppression Fast-Response
-Sprinklers ........................................ 13–7 9
-8.13 In-Rack Sprinklers ............................. 13–8 2
-8.14 Pilot Line Detectors ........................... 13–8 3
-8.15 Special Situations .............................. 13–8 3
-8.16 Piping Installation ............................. 13–8 9
-8.17 System Attachments ........................... 13–9 3
-Chapter 9 Hanging, Bracing, and Restraint of
-System Piping ................................ 13–9 6
-9.1 Hangers .......................................... 13–9 6
-9.2 Installation of Pipe Hangers ................ 13–101
-13–9CONTENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-9.3 Protection of Piping Against Damage
-Where Subject to Earthquakes ............. 13–104
-Chapter 10 Underground Piping ...................... 13–113
-10.1 Piping Materials ................................ 13–113
-10.2 Fittings ........................................... 13–113
-10.3 Joining of Pipe and Fittings ................. 13–113
-10.4 Depth of Cover ................................. 13–113
-10.5 Protection Against Freezing ................. 13–115
-10.6 Protection Against Damage .................. 13–115
-10.7 Requirement for Laying Pipe ............... 13–115
-10.8 Joint Restraint .................................. 13–116
-10.9 Backfilling ....................................... 13–118
-10.10 Testing and Acceptance ...................... 13–118
-Chapter 11 Design Approaches ........................ 13–121
-11.1 General .......................................... 13–121
-11.2 Occupancy Hazard Fire Control
-Approach for Spray Sprinklers ............. 13–122
-11.3 Special Design Approaches .................. 13–125
-Chapter 12 General Requirements for Storage .... 13–126
-12.1 General .......................................... 13–126
-12.2 Hose Connections ............................. 13–127
-12.3 Adjacent Hazards or Design Methods .... 13–127
-12.4 Wet Pipe Systems ............................... 13–127
-12.5 Dry Pipe and Preaction Systems ............ 13–127
-12.6 Storage Applications .......................... 13–127
-12.7 Discharge Considerations .................... 13–127
-12.8 Hose Stream Allowance and Water
-Supply Duration ............................... 13–128
-12.9 Restrictions ...................................... 13–128
-12.10 Room Design Method ........................ 13–130
-12.11 High-Expansion Foam Systems ............. 13–130
-12.12 Protection of Idle Pallets ..................... 13–130
-Chapter 13 Miscellaneous Storage .................... 13–132
-13.1 Miscellaneous Storage Up to 12 ft
-(3.7 m) in Height .............................. 13–132
-13.2 Design Basis ..................................... 13–132
-13.3 In-Rack Sprinklers ............................. 13–135
-Chapter 14 Protection for Palletized,
-Solid-Piled, Bin Box, Shelf, or
-Back-to-Back Shelf Storage of
-Class I through Class IV
-Commodities ................................ 13–135
-14.1 General .......................................... 13–135
-14.2 Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler
-Protection Criteria for Palletized,
-Solid-Piled, Bin Box, Shelf, or
-Back-to-Back Shelf Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV Commodities.............. 13–136
-14.3 CMSA Sprinklers for Palletized or
-Solid-Piled Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV Commodities ............ 13–137
-14.4 Early Suppression Fast-Response
-(ESFR) Sprinklers for Palletized or
-Solid-Piled Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV Commodities ............ 13–139
-14.5 Special Design for Palletized,
-Solid-Piled, Bin Box, or Shelf
-Storage of Class I Through Class IV
-Commodities ................................... 13–139
-14.6 High-Expansion Foam — Reduction to
-Ceiling Density ................................. 13–139
-Chapter 15 Protection for Palletized,
-Solid-Piled, Bin Box, Shelf, or
-Back-to-Back Shelf Storage of
-Plastic and Rubber
-Commodities ................................ 13–141
-15.1 General .......................................... 13–141
-15.2 Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler
-Protection Criteria for Palletized,
-Solid-Piled, Bin Box, Shelf, or
-Back-to-Back Shelf Storage of
-Plastic and Rubber Commodities .......... 13–141
-15.3 CMSA Sprinklers for Palletized or
-Solid-Piled Storage of Plastic and
-Rubber Commodities ......................... 13–143
-15.4 Early Suppression Fast-Response
-(ESFR) Sprinklers for Palletized or
-Solid-Piled Storage of Plastic and
-Rubber Commodities ......................... 13–143
-15.5 High-Expansion Foam — Reduction in
-Ceiling Density ................................. 13–143
-Chapter 16 Protection of Rack Storage
-of Class I Through Class IV
-Commodities ................................ 13–148
-16.1 General .......................................... 13–148
-16.2 Protection Criteria for Rack Storage
-of Class I Through Class IV
-Commodities Stored Up to and
-Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height .......... 13–149
-16.3 Protection Criteria for Rack Storage
-of Class I Through Class IV
-Commodities Stored Over 25 ft
-(7.6 m) in Height .............................. 13–163
-Chapter 17 Protection of Rack Storage
-of Plastic and Rubber
-Commodities ................................ 13–176
-17.1 General .......................................... 13–176
-17.2 Protection Criteria for Rack Storage of
-Plastics Commodities Stored Up to
-and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in
-Height ............................................ 13–177
-17.3 Protection Criteria for Rack Storage of
-Plastics Commodities Stored Over
-25 ft (7.6 m) in Height ....................... 13–191
-13–10 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Chapter 18 Protection of Rubber Tire Storage .... 13–200
-18.1 General .......................................... 13–200
-18.2 Columns Within Rubber Tire Storage .... 13–201
-18.3 Water Supplies .................................. 13–201
-18.4 Ceiling Systems ................................. 13–201
-18.5 In-Rack Sprinkler System
-Requirements for Protection of
-Rubber Tires .................................... 13–204
-18.6 Reduced-Discharge Density ................. 13–204
-Chapter 19 Protection of Roll Paper ................. 13–204
-19.1 Protection of Roll Paper Storage ........... 13–204
-Chapter 20 Special Designs of Storage
-Protection ................................... 13–206
-20.1 General .......................................... 13–206
-20.2 Plastic Motor Vehicle Components ........ 13–206
-20.3 Sprinkler Design Criteria for Storage
-and Display of Class I Through
-Class IV Commodities, Cartoned
-Nonexpanded Group A Plastics
-and Nonexpanded Exposed Group
-A Plastics in Retail Stores .................... 13–206
-20.4 Protection of Baled Cotton Storage ....... 13–208
-20.5 Sprinkler Protection of Carton
-Records Storage with Catwalk
-Access ............................................. 13–208
-20.6 Compact Storage of Commodities
-Consisting of Paper Files,
-Magazines, Books, and Similar
-Documents in Folders and
-Miscellaneous Supplies with No
-More Than 5 Percent Plastics Up
-to 8 ft (2.44 m) High .......................... 13–209
-20.7 Protection of High Bay Records
-Storage ........................................... 13–209
-Chapter 21 Alternative Sprinkler System
-Designs for Chapters 12
-Through 20 .................................. 13–210
-21.1 General .......................................... 13–210
-21.2 Sprinkler Protection Criteria for
-Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin Box,
-Shelf, or Back-to-Back Shelf
-Storage of Class I Through Class IV
-and Plastic Commodities ..................... 13–210
-21.3 Sprinkler Protection Criteria for
-Open-Frame Rack Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV and Plastic
-Commodities .................................... 13–210
-21.4 Hose Stream Allowance and Water
-Supply Duration ............................... 13–210
-21.5 Minimum Obstruction Criteria ............. 13–210
-Chapter 22 Special Occupancy Requirements ..... 13–213
-22.1 General .......................................... 13–213
-22.2 Flammable and Combustible Liquids ..... 13–213
-22.3 Aerosol Products ............................... 13–213
-22.4 Spray Application Using Flammable or
-Combustible Materials ........................ 13–213
-22.5 Solvent Extraction Plants [NFPA 36] ...... 13–214
-22.6 Installation and Use of Stationary
-Combustion Engines and Gas
-Turbines ......................................... 13–214
-22.7 Nitrate Film ..................................... 13–214
-22.8 Laboratories Using Chemicals .............. 13–215
-22.9 Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding,
-Cutting, and Allied Processes ............... 13–215
-22.10 Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants ....... 13–215
-22.11 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic
-Fluids Code ..................................... 13–215
-22.12 Utility LP-Gas Plants .......................... 13–216
-22.13 Production, Storage, and Handling of
-Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) .............. 13–216
-22.14 Protection of Information Technology
-Equipment ...................................... 13–216
-22.15 Standard on Incinerators, and Waste
-and Linen Handling Systems and
-Equipment ...................................... 13–216
-22.16 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces ......... 13–217
-22.17 Health Care Facilities Code,
-Hyperbaric Chambers ........................ 13–217
-22.18 Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger
-Rail Systems ..................................... 13–218
-22.19 Motion Picture and Television
-Production Studio Soundstages,
-Approved Production Facilities,
-and Production Locations ................... 13–218
-22.20 Animal Housing Facilities ................... 13–218
-22.21 Water Cooling Towers ........................ 13–218
-22.22 Standard for the Construction
-and Fire Protection of Marine
-Terminals, Piers, and Wharves .............. 13–220
-22.23 Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities ..... 13–221
-22.24 Aircraft Hangars ............................... 13–221
-22.25 Airport Terminal Buildings, Fueling
-Ramp Drainage, and Loading
-Walkways ......................................... 13–221
-22.26 Aircraft Engine Test Facilities ............... 13–222
-22.27 Advanced Light Water Reactor Electric
-Generating Plants ............................. 13–222
-22.28 Light Water Nuclear Power Plants ......... 13–223
-22.29 Hydroelectric Generating Plants
-[NFPA 851] ...................................... 13–223
-22.30 Code for the Protection of Cultural
-Resource Properties — Museums,
-Libraries, and Places of Worship
-[NFPA 909] ...................................... 13–224
-22.31 National Electrical Code ..................... 13–224
-22.32 Fire Protection of Telecommunication
-Facilities .......................................... 13–224
-13–11CONTENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-22.33 Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of
-Vapors, Gases, Mists, and
-Noncombustible Particulate Solids ........ 13–224
-22.34 Hypobaric Facilities ........................... 13–224
-22.35 Coal Mines ...................................... 13–225
-22.36 Metal/Nonmetal Mining and Metal
-Mineral Processing Facilities ................ 13–226
-22.37 Hazardous Materials Code .................. 13–226
-Chapter 23 Plans and Calculations .................... 13–229
-23.1 Working Plans .................................. 13–229
-23.2 Water Supply Information ................... 13–230
-23.3 Hydraulic Calculation Forms ............... 13–230
-23.4 Hydraulic Calculation Procedures ......... 13–236
-23.5 Pipe Schedules ................................. 13–239
-23.6 Deluge Systems ................................. 13–242
-23.7 Exposure Protection Sprinkler Systems.... 13–242
-23.8 In-Rack Sprinklers ............................. 13–243
-23.9 Hose Allowance ................................ 13–243
-Chapter 24 Water Supplies .............................. 13–243
-24.1 General .......................................... 13–243
-24.2 Types .............................................. 13–243
-Chapter 25 Systems Acceptance ....................... 13–244
-25.1 Approval of Sprinkler Systems and
-Private Fire Service Mains ................... 13–244
-25.2 Acceptance Requirements ................... 13–244
-25.3 Circulating Closed Loop Systems .......... 13–248
-25.4 Instructions ..................................... 13–249
-25.5 Hydraulic Design Information Sign ....... 13–249
-25.6 General Information Sign ................... 13–249
-Chapter 26 Marine Systems ............................. 13–249
-26.1 General .......................................... 13–249
-26.2 System Components, Hardware,
-and Use .......................................... 13–250
-26.3 System Requirements ......................... 13–251
-26.4 Installation Requirements ................... 13–251
-26.5 Design Approaches ............................ 13–252
-26.6 Plans and Calculations ....................... 13–252
-26.7 Water Supplies .................................. 13–252
-26.8 System Acceptance ............................ 13–254
-26.9 System Instructions and Maintenance .... 13–254
-Chapter 27 System Inspection, Testing, and
-Maintenance ................................ 13–254
-27.1 General .......................................... 13–254
-27.2 Inactive Sprinkler Systems Abandoned
-in Place ........................................... 13–254
-Annex A Explanatory Material ......................... 13–254
-Annex B Miscellaneous Topics ......................... 13–406
-Annex C Explanation of Test Data and
-Procedures for Rack Storage ............... 13–407
-Annex D Sprinkler System Information from
-the 2012 Edition of the Life Safety
-Code .............................................. 13–413
-Annex E Development of the Design Approach
-to Conform with SEI/ASCE 7 .............. 13–417
-Annex F Informational References ................... 13–421
-Index ........................................................... 13–424
-13–12 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-NFP A 13
-Standard for the
-Installation of Sprinkler Systems
-2013 Edition
-IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for
-use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices
-and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document
-and may be found under the heading “Important Notices and Dis-
-claimers Concerning NFPA Documents.” They can also be obtained
-on request from NFPA or viewed at www.nfpa.org/disclaimers.
-NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter
-designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material
-on the paragraph can be found in Annex A.
-Changes other than editorial are indicated by a vertical
-rule beside the paragraph, table, or figure in which the
-change occurred. These rules are included as an aid to the
-user in identifying changes from the previous edition. Where
-one or more complete paragraphs have been deleted, the de-
-letion is indicated by a bullet () between the paragraphs that
-remain.
-A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph
-indicates material that has been extracted from another NFPA
-document. As an aid to the user, the complete title and edition
-of the source documents for extracts in mandatory sections of
-the document are given in Chapter 2 and those for extracts in
-informational sections are given in Annex F. Extracted text
-may be edited for consistency and style and may include the
-revision of internal paragraph references and other refer-
-ences as appropriate. Requests for interpretations or revisions
-of extracted text shall be sent to the technical committee re-
-sponsible for the source document.
-Information on referenced publications can be found in
-Chapter 2 and Annex F.
-Chapter 1 Administration
-1.1* Scope.
-1.1.1 This standard shall provide the minimum requirements
-for the design and installation of automatic fire sprinkler sys-
-tems and exposure protection sprinkler systems covered
-within this standard.
-1.1.2 This standard shall not provide requirements for the
-design or installation of water mist fire protection systems,
-which are not considered fire sprinkler systems and are ad-
-dressed by NFPA 750.
-1.1.3* This standard is written with the assumption that the
-sprinkler system shall be designed to protect against a single
-fire originating within the building.
-1.2* Purpose.
-1.2.1 The purpose of this standard shall be to provide a rea-
-sonable degree of protection for life and property from fire
-through standardization of design, installation, and testing re-
-quirements for sprinkler systems, including private fire service
-mains, based on sound engineering principles, test data, and
-field experience.
-1.2.2 Sprinkler systems and private fire service mains are spe-
-cialized fire protection systems and shall require knowledge-
-able and experienced design and installation.
-1.3 Application.
-1.3.1 This standard shall apply to the following:
-(1) Character and adequacy of water supplies
-(2) Sprinklers
-(3) Fittings
-(4) Piping
-(5) Valves
-(6) All materials and accessories, including the installation of
-private fire service mains
-1.3.2 This standard shall also apply to “combined service
-mains” used to carry water for both fire service and other uses
-as well as to mains for fire service use only.
-1.4 Retroactivity. The provisions of this standard reflect a con-
-sensus of what is necessary to provide an acceptable degree of
-protection from the hazards addressed in this standard at the
-time the standard was issued.
-1.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the provisions of this stan-
-dard shall not apply to facilities, equipment, structures, or in-
-stallations that existed or were approved for construction or
-installation prior to the effective date of the standard. Where
-specified, the provisions of this standard shall be retroactive.
-1.4.2 In those cases where the authority having jurisdiction
-determines that the existing situation presents an unaccept-
-able degree of risk, the authority having jurisdiction shall be
-permitted to apply retroactively any portions of this standard
-deemed appropriate.
-1.4.3 The retroactive requirements of this standard shall be
-permitted to be modified if their application clearly would be
-impractical in the judgment of the authority having jurisdic-
-tion, and only where it is clearly evident that a reasonable
-degree of safety is provided.
-1.5 Equivalency. Nothing in this standard is intended to pre-
-vent the use of systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or
-superior quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, dura-
-bility, and safety over those prescribed by this standard.
-1.5.1 Technical documentation shall be submitted to the au-
-thority having jurisdiction to demonstrate equivalency.
-1.5.2 The system, method, or device shall be approved for the
-intended purpose by the authority having jurisdiction.
-1.6 Units and Symbols.
-1.6.1 Units.
-1.6.1.1 Metric units of measurement in this standard shall be
-in accordance with the modernized metric system known as
-the International System of Units (SI).
-1.6.1.2 Two units (liter and bar), outside of but recognized by
-SI, are commonly used in international fire protection.
-1.6.1.3 These units with conversion factors shall be used as
-listed in Table 1.6.1.3.
-1.6.1.4 If a value for measurement as given in this standard is
-followed by an equivalent value in other units, the first stated
-shall be regarded as the requirement.
-13–13ADMINISTRATION
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-1.6.2 Hydraulic Symbols. The standard abbreviations in
-Table 1.6.2 shall be used on the hydraulic calculation form
-discussed in Chapter 23.
-1.7 New Technology.
-1.7.1 Nothing in this standard shall be intended to restrict
-new technologies or alternate arrangements, provided the
-level of safety prescribed by this standard is not lowered.
-1.7.2 Materials or devices not specifically designated by this
-standard shall be utilized in complete accord with all condi-
-tions, requirements, and limitations of their listings.
-Chapter 2 Referenced Publications
-2.1 General. The documents or portions thereof listed in this
-chapter are referenced within this standard and shall be con-
-sidered part of the requirements of this document.
-2.2 NFP A Publications. National Fire Protection Association,
-1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
-NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion
-Foam, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose
-Systems, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 15,Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protec-
-tion, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler
-and Foam-Water Spray Systems, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems,
-2009 edition.
-NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for
-Fire Protection, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection,
-2008 edition.
-NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service
-Mains and Their Appurtenances, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 25,Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
-of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems,2011 edition.
-NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2012 edi-
-tion.
-NFPA 30B,Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Prod-
-ucts, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or
-Combustible Materials, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose
-Nitrate Film, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cut-
-ting, and Other Hot Work, 2009 edition.
-NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code,2013 edition.
-NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Han-
-dling Systems and Equipment, 2009 edition.
-NFPA 96,Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of
-Commercial Cooking Operations, 2011 edition.
-NFPA101®, Life Safety Code®, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 120, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Coal
-Mines, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 170,Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols,2012
-edition.
-NFPA 214,Standard on Water-Cooling Towers,2011 edition.
-NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building
-Materials, 2008 edition.
-NFPA 400,Hazardous Materials Code, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 409,Standard on Aircraft Hangars, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 703, Standard for Fire Retardant–Treated Wood and Fire-
-Retardant Coatings for Building Materials, 2012 edition.
-Table 1.6.1.3 Conversion Factors
-Name of Unit Unit Symbol Conversion Factor
-liter L 1 gal = 3.785 L
-millimeter per
-minute
-mm/min 1 gpm/ft 2 =
-40.746 mm/min =
-40.746 (L/min)/m2
-cubic decimeter dm 3 1 gal = 3.785 dm3
-pascal Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa
-bar bar 1 psi = 0.0689 bar
-bar bar 1 bar = 10 5 Pa
-Note: For additional conversions and information, see ASTM SI 10,
-Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric
-System.
-Table 1.6.2 Hydraulic Symbols
-Symbol or
-Abbreviation Item
-p Pressure in psi
-gpm U.S. gallons per minute
-q Flow increment in gpm to be added at a
-specific location
-Q Summation of flow in gpm at a specific
-location
-Pt Total pressure in psi at a point in a pipe
-Pf Pressure loss due to friction between
-points indicated in location column
-Pe Pressure due to elevation difference
-between indicated points. This can be
-a plus value or a minus value. If
-minus, the (−) shall be used; if plus,
-no sign is needed.
-Pv Velocity pressure in psi at a point in a
-pipe
-Pn Normal pressure in psi at a point in a
-pipe
-E 90-degree ell
-EE 45-degree ell
-Lt.E Long-turn elbow
-Cr Cross
-T Tee-flow turned 90 degrees
-GV Gate valve
-BV Butterfly (wafer) check valve
-Del V Deluge valve
-ALV Alarm valve
-DPV Dry pipe valve
-CV Swing check valve
-WCV Butterfly (wafer) check valve
-St Strainer
-psi Pounds per square inch
-v Velocity of water in pipe in feet per
-second
-K K-factor
-C-factor Friction loss coefficient
-13–14 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-NFPA 750,Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems,2010
-edition.
-NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection
-Systems, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 804,Standard for Fire Protection for Advanced Light Water
-Reactor Electric Generating Plants, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 909,Code for the Protection of Cultural Resource Properties
-— Museums, Libraries, and Places of Worship, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 1963,Standard for Fire Hose Connections, 2009 edition.
-2.3 Other Publications.
-2.3.1 ACI Publications. American Concrete Institue, P.O.
-Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333.
-ACI 355.2,Qualification of Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors in
-Concrete and Commentary, 2007.
-2.3.2 ASCE Publications. American Society of Civil Engi-
-neers, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, V A 20191-4400.
-SEI/ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads of Buildings and Other
-Structures, 2005.
-2.3.3 ASME Publications. American Society of Mechanical
-Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.
-ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Section IX — “Welding
-and Brazing Qualifications,” 2004.
-ASME A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators , 2010/
-CSA B44-10.
-ASME B1.20.1, Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch), 2001.
-ASME B16.1, Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings,
-Classes 25, 125, and 250, 1998.
-ASME B16.3, Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 150 and
-300, 1998.
-ASME B16.4, Cast Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250,
-1998.
-ASME B16.5, Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, 1996.
-ASME B16.9, Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings,
-2001.
-ASME B16.11, Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and
-Threaded, 1996.
-ASME B16.18, Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings ,
-1994.
-ASME B16.22, Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint
-Pressure Fittings, 1995.
-ASME B16.25, Buttwelding Ends, 1997.
-ANSI/ASME B31.1, Code for Power Piping, 2001.
-ANSI/ASME B36.10M, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel
-Pipe, 2000.
-2.3.4 ASTM Publications. ASTM International, 100 Barr
-Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
-2959.
-ANSI/ASTM A 53, Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black
-and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless, 2001.
-ASTM A 106, Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel
-Pipe for High Temperature Service, 2008.
-ASTM A 135, Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-
-Welded Steel Pipe, 2001.
-ASTM A 153A/153M, Standard Specification for Zinc Coating
-(Hot Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware, 2004.
-ASTM A 234, Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of
-Wrought-Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Tem-
-perature Service, 2001.
-ASTM A 795, Standard Specification for Black and Hot-Dipped
-Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe for Fire Pro-
-tection Use, 2000.
-ASTM B 16.15, Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings, 1985.
-ASTM B 32, Standard Specification for Solder Metal, 2000.
-ASTM B 43, Specification for Seamless Red Brass Pipe, 2009.
-ASTM B 75,Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube, 1999.
-ASTM B 88, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water
-Tube, 1999.
-ASTM B 251, Standard Specification for General Requirements
-for Wrought Seamless Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube, 1997.
-ASTM B 446, Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-
-Molybdenum-Columbium Alloy (UNSN 06625) and Nickel-Chromium-
-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy (UNSN 06219) Rod and Bar, 2000.
-ASTM B 813,Standard Specification for Liquid and Paste Fluxes
-for Soldering Applications of Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube, 2000.
-ASTM B 828, Standard Practice for Making Capillary Joints by
-Soldering of Copper and Copper Alloy Tube and Fittings, 2000.
-ASTM C 635, Standard Specification for the Manufacture, Per-
-formance, and Testing of Metal Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile
-and Lay-In Panel Ceilings, 2004.
-ASTM C 636, Standard Practice for Installation of Metal Ceiling
-Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-In Panels, 2004.
-ASTM E 84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Charac-
-teristics of Building Materials, 2010.
-ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building
-Construction and Materials, 2010.
-ASTM E 136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in
-a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C, 1999.
-ASTM F 437,Standard Specification for Threaded Chlorinated Poly
-(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80, 1999.
-ASTM F 438, Standard Specification for Socket-Type Chlorinated
-Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 40, 2001.
-ASTM F 439, Standard Specification for Socket-Type Chlorinated
-Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80, 2001.
-ASTM F 442, Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl
-Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR), 2009.
-ASTM F 1121, Standard Specification for International Shore
-Connections for Marine Fire Applications, 1998.
-ASTM SI 10, Standard for Use of the International System of
-Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, 1997.
-2.3.5 AWS Publications. American Welding Society, 550 N.W.
-LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
-AWS A5.8, Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze
-Welding, 1992.
-AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance
-Qualification, 2000.
-13–15REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-2.3.6 AWWA Publications. American Water Works Associa-
-tion, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235.
-AWWA C104, Cement Mortar Lining for Ductile Iron Pipe and
-Fittings for Water,1995.
-AWWA C105,Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile Iron Pipe Sys-
-tems, 1999.
-AWWA C110,Ductile Iron and Gray Iron Fittings, 3-in. Through
-48-in. (76 mm Through 1219 mm), for Water and Other Liquids, 1998.
-AWWA C111,Rubber Gasket Joints for Ductile Iron Pressure Pipe
-and Fittings, 2000.
-AWWA C115,Flanged Ductile Iron Pipe with Ductile Iron or Gray
-Iron Threaded Flanges, 1999.
-AWWA C116,Protective Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings Internal
-and External Surface Ductile-Iron/Gray-Iron Fittings, 2003.
-AWWA C150,Thickness Design of Ductile Iron Pipe, 1996.
-AWWA C151,Ductile Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast for Water,1996.
-AWWA C153,Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings for Water Service, 2000.
-AWWA C200,Steel Water Pipe 6 in. (150 mm) and Larger,1997.
-AWWA C203,Coal-Tar Protective Coatings and Linings for Steel
-Water Pipelines Enamel and Tape — Hot Applied, 1997.
-AWWA C205,Cement-Mortar Protective Lining and Coating for
-Steel Water Pipe 4 in. (100 mm) and Larger — Shop Applied, 2000.
-AWWA C206,Field Welding of Steel Water Pipe,1997.
-AWWA C207,Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Service — Sizes
-4 in. Through 144 in. (100 mm Through 3,600 mm), 1994.
-AWWA C208,Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings,
-1996.
-AWWA C300, Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder
-Type, for Water and Other Liquids,1997.
-AWWA C301, Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder
-Type, for Water and Other Liquids, 1999.
-AWWA C302, Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Non-Cylinder
-Type, for Water and Other Liquids, 1995.
-AWWA C303, Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder
-Type, Pretensioned, for Water and Other Liquids, 1995.
-AWWA C400, Standard for Asbestos-Cement Distribution Pipe,
-4 in. Through 16 in. (100 mm Through 400 mm), for Water and
-Other Liquids, 1998.
-AWWA C401,Standard Practice for the Selection of Asbestos-Cement
-Water Pipe, 4 in. Through 16 in. (100 mm Through 400 mm), 1998.
-AWWA C600,Standard for the Installation of Ductile Iron Water
-Mains and Their Appurtenances, 1999.
-AWWA C602, Cement-Mortar Lining of Water Pipe Lines 4 in.
-(100 mm) and Larger — in Place , 2000.
-AWWA C603, Standard for the Installation of Asbestos-Cement
-Water Pipe, 1996.
-AWWA C900, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, 4 in.
-Through 12 in. (100 mm Through 300 mm), for Water and Other
-Liquids, 1997.
-AWWA C906,Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe and Fittings, 4 in.
-(100 mm) Th. 63 in (1,575 mm), for Water Distribution and Trans-
-portation, 1999.
-AWWA M11, A Guide for Steel Pipe Design and Installation,
-3rd edition, 1989.
-2.3.7 IEEE Publications. Institute of Electrical and Electronics
-Engineers, Three Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-
-5997.
-IEEE 45, Recommended Practice for Electric Installations on Ship-
-board, 1998.
-2.3.8 UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333
-Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096.
-ANSI/UL 62, Flexible Cords and Cables, 2010.
-ANSI/UL 723, Standard for Surface Burning Characteristics of
-Building Materials, 2008, Revised 2010.
-ANSI/UL 1581, Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables,
-and Flexible Cords, 2011.
-2.3.9 U.S. Government Publications. U.S. Government Print-
-ing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
-Title 46, CFR, Parts 54.15-10 Safety and Relief Valves,
-56.20 Valves, 56.20-5(a) Markings, 56.50-95 Overboard Dis-
-charges and Shore Connections, 56.60 Materials, and
-58.01-40 Machinery, Angle of Inclination.
-Title 46, CFR, Subchapter F, “Marine Engineering.”
-Title 46, CFR, Subchapter J, “Electrical Engineering.”
-2.3.10 Other Publications.
-Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam-
-Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003.
-2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.
-NFPA 1,Fire Code, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service
-Mains and Their Appurtenances, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or
-Combustible Materials, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary
-Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose
-Nitrate Film, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using
-Chemicals, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 51,Standard for the Design and Installation of Oxygen–Fuel
-Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes,2013 edition.
-NFPA 51A, Standard for Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants,
-2012 edition.
-NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, 2013
-edition.
-NFPA 59,Utility LP-Gas Plant Code, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 59A,Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling
-of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 2013 edition.
-NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 75,Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technol-
-ogy Equipment, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 76,Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications
-Facilities, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Han-
-dling Systems and Equipment, 2009 edition.
-NFPA 86,Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 91,Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors,
-Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids,2010 edition.
-NFPA 99,Health Care Facilities Code, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 99B,Standard for Hypobaric Facilities, 2010 edition.
-13–16 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-NFPA 120, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Coal
-Mines, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 122, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Metal/
-Nonmetal Mining and Metal Mineral Processing Facilities,2010 edi-
-tion.
-NFPA 130, Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger
-Rail Systems, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 140, Standard on Motion Picture and Television Produc-
-tion Studio Soundstages, Approved Production Facilities, and Produc-
-tion Locations, 2008 edition.
-NFPA 150,Standard on Fire and Life Safety in Animal Housing
-Facilities, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 214,Standard on Water-Cooling Towers,2011 edition.
-NFPA 307, Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of
-Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 318,Standard for the Protection of Semiconductor Fabrica-
-tion Facilities, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 400,Hazardous Materials Code, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 415, Standard on Airport Terminal Buildings, Fueling
-Ramp Drainage, and Loading Walkways, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 423, Standard for Construction and Protection of Aircraft
-Engine Test Facilities, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 804,Standard for Fire Protection for Advanced Light Water
-Reactor Electric Generating Plants, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 805, Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for
-Light Water Reactor Electric Generating Plants, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 851, Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Hydro-
-electric Generating Plants, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 909,Code for the Protection of Cultural Resource Properties
-— Museums, Libraries, and Places of Worship, 2010 edition.
-Chapter 3 Definitions
-3.1 General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall
-apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not
-defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall
-be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within
-the context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
-Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily
-accepted meaning.
-3.2 NFP A Official Definitions.
-3.2.1* Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdic-
-tion.
-3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization,
-office, or individual responsible for enforcing the require-
-ments of a code or standard, or for approving equipment,
-materials, an installation, or a procedure.
-3.2.3* Listed. Equipment, materials, or services included in a
-list published by an organization that is acceptable to the au-
-thority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of
-products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of
-production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evalu-
-ation of services, and whose listing states that either the equip-
-ment, material, or service meets appropriate designated stan-
-dards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified
-purpose.
-3.2.4 Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.
-3.2.5 Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is
-advised but not required.
-3.2.6 Standard. A document, the main text of which contains
-only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate
-requirements and which is in a form generally suitable for
-mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adop-
-tion into law. Nonmandatory provisions are not to be consid-
-ered a part of the requirements of a standard and shall be
-located in an appendix, annex, footnote, informational note,
-or other means as permitted in the Manual of Style for NFPA
-Technical Committee Documents.
-3.3 General Definitions.
-3.3.1 Automatic Sprinkler. A fire suppression or control de-
-vice that operates automatically when its heat-activated ele-
-ment is heated to its thermal rating or above, allowing water to
-discharge over a specified area.
-3.3.2* Bathroom. Within a dwelling unit, any room or com-
-partment dedicated to personal hygiene, containing a toilet,
-sink, or bathing capability such as a shower or tub.
-3.3.3 Ceiling Height. The distance between the floor and the
-underside of the ceiling above (or roof deck) within the area.
-3.3.4* Ceiling Pocket. An architectural ceiling feature that
-consists of a bounded area of ceiling located at a higher eleva-
-tion than the attached lower ceiling.
-3.3.5 Ceiling Types.
-3.3.5.1 Flat Ceiling. A continuous ceiling in a single plane.
-3.3.5.2 Horizontal Ceiling. A ceiling with a slope not exceed-
-ing 2 in 12.
-3.3.5.3 Sloped Ceiling. A ceiling with a slope exceeding
-2i n1 2 .
-3.3.5.4 Smooth Ceiling. A continuous ceiling free from sig-
-nificant irregularities, lumps, or indentations.
-3.3.6 Compartment. A space completely enclosed by walls
-and a ceiling. Each wall in the compartment is permitted to
-have openings to an adjoining space if the openings have a
-minimum lintel depth of 8 in. (200 mm) from the ceiling and
-the total width of the openings in each wall does not exceed
-8 ft (2.4 m). A single opening of 36 in. (900 mm) or less in
-width without a lintel is permitted when there are no other
-openings to adjoining spaces.
-3.3.7* Control Valve. A valve controlling flow to water-based
-fire protection systems.
-3.3.8* Draft Curtain. A continuous material protruding
-downward from the ceiling to create a reservoir for collecting
-smoke and heat.
-3.3.9 Dr op-Out Ceiling. A suspended ceiling system, which is
-installed below the sprinklers, with listed translucent or
-opaque panels that are heat sensitive and fall from their set-
-ting when exposed to heat.
-3.3.10 Dwelling Unit (for sprinkler system installations). One
-or more rooms arranged for the use of one or more individu-
-als living together, as in a single housekeeping unit normally
-having cooking, living, sanitary, and sleeping facilities that in-
-clude, but are not limited to, hotel rooms, dormitory rooms,
-apartments, condominiums, sleeping rooms in nursing homes,
-and similar living units.
-3.3.11 Fire Control. Limiting the size of a fire by distribution
-of water so as to decrease the heat release rate and pre-wet
-adjacent combustibles, while controlling ceiling gas tempera-
-tures to avoid structural damage.
-13–17DEFINITIONS
-2013 Edition
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-3.3.12 Fire Suppression. Sharply reducing the heat release
-rate of a fire and preventing its regrowth by means of direct
-and sufficient application of water through the fire plume to
-the burning fuel surface.
-3.3.13 Fuel-Fired Heating Unit. An appliance that produces
-heat by burning fuel.
-3.3.14 High Volume Low Speed Fan. A ceiling fan that is ap-
-proximately 6 ft to 24 ft in diameter with a rotational speed of
-approximately 30 to 70 revolutions per minute.
-3.3.15 Hydraulically Designed System. A calculated sprinkler
-system in which pipe sizes are selected on a pressure loss basis
-to provide a prescribed water density, in gallons per minute
-per square foot (mm/min), or a prescribed minimum dis-
-charge pressure or flow per sprinkler, distributed with a rea-
-sonable degree of uniformity over a specified area.
-3.3.16* Limited-Combustible (Material). Refers to a building
-construction material not complying with the definition of
-noncombustible material that, in the form in which it is used,
-has a potential heat value not exceeding 3500 Btu/lb
-(8141 kJ/kg), where tested in accordance with NFPA 259, and
-includes either of the following: (1) materials having a struc-
-tural base of noncombustible material, with a surfacing not
-exceeding a thickness of 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) that has a flame
-spread index not greater than 50; or (2) materials, in the form
-and thickness used, having neither a flame spread index
-greater than 25 nor evidence of continued progressive com-
-bustion, and of such composition that surfaces that would be
-exposed by cutting through the material on any plane would
-have neither a flame spread index greater than 25 nor evi-
-dence of continued progressive combustion, when tested in
-accordance with ASTM E 84, Standard Test Method of Surface
-Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, or ANSI/UL 723,
-Standard Test Method of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building
-Materials.
-3.3.17 Noncombustible Material. A material that, in the form
-in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will
-not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable
-vapors, when subjected to fire or heat; materials that are re-
-ported as passing ASTM E 136,Standard Test Method for Behavior
-of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C, shall be consid-
-ered noncombustible materials.
-3.3.18 Obstruction.
-3.3.18.1 Continuous Obstruction. An obstruction located at
-or below the level of sprinkler deflectors that affect the
-discharge pattern of two or more adjacent sprinklers.
-3.3.18.2 Noncontinuous Obstruction. An obstruction at or
-below the level of the sprinkler deflector that affects the
-discharge pattern of a single sprinkler.
-3.3.19* Raw Water Source. A water supply that has not been
-treated and could contain foreign material that could enter
-the sprinkler system.
-3.3.20 Shop-Welded. As used in this standard, shop in the
-term shop-welded means either (1) a sprinkler contractor’s or
-fabricator’s premise or (2) an area specifically designed or
-authorized for welding, such as a detached outside location,
-maintenance shop, or other area (either temporary or perma-
-nent) of noncombustible or fire-resistive construction free of
-combustible and flammable contents and suitably segregated
-from adjacent areas.
-3.3.21 Small Room. A compartment of light hazard occu-
-pancy classification having unobstructed construction and a
-floor area not exceeding 800 ft2 (74.3 m2).
-3.3.22* Sprinkler System. A system that consists of an inte-
-grated network of piping designed in accordance with fire
-protection engineering standards that includes a water supply
-source, a water control valve, a waterflow alarm, and a drain
-and is commonly activated by heat from a fire, discharging
-water over the fire area. The portion of the sprinkler system
-above ground is a network of specifically sized or hydraulically
-designed piping installed in a building, structure, or area, gen-
-erally overhead, and to which sprinklers are attached in a sys-
-tematic pattern. The system is commonly activated by heat
-from a fire and discharges water over the fire area.
-3.3.23 System Working Pressure. The maximum anticipated
-static (nonflowing) or flowing pressure applied to sprinkler
-system components exclusive of surge pressures and exclusive
-of pressure from the fire department connection.
-3.3.24 Thermal Barrier. A material that limits the average
-temperature rise of the unexposed surface to not more than
-250°F (139°C) above ambient for a specified fire exposure
-duration using the standard time–temperature curve of
-ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Con-
-struction and Materials.
-3.4 Sprinkler System Type Definitions.
-3.4.1 Antifreeze Sprinkler System. A wet pipe system using
-automatic sprinklers that contains a liquid solution to prevent
-freezing of the system, intended to discharge the solution
-upon sprinkler operation, followed immediately by water
-from a water supply.
-3.4.1.1 Premixed Antifreeze Solution. A mixture of an anti-
-freeze material with water that is prepared and factory-mixed
-by the manufacturer with a quality control procedure in place
-that ensures that the antifreeze solution remains homoge-
-neous and that the concentration is as specified.
-3.4.2 Cir culating Closed-Loop Sprinkler System. A wet pipe
-sprinkler system having non–fire protection connections to
-automatic sprinkler systems in a closed-loop piping arrange-
-ment for the purpose of utilizing sprinkler piping to conduct
-water for heating or cooling, where water is not removed or
-used from the system but only circulated through the piping
-system.
-3.4.3 Combined Dry Pipe–Reaction Sprinkler System.A sprin-
-kler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a pip-
-ing system containing air under pressure with a supplemental
-detection system installed in the same areas as the sprinklers.
-Operation of the detection system actuates tripping devices
-that open dry pipe valves simultaneously and without loss of
-air pressure in the system. The detection system also serves as
-an automatic fire alarm system.
-3.4.4 Deluge Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing
-open sprinklers or nozzles that are attached to a piping system
-that is connected to a water supply through a valve that is
-opened by the operation of a detection system installed in the
-same areas as the sprinklers or the nozzles. When this valve
-opens, water flows into the piping system and discharges from
-all sprinklers or nozzles attached thereto.
-3.4.5 Dry Pipe Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing
-automatic sprinklers that are attached to a piping system contain-
-ing air or nitrogen under pressure, the release of which (as from
-13–18 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-
-the opening of a sprinkler) permits the water pressure to open a
-valve known as a dry pipe valve, and the water then flows into the
-piping system and out the opened sprinklers.
-3.4.6* Gridded Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system in which
-parallel cross mains are connected by multiple branch lines,
-causing an operating sprinkler to receive water from both
-ends of its branch line while other branch lines help transfer
-water between cross mains.
-3.4.7* Looped Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system in which
-multiple cross mains are tied together so as to provide more
-than one path for water to flow to an operating sprinkler and
-branch lines are not tied together.
-3.4.8 Multicycle System. A type of sprinkler system capable of
-repeated on–off flow cycles in response to heat.
-3.4.9 Pipe Schedule System. A sprinkler system in which the
-pipe sizing is selected from a schedule that is determined by the
-occupancy classification and in which a given number of sprin-
-klers are allowed to be supplied from specific sizes of pipe.
-3.4.10* Preaction Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employ-
-ing automatic sprinklers that are attached to a piping system that
-contains air that might or might not be under pressure, with a
-supplemental detection system installed in the same areas as the
-sprinklers.
-3.4.11 Wet Pipe Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employ-
-ing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing
-water and connected to a water supply so that water discharges
-immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from a fire.
-3.5* System Component Definitions.
-3.5.1 Air Receiver. A chamber, compatible with an air com-
-pressor, that can store air under pressure that is higher in
-pressure than that in the dry pipe or preaction system piping.
-3.5.2 Air Reservoir. A chamber that can store air at the same
-pressure that is in the wet pipe system piping.
-3.5.3 Arm-Over. A horizontal pipe that extends from the
-branch line to a single sprinkler or a sprinkler above and be-
-low a ceiling.
-3.5.4 Branch Lines. The pipes supplying sprinklers, either di-
-rectly or through sprigs, drops, return bends, or arm-overs.
-3.5.5 Cross Mains. The pipes supplying the branch lines, ei-
-ther directly or through riser nipples.
-3.5.6 Feed Mains. The pipes supplying cross mains, either
-directly or through risers.
-3.5.7 Flexible Listed Pipe Coupling.A listed coupling or fitting
-that allows axial displacement, rotation, and at least 1 degree of
-angular movement of the pipe without inducing harm on the
-pipe. For pipe diameters of 8 in. (203.2 mm) and larger, the
-angular movement shall be permitted to be less than 1 degree
-but not less than 0.5 degree.
-3.5.8 Riser Nipple. Vertical piece of pipe between the main
-and branch line.
-3.5.9 Risers. The vertical supply pipes in a sprinkler system.
-3.5.10 Sprig. A pipe that rises vertically and supplies a single
-sprinkler.
-3.5.11 Supervisory Device. A device arranged to supervise the
-operative condition of automatic sprinkler systems.
-3.5.12 System Riser. The aboveground horizontal or vertical
-pipe between the water supply and the mains (cross or feed)
-that contains a control valve (either directly or within its sup-
-ply pipe), pressure gauge, drain, and a waterflow alarm device.
-3.5.13 Waterflow Alarm Device. An attachment to the sprin-
-kler system that detects a predetermined water flow and is
-connected to a fire alarm system to initiate an alarm condition
-or is used to mechanically or electrically initiate a fire pump or
-local audible or visual alarm.
-3.6 Sprinkler Definitions.
-3.6.1* General Sprinkler Characteristics. The following are
-characteristics of a sprinkler that define its ability to control or
-extinguish a fire. (1) Thermal sensitivity. A measure of the
-rapidity with which the thermal element operates as installed
-in a specific sprinkler or sprinkler assembly. One measure of
-thermal sensitivity is the response time index (RTI) as mea-
-sured under standardized test conditions. (a) Sprinklers de-
-fined as fast response have a thermal element with an RTI of
-50 (meters-seconds)1/2 or less. (b) Sprinklers defined as stan-
-dard response have a thermal element with an RTI of
-80 (meters-seconds) 1/2 or more. (2) Temperature rating.
-(3) K-factor (see Chapter 6). (4) Installation orientation (see
-3.6.2). (5) Water distribution characteristics (i.e., application
-rate, wall wetting). (6) Special service conditions (see 3.6.3).
-3.6.2 Installation Orientation. The following sprinklers are
-defined according to orientation.
-3.6.2.1 Concealed Sprinkler. A recessed sprinkler with cover
-plate.
-3.6.2.2 Flush Sprinkler. A sprinkler in which all or part of
-the body, including the shank thread, is mounted above
-the lower plane of the ceiling.
-3.6.2.3 Pendent Sprinkler. A sprinkler designed to be in-
-stalled in such a way that the water stream is directed down-
-ward against the deflector.
-3.6.2.4 Recessed Sprinkler. A sprinkler in which all or part
-of the body, other than the shank thread, is mounted
-within a recessed housing.
-3.6.2.5 Sidewall Sprinkler. A sprinkler having special de-
-flectors that are designed to discharge most of the water
-away from the nearby wall in a pattern resembling one-
-quarter of a sphere, with a small portion of the discharge
-directed at the wall behind the sprinkler.
-3.6.2.6 Upright Sprinkler. A sprinkler designed to be in-
-stalled in such a way that the water spray is directed up-
-wards against the deflector.
-3.6.3 Special Service Conditions.The following sprinklers are
-defined according to special application or environment.
-3.6.3.1 Corrosion-Resistant Sprinkler. A sprinkler fabricated
-with corrosion-resistant material, or with special coatings
-or platings, to be used in an atmosphere that would nor-
-mally corrode sprinklers.
-3.6.3.2* Dry Sprinkler. A sprinkler secured in an extension
-nipple that has a seal at the inlet end to prevent water from
-entering the nipple until the sprinkler operates.
-3.6.3.3 Institutional Sprinkler. A sprinkler specially de-
-signed for resistance to load-bearing purposes and with
-components not readily converted for use as weapons.
-13–19DEFINITIONS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-3.6.3.4 Intermediate Level Sprinkler/Rack Storage Sprinkler.A
-sprinkler equipped with integral shields to protect its oper-
-ating elements from the discharge of sprinklers installed at
-higher elevations.
-3.6.3.5 Ornamental/Decorative Sprinkler. A sprinkler that
-has been painted or plated by the manufacturer.
-3.6.3.6 Pilot Line Detector. A standard spray sprinkler or
-thermostatic fixed-temperature release device used as a detec-
-tor to pneumatically or hydraulically release the main valve,
-controlling the flow of water into a fire protection system.
-3.6.4 Sprinkler Types. The following sprinklers are defined
-according to design and performance characteristics.
-3.6.4.1* Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA) Sprinkler.A
-type of spray sprinkler that is capable of producing charac-
-teristic large water droplets and that is listed for its capabil-
-ity to provide fire control of specific high-challenge fire
-hazards.
-3.6.4.2* Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinkler.A
-type of fast-response sprinkler that has a thermal element
-with an RTI of 50 (meters-seconds) 1/2 or less and is listed
-for its capability to provide fire suppression of specific
-high-challenge fire hazards.
-3.6.4.3 Extended Coverage Sprinkler. A type of spray sprin-
-kler with maximum coverage areas as specified in Sections
-8.8 and 8.9 of this standard.
-3.6.4.4 Nozzles. A device for use in applications requiring
-special water discharge patterns, directional spray, or other
-unusual discharge characteristics.
-3.6.4.5 Old-Style/Conventional Sprinkler. A sprinkler that
-directs from 40 percent to 60 percent of the total water
-initially in a downward direction and that is designed to be
-installed with the deflector either upright or pendent.
-3.6.4.6 Open Sprinkler. A sprinkler that does not have ac-
-tuators or heat-responsive elements.
-3.6.4.7* Quick-Response (QR) Sprinkler.A type of spray sprin-
-kler that has a thermal element with an RTI of 50 (meter-
-seconds)1/2 or less and is listed as a quick-response sprinkler
-for its intended use.
-3.6.4.7.1* Quick-Response Early Suppression (QRES) Sprin-
-kler. A type of quick-response sprinkler that has a thermal
-element with an RTI of 50 (meter-seconds)1/2 or less and is
-listed for its capability to provide fire suppression of spe-
-cific fire hazards.
-3.6.4.7.2 Quick-Response Extended Coverage Sprinkler. A
-type of quick-response sprinkler that has a thermal element
-with an RTI of 50 (meter-seconds)1/2 or less and complies
-with the extended protection areas defined in Chapter 8.
-3.6.4.8 Residential Sprinkler. A type of fast-response sprin-
-kler having a thermal element with an RTI of 50 (meters-
-seconds)1/2 or less, that has been specifically investigated for
-its ability to enhance survivability in the room of fire origin,
-and that is listed for use in the protection of dwelling units.
-3.6.4.9 Special Sprinkler. A sprinkler that has been tested
-and listed as prescribed in 8.4.8.
-3.6.4.10 Spray Sprinkler. A type of sprinkler listed for its
-capability to provide fire control for a wide range of fire
-hazards.
-3.6.4.10.1 Standard Spray Sprinkler. A spray sprinkler with
-maximum coverage areas as specified in Sections 8.6 and
-8.7 of this standard.
-3.7 Construction Definitions.
-3.7.1* Obstructed Construction. Panel construction and other
-construction where beams, trusses, or other members impede
-heat flow or water distribution in a manner that materially affects
-the ability of sprinklers to control or suppress a fire.
-3.7.2* Unobstructed Construction. Construction where beams,
-trusses, or other members do not impede heat flow or water dis-
-tribution in a manner that materially affects the ability of sprin-
-klers to control or suppress a fire. Unobstructed construction has
-horizontal structural members that are not solid, where the
-openings are at least 70 percent of the cross-section area and the
-depth of the member does not exceed the least dimension of the
-openings, or all construction types where the spacing of struc-
-tural members exceeds 71⁄2 ft (2.3 m) on center.
-3.8 Private Water Supply Piping Definitions.
-3.8.1 General Definitions from NFP A 24.
-3.8.1.1 Appurtenance. An accessory or attachment that en-
-ables the private fire service main to perform its intended
-function. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.2 Corrosion-Resistant Piping. Piping that has the prop-
-erty of being able to withstand deterioration of its surface or
-its properties when exposed to its environment. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.3 Corrosion-Retardant Material. A lining or coating
-material that when applied to piping or appurtenances has
-the property of reducing or slowing the deterioration of
-the object’s surface or properties when exposed to its envi-
-ronment. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.4 Fire Department Connection. A connection through
-which the fire department can pump supplemental water
-into the sprinkler system, standpipe, or other system, fur-
-nishing water for fire extinguishment to supplement exist-
-ing water supplies. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.5 Fire Pump. A pump that is a provider of liquid flow
-and pressure dedicated to fire protection. [20, 2013]
-3.8.1.6 Hose House. An enclosure located over or adjacent
-to a hydrant or other water supply designed to contain the
-necessary hose nozzles, hose wrenches, gaskets, and span-
-ners to be used in fire fighting in conjunction with and to
-provide aid to the local fire department. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.7 Hydrant Butt. The hose connection outlet of a hy-
-drant. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.8 Hydraulically Calculated Water Demand Flow Rate.
-The waterflow rate for a system or hose stream that has been
-calculated using accepted engineering practices. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.9 Pressure.
-3.8.1.9.1 Residual Pressure. The pressure that exists in the
-distribution system, measured at the residual hydrant at the
-time the flow readings are taken at the flow hydrants. [ 24,
-2013]
-3.8.1.9.2 Static Pressure. The pressure that exists at a given
-point under normal distribution system conditions measured
-at the residual hydrant with no hydrants flowing. [24, 2013]
-13–20 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
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-3.8.1.10 Pressure Regulating Device. A device designed for
-the purpose of reducing, regulating, controlling, or re-
-stricting water pressure. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.11* Private Fire Service Main. Private fire service
-main, as used in this standard, is that pipe and its appur-
-tenances on private property (1) between a source of
-water and the base of the system riser for water-based fire
-protection systems, (2) between a source of water and
-inlets to foam-making systems, (3) between a source of
-water and the base elbow of private hydrants or monitor
-nozzles, and (4) used as fire pump suction and discharge
-piping, (5) beginning at the inlet side of the check valve
-on a gravity or pressure tank. [ 24, 2013]
-3.8.1.12 Pumper Outlet. The hydrant outlet intended for
-use by fire departments for taking supply from the hydrant
-for pumpers. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.13 Rated Capacity. The flow available from a hydrant
-at the designated residual pressure (rated pressure) either
-measured or calculated. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.14 Test.
-3.8.1.14.1 Flow Test. A test performed by the flow and
-measurement of water from one hydrant and the static and
-residual pressures from an adjacent hydrant for the pur-
-pose of determining the available water supply at that loca-
-tion. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.14.2 Flushing Test. A test of a piping system using
-high velocity flows to remove debris from the piping system
-prior to it being placed in service. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.14.3 Hydrostatic Test. A test of a closed piping system
-and its attached appurtenances consisting of subjecting the
-piping to an increased internal pressure for a specified period
-of duration to verify system integrity and leak rates. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.15 Valve.
-3.8.1.15.1 Check Valve. A valve that allows flow in one direc-
-tion only. [24, 2013]
-3.8.1.15.2 Indicating Valve. A valve that has components
-that show if the valve is open or closed. Examples are out-
-side screw and yoke (OS&Y) gate valves and underground
-gate valves with indicator posts. [24, 2013]
-3.8.2 Hydrant Definitions from NFP A 24.
-3.8.2.1 Hydrant. An exterior valved connection to a water
-supply system that provides hose connections. [24, 2013]
-3.8.2.1.1 Dry Barrel Hydrant. This is the most common
-type of hydrant; it has a control valve below the frost line
-between the footpiece and the barrel. [24, 2013]
-3.8.2.1.2 Flow Hydrant. The hydrant that is used for the
-flow and flow measurement of water during a flow test.
-[24, 2013]
-3.8.2.1.3 Private Fire Hydrant. A valved connection on a
-water supply system having one or more outlets and that is
-used to supply hose and fire department pumpers with wa-
-ter on private property. [24, 2013]
-3.8.2.1.4 Public Hydrant. A valved connection on a water
-supply system having one or more outlets and that is used
-to supply hose and fire department pumpers with water.
-[24, 2013]
-3.8.2.1.5 Residual Hydrant. The hydrant that is used for
-measuring static and residual pressures during a flow test.
-[24, 2013]
-3.8.2.1.6 Wet Barrel Hydrant. A type of hydrant that some-
-times is used where there is no danger of freezing weather.
-Each outlet on a wet barrel hydrant is provided with a
-valved outlet threaded for fire hose. [24, 2013]
-3.9 Storage Definitions.
-3.9.1* General.
-3.9.1.1* Available Height for Storage.The maximum height
-at which commodities can be stored above the floor and
-still maintain necessary clearance from structural members
-and the required clearance below sprinklers.
-3.9.1.2 Cartoned. A method of storage consisting of corru-
-gated cardboard or paperboard containers fully enclosing
-the commodity.
-3.9.1.3* Carton Records Storage. A Class III commodity con-
-sisting predominantly of paper records in cardboard cartons.
-3.9.1.4 Catwalk. For the purposes of carton records stor-
-age, a storage aid consisting of either open metal grating or
-solid horizontal barriers supported from a rack storage sys-
-tem that is utilized as a walkway for access to storage at
-elevated levels. Catwalks are accessed using stairs and are
-not separate floors of a building.
-3.9.1.5 Clearance to Ceiling. The distance from the top of
-storage to the ceiling above.
-3.9.1.6 Commodity. The combination of products, pack-
-ing material, and container that determines commodity
-classification.
-3.9.1.7 Compact Storage. Storage on solid shelves not ex-
-ceeding 36 in. (0.9 m) in total depth, arranged as part of a
-compact storage module, with no more than 30 in. (0.76 m)
-between shelves vertically and with no internal vertical flue
-spaces other than those between individual shelving sections.
-3.9.1.8 Compact Storage Module. A type of shelving unit
-consisting of compact storage whereby the units move to
-allow for storage to be pushed together creating a storage
-unit with no flues or minimal spaces between units. Aisles
-are created by moving the shelving unit. Compact storage
-modules can be manual or electric in operation.
-3.9.1.9* Compartmented. The rigid separation of the prod-
-ucts in a container by dividers that form a stable unit under
-fire conditions.
-3.9.1.10* Container (Shipping, Master, or Outer Container).A
-receptacle strong enough, by reason of material, design,
-and construction, to be shipped safely without further
-packaging.
-3.9.1.11* Conventional Pallets. A material-handling aid de-
-signed to support a unit load with openings to provide access
-for material-handling devices.(See Figure A.3.9.1.11.)
-3.9.1.12* Encapsulation. A method of packaging that ei-
-ther consists of a plastic sheet completely enclosing the
-sides and top of a pallet load containing a combustible
-commodity, a combustible package, or a group of combus-
-tible commodities or combustible packages, or consists of
-combustible commodities individually wrapped in plastic
-sheeting and stored exposed in a pallet load.
-13–21DEFINITIONS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-3.9.1.13 Expanded (Foamed or Cellular) Plastics. Those
-plastics, the density of which is reduced by the presence of
-numerous small cavities (cells), interconnecting or not,
-dispersed throughout their mass.
-3.9.1.14 Exposed Group A Plastic Commodities.Those plas-
-tics not in packaging or coverings that absorb water or oth-
-erwise appreciably retard the burning hazard of the com-
-modity. (Paper wrapped or encapsulated, or both, should
-be considered exposed.)
-3.9.1.15 Free-Flowing Plastic Materials. Those plastics that
-fall out of their containers during a fire, fill flue spaces, and
-create a smothering effect on the fire. Examples include
-powder, pellets, flakes, or random-packed small objects [e.g.,
-razor blade dispensers, 1 oz to 2 oz (28 g to 57 g) bottles].
-3.9.1.16 High-Challenge Fire Hazard. A fire hazard typical
-of that produced by fires in combustible high-piled storage.
-3.9.1.17 High-Piled Storage. Solid-piled, palletized, rack
-storage, bin box, and shelf storage in excess of 12 ft (3.7 m)
-in height.
-3.9.1.18* Miscellaneous Storage. Storage that does not ex-
-ceed 12 ft (3.66 m) in height, is incidental to another occu-
-pancy use group, does not constitute more than 10 percent
-of the building area or 4000 ft2 (372 m2) of the sprinklered
-area, whichever is greater, does not exceed 1000 ft2 (93 m2)
-in one pile or area, and is separated from other storage
-areas by at least 25 ft (7.62 m).
-3.9.1.19* Open-Top Container. A container of any shape
-that is entirely or partially open on the top and arranged so
-as to allow for the collection of discharging sprinkler water
-cascading through the storage array.
-3.9.1.20 Packaging. A commodity wrapping, cushioning,
-or container.
-3.9.1.21 Plastic Pallet. A pallet having any portion of its
-construction consisting of a plastic material.
-3.9.1.22* Reinforced Plastic Pallet. A plastic pallet incorpo-
-rating a secondary reinforcing material (such as steel or
-fiberglass) within the pallet.
-3.9.1.23 Roof Height. The distance between the floor and
-the underside of the roof deck within the storage area.
-3.9.1.24 Slave Pallet. A special pallet captive to a material-
-handling system. (See Figure A.3.9.1.11.)
-3.9.1.25 Storage Aids. Commodity storage devices, such as
-pallets, dunnage, separators, and skids.
-3.9.1.26 Unit Load. A pallet load or module held together
-in some manner and normally transported by material-
-handling equipment.
-3.9.1.27 Wood Pallet. A pallet constructed entirely of wood
-with metal fasteners.
-3.9.2 Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin Box, and Shelf Storage.
-3.9.2.1 Array.
-3.9.2.1.1 Closed Array. A storage arrangement where air
-movement through the pile is restricted because of 6 in.
-(152 mm) or less vertical flues.
-3.9.2.1.2* Open Array. A storage arrangement where air
-movement through the pile is enhanced because of vertical
-flues larger than 6 in. (152 mm).
-3.9.2.2 Bin Box Storage. Storage in five-sided wood, metal,
-or cardboard boxes with open face on the aisles in which
-boxes are self-supporting or supported by a structure so
-designed that little or no horizontal or vertical space exists
-around boxes.
-3.9.2.3 Palletized Storage. Storage of commodities on pal-
-lets or other storage aids that form horizontal spaces be-
-tween tiers of storage.
-3.9.2.4* Pile Stability, Stable Piles. Those arrays where col-
-lapse, spillage of content, or leaning of stacks across flue
-spaces is not likely to occur soon after initial fire development.
-3.9.2.5* Pile Stability, Unstable Piles. Those arrays where
-collapse, spillage of contents, or leaning of stacks across
-flue spaces occurs soon after initial fire development.
-3.9.2.6* Shelf Storage. Storage on structures up to and in-
-cluding 30 in. (0.76 m) deep and separated by aisles at least
-30 in. (0.76 m) wide.
-3.9.2.6.1* Back-to-Back Shelf Storage. Two solid or perfo-
-rated shelves up to 30 in. (0.76 m) in depth each, not ex-
-ceeding a total depth of 60 in. (1.52 m), separated by a
-longitudinal vertical barrier such as plywood, particle-
-board, sheet metal, or equivalent, with a maximum 0.25 in.
-(6.4 mm) diameter penetrations and no longitudinal flue
-space and a maximum storage height of 15 ft (4.57 m).
-3.9.2.7 Solid-Piled Storage. Storage of commodities stacked
-on each other.
-3.9.2.8 Solid Unit Load of Nonexpanded Plastic (Either Car-
-toned or Exposed). A load that does not have voids (air)
-within the load and that burns only on the exterior of the
-load; water from sprinklers might reach most surfaces avail-
-able to burn.
-3.9.3 Rack Storage.
-3.9.3.1* Aisle Width. The horizontal dimension between
-the face of the loads in racks under consideration.
-3.9.3.2 Automotive Components on Portable Racks.Automo-
-tive components on portable racks are defined as the
-following: instrument panels, windshields, metal and
-plastic gasoline tanks, heater housings, door panels, in-
-terior trim, bumper facia, wiring harnesses, sheet metal,
-body components, engines, driveline components, steer-
-ing mechanisms, auxiliary motors, and lighting — all
-with or without expanded plastic donnage. This defini-
-tion does not include the storage of air bags, tires, and
-seats on portable racks.
-3.9.3.3 Bulkhead. A vertical barrier across the rack.
-3.9.3.4* Face Sprinklers. Standard sprinklers that are lo-
-cated in transverse flue spaces along the aisle or in the rack,
-are within 18 in. (0.46 m) of the aisle face of storage, and
-are used to oppose vertical development of fire on the ex-
-ternal face of storage.
-3.9.3.5 Horizontal Barrier. A solid barrier in the horizontal
-position covering the entire rack, including all flue spaces at
-certain height increments, to prevent vertical fire spread.
-3.9.3.6* Longitudinal Flue Space. The space between rows
-of storage perpendicular to the direction of loading with a
-width not exceeding 24 in. (610 mm) between storage.
-13–22 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-3.9.3.7* Rack. Any combination of vertical, horizontal,
-and diagonal members that supports stored materials.
-[1, 2012]
-3.9.3.7.1 Double-Row Racks. Racks less than or equal to
-12 ft (3.7 m) in depth or single-row racks placed back to
-back having an aggregate depth up to 12 ft (3.7 m), with
-aisles having an aisle width of at least 3.5 ft (1.1 m) between
-loads on racks.
-3.9.3.7.2 Movable Racks. Racks on fixed rails or guides
-that can be moved back and forth only in a horizontal,
-two-dimensional plane. A moving aisle is created as abut-
-ting racks are either loaded or unloaded, then moved
-across the aisle to abut other racks.
-3.9.3.7.3 Multiple-Row Racks. Racks greater than 12 ft
-(3.7 m) in depth or single- or double-row racks separated
-by aisles less than 3.5 ft (1.1 m) wide having an overall
-width greater than 12 ft (3.7 m).
-3.9.3.7.4 Portable Racks. Racks that are not fixed in place
-and can be arranged in any number of configurations.
-3.9.3.7.5 Single-Row Racks. Racks that have no longitudi-
-nal flue space and that have a depth up to 6 ft (1.8 m) with
-aisles having a width of at least 3.5 ft (1.1 m) between loads
-on racks.
-3.9.3.7.6 Rack Shelf Area. The area of the horizontal sur-
-face of a shelf in a rack defined by perimeter aisle(s) or
-nominal 6 in. (152 mm) flue spaces on all four sides, or by
-the placement of loads that block openings that would oth-
-erwise serve as the required flue spaces.
-3.9.3.7.7 Open Rack. Racks without shelving or with shelv-
-ing in racks that are fixed in place with shelves having a
-solid surface and a shelf area equal to or less than 20 ft 2
-(1.9 m2) or with shelves having a wire mesh, slatted surface,
-or other material with openings representing at least
-50 percent of the shelf area including the horizontal area
-of rack members and where the flue spaces are maintained.
-3.9.3.7.8 Slatted Shelf Rack. A rack where shelves are fixed
-in place with a series of narrow individual solid supports
-used as the shelf material and spaced apart with regular
-openings.
-3.9.3.7.9 Solid Shelf Rack.A rack where shelves are fixed in
-place with a solid, slatted, or wire mesh barrier used as the
-shelf material and having limited openings in the shelf area.
-3.9.3.8 Solid Shelving. Shelving that is fixed in place, slat-
-ted, wire mesh, or other type of shelves located within
-racks. The area of a solid shelf is defined by perimeter aisle
-or flue space on all four sides. Solid shelves having an area
-equal to or less than 20 ft 2 (1.9 m2) are defined as open
-racks. Shelves of wire mesh, slats, or other materials more
-than 50 percent open and where the flue spaces are main-
-tained are defined as open racks.
-3.9.3.9 Transverse Flue Space. The space between rows of
-storage parallel to the direction of loading. (See Fig-
-ure A.3.9.3.6.)
-3.9.4 Rubber Tire Storage Definitions.
-3.9.4.1 Banded Tires. A storage method in which a num-
-ber of tires are strapped together.
-3.9.4.2 Horizontal Channel. Any uninterrupted space in
-excess of 5 ft (1.5 m) in length between horizontal layers of
-stored tires. Such channels can be formed by pallets, shelv-
-ing, racks, or other storage arrangements.
-3.9.4.3 Laced Tire Storage. Tires stored where the sides of
-the tires overlap, creating a woven or laced appearance.
-[See Figure A.3.9.4.9(g).]
-3.9.4.4* Miscellaneous Tire Storage. The storage of rubber
-tires that is incidental to the main use of the building; stor-
-age areas do not exceed 2000 ft 2 (186 m2), and on-tread
-storage piles, regardless of storage method, do not exceed
-25 ft (7.6 m) in the direction of the wheel holes. Acceptable
-storage arrangements include (a) on-floor, on-side storage
-up to 12 ft (3.7 m) high; (b) on-floor, on-tread storage up
-to 5 ft (1.5 m) high; (c) double-row or multirow fixed or
-portable rack storage on-side or on-tread up to 5 ft (1.5 m)
-high; (d) single-row fixed or portable rack storage on-side
-or on-tread up to 12 ft (3.7 m) high; and (e) laced tires in
-racks up to 5 ft (1.5 m) in height.
-3.9.4.5 On-Side Tire Storage.Tires stored horizontally or flat.
-3.9.4.6 On-Tread Tire Storage. Tires stored vertically or on
-their treads.
-3.9.4.7 Palletized Tire Storage.Storage on portable racks of
-various types utilizing a conventional pallet as a base.
-3.9.4.8 Pyramid Tire Storage. On-floor storage in which
-tires are formed into a pyramid to provide pile stability.
-3.9.4.9* Rubber Tire Rack Illustrations.See Figure A.3.9.4.9(a)
-through Figure A.3.9.4.9(g).
-3.9.4.10 Rubber Tires. Pneumatic tires for passenger auto-
-mobiles, aircraft, light and heavy trucks, trailers, farm
-equipment, construction equipment (off-the-road), and
-buses.
-3.9.5 Roll Paper Definitions.
-3.9.5.1 Array (Paper).
-3.9.5.1.1 Closed Array (Paper). A vertical storage arrange-
-ment in which the distances between columns in both di-
-rections are short [not more than 2 in. (50 mm) in one
-direction and 1 in. (25 mm) in the other].
-3.9.5.1.2 Open Array (Paper). A vertical storage arrange-
-ment in which the distance between columns in both
-directions is lengthy (all vertical arrays other than closed
-or standard).
-3.9.5.1.3* Standard Array (Paper). A vertical storage ar-
-rangement in which the distance between columns in one
-direction is short [1 in. (25 mm) or less] and is in excess of
-2 in. (50 mm) in the other direction.
-3.9.5.2 Banded Roll Paper Storage. Rolls provided with a
-circumferential steel strap [ 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) or wider] at
-each end of the roll.
-3.9.5.3 Column. A single vertical stack of rolls.
-3.9.5.4 Core. The central tube around which paper is
-wound to form a roll.
-3.9.5.5 Paper (General Term). The term for all kinds of
-felted sheets made from natural fibrous materials, usually
-vegetable but sometimes mineral or animal, and formed on
-a fine wire screen from water suspension.
-13–23DEFINITIONS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-3.9.5.6 Roll Paper Storage.
-3.9.5.6.1 Horizontal Roll Paper Storage. Rolls stored with
-the cores in the horizontal plane (on-side storage).
-3.9.5.6.2 Vertical Roll Paper Storage. Rolls stored with the
-cores in the vertical plane (on-end storage).
-3.9.5.6.3* Wrapped Roll Paper Storage.Rolls provided with a
-complete heavy kraft covering around both sides and ends.
-3.9.5.7* Roll Paper Storage Height. The maximum vertical
-distance above the floor at which roll paper is normally stored.
-3.9.6 Baled Cotton Definitions.
-3.9.6.1* Baled Cotton. A natural seed fiber wrapped and
-secured in industry-accepted materials, usually consisting
-of burlap, woven polypropylene, or sheet polyethylene,
-and secured with steel, synthetic or wire bands, or wire; also
-includes linters (lint removed from the cottonseed) and
-motes (residual materials from the ginning process). (See
-Table A.3.9.6.1.)
-3.9.6.2* Tiered Storage. An arrangement in which bales are
-stored directly on the floor, two or more bales high.
-3.10 Marine Definitions. These definitions apply to Chap-
-ter 26 only.
-3.10.1 A-Class Boundary. A boundary designed to resist the
-passage of smoke and flame for 1 hour when tested in accor-
-dance with ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of
-Building Construction and Materials.
-3.10.2 B-Class Boundary. A boundary designed to resist the
-passage of flame for 1⁄2 hour when tested in accordance with
-ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Con-
-struction and Materials.
-3.10.3 Central Safety Station. A continuously manned control
-station from which all of the fire control equipment is moni-
-tored. If this station is not the bridge, direct communication
-with the bridge must be provided by means other than the
-ship’s service telephone.
-3.10.4* Heat-Sensitive Material. A material whose melting
-point is below 1700°F (926.7°C).
-3.10.5 Heel. The inclination of a ship to one side.
-3.10.6 Heel Angle. The angle defined by the intersection of a
-vertical line through the center of a vessel and a line perpen-
-dicular to the surface of the water.
-3.10.7* International Shore Connection. A universal connec-
-tion to the vessel’s fire main to which a shoreside fire-fighting
-water supply can be connected.
-3.10.8* Marine System. A sprinkler system installed on a ship,
-boat, or other floating structure that takes its supply from the
-water on which the vessel floats.
-3.10.9* Marine Thermal Barrier. An assembly that is con-
-structed of noncombustible materials and made intact with
-the main structure of the vessel, such as shell, structural bulk-
-heads, and decks; meets the requirements of a B-Class bound-
-ary; and is insulated such that, if tested in accordance with
-ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Con-
-struction and Materials , for 15 minutes, the average tempera-
-ture of the unexposed side does not rise more than 250°F
-(193°C) above the original temperature, nor does the tem-
-perature at any one point, including any joint, rise more than
-405°F (225°C) above the original temperature.
-3.10.10 Marine Water Supply. The supply portion of the
-sprinkler system from the water pressure tank or the sea suc-
-tion of the designated sprinkler system pump up to and in-
-cluding the valve that isolates the sprinkler system from these
-two water sources.
-3.10.11 Supervision. A visual and audible alarm signal given
-at the central safety station to indicate when the system is in
-operation or when a condition that would impair the satisfac-
-tory operation of the system exists. Supervisory alarms must
-give a distinct indication for each individual system compo-
-nent that is monitored.
-3.10.12 Survival Angle. The maximum angle to which a vessel
-is permitted to heel after the assumed damage required by
-stability regulations is imposed.
-3.10.13 Type 1 Stair. A fully enclosed stair that serves all levels
-of a vessel in which persons can be employed.
-3.11 Hanging and Bracing Definitions.
-3.11.1 Cp. The seismic coefficient that combines ground mo-
-tion and seismic response factors from SEI/ASCE 7,Minimum
-Design Loads of Buildings and Other Structures.
-3.11.2 Fpw. The horizontal force due to seismic load acting
-on a brace at working stress levels.
-3.11.3* Four-Way Bracing. Adjacent sway braces or a sway
-brace assembly intended to resist differential movement of the
-system piping in all horizontal directions.
-3.11.4 Hanger. A device or assembly used to support the grav-
-ity load of the system piping.
-3.11.5 Lateral Brace. A sway brace intended to resist differen-
-tial movement perpendicular to the axis of the system piping.
-3.11.6 Longitudinal Brace. A sway brace intended to resist dif-
-ferential movement parallel to the axis of the system piping.
-3.11.7 Net Vertical Force. The vertical reaction due to the
-angle of installation of sway braces on system piping resulting
-from earthquake motion.
-3.11.8* Post-Installed Anchors. A device used for fastening
-pipe to the building structure, installed in hardened concrete.
-3.11.9 Ss. The maximum considered earthquake ground
-motion for 0.2-second spectral response acceleration (5 per-
-cent of critical damping), site Class B for a specific site.
-3.11.10* Seismic Separation Assembly.An assembly of fittings,
-pipe, flexible pipe, and/or couplings that permits movement
-in all directions to accommodate seismic differential move-
-ment across building seismic separation joints.
-3.11.11 Sway Brace. An assembly intended to be attached to
-the system piping to resist horizontal earthquake loads in two
-directions.
-Chapter 4 General Requirements
-4.1 Level of Protection. A building, where protected by an
-automatic sprinkler system installation, shall be provided with
-sprinklers in all areas except where specific sections of this
-standard permit the omission of sprinklers.
-13–24 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-4.2 Limited Area Systems.
-4.2.1 When partial sprinkler systems are installed, the require-
-ments of this standard shall be used insofar as they are applicable.
-4.2.2 The authority having jurisdiction shall be consulted in
-each case.
-4.3* Owner’s Certificate.The owner(s) of a building or struc-
-ture where the fire sprinkler system is going to be installed or
-their authorized agent shall provide the sprinkler system in-
-staller with the following information prior to the layout and
-detailing of the fire sprinkler system [see Figure A.23.1(b)]:
-(1) Intended use of the building including the materials within
-the building and the maximum height of any storage
-(2) A preliminary plan of the building or structure along with
-the design concepts necessary to perform the layout and
-detail for the fire sprinkler system
-(3)*Any special knowledge of the water supply, including known
-environmental conditions that might be responsible for cor-
-rosion, including microbiologically influenced corrosion
-(MIC)
-4.4* Additives. Additives or chemicals intended to stop leaks,
-such as sodium silicate or derivatives of sodium silicate, brine, or
-similar acting chemicals, shall not be used in sprinkler systems.
-4.5 Air, Nitrogen, or Other Approved Gas. Where air is used
-to charge, maintain, or supervise sprinkler systems, nitrogen
-or other approved gas shall also be permitted to be used.
-4.6* Support of Nonsprinkler System Components. Sprinkler
-system components shall not be used to support nonsprinkler
-system components unless expressly permitted by this standard.
-Chapter 5 Classification of Occupancies
-and Commodities
-5.1* Classification of Occupancies.
-5.1.1 Occupancy classifications for this standard shall relate
-to sprinkler design, installation, and water supply require-
-ments only.
-5.1.2 Occupancy classifications shall not be intended to be a
-general classification of occupancy hazards.
-5.2* Light Hazard Occupancies.Light hazard occupancies shall
-be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies
-where the quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and
-fires with relatively low rates of heat release are expected.
-5.3* Ordinary Hazard Occupancies.
-5.3.1* Ordinary Hazard (Group 1).
-5.3.1.1 Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be de-
-fined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where
-combustibility is low, quantity of combustibles is moderate,
-stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m), and fires
-with moderate rates of heat release are expected.
-5.3.1.2 Dedicated and miscellaneous storage shall be protected
-in accordance with Chapter 12 and Chapter 13 as applicable.
-5.3.2* Ordinary Hazard (Group 2).
-5.3.2.1 Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be de-
-fined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the
-quantity and combustibility of contents are moderate to high,
-stockpiles of contents with moderate rates of heat release do not
-exceed 12 ft (3.66 m), and stockpiles of contents with high rates
-of heat release do not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m).
-5.3.2.2 Dedicated and miscellaneous storage shall be protected
-in accordance with Chapter 12 and Chapter 13 as applicable.
-5.4 Extra Hazard Occupancies.
-5.4.1* Extra Hazard (Group 1). Extra hazard (Group 1) occu-
-pancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other
-occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of con-
-tents are very high and dust, lint, or other materials are
-present, introducing the probability of rapidly developing
-fires with high rates of heat release but with little or no com-
-bustible or flammable liquids.
-5.4.2* Extra Hazard (Group 2). Extra hazard (Group 2) occu-
-pancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other
-occupancies with moderate to substantial amounts of flam-
-mable or combustible liquids or occupancies where shielding
-of combustibles is extensive.
-5.5* Special Occupancy Hazards.
-5.6* Commodity Classification. See Section C.2.
-5.6.1 General.
-5.6.1.1* Classification of Commodities.
-5.6.1.1.1 Commodity classification and the corresponding pro-
-tection requirements shall be determined based on the makeup
-of individual storage units (i.e., unit load, pallet load).
-5.6.1.1.2 When specific test data of commodity classification
-by a nationally recognized testing agency are available, the
-data shall be permitted to be used in determining classifica-
-tion of commodities.
-5.6.1.2 Mixed Commodities.
-5.6.1.2.1 Protection requirements shall not be based on the
-overall commodity mix in a fire area.
-5.6.1.2.2 Unless the requirements of 5.6.1.2.3 or 5.6.1.2.4 are
-met, mixed commodity storage shall be protected by the re-
-quirements for the highest classified commodity and storage
-arrangement.
-5.6.1.2.3 The protection requirements for the lower com-
-modity class shall be permitted to be utilized where all of the
-following are met:
-(1) Up to 10 pallet loads of a higher hazard commodity, as
-described in 5.6.3 and 5.6.4, shall be permitted to be
-present in an area not exceeding 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2).
-(2) The higher hazard commodity shall be randomly dis-
-persed with no adjacent loads in any direction (including
-diagonally).
-(3) Where the ceiling protection is based on Class I or Class II
-commodities, the allowable number of pallet loads for
-Class IV or Group A plastics shall be reduced to five.
-5.6.1.2.4 Mixed Commodity Segregation. The protection re-
-quirements for the lower commodity class shall be permitted
-to be utilized in the area of lower commodity class, where the
-higher hazard material is confined to a designated area and
-the area is protected to the higher hazard in accordance with
-the requirements of this standard.
-5.6.2 Pallet Types.
-5.6.2.1 General. When loads are palletized, the use of wood
-or metal pallets, or listed pallets equivalent to wood, shall be
-assumed in the classification of commodities.
-13–25CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES AND COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-5.6.2.2* Unreinforced Plastic Pallets. For Class I through
-Class IV commodities, when unreinforced polypropylene or
-unreinforced high-density polyethylene plastic pallets are
-used, the classification of the commodity unit shall be in-
-creased one class.
-5.6.2.2.1 Unreinforced polypropylene or unreinforced high-
-density polyethylene plastic pallets shall be marked with a per-
-manent symbol to indicate that the pallet is unreinforced.
-5.6.2.3* For Class I through Class IV commodities, when rein-
-forced polypropylene or reinforced high-density polyethylene
-plastic pallets are used, the classification of the commodity
-unit shall be increased two classes except for Class IV commod-
-ity, which shall be increased to a cartoned unexpanded
-Group A plastic commodity.
-5.6.2.3.1 Pallets shall be assumed to be reinforced if no per-
-manent marking or manufacturer’s certification of nonrein-
-forcement is provided.
-5.6.2.4 No increase in the commodity classification shall be re-
-quired for Group A plastic commodities stored on plastic pallets.
-5.6.2.5 For ceiling-only sprinkler protection, the require-
-ments of 5.6.2.2 and 5.6.2.3 shall not apply where plastic pal-
-lets are used and where the sprinkler system uses spray sprin-
-klers with a minimum K-factor of K-16.8 (240).
-5.6.2.6 The requirements of 5.6.2.2 through 5.6.2.7 shall not
-apply to nonwood pallets that have demonstrated a fire hazard
-that is equal to or less than wood pallets and are listed as such.
-5.6.2.7 For Class I through Class IV commodities stored on
-plastic pallets when other than wood, metal, or polypropylene
-or high-density polyethylene plastic pallets are used, the clas-
-sification of the commodity unit shall be determined by spe-
-cific testing conducted by a national testing laboratory or shall
-be increased two classes.
-5.6.3* Commodity Classes.
-5.6.3.1* Class I. A Class I commodity shall be defined as a
-noncombustible product that meets one of the following criteria:
-(1) Placed directly on wood pallets
-(2) Placed in single-layer corrugated cartons, with or without
-single-thickness cardboard dividers, with or without pallets
-(3) Shrink-wrapped or paper-wrapped as a unit load with or
-without pallets
-5.6.3.2* Class II. A Class II commodity shall be defined as a
-noncombustible product that is in slatted wooden crates, solid
-wood boxes, multiple-layered corrugated cartons, or equiva-
-lent combustible packaging material, with or without pallets.
-5.6.3.3* Class III.
-5.6.3.3.1 A Class III commodity shall be defined as a product
-fashioned from wood, paper, natural fibers, or Group C plas-
-tics with or without cartons, boxes, or crates and with or with-
-out pallets.
-5.6.3.3.2 A Class III commodity shall be permitted to contain
-a limited amount (5 percent by weight or volume or less) of
-Group A or Group B plastics.
-5.6.3.4* Class IV .
-5.6.3.4.1 A Class IV commodity shall be defined as a product,
-with or without pallets, that meets one of the following criteria:
-(1) Constructed partially or totally of Group B plastics
-(2) Consists of free-flowing Group A plastic materials
-(3) Contains within itself or its packaging an appreciable
-amount (5 percent to 15 percent by weight or 5 percent to
-25 percent by volume) of Group A plastics
-5.6.3.4.2 The remaining materials shall be permitted to be
-metal, wood, paper, natural or synthetic fibers, or Group B or
-Group C plastics.
-5.6.4* Classification of Plastics, Elastomers, and Rubber.Plas-
-tics, elastomers, and rubber shall be classified as Group A,
-Group B, or Group C.
-5.6.4.1* Group A.The following materials shall be classified as
-Group A:
-(1) ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer)
-(2) Acetal (polyformaldehyde)
-(3) Acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate)
-(4) Butyl rubber
-(5) EPDM (ethylene-propylene rubber)
-(6) FRP (fiberglass-reinforced polyester)
-(7) Natural rubber (if expanded)
-(8) Nitrile-rubber (acrylonitrile-butadiene-rubber)
-(9) PET (thermoplastic polyester)
-(10) Polybutadiene
-(11) Polycarbonate
-(12) Polyester elastomer
-(13) Polyethylene
-(14) Polypropylene
-(15) Polystyrene
-(16) Polyurethane
-(17) PVC (polyvinyl chloride — highly plasticized, with
-plasticizer content greater than 20 percent) (rarely
-found)
-(18) SAN (styrene acrylonitrile)
-(19) SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber)
-5.6.4.2 Group B. The following materials shall be classified as
-Group B:
-(1) Cellulosics (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate,
-ethyl cellulose)
-(2) Chloroprene rubber
-(3) Fluoroplastics (ECTFE — ethylene-chlorotrifluoro-ethylene
-copolymer; ETFE — ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene-
-copolymer; FEP — fluorinated ethylene-propylene copoly-
-mer)
-(4) Natural rubber (not expanded)
-(5) Nylon (nylon 6, nylon 6/6)
-(6) Silicone rubber
-5.6.4.3 Group C. The following materials shall be classified as
-Group C:
-(1) Fluoroplastics (PCTFE — polychlorotrifluoroethylene;
-PTFE — polytetrafluoroethylene)
-(2) Melamine (melamine formaldehyde)
-(3) Phenolic
-(4) PVC (polyvinyl chloride — flexible — PVCs with plasticizer
-content up to 20 percent)
-(5) PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride)
-(6) PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)
-(7) PVF (polyvinyl fluoride)
-(8) Urea (urea formaldehyde)
-5.6.4.4 Group A plastics shall be further subdivided as either
-expanded or nonexpanded.
-13–26 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-5.6.4.4.1 If a cartoned commodity is more than 40 percent
-(by volume) expanded plastic, it shall be protected as a car-
-toned expanded plastic.
-5.6.4.4.2 Exposed commodities containing greater than
-25 percent by volume expanded plastic shall be protected as
-an exposed expanded plastic.
-5.6.5* Classification of Rolled Paper Storage. For the pur-
-poses of this standard, the classifications of paper described in
-5.6.5.1 through 5.6.5.4 shall apply and shall be used to deter-
-mine the sprinkler system design criteria.
-5.6.5.1 Heavyweight Class. Heavyweight class shall be defined
-so as to include paperboard and paper stock having a basis
-weight [weight per 1000 ft2 (92.9 m2)] of 20 lb (9.1 kg).
-5.6.5.2 Mediumweight Class. Mediumweight class shall be de-
-fined so as to include all the broad range of papers having a
-basis weight [weight per 1000 ft 2 (92.9 m2)] of 10 lb to 20 lb
-(4.5 kg to 9.1 kg).
-5.6.5.3 Lightweight Class. Lightweight class shall be defined
-so as to include all papers having a basis weight [weight per
-1000 ft2 (92.9 m2)] of 10 lb (4.5 kg).
-5.6.5.4 Tissue.
-5.6.5.4.1 Tissue shall be defined so as to include the broad
-range of papers of characteristic gauzy texture, which, in some
-cases, are fairly transparent.
-5.6.5.4.2 For the purposes of this standard, tissue shall be
-defined as the soft, absorbent type, regardless of basis weight
-— specifically, crepe wadding and the sanitary class including
-facial tissue, paper napkins, bathroom tissue, and toweling.
-Chapter 6 was revised by a tentative interim amend-
-ment (TIA). See page 1.
-Chapter 6 System Components and Hardware
-6.1 General. This chapter shall provide requirements for cor-
-rect use of sprinkler system components and hardware.
-6.1.1* Listing.
-6.1.1.1 Materials or devices not specifically designated by this
-standard shall be used in accordance with all conditions, re-
-quirements, and limitations of their special listing.
-6.1.1.1.1 All special listing requirements shall be included
-and identified in the product submittal literature and installa-
-tion instructions.
-6.1.1.2 Unless the requirements of 6.1.1.3, 6.1.1.4, or 6.1.1.5
-are met, all materials and devices essential to successful system
-operation shall be listed.
-6.1.1.2.1 Valve components (including valve trim, internal
-parts, gaskets, and the like) shall not be required to be indi-
-vidually listed.
-6.1.1.3 Equipment as permitted in Table 6.3.1.1 and Table 6.4.1
-shall not be required to be listed.
-6.1.1.3.1 Nonmetallic pipe and fittings included in
-Table 6.3.1.1 and Table 6.4.1 shall be listed.
-6.1.1.4 Materials meeting the requirements of 9.1.1.2,
-9.1.1.5.2, and 9.1.1.5.3 shall not be required to be listed.
-6.1.1.5 Components that do not affect system performance
-such as drain piping, drain valves, and signs shall not be re-
-quired to be listed.
-6.1.1.6 The new materials or devices listing instructions shall
-identify and specify the existing system components, includ-
-ing the fluids conveyed, with which the new listed materials,
-devices, or components are compatible.
-6.1.1.6.1 This listing requirement shall also apply to chemical
-or material modifications made to components listed in Table
-6.3.1.1 and Table 6.4.1.
-6.1.2 Reconditioned Components.
-6.1.2.1 The use of reconditioned valves and devices as re-
-placement equipment in existing systems shall be permitted.
-6.1.2.2 Reconditioned sprinklers shall not be permitted to be
-utilized on any new or existing system.
-6.1.3 Rated Pressure. System components shall be rated for the
-maximum system working pressure to which they are exposed
-but shall not be rated at less than 175 psi (12.1 bar) for compo-
-nents installed above ground and 150 psi (10.4 bar) for compo-
-nents installed underground.
-6.2 Sprinklers.
-6.2.1 General. Only new sprinklers shall be installed.
-6.2.1.1 When a sprinkler has been removed for any reason, it
-shall not be reinstalled.
-6.2.2* Sprinkler Identification. All sprinklers shall be perma-
-nently marked with one or two English uppercase alphabetic
-characters to identify the manufacturer, immediately followed
-by three or four numbers, to uniquely identify a sprinkler as to
-K-factor (orifice size) or orifice shape, deflector characteristic,
-pressure rating, and thermal sensitivity.
-6.2.3 Sprinkler Discharge Characteristics.
-6.2.3.1* General. Unless the requirements of 6.2.3.2, 6.2.3.3,
-or 6.2.3.4 are met, the K-factor, relative discharge, and mark-
-ing identification for sprinklers having different K-factors
-shall be in accordance with Table 6.2.3.1.
-6.2.3.2 Pipe Threads. Listed sprinklers having pipe threads
-different from those shown in Table 6.2.3.1 shall be permitted.
-6.2.3.3 K-Factors Greater than K-28 (400). Sprinklers listed
-with nominal K-factors greater than K-28 (400) shall increase
-the flow by 100 percent increments when compared with a
-nominal K-5.6 (80) sprinkler.
-6.2.3.4 Residential Sprinklers. Residential sprinklers shall
-be permitted with K-factors other than those specified in
-Table 6.2.3.1.
-6.2.3.5 CMSA and ESFR K-Factors. Control mode specific
-application (CMSA) and early suppression fast-response
-(ESFR) sprinklers shall have a minimum nominal K-factor
-of K-11.2 (160).
-6.2.3.6 ESFR K-Factor. ESFR sprinkler K-factor shall be se-
-lected as appropriate for the hazard. (See Chapter 12.)
-6.2.4 Occupancy Limitations. Unless the requirements of
-6.2.4.1 or 6.2.4.2 are met, sprinklers shall not be listed for
-protection of a portion of an occupancy classification.
-13–27SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND HARDWARE
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-6.2.4.1 Residential Sprinklers. Residential sprinklers shall be
-permitted to be listed for portions of residential occupancies
-as defined in 8.4.5.1.
-6.2.4.2 Special Sprinklers. Special sprinklers shall be permit-
-ted to be listed for protection of a specific construction feature
-in a portion of an occupancy classification. (See 8.4.8.)
-6.2.5* Temperature Characteristics.
-6.2.5.1 Automatic sprinklers shall have their frame arms, de-
-flector, coating material, or liquid bulb colored in accordance
-with the requirements of Table 6.2.5.1 or the requirements of
-6.2.5.2, 6.2.5.3, 6.2.5.4, or 6.2.5.5.
-6.2.5.2 A dot on the top of the deflector, the color of the
-coating material, or colored frame arms shall be permitted for
-color identification of corrosion-resistant sprinklers.
-6.2.5.3 Color identification shall not be required for orna-
-mental sprinklers such as factory-plated or factory-painted
-sprinklers or for recessed, flush, or concealed sprinklers.
-6.2.5.4 The frame arms of bulb-type sprinklers shall not be
-required to be color coded.
-6.2.5.5 The liquid in bulb-type sprinklers shall be color
-coded in accordance with Table 6.2.5.1.
-6.2.6 Special Coatings.
-6.2.6.1* Corrosion Resistant.
-6.2.6.1.1 Listed corrosion-resistant sprinklers shall be in-
-stalled in locations where chemicals, moisture, or other corro-
-sive vapors sufficient to cause corrosion of such devices exist.
-Table 6.2.3.1 Sprinkler Discharge Characteristics Identification
-Nominal
-K-Factor
-[gpm/(psi)1/2]
-Nominal
-K-Factor
-[L/min/(bar)1/2]
-K-Factor Range
-[gpm/(psi)1/2]
-K-Factor Range
-[L/min/(bar)1/2]
-Percent of
-Nominal
-K-5.6
-Discharge
-Thread
-Type
-1.4 20 1.3–1.5 19–22 25 1⁄2 in. NPT
-1.9 27 1.8–2.0 26–29 33.3 1⁄2 in. NPT
-2.8 40 2.6–2.9 38–42 50 1⁄2 in. NPT
-4.2 60 4.0–4.4 57–63 75 1⁄2 in. NPT
-5.6 80 5.3–5.8 76–84 100 1⁄2 in. NPT
-8.0 115 7.4–8.2 107–118 140 3⁄4 in. NPT
-or
-1⁄2 in. NPT
-11.2 160 10.7–11.7 159–166 200 1⁄2 in. NPT
-or
-3⁄4 in. NPT
-14.0 200 13.5–14.5 195–209 250 3⁄4 in. NPT
-16.8 240 16.0–17.6 231–254 300 3⁄4 in. NPT
-19.6 280 18.6–20.6 272–301 350 1 in. NPT
-22.4 320 21.3–23.5 311–343 400 1 in. NPT
-25.2 360 23.9–26.5 349–387 450 1 in. NPT
-28.0 400 26.6–29.4 389–430 500 1 in. NPT
-Note: The nominal K-factor for dry-type sprinklers are used for sprinkler selection. See 23.4.4.9.3 for use of
-adjusted dry-type sprinkler K-factors for hydraulic calculation purposes.
-Table 6.2.5.1 Temperature Ratings, Classifications, and Color Codings
-Maximum
-Ceiling
-Temperature Temperature Rating
-Temperature
-Classification Color Code
-Glass Bulb
-Colors°F °C °F °C
-100 38 135–170 57–77 Ordinary Uncolored or
-black
-Orange or red
-150 66 175–225 79–107 Intermediate White Yellow or green
-225 107 250–300 121–149 High Blue Blue
-300 149 325–375 163–191 Extra high Red Purple
-375 191 400–475 204–246 Very extra high Green Black
-475 246 500–575 260–302 Ultra high Orange Black
-625 329 650 343 Ultra high Orange Black
-13–28 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-6.2.6.1.2* Unless the requirements of 6.2.6.1.3 are met,
-corrosion-resistant coatings shall be applied only by the manufac-
-turer of the sprinkler and in accordance with the requirements
-of 6.2.6.1.3.
-6.2.6.1.3 Any damage to the protective coating occurring at
-the time of installation shall be repaired at once using only the
-coating of the manufacturer of the sprinkler in the approved
-manner so that no part of the sprinkler will be exposed after
-installation has been completed.
-6.2.6.2* Painting.
-6.2.6.2.1 Sprinklers shall only be painted by the sprinkler
-manufacturer.
-6.2.6.2.2 Where sprinklers have had paint applied by other
-than the sprinkler manufacturer, they shall be replaced with
-new listed sprinklers of the same characteristics, including
-K-factor, thermal response, and water distribution.
-6.2.6.2.3 Where cover plates on concealed sprinklers have
-been painted by other than the sprinkler manufacturer, the
-cover plate shall be replaced.
-6.2.6.3 Ornamental Finishes.
-6.2.6.3.1 Ornamental finishes shall only be applied to sprin-
-klers and, if applicable, their concealed cover plates, by the
-sprinkler manufacturer.
-6.2.6.3.2 Sprinklers with ornamental finishes where utilized
-shall be specifically listed.
-6.2.6.4 Protective Coverings.
-6.2.6.4.1 Sprinklers protecting spray areas and mixing rooms
-in resin application areas shall be protected against overspray
-residue so that they will operate in the event of fire.
-6.2.6.4.2* Where protected in accordance with 6.2.6.4.1, cel-
-lophane bags having a thickness of 0.003 in. (0.076 mm) or
-less or thin paper bags shall be used.
-6.2.6.4.3 Sprinklers that have been painted or coated shall be
-replaced in accordance with the requirements of 6.2.6.2.2.
-6.2.7 Escutcheons and Cover Plates.
-6.2.7.1 Plates, escutcheons, or other devices used to cover the
-annular space around a sprinkler shall be metallic or shall be
-listed for use around a sprinkler.
-6.2.7.2* Escutcheons used with recessed, flush-type, or con-
-cealed sprinklers shall be part of a listed sprinkler assembly.
-6.2.7.3 Cover plates used with concealed sprinklers shall be
-part of the listed sprinkler assembly.
-6.2.7.4 The use of caulking or glue to seal the penetration or
-to affix the components of a recessed escutcheon or con-
-cealed cover plate shall not be permitted.
-6.2.8 Guards. Sprinklers subject to mechanical injury shall be
-protected with listed guards.
-6.2.9 Stock of Spare Sprinklers.
-6.2.9.1* A supply of at least six spare sprinklers shall be main-
-tained on the premises so that any sprinklers that have oper-
-ated or been damaged in any way can be promptly replaced.
-6.2.9.2 The sprinklers shall correspond to the types and tem-
-perature ratings of the sprinklers in the property.
-6.2.9.3 The sprinklers shall be kept in a cabinet located
-where the temperature to which they are subjected will at no
-time exceed 100°F (38°C).
-6.2.9.4 Where dry sprinklers of different lengths are in-
-stalled, spare dry sprinklers shall not be required, provided
-that a means of returning the system to service is furnished.
-6.2.9.5 The stock of spare sprinklers shall include all types
-and ratings installed and shall be as follows:
-(1) For protected facilities having under 300 sprinklers — no
-fewer than six sprinklers
-(2) For protected facilities having 300 to 1000 sprinklers —
-no fewer than 12 sprinklers
-(3) For protected facilities having over 1000 sprinklers — no
-fewer than 24 sprinklers
-6.2.9.6* One sprinkler wrench as specified by the sprinkler
-manufacturer shall be provided in the cabinet for each type of
-sprinkler installed to be used for the removal and installation
-of sprinklers in the system.
-6.2.9.7 A list of the sprinklers installed in the property shall
-be posted in the sprinkler cabinet.
-6.2.9.7.1* The list shall include the following:
-(1) Sprinkler Identification Number (SIN) if equipped; or
-the manufacturer, model, orifice, deflector type, thermal
-sensitivity, and pressure rating
-(2) General description
-(3) Quantity of each type to be contained in the cabinet
-(4) Issue or revision date of the list
-6.3 Aboveground Pipe and Tube.
-6.3.1 General.
-6.3.1.1 Pipe or tube shall meet or exceed one of the stan-
-dards in Table 6.3.1.1 or be in accordance with 6.3.7.8.
-6.3.1.1.1* Underground pipe shall be permitted to extend
-into the building through the slab or wall not more than 24 in.
-(0.6 m).
-6.3.1.2 Steel pipe shall be in accordance with 6.3.2, 6.3.3, or
-6.3.4.
-6.3.1.3 Copper tube shall be in accordance with 6.3.5.
-6.3.1.4 Nonmetallic pipe shall be in accordance with 6.3.7.
-6.3.1.5 Brass pipe shall be in accordance with 6.3.7.
-6.3.2* Steel Pipe — Welded or Roll-Grooved. When steel pipe
-referenced in Table 6.3.1.1 is used and joined by welding as
-referenced in 6.5.2 or by roll-grooved pipe and fittings as
-referenced in 6.5.3, the minimum nominal wall thickness for
-pressures up to 300 psi (20.7 bar) shall be in accordance with
-Schedule 10 for pipe sizes up to 5 in. (125 mm), 0.134 in.
-(3.40 mm) for 6 in. (150 mm) pipe, 0.188 in. (4.78 mm) for 8 in.
-and 10 in. (200 mm and 250 mm) pipe, and 0.330 in. (8.38 mm)
-for 12 in. (300 mm) pipe.
-6.3.3 Steel Pipe — Threaded. When steel pipe referenced in
-Table 6.3.1.1 is joined by threaded fittings referenced in 6.5.1 or
-by fittings used with pipe having cut grooves, the minimum wall
-thickness shall be in accordance with Schedule 30 pipe [in sizes
-8 in. (200 mm) and larger] or Schedule 40 pipe [in sizes less than
-8 in. (200 mm)] for pressures up to 300 psi (20.7 bar).
-6.3.4 Specially Listed Steel Pipe. Pressure limitations and wall
-thickness for steel pipe specially listed in accordance with
-6.3.7.8 shall be permitted to be in accordance with the pipe
-listing requirements.
-13–29SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND HARDWARE
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-6.3.5* Copper Tube.Copper tube as specified in the standards
-listed in Table 6.3.1.1 shall have a wall thickness of Type K,
-Type L, or Type M where used in sprinkler systems.
-6.3.6 Brass Pipe. Brass pipe specified in Table 6.3.1.1 shall be
-permitted in the standard weight in sizes up to 6 in. (150 mm) for
-pressures up to 175 psig (12 bar) and in the extra strong weight
-in sizes up to 8 in. (200 mm) for pressures up to 300 psig (20 bar).
-6.3.7* Nonmetallic Pipe.Nonmetallic pipe in accordance with
-Table 6.3.1.1 shall be investigated for suitability in automatic
-sprinkler installations and listed for this service.
-6.3.7.1 Listed nonmetallic pipe shall be installed in accordance
-with its listing limitations, including installation instructions.
-6.3.7.1.1 Manufacturer’s installation instructions shall in-
-clude its listing limitations.
-6.3.7.2* When nonmetallic pipe is used in combination sys-
-tems utilizing steel piping internally coated with corrosion in-
-hibitors and nonmetallic piping, the steel pipe coating shall
-be investigated for compatibility with the nonmetallic piping
-by a testing laboratory.
-6.3.7.3* When nonmetallic pipe is used in combination sys-
-tems utilizing steel pipe that is not internally coated with
-chemical corrosion inhibitors, no additional evaluations shall
-be required.
-6.3.7.4 When nonmetallic pipe is used in combination sys-
-tems utilizing steel pipe, cutting oils and lubricants used for
-fabrication of the steel piping shall be compatible with the
-nonmetallic pipe materials.
-6.3.7.5 Fire-stopping materials intended for use on nonme-
-tallic piping penetrations shall be investigated for compatibil-
-ity with the nonmetallic pipe materials.
-6.3.7.6 Nonmetallic pipe listed for light hazard occupancies
-shall be permitted to be installed in ordinary hazard rooms of
-otherwise light hazard occupancies where the room does not
-exceed 400 ft2 (37 m2).
-6.3.7.7 Nonmetallic pipe shall not be listed for portions of an
-occupancy classification.
-6.3.7.8* Listed Pipe and Tubing.
-6.3.7.8.1 Other types of pipe or tube investigated for suitabil-
-ity in automatic sprinkler installations and listed for this ser-
-vice, including but not limited to CPVC and steel, and differ-
-ing from that provided in Table 6.3.1.1 shall be permitted
-where installed in accordance with their listing limitations,
-including installation instructions.
-6.3.7.8.2 Pipe or tube listed for light hazard occupancies
-shall be permitted to be installed in ordinary hazard rooms of
-otherwise light hazard occupancies where the room does not
-exceed 400 ft2 (37 m2).
-6.3.7.8.3 Pipe or tube shall not be listed for portions of an
-occupancy classification.
-6.3.7.8.4 Bending of listed pipe and tubing shall be permit-
-ted as allowed by the listing.
-6.3.7.9 Pipe and Tube Bending.
-6.3.7.9.1 Bending of Schedule 10 steel pipe, or any steel pipe
-of wall thickness equal to or greater than Schedule 10 and
-Types K and L copper tube, shall be permitted when bends are
-made with no kinks, ripples, distortions, or reductions in di-
-ameter or any noticeable deviations from round.
-6.3.7.9.2 For Schedule 40 and copper tubing, the minimum
-radius of a bend shall be six pipe diameters for pipe sizes 2 in.
-(50 mm) and smaller and five pipe diameters for pipe sizes
-21⁄2 in. (65 mm) and larger.
-6.3.7.9.3 For all other steel pipe, the minimum radius of a
-bend shall be 12 pipe diameters for all sizes.
-6.3.7.9.4 Bending of listed pipe and tubing shall be permit-
-ted as allowed by the listing.
-6.3.7.10 Pipe and Tube Identification.
-6.3.7.10.1* All pipe, including specially listed pipe allowed by
-6.3.7.8, shall be marked along its length by the manufacturer
-in such a way as to properly identify the type of pipe.
-6.3.7.10.2 The marking shall be visible on every piece of pipe
-over 2 ft (610 mm) long.
-Table 6.3.1.1 Pipe or Tube Materials and Dimensions
-Materials and Dimensions Standard
-Ferrous Piping
-(Welded and Seamless)
-Specification for Black and
-Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated
-(Galvanized) Welded and Seamless
-Steel Pipe for Fire Protection Use
-ASTM A 795
-Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black
-and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated,
-Welded and Seamless
-ANSI/ASTM A 53
-Wrought Steel Pipe ANSI/ASME B36.10M
-Specification for
-Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe
-ASTM A 135
-Copper Tube (Drawn, Seamless)
-Specification for Seamless Copper
-Tube
-ASTM B 75
-Specification for Seamless Copper
-Water Tube
-ASTM B 88
-Specification for General
-Requirements for Wrought Seamless
-Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube
-ASTM B 251
-Specification for Liquid and Paste
-Fluxes for Soldering Applications of
-Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube
-ASTM B 813
-Brazing Filler Metal (Classification
-BCuP-3 or BCuP-4)
-AWS A5.8
-Solder Metal, Section 1: Solder Alloys
-Containing Less Than 0.2% Lead
-and Having Solidus Temperatures
-Greater than 400°F
-ASTM B 32
-Alloy Materials ASTM B 446
-CPVC
-Nonmetallic Piping Specification for
-Special Listed Chlorinated Polyvinyl
-chloride (CPVC) Pipe
-ASTM F 442
-Brass Pipe
-Specification for Seamless Red Brass
-Pipe
-ASTM B 43
-13–30 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-6.3.7.10.3 Pipe identification shall include the manufactur-
-er’s name, model designation, or schedule.
-6.4 Fittings.
-6.4.1 Fittings used in sprinkler systems shall meet or exceed the
-standards in Table 6.4.1 or be in accordance with 6.4.2 or 6.4.4.
-6.4.2 In addition to the standards in Table 6.4.1, nonmetallic
-fittings shall also be in accordance with 6.4.4.
-6.4.3 Nonmetallic Fittings. Nonmetallic fittings in accordance
-with Table 6.4.1 shall be investigated for suitability in automatic
-sprinkler installations and listed for this service. Listed nonmetal-
-lic fittings shall be installed in accordance with their listing limi-
-tations, including installation instructions.
-6.4.3.1* When nonmetallic fittings are used in combination
-systems utilizing internally coated steel piping and nonmetal-
-lic fittings, the steel pipe shall be investigated for compatibility
-with the nonmetallic fittings by a testing laboratory. Cutting
-oils and lubricants used for fabrication of the steel piping shall
-be compatible with the nonmetallic fitting materials.
-6.4.3.2* When nonmetallic fittings are used in combination
-systems utilizing non–internally coated steel piping and non-
-metallic fittings, no additional evaluations are required. Cut-
-ting oils and lubricants used for fabrication of the steel piping
-shall be compatible with the nonmetallic fitting materials.
-6.4.3.3 Fire-stopping materials intended for use on nonme-
-tallic fitting penetrations shall be investigated for compatibil-
-ity with the nonmetallic fitting materials.
-6.4.4* Other types of fittings investigated for suitability in au-
-tomatic sprinkler installations and listed for this service, in-
-cluding but not limited to CPVC and steel, and differing from
-that provided in Table 6.4.1 shall be permitted when installed
-in accordance with their listing limitations, including installa-
-tion instructions.
-6.4.5* Fitting Pressure Limits.
-6.4.5.1 Standard weight pattern cast-iron fittings 2 in. (50 mm)
-in size and smaller shall be permitted where pressures do not
-exceed 300 psi (20.7 bar).
-6.4.5.2 Standard weight pattern malleable iron fittings 6 in.
-(150 mm) in size and smaller shall be permitted where pres-
-sures do not exceed 300 psi (20.7 bar).
-6.4.5.3 Fittings not meeting the requirements of 6.4.5.1 and
-6.4.5.2 shall be extra-heavy pattern where pressures exceed
-175 psi (12.1 bar).
-6.4.5.4 Cast bronze threaded fittings in accordance with
-ASTM B 16.15, Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings, shall be permitted
-where pressures do not exceed 200 psi (13.7 bar) for Class 125
-fittings and 400 psi (27.6 bar) for Class 250 fittings.
-6.4.5.5 Listed fittings shall be permitted for system pressures
-up to the limits specified in their listings.
-6.4.6* Couplings and Unions.
-6.4.6.1 Screwed unions shall not be used on pipe larger than
-2 in. (50 mm).
-6.4.6.2 Couplings and unions of other than screwed-type
-shall be of types listed specifically for use in sprinkler systems.
-6.4.7 Reducers and Bushings.
-6.4.7.1 Unless the requirements of 6.4.7.2 or 6.4.7.3 are met,
-a one-piece reducing fitting shall be used wherever a change is
-made in the size of the pipe.
-6.4.7.2 Hexagonal or face bushings shall be permitted in re-
-ducing the size of openings of fittings when standard fittings
-of the required size are not available.
-6.4.7.3 Hexagonal bushings as permitted in 8.15.20.2 shall be
-permitted to be used.
-6.4.7.4 The requirements of 6.4.7.1 and 6.4.7.2 shall not apply
-to CPVC fittings.
-6.5 Joining of Pipe and Fittings.
-6.5.1 Threaded Pipe and Fittings.
-6.5.1.1 All threaded pipe and fittings shall have threads cut to
-ASME B1.20.1, Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch).
-6.5.1.2* Steel pipe with wall thicknesses less than Schedule 30
-[in sizes 8 in. (200 mm) and larger] or Schedule 40 [in sizes
-less than 8 in. (200 mm)] shall only be permitted to be joined
-by threaded fittings where the threaded assembly is investi-
-gated for suitability in automatic sprinkler installations and
-listed for this service.
-Table 6.4.1 Fittings Materials and Dimensions
-Materials and Dimensions Standard
-Cast Iron
-Cast Iron Threaded Fittings, Class 125 and
-250
-ASME B16.4
-Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings ASME B16.1
-Malleable Iron
-Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings,
-Class 150 and 300
-ASME B16.3
-Steel
-Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttweld
-Fittings
-ASME B16.9
-Buttwelding Ends for Pipe, Valves, Flanges,
-and Fittings
-ASME B16.25
-Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought
-Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate
-and Elevated Temperatures
-ASTM A 234
-Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings ASME B16.5
-Forged Steel Fittings, Socket Welded and
-Threaded
-ASME B16.11
-Copper
-Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder
-Joint Pressure Fittings
-ASME B16.22
-Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure
-Fittings
-ASME B16.18
-CPVC
-Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
-Specification for Schedule 80 CPVC
-Threaded Fittings
-ASTM F 437
-Specification for Schedule 40 CPVC Socket
-Type Fittings
-ASTM F 438
-Specification for Schedule 80 CPVC Socket
-Type Fittings
-ASTM F 439
-Bronze Fittings
-Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings ASTM B16.15
-13–31SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND HARDWARE
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-6.5.1.3 Joint compound or tape shall be applied only to male
-threads.
-6.5.2 Welded Pipe and Fittings.
-6.5.2.1 General.
-6.5.2.1.1 Welding shall be permitted as a means of joining
-sprinkler piping in accordance with 6.5.2.2 through 6.5.2.6.
-6.5.2.2* Fabrication.
-6.5.2.2.1 When welding sprinkler pipe, the pipe shall be shop
-welded unless the requirements of 6.5.2.2 or 6.5.2.3 are met.
-6.5.2.2.2 Where the design specifications require any part of
-the piping system to be welded in place, welding of sprinkler
-piping shall be permitted where the welding process is per-
-formed in accordance with NFPA 51B and the mechanical fit-
-tings required by 8.15.22 and 8.16.3 are provided.
-6.5.2.2.3 Tabs for longitudinal earthquake bracing shall be
-permitted to be welded to in-place piping where the welding
-process is performed in accordance with NFPA 51B.
-6.5.2.2.4 Welding shall not be performed where there is im-
-pingement of rain, snow, sleet, or high wind on the weld area
-of the pipe product.
-6.5.2.2.5 Torch cutting and welding shall not be permitted as
-a means of modifying or repairing sprinkler systems.
-6.5.2.3 Fittings.
-6.5.2.3.1* Welded fittings used to join pipe shall be listed fabri-
-cated fittings or manufactured in accordance with Table 6.4.1.
-6.5.2.3.2 Fittings referenced in 6.5.2.3.1 shall be joined in
-conformance with a qualified welding procedure as set forth
-in this section and shall be an acceptable product under this
-standard, provided that materials and wall thickness are com-
-patible with other sections of this standard.
-6.5.2.3.3 Fittings shall not be required where pipe ends are
-buttwelded in accordance with the requirements of 6.5.2.4.3.
-6.5.2.3.4 When the pipe size in a run of piping is reduced, a
-reducing fitting designed for that purpose shall be used in
-accordance with the requirements of 6.5.2.3.1.
-6.5.2.4 Welding Requirements.
-6.5.2.4.1* Welds between pipe and welding outlet fittings shall
-be permitted to be attached by full penetration welds, partial
-penetration groove welds, or fillet welds.
-6.5.2.4.2* The minimum throat thickness shall be not less
-than the thickness of the pipe, the thickness of the welding
-fitting, or 3⁄16 in. (4.8 mm), whichever is least.
-6.5.2.4.3* Circumferential butt joints shall be cut, beveled,
-and fit so that full penetration is achievable.
-6.5.2.4.4 Full penetration welding shall not be required.
-6.5.2.4.5 Where slip-on flanges are welded to pipe with a
-single fillet weld, the weld shall be on the hub side of the
-flange and the minimum throat weld thickness shall not be
-less than 1.25 times the pipe wall thickness or the hub thick-
-ness, whichever is less.
-6.5.2.4.6 Face welds on the internal face of the flange shall be
-permitted as a water seal in addition to the hub weld required
-in 6.5.2.4.5.
-6.5.2.4.7 Tabs for longitudinal earthquake bracing shall have
-minimum throat weld thickness not less than 1.25 times the
-pipe wall thickness and welded on both sides of the longest
-dimension.
-6.5.2.4.8 When welding is performed, the following shall apply:
-(1) Holes in piping for outlets shall be cut to the full inside
-diameter of fittings prior to welding in place of the fittings.
-(2) Discs shall be retrieved.
-(3) Openings cut into piping shall be smooth bore, and all
-internal slag and welding residue shall be removed.
-(4) Fittings shall not penetrate the internal diameter of the
-piping.
-(5) Steel plates shall not be welded to the ends of piping or
-fittings.
-(6) Fittings shall not be modified.
-(7) Nuts, clips, eye rods, angle brackets, or other fasteners
-shall not be welded to pipe or fittings, except as permitted
-in 6.5.2.2.3 and 6.5.2.4.7.
-(8) Completed welds shall be free from cracks, incomplete
-fusion, surface porosity greater than1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) diam-
-eter, and undercut deeper than 25 percent of the wall thick-
-ness or1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm), whichever is less.
-(9) Completed circumferential butt weld reinforcement shall
-not exceed 3⁄32 in. (2.4 mm).
-6.5.2.5 Qualifications.
-6.5.2.5.1 A welding procedure shall be prepared and qualified
-by the contractor or fabricator before any welding is done.
-6.5.2.5.2 Qualification of the welding procedure to be used
-and the performance of all welders and welding operators
-shall be required and shall meet or exceed the requirements
-of AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance
-Qualification; ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code , Section IX,
-“Welding and Brazing Qualifications”; or other applicable
-qualification standard as required by the authority having ju-
-risdiction, except as permitted by 6.5.2.5.3.
-6.5.2.5.3 Successful procedure qualification of complete
-joint penetration groove welds shall qualify partial joint pen-
-etration (groove/fillet) welds and fillet welds in accordance
-with the provisions of this standard.
-6.5.2.5.4 Welding procedures qualified under standards rec-
-ognized by previous editions of this standard shall be permit-
-ted to be continued in use.
-6.5.2.5.5 Contractors or fabricators shall be responsible for
-all welding they produce.
-6.5.2.5.6 Each contractor or fabricator shall have available to
-the authority having jurisdiction an established written quality
-assurance procedure ensuring compliance with the require-
-ments of 6.5.2.4.
-6.5.2.6 Records.
-6.5.2.6.1 Welders or welding machine operators shall, upon
-completion of each welded pipe, place their identifiable mark
-or label onto each piece adjacent to a weld.
-6.5.2.6.2 Contractors or fabricators shall maintain certified
-records, which shall be available to the authority having juris-
-diction, of the procedures used and the welders or welding
-13–32 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-machine operators employed by them, along with their weld-
-ing identification.
-6.5.2.6.3 Records shall show the date and the results of pro-
-cedure and performance qualifications.
-6.5.3 Groove Joining Methods.
-6.5.3.1* Pipe, fittings, valves, and devices to be joined with
-grooved couplings shall contain cut, rolled, or cast grooves
-that are dimensionally compatible with the couplings.
-6.5.3.1.1* Pipe, fittings, valves, devices, and couplings that
-conform with or are listed in compliance with standardized
-groove specifications shall be considered compatible.
-6.5.3.1.2 Other groove dimensions and grooving methods
-shall be acceptable in accordance with 6.5.5.1.
-6.5.3.2 Grooved couplings, including gaskets used on dry pipe,
-preaction, and deluge systems, shall be listed for dry service.
-6.5.4* Brazed and Soldered Joints.
-6.5.4.1 Solder joints, where permitted, shall be fabricated
-in accordance with the methods and procedures listed in
-ASTM B 828, Standard Practice for Making Capillary Joints by
-Soldering of Copper and Copper Alloy Tube and Fittings.
-6.5.4.2 Unless the requirements of 6.5.4.3 or 6.5.4.4 are met,
-joints for the connection of copper tube shall be brazed.
-6.5.4.3 Solder joints shall be permitted for exposed wet pipe
-systems in light hazard occupancies where the temperature
-classification of the installed sprinklers is of the ordinary- or
-intermediate-temperature classification.
-6.5.4.4 Solder joints shall be permitted for wet pipe systems
-in light hazard and ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies
-where the piping is concealed, irrespective of sprinkler tem-
-perature ratings.
-6.5.4.5* Soldering fluxes shall be in accordance with
-Table 6.3.1.1.
-6.5.4.6 Brazing fluxes, if used, shall not be of a highly corro-
-sive type.
-6.5.5 Other Joining Methods.
-6.5.5.1 Other joining methods investigated for suitability in
-automatic sprinkler installations and listed for this service
-shall be permitted where installed in accordance with their
-listing limitations, including installation instructions.
-6.5.5.2 Outlet Fittings. Rubber-gasketed outlet fittings that are
-used on sprinkler systems shall meet the following requirements:
-(1) Be installed in accordance with the listing and manufac-
-turer’s installation instructions
-(2) Have all disks retrieved
-(3) Have smooth bores cut into the pipe, with all cutting resi-
-due removed
-(4) Not be modified
-6.5.6 End Treatment.
-6.5.6.1 After cutting, pipe ends shall have burrs and fins
-removed.
-6.5.6.2 Pipe used with listed fittings and its end treatment
-shall be in accordance with the fitting manufacturer’s installa-
-tion instructions and the fitting’s listing.
-6.6* Hangers. Hangers shall be in accordance with the require-
-ments of Section 9.1.
-6.7 Valves.
-6.7.1 General.
-6.7.1.1 Valve Pressure Requirements. When water pressures
-exceed 175 psi (12.1 bar), valves shall be used in accordance
-with their pressure ratings.
-6.7.1.2 Valve Closure Time. Listed indicating valves shall not
-close in less than 5 seconds when operated at maximum pos-
-sible speed from the fully open position.
-6.7.1.3 Listed Indicating Valves. Unless the requirements of
-6.7.1.3.1, 6.7.1.3.2, or 6.7.1.3.3 are met, all valves controlling
-connections to water supplies and to supply pipes to sprinklers
-shall be listed indicating valves.
-6.7.1.3.1 A listed underground gate valve equipped with a
-listed indicator post shall be permitted.
-6.7.1.3.2 A listed water control valve assembly with a reliable
-position indication connected to a remote supervisory station
-shall be permitted.
-6.7.1.3.3 A nonindicating valve, such as an underground gate
-valve with approved roadway box, complete with T-wrench,
-and where accepted by the authority having jurisdiction, shall
-be permitted.
-6.7.2 Wafer-Type Valves. Wafer-type valves with components
-that extend beyond the valve body shall be installed in a man-
-ner that does not interfere with the operation of any system
-components.
-6.7.3 Drain Valves and Test Valves.Drain valves and test valves
-shall be approved.
-6.7.4* Identification of Valves.
-6.7.4.1 All control, drain, and test connection valves shall be
-provided with permanently marked weatherproof metal or
-rigid plastic identification signs.
-6.7.4.2 The identification sign shall be secured with corrosion-
-resistant wire, chain, or other approved means.
-6.7.4.3 The control valve sign shall identify the portion of the
-building served.
-6.7.4.3.1* Systems that have more than one control valve that
-must be closed to work on a system or space shall have a sign
-referring to existence and location of other valves.
-6.8 Fire Department Connections.
-6.8.1* Unless the requirements of 6.8.1.1, 6.8.1.2, or 6.8.1.3
-are met, the fire department connection(s) shall consist of two
-21⁄2 in. (65 mm) connections using NH internal threaded
-swivel fitting(s) with “2.5–7.5 NH standard thread,” as speci-
-fied in NFPA 1963.
-6.8.1.1 Where local fire department connections do not con-
-form to NFPA 1963, the authority having jurisdiction shall be
-permitted to designate the connection to be used.
-6.8.1.2 The use of threadless couplings shall be permitted
-where required by the authority having jurisdiction and where
-listed for such use.
-6.8.1.3 A single-outlet fire department connection shall be
-acceptable where piped to a 3 in. (80 mm) or smaller riser.
-13–33SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND HARDWARE
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-6.8.2 Fire department connections shall be equipped with
-approved plugs or caps, properly secured and arranged for
-easy removal by fire departments.
-6.8.3 Fire department connections shall be of an approved
-type.
-6.9 Waterflow Alarm Devices.
-6.9.1 General. Waterflow alarm devices shall be listed for the
-service and so constructed and installed that any flow of water
-from a sprinkler system equal to or greater than that from a
-single automatic sprinkler of the smallest K-factor installed on
-the system will result in an audible alarm on the premises within
-5 minutes after such flow begins and until such flow stops.
-6.9.2 Waterflow Detection Devices.
-6.9.2.1 Wet Pipe Systems. The alarm apparatus for a wet pipe
-system shall consist of a listed alarm check valve or other listed
-waterflow detection alarm device with the necessary attach-
-ments required to give an alarm.
-6.9.2.2 Dry Pipe Systems.
-6.9.2.2.1 The alarm apparatus for a dry pipe system shall con-
-sist of listed alarm attachments to the dry pipe valve.
-6.9.2.2.2 Where a dry pipe valve is located on the system side
-of an alarm valve, connection of the actuating device of the
-alarms for the dry pipe valve to the alarms on the wet pipe
-system shall be permitted.
-6.9.2.3 Preaction and Deluge Systems. The alarm apparatus
-for deluge and preaction systems shall consist of alarms actuated
-independently by the detection system and the flow of water.
-6.9.2.3.1 Deluge and preaction systems activated by pilot
-sprinklers shall not require an independent detection system
-alarm.
-6.9.2.4* Paddle-Type Waterflow Devices.Paddle-type waterflow
-alarm indicators shall be installed in wet systems only.
-6.9.3 Attachments — General.
-6.9.3.1* An alarm unit shall include a listed mechanical alarm,
-horn, or siren or a listed electric gong, bell, speaker, horn, or
-siren.
-6.9.3.2* Outdoor water motor-operated or electrically oper-
-ated bells shall be weatherproofed and guarded.
-6.9.3.3 All piping to water motor-operated devices shall be
-galvanized steel, brass, copper, or other approved metallic
-corrosion-resistant material of not less than 3⁄4 in. (20 mm)
-nominal pipe size.
-6.9.3.4 Piping between the sprinkler system and a pressure-
-actuated alarm-initiating device shall be galvanized steel,
-brass, copper, or other approved metallic corrosion-resistant
-material of not less than 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) nominal pipe size.
-6.9.4* Attachments — Electrically Operated.
-6.9.4.1 Electrically operated alarm attachments forming part
-of an auxiliary, central station, local protective, proprietary, or
-remote station signaling system shall be installed in accor-
-dance with NFPA 72.
-6.9.4.2 Sprinkler waterflow alarm systems that are not part of
-a required protective signaling system shall not be required to
-be supervised and shall be installed in accordance with
-NFPA 70, Article 760.
-6.9.4.3 Outdoor electric alarm devices shall be listed for out-
-door use.
-6.9.5 Alarm Device Drains. Drains from alarm devices shall be
-arranged so that there will be no overflowing at the alarm
-apparatus, at domestic connections, or elsewhere with the
-sprinkler drains wide open and under system pressure. (See
-8.16.2.6.)
-6.10* Signs. (Reserved)
-Chapter 7 System Requirements
-7.1 Wet Pipe Systems.
-7.1.1 Pressure Gauges.
-7.1.1.1 An approved pressure gauge conforming to 8.17.3
-shall be installed in each system riser.
-7.1.1.2 Pressure gauges shall be installed above and below
-each alarm check valve or system riser check valve where such
-devices are present.
-7.1.1.2.1 Pressure gauges below check valves required by
-8.17.5.2.2(1) shall not be required.
-7.1.2 Relief Valves.
-7.1.2.1 Unless the requirements of 7.1.2.2 are met, a wet pipe
-system shall be provided with a listed relief valve not less than
-1⁄2 in. (12 mm) in size and set to operate at 175 psi (12.1 bar)
-or 10 psi (0.7 bar) in excess of the maximum system pressure,
-whichever is greater.
-7.1.2.2 Where auxiliary air reservoirs are installed to absorb
-pressure increases, a relief valve shall not be required.
-7.1.2.3 A relief valve per 7.1.2.1 shall be required downstream
-of check valves required by 8.17.5.2.2(1).
-7.1.3 Auxiliary Systems. A wet pipe system shall be permitted
-to supply an auxiliary dry pipe, preaction, or deluge system,
-provided the water supply is adequate.
-7.1.4 Heat tracing shall not be used in lieu of heated valve
-enclosures to protect the valve and supply pipe from freezing.
-7.2* Dry Pipe Systems.
-7.2.1 Pressure Gauges. Approved pressure gauges in accor-
-dance with 8.17.3 shall be connected as follows:
-(1) On the water side and air side of the dry pipe valve
-(2) At the air pump supplying the air receiver where one is
-provided
-(3) At the air receiver where one is provided
-(4) In each independent pipe from air supply to dry pipe system
-(5) At quick-opening devices
-7.2.2 Sprinklers. The following sprinkler orientations and
-arrangements shall be permitted for dry pipe systems:
-(1) Upright sprinklers
-(2)*Listed dry sprinklers
-(3) Pendent sprinklers and sidewall sprinklers installed on re-
-turn bends, where the sprinklers, return bend, and branch
-line piping are in an area maintained at or above 40°F (4°C)
-(4) Horizontal sidewall sprinklers installed so that water is not
-trapped
-13–34 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-(5) Pendent sprinklers and sidewall sprinklers, where the
-sprinklers and branch line piping are in an area main-
-tained at or above 40°F (4°C), the water supply is potable,
-and the piping for the dry pipe system is copper or CPVC
-specifically listed for dry pipe applications
-7.2.3* Size of Systems.
-7.2.3.1* The system capacity (volume) controlled by a dry pipe
-valve shall be determined by 7.2.3.2, 7.2.3.3, 7.2.3.4, 7.2.3.5, or
-7.2.3.7.
-7.2.3.1.1 For dry pipe systems protecting dwelling unit portions
-of any occupancy, system size shall be such that initial water is
-discharged from the system test connection in not more than
-15 seconds, starting at the normal air pressure on the system and
-at the time of fully opened inspection test connection.
-7.2.3.1.1.1 Dry pipe systems protecting dwelling unit por-
-tions of any occupancy shall not be permitted to use the op-
-tions outlined in 7.2.3.2, 7.2.3.3, or 7.2.3.4.
-7.2.3.2 System size shall be such that initial water is dis-
-charged from the system test connection in not more than
-60 seconds, starting at the normal air pressure on the system
-and at the time of fully opened inspection test connection.
-7.2.3.3 A system size of not more than 500 gal (1893 L) shall
-be permitted without a quick-opening device and shall not be
-required to meet any specific water delivery requirement to
-the inspection test connection.
-7.2.3.4 A system size of not more than 750 gal (2839 L) shall
-be permitted with a quick-opening device and shall not be
-required to meet any specific water delivery requirement to
-the inspection test connection.
-7.2.3.5 System size shall be based on dry pipe systems being
-calculated for water delivery in accordance with 7.2.3.6.
-7.2.3.6 Dry Pipe System Water Delivery.
-7.2.3.6.1 Calculations for dry pipe system water delivery shall
-be based on the hazard shown in Table 7.2.3.6.1.
-7.2.3.6.2 The calculation program and method shall be listed
-by a nationally recognized testing laboratory.
-7.2.3.6.3 For dry pipe systems protecting dwelling unit por-
-tions of any occupancy, the sprinklers in the dwelling unit
-shall have a maximum water delivery time of 15 seconds to the
-single most remote sprinkler.
-7.2.3.6.4 Residential sprinklers shall be listed for dry pipe
-applications.
-7.2.3.7* System size shall be such that initial water discharge
-from the system trip test connection or manifold outlets is not
-more than the maximum time of water delivery specified in
-Table 7.2.3.6.1, starting at normal air pressure on the system
-and at the time of fully opened test connection.
-7.2.3.7.1 When flow is from four sprinklers, the test manifold
-shall be arranged to simulate two sprinklers on each of two
-sprinkler branch lines.
-7.2.3.7.2 When flow is from three sprinklers, the test mani-
-fold shall be arranged to simulate two sprinklers on the most
-remote branch line and one sprinkler on the next adjacent
-branch line.
-7.2.3.7.3 When flow is from two sprinklers, the test manifold
-shall be arranged to simulate two sprinklers on the most re-
-mote branch line.
-7.2.3.7.4 When flow is from one sprinkler, the test manifold
-shall be installed as per the requirements for a trip test con-
-nection in accordance with 8.17.4.3.
-7.2.3.7.5 A system meeting the requirements of this section
-shall not be required to also meet the requirements of 7.2.3.2
-or 7.2.3.5.
-7.2.3.8 Dry pipe systems with water delivery times other than
-7.2.3.2, 7.2.3.5, and 7.2.3.7 shall be acceptable where listed by
-a nationally recognized testing laboratory.
-7.2.3.9 Unless installed in a heated enclosure, check valves
-shall not be used to subdivide the dry pipe systems.
-7.2.3.9.1 When check valves are used to subdivide dry pipe
-systems in accordance with 7.2.3.9, a hole 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) in
-diameter shall be drilled in the clapper of each check valve to
-permit equalization of air pressure among the various parts of
-the system.
-7.2.3.9.2 Where auxiliary drains are not provided for each
-subdivided section, an approved indicating drain valve super-
-vised in the closed position in accordance with 8.16.1.1.2, con-
-nected to a bypass around each check valve, shall be provided
-as a means for draining the system.
-7.2.3.10 Gridded dry pipe systems shall not be installed.
-7.2.4 Quick-Opening Devices.
-7.2.4.1 A listed quick-opening device shall be permitted to help
-meet the requirements of 7.2.3.2, 7.2.3.5, 7.2.3.7, or 7.2.3.8.
-7.2.4.2 The quick-opening device shall be located as close as
-practical to the dry pipe valve.
-7.2.4.3 To protect the restriction orifice and other operating
-parts of the quick-opening device against submergence, the
-connection to the riser shall be above the point at which water
-(priming water and back drainage) is expected when the dry
-pipe valve and quick-opening device are set, except where de-
-sign features of the particular quick-opening device make
-these requirements unnecessary.
-7.2.4.4 Where a valve is installed in the connection between a
-dry pipe sprinkler riser and a quick-opening device, it shall be
-an indicating-type valve that is sealed, locked, or electrically
-supervised in the open position.
-7.2.4.5 A check valve shall be installed between the quick-
-opening device and the intermediate chamber of the dry pipe
-valve, where the quick-opening device requires protection
-against submergence after system operation.
-7.2.4.6 If the quick-opening device requires pressure feed-
-back from the intermediate chamber, a valve type that will
-Table 7.2.3.6.1 Dry Pipe System Water Delivery
-Hazard
-Number of Most
-Remote Sprinklers
-Initially Open
-Maximum Time of
-Water Delivery
-(seconds)
-Light 1 60
-Ordinary I 2 50
-Ordinary II 2 50
-Extra I 4 45
-Extra II 4 45
-High piled 4 40
-13–35SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-clearly indicate whether it is opened or closed shall be permit-
-ted in place of that check valve.
-7.2.4.7 Where a valve is utilized in accordance with 7.2.4.6,
-the valve shall be constructed so that it can be locked or sealed
-in the open position.
-7.2.4.8 Antiflooding Device.
-7.2.4.8.1 Unless the requirements of 7.2.4.8.2 are met, a listed
-antiflooding device shall be installed in the connection between
-the dry pipe sprinkler riser and the quick-opening device.
-7.2.4.8.2 A listed antiflooding device shall not be required
-where the quick-opening device has built-in antiflooding de-
-sign features or the quick-opening device is listed or approved
-without the use of an antiflooding device.
-7.2.5* Location and Protection of Dry Pipe Valve.
-7.2.5.1* General. The dry pipe valve and supply pipe shall be
-protected against freezing and mechanical injury.
-7.2.5.2 Valve Rooms.
-7.2.5.2.1 Valve rooms shall be lighted and heated.
-7.2.5.2.2 The source of heat shall be of a permanently in-
-stalled type.
-7.2.5.2.3 Heat tape shall not be used in lieu of heated valve
-enclosures to protect the dry pipe valve and supply pipe
-against freezing.
-7.2.5.3 Supply. The supply for the sprinkler in the dry pipe
-valve enclosure shall be either from the dry side of the system
-or from a wet pipe sprinkler system that protects the area
-where the dry pipe valve is located.
-7.2.5.4 High Water Level Protection.
-7.2.5.4.1 Where it is possible to reseat the dry valve after ac-
-tuation without first draining the system, protection against
-occurrence of water above the clapper shall be permitted in
-accordance with 7.2.5.4.3.
-7.2.5.4.2 Low Differential Dry Pipe Valve. Protection against
-accumulation of water above the clapper shall be provided for
-low differential dry pipe valves in accordance with 7.2.5.4.3.
-7.2.5.4.3 High Water Level Device. An automatic high water
-level signaling device or an automatic drain shall be permitted.
-7.2.6 Air Pressure and Supply.
-7.2.6.1 Where the term air is used throughout this standard,
-it shall also include the use of nitrogen or other approved gas.
-7.2.6.2 Maintenance of Air Pressure. Air or nitrogen or other
-approved gas pressure shall be maintained on dry pipe systems
-throughout the year.
-7.2.6.3* Air Supply.
-7.2.6.3.1 The compressed air supply shall be from a source
-available at all times.
-7.2.6.3.2* The air supply shall have a capacity capable of re-
-storing normal air pressure in the system within 30 minutes.
-7.2.6.3.3 The requirements of 7.2.6.3.2 shall not apply in re-
-frigerated spaces maintained below 5°F (–15°C), where nor-
-mal system air pressure shall be permitted to be restored
-within 60 minutes.
-7.2.6.4 Air Supply Connections.
-7.2.6.4.1 Connection pipe from the air supply to the dry pipe
-valve shall not be less than 1⁄2 in. (15 mm) in diameter and
-shall enter the system above the priming water level of the dry
-pipe valve.
-7.2.6.4.2 A check valve shall be installed in the air filling con-
-nection, and a listed or approved shutoff valve of either the
-renewable disc or ball valve type shall be installed on the sup-
-ply side of this check valve and shall remain closed unless fill-
-ing the system.
-7.2.6.5 Relief Valve. An approved relief valve shall be pro-
-vided between the air supply and the shutoff valve and shall be
-set to relieve pressure no less than 10 psi (0.7 bar) in excess of
-system air pressure provided in 7.2.6.7.1 and shall not exceed
-the manufacturer’s limitations.
-7.2.6.6 Automatic Air Maintenance.
-7.2.6.6.1* Unless the requirements of 7.2.6.6.2 are met, where
-the air supply to a dry pipe system is maintained automatically,
-the air supply shall be from a dependable plant system or an
-air compressor with an air receiver, and shall utilize an air
-maintenance device specifically listed for such service and ca-
-pable of controlling the required air pressure on, and maxi-
-mum airflow to, the dry pipe system.
-7.2.6.6.2 Where the air compressor supplying the dry pipe
-system has a capacity less than 5.5 ft3/min (156 L/min) at 10 psi
-(0.7 bar), an air receiver or air maintenance device shall not be
-required.
-7.2.6.6.3 The automatic air supply to more than one dry pipe
-system shall be connected to enable individual maintenance
-of air pressure in each system.
-7.2.6.6.4 A check valve or other positive backflow prevention
-device shall be installed in the air supply to each system to
-prevent airflow or waterflow from one system to another.
-7.2.6.7 System Air Pressure.
-7.2.6.7.1 The system air pressure shall be maintained in accor-
-dance with the instruction sheet furnished with the dry pipe
-valve, or shall be 20 psi (1.4 bar) in excess of the calculated trip
-pressure of the dry pipe valve, based on the highest normal water
-pressure of the system supply.
-7.2.6.7.2 The permitted rate of air leakage shall be as speci-
-fied in 25.2.2.
-7.2.6.8 Nitrogen or Other Approved Gas.
-7.2.6.8.1* Where nitrogen or other approved gas is used, the
-supply shall be from a reliable source.
-7.2.6.8.2 Where stored nitrogen or other approved gas is
-used, the gas shall be introduced through a pressure regulator
-and shall be in accordance with 7.2.6.6.
-7.2.6.8.3 A low pressure alarm shall be provided on gas stor-
-age containers to notify the need for refilling.
-7.3 Preaction Systems and Deluge Systems.
-7.3.1* General.
-7.3.1.1* All components of pneumatic, hydraulic, or electrical
-systems shall be compatible.
-7.3.1.2 The automatic water control valve shall be provided
-with hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical manual means for
-13–36 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-operation that is independent of detection devices and of the
-sprinklers.
-7.3.1.3 Pressure Gauges. Approved pressure gauges conform-
-ing with 8.17.3 shall be installed as follows:
-(1) Above and below preaction valve and below deluge valve
-(2) On air supply to preaction and deluge valves
-7.3.1.4 A supply of spare fusible elements for heat-responsive
-devices, not less than two of each temperature rating, shall be
-maintained on the premises for replacement purposes.
-7.3.1.5 Hydraulic release systems shall be designed and in-
-stalled in accordance with manufacturer’s requirements and
-listing for height limitations above deluge valves or deluge
-valve actuators to prevent water column.
-7.3.1.6 Location and Spacing of Releasing Devices.
-7.3.1.6.1 Spacing of releasing devices, including automatic
-sprinklers used as releasing devices, shall be in accordance
-with their listing and manufacturer’s specifications.
-7.3.1.6.2 The release system shall serve all areas that the pre-
-action system protects.
-7.3.1.6.3 Where thermal activation is utilized, the activation
-temperature of the release system shall be lower than the acti-
-vation temperature of the sprinkler.
-7.3.1.7 Devices for Test Purposes and Testing Apparatus.
-7.3.1.7.1 Where detection devices installed in circuits are lo-
-cated where not accessible for testing, an additional detection
-device shall be provided on each circuit for test purposes at an
-accessible location and shall be connected to the circuit at a
-point that will ensure a proper test of the circuit.
-7.3.1.7.2 Testing apparatus capable of producing the heat or
-impulse necessary to operate any normal detection device shall
-be furnished to the owner of the property with each installation.
-7.3.1.7.3 Where explosive vapors or materials are present,
-hot water, steam, or other methods of testing not involving an
-ignition source shall be used.
-7.3.1.7.4* A separate additional indicating control valve, super-
-vised in accordance with 8.16.1.1.2, shall be permitted to be in-
-stalled in the riser assembly above a preaction or deluge valve to
-permit full function trip testing as required by NFPA 25, without
-flooding the system.
-7.3.1.8 Location and Protection of System Water Control Valves.
-7.3.1.8.1 System water control valves and supply pipes shall
-be protected against freezing and mechanical injury.
-7.3.1.8.2 Valve Rooms.
-7.3.1.8.2.1 Valve rooms shall be lighted and heated.
-7.3.1.8.2.2 The source of heat shall be of a permanently in-
-stalled type.
-7.3.1.8.2.3 Heat tracing shall not be used in lieu of heated
-valve enclosure rooms to protect preaction and deluge valves
-and supply pipe against freezing.
-7.3.2 Preaction Systems.
-7.3.2.1 Preaction systems shall be one of the following types:
-(1) A single interlock system, which admits water to sprinkler
-piping upon operation of detection devices
-(2) A non-interlock system, which admits water to sprinkler
-piping upon operation of detection devices or automatic
-sprinklers
-(3) A double interlock system, which admits water to sprin-
-kler piping upon operation of both detection devices and
-automatic sprinklers
-7.3.2.2 Size of Systems — Single and Non-Interlock Preaction
-Systems. Not more than 1000 automatic sprinklers shall be
-controlled by any one preaction valve.
-7.3.2.3 Size of Systems — Double Interlock Preaction Systems.
-7.3.2.3.1 The system size controlled by a double interlock
-preaction valve shall be determined by either 7.3.2.3.1.1,
-7.3.2.3.1.2, 7.3.2.3.1.3, and 7.3.2.3.1.4.
-7.3.2.3.1.1 A system size for double interlock preaction sys-
-tems of not more than 500 gal (1893 L) shall be permitted and
-shall not be required to meet any specific water delivery re-
-quirement to the trip test connection.
-7.3.2.3.1.2 The system size for double interlock preaction
-systems shall be designed to deliver water to the system test
-connection in no more than 60 seconds, starting at the nor-
-mal air pressure on the system, with the detection system
-activated and the inspection test connection fully opened
-simultaneously.
-7.3.2.3.1.3 The system size for double interlock preaction sys-
-tems shall be based on calculating water delivery in accordance
-with 7.2.3.6, anticipating that the detection system activation and
-sprinkler operation will be simultaneous.
-7.3.2.3.1.4* The system size for double interlock preaction sys-
-tems shall be designed to deliver water to the system trip test
-connection or manifold outlets in not more than the maxi-
-mum time of water delivery specified in Table 7.2.3.6.1, start-
-ing at the normal air pressure on the system, with the detec-
-tion system activated and the inspection trip test connection
-or manifold opened simultaneously.
-7.3.2.3.2 A listed quick-opening device shall be permitted to be
-used to help meet the requirements of 7.3.2.3.1.2, 7.3.2.3.1.3,
-and 7.3.2.3.1.4.
-7.3.2.4* Supervision.
-7.3.2.4.1 Sprinkler piping and fire detection devices shall be
-automatically supervised where more than 20 sprinklers are
-on the system.
-7.3.2.4.2 Except as permitted by 7.3.2.4.3, air or nitrogen super-
-vising pressure for preaction systems shall be installed in con-
-formance with the dry pipe system air pressure and supply rules
-of 7.2.6.
-7.3.2.4.3 The relief valves required by 7.2.6 shall be permitted
-to be omitted for the type of preaction system described in
-7.3.2.1(1) when the air pressure is supplied from a source that is
-not capable of developing pressures in excess of 15 psi (1.0 bar).
-7.3.2.4.4 All preaction system types described in 7.3.2.1(2)
-and 7.3.2.1(3) shall maintain a minimum supervising air or
-nitrogen pressure of 7 psi (0.5 bar).
-7.3.2.5 Sprinklers. The following sprinkler orientations and
-arrangements shall be permitted for preaction systems:
-(1) Upright sprinklers
-(2)*Listed dry sprinklers
-13–37SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-(3) Pendent sprinklers and sidewall sprinklers installed on re-
-turn bends, where the sprinklers, return bend, and branch
-line piping are in an area maintained at or above 40°F (4°C)
-(4) Horizontal sidewall sprinklers, installed so that water is
-not trapped
-(5) Pendent sprinklers and sidewall sprinklers, where the
-sprinklers and branch line piping are in an area main-
-tained at or above 40°F (4°C), the water supply is potable,
-and the piping for the preaction system is copper or
-CPVC specifically listed for dry pipe applications
-7.3.2.6 System Configuration. Preaction systems of the type
-described in 7.3.2.1(3) and all preaction systems protecting
-storage occupancies, excluding miscellaneous storage, shall
-not be gridded.
-7.3.3* Deluge Systems.
-7.3.3.1 The detection devices or systems shall be automati-
-cally supervised.
-7.3.3.2 Deluge systems shall be hydraulically calculated.
-7.4 Combined Dry Pipe and Preaction Systems for Piers, Ter-
-minals, and Wharves.
-7.4.1 In addition to the requirements of Section 7.4, design
-and installation requirements for piers, terminals, and
-wharves shall be in accordance with Section 22.22.
-7.4.2* General.
-7.4.2.1* Combined automatic dry pipe and preaction systems
-shall be so constructed that failure of the detection system
-shall not prevent the system from functioning as a conven-
-tional automatic dry pipe system.
-7.4.2.2 Combined automatic dry pipe and preaction systems
-shall be so constructed that failure of the dry pipe system of
-automatic sprinklers shall not prevent the detection system
-from properly functioning as an automatic fire alarm system.
-7.4.2.3 Provisions shall be made for the manual operation of
-the detection system at locations requiring not more than
-200 ft (61 m) of travel.
-7.4.2.4 Sprinklers. The following types of sprinklers and ar-
-rangements shall be permitted for combined dry pipe and
-preaction systems:
-(1) Upright sprinklers
-(2)*Listed dry sprinklers
-(3) Pendent sprinklers and sidewall sprinklers installed on re-
-turn bends, where both the sprinklers and the return
-bends are located in a heated area
-(4) Horizontal sidewall sprinklers, installed so that water is
-not trapped
-7.4.3 Dry Pipe Valves in Combined Systems.
-7.4.3.1 Where the system consists of more than 600 sprinklers
-or has more than 275 sprinklers in any fire area, the entire
-system shall be controlled through two 6 in. (150 mm) dry
-pipe valves connected in parallel and shall feed into a com-
-mon feed main.
-7.4.3.2* Where parallel dry pipe valves are required by 7.4.3.1,
-these valves shall be checked against each other.
-7.4.3.3 Each dry pipe valve shall be provided with a listed
-tripping device actuated by the detection system.
-7.4.3.4 Dry pipe valves shall be cross-connected through a
-1 in. (25 mm) pipe connection to permit simultaneous trip-
-ping of both dry pipe valves.
-7.4.3.5 The 1 in. (25 mm) cross-connection pipe shall be
-equipped with an indicating valve so that either dry pipe valve
-can be shut off and worked on while the other remains in
-service.
-7.4.3.6 The check valves between the dry pipe valves and the
-common feed main shall be equipped with 1⁄2 in. (15 mm)
-bypasses so that a loss of air from leakage in the trimmings of a
-dry pipe valve will not cause the valve to trip until the pressure
-in the feed main is reduced to the tripping point.
-7.4.3.7 An indicating valve shall be installed in each of these
-bypasses so that either dry pipe valve can be completely iso-
-lated from the main riser or feed main and from the other dry
-pipe valve.
-7.4.3.8 Each combined dry pipe and preaction system shall
-be provided with listed quick-opening devices at the dry pipe
-valves.
-7.4.4 Subdivision of System Using Check Valves.
-7.4.4.1 Where more than 275 sprinklers are required in a
-single fire area, the system shall be divided into sections of
-275 sprinklers or fewer by means of check valves.
-7.4.4.2 Where the system is installed in more than one fire
-area or story, not more than 600 sprinklers shall be supplied
-through any one check valve.
-7.4.4.3 Each section shall have a 11⁄4 in. (32 mm) drain on the
-system side of each check valve supplemented by a dry pipe
-system auxiliary drain.
-7.4.4.4 Section drain lines and dry pipe system auxiliary drains
-shall be located in heated areas or inside heated cabinets to en-
-close drain valves and auxiliary drains for each section.
-7.4.5 Time Limitation.
-7.4.5.1 The sprinkler system shall be so constructed and the
-number of sprinklers controlled shall be so limited that water
-shall reach the farthest sprinkler within a period of time not
-exceeding 1 minute for each 400 ft (122 m) of common feed
-main from the time the heat-responsive system operates.
-7.4.5.2 The maximum time permitted shall not exceed 3 min-
-utes.
-7.4.6 System Test Connection. The end section shall have a
-system test connection as required for dry pipe systems.
-7.5 Multi-Cycle Systems.
-7.5.1 All multi-cycle systems shall be specifically tested and
-listed as systems.
-7.5.2 All multi-cycle systems shall be installed in compliance
-with the manufacturer’s installation instructions.
-Section 7.6 was revised by a tentative interim amend-
-ment (TIA). See page 1.
-7.6* Antifreeze Systems.
-7.6.1* General.
-7.6.1.1 The use of antifreeze solutions shall be in conformity
-with state and local health regulations.
-13–38 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-7.6.1.2 Antifreeze shall not be used in ESFR systems unless
-the ESFR sprinkler is listed for use with the antifreeze solution.
-7.6.1.3 Where pendent sprinklers are utilized, the water shall
-be drained from the entire system after hydrostatic testing
-with water.
-7.6.1.3.1 The requirements of 7.6.1.3 shall not apply where
-the system is hydrostatically tested with properly mixed anti-
-freeze solution.
-7.6.1.4 Where antifreeze systems are remote from the system
-riser, a placard shall be mounted on the system riser that indi-
-cates the number and location of all remote antifreeze systems
-supplied by that riser.
-7.6.1.5 A placard shall be placed on the antifreeze system
-main valve that indicates the manufacture type and brand of
-the antifreeze solution, the concentration by volume of the
-antifreeze solution used, and the volume of the antifreeze so-
-lution used in the system.
-7.6.2* Antifreeze Solutions.
-7.6.2.1* Except as permitted in 7.6.2.2, antifreeze solutions
-shall be listed for use in sprinkler systems.
-7.6.2.2 Premixed antifreeze solutions of propylene glycol
-shall be permitted to be used with ESFR sprinklers where the
-ESFR sprinklers are listed for such use in a specific application.
-7.6.3 Arrangement of Supply Piping and Valves.
-7.6.3.1 Where the connection between the antifreeze system
-and the wet pipe system does not incorporate a backflow pre-
-vention device, and the conditions of 7.6.3.5 are not met, pip-
-ing and valves shall be installed as illustrated in Figure 7.6.3.1.
-7.6.3.2* Where the connection between the antifreeze system
-and the wet pipe system incorporates a backflow prevention
-device, and the conditions of 7.6.3.5 are not met, piping and
-valves shall be installed as illustrated in Figure 7.6.3.3 or Fig-
-ure 7.6.3.4.
-7.6.3.2.1 A means shall be provided to perform a full forward
-flow test in accordance with 8.17.4.6.
-7.6.3.3* Where the connection between the antifreeze system
-and the wet pipe system incorporates a backflow prevention de-
-vice, and the conditions of 7.6.3.5 are not met, a listed expansion
-chamber shall be provided to compensate for thermal expansion
-of the antifreeze solution as illustrated in Figure 7.6.3.3.
-7.6.3.3.1 When determining the size of the expansion cham-
-ber, the precharge air temperature and precharge air pressure
-shall be included.
-7.6.3.3.2 The size of the expansion chamber shall be such
-that the maximum system pressure does not exceed the rated
-pressure for any components of the antifreeze system.
-7.6.3.4 A listed 1⁄2 in. (12 mm) relief valve shall be permitted
-in lieu of the expansion chamber required in 7.6.3.3, provided
-the antifreeze system volume does not exceed 40 gal (151 L) as
-illustrated in Figure 7.6.3.4.
-7.6.3.5 The requirements of paragraphs 7.6.3.1, 7.6.3.2, and
-7.6.3.3 shall not apply where the following three conditions
-are met:
-(1) The antifreeze system is provided with an automatic pres-
-sure pump or other device or apparatus to automatically
-maintain a higher pressure on the system side than on the
-supply side of the water supply check valve separating the
-antifreeze system from the water supply.
-(2) Provision is made to automatically release solution to pre-
-vent overpressurization due to thermal expansion of the
-solution.
-(3) Provision is made to automatically supply premixed solu-
-tion as needed to restore system pressure due to thermal
-contraction.
-7.6.3.6* A drain/test connection shall be installed at the most
-remote portion of the system.
-7.6.3.7 For systems with a capacity larger than 150 gal (567.8 L),
-an additional test connection shall be provided for every 100 gal
-(378.5 L).
-Filling cup
-Heated area
-Wall
-B
-A
-Drain valve
-Check valve
-[¹⁄₃₂ in. (0.8 mm)
-hole in clapper]
-Approved 
-indicating
-valve
-Water
-Drop
-5 ft
-(1.5 m) 
-minimum
-Nonfreezing
-solution
-Notes:
-1.  Check valves are permitted to be omitted where sprinklers are      
-below the level of valve A.
-2.  The ¹⁄₃₂ in. (0.8 mm) hole in the check valve clapper is needed to      
-allow for expansion of the solution during a temperature rise, thus      
-preventing damage to sprinklers.
-12 in. (305 mm)
-Pitch to drain
-Water supply
-Unheated area
-FIGURE 7.6.3.1 Arrangement of Supply Piping and Valves.
-Backflow preventer
-with control valves
-Fill cup or filling 
-connection
-Water 
-supply
-Expansion 
-chamber
-Heated area Unheated 
-area
-Drain 
-valve
-Means for conducting 
-forward flow test of 
-backflow preventer
-Only close control valve 
-when conducting forward 
-flow test of backflow 
-preventer
-FIGURE 7.6.3.3 Arrangement of Supply Piping with Back-
-flow Device.
-13–39SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-7.7 Automatic Sprinkler Systems with Non–Fire Protection
-Connections.
-7.7.1 Circulating Closed-Loop Systems.
-7.7.1.1 System Components.
-7.7.1.1.1 A circulating closed-loop system is primarily a sprin-
-kler system and shall comply with all provisions of this stan-
-dard such as those for control valves, area limitations of a sys-
-tem, alarms, fire department connections, sprinkler spacing,
-and so forth, except as modified by Section 7.7.
-7.7.1.1.2 Piping, fittings, valves, and pipe hangers shall meet
-the requirements specified in Chapter 6.
-7.7.1.1.3 Unless the requirements of 7.7.1.1.4 are met, a di-
-electric fitting shall be installed in the junction where dissimi-
-lar piping materials are joined (e.g., copper to steel).
-7.7.1.1.4 Dielectric fittings shall not be required in the junc-
-tion where sprinklers are connected to piping.
-7.7.1.1.5 Other auxiliary devices shall not be required to be
-listed for sprinkler service; however, these devices, such as
-pumps, circulating pumps, heat exchangers, radiators, and lu-
-minaires, shall be pressure rated at 175 psi or 300 psi (12.1 bar
-or 20.7 bar) (rupture pressure of five times rated water system
-working pressure) to match the required rating of sprinkler
-system components.
-7.7.1.1.6 Auxiliary devices shall incorporate materials of con-
-struction and be so constructed that they will maintain their
-physical integrity under fire conditions to avoid impairment to
-the fire protection system.
-7.7.1.1.7 Auxiliary devices, where hung from the building
-structure, shall be supported independently from the sprin-
-kler portion of the system, following recognized engineering
-practices.
-7.7.1.2* Hydraulic Characteristics.Piping systems for attached
-heating and cooling equipment shall have auxiliary pumps or
-an arrangement made to return water to the piping system in
-order to ensure the following:
-(1) Water for sprinklers shall not be required to pass through
-heating or cooling equipment.
-(2) At least one direct path shall exist for waterflow from the
-sprinkler water supply to every sprinkler.
-(3) Pipe sizing in the direct path shall be in accordance with
-the design requirements of this standard.
-(4) No portions of the sprinkler piping shall have less than the
-sprinkler system design pressure, regardless of the mode of
-operation of the attached heating or cooling equipment.
-(5) There shall be no loss or outflow of water from the system
-due to or resulting from the operation of heating or cool-
-ing equipment.
-(6) Shutoff valves and a means of drainage shall be provided
-on piping to heating or cooling equipment at all points of
-connection to sprinkler piping and shall be installed in
-such a manner as to make possible repair or removal of
-any auxiliary component without impairing the service-
-ability and response to the sprinkler system.
-(7) All auxiliary components, including the strainer, shall be
-installed on the auxiliary equipment side of the shutoff
-valves.
-7.7.1.3 Water Temperature.
-7.7.1.3.1 Maximum.
-7.7.1.3.1.1 In no case shall maximum water temperature
-flowing through the sprinkler portion of the system exceed
-120°F (49°C).
-7.7.1.3.1.2 Protective control devices listed for this purpose
-shall be installed to shut down heating or cooling systems
-when the temperature of water flowing through the sprinkler
-portion of the system exceeds 120°F (49°C).
-7.7.1.3.1.3 Where the water temperature exceeds 100°F
-(37.8°C), intermediate or higher temperature–rated sprinklers
-shall be used.
-7.7.1.3.2 Minimum. Precautions shall be taken to ensure that
-temperatures below 40°F (4°C) are not permitted.
-7.7.1.4 Obstruction to Discharge. Automatic sprinklers shall
-not be obstructed by auxiliary devices, piping, insulation, and so
-forth, from detecting fire or from proper distribution of water.
-7.7.1.5 Signs.
-7.7.1.5.1 Caution signs shall be attached to all valves control-
-ling sprinklers.
-7.7.1.5.2 The caution sign shall be worded as follows:
-This valve controls fire protection equipment. Do not
-close until after fire has been extinguished. Use
-auxiliary valves when necessary to shut off supply to
-auxiliary equipment.
-CAUTION: Automatic alarm can be sounded if this valve is
-closed.
-7.7.1.6 Water Additives.
-7.7.1.6.1 Materials added to water shall not adversely affect
-the fire-fighting properties of the water and shall be in confor-
-mity with any state or local health regulations.
-FIGURE 7.6.3.4 Arrangement of Supply Piping with Relief
-Valve and Backflow Device.
-13–40 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-7.7.1.6.2 Due care and caution shall be given to the use of
-additives that can remove or suspend scale from older piping
-systems.
-7.7.1.6.3 Where additives are necessary for proper system op-
-eration, due care shall be taken to ensure that additives are
-replenished after alarm testing or whenever water is removed
-from the system.
-7.7.1.7 Waterflow Detection.
-7.7.1.7.1 The supply of water from sprinkler piping through
-auxiliary devices, circulatory piping, and pumps shall not un-
-der any condition or operation, transient or static, cause false
-sprinkler waterflow signals.
-7.7.1.7.2 A sprinkler waterflow signal shall not be impaired
-when water is discharged through an opened sprinkler or
-through the system test connection while auxiliary equipment
-is in any mode of operation (on, off, transient, stable).
-7.8 Outside Sprinklers for Protection Against Exposure Fires
-(Exposure Protection Sprinkler Systems).
-7.8.1 Applications.
-7.8.1.1 Exposure protection sprinkler systems shall be per-
-mitted on buildings and structures regardless of whether the
-building’s interior is protected by a sprinkler system.
-7.8.1.2 Where exposure protection systems are required,
-they shall be installed to provide protection of windows and
-other openings within masonry walls, complete protection of
-walls, protection of roofs, or any combination thereof.
-7.8.2 Water Supply and Control.
-7.8.2.1 Unless the requirements of 7.8.2.2 are met, sprinklers
-installed for protection against exposure fires shall be sup-
-plied from a standard water supply as outlined in Chapter 24.
-7.8.2.2 Where approved, other supplies, such as manual
-valves or pumps or fire department connections, shall be per-
-mitted to supply water to sprinklers for exposure protection.
-7.8.2.3 Where fire department connections are used for wa-
-ter supply, they shall be so located that they will not be affected
-by the exposing fire.
-7.8.3 Control.
-7.8.3.1 Each system of outside sprinklers shall have an inde-
-pendent control valve.
-7.8.3.2 Manually controlled open sprinklers shall be used
-only where constant supervision is present.
-7.8.3.3 Sprinklers shall be of the open or automatic type.
-Paragraph 7.8.3.4 was revised by a tentative interim
-amendment (TIA). See page 1.
-7.8.3.4 Automatic sprinklers in areas subject to freezing shall
-be on dry pipe systems conforming to Section 7.2 or antifreeze
-systems conforming to Section 7.6, or be dry sprinklers of an
-adequate length connected to wet pipe systems located in
-heated areas.
-7.8.3.5 Automatic systems of open sprinklers shall be con-
-trolled by the operation of fire detection devices designed for
-the specific application.
-7.8.4 System Components.
-7.8.4.1 Drain Valves. Each system of outside sprinklers shall
-have a separate drain valve installed on the system side of each
-control valve, except where an open sprinkler, top-fed system
-is arranged to facilitate drainage.
-7.8.4.2 Check Valves.
-7.8.4.2.1* Where sprinklers are installed on two adjacent sides
-of a building, protecting against two separate and distinct ex-
-posures, with separate control valves for each side, the end
-lines shall be connected with check valves located so that one
-sprinkler around the corner will operate.
-7.8.4.2.2 The intermediate pipe between the two check valves
-shall be arranged to drain.
-7.8.4.2.3* As an alternate solution, an additional sprinkler
-shall be installed on each system located around the corner
-from the system involved.
-7.8.4.3 System Arrangement. Where one exposure affects two
-sides of the protected structure, the system shall not be subdi-
-vided between the two sides but rather shall be arranged to
-operate as a single system.
-7.8.5 Pipe and Fittings. Pipe and fittings installed on the exte-
-rior of the building or structure shall be corrosion resistant.
-7.8.6 Strainers. A listed strainer shall be provided in the riser
-or feed main that supplies sprinklers having nominal K-factors
-smaller than K-2.8 (40).
-7.8.7 Gauge Connections. A listed pressure gauge conform-
-ing with 8.17.3 shall be installed immediately below the con-
-trol valve of each system.
-7.8.8 Sprinklers.
-7.8.8.1 A single line of sprinklers is permitted to protect a
-maximum of two stories of wall area or two levels of vertically
-aligned windows where architectural features are sufficiently
-flush to allow rundown.
-7.8.8.2 Where window sills or similar features result in re-
-cesses or projections exceeding 1 in. (25.4 mm) in depth,
-separate sprinklers shall be provided for each window on each
-level, regardless of whether protection is being provided for
-windows or complete walls.
-7.8.8.3 For wall protection systems, sprinklers shall be lo-
-cated 6 in. to 12 in. (152 mm to 305 mm) from the wall surface
-and within 6 in. (152 mm) of the top of the wall, with maxi-
-mum spacing of 8 ft (2.44 m) or as indicated in the sprinkler
-listing for exposure protection use.
-7.8.8.4 For protection of window and similar openings, listed
-window sprinklers shall be positioned within 2 in. (50.8 mm)
-of the top of the window sash in accordance with Table 7.8.8.4.
-7.8.8.5 Where exposure protection sprinkler systems are in-
-stalled, listed cornice sprinklers shall be used to protect com-
-bustible cornices exceeding 12 in. (305 mm) in depth.
-7.8.8.5.1 Cornice sprinklers shall be installed in each bay
-formed by cornice features and shall be spaced up to a maxi-
-mum distance of 10 ft (3.05 m) apart, with deflectors 8 in.
-(203 mm) below the underside of the roof sheathing.
-7.8.8.6 Open spray sprinklers (upright, pendent, or sidewall)
-shall be permitted for application in roof protection when in-
-stalled in accordance with ordinary hazard Group 1 protection
-13–41SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-areas and discharge criteria, with deflectors aligned parallel to
-the slope and positioned a minimum 18 in. (457 mm) above the
-roof surface.
-7.8.8.6.1 Upright sprinklers positioned as ridge pole sprin-
-klers shall be permitted with their deflectors horizontal and
-minimum 6 in. (152 mm) above the ridge, with their maxi-
-mum spacing and protection areas determined in the plan
-view rather than along the slope.
-7.9* Refrigerated Spaces.
-7.9.1 Spaces Maintained at Temperatures Above 32°F (0°C).
-Where temperatures are maintained above 32°F (0°C) in refrig-
-erated spaces, the requirements in this section shall not apply.
-7.9.2* Spaces Maintained at Temperatures Below 32°F (0°C).
-7.9.2.1 General.
-7.9.2.1.1 Where sprinkler pipe passes through a wall or floor
-into the refrigerated space, a section of pipe arranged for re-
-moval shall be provided immediately inside the space.
-7.9.2.1.2 The removable length of pipe required in 7.9.2.1.1
-shall be a minimum of 30 in. (762 mm).
-7.9.2.2 Low Air Pressure Alarm.
-7.9.2.2.1 Unless the requirements of 7.9.2.2.2 are met, a low
-air pressure alarm to a constantly attended location shall be
-installed.
-7.9.2.2.2 Systems equipped with local low pressure alarms
-and an automatic air maintenance device shall not be re-
-quired to alarm to a constantly attended location.
-7.9.2.3 Piping Pitch. Piping in refrigerated spaces shall be in-
-stalled with pitch as outlined in 8.16.2.3.3.
-7.9.2.4* Air or Nitrogen Supply. Air or nitrogen supply for
-systems shall be one of the following:
-(1) Air from the room of lowest temperature to reduce the
-moisture content
-(2) Air compressor/dryer package listed for the application
-utilizing ambient air
-(3) Compressed nitrogen gas from cylinders used in lieu of
-compressed air
-7.9.2.5* Control Valve.An indicating-type control valve for op-
-erational testing of the system shall be provided on each sprin-
-kler riser outside of the refrigerated space.
-7.9.2.6* Check Valve.
-7.9.2.6.1 Unless the requirements of 7.9.2.6.2 are met, a
-check valve with a 3⁄32 in. (2.4 mm) diameter hole in the clap-
-per shall be installed in the system riser below the test valve
-required in 7.9.2.5.
-7.9.2.6.2 Check valves shall not be required where dry pipe or
-preaction valves are used and designed to completely drain all
-water above the seat and that are listed for installation without
-priming water remaining and where priming water is not used
-in the system riser.
-7.9.2.7* Air or Nitrogen Supply Piping.
-7.9.2.7.1 The air or nitrogen supply piping entering the
-freezer area shall be as stated in 7.9.2.7.1.1 and 7.9.2.7.1.2.
-7.9.2.7.1.1 Air Supply. The supply piping shall be equipped
-with two easily removable supply lines at least 6 ft (1.9 m)
-long and at least 1 in. (25 mm) in diameter as shown in
-Figure 7.9.2.7.1.1(a) or Figure 7.9.2.7.1.1(b).
-7.9.2.7.1.2 Nitrogen Supply. The supply piping shall be
-equipped with a single easily removable supply line at least 6 ft
-(1.9 m) long and at least 1 in. (25 mm) in diameter.
-7.9.2.7.2 Each supply line shall be equipped with control
-valves located in the warm area.
-7.9.2.7.3 Only one air supply line shall be open to supply the
-system air at any one time.
-7.9.2.8 Fire Detection for Preaction Release.
-7.9.2.8.1 Detectors for Preaction Systems.
-7.9.2.8.1.1* The release system shall be designed to operate
-prior to sprinkler operation, unless detectors meet the re-
-quirements of 7.9.2.8.1.2.
-(A) Detectors shall be electric or pneumatic fixed tempera-
-ture type with temperature ratings less than that of the
-sprinklers.
-(B) Detection devices shall not be rate-of-rise type.
-7.9.2.8.1.2 Where the system is a double interlock preaction
-system or single interlock preaction antifreeze system, detec-
-tion devices shall be permitted to be any type specifically ap-
-proved for use in a refrigerated area if installed in accordance
-with their listing requirements and NFPA 72.
-7.9.2.8.2 Detector Location at Ceiling.
-7.9.2.8.2.1 Under smooth ceilings, detectors shall be spaced
-not exceeding their listed spacing.
-7.9.2.8.2.2 For other than smooth ceilings, detectors shall
-not exceed one-half of the listed linear detector spacing or full
-allowable sprinkler spacing, whichever is greater.
-7.9.2.8.3 Detector Location in Racks.
-7.9.2.8.3.1 Unless conditions in 7.9.2.8.4 are met, one level of
-detectors shall be installed for each level of sprinklers.
-Table 7.8.8.4 Position of Window Sprinklers
-Width of
-Window
-(ft)
-Nominal K-Factor Nominal
-Distance
-from Window
-(in.)U.S. Metric
-Up to 3 2.8 40 7
->3 to 4 2.8 40 8
->4 to 5 2.8 40 9
-5.6 80 12
->5 to 7 11.2 160 12
-Two 2.8 40 7
->7 to 9.5 14.0 200 12
-Two 2.8 40 9
->9.5 to 12 Two 5.6 80 12
-For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-13–42 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-7.9.2.8.3.2 Detectors shall be installed vertically within one
-storage level of the rack sprinklers and as follows:
-(1) Detectors shall be located in the transverse flue in single-row
-racks and in the longitudinal flue in double-row racks.
-(2) For multiple-row racks, detectors shall be located in ei-
-ther longitudinal or transverse flue space and shall be
-within 5 ft (1.5 m) horizontally of each sprinkler.
-(3) Separate detection systems shall be installed for ceiling
-sprinkler systems and in-rack sprinkler systems.
-(4) Where system is double interlock preaction type, ceiling
-detection system shall operate solenoid valves on both
-ceiling and in-rack preaction systems.
-6 ft (1.8 m) minimum
-Heated area
-Two easily removed
-sections of pipe
-Normally open
-control valve
-Check valve with ³/shiftfraction₃₂ in.
-(2.4 mm) hole in clapper
-Dry/preaction valve
-Main control
-valve
-Water supply
-Air compressor
-and tank
-Air compressor
-and tank
-Bypass for
-system testing Piping to sprinklers
-Riser
-Refrigerated space
-Heated area Refrigerated space
-30 in.
-(762 mm)
-Freezer air intake
-Freezer air intake
-Air pressure
-Air supply source
-Air pressure
-Water supply source
-P1
-P2
-P1 P2
-Notes:
-1. Check valve with ³⁄₃₂ in. (2.4 mm) hole in clapper not required if prime water not used.
-2. Supply air to be connected to top or side of system pipe.
-3. Each removable air line to be a minimum of 1 in. (25 mm) diameter and a minimum 
- of 6 ft (1.8 m) long. 
-Elevation View
-Plan View
-Check valve 
-installed in 
-horizontal pipe
-Control 
-valves 
-installed in 
-horizontal 
-pipe
-FIGURE 7.9.2.7.1.1(a) Refrigerator Area Sprinkler System Used to Minimize the Chances of Developing Ice Plugs.
-13–43SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-7.9.2.8.4 Single Detection System for Ceiling and In-Rack
-Sprinklers. Ceiling detection only shall be permitted where all
-of the following conditions are met:
-(1) Maximum storage height is 35 ft (10.7 m).
-(2) Maximum ceiling height is 40 ft (12.2 m).
-(3) Maximum hazard of storage is Class III.
-(4) No solid shelves are present.
-(5) One preaction valve is used for both ceiling and in-rack
-sprinklers protecting the same area, with separate indicat-
-ing control valves and check valves provided downstream
-as shown in Figure 7.9.2.8.4.
-(6) Detectors at the ceiling are spaced at a maximum of one-
-half the listed detector spacing but not less than the sprin-
-kler spacing.
-7.10 Commercial-Type Cooking Equipment and Ventilation.
-7.10.1 General. In cooking areas protected by automatic
-sprinklers, additional sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles
-shall be provided to protect commercial-type cooking equip-
-ment and ventilation systems that are designed to carry away
-grease-laden vapors unless otherwise protected.
-7.10.2* Sprinklers and Automatic Spray Nozzles.
-7.10.2.1 Unless the requirements of 7.10.2.2 are met, stan-
-dard sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles shall be so located
-as to provide for the protection of exhaust ducts, hood ex-
-haust duct collars, and hood exhaust plenum chambers.
-7.10.2.2 Sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles in ducts, duct
-collars, and plenum chambers shall not be required where all
-cooking equipment is served by listed grease extractors.
-7.10.2.3 Unless the requirements of 7.10.2.5 are met, stan-
-dard sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles shall be so located
-as to provide for the protection of cooking equipment and
-cooking surfaces.
-7.10.2.4 Hoods containing automatic fire-extinguishing sys-
-tems are protected areas; therefore, these hoods are not con-
-sidered obstructions to overhead sprinkler systems and shall
-not require floor coverage underneath.
-7.10.2.5 Cooking equipment below hoods that contain auto-
-matic fire-extinguishing equipment is protected and shall not
-require protection from the overhead sprinkler system.
-7.10.3 Sprinkler and Automatic Spray Nozzle Location — Ducts.
-7.10.3.1 Unless the requirements of 7.10.3.2 or 7.10.3.4 are
-met, exhaust ducts shall have one sprinkler or automatic spray
-nozzle located at the top of each vertical riser and at the mid-
-point of each offset.
-7.10.3.2 Sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles shall not be
-required in a vertical riser located outside of a building, pro-
-vided the riser does not expose combustible material or pro-
-vided the interior of the building and the horizontal distance
-between the hood outlet and the vertical riser is at least 25 ft
-(7.6 m).
-7.10.3.3 Unless the requirements of 7.10.3.4 are met, hori-
-zontal exhaust ducts shall have sprinklers or automatic spray
-nozzle devices located on 10 ft (3 m) centers beginning no
-more than 5 ft (1.5 m) from the duct entrance.
-7.10.3.4 Sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles shall be re-
-quired in ducts.
-7.10.3.4.1 Where ducts do not exceed 75 ft (22.86 m) in
-length and the entire exhaust duct is protected in accordance
-with NFPA 96, sprinkler(s) or automatic spray nozzle(s) shall
-not be required.
-7.10.3.5 A sprinkler(s) or an automatic spray nozzle(s) in
-exhaust ducts subject to freezing shall be properly protected
-against freezing by approved means. (See 8.16.4.1.)
-Heated area
-Check valve with 
-³/shiftfraction₃₂ in. (2.4 mm) 
-hole in clapper
-Water supply
-Air 
-compressor
-and tank
-Refrigerated space
-Normally open
-control valve
-Low air alarm
-Test valve
-Control valve
-Preaction valve
-Check
-valve
-Check valve
-Easily removed
-section of pipe
-Freezer air intake
-Notes:
-1. Check valve with ³⁄₃₂ in. (2.4 mm) hole in clapper not required if prime
- water not used.
-2. Each removable air line is to be installed a minimum of 1 in. (25 mm) 
- in diameter and a minimum of 6 ft (1.8 m) long. 
-6 ft (1.8 m) minimum
-FIGURE 7.9.2.7.1.1(b) Preaction System Arrangement.
-To ceiling
-sprinklers
-To rack
-sprinklers
-Check valve
-Test valve Low air alarm
-Air supply
-Check valve
-Control valve
-Control valve
-Water supply
-Preaction valve
-Check valve with 
-³⁄₃₂ in. (2.4 mm) 
-hole in clapper
-FIGURE 7.9.2.8.4 Valve Arrangement.
-13–44 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-7.10.4 Sprinkler and Automatic Spray Nozzle Location —
-Duct Collar.
-7.10.4.1 Each hood exhaust duct collar shall have one sprin-
-kler or automatic spray nozzle located 1 in. minimum to 12 in.
-maximum (25 mm minimum to 305 mm maximum) above
-the point of duct collar connection in the hood plenum.
-7.10.4.2 Hoods that have listed fire dampers located in the duct
-collar shall be protected with a sprinkler or automatic spray
-nozzle located on the discharge side of the damper and shall be
-so positioned as not to interfere with damper operation.
-7.10.5 Sprinkler and Automatic Spray Nozzle Location —
-Exhaust Plenum Chambers.
-7.10.5.1 Hood exhaust plenum chambers shall have one
-sprinkler or automatic spray nozzle centered in each chamber
-not exceeding 10 ft (3 m) in length.
-7.10.5.2 Plenum chambers greater than 10 ft (3 m) in length
-shall have two sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles evenly
-spaced, with the maximum distance between the two sprin-
-klers not to exceed 10 ft (3 m).
-7.10.6 Sprinkler and Automatic Spray Nozzle Temperature
-Ratings and K-Factors.
-7.10.6.1 Where the exposed temperature is expected to be
-300°F (149°C) or less, sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles
-being used in duct, duct collar, and plenum areas shall be of
-the extra high–temperature classification [325°F to 375°F
-(163°C to 191°C)].
-7.10.6.2 When use of a temperature-measuring device indi-
-cates temperatures above 300°F (149°C), a sprinkler or auto-
-matic spray nozzle of higher classification shall be used.
-7.10.6.3 Sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles being used in
-duct, duct collar, and plenum areas shall have orifices with
-K-factors not less than K-1.4 (20) and not more than K-5.6 (80).
-7.10.7 Sprinkler and Automatic Spray Nozzle. Access shall be
-provided to all sprinklers or automatic spray nozzles for ex-
-amination and replacement.
-7.10.8 Cooking Equipment.
-7.10.8.1 General. Cooking equipment (such as deep fat fry-
-ers, ranges, griddles, and broilers) that is considered to be a
-source of ignition shall be protected in accordance with the
-provisions of 7.10.1.
-7.10.8.2 Deep Fat Fryers.
-7.10.8.2.1 A sprinkler or automatic spray nozzle used for pro-
-tection of deep fat fryers shall be listed for that application.
-7.10.8.2.2 The position, arrangement, location, and water
-supply for each sprinkler or automatic spray nozzle shall be in
-accordance with its listing.
-7.10.8.3 Fuel and Heat Shutoff.
-7.10.8.3.1 The operation of any cooking equipment sprinkler
-or automatic spray nozzle shall automatically shut off all sources
-of fuel and heat to all equipment requiring protection.
-7.10.8.3.2 Any gas appliance not requiring protection but
-located under ventilating equipment shall also be shut off.
-7.10.8.3.3 All shutdown devices shall be of the type that re-
-quires manual resetting prior to fuel or power being restored.
-7.10.9 Indicating Valves. A listed indicating valve shall be in-
-stalled in the water supply line to the sprinklers and spray
-nozzles protecting the cooking and ventilating system.
-7.10.10 Strainers. A listed line strainer shall be installed in the
-main water supply preceding sprinklers or automatic spray
-nozzles having nominal K-factors smaller than K-2.8 (40).
-7.10.11 Test Connection. A system test connection shall be
-provided to verify proper operation of equipment specified in
-7.10.8.3.
-7.11 Additives and Coatings.
-7.11.1 Additives to the water supply intended for control of
-microbiological or other corrosion shall be listed for use
-within fire sprinkler systems.
-7.11.2 Internal pipe coatings, excluding galvanizing, in-
-tended for control of microbiological or other corrosion shall
-be listed for use within fire sprinkler systems.
-Chapter 8 Installation Requirements
-8.1* Basic Requirements.
-8.1.1* The requirements for spacing, location, and position of
-sprinklers shall be based on the following principles:
-(1) Sprinklers shall be installed throughout the premises.
-(2) Sprinklers shall be located so as not to exceed the maxi-
-mum protection area per sprinkler.
-(3)*Sprinklers shall be positioned and located so as to provide
-satisfactory performance with respect to activation time
-and distribution.
-(4) Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from areas
-specifically allowed by this standard.
-(5) When sprinklers are specifically tested and test results
-demonstrate that deviations from clearance requirements
-to structural members do not impair the ability of the
-sprinkler to control or suppress a fire, their positioning
-and locating in accordance with the test results shall be
-permitted.
-(6) Clearance between sprinklers and ceilings exceeding the
-maximums specified in this standard shall be permitted,
-provided that tests or calculations demonstrate compa-
-rable sensitivity and performance of the sprinklers to
-those installed in conformance with these sections.
-(7) Furniture, such as portable wardrobe units, cabinets, tro-
-phy cases, and similar features not intended for occu-
-pancy, does not require sprinklers to be installed in them.
-This type of feature shall be permitted to be attached to
-the finished structure.
-(8)*Sprinklers shall not be required to be installed within
-electrical equipment, mechanical equipment, or air han-
-dling units not intended for occupancy.
-8.1.2* System valves and gauges shall be accessible for opera-
-tion, inspection, tests, and maintenance.
-8.2 System Protection Area Limitations.
-8.2.1 The maximum floor area on any one floor to be pro-
-tected by sprinklers supplied by any one sprinkler system riser
-or combined system riser shall be as follows:
-(1) Light hazard — 52,000 ft 2 (4831 m2)
-(2) Ordinary hazard — 52,000 ft 2 (4831 m2)
-13–45INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-(3)*Extra hazard — Hydraulically calculated — 40,000 ft 2
-(3716 m2)
-(4) Storage — High-piled storage (as defined in 3.9.1.17) and
-storage covered by other NFPA standards — 40,000 ft 2
-(3716 m2)
-8.2.2 The floor area occupied by mezzanines shall not be
-included in the area limits of 8.2.1.
-8.2.3 Where single systems protect extra hazard, high-piled
-storage, or storage covered by other NFPA standards, and ordi-
-nary or light hazard areas, the extra hazard or storage area cover-
-age shall not exceed the floor area specified for that hazard and
-the total area coverage shall not exceed 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2).
-8.2.4 Multiple buildings attached by canopies, covered
-breezeways, common roofs, or a common wall(s) shall be per-
-mitted to be supplied by a single fire sprinkler riser.
-8.2.4.1 The maximum system size shall comply with 8.2.1.
-8.2.5* Detached Buildings.
-8.2.5.1 Unless the requirements of 8.2.5.2 apply, detached
-buildings, regardless of separation distance, that do not meet
-the criteria of 8.2.4 shall be provided with separate fire sprin-
-kler systems.
-8.2.5.2 When acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction,
-detached structures shall be permitted to be supplied by the
-fire sprinkler system of an adjacent building.
-8.3 Use of Sprinklers.
-8.3.1 General.
-8.3.1.1* Sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with their
-listing.
-8.3.1.2 The requirements of 8.3.1.1 shall not apply where
-construction features or other special situations require un-
-usual water distribution, and listed sprinklers shall be permit-
-ted to be installed in positions other than anticipated by their
-listing to achieve specific results.
-8.3.1.3* Upright sprinklers shall be installed with the frame
-arms parallel to the branch line, unless specifically listed for
-other orientation.
-8.3.1.4 Where solvent cement is used as the pipe and fittings
-bonding agent, sprinklers shall not be installed in the fittings
-prior to the fittings being cemented in place.
-8.3.1.5 Protective Caps and Straps.
-8.3.1.5.1* Protective caps and straps shall be removed using
-means that are in accordance with the manufacturer’s instal-
-lation instructions.
-8.3.1.5.2* Protective caps and straps shall be removed from all
-sprinklers prior to the time when the sprinkler system is
-placed in service.
-8.3.1.5.3 Protective caps and straps on all upright sprinklers
-or on any sprinklers installed more than 10 ft (3 m) above the
-floor shall be permitted to be removed from sprinklers imme-
-diately following their installation.
-8.3.2 Temperature Ratings.
-8.3.2.1* Unless the requirements of 8.3.2.2, 8.3.2.3, 8.3.2.4, or
-8.3.2.5 are met, ordinary- and intermediate-temperature
-sprinklers shall be used throughout buildings.
-8.3.2.2 Where maximum ceiling temperatures exceed 100°F
-(38°C), sprinklers with temperature ratings in accordance
-with the maximum ceiling temperatures of Table 6.2.5.1 shall
-be used.
-8.3.2.3 High-temperature sprinklers shall be permitted to be
-used throughout ordinary and extra hazard occupancies, stor-
-age occupancies, and as allowed in this standard and other
-NFPA codes and standards.
-8.3.2.4 Sprinklers of intermediate- and high-temperature
-classifications shall be installed in specific locations as re-
-quired by 8.3.2.5.
-8.3.2.5* The following practices shall be observed to provide
-sprinklers of other than ordinary-temperature classification
-unless other temperatures are determined or unless high-
-temperature sprinklers are used throughout, and tempera-
-ture selection shall be in accordance with Table 8.3.2.5(a),
-Table 8.3.2.5(b), and Figure 8.3.2.5:
-(1) Sprinklers in the high-temperature zone shall be of
-the high-temperature classification, and sprinklers in
-the intermediate-temperature zone shall be of the
-intermediate-temperature classification.
-(2) Sprinklers located within 12 in. (305 mm) to one side or
-30 in. (762 mm) above an uncovered steam main, heat-
-ing coil, or radiator shall be of the intermediate-
-temperature classification.
-(3) Sprinklers within 7 ft (2.1 m) of a low-pressure blowoff
-valve that discharges free in a large room shall be of the
-high-temperature classification.
-(4) Sprinklers under glass or plastic skylights exposed to the
-direct rays of the sun shall be of the intermediate-
-temperature classification.
-(5) Sprinklers in an unventilated, concealed space, under
-an uninsulated roof, or in an unventilated attic shall be
-of the intermediate-temperature classification.
-(6) Sprinklers in unventilated show windows having high-
-powered electric lights near the ceiling shall be of the
-intermediate-temperature classification.
-(7) Sprinklers protecting commercial-type cooking equip-
-ment and ventilation systems shall be of the high- or ex-
-tra high–temperature classification as determined by use
-of a temperature-measuring device. (See 7.10.6.)
-(8) Sprinklers protecting residential areas installed near
-specific heat sources identified in Table 8.3.2.5(c) shall
-be installed in accordance with Table 8.3.2.5(c).
-(9) Ordinary-temperature sprinklers located adjacent to a
-heating duct that discharges air that is less than 100°F
-(38°C) are not required to be separated in accordance
-with Table 8.3.2.5(a).
-(10) Sprinklers in walk-in type coolers and freezers with auto-
-matic defrosting shall be of the intermediate-temperature
-classification or higher.
-8.3.2.6 In case of occupancy change involving temperature
-change, the sprinklers shall be changed accordingly.
-8.3.2.7* The minimum temperature rating of ceiling sprin-
-klers in general storage, rack storage, rubber tire storage, roll
-paper storage, and baled cotton storage applications shall be
-150°F (66°C).
-13–46 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-Table 8.3.2.5(a) Temperature Ratings of Sprinklers Based on Distance from Heat Sources
-Type of Heat Condition
-Ordinary-Temperature
-Rating
-Intermediate-Temperature
-Rating
-High-Temperature
-Rating
-(1) Heating ducts
-(a) Above More than 2 ft 6 in. 2 ft 6 in. or less
-(b) Side and below More than 1 ft 0 in. 1 ft 0 in. or less
-(c) Diffuser Any distance except as shown under
-Intermediate-Temperature Rating
-column
-Downward discharge: Cylinder
-with 1 ft 0 in. radius from
-edge extending 1 ft 0 in.
-below and 2 ft 6 in. above
-Horizontal discharge: Semicylinder
-or cylinder with 2 ft 6 in.
-radius in direction of flow
-extending 1 ft 0 in. below and
-2 ft 6 in. above
-(2) Unit heater
-(a) Horizontal discharge Discharge side: 7 ft 0 in. to 20 ft
-0 in. radius pie-shaped
-cylinder (see Figure 8.3.2.5)
-extending 7 ft 0 in. above and
-2 ft 0 in. below heater; also
-7 ft 0 in. radius cylinder more
-than 7 ft 0 in. above unit
-heater
-7 ft 0 in. radius cylinder
-extending 7 ft 0 in.
-above and 2 ft 0 in.
-below unit heater
-(b) Vertical downward
-discharge (for
-sprinklers below unit
-heater, see Figure
-8.3.2.5)
-7 ft 0 in. radius cylinder
-extending upward from an
-elevation 7 ft 0 in. above unit
-heater
-7 ft 0 in. radius cylinder
-extending from the top
-of the unit heater to an
-elevation 7 ft 0 in. above
-unit heater
-(3) Steam mains
-(uncovered)
-(a) Above More than 2 ft 6 in. 2 ft 6 in. or less
-(b) Side and below More than 1 ft 0 in. 1 ft 0 in. or less
-(c) Blowoff valve More than 7 ft 0 in. 7 ft 0 in. or less
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Table 8.3.2.5(b) Temperature Ratings of Sprinklers in Specified Locations
-Location
-Ordinary-Temperature
-Rating
-Intermediate-Temperature
-Rating
-High-Temperature
-Rating
-Skylights Glass or plastic
-Attics Do not use Ventilated or unventilated
-Peaked roof: metal or thin boards,
-concealed or not concealed,
-insulated or uninsulated
-Ventilated Unventilated
-Flat roof: metal, not concealed Ventilated or unventilated Note: For uninsulated roof,
-climate and insulated or
-uninsulated occupancy can
-necessitate intermediate
-sprinklers. Check on job.
-Flat roof: metal, concealed, insulated
-or uninsulated
-Ventilated Unventilated
-Show windows Ventilated Unventilated
-Note: A check of job condition by means of thermometers might be necessary.
-13–47INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.3.3 Thermal Sensitivity.
-8.3.3.1* Sprinklers in light hazard occupancies shall be one of
-the following:
-(1) Quick-response type as defined in 3.6.4.7
-(2) Residential sprinklers in accordance with the require-
-ments of 8.4.5
-(3) Standard-response sprinklers used for modifications or
-additions to existing light hazard systems equipped with
-standard-response sprinklers
-(4) Standard-response sprinklers used where individual
-standard-response sprinklers are replaced in existing light
-hazard systems
-8.3.3.2 Where quick-response sprinklers are installed, all
-sprinklers within a compartment shall be quick-response un-
-less otherwise permitted in 8.3.3.3.
-8.3.3.3 Where there are no listed quick-response sprinklers
-in the temperature range required, standard-response sprin-
-klers shall be permitted to be used.
-8.3.3.4 When existing light hazard systems are converted to
-use quick-response or residential sprinklers, all sprinklers in a
-compartment shall be changed.
-8.3.4 Sprinklers with K-Factors Less than K-5.6 (80).
-8.3.4.1 Sprinklers shall have a minimum nominal K-factor of
-5.6 (80) unless otherwise permitted by 8.3.4.
-8.3.4.2 For light hazard occupancies not requiring as much wa-
-ter as is discharged by a sprinkler with a nominal K-factor of K-5.6
-(80) operating at 7 psi (0.5 bar), sprinklers having a smaller ori-
-fice shall be permitted, subject to the following restrictions:
-(1) The system shall be hydraulically calculated.
-(2) Sprinklers with nominal K-factors of less than K-5.6 (80)
-shall be installed only in wet pipe sprinkler systems or in
-accordance with the limitations of 8.3.4.3 or 8.3.4.4.
-Table 8.3.2.5(c) Temperature Ratings of Sprinklers in Specified Residential Areas
-Heat Source
-Minimum Distance from
-Edge of Source to
-Ordinary-Temperature
-Sprinkler
-Minimum Distance from
-Edge of Source to
-Intermediate-Temperature
-Sprinkler
-in. mm in. mm
-Side of open or recessed fireplace 36 914 12 305
-Front of recessed fireplace 60 1524 36 914
-Coal- or wood-burning stove 42 1067 12 305
-Kitchen range 18 457 9 229
-Wall oven 18 457 9 229
-Hot air flues 18 457 9 229
-Uninsulated heat ducts 18 457 9 229
-Uninsulated hot water pipes 12 305 6 152
-Side of ceiling- or wall-mounted
-hot air diffusers
-24 607 12 305
-Front of wall-mounted hot air
-diffusers
-36 914 18 457
-Hot water heater or furnace 6 152 3 76
-Light fixture:
-0 W–250 W 6 152 3 76
-250 W–499 W 12 305 6 152
-B 
-5 ft 9⁵⁄₁₆ in.
-B 
-8 ft 7⁷⁄₈ in.
-B 
-11 ft 6¹¹⁄₁₆ in.
-Airflow 
-zone B = 0.5774 ¥ A
-C = 1.1547 ¥ A
-Intermediate-temperature              zone
-Unit heater
-7 ft 0 in.
-10 ft 0 in.5 ft 0 in.
-20 ft 0 in.
-30∞
-A C 
-High- 
-temperature
-5 ft 0 in.
-SI units; 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.31 m.
-FIGURE 8.3.2.5 High-Temperature and Intermediate-
-Temperature Zones at Unit Heaters.
-13–48 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(3) A listed strainer shall be provided on the supply side of
-sprinklers with nominal K-factors of less than K-2.8 (40).
-8.3.4.3 Sprinklers with nominal K-factors of less than K-5.6 (80)
-shall be permitted to be installed in conformance with 11.3.2 for
-protection against exposure fires.
-8.3.4.4 Sprinklers with nominal K-factors of K-4.2 (57) shall
-be permitted to be installed on dry pipe and preaction systems
-protecting light hazard occupancies where piping is corrosion
-resistant or internally galvanized.
-8.3.5 Thread Size Limitations. Sprinklers having a K-factor ex-
-ceeding K-5.6 (80) and having 1⁄2 in. (15 mm) National Pipe
-Thread (NPT) shall not be installed in new sprinkler systems.
-8.4* Application of Sprinkler Types. Sprinklers shall be se-
-lected for use as indicated in this section and shall be posi-
-tioned and spaced as described in Section 8.5.
-8.4.1 Standard Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers.
-8.4.1.1 Upright and pendent spray sprinklers shall be permit-
-ted in all occupancy hazard classifications and building con-
-struction types.
-8.4.1.2 Quick-response sprinklers shall not be permitted for
-use in extra hazard occupancies under the density/area de-
-sign method.
-8.4.2 Sidewall Spray Sprinklers. Sidewall sprinklers shall only
-be installed as follows:
-(1) Light hazard occupancies with smooth, horizontal or
-sloped, flat ceilings
-(2) Ordinary hazard occupancies with smooth, flat ceilings
-where specifically listed for such use
-(3) To protect areas below overhead doors
-8.4.3 Extended Coverage Sprinklers. Extended coverage
-sprinklers shall only be installed as follows:
-(1) Unobstructed construction consisting of flat, smooth ceil-
-ings with a slope not exceeding a pitch of 1 in 6 (a rise of
-2 units in a run of 12 units, a roof slope of 16.7 percent)
-(2) Unobstructed or noncombustible obstructed construc-
-tion, where specifically listed for such use
-(3) Within trusses or bar joists having web members not greater
-than 1 in. (25.4 mm) maximum dimension or where trusses
-are spaced greater than 71⁄2 ft (2.3 m) on center and where
-the ceiling slope does not exceed a pitch of 1 in 6 (a rise of
-2 units in a run of 12 units, a roof slope of 16.7 percent)
-(4) Extended coverage upright and pendent sprinklers in-
-stalled under smooth, flat ceilings that have slopes not
-exceeding a pitch of 1 in 3 (a rise of 4 units in a run of
-12 units, a roof slope of 33.3 percent), where specifi-
-cally listed for such use
-(5) Extended coverage sidewall sprinklers installed in accor-
-dance with 8.9.4.2.2 in slopes exceeding a ceiling pitch of
-2 in 12 where listed for such use
-(6) In each bay of obstructed construction consisting of solid
-structural members that extend below the deflector of the
-sprinkler
-8.4.4 Open Sprinklers.
-8.4.4.1 Open sprinklers shall be permitted to be used in del-
-uge systems to protect special hazards or exposures or in other
-special locations.
-8.4.4.2 Open sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with
-all applicable requirements of this standard for their auto-
-matic counterpart.
-8.4.5 Residential Sprinklers.
-8.4.5.1* Residential sprinklers shall be permitted in dwelling
-units and their adjoining corridors, provided they are in-
-stalled in conformance with their listing.
-8.4.5.2 Residential sprinklers shall be used only in wet sys-
-tems unless specifically listed for use in dry systems or preac-
-tion systems.
-8.4.5.3 Where residential sprinklers are installed in a com-
-partment as defined in 3.3.6, all sprinklers within the compart-
-ment shall be residential sprinklers.
-8.4.6 Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinklers.
-8.4.6.1 ESFR sprinklers shall be used only in wet pipe systems
-unless specifically listed for use in dry systems.
-8.4.6.1.1 ESFR sprinklers shall not be permitted to protect
-storage on solid shelf racks unless the solid shelves are pro-
-tected in accordance with 16.1.6 or 17.1.5 as applicable to the
-type of storage.
-8.4.6.1.2 ESFR sprinklers shall not be permitted to protect
-storage with open top containers.
-8.4.6.2 ESFR sprinklers shall be installed only in buildings
-where roof or ceiling slope above the sprinklers does not ex-
-ceed a pitch of 2 in 12 (a rise of 2 units in a run of 12 units, a
-roof slope of 16.7 percent).
-8.4.6.3* ESFR sprinklers shall be permitted for use in buildings
-with unobstructed and noncombustible obstructed construction.
-8.4.6.3.1 Where depths of the solid structural members
-(beams, stem, and so forth) exceed 12 in. (305 mm), ESFR
-sprinklers shall be installed in each channel formed by the
-solid structural members.
-8.4.6.3.2 Minimum sprinkler spacing and area of coverage
-shall comply with the requirements of 8.12.2 and 8.12.3.
-8.4.6.4 Draft Curtains.
-8.4.6.4.1 Where ESFR sprinkler systems are installed adjacent
-to sprinkler systems with standard-response sprinklers, a draft
-curtain of noncombustible construction and at least 2 ft (0.6 m)
-in depth shall be required to separate the two areas.
-8.4.6.4.2 A clear aisle of at least 4 ft (1.2 m) centered below
-the draft curtain shall be maintained for separation.
-8.4.6.5 Temperature Ratings. Sprinkler temperature ratings
-for ESFR sprinklers shall be ordinary unless 8.3.2 requires
-intermediate- or high-temperature ratings.
-8.4.6.6 Occupancy and Hazard. ESFR sprinklers designed to
-meet any criteria in Chapter 12 through Chapter 20 shall be
-permitted to protect light and ordinary hazard occupancies.
-8.4.7 Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA) Sprinklers.
-8.4.7.1 CMSA sprinklers shall be permitted to be used in wet,
-dry, or preaction systems and shall be installed in accordance
-with their listing.
-8.4.7.2* Galvanized Pipe.
-8.4.7.2.1 Where steel pipe is used in preaction and dry pipe
-systems, piping materials shall be limited to internally galva-
-nized steel.
-13–49INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-8.4.7.2.2 Black steel pipe shall be permitted when the system
-is installed in freezers where the air temperature is below 32°F
-(0°C) and the air supply is either nitrogen or a listed regenera-
-tive air dryer.
-8.4.7.2.3 Nongalvanized fittings shall be permitted.
-8.4.7.3 Temperature Ratings.
-8.4.7.3.1 Unless the requirements of 8.4.7.3.2, 8.4.7.3.3, or
-8.4.7.3.4 are met, sprinkler temperature ratings shall be the same
-as those indicated in Table 8.3.2.5(a) and Table 8.3.2.5(b) or
-those used in large-scale fire testing to determine the protection
-requirements for the hazard involved.
-8.4.7.3.2 Sprinklers of intermediate- and high-temperature
-ratings shall be installed in specific locations as required by
-8.3.2.
-8.4.7.3.3 In storage occupancies, ordinary, intermediate, or
-high temperature–rated sprinklers shall be used for wet pipe
-systems.
-8.4.7.3.4 In storage occupancies, high temperature–rated
-sprinklers shall be used for dry pipe systems.
-8.4.7.4 Occupancy and Hazard.
-8.4.7.4.1 Quick-response CMSA sprinklers designed to meet
-any criteria in Chapter 12 through Chapter 20 shall be permit-
-ted to protect light and ordinary hazard occupancies.
-8.4.7.4.2 Standard-response CMSA sprinklers designed to
-meet any criteria in Chapter 12 through Chapter 20 shall be
-permitted to protect ordinary hazard occupancies.
-8.4.8 Special Sprinklers.
-8.4.8.1* Special sprinklers that are intended for the protec-
-tion of specific hazards or construction features shall be per-
-mitted where such devices have been evaluated and listed for
-performance under the following conditions:
-(1) Fire tests related to the intended hazard
-(2) Distribution of the spray pattern with respect to wetting of
-floors and walls
-(3) Distribution of the spray pattern with respect to obstructions
-(4) Evaluation of the thermal sensitivity of the sprinkler
-(5) Performance under horizontal or sloped ceilings
-(6) Area of design
-(7) Allowable clearance to ceilings
-8.4.8.2 Special sprinklers shall maintain the following charac-
-teristics:
-(1) K-factor size shall be in accordance with 6.2.3.
-(2) Temperature ratings shall be in accordance with
-Table 6.2.5.1.
-(3) The protection area of coverage shall not exceed
-400 ft 2 (36 m 2) for light hazard and ordinary hazard
-occupancies.
-(4) The protection area of coverage shall not exceed
-196 ft2 (17 m2) for extra hazard and high-piled storage
-occupancies.
-8.4.9 Dry Sprinklers.
-8.4.9.1* Where dry sprinklers are connected to wet pipe sprin-
-kler systems protecting areas subject to freezing temperatures,
-the minimum exposed length of the barrel of the dry sprinkler
-shall be in accordance with Table 8.4.9.1(a) or Table 8.4.9.1(b).
-8.4.9.2 The minimum barrel length shall be measured from
-the face of the fitting to which the dry sprinkler is installed to
-the inside surface of the insulation, wall, or ceiling leading to
-the cold space, whichever is closest to the fitting.
-8.4.9.3* Where dry sprinklers are connected to wet pipe sprin-
-kler systems protecting insulated freezer structures, the clear-
-ance space around the sprinkler barrel shall be sealed.
-8.5 Position, Location, Spacing, and Use of Sprinklers.
-8.5.1 General.
-8.5.1.1 Sprinklers shall be located, spaced, and positioned in
-accordance with the requirements of Section 8.5.
-8.5.1.2 Sprinklers shall be positioned to provide protection
-of the area consistent with the overall objectives of this stan-
-dard by controlling the positioning and allowable area of cov-
-erage for each sprinkler.
-8.5.1.3 The requirements of 8.5.2 through 8.5.7 shall apply to
-all sprinkler types unless modified by more restrictive rules in
-Section 8.6 through Section 8.12.
-8.5.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler.
-8.5.2.1 Determination of Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.5.2.1.1 The protection area of coverage per sprinkler ( As)
-shall be determined as follows:
-(1) Along branch lines as follows:
-(a) Determine distance between sprinklers (or to wall or
-obstruction in the case of the end sprinkler on the
-branch line) upstream and downstream
-(b) Choose the larger of either twice the distance to the
-wall or the distance to the next sprinkler
-(c) Define dimension as S
-(2) Between branch lines as follows:
-(a) Determine perpendicular distance to the sprinkler on
-the adjacent branch line (or to a wall or obstruction in
-the case of the last branch line) on each side of the
-branch line on which the subject sprinkler is positioned
-(b) Choose the larger of either twice the distance to the wall
-or obstruction or the distance to the next sprinkler
-(c) Define dimension as L
-8.5.2.1.2 The protection area of coverage of the sprinkler shall
-be established by multiplying theS dimension by the L dimen-
-sion, as follows:
-AS Ls =×
-8.5.2.2 Maximum Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.5.2.2.1 The maximum allowable protection area of cover-
-age for a sprinkler ( As) shall be in accordance with the value
-indicated in the section for each type or style of sprinkler.
-8.5.2.2.2 The maximum area of coverage of any sprinkler
-shall not exceed 400 ft2 (36 m2).
-8.5.3 Sprinkler Spacing.
-8.5.3.1 Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers.
-8.5.3.1.1 The maximum distance permitted between sprin-
-klers shall be based on the centerline distance between adja-
-cent sprinklers.
-8.5.3.1.2 The maximum distance shall be measured along
-the slope of the ceiling.
-13–50 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.5.3.1.3 The maximum distance permitted between sprin-
-klers shall comply with the value indicated in the applicable
-section for each type or style of sprinkler.
-8.5.3.2 Maximum Distance from Walls.
-8.5.3.2.1 The distance from sprinklers to walls shall not ex-
-ceed one-half of the allowable maximum distance between
-sprinklers.
-8.5.3.2.2 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be
-measured perpendicular to the wall.
-8.5.3.2.3 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be
-measured to the wall behind furniture, such as wardrobes,
-cabinets, and trophy cases.
-8.5.3.2.4 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be
-measured to the wall when sprinklers are spaced near windows
-and no additional floor space is created.
-8.5.3.3 Minimum Distance from Walls.
-8.5.3.3.1 The minimum distance permitted between a sprin-
-kler and the wall shall comply with the value indicated in the
-applicable section for each type or style of sprinkler.
-8.5.3.3.2 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be
-measured perpendicular to the wall.
-8.5.3.4 Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers.
-8.5.3.4.1 A minimum distance shall be maintained between
-sprinklers to prevent operating sprinklers from wetting adja-
-cent sprinklers and to prevent skipping of sprinklers.
-8.5.3.4.2 The minimum distance permitted between sprin-
-klers shall comply with the value indicated in the applicable
-section for each type or style of sprinkler.
-8.5.4 Deflector Position.
-8.5.4.1* Distance Below Ceilings.
-8.5.4.1.1 The distances between the sprinkler deflector and
-the ceiling above shall be selected based on the type of sprin-
-kler and the type of construction.
-8.5.4.1.2 Corrugated Metal Deck Roofs.
-8.5.4.1.2.1 For corrugated metal deck roofs up to 3 in.
-(76 mm) in depth, the distance shall be measured to the sprin-
-kler from the bottom of the deck.
-8.5.4.1.2.2 For decks deeper than 3 in. (76 mm), the distance
-shall be measured to the highest point on the deck.
-8.5.4.1.3 For ceilings that have insulation installed directly
-against underside of the ceiling or roof structure, the deflec-
-Table 8.4.9.1(a) Exposed Barrel Lengths for Dry Sprinklers (U.S. Customary Units)
-Ambient Temperature Exposed
-to Discharge End of Sprinkler
-(ºF)
-Minimum Exposed Barrel
-Length when Exposed to 40ºF
-(in.)
-Minimum Exposed Barrel
-Length when Exposed to 50ºF
-(in.)
-Minimum Exposed Barrel
-Length when Exposed to 60ºF
-(in.)
-40 0 0 0
-30 0 0 0
-20 4 0 0
-10 8 1 0
-01 2 3 0
-−10 14 4 1
-−20 14 6 3
-−30 16 8 4
-−40 18 8 4
-−50 20 10 6
-−60 20 10 6
-Table 8.4.9.1(b) Exposed Barrel Lengths for Dry Sprinklers (Metric Units)
-Ambient Temperature
-Exposed to Discharge End of
-Sprinkler (ºC)
-Minimum Exposed Barrel
-Length when Exposed to
-4ºC (mm)
-Minimum Exposed Barrel
-Length when Exposed to 10ºC
-(mm)
-Minimum Exposed Barrel Length
-when Exposed to 16ºC (mm)
-40 0 0
-−10 0 0
-−7 100 0 0
-−12 200 25 0
-−18 300 80 0
-−23 360 100 25
-−29 360 150 80
-−34 400 200 100
-−40 460 200 100
-−46 510 250 150
-−51 510 250 150
-13–51INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-tor distance shall be measured from the bottom of the insula-
-tion and shall be in accordance with 8.5.4.1.3.1 or 8.5.4.1.3.2.
-8.5.4.1.3.1 For insulation that is installed directly against the
-ceiling or roof structure and is installed flat and parallel to the
-ceiling or roof structure, the deflector distance shall be mea-
-sured to the underside of the insulation.
-8.5.4.1.3.2 For insulation that is installed in a manner that
-causes it to deflect or sag down from the ceiling or roof struc-
-ture, the deflector distance shall be measured as half of the
-distance of the deflection from the insulation high point to
-the insulation low point.
-(A) If the deflection or sag in the insulation exceeds 6 in.
-(152 mm), the deflector distance shall be measured to the
-high point of the insulation.
-(B) The deflector shall not be positioned above the low point
-of the insulation.
-8.5.4.1.4* Heat collectors shall not be used as a means to assist
-the activation of a sprinkler.
-8.5.4.2 Deflector Orientation. Deflectors of sprinklers shall
-be aligned parallel to ceilings, roofs, or the incline of stairs.
-8.5.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge.
-8.5.5.1* Performance Objective.Sprinklers shall be located so
-as to minimize obstructions to discharge as defined in 8.5.5.2
-and 8.5.5.3, or additional sprinklers shall be provided to en-
-sure adequate coverage of the hazard. (See Figure A.8.5.5.1.)
-8.5.5.2* Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Devel-
-opment.
-8.5.5.2.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions less than
-or equal to 18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector that
-prevent the pattern from fully developing shall comply with
-8.5.5.2.
-8.5.5.2.2 Sprinklers shall be positioned in accordance with
-the minimum distances and special requirements of Section
-8.6 through Section 8.12 so that they are located sufficiently
-away from obstructions such as truss webs and chords, pipes,
-columns, and fixtures.
-8.5.5.3* Obstructions that Prevent Sprinkler Discharge from
-Reaching Hazard. Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions
-that interrupt the water discharge in a horizontal plane more
-than 18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector in a man-
-ner to limit the distribution from reaching the protected haz-
-ard shall comply with 8.5.5.3.
-8.5.5.3.1* Sprinklers shall be installed under fixed obstruc-
-tions over 4 ft (1.2 m) wide.
-8.5.5.3.1.1 Open grate flooring over 4 ft (1.2 m) in width
-shall require sprinkler protection below the grating.
-8.5.5.3.2 Sprinklers shall not be required under obstructions
-that are not fixed in place, such as conference tables.
-8.5.5.3.3* Sprinklers installed under open gratings shall be of
-the intermediate level/rack storage type or otherwise shielded
-from the discharge of overhead sprinklers.
-8.5.5.4 Closets. In all closets and compartments, including
-those closets housing mechanical equipment, that are not
-larger than 400 ft3 (11.33 m3) in size, a single sprinkler at the
-highest ceiling space shall be sufficient without regard to ob-
-structions or minimum distance to the wall.
-8.5.6 Clearance from Deflector to Storage.
-8.5.6.1* Unless the requirements of 8.5.6.2, 8.5.6.3, 8.5.6.4, or
-8.5.6.5 are met, the clearance between the deflector and the top
-of storage or contents of the room shall be 18 in. (457 mm) or
-greater.
-8.5.6.2 Where other standards specify greater clearance to
-storage minimums, they shall be followed.
-8.5.6.3 A minimum clearance to storage of 36 in. (914 mm)
-shall be permitted for special sprinklers.
-8.5.6.4 A minimum clearance to storage of less than 18 in.
-(457 mm) between the top of storage and ceiling sprinkler
-deflectors shall be permitted where proven by successful large-
-scale fire tests for the particular hazard.
-8.5.6.5 The clearance from the top of storage to sprinkler
-deflectors shall be not less than 36 in. (914 mm) where rubber
-tires are stored.
-8.5.7 Skylights.
-8.5.7.1 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from sky-
-lights not exceeding 32 ft2 (3 m2) in area, regardless of hazard
-classification, that are separated by at least 10 ft (3 m) horizon-
-tally from any other unprotected skylight or unprotected ceil-
-ing pocket.
-8.5.7.2 Skylights not exceeding 32 ft2 (3 m2) shall be permit-
-ted to have a plastic cover.
-8.6 Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers.
-8.6.1 General. All requirements of Section 8.5 shall apply to
-standard pendent and upright spray sprinklers except as
-modified in Section 8.6.
-8.6.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler (Standard Pendent and
-Upright Spray Sprinklers).
-8.6.2.1 Determination of Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.6.2.1.1 Except as permitted by 8.6.2.1.2, the protection
-area of coverage per sprinkler ( As) shall be determined in
-accordance with 8.5.2.1.
-8.6.2.1.2 The requirements of 8.6.2.1.1 shall not apply in a
-small room as defined in 3.3.21.
-8.6.2.1.2.1 The protection area of coverage for each sprin-
-kler in the small room shall be the area of the room divided by
-the number of sprinklers in the room.
-8.6.2.2 Maximum Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.6.2.2.1* The maximum allowable protection area of cover-
-age for a sprinkler ( As) shall be in accordance with the value
-indicated in Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) through Table 8.6.2.2.1(d).
-8.6.2.2.2 In any case, the maximum area of coverage of a
-sprinkler shall not exceed 225 ft2 (21 m2).
-8.6.3 Sprinkler Spacing (Standard Pendent and Upright Spray
-Sprinklers).
-8.6.3.1 Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers. The maxi-
-mum distance permitted between sprinklers shall comply with
-Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) through Table 8.6.2.2.1(d).
-8.6.3.2 Maximum Distance from Walls.
-8.6.3.2.1 The distance from sprinklers to walls shall not ex-
-ceed one-half of the allowable distance between sprinklers as
-indicated in Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) through Table 8.6.2.2.1(d).
-13–52 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.6.3.2.2 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be
-measured perpendicular to the wall.
-8.6.3.2.3* The requirements of 8.6.3.2.1 shall not apply where
-walls are angled or irregular, and the maximum horizontal
-distance between a sprinkler and any point of floor area pro-
-tected by that sprinkler shall not exceed 0.75 times the allow-
-able distance permitted between sprinklers, provided the
-maximum perpendicular distance is not exceeded.
-8.6.3.2.4* The requirements of 8.6.3.2.1 shall not apply within
-small rooms as defined in 3.3.21.
-Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for Light Hazard
-Construction Type System Type
-Maximum
-Protection Area Maximum Spacing
-ft2 m2 ft m
-Noncombustible unobstructed Hydraulically calculated 225 20.9 15 4.6
-Noncombustible unobstructed Pipe schedule 200 18.6 15 4.6
-Noncombustible obstructed Hydraulically calculated 225 20.9 15 4.6
-Noncombustible obstructed Pipe schedule 200 18.6 15 4.6
-Combustible unobstructed with no
-exposed members
-Hydraulically calculated 225 20.9 15 4.6
-Combustible unobstructed with no
-exposed members
-Pipe schedule 200 18.6 15 4.6
-Combustible unobstructed with
-exposed members 3 ft (0.91 m)
-or more on center
-Hydraulically calculated 225 20.9 15 4.6
-Combustible unobstructed with
-exposed members 3 ft (0.91 m)
-or more on center
-Pipe schedule 200 18.6 15 4.6
-Combustible unobstructed with
-members less than 3 ft (0.91 m)
-on center
-All 130 12.1 15 4.6
-Combustible obstructed with
-exposed members 3 ft (0.91 m)
-or more on center
-All 168 15.6 15 4.6
-Combustible obstructed with
-members less than 3 ft (0.91 m)
-on center
-All 130 12.1 15 4.6
-Combustible concealed spaces in
-accordance with 8.6.4.1.4
-All 120 11.1 15
-parallel to the
-slope
-10
-perpendicular
-to the slope*
-4.6
-parallel to the
-slope
-3.05
-perpendicular
-to the slope*
-*See 8.6.4.1.4.4.
-Table 8.6.2.2.1(b) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing
-of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for
-Ordinary Hazard
-Construction
-Type
-System
-Type
-Protection
-Area
-Maximum
-Spacing
-ft2 m2 ft m
-All All 130 12.1 15 4.6
-Table 8.6.2.2.1(c) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing
-of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for Extra
-Hazard
-Construction
-Type System Type
-Protection
-Area
-Maximum
-Spacing
-ft2 m2 ft m
-All Pipe
-schedule
-90 8.4 12* 3.7*
-All Hydraulically
-calculated
-with
-density
-≥0.25
-100 9.3 12* 3.7*
-All Hydraulically
-calculated
-with
-density
-<0.25
-130 12.1 15 4.6
-*In buildings where solid structural members create bays up to 25 ft
-(7.6 m) wide, maximum spacing between sprinklers is permitted up to
-12 ft 6 in. (3.8 m).
-13–53INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-8.6.3.2.4.1 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be located not
-more than 9 ft (2.7 m) from any single wall.
-8.6.3.2.4.2 Sprinkler spacing limitations of 8.6.3 and area
-limitations of Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) shall not be exceeded.
-8.6.3.2.5 Under curved surfaces, the horizontal distance shall
-be measured at the floor level from the wall, or the intersec-
-tion of the curved surface and the floor to the nearest sprin-
-kler shall not be greater than one-half the allowable distance
-between sprinklers.
-8.6.3.3 Minimum Distances from Walls. Sprinklers shall be lo-
-cated a minimum of 4 in. (102 mm) from a wall.
-8.6.3.4 Minimum Distances Between Sprinklers.
-8.6.3.4.1 Unless the requirements of 8.6.3.4.2, 8.6.3.4.3, or
-8.6.3.4.4 are met, sprinklers shall be spaced not less than 6 ft
-(1.8 m) on center.
-8.6.3.4.2 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed less than 6 ft
-(1.8 m) on center where the following conditions are satisfied:
-(1) Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating ele-
-ments.
-(2) Baffles shall be of solid and rigid material that will stay in
-place before and during sprinkler operation.
-(3) Baffles shall be not less than 8 in. (203 mm) long and 6 in.
-(152 mm) high.
-(4) The tops of baffles shall extend between 2 in. and 3 in.
-(51 mm and 76 mm) above the deflectors of upright
-sprinklers.
-(5) The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at
-least even with the deflectors of pendent sprinklers.
-8.6.3.4.3 In-rack sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed
-less than 6 ft (1.8 m) on center.
-8.6.3.4.4 Old-style sprinklers protecting fur storage vaults
-shall be permitted to be placed less than 6 ft (1.8 m) on center.
-8.6.4 Deflector Position (Standard Pendent and Upright
-Spray Sprinklers).
-8.6.4.1 Distance Below Ceilings.
-8.6.4.1.1 Unobstructed Construction.
-8.6.4.1.1.1 Under unobstructed construction, the distance
-between the sprinkler deflector and the ceiling shall be a mini-
-mum of 1 in. (25.4 mm) and a maximum of 12 in. (305 mm)
-throughout the area of coverage of the sprinkler.
-8.6.4.1.1.2 The requirements of 8.6.4.1.1.1 shall not apply
-where ceiling-type sprinklers (concealed, recessed, and flush
-types) have the operating element above the ceiling and the
-deflector located nearer to the ceiling where installed in ac-
-cordance with their listing.
-8.6.4.1.1.3 The requirements of 8.6.4.1.1.1 shall not apply for
-light and ordinary hazard occupancies with ceilings of non-
-combustible or limited-combustible construction.
-(A) Where a vertical change in ceiling elevation within the
-area of coverage of the sprinkler creates a distance of more
-than 36 in. (914 mm) between the upper ceiling and the sprin-
-kler deflector, a vertical plane extending down from the ceiling
-at the change in elevation shall be considered a wall for the pur-
-pose of sprinkler spacing as shown in Figure 8.6.4.1.1.3(A).
-(B) Where the distance between the upper ceiling and the
-sprinkler deflector is less than or equal to 36 in. (914 mm), the
-sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced as though the ceil-
-ing was flat, provided the obstruction rules are observed as
-shown in Figure 8.6.4.1.1.3(B).
-8.6.4.1.2 Obstructed Construction. Under obstructed con-
-struction, the sprinkler deflector shall be located in accor-
-dance with one of the following arrangements:
-(1) Installed with the deflectors within the horizontal planes
-of 1 in. to 6 in. (25.4 mm to 152 mm) below the structural
-members and a maximum distance of 22 in. (559 mm)
-below the ceiling/roof deck
-(2) Installed with the deflectors at or above the bottom of the
-structural member to a maximum of 22 in. (559 mm)
-below the ceiling/roof deck where the sprinkler is in-
-stalled in conformance with 8.6.5.1.2
-Table 8.6.2.2.1(d) Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing
-of Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers for
-High-Piled Storage
-Construction
-Type System Type
-Protection
-Area
-Maximum
-Spacing
-ft2 m2 ft m
-All Hydraulically
-calculated
-with density
-≥0.25
-100 9.3 12* 3.7*
-All Hydraulically
-calculated
-with density
-<0.25
-130 12.1 15 4.6
-*In buildings where solid structural members create bays up to 25 ft
-(7.6 m) wide, maximum spacing between sprinklers is permitted up to
-12 ft 6 in. (3.8 m).
-X > 36 in. (914 mm)
-S = maximum allowable distance
- between sprinklers
-Maximum
-¹⁄₂ S
-Maximum
-¹⁄₂ S
-Vertical plane treated as wall
-for sprinkler spacing
-X
-FIGURE 8.6.4.1.1.3(A) Vertical Change in Ceiling Elevation
-Greater Than 36 in. (914 mm).
-13–54 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(3) Installed in each bay of obstructed construction, with the
-deflectors located a minimum of 1 in. (25.4 mm) and a
-maximum of 12 in. (305 mm) below the ceiling
-(4) Installed with the deflectors within the horizontal planes
-1 in. to 6 in. (25.4 mm to 152 mm) below composite wood
-joists to a maximum distance of 22 in. (559 mm) below
-the ceiling/roof deck only where joist channels are fire-
-stopped to the full depth of the joists with material equiva-
-lent to the web construction so that individual channel
-areas do not exceed 300 ft2 (27.9 m2)
-(5)*Installed with deflectors of sprinklers under concrete tee
-construction with stems spaced less than 71⁄2 ft (2.3 m) but
-more than 3 ft (0.91 m) on centers, regardless of the
-depth of the tee, located at or above a horizontal plane
-1 in. (25.4 mm) below the bottom of the stems of the tees
-and complying with Table 8.6.5.1.2
-8.6.4.1.3 Peaked Roofs and Ceilings.
-8.6.4.1.3.1 Unless the requirements of 8.6.4.1.3.2 or 8.6.4.1.3.3
-are met, sprinklers under or near the peak of a roof or ceiling
-shall have deflectors located not more than 36 in. (914 mm) ver-
-tically down from the peak as indicated in Figure 8.6.4.1.3.1(a)
-and Figure 8.6.4.1.3.1(b).
-8.6.4.1.3.2* Under saw-toothed roofs, sprinklers at the highest
-elevation shall not exceed a distance of 36 in. (914 mm) mea-
-sured down the slope from the peak.
-8.6.4.1.3.3* Under a steeply pitched surface, the distance from
-the peak to the deflectors shall be permitted to be increased to
-maintain a horizontal clearance of not less than 24 in. (610 mm)
-from other structural members as indicated in Figure 8.6.4.1.3.3.
-8.6.4.1.4 Sprinklers Under Roof or Ceiling in Combustible
-Concealed Spaces of Wood Joist or Wood Truss Construction
-with Members Less Than 3 ft (0.91 m) on Center and Slope
-Having Pitch of 4 in 12 or Greater. Sprinklers shall be posi-
-tioned in accordance with Figure 8.6.4.1.4 and the require-
-ments of 8.6.4.1.4.1 through 8.6.4.1.4.5.
-S
-S
-S S
-Section
-Deck
-Peak line
-Measured on slope
-S
-L
-L
-FIGURE 8.6.4.1.3.1(a) Sprinklers Under Pitched Roof with
-Sprinkler Directly Under Peak; Branch Lines Run Up Slopes.
-Joist
-4 ft 0 in.
-(1.2 m)
-minimum
-FIGURE 8.6.4.1.3.3 Horizontal Clearance for Sprinkler at
-Peak of Pitched Roof.
-S
-S
-S
-Section
-Deck
-3 ft (0.9 m) 
-maximum
-Measured on slope
-S
-L
-L
-Peak line
-FIGURE 8.6.4.1.3.1(b) Sprinklers at Pitched Roof; Branch
-Lines Run Up Slopes.
-S
-X
-X £ 36 in. (914 mm) 
-S = maximum allowable distance
- between sprinklers
-FIGURE 8.6.4.1.1.3(B) Vertical Change in Ceiling Elevation
-Less Than or Equal to 36 in. (914 mm).
-13–55INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.6.4.1.4.1 Sprinklers under a roof or ceiling in combustible
-concealed spaces of wood joist or wood truss construction with
-members less than 3 ft (0.91 m) on center and a slope having a
-pitch of 4 in 12 or greater shall be quick-response.
-8.6.4.1.4.2 Sprinklers under a roof or ceiling in combustible
-concealed spaces of wood joist or wood truss construction with
-members less than 3 ft (0.91 m) on center and a slope having a
-pitch of 4 in 12 or greater shall be installed so that a row of
-sprinklers is installed within 12 in. (305 mm) horizontally of
-the peak and between 1 in. and 12 in. (25.4 mm and 305 mm)
-down from the bottom of the top chord member.
-8.6.4.1.4.3 Sprinklers under a roof or ceiling in combustible
-concealed spaces of wood joist or wood truss construction with
-members less than 3 ft (0.91 m) on center and a slope having a
-pitch of 4 in 12 or greater shall be installed so that the sprin-
-klers installed along the eave are located not less than 5 ft
-(1.52 m) from the intersection of the upper and lower truss
-chords or the wood rafters and ceiling joists.
-8.6.4.1.4.4 Sprinklers under a roof or ceiling in combustible
-concealed spaces of combustible wood joist or wood truss con-
-struction with members less than 3 ft (0.91 m) on center and a
-slope having a pitch of 4 in 12 or greater, and using standard
-spray sprinklers, where the dimension perpendicular to the
-slope exceeds 8 ft (2.4 m), shall have a minimum pressure of
-20 psi (1.4 bar).
-8.6.4.1.4.5 The special requirements of 8.6.2.2.1 and 8.6.4.1.4
-for sprinklers under a roof or ceiling in combustible concealed
-spaces of wood joist or wood truss construction with members
-less than 3 ft (0.91 m) on center and a slope having a pitch of 4 in
-12 or greater shall not apply when the exposed combustible
-sheathing in the roof or ceiling space are constructed of pressure
-impregnated fire-retardant treated wood as defined by NFPA 703.
-8.6.4.1.5 Double Joist Obstructions.
-8.6.4.1.5.1 Unless the requirements of 8.6.4.1.5.2 are met,
-where two sets of joists are under a roof or ceiling, and no floor-
-ing is over the lower set, sprinklers shall be installed above and
-below the lower set of joists where a clearance of 6 in. (152 mm)
-or more is between the top of the lower joist and the bottom of
-the upper joist as indicated in Figure 8.6.4.1.5.1.
-8.6.4.1.5.2 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from
-below the lower set of joists where at least 18 in. (457 mm) is
-maintained between the sprinkler deflector and the top of the
-lower joist.
-Ceiling to space below
-Paragraph 8.6.4.1.4.3
-5 ft minimum*
-Paragraph 8.6.4.1.4.3
-5 ft minimum*
-1 in. to 12 in.
-Paragraph 8.6.4.1.4.2
-Row of sprinklers required within 12 in. 
-horizontally and between 1 in. and 12 in. 
-down from the bottom of the top chord member
-Additional sprinklers spaced
-along slope as required
-Additional sprinklers spaced
-along slope as required
-Roof or ceiling combustible 
-concealed space
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m. 
-*The 5 ft minimum dimension is measured from the intersection of the upper and lower truss chords
-or the wood rafters and ceiling joists.
-1 in. to 12 in. 1 in. to 12 in.
-FIGURE 8.6.4.1.4 Sprinklers Under Roof or Ceiling in Combustible Concealed
-Spaces of Wood Joist or Wood Truss Construction with Members Less Than
-3 ft (0.91 m) on Center and Slope Having Pitch of 4 in 12 or Greater.
-6 in. (152 mm)
-Open joists
-Less than 6 in.
-(152 mm)
-below only
-No ceiling
-or flooring¹⁄₂ S
-FIGURE 8.6.4.1.5.1 Arrangement of Sprinklers Under Two
-Sets of Open Joists — No Sheathing on Lower Joists.
-13–56 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-8.6.4.2 Deflector Orientation.
-8.6.4.2.1 Unless the requirements of 8.6.4.2.2 or 8.6.4.2.3 are
-met, deflectors of sprinklers shall be aligned parallel to ceil-
-ings, roofs, or the incline of stairs.
-8.6.4.2.2 Where sprinklers are installed in the peak below a
-sloped ceiling or roof surface, the sprinkler shall be installed
-with the deflector horizontal.
-8.6.4.2.3 Roofs having a pitch not exceeding 2 in 12
-(16.7 percent) are considered horizontal in the application of
-8.6.4.2, and sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed with
-deflectors horizontal.
-8.6.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge (Standard Pendent
-and Upright Spray Sprinklers).
-8.6.5.1 Performance Objective.
-8.6.5.1.1 Sprinklers shall be located so as to minimize ob-
-structions to discharge as defined in 8.6.5.2 and 8.6.5.3, or
-additional sprinklers shall be provided to ensure adequate
-coverage of the hazard.
-8.6.5.1.2* Sprinklers shall be arranged to comply with one of
-the following arrangements:
-(1) Subsection 8.5.5.2, Table 8.6.5.1.2, and Figure 8.6.5.1.2(a)
-shall be followed.
-(2) Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on opposite
-sides of obstructions not exceeding 4 ft (1.2 m) in width,
-provided the distance from the centerline of the obstruc-
-tion to the sprinklers does not exceed one-half the allow-
-able distance permitted between sprinklers.
-(3) Obstructions located against the wall and that are not
-over 30 in. (762 mm) in width shall be permitted to be
-protected in accordance with Figure 8.6.5.1.2(b).
-(4) Obstructions located against the wall and that are not
-over 24 in. (610 mm) in width shall be permitted to be
-protected in accordance with Figure 8.6.5.1.2(c). The
-maximum distance between the sprinkler and the wall
-shall be measured from the sprinkler to the wall behind
-the obstruction and not to the face of the obstruction.
-8.6.5.2 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Develop-
-ment.
-8.6.5.2.1 General.
-8.6.5.2.1.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions less
-than or equal to 18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector
-that prevent the pattern from fully developing shall comply
-with 8.6.5.2.
-8.6.5.2.1.2 Regardless of the rules of 8.6.5.2, solid continuous
-obstructions, where the top of the obstruction is level with or
-above the plane of the deflector, shall meet the applicable
-requirements of 8.6.5.1.2.
-8.6.5.2.1.3* Minimum Distance from Obstructions.
-(A) Unless the requirements of 8.6.5.2.1.4 through 8.6.5.2.1.9
-are met, sprinklers shall be positioned away from obstructions a
-minimum distance of three times the maximum dimension of
-the obstruction (e.g., structural members, pipe, columns, and
-fixtures).
-(B) The maximum clear distance required shall be 24 in.
-(609 mm) in accordance with Figure 8.6.5.2.1.3(B).
-8.6.5.2.1.4* For light and ordinary hazard occupancies, struc-
-tural members only shall be considered when applying the
-requirements of 8.6.5.2.1.3.
-8.6.5.2.1.5 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on op-
-posite sides of the obstruction where the distance from the
-centerline of the obstruction to the sprinklers does not exceed
-one-half the allowable distance between sprinklers.
-8.6.5.2.1.6 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be located one-
-half the distance between the obstructions where the obstruc-
-tion consists of open trusses 20 in. (0.51 m) or greater apart
-[24 in. (0.61 m) on center], provided that all truss members
-are not greater than 4 in. (102 mm) (nominal) in width.
-Table 8.6.5.1.2 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid
-Obstructions to Discharge [Standard Spray
-Upright/Standard Spray Pendent (SSU/SSP)]
-Distance from Sprinklers to
-Side of Obstruction (A)
-Maximum
-Allowable Distance
-of Deflector Above
-Bottom of
-Obstruction (B)
-(in.)
-Less than 1 ft 0
-1 ft to less than 1 ft 6 in. 2 1⁄2
-1 ft 6 in. to less than 2 ft 3 1⁄2
-2 ft to less than 2 ft 6 in. 5 1⁄2
-2 ft 6 in. to less than 3 ft 7 1⁄2
-3 ft to less than 3 ft 6 in. 9 1⁄2
-3 ft 6 in. to less than 4 ft 12
-4 ft to less than 4 ft 6 in. 14
-4 ft 6 in. to less than 5 ft 16 1⁄2
-5 ft to less than 5 ft 6 in. 18
-5 ft 6 in. to less than 6 ft 20
-6 ft to less than 6 ft 6 in. 24
-6 ft 6 in. to less than 7 ft 30
-7 ft to less than 7 ft 6 in. 35
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.6.5.1.2(a).
-Ceiling
-Obstruction
-B
-A
-Elevation View
-FIGURE 8.6.5.1.2(a) Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Ob-
-struction to Discharge (SSU/SSP).
-13–57INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.6.5.2.1.7 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed on
-the centerline of a truss or bar joist or directly above a beam,
-provided that the truss chord or beam dimension is not more
-than 8 in. (203 mm) and the sprinkler deflector is located at
-least 6 in. (152 mm) above the structural member and where
-the sprinkler is positioned at a distance three times greater
-than the maximum dimension of the web members away from
-the web members.
-8.6.5.2.1.8 The requirements of 8.6.5.2.1.3 shall not apply to
-sprinkler system piping less than 3 in. (80 mm) in diameter.
-8.6.5.2.1.9 The requirements of 8.6.5.2.1.3 shall not apply to
-sprinklers positioned with respect to obstructions in accor-
-dance with 8.6.5.1.2.
-8.6.5.2.1.10* Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed with-
-out regard to the blades of ceiling fans less than 60 in. (1.5 m)
-in diameter, provided the plan view of the fan is at least 50 per-
-cent open.
-8.6.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Vertical Obstructions.
-The distance from sprinklers to privacy curtains, freestanding
-partitions, room dividers, and similar obstructions in light haz-
-ard occupancies shall be in accordance with Table 8.6.5.2.2
-and Figure 8.6.5.2.2.
-8.6.5.2.2.1* In light hazard occupancies, privacy curtains, as
-shown in Figure 8.6.5.2.2, shall not be considered obstructions
-where all of the following are met:
-(1) The curtains are supported by fabric mesh on ceiling
-track.
-(2) Openings in the mesh are equal to 70 percent or greater.
-(3) The mesh extends a minimum of 22 in. (559 mm) down
-from ceiling.
-8.6.5.3* Obstructions that Prevent Sprinkler Discharge from
-Reaching Hazard.
-8.6.5.3.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions that in-
-terrupt the water discharge in a horizontal plane more than
-18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector in a manner to
-limit the distribution from reaching the protected hazard
-shall comply with 8.6.5.3.
-8.6.5.3.2 The requirements of 8.6.5.3 shall also apply to ob-
-structions 18 in. (457 mm) or less below the sprinkler for light
-and ordinary hazard occupancies.
-8.6.5.3.3* Sprinklers shall be installed under fixed obstruc-
-tions over 4 ft (1.2 m) wide.
-8.6.5.3.4 Sprinklers shall not be required below obstructions
-that are not fixed in place, such as conference tables.
-8.6.5.3.5 Sprinklers installed under open gratings shall be of
-the intermediate level/rack storage type or otherwise shielded
-from the discharge of overhead sprinklers.
-8.6.6 Clearance to Storage (Standard Pendent and Upright
-Spray Sprinklers).
-8.6.6.1 The clearance between the deflector and the top of
-storage shall be 18 in. (457 mm) or greater.
-8.6.6.2 The 18 in. (457 mm) dimension shall not limit the
-height of shelving on a wall or shelving against a wall in accor-
-dance with 8.6.6, 8.7.6, 8.8.6, and Section 8.9.
-8.6.6.2.1 Where shelving is installed on a wall and is not di-
-rectly below sprinklers, the shelves, including storage thereon,
-shall extend above the level of a plane located 18 in. (457 mm)
-below ceiling sprinkler deflectors.
-8.6.6.2.2 Shelving, and any storage thereon, directly below
-the sprinklers shall not extend above a plane located 18 in.
-(457 mm) below the ceiling sprinkler deflectors.
-8.6.6.3 Where other standards specify greater clearance to
-storage minimums, they shall be followed.
-8.6.7 Ceiling Pockets (Standard Pendent and Upright Spray
-Sprinklers).
-8.6.7.1* Except as provided in 8.6.7.2 and 8.6.7.3, sprinklers
-shall be required in all ceiling pockets.
-Ceiling
-Obstruction
-Wall
-DA
-B
-Elevation View
-A ≥ (D - 8 in.) + B 
-[A ≥ (D – 0.2 m) + B ]
-where: D £ 30 in. (0.8 m)
-FIGURE 8.6.5.1.2(b) Obstruction Against Wall (SSU/SSP).
-18 in. minimum
-(no maximum)
-Ceiling or roof
-24 in. max
-Wall
-No additional
-protection is
-required
-Obstruction
-S
-FIGURE 8.6.5.1.2(c) Obstructions Against Walls (SSU/SSP).
-13–58 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.6.7.2 Sprinklers shall not be required in ceiling pockets
-where all of the following are met:
-(1) The total volume of the unprotected ceiling pocket does
-not exceed 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3).
-(2) The depth of the unprotected ceiling pocket does not
-exceed 36 in. (914 mm).
-(3) The entire floor under the unprotected ceiling pocket is
-protected by sprinklers at the lower ceiling elevation.
-(4)*The total size of all unprotected ceiling pockets in the
-same compartment within 10 ft (3 m) of each other does
-not exceed 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3).
-(5) The unprotected ceiling pocket has noncombustible or
-limited-combustible finishes.
-(6) Quick-response sprinklers are utilized throughout the
-compartment.
-8.6.7.3 Sprinklers shall not be required in skylights and simi-
-lar pockets in accordance with 8.5.7.
-8.7 Sidewall Standard Spray Sprinklers.
-8.7.1 General. All requirements of Section 8.5 shall apply to
-sidewall standard spray sprinklers except as modified in Sec-
-tion 8.7.
-8.7.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler (Standard Sidewall Spray
-Sprinklers).
-8.7.2.1 Determination of Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.7.2.1.1 The protection area of coverage per sprinkler ( As)
-shall be determined as follows:
-(1) Along the wall as follows:
-(a) Determine the distance between sprinklers along the
-wall (or to the end wall or obstruction in the case of
-the end sprinkler on the branch line) upstream and
-downstream
-(b) Choose the larger of either twice the distance to the
-end wall or the distance to the next sprinkler
-(c) Define dimension as S
-Open web steel 
-or wood truss
-Ceiling
-Sprinkler
-Plan View of Column Elevation View of Truss
-(Use dimension C or D, whichever is greater)
-Obstruction
-D
-A ≥ 3C or 3D
-C
-A
-A
-C
-D
-A ≤ 24 in. (610 mm)
-FIGURE 8.6.5.2.1.3(B) Minimum Distance from Obstruction (SSU/SSP).
-Table 8.6.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstructions
-in Light Hazard Occupancies Only (SSU/SSP)
-Horizontal Distance (A)
-Minimum Vertical
-Distance Below
-Deflector (B) (in.)
-6 in. or less 3
-More than 6 in. to 9 in. 4
-More than 9 in. to 12 in. 6
-More than 12 in. to 15 in. 8
-More than 15 in. to 18 in. 9 1⁄2
-More than 18 in. to 24 in. 12 1⁄2
-More than 24 in. to 30 in. 15 1⁄2
-More than 30 in. 18
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.6.5.2.2.
-BA
-Floor
-Ceiling or roof
-FIGURE 8.6.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstruction
-in Light Hazard Occupancies Only (SSU/SSP).
-13–59INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(2) Across the room as follows:
-(a) Determine the distance from the wall on which the
-sprinkler is installed to the wall opposite the sprin-
-klers or to the midpoint of the room where sprinklers
-are installed on two opposite walls (see 8.7.3.1.5 and
-8.7.3.1.6)
-(b) Define dimension as L
-8.7.2.1.2 The protection area of the sprinkler shall be estab-
-lished by multiplying the S dimension by the L dimension, as
-follows:
-AS Ls =×
-8.7.2.2 Maximum Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.7.2.2.1 The maximum allowable protection area of cover-
-age for a sprinkler ( As) shall be in accordance with the value
-indicated in Table 8.7.2.2.1.
-8.7.2.2.2 In any case, the maximum area of coverage of a
-sprinkler shall not exceed 196 ft2 (18.2 m2).
-8.7.3 Sprinkler Spacing (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
-8.7.3.1 Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers.
-8.7.3.1.1 The maximum distance permitted between sidewall
-spray sprinklers shall be based on the centerline distance be-
-tween sprinklers on the branch line.
-8.7.3.1.2 The maximum distance between sidewall spray
-sprinklers or to a wall shall be measured along the slope of the
-ceiling.
-8.7.3.1.3 Where sidewall spray sprinklers are installed along
-the length of a single wall of rooms or bays, they shall be
-spaced in accordance with the maximum spacing provisions of
-Table 8.7.2.2.1.
-8.7.3.1.4 Sidewall spray sprinklers shall not be installed back-to-
-back without being separated by a continuous lintel or soffit.
-8.7.3.1.4.1 The maximum width of the lintel or soffit shall
-not exceed 16 in. (400 mm).
-8.7.3.1.4.2 The maximum width of the lintel or soffit can
-exceed 16 in. (400 mm) when a pendent sprinkler is installed
-under the lintel or soffit.
-8.7.3.1.5 Where sidewall spray sprinklers are installed on two
-opposite walls or sides of bays, the maximum width of the
-room or bay shall be permitted to be up to 24 ft (7.32 m) for
-light hazard occupancy or 20 ft (6.1 m) for ordinary hazard
-occupancy, with spacing as required by Table 8.7.2.2.1.
-8.7.3.1.6 Sidewall spray sprinklers shall be permitted to be
-installed on opposing or adjacent walls, provided no sprinkler
-is located within the maximum protection area of another
-sprinkler.
-8.7.3.1.7 Where sidewall standard spray sprinklers are in-
-stalled to protect areas below overhead doors within ordinary
-hazard occupancy spaces or rooms, protection area and maxi-
-mum sprinkler spacing for light hazard as specified in Table
-8.7.2.2.1 shall be permitted under the overhead doors.
-8.7.3.2 Maximum Distance from Walls. The distance from
-sprinklers to the end walls shall not exceed one-half of the
-allowable distance permitted between sprinklers as indicated
-in Table 8.7.2.2.1.
-8.7.3.3 Minimum Distance from Walls.
-8.7.3.3.1 Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4 in.
-(102 mm) from an end wall.
-8.7.3.3.2 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be
-measured perpendicular to the wall.
-8.7.3.4 Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers.Sprinklers shall
-be spaced not less than 6 ft (1.8 m) on center unless required
-by 8.7.4.1.3.1 or unless the sprinklers are separated by baffles
-that comply with the following:
-(1) Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating ele-
-ments.
-(2) Baffles shall be of solid and rigid material that will stay in
-place before and during sprinkler operation.
-(3) Baffles shall be not less than 8 in. (203 mm) long and 6 in.
-(152 mm) high.
-(4) The tops of baffles shall extend between 2 in. and 3 in.
-(51 mm and 76 mm) above the deflectors.
-(5) The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at
-least even with the deflectors.
-Table 8.7.2.2.1 Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinkler)
-Light Hazard Ordinary Hazard
-Combustible
-Ceiling
-Finish
-Noncombustible
-or
-Limited-
-Combustible
-Ceiling Finish
-Combustible
-Ceiling Finish
-Noncombustible
-or
-Limited-
-Combustible
-Ceiling Finish
-Maximum distance
-along the wall (S) (ft)
-14 14 10 10
-Maximum room width
-(L) (ft)
-12 14 10 10
-Maximum protection
-area (ft2)
-120 196 80 100
-For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2.
-13–60 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.7.4 Deflector Position from Ceilings and Walls (Standard
-Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
-8.7.4.1 Distance Below Ceilings and from Walls.
-8.7.4.1.1 Ceilings.
-8.7.4.1.1.1 Unless the requirements of 8.7.4.1.1.2 are met,
-sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be located not more than
-6 in. (152 mm) or less than 4 in. (102 mm) from ceilings.
-8.7.4.1.1.2 Horizontal sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted
-to be located in a zone 6 in. to 12 in. (152 mm to 305 mm) or
-12 in. to 18 in. (305 mm to 457 mm) below noncombustible
-and limited-combustible ceilings where listed for such use.
-8.7.4.1.2 Walls.
-8.7.4.1.2.1* Vertical sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be lo-
-cated not more than 6 in. (152 mm) or less than 4 in.
-(102 mm) from the wall from which they are projecting.
-8.7.4.1.2.2 Horizontal sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be
-located no more than 6 in. (152 mm), and shall be permitted
-to be located with their deflectors less than 4 in. (102 mm),
-from the wall on which they are mounted.
-8.7.4.1.3 Lintels and Soffits.
-8.7.4.1.3.1 Where soffits used for the installation of sidewall
-sprinklers exceed 8 in. (203 mm) in width or projection from the
-wall, additional sprinklers shall be installed below the soffit.
-8.7.4.1.3.2* Where soffits used for the installation of sidewall
-sprinklers are less than or equal to 8 in. (203 mm) in width or
-projection from the wall, additional sprinklers shall not be
-required below the soffit when the sidewall sprinkler on the
-soffit is within 4 in. (102 mm) from the bottom of the soffit.
-8.7.4.1.3.3* A sidewall sprinkler shall be permitted to be in-
-stalled under a soffit when both the minimum distance from
-the sprinkler deflector to the bottom of the soffit and maxi-
-mum distance from the sprinkler deflector to the high ceiling
-is maintained.
-8.7.4.2 Deflector Orientation.
-8.7.4.2.1 Deflectors of sprinklers shall be aligned parallel to
-ceilings or roofs.
-8.7.4.2.2 Sidewall sprinklers, where installed under a sloped
-ceiling with a slope exceeding 2 in 12, shall be located at the
-high point of the slope and positioned to discharge downward
-along the slope.
-8.7.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge (Standard Sidewall
-Spray Sprinklers).
-8.7.5.1 Performance Objective.
-8.7.5.1.1 Sprinklers shall be located so as to minimize ob-
-structions to discharge as defined in 8.5.5.2 and 8.5.5.3, or
-additional sprinklers shall be provided to ensure adequate
-coverage of the hazard.
-8.7.5.1.2 Sidewall sprinklers shall be installed no closer than
-4 ft (1.2 m) from light fixtures or similar obstructions.
-8.7.5.1.3 The distance between light fixtures or similar obstruc-
-tions located more than 4 ft (1.2 m) from the sprinkler shall be in
-conformity with Table 8.7.5.1.3 and Figure 8.7.5.1.3.
-8.7.5.1.4 Obstructions projecting from the same wall as the
-one on which the sidewall sprinkler is mounted shall be in
-accordance with Table 8.7.5.1.4 and Figure 8.7.5.1.4.
-8.7.5.1.4.1 Isolated obstructions projecting from the same
-wall as the one on which the sidewall sprinkler is mounted
-shall be located a minimum of 4 in. (102 mm) from the side-
-wall sprinkler.
-8.7.5.1.5 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on oppo-
-site sides of obstructions less than 4 ft (1.22 m) in width where
-the distance from the centerline of the obstruction to the
-sprinklers does not exceed one-half the allowable distance be-
-tween sprinklers.
-8.7.5.1.6* Obstructions on the wall opposite from the sidewall
-sprinkler shall be permitted where the obstruction is up to 2 ft
-(0.6 m) deep and 2 ft (0.6 m) wide.
-Table 8.7.5.1.3 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid
-Obstructions (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers)
-Distance from Sidewall Sprinkler to
-Side of Obstruction (A)
-Maximum Allowable
-Distance of Deflector
-Above Bottom of
-Obstruction (B) (in.)
-Less than 4 ft Not allowed
-4 ft to less than 5 ft 1
-5 ft to less than 5 ft 6 in. 2
-5 ft 6 in. to less than 6 ft 3
-6 ft to less than 6 ft 6 in. 4
-6 ft 6 in. to less than 7 ft 6
-7 ft to less than 7 ft 6 in. 7
-7 ft 6 in. to less than 8 ft 9
-8 ft to less than 8 ft 6 in. 11
-8 ft 6 in. or greater 14
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.7.5.1.3.
-Ceiling or roof
-Obstruction
-Wall
-A
-B
-Elevation View
-FIGURE 8.7.5.1.3 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Obstruc-
-tion (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
-13–61INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.7.5.2 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Develop-
-ment.
-8.7.5.2.1 General.
-8.7.5.2.1.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions less
-than or equal to 18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector
-that prevent the pattern from fully developing shall comply
-with this section.
-8.7.5.2.1.2 Regardless of the rules of this section, solid con-
-tinuous obstructions shall meet the requirements of 8.7.5.1.2
-and 8.7.5.1.3.
-8.7.5.2.1.3* Unless the requirements of 8.7.5.2.1.4 or 8.7.5.2.1.5
-are met, sprinklers shall be positioned away from obstructions a
-minimum distance of three times the maximum dimension of
-the obstruction (e.g., truss webs and chords, pipe, columns, and
-fixtures). The maximum clear distance required shall be 24 in.
-(610 mm) and shall be positioned in accordance with Figure
-8.7.5.2.1.3 where obstructions are present.
-8.7.5.2.1.4 The requirements of 8.7.5.2.1.3 shall not apply to
-sprinkler system piping less than 3 in. (80 mm) in diameter.
-8.7.5.2.1.5 The requirements of 8.7.5.2.1.3 shall not apply
-where sprinklers are positioned with respect to obstructions in
-accordance with 8.7.5.1.2, 8.7.5.1.3, and 8.7.5.1.4.
-8.7.5.2.1.6* Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed without
-regard to the blades of ceiling fans less than 60 in. (1.5 m) in
-diameter, provided the plan view of the fan is at least 50 per-
-cent open.
-8.7.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Vertical Obstructions.
-The distance from sprinklers to privacy curtains, free-standing
-partitions, room dividers, and similar obstructions in light haz-
-ard occupancies shall be in accordance with Table 8.7.5.2.2
-and Figure 8.7.5.2.2.
-8.7.5.2.2.1* In light hazard occupancies, privacy curtains, as
-shown in Figure 8.7.5.2.2, shall not be considered obstructions
-where all of the following are met:
-(1) The curtains are supported by fabric mesh on ceiling
-track.
-(2) Openings in the mesh are equal to 70 percent or greater.
-(3) The mesh extends a minimum of 22 in. (559 mm) down
-from ceiling.
-8.7.5.3* Obstructions that Prevent Sprinkler Discharge from
-Reaching Hazard.
-8.7.5.3.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions that in-
-terrupt the water discharge in a horizontal plane more than
-18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector in a manner to
-limit the distribution from reaching the protected hazard
-shall comply with this section.
-8.7.5.3.2 Sprinklers shall be installed under fixed obstruc-
-tions over 4 ft (1.2 m) wide such as ducts, decks, open grate
-flooring, cutting tables, and overhead doors.
-8.7.5.3.3 Sprinklers shall not be required under obstructions
-that are not fixed in place such as conference tables.
-8.7.6* Clearance to Storage (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprin-
-klers). The clearance between the deflector and the top of
-storage shall be 18 in. (457 mm) or greater.
-8.8 Extended Coverage Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers.
-8.8.1 General. All requirements of Section 8.5 shall apply to
-extended coverage upright and pendent sprinklers except as
-modified in Section 8.8.
-8.8.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler (Extended Coverage Up-
-right and Pendent Spray Sprinklers).
-8.8.2.1* Determination of Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.8.2.1.1 The protection area of coverage ( As) for extended
-coverage sprinklers shall be not less than that prescribed by
-the listing.
-8.8.2.1.2 Listing dimensions shall be even-numbered square
-protection areas as shown in Table 8.8.2.1.2.
-Table 8.7.5.1.4 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid
-Obstructions Along Wall (Standard Sidewall Spray
-Sprinklers)
-Distance from Sidewall Sprinkler
-to Side of Obstruction (A)
-Maximum Allowable
-Distance of Deflector
-Above Bottom of
-Obstruction (B) (in.)
-4 in. to less than 6 in. 1
-6 in. to less than 1 ft 2
-1 ft to less than 1 ft 6 in. 3
-1 ft 6 in. to less than 2 ft 4 1⁄2
-2 ft to less than 2 ft 6 in. 5 3⁄4
-2 ft 6 in. to less than 3 ft 7
-3 ft to less than 3 ft 6 in. 8
-3 ft 6 in. to less than 4 ft 9 1⁄4
-4 ft to less than 4 ft 6 in. 10
-4 ft 6 in. to less than 5 ft 11 1⁄2
-5 ft to less than 5 ft 6 in. 12 3⁄4
-5 ft 6 in. to less than 6 ft 14
-6 ft to less than 6 ft 6 in. 15
-6 ft 6 in. to less than 7 ft 16 1⁄4
-7 ft to less than 7 ft 6 in. 17 1⁄2
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.7.5.1.4.
-Obstruction
-A
-B
-Sidewall
-sprinkler
-on wall
-Elevation View
-Ceiling
-FIGURE 8.7.5.1.4 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Obstruc-
-tion Along Wall (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
-13–62 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.8.2.1.3 Determination of the protection area of coverage and
-sprinkler spacing for sprinklers listed for extended coverage ex-
-tra hazard or high-piled storage shall be permitted to be spaced
-in accordance with the requirements of 8.5.2 and 8.5.3 and shall
-not exceed 14 ft (4.3 m) maximum spacing and 196 ft2 (18.2 m2)
-maximum area per sprinkler or 15 ft (4.6 m) maximum spacing
-and 144 ft2 (13.4 m2) maximum area per sprinkler.
-8.8.2.2 Maximum Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.8.2.2.1* The maximum allowable area of coverage for a
-sprinkler (As) shall be in accordance with the value indicated
-in Table 8.8.2.1.2.
-8.8.2.2.2 In any case, the maximum area of coverage of a
-sprinkler shall not exceed 400 ft2 (37.2 m2).
-8.8.3 Sprinkler Spacing (Extended Coverage Upright and
-Pendent Spray Sprinklers).
-8.8.3.1 Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers.
-8.8.3.1.1 The maximum distance permitted between sprin-
-klers shall be based on the centerline distance between sprin-
-klers on the branch line or on adjacent branch lines.
-8.8.3.1.2 The maximum distance shall be measured along
-the slope of the ceiling.
-8.8.3.1.3 The maximum distance permitted between sprin-
-klers shall comply with Table 8.8.2.1.2.
-Sprinkler
-Plan View of Column
-Obstruction
-A
-C
-D
-Wall
-C
-D
-Ceiling
-Wall
-Elevation View of Pipe Conduit or Light Fixture
-Obstruction
-A
-A ≥ 3C or 3D
-A ≤ 24 in. (610 mm)
-(Use dimension C or D, whichever is greater)
-FIGURE 8.7.5.2.1.3 Minimum Distance from Obstruction (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinkler).
-Ceiling
-B
-Floor
-Elevation View
-A
-Obstruction
-Wall
-FIGURE 8.7.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstruction
-(Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers) in Light Hazard Occu-
-pancy Only.
-Table 8.7.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstructions
-(Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers) in Light Hazard
-Occupancies Only
-Horizontal Distance (A)
-Minimum Vertical
-Distance Below
-Deflector (B) (in.)
-6 in. or less 3
-More than 6 in. to 9 in. 4
-More than 9 in. to 12 in. 6
-More than 12 in. to 15 in. 8
-More than 15 in. to 18 in. 9 1⁄2
-More than 18 in. to 24 in. 12 1⁄2
-More than 24 in. to 30 in. 15 1⁄2
-More than 30 in. 18
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.7.5.2.2.
-13–63INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-8.8.3.2 Maximum Distance from Walls.
-8.8.3.2.1 The distance from sprinklers to walls shall not ex-
-ceed one-half of the allowable distance permitted between
-sprinklers as indicated in Table 8.8.2.1.2.
-8.8.3.2.2 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be
-measured perpendicular to the wall.
-8.8.3.2.3 Where walls are angled or irregular, the maximum
-horizontal distance between a sprinkler and any point of floor
-area protected by that sprinkler shall not exceed 0.75 times
-the allowable distance permitted between sprinklers.
-8.8.3.3 Minimum Distance from Walls. Sprinklers shall be lo-
-cated a minimum of 4 in. (102 mm) from a wall unless listed
-for distances less than 4 in. (102 mm).
-8.8.3.4 Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers.
-8.8.3.4.1 Unless the requirements of 8.8.3.4.2 are met, sprin-
-klers shall be spaced not less than 8 ft (2.4 m) on center.
-8.8.3.4.2 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed less than 6 ft
-(1.8 m) on center where the following conditions are satisfied:
-(1) Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating ele-
-ments.
-(2) Baffles shall be of solid and rigid material that will stay in
-place before and during sprinkler operation.
-(3) Baffles shall be not less than 8 in. (203 mm) long and 6 in.
-(152 mm) high.
-(4) The tops of baffles shall extend between 2 in. and 3 in.
-(51 mm and 76 mm) above the deflectors of upright
-sprinklers.
-(5) The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at
-least even with the deflectors of pendent sprinklers.
-8.8.4 Deflector Position (Extended Coverage Upright and
-Pendent Spray Sprinklers).
-8.8.4.1 Distance Below Ceilings.
-8.8.4.1.1 Unobstructed Construction.
-8.8.4.1.1.1 Under unobstructed construction, the distance
-between the sprinkler deflector and the ceiling shall be a mini-
-mum of 1 in. (25.4 mm) and a maximum of 12 in. (305 mm)
-throughout the area of coverage of the sprinkler.
-8.8.4.1.1.2 The requirements of 8.8.4.1.1.1 shall not apply
-where ceiling-type sprinklers (concealed, recessed, and flush
-types) have the operating element above the ceiling and the
-deflector located nearer to the ceiling where installed in ac-
-cordance with their listing.
-8.8.4.1.1.3 The requirements of 8.8.4.1.1.1 shall not apply
-where sprinklers are listed for use under other ceiling con-
-struction features or for different distances where they shall be
-permitted to be installed in accordance with their listing.
-8.8.4.1.1.4 The requirements of 8.8.4.1.1.1 shall not apply for
-light and ordinary hazard occupancies with ceilings of non-
-combustible or limited-combustible construction.
-(A)* Where a vertical change in ceiling elevation within the
-area of coverage of the sprinkler creates a distance of more
-than 36 in. (914 mm) between the upper ceiling and the sprin-
-kler deflector, a vertical plane extending down from the ceil-
-ing at the change in elevation shall be considered a wall for
-the purpose of sprinkler spacing.
-(B)* Where the distance between the upper ceiling and the
-sprinkler deflector is less than or equal to 36 in. (914 mm), the
-sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced as though the ceil-
-ing were flat, provided the obstruction rules and ceiling
-pocket rules are observed.
-8.8.4.1.2 Obstructed Construction.Under obstructed construc-
-tion, the sprinkler deflector shall be located in accordance with
-one of the following arrangements:
-(1) Installed with the deflectors within the horizontal planes
-of 1 in. to 6 in. (25.4 mm to 152 mm) below the structural
-members and a maximum distance of 22 in. (559 mm)
-below the ceiling/roof deck
-(2) Installed with the deflectors at or above the bottom of the
-structural member to a maximum of 22 in. (559 mm)
-below the ceiling/roof deck where the sprinkler is in-
-stalled in conformance with 8.8.5.1.2
-(3) Installed in each bay of obstructed construction, with the
-deflectors located a minimum of 1 in. (25.4 mm) and a
-maximum of 12 in. (305 mm) below the ceiling
-Table 8.8.2.1.2 Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Extended Coverage Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers)
-Construction Type
-Light Hazard Ordinary Hazard Extra Hazard High-Piled Storage
-Protection
-Area
-(ft2)
-Spacing
-(ft)
-Protection
-Area
-(ft2)
-Spacing
-(ft)
-Protection
-Area
-(ft2)
-Spacing
-(ft)
-Protection
-Area
-(ft2)
-Spacing
-(ft)
-Unobstructed 400 20 400 20 — — — —
-324 18 324 18 — — — —
-256 16 256 16 — — — —
-— — 196 14 196 14 196 14
-— — 144 12 144 15 144 15
-Obstructed
-noncombustible (when
-specifically listed for
-such use)
-400 20 400 20 — — — —
-324 18 324 18 — — — —
-256 16 256 16 — — — —
-— — 196 14 196 14 196 14
-— — 144 12 144 15 144 15
-Obstructed combustible N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
-For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2.
-13–64 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(4) Installed in accordance with their listing where sprinklers
-are listed for use under other ceiling construction fea-
-tures or for different distances
-8.8.4.1.3* Peaked Roofs and Ceilings.Sprinklers under or near
-the peak of a roof or ceiling shall have deflectors located not
-more than 3 ft (0.9 m) vertically down from the peak in accor-
-dance with Figure 8.6.4.1.3.1(a) and Figure 8.6.4.1.3.1(b).
-8.8.4.2 Deflector Orientation. Deflectors of sprinklers shall
-be aligned parallel to ceilings or roofs.
-8.8.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge (Extended Cover-
-age Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers).
-8.8.5.1 Performance Objective.
-8.8.5.1.1 Sprinklers shall be located so as to minimize ob-
-structions to discharge as defined in 8.8.5.2 and 8.8.5.3, or
-additional sprinklers shall be provided to ensure adequate
-coverage of the hazard.
-8.8.5.1.2* Sprinklers shall be arranged to comply with one of
-the following arrangements:
-(1) Sprinklers shall be in accordance with 8.5.5.2, Table
-8.8.5.1.2, and Figure 8.8.5.1.2(a).
-(2) Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on opposite
-sides of obstructions not exceeding 4 ft (1.2 m) in width
-provided the distance from the centerline of the obstruc-
-tion to the sprinklers does not exceed one-half the allow-
-able distance permitted between sprinklers.
-(3) Obstructions located against the wall and that are not
-over 30 in. (762 mm) in width shall be permitted to be
-protected in accordance with Figure 8.8.5.1.2(b).
-(4) Obstructions located against the wall and that are not
-over 24 in. (610 mm) in width shall be permitted to be
-protected in accordance with Figure 8.8.5.1.2(c). The
-maximum distance between the sprinkler and the wall
-shall be measured from the sprinkler to the wall behind
-the obstruction and not to the face of the obstruction.
-8.8.5.2 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Develop-
-ment.
-8.8.5.2.1 General.
-8.8.5.2.1.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions less
-than or equal to 18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector
-that prevent the pattern from fully developing shall comply
-with 8.8.5.2.
-8.8.5.2.1.2 Regardless of the rules of this section, solid con-
-tinuous obstructions shall meet the applicable requirements
-of 8.8.5.1.2.
-8.8.5.2.1.3* Unless the requirements of 8.8.5.2.1.4 through
-8.8.5.2.1.8 are met, sprinklers shall be positioned away from ob-
-structions a minimum distance of four times the maximum di-
-mension of the obstruction (e.g., truss webs and chords, pipe,
-columns, and fixtures). The maximum clear distance required
-shall be 36 in. (914 mm) in accordance with Figure 8.8.5.2.1.3.
-8.8.5.2.1.4 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on op-
-posite sides of the obstruction where the distance from the
-centerline of the obstruction to the sprinklers does not exceed
-one-half the allowable distance between sprinklers.
-8.8.5.2.1.5 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be located one-
-half the distance between the obstructions where the obstruc-
-tion consists of wood bar joists 20 in. (0.51 m) or greater apart,
-provided that the top and bottom chords of the wood bar joist
-are not greater than 4 in. (102 mm) (nominal) in width and
-bar members do not exceed 1 in. (25.4 mm) in width.
-Ceiling
-Obstruction
-B
-A
-Elevation View
-FIGURE 8.8.5.1.2(a) Position of Sprinkler to Avoid Obstruc-
-tion to Discharge (Extended Coverage Upright and Pendent
-Spray Sprinklers).
-Table 8.8.5.1.2 Position of Sprinklers to Avoid Obstructions
-to Discharge (Extended Coverage Upright and Pendent
-Spray Sprinklers)
-Distance from Sprinklers to
-Side of Obstruction (A)
-Maximum Allowable
-Distance of Deflector
-Above Bottom of
-Obstruction (B) (in.)
-Less than 1 ft 0
-1 ft to less than 1 ft 6 in. 0
-1 ft 6 in. to less than 2 ft 1
-2 ft to less than 2 ft 6 in. 1
-2 ft 6 in. to less than 3 ft 1
-3 ft to less than 3 ft 6 in. 3
-3 ft 6 in. to less than 4 ft 3
-4 ft to less than 4 ft 6 in. 5
-4 ft 6 in. to less than 5 ft 7
-5 ft to less than 5 ft 6 in. 7
-5 ft 6 in. to less than 6 ft 7
-6 ft to less than 6 ft 6 in. 9
-6 ft 6 in. to less than 7 ft 11
-7 ft to less than 7 ft 6 in. 14
-7 ft 6 in. to less than 8 ft 14
-8 ft to less than 8 ft 6 in. 15
-8 ft 6 in. to less than 9 ft 17
-9 ft to less than 9 ft 6 in. 19
-9 ft 6 in. to less than 10 ft 21
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.8.5.1.2(a).
-13–65INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.8.5.2.1.6 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed on
-the centerline of a truss or bar joist or directly above a beam,
-provided that the truss chord or beam, dimension is not more
-than 8 in. (203 mm) and the sprinkler deflector is located at
-least 6 in. (152 mm) above the structural member and where
-the sprinkler is positioned at a distance four times greater
-than the maximum dimension of the web members away from
-the web members.
-8.8.5.2.1.7 The requirements of 8.8.5.2.1.3 shall not apply to
-sprinkler system piping less than 3 in. (80 mm) in diameter.
-8.8.5.2.1.8 The requirements of 8.8.5.2.1.3 shall not apply to
-sprinklers positioned with respect to obstructions in accor-
-dance with 8.8.5.1.2.
-8.8.5.2.1.9* Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed without
-regard to the blades of ceiling fans less than 60 in. (1.5 m) in
-diameter, provided the plan view of the fan is at least 50 per-
-cent open.
-8.8.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Vertical Obstructions.
-The distance from sprinklers to privacy curtains, freestanding
-partitions, room dividers, and similar obstructions in light haz-
-ard occupancies shall be in accordance with Table 8.8.5.2.2
-and Figure 8.8.5.2.2.
-8.8.5.2.2.1 In light hazard occupancies, privacy curtains, as
-shown in Figure 8.8.5.2.2, shall not be considered obstructions
-where all of the following are met:
-Ceiling
-Obstruction
-Wall
-DA
-B
-Elevation View
-A ≥ (D - 8 in.) + B 
-[A ≥ (D – 0.2 m) + B ]
-where: D £ 30 in. (0.8 m)
-FIGURE 8.8.5.1.2(b) Obstructions Against Walls (Extended
-Coverage Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers).
-18 in. minimum
-(no maximum)
-Ceiling or roof
-24 in. max
-Wall
-No additional
-protection is
-required
-Obstruction
-S
-FIGURE 8.8.5.1.2(c) Obstructions Against Walls (Extended
-Coverage Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers).
-Open web steel 
-or wood truss
-Ceiling
-Sprinkler
-Plan View of Column Elevation View of Truss
-(Use dimension C or D, whichever is greater)
-C
-D
-Obstruction
-A
-C
-D
-A ≥ 4C or 4D
-A ≤ 36 in. (914 mm)
-A
-FIGURE 8.8.5.2.1.3 Minimum Distance from Obstruction (Extended Coverage Upright and
-Pendent Spray Sprinklers).
-13–66 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(1) The curtains are supported by fabric mesh on ceiling
-track.
-(2) Openings in the mesh are equal to 70 percent or greater.
-(3) The mesh extends a minimum of 22 in. (559 mm) down
-from ceiling.
-8.8.5.3* Obstructions that Prevent Sprinkler Discharge from
-Reaching Hazard.
-8.8.5.3.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions that in-
-terrupt the water discharge in a horizontal plane more than
-18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector in a manner to
-limit the distribution from reaching the protected hazard
-shall comply with 8.8.5.3.
-8.8.5.3.2 Sprinklers shall be installed under fixed obstruc-
-tions over 4 ft (1.2 m) wide such as ducts, decks, open grate
-flooring, cutting tables, and overhead doors.
-8.8.5.3.3 Sprinklers shall not be required under obstructions
-that are not fixed in place such as conference tables.
-8.8.5.3.4 Sprinklers installed under open gratings shall be of
-the intermediate level/rack storage type or otherwise shielded
-from the discharge of overhead sprinklers.
-8.8.6* Clearance to Storage (Extended Coverage Upright and
-Pendent Spray Sprinklers).
-8.8.6.1 The clearance between the deflector and the top of
-storage shall be 18 in. (457 mm) or greater.
-8.8.6.2 Where other standards specify greater clearance to
-storage minimums, they shall be followed.
-8.8.7 Ceiling Pockets (Extended Coverage Upright and Pen-
-dent Spray Sprinklers).
-8.8.7.1* Except as provided in 8.8.7.2 and 8.8.7.3, sprinklers
-shall be required in all ceiling pockets.
-8.8.7.2 Sprinklers shall not be required in ceiling pockets
-where all of the following are met:
-(1) The total volume of the unprotected ceiling pocket does
-not exceed 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3).
-(2) The depth of the unprotected ceiling pocket does not
-exceed 36 in. (914 mm).
-(3) The entire floor under the unprotected ceiling pocket is
-protected by sprinklers at the lower ceiling elevation.
-(4)*The total size of all unprotected ceiling pockets in the
-same compartment within 10 ft (3 m) of each other does
-not exceed 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3).
-(5) The unprotected ceiling pocket has noncombustible or
-limited-combustible finishes.
-(6) Quick-response sprinklers are utilized throughout the
-compartment.
-8.8.7.3 Sprinklers shall not be required in skylights and simi-
-lar pockets in accordance with 8.5.7.
-8.9* Extended Coverage Sidewall Spray Sprinklers.
-8.9.1 General. All requirements of Section 8.5 shall apply to
-extended coverage sidewall spray sprinklers except as modi-
-fied in Section 8.9.
-8.9.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler (Extended Coverage
-Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
-8.9.2.1* Determination of Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.9.2.1.1 The protection area of coverage per sprinkler ( As)
-for extended coverage sidewall sprinklers shall be not less
-than that prescribed by the listing.
-8.9.2.1.2 Listing dimensions shall be in 2 ft (0.61 m) incre-
-ments up to 28 ft (8.5 m).
-8.9.2.2 Maximum Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.9.2.2.1 The maximum allowable protection area of cover-
-age for a sprinkler ( As) shall be in accordance with the value
-indicated in Table 8.9.2.2.1.
-8.9.2.2.2 In any case, the maximum area of coverage of a
-sprinkler shall not exceed 400 ft2 (37.2 m2).
-8.9.3 Sprinkler Spacing (Extended Coverage Sidewall Spray
-Sprinklers).
-8.9.3.1 Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers.
-8.9.3.1.1 The maximum distance permitted between sprin-
-klers shall be based on the centerline distance between sprin-
-klers on the branch line along the wall.
-Table 8.8.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstructions
-(Extended Coverage Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers)
-in Light Hazard Occupancies Only
-Horizontal Distance (A)
-Minimum Vertical
-Distance Below
-Deflector (B) (in.)
-6 in. or less 3
-More than 6 in. to 9 in. 4
-More than 9 in. to 12 in. 6
-More than 12 in. to 15 in. 8
-More than 15 in. to 18 in. 9 1⁄2
-More than 18 in. to 24 in. 12 1⁄2
-More than 24 in. to 30 in. 15 1⁄2
-More than 30 in. 18
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.8.5.2.2.
-Ceiling or roof
-BA
-Floor
-Elevation View
-FIGURE 8.8.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstruction
-(Extended Coverage Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers)
-in Light Hazard Occupancy Only.
-13–67INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-8.9.3.1.2 Where sprinklers are installed along the length of a
-single wall of rooms or bays, they shall be spaced in accordance
-with the maximum spacing provisions of Table 8.9.2.2.1.
-8.9.3.1.3 Sidewall sprinklers shall not be installed back-to-
-back without being separated by a continuous lintel, soffit, or
-baffle.
-8.9.3.1.4 Sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed
-on opposing or adjacent walls, provided no sprinkler is located
-within the maximum protection area of another sprinkler.
-8.9.3.2 Maximum Distance from Walls. The distance from
-sprinklers to the end walls shall not exceed one-half of the
-allowable distance permitted between sprinklers as indicated
-in Table 8.9.2.2.1.
-8.9.3.3 Minimum Distance from Walls.
-8.9.3.3.1 Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4 in.
-(102 mm) from an end wall.
-8.9.3.3.2 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be
-measured perpendicular to the wall.
-8.9.3.4 Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers. Sprinklers
-shall be not located within the maximum protection area of
-any other sprinkler unless required by 8.9.4.1.4.1 or separated
-by baffles that comply with the following:
-(1) Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating ele-
-ments.
-(2) Baffles shall be of solid and rigid material that will stay in
-place before and during sprinkler operation.
-(3) Baffles shall be not less than 8 in. (203 mm) long and 6 in.
-(152 mm) high.
-(4) The tops of baffles shall extend between 2 in. and 3 in.
-(51 mm and 76 mm) above the deflectors.
-(5) The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at
-least even with the deflectors.
-8.9.4 Deflector Position from Ceilings and Walls (Extended
-Coverage Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
-8.9.4.1 Distance Below Ceilings and from Walls to Which
-Sprinklers Are Mounted.
-8.9.4.1.1 Ceilings.
-8.9.4.1.1.1 Unless the requirements of 8.9.4.1.1.2 are met,
-sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be located not more than
-6 in. (152 mm) nor less than 4 in. (102 mm) from ceilings.
-8.9.4.1.1.2 Horizontal sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted
-to be located in a zone 6 in. to 12 in. (152 mm to 305 mm) or
-12 in. to 18 in. (305 mm to 457 mm) below noncombustible or
-limited-combustible ceilings where listed for such use.
-8.9.4.1.2 Walls.
-8.9.4.1.2.1* Sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be located not
-more than 6 in. (152 mm) or less than 4 in. (102 mm) from
-walls on which they are mounted.
-8.9.4.1.2.2 Horizontal sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted
-to be located with their deflectors less than 4 in. (102 mm)
-from the wall on which they are mounted.
-8.9.4.1.3 Lintels and Soffits.
-8.9.4.1.3.1* Where soffits used for the installation of sidewall
-sprinklers are less than or equal to 8 in. (203 mm) in width or
-projection from the wall, additional sprinklers shall not be
-required below the soffit when the sidewall sprinkler on the
-soffit is within 4 in. (102 mm) from the bottom of the soffit.
-8.9.4.1.3.2* A sidewall sprinkler shall be permitted to be in-
-stalled under a soffit when both the minimum distance from
-the sprinkler deflector to the bottom of the soffit and the
-maximum distance from the sprinkler deflector to the high
-ceiling are maintained.
-8.9.4.1.4* Soffits and Cabinets in Residential Areas/
-Occupancies. Where soffits are used for the installation of
-sidewall sprinklers, the sprinklers and soffits shall be installed
-in accordance with 8.9.4.1.4.1, 8.9.4.1.4.2, or 8.9.4.1.4.3.
-8.9.4.1.4.1 Where soffits exceed more than 8 in. (203 mm) in
-width or projection from the wall, pendent sprinklers shall be
-installed under the soffit.
-8.9.4.1.4.2 Sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted to be in-
-stalled in the face of a soffit located directly over cabinets,
-without requiring additional sprinklers below the soffit or
-cabinets, where the soffit does not project horizontally more
-than 12 in. (305 mm) from the wall.
-8.9.4.1.4.3 Where sidewall sprinklers are more than 3 ft
-(0.91 m) above the top of cabinets, the sprinkler shall be
-permitted to be installed on the wall above the cabinets
-where the cabinets are no greater than 12 in. (305 mm)
-from the wall.
-8.9.4.2 Deflector Orientation.
-8.9.4.2.1 Deflectors of sprinklers shall be aligned parallel to
-ceilings or roofs.
-8.9.4.2.2 Sidewall sprinklers, where installed under a sloped
-ceiling with a slope exceeding 2 in 12, shall be located at the
-high point of the slope and positioned to discharge downward
-along the slope.
-Table 8.9.2.2.1 Protection Area and Maximum Spacing for Extended Coverage Sidewall Spray
-Sprinklers
-Construction
-Type
-Light Hazard Ordinary Hazard
-Protection Area Spacing Protection Area Spacing
-ft2 m2 ft m ft 2 m2 ft m
-Unobstructed,
-smooth,
-flat
-400 37.2 28 8.5 400 37.2 24 7.3
-13–68 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.9.4.2.3 Sidewall sprinklers specifically listed for other ceil-
-ing configurations shall be permitted to be installed in accor-
-dance with the listing requirements.
-8.9.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge (Extended Cover-
-age Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
-8.9.5.1 Performance Objective.
-8.9.5.1.1 Sprinklers shall be located so as to minimize ob-
-structions to discharge as defined in 8.5.5.2 and 8.5.5.3, or
-additional sprinklers shall be provided to ensure adequate
-coverage of the hazard.
-8.9.5.1.2 Sidewall sprinklers shall be installed no closer than
-8 ft (2.4 m) from light fixtures or similar obstructions.
-8.9.5.1.3 The distance between light fixtures or similar ob-
-structions located more than 8 ft (2.4 m) from the sprinkler
-shall be in conformance with Table 8.9.5.1.3 and Figure
-8.9.5.1.3.
-8.9.5.1.4 Continuous obstructions projecting from the same
-wall as the one on which the sidewall sprinkler is mounted
-shall be in accordance with Table 8.9.5.1.4 and Figure
-8.9.5.1.4.
-8.9.5.1.5 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on oppo-
-site sides of obstructions less than 4 ft (1.22 m) in width where
-the distance from the centerline of the obstruction to the
-sprinklers does not exceed one-half the allowable distance be-
-tween sprinklers.
-8.9.5.1.6* Obstructions on the wall opposite from the sidewall
-sprinkler shall be permitted where the obstruction is up to 2 ft
-(0.6 m) deep and 2 ft (0.6 m) wide.
-8.9.5.2 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Develop-
-ment.
-8.9.5.2.1 General.
-8.9.5.2.1.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions less
-than or equal to 18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector
-that prevent the pattern from fully developing shall comply
-with this section.
-8.9.5.2.1.2 Regardless of the rules of this section, solid con-
-tinuous obstructions shall meet the requirements of 8.9.5.1.2
-and 8.9.5.1.3.
-8.9.5.2.1.3* Unless the requirements of 8.9.5.2.1.4 through
-8.9.5.2.1.6 are met, sprinklers shall be positioned away from
-obstructions a minimum distance of four times the maximum
-dimension of the obstruction (e.g., truss webs and chords,
-pipe, columns, and fixtures). The maximum clear distance
-required shall be 36 in. (914 mm) from the sprinkler.
-8.9.5.2.1.4 Sidewall sprinklers shall be positioned in accor-
-dance with Figure 8.9.5.2.1.4 when obstructions are present.
-8.9.5.2.1.5 The requirements of 8.9.5.2.1.3 and 8.9.5.2.1.4 shall
-not apply where sprinklers are positioned with respect to obstruc-
-tions in accordance with 8.9.5.1.2 and 8.9.5.1.3.
-Table 8.9.5.1.3 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid
-Obstructions (Extended Coverage Sidewall Spray Sprinklers)
-Distance from Sidewall Sprinkler to
-Side of Obstruction (A)
-Maximum Allowable
-Distance of Deflector
-Above Bottom of
-Obstruction (B) (in.)
-Less than 8 ft Not allowed
-8 ft to less than 10 ft 1
-10 ft to less than 11 ft 2
-11 ft to less than 12 ft 3
-12 ft to less than 13 ft 4
-13 ft to less than 14 ft 6
-14 ft to less than 15 ft 7
-15 ft to less than 16 ft 9
-16 ft to less than 17 ft 11
-17 ft or greater 14
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.9.5.1.3.
-Ceiling or roof
-Obstruction
-Wall
-A
-B
-Elevation View
-FIGURE 8.9.5.1.3 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Obstruc-
-tion (Extended Coverage Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
-Table 8.9.5.1.4 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid
-Obstructions Along Wall (Extended Coverage Sidewall Spray
-Sprinklers)
-Distance from Sidewall Sprinkler
-to Side of Obstruction (A)
-Maximum Allowable
-Distance of Deflector
-Above Bottom of
-Obstruction (B) (in.)
-Less than 1 ft 6 in. 0
-1 ft 6 in. to less than 3 ft 1
-3 ft to less than 4 ft 3
-4 ft to less than 4 ft 6 in. 5
-4 ft 6 in. to less than 6 ft 7
-6 ft to less than 6 ft 6 in. 9
-6 ft 6 in. to less than 7 ft 11
-7 ft to less than 7 ft 6 in. 14
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.9.5.1.4.
-13–69INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.9.5.2.1.6 The requirements of 8.9.5.2.1.3 shall not apply to
-sprinkler system piping less than 3 in. (80 mm) in diameter.
-8.9.5.2.1.7* Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed without
-regard to the blades of ceiling fans less than 60 in. (1.5 m) in
-diameter, provided the plan view of the fan is at least 50 per-
-cent open.
-8.9.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Vertical Obstructions.
-The distance from sprinklers to privacy curtains, freestanding
-partitions, room dividers, and similar obstructions in light haz-
-ard occupancies shall be in accordance with Table 8.9.5.2.2
-and Figure 8.9.5.2.2.
-8.9.5.2.2.1* In light hazard occupancies, privacy curtains, as
-shown in Figure 8.9.5.2.2, shall not be considered obstructions
-where all of the following are met:
-(1) The curtains are supported by fabric mesh on ceiling track.
-(2) Openings in the mesh are equal to 70 percent or greater.
-(3) The mesh extends a minimum of 22 in. (559 mm) down
-from ceiling.
-8.9.5.3* Obstructions that Prevent Sprinkler Discharge from
-Reaching Hazard.
-8.9.5.3.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions that in-
-terrupt the water discharge in a horizontal plane more than
-18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector in a manner to
-limit the distribution from reaching the protected hazard
-shall comply with this section.
-8.9.5.3.2 Sprinklers shall be installed under fixed obstruc-
-tions over 4 ft (1.2 m) wide, such as ducts, decks, open grate
-flooring, cutting tables, and overhead doors.
-8.9.5.3.3 Sprinklers shall not be required under obstructions
-that are not fixed in place, such as conference tables.
-8.10 Residential Sprinklers.
-8.10.1 Reserved.
-8.10.2* Listings.
-8.10.2.1 Areas of coverage shall be in accordance with the
-manufacturer’s listing.
-Table 8.9.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstructions
-(Extended Coverage Sidewall Sprinklers) in Light Hazard
-Occupancies Only
-Horizontal Distance (A)
-Minimum Allowable
-Distance Below
-Deflector (B) (in.)
-6 in. or less 3
-More than 6 in. to 9 in. 4
-More than 9 in. to 12 in. 6
-More than 12 in. to 15 in. 8
-More than 15 in. to 18 in. 9 1⁄2
-More than 18 in. to 24 in. 12 1⁄2
-More than 24 in. to 30 in. 15 1⁄2
-More than 30 in. 18
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.9.5.2.2.
-Obstruction
-A
-B
-Sidewall
-sprinkler
-on wall
-Elevation View
-Ceiling
-FIGURE 8.9.5.1.4 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Obstruc-
-tion Along Wall (Extended Coverage Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).
-Sprinkler
-Plan View of Column
-Obstruction
-A
-C
-D
-Wall
-C
-D
-Ceiling
-Wall
-Elevation View of Pipe Conduit or Light Fixture
-Obstruction
-A ≥ 4C or 4D
-A ≤ 36 in. (914 mm)
-(Use dimension C or D, whichever is greater)
-A
-FIGURE 8.9.5.2.1.4 Minimum Distance from Obstruction (Extended Coverage Sidewall).
-13–70 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.10.3 Distances Between Sprinklers.
-8.10.3.1 Maximum distances between sprinklers shall be in
-accordance with the manufacturer’s listing.
-8.10.3.2 The distance between the sprinkler and the wall
-shall not exceed half the maximum allowable distance be-
-tween sprinklers per the manufacturer’s listing.
-8.10.3.3 The minimum distance between sprinklers within a
-compartment shall be 8 ft (2.44 m), unless the listing of the
-sprinkler requires a greater distance, unless required by
-8.10.7.1.5.1, or unless separated by baffles that comply with
-the following:
-(1) Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating ele-
-ments.
-(2) Baffles shall be of solid and rigid material that will stay in
-place before and during sprinkler operation.
-(3) Baffles shall be not less than 8 in. (203 mm) long and 6 in.
-(152 mm) high.
-(4) The tops of baffles shall extend between 2 in. and 3 in.
-(51 mm and 76 mm) above the deflectors of upright
-sprinklers.
-(5) The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at
-least even with the deflectors of pendent sprinklers.
-8.10.3.4 Residential sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted to be
-installed on opposing or adjacent walls, provided no sprinkler is
-located within the maximum protection area of another sprin-
-kler or unless separated by baffles that comply with the following:
-(1) Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating elements.
-(2) Baffles shall be of solid and rigid material that will stay in
-place before and during sprinkler operation.
-(3) Baffles shall be not less than 8 in. (203 mm) long and 6 in.
-(152 mm) high.
-(4) The tops of baffles shall extend between 2 in. and 3 in.
-(51 mm and 76 mm) above the deflectors.
-(5) The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at
-least even with the deflectors.
-8.10.3.5 The maximum distance shall be measured along the
-slope of the ceiling as shown in Figure 8.10.3.5(a) and Figure
-8.10.3.5(b).
-8.10.3.6 Where sprinklers are installed along sloped ceilings,
-the sprinklers shall maintain the minimum listed spacing, but no
-less than 8 ft (2.44 m), measured in the plan view from one sprin-
-kler to another as shown in Figure 8.10.3.6(a) and Figure
-Ceiling
-B
-Obstruction
-Wall
-Floor
-Elevation View
-A
-FIGURE 8.9.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstruction
-(Extended Coverage Sidewall Sprinklers) in Light Hazard Oc-
-cupancy Only.
-S
-S
-S S
-Section
-Deck
-Peak line
-Measured on slope
-S
-L
-L
-FIGURE 8.10.3.5(a) Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers
-with Sloped Ceilings — Arrangement A.
-S
-S
-S
-Section
-Deck
-3 ft (0.9 m) 
-maximum
-Measured on slope
-S
-L
-L
-Peak line
-FIGURE 8.10.3.5(b) Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers
-with Sloped Ceilings — Arrangement B.
-13–71INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.10.3.6(b), or unless separated by baffles that comply with the
-following:
-(1) Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating ele-
-ments.
-(2) Baffles shall be of solid and rigid material that will stay in
-place before and during sprinkler operation.
-(3) Baffles shall be not less than 8 in. (203 mm) long and 6 in.
-(152 mm) high.
-(4) The tops of baffles shall extend between 2 in. and 3 in.
-(51 mm and 76 mm) above the deflectors of upright
-sprinklers.
-(5) The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at
-least even with the deflectors of pendent sprinklers.
-8.10.4 Deflector Position from Ceilings and Walls.
-8.10.4.1 Pendent and upright sprinklers shall be positioned
-so that the deflectors are 1 in. to 4 in. (25 mm to 102 mm)
-from the ceiling unless the listing allows a greater distance.
-8.10.4.2 Sidewall sprinklers shall be positioned so that the
-deflectors are within 4 in. to 6 in. (102 mm to 152 mm) from
-the ceiling unless the listing allows greater distances.
-8.10.4.3 Where soffits used for the installation of sidewall sprin-
-klers exceed 8 in. (203 mm) in width or projection from the wall,
-additional sprinklers shall be installed below the soffit.
-8.10.4.4 Residential horizontal sidewall sprinkler deflectors
-shall be located no more than 6 in. (152 mm) from the wall on
-which they are mounted unless listed for greater distances.
-8.10.4.5 The distance from sprinklers to the end walls shall
-not exceed one-half of the allowable distance permitted be-
-tween sprinklers as indicated in the sprinkler listing.
-8.10.4.6 Minimum Distance from Walls.
-8.10.4.6.1 Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4 in.
-(102 mm) from an end wall.
-8.10.4.6.2 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be
-measured perpendicular to the wall.
-8.10.5 Residential sprinklers installed in conformance with
-this standard shall follow the sprinkler obstruction rules of
-8.10.6 or 8.10.7 as appropriate for their installation orienta-
-tion (upright, pendent, or sidewall) and the obstruction crite-
-ria specified in the manufacturer’s installation instructions.
-8.10.6 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge (Residential Up-
-right and Pendent Spray Sprinklers).
-8.10.6.1 Performance Objective.
-8.10.6.1.1 Sprinklers shall be located so as to minimize ob-
-structions to discharge as defined in 8.10.6.2 and 8.10.6.3, or
-additional sprinklers shall be provided to ensure adequate
-coverage of the hazard.
-8.10.6.1.2 Sprinklers shall be arranged to comply with one of
-the following arrangements:
-(1) Sprinklers shall be in accordance with 8.5.5.2, Table
-8.10.6.1.2, and Figure 8.10.6.1.2(a).
-(2) Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on opposite
-sides of obstructions not exceeding 4 ft (1.2 m) in width,
-provided the distance from the centerline of the obstruc-
-tion to the sprinklers does not exceed one-half the allow-
-able distance permitted between sprinklers.
-(3) Obstructions located against the wall and that are not
-over 30 in. (762 mm) in width shall be permitted to be
-protected in accordance with Figure 8.10.6.1.2(b).
-(4) Obstructions that are locatd against the wall and that are
-not over 24 in. (610 mm) in width shall be permitted to be
-protected in accordance with Figure 8.10.6.1.2(c). The
-maximum distance between the sprinkler and the wall
-shall be measured from the sprinkler to the wall behind
-the obstruction and not to the face of the obstruction.
-8.10.6.2 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Devel-
-opment.
-8.10.6.2.1 General.
-8.10.6.2.1.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions less
-than or equal to 18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector
-that prevent the pattern from fully developing shall comply
-with 8.10.6.2.
-8.10.6.2.1.2 Regardless of the rules of this section, solid con-
-tinuous obstructions shall meet the applicable requirements
-of 8.10.6.1.2.
-8.10.6.2.1.3* Unless the requirements of 8.10.6.2.1.4 through
-8.10.6.2.1.8 are met, sprinklers shall be positioned away from
-obstructions a minimum distance of four times the maximum
-Elevation View
-S
-Minimum listed spacing 
-but not less than 8 ft (2.44 m)
-FIGURE 8.10.3.6(a) Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers
-with Sloped Ceilings — Arrangement A.
-Elevation View
-S
-Minimum listed spacing 
-but not less than 8 ft (2.44 m)
-FIGURE 8.10.3.6(b) Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers
-with Sloped Ceilings — Arrangement B.
-13–72 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-dimension of the obstruction (e.g., truss webs and chords,
-pipe, columns, and fixtures). The maximum clear distance
-required shall be 36 in. (914 mm) in accordance with Figure
-8.10.6.2.1.3.
-8.10.6.2.1.4 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on
-opposite sides of the obstruction where the distance from the
-centerline of the obstruction to the sprinklers does not exceed
-one-half the allowable distance between sprinklers.
-8.10.6.2.1.5 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be located one-
-half the distance between the obstructions where the obstruc-
-tion consists of open trusses 20 in. (0.51 m) or greater apart
-[24 in. (0.61 m) on center], provided that all truss members
-are not greater than 4 in. (102 mm) (nominal) in width and
-web members do not exceed 1 in. (25.4 mm) in width.
-8.10.6.2.1.6 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed on the
-centerline of a truss or bar joist or directly above a beam provided
-that the truss chord or beam dimension is not more than 8 in.
-(203 mm) and the sprinkler deflector is located at least 6 in.
-(152 mm) above the structural member and where the sprinkler
-is positioned at a distance four times greater than the maximum
-dimension of the web members away from the web members.
-Table 8.10.6.1.2 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid
-Obstructions to Discharge (Residential Upright and Pendent
-Spray Sprinklers)
-Distance from Sprinklers to
-Side of Obstruction (A)
-Maximum Allowable
-Distance of Deflector
-Above Bottom of
-Obstruction (B) (in.)
-Less than 1 ft 0
-1 ft to less than 1 ft 6 in. 0
-1 ft 6 in. to less than 2 ft 1
-2 ft to less than 2 ft 6 in. 1
-2 ft 6 in. to less than 3 ft 1
-3 ft to less than 3 ft 6 in. 3
-3 ft 6 in. to less than 4 ft 3
-4 ft to less than 4 ft 6 in. 5
-4 ft 6 in. to less than 5 ft 7
-5 ft to less than 5 ft 6 in. 7
-5 ft 6 in. to less than 6 ft 7
-6 ft to less than 6 ft 6 in. 9
-6 ft 6 in. to less than 7 ft 11
-7 ft and greater 14
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.10.6.1.2(a).
-Ceiling
-Obstruction
-B
-A
-Elevation View
-FIGURE 8.10.6.1.2(a) Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Ob-
-struction to Discharge (Residential Upright and Pendent
-Spray Sprinklers).
-Ceiling
-Obstruction
-Wall
-DA
-B
-Elevation View
-A ≥ (D - 8 in.) + B 
-[A ≥ (D – 0.2 m) + B ]
-where: D £ 30 in. (0.8 m)
-FIGURE 8.10.6.1.2(b) Obstructions Against Wall (Residen-
-tial Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers).
-18 in. minimum
-(no maximum)
-Ceiling or roof
-24 in. max
-Wall
-No additional
-protection is
-required
-Obstruction
-S
-FIGURE 8.10.6.1.2(c) Obstructions Against Wall (Measure-
-ments for Residential Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers).
-13–73INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-8.10.6.2.1.7 The requirements of 8.10.6.2.1.3 shall not apply
-to sprinkler system piping less than 3 in. (80 mm) in diameter.
-8.10.6.2.1.8 The requirements of 8.10.6.2.1.3 shall not apply
-to sprinklers positioned with respect to obstructions in accor-
-dance with 8.10.6.1.2.
-8.10.6.2.1.9* Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed with-
-out regard to the blades of a ceiling fan, provided the plan
-view of the fan is at least 50 percent open.
-8.10.6.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Vertical Obstruc-
-tions. The distance from sprinklers to privacy curtains, free-
-standing partitions, room dividers, and similar obstructions in
-light hazard occupancies shall be in accordance with Table
-8.10.6.2.2 and Figure 8.10.6.2.2.
-8.10.6.3* Obstructions that Prevent Sprinkler Discharge from
-Reaching Hazard.
-8.10.6.3.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions that
-interrupt the water discharge in a horizontal plane more than
-18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector in a manner to
-limit the distribution from reaching the protected hazard
-shall comply with 8.10.6.3.
-8.10.6.3.2 Sprinklers shall be installed under fixed obstruc-
-tions over 4 ft (1.2 m) wide such as stairs and landings.
-8.10.6.3.3 Sprinklers shall not be required under obstruc-
-tions that are not fixed in place.
-8.10.6.3.4 Sprinklers installed under open gratings shall be
-shielded from the discharge of overhead sprinklers.
-Open web steel 
-or wood truss
-Ceiling
-Sprinkler
-Plan View of Column Elevation View of Truss
-(Use dimension C or D, whichever is greater)
-C
-D
-Obstruction
-A
-C
-D
-A ≥ 4C or 4D
-A ≤ 36 in. (914 mm)
-A
-FIGURE 8.10.6.2.1.3 Minimum Distance from Obstruction (Residential Upright and Pendent
-Spray Sprinklers).
-Table 8.10.6.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstructions
-(Residential Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers) in Light
-Hazard Occupancies Only
-Horizontal Distance (A)
-Minimum Vertical
-Distance Below
-Deflector (B) (in.)
-6 in. or less 3
-More than 6 in. to 9 in. 4
-More than 9 in. to 12 in. 6
-More than 12 in. to 15 in. 8
-More than 15 in. to 18 in. 9 1⁄2
-More than 18 in. to 24 in. 12 1⁄2
-More than 24 in. to 30 in. 15 1⁄2
-More than 30 in. 18
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.10.6.2.2.
-Ceiling or roof
-BA
-Floor
-Elevation View
-FIGURE 8.10.6.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstruc-
-tion (Residential Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers) in
-Light Hazard Occupancy Only.
-13–74 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.10.7 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge (Residential Side-
-wall Spray Sprinklers).
-8.10.7.1 Performance Objective.
-8.10.7.1.1 Sprinklers shall be located so as to minimize ob-
-structions to discharge as defined in 8.5.5.2 and 8.5.5.3, or
-additional sprinklers shall be provided to ensure adequate
-coverage of the hazard.
-8.10.7.1.2 Sidewall sprinklers shall be installed no closer than
-8 ft (2.4 m) from light fixtures or similar obstructions.
-8.10.7.1.3 The distance between light fixtures or similar ob-
-structions located more than 8 ft (2.4 m) from the sprinkler
-shall be in conformance with Table 8.10.7.1.3 and Figure
-8.10.7.1.3.
-8.10.7.1.4 Obstructions projecting from the same wall as the
-one on which the sidewall sprinkler is mounted shall be in
-accordance with Table 8.10.7.1.4 and Figure 8.10.7.1.4.
-8.10.7.1.5* Soffits and Cabinets.Where soffits are used for the
-installation of sidewall sprinklers, the sprinklers and soffits
-shall be installed in accordance with 8.10.7.1.5.1, 8.10.7.1.5.2,
-or 8.10.7.1.5.3.
-8.10.7.1.5.1 Where soffits exceed more than 8 in. (203 mm)
-in width or projection from the wall, pendent sprinklers shall
-be installed under the soffit.
-8.10.7.1.5.2 Sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted to be in-
-stalled in the face of a soffit located directly over cabinets,
-without requiring additional sprinklers below the soffit or
-cabinets, where the soffit does not project horizontally more
-than 12 in. (305 mm) from the wall.
-8.10.7.1.5.3 Where sidewall sprinklers are more than 3 ft
-(914 mm) above the top of cabinets, the sprinkler shall be per-
-mitted to be installed on the wall above the cabinets where the
-cabinets are no greater than 12 in. (305 mm) from the wall.
-Table 8.10.7.1.3 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid
-Obstructions (Residential Sidewall Sprinklers)
-Distance from Sidewall Sprinkler
-to Side of Obstruction (A)
-Maximum Allowable
-Distance of Deflector
-Above Bottom of
-Obstruction (B) (in.)
-Less than 8 ft Not allowed
-8 ft to less than 10 ft 1
-10 ft to less than 11 ft 2
-11 ft to less than 12 ft 3
-12 ft to less than 13 ft 4
-13 ft to less than 14 ft 6
-14 ft to less than 15 ft 7
-15 ft to less than 16 ft 9
-16 ft to less than 17 ft 11
-17 ft or greater 14
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.10.7.1.3.
-Ceiling or roof
-Obstruction
-Wall
-A
-B
-Elevation View
-FIGURE 8.10.7.1.3 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Ob-
-struction (Residential Sidewall Sprinklers).
-Table 8.10.7.1.4 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid
-Obstructions Along Wall (Residential Sidewall Sprinklers)
-Distance from Sidewall
-Sprinkler to
-Side of Obstruction (A)
-Maximum Allowable
-Distance of Deflector
-Above Bottom of
-Obstruction (B) (in.)
-Less than 1 ft 6 in. 0
-1 ft 6 in. to less than 3 ft 1
-3 ft to less than 4 ft 3
-4 ft to less than 4 ft 6 in. 5
-4 ft 6 in. to less than 6 ft 7
-6 ft to less than 6 ft 6 in. 9
-6 ft 6 in. to less than 7 ft 11
-7 ft to less than 7 ft 6 in. 14
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.10.7.1.4.
-Obstruction
-A
-B
-Sidewall
-sprinkler
-on wall
-Elevation View
-Ceiling
-FIGURE 8.10.7.1.4 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Ob-
-struction Along Wall (Residential Sidewall Sprinklers).
-13–75INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-8.10.7.1.6* Obstructions on the wall opposite from the side-
-wall sprinkler shall be permitted where the obstruction is up
-to 2 ft (0.6 m) deep and 2 ft (0.6 m) wide.
-8.10.7.2 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Devel-
-opment.
-8.10.7.2.1 General.
-8.10.7.2.1.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions less
-than or equal to 18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector
-that prevent the pattern from fully developing shall comply
-with this section.
-8.10.7.2.1.2 Regardless of the rules of this section, solid con-
-tinuous obstructions shall meet the requirements of 8.10.7.1.2
-and 8.10.7.1.3.
-8.10.7.2.1.3* Unless the requirements of 8.10.7.2.1.4 through
-8.10.7.2.1.7 are met, sprinklers shall be positioned away from
-obstructions a minimum distance of four times the maximum
-dimension of the obstruction.
-(A) The maximum clear distance required shall be 36 in.
-(914 mm) from the sprinkler (e.g., truss webs and chords,
-pipe, columns, and fixtures).
-8.10.7.2.1.4 Sidewall sprinklers shall be positioned in accor-
-dance with Figure 8.10.7.2.1.4 when obstructions are present.
-8.10.7.2.1.5 The requirements of 8.10.7.2.1.3 and 8.10.7.2.1.4
-shall not apply where sprinklers are positioned with respect to
-obstructions in accordance with 8.10.7.1.2 and 8.10.7.1.3.
-8.10.7.2.1.6 The requirements of 8.10.7.2.1.3 shall not apply
-to sprinkler system piping less than 3 in. (80 mm) in diameter.
-8.10.7.2.1.7* Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed with-
-out regard to the blades of a ceiling fan, provided the plan
-view of the fan is at least 50 percent open.
-8.10.7.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Vertical Obstructions.
-The distance from sprinklers to privacy curtains, free-standing
-partitions, room dividers, and similar obstructions in light hazard
-occupancies shall be in accordance with Table 8.10.7.2.2 and Fig-
-ure 8.10.7.2.2.
-8.10.7.3* Obstructions that Prevent Sprinkler Discharge from
-Reaching Hazard.
-8.10.7.3.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions that
-interrupt the water discharge in a horizontal plane more than
-18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector in a manner to
-limit the distribution from reaching the protected hazard
-shall comply with this section.
-8.10.7.3.2 Sprinklers shall be installed under fixed obstruc-
-tions over 4 ft (1.2 m) wide, such as ducts, stairs, and landings.
-8.10.7.3.3 Sprinklers shall not be required under obstruc-
-tions that are not fixed in place.
-8.10.7.3.4 Sprinklers installed under open gratings shall be
-shielded from the discharge of overhead sprinklers.
-Sprinkler
-Plan View of Column
-Obstruction
-A
-C
-D
-Wall
-C
-D
-Ceiling
-Wall
-Elevation View of Pipe Conduit or Light Fixture
-Obstruction
-A ≥ 4C or 4D
-A ≤ 36 in. (914 mm)
-(Use dimension C or D, whichever is greater)
-A
-FIGURE 8.10.7.2.1.4 Minimum Distance from Obstruction (Residential Sidewall Sprinklers).
-Table 8.10.7.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstructions
-(Residential Sidewall Sprinklers) in Light Hazard
-Occupancies Only
-Horizontal Distance (A)
-Minimum Allowable
-Distance Below
-Deflector (B) (in.)
-6 in. or less 3
-More than 6 in. to 9 in. 4
-More than 9 in. to 12 in. 6
-More than 12 in. to 15 in. 8
-More than 15 in. to 18 in. 9 1⁄2
-More than 18 in. to 24 in. 12 1⁄2
-More than 24 in. to 30 in. 15 1⁄2
-More than 30 in. 18
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.10.7.2.2.
-13–76 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.10.8 Ceiling Pockets.
-8.10.8.1 Sprinklers shall be required in all ceiling pockets.
-8.10.8.2 The requirement of 8.10.8.1 shall not apply where
-all of the following requirements are met:
-(1) The total volume of the unprotected ceiling pocket does
-not exceed 100 ft3 (2.83 m3).
-(2) The depth of the unprotected ceiling pocket does not
-exceed 12 in. (305 mm).
-(3) The entire floor of the unprotected ceiling pocket is pro-
-tected by the sprinklers at the lower ceiling elevation.
-(4) The interior finish of the unprotected ceiling pocket is
-noncombustible or limited-combustible construction.
-8.11 CMSA Sprinklers.
-8.11.1 General. All requirements of Section 8.5 shall apply to
-CMSA sprinklers except as modified in Section 8.11.
-8.11.1.1 CMSA pendent sprinklers shall be installed in accor-
-dance with Section 8.5 and the manufacturer’s installation in-
-structions in lieu of the requirements in Section 8.11.
-8.11.2* Protection Areas per Sprinkler (CMSA Sprinklers).
-8.11.2.1 Determination of Protection Area of Coverage. The
-protection area of coverage per sprinkler ( As) shall be deter-
-mined in accordance with 8.5.2.1.
-8.11.2.2 Maximum Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.11.2.2.1 The maximum allowable protection area of cover-
-age for a sprinkler ( As) shall be in accordance with the value
-indicated in Table 8.11.2.2.1.
-8.11.2.2.2 In any case, the maximum area of coverage of any
-sprinkler shall not exceed 130 ft2 (12.9 m2).
-8.11.2.3 Minimum Protection Area of Coverage. The mini-
-mum allowable protection area of coverage for a sprinkler
-(As) shall be not less than 80 ft2 (7.4 m2).
-8.11.3 Sprinkler Spacing (CMSA Sprinklers).
-8.11.3.1* Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers.
-8.11.3.1.1 Under unobstructed and obstructed noncombus-
-tible construction and unobstructed combustible construc-
-tion, the distance between sprinklers shall be limited to not
-more than 12 ft (3.7 m) between sprinklers, as shown in Table
-8.11.2.2.1.
-8.11.3.1.2 Under obstructed combustible construction, the
-maximum distance shall be limited to 10 ft (3 m).
-8.11.3.2 Maximum Distance from Walls. The distance from
-sprinklers to walls shall not exceed one-half of the allowable
-distance permitted between sprinklers as indicated in Table
-8.11.2.2.1.
-8.11.3.3 Minimum Distance from Walls. Sprinklers shall be lo-
-cated a minimum of 4 in. (102 mm) from a wall.
-8.11.3.4 Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers. Sprinklers
-shall be spaced not less than 8 ft (2.4 m) on center.
-8.11.4 Deflector Position (CMSA Sprinklers).
-8.11.4.1* Distance Below Ceilings.
-8.11.4.1.1 Unobstructed Construction. Under unobstructed
-construction, the distance between the sprinkler deflector and
-the ceiling shall be a minimum of 6 in. (152 mm) and a maxi-
-mum of 8 in. (203 mm).
-8.11.4.1.2 Obstructed Construction. Under obstructed con-
-struction, the sprinkler deflector shall be located in accor-
-dance with one of the following arrangements:
-(1) Installed with the deflectors located a minimum of 6 in.
-(152 mm) and a maximum of 12 in. (305 mm) from the
-ceiling.
-(2) Installed with the deflectors within the horizontal planes
-1 in. to 6 in. (25.4 mm to 152 mm) below wood joist,
-composite wood joist, solid obstructed noncombustible,
-or solid obstructed limited combustible construction, to a
-maximum distance of 22 in. (559 mm) below the ceiling/
-Ceiling
-B
-Obstruction
-Wall
-Floor
-Elevation View
-A
-FIGURE 8.10.7.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstruc-
-tion (Residential Sidewall Sprinklers) in Light Hazard Occu-
-pancy Only.
-Table 8.11.2.2.1 Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing for
-CMSA Sprinklers
-Protection Area
-Maximum
-Spacing
-Construction Type ft 2 m2 ft m
-Noncombustible
-unobstructed
-130 12.1 12 3.7
-Noncombustible
-obstructed
-130 12.1 12 3.7
-Combustible
-unobstructed
-130 12.1 12 3.7
-Combustible
-obstructed
-100 9.3 10 3.1
-Rack storage
-combustible
-obstructed
-100 9.3 10 3.1
-Rack storage
-unobstructed and
-noncombustible
-obstructed
-100 9.3 12 3.7
-13–77INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-roof or deck. Where CMSA sprinklers are installed under
-open wood joist construction, their minimum operating
-pressure shall be 50 psi (3.4 bar) for a K-11.2 (160) sprin-
-kler or 22 psi (1.5 bar) for a K-16.8 (240) sprinkler in
-accordance with 16.2.2.4, 16.3.2.4, and 17.2.2.3.
-(3) Installed with deflectors of sprinklers under concrete tee
-construction with stems spaced less than 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m)
-but more than 3 ft (0.9 m) on centers, regardless of the
-depth of the tee, located at or above a horizontal plane
-1 in. (25.4 mm) below the bottom of the stems of the tees
-and in compliance with Table 8.11.5.1.2.
-8.11.4.2 Deflector Orientation. Deflectors of sprinklers shall
-be aligned parallel to ceilings or roofs.
-8.11.5* Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge (CMSA Sprin-
-klers).
-8.11.5.1 Performance Objective.
-8.11.5.1.1 Sprinklers shall be located so as to minimize ob-
-structions to discharge as defined in 8.5.5.2 and 8.5.5.3, or
-additional sprinklers shall be provided to ensure adequate
-coverage of the hazard.
-8.11.5.1.2 Sprinklers shall be arranged to comply with
-8.5.5.2, Table 8.11.5.1.2, and Figure 8.11.5.1.2.
-8.11.5.1.3 The requirements of 8.11.5.1.2 shall not apply where
-sprinklers are positioned on opposite sides of the obstruction.
-8.11.5.2 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Devel-
-opment.
-8.11.5.2.1 General.
-8.11.5.2.1.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions less
-than or equal to 36 in. (914 mm) below the sprinkler deflector
-that prevent the pattern from fully developing shall comply
-with 8.11.5.2.
-8.11.5.2.1.2 Regardless of the rules of this section, solid con-
-tinuous obstructions shall meet the requirements of 8.11.5.1.2
-or 8.11.5.1.3.
-8.11.5.2.1.3* Unless the requirements of 8.11.5.1.2 or 8.11.5.1.3
-are met, for obstructions 8 in. (203 mm) or less in width, as
-shown in Figure 8.11.5.2.1.3, sprinklers shall be positioned such
-that they are located at least a distance three times greater than
-the maximum dimension of the obstruction from the sprinkler
-(e.g., webs and chord members, pipe, columns, and fixtures).
-8.11.5.2.2 Branch Lines. Upright sprinklers shall be posi-
-tioned with respect to branch lines in accordance with one of
-the following:
-(1) Upright sprinklers shall be permitted to be attached di-
-rectly to branch lines less than or equal to 4 in. (100 mm)
-nominal in diameter.
-(2) Upright sprinklers shall be permitted to be offset horizon-
-tally a minimum of 12 in. (305 mm) from the pipe.
-(3) Upright sprinklers shall be permitted to be supplied by a
-riser nipple (sprig) to elevate the sprinkler deflector a
-minimum of 12 in. (305 mm) from the centerline of any
-pipe over 4 in. (100 mm) nominal in diameter.
-8.11.5.3* Obstructions that Prevent Sprinkler Discharge from
-Reaching Hazard.
-8.11.5.3.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions that
-interrupt the water discharge in a horizontal plane below the
-sprinkler deflector in a manner to limit the distribution from
-reaching the protected hazard shall comply with 8.11.5.3.
-8.11.5.3.2 Sprinklers shall be positioned with respect to fluo-
-rescent lighting fixtures, ducts, and obstructions more than
-24 in. (610 mm) wide and located entirely below the sprinklers
-so that the minimum horizontal distance from the near side of
-the obstruction to the center of the sprinkler is not less than
-the value specified in Table 8.11.5.3.2 and Figure 8.11.5.3.2.
-8.11.5.3.3 Sprinklers installed under open gratings shall be
-shielded from the discharge of overhead sprinklers.
-8.11.5.3.4 Where the bottom of the obstruction is located
-24 in. (610 mm) or more below the sprinkler deflectors, the
-following shall occur:
-Ceiling
-Obstruction
-B
-A
-FIGURE 8.11.5.1.2 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Ob-
-struction to Discharge (CMSA Sprinklers).
-Table 8.11.5.1.2 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid
-Obstructions to Discharge (CMSA Sprinklers)
-Distance from Sprinkler to
-Side of Obstruction (A)
-Maximum Allowable
-Distance of Deflector
-Above Bottom of
-Obstruction (B) (in.)
-Less than 1 ft 0
-1 ft to less than 1 ft 6 in. 1 1⁄2
-1 ft 6 in. to less than 2 ft 3
-2 ft to less than 2 ft 6 in. 5 1⁄2
-2 ft 6 in. to less than 3 ft 8
-3 ft to less than 3 ft 6 in. 10
-3 ft 6 in. to less than 4 ft 12
-4 ft to less than 4 ft 6 in. 15
-4 ft 6 in. to less than 5 ft 18
-5 ft to less than 5 ft 6 in. 22
-5 ft 6 in. to less than 6 ft 26
-6f t 3 1
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.11.5.1.2.
-13–78 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(1) Sprinklers shall be positioned so that the obstruction is
-centered between adjacent sprinklers in accordance with
-Figure 8.11.5.3.4.
-(2) The obstruction width shall meet the following require-
-ments:
-(a) The obstruction shall be limited to a maximum width of
-24 in. (610 mm) in accordance with Figure 8.11.5.3.4.
-(b) Where the obstruction is greater than 24 in. (610 mm)
-wide, one or more lines of sprinklers shall be installed
-below the obstruction.
-(3) The obstruction extension shall meet the following re-
-quirements:
-(a) The obstruction shall not extend more than 12 in.
-(305 mm) to either side of the midpoint between
-sprinklers in accordance with Figure 8.11.5.3.4.
-(b) Where the extensions of the obstruction exceed
-12 in. (305 mm), one or more lines of sprinklers shall
-be installed below the obstruction.
-(4) At least 18 in. (457 mm) clearance shall be maintained
-between the top of storage and the bottom of the obstruc-
-tion in accordance with Figure 8.11.5.3.4.
-8.11.5.3.5 In the special case of an obstruction running par-
-allel to or directly below a branch line, the following shall
-occur:
-(1) The sprinkler shall be located at least 36 in. (914 mm)
-above the top of the obstruction in accordance with Fig-
-ure 8.11.5.3.5.
-(2) The obstruction shall be limited to a maximum width of
-12 in. (305 mm) in accordance with Figure 8.11.5.3.5.
-(3) The obstruction shall be limited to a maximum extension
-of 6 in. (152 mm) to either side of the centerline of the
-branch line in accordance with Figure 8.11.5.3.5.
-8.11.6 Clearance to Storage (CMSA Sprinklers). The clear-
-ance between the deflector and the top of storage shall be
-36 in. (914 mm) or greater.
-8.12 Early Suppression Fast-Response Sprinklers.
-8.12.1 General. All requirements of Section 8.5 shall apply
-except as modified in Section 8.12.
-Open web steel 
-or wood truss
-Ceiling
-Sprinkler
-Plan View of Column Elevation View of Truss
-(Use dimension C or D, whichever is greater)
-C
-D
-Obstruction
-A
-C
-D
-A ≥ 3C or 3D
-A
-FIGURE 8.11.5.2.1.3 Minimum Distance from Obstruction (CMSA Sprinklers).
-Table 8.11.5.3.2 Obstruction Entirely Below Sprinkler
-(CMSA Sprinklers)
-Minimum Distance to Side of
-Obstruction (ft) (A)
-Distance of Deflector
-Above Bottom of
-Obstruction (B) (in.)
-Less than 6 in. 1 1⁄2
-6 in. to less than 12 in. 3
-12 in. to less than 18 in. 4
-18 in. to less than 24 in. 5
-24 in. to less than 30 in. 5 1⁄2
-30 in. to less than 36 in. 6
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.11.5.3.2.
-B
-Ceiling
-Pipe, conduit,
-or fixture
-A
-24 in. (610 mm) or more
-FIGURE 8.11.5.3.2 Obstruction Entirely Below Sprinkler
-(CMSA Sprinklers).
-13–79INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.12.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler (Early Suppression
-Fast-Response Sprinklers).
-8.12.2.1 Determination of Protection Area of Coverage. The
-protection area of coverage per sprinkler (As) shall be deter-
-mined in accordance with 8.5.2.1.
-8.12.2.2 Maximum Protection Area of Coverage.
-8.12.2.2.1 The maximum allowable protection area of cover-
-age for a sprinkler (As) shall be in accordance with the value
-indicated in Table 8.12.2.2.1.
-8.12.2.2.2 Unless the requirements of 8.12.2.2.3 are met, the
-maximum area of coverage of any sprinkler shall not exceed
-100 ft2 (9.3 m2).
-8.12.2.2.3* Deviations from the maximum sprinkler spacing
-shall be permitted to eliminate obstructions created by struc-
-tural elements (such as trusses, bar joists, and wind bracing) by
-moving a sprinkler along the branch line a maximum of 1 ft
-(0.31 m) from its allowable spacing, provided coverage for
-that sprinkler does not exceed 110 ft2 (10.2 m2) per sprinkler
-where all of the following conditions are met:
-(1) The average actual floor area protected by the moved
-sprinkler and the adjacent sprinklers shall not exceed
-100 ft2 (9.3 m2).
-(2) Adjacent branch lines shall maintain the same pattern.
-(3) In no case shall the distance between sprinklers exceed
-12 ft (3.7 m).
-8.12.2.2.4 Deviations from the maximum sprinkler spacing
-shall be permitted to eliminate obstructions created by struc-
-tural elements (such as trusses, bar joists, and wind bracing) by
-moving a single branch line a maximum of 1 ft (0.31 m) from
-its allowable spacing, provided coverage for the sprinklers on
-that branch line and the sprinklers on the branch line it is
-moving away from does not exceed 110 ft2 (10.2 m2) per sprin-
-kler where all of the following conditions are met:
-(1) The average actual floor area protected by the sprinklers
-on the moved branch line and the sprinklers on the adja-
-cent branch lines shall not exceed 100 ft 2 (9.3 m2) per
-sprinkler.
-(2) In no case shall the distance between sprinklers exceed
-12 ft (3.7 m).
-(3) It shall not be permitted to move a branch line where
-there are moved sprinklers on a branch line that exceed
-the maximum sprinkler spacing.
-8.12.2.3 Minimum Protection Area of Coverage. The mini-
-mum allowable protection area of coverage for a sprinkler(As)
-shall not be less than 64 ft2 (6 m2).
-Ceiling
-Not less 
-than 18 in.
-(457 mm)
-¹⁄₂ S ¹⁄₂ S
-S
-Top of storage
->24 in. (610 mm)
-24 in. (610 mm) 
-maximum
-Centerline
-Obstruction
-12 in. 
-(305 mm)
-£
-FIGURE 8.11.5.3.4 Obstruction More Than 24 in. (610 mm) Below Sprinklers (CMSA Sprinklers).
-12 in. 
-(305 mm)
-maximum
-12 in. 
-(305 mm)
-maximum
-Obstruction Obstruction
-6 in. 
-(152 mm) 
-maximum
-Not less 
-than 36 in. 
-(914 mm)
-Ceiling
-Not less 
-than 36 in.
-(914 mm)
-FIGURE 8.11.5.3.5 Obstruction More Than 36 in. (914 mm)
-Below Sprinklers (CMSA Sprinklers).
-13–80 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.12.3 Sprinkler Spacing (Early Suppression Fast-Response
-Sprinklers).
-8.12.3.1 Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers. The maxi-
-mum distance between sprinklers shall be in accordance with
-the following:
-(1) Where the storage height is less than or equal to 25 ft
-(7.6 m) and the ceiling height is less than or equal to
-30 ft (9.1 m), the distance between sprinklers shall be
-limited to not more than 12 ft (3.7 m) between sprin-
-klers as shown in Table 8.12.2.2.1.
-(2) Unless the requirements of 8.12.3.1(3) or 8.12.3.1(4) are
-met, where the storage height exceeds 25 ft (7.6 m) and
-ceiling height exceeds 30 ft (9.1 m), the distance between
-sprinklers shall be limited to not more than 10 ft (3 m)
-between sprinklers.
-(3)*Regardless of the storage or ceiling height arrangement,
-deviations from the maximum sprinkler spacing shall be
-permitted to eliminate obstructions created by structural
-elements (such as trusses, bar joists, and wind bracing) by
-moving a sprinkler along the branch line a maximum of
-1 ft (0.31 m) from its allowable spacing, provided cover-
-age for that sprinkler does not exceed 110 ft 2 (10.2 m2)
-where all of the following conditions are met:
-(a) The average actual floor area protected by the moved
-sprinkler and the adjacent sprinklers shall not exceed
-100 ft2 (9.3 m2).
-(b) Adjacent branch lines shall maintain the same pattern.
-(c) In no case shall the distance between sprinklers ex-
-ceed 12 ft (3.7 m).
-(4) Where branch lines are parallel to trusses and bar joists,
-deviations from the maximum sprinkler spacing shall be
-permitted to eliminate obstructions created by structural
-elements (such as trusses, bar joists, and wind bracing) by
-moving a single branch line a maximum of 1 ft (0.31 m)
-from its allowable spacing, provided coverage for the
-sprinklers on that branch line and the sprinklers on the
-branch line it is moving away from does not exceed 110 ft2
-(10.2 m2) per sprinkler where all of the following condi-
-tions are met:
-(a) The average actual floor area protected by the
-sprinklers on the moved branch line and the sprin-
-klers on the adjacent branch lines shall not exceed
-100 ft2 (9.3 m2) per sprinkler.
-(b) In no case shall the distance between sprinklers ex-
-ceed 12 ft (3.7 m).
-(c) It shall not be permitted to move a branch line where
-there are moved sprinklers on a branch line that ex-
-ceed the maximum sprinkler spacing.
-8.12.3.2 Maximum Distance from Walls. The distance from
-sprinklers to walls shall not exceed one-half of the allowable
-distance permitted between sprinklers as indicated in Table
-8.12.2.2.1.
-8.12.3.3 Minimum Distance from Walls. Sprinklers shall be
-located a minimum of 4 in. (102 mm) from a wall.
-8.12.3.4 Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers. Sprinklers
-shall be spaced not less than 8 ft (2.4 m) on center.
-8.12.4 Deflector Position (Early Suppression Fast-Response
-Sprinklers).
-8.12.4.1 Distance Below Ceilings.
-8.12.4.1.1 Pendent sprinklers with a nominal K-factor of K-14
-(200) shall be positioned so that deflectors are a maximum
-14 in. (356 mm) and a minimum 6 in. (152 mm) below the
-ceiling.
-8.12.4.1.2 Pendent sprinklers with a nominal K-factor of
-K-16.8 (240) shall be positioned so that deflectors are a maxi-
-mum 14 in. (356 mm) and a minimum 6 in. (152 mm) below
-the ceiling.
-8.12.4.1.3 Pendent sprinklers with a nominal K-factor of
-K-22.4 (320) and K-25.2 (360) shall be positioned so that de-
-flectors are a maximum 18 in. (457 mm) and a minimum 6 in.
-(152 mm) below the ceiling.
-8.12.4.1.4 Upright sprinklers with a nominal K-factor of K-14
-(200) shall be positioned so that the deflector is 3 in. to 12 in.
-(76 mm to 305 mm) below the ceiling.
-8.12.4.1.5 Upright sprinklers with a nominal K-factor of K-16.8
-(240) shall be positioned so that the deflector is 3 in. to 12 in.
-(76 mm to 305 mm) below the ceiling.
-8.12.4.1.6 With obstructed construction, the branch lines
-shall be permitted to be installed across the beams, but sprin-
-klers shall be located in the bays and not under the beams.
-8.12.4.2 Deflector Orientation. Deflectors of sprinklers shall
-be aligned parallel to ceilings or roofs.
-8.12.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge (Early Suppres-
-sion Fast-Response Sprinklers).
-8.12.5.1 Obstructions at or Near Ceiling.
-8.12.5.1.1 Sprinklers shall be arranged to comply with Table
-8.12.5.1.1 and Figure 8.12.5.1.1 for obstructions at the ceiling,
-such as beams, ducts, lights, and top chords of trusses and bar
-joists.
-8.12.5.1.2 The requirements of 8.12.5.1.1 shall not apply
-where sprinklers are spaced on opposite sides of obstructions
-Table 8.12.2.2.1 Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing of ESFR Sprinklers
-Ceiling/Roof Heights Up to 30 ft (9.1 m) Ceiling/Roof Heights Over 30 ft (9.1 m)
-Protection Area Spacing Protection Area Spacing
-Construction Type ft 2 m2 ft m ft 2 m2 ft m
-Noncombustible
-unobstructed
-100 9.3 12 3.7 100 9.3 10 3.1
-Noncombustible obstructed 100 9.3 12 3.7 100 9.3 10 3.1
-Combustible unobstructed 100 9.3 12 3.7 100 9.3 10 3.1
-Combustible obstructed N/A N/A N/A N/A
-13–81INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-less than 24 in. (610 mm) wide, provided the distance from
-the centerline on the obstructions to the sprinklers does not
-exceed one-half the allowable distance between sprinklers.
-8.12.5.1.3 Sprinklers with a special obstruction allowance
-shall be installed according to their listing.
-8.12.5.2* Isolated Obstructions Below Elevation of Sprin-
-klers. Sprinklers shall be arranged with respect to obstructions
-in accordance with one of the following:
-(1) Sprinklers shall be installed below isolated noncontinu-
-ous obstructions that restrict only one sprinkler and are
-located below the elevation of sprinklers such as light fix-
-tures and unit heaters.
-(2) Additional sprinklers shall not be required where the ob-
-struction is 2 ft (0.6 m) or less in width and the sprinkler is
-located horizontally 1 ft (0.3 m) or greater from the near-
-est edge of the obstruction.
-(3) Additional sprinklers shall not be required where sprin-
-klers are positioned with respect to the bottom of obstruc-
-tions in accordance with 8.12.5.1.
-(4) Additional sprinklers shall not be required where the ob-
-struction is 2 in. (51 mm) or less in width and is located a
-minimum of 2 ft (0.6 m) below the elevation of the sprin-
-kler deflector or is positioned a minimum of 1 ft (0.3 m)
-horizontally from the sprinkler.
-(5) Sprinklers with a special obstruction allowance shall be
-installed according to their listing.
-8.12.5.3 Continuous Obstructions Below Sprinklers.
-8.12.5.3.1 General Continuous Obstructions. Sprinklers shall
-be arranged with respect to obstructions in accordance with
-one of the following:
-(1) Sprinklers shall be installed below continuous obstruc-
-tions, or they shall be arranged to comply with Table
-8.12.5.1.1 for horizontal obstructions entirely below the
-elevation of sprinklers that restrict sprinkler discharge
-pattern for two or more adjacent sprinklers such as ducts,
-lights, pipes, and conveyors.
-(2) Additional sprinklers shall not be required where the ob-
-struction is 2 in. (51 mm) or less in width and is located a
-minimum of 2 ft (0.6 m) below the elevation of the sprin-
-kler deflector or is positioned a minimum of 1 ft (0.3 m)
-horizontally from the sprinkler.
-(3) Additional sprinklers shall not be required where the ob-
-struction is 1 ft (0.3 m) or less in width and located a
-minimum of 1 ft (0.3 m) horizontally from the sprinkler.
-(4) Additional sprinklers shall not be required where the ob-
-struction is 2 ft (0.6 m) or less in width and located a
-minimum of 2 ft (0.6 m) horizontally from the sprinkler.
-(5) Ceiling sprinklers shall not be required to comply with
-Table 8.12.5.1.1 where a row of sprinklers is installed un-
-der the obstruction.
-8.12.5.3.2 Bottom Chords of Bar Joists or Open Trusses.
-ESFR sprinklers shall be positioned a minimum of 1 ft (0.3 m)
-horizontally from the nearest edge to any bottom chord of a
-bar joist or open truss.
-8.12.5.3.2.1 The requirements of 8.12.5.3.2 shall not apply
-where upright sprinklers are located over the bottom chords
-of bar joists or open trusses that are 4 in. (102 mm) maximum
-in width.
-8.12.5.3.3 Open Gratings. Sprinklers installed under open
-gratings shall be of the intermediate level/rack storage type or
-otherwise shielded from the discharge of overhead sprinklers.
-8.12.5.3.4 Overhead Doors. Quick-response spray sprinklers
-shall be permitted to be utilized under overhead doors.
-8.12.5.3.5 Special Obstruction Allowance. Sprinklers with a
-special obstruction allowance shall be installed according to
-their listing.
-8.12.6 Clearance to Storage (Early Suppression Fast-Response
-Sprinklers).The clearance between the deflector and the top
-of storage shall be 36 in. (914 mm) or greater.
-8.13 In-Rack Sprinklers.
-8.13.1 System Size. The area protected by a single system of
-sprinklers in racks shall not exceed 40,000 ft 2 (3716 m2)o f
-floor area occupied by the racks, including aisles, regardless of
-the number of levels of in-rack sprinklers.
-Table 8.12.5.1.1 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid
-Obstructions to Discharge (ESFR Sprinklers)
-Distance from Sprinkler to
-Side of Obstruction (A)
-Maximum Allowable
-Distance of Deflector
-Above Bottom of
-Obstruction (B) (in.)
-Less than 1 ft 0
-1 ft to less than 1 ft 6 in. 1 1⁄2
-1 ft 6 in. to less than 2 ft 3
-2 ft to less than 2 ft 6 in. 5 1⁄2
-2 ft 6 in. to less than 3 ft 8
-3 ft to less than 3 ft 6 in. 10
-3 ft 6 in. to less than 4 ft 12
-4 ft to less than 4 ft 6 in. 15
-4 ft 6 in. to less than 5 ft 18
-5 ft to less than 5 ft 6 in. 22
-5 ft 6 in. to less than 6 ft 26
-6f t 3 1
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.12.5.1.1.
-Ceiling
-Obstruction
-B
-A
-FIGURE 8.12.5.1.1 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid Ob-
-struction to Discharge (ESFR Sprinklers).
-13–82 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-8.13.2 Type of In-Rack Sprinklers.
-8.13.2.1 Sprinklers in racks shall be ordinary-temperature
-standard-response or quick-response classification with a
-nominal K-factor of K-5.6 (80), K-8.0 (115), or K-11.2 (160),
-pendent or upright.
-8.13.2.2 Sprinklers with intermediate- and high-temperature
-ratings shall be used near heat sources as required by 8.3.2.
-8.13.3 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Shields.
-8.13.3.1 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Shields for Storage of Class
-I Through Class IV Commodities. Water shields shall be pro-
-vided directly above in-rack sprinklers, or listed intermediate
-level/rack storage sprinklers shall be used where there is more
-than one level, if not shielded by horizontal barriers. (See Sec-
-tion C.3.)
-8.13.3.2 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Shields for Plastic Storage.
-Where in-rack sprinklers are not shielded by horizontal barri-
-ers, water shields shall be provided above the sprinklers, or
-listed intermediate level/rack storage sprinklers shall be used.
-8.13.4 Location, Position, and Spacing of In-Rack Sprinklers.
-The location, position, and spacing of in-rack sprinklers shall
-comply with the requirements in Chapters 12 through 20 as
-applicable.
-8.13.4.1 Minimum Distance Between In-Rack Sprinklers. In-
-rack sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed less than 6 ft
-(1.8 m) on center.
-8.13.5 Obstructions to In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge. In-rack
-sprinklers shall not be required to meet the obstruction crite-
-ria and clearance from storage requirements of Section 8.5.
-8.14 Pilot Line Detectors.
-8.14.1 Pilot line detectors and related components including
-pipe and fittings shall be corrosion resistant when installed in
-areas exposed to weather or corrosive conditions.
-8.14.2 Where subject to mechanical or physical damage, pilot
-line detectors and related detection system components shall
-be protected.
-8.14.3 Where spray sprinklers are used as pilot line detectors,
-they shall be installed in accordance with Section 8.14 and the
-spacing and location rules of Section 8.6, except that the ob-
-struction to water distribution rules for automatic sprinklers
-shall not be required to be followed.
-8.14.3.1 Where located under a ceiling, pilot sprinklers shall be
-positioned in accordance with the requirements of Section 8.6.
-8.14.4 The temperature rating of spray sprinklers utilized as
-pilot line detectors shall be selected in accordance with 8.3.2.
-8.14.5 Maximum horizontal spacing for indoor locations
-shall not exceed 12 ft (3.7 m).
-8.14.6 Pilot line detectors shall be permitted to be spaced
-more than 22 in. (559 mm) below a ceiling or deck where the
-maximum spacing between pilot line detectors is 10 ft (3 m)
-or less.
-8.14.6.1 Other maximum horizontal spacing differing from
-those required in 8.14.5 shall be permitted where installed in
-accordance with their listing.
-8.14.7 Pilot line detectors located outdoors, such as in open
-process structures, shall be spaced such that the elevation of a
-single level of pilot line detectors and between additional lev-
-els of pilot line detectors shall not exceed 17 ft (5.2 m).
-8.14.8 The maximum distance between pilot line detectors
-installed outdoors shall not exceed 8 ft (2.5 m).
-8.14.8.1 The horizontal distance between pilot line detectors
-installed outdoors on a given level shall be permitted to be
-increased to 10 ft (3 m) when all of the following conditions
-are met:
-(1) The elevation of the first level does not exceed 15 ft (4.6 m).
-(2) The distance between additional levels does not exceed
-12 ft (3.7 m).
-(3) The pilot line actuators are staggered vertically.
-8.14.8.2 Alternate vertical spacing of pilot line detectors dif-
-fering from those required in 8.14.8.1 shall be permitted
-where installed in accordance with their listing.
-8.14.9 Pilot line detectors located in open-sided buildings
-shall follow the indoor spacing rules.
-8.14.9.1 A row of pilot line detectors spaced in accordance
-with the outdoor pilot line detector spacing rules shall be lo-
-cated along the open sides of open-sided buildings.
-8.14.9.2 Pilot line detectors located under open gratings
-shall be spaced in accordance with the outdoor rules.
-8.14.9.3 Where two or more adjacent water spray systems in
-one fire area are controlled by separate pilot line detector
-systems, the detectors on each system shall be spaced indepen-
-dently as if the dividing line between the systems were a wall or
-draft curtain.
-8.14.9.4 Where pilot line detectors are installed in water cool-
-ing tower applications, they shall be in accordance with Sec-
-tion 22.21.
-8.14.10 Pipe supplying pilot line detectors shall be permitted
-to be supported from the same points of hanger attachment as
-the piping system it serves.
-8.14.10.1 Pipe supplying pilot line detectors shall not be re-
-quired to meet the requirements of 9.3.5.
-8.15 Special Situations.
-8.15.1 Concealed Spaces.
-8.15.1.1 Concealed Spaces Requiring Sprinkler Protection.
-Concealed spaces of exposed combustible construction shall
-be protected by sprinklers except in concealed spaces where
-sprinklers are not required to be installed by 8.15.1.2.1
-through 8.15.1.2.18 and 8.15.6.
-8.15.1.2* Concealed Spaces Not Requiring Sprinkler Protection.
-8.15.1.2.1* Concealed spaces of noncombustible and limited-
-combustible construction with minimal combustible loading
-having no access shall not require sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.1.1 The space shall be considered a concealed space
-even with small openings such as those used as return air for a
-plenum.
-8.15.1.2.2 Concealed spaces of noncombustible and limited-
-combustible construction with limited access and not permit-
-ting occupancy or storage of combustibles shall not require
-sprinkler protection.
-13–83INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.15.1.2.2.1 The space shall be considered a concealed space
-even with small openings such as those used as return air for a
-plenum.
-8.15.1.2.3 Concealed spaces formed by studs or joists with
-less than 6 in. (152 mm) between the inside or near edges of
-the studs or joists shall not require sprinkler protection. (See
-Figure 8.6.4.1.5.1.)
-8.15.1.2.4 Concealed spaces formed by bar joists with less
-than 6 in. (152 mm) between the roof or floor deck and ceil-
-ing shall not require sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.5* Concealed spaces formed by ceilings attached di-
-rectly to or within 6 in. (152 mm) of wood joist or similar solid
-member construction shall not require sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.6* Concealed spaces formed by ceilings attached to
-composite wood joist construction either directly or onto
-metal channels not exceeding 1 in. (25.4 mm) in depth, pro-
-vided the joist channels are firestopped into volumes each not
-exceeding 160 ft3 (4.53 m3) using materials equivalent to the
-web construction and at least 3 1⁄2 in. (90 mm) of batt insula-
-tion is installed at the bottom of the joist channels when the
-ceiling is attached utilizing metal channels, shall not require
-sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.7 Concealed spaces filled with noncombustible insu-
-lation shall not require sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.7.1 A maximum 2 in. (50 mm) air gap at the top of
-the space shall be permitted.
-8.15.1.2.8 Concealed spaces within wood joist construction
-and composite wood joist construction having noncombus-
-tible insulation filling the space from the ceiling up to the
-bottom edge of the joist of the roof or floor deck, provided
-that in composite wood joist construction the joist channels
-are firestopped into volumes each not exceeding 160 ft3 (4.53
-m3) to the full depth of the joist with material equivalent to
-the web construction, shall not require sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.9 Concealed spaces over isolated small rooms not
-exceeding 55 ft 2 (5.1 m2) in area shall not require sprinkler
-protection.
-8.15.1.2.10 Concealed spaces where rigid materials are used
-and the exposed surfaces have a flame spread index of 25 or
-less, and the materials have been demonstrated not to propa-
-gate fire more than 10.5 ft (3.2 m) when tested in accordance
-with ASTM E 84,Standard Test Method of Surface Burning Charac-
-teristics of Building Materials, or ANSI/UL 723, Standard for Test
-for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, extended
-for an additional 20 minutes in the form in which they are
-installed, shall not require sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.11* Concealed spaces in which the exposed materials
-are constructed entirely of fire retardant–treated wood as de-
-fined by NFPA 703 shall not require sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.12 Noncombustible concealed spaces having ex-
-posed combustible insulation where the heat content of the
-facing and substrate of the insulation material does not ex-
-ceed 1000 Btu/ft2 (11,356 kJ/m2) shall not require sprinkler
-protection.
-8.15.1.2.13 Concealed spaces below insulation that is laid di-
-rectly on top of or within wood joists or composite wood joists
-used as ceiling joists in an otherwise sprinklered concealed
-space, with the ceiling attached directly to the bottom of the
-joists, shall not require sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.14 Vertical pipe chases under 10 ft2 (0.93 m2), where
-provided in multifloor buildings where the chases are fir-
-estopped at each floor using materials equivalent to the floor
-construction, and where such pipe chases shall contain no
-sources of ignition, piping shall be water-filled or noncombus-
-tible and pipe penetrations at each floor shall be properly
-sealed and shall not require sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.15 Exterior columns under 10 ft2 (0.93 m2) in area,
-formed by studs or wood joist supporting exterior canopies
-that are fully protected with a sprinkler system, shall not re-
-quire sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.16* Concealed spaces formed by noncombustible or
-limited-combustible ceilings suspended from the bottom of
-wood joists, composite wood joists, wood bar joists, or wood
-trusses that have insulation filling all of the gaps between the
-bottom of the trusses or joists, and where sprinklers are
-present in the space above the insulation within the trusses or
-joists, shall not require sprinkler protection.
-8.15.1.2.16.1 The heat content of the facing, substrate, and sup-
-port of the insulation material shall not exceed 1000 Btu/ft 2
-(11,356 kJ/m2).
-8.15.1.2.17* Concealed spaces formed by noncombustible or
-limited-combustible ceilings suspended from the bottom of
-wood joists and composite wood joists with a maximum nominal
-chord width of 2 in. (50.8 mm), where joist spaces are full of
-noncombustible batt insulation with a maximum 2 in. (50.8 m)
-air space between the roof decking material and the top of the
-batt insulation shall not require sprinklers.
-8.15.1.2.17.1 Facing that meets the requirements for noncom-
-bustible or limited-combustible material covering the surface of
-the bottom chord of each joist and secured in place per the
-manufacturer’s recommendations shall not require sprinklers.
-8.15.1.2.18 Soffits, Eaves, Overhangs, and Decorative Frame
-Elements.
-8.15.1.2.18.1 Combustible soffits, eaves, overhangs, and deco-
-rative frame elements shall not exceed 4 ft 0 in. (1.2 m) in width.
-8.15.1.2.18.2 Combustible soffits, eaves, overhangs, and deco-
-rative frame elements shall be draftstopped, with a material
-equivalent to that of the soffit, into volumes not exceeding 160 ft3
-(4.5 m3).
-8.15.1.2.18.3 Combustible soffits, eaves, overhangs, and deco-
-rative frame elements shall be separated from the interior of
-the building by walls or roofs of noncombustible or limited-
-combustible construction.
-8.15.1.2.18.4 Combustible soffits, eaves, overhangs, and deco-
-rative frame elements shall have no openings or unprotected
-penetrations directly into the building.
-8.15.1.3 Concealed Space Design Requirements. Sprinklers
-in concealed spaces having no access for storage or other use
-shall be installed in accordance with the requirements for
-light hazard occupancy.
-8.15.1.4 Heat-Producing Devices with Composite Wood Joist
-Construction. Where heat-producing devices such as furnaces
-or process equipment are located in the joist channels above a
-ceiling attached directly to the underside of composite wood
-joist construction that would not otherwise require sprinkler
-protection of the spaces, the joist channel containing the heat-
-producing devices shall be sprinklered by installing sprinklers
-in each joist channel, on each side, adjacent to the heat-
-producing device.
-13–84 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.15.1.5 Localized Protection of Exposed Combustible Con-
-struction or Exposed Combustibles.When otherwise noncom-
-bustible or limited-combustible concealed spaces that would
-not require sprinkler protection have localized exposed com-
-bustible construction, or contain localized areas of exposed
-combustibles, the combustibles shall be permitted to be pro-
-tected as follows:
-(1) If the exposed combustibles are in the vertical partitions
-or walls around all or a portion of the enclosure, a single
-row of sprinklers spaced not over 12 ft (3.7 m) apart nor
-more than 6 ft (1.8 m) from the inside of the partition
-shall be permitted to protect the surface. The first and last
-sprinklers in such a row shall not be over 5 ft (1.5 m) from
-the ends of the partitions.
-(2) If the exposed combustibles are in the horizontal plane, the
-area of the combustibles shall be permitted to be protected
-with sprinklers on a light hazard spacing. Additional sprin-
-klers shall be installed no more than 6 ft (1.8 m) outside the
-outline of the area and not more than 12 ft (3.7 m) on cen-
-ter along the outline. When the outline returns to a wall or
-other obstruction, the last sprinkler shall not be more than
-6 ft (1.8 m) from the wall or obstruction.
-8.15.1.6 Sprinklers used in horizontal combustible con-
-cealed spaces (with a slope not exceeding 2 in 12) with com-
-bustible wood truss, wood joist construction, or bar joist con-
-struction having a combustible upper surface and where the
-depth of the space is less than 36 in. (914 mm) from deck to
-deck or with double wood joist construction with a maximum
-of 36 in. (914 mm) between the top of the bottom joist and the
-bottom of the upper joist shall be listed for such use.
-8.15.1.6.1 Sprinklers specifically listed to provide protection
-of combustible concealed spaces described in 8.15.1.6 shall be
-permitted to be used in accordance with 8.3.1.2 where the
-space is less than 12 in. (305 mm) from deck to deck.
-8.15.1.7 Sprinklers specifically listed to provide protection of
-combustible concealed spaces described in 8.15.1.6 shall be
-permitted to protect composite wood joist construction with a
-maximum of 36 in. (914 mm) between the top of the bottom
-joist and the bottom of the upper joist.
-8.15.2 Vertical Shafts.
-8.15.2.1 General. Unless the requirements of 8.15.2.1.1 or
-8.15.2.1.2 are met, one sprinkler shall be installed at the top of
-shafts.
-8.15.2.1.1 Noncombustible or limited-combustible, nonacces-
-sible vertical duct shafts shall not require sprinkler protection.
-8.15.2.1.2 Noncombustible or limited-combustible, nonac-
-cessible vertical electrical or mechanical shafts shall not re-
-quire sprinkler protection.
-8.15.2.2* Shafts with Combustible Surfaces.
-8.15.2.2.1 Where vertical shafts have combustible surfaces,
-one sprinkler shall be installed at each alternate floor level.
-8.15.2.2.2 Where a shaft having combustible surfaces is
-trapped, an additional sprinkler shall be installed at the top of
-each trapped section.
-8.15.2.3 Accessible Shafts with Noncombustible Surfaces.
-Where accessible vertical shafts have noncombustible sur-
-faces, one sprinkler shall be installed near the bottom.
-8.15.3 Stairways.
-8.15.3.1 Combustible Construction. Sprinklers shall be in-
-stalled beneath all stairways of combustible construction.
-8.15.3.1.1 Sprinklers shall be installed at the top of combus-
-tible stair shafts.
-8.15.3.1.2* Sprinklers shall be installed under the landings at
-each floor level.
-8.15.3.1.3 Sprinklers shall be installed beneath the lowest in-
-termediate landing.
-8.15.3.2 Noncombustible Construction.
-8.15.3.2.1 In noncombustible stair shafts having noncombus-
-tible stairs with noncombustible or limited-combustible fin-
-ishes, sprinklers shall be installed at the top of the shaft and
-under the first accessible landing above the bottom of the
-shaft.
-8.15.3.2.2 Where noncombustible stair shafts are divided by
-walls or doors, sprinklers shall be provided on each side of the
-separation.
-8.15.3.2.3 Sprinklers shall be installed beneath landings or
-stairways where the area beneath is used for storage.
-8.15.3.2.3.1 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from
-the bottom of the stairwell when the space under the stairs at
-the bottom is blocked off so that storage cannot occur.
-8.15.3.2.4 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from
-exterior stair towers when the exterior walls of the stair tower
-are at least 50 percent open and when the stair tower is en-
-tirely of noncombustible construction.
-8.15.3.3* Stairs Serving Two or More Areas. When stairs have
-openings to each side of a fire wall(s), sprinklers shall be in-
-stalled in the stair shaft at each floor landing with multiple
-openings.
-8.15.4* Vertical Openings.
-8.15.4.1* General. Unless the requirements of 8.15.4.4 are met,
-where moving stairways, staircases, or similar floor openings are
-unenclosed and where sprinkler protection is serving as the alter-
-native to enclosure of the vertical opening, the floor openings
-involved shall be protected by closely spaced sprinklers in combi-
-nation with draft stops in accordance with 8.15.4.2 and 8.15.4.3.
-8.15.4.2 Draft Stops. Draft stops shall meet all of the follow-
-ing criteria:
-(1) The draft stops shall be located immediately adjacent to
-the opening.
-(2) The draft stops shall be at least 18 in. (457 mm) deep.
-(3) The draft stops shall be of noncombustible or limited-
-combustible material that will stay in place before and
-during sprinkler operation.
-8.15.4.3 Sprinklers.
-8.15.4.3.1 Sprinklers shall be spaced not more than 6 ft (1.8 m)
-apart and placed 6 in. to 12 in. (152 mm to 305 mm) from the
-draft stop on the side away from the opening.
-8.15.4.3.2 Where sprinklers are closer than 6 ft (1.8 m), cross
-baffles shall be provided in accordance with 8.6.3.4.2.
-8.15.4.4 Large Openings. Closely spaced sprinklers and draft
-stops are not required around large openings such as those
-found in shopping malls, atrium buildings, and similar structures
-13–85INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-where all adjoining levels and spaces are protected by automatic
-sprinklers in accordance with this standard and where the open-
-ings have all horizontal dimensions between opposite edges of
-20 ft (6 m) or greater and an area of 1000 ft2 (93 m2) or greater.
-8.15.5 Elevator Hoistways and Machine Rooms.
-8.15.5.1* Sidewall spray sprinklers shall be installed at the bot-
-tom of each elevator hoistway not more than 2 ft (0.61 m)
-above the floor of the pit.
-8.15.5.2 The sprinkler required at the bottom of the elevator
-hoistway by 8.15.5.1 shall not be required for enclosed, non-
-combustible elevator shafts that do not contain combustible
-hydraulic fluids.
-8.15.5.3 Automatic fire sprinklers shall not be required in eleva-
-tor machine rooms, elevator machinery spaces, control spaces, or
-hoistways of traction elevators installed in accordance with the
-applicable provisions in NFPA 101, or the applicable building
-code, where all of the following conditions are met:
-(1) The elevator machine room, machinery space, control
-room, control space, or hoistway of traction elevator is
-dedicated to elevator equipment only.
-(2) The elevator machine room, machine room, machinery
-space, control room, control space, or hoistway of traction
-elevators are protected by smoke detectors, or other auto-
-matic fire detection, installed in accordance withNFPA 72.
-(3) The elevator machinery space, control room, control space,
-or hoistway of traction elevators is separated from the re-
-mainder of the building by walls and floor/ceiling or roof/
-ceiling assemblies having a fire resistance rating of not less
-than that specified by the applicable building code.
-(4) No materials unrelated to elevator equipment are permit-
-ted to be stored in elevator machine rooms, machinery
-spaces, control rooms, control spaces, or hoistways of trac-
-tion elevators.
-(5) The elevator machinery is not of the hydraulic type.
-8.15.5.4* Automatic sprinklers in elevator machine rooms or
-at the tops of hoistways shall be of ordinary- or intermediate-
-temperature rating.
-8.15.5.5* Upright, pendent, or sidewall spray sprinklers shall
-be installed at the top of elevator hoistways.
-8.15.5.6 The sprinkler required at the top of the elevator hoist-
-way by 8.15.5.5 shall not be required where the hoistway for pas-
-senger elevators is noncombustible or limited-combustible and
-the car enclosure materials meet the requirements of ASME
-A17.1,Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators.
-8.15.5.7 Combustible Suspension in Elevators.
-8.15.5.7.1 Sprinklers shall be installed at the top and bottom of
-elevator hoistways where elevators utilize combustible suspension
-means such as noncircular elastomeric-coated or polyurethane-
-coated steel belts.
-8.15.5.7.2 The sprinklers in the elevator hoistway shall not be
-required when the suspension means provide not less than an
-FT-1 rating when tested to the vertical burn test requirements
-of UL 62, Flexible Cords and Cables, and UL 1581, Reference Stan-
-dard for Electrical Wires, Cables, and Flexible Cords.
-8.15.6 Spaces Under Ground Floors, Exterior Docks, and
-Platforms.
-8.15.6.1 Unless the requirements of 8.15.6.2 are met, sprin-
-klers shall be installed in spaces under all combustible ground
-floors and combustible exterior docks and platforms.
-8.15.6.2 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from
-spaces under ground floors, exterior docks, and platforms
-where all of the following conditions exist:
-(1) The space is not accessible for storage purposes and is
-protected against accumulation of wind-borne debris.
-(2) The space contains no equipment such as conveyors or
-fuel-fired heating units.
-(3) The floor over the space is of tight construction.
-(4) No combustible or flammable liquids or materials that
-under fire conditions would convert into combustible or
-flammable liquids are processed, handled, or stored on
-the floor above the space.
-8.15.7* Exterior Projections.
-8.15.7.1 Unless the requirements of 8.15.7.2, 8.15.7.3, or
-8.15.7.4 are met, sprinklers shall be installed under exterior
-projections exceeding 4 ft (1.2 m) in width.
-8.15.7.2* Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted where
-the exterior projections are constructed with materials that
-are noncombustible, limited-combustible, or fire retardant–
-treated wood as defined in NFPA 703.
-8.15.7.3 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from below
-the exterior projections of combustible construction, provided
-the exposed finish material on the exterior projections are non-
-combustible, limited-combustible, or fire retardant–treated
-wood as defined in NFPA 703, and the exterior projections con-
-tain only sprinklered concealed spaces or any of the following
-unsprinklered combustible concealed spaces:
-(1) Combustible concealed spaces filled entirely with non-
-combustible insulation
-(2) Light or ordinary hazard occupancies where noncombus-
-tible or limited-combustible ceilings are directly attached
-to the bottom of solid wood joists so as to create enclosed
-joist spaces 160 ft 3 (4.5 m3) or less in volume, including
-space below insulation that is laid directly on top or within
-the ceiling joists in an otherwise sprinklered attic [see
-11.2.3.1.4(4)(d)]
-(3) Concealed spaces over isolated small exterior projections
-not exceeding 55 ft2 (5.1 m2) in area
-8.15.7.4 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from
-exterior exit corridors when the exterior walls of the corridor
-are at least 50 percent open and when the corridor is entirely
-of noncombustible construction.
-8.15.7.5* Sprinklers shall be installed under exterior projec-
-tions greater than 2 ft (0.6 m) wide over areas where combus-
-tibles are stored.
-8.15.8 Dwelling Units.
-8.15.8.1 Bathrooms.
-8.15.8.1.1* Sprinklers shall not be required in bathrooms that
-are located within dwelling units of hotels and motels, that do
-not exceed 55 ft 2 (5.1 m2) in area, and that have walls and
-ceilings of noncombustible or limited-combustible materials
-with a 15-minute thermal barrier rating, including the walls
-and ceilings behind any shower enclosure or tub.
-8.15.8.2* Closets and Pantries. Sprinklers are not required in
-clothes closets, linen closets, and pantries within dwelling
-units in hotels and motels where the area of the space does not
-exceed 24 ft 2 (2.2 m2), the least dimension does not exceed
-3 ft (0.9 m), and the walls and ceilings are surfaced with non-
-combustible or limited-combustible materials.
-13–86 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.15.9* Hospital Clothes Closets. Sprinklers shall not be re-
-quired in clothes closets of patient sleeping rooms in hospitals
-where the area of the closet does not exceed 6 ft 2 (0.55 m2),
-provided the distance from the sprinkler in the patient sleep-
-ing room to the back wall of the closet does not exceed the
-maximum distance permitted by 8.5.3.2.
-8.15.10* Library Stack Areas and Record Storage.Where books
-or records are stored in fixed open book shelves, sprinklers
-shall be installed in accordance with one of the following:
-(1) Sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed without re-
-gard to aisles where clearance between sprinkler deflec-
-tors and tops of stacks is 18 in. (457 mm) or more.
-(2) Where the 18 in. (457 mm) clearance between sprinkler de-
-flectors and tops of stacks cannot be maintained, sprinklers
-shall be installed in every aisle and at every tier of stacks with
-distance between sprinklers along aisles not to exceed 12 ft
-(3.7 m) in accordance with Figure 8.15.10(a).
-(3) Where the 18 in. (457 mm) clearance between sprinkler de-
-flectors and tops of stacks cannot be maintained and where
-vertical shelf dividers are incomplete and allow water distri-
-bution to adjacent aisles, sprinklers shall be permitted to be
-omitted in alternate aisles on each tier, and where ventila-
-tion openings are also provided in tier floors, sprinklers shall
-be staggered vertically in accordance with Figure 8.15.10(b).
-8.15.11 Electrical Equipment.
-8.15.11.1 Unless the requirements of 8.15.11.3 are met, sprin-
-kler protection shall be required in electrical equipment rooms.
-8.15.11.2 Hoods or shields installed to protect important
-electrical equipment from sprinkler discharge shall be non-
-combustible.
-8.15.11.3 Sprinklers shall not be required in electrical equip-
-ment rooms where all of the following conditions are met:
-(1) The room is dedicated to electrical equipment only.
-(2) Only dry-type electrical equipment is used.
-(3) Equipment is installed in a 2-hour fire-rated enclosure
-including protection for penetrations.
-(4) No combustible storage is permitted to be stored in the
-room.
-8.15.12* Industrial Ovens and Furnaces.
-8.15.13 Duct Protection. Duct protection shall be required to
-meet the requirements of 8.15.12 where required by the au-
-thority having jurisdiction or the applicable referenced code
-or standard.
-8.15.13.1 Sprinkler Location.
-8.15.13.1.1 Unless the requirements of 8.15.13.1.2 or
-8.15.13.1.3 are met, ducts shall have one sprinkler located at the
-top of each vertical riser and at the midpoint of each offset.
-8.15.13.1.2 Sprinklers shall not be required in a vertical riser
-located outside of a building, provided the riser does not ex-
-pose combustible material or provided the interior of the
-building and the horizontal distance between the hood outlet
-and the vertical riser is at least 25 ft (7.6 m).
-8.15.13.1.3 Horizontal exhaust ducts shall have sprinklers lo-
-cated on 10 ft (3 m) centers beginning no more than 5 ft (1.5 m)
-from the duct entrance.
-8.15.13.2 Protection Against Freezing. Sprinklers in exhaust
-ducts subject to freezing shall be properly protected against
-freezing. (See 8.16.4.1.)
-8.15.13.3 Sprinkler Access. Access shall be provided to all
-sprinklers for inspection, testing, and maintenance.
-8.15.13.4 Strainers. A listed line strainer shall be installed in
-the main water supply preceding sprinklers having nominal
-K-factors smaller than K-2.8 (40).
-8.15.14* Open-Grid Ceilings. Open-grid ceilings shall only be
-installed beneath sprinklers where one of the following is met:
-(1) Open-grid ceilings in which the openings are 1⁄4 in.
-(6.4 mm) or larger in the least dimension, where the
-thickness or depth of the material does not exceed the
-least dimension of the opening, and where such openings
-constitute 70 percent of the area of the ceiling material.
-Complete 
-vertical 
-divider 
-Floor or 
-walkway — 
-either solid 
-or with
-ventilation
-openings
-Third tier Second tier First tier
-FIGURE 8.15.10(a) Sprinklers in Multitier Bookstacks with
-Complete Vertical Dividers.
-Incomplete
-vertical 
-divider 
-Ventilation
-openings
-Third tier Second tierFirst tier
-FIGURE 8.15.10(b) Sprinklers in Multitier Bookstacks with
-Incomplete Vertical Dividers.
-13–87INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-The spacing of the sprinklers over the open-grid ceiling
-shall then comply with the following:
-(a) In light hazard occupancies where sprinkler spacing
-(either spray or old-style sprinklers) is less than 10 ft
-×1 0f t( 3m×3m ) ,a minimum clearance of at least
-18 in. (457 mm) shall be provided between the sprin-
-kler deflectors and the upper surface of the open-grid
-ceiling. Where spacing is greater than 10 ft × 10 ft
-( 3m×3m )b u t less than 10 ft × 12 ft (3 m × 3.7 m), a
-clearance of at least 24 in. (610 mm) shall be pro-
-vided from spray sprinklers and at least 36 in.
-(914 mm) from old-style sprinklers. Where spacing is
-greater than 10 ft × 12 ft (3 m × 3.7 m), a clearance of
-at least 48 in. (1219 mm) shall be provided.
-(b) In ordinary hazard occupancies, open-grid ceilings
-shall be permitted to be installed beneath spray sprin-
-klers only. Where sprinkler spacing is less than 10 ft
-×1 0f t( 3m×3m ) ,a minimum clearance of at least
-24 in. (610 mm) shall be provided between the sprin-
-kler deflectors and the upper surface of the open-grid
-ceiling. Where spacing is greater than 10 ft × 10 ft
-( 3m×3m ) ,a clearance of at least 36 in. (914 mm)
-shall be provided.
-(2) Other types of open-grid ceilings shall be permitted to be
-installed beneath sprinklers where they are listed for such
-service and are installed in accordance with instructions
-contained in each package of ceiling material.
-8.15.15 Drop-Out Ceilings.
-8.15.15.1 Drop-out ceilings shall be permitted to be installed
-beneath sprinklers where ceilings are listed for that service
-and are installed in accordance with their listings.
-8.15.15.2 Drop-out ceilings shall not be installed below
-quick-response or extended coverage sprinklers unless specifi-
-cally listed for that application.
-8.15.15.3 Drop-out ceilings shall not be considered ceilings
-within the context of this standard.
-8.15.15.4* Piping installed above drop-out ceilings shall not
-be considered concealed piping.
-8.15.15.5* Sprinklers shall not be installed beneath drop-out
-ceilings.
-8.15.16 Old-Style Sprinklers.
-8.15.16.1 Unless required by 8.15.16.2 or 8.15.16.3, old-style
-sprinklers shall not be used in a new installation.
-8.15.16.2* Old-style sprinklers shall be installed in fur storage
-vaults.
-8.15.16.3 Use of old-style sprinklers shall be permitted where
-construction features or other special situations require
-unique water distribution.
-8.15.17 Stages.
-8.15.17.1 Sprinklers shall be installed under the roof at the ceil-
-ing, in spaces under the stage either containing combustible ma-
-terials or constructed of combustible materials, and in all adja-
-cent spaces and dressing rooms, storerooms, and workshops.
-8.15.17.2 Where proscenium opening protection is required,
-a deluge system shall be provided with open sprinklers located
-not more than 3 ft (0.9 m) away from the stage side of the
-proscenium arch and spaced up to a maximum of 6 ft (1.8 m)
-on center. (See Chapter 11 for design criteria.)
-8.15.18 Stair Towers. Stair towers, or other construction with
-incomplete floors, if piped on independent risers, shall be
-treated as one area with reference to pipe sizes.
-8.15.19 Return Bends.
-8.15.19.1 Unless the requirements of 8.15.19.3, 8.15.19.4, or
-8.15.19.5 are met, return bends shall be used where pendent
-sprinklers are supplied from a raw water source, a mill pond,
-or open-top reservoirs.
-8.15.19.2 Return bends shall be connected to the top of
-branch lines in order to avoid accumulation of sediment in
-the drop nipples in accordance with Figure 8.15.19.2.
-8.15.19.3 Return bends shall not be required for deluge sys-
-tems.
-8.15.19.4 Return bends shall not be required where dry pen-
-dent sprinklers are used.
-8.15.19.5 Return bends shall not be required for wet pipe
-systems where sprinklers with a nominal K-factor of K-11.2
-(160) or larger are used.
-8.15.20 Piping to Sprinklers Below Ceilings.
-8.15.20.1* In new installations expected to supply sprinklers be-
-low a ceiling, minimum 1 in. (25 mm) outlets shall be provided.
-8.15.20.2* In new installations, it shall be permitted to provide
-minimum 1 in. (25 mm) outlets with hexagonal bushings to
-accommodate sprinklers attached directly to branch line fit-
-tings to allow for future system modifications.
-8.15.20.3 When systems are revamped to accommodate
-added ceilings, sprinkler outlets utilized for new armover or
-drop nipples shall have hexagonal bushings removed.
-8.15.20.4 Revamping of Pipe Schedule Systems.
-8.15.20.4.1 When pipe schedule systems are revamped, a
-nipple not exceeding 4 in. (100 mm) in length shall be permit-
-ted to be installed in the branch line fitting.
-8.15.20.4.2 All piping other than the nipple permitted in
-8.15.20.4.1 and 8.15.20.4.3 shall be a minimum of 1 in.
-(25 mm) in diameter in accordance with Figure 8.15.20.4.2.
-Ceiling 
-FIGURE 8.15.19.2 Return Bend Arrangement.
-13–88 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.15.20.4.3 When it is necessary to pipe two new ceiling sprin-
-klers from an existing outlet in an overhead system, the use of
-a nipple not exceeding 4 in. (100 mm) in length and of the
-same pipe thread size as the existing outlet shall be permitted,
-provided that a hydraulic calculation verifies that the design flow
-rate will be achieved in accordance with Figure 8.15.20.4.3.
-8.15.20.4.4 Where an armover is attached to connect to a
-sprinkler, the use of pipe nipples less than 1 in. (25 mm) in
-diameter shall not be permitted where seismic design is re-
-quired on the system.
-8.15.20.5 Revamping of Hydraulic Design Systems.
-8.15.20.5.1 When hydraulically designed systems are re-
-vamped, any existing bushing shall be removed and a nipple
-not exceeding 4 in. (100 mm) in length shall be permitted to
-be installed in the branch line fitting.
-8.15.20.5.2* Calculations shall be provided to verify that the
-system design flow rate will be achieved.
-8.15.20.5.3 When it is necessary to pipe two new ceiling sprin-
-klers from an existing outlet in an overhead system, any bushings
-shall be removed and the use of a nipple not exceeding 4 in.
-(100 mm) in length and of the same pipe thread size as the exist-
-ing outlet shall be permitted, provided that a hydraulic calcula-
-tion verifies that the design flow rate will be achieved.
-8.15.20.5.4 Where an armover is attached to connect to a
-sprinkler, the use of pipe nipples less than 1 in. (25 mm) in
-diameter shall not be permitted where seismic design is re-
-quired on the system.
-8.15.21 Dry Pipe Underground.
-8.15.21.1 Where necessary to place pipe that will be under air
-pressure underground, the pipe shall be protected against
-corrosion.
-8.15.21.2 Unprotected cast-iron or ductile-iron pipe shall be
-permitted where joined with a gasketed joint listed for air ser-
-vice underground.
-8.15.22* System Subdivision. Where individual floor/zone
-control valves are not provided, a flanged joint or mechanical
-coupling shall be used at the riser at each floor for connections to
-piping serving floor areas in excess of 5000 ft2 (465 m2).
-8.15.23 Spaces Above Ceilings.
-8.15.23.1 Where spaces have ceilings that are lower than the
-rest of the area, the space above this lower ceiling shall be
-sprinklered unless it complies with the rules of 8.15.1.2 for
-allowable unsprinklered concealed spaces.
-8.15.23.2 Where the space above a drop ceiling is sprinklered,
-the sprinkler system shall conform to the rules of 11.1.2 and Sec-
-tion 12.3.
-8.15.23.3* Where there is a noncombustible space above a
-noncombustible or limited-combustible drop ceiling that is
-sprinklered because it is open to an adjacent sprinklered
-space on only one side and where there is no possibility for
-storage above the drop ceiling, the sprinkler system shall be
-permitted to extend only as far into the space as 0.6 times the
-square root of the design area of the sprinkler system in the
-adjacent space.
-8.15.23.3.1 The sprinkler system shall extend at least 24 ft
-(7.2 m) into the space above the ceiling.
-8.16 Piping Installation.
-8.16.1 Valves.
-8.16.1.1* Control Valves.
-8.16.1.1.1* General.
-8.16.1.1.1.1 Each sprinkler system shall be provided with a
-listed indicating valve in an accessible location, so located as to
-control all automatic sources of water supply.
-8.16.1.1.1.2 At least one listed indicating valve shall be in-
-stalled in each source of water supply.
-8.16.1.1.1.3 The requirements of 8.16.1.1.1.2 shall not apply
-to the fire department connection, and there shall be no shut-
-off valve in the fire department connection.
-8.16.1.1.2* Supervision.
-8.16.1.1.2.1 Valves on connections to water supplies, sectional
-control and isolation valves, and other valves in supply pipes to
-Suspended
-ceiling
-4 in. (100 mm)
-maximum length
-Reducing elbow
-Main ceiling
-FIGURE 8.15.20.4.2 Nipple and Reducing Elbow Supplying
-Sprinkler Below Ceiling.
-Suspended
-ceiling
-Nipple 
-[4 in. (100 mm) 
-maximum length]
-Branch lineDrop 
-nipple
-Reducer
-Ceiling plate
-Main ceiling
-FIGURE 8.15.20.4.3 Sprinklers in Concealed Space and Be-
-low Ceiling.
-13–89INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-sprinklers and other fixed water-based fire suppression systems
-shall be supervised by one of the following methods:
-(1) Central station, proprietary, or remote station signaling
-service
-(2) Local signaling service that will cause the sounding of an
-audible signal at a constantly attended point
-(3) Valves locked in the correct position
-(4) Valves located within fenced enclosures under the control
-of the owner, sealed in the open position, and inspected
-weekly as part of an approved procedure
-8.16.1.1.2.2 Floor control valves in high-rise buildings and
-valves controlling flow to sprinklers in circulating closed loop
-systems shall comply with 8.16.1.1.2.1(1) or 8.16.1.1.2.1(2).
-8.16.1.1.2.3 The requirements of 8.16.1.1.2.1 shall not apply
-to underground gate valves with roadway boxes.
-8.16.1.1.2.4 Where control valves are installed overhead, they
-shall be positioned so that the indicating feature is visible from
-the floor below.
-8.16.1.1.2.5 A listed backflow prevention assembly shall be
-permitted to be considered a control valve, provided both
-control valves are listed for fire protection system use and an
-additional control valve shall not be required.
-8.16.1.1.3* Check Valves.
-8.16.1.1.3.1 Where there is more than one source of water
-supply, a check valve shall be installed in each connection.
-8.16.1.1.3.2 A listed backflow prevention device shall be con-
-sidered a check valve, and an additional check valve shall not
-be required.
-8.16.1.1.3.3 Where cushion tanks are used with automatic
-fire pumps, no check valve is required in the cushion tank
-connection.
-8.16.1.1.3.4 Check valves shall be installed in a vertical or
-horizontal position in accordance with their listing.
-8.16.1.1.3.5* Where a single wet pipe sprinkler system is
-equipped with a fire department connection, the alarm valve
-is considered a check valve, and an additional check valve shall
-not be required.
-8.16.1.1.4* Control Valves with Check Valves.
-8.16.1.1.4.1 In a connection serving as one source of supply,
-listed indicating valves or post-indicator valves shall be in-
-stalled on both sides of all check valves required in 8.16.1.1.3.
-8.16.1.1.4.2 The city services control valve (non-indicating
-control valve) shall be permitted to serve as the supply side
-control valve.
-8.16.1.1.4.3 The requirements of 8.16.1.1.4.1 shall not apply
-to the check valve located in the fire department connection
-piping, and there shall be no control valves in the fire depart-
-ment connection piping.
-8.16.1.1.4.4 The requirements of 8.16.1.1.4.1 shall not apply
-where the city connection serves as the only automatic source
-of supply to a wet pipe sprinkler system; a control valve is not
-required on the system side of the check valve or the alarm
-check valve.
-8.16.1.1.5* Control Valves for Gravity Tanks. Gravity tanks
-shall have listed indicating valves installed on both sides of the
-check valve.
-8.16.1.1.6* Pumps. When a pump is located in a combustible
-pump house or exposed to danger from fire or falling walls, or
-when a tank discharges into a private fire service main fed by
-another supply, either the check valve in the connection shall
-be located in a pit or the control valve shall be of the post-
-indicator type located a safe distance outside buildings.
-8.16.1.1.7* Control Valve Accessibility.All control valves shall
-be located where accessible and free of obstructions.
-8.16.1.1.8 Control Valve Identification. Identification signs
-shall be provided at each valve to indicate its function and
-what it controls.
-8.16.1.2 Pressure-Reducing Valves.
-8.16.1.2.1 In portions of systems where all components are
-not listed for pressure greater than 175 psi (12.1 bar) and the
-potential exists for normal (nonfire condition) water pressure
-in excess of 175 psi (12.1 bar), a listed pressure-reducing valve
-shall be installed and set for an outlet pressure not exceeding
-165 psi (11.37 bar) at the maximum inlet pressure.
-8.16.1.2.2 Pressure gauges shall be installed on the inlet and
-outlet sides of each pressure-reducing valve.
-8.16.1.2.3* A listed relief valve of not less than 1⁄2 in. (13 mm)
-in size shall be provided on the discharge side of the pressure-
-reducing valve set to operate at a pressure not exceeding the
-rated pressure of the components of the system.
-8.16.1.2.4 A listed indicating valve shall be provided on the
-inlet side of each pressure-reducing valve, unless the pressure-
-reducing valve meets the listing requirements for use as an
-indicating valve.
-8.16.1.2.5 Means shall be provided downstream of all pressure-
-reducing valves for flow tests at sprinkler system demand.
-8.16.1.3* Post-Indicator Valves.
-8.16.1.3.1 Where post-indicator valves are used, they shall be
-set so that the top of the post is 32 in. to 40 in. (0.8 m to 1.0 m)
-above the final grade.
-8.16.1.3.2 Post-indicator valves shall be properly protected
-against mechanical damage where needed.
-8.16.1.3.3 The requirements of 8.16.1.3.1 shall not apply to
-wall post-indicator valves.
-8.16.1.4 Valves in Pits.
-8.16.1.4.1 General. Where it is impractical to provide a post-
-indicator valve, valves shall be permitted to be placed in pits
-with permission of the authority having jurisdiction.
-8.16.1.4.2* Valve Pit Construction.
-8.16.1.4.2.1 When used, valve pits shall be of adequate size
-and accessible for inspection, operation, testing, mainte-
-nance, and removal of equipment contained therein.
-8.16.1.4.2.2 Valve pits shall be constructed and arranged to
-properly protect the installed equipment from movement of
-earth, freezing, and accumulation of water.
-8.16.1.4.2.3 Poured-in-place or precast concrete, with or
-without reinforcement, or brick (all depending upon soil con-
-ditions and size of pit) shall be appropriate materials for con-
-struction of valve pits.
-8.16.1.4.2.4 Other approved materials shall be permitted to
-be used for valve pit construction.
-13–90 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.16.1.4.2.5 Where the water table is low and the soil is porous,
-crushed stone or gravel shall be permitted to be used for the floor
-of the pit. [See Figure A.8.17.2(b) for a suggested arrangement.]
-8.16.1.4.2.6 Valve pits located at or near the base of the riser
-of an elevated tank shall be designed in accordance with Chap-
-ter 9 of NFPA 22.
-8.16.1.4.3 Valve Pit Marking. The location of the valve shall be
-clearly marked, and the cover of the pit shall be kept free of
-obstructions.
-8.16.1.5 Floor Control Valve Assemblies.
-8.16.1.5.1* Multistory buildings exceeding two stories in height
-shall be provided with a floor control valve, check valve, main
-drain valve, and flow switch for isolation, control, and annuncia-
-tion of water flow on each floor level.
-8.16.1.5.2 The floor control valve, check valve, main drain
-valve, and flow switch required by 8.16.1.6.3 shall not be re-
-quired where sprinklers on the top level of a multistory build-
-ing are supplied by piping on the floor below.
-8.16.1.5.3 The floor control valve, check valve, main drain
-valve, and flow switch required by 8.16.1.6.3 shall not be re-
-quired where the total area of all floors combined does not
-exceed the system protection area limitations of 8.2.1.
-8.16.1.6* In-Rack Sprinkler System Control Valves.
-8.16.1.6.1 Unless the requirements of 8.16.1.6.2 or 8.16.1.6.3
-are met, where sprinklers are installed in racks, separate indi-
-cating control valves and drains shall be provided and ar-
-ranged so that ceiling and in-rack sprinklers can be controlled
-independently.
-8.16.1.6.2 Installation of 20 or fewer in-rack sprinklers sup-
-plied by any one ceiling sprinkler system shall not require a
-separate indicating control valve.
-8.16.1.6.3 The separate indicating valves shall be permitted
-to be arranged as sectional control valves supplied from the
-ceiling sprinkler system where in-rack sprinklers are required
-and the racks including the adjacent aisles occupy 8000 ft 2
-(750 m2) or less of the area protected by the ceiling sprinklers.
-8.16.2 Drainage.
-8.16.2.1* General. All sprinkler pipe and fittings shall be in-
-stalled so that the system can be drained.
-8.16.2.2 Wet Pipe Systems.
-8.16.2.2.1 On wet pipe systems, sprinkler pipes shall be per-
-mitted to be installed level.
-8.16.2.2.2 Trapped piping shall be drained in accordance
-with 8.16.2.5.
-8.16.2.3 Dry Pipe and Preaction Systems. Piping shall be
-pitched to drain as stated in 8.16.2.3.1 through 8.16.2.3.3.
-8.16.2.3.1 Dry Pipe Systems in Nonrefrigerated Areas. In dry
-pipe system, branch lines shall be pitched at least1⁄2 in. per 10 ft
-(4 mm/m), and mains shall be pitched at least 1⁄4 in. per 10 ft
-(2 mm/m) in nonrefrigerated areas.
-8.16.2.3.2 Preaction Systems. In preaction systems, branch
-lines shall be pitched at least 1⁄2 in. per 10 ft (4 mm/m), and
-mains shall be pitched at least 1⁄4 in. per 10 ft (2 mm/m).
-8.16.2.3.3 Dry Pipe and Preaction Systems in Refrigerated Ar-
-eas. Branch lines shall be pitched at least 1⁄2 in. per 10 ft
-(4 mm/m), and mains shall be pitched at least 1⁄2 in. per 10 ft
-(4 mm/m) in refrigerated areas.
-8.16.2.4* System, Main Drain, or Sectional Drain Connections.
-8.16.2.4.1* Provisions shall be made to properly drain all parts
-of the system.
-8.16.2.4.2 Drain connections for systems supply risers and
-mains shall be sized as shown in Table 8.16.2.4.2.
-8.16.2.4.3 Where an interior sectional or floor control valve(s)
-is provided, it shall be provided with a drain connection having a
-minimum size as shown in Table 8.16.2.4.2 to drain that portion
-of the system controlled by the sectional valve.
-8.16.2.4.4 Drains shall discharge outside or to a drain con-
-nection capable of handling the flow of the drain. [See Fig-
-ure A.8.17.4.2(b).]
-8.16.2.4.5 For those drains serving pressure-reducing valves,
-the drain, drain connection, and all other downstream drain
-piping shall be sized to permit a flow of at least the greatest
-system demand supplied by the pressure-reducing valve.
-8.16.2.4.6 The test connections required by 8.17.4.1 shall be
-permitted to be used as main drain connections.
-8.16.2.4.7 Where drain connections for floor control valves are
-tied into a common drain riser, the drain riser shall be one pipe
-size larger downstream of each size drain connection tying into it.
-8.16.2.4.8 Where subject to freezing, a minimum 4 ft (1.22 m)
-of exposed drain pipe shall be in a heated area between the drain
-valve and the exterior wall when drain piping extends through
-the wall to the outside.
-8.16.2.5 Auxiliary Drains.
-8.16.2.5.1 Auxiliary drains shall be provided where a change
-in piping direction prevents drainage of system piping
-through the main drain valve.
-8.16.2.5.2 Auxiliary Drains for Wet Pipe Systems and Preac-
-tion Systems in Areas Not Subject to Freezing.
-8.16.2.5.2.1* Where the capacity of isolated trapped sections
-of pipe is 50 gal (189 L) or more, the auxiliary drain shall
-consist of a valve not smaller than 1 in. (25 mm), piped to an
-accessible location.
-8.16.2.5.2.2 Where the capacity of isolated trapped sections
-of pipe is more than 5 gal (18.9 L) and less than 50 gal (189 L),
-the auxiliary drain shall consist of a valve 3⁄4 in. (20 mm) or
-larger and a plug or a nipple and cap.
-8.16.2.5.2.3 Where the capacity of trapped sections of pipes
-in wet systems is less than 5 gal (18.9 L), one of the following
-arrangements shall be provided:
-Table 8.16.2.4.2 Drain Size
-Riser or Main Size
-(in.)
-Size of Drain Connection
-(in.)
-Up to 2 3⁄4 or larger
-21⁄2,3 ,3 1⁄2 11⁄4 or larger
-4 and larger 2 only
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-13–91INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(1) An auxiliary drain shall consist of a nipple and cap or plug
-not less than 1⁄2 in. (15 mm) in size.
-(2) An auxiliary drain shall not be required for trapped sec-
-tions less than 5 gal (18.9 L) where the system piping can
-be drained by removing a single pendent sprinkler.
-(3) Where flexible couplings or other easily separated con-
-nections are used, the nipple and cap or plug shall be
-permitted to be omitted.
-8.16.2.5.2.4 Tie-in drains shall not be required on wet pipe sys-
-tems and preaction systems protecting nonfreezing environments.
-8.16.2.5.3 Auxiliary Drains for Dry Pipe Systems and Preac-
-tion Systems.
-8.16.2.5.3.1 Auxiliary drains located in areas subject to freez-
-ing shall be accessible.
-8.16.2.5.3.2 Auxiliary drains located in areas maintained at
-freezing temperatures shall be accessible and shall consist of a
-valve not smaller than 1 in. (25 mm) and a plug or a nipple
-and cap.
-8.16.2.5.3.3 Where the capacity of trapped sections of pipe is
-less than 5 gal (18.9 L), the auxiliary drain shall consist of a valve
-not smaller than1⁄2 in. (13 mm) and a plug or a nipple and cap.
-8.16.2.5.3.4 Auxiliary drains are not for pipe drops supplying
-dry pendent sprinklers installed in accordance with 7.2.2.
-8.16.2.5.3.5* Where the capacity of isolated trapped sections
-of system piping is more than 5 gal (18.9 L), the auxiliary
-drain shall consist of two 1 in. (25 mm) valves and one 2 in.
-× 12 in. (50 mm × 305 mm) condensate nipple or equivalent,
-accessibly located in accordance with Figure 8.16.2.5.3.5, or a
-device listed for this service.
-8.16.2.5.3.6 Tie-in drains shall be provided for multiple adja-
-cent trapped branch pipes and shall be only 1 in. (25 mm).
-Tie-in drain lines shall be pitched a minimum of1⁄2 in. per 10 ft
-(4 mm/m).
-8.16.2.5.3.7 Systems with low point drains shall have a sign at
-the dry pipe or preaction valve indicating the number of low
-point drains and the location of each individual drain.
-8.16.2.6 Discharge of Drain Valves.
-8.16.2.6.1* Direct interconnections shall not be made be-
-tween sprinkler drains and sewers.
-8.16.2.6.2 The drain discharge shall conform to any health or
-water department regulations.
-8.16.2.6.3 Where drain pipes are buried underground, ap-
-proved corrosion-resistant pipe shall be used.
-8.16.2.6.4 Drain pipes shall not terminate in blind spaces un-
-der the building.
-8.16.2.6.5 Where exposed to the atmosphere, drain pipes
-shall be fitted with a turned-down elbow.
-8.16.2.6.6 Drain pipes shall be arranged to avoid exposing
-any of the water-filled portion of the sprinkler system to freez-
-ing conditions.
-8.16.3 Provision for Flushing Systems.
-8.16.3.1 All sprinkler systems shall be arranged for flushing.
-8.16.3.2 Readily removable fittings shall be provided at the
-end of all cross mains.
-8.16.3.3 All cross mains shall terminate in 11⁄4 in. (32 mm) or
-larger pipe.
-8.16.3.4 All branch lines on gridded systems shall be arranged
-to facilitate flushing.
-8.16.4 Protection of Piping.
-8.16.4.1 Protection of Piping Against Freezing.
-8.16.4.1.1* Where any portion of a system is subject to freez-
-ing and the temperatures cannot be reliably maintained at or
-above 40°F (4°C), the system shall be installed as a dry pipe or
-preaction system.
-8.16.4.1.1.1 The requirements of 8.16.4.1.1 shall not apply
-where alternate methods of freeze prevention are provided in
-accordance with one of the methods described in 8.16.4.1.2
-through 8.16.4.1.4.1.
-8.16.4.1.2 Unheated areas shall be permitted to be protected
-by antifreeze systems or by other systems specifically listed for
-the purpose.
-8.16.4.1.3 Where aboveground water-filled supply pipes, ris-
-ers, system risers, or feed mains pass through open areas, cold
-rooms, passageways, or other areas exposed to temperatures
-below 40°F (4°C), the pipe shall be permitted to be protected
-against freezing by insulating coverings, frostproof casings, or
-other means of maintaining a minimum temperature between
-40°F and 120°F (4��C and 48.9°C).
-8.16.4.1.4 Listed heat-tracing systems shall be permitted in
-accordance with 8.16.4.1.4.1 and 8.16.4.1.4.2.
-8.16.4.1.4.1 Where used to protect branch lines, the heat-
-tracing system shall be specifically listed for use on branch lines.
-8.16.4.1.4.2 Electric supervision of the heat-tracing system shall
-provide positive confirmation that the circuit is energized.
-8.16.4.1.5 Water-filled piping shall be permitted to be in-
-stalled in areas where the temperature is less than 40°F (4°C)
-when heat loss calculations performed by a professional engi-
-neer verify that the system will not freeze.
-Dry system
-auxiliary 
-drain
-1 in. (25 mm) valve
-2 in. ¥ 12 in. (50 mm ¥ 305 mm)
-nipple or equivalent
-1 in. (25 mm) valve
-1 in. (25 mm) nipple and cap or plug
-FIGURE 8.16.2.5.3.5 Dry System Auxiliary Drain.
-13–92 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-8.16.4.2* Protection of Piping Against Corrosion.
-8.16.4.2.1* Where corrosive conditions are known to exist due
-to moisture or fumes from corrosive chemicals or both, special
-types of fittings, pipes, and hangers that resist corrosion shall
-be used, or a protective coating shall be applied to all unpro-
-tected exposed surfaces of the sprinkler system.
-8.16.4.2.2* Where water supplies or environmental conditions
-are known to have unusual corrosive properties, piping shall
-have a corrosion resistance ratio (CRR) of 1 or more, and the
-system shall be treated in accordance with 24.1.5.
-8.16.4.2.3 Where corrosive conditions exist or piping is ex-
-posed to the weather, corrosion-resistant types of pipe, fittings,
-and hangers or protective corrosion-resistant coatings shall be
-used.
-8.16.4.2.4 Where steel pipe is used underground, the pipe
-shall be protected against corrosion.
-8.16.4.3* Protection of Piping in Hazardous Areas.
-8.16.4.3.1 Private service main aboveground piping shall not
-pass through hazardous areas and shall be located so that it is
-protected from mechanical and fire damage.
-8.16.4.3.2 Private service main aboveground piping shall be
-permitted to be located in hazardous areas protected by an
-automatic sprinkler system.
-8.16.5 Protection of Risers Subject to Mechanical Damage.
-Sprinkler risers subject to mechanical damage shall be protected
-by steel posts, concrete barriers, or other approved means.
-8.17 System Attachments.
-8.17.1* Sprinkler Alarms/Waterflow Alarms.
-8.17.1.1 Local Waterflow Alarms. A local waterflow alarm
-shall be provided on every sprinkler system having more than
-20 sprinklers.
-8.17.1.2 Retarding Devices. On each alarm check valve used
-under conditions of variable water pressure, a retarding de-
-vice shall be installed.
-8.17.1.3 Alarm Bypass Test Connections.
-8.17.1.3.1 Alarm, dry pipe, preaction, and deluge valves shall
-be fitted with an alarm bypass test connection for an electric
-alarm switch, water motor gong, or both.
-8.17.1.3.2 The alarm bypass test connection for alarm, dry
-pipe, preaction, and deluge valves shall be made on the water
-supply side of the system and provided with a control valve and
-drain for the alarm piping.
-8.17.1.3.3 The alarm bypass test connection for alarm valves
-at the riser shall be permitted to be made on the system side of
-an alarm valve.
-8.17.1.3.4 A check valve shall be installed between the inter-
-mediate chamber of a dry pipe valve and the waterflow alarm
-device so as to prevent flow from the alarm bypass test connec-
-tion from entering the intermediate chamber of a dry pipe
-valve during an alarm test via the alarm bypass test connection.
-8.17.1.4 Indicating Control Valves.
-8.17.1.4.1 Where a control valve is installed in the connec-
-tion to pressure-type contactors or water motor-operated
-alarm devices, it shall be of the indicating type.
-8.17.1.4.2 Such valves shall be sealed, locked, or electrically
-supervised in the open position.
-8.17.1.5* Attachments — Mechanically Operated.
-8.17.1.5.1 For all types of sprinkler systems employing water
-motor-operated alarms, a listed3⁄4 in. (20 mm) strainer shall be
-installed at the alarm outlet of the waterflow detecting device.
-8.17.1.5.2 Where a retarding chamber is used in connection
-with an alarm valve, the strainer shall be located at the outlet
-of the retarding chamber unless the retarding chamber is pro-
-vided with an approved integral strainer in its outlet.
-8.17.1.6* Alarm Attachments — High-Rise Buildings. When a
-fire must be fought internally due to the height of a building,
-the following additional alarm apparatus shall be provided:
-(1) Each sprinkler system on each floor shall be equipped with a
-separate waterflow device. The waterflow device shall be con-
-nected to an alarm system in such a manner that operation
-of one sprinkler will actuate the alarm system, and the loca-
-tion of the operated flow device shall be indicated on an
-annunciator and/or register. The annunciator or register
-shall be located at grade level at the normal point of fire
-department access, at a constantly attended building secu-
-rity control center, or at both locations.
-(2) Where the location within the protected buildings where
-supervisory or alarm signals are received is not under con-
-stant supervision by qualified personnel in the employ of
-the owner, a connection shall be provided to transmit a
-signal to a remote central station.
-(3) A distinct trouble signal shall be provided to indicate a
-condition that will impair the satisfactory operation of the
-sprinkler system.
-8.17.1.7 Sprinkler Waterflow Alarm for In-Rack Sprinklers.
-See Section C.4.
-8.17.2* Fire Department Connections.
-8.17.2.1* Unless the requirements of 8.17.2.2 are met, a fire
-department connection shall be provided as described in
-8.17.2 in accordance with Figure 8.17.2.1.
-8.17.2.2 The following systems shall not require a fire depart-
-ment connection:
-(1) Buildings located in remote areas that are inaccessible for
-fire department support
-(2) Large-capacity deluge systems exceeding the pumping ca-
-pacity of the fire department
-(3) Single-story buildings not exceeding 2000 ft 2 (186 m2)i n
-area
-8.17.2.3* Size. The size of the pipe for the fire department
-connection shall be in accordance with one of the following:
-(1) Pipe size shall be a minimum of 4 in. (100 mm) for fire
-engine connections.
-(2) Pipe size shall be a minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) for fire
-boat connections.
-(3) For hydraulically calculated systems, the fire department
-connection shall be permitted to be less than 4 in.
-(100 mm) and no less than the size of system riser, where
-serving one system riser.
-8.17.2.4* Arrangement. See Figure 8.17.2.1.
-8.17.2.4.1* The fire department connection shall be on the
-system side of the water supply check valve.
-8.17.2.4.1.1 The fire department connection shall not be at-
-tached to branch line piping.
-13–93INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.17.2.4.1.2 The fire department connection shall be permit-
-ted to be connected to main piping on the system it serves.
-8.17.2.4.2 For single systems, the fire department connection
-shall be installed as follows:
-(1) Wet system — on the system side of system control, check,
-and alarm valves (see Figure A.8.16.1.1)
-(2) Dry system — between the system control valve and the
-dry pipe valve
-(3) Preaction system — between the preaction valve and the
-check valve on the system side of the preaction valve
-(4) Deluge system — on the system side of the deluge valve
-8.17.2.4.3 For multiple systems, the fire department connec-
-tion shall be connected between the supply control valves and
-the system control valves.
-8.17.2.4.4* The requirements of 8.17.2.4.2 and 8.17.2.4.3 shall
-not apply where the fire department connection is connected
-to the underground piping.
-8.17.2.4.5 Where a fire department connection services only
-a portion of a building, a sign shall be attached indicating the
-portions of the building served.
-8.17.2.4.6* Fire department connections shall be located at
-the nearest point of fire department apparatus accessibility or
-at a location approved by the authority having jurisdiction.
-8.17.2.4.7 Signs.
-8.17.2.4.7.1 Each fire department connection to sprinkler
-systems shall be designated by a sign having raised or engraved
-letters at least 1 in. (25.4 mm) in height on plate or fitting
-reading service design — for example, AUTOSPKR., OPEN
-SPKR., AND STANDPIPE.
-8.17.2.4.7.2 A sign shall also indicate the pressure required at
-the inlets to deliver the greatest system demand.
-8.17.2.4.7.3 The sign required in 8.17.2.4.7.2 shall not be re-
-quired where the system demand pressure is less than 150 psi
-(10.3 bar).
-8.17.2.4.8 Fire department connections shall not be con-
-nected on the suction side of fire pumps.
-8.17.2.4.9 Fire department connections shall be properly
-supported.
-8.17.2.5 Valves.
-8.17.2.5.1 A listed check valve shall be installed in each fire
-department connection and shall be located in an accessible
-location.
-8.17.2.5.2 There shall be no shutoff valve in the fire depart-
-ment connection piping.
-8.17.2.6* Drainage. The piping between the check valve and
-the outside hose coupling shall be equipped with an approved
-automatic drip in areas subject to freezing.
-8.17.3 Gauges.
-8.17.3.1 A pressure gauge with a connection not smaller than
-1⁄4 in. (6 mm) shall be installed at the system main drain, at
-each main drain associated with a floor control valve, and on
-the inlet and outlet side of each pressure-reducing valve.
-8.17.3.2 Each gauge connection shall be equipped with a
-shutoff valve and provisions for draining.
-8.17.3.3 The required pressure gauges shall be approved and
-shall have a maximum limit not less than twice the normal
-system working pressure at the point where installed.
-8.17.3.4 Gauges shall be installed to permit removal and shall
-be located where they will not be subject to freezing.
-8.17.4 System Connections.
-8.17.4.1* Main Drain Test Connections.
-8.17.4.1.1 Main drain test connections shall be provided at
-locations that will permit flow tests of water supplies and
-connections.
-8.17.4.1.2 They shall be so installed that the valve can be
-opened wide for a sufficient time to assure a proper test with-
-out causing water damage.
-8.17.4.1.3 Main drain connections shall be sized in accor-
-dance with 8.16.2.4 and 8.16.2.6.
-8.17.4.2* Wet Pipe Systems.
-8.17.4.2.1 An alarm test connection not less than 1 in.
-(25 mm) in diameter, terminating in a smooth bore corrosion-
-resistant orifice, giving a flow equal to or less than one sprin-
-kler of a type having the smallest K-factor installed on the
-particular system, shall be provided to test each waterflow
-alarm device for each system.
-8.17.4.2.2 The test connection valve shall be accessible.
-8.17.4.2.3 The discharge shall be to the outside, to a drain con-
-nection capable of accepting full flow under system pressure, or
-to another location where water damage will not result.
-8.17.4.2.4 The alarm test connection shall be permitted to be
-installed in any location on the fire sprinkler system down-
-stream of the waterflow alarm.
-Automatic drip
-Header  
-in valve 
-room 
-Check 
-valve 
-Fire 
-department
-connection
-1 in. to 3 in. (25.4 mm to 76.2 mm)
-waterproof mastic
-FIGURE 8.17.2.1 Fire Department Connection.
-13–94 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8.17.4.3* Dry Pipe Systems.
-8.17.4.3.1 A trip test connection or manifold not less than 1 in.
-(25 mm) in diameter, terminating in a smooth bore corrosion-
-resistant orifice, to provide a flow equivalent to one sprinkler of a
-type installed on the particular system, shall be installed.
-8.17.4.3.2 The trip test connection or manifold shall be lo-
-cated on the end of the most distant sprinkler pipe in the
-upper story and shall be equipped with an accessible shutoff
-valve and a plug not less than 1 in. (25 mm), of which at least
-one shall be brass.
-8.17.4.3.3 In lieu of a plug, a nipple and cap shall be acceptable.
-8.17.4.3.4 When the capacity (volume) of the dry pipe system
-has been determined in accordance with 7.2.3.2, 7.2.3.3,
-7.2.3.4 or 7.2.3.5, a trip test connection shall be permitted to
-provide a flow equivalent to one sprinkler in accordance with
-8.17.4.3.1 through 8.17.4.3.3.
-8.17.4.3.5 When the capacity (volume) of the dry pipe system
-has been determined in accordance with 7.2.3.7, the following
-shall apply:
-(1) When flow is from four sprinklers, the trip test manifold
-shall be arranged to simulate two sprinklers on each of
-two sprinkler branch lines.
-(2) When flow is from three sprinklers, the test manifold shall
-be arranged to simulate two sprinklers on the most re-
-mote branch line and one sprinkler on the next adjacent
-branch line.
-(3) When flow is from two sprinklers, the test manifold shall
-be arranged to simulate two sprinklers on the most re-
-mote branch line.
-(4) When flow is from one sprinkler, the test manifold shall
-be installed per the requirements for a trip test connec-
-tion in accordance with 8.17.4.3.1 through 8.17.4.3.3.
-8.17.4.4 Preaction Systems.
-8.17.4.4.1 A test connection shall be provided on a preaction
-system using supervisory air.
-8.17.4.4.2 The connection used to control the level of prim-
-ing water shall be considered adequate to test the operation of
-the alarms monitoring the supervisory air pressure.
-8.17.4.4.3 For double interlock preaction systems, a trip test
-connection or manifold not less than 1 in. (25 mm) in diam-
-eter, terminating in a smooth bore corrosion-resistant orifice
-to provide a flow equivalent to one sprinkler of a type installed
-on the particular system, shall be installed.
-8.17.4.4.4 For double interlock preaction systems, the trip
-test connection or manifold shall be located on the end of the
-most distant sprinkler pipe in the upper story and shall be
-equipped with an accessible shutoff valve and a plug not less
-than 1 in. (25 mm), of which at least one shall be brass.
-8.17.4.4.5 In lieu of a plug, a nipple and cap shall be acceptable.
-8.17.4.4.6 When the capacity (volume) of the double inter-
-lock preaction system has been determined in accordance
-with 7.3.2.3.1.1, 7.3.2.3.1.2, or 7.3.2.3.1.3, a trip test connec-
-tion shall be permitted to provide a flow equivalent to one
-sprinkler in accordance with 8.17.4.4.3 through 8.17.4.4.5.
-8.17.4.4.7 When the capacity (volume) of the double inter-
-lock preaction system has been determined in accordance
-with 7.3.2.3.1.4, the following shall apply:
-(1) When flow is from four sprinklers, the trip test manifold
-shall be arranged to simulate two sprinklers on each of
-two sprinkler branch lines.
-(2) When flow is from three sprinklers, the test manifold shall
-be arranged to simulate two sprinklers on the most re-
-mote branch line and one sprinkler on the next adjacent
-branch line.
-(3) When flow is from two sprinklers, the test manifold shall
-be arranged to simulate two sprinklers on the most re-
-mote branch line.
-(4) When flow is from one sprinkler, the test manifold shall
-be installed as per the requirements for a trip test connec-
-tion in accordance with 8.17.4.4.3 through 8.17.4.4.5.
-8.17.4.5 Deluge Systems. A test connection shall not be re-
-quired on a deluge system.
-8.17.4.6* Backflow Devices.
-8.17.4.6.1* Backflow Prevention Valves. Means shall be pro-
-vided downstream of all backflow prevention valves for flow
-tests at system demand.
-8.17.4.6.2 Retroactive Installation. When backflow preven-
-tion devices are to be retroactively installed on existing sys-
-tems, a thorough hydraulic analysis, including revised hydrau-
-lic calculations, new fire flow data, and all necessary system
-modifications to accommodate the additional friction loss,
-shall be completed as a part of the installation.
-8.17.5 Hose Connections.
-8.17.5.1 Small [1 1⁄2 in. (38 mm)] Hose Connections. See Sec-
-tion C.5.
-8.17.5.1.1* Where required, small [11⁄2 in. (40 mm)] hose con-
-nections shall be installed.
-8.17.5.1.1.1 Valves shall be available to reach all portions of
-the area with 100 ft (30.5 m) of hose plus 30 ft (9.1 m) of hose
-stream distance.
-8.17.5.1.1.2 Where the building is protected throughout by
-an approved automatic sprinkler system, the presence of
-11⁄2 in. (38 mm) hose lines for use by the building occupants
-shall not be required, subject to the approval of the authority
-having jurisdiction.
-8.17.5.1.1.3 Where approved by the authority having jurisdic-
-tion, the location of valves shall be permitted to exceed the
-distances specified in 8.17.5.1.1.1.
-8.17.5.1.2 The hose connections shall not be required to meet
-the requirements of Class II hose systems defined by NFPA 14.
-8.17.5.1.3 Hose connections shall be supplied from one of
-the following:
-(1) Outside hydrants
-(2) Separate piping system for small hose connections
-(3) Valved hose connections on sprinkler risers where such con-
-nections are made upstream of all sprinkler control valves
-(4) Adjacent sprinkler systems
-(5) In rack storage areas, the ceiling sprinkler system in the
-same area (as long as in-rack sprinklers are provided in
-the same area and are separately controlled)
-(6) In nonstorage occupancies that are not a part of a stand-
-pipe system, ceiling sprinkler piping in the same area as
-the hose connection
-13–95INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-8.17.5.1.4* Hose connections used for fire purposes only shall
-be permitted to be connected to wet pipe sprinkler systems
-only, subject to the following restrictions:
-(1) Hose connection’s supply pipes shall not be connected to
-any pipe smaller than 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) in diameter.
-(2) The requirements of 8.17.5.1.4(1) shall not apply to hy-
-draulically designed loops and grids, where the minimum
-size pipe between the hose connection’s supply pipe and
-the source shall be permitted to be 2 in. (51 mm).
-(3) For piping serving a single hose connection, pipe shall be
-a minimum of 1 in. (25.4 mm) for horizontal runs up to
-20 ft (6.1 m), a minimum of 11⁄4 in. (33 mm) for the entire
-run for runs between 20 ft and 80 ft (6.1 m and 24.4 m),
-and a minimum of 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) for the entire run for
-runs greater than 80 ft (24.4 m). For piping serving mul-
-tiple hose connections, runs shall be a minimum of 11⁄2 in.
-(38 mm) throughout.
-(4) Piping shall be at least 1 in. (25 mm) for vertical runs.
-(5) Where the residual pressure at a 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) outlet on
-a hose connection exceeds 100 psi (6.9 bar), an approved
-pressure-regulating device shall be provided to limit the
-residual pressure at the outlet to 100 psi (6.9 bar).
-(6) Where the static pressure at a 1 1⁄2 in. (38 mm) hose con-
-nection exceeds 175 psi (12.1 bar), an approved pressure-
-regulating device shall be provided to limit static and re-
-sidual pressures at the outlet to 100 psi (6.9 bar).
-8.17.5.2 Hose Connections for Fire Department Use.
-8.17.5.2.1 In buildings of light or ordinary hazard occupancy,
-21⁄2 in. (64 mm) hose valves for fire department use shall be
-permitted to be attached to wet pipe sprinkler system risers.
-8.17.5.2.2* The following restrictions shall apply:
-(1) Each connection from a standpipe that is part of a combined
-system to a sprinkler system shall have an individual control
-valve and check valve of the same size as the connection.
-(2) The minimum size of the riser shall be 4 in. (102 mm)
-unless hydraulic calculations indicate that a smaller size
-riser will satisfy sprinkler and hose stream allowances.
-(3) Each combined sprinkler and standpipe riser shall be
-equipped with a riser control valve to permit isolating a
-riser without interrupting the supply to other risers from
-the same source of supply. (For fire department connections
-serving standpipe and sprinkler systems, refer to Section 6.8.)
-Chapter 9 Hanging, Bracing, and Restraint
-of System Piping
-9.1 Hangers.
-9.1.1* General.
-9.1.1.1 Unless the requirements of 9.1.1.2 are met, types of
-hangers shall be in accordance with the requirements of Sec-
-tion 9.1.
-9.1.1.2 Hangers certified by a registered professional engi-
-neer to include all of the following shall be an acceptable al-
-ternative to the requirements of Section 9.1:
-(1) Hangers shall be designed to support five times the
-weight of the water-filled pipe plus 250 lb (114 kg) at each
-point of piping support.
-(2) These points of support shall be adequate to support the
-system.
-(3) The spacing between hangers shall not exceed the value
-given for the type of pipe as indicated in Table 9.2.2.1(a)
-or Table 9.2.2.1(b).
-(4) Hanger components shall be ferrous.
-(5) Detailed calculations shall be submitted, when required
-by the reviewing authority, showing stresses developed in
-hangers, piping, and fittings, and safety factors allowed.
-9.1.1.3 Shared support structures shall be certified by a regis-
-tered professional engineer in accordance with 9.1.1.2 and
-9.1.1.3.
-9.1.1.3.1* The design of a shared support structure shall be
-based on either 9.1.1.3.1.1 or 9.1.1.3.1.2.
-9.1.1.3.1.1 Sprinkler pipe and other distribution systems
-shall be permitted to be supported from a shared support
-structure designed to support five times the weight of water-
-filled sprinkler pipe and other supported distribution systems
-plus 250 lb (114 kg), based on the allowable ultimate stress.
-9.1.1.3.1.2 Sprinkler pipe and other distribution systems shall
-be permitted to be supported from a shared support structure
-designed to support five times the weight of the water-filled sprin-
-kler pipe plus 250 lb (114 kg), and one and one-half times the
-weight of all other supported distribution systems.
-9.1.1.3.1.3 The building structure shall not be considered a
-shared support structure.
-9.1.1.3.1.4* The requirements of 9.1.1.3.1 shall not apply to
-9.2.1.3.3.
-9.1.1.3.1.5 Systems that are incompatible with the fire sprin-
-kler systems based on vibration, thermal expansion and con-
-traction, or other factors shall not share support structures.
-9.1.1.4 Where water-based fire protection systems are re-
-quired to be protected against damage from earthquakes,
-hangers shall also meet the requirements of 9.3.7.
-9.1.1.5 Listing.
-9.1.1.5.1 Unless permitted by 9.1.1.5.2 or 9.1.1.5.3, the com-
-ponents of hanger assemblies that directly attach to the pipe
-or to the building structure shall be listed.
-9.1.1.5.2* Mild steel hangers formed from rods shall be per-
-mitted to be not listed.
-9.1.1.5.3* Fasteners as specified in 9.1.3, 9.1.4, and 9.1.5 shall
-be permitted to be not listed.
-9.1.1.5.4 Other fasteners shall be permitted as part of a
-hanger assembly that has been tested, listed, and installed in
-accordance with the listing requirements.
-9.1.1.6 Component Material.
-9.1.1.6.1 Unless permitted by 9.1.1.6.2 or 9.1.1.6.3, hangers
-and their components shall be ferrous.
-9.1.1.6.2 Nonferrous components that have been proven by
-fire tests to be adequate for the hazard application, that are
-listed for this purpose, and that are in compliance with the
-other requirements of this section shall be acceptable.
-9.1.1.6.3 Holes through solid structural members shall be
-permitted to serve as hangers for the support of system piping
-provided such holes are permitted by applicable building
-codes and the spacing and support provisions for hangers of
-this standard are satisfied.
-9.1.1.7* Trapeze Hangers.
-9.1.1.7.1 For trapeze hangers, the minimum size of steel
-angle or pipe span between purlins or joists shall be such that
-the section modulus required in Table 9.1.1.7.1(a) does not
-exceed the available section modulus of the trapeze member
-from Table 9.1.1.7.1(b).
-13–96 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table 9.1.1.7.1(a) Section Modulus Required for Trapeze Members (in.3)
-Nominal Diameter of Pipe Being Supported — Schedule 10 Steel
-Span (ft) 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 8 10
-1.5 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.26 0.34
-2.0 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.34 0.45
-2.5 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.36 0.50 0.69
-3.0 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.51 0.67
-3.5 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.60 0.78
-4.0 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.48 0.68 0.89
-4.5 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.46 0.54 0.77 1.01
-5.0 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.51 0.60 0.85 1.12
-5.5 0.30 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.56 0.66 0.94 1.23
-6.0 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.51 0.61 0.71 1.02 1.34
-6.5 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.66 0.77 1.11 1.45
-7.0 0.38 0.39 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.71 0.83 1.19 1.56
-7.5 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.55 0.60 0.64 0.76 0.89 1.28 1.68
-8.0 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.54 0.59 0.63 0.68 0.82 0.95 1.36 1.79
-8.5 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.87 1.01 1.45 1.90
-9.0 0.49 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.61 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.92 1.07 1.53 2.01
-9.5 0.52 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.70 0.75 0.81 0.97 1.13 1.62 2.12
-10.0 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.63 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.85 1.02 1.19 1.70 2.23
-10.5 0.57 0.59 0.62 0.66 0.71 0.78 0.83 0.90 1.07 1.25 1.79 2.35
-11.0 0.60 0.62 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.81 0.87 0.94 1.12 1.31 1.87 2.46
-11.5 0.63 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.78 0.85 0.91 0.98 1.17 1.37 1.96 2.57
-12.0 0.65 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.81 0.89 0.95 1.02 1.22 1.43 2.04 2.68
-12.5 0.68 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.85 0.92 0.99 1.07 1.27 1.49 2.13 2.79
-13.0 0.71 0.73 0.77 0.81 0.88 0.96 1.03 1.11 1.33 1.55 2.21 2.90
-13.5 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.85 0.91 1.00 1.07 1.15 1.38 1.61 2.30 3.02
-14.0 0.76 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.95 1.03 1.11 1.20 1.43 1.67 2.38 3.13
-14.5 0.79 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.98 1.07 1.15 1.24 1.48 1.73 2.47 3.24
-15.0 0.82 0.84 0.89 0.94 1.02 1.11 1.19 1.28 1.53 1.79 2.56 3.35
-15.5 0.84 0.87 0.92 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.32 1.58 1.85 2.64 3.46
-16.0 0.87 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.08 1.18 1.27 1.37 1.63 1.91 2.73 3.58
-Nominal Diameter of Pipe Being Supported — Schedule 40 Steel
-Span (ft) 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 8 10
-1.5 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.30 0.41
-2.0 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.24 0.29 0.40 0.55
-2.5 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.25 0.30 0.43 0.56
-3.0 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.36 0.43 0.60 0.82
-3.5 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.42 0.51 0.70 0.96
-4.0 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.33 0.36 0.40 0.48 0.58 0.80 1.10
-4.5 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.54 0.65 0.90 1.23
-5.0 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.60 0.72 1.00 1.37
-5.5 0.30 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.54 0.66 0.79 1.10 1.51
-6.0 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.44 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.72 0.87 1.20 1.64
-6.5 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.48 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.78 0.94 1.31 1.78
-7.0 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.63 0.69 0.84 1.01 1.41 1.92
-7.5 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.55 0.62 0.68 0.74 0.90 1.08 1.51 2.06
-8.0 0.44 0.46 0.49 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.79 0.96 1.16 1.61 2.19
-8.5 0.47 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.63 0.70 0.77 0.84 1.02 1.23 1.71 2.33
-9.0 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.66 0.74 0.81 0.89 1.08 1.30 1.81 2.47
-9.5 0.52 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.70 0.78 0.86 0.94 1.14 1.37 1.91 2.60
-10.0 0.55 0.57 0.61 0.65 0.74 0.82 0.90 0.99 1.20 1.45 2.01 2.74
-10.5 0.58 0.60 0.64 0.69 0.77 0.86 0.95 1.04 1.26 1.52 2.11 2.88
-11.0 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.72 0.81 0.91 0.99 1.09 1.32 1.59 2.21 3.01
-11.5 0.63 0.66 0.70 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.04 1.14 1.38 1.66 2.31 3.15
-12.0 0.66 0.68 0.73 0.78 0.88 0.99 1.08 1.19 1.44 1.73 2.41 3.29
-12.5 0.69 0.71 0.76 0.82 0.92 1.03 1.13 1.24 1.5 1.81 2.51 3.43
-13.0 0.71 0.74 0.79 0.85 0.96 1.07 1.17 1.29 1.56 1.88 2.61 3.56
-13.5 0.74 0.77 0.82 0.88 0.99 1.11 1.22 1.34 1.62 1.95 2.71 3.70
-14.0 0.77 0.80 0.85 0.91 1.03 1.15 1.26 1.39 1.68 2.02 2.81 3.84
-14.5 0.80 0.83 0.88 0.95 1.07 1.19 1.31 1.43 1.74 2.1 2.91 3.97
-15.0 0.82 0.86 0.91 0.98 1.10 1.24 1.35 1.48 1.8 2.17 3.01 4.11
-15.5 0.85 0.88 0.94 1.01 1.14 1.28 1.4 1.53 1.86 2.24 3.11 4.25
-16.0 0.88 0.91 0.97 1.05 1.18 1.32 1.44 1.58 1.92 2.31 3.21 4.39
-13–97HANGING, BRACING, AND RESTRAINT OF SYSTEM PIPING
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-9.1.1.7.2 Any other sizes or shapes giving equal or greater
-section modulus shall be acceptable.
-9.1.1.7.3 All angles shall be installed with the longer leg vertical.
-9.1.1.7.4 The trapeze member shall be secured to prevent
-slippage.
-9.1.1.7.5* All components of each hanger assembly that attach
-to a trapeze member shall conform to 9.1.1.5 and be sized to
-support the suspended sprinkler pipe.
-9.1.1.7.6 The ring, strap, or clevis installed on a pipe trapeze
-shall be manufactured to fit the pipe size of the trapeze member.
-9.1.1.7.7 Holes for bolts shall not exceed 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm)
-greater than the diameter of the bolt.
-9.1.1.7.8 Bolts shall be provided with a flat washer and nut.
-9.1.1.8 Support of Non-System Components.
-9.1.1.8.1* Sprinkler piping or hangers shall not be used to
-support non-system components.
-9.1.1.8.2 Sprinkler piping shall be permitted to utilize shared
-support structures in accordance with 9.1.1.3.
-9.1.2 Hanger Rods.
-9.1.2.1 Unless the requirements of 9.1.2.2 are met, hanger
-rod size shall be the same as that approved for use with the
-hanger assembly, and the size of rods shall not be less than that
-given in Table 9.1.2.1.
-9.1.2.2 Rods of smaller diameters than indicated in
-Table 9.1.2.1 shall be permitted where the hanger assembly
-has been tested and listed by a testing laboratory and in-
-stalled within the limits of pipe sizes expressed in individual
-listings.
-9.1.2.3 Where the pitch of the branch line is 6 in 12 or
-greater, a reduction in the lateral loading on branch line
-hanger rods shall be done by one of the following:
-(1)*Second hanger installed in addition to the required main
-hangers
-(2) Lateral sway brace assemblies on the mains
-(3) Branch line hangers utilizing an articulating structural
-attachment
-(4) Equivalent means providing support to the branch line
-hanger rods
-9.1.2.4 U-Hooks. The size of the rod material of U-hooks shall
-not be less than that given in Table 9.1.2.4.
-9.1.2.5 Eye Rods.
-9.1.2.5.1 The size of the rod material for eye rods shall not be
-less than specified in Table 9.1.2.5.1.
-9.1.2.5.2 Eye rods shall be secured with lock washers to pre-
-vent lateral motion.
-9.1.2.5.3 Where eye rods are fastened to wood structural
-members, the eye rod shall be backed with a large flat washer
-Table 9.1.1.7.1(b) Available Section Modulus of Common
-Trapeze Hangers (in.3)
-Pipe
-Modulus
-(in.3) Angles (in.) Modulus (in. 3)in. mm
-Schedule 10
-1 25 0.12 1 1⁄2 ×1 1⁄2 × 3⁄16 0.10
-11⁄4 32 0.19 2×2× 1⁄8 0.13
-11⁄2 40 0.26 2 × 1 1⁄2 × 3⁄16 0.18
-2 50 0.42 2×2× 3⁄16 0.19
-21⁄2 65 0.69 2×2× 1⁄4 0.25
-3 80 1.04 2 1⁄2 ×1 1⁄2 × 3⁄16 0.28
-31⁄2 90 1.38 2 1⁄2 ×2× 3⁄16 0.29
-4 100 1.76 2×2× 5⁄16 0.30
-5 125 3.03 2 1⁄2 ×2 1⁄2 × 3⁄16 0.30
-6 150 4.35 2×2× 3⁄8 0.35
-21⁄2 ×2 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 0.39
-3×2× 3⁄16 0.41
-Schedule 40
-1 25 0.13 3 × 2 1⁄2 × 3⁄16 0.43
-11⁄4 32 0.23 3×3× 3⁄16 0.44
-11⁄2 40 0.33 2 1⁄2 ×2 1⁄2 × 5⁄16 0.48
-2 50 0.56 3×2× 1⁄4 0.54
-21⁄2 65 1.06 2 1⁄2 ×2× 3⁄8 0.55
-3 80 1.72 2 1⁄2 ×2 1⁄2 × 3⁄8 0.57
-31⁄2 90 2.39 3×3× 1⁄4 0.58
-4 100 3.21 3×3× 5⁄16 0.71
-5 125 5.45 2 1⁄2 ×2 1⁄2 × 1⁄2 0.72
-6 150 8.50 3 1⁄2 ×2 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 0.75
-3×2 1⁄2 × 3⁄8 0.81
-3×3× 3⁄8 0.83
-31⁄2 ×2 1⁄2 × 5⁄16 0.93
-3×3× 7⁄16 0.95
-4×4× 1⁄4 1.05
-3×3× 1⁄2 1.07
-4×3× 5⁄16 1.23
-4×4× 5⁄16 1.29
-4×3× 3⁄8 1.46
-4× 4× 3⁄8 1.52
-5×3 1⁄2 × 5⁄16 1.94
-4×4× 1⁄2 1.97
-4×4× 5⁄8 2.40
-4×4× 3⁄4 2.81
-6×4× 3⁄8 3.32
-6×4× 1⁄2 4.33
-6×4× 3⁄4 6.25
-6×6×1 8.57
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Table 9.1.2.1 Hanger Rod Sizes
-Pipe Size Diameter of Rod
-in. mm in. mm
-Up to and
-including 4
-100 3⁄8 9.5
-5 125 1⁄2 12.7
-6 150
-8 200
-10 250 5⁄8 15.9
-12 300
-13–98 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-bearing directly against the structural member, in addition to
-the lock washer.
-9.1.2.6 Threaded Sections of Rods. Threaded sections of rods
-shall not be formed or bent.
-9.1.3* Fasteners in Concrete.
-9.1.3.1 Unless prohibited by 9.1.3.2 or 9.1.3.3, the use of listed
-inserts set in concrete and listed post-installed anchors to support
-hangers shall be permitted for mains and branch lines.
-9.1.3.2 Post-installed anchors shall not be used in cinder con-
-crete, except for branch lines where the post-installed anchors
-are alternated with through-bolts or hangers attached to beams.
-9.1.3.3 Post-installed anchors shall not be used in ceilings of
-gypsum or other similar soft material.
-9.1.3.4 Unless the requirements of 9.1.3.5 are met, post-
-installed anchors shall be installed in a horizontal position in
-the sides of concrete beams.
-9.1.3.5 Post-installed anchors shall be permitted to be installed
-in the vertical position under any of the following conditions:
-(1) When used in concrete having gravel or crushed stone
-aggregate to support pipes 4 in. (100 mm) or less in diam-
-eter
-(2) When post-installed anchors are alternated with hangers
-connected directly to the structural members, such as
-trusses and girders, or to the sides of concrete beams [to
-support pipe 5 in. (125 mm) or larger]
-(3) When post-installed anchors are spaced not over 10 ft
-(3 m) apart [to support pipe 4 in. (100 mm) or larger]
-9.1.3.6 Holes for post-installed anchors in the side of beams
-shall be above the centerline of the beam or above the bottom
-reinforcement steel rods.
-9.1.3.7 Holes for post-installed anchors used in the vertical
-position shall be drilled to provide uniform contact with the
-shield over its entire circumference.
-9.1.3.8 The depth of the post-installed anchor hole shall not
-be less than specified for the type of shield used.
-9.1.3.9 Powder-Driven Studs.
-9.1.3.9.1 Powder-driven studs, welding studs, and the tools
-used for installing these devices shall be listed.
-9.1.3.9.2 Pipe size, installation position, and construction
-material into which they are installed shall be in accordance
-with individual listings.
-9.1.3.9.3* Representative samples of concrete into which studs
-are to be driven shall be tested to determine that the studs will
-hold a minimum load of 750 lb (341 kg) for 2 in. (50 mm) or
-smaller pipe; 1000 lb (454 kg) for 2 1⁄2 in., 3 in., or 3 1⁄2 in.
-(65 mm, 80 mm, or 90 mm) pipe; and 1200 lb (545 kg) for
-4 in. or 5 in. (100 mm or 125 mm) pipe.
-9.1.3.9.4 Increaser couplings shall be attached directly to the
-powder-driven studs.
-9.1.3.10 Minimum Bolt Size for Concrete.
-9.1.3.10.1 The size of a bolt used with a hanger and in-
-stalled through concrete shall not be less than specified in
-Table 9.1.3.10.1.
-9.1.3.10.2 Holes for bolts shall not exceed 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm)
-greater than the diameter of the bolt.
-9.1.3.10.3 Bolts shall be provided with a flat washer and nut.
-9.1.4 Fasteners in Steel.
-9.1.4.1* Powder-driven studs, welding studs, and the tools
-used for installing these devices shall be listed.
-9.1.4.2 Pipe size, installation position, and construction ma-
-terial into which they are installed shall be in accordance with
-individual listings.
-9.1.4.3 Increaser couplings shall be attached directly to the
-powder-driven studs or welding studs.
-9.1.4.4 Welding studs or other hanger parts shall not be at-
-tached by welding to steel less than U.S. Standard, 12 gauge
-(2.78 mm).
-Table 9.1.2.4 U-Hook Rod Sizes
-Pipe Size Hook Material Diameter
-in. mm in. mm
-Up to and
-including 2
-50 5⁄16 7.9
-21⁄2 to 6 65 to 150 3⁄8 9.5
-8 200 1⁄2 12.7
-Table 9.1.2.5.1 Eye Rod Sizes
-Diameter of Rod
-Pipe Size With Bent Eye With Welded Eye
-in. mm in. mm in. mm
-Up to and
-including 4
-100 3⁄8 9.5 3⁄8 9.5
-5 125 1⁄2 12.7 1⁄2 12.7
-6 150 1⁄2 12.7 1⁄2 12.7
-8 200 3⁄4 19.1 1⁄2 12.7
-Table 9.1.3.10.1 Minimum Bolt Size for Concrete
-Pipe Size Size of Bolt
-in. mm in. mm
-Up to and
-including 4
-100 3⁄8 10
-5 125 1⁄2 13
-6 150
-8 200
-10 250 5⁄8 15
-12 300 3⁄4 20
-13–99HANGING, BRACING, AND RESTRAINT OF SYSTEM PIPING
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-9.1.4.5 Minimum Bolt Size for Steel.
-9.1.4.5.1 The size of a bolt used with a hanger and installed
-through steel shall not be less than specified in Table 9.1.4.5.1.
-9.1.4.5.2 Holes for bolts shall not exceed 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm)
-greater than the diameter of the bolt.
-9.1.4.5.3 Bolts shall be provided with a flat washer and nut.
-9.1.5 Fasteners in Wood.
-9.1.5.1 Drive Screws.
-9.1.5.1.1 Drive screws shall be used only in a horizontal posi-
-tion as in the side of a beam and only for 2 in. (50 mm) or
-smaller pipe.
-9.1.5.1.2 Drive screws shall only be used in conjunction with
-hangers that require two points of attachments.
-9.1.5.2 Ceiling Flanges and U-Hooks with Screws.
-9.1.5.2.1 Unless the requirements of 9.1.5.2.2 or 9.1.5.2.3 are
-met, for ceiling flanges and U-hooks, screw dimensions shall
-not be less than those given in Table 9.1.5.2.1.
-9.1.5.2.2 When the thickness of planking and thickness of
-flange do not permit the use of screws 2 in. (50 mm) long,
-screws 13⁄4 in. (45 mm) long shall be permitted with hangers
-spaced not over 10 ft (3 m) apart.
-9.1.5.2.3 When the thickness of beams or joists does not per-
-mit the use of screws 2 1⁄2 in. (60 mm) long, screws 2 in.
-(50 mm) long shall be permitted with hangers spaced not over
-10 ft (3 m) apart.
-9.1.5.3 Bolt or Lag Screw.
-9.1.5.3.1 Unless the requirements of 9.1.5.3.2 are met, the size
-of bolt or lag screw used with a hanger and installed on the side of
-the beam shall not be less than specified in Table 9.1.5.3.1.
-9.1.5.3.2 Where the thickness of beams or joists does not per-
-mit the use of screws 2 1⁄2 in. (64 mm) long, screws 2 in.
-(50 mm) long shall be permitted with hangers spaced not over
-10 ft (3 m) apart.
-9.1.5.3.3 All holes for lag screws shall be pre-drilled 1⁄8 in.
-(3.2 mm) less in diameter than the maximum root diameter
-of the lag screw thread.
-9.1.5.3.4 Holes for bolts shall not exceed 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm)
-greater than the diameter of the bolt.
-9.1.5.3.5 Bolts shall be provided with a flat washer and nut.
-9.1.5.4 Wood Screws. Wood screws shall be installed with a
-screwdriver.
-9.1.5.5 Nails. Nails shall not be acceptable for fastening
-hangers.
-Table 9.1.4.5.1 Minimum Bolt Size for Steel
-Pipe Size Size of Bolt
-in. mm in. mm
-Up to and
-including 4
-100 3⁄8 10
-5 125 1⁄2 12
-6 150
-8 200
-10 250 5⁄8 15
-12 300 3⁄4 20
-Table 9.1.5.2.1 Screw Dimensions for Ceiling Flanges and
-U-Hooks
-Pipe Size
-Two Screw Ceiling Flangesin. mm
-Up to and
-including 2
-50 Wood screw No. 18 × 1 1⁄2 in.
-or
-Lag screw 5⁄16 i n .×11⁄2 in.
-Three Screw Ceiling Flanges
-Up to and
-including 2
-50 Wood screw No. 18 × 1 1⁄2 in.
-21⁄2 65 Lag screw 3⁄8 in. × 2 in.
-38 0
-31⁄2 90
-4 100 Lag screw 1⁄2 in. × 2 in.
-5 125
-6 150
-8 200 Lag screw 5⁄8 in. × 2 in.
-Four Screw Ceiling Flanges
-Up to and
-including 2
-50 Wood screw No. 18 × 1 1⁄2 in.
-21⁄2 65 Lag screw 3⁄8 i n .×11⁄2 in.
-38 0
-31⁄2 90
-4 100 Lag screw 1⁄2 in. × 2 in.
-5 125
-6 150
-8 200 Lag screw 5⁄8 in. × 2 in.
-U-Hooks
-Up to and
-including 2
-50 Drive screw No. 1 6×2i n .
-21⁄2 65 Lag screw 3⁄8 i n .×21⁄2 in.
-38 0
-31⁄2 90
-4 100 Lag screw 1⁄2 in. × 3 in.
-5 125
-6 150
-8 200 Lag screw 5⁄8 in. × 3 in.
-13–100 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-9.1.5.6 Screws in Side of Timber or Joists.
-9.1.5.6.1 Screws in the side of a timber or joist shall be not
-less than 21⁄2 in. (64 mm) from the lower edge where support-
-ing branch lines and not less than 3 in. (76 mm) where sup-
-porting main lines.
-9.1.5.6.2 The requirements of 9.1.5.6.1 shall not apply to 2 in.
-(51 mm) or thicker nailing strips resting on top of steel beams.
-9.1.5.7 Coach Screw Rods.
-9.1.5.7.1 Minimum Coach Screw Rod Size. The size of coach
-screw rods shall not be less than the requirements of
-Table 9.1.5.7.1.
-9.1.5.7.2 The minimum plank thickness and the minimum
-width of the lower face of beams or joists in which coach
-screw rods are used shall be not less than that specified in
-Table 9.1.5.7.2.
-9.1.5.7.3 Coach screw rods shall not be used for support of
-pipes larger than 4 in. (100 mm) in diameter.
-9.1.5.7.4 All holes for coach screw rods shall be predrilled
-1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) less in diameter than the maximum root diam-
-eter of the wood screw thread.
-9.2* Installation of Pipe Hangers.
-9.2.1 General.
-9.2.1.1 Ceiling Sheathing.
-9.2.1.1.1* Unless the requirements of 9.2.1.1.2 are met, sprin-
-kler piping shall be supported independently of the ceiling
-sheathing.
-9.2.1.1.2 Toggle hangers shall be permitted only for the sup-
-port of pipe 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) or smaller in size under ceilings
-of hollow tile or metal lath and plaster.
-9.2.1.2 Storage Racks. Where sprinkler piping is installed in
-storage racks, piping shall be supported from the storage rack
-structure or building in accordance with all applicable provi-
-sions of Sections 9.2 and 9.3.
-9.2.1.3* Building Structure.
-9.2.1.3.1 Unless the requirements of 9.2.1.3.3 apply, sprin-
-kler piping shall be substantially supported from the building
-structure, which must support the added load of the water-
-filled pipe plus a minimum of 250 lb (114 kg) applied at the
-point of hanging, except where permitted by 9.2.1.1.2,
-9.2.1.3.3, and 9.2.1.4.1.
-9.2.1.3.2 Trapeze hangers shall be used where necessary to
-transfer loads to appropriate structural members.
-9.2.1.3.3* Flexible Sprinkler Hose Fittings.
-9.2.1.3.3.1 Listed flexible sprinkler hose fittings and their an-
-choring components intended for use in installations con-
-necting the sprinkler system piping to sprinklers shall be in-
-stalled in accordance with the requirements of the listing,
-including any installation instructions.
-9.2.1.3.3.2 When installed and supported by suspended ceil-
-ings, the ceiling shall meet ASTM C 635, Standard Specification
-for the Manufacture, Performance, and Testing of Metal Suspension
-Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-In Panel Ceilings, and shall be
-installed in accordance with ASTM C 636, Standard Practice for
-Installation of Metal Ceiling Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile
-and Lay-In Panels.
-9.2.1.3.3.3* Where flexible sprinkler hose fittings exceed 6 ft
-(1.83 m) in length and are supported by a suspended ceiling
-in accordance with 9.2.1.3.3.2, a hanger(s) attached to the
-structure shall be required to ensure that the maximum un-
-supported length does not exceed 6 ft (1.83 m).
-9.2.1.3.3.4* Where flexible sprinkler hose fittings are used to
-connect sprinklers to branch lines in suspended ceilings, a
-label limiting relocation of the sprinkler shall be provided on
-the anchoring component.
-Table 9.1.5.3.1 Minimum Bolt or Lag Screw Sizes for Side of
-Beam Installation
-Pipe Size
-Size of Bolt or
-Lag Screw
-Length of Lag
-Screw Used
-with Wood
-Beams
-in. mm in. mm in. mm
-Up to and
-including 2
-50 3⁄8 10 2 1⁄2 64
-21⁄2 to 6
-(inclusive)
-65 to 150 1⁄2 12 3 76
-8 200 5⁄8 15 3 76
-Table 9.1.5.7.1 Minimum Coach Screw Rod Size
-Pipe Size
-Diameter of
-Rod
-Minimum
-Penetration
-in. mm in. mm in. mm
-Up to and
-including 4
-100 3⁄8 10 3 76
-Larger than 4 100 NP NP NP NP
-NP: Not permitted.
-Table 9.1.5.7.2 Minimum Plank Thicknesses and Beam or
-Joist Widths
-Pipe Size
-Nominal Plank
-Thickness
-Nominal
-Width of
-Beam or Joist
-Face
-in. mm in. mm in. mm
-Up to and
-including 2
-50 3 76 2 50
-21⁄2 65 4 102 2 50
-38 0
-31⁄2 90
-4 100 4 102 3 76
-13–101HANGING, BRACING, AND RESTRAINT OF SYSTEM PIPING
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-9.2.1.4 Metal Deck.
-9.2.1.4.1* Branch line hangers attached to metal deck shall be
-permitted only for the support of pipe 1 in. (25 mm) or
-smaller in size, by drilling or punching the vertical portion of
-the metal deck and using through bolts.
-9.2.1.4.2 The distance from the bottom of the bolt hole to
-the bottom of the vertical member shall be not less than3⁄8 in.
-(9.5 mm).
-9.2.1.5 Where sprinkler piping is installed below ductwork,
-piping shall be supported from the building structure or from
-the ductwork supports, provided such supports are capable of
-handling both the load of the ductwork and the load specified
-in 9.2.1.3.1.
-9.2.2* Maximum Distance Between Hangers.
-9.2.2.1 The maximum distance between hangers shall not
-exceed that specified in Table 9.2.2.1(a) or Table 9.2.2.1(b),
-except where the provisions of 9.2.4 apply.
-9.2.2.2 The maximum distance between hangers for listed
-nonmetallic pipe shall be modified as specified in the indi-
-vidual product listings.
-9.2.3 Location of Hangers on Branch Lines.
-9.2.3.1 Subsection 9.2.3 shall apply to the support of steel
-pipe or copper tube as specified in 6.3.1 and subject to the
-provisions of 9.2.2.
-9.2.3.2* Minimum Number of Hangers.
-9.2.3.2.1 Unless the requirements of 9.2.3.2.2 through
-9.2.3.2.5 are met, there shall be not less than one hanger for
-each section of pipe.
-9.2.3.2.2* Unless the requirements of 9.2.3.2.3 are met, where
-sprinklers are spaced less than 6 ft (1.8 m) apart, hangers
-spaced up to a maximum of 12 ft (3.7 m) shall be permitted.
-9.2.3.2.3 For welded or mechanical outlets on a continu-
-ous section of pipe, hanger spacing shall be according to
-Table 9.2.2.1(a) or Table 9.2.2.1(b).
-9.2.3.2.4* Starter lengths less than 6 ft (1.8 m) shall not re-
-quire a hanger, unless on the end line of a sidefeed system or
-where an intermediate cross main hanger has been omitted.
-9.2.3.2.5* A single section of pipe shall not require a hanger
-when the cumulative distance between hangers on the branch
-line does not exceed the spacing required by Table 9.2.2.1(a)
-and Table 9.2.2.1(b).
-9.2.3.3 Clearance to Hangers. The distance between a hanger
-and the centerline of an upright sprinkler shall not be less
-than 3 in. (76 mm).
-9.2.3.4* Unsupported Lengths.
-9.2.3.4.1 For steel pipe, the unsupported horizontal length
-between the end sprinkler and the last hanger on the line shall
-not be greater than 36 in. (0.9 m) for 1 in. (25 mm) pipe,
-48 in. (1.2 m) for 11⁄4 in. (32 mm) pipe, and 60 in. (1.5 m) for
-11⁄2 in. (40 mm) or larger pipe.
-Table 9.2.2.1(a) Maximum Distance Between Hangers (ft-in.)
-Nominal Pipe Size (in.)
-3⁄4 11 1⁄4 11⁄2 22 1⁄2 33 1⁄2 456 8
-Steel pipe except threaded
-lightwall
-NA 12-0 12-0 15-0 15-0 15-0 15-0 15-0 15-0 15-0 15-0 15-0
-Threaded lightwall steel
-pipe
-NA 12-0 12-0 12-0 12-0 12-0 12-0 NA NA NA NA NA
-Copper tube 8-0 8-0 10-0 10-0 12-0 12-0 12-0 15-0 15-0 15-0 15-0 15-0
-CPVC 5-6 6-0 6-6 7-0 8-0 9-0 10-0 NA NA NA NA NA
-Ductile-iron pipe NA NA NA NA NA NA 15-0 NA 15-0 NA 15-0 15-0
-NA: Not applicable.
-Table 9.2.2.1(b) Maximum Distance Between Hangers (m-mm)
-Nominal Pipe Size (mm)
-20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200
-Steel pipe except threaded
-lightwall
-NA 3.66 3.66 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57
-Threaded lightwall steel
-pipe
-NA 3.66 3.66 3.66 3.66 3.66 3.66 NA NA NA NA NA
-Copper tube 2.44 2.44 3.05 3.05 3.66 3.66 3.66 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57
-CPVC 1.68 1.83 1.98 2.13 2.44 2.74 3.05 NA NA NA NA NA
-Ductile-iron pipe NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.57 NA 4.57 NA 4.57 4.57
-NA: Not applicable.
-13–102 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-9.2.3.4.2 For copper tube, the unsupported horizontal
-length between the end sprinkler and the last hanger on the
-line shall not be greater than 18 in. (457 mm) for 1 in.
-(25 mm) pipe, 24 in. (610 mm) for 11⁄4 in. (32 mm) pipe, and
-30 in. (762 mm) for 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) or larger pipe.
-9.2.3.4.3 Where the limits of 9.2.3.4.1 and 9.2.3.4.2 are ex-
-ceeded, the pipe shall be extended beyond the end sprinkler
-and shall be supported by an additional hanger.
-9.2.3.4.4* Unsupported Length with Maximum Pressure Ex-
-ceeding 100 psi (6.9 bar) and Branch Line Above Ceiling Sup-
-plying Sprinklers in Pendent Position Below Ceiling.
-9.2.3.4.4.1 Where the maximum static or flowing pressure,
-whichever is greater at the sprinkler, applied other than through
-the fire department connection, exceeds 100 psi (6.9 bar) and a
-branch line above a ceiling supplies sprinklers in a pendent posi-
-tion below the ceiling, the hanger assembly supporting the pipe
-supplying an end sprinkler in a pendent position shall be of a
-type that prevents upward movement of the pipe.
-9.2.3.4.4.2 The unsupported length between the end sprin-
-kler in a pendent position or drop nipple and the last hanger
-on the branch line shall not be greater than 12 in. (305 mm)
-for steel pipe or 6 in. (152 mm) for copper pipe.
-9.2.3.4.4.3 When the limit of 9.2.3.4.4.2 is exceeded, the pipe
-shall be extended beyond the end sprinkler and supported by
-an additional hanger.
-9.2.3.4.4.4 The hanger closest to the sprinkler shall be of a
-type that prevents upward movement of the pipe.
-9.2.3.5* Unsupported Armover Length.
-9.2.3.5.1 The cumulative horizontal length of an unsupported
-armover to a sprinkler, sprinkler drop, or sprig shall not exceed
-24 in. (610 mm) for steel pipe or 12 in. (305 mm) for copper
-tube.
-9.2.3.5.2* Unsupported Armover Length with Maximum Pres-
-sure Exceeding 100 psi (6.9 bar) and Branch Line Above Ceil-
-ing Supplying Sprinklers in Pendent Position Below Ceiling.
-9.2.3.5.2.1 Where the maximum static or flowing pressure,
-whichever is greater at the sprinkler, applied other than
-through the fire department connection, exceeds 100 psi
-(6.9 bar) and a branch line above a ceiling supplies sprinklers
-in a pendent position below the ceiling, the cumulative hori-
-zontal length of an unsupported armover to a sprinkler or
-sprinkler drop shall not exceed 12 in. (305 mm) for steel pipe
-and 6 in. (152 mm) for copper tube.
-9.2.3.5.2.2 The hanger closest to the sprinkler shall be of a
-type that prevents upward movement of the pipe.
-9.2.3.6* Wall-mounted sidewall sprinklers shall be restrained
-to prevent movement.
-9.2.3.7 Sprigs. Sprigs 4 ft (1.2 m) or longer shall be restrained
-against lateral movement.
-9.2.4 Location of Hangers on Mains.
-9.2.4.1 Unless the requirements of 9.2.4.2, 9.2.4.3, 9.2.4.4,
-9.2.4.5, or 9.2.4.6 are met, hangers for mains shall be in accor-
-dance with 9.2.2, between each branch line, or on each section
-of pipe, whichever is the lesser dimension.
-9.2.4.2 For welded or mechanical outlets on a continuous
-section of pipe, hanger spacing shall be according to Table
-9.2.2.1(a) or Table 9.2.2.1(b).
-9.2.4.3 For cross mains in steel pipe systems in bays having
-two branch lines, the intermediate hanger shall be permitted
-to be omitted, provided that a hanger attached to a purlin is
-installed on each branch line located as near to the cross main
-as the location of the purlin permits.
-9.2.4.3.1 The remaining branch line hangers shall be in-
-stalled in accordance with 9.2.3.
-9.2.4.4 For cross mains in steel pipe systems only in bays hav-
-ing three branch lines, either side or center feed, one (only)
-intermediate hanger shall be permitted to be omitted, pro-
-vided that a hanger attached to a purlin is installed on each
-branch line located as near to the cross main as the location of
-the purlin permits.
-9.2.4.4.1 The remaining branch line hangers shall be in-
-stalled in accordance with 9.2.3.
-9.2.4.5 For cross mains in steel pipe systems only in bays hav-
-ing four or more branch lines, either side or center feed, two
-intermediate hangers shall be permitted to be omitted, pro-
-vided the maximum distance between hangers does not ex-
-ceed the distances specified in 9.2.2 and a hanger attached to
-a purlin on each branch line is located as near to the cross
-main as the purlin permits.
-9.2.4.6 At the end of the main, intermediate trapeze hangers
-shall be installed unless the main is extended to the next fram-
-ing member with a hanger installed at this point, in which
-event an intermediate hanger shall be permitted to be omitted
-in accordance with 9.2.4.3, 9.2.4.4, and 9.2.4.5.
-9.2.4.7* A single section of pipe shall not require a hanger
-when the cumulative distance between hangers on the main
-does not exceed the spacing required by Table 9.2.2.1(a) and
-Table 9.2.2.1(b).
-9.2.5 Support of Risers.
-9.2.5.1 Risers shall be supported by riser clamps or by hangers
-located on the horizontal connections within 24 in. (610 mm) of
-the centerline of the riser.
-9.2.5.2 Riser clamps supporting risers by means of set screws
-shall not be used.
-9.2.5.3* Riser clamps anchored to walls using hanger rods in
-the horizontal position shall not be permitted to vertically sup-
-port risers.
-9.2.5.4 Multistory Buildings.
-9.2.5.4.1 In multistory buildings, riser supports shall be pro-
-vided at the lowest level, at each alternate level above, above
-and below offsets, and at the top of the riser.
-9.2.5.4.2* Supports above the lowest level shall also restrain
-the pipe to prevent movement by an upward thrust where flex-
-ible fittings are used.
-9.2.5.4.3 Where risers are supported from the ground, the
-ground support shall constitute the first level of riser support.
-9.2.5.4.4 Where risers are offset or do not rise from the
-ground, the first ceiling level above the offset shall constitute
-the first level of riser support.
-9.2.5.5 Distance between supports for risers shall not exceed
-25 ft (7.6 m).
-13–103HANGING, BRACING, AND RESTRAINT OF SYSTEM PIPING
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-9.2.6* Pipe Stands.
-9.2.6.1 Pipe stands shall be sized to support a minimum of
-five times the weight of the water-filled pipe plus 250 lb (114 kg).
-9.2.6.2 The pipe stand base shall be secured by an approved
-method.
-9.2.6.3 Where pipe stands are utilized, they shall be approved.
-9.3 Protection of Piping Against Damage Where Subject to
-Earthquakes.
-9.3.1* General.
-9.3.1.1 Where water-based fire protection systems are re-
-quired to be protected against damage from earthquakes, the
-requirements of Section 9.3 shall apply, unless the require-
-ments of 9.3.1.2 are met.
-9.3.1.2 Alternative methods of providing earthquake protec-
-tion of sprinkler systems based on a seismic analysis certified
-by a registered professional engineer such that system perfor-
-mance will be at least equal to that of the building structure
-under expected seismic forces shall be permitted.
-9.3.1.3 Obstructions to Sprinklers. Braces and restraints shall
-not obstruct sprinklers and shall comply with the obstruction
-rules of Chapter 8.
-9.3.2* Couplings.
-9.3.2.1 Listed flexible pipe couplings joining grooved end pipe
-shall be provided as flexure joints to allow individual sections of
-piping 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) or larger to move differentially with the
-individual sections of the building to which it is attached.
-9.3.2.2 Couplings shall be arranged to coincide with struc-
-tural separations within a building.
-9.3.2.3 Systems having more flexible couplings than required
-by this section shall be provided with additional sway bracing
-as required in 9.3.5.5.9.
-9.3.2.3.1 The flexible couplings shall be installed as follows:
-(1)*Within 24 in. (610 mm) of the top and bottom of all risers,
-unless the following provisions are met:
-(a) In risers less than 3 ft (0.9 m) in length, flexible cou-
-plings are permitted to be omitted.
-(b) In risers 3 ft to 7 ft (0.9 m to 2.1 m) in length, one
-flexible coupling is adequate.
-(2) Within 12 in. (305 mm) above and within 24 in. (610 mm)
-below the floor in multistory buildings
-(3) On both sides of concrete or masonry walls within 1 ft
-(305 mm) of the wall surface, unless clearance is provided
-in accordance with 9.3.4
-(4)*Within 24 in. (610 mm) of building expansion joints
-(5) Within 24 in. (610 mm) of the top of drops exceeding
-15 ft (4.6 m) in length to portions of systems supplying
-more than one sprinkler, regardless of pipe size
-(6) Within 24 in. (610 mm) above and 24 in. (610 mm) below
-any intermediate points of support for a riser or other
-vertical pipe
-9.3.2.3.2 When the flexible coupling below the floor is above
-the tie-in main to the main supplying that floor, a flexible cou-
-pling shall be provided in accordance with one of the following:
-(1)*On the horizontal portion within 24 in. (610 mm) of the
-tie-in where the tie-in is horizontal
-(2)*On the vertical portion of the tie-in where the tie-in
-incorporates a riser
-9.3.2.4* Flexible Couplings for Drops. Flexible couplings for
-drops to hose lines, rack sprinklers, mezzanines, and free-
-standing structures shall be installed regardless of pipe sizes as
-follows:
-(1) Within 24 in. (610 mm) of the top of the drop
-(2) Within 24 in. (610 mm) above the uppermost drop sup-
-port attachment, where drop supports are provided to the
-structure, rack, or mezzanine
-(3) Within 24 in. (610 mm) above the bottom of the drop
-where no additional drop support is provided
-9.3.3* Seismic Separation Assembly.
-9.3.3.1 An approved seismic separation assembly shall be in-
-stalled where sprinkler piping, regardless of size, crosses build-
-ing seismic separation joints at ground level and above.
-9.3.3.2 Seismic separation assemblies shall consist of flexible
-fittings or flexible piping so as to allow movement sufficient to
-accommodate closing of the separation, opening of the sepa-
-ration to twice its normal size, and movement relative to the
-separation in the other two dimensions in an amount equal to
-the separation distance.
-9.3.3.3* The seismic separation assembly shall include a four-
-way brace upstream and downstream within 6 ft (1.8 m) of the
-seismic separation assembly.
-9.3.3.4 Bracing shall not be attached to the seismic separa-
-tion assembly.
-9.3.4* Clearance.
-9.3.4.1 Clearance shall be provided around all piping extend-
-ing through walls, floors, platforms, and foundations, includ-
-ing drains, fire department connections, and other auxiliary
-piping.
-9.3.4.2 Unless the requirements of 9.3.4.3 through 9.3.4.7
-are met, where pipe passes through holes in platforms, foun-
-dations, walls, or floors, the holes shall be sized such that the
-diameter of the holes is nominally 2 in. (50 mm) larger than
-the pipe for pipe 1 in. (25 mm) nominal to 3 1⁄2 in. (90 mm)
-nominal and 4 in. (100 mm) larger than the pipe for pipe 4 in.
-(100 mm) nominal and larger.
-9.3.4.3 Where clearance is provided by a pipe sleeve, a nomi-
-nal diameter 2 in. (50 mm) larger than the nominal diameter
-of the pipe shall be acceptable for pipe sizes 1 in. (25 mm)
-through 31⁄2 in. (90 mm), and the clearance provided by a pipe
-sleeve of nominal diameter 4 in. (100 mm) larger than the
-nominal diameter of the pipe shall be acceptable for pipe sizes
-4 in. (100 mm) and larger.
-9.3.4.4 No clearance shall be required for piping passing
-through gypsum board or equally frangible construction that
-is not required to have a fire resistance rating.
-9.3.4.5 No clearance shall be required if flexible couplings
-are located within 1 ft (305 mm) of each side of a wall, floor,
-platform, or foundation.
-9.3.4.6 No clearance shall be required where horizontal pip-
-ing passes perpendicularly through successive studs or joists
-that form a wall or floor/ceiling assembly.
-9.3.4.7 No clearance shall be required where nonmetallic
-pipe has been demonstrated to have inherent flexibility equal
-13–104 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-to or greater than the minimum provided by flexible cou-
-plings located within 1 ft (305 mm) of each side of a wall, floor,
-platform, or foundation.
-9.3.4.8 Where required, the clearance shall be filled with a
-flexible material that is compatible with the piping material.
-9.3.4.9 Clearance from structural members not penetrated
-or used, collectively or independently, to support the piping
-shall be at least 2 in. (50 mm).
-9.3.4.10 No clearance shall be required where piping is sup-
-ported by holes through structural members as permitted by
-9.1.1.6.3.
-9.3.5* Sway Bracing.
-9.3.5.1 General.
-9.3.5.1.1 The system piping shall be braced to resist both
-lateral and longitudinal horizontal seismic loads and to pre-
-vent vertical motion resulting from seismic loads.
-9.3.5.1.2 The structural components to which bracing is at-
-tached shall be determined to be capable of resisting the
-added applied seismic loads.
-9.3.5.1.3* Horizontal loads on system piping shall be deter-
-mined in accordance with 9.3.5.9.
-9.3.5.1.4* A shared support structure shall be permitted to
-support both the gravity loads addressed in 9.1.1.3.1 and the
-seismic loads addressed in 9.3.5.9.
-9.3.5.1.4.1 When a shared support structure is used to sup-
-port gravity and seismic loads, the structure shall be designed
-to support these loads for all pipe and distribution systems on
-the structure using either 9.3.5.9.5 or 9.3.5.9.6 with an impor-
-tance factor, Ip, of 1.5 being applied to all of the distribution
-systems.
-9.3.5.1.5* If a shared support structure is used to support
-sprinkler pipe and other distribution systems per 9.1.1.3.1 and
-that structure does not provide seismic resistance as required
-in 9.3.5.1.4, the following shall be met:
-(1) The sprinkler pipe shall be braced using the method in
-9.3.5.6 with the zone of influence including the water-
-filled sprinkler pipe and all other distribution systems that
-are not independently equipped with seismic protection
-and attached to the shared support structure.
-(2) The sprinkler sway bracing attachment shall be con-
-nected to the same building or structure as the shared
-support structure.
-9.3.5.1.6 Bracing requirements of 9.3.5 shall not apply to
-drain piping downstream of the drain valve.
-9.3.5.2 Listing.
-9.3.5.2.1 Sway bracing assemblies shall be listed for a maxi-
-mum load rating, unless the requirements of 9.3.5.2.2 are met.
-9.3.5.2.2 Where sway bracing utilizing pipe, angles, flats, or
-rods as shown in Table 9.3.5.11.8(a), Table 9.3.5.11.8(b), and
-Table 9.3.5.11.8(c) is used, the components shall not require
-listing.
-9.3.5.2.2.1 Bracing fittings and connections used with those
-specific materials shall be listed.
-9.3.5.2.3 The loads shall be reduced as shown in Table 9.3.5.2.3
-for installations where the brace is less than 90 degrees from ver-
-tical.
-9.3.5.3 Component Material.
-9.3.5.3.1 Unless permitted by 9.3.5.3.2, components of sway
-brace assemblies shall be ferrous.
-9.3.5.3.2 Nonferrous components that have been proven by
-fire tests to be adequate for the hazard application, that are
-listed for this purpose, and that are in compliance with the
-other requirements of this section shall be acceptable.
-9.3.5.4 Sway Bracing Design.
-9.3.5.4.1 Sway braces shall be designed to withstand forces in
-tension and compression, unless the requirements of 9.3.5.4.2
-are met.
-9.3.5.4.2* Tension-only bracing systems shall be permitted for
-use where listed for this service and where installed in accor-
-dance with their listing limitations, including installation in-
-structions.
-9.3.5.4.3 For all braces, whether or not listed, the maximum
-allowable load shall be based on the weakest component of
-the brace with safety factors.
-9.3.5.5 Lateral Sway Bracing.
-9.3.5.5.1* Lateral sway bracing shall be provided on all feed
-and cross mains regardless of size and all branch lines and
-other piping with a diameter of 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) and larger.
-9.3.5.5.1.1 Where branch lines are not provided with lateral
-sway bracing, they shall be provided with restraint in accor-
-dance with 9.3.6.
-9.3.5.5.2* Lateral sway bracing shall be in accordance with either
-Table 9.3.5.5.2(a), (b), (c), (d), or (e), or 9.3.5.5.3, based on the
-piping material of the sprinkler system.
-9.3.5.5.2.1 Specially listed nonstandard pipe shall be permit-
-ted using the values in Table 9.3.5.5.2(c) or with values pro-
-vided by the manufacturer.
-9.3.5.5.2.2 Spacing shall not exceed a maximum interval of
-40 ft (12.2 m) on center.
-9.3.5.5.2.3 The maximum permissible load in the zone of
-influence of a sway brace shall not exceed the values given in
-Table 9.3.5.5.2(a) through Table 9.3.5.5.2(e) or the values cal-
-culated in accordance with 9.3.5.5.3.
-9.3.5.5.3 The maximum load ( Fpw) in the zone of influence
-for specially listed pipe shall be calculated. (See Annex E.)
-9.3.5.5.4 The requirements of 9.3.5.5.1 shall not apply to 21⁄2 in.
-(65 mm) starter pieces that do not exceed 12 ft (3.66 m) in
-length.
-9.3.5.5.5 The distance between the last brace and the end of
-the pipe shall not exceed 6 ft (1.8 m).
-Table 9.3.5.2.3 Allowable Horizontal Load on Brace
-Assemblies Based on Weakest Component of Brace Assembly
-Brace Angle Degrees
-from Vertical Allowable Horizontal Load
-30 to 44 Listed load rating divided by 2.000
-45 to 59 Listed load rating divided by 1.414
-60 to 89 Listed load rating divided by 1.155
-90 Listed load rating
-13–105HANGING, BRACING, AND RESTRAINT OF SYSTEM PIPING
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-9.3.5.5.6 Where there is a change in direction of the piping,
-the cumulative distance between consecutive lateral sway
-braces shall not exceed the maximum permitted distance in
-accordance with 9.3.5.5.2.2.
-9.3.5.5.7 The last length of pipe at the end of a feed or cross
-main shall be provided with a lateral brace.
-9.3.5.5.8 Lateral braces shall be allowed to act as longitudinal
-braces if they are within 24 in. (610 mm) of the centerline of the
-piping braced longitudinally and the lateral brace is on a pipe of
-equal or greater size than the pipe being braced longitudinally.
-Table 9.3.5.5.2(a) Maximum Load ( Fpw) in Zone of
-Influence (lb), (Fy = 30 ksi) Schedule 10 Steel Pipe
-Pipe (in.)
-Lateral Sway Brace Spacing (ft)a
-20b 25b 30c 35c 40d
-1 111 89 73 63 52
-11⁄4 176 141 116 99 83
-11⁄2 241 193 158 136 114
-2 390 312 256 219 183
-21⁄2 641 513 420 360 301
-3 966 773 633 543 454
-31⁄2 1281 1025 840 720 603
-4 1634 1307 1071 918 769
-5 2814 2251 1844 1581 1324
-6 and largere 4039 3231 2647 2269 1900
-Note: ASTM A 106 Grade B or ASTM A 53 Grade B has an Fy = 35 ksi.
-An Fy = 30 ksi was used also as a conservative value to account for
-differences in material properties as well as other operational stresses.
-a The tables for the maximum load,Fpw , in zone of influence are based
-on specific configurations of mains and branch lines.
-b Assumes branch lines at center of pipe span and near each support.
-c Assumes branch lines at third-points of pipe span and near each
-support.
-d Assumes branch lines at quarter-points of pipe span and near each
-support.
-e Larger diameter pipe can be used when justified by engineering
-analysis.
-Table 9.3.5.5.2(b) Maximum Load ( Fpw) in Zone of
-Influence (lb), (Fy= 30 ksi) Schedule 40 Steel Pipe
-Pipe (in.)
-Lateral Sway Brace Spacing (ft)a
-20b 25b 30c 35c 40d
-1 121 97 79 68 57
-11⁄4 214 171 140 120 100
-11⁄2 306 245 201 172 144
-2 520 416 341 292 245
-21⁄2 984 787 645 553 463
-3 1597 1278 1047 897 751
-31⁄2 2219 1775 1455 1247 1044
-4 2981 2385 1954 1675 1402
-5 5061 4049 3317 2843 2381
-6 and largere 7893 6314 5173 4434 3713
-Note: ASTM A 106 Grade B or ASTM A 53 Grade B has an Fy = 35 ksi.
-An Fy = 30 ksi was used also as a conservative value to account for
-differences in material properties as well as other operational stresses.
-a The tables for the maximum load,Fpw , in zone of influence are based
-on specific configurations of mains and branch lines.
-b Assumes branch lines at center of pipe span and near each support.
-c Assumes branch lines at third-points of pipe span and near each
-support.
-d Assumes branch lines at quarter-points of pipe span and near each
-support.
-e Larger diameter pipe can be used when justified by engineering
-analysis.
-Table 9.3.5.5.2(c) Maximum Load ( Fpw) in Zone of
-Influence (lb), (Fy = 30 ksi) Schedule 5 Steel Pipe
-Pipe (in.)
-Lateral Sway Brace Spacing (ft)a
-20b 25b 30c 35c 40d
-1 7 1 5 64 64 0 3 3
-11⁄4 116 93 76 65 55
-11⁄2 154 124 101 87 73
-2 246 197 161 138 116
-21⁄2 459 367 301 258 216
-3 691 552 453 388 325
-31⁄2 910 728 597 511 428
-4e 1160 928 760 652 546
-Note: ASTM A 106 Grade B or ASTM A 53 Grade B has an Fy = 35 ksi.
-An Fy = 30 ksi was used also as a conservative value to account for
-differences in material properties as well as other operational stresses.
-a The tables for the maximum load,Fpw , in zone of influence are based
-on specific configurations of mains and branch lines.
-b Assumes branch lines at center of pipe span and near each support.
-c Assumes branch lines at third-points of pipe span and near each
-support.
-d Assumes branch lines at quarter-points of pipe span and near each
-support.
-e Larger diameter pipe can be used when justified by engineering
-analysis.
-Table 9.3.5.5.2(d) Maximum Load ( Fpw) in Zone of
-Influence (lb), (Fy = 8 ksi) CPVC Pipe
-Pipe (in.)
-Lateral Sway Brace Spacing (ft)a
-20b 25b 30c 35c 40d
-3⁄4 15 12 10 8 7
-12 8 2 2 1 8 1 5 1 3
-11⁄4 56 45 37 30 26
-11⁄2 83 67 55 45 39
-2 161 129 105 87 76
-21⁄2 286 229 188 154 135
-3 516 413 338 278 243
-a The tables for the maximum load,Fpw , in zone of influence are based
-on specific configurations of mains and branch lines.
-b Assumes branch lines at center of pipe span and near each support.
-c Assumes branch lines at third-points of pipe span and near each
-support.
-d Assumes branch lines at quarter-points of pipe span and near each
-support.
-13–106 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-9.3.5.5.9 Where flexible couplings are installed on mains
-other than as required in 9.3.2, a lateral brace shall be pro-
-vided within 24 in. (610 mm) of every other coupling, includ-
-ing flexible couplings at grooved fittings, but not more than
-40 ft (12.2 m) on center.
-9.3.5.5.10* The requirements of 9.3.5.3 shall not apply to
-pipes individually supported by rods less than 6 in. (152 mm)
-long measured between the top of the pipe and the point of
-attachment to the building structure.
-9.3.5.5.11 The requirements of 9.3.5.5 shall not apply
-where U-type hooks of the wraparound type or those U-type
-hooks arranged to keep the pipe tight to the underside of
-the structural element shall be permitted to be used to sat-
-isfy the requirements for lateral sway bracing, provided the
-legs are bent out at least 30 degrees from the vertical and
-the maximum length of each leg and the rod size satisfies
-the conditions of Table 9.3.5.11.8(a), Table 9.3.5.11.8(b),
-and Table 9.3.5.11.8(c).
-9.3.5.6 Longitudinal Sway Bracing.
-9.3.5.6.1 Longitudinal sway bracing spaced at a maximum of
-80 ft (24.4 m) on center shall be provided for feed and cross
-mains.
-9.3.5.6.2 Longitudinal braces shall be allowed to act as lateral
-braces if they are within 24 in. (610 mm) of the centerline of
-the piping braced laterally.
-9.3.5.6.3 The distance between the last brace and the end of
-the pipe or a change in direction shall not exceed 40 ft (12.2 m).
-9.3.5.7 Pipe with Change(s) in Direction.
-9.3.5.7.1 Each run of pipe between changes in direction shall
-be provided with both lateral and longitudinal bracing, unless
-the requirements of 9.3.5.7.2 are met.
-9.3.5.7.2* Pipe runs less than 12 ft (3.7 m) in length shall be
-permitted to be supported by the braces on adjacent runs of
-pipe.
-9.3.5.8 Sway Bracing of Risers.
-9.3.5.8.1* Tops of risers exceeding 3 ft (1 m) in length shall be
-provided with a four-way brace.
-9.3.5.8.2 Riser nipples shall be permitted to omit the four-
-way brace required by 9.3.5.8.1.
-9.3.5.8.3 When a four-way brace at the top of a riser is at-
-tached on the horizontal piping, it shall be within 24 in.
-(610 mm) of the centerline of the riser and the loads for that
-brace shall include both the vertical and horizontal pipe.
-9.3.5.8.4 Distance between four-way braces for risers shall not
-exceed 25 ft (7.6 m).
-9.3.5.8.5 Four-way bracing shall not be required where risers
-penetrate intermediate floors in multistory buildings where
-the clearance does not exceed the limits of 9.3.4.
-9.3.5.9* Horizontal Seismic Loads.
-9.3.5.9.1* The horizontal seismic load for the braces shall be
-as determined in 9.3.5.9.6 or 9.3.5.9.7, or as required by the
-authority having jurisdiction.
-9.3.5.9.2 The weight of the system being braced (Wp) shall be
-taken as 1.15 times the weight of the water-filled piping. (See
-A.9.3.5.9.1.)
-9.3.5.9.3 The horizontal force,Fpw, acting on the brace shall be
-taken asFpw = CpWp, whereCp is the seismic coefficient selected in
-Table 9.3.5.9.3 utilizing the short period response parameter,Ss.
-Table 9.3.5.5.2(e) Maximum Load ( Fpw) in Zone of
-Influence (lb), (Fy = 30 ksi) Type M Copper Tube (with
-Soldered Joints)
-Pipe (in.)
-Lateral Sway Brace Spacing (ft)a
-20b 25b 30c 35c 40d
-3⁄4 16 13 10 9 8
-12 9 2 4 1 9 1 6 1 4
-11⁄4 53 42 35 28 25
-11⁄2 86 69 56 46 41
-2e 180 144 118 97 85
-a The tables for the maximum load,Fpw , in zone of influence are based
-on specific configurations of mains and branch lines.
-b Assumes branch lines at center of pipe span and near each support.
-c Assumes branch lines at third-points of pipe span and near each
-support.
-d Assumes branch lines at quarter-points of pipe span and near each
-support.
-e Larger diameter pipe can be used when justified by engineering
-analysis.
-Table 9.3.5.9.3 Seismic Coefficient Table
-Ss Cp
-0.33 or less 0.35
-0.40 0.38
-0.50 0.40
-0.60 0.42
-0.70 0.42
-0.75 0.42
-0.80 0.44
-0.90 0.48
-0.95 0.50
-1.00 0.51
-1.10 0.54
-1.20 0.57
-1.25 0.58
-1.30 0.61
-1.40 0.65
-1.50 0.70
-1.60 0.75
-1.70 0.79
-1.75 0.82
-1.80 0.84
-1.90 0.89
-2.00 0.93
-2.10 0.98
-2.20 1.03
-2.30 1.07
-2.40 1.12
-2.50 1.17
-2.60 1.21
-2.70 1.26
-2.80 1.31
-2.90 1.35
-3.00 1.40
-13–107HANGING, BRACING, AND RESTRAINT OF SYSTEM PIPING
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-9.3.5.9.3.1 The value of Ss used in Table 9.3.5.9.3 shall be
-obtained from the authority having jurisdiction or from seis-
-mic hazard maps.
-9.3.5.9.3.2* Linear interpolation shall be permitted to be used
-for intermediate values of Ss .
-9.3.5.9.4* The horizontal force, Fpw , acting on the brace shall
-be permitted to be determined in accordance with Section
-13.3.1 of SEI/ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads of Buildings and
-Other Structures, multiplied by 0.7 to convert to allowable stress
-design (ASD).
-9.3.5.9.5* Where data for determining Cp are not available,
-the horizontal seismic force acting on the braces shall be de-
-termined as specified in 9.3.5.9.3 with Cp = 0.5.
-9.3.5.9.6* The zone of influence for lateral braces shall in-
-clude all branch lines and mains tributary to the brace, except
-branch lines that are provided with longitudinal bracing or as
-prohibited by 9.3.5.9.6.1.
-9.3.5.9.6.1* When riser nipples are provided in systems requir-
-ing seismic protection and are longer than 4 ft (1.2 m), the
-weight of the water-filled branch line pipe in the zone of influ-
-ence (Wp) as defined by 9.3.5.9.1, including the length of the
-riser nipple, multiplied by the seismic coefficient (Cp), and by
-the height of the riser nipple ( Hr), divided by the section
-modulus (S) of the riser nipple piping shall not meet or ex-
-ceed the yield strength ( Fy) of the riser nipple piping. If the
-calculated value is equal to or greater than the yield strength
-or the riser nipple, the longitudinal seismic load of each line
-shall be evaluated individually and branch lines shall be pro-
-vided with longitudinal sway bracing per 9.3.5.6.
-HWC
-S F
-rp p
-y
-⋅⋅() ≥
-where:
-Hr = length of riser nipple piping (in inches)
-Wp = tributary weight (in pounds) for the branch line
-or portion of branch line within the zone of
-influence including the riser nipple
-Cp = seismic coefficient
-S = sectional modulus of the riser nipple pipe
-Fy = allowable yield strength of 30,000 psi for steel,
-30,000 psi for copper (soldered), 8000 psi for
-CPVC
-9.3.5.9.6.2 If the calculated value is equal to or greater than the
-yield strength of the riser nipple, the longitudinal seismic load of
-each line shall be evaluated individually and branch lines shall be
-provided with longitudinal sway bracing per 9.3.5.4.
-9.3.5.9.7 The zone of influence for longitudinal braces shall
-include all mains tributary to the brace.
-9.3.5.10 Net Vertical Reaction Forces. Where the horizontal
-seismic loads used exceed 0.5 Wp and the brace angle is less
-than 45 degrees from vertical or where the horizontal seismic
-load exceeds 1.0Wp and the brace angle is less than 60 degrees
-from vertical, the braces shall be arranged to resist the net
-vertical reaction produced by the horizontal load.
-9.3.5.11* Sway Brace Installation.
-9.3.5.11.1 Bracing shall be attached directly to the system
-pipe.
-9.3.5.11.2 Sway bracing shall be tight.
-9.3.5.11.3 For individual braces, the slenderness ratio (l/r)
-shall not exceed 300, wherel is the length of the brace andr is
-the least radius of gyration.
-9.3.5.11.4 Where threaded pipe is used as part of a sway brace
-assembly, it shall not be less than Schedule 30.
-9.3.5.11.5 All parts and fittings of a brace shall lie in a straight
-line to avoid eccentric loadings on fittings and fasteners.
-9.3.5.11.6 For longitudinal braces only, the brace shall be
-permitted to be connected to a tab welded to the pipe in con-
-formance to 6.5.2.
-9.3.5.11.7 For tension-only braces, two tension-only brace
-components opposing each other must be installed at each
-lateral or longitudinal brace location.
-9.3.5.11.8* The loads determined in 9.3.5.9 shall not exceed
-the lesser of the maximum allowable loads provided in
-Table 9.3.5.11.8(a), Table 9.3.5.11.8(b), and Table 9.3.5.11.8(c)
-or the manufacturer’s certified maximum allowable horizontal
-loads for brace angles of 30 to 44 degrees, 45 to 59 degrees, 60 to
-89 degrees, or 90 degrees.
-9.3.5.11.9* Other pipe schedules and materials not specifi-
-cally included in Table 9.3.5.11.8(a), Table 9.3.5.11.8(b),
-and Table 9.3.5.11.8(c) shall be permitted to be used if cer-
-tified by a registered professional engineer to support the
-loads determined in accordance with the criteria in the
-tables.
-9.3.5.11.9.1 Calculations shall be submitted where required
-by the authority having jurisdiction.
-9.3.5.11.10 C-type clamps including beam and large flange
-clamps, with or without restraining straps, shall not be used to
-attach braces to the building structure.
-9.3.5.11.11 Powder-driven fasteners shall not be used to at-
-tach braces to the building structure, unless they are specifi-
-cally listed for service in resisting lateral loads in areas subject
-to earthquakes.
-9.3.5.12* Fasteners.
-9.3.5.12.1* For individual fasteners, the loads determined
-in 9.3.5.9 shall not exceed the allowable loads provided in
-Figure 9.3.5.12.1.
-9.3.5.12.2 The type of fasteners used to secure the bracing
-assembly to the structure shall be limited to those shown in
-Figure 9.3.5.12.1 or to listed devices.
-9.3.5.12.3* For connections to wood, through-bolts with wash-
-ers on each end shall be used, unless the requirements of
-9.3.5.12.4 are met.
-9.3.5.12.4 Where it is not practical to install through-bolts
-due to the thickness of the wood member in excess of 12 in.
-(305 mm) or inaccessibility, lag screws shall be permitted and
-holes shall be pre-drilled 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) smaller than the
-maximum root diameter of the lag screw.
-9.3.5.12.5 Holes for through-bolts and similar listed attach-
-ments shall be 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) greater than the diameter of
-the bolt.
-9.3.5.12.6 The requirements of 9.3.5.12 shall not apply to
-other fastening methods, which shall be acceptable for use if
-certified by a registered professional engineer to support the
-loads determined in accordance with the criteria in 9.3.5.9.
-13–108 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-9.3.5.12.6.1 Calculations shall be submitted where required
-by the authority having jurisdiction.
-9.3.5.12.7 Concrete Anchors.
-9.3.5.12.7.1* Concrete anchors shall be prequalified for seis-
-mic applications in accordance with ACI 355.2,Qualification of
-Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors in Concrete and Commentary, and
-installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
-9.3.5.12.7.2 Concrete anchors other than those shown in Fig-
-ure 9.3.5.12.1 shall be acceptable for use where designed in
-accordance with the requirements of the building code and
-certified by a registered professional engineer.
-9.3.5.13 Braces to Buildings with Differential Movement. A
-length of pipe shall not be braced to sections of the building
-that will move differentially.
-9.3.6 Restraint of Branch Lines.
-9.3.6.1* Restraint is considered a lesser degree of resisting
-loads than bracing and shall be provided by use of one of the
-following:
-(1) Listed sway brace assembly
-(2) Wraparound U-hook satisfying the requirements of
-9.3.5.5.11
-(3) No. 12, 440 lb (200 kg) wire installed at least 45 degrees
-from the vertical plane and anchored on both sides of the
-pipe
-(4) CPVC hangers utilizing two points of attachment
-(5)*Hanger not less than 45 degrees from vertical installed
-within 6 in. (152 mm) of the vertical hanger arranged for
-restraint against upward movement, provided it is utilized
-such that l/r does not exceed 400, where the rod shall
-extend to the pipe or have a surge clip installed
-(6) Other approved means
-9.3.6.2 Wire Restraint.
-9.3.6.2.1 Wire used for restraint shall be located within 2 ft
-(610 mm) of a hanger.
-9.3.6.2.2 The hanger closest to a wire restraint shall be of a
-type that resists upward movement of a branch line.
-9.3.6.3 The end sprinkler on a branch line shall be re-
-strained.
-9.3.6.4* Branch lines shall be laterally restrained at intervals
-not exceeding those specified in Table 9.3.6.4(a) or
-Table 9.3.6.4(b) based on branch line diameter and the
-value of Cp.
-Table 9.3.5.11.8(a) Maximum Horizontal Loads for Sway Braces with l/r = 100 for Steel Braces with Fy =3 6k s i
-Area
-(in.2)
-Least
-Radius
-of
-Gyration
-(r) (in.)
-Maximum Horizontal Load (lb)
-Maximum Length
-for l/r = 100 Brace Angle
-Brace Shape and Size (in.) ft in.
-30° to 44°
-Angle from
-Vertical
-45° to 59°
-Angle from
-Vertical
-60° to 90°
-Angle from
-Vertical
-Pipe
-Schedule 40
-1 0.494 0.421 3 6 3,150 4,455 5,456
-11⁄4 0.669 0.540 4 6 4,266 6,033 7,389
-11⁄2 0.799 0.623 5 2 5,095 7,206 8,825
-2 1.07 0.787 6 6 6,823 9,650 11,818
-Angles 1 1⁄2 ×1 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 0.688 0.292 2 5 4,387 6,205 7,599
-2×2× 1⁄4 0.938 0.391 3 3 5,982 8,459 10,360
-21⁄2 ×2× 1⁄4 1.06 0.424 3 6 6,760 9,560 11,708
-21⁄2 ×2 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 1.19 0.491 4 1 7,589 10,732 13,144
-3×2 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 1.31 0.528 4 4 8,354 11,814 14,469
-3×3× 1⁄4 1.44 0.592 4 11 9,183 12,987 15,905
-Rods 3⁄8 0.07 0.075 0 7 446 631 773
-(all thread) 1⁄2 0.129 0.101 0 10 823 1,163 1,425
-5⁄8 0.207 0.128 1 0 1,320 1,867 2,286
-3⁄4 0.309 0.157 1 3 1,970 2,787 3,413
-7⁄8 0.429 0.185 1 6 2,736 3,869 4,738
-Rods 3⁄8 0.11 0.094 0 9 701 992 1,215
-(threaded at 1⁄2 0.196 0.125 1 0 1,250 1,768 2,165
-ends only) 5⁄8 0.307 0.156 1 3 1,958 2,769 3,391
-3⁄4 0.442 0.188 1 6 2,819 3,986 4,882
-7⁄8 0.601 0.219 1 9 3,833 5,420 6,638
-Flats 1 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 0.375 0.0722 0 7 2,391 3,382 4,142
-2× 1⁄4 0.5 0.0722 0 7 3,189 4,509 5,523
-2× 3⁄8 0.75 0.1082 0 10 4,783 6,764 8,284
-13–109HANGING, BRACING, AND RESTRAINT OF SYSTEM PIPING
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-9.3.6.5 Where the branch lines are supported by rods less
-than 6 in. (152 mm) long measured between the top of the
-pipe and the point of attachment to the building structure,
-the requirements of 9.3.6.1 through 9.3.6.4 shall not apply
-and additional restraint shall not be required for the branch
-lines.
-9.3.6.6* Sprigs 4 ft (1.2 m) or longer shall be restrained
-against lateral movement.
-9.3.6.7 Drops and armovers shall not require restraint.
-9.3.7 Hangers and Fasteners Subject to Earthquakes.
-9.3.7.1 Where seismic protection is provided, C-type clamps
-(including beam and large flange clamps) used to attach
-hangers to the building structure shall be equipped with a
-restraining strap unless the provisions of 9.3.7.1.1 are satisfied.
-9.3.7.1.1 As an alternative to the installation of a required
-restraining strap, a device investigated and specifically listed to
-restrain the clamp to the structure is permitted where the in-
-tent of the device is to resist the worst-case expected horizontal
-load.
-9.3.7.2 The restraining strap shall be listed for use with a
-C-type clamp or shall be a steel strap of not less than 16 gauge
-(1.57 mm) thickness and not less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) wide
-for pipe diameters 8 in. (200 mm) or less and 14 gauge
-(1.98 mm) thickness and not less than 11⁄4 in. (31.7 mm) wide
-for pipe diameters greater than 8 in. (200 mm).
-9.3.7.3 The restraining strap shall wrap around the beam
-flange not less than 1 in. (25.4 mm).
-9.3.7.4 A lock nut on a C-type clamp shall not be used as a
-method of restraint.
-9.3.7.5 A lip on a “C” or “Z” purlin shall not be used as a
-method of restraint.
-9.3.7.6 Where purlins or beams do not provide a secure lip to
-a restraining strap, the strap shall be through-bolted or se-
-cured by a self-tapping screw.
-9.3.7.7 In areas where the horizontal force factor exceeds
-0.50 Wp , powder-driven studs shall be permitted to attach
-hangers to the building structure where they are specifically
-listed for use in areas subject to earthquakes.
-9.3.7.8 Where seismic protection is provided, concrete an-
-chors used to secure hangers to the building structure shall be
-in accordance with ACI 355.2, Qualification of Post-Installed Me-
-chanical Anchors in Concrete and Commentary , and installed in
-accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
-Table 9.3.5.11.8(b) Maximum Horizontal Loads for Sway Braces with l/r = 200 for Steel Braces with Fy =3 6k s i
-Area
-(in.2)
-Least
-Radius of
-Gyration (r)
-(in.)
-Maximum Horizontal Load (lb)
-Maximum Length for
-l/r = 200 Brace Angle
-Brace Shape and Size (in.) ft in.
-30° to 44°
-Angle from
-Vertical
-45° to 59°
-Angle from
-Vertical
-60° to 90°
-Angle from
-Vertical
-Pipe 1 0.494 0.421 7 0 926 1310 1604
-Schedule 40 1 1⁄4 0.669 0.540 9 0 1254 1774 2173
-11⁄2 0.799 0.623 10 4 1498 2119 2595
-2 1.07 0.787 13 1 2006 2837 3475
-Angles 1 1⁄2 ×1 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 0.688 0.292 4 10 1290 1824 2234
-2×2× 1⁄4 0.938 0.391 6 6 1759 2487 3046
-21⁄2 ×2× 1⁄4 1.06 0.424 7 0 1988 2811 3442
-21⁄2 ×2 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 1.19 0.491 8 2 2231 3155 3865
-3×2 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 1.31 0.528 8 9 2456 3474 4254
-3×3× 1⁄4 1.44 0.592 9 10 2700 3818 4677
-Rods 3⁄8 0.07 0.075 1 2 131 186 227
-(all thread) 1⁄2 0.129 0.101 1 8 242 342 419
-5⁄8 0.207 0.128 2 1 388 549 672
-3⁄4 0.309 0.157 2 7 579 819 1004
-7⁄8 0.429 0.185 3 0 804 1138 1393
-Rods 3⁄8 0.11 0.094 1 6 206 292 357
-(threaded at 1⁄2 0.196 0.125 2 0 368 520 637
-ends only) 5⁄8 0.307 0.156 2 7 576 814 997
-3⁄4 0.442 0.188 3 1 829 1172 1435
-7⁄8 0.601 0.219 3 7 1127 1594 1952
-Flats 1 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 0.375 0.0722 1 2 703 994 1218
-2× 1⁄4 0.5 0.0722 1 2 938 1326 1624
-2× 3⁄8 0.75 0.1082 1 9 1406 1989 2436
-13–110 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 9.3.5.11.8(c) Maximum Horizontal Loads for Sway Braces with l/r = 300 for Steel Braces with Fy =3 6k s i
-Area
-(in.2)
-Least Radius
-of Gyration
-(r) (in.)
-Maximum Horizontal Load (lb)
-Maximum Length
-for
-l/r = 300 Brace Angle
-Brace Shape and Size (in.) ft in.
-30° to 44°
-Angle from
-Vertical
-45° to 59°
-Angle from
-Vertical
-60° to 90°
-Angle from
-Vertical
-Pipe 1 0.494 0.421 10 6 412 582 713
-Schedule 40 1 1⁄4 0.669 0.540 13 6 558 788 966
-11⁄2 0.799 0.623 15 6 666 942 1153
-2 1.07 0.787 19 8 892 1261 1544
-Angles 1 1⁄2 ×1 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 0.688 0.292 7 3 573 811 993
-2×2× 1⁄4 0.938 0.391 9 9 782 1105 1354
-21⁄2 ×2× 1⁄4 1.06 0.424 10 7 883 1249 1530
-21⁄2 ×2 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 1.19 0.491 12 3 992 1402 1718
-3×2 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 1.31 0.528 13 2 1092 1544 1891
-3×3× 1⁄4 1.44 0.592 14 9 1200 1697 2078
-Rods 3⁄8 0.07 0.075 1 10 58 82 101
-(all thread) 1⁄2 0.129 0.101 2 6 108 152 186
-5⁄8 0.207 0.128 3 2 173 244 299
-3⁄4 0.309 0.157 3 11 258 364 446
-7⁄8 0.429 0.185 4 7 358 506 619
-Rods 3⁄8 0.11 0.094 2 4 92 130 159
-(threaded at 1⁄2 0.196 0.125 3 1 163 231 283
-ends only) 5⁄8 0.307 0.156 3 10 256 362 443
-3⁄4 0.442 0.188 4 8 368 521 638
-7⁄8 0.601 0.219 5 5 501 708 867
-Flats 1 1⁄2 × 1⁄4 0.375 0.0722 1 9 313 442 541
-2× 1⁄4 0.5 0.0722 1 9 417 589 722
-2× 3⁄8 0.75 0.1082 2 8 625 884 1083
-13–111HANGING, BRACING, AND RESTRAINT OF SYSTEM PIPING
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Fastener 
-orientation
-Angle A, B, or C
-Angle D,
-E, or F Angle D, E, or F
-Angle A, B, or C
-Fastener 
-orientation
-Angle A = 30∞ to 44∞
-Angle B = 45∞ to 59∞
-Angle C = 60∞ to 90∞
-Angle D = 30∞ to 44∞
-Angle E = 45∞ to 59∞
-Angle F = 60∞ to 90∞
-Angle G = 30∞ to 44∞
-Angle H = 45∞ to 59∞
-Angle I = 60 ∞ to 90∞
-Angle G, H, or IAngle G, H, or I
-Minimum ¹⁄₂ depth
-of beam but not
-<3 in. (76 mm) 
-for wood beams
-Minimum four 
-fastener diameters
-but not <¹⁄₃ beam 
-depth and not
-<3 in. (76 mm) for 
-wood beams 
-Load Perpendicular to Structural Member
-Load Parallel to Structural Member
-Diameter
-(in.)
-Embedment
-(in.) A B C D E F G H I
-2
-3¹⁄₄
-4
-4³⁄₄
-³⁄₈
-⁵⁄₈
-³⁄₄
-¹⁄₂
-Wedge Anchors in 3000 psi Normal Weight Cracked Concrete
-557 591321 458173 308
-553
-717 1332 1523 2536 3155 35371332 12432638
-1021 1159 19042008 2378 1021 956 2671
-713 15371358713 678 1741391 784 1215
-678308 301
-Wedge Anchors in 3000 psi Lightweight Concrete-Filled Metal Decking
-Diameter
-(in.)
-Embedment
-(in.) A B C D E F G H I
-2
-3¹⁄₄
-4
-³⁄₈
-⁵⁄₈
-¹⁄₂
-116
-215
-369 
-216
-406
-673
-420
-826
-1282
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-—
-Diameter
-(in.)
-Embedment
-(in.) A B C D E F G H I
-4
-5
-7¹⁄₂
-³⁄₈
-⁵⁄₈
-¹⁄₂
-Undercut Anchors in 3000 psi Normal Weight Concrete
-1714 1571989 1171685 1106
-1153 2041 2121 30223675 3902 2041 1997 4478
-1479 258225521479 1483 2988855 1473 1975
-18491106 1187
-Connections to Steel (Values Assume Bolt Perpendicular to Mounting Surface)
-Diameter of Unfinished Steel Bolt (in.)
-¹⁄₄ ³⁄₈
-ABCDEFGH I ABCDEFGH I
-Diameter of Unfinished Steel Bolt (in.)
-¹⁄₂ ⁵⁄₈
-ABCDEFGH I ABCDEFGH I
-400 458500 600 650300 325500 900 800 735 1200 1200 1278 1550 10351400565
-1600 1300 1830 14502050 2050 2260 2250 2045 28802550 2500 3300 3300 3557 440039502850
-Diameter
-(in.)
-Embedment
-(in.) A B C D E F G H I
-2
-3¹⁄₄
-4
-4³⁄₄
-³⁄₈
-⁵⁄₈
-³⁄₄
-¹⁄₂
-Wedge Anchors in 3000 psi Lightweight Cracked Concrete
-410 492236 396110 206
-344
-446 859 1061 2078 2476 2706859 7741839
-661 811 15691406 1876 661 597 2055
-467 1239970467 426 1368245 559 1021
-551206 191
-Diameter
-(in.)
-Embedment
-(in.) A B C D E F G H I
-2
-3¹⁄₄
-4
-4³⁄₄
-³⁄₈
-⁵⁄₈
-³⁄₄
-¹⁄₂
-Wedge Anchors in 4000 psi Normal Weight Cracked Concrete
-600 616346 473196 342
-627
-816 1498 1668 2653 3339 37701498 14142891
-1147 1268 19902198 2513 1147 1088 2843
-797 16161477797 769 1842443 852 1264
-711342 341
-Diameter
-(in.)
-Embedment
-(in.) A B C D E F G H I
-2
-3¹⁄₄
-4
-4³⁄₄
-³⁄₈
-⁵⁄₈
-³⁄₄
-¹⁄₂
-Wedge Anchors in 6000 psi Normal Weight Cracked Concrete
-661 648381 492232 394
-750
-976 1756 1882 2807 3587 40891756 16913261
-1344 1428 21022474 2694 1344 1300 3077
-928 17201649928 916 1979528 951 1326
-754394 402
-ABCDEFG HI ABCDEF GHI ABCDE FGHI
-230 235 255395135 130 155 155 155 180 170 135 1901651151¹⁄₂
-2¹⁄₂ 140
-175 250 200 200
-280 395 325 315 310 620 610 1065360 360 925440515 535735560 960485
-285 230 220 255 260 755 730235200305 330 345 310 380350 485 405 440 455 400600 685 635
-200 240 280 320 320 310 360 365 615280225 255 575 205 215550 495275480 410160
-165
-180 120 170 300 355 325 315 145 550400380175
-175
-200 200
-190 200 200
-235
-245
-230
-170 320 370 325 320 435 525 425 460555 550 775320 145 195610420380 230
-350
-190 170200 220 120 170 310 80
-80
-120380 80
-175195 205 200 250 170 340 375 325 320 465 540 430 460555 570 840325 145 195650435380 230120400 80
-160165 185 180 190
-3¹⁄₂
-3¹⁄₂
-4¹⁄₂
-5¹⁄₂
-5¹⁄₂
-6¹⁄₂
-200 310 380 310 300 215 270 220 270 460 450 530
-Through-Bolts in Sawn Lumber or Glue-Laminated Timbers (Load Perpendicular to Grain)
-Bolt Diameter (in.)
-Lag Bolt Diameter (in.)
-¹⁄₂ ⁵⁄₈ ³⁄₄
-ABCDEFG HI ABCDEF GHI ABCDE FGHI
-³⁄₈ ¹⁄₂ ⁵⁄₈
-Length of
-Bolt in
-Timber 
-(in.)
-Length of
-Bolt in
-Timber 
-(in.)
-Lag Screws and Lag Bolts in Wood (Load Perpendicular to Grain — Holes Predrilled Using Good Practice)
-—————————
-—————————————— — ———
- — — — — — — — — —
-Note: Wood fastener maximum capacity values are based on 2001 National Design Specifications (NDS) for wood with a
-specific gravity of 0.35. Values for other types of wood can be obtained by multiplying the above values by the following factors:
-For SI values, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Multiplier
-0.36 thru 0.49
-0.50 thru 0.65
-0.66 thru 0.73
-1.17
-1.25
-1.50
-Specific Gravity of Wood
-FIGURE 9.3.5.12.1 Maximum Loads for Various Types of Structures and Maximum
-Loads for Various Types of Fasteners to Structures.
-13–112 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Chapter 10 Underground Piping
-10.1* Piping Materials. [24:10.1]
-10.1.1* Listing. Piping shall be listed for fire protection service
-or shall comply with the standards in Table 10.1.1. [24:10.1.1]
-10.1.2 Steel Pipe. Steel piping shall not be used for general
-underground service unless specifically listed for such service.
-[24:10.1.2]
-10.1.3 Steel Pipe Used with Fire Department Connections.
-Where externally coated and wrapped and internally galva-
-nized, steel pipe shall be permitted to be used between the
-check valve and the outside hose coupling for the fire depart-
-ment connection. [24:10.1.3]
-10.1.4* Pipe Type and Class. The type and class of pipe for a
-particular underground installation shall be determined
-through consideration of the following factors:
-(1) Fire resistance of the pipe
-(2) Maximum system working pressure
-(3) Depth at which the pipe is to be installed
-(4) Soil conditions
-(5) Corrosion
-(6) Susceptibility of pipe to other external loads, including
-earth loads, installation beneath buildings, and traffic or
-vehicle loads
-[24:10.1.4]
-10.1.5* Working Pressure. Piping, fittings, and other system
-components shall be rated for the maximum system working
-pressure to which they are exposed but shall not be rated at
-less than 150 psi (10 bar). [24:10.1.5]
-10.1.6* Lining of Buried Pipe. [24:10.1.6]
-10.1.6.1 Unless the requirements of 10.1.6.2 are met, all fer-
-rous metal pipe shall be lined in accordance with the appli-
-cable standards in Table 10.1.1. [24:10.1.6.1]
-10.1.6.2 Steel pipe utilized in fire department connections
-and protected in accordance with the requirements of 10.1.3
-shall not be required to be internally lined. [24:10.1.6.2]
-10.2 Fittings. [24:10.2]
-10.2.1* Buried Fittings. Fittings shall be of an approved type
-with joints and pressure class ratings compatible with the pipe
-used. [24: 10.2.1]
-10.2.2 Standard Fittings.
-10.2.2.1 Fittings shall meet the standards in Table 10.2.2.1 or
-shall be in accordance with 10.2.3. [24:10.2.2.1]
-10.2.2.2 In addition to the standards in Table 10.2.2.2, CPVC
-fittings shall also be in accordance with 10.2.3 and with the
-portions of the ASTM standards specified in Table 10.2.2.2
-that apply to fire protection service. [24:10.2.2.2]
-10.2.3 Special Listed Fittings. Other types of fittings investi-
-gated for suitability in automatic sprinkler installations and listed
-for this service, including, but not limited to, polybutylene,
-CPVC, and steel differing from that provided in Table 10.2.2.1,
-shall be permitted when installed in accordance with their listing
-limitations, including installation instructions. [24:10.2.3]
-10.2.4 Pressure Limits. Listed fittings shall be permitted for
-system pressures as specified in their listings, but not less than
-150 psi (10 bar). [24:10.2.4]
-10.3 Joining of Pipe and Fittings. [24:10.3]
-10.3.1 Buried Joints. Joints shall be approved. [24:10.3.1]
-10.3.2 Threaded Pipe and Fittings. All threaded steel pipe and
-fittings shall have threads cut in accordance with ASME B1.20.1,
-Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch).[24:10.3.2]
-10.3.3* Groove Joining Methods. Pipes joined with grooved
-fittings shall be joined by a listed combination of fittings, gas-
-kets, and grooves. [24:10.3.3]
-10.3.4 Brazed and Pressure Fitting Methods. Joints for the
-connection of copper tube shall be brazed or joined using
-pressure fittings as specified in Table 10.2.2.1. [24:10.3.4]
-10.3.5 Other Joining Methods. Other joining methods listed
-for this service shall be permitted where installed in accor-
-dance with their listing limitations. [24:10.3.5]
-10.3.6 Pipe Joint Assembly. [24:10.3.6]
-10.3.6.1 Joints shall be assembled by persons familiar with
-the particular materials being used and in accordance with the
-manufacturer’s instructions and specifications. [24:10.3.6.1]
-10.3.6.2* All bolted joint accessories shall be cleaned and
-thoroughly coated with asphalt or other corrosion-retarding
-material after installation. [24:10.3.6.2]
-10.4 Depth of Cover. [24:10.4]
-10.4.1* The depth of cover over water pipes shall be deter-
-mined by the maximum depth of frost penetration in the lo-
-cality where the pipe is laid. [24:10.4.1]
-10.4.2 The top of the pipe shall be buried not less than 1 ft
-(0.3 m) below the frost line for the locality. [24:10.4.2]
-Table 9.3.6.4(a) Maximum Spacing (ft) of Steel Branch Line
-Restraints
-Seismic Coefficient (Cp)
-Pipe (in.) Cp ≤ 0.50
-0.5 < Cp ≤
-0.71 Cp > 0.71
-14 3 3 62 6
-11⁄4 46 39 27
-11⁄2 49 41 29
-25 3 4 53 1
-Table 9.3.6.4(b) Maximum Spacing (ft) of CPVC and
-Copper Branch Line Restraints
-Seismic Coefficient (Cp)
-Pipe (in.) Cp ≤ 0.50
-0.5 < Cp ≤
-0.71 Cp > 0.71
-3⁄4 31 26 18
-13 4 2 82 0
-11⁄4 37 31 22
-11⁄2 40 34 24
-24 5 3 82 7
-13–113UNDERGROUND PIPING
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 10.1.1 Manufacturing Standards for Underground Pipe
-Materials and Dimensions Standard
-Ductile Iron
-Cement Mortar Lining for Ductile Iron Pipe and Fittings for
-Water
-AWWA C104
-Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile Iron Pipe Systems AWWA C105
-Ductile Iron and Gray Iron Fittings, 3 in. Through 48 in., for
-Water and Other Liquids
-AWWA C110
-Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile Iron Pressure Pipe and Fittings AWWA C111
-Flanged Ductile Iron Pipe with Ductile Iron or Gray Iron
-Threaded Flanges
-AWWA C115
-Protective Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings for the Interior and
-Exterior Surfaces of Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings for
-Water Supply Service
-AWWA C116
-Thickness Design of Ductile Iron Pipe AWWA C150
-Ductile Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast for Water AWWA C151
-Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings for Water Service AWWA C153
-Standard for the Installation of Ductile Iron Water Mains and
-Their Appurtenances
-AWWA C600
-Steel
-Steel Water Pipe 6 in. and Larger AWWA C200
-Coal-Tar Protective Coatings and Linings for Steel Water
-Pipelines Enamel and Tape — Hot Applied
-AWWA C203
-Cement-Mortar Protective Lining and Coating for Steel Water
-Pipe 4 in. and Larger — Shop Applied
-AWWA C205
-Field Welding of Steel Water Pipe AWWA C206
-Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Service — Sizes 4 in. Through
-144 in.
-AWWA C207
-Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings AWWA C208
-A Guide for Steel Pipe Design and Installation AWWA M11
-Concrete
-Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type AWWA C300
-Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type AWWA C301
-Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Non-Cylinder Type AWWA C302
-Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type,
-Pretensioned
-AWWA C303
-Standard for Asbestos-Cement Distribution Pipe, 4 in. Through
-16 in., for Water Distribution Systems
-AWWA C400
-Standard for the Selection of Asbestos-Cement Pressure Pipe AWWA C401
-Cement-Mortar Lining of Water Pipe Lines 4 in. and Larger —
-in Place
-AWWA C602
-Standard for the Installation of Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe AWWA C603
-Plastic
-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, 4 in. Through 12 in., for
-Water Distribution
-AWWA C900
-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, 14 in. Through 48 in.,
-for Water Distribution
-AWWA C905
-Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe and Fittings, 4 in. (100 mm)
-Through 63 in. (1575 mm) for Water Distribution
-AWWA C906
-Copper
-Specification for Seamless Copper Tube ASTM B 75
-Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube ASTM B 88
-Requirements for Wrought Seamless Copper and Copper-Alloy
-Tube
-ASTM B 251
-[24: Table 10.1.1]
-13–114 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-10.4.3 In those locations where frost is not a factor, the depth
-of cover shall be not less than 2 1⁄2 ft (0.8 m) to prevent me-
-chanical damage. [24:10.4.3]
-10.4.4 Pipe under driveways shall be buried a minimum of
-3 ft (0.9 m). [24:10.4.4]
-10.4.5 Pipe under railroad tracks shall be buried at a mini-
-mum of 4 ft (1.2 m). [24:10.4.5]
-10.4.6 The depth of cover shall be measured from the top of
-the pipe to finished grade, and due consideration shall always
-be given to future or final grade and nature of soil. [24:10.4.6]
-10.5 Protection Against Freezing. [24:10.5]
-10.5.1* Where it is impracticable to bury pipe, pipe shall be
-permitted to be laid aboveground, provided the pipe is pro-
-tected against freezing and mechanical damage. [24:10.5.1]
-10.5.2 Pipe shall be buried below the frost line where enter-
-ing streams and other bodies of water. [24:10.5.2]
-10.5.3 Where pipe is laid in water raceways or shallow
-streams, care shall be taken that there will be sufficient depth
-of running water between the pipe and the frost line during all
-seasons of frost; a safer method is to bury the pipe 1 ft (0.30 m)
-or more under the bed of the waterway. [24:10.5.3]
-10.5.4 Pipe shall be located at a distance from stream banks
-and embankment walls that prevents danger of freezing
-through the side of the bank. [24:10.5.4]
-10.6 Protection Against Damage. [24:10.6]
-10.6.1 Pipe shall not be run under the building except where
-permitted in 10.6.2 and 10.6.3. [24:10.6.1]
-10.6.2 Where approved, pipe shall be permitted to be run
-under buildings, and special precautions shall be taken, in-
-cluding the following:
-(1) Arching the foundation walls over the pipe
-(2) Running pipe in covered trenches
-(3) Providing valves to isolate sections of pipe under buildings
-[24:10.6.2]
-10.6.3 Fire service mains shall be permitted to enter the
-building adjacent to the foundation. [24:10.6.3]
-10.6.3.1* The requirements of 10.6.2(2) and 10.6.2(3) shall
-not apply where fire service mains enter under the building no
-more than 10 ft (3 m) as measured from the outside edge of
-the building to the center of the vertical pipe. [24:10.6.3.1]
-10.6.4* Pipe joints shall not be located under foundation foot-
-ings. [24:10.6.4]
-10.6.5* Piping shall be run at least 1 ft (305 mm) below the
-bottom of foundations/footers. [24:10.6.5]
-10.6.5.1 The requirements of 10.6.6 shall not apply when pip-
-ing is sleeved. [24:10.6.5.1]
-10.6.6 Mains shall be subjected to an evaluation of the follow-
-ing specific loading conditions and protected, if necessary:
-(1) Mains running under railroads carrying heavy cargo
-(2) Mains running under large piles of heavy commodities
-(3) Mains located in areas that subject the main to heavy
-shock and vibrations
-[24:10.6.6]
-10.6.7* Where it is necessary to join metal pipe with pipe of
-dissimilar metal, the joint shall be insulated against the passage of
-an electric current using an approved method. [24:10.6.7]
-10.6.8* In no case shall the underground piping be used as a
-grounding electrode for electrical systems. [24:10.6.8]
-10.6.8.1* The requirement of 10.6.8 shall not preclude the
-bonding of the underground piping to the lightning protec-
-tion grounding system as required by NFPA 780 in those cases
-where lightning protection is provided for the structure.
-[24:10.6.8.1]
-10.7 Requirement for Laying Pipe [24:10.7]
-10.7.1 Pipes, valves, hydrants, gaskets, and fittings shall be
-inspected for damage when received and shall be inspected
-prior to installation. (See Figure 10.10.1.) [24:10.7.1]
-Table 10.2.2.1 Fittings Materials and Dimensions
-Materials and Dimensions Standard
-Cast Iron
-Cast Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and
-250
-ASME B16.4
-Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings,
-Classes 12, 125, and 250
-ASME B16.1
-Malleable Iron
-Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings, Class 150
-and 300
-ASME B16.3
-Steel
-Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttweld Fittings ASME B16.9
-Buttwelding Ends ASME B16.25
-Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought
-Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate
-and Elevated Temperatures
-ASTM A 234
-Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, NPS 1��2
-Through 24
-ASME B16.5
-Forged Steel Fittings, Socket Welded and
-Threaded
-ASME B16.11
-Copper
-Wrought Copper and Bronze Solder Joint
-Pressure Fittings
-ASME B16.22
-Cast Bronze Solder Joint Pressure Fittings ASME B16.18
-[24: Table 10.2.2.1]
-Table 10.2.2.2 Specially Listed Fittings Materials and
-Dimensions
-Materials and Dimensions Standard
-Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
-Specification for Schedule 80 CPVC
-Threaded Fittings
-ASTM F 437
-Specification for Schedule 40 CPVC
-Socket-Type Fittings
-ASTM F 438
-Specification for Schedule 80 CPVC
-Socket-Type Fittings
-ASTM F 439
-[24: Table 10.2.2.2]
-13–115UNDERGROUND PIPING
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-10.7.2 The torquing of bolted joints shall be checked.
-[24:10.7.2]
-10.7.3 Pipe, valves, hydrants, and fittings shall be clean in-
-side. [24:10.7.3]
-10.7.4 When work is stopped, the open ends of pipe, valves,
-hydrants, and fittings shall be plugged to prevent stones and
-foreign materials from entering. [24:10.7.4]
-10.7.5 All pipe, fittings, valves, and hydrants shall be carefully
-lowered into the trench using appropriate equipment and
-carefully examined for cracks or other defects while sus-
-pended above the trench. [24:10.7.5]
-10.7.6 Plain ends shall be inspected for signs of damage prior
-to installation. [24:10.7.6]
-10.7.7 Under no circumstances shall water main materials be
-dropped or dumped. [24:10.7.7]
-10.7.8 Pipe shall not be rolled or skidded against other pipe
-materials. [24:10.7.8]
-10.7.9 Pipes shall bear throughout their full length and
-shall not be supported by the bell ends only or by blocks.
-[24:10.7.9]
-10.7.10 If ground is soft, or of a quicksand nature, special
-provisions shall be made for supporting pipe. [24:10.7.10]
-10.7.11 Valves and fittings used with nonmetallic pipe shall be
-supported and restrained in accordance with the manufactur-
-er’s specifications. [24:10.7.11]
-10.8 Joint Restraint. [24:10.8]
-10.8.1 General. [24:10.8.1]
-10.8.1.1* All tees, plugs, caps, bends, reducers, valves, and hy-
-drant branches shall be restrained against movement by using
-thrust blocks in accordance with 10.8.2 or restrained joint sys-
-tems in accordance with 10.8.3. [24:10.8.1.1]
-10.8.1.2* Piping with fused, threaded, grooved, or welded
-joints shall not require additional restraining, provided that
-such joints can pass the hydrostatic test of 10.10.2.2 without
-shifting of piping or leakage in excess of permitted amounts.
-[24:10.8.1.2]
-10.8.1.3 Steep Grades. On steep grades, mains shall be addi-
-tionally restrained to prevent slipping. [24:10.8.1.3]
-10.8.1.3.1 Pipe shall be restrained at the bottom of a hill and
-at any turns (lateral or vertical). [24:10.8.1.3.1]
-10.8.1.3.2 The restraint specified in 10.8.1.3.1 shall be to
-natural rock or to suitable piers built on the downhill side of
-the bell. [24:10.8.1.3.2]
-10.8.1.3.3 Bell ends shall be installed facing uphill.
-[24:10.8.1.3.3]
-10.8.1.3.4 Straight runs on hills shall be restrained as deter-
-mined by the design engineer. [24:10.8.1.3.4]
-10.8.2* Thrust Blocks. [24:10.8.2]
-10.8.2.1 Thrust blocks shall be considered satisfactory where
-soil is suitable for their use. [24:10.8.2.1]
-10.8.2.2 Thrust blocks shall be of a concrete mix not leaner
-than one part cement, two and one-half parts sand, and five
-parts stone. [24:10.8.2.2]
-10.8.2.3 Thrust blocks shall be placed between undisturbed
-earth and the fitting to be restrained and shall be capable of
-resisting the calculated thrust forces. [24:10.8.2.3]
-10.8.2.4 Wherever possible, thrust blocks shall be placed so
-that the joints are accessible for repair. [24:10.8.2.4]
-10.8.3* Restrained Joint Systems. Fire mains utilizing re-
-strained joint systems shall include one or more of the follow-
-ing:
-(1) Locking mechanical or push-on joints
-(2) Mechanical joints utilizing setscrew retainer glands
-(3) Bolted flange joints
-(4) Heat-fused or welded joints
-(5) Pipe clamps and tie rods
-(6) Threaded or grooved joints
-(7) Other approved methods or devices
-[24:10.8.3]
-10.8.3.1 Sizing Clamps, Rods, Bolts, and Washers.[24:10.8.3.1]
-10.8.3.1.1 Clamps. [24:10.8.3.1.1]
-10.8.3.1.1.1 Clamps shall have the following dimensions:
-(1) 1⁄2 in. × 2 in. (12.7 mm × 50.8 mm) for 4 in. (102 mm) to
-6 in. (152 mm) pipe
-(2) 5⁄8 i n .×21⁄2 in. (15.9 mm × 63.5 mm) for 8 in. (204 mm) to
-10 in. (254 mm) pipe
-(3) 5⁄8 in. × 3 in. (15.9 mm × 76.2 mm) for 12 in. (305 mm) pipe
-[24:10.8.3.1.1.1]
-10.8.3.1.1.2 The diameter of a bolt hole shall be 1⁄16 in.
-(1.6 mm) larger than that of the corresponding bolts.
-[24:10.8.3.1.1.2]
-10.8.3.1.2 Rods. [24:10.8.3.1.2]
-10.8.3.1.2.1 Rods shall be not less than 5⁄8 in. (15.9 mm) in
-diameter. [24:10.8.3.1.2.1]
-10.8.3.1.2.2 Table 10.8.3.1.2.2 provides numbers of various
-diameter rods that shall be used for a given pipe size.
-[24:10.8.3.1.2.2]
-Table 10.8.3.1.2.2 Rod Number — Diameter Combinations
-Nominal
-Pipe Size
-(in.)
-5⁄8 in.
-(15.9 mm)
-3⁄4 in.
-(19.1 mm)
-7⁄8 in.
-(22.2 mm)
-1 in.
-(25.4 mm)
-42 — — —
-62 — — —
-83 2— —
-10 4 3 2 —
-12 6 4 3 2
-14 8 5 4 3
-16 10 7 5 4
-Note: This table has been derived using pressure of 225 psi (15.5 bar)
-and design stress of 25,000 psi (172.4 MPa).
-[24: Table 10.8.3.1.2.2]
-13–116 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-10.8.3.1.2.3 When using bolting rods, the diameter of me-
-chanical joint bolts shall limit the diameter of rods to 3⁄4 in.
-(19.1 mm). [24:10.8.3.1.2.3]
-10.8.3.1.2.4 Threaded sections of rods shall not be formed or
-bent. [24:10.8.3.1.2.4]
-10.8.3.1.2.5 Where using clamps, rods shall be used in pairs
-for each clamp. [24:10.8.3.1.2.5]
-10.8.3.1.2.6 Assemblies in which a restraint is made by means
-of two clamps canted on the barrel of the pipe shall be permit-
-ted to use one rod per clamp if approved for the specific instal-
-lation by the authority having jurisdiction. [24:10.8.3.1.2.6]
-10.8.3.1.2.7 Where using combinations of rods, the rods shall
-be symmetrically spaced. [24:10.8.3.1.2.7]
-10.8.3.1.3 Clamp Bolts. Clamp bolts shall have the following
-diameters:
-(1) 5⁄8 in. (15.9 mm) for pipe 4 in. (102 mm), 6 in. (152 mm),
-and 8 in. (204 mm)
-(2) 3⁄4 in. (19.1 mm) for 10 in. (254 mm) pipe
-(3) 7⁄8 in. (22.2 mm) for 12 in. (305 mm) pipe
-[24:10.8.3.1.3]
-10.8.3.1.4 Washers. [24:10.8.3.1.4]
-10.8.3.1.4.1 Washers shall be permitted to be cast iron or
-steel and round or square. [24:10.8.3.1.4.1]
-10.8.3.1.4.2 Cast-iron washers shall have the following di-
-mensions:
-(1) 5⁄8 in. × 3 in. (15.9 mm × 76.2 mm) for 4 in. (102 mm),
-6 in. (152 mm), 8 in. (204 mm), and 10 in. (254 mm) pipe
-(2) 3⁄4 i n .×31⁄2 in. (19.1 mm × 88.9 mm) for 12 in. (305 mm)
-pipe
-[24:10.8.3.1.4.2]
-10.8.3.1.4.3 Steel washers shall have the following dimensions:
-(1) 1⁄2 in. × 3 in. (12.7 mm × 76.2 mm) for 4 in. (102 mm),
-6 in. (152 mm), 8 in. (204 mm), and 10 in. (254 mm) pipe
-(2) 1⁄2 i n .×31⁄2 in. (12.7 mm × 88.9 mm) for 12 in. (305 mm)
-pipe
-[24:10.8.3.1.4.3]
-10.8.3.1.4.4 The diameter of holes shall be 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm)
-larger than that of rods. [24:10.8.3.1.4.4]
-10.8.3.2 Sizes of Restraint Straps for Tees. [24:10.8.3.2]
-10.8.3.2.1 Restraint straps for tees shall have the following
-dimensions:
-(1) 5⁄8 in. (15.9 mm) thick and 21⁄2 in. (63.5 mm) wide for 4 in.
-(102 mm), 6 in. (152 mm), 8 in. (204 mm), and 10 in.
-(254 mm) pipe
-(2) 5⁄8 in. (15.9 mm) thick and 3 in. (76.2 mm) wide for 12 in.
-(305 mm) pipe
-[24:10.8.3.2.1]
-10.8.3.2.2 The diameter of rod holes shall be1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm)
-larger than that of rods. [24:10.8.3.2.2]
-10.8.3.2.3 Figure 10.8.3.2.3 and Table 10.8.3.2.3 shall be used
-in sizing the restraint straps for both mechanical and push-on
-joint tee fittings. [24:10.8.3.2.3]
-10.8.3.3 Sizes of Plug Strap for Bell End of Pipe.
-[24:10.8.3.3]
-10.8.3.3.1 The strap shall be 3⁄4 in. (19.1 mm) thick and
-21⁄2 in. (63.5 mm) wide. [24:10.8.3.3.1]
-10.8.3.3.2 The strap length shall be the same as dimensionA
-for tee straps as shown in Figure 10.8.3.2.3. [24:10.8.3.3.2]
-10.8.3.3.3 The distance between the centers of rod holes
-shall be the same as dimension B for tee straps as shown in
-Figure 10.8.3.2.3. [24:10.8.3.3.3]
-10.8.3.4 Material. Clamps, rods, rod couplings or turnbuck-
-les, bolts, washers, restraint straps, and plug straps shall be of a
-material that has physical and chemical characteristics that
-indicate its deterioration under stress can be predicted with
-reliability. [24:10.8.3.4]
-10.8.3.5* Corrosion Resistance. After installation, rods, nuts,
-bolts, washers, clamps, and other restraining devices shall be
-cleaned and thoroughly coated with a bituminous or other
-acceptable corrosion-retarding material. [24:10.8.3.5]
-Table 10.8.3.2.3 Restraint Straps for Tees
-Nominal
-Pipe Size
-(in.)
-AB C D
-in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
-41 2 1⁄2 318 10 1⁄8 257 2 1⁄2 64 1 3⁄4 44
-61 4 1⁄2 368 12 1⁄8 308 3 9⁄16 90 2 13⁄16 71
-81 6 3⁄4 425 14 3⁄8 365 4 21⁄32 118 3 29⁄32 99
-10 19 1⁄16 484 16 11⁄16 424 5 3⁄4 146 5 127
-12 22 5⁄16 567 19 3⁄16 487 6 3⁄4 171 5 7⁄8 149
-[24: Table 10.8.3.2.3]
-Rod hole
-A
-B
-CD
-Rod hole
-FIGURE 10.8.3.2.3 Restraint Straps for Tees. [24:Figure
-10.8.3.2.3]
-13–117UNDERGROUND PIPING
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-10.9 Backfilling. [24:10.9]
-10.9.1 Backfill shall be tamped in layers or puddled under
-and around pipes to prevent settlement or lateral movement
-and shall contain no ashes, cinders, refuse, organic matter, or
-other corrosive materials. [24:10.9.1]
-10.9.2 Rocks shall not be placed in trenches. [24:10.9.2]
-10.9.3 Frozen earth shall not be used for backfilling. [24:10.9.3]
-10.9.4 In trenches cut through rock, tamped backfill shall be
-used for at least 6 in. (150 mm) under and around the pipe
-and for at least 2 ft (0.6 m) above the pipe. [24:10.9.4]
-10.10 Testing and Acceptance. [24:10.10]
-10.10.1 Approval of Underground Piping. The installing con-
-tractor shall be responsible for the following:
-(1) Notifying the authority having jurisdiction and the own-
-er’s representative of the time and date testing is to be
-performed
-(2) Performing all required acceptance tests
-(3) Completing and signing the contractor’s material and test
-certificate(s) shown in Figure 10.10.1.
-[24:10.10.1]
-10.10.2 Acceptance Requirements. [24:10.10.2]
-10.10.2.1* Flushing of Piping. [24:10.10.2.1]
-10.10.2.1.1 Underground piping, from the water supply to
-the system riser, and lead-in connections to the system riser
-shall be completely flushed before connection is made to
-downstream fire protection system piping. [24:10.10.2.1.1]
-10.10.2.1.2 The flushing operation shall be continued for a
-sufficient time to ensure thorough cleaning. [24:10.10.2.1.2]
-10.10.2.1.3 The minimum rate of flow shall be not less than
-one of the following:
-(1) Hydraulically calculated water demand rate of the system,
-including any hose requirements
-(2)*Flow in accordance with Table 10.10.2.1.3
-(3) Maximum flow rate available to the system under fire
-conditions
-[24:10.10.2.1.3]
-10.10.2.1.4 Provision shall be made for the proper disposal of
-water used for flushing or testing. [24: Table 10.10.2.1.3]
-10.10.2.2 Hydrostatic Test. [24:10.10.2.2]
-10.10.2.2.1* All piping and attached appurtenances subjected
-to system working pressure shall be hydrostatically tested at
-200 psi (13.8 bar) or 50 psi (3.5 bar) in excess of the system
-working pressure, whichever is greater, and shall maintain
-that pressure ±5 psi (0.35 bar) for 2 hours. [24:10.10.2.2.1]
-10.10.2.2.2 Pressure loss shall be determined by a drop in
-gauge pressure or visual leakage. [24:10.10.2.2.2]
-10.10.2.2.3 The test pressure shall be read from one of the
-following, located at the lowest elevation of the system or the
-portion of the system being tested: [24:10.10.2.2.3]
-(1) A gauge located at one of the hydrant outlets
-(2) A gauge located at the lowest point where no hydrants are
-provided
-10.10.2.2.4* The trench shall be backfilled between joints be-
-fore testing to prevent movement of pipe.
-10.10.2.2.5 Where required for safety measures presented by
-the hazards of open trenches, the pipe and joints shall be per-
-mitted to be backfilled, provided the installing contractor
-takes the responsibility for locating and correcting leakage.
-10.10.2.2.6* Hydrostatic Testing Allowance.Where additional
-water is added to the system to maintain the test pressures
-required by 10.10.2.2.1, the amount of water shall be mea-
-sured and shall not exceed the limits of Table 10.10.2.2.6,
-which are based upon the following equation:
-U.S. Customary Units:
-L SD P= 148 000,
-[10.10.2.2.6(a)]
-where:
-L = testing allowance (makeup water) [gph
-(gal/hr)]
-S = length of pipe tested (ft)
-D = nominal diameter of the pipe (in.)
-P = average test pressure during hydrostatic test
-(gauge psi)
-Metric Units:
-L SD P= 794 797,
-[10.10.2.2.6(b)]
-where:
-L = testing allowance (makeup water) (L/hr)
-S = length of pipe tested (m)
-D = nominal diameter of pipe (mm)
-P = average test pressure during the hydrostatic test
-(kPa)
-[24:10.10.2.2.4]
-10.10.2.3 Other Means of Hydrostatic Tests. Where required
-by the authority having jurisdiction, hydrostatic tests shall be
-permitted to be completed in accordance with the require-
-ments of AWWA C600, AWWA C602, AWWA C603, and AWWA
-C900. [24:10.10.2.3]
-10.10.2.4 Operating Test. [24:10.10.2.4]
-10.10.2.4.1 Each hydrant shall be fully opened and closed
-under system water pressure. [24:10.10.2.4.1]
-10.10.2.4.2 Dry barrel hydrants shall be checked for proper
-drainage. [24:10.10.2.4.2]
-10.10.2.4.3 All control valves shall be fully closed and opened
-under system water pressure to ensure proper operation.
-[24:10.10.2.4.3]
-10.10.2.4.4 Where fire pumps are available, the operating
-tests required by 10.10.2.4 shall be completed with the pumps
-running. [24:10.10.2.4.4]
-10.10.2.5 Backflow Prevention Assemblies. [24:10.10.2.5]
-10.10.2.5.1 The backflow prevention assembly shall be for-
-ward flow tested to ensure proper operation. [24:10.10.2.5.1]
-10.10.2.5.2 The minimum flow rate required by 10.10.2.5.1
-shall be the system demand, including hose stream demand
-where applicable. [24:10.10.2.5.2]
-13–118 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Contractor’s Material and Test Certificate for Underground Piping
-Location
-PROCEDURE
-Upon completion of work, inspection and tests shall be made by the contractor’s representative and witnessed by an owner’s 
-representative. All defects shall be corrected and system left in service before contractor’s personnel finally leave the job.
-A certificate shall be filled out and signed by both representatives.  Copies shall be prepared for approving authorities, owners, and 
-contractor.  It is understood the owner’s representative’s signature in no way prejudices any claim against contractor for faulty material, poor 
-workmanship, or failure to comply with approving authority’s requirements or local ordinances.
-Property name
-Property address
-Date
-Plans
-Accepted by approving authorities (names)
-Address
-Installation conforms to accepted plans
-Equipment used is approved
-If no, state deviations
-Yes No
-Yes No
-Has person in charge of fire equipment been instructed as to location of 
-control valves and care and maintenance of this new equipment?
-If no, explain
-Yes No
-Have copies of appropriate instructions and care and maintenance
-charts been left on premises?
-If no, explain
-Yes No
-Supplies buildings
-Underground 
-pipes and joints
-Pipe types and class Type joint
-standard
-standard
-Yes No
-Yes No
-Joints needing anchorage clamped, strapped, or blocked in
-accordance with
-If no, explain
-standard
-Yes No
-Test 
-description
- L = testing allowance (makeup water), in gallons per hour
- S = length of pipe tested, in feet
- D = nominal diameter of the pipe, in inches
- P = average test pressure during the hydrostatic test, in pounds per square inch (gauge)
-Flushing:  Flow the required rate until water is clear as indicated by no collection of foreign material in burlap bags at outlets such as 
-hydrants and blow-offs. Flush at one of the flow rates as specified in 10.10.2.1.3.
-Hydrostatic:  All piping and attached appurtenances subjected to system working pressure shall be hydrostatically tested at 200 psi 
-(13.8 bar) or 50 psi (3.5 bar) in excess of the system working pressure, whichever is greater, and shall maintain that pressure ±5 psi 
-(0.35 bar) for 2 hours.
-Hydrostatic Testing Allowance:  Where additional water is added to the system to maintain the test pressures required by 10.10.2.2.1, 
-the amount of water shall be measured and shall not exceed the limits of the following equation (for metric equation, see 10.10.2.2.6):
-New underground piping flushed according to Yes No
-standard by (company)
-If no, explain
-How flushing flow was obtained Through what type opening
-Public water Tank or reservoir Fire pump Hydrant butt Open pipeFlushing
-tests Lead-ins flushed according to Yes Nostandard by (company)
-If no, explain
-How flushing flow was obtained Through what type opening
-Public water Tank or reservoir Fire pump Y connection to flange 
-and spigot
-Open pipe
-Instructions
-NFPA 13 (p. 1 of 2)
-L = 148,000
-SD   P
-© 2012 National Fire Protection Association
-Pipe conforms to  
-Fittings conform to
-If no, explain
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏
-❏
-❏
-❏
-❏
-❏
-❏
-❏
-❏
-❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-FIGURE 10.10.1 Sample of Contractor’s Material and Test Certificate for Underground Piping. [24: Figure 10.10.1]
-13–119UNDERGROUND PIPING
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-NFPA 13 (p. 2 of 2)
-Hydrostatic  
-test
-All new underground piping hydrostatically tested at Joints covered
-Yes Nopsi             for hours
-Leakage 
-test
-Total amount of leakage measured
-gallons hours
-Allowable leakage
-gallons hours
-© 2012 National Fire Protection Association
-❏ ❏
-Hydrants
-Number installed Type and make All operate satisfactorily
-Yes No
-Control 
-valves
-Water control valves left wide open
-If no, state reason
-Yes No
-Yes No
-Remarks
-Date left in service
-Signatures
-Name of installing contractor
-Tests witnessed by
-For property owner (signed) Title Date
-For installing contractor (signed) Title Date
-Additional explanation and notes
-Hose threads of fire department connections and hydrants interchangeable with
-those of fire department answering alarm
-❏ ❏
-❏ ❏
-❏ ❏
-Forward flow
-test of backflow
-preventer Yes No❏ ❏
-Foward flow test performed in accordance with 10.10.2.5.2:
-FIGURE 10.10.1 Continued
-13–120 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Chapter 11 Design Approaches
-11.1 General. The requirements of Section 11.1 shall apply to
-all sprinkler systems unless modified by a specific section of
-Chapter 11 or Chapter 12.
-11.1.1 A building or portion thereof shall be permitted to be
-protected in accordance with any applicable design approach
-at the discretion of the designer.
-11.1.2* Adjacent Hazards or Design Methods. For buildings
-with two or more adjacent hazards or design methods, the
-following shall apply:
-(1) Where areas are not physically separated by a barrier or
-partition capable of delaying heat from a fire in one area
-from fusing sprinklers in the adjacent area, the required
-sprinkler protection for the more demanding design basis
-shall extend 15 ft (4.6 m) beyond its perimeter.
-(2) The requirements of 11.1.2(1) shall not apply where the
-areas are separated by a barrier partition that is capable of
-preventing heat from a fire in one area from fusing sprin-
-klers in the adjacent area.
-(3) The requirements of 11.1.2(1) shall not apply to the exten-
-sion of more demanding criteria from an upper ceiling level
-to beneath a lower ceiling level where the difference in
-height between the ceiling levels is at least 2 ft (0.6 m).
-11.1.3 For hydraulically calculated systems, the total system
-water supply requirements for each design basis shall be deter-
-mined in accordance with the procedures of Section 23.4 un-
-less modified by a section of Chapter 11 or Chapter 12.
-11.1.4 Water Demand.
-11.1.4.1* The water demand requirements shall be deter-
-mined from the following:
-(1) Occupancy hazard fire control approach and special de-
-sign approaches of Chapter 11
-(2) Storage design approaches of Chapter 12 through Chap-
-ter 20
-(3) Special occupancy approaches of Chapter 22
-11.1.4.2* The minimum water demand requirements for a
-sprinkler system shall be determined by adding the hose
-stream allowance to the water demand for sprinklers.
-11.1.5 Water Supplies.
-11.1.5.1 The minimum water supply shall be available for the
-minimum duration specified in Chapter 11.
-11.1.5.2* Tanks shall be sized to supply the equipment that
-they serve.
-11.1.5.3* Pumps shall be sized to supply the equipment that
-they serve.
-11.1.6 Hose Allowance.
-11.1.6.1 Systems with Multiple Hazard Classifications. For sys-
-tems with multiple hazard classifications, the hose stream al-
-lowance and water supply duration shall be in accordance with
-one of the following:
-(1) The water supply requirements for the highest hazard
-classification within the system shall be used.
-(2) The water supply requirements for each individual hazard
-classification shall be used in the calculations for the de-
-sign area for that hazard.
-(3)*For systems with multiple hazard classifications where the
-higher classification only lies within single rooms less than
-or equal to 400 ft2 (37.2 m2) in area with no such rooms
-adjacent, the water supply requirements for the principal
-occupancy shall be used for the remainder of the system.
-11.1.6.2* Water allowance for outside hose shall be added to
-the sprinkler requirement at the connection to the city main
-or a private fire hydrant, whichever is closer to the system riser.
-11.1.6.3 Where inside hose connections are planned or are
-required, the following shall apply:
-(1) A total water allowance of 50 gpm (189 L/min) for a
-single hose connection installation shall be added to the
-sprinkler requirements.
-(2) A total water allowance of 100 gpm (379 L/min) for a
-multiple hose connection installation shall be added to
-the sprinkler requirements.
-Table 10.10.2.1.3 Flow Required to Produce a Velocity of
-10 ft/sec (3 m/sec) in Pipes
-Pipe Size Flow Rate
-in. mm gpm L/min
-2 51 100 379
-21⁄2 63 150 568
-3 76 220 833
-4 102 390 1,476
-5 127 610 2,309
-6 152 880 3,331
-8 203 1,560 5,905
-10 254 2,440 9,235
-12 305 3,520 13,323
-[24: Table 10.10.2.1.3]
-Table 10.10.2.2.6 Hydrostatic Testing Allowance at 200 psi
-(gph/100 ft of Pipe)
-Nominal Pipe Diameter
-(in.) Testing Allowance
-2 0.019
-4 0.038
-6 0.057
-8 0.076
-10 0.096
-12 0.115
-14 0.134
-16 0.153
-18 0.172
-20 0.191
-24 0.229
-Notes:
-(1) For other length, diameters, and pressures, utilize Equation
-10.10.2.2.6(a) or 10.10.2.2.6(b) to determine the appropriate testing
-allowance.
-(2) For test sections that contain various sizes and sections of pipe, the
-testing allowance is the sum of the testing allowances for each size and
-section.
-[24: Table 10.10.2.2.6]
-13–121DESIGN APPROACHES
-2013 Edition
-
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-(3) The water allowance shall be added in 50 gpm (189 L/min)
-increments beginning at the most remote hose connection,
-with each increment added at the pressure required by the
-sprinkler system design at that point.
-11.1.6.4* When hose valves for fire department use are at-
-tached to wet pipe sprinkler system risers in accordance with
-8.17.5.2, the following shall apply:
-(1) The sprinkler system demand shall not be required to be
-added to standpipe demand as determined from NFPA 14.
-(2) Where the combined sprinkler system demand and hose
-stream allowance of Table 11.2.3.1.2 exceeds the require-
-ments of NFPA 14, this higher demand shall be used.
-(3) For partially sprinklered buildings, the sprinkler demand,
-not including hose stream allowance, as indicated in Fig-
-ure 11.2.3.1.1 shall be added to the requirements given in
-NFPA 14.
-11.1.7* High Volume Low Speed (HVLS) Fans. The installa-
-tion of HVLS fans in buildings equipped with sprinklers, in-
-cluding ESFR sprinklers, shall comply with the following:
-(1) The maximum fan diameter shall be 24 ft (7.3 m).
-(2) The HVLS fan shall be centered approximately between
-four adjacent sprinklers.
-(3) The vertical clearance from the HVLS fan to sprinkler
-deflector shall be a minimum of 3 ft (0.9 m).
-(4) All HVLS fans shall be interlocked to shut down immedi-
-ately upon receiving a waterflow signal from the alarm
-system in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 72.
-11.2 Occupancy Hazard Fire Control Approach for Spray
-Sprinklers.
-11.2.1 General.
-11.2.1.1* The water demand requirements shall be determined
-by either the pipe schedule method in accordance with 11.2.2 or
-the hydraulic calculation method in accordance with 11.2.3.
-11.2.1.2 Occupancy Classifications.
-11.2.1.2.1 Occupancy classifications for this standard shall re-
-late to sprinkler installations and their water supplies only.
-11.2.1.2.2 Occupancy classifications shall not be used as a
-general classification of occupancy hazards.
-11.2.1.2.3 Occupancies or portions of occupancies shall be
-classified according to the quantity and combustibility of con-
-tents, the expected rates of heat release, the total potential for
-energy release, the heights of stockpiles, and the presence of
-flammable and combustible liquids, using the definitions con-
-tained in Section 5.2 through Section 5.5.
-11.2.1.2.4 Classifications shall be as follows:
-(1) Light hazard
-(2) Ordinary hazard (Groups 1 and 2)
-(3) Extra hazard (Groups 1 and 2)
-(4) Special occupancy hazard (see Chapter 22)
-11.2.2 Water Demand Requirements — Pipe Schedule Method.
-11.2.2.1 Table 11.2.2.1 shall be used in determining the mini-
-mum water supply requirements for light and ordinary hazard
-occupancies protected by systems with pipe sized according to
-the pipe schedules of Section 23.5.
-11.2.2.2 Pressure and flow requirements for extra hazard oc-
-cupancies shall be based on the hydraulic calculation methods
-of 11.2.3.
-11.2.2.3 The pipe schedule method shall be permitted as fol-
-lows:
-(1) Additions or modifications to existing pipe schedule sys-
-tems sized according to the pipe schedules of Section 23.5
-(2) Additions or modifications to existing extra hazard pipe
-schedule systems
-(3) New systems of 5000 ft 2 (465 m2) or less
-(4) New systems exceeding 5000 ft 2 (465 m2) where the flows
-required in Table 11.2.2.1 are available at a minimum re-
-sidual pressure of 50 psi (3.4 bar) at the highest elevation
-of sprinkler
-11.2.2.4 Table 11.2.2.1 shall be used in determining the mini-
-mum water supply requirements.
-11.2.2.5 The lower duration value of Table 11.2.2.1 shall be
-acceptable only where the sprinkler system waterflow alarm
-device(s) and supervisory device(s) are electrically supervised
-and such supervision is monitored at an approved, constantly
-attended location.
-11.2.2.6* Residual Pressure.
-11.2.2.6.1 The residual pressure requirement of Table 11.2.2.1
-shall be met at the elevation of the highest sprinkler.
-11.2.2.6.2 Friction Loss Due to Backflow Prevention Valves.
-11.2.2.6.2.1 When backflow prevention valves are installed
-on pipe schedule systems, the friction losses of the device shall
-be accounted for when determining acceptable residual pres-
-sure at the top level of sprinklers.
-11.2.2.6.2.2 The friction loss of this device [in psi (bar)] shall
-be added to the elevation loss and the residual pressure at the
-top row of sprinklers to determine the total pressure needed
-at the water supply.
-11.2.2.7 The lower flow figure of Table 11.2.2.1 shall be permit-
-ted only where the building is of noncombustible construction or
-the potential areas of fire are limited by building size or compart-
-mentation such that no open areas exceed 3000 ft2 (279 m2) for
-light hazard or 4000 ft2 (372 m2) for ordinary hazard.
-11.2.3 Water Demand Requirements — Hydraulic Calculation
-Methods.
-11.2.3.1 General.
-11.2.3.1.1 The water demand for sprinklers shall be deter-
-mined only from one of the following, at the discretion of the
-designer:
-(1) Density/area curves of Figure 11.2.3.1.1 in accordance
-with the density/area method of 11.2.3.2
-Table 11.2.2.1 Water Supply Requirements for Pipe
-Schedule Sprinkler Systems
-Occupancy
-Classification
-Minimum
-Residual
-Pressure
-Required
-Acceptable Flow at
-Base of Riser
-(Including Hose
-Stream Allowance) Duration
-(minutes)psi bar gpm L/min
-Light hazard 15 1 500–750 1893–2839 30–60
-Ordinary
-hazard
-20 1.4 850–1500 3218–5678 60–90
-13–122 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(2) The room that creates the greatest demand in accordance
-with the room design method of 11.2.3.3
-(3) Special design areas in accordance with 11.2.3.4
-11.2.3.1.2 The minimum water supply shall be available for
-the minimum duration specified in Table 11.2.3.1.2.
-11.2.3.1.3 The lower duration values in Table 11.2.3.1.2 shall
-be permitted where the sprinkler system waterflow alarm de-
-vice(s) and supervisory device(s) are electrically supervised
-and such supervision is monitored at an approved, constantly
-attended location.
-11.2.3.1.4 Restrictions. When either the density/area method
-or room design method is used, the following shall apply:
-(1)*For areas of sprinkler operation less than 1500 ft2 (139 m2)
-used for light and ordinary hazard occupancies, the density
-for 1500 ft2 (139 m2) shall be used.
-(2) For areas of sprinkler operation less than 2500 ft2 (232 m2)
-for extra hazard occupancies, the density for 2500 ft 2
-(232 m2) shall be used.
-(3)*Unless the requirements of 11.2.3.1.4(4) are met for
-buildings having unsprinklered combustible concealed
-spaces, as described in 8.15.1.2 and 8.15.6, the minimum
-area of sprinkler operation for that portion of the build-
-ing shall be 3000 ft2 (279 m2). The design area of 3000 ft2
-(279 m2) shall be applied only to the sprinkler system or
-portions of the sprinkler system that are adjacent to the
-qualifying combustible concealed space. The term adja-
-cent shall apply to any sprinkler system protecting a space
-above, below, or next to the qualifying concealed space
-except where a barrier with a fire resistance rating at least
-equivalent to the water supply duration completely sepa-
-rates the concealed space from the sprinklered area.
-(4) The following unsprinklered concealed spaces shall not
-require a minimum area of sprinkler operation of 3000 ft2
-(279 m2):
-(a) Noncombustible and limited-combustible concealed
-spaces with minimal combustible loading having no
-access. The space shall be considered a concealed
-space even with small openings such as those used as
-return air for a plenum.
-(b) Noncombustible and limited-combustible concealed
-spaces with limited access and not permitting occu-
-pancy or storage of combustibles. The space shall be
-considered a concealed space even with small open-
-ings such as those used as return air for a plenum.
-(c) Combustible concealed spaces filled entirely with
-noncombustible insulation.
-(d)*Light or ordinary hazard occupancies where noncom-
-bustible or limited-combustible ceilings are directly at-
-tached to the bottom of solid wood joists or solid
-limited-combustible construction or noncombustible
-construction so as to create enclosed joist spaces 160 ft3
-(4.5 m3) or less in volume, including space below insu-
-lation that is laid directly on top or within the ceiling
-joists in an otherwise sprinklered concealed space.
-(e) Concealed spaces where rigid materials are used and
-the exposed surfaces have a flame spread index of 25 or
-less and the materials have been demonstrated to not
-propagate fire more than 10.5 ft (3.2 m) when tested in
-accordance with ASTM E 84,Standard Test Method of Sur-
-face Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, or
-ANSI/UL 723,Standard for Test for Surface Burning Char-
-acteristics of Building Materials, extended for an addi-
-tional 20 minutes in the form in which they are installed
-in the space.
-5000
-2.0 4.1 6.1 8.1 10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3
-0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
-4000
-3000
-1500
-2000
-2500
-465
-372
-279
-139
-186
-232
-Density (mm/min)
-Area of sprinkler operation (ft2)
-Density (gpm/ft2)
-Extra hazard Group 1
-Area of sprinkler operation (m2)
-Extra hazard Group 2
-Light
-Ordinary 1Ordinary 2
-FIGURE 11.2.3.1.1 Density/Area Curves.
-Table 11.2.3.1.2 Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply
-Duration Requirements for Hydraulically Calculated Systems
-Occupancy
-Inside Hose
-Total
-Combined
-Inside and
-Outside Hose
-Duration
-(minutes)gpm L/min gpm L/min
-Light
-hazard
-0, 50, or
-100
-0, 189,
-or 379
-100 379 30
-Ordinary
-hazard
-0, 50, or
-100
-0, 189,
-or 379
-250 946 60–90
-Extra
-hazard
-0, 50, or
-100
-0, 189,
-or 379
-500 1893 90–120
-13–123DESIGN APPROACHES
-2013 Edition
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-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(f) Concealed spaces in which the exposed materials are
-constructed entirely of fire-retardant treated wood as
-defined by NFPA 703.
-(g) Concealed spaces over isolated small rooms not ex-
-ceeding 55 ft2 (5.1 m2) in area.
-(h) Vertical pipe chases under 10 ft 2 (0.93 m2), provided
-that in multifloor buildings the chases are firestopped at
-each floor using materials equivalent to the floor con-
-struction, and where such pipe chases shall contain no
-sources of ignition, piping shall be noncombustible,
-and pipe penetrations at each floor shall be properly
-sealed.
-(i) Exterior columns under 10 ft2 (0.93 m2) in area formed
-by studs or wood joists, supporting exterior canopies
-that are fully protected with a sprinkler system.
-(j)*Light or ordinary hazard occupancies where non-
-combustible or limited-combustible ceilings are at-
-tached to the bottom of composite wood joists either
-directly or on to metal channels not exceeding 1 in.
-(25.4 mm) in depth, provided the adjacent joist chan-
-nels are firestopped into volumes not exceeding
-160 ft3 (4.5 m3) using materials equivalent to 1⁄2 in.
-(12.7 mm) gypsum board and at least 31⁄2 in. (90 mm)
-of batt insulation is installed at the bottom of the joist
-channels when the ceiling is attached utilizing metal
-channels.
-11.2.3.2 Density/Area Method.
-11.2.3.2.1 Water Supply.
-11.2.3.2.1.1 The water supply requirement for sprinklers
-only shall be calculated from the density/area curves of Fig-
-ure 11.2.3.1.1 or from Chapter 22 where density/area crite-
-ria are specified for special occupancy hazards.
-11.2.3.2.1.2 When using Figure 11.2.3.1.1, the calculations
-shall satisfy any single point on the appropriate density/area
-curve.
-11.2.3.2.1.3 When using Figure 11.2.3.1.1, it shall not be nec-
-essary to meet all points on the selected curves.
-11.2.3.2.2 Sprinklers.
-11.2.3.2.2.1 The densities and areas provided in Fig-
-ure 11.2.3.1.1 shall be for use only with spray sprinklers.
-11.2.3.2.2.2 Quick-response sprinklers shall not be permitted
-for use in extra hazard occupancies or other occupancies
-where there are substantial amounts of flammable liquids or
-combustible dusts.
-11.2.3.2.2.3 For extended coverage sprinklers, the minimum
-design area shall be that corresponding to the hazard in Fig-
-ure 11.2.3.1.1 or the area protected by five sprinklers, which-
-ever is greater.
-11.2.3.2.2.4 Extended coverage sprinklers shall be listed with
-and designed for the minimum flow corresponding to the
-density for the hazard as specified in Figure 11.2.3.1.1.
-11.2.3.2.3 Quick-Response Sprinklers.
-11.2.3.2.3.1 Where listed quick-response sprinklers, includ-
-ing extended coverage quick-response sprinklers, are used
-throughout a system or portion of a system having the same
-hydraulic design basis, the system area of operation shall be
-permitted to be reduced without revising the density as indi-
-cated in Figure 11.2.3.2.3.1 when all of the following condi-
-tions are satisfied:
-(1) Wet pipe system
-(2) Light hazard or ordinary hazard occupancy
-(3) 20 ft (6.1 m) maximum ceiling height
-(4) There are no unprotected ceiling pockets as allowed by
-8.6.7 and 8.8.7 exceeding 32 ft2 (3 m2)
-11.2.3.2.3.2 The number of sprinklers in the design area shall
-never be less than five.
-11.2.3.2.3.3 Where quick-response sprinklers are used on a
-sloped ceiling or roof, the maximum ceiling or roof height shall
-be used for determining the percent reduction in design area.
-11.2.3.2.4 Sloped Ceilings. The system area of operation shall
-be increased by 30 percent without revising the density when the
-following types of sprinklers are used on sloped ceilings with a
-pitch exceeding 1 in 6 (a rise of 2 units in a run of 12 units, a roof
-slope of 16.7 percent) in nonstorage applications:
-(1) Spray sprinklers, including extended coverage sprinklers
-listed in accordance with 8.4.3(4), and quick-response
-sprinklers
-(2) CMSA sprinklers
-11.2.3.2.5* Dry Pipe and Double Interlock Preaction Systems.
-For dry pipe systems and double interlock preaction systems,
-the area of sprinkler operation shall be increased by 30 per-
-cent without revising the density.
-11.2.3.2.6 High-Temperature Sprinklers. Where high-
-temperature sprinklers are used for extra hazard occupancies,
-the area of sprinkler operation shall be permitted to be re-
-duced by 25 percent without revising the density, but not to
-less than 2000 ft2 (186 m2).
-11.2.3.2.7* Multiple Adjustments.
-11.2.3.2.7.1 Where multiple adjustments to the area of opera-
-tion are required to be made in accordance with 11.2.3.2.3,
-11.2.3.2.4, 11.2.3.2.5, or 11.2.3.2.6, these adjustments shall be
-40
-Ceiling height (ft)
-Percent reduction to design area
-10 20 30
-10
-20
-30
-x-axis
-£20 ft, y =        + 55
-For ceiling height <10 ft, y = 40
-For ceiling height >20, y = 0
-For SI units, 1 ft = 0.31 m.
-Note: y =+ 5 52
-–3x
-2
-–3x
-y-axis
-For ceiling height ≥10 ft and
-FIGURE 11.2.3.2.3.1 Design Area Reduction for Quick-
-Response Sprinklers.
-13–124 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-compounded based on the area of operation originally se-
-lected from Figure 11.2.3.1.1.
-11.2.3.2.7.2 If the building has unsprinklered combustible
-concealed spaces, the rules of 11.2.3.1.4 shall be applied after
-all other modifications have been made.
-11.2.3.3 Room Design Method.
-11.2.3.3.1* The water supply requirements for sprinklers only
-shall be based upon the room that creates the greatest demand.
-11.2.3.3.2 The density selected shall be that from Fig-
-ure 11.2.3.1.1 corresponding to the occupancy hazard classifi-
-cation and room size.
-11.2.3.3.3 To utilize the room design method, all rooms shall
-be enclosed with walls having a fire-resistance rating equal to
-the water supply duration indicated in Table 11.2.3.1.2.
-11.2.3.3.4 If the room is smaller than the area specified
-in Figure 11.2.3.1.1, the provisions of 11.2.3.1.4(1) and
-11.2.3.1.4(2) shall apply.
-11.2.3.3.5 Minimum protection of openings shall be as follows:
-(1) Light hazard — Nonrated automatic or self-closing doors.
-(2) Light hazard with no opening protection — Where open-
-ings are not protected, calculations shall include the
-sprinklers in the room plus two sprinklers in the commu-
-nicating space nearest each such unprotected opening
-unless the communicating space has only one sprinkler,
-in which case calculations shall be extended to the opera-
-tion of that sprinkler. The selection of the room and com-
-municating space sprinklers to be calculated shall be that
-which produces the greatest hydraulic demand. For light
-hazard occupancies with unprotected openings in walls, a
-minimum lintel of depth of 8 in. (203 mm) is required for
-openings and the opening shall not exceed 8 ft (2.44 m)
-in width. It shall be permitted to have a single opening of
-36 in. (914 mm) or less without a lintel, provided there
-are no other openings to adjoining spaces.
-(3) Ordinary and extra hazard — Automatic or self-closing
-doors with appropriate fire resistance ratings for the
-enclosure.
-11.2.3.3.6 Where the room design method is used and the area
-under consideration is a corridor protected by a single row of
-sprinklers with protected openings in accordance with 11.2.3.3.5,
-the maximum number of sprinklers that needs to be calculated is
-five or, when extended coverage sprinklers are installed, all sprin-
-klers contained within 75 linear feet (22.9 linear meters) of the
-corridor.
-11.2.3.3.7 Where the area under consideration is a corri-
-dor protected by a single row of sprinklers with unprotected
-openings, in a light hazard occupancy, the design area shall
-include all sprinklers in the corridor to a maximum of five
-or, when extended coverage sprinklers are installed, all
-sprinklers within 75 linear feet (22.9 linear meters) of the
-corridor.
-11.2.3.4 Special Design Areas.
-11.2.3.4.1 Where the design area consists of a building ser-
-vice chute supplied by a separate riser, the maximum number
-of sprinklers that needs to be calculated is three, each with a
-minimum discharge of 15 gpm (57 L/min).
-11.2.3.4.2* Where an area is to be protected by a single line of
-sprinklers, the design area shall include all sprinklers on the
-line up to a maximum of seven.
-11.2.3.4.3 Sprinklers in ducts as described in Section 7.10
-and 8.15.13 shall be hydraulically designed to provide a dis-
-charge pressure of not less than 7 psi (0.5 bar) at each sprin-
-kler with all sprinklers within the duct flowing.
-11.3 Special Design Approaches.
-11.3.1 Residential Sprinklers.
-11.3.1.1* The design area shall be the area that includes the
-four adjacent sprinklers that produce the greatest hydraulic
-demand.
-11.3.1.2* Unless the requirements of 11.2.3.1.4(4) are met for
-buildings having unsprinklered combustible concealed
-spaces, as described in 8.15.1.2 and 8.15.6, the minimum de-
-sign area of sprinkler operation for that portion of the build-
-ing shall be eight sprinklers.
-11.3.1.2.1*The design area of eight sprinklers shall be applied
-only to the portion of the residential sprinklers that are adja-
-cent to the qualifying combustible concealed space.
-11.3.1.2.2 The termadjacentshall apply to any sprinkler system
-protecting a space above, below, or next to the qualifying con-
-cealed space except where a barrier with a fire resistance rating at
-least equivalent to the water supply duration completely sepa-
-rates the concealed space from the sprinklered area.
-11.3.1.3 Unless the requirements of 11.3.1.4 are met, the
-minimum required discharge from each of the four hydrauli-
-cally most demanding sprinklers shall be the greater of the
-following:
-(1) In accordance with minimum flow rates indicated in indi-
-vidual listings
-(2) Calculated based on delivering a minimum of 0.1 gpm/ft2
-(4.1 mm/min) over the design area in accordance with
-the provisions of 8.5.2.1 or 8.6.2.1.2
-11.3.1.4 For modifications or additions to existing systems
-equipped with residential sprinklers, the listed discharge crite-
-ria less than 0.1 gpm/ft2 (4.1 mm/min) shall be permitted to
-be used.
-11.3.1.5 Where areas such as attics, basements, or other types
-of occupancies are outside of dwelling units but within the
-same structure, these areas shall be protected as a separate
-design basis in accordance with Section 11.1.
-11.3.1.6 Hose stream allowance and water supply duration
-requirements shall be in accordance with those for light haz-
-ard occupancies in Table 11.2.3.1.2.
-11.3.2 Exposure Protection.
-11.3.2.1* Piping shall be hydraulically calculated in accordance
-with Section 23.4 to furnish a minimum of 7 psi (0.5 bar) at any
-sprinkler with all sprinklers facing the exposure operating.
-11.3.2.2 Where the water supply feeds other fire protection
-systems, it shall be capable of furnishing total demand for such
-systems as well as the exposure system demand.
-11.3.3 Water Curtains.
-11.3.3.1 Sprinklers in a water curtain such as described in 8.15.4
-or 8.15.17.2 shall be hydraulically designed to provide a dis-
-charge of 3 gpm per lineal foot (37 L/min per lineal meter) of
-water curtain, with no sprinklers discharging less than 15 gpm
-(56.8 L/min).
-13–125DESIGN APPROACHES
-2013 Edition
-
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-01:53:20 MST
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-
-11.3.3.2 For water curtains employing automatic sprinklers,
-the number of sprinklers calculated in this water curtain shall
-be the number in the length corresponding to the length par-
-allel to the branch lines in the area determined by 23.4.4.1.1.
-11.3.3.3 If a single fire can be expected to operate sprinklers
-within the water curtain and within the design area of a hydrauli-
-cally calculated system, the water supply to the water curtain shall
-be added to the water demand of the hydraulic calculations and
-shall be balanced to the calculated area demand.
-11.3.3.4 Hydraulic design calculations shall include a design
-area selected to include ceiling sprinklers adjacent to the wa-
-ter curtain.
-11.3.4 Sprinklers Under Roof or Ceiling in Combustible Con-
-cealed Spaces of Wood Joist or Wood Truss Construction with
-Members 3 ft (914 mm) or Less on Center and Slope Having
-Pitch of 4 in 12 or Greater.
-11.3.4.1 Where sprinkler spacing does not exceed 8 ft (2.5 m)
-measured perpendicular to the slope, the minimum sprinkler
-discharge pressure shall be 7 psi (0.5 bar).
-11.3.4.2 Where sprinkler spacing exceeds 8 ft (2.5 m) mea-
-sured perpendicular to the slope, the minimum sprinkler dis-
-charge pressure shall be 20 psi (1.4 bar).
-11.3.4.3 Hose stream allowance and water supply duration
-requirements shall be in accordance with those for light haz-
-ard occupancies in Table 11.2.3.1.2.
-Chapter 12 General Requirements for Storage
-12.1 General. The requirements of Section 12.1 shall apply to
-all storage arrangements and commodities other than miscel-
-laneous storage (see Chapter 13) and as modified by specific
-sections in Chapter 14 through Chapter 20.
-12.1.1 Roof Vents and Draft Curtains. See Section C.6.
-12.1.1.1* Manually operated roof vents or automatic roof
-vents with operating elements that have a higher temperature
-classification than the automatic sprinklers shall be permitted.
-12.1.1.2 Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers
-shall not be used in buildings with automatic heat or smoke
-vents unless the vents use a high-temperature rated, standard-
-response operating mechanism.
-12.1.1.3* Draft curtains shall not be used within ESFR sprin-
-kler systems.
-12.1.1.3.1 Draft curtains separating ESFR sprinklers at system
-breaks or from control mode sprinklers or between hazards
-shall be permitted. (See 8.4.6.4.)
-12.1.2 Ceiling Slope. The sprinkler system criteria specified
-in Chapter 12 and Chapters 14 through 20 are intended to
-apply to buildings with ceiling slopes not exceeding 2 in 12
-(16.7 percent) unless modified by a specific section in Chap-
-ter 12 and Chapters 14 through 20.
-12.1.3* Building and Storage Height.
-12.1.3.1 The maximum building height shall be measured to
-the underside of the roof deck or ceiling.
-12.1.3.2 ESFR sprinklers shall be used only in buildings equal
-to, or less than, the height of the building for which they have
-been listed.
-12.1.3.3 The sprinkler system design shall be based on the stor-
-age height and clearance to ceiling that routinely or periodically
-exist in the building and create the greatest water demand.
-Where storage is placed above doors, the storage height shall be
-calculated from the base of storage above the door.
-12.1.3.4 Clearance to Ceiling.
-12.1.3.4.1* The clearance to ceiling shall be measured in ac-
-cordance with 12.1.3.4.1.1 through 12.1.3.4.1.3.
-12.1.3.4.1.1 For corrugated metal deck roofs up to 3 in.
-(76 mm) in depth, the clearance to ceiling shall be measured
-from the top of storage to the bottom of the deck.
-12.1.3.4.1.2 For corrugated metal deck roofs deeper than
-3 in. (76 mm), the clearance to ceiling shall be measured to
-the highest point on the deck.
-12.1.3.4.1.3 For ceilings that have insulation attached di-
-rectly to underside of the ceiling or roof structure, the clear-
-ance to ceiling shall be measured from the top of storage to
-the bottom of the insulation and shall be in accordance with
-12.1.3.4.1.3(A) or 12.1.3.4.1.3(B).
-(A) For insulation that is attached directly to the ceiling or
-roof structure and is installed flat and parallel to the ceiling or
-roof structure, the clearance to ceiling shall be measured from
-the top of storage to the underside of the insulation.
-(B) For insulation that is installed in a manner that causes it
-to deflect or sag down from the ceiling or roof structure, the
-clearance to ceiling shall be measured from the top of storage
-to a point half of the distance of the deflection from the insu-
-lation high point to the insulation low point. If the deflection
-or sag in the insulation exceeds 6 in. (152 mm), the clearance
-to ceiling shall be measured from the top of storage to the
-high point of the insulation.
-12.1.3.4.2 For spray sprinkler criteria where the clearance to
-ceiling exceeds those identified in this section, the require-
-ments of 12.1.3.4.3 through 12.1.3.4.8 shall apply.
-12.1.3.4.3 Where the clearance to ceiling exceeds 20 ft
-(6.1 m) for Chapters 14 and 15, protection shall be based
-upon the storage height that would result in a clearance to
-ceiling of 20 ft (6.1 m).
-12.1.3.4.4 Where the clearance to ceiling exceeds 20 ft
-(6.1 m) for Section 16.2, protection shall be based upon the
-storage height that would result in a clearance to ceiling of
-20 ft (6.1 m) or providing one level of supplemental, quick-
-response in-rack sprinklers located directly below the top tier
-of storage and at every flue space intersection.
-12.1.3.4.5 Where the clearance to ceiling exceeds 10 ft (3.1 m)
-for Section 16.3 or Section 17.2, protection shall be based upon
-the storage height that would result in a clearance to ceiling of
-10 ft (3.1 m) or providing one level of supplemental, quick-
-response in-rack sprinklers located directly below the top tier of
-storage and at every flue space intersection.
-12.1.3.4.6 Where the clearance exceeds 10 ft (3.1 m) for Sec-
-tion 17.3, protection shall be based upon providing one level
-of supplemental, quick-response in-rack sprinklers located di-
-rectly below the top tier of storage and at every flue space
-intersection.
-12.1.3.4.7 When applying the supplemental in-rack sprinkler
-option, the ceiling density shall be based upon the given stor-
-age height with an assumed acceptable clearance to ceiling.
-13–126 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-12.1.3.4.8 If in-rack sprinklers are required for the actual
-storage height with an acceptable clearance to ceiling, in-rack
-sprinklers shall be installed as indicated by that criteria.
-12.1.4* High Volume Low Speed (HVLS) Fans.
-12.1.4.1 The installation of HVLS fans in buildings equipped
-with sprinklers, including ESFR sprinklers, shall comply with
-the following:
-(1) The maximum fan diameter shall be 24 ft (7.3 m).
-(2) The HVLS fan shall be centered approximately between
-four adjacent sprinklers.
-(3) The vertical clearance from the HVLS fan to sprinkler
-deflector shall be a minimum of 3 ft (0.9 m).
-(4) All HVLS fans shall be interlocked to shut down immedi-
-ately upon receiving a waterflow signal from the alarm
-system in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 72.
-12.2* Hose Connections.
-12.2.1 Small hose connections [1 1⁄2 in. (38 mm)] shall be
-provided where required by the authority having jurisdiction
-in accordance with 8.17.5 for first-aid fire-fighting and over-
-haul operations.
-12.2.2 Small hose connections shall not be required for the
-protection of Class I, II, III, and IV commodities stored 12 ft
-(3.7 m) or less in height.
-12.3* Adjacent Hazards or Design Methods. For buildings
-with two or more adjacent hazards or design methods, the
-following shall apply:
-(1) Where areas are not physically separated by a barrier or
-partition capable of delaying heat from a fire in one area
-from fusing sprinklers in the adjacent area, the required
-sprinkler protection for the more demanding design basis
-shall extend 15 ft (4.6 m) beyond its perimeter.
-(2) The requirements of 12.3(1) shall not apply where the
-areas are separated by a barrier partition that is capable of
-preventing heat from a fire in one area from fusing sprin-
-klers in the adjacent area.
-(3) The requirements of 12.3(1) shall not apply to the exten-
-sion of more demanding criteria from an upper ceiling
-level to beneath a lower ceiling level where the difference
-in height between the ceiling levels is at least 2 ft (0.6 m).
-12.4* Wet Pipe Systems.
-12.4.1 Sprinkler systems shall be wet pipe systems.
-12.4.2* In areas that are subject to freezing or where special
-conditions exist, dry pipe systems and preaction systems shall
-be permitted to protect storage occupancies.
-12.4.3 ESFR sprinklers shall only be permitted to be wet pipe
-systems.
-12.5 Dry Pipe and Preaction Systems.
-12.5.1 For dry pipe systems and preaction systems, the area of
-sprinkler operation shall be increased by 30 percent without
-revising the density.
-12.5.2 Densities and areas shall be selected so that the final
-area of operation after the 30 percent increase is not greater
-than 3900 ft2 (360 m2).
-12.6* Storage Applications.
-12.6.1 For storage applications with densities of 0.20 gpm/ft2
-(8.2 mm/min) or less, standard-response sprinklers with a
-K-factor of K-5.6 (80) or larger shall be permitted.
-12.6.2 For general storage applications, rack storage, rubber
-tire storage, roll paper storage, and baled cotton storage being
-protected with upright and pendent spray sprinklers with re-
-quired densities of greater than 0.20 gpm/ft2 to 0.34 gpm/ft2
-(8.2 mm/min to 13.9 mm/min), standard-response sprinklers
-with a nominal K-factor of K-8.0 (115) or larger shall be used.
-12.6.3 For general storage applications, rack storage, rubber
-tire storage, roll paper storage, and baled cotton storage being
-protected with upright and pendent spray sprinklers with re-
-quired densities greater than 0.34 gpm/ft 2 (13.9 mm/min),
-standard-response spray sprinklers with a K-factor of K-11.2
-(161) or larger that are listed for storage applications shall be
-used.
-12.6.4* Unless the requirements of 12.6.5 are met, the re-
-quirements of 12.6.2 and 12.6.3 shall not apply to modifica-
-tions to existing storage application systems, using sprinklers
-with K-factors of K-8.0 (115) or less.
-12.6.5 Where applying the requirements of Fig-
-ure 17.2.1.2.1(b) and Figure 17.2.1.2.1(c) utilizing the de-
-sign criteria of 0.6 gpm/ft 2 per 2000 ft 2 (24.4 mm/min per
-186 m 2) to existing storage applications, the requirements
-of 12.6.3 shall apply.
-12.6.6 The use of quick-response spray sprinklers for storage
-applications shall be permitted when listed for such use.
-12.6.7 CMSA and ESFR sprinklers shall be permitted to pro-
-tect storage of Class I through Class IV commodities, plastic
-commodities, miscellaneous storage, and other storage as
-specified in Chapter 12 through Chapter 20 or by other NFPA
-standards.
-12.6.7.1 ESFR sprinklers designed to meet any criteria in
-Chapter 12 through Chapter 20 shall be permitted to protect
-light and ordinary hazard occupancies.
-12.6.7.2 Quick-response CMSA sprinklers designed to meet
-any criteria in Chapter 12 through Chapter 20 shall be permit-
-ted to protect light and ordinary hazard occupancies.
-12.6.7.3 Standard-response CMSA sprinklers designed to
-meet any criteria in Chapter 12 through Chapter 20 shall be
-permitted to protect ordinary hazard occupancies.
-12.6.8 The design figures indicate water demands for
-ordinary-temperature-rated and nominal high-temperature-
-rated sprinklers at the ceiling.
-12.6.8.1 The ordinary-temperature design densities corre-
-spond to ordinary-temperature-rated sprinklers and shall
-be used for sprinklers with ordinary- and intermediate-
-temperature classification.
-12.6.8.2 The high-temperature design densities correspond
-to high-temperature-rated sprinklers and shall be used for
-sprinklers having a high-temperature rating.
-12.6.9 Ordinary- and intermediate-temperature sprinklers
-with K-factors of K-11.2 (161) or larger, where listed for stor-
-age, shall be permitted to use the densities for high-
-temperature sprinklers.
-12.7 Discharge Considerations.
-12.7.1 The water supply for sprinklers only shall be determined
-either from the density/area requirements of Chapter 12
-through Chapter 20 or shall be based upon the room design
-method in accordance with Section 12.10, at the discretion of the
-designer.
-13–127GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STORAGE
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
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-12.7.2* Systems with Multiple Hazard Classifications. For sys-
-tems with multiple hazard classifications, the hose stream al-
-lowance and water supply duration shall be in accordance with
-Section 12.8 as well as one of the following:
-(1) The water supply requirements for the highest hazard
-classification within the system shall be used.
-(2) The water supply requirements for each individual hazard
-classification shall be used in the calculations for the de-
-sign area for that hazard.
-(3)*For systems with multiple hazard classifications where the
-higher classification only lies within single rooms less than
-or equal to 400 ft2 (37.2 m2) in area with no such rooms
-adjacent, the water supply requirements for the principal
-occupancy shall be used for the remainder of the system.
-12.7.3 The calculations shall satisfy any single point on ap-
-propriate density/area curves.
-12.7.4 The minimum water supply requirements shall be
-determined by adding the hose stream allowance from Sec-
-tion 12.8 to the water supply for sprinklers as determined by
-Chapter 12 through Chapter 20.
-12.7.5 The minimum water supply requirements determined
-from 12.7.4 shall be available for the minimum duration speci-
-fied in Section 12.8.
-12.7.6 Total system water supply requirements shall be deter-
-mined in accordance with the hydraulic calculation proce-
-dures of Chapter 23.
-12.7.6.1 When using the density/area method, the design
-area shall meet the requirements of 23.4.4.1.1.1.
-12.7.6.2 When using CMSA, the design area shall meet the
-requirements of 23.4.4.2.1.
-12.7.6.3 When using ESFR sprinklers, the design area shall
-consist of the most hydraulically demanding area of 12 sprin-
-klers, consisting of four sprinklers on each of three branch
-lines, unless other specific numbers of design sprinklers are
-required in other sections of this standard.
-12.7.7 Multiple Adjustments.
-12.7.7.1 Where multiple adjustments to the area of operation
-are required to be made, these adjustments shall be com-
-pounded based on the area of operation originally selected.
-12.7.7.2 If the building has unsprinklered combustible con-
-cealed spaces, the rules of Section 12.9 shall be applied after
-all other modifications have been made.
-12.7.7.3 The minimum design density for any sprinkler sys-
-tem installed in a storage occupancy shall be not less than
-0.15 gpm/ft 2 (6.1 mm/min) after all adjustments are made.
-12.8 Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply Duration.
-12.8.1* Tanks shall be sized to supply the equipment that they
-serve.
-12.8.2* Pumps shall be sized to supply the equipment that
-they serve.
-12.8.3 Water allowance for outside hose shall be added to the
-sprinkler requirement at the connection to the city main or a
-yard hydrant, whichever is closer to the system riser.
-12.8.4 Where inside hose connections are planned or are
-required, the following shall apply:
-(1) A total water allowance of 50 gpm (189 L/min) for a
-single hose connection installation shall be added to the
-sprinkler requirements.
-(2) A total water allowance of 100 gpm (378 L/min) for a
-multiple hose connection installation shall be added to
-the sprinkler requirements.
-(3) The water allowance shall be added in 50 gpm (189 L/min)
-increments beginning at the most remote hose connection,
-with each increment added at the pressure required by the
-sprinkler system design at that point.
-12.8.5 When hose valves for fire department use are attached
-to wet pipe sprinkler system risers in accordance with 8.17.5.2,
-the following shall apply:
-(1) The water supply shall not be required to be added to
-standpipe demand as determined from NFPA 14.
-(2) Where the combined sprinkler system demand and hose
-stream allowance of Chapter 12 and Chapters 14 through
-20 exceeds the requirements of NFPA 14, this higher de-
-mand shall be used.
-(3) For partially sprinklered buildings, the sprinkler demand,
-not including hose stream allowance, as indicated in
-Chapter 12 and Chapters 14 through 20 shall be added to
-the requirements given in NFPA 14.
-12.8.6 Hydraulically Designed Occupancy Hazard Fire Control
-Sprinkler System.
-12.8.6.1 Unless indicated otherwise, the minimum water sup-
-ply requirements for a hydraulically designed occupancy haz-
-ard fire control sprinkler system shall be determined by add-
-ing the hose stream allowance from Table 12.8.6.1 to the water
-supply for sprinklers.
-12.8.6.2 Unless indicated otherwise, the supply determined
-in accordance with 12.8.6.1 shall be available for the mini-
-mum duration specified in Table 12.8.6.1.
-12.9 Restrictions.
-12.9.1* When using the density/area method, unless the re-
-quirements of 12.9.2 are met for buildings having unsprin-
-klered combustible concealed spaces as described in 8.15.1.2
-and 8.15.6, the minimum area of sprinkler operation for that
-portion of the building shall be 3000 ft2 (279 m2).
-12.9.1.1 The design area of 3000 ft2 (279 m2) shall be applied
-only to the sprinkler system or portions of the sprinkler system
-that are adjacent to the qualifying combustible concealed
-space.
-12.9.1.2 The term adjacent shall apply to any sprinkler system
-protecting a space above, below, or next to the qualifying con-
-cealed space except where a barrier with a fire resistance rat-
-ing at least equivalent to the water supply duration completely
-separates the concealed space from the sprinklered area.
-13–128 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-12.9.2 The following unsprinklered combustible concealed
-spaces shall not require a minimum design area of sprinkler
-operation of 3000 ft2 (279 m2):
-(1) Noncombustible and limited-combustible concealed
-spaces with minimal combustible loading having no ac-
-cess. The space shall be considered a concealed space
-even with small openings such as those used as return air
-for a plenum.
-(2) Noncombustible and limited-combustible concealed
-spaces with limited access and not permitting occupancy
-or storage of combustibles. The space shall be consid-
-ered a concealed space even with small openings such as
-those used as return air for a plenum.
-(3) Combustible concealed spaces filled entirely with non-
-combustible insulation.
-(4)*Light or ordinary hazard occupancies where noncom-
-bustible or limited-combustible ceilings are directly at-
-tached to the bottom of solid wood joists so as to create
-enclosed joist spaces 160 ft 3 (4.5 m3) or less in volume,
-including space below insulation that is laid directly on
-top or within the ceiling joists in an otherwise sprin-
-klered concealed space.
-(5) Concealed spaces where rigid materials are used and the
-exposed surfaces have a flame spread index of 25 or less
-and the materials have been demonstrated to not propa-
-gate fire more than 10.5 ft (3.2 m) when tested in accor-
-dance with ASTM E 84,Standard Test Method for Surface Burn-
-ing Characteristics of Building Materials, or ANSI/UL 723,
-Standard for Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building
-Materials, extended for an additional 20 minutes in the
-form in which they are installed in the space.
-(6) Concealed spaces in which the exposed materials are
-constructed entirely of fire retardant–treated wood as
-defined by NFPA 703.
-(7) Concealed spaces over isolated small rooms not exceed-
-ing 55 ft2 (5.1 m2) in area.
-Table 12.8.6.1 Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply Duration
-Sprinkler Type
-Sprinkler Spacing
-Type
-Number of
-Sprinklers in
-Design Area* Size of Design Area
-Hose Stream
-Allowance Water Supply
-Duration
-(minutes)gpm L/min
-Control mode
-density/area
-Standard and
-extended-coverage NA
-Up to 1200 ft2 (111 m2) 250 950 60
-Over 1200 ft2 (111 m2)
-up to 1500 ft2 (139 m2) 500 1900 90
-Over 1500 ft2 (139 m2)
-up to 2600 ft2 (240 m2) 500 1900 120
-Over 2600 ft2 (240 m2) 500 1900 150
-CMSA
-Standard Up to 12 NA 250 950 60
-Over 12 to 15 NA 500 1900 90
-Over 15 to 25 NA 500 1900 120
-Over 25 NA 500 1900 150
-Extended-coverage
-Up to 6 NA 250 950 60
-Up to 8
-144 ft2 (13.4 m2)
-maximum 250 950 60
-Over 6 to 8 NA 500 1900 90
-Over 8 to 12 NA 500 1900 120
-Over 12 NA 500 1900 150
-ESFR Standard
-Up to 12 NA 250 950 60
-Over 12 to 15 NA 500 1900 90
-Over 15 to 25 NA 500 1900 120
-Over 25 NA 500 1900 150
-NA: Not applicable.
-*For CSMA and ESFR sprinklers the additional sprinklers included in the design area for obstructions do not
-need to be considered in determining the total number of sprinklers in this column.
-13–129GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STORAGE
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-(8) Vertical pipe chases under 10 ft 2 (0.93 m 2), provided
-that in multifloor buildings the chases are firestopped at
-each floor using materials equivalent to the floor con-
-struction. Such pipe chases shall contain no sources of
-ignition, piping shall be noncombustible, and pipe pen-
-etrations at each floor shall be properly sealed.
-(9) Exterior columns under 10 ft 2 (0.93 m2) in area formed
-by studs or wood joists, supporting exterior canopies that
-are fully protected with a sprinkler system.
-(10)*Light or ordinary hazard occupancies where noncombus-
-tible or limited-combustible ceilings are attached to the
-bottom of composite wood joists either directly or on to
-metal channels not exceeding 1 in. (25.4 mm) in depth,
-provided the adjacent joist channels are firestopped into
-volumes not exceeding 160 ft3 (4.5 m3) using materials
-equivalent to1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) gypsum board and at least
-31⁄2 in. (90 mm) of batt insulation is installed at the bottom
-of the joist channels when the ceiling is attached utilizing
-metal channels.
-12.10 Room Design Method.
-12.10.1* The water supply requirements for sprinklers only shall
-be based upon the room that creates the greatest demand.
-12.10.2 To utilize the room design method, all rooms shall be
-enclosed with walls having a fire resistance rating equal to the
-water supply duration indicated in Chapters 13 through 20.
-12.10.2.1 Minimum protection of openings shall include
-automatic- or self-closing doors with the appropriate fire pro-
-tection rating for the enclosure.
-12.10.3 Where the room design method is used, the density
-shall correspond to that required for the smallest area accept-
-able under the density/area method.
-12.11* High-Expansion Foam Systems.
-12.11.1 High-expansion foam systems that are installed in ad-
-dition to automatic sprinklers shall be installed in accordance
-with NFPA 11.
-12.11.2 High-expansion foam systems shall be automatic in
-operation.
-12.11.3 High-expansion foam used to protect the idle pallet
-shall have a maximum fill time of 4 minutes.
-12.11.4 Detectors for high-expansion foam systems shall be
-listed and shall be installed at no more than one-half the listed
-spacing.
-12.11.5 The release system for the high expansion foam del-
-uge system shall be designed to operate prior to the sprinklers
-installed in the area.
-12.12* Protection of Idle Pallets.
-12.12.1 Wood Pallets.
-12.12.1.1* Wood pallets shall be permitted to be stored in the
-following arrangements:
-(1) Stored outside
-(2) Stored in a detached structure
-(3) Stored indoors where arranged and protected in accor-
-dance with 12.12.1.2
-12.12.1.2 Wood pallets, where stored indoors, shall be pro-
-tected in accordance with one of the following:
-(1) Control mode density/area sprinkler protection as speci-
-fied in Table 12.12.1.2(a).
-(2) CMSA sprinkler protection in accordance with Table
-12.12.1.2(b).
-(3) ESFR sprinkler protection in accordance with Table
-12.12.1.2(c).
-(4) Control mode density/area sprinkler protection in accor-
-dance with the OH2 curve of Figure 13.2.1 existing with a
-hose stream demand of at least 250 gpm (946 L/min) for
-a duration of at least 60 minutes when pallets are stored
-no higher than 6 ft (1.8 m) and each pile of no more than
-four stacks shall be separated from other pallet piles by at
-least 8 ft (1.4 m) of clear space or 25 ft (7.6 m) of com-
-modity. The maximum clearance to ceiling of 20 ft
-(6.1 m) specified in 12.1.3.4 shall not apply to arrange-
-ment 12.12.1.2(4).
-12.12.1.3 Idle wood pallets shall not be stored in racks unless
-they are protected in accordance with the appropriate re-
-quirements of Table 12.12.1.2(a) or Table 12.12.1.2(c). (See
-Section C.7.)
-Table 12.12.1.2(a) Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection for Indoor Storage of Idle Wood Pallets
-Type of
-Sprinkler
-Location of
-Storage
-Nominal
-K-Factor
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Celing/Roof Height Sprinkler Density
-Areas of Operation
-High
-Temperature
-Ordinary
-Temperature
-ft m ft m gpm/ft 2 mm/min ft 2 m2 ft2 m2
-Control mode
-density/area On floor 8 (115) or
-larger
-Up to 6 Up to 1.8 20 6.1 0.20 8.2 2000 186 3000 279
-On floor 11.2 (160) or
-larger
-Up to 8 Up to 2.4 30 9.1 0.45 18.3 2500 232 4000 372
-On floor or
-rack without
-solid shelves
-11.2 (160) or
-larger
-8 to 12 2.4 to 3.7 30 9.1 0.6 24.5 3500 325 6000 557
-12 to 20 3.7 to 6.1 30 9.1 0.6 24.5 4500 418 — —
-On floor 16.8 (240) or
-larger
-Up to 20 Up to 6.1 30 9.1 0.6 24.5 — — 2000 186
-13–130 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-12.12.2 Plastic Pallets.
-12.12.2.1 Plastic pallets shall be permitted to be stored in the
-following manner:
-(1) Plastic pallets shall be permitted to be stored outside.
-(2) Plastic pallets shall be permitted to be stored in a de-
-tached structure.
-(3) Plastic pallets shall be permitted to be stored indoors
-where arranged and protected in accordance with the re-
-quirements of 12.12.2.2.
-12.12.2.2 Pr otection Criteria for Plastic Pallets Stored Indoors.
-12.12.2.2.1 Plastic pallets having a demonstrated fire hazard
-that is equal to or less than idle wood pallets and is listed for
-such equivalency shall be permitted to be protected in accor-
-dance with 12.12.1.
-12.12.2.2.2 When specific test data are available, the data
-shall take precedence in determining the required protection
-of idle plastic pallets.
-Table 12.12.1.2(b) CMSA Sprinkler Protection for Indoor Storage of Idle Wood Pallets
-Storage
-Arrangement
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number of
-Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-On floor Idle wood
-pallets 20 6.1
-30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-Dry 25 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 15 1.0
-Dry 25 15 1.0
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-35 10.6 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-40 12.1 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-Table 12.12.1.2(c) ESFR Sprinkler Protection for Indoor Storage of Idle Wood Pallets
-Type of Sprinkler
-(Orientation) Location of Storage
-Nominal
-K-Factor
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum Ceiling/
-Roof Height
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-ESFR (pendent) On floor or rack
-without solid shelves
-14.0
-(200)
-25 7.6 30 9.1 50 3.4
-25 7.6 32 9.8 60 4.1
-16.8
-(240)
-25 7.6 30 9.1 35 2.4
-25 7.6 32 9.8 42 2.9
-35 10.7 40 12.2 52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-25 7.6 30 9.1 25 1.7
-30 9.1 35 10.7 35 2.4
-35 10.7 40 12.2 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-25 7.6 30 9.1 15 1.0
-30 9.1 35 10.7 20 1.4
-35 10.7 40 12.2 25 1.7
-ESFR (upright) On floor 14.0
-(200)
-20 6.1 30 9.1 50 3.4
-20 6.1 35 10.7 75 5.2
-16.8
-(240)
-20 6.1 30 9.1 35 2.4
-20 6.1 35 10.7 52 3.6
-13–131GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STORAGE
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-12.12.2.2.3 Protection with ESFR sprinklers shall be in accor-
-dance with the requirements of Table 12.12.2.2.3.
-12.12.2.2.4 Protection with spray sprinklers shall be in accor-
-dance with one of the scenarios in 12.12.2.2.4.1 through
-12.12.2.2.4.3.
-12.12.2.2.4.1 Where plastic pallets are stored in cutoff rooms,
-the following shall apply:
-(1) The cutoff rooms shall have at least one exterior wall.
-(2) The plastic pallet storage shall be separated from the re-
-mainder of the building by 3 hour–rated fire walls.
-(3) The storage shall be protected by sprinklers designed to
-deliver 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24.5 mm/min) for the entire room
-or by high-expansion foam and sprinklers designed to de-
-liver 0.30 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/min) for the entire room.
-(4) The storage shall be piled no higher than 12 ft (3.7 m).
-(5) Any steel columns shall be protected by 1-hour fireproof-
-ing or a sidewall sprinkler directed to one side of the col-
-umn at the top or at the 15 ft (4.6 m) level, whichever is
-lower. Flow from these sprinklers shall be permitted to be
-omitted from the sprinkler system demand for hydraulic
-calculations.
-12.12.2.2.4.2 Where plastic pallets are stored without cutoffs
-from other storage, the following shall apply:
-(1) Maximum storage height of 10 ft (3.05 m)
-(2) Maximum ceiling height of 30 ft (9.1 m)
-(3) Sprinkler density 0.6 gpm/ft 2 over 2000 ft 2 (24.4 mm/
-min over 186 m2)
-(4) Minimum sprinkler K-factor of 16.8 (240)
-12.12.2.2.4.3 Plastic pallets shall have no impact on the re-
-quired sprinkler protection when stored as follows:
-(1) Storage shall be piled no higher than 4 ft (1.2 m).
-(2) Sprinkler protection shall employ high temperature–
-rated sprinklers.
-(3) Each pallet pile of no more than two stacks shall be sepa-
-rated from other pallet piles by at least 8 ft (2.4 m) of clear
-space or 25 ft (7.6 m) of stored commodity.
-(4) Minimum ceiling design of OH2 shall be used.
-12.12.2.3 Idle plastic pallets shall be stored only in racks
-where protected in accordance with the requirements of
-Table 12.12.2.2.3.
-12.12.2.3.1 When specific test data and a product listing are
-available, the data shall take precedence in determining the
-required protection of idle plastic pallets stored in racks.
-12.12.3 Idle Pallets Stored on Racks, on Shelves, and Above
-Doors.
-12.12.3.1 Idle pallets shall not be stored on racks or shelves,
-except where permitted in 12.12.1.3, 12.12.2.3, and 12.12.3.2.
-12.12.3.2 Idle pallets shall be permitted to be stored on the
-lowest level of storage only where no storage or shelves are
-located above the stored pallets and the applicable protection
-criteria referenced for on-floor storage in Section 12.12 are
-applied.
-12.12.3.3 Where idle pallet storage is above a door, the idle
-pallet storage height and ceiling height shall be calculated
-from the base of storage above the door using the applicable
-protection criteria referenced in Section 12.12.
-12.12.4 High-Expansion Foam — Reduction in Ceiling Den-
-sity. A reduction in ceiling density to one-half that required
-for idle pallets shall be permitted without revising the de-
-sign area, but the density shall be no less than 0.15 gpm/ft 2
-(6.1 mm/min).
-Chapter 13 Miscellaneous Storage
-13.1 Miscellaneous Storage Up to 12 ft (3.7 m) in Height.
-13.1.1 Hose Connections. Hose connections shall not be re-
-quired for the protection of miscellaneous storage.
-13.2 Design Basis.
-13.2.1 Table 13.2.1 and Figure 13.2.1 shall apply to any of the
-following situations:
-(1) Miscellaneous storage of Class I through Class IV com-
-modities up to 12 ft (3.7 m) in height
-(2) Miscellaneous storage of Group A plastics up to 12 ft
-(3.7 m) in height
-(3) Miscellaneous storage of rubber tires up to 12 ft (3.7 m)
-in height
-(4) Miscellaneous storage of rolled paper up to 12 ft (3.7 m)
-in height
-(5) Storage of Class I through Class IV commodities up to
-12 ft (3.7 m) in height as directed by 14.2.3.1 and
-16.2.1.2.1
-(6) Storage of Group A plastics up to 5 ft (1.5 m) in height as
-directed by 15.2.1 and 17.2.1.1
-Table 12.12.2.2.3 ESFR Sprinkler Protection for Indoor Storage of Idle Plastic Pallets
-Type of Sprinkler
-(Orientation)
-Location of
-Storage
-Nominal
-K-Factor
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof Height
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-ESFR (pendent)
-On floor or rack
-without solid
-shelves
-14.0
-(200)
-25 7.6 30 9.1 50 3.4
-25 7.6 32 9.8 60 4.1
-16.8
-(240)
-25 7.6 30 9.1 35 2.4
-25 7.6 32 9.8 42 2.9
-35 10.7 40 12.2 52 3.6
-13–132 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-
-
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
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-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 13.2.1 Discharge Criteria for Miscellaneous Storage Up to 12 ft (3.7 m) in Height
-Commodity Type of Storage
-Storage Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling Height
-Design Curve
-Figure 13.2.1 Note
-Inside Hose
-Total Combined
-Inside and
-Outside Hose
-Duration
-(minutes)ft m ft m gpm L/min gpm L/min
-Class I to Class IV
-Class I
-Solid-piled,
-palletized, bin box,
-shelf, rack, and
-back-to-back shelf
-storage
-≤12 ≤3.7 — — OH1 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Class II ≤10 ≤3.0 — — OH1 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Class II >10 to
-≤12
->3.0 to
-≤3.7
-— — OH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Class III ≤12 ≤3.7 — — OH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Class IV ≤10 ≤3.0 — — OH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Class IV Palletized, bin box,
-shelf, and
-solid-piled
->10 to
-≤12
->3.0 to
-≤3.7
-32 9.8 OH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Rack and
-back-to-back shelf
-storage
->10 to
-≤12
->3.0 to
-≤3.7
-32 9.8 EH1 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
-Group A Plastic Storage
-Cartoned Unexpanded and
-expanded
-Solid-piled,
-palletized, bin box,
-shelf, rack, and
-back-to-back shelf
-storage
-≤5 ≤1.5 — — OH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
->5 to
-≤10
->1.5 to
-≤3.0
-15 4.6 EH1 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
->5 to
-≤10
->1.5 to
-≤3.0
-20 6.1 EH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
->10 to
-≤12
->3.0 to
-≤3.7
-17 5.2 EH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
-Solid-piled,
-palletized, bin box,
-shelf, and
-back-to-back shelf
-storage
->10 to
-≤12
->3.0 to
-≤3.7
-32 9.8 EH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
-Rack >10 to
-≤12
->3.0 to
-≤3.7
-32 9.8 OH2 + 1
-level
-of
-in-rack
-0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-(continues)
-13–133MISCELLANEOUS STORAGE
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 13.2.1 Continued
-Commodity Type of Storage
-Storage Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling Height
-Design Curve
-Figure 13.2.1 Note
-Inside Hose
-Total Combined
-Inside and
-Outside Hose
-Duration
-(minutes)ft m ft m gpm L/min gpm L/min
-Exposed
-Unexpanded and
-expanded
-Solid-piled,
-palletized, bin box,
-shelf, rack, and
-back-to-back shelf
-storage
-≤5 ≤1.5 — — OH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Solid-piled,
-palletized, bin box,
-shelf, and
-back-to-back shelf
-storage
->5 to
-≤8
->1.5 to
-≤2.4
-28 8.5 EH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
-Solid-piled,
-palletized, bin box,
-shelf, rack, and
-back-to-back shelf
-storage
->5 to
-≤10
->1.5 to
-≤3.0
-15 4.6 EH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
-Unexpanded
-Solid-piled,
-palletized, bin box,
-shelf, rack, and
-back-to-back shelf
-storage
->5 to
-≤10
->1.5 to
-≤3.0
-20 6.1 EH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
-Expanded
-Rack >5 to
-≤10
->1.5 to
-≤3.0
-20 6.1 OH2 +1
-level
-of
-in-rack
-0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Unexpanded and
-expanded
-Solid-piled,
-palletized, bin box,
-shelf, and
-back-to-back shelf
-storage
->10 to
-≤12
->3.0 to
-≤3.7
-17 5.2 EH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
-Rack
->10 to
-≤12
->3.0 to
-≤3.7
-17 5.2 EH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
->10 to
-≤12
->3.0 to
-≤3.7
-32 9.8 OH2 +1
-level
-of
-in-rack
-0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Tire Storage
-Tires
-On floor, on side >5 to
-≤12
->1.5 to
-≤3.7
-32 9.8 EH1 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
-On floor, on tread,
-or on side
-≤5 ≤1.5 — — OH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Single-, double-, or
-multiple-row racks
-on tread or on side
-≤5 ≤1.5 — —
-OH2
-0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Single-row rack,
-portable, on tread
-or on side
->5 to
-≤12
->1.5 to
-≤3.7
-32 9.8
-EH1
-0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
-Single-row rack,
-fixed, on tread or
-on side
->5 to
-≤12
->1.5 to
-≤3.7
-32 9.8 EH1 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-500 1893 120
->5 to
-≤12
->1.5 to
-≤3.7
-32 9.8
-OH2
-+1
-level
-of
-in-rack
-0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Rolled Paper Storage
-Heavyweight and
-mediumweight
-On end ≤10 ≤3.0 30 9.1 OH2 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 90
-Tissue and lightweight On end ≤10 ≤3.0 30 9.1 EH1 0, 50,
-100
-0, 189,
-379
-250 946 120
-13–134 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-13.2.2 Installation criteria as permitted by NFPA 13 and de-
-sign criteria and modifiers as permitted by the density/area
-method of Chapter 11 for ordinary hazard Group 1, ordinary
-hazard Group 2, extra hazard Group 1, and extra hazard
-Group 2 occupancies shall be applicable for the protection of
-any of the following:
-(1) Miscellaneous storage as described by Table 13.2.1
-(2) Commodity Class I through Class IV storage 12 ft (3.7 m)
-or less in height as directed by 14.2.3.1 and 16.2.1.2.1
-(3) Storage of Group A plastics up to 5 ft (1.5 m) in height as
-directed by 15.2.1 and 17.2.1.1
-13.2.3 Where K-11.2 (160) or larger sprinklers are used with
-EH1 or EH2 design curves from Figure 13.2.1, the design area
-shall be permitted to be reduced by 25 percent but not below
-2000 ft2 (186 m2), regardless of temperature rating.
-13.3 In-Rack Sprinklers.
-13.3.1 General. In-rack sprinklers required by Table 13.2.1
-shall meet the requirements of this section and the applicable
-storage protection and arrangement sections of this chapter.
-13.3.2 Discharge Criteria. In-rack sprinklers shall have a
-K-factor of 5.6 (80) or larger and operate at a minimum of
-15 psi (1 bar).
-13.3.3 Water Demand. Where one level of in-rack sprinklers is
-installed for miscellaneous storage, water demand shall be
-based on simultaneous operation of the hydraulically most de-
-manding four adjacent sprinklers.
-13.3.4 In-Rack Sprinkler Locations.
-13.3.4.1 In-rack sprinklers for miscellaneous storage shall be
-located at the first tier level at or above one-half of the storage
-height.
-13.3.4.2 Maximum horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers in
-single- or double-row racks with Class I, II, III, or IV commodi-
-ties shall be in accordance with Table 13.3.4.2.
-13.3.4.3 In-rack sprinklers shall be located in the longitudi-
-nal flue at the intersection of the transverse flues while not
-exceeding the maximum spacing rules.
-13.3.4.3.1 If no longitudinal flue is provided in single- and
-double-row racks, in-rack sprinklers shall be located within
-12 in. (300 mm) of the center of the rack while not exceeding
-the maximum spacing.
-13.3.4.4 Where distances between transverse flues exceed the
-maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed at
-the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues and
-additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-13.3.4.5 Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers
-shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-Chapter 14 Protection for Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin
-Box, Shelf, or Back-to-Back Shelf Storage of Class I
-through Class IV Commodities
-14.1 General.
-14.1.1 This chapter shall apply to palletized, solid-piled, bin
-box, shelf, or back-to-back shelf storage for a broad range of
-combustibles.
-14.1.2 The requirements of Chapter 12 shall apply unless
-modified by this chapter.
-2.0 4.1 6.1 8.1 10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3
-0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
-4000
-3000
-1500
-2000
-2500
-372
-279
-139
-186
-232
-Density (mm/min)
-Area of sprinkler operation (ft2)
-Density (gpm/ft2)
-EH1 EH2
-Area of sprinkler operation (m2)
-OH1 OH2
-FIGURE 13.2.1 Miscellaneous Storage Up to 12 ft (3.7 m) in Height — Design Curves (see Table 13.2.1).
-Table 13.3.4.2 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing for Class I, II, III, and IV Commodities Stored in Single- or
-Double-Row Racks Up to 12 ft (3.7 m) in Height
-Commodity Class
-Aisle Widths I and II III IV
-Encapsulated ft m ft m ft m ft m
-No 8 2.4 12 3.7 12 3.7 10 3.0
-No 4 1.2 12 3.7 10 3.0 10 3.0
-Yes — — 8 2.4 8 2.4 8 2.4
-13–135PROTECTION FOR STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-14.2* Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection Crite-
-ria for Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin Box, Shelf, or Back-to-Back
-Shelf Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodities.
-14.2.1 Protection for Class I through Class IV commodities in
-the following configurations shall be provided in accordance
-with this section:
-(1) Nonencapsulated commodities that are solid-piled, pal-
-letized, or bin box storage up to 30 ft (9.1 m) in height
-(2) Nonencapsulated commodities on shelf storage up to
-15 ft (4.6 m) in height
-(3)*Encapsulated commodities that are solid-piled, pallet-
-ized, bin box, or shelf storage up to 15 ft (4.6 m) in height
-(4) Back-to-back shelf storage up to 15 ft (4.6 m) in height
-(5) Encapsulated storage of solid-piled and palletized Class I
-through IV commodities permitted in accordance with
-14.2.5 for storage heights over 15 ft (4.6 m) up to and
-including 20 ft (6.1 m)
-14.2.2 The area and density for the hydraulically remote area
-and the water supply shall be determined as specified in 14.2.3
-for storage up to and including 12 ft (3.7 m) and 14.2.4 for
-storage over 12 ft (3.7 m).
-14.2.3 Protection Criteria for Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin
-Box, Shelf, or Back-to-Back Shelf Storage of Class I Through
-Class IV Commodities Stored Up to 12 ft (3.7 m) in Height.
-14.2.3.1 The protection criteria for storage up to and includ-
-ing 12 ft (3.7 m) shall be the same as for miscellaneous storage
-selected from Chapter 13.
-14.2.3.2 The protection criteria in Chapter 13 shall be ac-
-ceptable for storage of Class I to Class IV commodities up to
-and including 12 ft (3.7 m) in height (see Table 13.2.1).
-14.2.4 Protection Criteria for Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin
-Box, Shelf, or Back-to-Back Shelf Storage of Class I Through
-Class IV Commodities Stored Over 12 ft (3.7 m) in Height.
-14.2.4.1 Where using ordinary temperature–rated sprinklers,
-a single point shall be selected from the appropriate commod-
-ity curve on Figure 14.2.4.1.
-14.2.4.2 Where using high temperature–rated sprinklers, a
-single point shall be selected from the appropriate commodity
-curve on Figure 14.2.4.2.
-14.2.4.3 The densities selected in accordance with 14.2.4.1 or
-14.2.4.2 shall be modified in accordance with Figure 14.2.4.3
-without revising the design area.
-14.2.4.4 In the case of metal bin boxes with face areas not
-exceeding 16 ft2 (1.5 m2) and metal closed shelves with face
-areas not exceeding 16 ft 2 (1.5 m2), the area of application
-shall be permitted to be reduced by 33 percent, provided the
-minimum requirements of 14.2.4.5 and 14.2.4.6 are met.
-14.2.4.5 For storage greater than 12 ft (3.7 m), the design
-density shall not be less than 0.15 gpm/ft2 (6.1 mm/min), and
-the design area shall not be less than 2000 ft2 (186 m2) for wet
-systems or 2600 ft2 (242 m2) for dry systems for any commod-
-ity, class, or group.
-14.2.4.6 For storage greater than 12 ft (3.7 m), the sprinkler
-design density for any given area of operation for a Class III or
-Class IV commodity, calculated in accordance with 14.2.4,
-shall not be less than the density for the corresponding area of
-operation for ordinary hazard Group 2.
-14.2.4.7 For back-to-back shelf storage, the design density
-shall be taken from Figure 14.2.4.1 for storage greater than
-12 ft (3.7 m) and up to 15 ft (4.6 m) with no reduction for
-design density referenced in Figure 14.2.4.3.
-0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
-16.3
-Sprinkler density (gpm/ft2)
-Area of sprinkler operation (ft2)
-2000
-3000
-4000
-200
-250
-300
-350
-Class IClass II Class
-III
-Class IV
-14.312.210.28.26.14.1
-Area of sprinkler operation (m2)
-Density (mm/min)
-FIGURE 14.2.4.1 Sprinkler System Design Curves for 20 ft
-(6.1 m) High Storage — Ordinary Temperature–Rated
-Sprinklers.
-3000
-4000
-2000
-0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.30
-8.2
-Sprinkler Density (gpm/ft2)
-190
-280
-375
-Area of sprinkler operation (ft2)
-Class IV
-Class
-IIIClass
-I
-Class II
-10.2 12.26.14.1
-Area of sprinkler operation (m2)
-Density mm/min
-FIGURE 14.2.4.2 Sprinkler System Design Curves for 20 ft
-(6.1 m) High Storage — High Temperature–Rated Sprinklers.
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
-0
-Percent of design curve density
-1510 20 25 30
-4.53.0 6.0 7.5 9.0
-Storage height (ft)
-Storage height (m)
-FIGURE 14.2.4.3 Ceiling Sprinkler Density vs. Storage Height.
-13–136 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-14.2.5 Encapsulated Storage Over 15 ft (4.6 m) in Height Up
-to and Including 20 ft (6.1 m) in Height.
-14.2.5.1 Encapsulated storage over 15 ft (4.6 m) in height up
-to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) in height shall be limited to
-solid-piled and palletized storage.
-14.2.5.2 Encapsulated storage over 15 ft (4.6 m) in height up
-to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) in height shall be protected by
-sprinklers with a K-factor of 11.2 (160) or larger.
-14.2.5.3 Encapsulated storage over 15 ft (4.6 m) in height up
-to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) in height of Class I commodity
-shall be protected with a density/area of at least 0.46 gpm/ft2
-over 2000 ft2 (18.7 mm/min over 186 m2).
-14.2.5.4 Encapsulated storage over 15 ft (4.6 m) in height up
-to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) in height of Class II commodity
-shall be protected with a density/area of at least 0.53 gpm/ft2
-over 2000 ft2 (21.7 mm/min over 186 m2).
-14.2.5.5 Encapsulated storage over 15 ft (4.6 m) in height up
-to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) in height of Class III and Class
-IV commodity shall be protected with a density/area of at least
-0.6 gpm/ft2 over 2000 ft2 (24.5 mm/min over 186 m2).
-14.3 CMSA Sprinklers for Palletized or Solid-Piled Storage of
-Class I Through Class IV Commodities.
-14.3.1 Protection of palletized and solid-piled storage of
-Class I through Class IV commodities shall be in accordance
-with Table 14.3.1.
-Table 14.3.1 CMSA Sprinkler Design Criteria for Palletized and Solid-Piled Storage of
-Class I Through Class IV Commodities (Encapsulated and Nonencapsulated)
-Configuration
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number of
-Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum Operating Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-Palletized Class I or II
-25 7.6
-30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-Dry 25 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 10 0.7
-Dry 25 15 1.0
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-35 10.6
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-Dry 25 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 15 1.0
-Dry 25 15 1.0
-30 9.1 35 10.6 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-35 10.6 40 12.1 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-Class III
-25 7.6
-30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-Dry 25 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 15 1.0
-Dry 25 15 1.0
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-35 10.6
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-Dry 25 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 15 1.0
-Dry 25 15 1.0
-30 9.1 35 10.6 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-35 10.6 40 12.1 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-(continues)
-13–137PROTECTION FOR STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 14.3.1 Continued
-Configuration
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number of
-Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum Operating Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-Palletized Class IV
-20 6.1 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 20 25 1.7
-15 50 3.5
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 20 15 1.0
-15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-25 7.6 30 9.1 16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-30 9.1 35 10.6 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-35 10.6 40 12.1 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-Solid piled Class I or II
-20 6.1 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-Dry 25 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 10 0.7
-Dry 25 15 1.0
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-25 7.6 30 9.1
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 10 0.7
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-30 9.1 35 10.6 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-35 10.6 40 12.1 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-Class III
-20 6.1 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-Dry 25 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 15 1.0
-Dry 25 15 1.0
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-25 7.6 30 9.1
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-30 9.1 35 10.6 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-35 10.6 40 12.1 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-13–138 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table 14.3.1 Continued
-Configuration
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number of
-Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum Operating Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-Class IV
-20 6.1 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 50 3.5
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-25 7.6 30 9.1
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-30 9.1 35 10.6 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-35 10.6 40 12.1 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-14.3.2 Protection shall be provided as specified in Table 14.3.1
-or appropriate NFPA standards in terms of minimum operating
-pressure and the number of sprinklers to be included in the de-
-sign area.
-14.3.3 Open Wood Joist Construction.
-14.3.3.1 Where CMSA sprinklers are installed under open
-wood joist construction, their minimum operating pressure
-shall be 50 psi (3.4 bar) for a K-11.2 (160) sprinkler or 22 psi
-(1.5 bar) for a K-16.8 (240) sprinkler.
-14.3.3.2 For CMSA sprinklers, where each joist channel of
-open wood joist construction is fully firestopped to its full
-depth at intervals not exceeding 20 ft (6.1 m), the lower pres-
-sures specified in Table 14.3.1 shall be permitted to be used.
-14.3.4 Hose stream allowance and water supply duration re-
-quirements shall be in accordance with Table 14.3.1.
-14.3.5 Preaction Systems.
-14.3.5.1 For the purpose of using Table 14.3.1, preaction sys-
-tems shall be classified as dry pipe systems.
-14.3.6 Building steel shall not require special protection
-where Table 14.3.1 are applied as appropriate for the storage
-configuration.
-14.4 Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinklers for
-Palletized or Solid-Piled Storage of Class I Through Class IV
-Commodities.
-14.4.1 Protection of palletized and solid-piled storage of
-Class I through Class IV commodities shall be in accordance
-with Table 14.4.1.
-14.4.2 ESFR sprinkler systems shall be designed such that the
-minimum operating pressure is not less than that indicated in
-Table 14.4.1 for commodity, storage height, and building
-height involved.
-14.4.3 The design area shall consist of the most hydraulically
-demanding area of 12 sprinklers, consisting of four sprinklers
-on each of three branch lines.
-14.5 Special Design for Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin Box, or
-Shelf Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodities.
-14.5.1 Bin Box and Shelf Storage.
-14.5.1.1 Bin box and shelf storage that is over 12 ft (3.7 m)
-but not in excess of the height limits of 14.2.1 and that is
-provided with walkways at vertical intervals of not over 12 ft
-(3.7 m) shall be protected with automatic sprinklers under the
-walkway(s).
-14.5.1.2 Protection shall be as follows:
-(1) Ceiling design density shall be based on the total height of
-storage within the building.
-(2) Automatic sprinklers under walkways shall be designed to
-maintain a minimum discharge pressure of 15 psi (1 bar)
-for the most hydraulically demanding six sprinklers on
-each level. Walkway sprinkler demand shall not be re-
-quired to be added to the ceiling sprinkler demand.
-Sprinklers under walkways shall not be spaced more than
-8 ft (2.4 m) apart horizontally.
-14.6 High-Expansion Foam — Reduction to Ceiling Density.
-A reduction in ceiling density to one-half that required for
-Class I through Class IV commodities, idle pallets, or plastics
-shall be permitted without revising the design area, but the
-density shall be no less than 0.15 gpm/ft2 (6.1 mm/min).
-13–139PROTECTION FOR STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 14.4.1 ESFR Protection of Palletized and Solid-Piled Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodities
-Commodity
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof Height Nominal
-K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum Operating Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-Class I, II, III, or IV,
-encapsulated and
-nonencapsulated
-(no open-top
-containers)
-20 6.1 25 7.6
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 25 1.7
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 15 1.0
-25 7.6
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 25 1.7
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 15 1.0
-32 9.8
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-60 4.1
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 42 2.9
-30 9.1 35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-75 5.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 35 2.4
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 20 1.4
-35 10.7 40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7
-35 10.7 45 13.7
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-40 12.2 45 13.7
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-13–140 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Chapter 15 Protection for Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin
-Box, Shelf, or Back-to-Back Shelf Storage of Plastic
-and Rubber Commodities
-15.1 General. This chapter shall apply to palletized, solid-
-piled, bin box, shelf, or back-to-back shelf storage of plastic
-and rubber commodities. The requirements of Chapter 12
-shall apply unless modified by this chapter.
-15.1.1* Storage Conditions. The design of the sprinkler sys-
-tem shall be based on those conditions that routinely or peri-
-odically exist in a building and create the greatest water de-
-mand, which include the following:
-(1) Pile height
-(2) Clearance to ceiling
-(3) Pile stability
-(4) Array
-15.2* Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection Crite-
-ria for Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin Box, Shelf, or Back-to-Back
-Shelf Storage of Plastic and Rubber Commodities.
-15.2.1 For the storage of Group A plastics stored 5 ft (1.5 m)
-or less in height, the sprinkler design criteria for miscella-
-neous storage specified in Chapter 13 shall be used. The pro-
-tection criteria in Chapter 13 shall be acceptable for storage of
-Group A plastic commodities up to and including 5 ft (1.5 m)
-in height. (See Table 13.2.1 for specific Group A plastic storage height
-protection criteria.)
-15.2.2* Protection for plastic and rubber commodities shall
-be in accordance with Section 15.2. The decision tree shown
-in Figure 15.2.2 shall be used to determine the protection in
-each specific situation, subject to the following limitations:
-(1) Commodities that are stored palletized, solid piled, or in
-bin boxes up to 25 ft (7.6 m) in height.
-(2) Commodities that are stored in shelf storage up to 15 ft
-(4.6 m) in height.
-(3) Commodities that are stored using back-to-back shelf stor-
-age up to 15 ft (4.6 m) in height. The minimum aisle
-width shall be 60 in. (1524 mm). The design criteria shall
-be in accordance with Table 15.2.2. The back-to-back
-shelf shall have a full height solid vertical transverse bar-
-rier of 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) plywood or particleboard, 22 gauge
-sheet metal, or equivalent, from face of aisle to face of
-aisle, spaced at a maximum 45 ft (13.7 m) interval. The
-transverse barrier shall be permitted to terminate at the
-longitudinal barrier.
-Table 15.2.2 Back-to-Back Shelf Storage of Cartoned Unexpanded Group A Plastics
-Storage Height Ceiling Height
-Protectionft m ft m
-Over 5 up to 8 1.5/2.4 Up to 14 4.3 Ordinary Hazard Group 2
-Up to 12 3.7 Up to 15 4.6 0.45 gpm/ft 2 over 2500 ft2 18.3 mm/min/232 m2
-Up to 12 3.7 Up to 30 9.1 0.6 gpm/ft 2 over 2500 ft2 24.5 mm/min/232 m2
-Up to 15 4.6 Up to 30 9.1 0.7 gpm/ft 2 over 2500 ft2 28.5 mm/min/232 m2
-StableUnstable
-Table 15.2.6(a) or 
-(b) Column A
-ExposedCartoned
-Stable
-Table 15.2.6(a) 
-or (b) Column E
-Unstable
-Table 15.2.6(a) 
-or (b) Column D
-Stable
-Table 15.2.6(a) 
-or (b) Column B
-Unstable
-Table 15.2.6(a) 
-or (b) Column C
-Solid Unit Load 
-Table 15.2.6(a) 
-or (b) Column A
-Cartoned
-Table 15.2.6(a) 
-or (b) Column C
-Exposed
-Table 15.2.6(a) 
-or (b) Column E
-Expanded Nonexpanded Free-flowing
-Class IV
-Group A (See Note) Group B
-Class IV
-Group C
-Class III
-Plastics
-Note: Cartons that contain Group A plastic material are permitted to be treated as Class IV commodities under 
-the following conditions:
-(1)  There are multiple layers of corrugation or equivalent outer material that would significantly delay fire  
-      involvement of the Group A plastic.
-(2)  The amount and arrangement of Group A plastic material within an ordinary carton would not be expected  
-      to significantly increase the fire hazard.
-FIGURE 15.2.2 Decision Tree.
-13–141PROTECTION FOR STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
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-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-15.2.3* Factors affecting protection requirements such as
-closed/open array, clearance to ceiling, and stable/unstable
-piles shall be applicable only to storage of Group A plastics.
-This decision tree also shall be used to determine protection
-for commodities that are not wholly Group A plastics but con-
-tain such quantities and arrangements of the same that they
-are deemed more hazardous than Class IV commodities.
-15.2.4 Group B plastics and free-flowing Group A plastics
-shall be protected in the same manner as a Class IV commod-
-ity. (See Chapter 14 for protection of these storage commodities with
-spray sprinklers.)
-15.2.5 Group C plastics shall be protected in the same man-
-ner as a Class III commodity.(See Chapter 14 for protection of these
-storage commodities with spray sprinklers.)
-15.2.6* Design areas and densities for the appropriate stor-
-age configuration shall be selected from Table 15.2.6(a) or
-Table 15.2.6(b) as appropriate.
-15.2.7 The ceiling-only protection criteria specified in Chap-
-ter 17 for rack storage of plastic and rubber commodities shall
-be permitted to be used for solid-piled and palletized storage
-of the same commodity at the same height and clearance to
-ceiling.
-15.2.8 For Table 15.2.6(a) and Table 15.2.6(b), the design
-areas shall be as follows:
-(1) The area shall be a minimum of 2500 ft 2 (232 m2).
-(2) Where Table 15.2.6(a) and Table 15.2.6(b) allow densities
-and areas to be selected in accordance with Curve EH1
-and Curve EH2 of Figure 13.2.1, any density/area from
-the curves in Figure 13.2.1 shall be permitted. When se-
-lecting a point from the EH1 or EH2 density/area curves
-of Figure 13.2.1, the following area reductions shall be
-permitted:
-(a) For K-8.0 (115) sprinklers used with Curve EH1, the
-design area shall be permitted to be reduced by
-25 percent, but not below 2000 ft 2 (186 m2), where
-high temperature sprinklers are used.
-(b) For K-11.2 (160) or larger sprinklers, the design area
-shall be permitted to be reduced by 25 percent, but
-not below 2000 ft 2 (186 m2), regardless of tempera-
-ture rating.
-(3) For closed arrays, the area shall be permitted to be re-
-duced to 2000 ft2 (186 m2).
-15.2.9* Interpolation of densities between storage heights
-shall be permitted.
-15.2.9.1 Densities shall be based on the 2500 ft 2 (232 m2)
-design area.
-15.2.9.2 Interpolation of ceiling/roof heights shall not be
-permitted.
-Table 15.2.6(a) Design Densities for Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin Box, or Shelf Storage
-of Plastic and Rubber Commodities (U.S. Customary Units)
-Maximum
-Storage Height
-(ft)
-Roof/Ceiling Height
-(ft)
-Density (gpm/ft2)
-AB CDE
->5 to ≤12
-Up to 15 0.2 EH2 0.3 EH1 EH2
->15 to 20 0.3 0.6 0.5 EH2 EH2
->20 to 32 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.45 0.7
-15
-Up to 20 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.45
->20 to 25 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.45 0.7
->25 to 35 0.45 0.9 0.7 0.55 0.85
-20
-Up to 25 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.45 0.7
->25 to 30 0.45 0.9 0.7 0.55 0.85
->30 to 35 0.6 1.2 0.85 0.7 1.1
-25 Up to 30 0.45 0.9 0.7 0.55 0.85
->30 to 35 0.6 1.2 0.85 0.7 1.1
-Notes:
-(1) Minimum clearance between sprinkler deflector and top of storage shall be maintained as required.
-(2) Column designations correspond to the configuration of plastics storage as follows:
-A: (1) Nonexpanded, unstable
-(2) Nonexpanded, stable, solid unit load
-B: Expanded, exposed, stable
-C: (1) Expanded, exposed, unstable
-(2) Nonexpanded, stable, cartoned
-D: Expanded, cartoned, unstable
-E: (1) Expanded, cartoned, stable
-(2) Nonexpanded, stable, exposed
-(3) EH1 = Density required by Figure 13.2.1 for Curve EH1
-EH2 = Density required by Figure 13.2.1 for Curve EH2
-(4) Roof/ceiling height >35 ft is not permitted.
-13–142 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
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-01:53:20 MST
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-15.2.10 For storage of Group A plastics between 5 ft (1.5 m)
-and 12 ft (3.7 m) in height, the installation requirements for
-extra hazard systems shall apply.
-15.3 CMSA Sprinklers for Palletized or Solid-Piled Storage of
-Plastic and Rubber Commodities.
-15.3.1 Protection of palletized and solid-piled storage of un-
-expanded and expanded plastic and rubber commodities
-shall be in accordance with Table 15.3.1.
-15.3.2 Protection shall be provided as specified in Table
-15.3.1 or appropriate NFPA standards in terms of minimum
-operating pressure and the number of sprinklers to be in-
-cluded in the design area.
-15.3.3 Open Wood Joist Construction.
-15.3.3.1 Where CMSA sprinklers are installed under open
-wood joist construction, their minimum operating pressure
-shall be 50 psi (3.4 bar) for a K-11.2 (160) sprinkler or 22 psi
-(1.5 bar) for a K-16.8 (240) sprinkler.
-15.3.3.2 Where each joist channel of open wood joist con-
-struction is fully firestopped to its full depth at intervals not
-exceeding 20 ft (6.1 m), the lower pressures specified in Table
-15.3.1 shall be permitted to be used.
-15.3.4 Preaction Systems. For the purpose of using Table
-15.3.1, preaction systems shall be classified as dry pipe systems.
-15.3.5 Building steel shall not require special protection
-where Table 15.3.1 is applied as appropriate for the storage
-configuration.
-15.4 Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinklers for
-Palletized or Solid-Piled Storage of Plastic and Rubber Com-
-modities.
-15.4.1 Protection of palletized and solid-piled storage of car-
-toned or uncartoned unexpanded plastic and cartoned ex-
-panded or exposed expanded plastic shall be in accordance
-with Table 15.4.1.
-15.4.2 ESFR sprinkler systems shall be designed such that the
-minimum operating pressure is not less than that indicated in
-Table 15.4.1 for type of storage, commodity, storage height,
-and building height involved.
-15.4.3 The design area shall consist of the most hydraulically
-demanding area of 12 sprinklers, consisting of four sprinklers
-on each of three branch lines.
-15.4.4 Special Design for Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin Box, or
-Shelf Storage of Plastic and Rubber Commodities. (Reserved)
-15.5 High-Expansion Foam — Reduction in Ceiling Density.
-A reduction in ceiling density to one-half that required for
-Class I through Class IV commodities, idle pallets, or plastics
-shall be permitted without revising the design area, but the
-density shall be no less than 0.15 gpm/ft2 (6.1 mm/min).
-Table 15.2.6(b) Design Densities for Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin Box, or Shelf Storage
-of Plastic and Rubber Commodities (S.I. Units)
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-(m)
-Roof/Ceiling Height
-(m)
-Density
-(mm/min)
-AB C D E
-Up to 4.6 8.2 EH2 12.2 EH1 EH2
->1.5 to ≤3.6 >4.6 to 6.1 12.2 24.4 20.4 EH2 EH2
->6.1 to 9.8 16.3 32.6 24.4 18.3 28.5
-Up to 6.1 12.2 24.4 20.4 16.3 18.3
-4.6 >6.1 to 7.6 16.3 32.6 24.4 18.3 28.5
->7.6 to 10.7 18.3 36.7 28.5 22.4 34.6
-Up to 7.6 16.3 32.6 24.4 18.3 28.5
-6.1 >7.6 to 9.1 18.3 36.7 28.5 22.4 34.6
->9.1 to 10.7 24.4 49.0 34.6 28.5 44.8
-7.6 Up to 9.1 18.3 36.7 28.5 22.4 34.6
->9.1 to 10.7 24.4 49.0 34.6 28.5 44.8
-Notes:
-(1) Minimum clearance between sprinkler deflector and top of storage shall be maintained as required.
-(2) Column designations correspond to the configuration of plastics storage as follows:
-A: (1) Nonexpanded, unstable
-(2) Nonexpanded, stable, solid unit load
-B: Expanded, exposed, stable
-C: (1) Expanded, exposed, unstable
-(2) Nonexpanded, stable, cartoned
-D: Expanded, cartoned, unstable
-E: (1) Expanded, cartoned, stable
-(2) Nonexpanded, stable, exposed
-(3) EH1 = Density required by Figure 13.2.1 for Curve EH1
-EH2 = Density required by Figure 13.2.1 for Curve EH2
-(4) Roof/ceiling height >35 ft is not permitted.
-13–143PROTECTION FOR STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-
-
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 15.3.1 CMSA Sprinkler Design Criteria for Palletized and Solid-Piled Storage
-of Plastic and Rubber Commodities
-Storage
-Arrangement Commodity Class
-Maximum Storage Height
-Maximum Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number of
-Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-Palletized Cartoned
-unexpanded plastics
-20 6.1 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 25 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-25 7.6 30 9.1
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-30 9.1 35 10.7 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-35 10.6 40 12.1 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-Solid piled Cartoned
-unexpanded plastics
-20 6.1 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 50 3.5
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-25 7.6 30 9.1
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 16 1.1
-30 9.1 35 10.7 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-35 10.6 40 12.1 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-Palletized
-Exposed
-unexpanded plastics
-20 6.1 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 25 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-25 7.6 30 9.1 16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-Cartoned or
-exposed expanded
-plastics
-18 5.5 26 7.9
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 50 3.5
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-Solid piled
-Cartoned or
-exposed
-unexpanded plastics
-20 6.1 30 9.1 11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 50 3.5
-25 7.6 30 9.1 16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-13–144 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table 15.4.1 ESFR Protection of Palletized and Solid-Piled Storage of Plastic and Rubber Commodities
-Storage
-Arrangement Commodity
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof Height
-Nominal K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-Palletized and
-solid-piled
-storage (no
-open-top
-containers)
-Cartoned
-unexpanded plastic 20 6.1 25 7.6 14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 25 1.7
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 15 1.0
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 25 1.7
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 15 1.0
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-75 5.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 35 2.4
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 20 1.4
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7
-45 13.7 22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25 7.6 30 9.1 14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 25 1.7
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 15 1.0
-32 9.8
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-60 4.1
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-42 2.9
-35 10.7 14.0
-(200)
-Upright or
-pendent
-75 5.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 35 2.4
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 20 1.4
-(continues)
-13–145PROTECTION FOR STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
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---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 15.4.1 Continued
-Storage
-Arrangement Commodity
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof Height
-Nominal K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7
-45 13.7 22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-75 5.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 35 2.4
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 20 1.4
-30 9.1
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7
-45 13.7
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-35 10.7
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7
-45 13.7
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-40 12.2 45 13.7
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8
-Exposed
-unexpanded plastic 20 6.1
-25 7.6
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 50 3.4
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 35 2.4
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 50 3.4
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 35 2.4
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 75 5.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6
-40 12.2 16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6
-13–146 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 15.4.1 Continued
-Storage
-Arrangement Commodity
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof Height
-Nominal K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-25 7.6
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 50 3.4
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 35 2.4
-32 9.8
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 60 4.1
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 42 2.9
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 75 5.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 50 3.4
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 50 3.4
-30 9.1
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 75 5.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 50 3.4
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 50 3.4
-35 10.7 40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 50 3.4
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 50 3.4
-Cartoned expanded
-plastic
-20 6.1
-25 7.6
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4
-25 7.6
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4
-32 9.8
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 60 4.1
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-42 2.9
-Exposed* expanded
-plastic
-25 7.6 40 12.2 25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 60 4.1
-*Applies to closed array storage only.
-13–147PROTECTION FOR STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
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-Chapter 16 Protection of Rack Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV Commodities
-16.1 General.
-16.1.1 This section shall apply to storage of materials repre-
-senting the broad range of combustibles stored in racks. The
-requirements of Chapter 12 shall apply unless modified by this
-chapter. (See Section C.9.)
-16.1.2* Sprinkler Protection Criteria.
-16.1.2.1 Sprinkler protection criteria for the storage of mate-
-rials on racks shall be in accordance with Section 16.2 for stor-
-age up to 25 ft (7.6 m) and Section 16.3 for storage over 25 ft
-(7.6 m).
-16.1.2.2* Protection criteria for Group A plastics shall be per-
-mitted for the protection of the same storage height and con-
-figuration of Class I, II, III, and IV commodities.
-16.1.3 Movable Racks. Rack storage in movable racks shall be
-protected in the same manner as multiple-row racks.
-16.1.4 Fire Protection of Steel Columns — Columns Within
-Storage Racks of Class I Through Class IV and Plastic Com-
-modities. See Section C.10.
-16.1.4.1 Where fireproofing of building columns is not pro-
-vided and storage heights are in excess of 15 ft (4.6 m), pro-
-tection of building columns within the rack structure or verti-
-cal rack members supporting the building shall be protected
-in accordance with one of the following:
-(1) Sidewall sprinklers at the 15 ft (4.6 m) elevation, pointed
-toward one side of the steel column
-(2) Provision of ceiling sprinkler density for a minimum of
-2000 ft 2 (186 m 2) with ordinary 165°F (74°C) or high-
-temperature 286°F (141°C) rated sprinklers as shown in
-Table 16.1.4.1 for storage heights above 15 ft (4.6 m), up
-to and including 20 ft (6.1 m)
-(3) Provision of CMSA or ESFR ceiling sprinkler protection
-16.1.4.1.1 This protection shall not be required where stor-
-age in fixed racks is protected by in-rack sprinklers.
-16.1.4.2 The flow from a column sprinkler(s) shall be per-
-mitted to be omitted from the sprinkler system hydraulic
-calculations.
-16.1.5 High-Expansion Foam.
-16.1.5.1 High-Expansion Foam Ceiling Sprinkler Density.
-16.1.5.1.1 Where high-expansion foam systems are used in
-combination with ceiling sprinklers, the minimum ceiling
-sprinkler design density shall be 0.2 gpm/ft 2 (8.1 mm/min)
-for Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities or 0.25 gpm/ft 2
-(10.2 mm/min) for Class IV commodities for the most hydrau-
-lically remote 2000 ft2 (186 m2) operating area.
-16.1.5.1.2 Where high-expansion foam systems are used in
-combination with ceiling sprinklers, the maximum submer-
-gence time shall be 7 minutes for Class I, Class II, or Class III
-commodities and 5 minutes for Class IV commodities.
-16.1.5.1.3 Where high-expansion foam systems are used for
-storage over 25 ft (7.6 m) high up to and including 35 ft (10.7 m)
-high, they shall be used in combination with ceiling sprinklers.
-16.1.5.1.3.1 The maximum submergence time for the high-
-expansion foam shall be 5 minutes for Class I, Class II, or Class III
-commodities and 4 minutes for Class IV commodities.
-16.1.5.2 In-rack sprinklers shall not be required where high-
-expansion foam systems are used in combination with ceiling
-sprinklers.
-16.1.5.3 Detectors for High-Expansion Foam Systems.
-16.1.5.3.1 Detectors shall be listed and shall be installed in
-one of the following configurations:
-(1) At the ceiling only where installed at one-half the listed
-linear spacing [e.g., 15 ft × 15 ft (4. 6 m × 4.6 m) rather
-than at 30 ft × 30 ft (9.1 m × 9.1 m)]; at the ceiling at the
-listed spacing and in racks at alternate levels
-(2) Where listed for rack storage installation and installed in
-accordance with the listing to provide response within
-1 minute after ignition using an ignition source that is
-equivalent to that used in a rack storage testing program
-16.1.5.3.2 Ceiling detectors alone shall not be used where
-the clearance to ceiling exceeds 10 ft (3.1 m) or the height of
-the storage exceeds 25 ft (7.6 m).
-16.1.5.4 Detectors for preaction systems shall be installed in
-accordance with 16.1.5.3.
-16.1.6 Solid Shelf Rack.
-16.1.6.1 Where solid shelving in single-, double-, and multiple-
-row racks exceeds 20 ft2 (1.86 m2) but does not exceed 64 ft 2
-(5.95 m2) in area, sprinklers shall not be required below every
-shelf, but shall be installed at the ceiling and below shelves at
-intermediate levels not more than 6 ft (2 m) apart vertically.(See
-Section C.11.)
-16.1.6.2 Where solid shelving in single-, double-, and multiple-
-row racks exceeds 64 ft2 (5.95 m2) in area or where the levels of
-storage exceed 6 ft (2 m), sprinklers shall be installed at the ceil-
-ing and below each level of shelving.
-16.1.6.3 Where multiple-row racks of any height have no lon-
-gitudinal flue or where double-row racks with storage up 25 ft
-(7.6 m) in height have no longitudinal flue, the situation shall
-not be considered solid shelves where transverse flues exist at
-maximum 5 ft (1.5 m) intervals and additional in-rack sprin-
-klers shall not be required in accordance with 16.1.6.1 and
-16.1.6.2.
-16.1.6.4 The maximum horizontal spacing between in-rack
-sprinklers shall be 10 ft (3.1 m).
-16.1.6.5 Where the criteria in 16.1.6.5 are not met, the water
-demand for the in-rack sprinklers shall be based on a mini-
-mum flow of 30 gpm (114 L/min) discharging from the fol-
-Table 16.1.4.1 Ceiling Sprinkler Densities for Protection of
-Steel Building Columns
-Commodity
-Classification
-Aisle Width
-4 ft (1.2 m) 8 ft (2.4 m)
-gpm/ft2 (L/min)/m2 gpm/ft2 (L/min)/m2
-Class I 0.37 15.1 0.33 13.5
-Class II 0.44 17.9 0.37 15.1
-Class III 0.49 20.0 0.42 17.1
-Class IV 0.68 27.7 0.57 23.2
-13–148 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-lowing number of sprinklers balanced to the ceiling sprinkler
-demand in accordance with Section 23.8:
-(1) Six sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprinklers is
-installed to protect Class I, Class II, or Class III commodity
-(2) Eight sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprinklers
-is installed to protect Class IV commodity
-(3) Ten sprinklers (five on each of the top two levels) where
-more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed to
-protect Class I, Class II, or Class III commodity
-(4) Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each of the top two levels)
-when more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed
-to protect Class IV commodity
-16.1.6.6 The water demand for in-rack sprinklers shall not be
-required to be balanced to the ceiling sprinkler demand where
-additional face sprinklers are installed under each solid shelf at
-rack uprights and the in-rack sprinklers are calculated to dis-
-charge at least 60 gpm (227 L/min) from eight sprinklers.
-16.1.7 Open-Top Containers. The protection of open-top
-containers shall be considered outside the scope of Chapter
-16. See Section C.12.
-16.1.8 In-Rack Sprinklers.
-16.1.8.1 The number of sprinklers and the pipe sizing on a
-line of sprinklers in racks shall be restricted only by hydraulic
-calculations and not by any piping schedule.
-16.1.8.2 When in-rack sprinklers are necessary to protect a
-higher-hazard commodity that occupies only a portion of the
-length of a rack, in-rack sprinklers shall be extended a mini-
-mum of 8 ft (2.44 m) or one bay, whichever is greater, in each
-direction along the rack on either side of the higher hazard.
-The in-rack sprinklers protecting the higher hazard shall not
-be required to extend across the aisle.
-16.1.8.3 Where a storage rack, due to its length, requires
-less than the number of in-rack sprinklers specified, only
-those in-rack sprinklers in a single rack shall be included in
-the calculation.
-16.1.9* Horizontal Barriers and In-Rack Sprinklers.
-16.1.9.1 Where required by other sections of this standard,
-horizontal barriers used in conjunction with in-rack sprinklers
-to impede vertical fire development shall be constructed of
-sheet metal, wood, or similar material and shall extend the full
-length and depth of the rack.
-16.1.9.2 Barriers shall be fitted within 2 in. (51 mm) horizon-
-tally around rack uprights.
-16.1.10 Flue Space Requirements for Storage Up to and In-
-cluding 25 ft (7.6 m). See Section C.13.
-16.1.10.1 In double-row and multiple-row racks without solid
-shelves, a longitudinal (back-to-back clearance between loads)
-flue space shall not be required.
-16.1.10.2 Nominal 6 in. (152.4 mm) transverse flue spaces
-between loads and at rack uprights shall be maintained in
-single-row, double-row, and multiple-row racks.
-16.1.10.3 Random variations in the width of flue spaces or in
-their vertical alignment shall be permitted.
-16.1.11 Flue Space Requirements for Storage Over 25 ft (7.6 m).
-16.1.11.1 Nominal 6 in. (152.4 mm) transverse flue spaces
-between loads and at rack uprights shall be maintained in
-single-row, double-row, and multiple-row racks.
-16.1.11.1.1 Nominal 6 in. (152.4 mm) longitudinal flue
-spaces shall be provided in double-row racks.
-16.1.11.1.2 Random variations in the width of the flue spaces
-or in their vertical alignment shall be permitted.
-16.1.11.2 In single-row, double-row, or multiple-row racks, a
-minimum 6 in. (152.4 mm) vertical clear space shall be main-
-tained between the in-rack sprinkler deflectors and the top of
-a tier of storage.
-16.1.11.2.1 Face sprinklers in such racks shall be located within
-the rack a minimum of 3 in. (76 mm) from rack uprights and no
-more than 18 in. (460 mm) from the aisle face of storage.
-16.1.11.2.2 Longitudinal flue in-rack sprinklers shall be lo-
-cated at the intersection with the transverse flue space and
-with the deflector located at or below the bottom of horizontal
-load beams or above or below other adjacent horizontal rack
-members.
-16.1.11.2.3 Such in-rack sprinklers shall be a minimum of
-3 in. (76 mm) radially from the side of the rack uprights.
-16.2 Pr otection Criteria for Rack Storage of Class I Through
-Class IV Commodities Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m)
-in Height.
-16.2.1 Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection Cri-
-teria for Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodi-
-ties Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-16.2.1.1 The area and density for the hydraulically remote
-area and the water supply shall be determined as specified in
-16.2.1.2 for storage up to 12 ft (3.7 m) and 16.2.1.3 to
-16.2.1.3.5 for storage over 12 ft (3.7 m).
-16.2.1.2 Protection Criteria for Rack Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV Commodities Stored Up to 12 ft (3.7 m) in
-Height.
-16.2.1.2.1 The protection criteria for storage up to and in-
-cluding 12 ft (3.7 m) shall be the same as miscellaneous stor-
-age from Chapter 13.
-16.2.1.2.2 The protection criteria in Chapter 13 shall be ac-
-ceptable for storage of Class I through Class IV commodities
-up to and including 12 ft (3.7 m) in height.(See Table 13.2.1 for
-specific Class I through Class IV storage height protection criteria.)
-16.2.1.3 Protection Criteria for Rack Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 12 ft (3.7 m) in
-Height.
-16.2.1.3.1* Ceiling sprinkler water demand shall be determined
-in accordance with 16.2.1.3.2 for single- and double-row racks or
-16.2.1.3.3 for multiple-row racks.(See Section C.14.)
-16.2.1.3.2* For single- or double-row racks for Class I, Class II,
-Class III, or Class IV commodities, encapsulated or nonencap-
-sulated in single- or double-row racks, ceiling sprinkler water
-demand in terms of density [gpm/ft2 (mm/min)] and area of
-sprinkler operation [ft 2 (m2) of ceiling or roof] shall be se-
-lected from the density/area curves of Figure 16.2.1.3.2(a)
-through Figure 16.2.1.3.2(g) that are appropriate for each
-commodity and configuration as shown in Table 16.2.1.3.2
-and shall be modified as appropriate by 16.2.1.3.4. These re-
-quirements shall apply to portable racks arranged in the same
-manner as single- or double-row racks.
-13–149PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 16.2.1.3.2 Single- or Double-Row Racks — Storage Height Over 12 ft (3.7 m)
-Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m)
-Height
-Commodity
-Class Encapsulated
-Sprinklers
-Mandatory
-In-Rack
-Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand
-Aisles* With In-Rack Sprinklers Without In-Rack Sprinklers
-ft m Figure Curves
-Apply Figure
-16.2.1.3.4.1 Figure Curves
-Apply Figure
-16.2.1.3.4.1
-Over 12 ft
-(3.7 m)
-up to and
-including
-20 ft
-(6.1 m)
-I
-No
-4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(a)
-C and D
-Yes
-16.2.1.3.2(a)
-F and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and G
-Yes
-4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(e)
-C and D
-16.2.1.3.2(e)
-G and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and F
-II
-No
-4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(b)
-C and D
-16.2.1.3.2(b)
-G and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and F
-Yes
-4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(e)
-C and D
-16.2.1.3.2(e)
-G and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and F
-III
-No
-4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(c)
-C and D
-16.2.1.3.2(c)
-G and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and F
-Yes
-4 1.2
-1 level 16.2.1.3.2(f)
-C and D
-———
-8 2.4 A and B
-IV
-No
-4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(d)
-C and D
-16.2.1.3.2(d)
-G and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and F
-Yes
-4 1.2
-1 level 16.2.1.3.2(g)
-C and D
-———
-8 2.4 A and B
-Over 20 ft
-(6.1 m)
-up to and
-including
-22 ft
-(6.7 m)
-I
-No 4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(a)
-C and D
-No
-16.2.1.3.2(a)
-F and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and G
-Yes 4 1.2
-1 level 16.2.1.3.2(e)
-C and D
-———
-8 2.4 A and B
-II
-No 4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(b)
-C and D
-16.2.1.3.2(b)
-G and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and F
-Yes 4 1.2
-1 level 16.2.1.3.2(e)
-C and D
-———
-8 2.4 A and B
-III
-No 4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(c)
-C and D
-16.2.1.3.2(c)
-G and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and F
-Yes 4 1.2
-1 level 16.2.1.3.2(f)
-C and D
-———
-8 2.4 A and B
-IV
-No 4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(d)
-C and D
-16.2.1.3.2(d)
-G and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and F
-Yes 4 1.2
-1 level 16.2.1.3.2(g)
-C and D
-———
-8 2.4 A and B
-13–150 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 16.2.1.3.2 Continued
-Height
-Commodity
-Class Encapsulated
-Sprinklers
-Mandatory
-In-Rack
-Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand
-Aisles* With In-Rack Sprinklers Without In-Rack Sprinklers
-ft m Figure Curves
-Apply Figure
-16.2.1.3.4.1 Figure Curves
-Apply Figure
-16.2.1.3.4.1
-Over 22 ft
-(6.7 m)
-up to and
-including
-25 ft
-(7.6 m)
-I
-No 4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(a)
-C and D
-No
-16.2.1.3.2(a)
-F and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and G
-Yes 4 1.2
-1 level 16.2.1.3.2(e)
-C and D
-———
-8 2.4 A and B
-II
-No 4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(b)
-C and D
-16.2.1.3.2(b)
-G and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and F
-Yes 4 1.2
-1 level 16.2.1.3.2(e)
-C and D
-———
-8 2.4 A and B
-III
-No 4 1.2
-No 16.2.1.3.2(c)
-C and D
-16.2.1.3.2(c)
-G and H
-Yes
-8 2.4 A and B E and F
-Yes 4 1.2
-1 level 16.2.1.3.2(f)
-C and D
-———
-8 2.4 A and B
-IV
-No 4 1.2
-1 level
-16.2.1.3.2(d)
-C and D
-———
-8 2.4 A and B
-Yes 4 1.2
-16.2.1.3.2(g)
-C and D
-———
-8 2.4 A and B
-*See 16.2.1.3.2.1 for interpolation of aisle widths.
-4.1 6.1 8.1 10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3 18.3
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
-0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-93
-186
-279
-372
-Design area of sprinkler operation (m2)
-Design area of sprinkler operation (ft2) Ceiling sprinkler density (mm/min)
-Ceiling sprinkler density (gpm/ft2)
-I
-+
-Single point
-design only
-A — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
- with high-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers and
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-B — Single- or double-row
- racks with 8 ft (2.44 m)
- aisles with ordinary-
- temperature ceiling  
- sprinklers and ordinary-
- temperature in-rack
- sprinklers
-C — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles 
- or multiple-row racks with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary- 
- temperature in-rack
- sprinklers
-D — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles 
- or multiple-row racks with
- ordinary-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary- 
- temperature in-rack 
- sprinklers
-Curve Legend Curve Legend
-E — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
- and high-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-F — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles
- and high-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-G — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
- and ordinary-temperature
-  ceiling sprinklers
-H — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles
- and ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers 
- I — Multiple-row racks with
- 8 ft (2.44 m) or wider 
- aisles and high-
-  temperature ceiling 
- sprinklers
-J — Multiple-row racks with
- 8 ft (2.44 m) or wider
- aisles and ordinary-
- temperature ceiling
- sprinklers
-A B
-C
-D E F
-G
-JH
-FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(a) Sprinkler System Design Curves — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage —
-Class I Nonencapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
-13–151PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-4.1 6.1 8.1 10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3 18.3
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
-0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
-93
-186
-279
-372
-Design area of sprinkler operation (m2)Ceiling sprinkler density (mm/min)
-Design area of sprinkler operation (ft2)
-Ceiling sprinkler density (gpm/ft2)
-J
-I +
-Single point
-design only
-20.4
-0.50
-A — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
- with high-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers and
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-B — Single- or double-row racks  
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles 
- with ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers and 
- ordinary-temperature 
- in-rack sprinklers
-C — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles 
- or multiple-row racks with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary-
- temperature in-rack
- sprinklers
-D — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles 
- or multiple-row racks 
- with ordinary-temperature 
- ceiling sprinklers and
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-Curve Legend Curve Legend
-E — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
- and high-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-F — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
- and ordinary-temperature 
- ceiling sprinklers
-G — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles
- and high-temperature 
- ceiling sprinklers
-H — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles
- and ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
- I — Multiple-row racks with
- 8 ft (2.44 m) or wider
- aisles and high- 
- temperature ceiling 
- sprinklers
-J — Multiple-row racks with
- 8 ft (2.44 m) or wider
- aisles and ordinary-
- temperature ceiling
- sprinklers
-A B
-C
-D E F
-G
-H
-FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(b) Sprinkler System Design Curves — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage —
-Class II Nonencapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
-6.1 8.2 10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3 18.3 20.4
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
-0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
-93
-186
-279
-372
-Design area of sprinkler operation (m2)Ceiling sprinkler density (mm/min)
-Design area of sprinkler operation (ft2)
-Ceiling sprinkler density (gpm/ft2)
-J
-I +
-Single point
-design only
-A — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles  
- with high-temperature  
- ceiling sprinklers and  
- ordinary-temperature 
- in-rack sprinklers
-B — Single- or double-row racks 
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles 
- with ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers and 
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-C — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles 
- or multiple-row racks with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary-
- temperature in-rack
- sprinklers
-D — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles 
- or multiple-row racks with
- ordinary-temperature 
- ceiling sprinklers and
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-Curve Legend Curve Legend
-E — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
- and high-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-F — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
- and ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-G — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles
- and high-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-H — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles
- and ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
- I — Multiple-row racks with
- 8 ft (2.44 m) or wider
- aisles and high-
- temperature ceiling 
- sprinklers
-J — Multiple-row racks with
- 8 ft (2.44 m) or wider 
- aisles and ordinary-
- temperature ceiling
- sprinklers
-A B
-C
-D E F
-G
-H
-FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(c) Sprinkler System Design Curves — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage —
-Class III Nonencapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
-13–152 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-8.2 10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3 18.3 20.4
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
-0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
-93
-186
-279
-372
-Design area of sprinkler operation (m2)Ceiling sprinkler density (mm/min)
-Note: Curves C and D also apply to ceiling sprinklers only for multiple-row 
-rack storage up to and including 15 ft (4.57 m) high, and Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 
-shall not be applied.
-Design area of sprinkler operation (ft2)
-Ceiling sprinkler density (gpm/ft2)
-0.60
-22.4 24.5
-A — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
- with high-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers and
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-B — Single- or double-row racks  
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles 
- with ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers and
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-C — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles or
- multiple-row racks with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary-
- temperature in-rack 
- sprinklers
-D — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles or
- multiple-row racks with
- ordinary-temperature 
- ceiling sprinklers and
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-Curve Legend Curve Legend
-E — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
- and high-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-F — Single- or double-row racks
- with 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles
- and ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-G — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles
- and high-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-H — Single- or double-row racks
- with 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles
- and ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-+
-A B
-C
-D E F
-G
-H
-Single point 
-design only
-FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(d) Sprinkler System Design Curves — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage —
-Class IV Nonencapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
-6.1 8.2 10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3 18.3 20.4
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
-0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
-93
-186
-279
-372
-Design area of sprinkler operation (m2)Ceiling sprinkler density (mm/min)
-Design area of sprinkler operation (ft2)
-Ceiling sprinkler density (gpm/ft2)
-+
-A — 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary-
- temperature in-rack 
- sprinklers
-B — 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles with
- ordinary-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary-
- temperature in-rack
- sprinklers
-C — 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary-
- temperature in-rack  
- sprinklers
-D — 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles with
- ordinary-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary-
- temperature in-rack 
- sprinklers
-E — 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers
-F — 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles with
- ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-G — 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers
-H — 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles with
- ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers
-Curve Legend Curve Legend
-Single point 
-design only
-+G
-H
-A B C D
-E
-F
-FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(e) Single- or Double-Row Racks — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage —
-Sprinkler System Design Curves — Class I and Class II Encapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
-13–153PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-16.2.1.3.2.1* Design densities for single- and double-row racks
-shall be selected to correspond to aisle width.(See Section C.15.)
-(A) For aisle widths between 4 ft (1.2 m) and 8 ft (2.4 m), the
-rules for 4 ft (1.2 m) aisle width shall be used or direct linear
-interpolation between the densities shall be permitted.
-(B) The density given for 8 ft (2.4 m) wide aisles shall be
-applied to aisles wider than 8 ft (2.4 m).
-(C) The density given for 4 ft (1.2 m) wide aisles shall be
-applied to aisles more narrow than 4 ft (1.2 m) down to 31⁄2 ft
-(1.07 m).
-(D) Where aisles are more narrow than 31⁄2 ft (1.07 m), racks
-shall be considered to be multiple-row racks.
-16.2.1.3.3 Multiple-Row Racks — Storage Height Over 12 ft
-(3.7 m) Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) Without Solid
-Shelves.
-16.2.1.3.3.1 Multiple-Row Racks — Rack Depth Up to and
-Including 16 ft (4.9 m) with Aisles 8 ft (2.4 m) or Wider. For
-Class I, Class II, Class III, or Class IV commodities, encapsu-
-lated or nonencapsulated, ceiling sprinkler water demand in
-terms of density [gpm/ft 2 (mm/min)] and area of sprinkler
-operation [ft2 (m2) of ceiling or roof] shall be selected from
-the density/area curves of Figure 16.2.1.3.2(a) through Figure
-16.2.1.3.2(g) that are appropriate for each commodity and
-configuration as shown in Table 16.2.1.3.3.1 and shall be
-modified as appropriate by 16.2.1.3.4. The protection criteria
-shall apply to portable racks arranged in the same manner as
-single- or double-row racks.
-16.2.1.3.3.2 Multiple-Row Racks — Rack Depth Over 16 ft
-(4.9 m) or Aisles More Narrow Than 8 ft (2.4 m). For Class I,
-Class II, Class III, or Class IV commodities, encapsulated or non-
-encapsulated, ceiling sprinkler water demand in terms of density
-[gpm/ft2 (mm/min)] and area of sprinkler operation [ft2 (m2)
-of ceiling or roof] shall be selected from the density/area curves
-of Figure 16.2.1.3.2(a) through Figure 16.2.1.3.2(g) that are ap-
-propriate for each commodity and configuration as shown in
-Table 16.2.1.3.3.2 and shall be modified as appropriate by
-16.2.1.3.4. The protection criteria shall apply to portable racks
-arranged in the same manner as single-, double-, or multiple-
-row racks.
-16.2.1.3.4 Ceiling Sprinkler Density Adjustments.
-16.2.1.3.4.1 For storage height over 12 ft (3.7 m) up to and
-including 25 ft (7.6 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers only and
-for storage height over 12 ft (3.7 m) up to and including 20 ft
-(6.1 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and minimum required
-in-rack sprinklers, densities obtained from design curves shall be
-adjusted in accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1.
-16.2.1.3.4.2 For storage height over 20 ft (6.1 m) up to and
-including 25 ft (7.6 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and
-6.1 8.2 10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3 18.3 20.4
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
-0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
-93
-186
-279
-372
-Design area of sprinkler operation (m2)Ceiling sprinkler density (mm/min)
-Design area of sprinkler operation (ft2)
-Ceiling sprinkler density (gpm/ft2)
-A — 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary-  
- temperature in-rack 
- sprinklers
-B — 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles with
- ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers and
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-Curve Legend Curve Legend
-C — 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary- 
- temperature in-rack 
- sprinklers
-D — 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles with
- ordinary-temperature 
- ceiling sprinklers and
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-A B C D
-FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(f) Single- or Double-Row Racks — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage —
-Sprinkler System Design Curves — Class III Encapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
-10.2 12.2 14.3 16.3 18.3 20.4 22.4 24.5
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
-0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
-93
-186
-279
-372
-465
-Design area of sprinkler operation (m2)
-Ceiling sprinkler density (mm/min)
-Design area of sprinkler operation (ft2)
-Ceiling sprinkler density (gpm/ft2)
-A — 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary- 
- temperature in-rack  
- sprinklers
-B — 8 ft (2.44 m) aisles with
- ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers and
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-Curve Legend Curve Legend
-C — 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles with
- high-temperature ceiling
- sprinklers and ordinary- 
- temperature in-rack 
- sprinklers
-D — 4 ft (1.22 m) aisles with
- ordinary-temperature
- ceiling sprinklers and
- ordinary-temperature
- in-rack sprinklers
-A B C D
-FIGURE 16.2.1.3.2(g) Single- or Double-Row Racks — 20 ft (6.1 m) High Rack Storage —
-Sprinkler System Design Curves — Class IV Encapsulated Commodities — Conventional Pallets.
-13–154 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-minimum required in-rack sprinklers, densities obtained from
-design curves shall be used. Densities shall not be adjusted in
-accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1.
-16.2.1.3.4.3 For storage height over 12 ft (3.7 m) up to and
-including 20 ft (6.1 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and with
-more than one level of in-rack sprinklers, but not in every tier,
-densities obtained from design curves and adjusted in accor-
-dance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 shall be permitted to be reduced
-an additional 20 percent, as indicated in Table 16.2.1.3.4.3.
-16.2.1.3.4.4 For storage height over 20 ft (6.1 m) up to and
-including 25 ft (7.6 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and
-with more than the minimum required level of in-rack sprin-
-klers, but not in every tier, densities obtained from design
-curves shall be permitted to be reduced 20 percent, as indi-
-cated in Table 16.2.1.3.4.3. Densities shall not be adjusted in
-accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 for storage height.
-16.2.1.3.4.5 For storage height over 12 ft (3.7 m) up to and
-including 20 ft (6.1 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and
-in-rack sprinklers at each tier, densities obtained from design
-curves and adjusted in accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1
-shall be permitted to be reduced an additional 40 percent, as
-indicated in Table 16.2.1.3.4.3.
-16.2.1.3.4.6 For storage height over 20 ft (6.1 m) up to and
-including 25 ft (7.6 m) protected with ceiling sprinklers and
-in-rack sprinklers at each tier, densities obtained from design
-curves shall be permitted to be reduced 40 percent, as indi-
-cated in Table 16.2.1.3.4.3. Densities shall not be adjusted in
-accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1 for storage height.
-Table 16.2.1.3.3.1 Multiple-Row Racks — Rack Depth Up to and Including 16 ft (4.9 m),
-Aisles 8 ft (2.4 m) or Wider and Storage Height Over 12 ft (3.7 m) Up to 25 ft (7.6 m)
-Height
-Commodity
-Class
-Encap-
-sulated
-Sprinklers
-Mandatory
-In-Rack
-Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand
-With In-Rack Sprinklers Without In-Rack Sprinklers
-Figure Curves
-Apply
-Figure
-16.2.1.3.4.1
-1.25
-× Density Figure Curves
-Apply Figure
-16.2.1.3.4.1
-1.25
-× Density
-Over 12 ft
-(3.7 m)
-up to and
-including
-15 ft (4.6
-m)
-I
-No
-No
-16.2.1.3.2(a)
-C and
-D
-Yes
-No 16.2.1.3.2(a) I and J
-Yes
-No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(a) Yes 16.2.1.3.2(a) I and J Yes
-II
-No 16.2.1.3.2(b) No 16.2.1.3.2(b) I and J Yes No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(b) Yes 16.2.1.3.2(b) I and J Yes
-III
-No No 16.2.1.3.2(c) No 16.2.1.3.2(c) I and J Yes No
-Yes 1 level 16.2.1.3.2(c) Yes NA NA NA
-IV
-No No 16.2.1.3.2(d) No 16.2.1.3.2(d) C and D No No
-Yes 1 level 16.2.1.3.2(d) A and
-B
-1.50
-× density NA NA NA
-Over 15 ft
-(4.6 m)
-up to and
-including
-20 ft (6.1
-m)
-I
-No
-No
-16.2.1.3.2(a)
-C and
-D
-Yes
-No 16.2.1.3.2(a) I and J
-Yes
-No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(a) Yes 16.2.1.3.2(a) I and J Yes
-II
-No 16.2.1.3.2(b) No 16.2.1.3.2(b) I and J
-Yes
-No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(b) Yes 16.2.1.3.2(b) I and J Yes
-III
-No No 16.2.1.3.2(c) No 16.2.1.3.2(c) I and J Yes No
-Yes 1 level 16.2.1.3.2(c) Yes
-NA NA NA NA
-IV
-No
-1 level
-16.2.1.3.2(d) No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(d) A nd B 1.50
-× density
-Over 20 ft
-(6.1 m)
-up to and
-including
-25 ft (7.6
-m)
-I
-No No 16.2.1.3.2(a)
-C and
-D
-No
-No 16.2.1.3.2(a) I and J Yes No
-Yes 1 level 16.2.1.3.2(a) Yes
-NA NA NA NA
-II
-No
-1 level
-16.2.1.3.2(b) No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(b) Yes
-III
-No 16.2.1.3.2(c) No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(c) Yes
-IV
-No
-2 levels
-16.2.1.3.2(d) No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(d) A and
-B
-1.50
-× density
-NA: Not applicable.
-13–155PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-16.2.1.3.4.7 Where solid, flat-bottom, combustible pallets (slave
-pallets) are used with storage height up to and including 25 ft
-(7.6 m), the densities that are indicated in the design curves
-shown in Figure 16.2.1.3.2(a) through Figure 16.2.1.3.2(g),
-based on conventional pallets, shall be increased 20 percent for
-the given area.
-(A) The percentage shall be applied to the density deter-
-mined in accordance with Figure 16.2.1.3.4.1.
-(B) The increase in density shall not apply where in-rack
-sprinklers are installed in accordance with Table 16.2.1.3.4.3.
-16.2.1.3.5 For solid shelf rack storage, Table 16.2.1.3.2 shall
-be used to establish the density/area criteria and in-rack sprin-
-klers shall be installed in accordance with 16.1.6.
-16.2.1.4 In-Rack Sprinklers for Rack Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV Commodities Stored Up to and Including
-25 ft (7.6 m) in Height Protected with Control Mode Density/
-Area Sprinklers at Ceiling.
-16.2.1.4.1 In-Rack Sprinkler Location for Rack Storage of
-Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Up to and In-
-cluding 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-16.2.1.4.1.1 In single- or double-row racks without solid
-shelves, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with
-Table 16.2.1.3.2.
-16.2.1.4.1.2 In multiple-row racks no deeper than 16 ft (4.9 m)
-with aisles 8 ft (2.4 m) or more in width, in-rack sprinklers shall
-be installed in accordance with Table 16.2.1.3.3.1.
-Table 16.2.1.3.3.2 Multiple-Row Racks — Rack Depth Over 16 ft (4.9 m) or Aisles
-Narrower Than 8 ft (2.4 m), Storage Height Over 12 ft (3.7 m) Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m)
-Height
-Commodity
-Class
-Encap-
-sulated
-Sprinklers
-Mandatory
-In-Rack
-Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand
-With In-Rack Sprinklers Without In-Rack Sprinklers
-Figure Curves
-Apply
-Figure
-16.2.1.3.4.1
-1.25
-× Density Figure Curves
-Apply
-Figure
-16.2.1.3.4.1
-1.25
-× Density
-Over 12 ft
-(3.7 m) up
-to and
-including
-15 ft (4.6
-m)
-I
-No
-No
-16.2.1.3.2(a)
-C and D Yes
-No 16.2.1.3.2(a) I and J
-Yes
-No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(a) Yes 16.2.1.3.2(a) I and J Yes
-II
-No 16.2.1.3.2(b) No 16.2.1.3.2(b) I and J
-Yes
-No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(b) Yes 16.2.1.3.2(b) I and J Yes
-III
-No 16.2.1.3.2(c) No 16.2.1.3.2(c) I and J Yes No
-Yes 1 level 16.2.1.3.2(c) Yes
-IV
-No No 16.2.1.3.2(d) No 16.2.1.3.2(d) C and D No No
-Yes 1 level 16.2.1.3.2(d) 1.50
-× density
-Over 15 ft
-(4.6 m) up
-to and
-including
-20 ft (6.1
-m)
-I
-No
-1 level
-16.2.1.3.2(a)
-C and D Yes
-No
-NA NA NA NA
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(a) Yes
-II
-No 16.2.1.3.2(b) No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(b) Yes
-III
-No 16.2.1.3.2(c) No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(c) Yes
-IV
-No 16.2.1.3.2(d) No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(d) 1.50
-× density
-Over 20 ft
-(6.1 m) up
-to and
-including
-25 ft (7.6
-m)
-I
-No
-1 level
-16.2.1.3.2(a)
-C and D No
-No
-NA NA NA NA
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(a) Yes
-II
-No 16.2.1.3.2(b) No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(b) Yes
-III
-No 16.2.1.3.2(c) No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(c) Yes
-IV
-No
-2 levels
-16.2.1.3.2(d) No
-Yes 16.2.1.3.2(d) 1.50
-× density
-NA: Not applicable.
-13–156 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-16.2.1.4.1.3 In multiple-row racks deeper than 16 ft (4.9 m)
-or with aisles less than 8 ft (2.4 m) wide, in-rack sprinklers shall
-be installed in accordance with Table 16.2.1.3.3.2.
-16.2.1.4.1.4 In-rack sprinklers at one level only for storage up
-to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) high shall be located at the first
-tier level at or above one-half of the storage height.
-16.2.1.4.1.5 In-rack sprinklers at two levels only for storage up
-to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) high shall be located at the first tier
-level at or above one-third and two-thirds of the storage height.
-16.2.1.4.2 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing for Rack Storage of
-Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Up to and In-
-cluding 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height Protected by Control Mode
-Density/Area Sprinklers at the Ceiling.
-16.2.1.4.2.1* Maximum horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers
-in single- or double-row racks up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) in
-height shall be in accordance with Table 16.2.1.4.2.1.
-16.2.1.4.2.2* Maximum horizontal spacing and maximum area
-of coverage of in-rack sprinklers on branch lines, in multiple-row
-racks with storage up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) in height,
-shall be in accordance with Table 16.2.1.4.2.2.
-(A) The rack plan view shall be considered in determining
-the area covered by each sprinkler.
-(B) The aisles shall not be included in area calculations.
-16.2.1.4.2.3* In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersec-
-tion of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding
-the maximum spacing rules.
-(A) Where distances between transverse flues exceed the
-maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed at
-the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues and
-additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-(B) Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers shall
-not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-16.2.1.4.2.4* The elevation of in-rack sprinkler deflectors with
-respect to storage shall not be a consideration in single- or
-double-row rack storage up to and including 20 ft (6.1 m) high.
-(See Section C.16.)
-Percent of design curve density
-175
-150
-125
-100
-75
-60
-50
-25
-0
-0 10 12 15 20 25 30 35
-Height of storage (ft)
-3.05 4.57 6.10 7.62 9.14 10.67
-3.66 Height of storage (m)
-FIGURE 16.2.1.3.4.1 Ceiling Sprinkler Density vs. Storage
-Height.
-Table 16.2.1.3.4.3 Adjustment to Ceiling Sprinkler Density for Storage Height and In-Rack
-Sprinklers
-Storage Height In-Rack Sprinklers
-Apply Figure
-16.2.1.3.4.1 for
-Storage Height
-Adjustment
-Permitted Ceiling Sprinklers
-Density Adjustments Where
-In-Rack Sprinklers Are
-Installed
-Over 12 ft (3.7 m) through 25 ft
-(7.6 m)
-None Yes None
-Over 12 ft (3.7 m) through 20 ft
-(6.1 m)
-Minimum required Yes None
-More than minimum, but not in
-every tier
-Yes Reduce density 20% from
-that of minimum in-rack
-sprinklers
-In every tier Yes Reduce density 40% from
-that of minimum in-rack
-sprinklers
-Over 20 ft (6.1 m) through 24 ft
-(7.5 m)
-Minimum required No None
-More than minimum, but not in
-every tier
-No Reduce density 20% from
-that of minimum in-rack
-sprinklers
-In every tier No Reduce density 40% from
-that of minimum in-rack
-sprinklers
-13–157PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-16.2.1.4.2.5* In single- or double-row racks without solid shelves
-with storage over 20 ft (6.1 m) high, or in multiple-row racks, or
-in single- or double-row racks with solid shelves and storage
-height up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m), a minimum of 6 in.
-(152 mm) vertical clear space shall be maintained between the
-in-rack sprinkler deflectors and the top of a tier of storage.
-(A) Sprinkler discharge shall not be obstructed by horizontal
-rack members.
-16.2.1.4.2.6 For multiple-row racks, a minimum of 6 in.
-(152 mm) shall be maintained between the in-rack sprinkler
-deflector and the top of a tier of storage.
-16.2.1.4.2.7 Sprinklers installed in racks shall be spaced with-
-out regard to rack uprights. (See Section C.17.)
-16.2.1.4.3 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand for Rack Storage
-of Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Up to and
-Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height Protected by Control Mode
-Density/Area Sprinklers in the Ceiling. See Section C.18.
-16.2.1.4.3.1 The water demand for sprinklers installed in
-racks shall be based on simultaneous operation of the most
-hydraulically remote sprinklers as follows:
-(1) Six sprinklers where only one level is installed in racks
-with Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities
-(2) Eight sprinklers where only one level is installed in racks
-with Class IV commodities
-(3) Ten sprinklers (five on each two top levels) where more
-than one level is installed in racks with Class I, Class II, or
-Class III commodities
-(4) Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each two top levels) where
-more than one level is installed in racks with Class IV
-commodities
-16.2.1.4.3.2 Where a storage rack, due to its length, re-
-quires less than the number of in-rack sprinklers specified
-in 16.2.1.4.3.1(1) through 16.2.1.4.3.1(4), only those in-
-rack sprinklers in a single rack shall be included in the
-calculation.
-16.2.1.4.4 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure for Rack
-Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Up
-to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height Protected by Control
-Mode Density/Area Sprinklers at the Ceiling. Sprinklers in
-racks shall discharge at not less than 15 psi (1 bar) for all
-classes of commodities. (See Section C.19.)
-16.2.2 CMSA Sprinklers for Rack Storage of Class I Through
-Class IV Commodities Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m)
-in Height.
-16.2.2.1 Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row rack
-storage without solid shelves for Class I through Class IV com-
-modities shall be in accordance with Table 16.2.2.1.
-16.2.2.2 Where in-rack sprinklers are required by Table
-16.2.2.1, in-rack sprinkler spacing, design pressure, and hy-
-draulic calculation criteria shall be in accordance with the re-
-quirements of 16.2.2.7 as applicable for the commodity.
-16.2.2.3 Protection shall be provided as specified in Table
-16.2.2.1 or appropriate NFPA standards in terms of minimum
-operating pressure and the number of sprinklers to be in-
-cluded in the design area.
-16.2.2.4 Open Wood Joist Construction.
-16.2.2.4.1 Where CMSA sprinklers are installed under open
-wood joist construction, their minimum operating pressure
-shall be 50 psi (3.4 bar) for a K-11.2 (160) sprinkler or 22 psi
-(1.5 bar) for a K-16.8 (240) sprinkler.
-16.2.2.4.2 Where each joist channel of open wood joist con-
-struction is fully firestopped to its full depth at intervals not
-exceeding 20 ft (6.1 m), the lower pressures specified in Table
-16.2.2.1 shall be permitted to be used.
-16.2.2.5 Preaction Systems. For the purpose of using Table
-16.2.2.1, preaction systems shall be classified as dry pipe systems.
-16.2.2.6 Building steel shall not require special protection
-where Table 16.2.2.1 is applied as appropriate for the storage
-configuration.
-16.2.2.7 In-Rack Sprinklers for Rack Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV Commodities Stored Up to and Including
-25 ft (7.6 m) in Height Protected with Control Mode Specific
-Application Sprinklers at the Ceiling.
-16.2.2.7.1 Where in-rack sprinklers are required by Table
-16.2.2.1, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed at the first tier
-level at or above one-half of the storage height.
-Table 16.2.1.4.2.1 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing for Class I, II, III, and IV Commodities Stored in Single- or
-Double-Row Racks Up to 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height Protected by Control Mode Density/Area Sprinklers at the Ceiling
-Commodity Class
-Aisle Widths I and II III IV
-Encapsulated ft m ft m ft m ft m
-No 8 2.4 12 3.7 12 3.7 10 3.0
-No 4 1.2 12 3.7 10 3.0 10 3.0
-Yes — — 8 2.4 8 2.4 8 2.4
-Table 16.2.1.4.2.2 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing for Class I, II,
-III, and IV Commodities Stored in Multi-Row Racks Up to
-25 ft (7.6 m) in Height Protected by Control Mode
-Density/Area Sprinklers at the Ceiling
-Commodity Class
-I, II, III IV
-Spacing Area Spacing Area
-ft m ft 2 m2 ft m ft 2 m2
-12 3.7 100 9.3 8 2.4 80 7.4
-13–158 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table 16.2.2.1 CMSA Sprinkler Design Criteria for Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodities
-(Encapsulated and Nonencapsulated) Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
-Storage
-Arrangement
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number of
-Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-Single-, double-,
-and
-multiple-row
-racks without
-solid shelves
-(no open-top
-containers)
-Class I or II
-20 6.1 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-Dry 25 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 10 0.7
-Dry 25 15 1.0
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 16 1.1
-25 7.6 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 20 25 1.7
-Dry 30 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 10 0.7
-Dry 30 15 1.0
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 16 1.1
-Class III
-20 6.1 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-Dry 25 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 15 1.0
-Dry 25 15 1.0
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 16 1.1
-25 7.6
-30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 + 1 level
-of in-rack 25 1.7
-Dry 25 + 1 level
-of in-rack 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 22 1.5
-Dry 25 + 1 level
-of in-rack 15 1.0
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 16 1.1
-35 10.6
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 15 + 1 level
-of in-rack 25 1.7
-Dry 25 + 1 level
-of in-rack 25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 15 + 1 level
-of in-rack 15 1.0
-Dry 25 + 1 level
-of in-rack 15 1.0
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 25 1.7
-40 12.1
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 30 2.1
-(continues)
-13–159PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 16.2.2.1 Continued
-Storage
-Arrangement
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number of
-Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-Class IV
-20 6.1
-25 7.6
-11.2 (160)
-Upright Wet 15 50 3.5
-16.8 (240)
-Upright Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 16 1.1
-30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright Wet
-20 50 3.5
-15 75 5.2
-16.8 (240)
-Upright Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 16 1.1
-25 7.6
-30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright Wet 15 + 1 level
-of in-rack 50 3.5
-16.8 (240)
-Upright Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 16 1.1
-35 10.6
-11.2 (160)
-Upright Wet
-20 + 1 level
-of in-rack 50 3.5
-15 + 1 level
-of in-rack 75 5.2
-16.8 (240)
-Upright Wet
-20 + 1 level
-of in-rack 22 1.5
-15 + 1 level
-of in-rack 35 2.4
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 25 1.7
-40 12.1 19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 30 2.1
-16.2.2.7.2 The minimun of 6 in. (152.4 mm) vertical clear
-space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors
-and the top of a tier of storage.
-16.2.2.7.3* In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersec-
-tion of transverse and longitudinal flues.
-16.2.2.7.4 The maximum horizontal distance between in-
-rack sprinklers shall be 8 ft (1.5 m).
-16.2.2.7.5 Where distances between transverse flues exceed
-the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed
-at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues,
-and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-16.2.2.7.6 Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers
-shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-16.2.2.7.7 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand. The water de-
-mand for in-rack sprinklers shall be based on simultaneous
-operation of the most hydraulically remote eight sprinklers.
-16.2.2.7.8 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure.In-rack sprin-
-klers shall discharge at not less than 15 psi (1 bar) for all
-classes of commodities. (See Section C.19.)
-16.2.3* Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinklers
-for Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodities
-Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-16.2.3.1 Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row rack
-storage of Class I through Class IV commodities shall be in
-accordance with Table 16.2.3.1.
-16.2.3.2 ESFR sprinklers shall not be permitted to protect
-storage on solid shelf racks unless the solid shelf racks are
-protected with in-rack sprinklers in accordance with 16.1.6.
-16.2.3.3 ESFR sprinklers shall not be permitted to protect
-storage with open top containers.
-16.2.3.4 ESFR sprinkler systems shall be designed such that
-the minimum operating pressure is not less than that indi-
-cated in Table 16.2.3.1 for type of storage, commodity, storage
-height, and building height involved.
-16.2.3.5 The design area shall consist of the most hydrauli-
-cally demanding area of 12 sprinklers, consisting of four sprin-
-klers on each of three branch lines.
-13–160 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 16.2.3.1 ESFR Sprinkler Protection of Rack Storage Without Solid Shelves of
-Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
-Storage
-Arrangement Commodity
-Maximum
-Storage Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height Nominal
-K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure In-Rack Sprinkler
-Requirementsft m ft m psi bar
-Single-row,
-double-row, and
-multiple-row
-racks (no
-open-top
-containers)
-Class I, II, III, or IV,
-encapsulated or
-unencapsulated
-20 6.1
-25 7.6
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4 No
-22.4
-(320)
-pendent 25 1.7 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 15 1.0 No
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 15 1.0 No
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-75 5.2 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 35 2.4 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 20 1.4 No
-40 12.2 or
-12.1
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.4 Yes
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25 7.6
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 15 1.0 No
-32 9.8
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-60 4.1 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-42 2.9 No
-(continues)
-13–161PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 16.2.3.1 Continued
-Storage
-Arrangement Commodity
-Maximum
-Storage Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height Nominal
-K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure In-Rack Sprinkler
-Requirementsft m ft m psi bar
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-75 5.2 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 35 2.4 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 20 1.4 No
-40 12.2 or
-12.1
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.4 Yes
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-16.2.3.6 In-Rack Sprinkler Requirements for Rack Storage of
-Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Up to and In-
-cluding 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height Where ESFR Sprinklers Are
-Being Used at the Ceiling.
-16.2.3.6.1 Where required by Table 16.2.3.1, in-rack sprin-
-klers shall be installed at the first tier level at or above one-half
-of the storage height.
-16.2.3.6.2 In-rack sprinklers shall be K-8.0 (115) or K-11.2
-(160) quick-response, ordinary-temperature sprinklers.
-16.2.3.6.3 The minimum of 6 in. (152.4 mm) vertical clear
-space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors
-and the top of a tier of storage.
-16.2.3.6.4 The maximum horizontal distance between in-
-rack sprinklers shall be 5 ft (1.5 m).
-16.2.3.6.5* In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersec-
-tion of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding
-the maximum spacing rules.
-16.2.3.6.6 Where distances between transverse flues exceed
-the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed
-at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues,
-and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-16.2.3.6.7 Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers
-shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-16.2.3.6.8 The water demand for sprinklers installed in racks
-shall be based on simultaneous operation of the most hydrau-
-lically remote eight sprinklers.
-16.2.3.6.9 Each of the in-rack sprinklers described in 16.2.3.6.8
-shall discharge at a minimum of 60 gpm (227 L/min).
-16.2.4 Special Design for Rack Storage of Class I Through Class
-IV Commodities Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in
-Height.
-16.2.4.1 Slatted Shelves.
-16.2.4.1.1* Slatted rack shelves shall be considered equivalent
-to solid rack shelves where the shelving is not considered open
-rack shelving or where the requirements of 16.2.4.1.2 are not
-met. (See Section C.20.)
-16.2.4.1.2 A wet pipe system that is designed to provide a
-minimum of 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24.5 mm/min) density over a mini-
-mum area of 2000 ft2 (186 m2) or K-14.0 (200) ESFR sprinklers
-operating at a minimum of 50 psi (3.4 bar), K-16.8 (240) sprin-
-klers operating at a minimum of 32 psi (2.2 bar), K-22.4 (320)
-ESFR sprinklers operating at a minimum of 25 psi (1.7 bar), or
-K-25.2 (360) ESFR sprinklers operating at a minimum of 15 psi
-(1 bar) shall be permitted to protect single-row and double-row
-racks with slatted rack shelving where all of the following condi-
-tions are met:
-(1) Sprinklers shall be K-11.2 (160), K-14.0 (200), or K-16.8
-(240) orifice spray sprinklers with a temperature rating
-of ordinary, intermediate, or high and shall be listed for
-storage occupancies or shall be K-14.0 (200), K-16.8
-(240), K-22.4 (320) ESFR, or K-25.2 (360) ESFR.
-(2) The protected commodities shall be limited to Class I
-through Class IV , Group B plastics, Group C plastics, car-
-toned (expanded and unexpanded) Group A plastics,
-and exposed (unexpanded) Group A plastics.
-(3) Slats in slatted rack shelving shall be a minimum nominal
-2 in. (51 mm) thick by maximum nominal 6 in. (152 mm)
-wide, with the slats held in place by spacers that maintain a
-minimum 2 in. (51 mm) opening between each slat.
-13–162 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(4) Where K-11.2 (160), K-14.0 (200), or K-16.8 (240) orifice
-sprinklers are used, there shall be no slatted shelf levels in
-the rack above 12 ft (3.7 m). Open rack shelving using wire
-mesh shall be permitted for shelf levels above 12 ft (3.7 m).
-(5) Transverse flue spaces at least 3 in. (76 mm) wide shall
-be provided at least every 10 ft (3.1 m) horizontally.
-(6) Longitudinal flue spaces at least 6 in. (152 mm) wide
-shall be provided for double-row racks. Longitudinal
-flue spaces shall not be required where ESFR sprinklers
-are used.
-(7) The aisle widths shall be at least 7 1⁄2 ft (2.3 m).
-(8) The maximum roof height shall be 27 ft (8.2 m) or 30 ft
-(9.1 m) where ESFR sprinklers are used.
-(9) The maximum storage height shall be 20 ft (6.1 m).
-(10) Solid plywood or similar materials shall not be placed on
-the slatted shelves so that they block the 2 in. (51 mm)
-spaces between slats, nor shall they be placed on wire
-mesh shelves.
-16.3 Protection Criteria for Rack Storage of Class I Through
-Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-16.3.1 Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection Cri-
-teria for Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodi-
-ties Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-16.3.1.1* For single- and double-row racks, the water demand
-for nonencapsulated storage without solid shelves separated
-by aisles at least 4 ft (1.2 m) wide and with not more than 10 ft
-(3.1 m) between the top of storage and the sprinklers shall be
-in accordance with Table 16.3.1.1.
-16.3.1.1.1 Where storage as described in 16.3.1.1 is encapsu-
-lated, ceiling sprinkler density shall be 25 percent greater than
-for nonencapsulated storage.
-16.3.1.2 For multiple-row racks, the water demand for non-
-encapsulated storage without solid shelves separated by aisles
-at least 4 ft (1.2 m) wide and with not more than 10 ft (3.1 m)
-between the top of storage and the sprinklers shall be in accor-
-dance with Table 16.3.1.2.
-16.3.1.2.1 Where such storage is encapsulated, ceiling sprin-
-kler density shall be 25 percent greater than for nonencapsu-
-lated storage.
-16.3.1.3 In-Rack Sprinklers for Rack Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in
-Height Protected with Control Mode Density/Area Sprinklers
-at Ceiling.
-16.3.1.3.1 In-Rack Sprinkler Location for Rack Storage of Class
-I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in
-Height Protected with Control Mode Density/Area Sprinklers at
-Ceiling.
-16.3.1.3.1.1* Double-Row Racks.
-(A) In double-row racks without solid shelves and with a maxi-
-mum of 10 ft (3.1 m) between the top of storage and the
-ceiling, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with
-Table 16.3.1.1 and Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) through Figure
-16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j). The highest level of in-rack sprinklers shall be
-not more than 10 ft (3.1 m) below the top of storage. Where a
-single-row rack is mixed with double-row racks, Table 16.3.1.1
-and Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j)
-shall be used.
-(B) Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(c)
-shall be permitted to be used for the protection of the single-row
-racks.
-16.3.1.3.1.2* Single-Row Racks.
-(A) In single-row racks without solid shelves with storage
-height over 25 ft (7.6 m) and a maximum of 10 ft (3.1 m)
-between the top of storage and the ceiling, sprinklers shall
-be installed in accordance with Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(a)
-through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(e).
-(B) In single-row racks, where figures show in-rack sprinklers
-in transverse flue spaces centered between the rack faces, it
-shall be permitted to position these in-rack sprinklers in the
-transverse flue at any point between the load faces.
-16.3.1.3.1.3* In-Rack Sprinkler Location — Multiple-Row
-Racks for Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodi-
-ties Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height Protected with Control
-Mode Density/Area Sprinklers at Ceiling.
-(A) In multiple-row racks with a maximum of 10 ft (3.1 m)
-between the top of storage and the ceiling, protection shall be
-in accordance with Table 16.3.1.2 and in-rack sprinklers shall
-be installed as indicated in Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) through
-Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c).
-(B) The highest level of in-rack sprinklers shall be not more
-than 10 ft (3.1 m) below maximum storage height for Class I,
-Class II, or Class III commodities or 5 ft (1.5 m) below the top
-of storage for Class IV commodities.
-16.3.1.3.2 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing for Rack Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in
-Height Protected with Control Mode Density/Area Sprinklers at
-Ceiling.
-16.3.1.3.2.1 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing. In-rack sprinklers shall
-be staggered horizontally and vertically where installed in accor-
-dance with Table 16.3.1.1, Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) through Fig-
-ure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j), and Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(a) through
-Figure 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(e).
-16.3.1.3.2.2 In-rack sprinklers for storage higher than 25 ft
-(7.6 m) in double-row racks shall be spaced horizontally and
-located in the horizontal space nearest the vertical intervals speci-
-fied in Table 16.3.1.1 and Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) through Fig-
-ure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j).
-16.3.1.3.2.3 In-Rack Sprinkler Spacing. Maximum horizon-
-tal spacing of sprinklers in multiple-row racks with storage
-higher than 25 ft (7.6 m) shall be in accordance with Figure
-16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c).
-16.3.1.3.2.4* In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersec-
-tion of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding
-the maximum spacing rules.
-(A) Where distances between transverse flues exceed the
-maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed at
-the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues, and
-additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-(B) Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers shall
-not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-13–163PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 16.3.1.1 Single- or Double-Row Racks Without Solid Shelves of Class I Through Class IV
-Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height with Aisles 4 ft (1.2 m) or More in Width
-Commodity
-Class
-In-Rack Sprinklers Approximate Vertical
-Spacing at Tier Nearest the Vertical
-Distance and Maximum Horizontal
-Spacinga,b,c
-Figure
-Maximum
-Storage Height Stagger
-Ceiling
-Sprinkler
-Operating
-Area
-Ceiling Sprinkler Density Clearance to
-Ceiling Up to 10 ft (3.1 m)g
-Ordinary
-Temperature High Temperature
-Longitudinal Flued Facee,f ft2 m2 gpm/ft2 mm/min gpm/ft 2 mm/min
-I
-Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m)
-Horizontal 10 ft (3.1 m)
-under horizontal barriers
-None 16.3.4.1.1.1(a) 30 ft (9.1 m) No
-2000 186
-0.25 10.2 0.35 14.3
-Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m)
-Horizontal 10 ft (3.1 m)
-Vertical 20 ft
-(6.1 m)
-Horizontal
-10 ft (3.1 m)
-16.3.4.1.1.1(b)
-Higher than
-25 ft (7.6 m)
-Yes 0.25 10.2 0.35 14.3
-I, II, III
-Vertical 10 ft (3.1 m) or at
-15 ft (4.6 m) and 25 ft (7.6
-m)
-None 16.3.4.1.1.1(c) 30 ft (9.1 m) Yes
-2000 186
-0.3 12.2 0.4 16.3
-Vertical 10 ft (3.1 m)
-Horizontal 10 ft (3.1 m)
-Vertical 30 ft
-(9.1 m)
-Horizontal
-10 ft (3.1 m)
-16.3.4.1.1.1(d)
-Higher than
-25 ft (7.6 m)
-Yes 0.3 12.2 0.4 16.3
-Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m)
-Horizontal 10 ft (3.1 m)
-Vertical 20 ft
-(6.1 m)
-Horizontal
-5 ft (1.5 m)
-16.3.4.1.1.1(e) Yes 0.3 12.2 0.4 16.3
-Vertical 25 ft (7.6 m)
-Horizontal 5 ft (1.5 m)
-Vertical 25 ft
-(7.6 m)
-Horizontal
-5 ft (1.5 m)
-16.3.4.1.1.1(f) No 0.3 12.2 0.4 16.3
-Horizontal barriers at 20 ft
-(6.1 m)
-Vertical intervals — two
-lines of sprinklers under
-barriers — maximum
-horizontal spacing 10 ft
-(3.1 m), staggered
-16.3.4.1.1.1(g) Yes 0.3 12.2 0.4 16.3
-I, II, III, IV
-Vertical 15 ft (4.6 m)
-Horizontal 10 ft (3.1 m)
-Vertical 20 ft
-(6.1 m)
-Horizontal
-10 ft (3.1 m)
-16.3.4.1.1.1(h)
-Higher than
-25 ft (7.6 m)
-Yes
-2000 186
-0.35 14.3 0.45 18.3
-Vertical 20 ft (6.1 m)
-Horizontal 5 ft (1.5 m)
-Vertical 20 ft
-(6.1 m)
-Horizontal
-5 ft (1.5 m)
-16.3.4.1.1.1(i) No 0.35 14.3 0.45 18.3
-Horizontal barriers at 15 ft
-(4.6 m)
-Vertical intervals — two
-lines of sprinklers under
-barriers — maximum
-horizontal spacing 10 ft
-(3.1 m), staggered
-16.3.4.1.1.1(j) Yes 0.35 14.3 0.45 18.3
-aMinimum in-rack sprinkler discharge, 30 gpm (114 L/min).
-bWater shields required.
-cAll in-rack sprinkler spacing dimensions start from the floor.
-dInstall sprinklers at least 3 in. (76.2 mm) from uprights.
-eFace sprinklers shall not be required for a Class I commodity consisting of noncombustible products on wood
-pallets (without combustible containers), except for arrays shown in Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(g) and
-Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j).
-fIn Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j), each square represents a storage cube that
-measures 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. to 10 ft
-(0.46 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there can be one load to six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are
-spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-gFor encapsulated commodity, increase density 25 percent.
-13–164 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 16.3.1.2 Multiple-Row Racks of Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored
-Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
-Commodity
-Class Encapsulated
-In-Rack Sprinklersa,b,c
-Height
-Limit
-(ft) Stagger Figure
-Maximum
-Spacing from
-Top of Storage
-to Highest
-In-Rack
-Sprinklers
-Ceiling
-Sprinkler
-Operating Area
-Ceiling Sprinklers Density Clearance to
-Ceiling Up to 10 ft
-Maximum
-Vertical
-Spacing
-Maximum
-Horizontal
-Spacing in A
-Flue
-Maximum
-Horizontal
-Spacing
-across Flue
-165°
-Rating
-286°
-Rating
-ft m ft m ft m ft m ft 2 m2 gpm/ft2 mm/min gpm/ft 2
-mm/min
-IN o
-20 6.1 12 3.7 10 3.1
-None
-Between
-adjacent
-flues
-16.3.4.1.3.1(a) 10 3.1
-2000 186
-0.25 10.2 0.35 14.3
-Yes 0.31 0.44
-I, II, and III No
-15 4.6 10 3.1 10 3.1
-16.3.4.1.3.1(b) 10 3.1 0.30 12.2 0.40 16.3
-Yes 0.37 0.50 20.4
-I, II, III,
-and IV
-No
-10 3.1 10 3.1 10 3.1
-16.3.4.1.3.1(c) 5 1.5 0.35 14.3 0.45 18.3
-Yes 0.44 0.56
-For SI units, °C = 5⁄9 (°F−32); 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.746 mm/min.
-aAll four rack faces shall be protected by sprinklers located within the racks and no more than 18 in. (0.46 m)
-from the faces, as indicated in Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c). It shall not be
-required for each sprinkler level to protect all faces.
-bAll in-rack sprinkler spacing dimensions start from the floor.
-cIn Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) through Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c), each square represents a storage cube measur-
-ing 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.46 m
-to 3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers
-that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Notes: 
-1. Symbol x indicates in-rack sprinklers.
-2. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Elevation Plan View
-xx
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-Barriers shown 
-with background
-Barrier
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I Commodities,
-Storage Height 25 ft to Maximum 30 ft (7.6 m to Maximum 9.1 m).
-13–165PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Elevation Plan View
-Notes:
-1. Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall 
-    be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C 
-    or D represent top of storage.
-3. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled  
-    E or F represent top of storage.
-4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle 
-    defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated, with stagger as indicated.
-5. Symbol D or x indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
-6. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as 
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-xx x
-x
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-sxx x x 1
-2
-FF F
-EE E
-DD D
-CC C
-BB B
-AA A
-3
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-x
-x
-xx x x
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I Commodities,
-Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m).
-Elevation Plan View (A or B)
-Notes:
-1.  Alternate location of in-rack sprinklers. Sprinklers shall be permitted 
-     to be installed above loads A and C or above loads B and D.
-2.  Symbol D or x indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
-3.  Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-     to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-     18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few      
- as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack   
- sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-x
-x
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-EE E
-DD D
-CC C
-BB B
-AA A
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-xx
-x
-xx A
-A
-B
-B
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities,
-Storage Height 25 ft to Maximum 30 ft (7.6 m to Maximum 9.1 m).
-13–166 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Elevation Plan View
-Notes:
-1. Sprinklers labeled 1 shall be required where loads labeled A  
-    represent the top of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled  
-    B or C represent top of storage.
-3. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, and 3 shall be required where loads labeled 
-    D or E represent top of storage.
-4. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 shall be required where loads 
-    labeled F or G represent top of storage.
-5. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 shall be required where loads 
-    labeled H represent top of storage.
-6. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled H, the cycle 
-    defined by Notes 3, 4, and 5 is repeated with stagger as indicated.
-7. The indicated face sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted where 
-    commodity consists of unwrapped or unpackaged metal parts on 
-    wood pallets.
-8. Symbol D or x indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
-9. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as 
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-xx xx
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-x
-1
-2
-3
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-x
-x
-xx x x
-FF F
-EE E
-DD D
-CC C
-BB B
-AA A
-GG G
-HH H
-1
-xx xx x
-4xx
-5
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(d) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities,
-Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1.
-Elevation Plan View
-Notes:
-1. Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall
-be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C
-or D represent top of storage.
-3. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled E
-or F represent top of storage.
-4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle
-defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated, with stagger as indicated.
-5. Symbol D or x indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
-In-rack levels labeled 1 and 2
-are shown in this plan view.
-x
-x
-F
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-sxx x x 1
-2
-FF F
-EE E
-DD D
-CC C
-BB B
-AA A
-3
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-xx
-x
-xx x
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-x
-x
-xx x x
-xx
-x
-x
-x
-xx x
-6.  Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-     to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-     18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as 
-     one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-     that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(e) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities,
-Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2.
-13–167PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Elevation Plan View
-Notes:
-1. Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall 
-    be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C 
-    or D represent top of storage.
-3. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled E 
-    represent top of storage.
-4. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 4 shall be required where loads labeled F 
-    or G represent top of storage.
-5. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled G, the cycle 
-   defined by Notes 2, 3, and 4 is repeated.
-6. Symbol x indicates face and in-rack sprinklers.
-xxx x
-x
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-x
-2
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-FF F
-EE E
-DD D
-CC C
-BB B
-AA A
-GG G
-1
-xx
-4
-xx x
-xx 3xx x
-xx xx x
-xxx x x
-xxx x x
-xxx x x
-xxx x x
-7. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up  to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as 
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(f) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities,
-Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 3.
-Notes:
-1. Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall 
-    be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C 
-    or D represent top of storage.
-3. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled E 
-    or F represent top of storage.
-4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle 
-    defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated.
-5. Symbols o, D, and x indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal 
-    stagger.
-Elevation Plan View
-x
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-Barriers shown with 
-background
-Barrier
-1
-2
-xx
-3 F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-x
-x
-x x
-x x
-x
-FF F
-EE E
-DD D
-CC C
-BB B
-AA A
-Barrier 6. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up  to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as 
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(g) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities,
-Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 4.
-13–168 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Elevation Plan View
-Notes:
-  1. Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall 
-      be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
-  2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C  
-      or D represent top of storage.
-  3. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, and 3 shall be required where loads labeled 
-      E or F represent top of storage.
-  4. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 shall be required where loads  
-      labeled G represent top of storage.
-  5. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 shall be required where loads 
-      labeled H represent top of storage.
-  6. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 (not 5) shall be required where 
-      loads labeled I or J represent top of storage.
-  7. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 shall be required where loads 
-      labeled K represent top of storage.
-  8. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 shall be required where loads 
-      labeled L represent top of storage.
-  9. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9 shall be required where 
-      loads labeled M or N represent top of storage.
-10. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled N, the cycle 
-      defined by Notes 1 through 9 is repeated, with stagger as indicated. 
-      In the cycle, loads labeled M are equivalent to loads labeled A.
-11. Symbols o, x, and D indicate sprinklers on vertical or horizontal 
-      stagger.
-x
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-x
-1
-2
-FF F
-EE E
-DD D
-CC C
-BB B
-AA A
-3
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-GG G
-HH H
-II I
-JJ J
-KK K
-LL L
-MM M
-NN N
-1
-4xx
-5
-6
-7xx
-8xx
-9 F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-xx
-12. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-      to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-      18 in. (0.5 m) up  to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few 
-      as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack 
-      sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(h) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities,
-Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1.
-Elevation Plan View (1 and 3)
-Notes:
-1. Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall 
-    be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled C 
-    or D represent top of storage.
-3. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled E 
-    or F represent top of storage.
-4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled F, the cycle 
-    defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated.
-5. Symbol x indicates face and in-rack sprinklers.
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-xxx x
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-x
-xxx x x
-xxx x x
-xxx x x
-xxx x x
-FF F
-EE E
-DD D
-CC C
-BB B
-AA A
-xx 1xx x
-2xx
-xx 3xx x
-6. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up  to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as 
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(i) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities,
-Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2.
-13–169PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Notes:
-1. Sprinklers labeled 1 (the selected array from Table 16.3.1.1) shall 
-    be required where loads labeled A or B represent top of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 and barrier labeled 1 shall be required 
-    where loads labeled C represent top of storage.
-3. Sprinklers and barriers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where 
-    loads labeled D or E represent top of storage.
-4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled E, the cycle 
-    defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated.
-5. Symbol D or  x indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
-6. Symbol o indicates longitudinal flue space sprinklers.
-Elevation Plan View
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-Barriers shown with 
-background
-Barrier
-2
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-x 1 xx
-EE E
-DD D
-CC C
-BB B
-AA A
-3
-x
-x
-xx
-xx
-x
-Barrier
-7. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up  to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as 
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.1(A)(j) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities,
-Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 3.
-Elevation Plan View
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-Notes:
-1. For all storage heights, sprinklers shall be installed in every 
-    other tier and staggered as indicated.
-2. Symbol D or x indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal 
-    stagger.
-3. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 
-    5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can 
-    vary from approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). 
-    Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many 
-    as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,
-Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities, Single-Row Racks, Storage
-Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1.
-Elevation Plan View
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft 
-to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can 
-vary from approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). 
-Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as 
-six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are 
-spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,
-Class I, II, or III Commodities, Single-Row Racks, Storage
-Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1.
-13–170 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-16.3.1.3.3 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand for Rack Storage
-of Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft
-(7.6 m) in Height Protected with Control Mode Density/Area
-Sprinklers at the Ceiling. The water demand for sprinklers
-installed in racks shall be based on simultaneous operation of
-the most hydraulically remote sprinklers as follows:
-(1) Six sprinklers where only one level is installed in racks
-with Class I, Class II, or Class III commodities
-(2) Eight sprinklers where only one level is installed in racks
-with Class IV commodities
-(3) Ten sprinklers (five on each two top levels) where more
-than one level is installed in racks with Class I, Class II, or
-Class III commodities
-(4) Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each two top levels) where
-more than one level is installed in racks with Class IV
-commodities
-16.3.1.3.3.1 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge for Rack Storage of
-Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m)
-in Height Protected with Control Mode Density/Area Sprinklers
-at the Ceiling.Sprinklers in racks shall discharge at a rate not
-less than 30 gpm (113.6 L/min) for all classes of commodities.
-16.3.2 CMSA Sprinklers for Rack Storage of Class I Through
-Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-16.3.2.1 Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row rack
-storage without solid shelves for Class I through Class IV com-
-modities shall be in accordance with Table 16.3.2.1.
-16.3.2.2 Where in-rack sprinklers are required by Table
-16.3.2.1, in-rack sprinkler spacing, design pressure, and hydrau-
-lic calculation criteria shall be in accordance with the require-
-ments of 16.3.1.3 as applicable for the commodity.
-16.3.2.3 Protection shall be provided as specified in Table
-16.3.2.1 or appropriate NFPA standards in terms of minimum
-operating pressure and the number of sprinklers to be in-
-cluded in the design area.
-Elevation Plan View
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-Barriers shown with 
-background
-Barrier
-Barrier
-Barrier
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube 
-measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. 
-Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. 
-(0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be
-as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads 
-between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft 
-(3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,
-Class I, II, or III Commodities, Single-Row Racks, Storage
-Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2.
-Elevation Plan View
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 
-4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights 
-can vary from approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft 
-(3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load 
-or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(d) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,
-Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities, Single-Row Racks, Storage
-Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2.
-Elevation Plan View
-x
-x
-x
-x
-Barriers shown with 
-background
-Barrier
-x
-Barrier
-x
-Barrier
-x
-Barrier
-Note:  Each square represents a storage cube 
-measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. 
-Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. 
-(0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be 
-as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads 
-between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft 
-(3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.2(A)(e) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement,
-Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities, Single-Row Racks, Storage
-Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 3.
-13–171PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Loading Aisle Elevation
-Notes: 
-1. Sprinklers labeled 1 shall be required if loads labeled A represent top  
-    of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required if loads labeled B or C       
-    represent top of storage.
-3. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required if loads labeled D or E       
-    represent top of storage.
-4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled E, the cycle  
-    defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated, with stagger as indicated.
-5. Symbol D or x indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
-6. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Loading aisle
-Plan View
-xxx
-xxx
-xxx
-Maximum 
-10 ft (3.1 m)
-between sprinklers
-Maximum 12 ft 
-(3.7 m)
-between sprinklers
-EE Maximum 10 ft (3.1 m)
-between sprinklers
-and top of storageDD
-CC
-BB
-AA
-1
-2
-xxx
-3
-Maximum 20 ft  
-(6.1 m) between 
-sprinklers and floor
-Face 
-sprinklers
-Loading aisle
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I Commodities,
-Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m).
-Loading Aisle Elevation
-Notes: 
-1. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required if loads labeled A         
-    represent top of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required if loads labeled B or C       
-    represent top of storage.
-3. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled C, the cycle      
-    defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated, with stagger as indicated.
-4. Symbol D or x indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
-Loading aisle
-Plan View
-Loading aisle
-xxx
-xxx
-xxx
-Maximum 
-10 ft (3.1 m)
-between sprinklers
-Maximum 10 ft 
-(3.1 m)
-between sprinklers
-CC Maximum 10 ft (3.1 m)
-between sprinklers
-and top of storageBB
-AA
-1
-2
-xx x
-3
-Maximum 15 ft 
-(4.6 m) between 
-sprinklers and floor
-Face 
-sprinklers
-5. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as 
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, or III Commodities,
-Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m).
-13–172 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Notes:
-1. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, and 3 shall be required if loads labeled A       
-    represent top of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1, 2, and 4 shall be required if loads labeled B      
-    represent top of storage.
-3. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled B, the cycle      
-    defined by Notes 1 and 2 is repeated, with stagger as indicated.
-4. Symbol D or x indicates sprinklers on vertical or horizontal stagger.
-Loading aisle
-Plan View
-Loading aisle
-xxx
-xxx
-xxx
-Maximum 
-10 ft (3.1 m)
-between sprinklers
-Maximum           
-10 ft (3.1 m)
-between sprinklers
-BB
-Maximum 5 ft (1.5 m)
-between sprinklers
-and top of storage
-AA
-1
-2
-xx x
-3
-Maximum 10 ft 
-(3.1 m) between 
-sprinklers and floor
-Loading Aisle Elevation
-Face 
-sprinklers
-4
-xx x
-xx x
-5. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as 
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Class I, II, III, or IV Commodities,
-Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m).
-Table 16.3.2.1 CMSA Sprinkler Design Criteria for Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV
-Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height (Encapsulated and Nonencapsulated)
-Storage
-Arrangement
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number of
-Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-Single-, double-,
-and
-multiple-row
-racks without
-solid shelves
-(no open-top
-containers)
-Class I or II
-30 9.1 35 10.6
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 20 + 1 level
-of in-rack
-25 1.7
-Dry 30 + 1 level
-of in-rack
-25 1.7
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 20 + 1 level
-of in-rack
-15 1.0
-Dry 30 + 1 level
-of in-rack
-15 1.0
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-35 10.6 40 12.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Dry* 36 55 3.8
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Dry* 36 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-Class III or IV
-30 9.1 35 10.6
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-35 10.6 40 12.1
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-*High temperature–rated sprinklers shall be used. Dry system water delivery shall be determined in accordance
-with 7.2.3.6 with a maximum time of water delivery of 30 seconds with four sprinklers initially open.
-13–173PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-16.3.2.4 Open Wood Joist Construction.
-16.3.2.4.1 Where CMSA sprinklers are installed under open
-wood joist construction, their minimum operating pressure
-shall be 50 psi (3.4 bar) for a K-11.2 (160) sprinkler or 22 psi
-(1.5 bar) for a K-16.8 (240) sprinkler.
-16.3.2.4.2 Where each joist channel of open wood joist con-
-struction is fully firestopped to its full depth at intervals not
-exceeding 20 ft (6.1 m), the lower pressures specified in Table
-16.3.2.1 shall be permitted to be used.
-16.3.2.5 Preaction Systems. For the purpose of using Table
-16.3.2.1, preaction systems shall be classified as dry pipe systems.
-16.3.2.6 Building steel shall not require special protection
-where Table 16.3.2.1 are applied as appropriate for the stor-
-age configuration.
-16.3.2.7 In-Rack Sprinklers for Rack Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in
-Height Protected with CMSA Sprinklers at the Ceiling.
-16.3.2.7.1 Where in-rack sprinklers are required by Table
-16.3.2.1 in-rack sprinklers shall be installed at the first tier
-level at or above one-half of the storage height.
-16.3.2.7.2 The minimum of 6 in. (152 mm) vertical clear
-space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors
-and the top of a tier of storage.
-16.3.2.7.3 In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersec-
-tion of transverse and longitudinal flues.
-16.3.2.7.4 The maximum horizontal distance between in-
-rack sprinklers shall be 5 ft (1.5 m).
-16.3.2.7.5 Where distances between transverse flues exceed
-the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed
-at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues,
-and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-16.3.2.7.6 Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers
-shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-16.3.2.7.7 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand. The water de-
-mand for sprinklers installed in racks shall be based on simul-
-taneous operation of the most hydraulically remote eight
-sprinklers.
-16.3.2.7.8 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure. Sprinklers
-in racks shall discharge at not less than 15 psi (1 bar) for all
-classes of commodities. (See Section C.19.)
-16.3.3* Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinklers
-for Rack Storage of Class I Through Class IV Commodities
-Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-16.3.3.1 Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row rack
-storage of Class I through Class IV commodities shall be in
-accordance with Table 16.3.3.1.
-16.3.3.2 ESFR protection as defined shall not apply to the
-following:
-(1) Rack storage involving solid shelves
-(2) Rack storage involving combustible, open-top cartons or
-containers
-16.3.3.3 ESFR sprinkler systems shall be designed such that
-the minimum operating pressure is not less than that indi-
-cated in Table 16.3.3.1 for type of storage, commodity, storage
-height, and building height involved.
-16.3.3.4 The design area shall consist of the most hydrauli-
-cally demanding area of 12 sprinklers, consisting of four sprin-
-klers on each of three branch lines.
-16.3.3.5 Where required by Table 16.3.3.1, one level of K-8.0
-(115) or K-11.2 (160) quick-response, ordinary-temperature
-in-rack sprinklers shall be installed at the tier level closest to
-but not exceeding one-half of the maximum storage height.
-16.3.3.5.1 In-rack sprinkler hydraulic design criteria shall be
-the most hydraulically remote eight sprinklers at 60 gpm
-(227 L/min).
-16.3.3.5.2 In-rack sprinklers shall be located at the intersec-
-tion of the longitudinal and transverse flue space.
-16.3.3.5.3 Horizontal spacing shall not be permitted to ex-
-ceed 5 ft (1.5 m) intervals.
-16.3.3.5.4 The minimum of 6 in. (152 mm) vertical clear
-space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors
-and the top of a tier of storage.
-16.3.3.5.5 In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersec-
-tion of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding
-the maximum spacing rules.
-16.3.3.5.6 Where distances between transverse flues exceed
-the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed
-at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues,
-and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-16.3.3.5.7 Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers
-shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-16.3.4 Special Design for Rack Storage of Class I Through
-Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-16.3.4.1 Where high-expansion foam systems are used for stor-
-age over 25 ft (7.6 m) high up to and including 35 ft (10.7 m)
-high, they shall be used in combination with ceiling sprinklers.
-16.3.4.2 The maximum submergence time for the high-
-expansion foam shall be 5 minutes for Class I, Class II, or Class III
-commodities and 4 minutes for Class IV commodities.
-13–174 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 16.3.3.1 ESFR Sprinkler Protection of Rack Storage Without Solid Shelves of
-Class I Through Class IV Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
-Storage
-Arrangement Commodity
-Maximum
-Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/
-Roof
-Height
-Nominal
-K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum
-Operating
-Pressure In-Rack
-Sprinkler
-Requirements
-Hose Stream
-Allowance
-Water
-Supply
-Duration
-(hours)ft m ft m psi bar gpm L/min
-Single-, double-,
-and
-multiple-row
-rack (no
-open-top
-containers)
-Class I, II, III, or
-IV, encapsulated
-or
-nonencapsulated
-30 9.1
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/pendent 75 5.2 No
-250 946 1
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 35 2.4 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 20 1.4 No
-40 12.2
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 75 5.2 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-35 10.7
-40 12.2
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 75 5.2 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-40 12.2 45 13.7
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-13–175PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF CLASS I THROUGH CLASS IV COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Chapter 17 Protection of Rack Storage of Plastic and
-Rubber Commodities
-17.1 General.
-17.1.1 This chapter shall apply to storage of plastic and rubber
-commodities stored in racks. The requirements of Chapter 12
-shall apply unless modified by this chapter.(See Section C.9.)
-17.1.1.1 This chapter also shall be used to determine protec-
-tion for commodities that are not entirely Group A plastics but
-contain such quantities and arrangements of Group A plastics
-that they are deemed more hazardous than Class IV commodi-
-ties.
-17.1.2 Sprinkler Protection Criteria.
-17.1.2.1* Plastic commodities shall be protected in accor-
-dance with Figure 17.1.2.1. (See Section C.21.)
-17.1.2.2 The design criteria of Chapter 17 for single- and
-double-row rack storage of plastic commodities shall be appli-
-cable where aisles are 3.5 ft (1.07 m) or greater in width.
-17.1.2.3 Storage with aisles less than 3.5 ft (1.07 m) shall be
-protected as multiple-row rack storage.
-17.1.2.4 Group B plastics and free-flowing Group A plastics
-shall be protected the same as Class IV commodities.
-17.1.2.5 Group C plastics shall be protected the same as Class III
-commodities.
-17.1.2.6 Sprinkler protection criteria for the storage of materi-
-als on racks shall be in accordance with Section 17.2 for storage
-up to 25 ft (7.6 m) and Section 17.3 for storage over 25 ft (7.6 m).
-17.1.2.7* Protection criteria for Group A plastics shall be per-
-mitted for the protection of the same storage height and con-
-figuration of Class I, II, III, and IV commodities.
-17.1.3 Movable Racks. Rack storage in movable racks shall be
-protected in the same manner as multiple-row racks.
-17.1.4 Fire Protection of Steel Columns — Columns Within
-Storage Racks. See Section C.10.
-17.1.4.1 Where fireproofing of building columns is not pro-
-vided and storage heights are in excess of 15 ft (4.6 m), pro-
-tection of building columns within the rack structure or verti-
-cal rack members supporting the building shall be protected
-in accordance with one of the following:
-(1) In-rack sprinklers
-(2) Sidewall sprinklers at the 15 ft (4.6 m) elevation, pointed
-toward one side of the steel column
-(3) Provision of ceiling sprinkler density for a minimum of
-2000 ft 2 (186 m 2) with ordinary temperature– or high
-temperature–rated sprinklers as shown in Table 17.1.4.1
-for storage heights above 15 ft (4.6 m) up to and includ-
-ing 20 ft (6.1 m)
-(4) Provision of CMSA or ESFR ceiling sprinkler protection
-17.1.4.2 The flow from a column sprinkler(s) shall be per-
-mitted to be omitted from the sprinkler system hydraulic
-calculations.
-17.1.5 Solid Shelf Rack.
-17.1.5.1 Where solid shelving in single-, double-, and
-multiple-row racks exceeds 20 ft 2 (1.86 m2) but does not ex-
-ceed 64 ft2 (5.95 m2) in area, sprinklers shall not be required
-below every shelf, but shall be installed at the ceiling and be-
-low shelves at intermediate levels not more than 6 ft (2 m)
-apart vertically. (See Section C.11.)
-17.1.5.2 Where solid shelving in single-, double-, and
-multiple-row racks exceeds 64 ft 2 (5.95 m2) in area or where
-the levels of storage exceed 6 ft (2 m), sprinklers shall be in-
-stalled at the ceiling and below each level of shelving.
-17.1.5.3 Where multiple-row racks of any height have no longi-
-tudinal flue or where double-row racks with storage up 25 ft
-(7.6 m) in height have no longitudinal flue, the situation shall
-not be considered solid shelves where transverse flues exist at
-maximum 5 ft (1.5 m) intervals and additional in-rack sprinklers
-shall not be required in accordance with 17.1.5.1 and 17.1.5.2.
-17.1.5.4 The maximum horizontal spacing between in-rack
-sprinklers shall be 5 ft (1.5 m).
-Plastics
-Stable 
-(see Chapter 17)
-Free-flowing
-Class IV
-Cartoned, expanded or 
-nonexpanded, and 
-exposed, nonexpanded
-Exposed, expanded 
-(outside the scope
-of Chapter 17)
-Group A Group B 
-Class IV
-Group C 
-Class III
-Note: Cartons that contain Group A plastic material can be treated as 
-Class IV commodities under the following conditions:
-(1) There shall be multiple layers of corrugation or equivalent outer 
- material that would significantly delay fire involvement of the 
- Group A plastic.
-(2) The amount and arrangement of Group A plastic material within an 
- ordinary carton would not be expected to significantly increase 
- the fire hazard.
-FIGURE 17.1.2.1 Decision Tree.
-Table 17.1.4.1 Ceiling Sprinkler Densities for Protection of
-Steel Building Columns
-Commodity
-Classification
-Aisle Width
-4 ft (1.2 m) 8 ft (2.4 m)
-gpm/ft2 (L/min)/m2 gpm/ft2 (L/min)/m2
-Plastics 0.68 27.7 0.57 23.2
-13–176 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-17.1.5.5 Design criteria for combined ceiling and in-rack
-sprinklers shall be used for the storage configurations in
-17.1.5.1 and 17.1.5.2.
-17.1.5.6 Where the criteria in 17.1.5.7 are not met, the water
-demand for the in-rack sprinklers shall be based on a mini-
-mum flow of 30 gpm (114 L/min) discharging from the fol-
-lowing number of sprinklers balanced to the ceiling sprinkler
-demand in accordance with Section 23.8:
-(1) Eight sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprinklers
-is installed
-(2) Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each of the top two levels)
-when more than one level of in-rack sprinklers is installed
-17.1.5.7 The water demand for in-rack sprinklers shall not be
-required to be balanced to the ceiling sprinkler demand where
-additional face sprinklers are installed under each solid shelf at
-rack uprights and the in-rack sprinklers are calculated to dis-
-charge at least 60 gpm (227 L/min) from eight sprinklers.
-17.1.6 Open-Top Containers. The protection of open-top
-containers is outside the scope of Chapter 17.(See Section C.12.)
-17.1.7 In-Rack Sprinklers.
-17.1.7.1 The number of sprinklers and the pipe sizing on a
-line of sprinklers in racks shall be restricted only by hydraulic
-calculations and not by any piping schedule.
-17.1.7.2 When in-rack sprinklers are necessary to protect a
-higher hazard commodity that occupies only a portion of the
-length of a rack, in-rack sprinklers shall be extended a mini-
-mum of 8 ft (2.4 m) or one bay, whichever is greater, in each
-direction along the rack on either side of the higher hazard.
-17.1.7.2.1 The in-rack sprinklers protecting the higher haz-
-ard shall not be required to be extended across the aisle.
-17.1.7.3 Where a storage rack, due to its length, requires less
-than the number of in-rack sprinklers specified, only those
-in-rack sprinklers in a single rack need to be included in the
-calculation.
-17.1.7.4* In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersection
-of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding the
-maximum spacing rules.
-17.1.7.4.1 Where distances between transverse flues exceed
-the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed
-at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues,
-and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-17.1.7.4.2 Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers
-shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-17.1.8* Horizontal Barriers and In-Rack Sprinklers.
-17.1.8.1 Horizontal barriers used in conjunction with in-rack
-sprinklers to impede vertical fire development shall be con-
-structed of sheet metal, wood, or similar material and shall
-extend the full length and depth of the rack.
-17.1.8.2 Barriers shall be fitted within 2 in. (51 mm) horizon-
-tally around rack uprights.
-17.1.9 Flue Space Requirements for Storage Up to and Includ-
-ing 25 ft (7.6 m).See Section C.13.
-17.1.9.1 In double- and multiple-row racks without solid
-shelves, a longitudinal (back-to-back clearance between loads)
-flue space shall not be required.
-17.1.9.2 Nominal 6 in. (152 mm) transverse flue spaces be-
-tween loads and at rack uprights shall be maintained in
-single-, double-, and multiple-row racks.
-17.1.9.3 Random variations in the width of flue spaces or in
-their vertical alignment shall be permitted.
-17.1.10 Flue Space Requirements for Storage Over 25 ft
-(7.6 m).
-17.1.10.1 Nominal 6 in. (152 mm) longitudinal flue spaces
-shall be provided in double-row racks.
-17.1.10.1.1 Nominal 6 in. (152 mm) transverse flue spaces
-between loads and at rack uprights shall be maintained in
-single-, double-, and multiple-row racks.
-17.1.10.1.2 Random variations in the width of the flue spaces
-or in their vertical alignment shall be permitted.
-17.1.10.2 In single-, double-, or multiple-row racks, a minimum
-6 in. (152 mm) vertical clear space shall be maintained between
-the in-rack sprinkler deflectors and the top of a tier of storage.
-17.1.10.2.1 Face sprinklers in such racks shall be located within
-the rack a minimum of 3 in. (76 mm) from rack uprights and no
-more than 18 in. (460 mm) from the aisle face of storage.
-17.1.10.2.2 Longitudinal flue in-rack sprinklers shall be lo-
-cated at the intersection with the transverse flue space and
-with the deflector located at or below the bottom of horizontal
-load beams or above or below other adjacent horizontal rack
-members.
-17.1.10.2.3 Such in-rack sprinklers shall be a minimum of 3 in.
-(76 mm) radially from the side of the rack uprights.
-17.2 Protection Criteria for Rack Storage of Plastics Com-
-modities Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-17.2.1 Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection Crite-
-ria for Single-, Double-, and Multiple-Row Racks for Plastics
-Commodities Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height,
-with a Clearance to Ceiling Up to and Including 10 ft (3.1 m).
-17.2.1.1* Storage 5 ft (1.5 m) or Less in Height. For the stor-
-age of Group A plastics stored 5 ft (1.5 m) or less in height, the
-sprinkler design criteria for miscellaneous storage specified in
-Chapter 13 shall be used.
-17.2.1.2 Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand. See Section C.22.
-17.2.1.2.1 For Group A plastic commodities in cartons, en-
-capsulated or nonencapsulated in single-, double-, and multiple-
-row racks, ceiling sprinkler water demand in terms of density
-[gpm/ft2 (mm/min)] and area of operation [ft2 (m2)] shall be
-selected from Figure 17.2.1.2.1(a) through Figure 17.2.1.2.1(f).
-17.2.1.2.2 Linear interpolation of design densities and areas
-of application shall be permitted between storage heights with
-the same clearance to ceiling.
-17.2.1.2.3 No interpolation between clearance to ceiling
-shall be permitted.
-17.2.1.2.4* An option shall be selected from the appropriate
-Figure 17.2.1.2.1(a) through Figure 17.2.1.2.1(f) given the stor-
-age height and clearance being protected. The density/area cri-
-teria at the top of each option shall be applied to the ceiling
-sprinklers and the in-rack sprinklers shown in the option (if any)
-shall be provided. Options that do not show multiple-row racks in
-the figures shall not be permitted to protect multiple-row rack
-storage. Notes in each figure shall be permitted to clarify options
-or to present additional options not shown in the figures.
-13–177PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Elevation View Elevation View
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks 
-0.30 gpm/ft2 per 2000 ft2                                                   
-(12.2 mm/min per 186 m2)
-<5 ft (1.5 m) clearance to ceiling
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-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks      
-0.45 gpm/ft2 per 2000 ft2                                   
-(18.3 mm/min per 186 m2)
-5 ft to 10 ft (1.5 m to 3.1 m) clearance to ceiling
-Plan View
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary 
-from approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or 
-seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.2.1.2.1(a) Storage 5 ft to 10 ft (1.5 m to 3.1 m) in Height with Up to 10 ft (3.1 m) Clearance to Ceiling.
-Notes:
-1. Single level of in-rack sprinklers [¹⁄₂ in. or ¹⁷⁄₃₂ in. (12.7 mm or 13.5 mm) operating at 15 psi (1.03 bar) minimum] installed as indicated in the 
-transverse flue spaces.
-2. Where sprinklers listed for storage use are installed at the ceiling only and the ceiling height in the protected area does not exceed 22 ft (6.7 m) 
-and a minimum clearance of 5 ft (1.5 m) and the storage height does not exceed 15 ft (4.6 m), the ceiling sprinkler discharge criteria shall be 
-permitted to be reduced to 0.45 gpm/ft2 per 2000 ft2 (18.3 mm/min per 186 m2).
-3. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks      
-0.60 gpm/ft2 per 2000 ft2              
-(24.5 mm/min per 186 m2)
-Up to 10 ft (up to 3.1 m)         
-clearance to ceiling                          
-See Note 2
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks       
-0.30 gpm/ft2 per 2000 ft2                                        
-(12.2 mm/min per 186 m2)
-Up to 10 ft (up to 3.1 m)                           
-clearance to ceiling                                
-See Note 1
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-8 ft (2.44 m) maximum between sprinklers
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-Plan View
-Elevation View
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-FIGURE 17.2.1.2.1(b) Storage 15 ft (4.6 m) in Height with Up to 10 ft (3.1 m) Clearance to Ceiling.
-13–178 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8 ft (2.44 m) maximum between sprinklers
-Single- and double-row racks           
-0.60 gpm/ft2 per 2000 ft2                
-(24.5 mm/min per 186 m2)
-<5 ft (1.5 m) clearance to ceiling 
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks        
-0.45 gpm/ft2 per 2000 ft2                                         
-(18.3 mm/min per 186 m2)
-<5 ft (1.5 m) clearance to ceiling                           
-See Notes 1 and 2
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-Elevation View
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-5 ft 
-maximum
-8 ft (2.44 m) maximum between sprinklers
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks    
-0.30 gpm/ft2 per 2000 ft2                                   
-(12.2 mm/min per 186 m2)
-<5 ft (1.5 m) clearance to ceiling                       
-See Notes 2 and 3
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-Notes:
-1. Single level of in-rack sprinklers [¹⁄₂ in. or ¹⁷⁄₃₂ in. (12.7 mm or 13.5 mm) operating at 15 psi (1.03 bar) minimum] installed as indicated in the transverse
-    flue spaces.
-2. Ceiling-only protection is not permitted for this storage configuration except where K-11.2 or larger spray sprinklers listed for storage use are installed. 
- In-rack sprinklers are not required, provided the ceiling sprinkler discharge criterion is increased to 0.6 gpm/ft ² (24 mm/min) over 2000 ft² (186 m²).
-3. Single level of in-rack sprinklers [¹⁷⁄₃₂ in. (13.5 mm) operating at 15 psi (1.03 bar) minimum or ¹⁄₂ in. (12.7 mm) operating at 30 psi (2.07 bar) minimum] 
-    installed on 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) spacings located, as indicated, in the longitudinal flue space at the intersection of every transverse flue space.
-4. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-   18 in. (0.5 m) up  to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are 
-   spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.2.1.2.1(c) Storage 20 ft (6.1 m) in Height with <5 ft (1.5 m) Clearance to Ceiling.
-13–179PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-8 ft (2.44 m) maximum between sprinklers
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-8 ft (2.44 m) maximum between sprinklers
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-xx x x x x
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-8 ft (2.44 m) maximum between sprinklers8 ft (2.44 m) maximum between sprinklers
-5 ft to 10 ft (1.5 m to 3.1 m) clearance to ceiling
-See Notes 1, 2, and 5 
-5 ft to 10 ft (1.5 m to 3.1 m) clearance to ceiling
-See Notes 2, 3, and 5 
-5 ft to 10 ft (1.5 m to 3.1 m) clearance to ceiling
-See Notes 2, 3, and 5 
-5 ft to 10 ft (1.5 m to 3.1 m) clearance to ceiling
-See Notes 2, 4, and 5 
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-Plan View
-Elevation ViewNotes:
-1. Single level of in-rack sprinklers [¹⁄₂ in. or ¹⁷⁄₃₂ in. (12.7 mm or 13.5 mm) operating at 15 psi (1.03 bar) minimum] installed as indicated in the 
- transverse flue spaces.
-2. Ceiling-only protection shall not be permitted for this storage configuration except where K-11.2 or larger orifice spray sprinklers listed for storage
-use are installed. In-rack sprinklers shall not be required, provided the ceiling sprinkler discharge criterion is increased to 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24 mm/min)
-over 2000 ft2 (186 m2) and the ceiling height in the protected area does not exceed 27 ft (8.2 m).
-3. Two levels of in-rack sprinklers [¹⁄₂ in. or ¹⁷⁄₃₂ in. (12.7 mm or 13.5 mm) operating at 15 psi (1.03 bar) minimum] installed as indicated and staggered 
- in the transverse flue space.
-4. Single level of in-rack sprinklers [¹⁷⁄₃₂ in. (13.5 mm) operating at 15 psi (1.03 bar) or ¹⁄₂ in. (12.7 mm) operating at 30 psi (2.07 bar) minimum] 
- installed on 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) spacings located, as indicated, in the longitudinal flue space at the intersection of every transverse flue space.
-5. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 in. 
- (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack spr inklers that are 
- spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.45 gpm/ft² per 2000 ft²
-(18.3 mm/min per 186 m²)
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.30 gpm/ft² per 2000 ft²
-(12.2 mm/min per 186 m²)
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.30 gpm/ft² per 2000 ft²
-(12.2 mm/min per 186 m²)
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.30 gpm/ft² per 2000 ft²
-(12.2 mm/min per 186 m²)
-FIGURE 17.2.1.2.1(d) Storage 20 ft (6.1 m) in Height with 5 ft to 10 ft (1.5 m to 3.1 m) Clearance to Ceiling.
-13–180 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-<5 ft (1.5 m) clearance to ceiling   
-See Notes 1, 2, and 4
-<5 ft (1.5 m) clearance to ceiling   
-See Notes 2, 3, and 4
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-8 ft (2.44 m) maximum between sprinklers
-x
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-x
-xx
-xx
-x
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-x
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-x
-xx x xxx
-8 ft (2.44 m) maximum between sprinklers
-Notes:
-1.  Single level of in-rack sprinklers [¹⁷⁄₃₂ in. (13.5 mm) operating at 15 psi (1.03 bar) minimum or ¹⁄₂ in. (12.7 mm) operating at 30 psi (2.07 bar) 
-minimum] installed on 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) spacings located, as indicated, in the longitudinal flue space at the  intersection of every 
-transverse flue space.
-2.  Ceiling-only protection shall not be permitted for this storage configuration except where K-16.8 spray sprinklers listed for storage use are 
-installed. In-rack sprinklers shall not be required, provided the ceiling sprinkler discharge criterion is increased to 0.8 gpm/ft2 (32.6 mm/min) 
-over 2000 ft2 (186 m2) for wet systems and 4500 ft2 (418 m2) for dry systems and the ceiling height in the protected area does not exceed 
-30 ft (9.1 m).
-3.  Two levels of in-rack sprinklers [¹⁄₂ in. or ¹⁷⁄₃₂ in. (12.7 mm or 13.5 mm) operating at 15 psi (1.03 bar) minimum] installed as indicated and 
-staggered in the transverse flue space.
-4.  Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 
-in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that 
-are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.45 gpm/ft² per 2000 ft²
-(18.3 mm/min per 186 m²)
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.30 gpm/ft² per 2000 ft²
-(12.2 mm/min per 186 m²)
-FIGURE 17.2.1.2.1(e) Storage 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height with <5 ft (1.5 m) Clearance to Ceiling. (See Note 2.)
-13–181PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-17.2.1.3 For storage of Group A plastics between 5 ft and 12 ft
-(1.5 m and 3.7 m) in height, the installation requirements for
-extra hazard systems shall apply.
-17.2.1.4* Exposed unexpanded Group A plastics protected with
-control mode density/area sprinklers shall be protected in accor-
-dance with one of the following:
-(1) Maximum 10 ft (3 m) storage in a maximum 20 ft (6.1 m)
-high building with ceiling sprinklers designed for a mini-
-mum 0.8 gpm/ft2 (32.6 mm/min) density over 2500 ft2
-(232 m2) and no in-rack sprinklers required as shown in
-Figure 17.2.1.4(a)
-(2) Maximum 10 ft (3 m) storage in a maximum 20 ft (6.1 m)
-high building with ceiling sprinklers designed for a mini-
-mum 0.45 gpm/ft2 (18.3 mm/min) density over 2000 ft2
-(186 m2) and one level of in-rack sprinklers required at
-alternate transverse flues as shown in Figure 17.2.1.4(b)
-(3) Maximum 10 ft storage in a maximum 20 ft high build-
-ing with ceiling sprinklers designed for a minimum
-0.3 gpm/ft2 density over 2000 ft2 and one level of in-rack
-sprinklers required in every transverse flue as shown in
-Figure 17.2.1.4(c)
-(4) Maximum 15 ft storage in a maximum 25 ft high build-
-ing with ceiling sprinklers designed for a minimum
-0.45 gpm/ft2 density over 2000 ft 2 and one level of in-
-rack sprinklers required at alternate transverse flues as
-shown in Figure 17.2.1.4(d)
-(5) Maximum 15 ft storage in a maximum 25 ft high build-
-ing with ceiling sprinklers designed for a minimum
-0.3 gpm/ft2 density over 2000 ft2 and one level of in-rack
-sprinklers required in every transverse flue as shown in
-Figure 17.2.1.4(e)
-(6) Maximum 20 ft storage in a maximum 25 ft high build-
-ing with ceiling sprinklers designed for a minimum
-0.6 gpm/ft2 density over 2000 ft2 and one level of in-rack
-sprinklers required at alternate transverse flues as shown
-in Figure 17.2.1.4(f)
-(7) Maximum 20 ft storage in a maximum 25 ft high build-
-ing with ceiling sprinklers designed for a minimum
-0.45 gpm/ft2 density over 2000 ft 2 and one level of in-
-rack sprinklers required in every transverse flue as shown
-in Figure 17.2.1.4(g)
-(8) Maximum 20 ft storage in a maximum 30 ft high build-
-ing with ceiling sprinklers designed for a minimum
-0.8 gpm/ft2 density over 1500 ft2 and one level of in-rack
-sprinklers required at alternate transverse flues as shown
-in Figure 17.2.1.4(h)
-(9) Maximum 20 ft storage in a maximum 30 ft high build-
-ing with ceiling sprinklers designed for a minimum
-0.6 gpm/ft2 density over 1500 ft2 and one level of in-rack
-sprinklers required in every transverse flue as shown in
-Figure 17.2.1.4(i)
-(10) Maximum 20 ft storage in a maximum 30 ft high build-
-ing with ceiling sprinklers designed for a minimum
-0.3 gpm/ft2 density over 2000 ft 2 and two levels of in-
-rack sprinklers required in every transverse flue as shown
-in Figure 17.2.1.4(j)
-(11) Maximum 25 ft storage in a maximum 35 ft high build-
-ing with ceiling sprinklers designed for a minimum
-0.8 gpm/ft2 density over 1500 ft2 and one level of in-rack
-sprinklers required in every transverse flue as shown in
-Figure 17.2.1.4(k)
-(12) Maximum 25 ft storage in a maximum 35 ft high build-
-ing with ceiling sprinklers designed for a minimum
-0.3 gpm/ft2 density over 2000 ft 2 and two levels of in-
-rack sprinklers required in every transverse flue as shown
-in Figure 17.2.1.4(l)
-5 ft to 10 ft (1.5 m to 3.1 m) clearance to ceiling
-See Notes 1, 2, and 3
-x
-x
-x
-xx
-xx
-x
-x
-x
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-8 ft (2.44 m) maximum between sprinklers
-x
-x
-xx x xxx
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks 
-0.30 gpm/ft2 per 2000 ft2
-(12.2 mm/min per 186 m2)
-Notes:
-1.  Two levels of in-rack sprinklers [¹⁄₂ in. or ¹⁷⁄₃₂ in. (12.7 mm or 13.5 mm) 
-operating at 15 psi (1.03 bar) minimum] installed on 8 ft to 10 ft (2.4 m 
-to 3.1 m) spacings located as indicated and staggered in the 
-transverse flue space.
-2.  Ceiling-only protection shall not be permitted for this storage 
-configuration except where K-16.8 spray sprinklers listed for storage 
-use are installed. In-rack sprinklers shall not be required, provided 
-the ceiling sprinkler discharge criterion is increased to 0.8 gpm/ft2 
-(32.6 mm/min) over 2000 ft2 (186 m2) for wet systems and 4500 ft2 
-(418 m2) for dry systems and the ceiling height in the protected area 
-does not exceed 30 ft (9.1 m).
-3.  Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 
-1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 18 
-in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one 
-load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that 
-are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-FIGURE 17.2.1.2.1(f) Storage 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height with 5 ft to 10 ft (1.5 m to 3.1 m) Clearance to Ceiling. (See Note 2.)
-13–182 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there could 
-be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks 0.8 gpm/ft2 
-over 2500 ft2 (32.5 mm/min over 232 m2)
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(a) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-10 ft in Height in up to a 20 ft High Building with No In-Rack
-Sprinklers.
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-x x xx xxx
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-x
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from 
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there could 
-be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks 0.45 gpm/ft2 
-over 2000 ft2 (18.3 mm/min over 186 m2)
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(b) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-10 ft in Height in up to a 20 ft High Building with One Level of
-In-Rack Sprinklers.
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-x x xx xxx
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-x
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there could 
-be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks 0.30 gpm/ft2 
-over 2000 ft2 (12.2 mm/min over 186 m2)
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(c) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-10 ft in Height in up to a 20 ft High Building with One Level of
-Closely Spaced In-Rack Sprinklers.
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-15 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-x x xx xxx
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-xx x xx xxx
-x
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.45 gpm/ft2 over 2000 ft2 (18.3 mm/min over 186 m2)  
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there could 
-be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(d) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-15 ft in Height in up to a 25 ft High Building with One Level of
-In-Rack Sprinklers.
-13–183PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-15 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-Plan View
-xx x xx xxx
-x x xx xxx
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-x
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.30 gpm/ft2 over 2000 ft2 (12.2 mm/min over 186 m2)
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there could 
-be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(e) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-15 ft in Height in up to a 25 ft High Building with One Level of
-Closely Spaced In-Rack Sprinklers.
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-15 ft
-20 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-Plan View
-xx x xx xxx
-x x xx xxx
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-x
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.60 gpm/ft2 over 2000 ft2 (24.5 mm/min over 186 m2)
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there could 
-be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(f) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-20 ft in Height in up to a 25 ft High Building with One Level of
-In-Rack Sprinklers.
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-15 ft
-20 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-Plan View
-xx x xx xxx
-x x xx xxx
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-x
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.45 gpm/ft2 over 2000 ft2 (18.3 mm/min over 186 m2)
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there 
-could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads 
-between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(g) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-20 ft in Height in up to a 25 ft High Building with One Level of
-Closely Spaced In-Rack Sprinklers.
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-15 ft
-20 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-Plan View
-xx x xx xxx
-x x xx xxx
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-x
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.80 gpm/ft2 over 1500 ft2 (32.5 mm/min over 139 m2)
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there 
-could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads 
-between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(h) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-20 ft in Height in up to a 30 ft High Building with One Level of
-In-Rack Sprinklers.
-13–184 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-17.2.1.5 In-Rack Sprinkler Requirements Where Control
-Mode Density/Area Sprinklers Are Being Used at Ceiling.
-17.2.1.5.1 In-Rack Sprinkler Clearance. The minimum of
-6 in. (152 mm) vertical clear space shall be maintained be-
-tween the sprinkler deflectors and the top of a tier of storage.
-17.2.1.5.2 The spacing of in-rack sprinklers shall be in accor-
-dance with Figure 17.2.1.2.1(a) through Figure 17.2.1.2.1(f).
-17.2.1.5.3* In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersec-
-tion of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding
-the maximum spacing rules.
-17.2.1.5.4 Where distances between transverse flues exceed
-the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed
-at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues,
-and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-17.2.1.5.5 Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers
-shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-17.2.1.5.6 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand. The water de-
-mand for sprinklers installed in racks shall be based on simul-
-taneous operation of the most hydraulically remote sprinklers
-as follows:
-(1) Eight sprinklers where only one level is installed in racks
-(2) Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each top two levels) where
-more than one level is installed in racks
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-15 ft
-20 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-Plan View
-xx x xx xxx
-x x xx xxx
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-x
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.60 gpm/ft2 over 1500 ft2 (24.5 mm/min over 139 m2)
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there could 
-be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(i) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-20 ft in Height in up to a 30 ft High Building with One Level of
-Closely Spaced In-Rack Sprinklers.
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-15 ft
-20 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-Plan View
-xx x xx xxx
-xx x xx xxx
-x x xx xxx
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-x
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.30 gpm/ft2 over 2000 ft2 (12.2 mm/min over 186 m2)
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there could 
-be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between 
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(j) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-20 ft in Height in up to a 30 ft High Building with Two Levels
-of Closely Spaced In-Rack Sprinklers.
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-15 ft
-20 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-25 ft
-Plan View
-xx x xx xxx
-x x xx xxx
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-x
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.80 gpm/ft2 over 1500 ft2 (32.5 mm/min over 139 m2)
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there could 
-be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(k) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-25 ft in Height in up to a 35 ft High Building with One Level of
-Closely Spaced In-Rack Sprinklers.
-13–185PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-17.2.1.5.7 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure. Sprinklers
-in racks shall discharge at not less than 15 psi (1 bar) for all
-classes of commodities. (See Section C.19.)
-17.2.2 CMSA Sprinklers for Rack Storage of Plastics Com-
-modities Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-17.2.2.1 Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row rack
-storage without solid shelves for unexpanded plastic com-
-modities shall be in accordance with Table 17.2.2.1.
-17.2.2.2 Protection shall be provided as specified in
-Table 17.2.2.1 or appropriate NFPA standards in terms of
-minimum operating pressure and the number of sprinklers
-to be included in the design area.
-17.2.2.3 Open Wood Joist Construction.
-17.2.2.3.1 Where CMSA sprinklers are installed under open
-wood joist construction, firestopping in accordance with
-17.2.2.3.2 shall be provided or the minimum operating pres-
-sure of the sprinklers shall be 50 psi (3.4 bar) for a K-11.2
-(160) sprinkler or 22 psi (1.5 bar) for a K-16.8 (240) sprinkler.
-17.2.2.3.2 Where each joist channel of open wood joist
-construction is fully firestopped to its full depth at intervals
-not exceeding 20 ft (6.1 m), the lower pressures specified in
-Table 17.2.2.1 shall be permitted to be used.
-17.2.2.4 Preaction Systems. For the purpose of using
-Table 17.2.2.1, preaction systems shall be classified as dry
-pipe systems.
-17.2.2.5 Building steel shall not require special protection
-where Table 17.2.2.1 is applied as appropriate for the storage
-configuration.
-17.2.2.6 In-Rack Sprinkler Requirements Where CMSA Sprin-
-klers Are Used at Ceiling.
-17.2.2.6.1 In-rack sprinklers shall be installed at the first tier
-level at or above one-half of the storage height.
-17.2.2.6.2 The minimum of 6 in. (152 mm) vertical clear
-space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors
-and the top of a tier of storage.
-17.2.2.6.3* In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersec-
-tion of transverse and longitudinal flues.
-17.2.2.6.4 The maximum horizontal distance between in-
-rack sprinklers shall be 5 ft (1.5 m).
-17.2.2.6.5 Where distances between transverse flues exceed
-the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed
-at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues,
-and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-17.2.2.6.6 Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers
-shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-17.2.2.6.7 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand. The water de-
-mand for sprinklers installed in racks shall be based on simul-
-taneous operation of the most hydraulically remote eight
-sprinklers.
-17.2.2.6.8 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure. Sprinklers
-in racks shall discharge at not less than 15 psi (1 bar) for all
-classes of commodities. (See Section C.19.)
-17.2.3* Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinklers
-for Rack Storage of Plastics Commodities Stored Up to and
-Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-17.2.3.1 Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row
-rack storage of cartoned or exposed nonexpanded plastic
-and cartoned expanded plastic shall be in accordance with
-Table 17.2.3.1.
-SRR SRR DRR MRR MRR
-Elevation View
-10 ft
-15 ft
-20 ft
-5 ft
-Floor
-25 ft
-Plan View
-xx x xx xxx
-xx x xx xxx
-x x xx xxx
-xx xx x x x x
-xx xx x x x x
-x
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-x x xx xxxx
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from 
-approximately 18 in. to 10 ft (0.5 m to 3.1 m). Therefore, there 
-could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads 
-between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-0.30 gpm/ft2 over 2000 ft2 (12.2 mm/min over 186 m2)
-FIGURE 17.2.1.4(l) Exposed Nonexpanded Plastics up to
-25 ft in Height in up to a 35 ft High Building with Two Levels
-of Closely Spaced In-Rack Sprinklers.
-13–186 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table 17.2.2.1 CMSA Sprinkler Design Criteria for Single-, Double-, and Multiple-Row
-Racks Without Solid Shelves of Plastics Commodities Stored Up and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
-Storage
-Arrangement
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number of
-Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-Single-, double-,
-and
-multiple-row
-racks without
-solid shelves
-(no open-top
-containers)
-Cartoned
-nonexpanded
-plastics
-20 6.1
-25 7.6
-11.2 (160)
-Upright Wet 15 50 3.5
-16.8 (240)
-Upright Wet 15 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 16 1.1
-30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 30 50 3.5
-Wet 20 75 5.2
-16.8 (240)
-Upright Wet 15* 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 16 1.1
-25 7.6 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright Wet 15 + 1 level of
-in-rack 50 3.5
-16.8 (240)
-Upright Wet 15* 22 1.5
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 16 1.1
-25 7.6 35 10.6
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 30 + 1 level of
-in-rack 50 3.5
-Wet 20 + 1 level of
-in-rack 75 5.2
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 30 + 1 level of
-in-rack 22 1.5
-Wet 20 + 1 level of
-in-rack 35 2.4
-19.6 (280)
-Pendent Wet 15 25 1.7
-Exposed
-nonexpanded
-plastics
-20 6.1 25 7.6
-11.2 (160)
-Upright Wet 15 50 3.5
-16.8 (240)
-Upright Wet 15 22 1.5
-20 6.1 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 30 50 3.5
-Wet 20 75 5.2
-16.8 (240)
-Upright Wet 15* 22 1.5
-25 7.6 30 9.1
-11.2 (160)
-Upright Wet 15 + 1 level of
-in-rack 50 3.5
-16.8 (240)
-Upright Wet 15* 22 1.5
-25 7.6 35 10.6
-11.2 (160)
-Upright
-Wet 30 + 1 level of
-in-rack 50 3.5
-Wet 20 + 1 level of
-in-rack 75 5.2
-16.8 (240)
-Upright
-Wet 30 + 1 level of
-in-rack 22 1.5
-Wet 20 + 1 level of
-in-rack 35 2.4
-*Minimum 8 ft (2.4 m) aisle.
-13–187PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table 17.2.3.1 ESFR Protection of Rack Storage Without Solid Shelves of Plastics Commodities
-Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
-Storage Arrangement Commodity
-Maximum
-Storage Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-Nominal
-K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum
-Operating Pressure
-In-Rack Sprinkler
-Requirementsft m ft m psi bar
-Single-, double-, and
-multiple-row racks
-(no open-top
-containers)
-Cartoned
-nonexpanded 20 6.1
-25 7.6
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 15 1.0 No
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 15 1.0 No
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-75 5.2 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 35 2.4 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 20 1.4 No
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25 7.6
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/pendent 50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 15 1.0 No
-13–188 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 17.2.3.1 Continued
-Storage Arrangement Commodity
-Maximum
-Storage Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-Nominal
-K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum
-Operating Pressure
-In-Rack Sprinkler
-Requirementsft m ft m psi bar
-32 9.8
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-60 4.1 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-42 2.9 No
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-75 5.2 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 35 2.4 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 20 1.4 No
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-Exposed
-nonexpanded 20 6.1
-25 7.6
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 35 2.4 No
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 35 2.4 No
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 75 5.2 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-40 12.2 16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-(continues)
-13–189PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 17.2.3.1 Continued
-Storage Arrangement Commodity
-Maximum
-Storage Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-Nominal
-K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum
-Operating Pressure
-In-Rack Sprinkler
-Requirementsft m ft m psi bar
-25 7.6
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 35 2.4 No
-32 9.8
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 60 4.1 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 42 2.9 No
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 75 5.2 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 50 3.4 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 50 3.4 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-Cartoned expanded 20 6.1
-25 7.6
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4 No
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4 No
-25 7.6
-30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-50 3.4 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-35 2.4 No
-32 9.8
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 60 4.1 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-42 2.9 No
-17.2.3.1.1 ESFR protection as defined shall not apply to the
-following:
-(1) Rack storage involving solid shelves
-(2) Rack storage involving combustible, open-top cartons or
-containers
-17.2.3.2 ESFR sprinkler systems shall be designed such that
-the minimum operating pressure is not less than that indi-
-cated in Table 17.2.3.1 for type of storage, commodity, storage
-height, and building height involved.
-17.2.3.3 The design area shall consist of the most hydrauli-
-cally demanding area of 12 sprinklers, consisting of four sprin-
-klers on each of three branch lines.
-17.2.3.4 In-Rack Sprinkler Requirements Where ESFR Sprin-
-klers Are Used at Ceiling.
-17.2.3.4.1 Where required by Table 17.2.3.1, in-rack sprin-
-klers shall be installed at the first tier level at or above one-half
-of the storage height.
-13–190 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-17.2.3.4.2 In-rack sprinklers shall be K-8.0 (115) or K-11.2
-(160) quick-response, ordinary-temperature sprinklers.
-17.2.3.4.3 The minimum of 6 in. (152.4 mm) vertical clear
-space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors
-and the top of a tier of storage.
-17.2.3.4.4 The maximum horizontal distance between in-
-rack sprinklers shall be 5 ft (1.5 m).
-17.2.3.4.5* In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersec-
-tion of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding
-the maximum spacing rules.
-17.2.3.4.6 Where distances between transverse flues exceed
-the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed
-at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues,
-and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-17.2.3.4.7 Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers
-shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-17.2.3.4.8 The water demand for sprinklers installed in racks
-shall be based on simultaneous operation of the most hydrau-
-lically remote eight sprinklers.
-17.2.3.4.9 Each of the in-rack sprinklers described in 17.2.3.4.8
-shall discharge at a minimum of 60 gpm (227 L/min).
-17.2.4 Special Design for Rack Storage of Plastics Commodi-
-ties Stored Up to and Including 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-17.2.4.1 Slatted Shelves.
-17.2.4.1.1* Slatted rack shelves shall be considered equivalent
-to solid rack shelves where the shelving is not considered open
-rack shelving or where the requirements of 17.2.4.1 are not
-met. (See Section C.20.)
-17.2.4.1.2 A wet pipe system that is designed to provide a
-minimum of 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24.5 mm/min) density over a mini-
-mum area of 2000 ft 2 (186 m2) or K-14.0 (200) ESFR sprin-
-klers operating at a minimum of 50 psi (3.5 bar), K-16.8 (240)
-sprinklers operating at a minimum of 32 psi (1.7 bar), or
-K-25.2 (360) ESFR sprinklers operating at a minimum of
-15 psi (1.0 bar) shall be permitted to protect single- and
-double-row racks with slatted rack shelving racks where all of
-the following conditions are met:
-(1) Sprinklers shall be K-11.2 (160), K-14.0 (200), or K-16.8
-(240) orifice spray sprinklers with a temperature rating
-of ordinary, intermediate, or high and shall be listed for
-storage occupancies or shall be K-14.0 (200), K-16.8
-(240), or K-25.2 (360) ESFR.
-(2) The protected commodities shall be limited to Class I
-through Class IV , Group B plastics, Group C plastics, car-
-toned (expanded and nonexpanded) Group A plastics,
-and exposed (nonexpanded) Group A plastics.
-(3) Slats in slatted rack shelving shall be a minimum nominal
-2 in. (51 mm) thick by maximum nominal 6 in. (152 mm)
-wide with the slats held in place by spacers that maintain a
-minimum 2 in. (51 mm) opening between each slat.
-(4) Where K-11.2 (160), K-14.0 (200), or K-16.8 (240) orifice
-sprinklers are used, there shall be no slatted shelf levels in
-the rack above 12 ft (3.7 m). Open rack shelving using wire
-mesh shall be permitted for shelf levels above 12 ft (3.7 m).
-(5) Transverse flue spaces at least 3 in. (76 mm) wide shall
-be provided at least every 10 ft (3.1 m) horizontally.
-(6) Longitudinal flue spaces at least 6 in. (152 mm) wide shall
-be provided for double-row racks. Longitudinal flue spaces
-shall not be required when ESFR sprinklers are used.
-(7) The aisle widths shall be at least 7 1⁄2 ft (2.3 m).
-(8) The maximum roof height shall be 27 ft (8.2 m) or 30 ft
-(9.1 m) where ESFR sprinklers are used.
-(9) The maximum storage height shall be 20 ft (6.1 m).
-(10) Solid plywood or similar materials shall not be placed on
-the slatted shelves so that they block the 2 in. (51 mm)
-spaces between slats, nor shall they be placed on the wire
-mesh shelves.
-17.3 Pr otection Criteria for Rack Storage of Plastics Commodi-
-ties Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-17.3.1 Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection Crite-
-ria for Rack Storage of Plastics Commodities Stored Over 25 ft
-(7.6 m) in Height for Single-, Double-, and Multiple-Row Racks.
-17.3.1.1 Protection of Group A plastics in cartons, expanded
-or nonexpanded, whether encapsulated or nonencapsulated,
-shall be permitted using control mode density/area sprinklers
-in accordance with 17.3.1.
-17.3.1.2 Protection of Group A plastics that are exposed and
-nonexpanded, whether encapsulated or nonencapsulated,
-shall be permitted only using in-rack sprinkler arrangements
-that are specifically permitted to be used with exposed nonex-
-panded plastics.
-17.3.1.3* Ceiling Sprinkler Water Demand.For Group A plastic
-commodities, encapsulated or nonencapsulated, ceiling sprin-
-kler water demand in terms of density [gpm/ft2 (mm/min)] and
-area of operation [ft2 (m2)] shall be selected from Table 17.3.1.3.
-17.3.1.4 For protection of cartoned storage of Group A plastics,
-expanded or nonexpanded, whether encapsulated or nonencap-
-sulated, on single-row racks, in-rack sprinklers shall be arranged
-in accordance with one of the options in Figure 17.3.1.4(a)
-through Figure 17.3.1.4(c) or Figure 17.3.1.7. The highest level
-of in-rack sprinklers shall be not more than 10 ft (3.1 m) below
-the top of storage.
-17.3.1.5 For protection of cartoned storage of Group A plastics,
-expanded or nonexpanded, whether encapsulated or nonencap-
-sulated, on double-row racks, in-rack sprinklers shall be arranged
-in accordance with one of the double-row rack options in Figure
-17.3.1.5(a), Figure 17.3.1.5(b), or Figure 17.3.1.7. The highest
-level of in-rack sprinklers shall be not more than 10 ft (3.1 m)
-below the top of storage.
-Table 17.3.1.3 Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler
-Discharge Criteria for Single-, Double-, and Multiple-Row Racks
-of Plastics Commodities with Storage Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in
-Height
-Storage Height Above Top
-Level In-Rack Sprinklers Ceiling Sprinklers Density
-ft m
-gpm/ft2 over
-ft2
-mm/min
-over m2
-5 or less 1.5 or less 0.30/2000 12.2/186
-Over 5 up to 10 Over 1.5 up
-to 3.05
-0.45/2000 18.3/186
-13–191PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from 
-approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there 
-could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between 
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.3.1.4(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Group A Plastic Commodities, Single-
-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1.
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-xx
-x
-x
-x
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from 
-approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there 
-could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between 
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.3.1.4(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Group A Plastic Commodities, Single-
-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2.
-13–192 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Elevation View
-Plan View
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-x
-Barriers
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from 
-approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there 
-could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between 
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.3.1.4(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Group A Plastic Commodities, Single-Row
-Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 3.
-Elevation View Plan View
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-Barriers shown with 
-background
-Barrier
-2
-3
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-EE E
-DD D
-CC C
-BB B
-AA A
-x 1 xx
-xx x
-x
-xx
-x
-xx
-x
-Notes:
-1. Sprinklers and barriers labeled 1 shall be required where loads 
-    labeled A or B represent top of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 and barriers labeled 1 shall be required 
-    where loads labeled C represent top of storage.
-3. Sprinklers and barriers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where  
-    loads labeled D or E represent top of storage.
-4. For storage higher than represented by loads labeled E, the cycle 
-    defined by Notes 2 and 3 is repeated.
-5. Symbol D or x indicates face sprinklers on vertical or horizontal 
-    stagger.
-6. Symbol o indicates longitudinal flue space sprinklers.
-7. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as 
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Barrier
-Barrier
-FIGURE 17.3.1.5(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Group A Plastic Commodities, Storage Height
-Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1.
-13–193PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-17.3.1.6 Where a single-row rack of cartoned plastic storage is
-mixed with double-row racks of cartoned plastic storage, ei-
-ther Figure 17.3.1.5(a) or Figure 17.3.1.5(b) shall be permit-
-ted to be used in accordance with the corresponding storage
-height. The highest level of in-rack sprinklers shall be not
-more than 10 ft (3.1 m) below the top of storage.
-17.3.1.7 For protection of storage of exposed nonexpanded
-Group A plastics, whether encapsulated or nonencapsulated,
-on single- racks or double-row racks, in-rack sprinklers shall be
-arranged in accordance with Figure 17.3.1.7. The highest level
-of in-rack sprinklers shall be not more than 10 ft (3.1 m) below
-the top of storage. Where this figure is used, aisles shall be at
-least 4 ft (1.2 m) wide and the ceiling sprinklers shall be de-
-signed for a minimum discharge density of 0.45 gpm/ft2 over
-2000 ft2 (18.3 mm/min over 186 m2).
-17.3.1.8* For protection of storage of exposed nonexpanded
-Group A plastics, whether encapsulated or nonencapsulated, or
-cartoned Group A plastics, expanded or nonexpanded, whether
-encapsulated or nonencapsulated, on multiple-row racks, in-rack
-sprinklers shall be arranged in accordance with one of the op-
-tions in Figure 17.3.1.8(a) through Figure 17.3.1.8(f). The high-
-est level of in-rack sprinklers shall be not more than 10 ft (3.1 m)
-below the top of storage.
-17.3.1.9 The minimum of 6 in. (152 mm) vertical clear space
-shall be maintained between the in-rack sprinkler deflectors
-and the top of a tier of storage.
-Elevation View Plan View
-x
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-2
-3
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-EE E
-DD D
-CC C
-BB B
-AA A
-x 1 xx
-x
-FF F
-x
-xxx x x
-xx
-xxx x x
-xxxx
-xxxxx
-xxxxx
-xxxxx
-xxxxx
-xx
-Notes:
-1. Sprinklers labeled 1 shall be required where loads labeled A or B 
-    represent top of storage.
-2. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 2 shall be required where loads labeled 
-    C represent top of storage.
-3. Sprinklers labeled 1 and 3 shall be required where loads labeled D 
-    or E represent top of storage.
-4. For storage higher than loads labeled F, the cycle defined by  
-    Notes 2 and 3 is repeated.
-5. Symbol x indicates face and in-rack sprinklers.
-6. Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m 
-    to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from approximately 
-    18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as 
-    one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers 
-    that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.3.1.5(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Group A Plastic Commodities,
-Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2.
-Maximum
-rack depth
-9 ft (2.7 m)
-x
-10 ft
-(3.1 m)
-End View
-Maximum
-rack depth
-9 ft (2.7 m)
-5 ft 
-(1.5 m)
-maximum
-x = sprinkler locations
-Plan View
-x
-x
-10 ft
-(3.1 m)
-x x x xx x
-FIGURE 17.3.1.7 In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Cartoned Expanded and Nonexpanded
-Plastic and Exposed Nonexpanded Plastic Commodities, Single- and Double-Row Racks,
-Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m).
-13–194 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load
-heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as
-one load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart
-vertically.
-Face sprinklers
-xx x x x x xx
-xx x x x x xx
-xx x x x x xx
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-8 ft (2.44 m)
-maximum
-18 in. (0.5 m)
-maximum
-Barrier
-10 ft  
-(3.1 m) 
-approximately
-xx xx xx xx
-xx xx xx xx
-xx xx xx xx
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-Barrier
-Barrier
-10 ft (3.1 m)
-maximum
-Plan View Elevation View
-FIGURE 17.3.1.8(a) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Cartoned Plastic and Exposed
-Nonexpanded Plastic, Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1
-[10 ft (3.1 m) Maximum Spacing].
-Face sprinklers
-Barrier
-Elevation View
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-Barrier
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-xx xx xxxx x x x
-xx xx xxxx x x x
-xx xx xxxx x x x
-10 ft  
-(3.1 m) 
-approximately
-8 ft (2.44 m)
-maximum
-xx x x xx xx x x x
-xx x x xx xx x x x
-xx x x xx xx x x x
-18 in. (0.5 m)
-maximum
-Barrier
-Plan View
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring
-4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights
-can vary from approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft
-(3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or
-as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers
-that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-10 ft (3.1 m)
-maximum
-FIGURE 17.3.1.8(b) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Cartoned Plastic and Exposed
-Nonexpanded Plastic, Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2
-[10 ft (3.1 m) Maximum Spacing].
-13–195PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-5 ft (1.5 m)
-maximum
-Face sprinklers
-xx x x x x xx
-xx x x x x xx
-xx x x x x xx
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-8 ft (2.44 m)
-maximum
-18 in. (0.5 m)
-maximum
-xx x x x x xx
-xx x x x x xx
-10 ft  
-(3.1 m) 
-approximately
-xx x x x x xx
-xx x x x x xx
-xx x x x x xx
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load
-heights can vary from approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one
-load or as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-Plan View Elevation View
-FIGURE 17.3.1.8(c) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Cartoned Plastic and Exposed
-Nonexpanded Plastic, Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 1
-[5 ft (1.5 m) Maximum Spacing].
-Face sprinklers
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-xx x x xx xx x x x
-xx x x xx xx x x x
-xx x x xx xx x x x
-10 ft  
-(3.1 m) 
-approximately
-8 ft (2.44 m)
-maximum
-xx x x xx xx x x x
-xx x x xx xx x x x
-xx x x xx xx x x x
-18 in. (0.5 m) 
-maximum
-xx x x xx xx x x x
-xx x x xx xx x x x
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring
-4 ft to 5 ft (1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights
-can vary from approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft 
-(3.1 m). Therefore, there could be as few as one load or
-as many as six or seven loads between in-rack sprinklers
-that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-5 ft (1.5 m)
-maximum
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-FIGURE 17.3.1.8(d) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Cartoned Plastic and Uncartoned
-Unexpanded Plastic, Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 2
-[5 ft (1.5 m) Maximum Spacing].
-13–196 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-17.3.1.10* In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersec-
-tion of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding
-the maximum spacing rules.
-17.3.1.11 Where distances between transverse flues exceed
-the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed
-at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues,
-and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-17.3.1.12 Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers
-shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-17.3.1.13 In-Rack Sprinkler Water Demand.The water demand
-for sprinklers installed in racks shall be based on simultaneous
-operation of the most hydraulically remote sprinklers as follows:
-(1) Eight sprinklers where only one level is installed in racks
-(2) Fourteen sprinklers (seven on each top two levels) where
-more than one level is installed in racks
-17.3.1.14 In-Rack Sprinkler Discharge Pressure. Sprinklers in
-racks shall discharge at not less than 30 gpm (113.6 L/min).
-17.3.1.15 The minimum water supply requirements for a hy-
-draulically designed occupancy hazard fire control sprinkler
-system shall be determined by adding the hose stream allow-
-ance from Table 17.3.1.15 to the water supply for sprinklers
-determined in Section 17.3.
-17.3.2 CMSA Sprinklers for Rack Storage of Plastics Com-
-modities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height.
-17.3.2.1 Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row rack
-storage without solid shelves for cartoned, nonexpanded plas-
-tic commodities shall be in accordance with Table 17.3.2.1.
-17.3.2.2 Protection shall be provided as specified in
-Table 17.3.2.1 or appropriate NFPA standards in terms of
-minimum operating pressure and the number of sprinklers
-to be included in the design area.
-17.3.2.3 The design area shall be a rectangular area having a
-dimension parallel to the branch lines at least 1.2 times the
-square root of the area protected by the number of sprinklers
-to be included in the design area. Any fractional sprinkler
-shall be included in the design area.
-17.3.2.4 Building steel shall not require special protection
-where Table 17.3.2.1 is applied as appropriate for the storage
-configuration.
-17.3.2.5* In-Rack Sprinklers. (Reserved)
-17.3.3* Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinklers
-for Rack Storage of Plastics Commodities Stored Over 25 ft
-(7.6 m) in Height.
-17.3.3.1 Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row rack
-storage of cartoned or exposed, nonexpanded plastic shall be
-in accordance with Table 17.3.3.1.
-Face sprinklers
-Elevation View
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-8 ft (2.44 m)
-maximum
-18 in. (0.5 m)
-maximum
-5 ft (1.5 m)
-maximum
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-xx x x xx x
-xx x x xx x
-xx x x xx x
-xx x x xx x
-xx x x xx x
-xx x x xx x
-xxxxxxx
-xxxxxxx
-Plan View
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from 
-approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there 
-could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between 
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-FIGURE 17.3.1.8(e) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Cartoned Plastic and Exposed
-Nonexpanded Plastic, Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 3
-[5 ft (1.5 m) Maximum Spacing].
-13–197PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Face sprinklers
-Elevation View
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-A
-I
-S
-L
-E
-8 ft (2.44 m)
-maximum
-18 in. (0.5 m)
-maximum
-F 
-a
-c
-e
-s
-p
-r
-i
-n
-k
-l
-e
-r
-s
-xx xx xx xx
-xx xx xx xx
-xx xx xx xx
-xx xx xx xx
-xx xx xx xx
-xx xx xx xx
-xx xx xx xx
-xx xx xx xx
-xx xx xx xx
-Plan View
-Note: Each square represents a storage cube measuring 4 ft to 5 ft 
-(1.2 m to 1.5 m) on a side. Actual load heights can vary from 
-approximately 18 in. (0.5 m) up to 10 ft (3.1 m). Therefore, there 
-could be as few as one load or as many as six or seven loads between 
-in-rack sprinklers that are spaced 10 ft (3.1 m) apart vertically.
-5 ft (1.5 m)
-maximum
-FIGURE 17.3.1.8(f) In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement, Cartoned Plastic and Exposed
-Nonexpanded Plastic, Multiple-Row Racks, Storage Height Over 25 ft (7.6 m) — Option 4
-[5 ft (1.5 m) Maximum Spacing].
-Table 17.3.1.15 Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply Duration Requirements for Rack
-Storage of Plastics Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
-Commodity
-Classification
-Storage Height Inside Hose
-Total Combined Inside and
-Outside Hose
-Duration
-(minutes)ft m gpm L/min gpm L/min
-Plastic >25 >7.6 0, 50, or 100 0, 190, or 380 500 1900 120
-Table 17.3.2.1 CMSA Sprinkler Design Criteria for Single-, Double-, and Multiple-Row Racks
-Without Solid Shelves of Plastics Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
-Storage
-Arrangement Commodity Class
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number
-of Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum Operating
-Pressure
-ft m ft m psi bar
-Single-, double-,
-and
-multiple-row
-racks without
-solid shelves
-(no open-top
-containers)
-Cartoned,
-nonexpanded
-plastics
-30 9.1 35 10.6 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 25 1.7
-35 10.6 40 12.1 19.6 (280)
-Pendent
-Wet 15 30 2.1
-13–198 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table 17.3.3.1 ESFR Protection of Rack Storage Without Solid Shelves of Plastics
-Commodities Stored Over 25 ft (7.6 m) in Height
-Storage
-Arrangement Commodity
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-Nominal K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum
-Operating Pressure In-Rack
-Sprinkler
-Requirementsft m ft m psi bar
-Single-, double-,
-and
-multiple-row
-racks (no
-open-top
-containers)
-Cartoned
-nonexpanded
-30 9.1
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-75 5.2 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 35 2.4 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 20 1.4 No
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-35 10.7
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 25 1.7 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-40 12.2 45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-25.2
-(320)
-Pendent 40 2.8 No
-(continues)
-13–199PROTECTION OF RACK STORAGE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER COMMODITIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table 17.3.3.1 Continued
-Storage
-Arrangement Commodity
-Maximum Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-Nominal K-Factor Orientation
-Minimum
-Operating Pressure In-Rack
-Sprinkler
-Requirementsft m ft m psi bar
-Exposed
-nonexpanded
-30 9.1
-35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 75 5.2 No
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 50 3.4 No
-25.2
-(320)
-Pendent 50 3.4 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-35 10.7
-40 12.2
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 52 3.6 No
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 50 3.4 No
-25.2
-(320)
-Pendent 50 3.4 No
-45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-40 12.2 45 13.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 90 6.2 Yes
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 63 4.3 Yes
-17.3.3.1.1 ESFR sprinklers shall not be permitted to protect
-storage on solid shelf racks unless the solid shelf racks are
-protected with in-rack sprinklers in accordance with 17.1.5.
-17.3.3.1.2 ESFR sprinklers shall not be permitted to protect
-storage with open-top containers.
-17.3.3.2 ESFR sprinkler systems shall be designed such that
-the minimum operating pressure is not less than that indi-
-cated in Table 17.3.3.1 for type of storage, commodity, storage
-height, and building height involved.
-17.3.3.3 The design area shall consist of the most hydrauli-
-cally demanding area of 12 sprinklers, consisting of four sprin-
-klers on each of three branch lines.
-17.3.3.4 Where required by Table 17.3.3.1, one level of K-8.0
-(115) or K-11.2 (160) quick-response, ordinary-temperature
-in-rack sprinklers shall be installed at the tier level closest to
-but not exceeding one-half of the maximum storage height.
-17.3.3.4.1 In-rack sprinkler hydraulic design criteria shall
-be the most hydraulically remote eight sprinklers at 60 gpm
-(227 L/min).
-17.3.3.4.2 In-rack sprinklers shall be located at the intersec-
-tion of the longitudinal and transverse flue space.
-17.3.3.4.3 Horizontal spacing shall not be permitted to ex-
-ceed 5 ft (1.5 m) intervals.
-17.3.3.4.4 The minimum of 6 in. (152 mm) vertical clear
-space shall be maintained between the sprinkler deflectors
-and the top of a tier of storage.
-17.3.3.4.5* In-rack sprinklers shall be located at an intersec-
-tion of transverse and longitudinal flues while not exceeding
-the maximum spacing rules.
-17.3.3.4.6 Where distances between transverse flues exceed
-the maximum allowable distances, sprinklers shall be installed
-at the intersection of the transverse and longitudinal flues,
-and additional sprinklers shall be installed between transverse
-flues to meet the maximum distance rules.
-17.3.3.4.7 Where no transverse flues exist, in-rack sprinklers
-shall not exceed the maximum spacing rules.
-Chapter 18 Protection of Rubber Tire Storage
-18.1 General. The requirements of Chapter 12 shall apply un-
-less modified by this chapter.
-13–200 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-18.2 Columns Within Rubber Tire Storage.
-18.2.1 Where fireproofing is not provided, steel columns
-shall be protected as follows:
-(1) Storage exceeding 15 ft through 20 ft (4.6 m through 6 m)
-in height — one sidewall sprinkler directed to one side of
-the column at a 15 ft (4.6 m) level
-(2) Storage exceeding 20 ft (6.1 m) in height — two sidewall
-sprinklers, one at the top of the column and the other at a
-15 ft (4.6 m) level, both directed to the side of the column
-18.2.2 The flow from a column sprinkler(s) shall be permit-
-ted to be omitted from the sprinkler system hydraulic calcula-
-tions.
-18.2.3 The protection specified in 18.2.1(1) and 18.2.1(2)
-shall not be required where storage in fixed racks is protected
-by in-rack sprinklers.
-18.2.4 The protection specified in 18.2.1 shall not be re-
-quired where ESFR or CMSA sprinkler systems that are ap-
-proved for rubber tire storage are installed.
-18.2.5 The rate of water supply shall be sufficient to provide
-the required sprinkler discharge density over the required
-area of application plus provision for generation of high-
-expansion foam and in-rack sprinklers where used.
-18.3 Water Supplies. Total water supplies shall be in accor-
-dance with the following options:
-(1) A minimum of not less than 750 gpm (2835 L/min) for
-hose streams in addition to that required for automatic
-sprinklers and foam systems. Water supplies shall be ca-
-pable of supplying the demand for sprinkler systems and
-hose streams for not less than 3 hours.
-(2) For on-floor storage up to and including 5 ft (1.5 m) in
-height, hose stream requirements shall be permitted to
-be 250 gpm (946 L/min) with a water supply duration of
-not less than 2 hours.
-(3) For ESFR and CMSA sprinkler systems approved for rub-
-ber tire storage, duration and hose allowance shall be in
-accordance with Table 18.4(c) and Table 18.4(d).
-18.4* Ceiling Systems. Sprinkler discharge and area of appli-
-cation shall be in accordance with one of the following:
-(1) Table 18.4(a) or Table 18.4(b) for standard spray sprin-
-klers
-(2) Table 18.4(c) for CMSA sprinklers
-(3) Table 18.4(d) for ESFR sprinklers
-Table 18.4(a) Protection Criteria for Rubber Tire Storage Using Control Mode Density/Area Sprinklers
-Piling Method Pile Height (ft)
-Sprinkler Discharge Density
-(gpm/ft2 over ft2)
-(see Note 1)
-Areas of Application (ft2)
-(see Note 1)
-Ordinary
-Temperature
-High
-Temperature
-(see Note 1)
-(1) On-floor storage Up to 5 0.19 2000 2000
-(a) Pyramid piles, on-side Over 5 to 12 0.30 2500 2500
-(b) Other arrangements such that no horizontal
-channels are formed (see Note 2)
-Over 12 to 18 0.60 Not allowed 2500
-(2) On-floor storage Up to 5 0.19 2000 2000
-Tires, on-tread Over 5 to 12 0.30 2500 2500
-(3) Palletized portable rack storage Up to 5 0.19 2000 2000
-On-side or on-tread Over 5 to 20 See Table 18.4(b) — —
-Over 20 to 30 0.30 plus high-expansion
-foam
-3000 3000
-(4) Palletized portable rack storage, on-side Up to 5 0.19 2000 2000
-Over 5 to 20 See Table 18.4(b) — —
-Over 20 to 25 0.60 and Not allowed 5000
-0.90 (see Note 3) or Not allowed 3000
-0.75 with 1-hour fire-resistive
-rating of roof and ceiling
-assembly
-Not allowed 4000
-(5) Open portable rack storage, on-side or on-tread Up to 5 0.19 2000 2000
-Over 5 to 12 0.60 5000 3000
-Over 12 to 20 0.60 and Not allowed 5000
-0.90 (see Note 3) or Not allowed 3000
-0.30 plus high-expansion
-foam
-3000 3000
-(continues)
-13–201PROTECTION OF RUBBER TIRE STORAGE
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table 18.4(a) Continued
-Piling Method Pile Height (ft)
-Sprinkler Discharge Density
-(gpm/ft2 over ft2)
-(see Note 1)
-Areas of Application (ft2)
-(see Note 1)
-Ordinary
-Temperature
-High
-Temperature
-(see Note 1)
-(6) Open portable rack storage, laced Over 12 to 20 0.60 and Not allowed 5000
-0.90 (see notes 3 and 5) Not allowed 3000
-(7) Single-, double-, and multiple-row fixed rack
-storage on pallets, on-side, or on-tread without
-shelves
-Up to 5 0.19 2000 2000
-Over 5 to 20 See Table 18.4(b) or
-0.40 plus one level in-rack
-sprinklers or
-3000 3000
-0.30 plus high-expansion
-foam
-3000 3000
-Over 20 to 30 0.30 plus high-expansion
-foam
-Not allowed 3000
-(8) Single-, double-, and multiple-row fixed rack
-storage without pallets or shelves, on-side or
-on-tread
-Up to 5 0.19 2000 2000
-Over 5 to 12 0.60 5000 3000
-0.40 plus one level in-rack
-sprinklers
-3000 3000
-Over 12 to 20 0.60 and Not allowed 5000
-0.90 (see Note 3) or Not allowed 3000
-0.40 plus one level in-rack
-sprinklers or
-3000 3000
-0.30 plus high-expansion
-foam
-3000 3000
-Over 20 to 30 0.30 plus high-expansion
-foam
-Not allowed 3000
-For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2; 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.746 mm/min.
-Notes:
-(1) Sprinkler discharge densities and areas of application are based on a maximum clearance to ceiling of
-10 ft (3.1 m) with the maximum height of storage anticipated.
-(2) Laced tires on-floor, vertical stacking on-side (typical truck tires), and off-road tires. Laced tires are not
-stored to a significant height by this method due to the damage inflicted on the tire (i.e., bead).
-(3) Water supply shall fulfill both requirements.
-(4) Shelf storage of rubber tires shall be protected as solid rack shelving.
-(5) This protection scheme is for use with K-16.8 (240) or larger control mode sprinklers only. Maximum
-clearance to ceiling can be increased to 14 ft (4.25 m) with this scheme.
-Table 18.4(b) Control Mode Density/Area Sprinklers System Density (gpm/ft2 over ft2) for
-Palletized Portable Rack Storage and Fixed Rack Storage of Rubber Tires with Pallets Over
-5 ft to 20 ft in Height
-Storage Height
-(ft)
-Sprinkler Temperature
-High Temperature Ordinary Temperature
->5 to 10 0.32/2000 0.32/2000
->10 to 12 0.39/2000 0.39/2600
->12 to14 0.45/2000 0.45/3200
->14 to 16 0.5/2300 0.5/3700
->16 to 18 0.55/2600 0.55/4400
->18 to 20 0.6/3000 0.6/5000
-13–202 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table 18.4(c) Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA) Protection for Rubber Tires
-Piling Method
-Maximum
-Storage Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-K-Factor
-Type of
-System
-Number of
-Sprinklers
-Operating
-Pressure
-Hose Stream
-Allowance
-Water
-Supply
-Duration
-(hours)f tmf tm
-Rubber tire storage,
-on-side or on-tread, in
-palletized portable
-racks, or open
-portable racks, or
-fixed racks without
-solid shelves
-25 7.6 32 9.8
-11.2
-(160) Wet 15
-75 psi
-(5.2 bar)
-500 gpm
-(1900 L/min) 3
-25 7.6 32 9.8
-16.8
-(240) Wet 15
-35 psi
-(2.4 bar)
-500 gpm
-(1900 L/min) 3
-Table 18.4(d) Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinklers for Protection of Rubber Tires (see Note 1)
-Piling Method Pile Height
-Maximum
-Building
-Height
-Nominal
-K-factor Orientation
-Number of
-Sprinklers
-Minimum
-Operating
-Pressure
-(see Note 2)
-Duration
-(hours)
-Hose Allowance
-ft m psi bar gpm L/min
-Rubber tire storage, on-side
-or on-tread, in palletized
-portable racks, open
-portable racks, or fixed
-racks without solid
-shelves
-Up to 25 ft (7.6 m) 30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-12
-(see Note 2)
-50 3.5 1 250 946
-16.8
-(240)
-Upright/
-pendent
-12
-(see Note 2)
-35 2.4 1 250 946
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 12
-(see Note 2)
-25 1.7 1 250 946
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 12
-(see Note 2)
-15 1.0 1 250 946
-Rubber tire storage,
-on-side, in palletized
-portable racks, open
-portable racks, or fixed
-racks without solid
-shelves
-Up to 25 ft (7.6 m) 35 10.7
-14.0
-(200)
-Upright/
-pendent
-12
-(see Note 2)
-75 5.2 1 250 946
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 12
-(see Note 2)
-52 3.6 1 250 946
-22.4
-(320)
-Pendent 12
-(see Note 2)
-35 2.4 1 250 946
-25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 12
-(see Note 2)
-25 1.7 1 250 946
-On-tread, on-side, and
-laced tires in open
-portable steel racks or
-palletized portable racks
-Up to 25 ft (7.6 m) 30 9.1
-14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 20
-(see Notes 3 and 4)
-75 5.2 3 500 1900
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 20
-(see Notes 3 and 4)
-52 3.6
-Rubber tire storage,
-on-side, in palletized
-portable racks
-Up to 25 ft (7.6 m) 40 12.2 14.0
-(200)
-Pendent 12 75 5.2 1 250 946
-16.8
-(240)
-Pendent 12 52 3.6
-Rubber tire storage,
-on-tread, or laced in
-open portable steel racks
-Up to 25 ft (7.6 m) 40 12.2 25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 12 40 2.8 1 250 946
-On-tread, on-side, and
-laced tires in open
-portable steel racks or
-palletized portable racks
-Up to 30 ft (9.1 m) 40 12.2 25.2
-(360)
-Pendent 12 75 5.2 1 250 946
-Notes:
-(1) Wet systems only.
-(2) The shape of the design area shall be in accordance with 14.4.3 and 14.4.4.
-(3) Where used in this application, ESFR protection is expected to control rather than to suppress the fire.
-(4) The design area shall consist of the most hydraulically demanding area of 20 sprinklers, consisting of five
-sprinklers on each of four branch lines. The design shall include a minimum operating area of 1600 ft2
-(149 m2).
-13–203PROTECTION OF RUBBER TIRE STORAGE
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-18.5 In-Rack Sprinkler System Requirements for Protection
-of Rubber Tires.
-18.5.1 In-rack sprinklers, where provided, shall be installed
-in accordance with Chapter 17, except as modified by 18.5.2
-through 18.5.4.
-18.5.2 The maximum horizontal spacing of sprinklers in
-racks shall be 8 ft (2.4 m).
-18.5.3 Water demand for sprinklers installed in racks shall be
-based on simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically re-
-mote 12 sprinklers where only one level is installed in racks.
-18.5.4 Sprinklers in racks shall discharge at not less than
-30 psi (2.1 bar).
-18.6 Reduced-Discharge Density. Where high-expansion foam
-systems are installed in accordance with NFPA 11, a reduction in
-sprinkler discharge density to one-half the density specified in
-Table 18.4(a) or 0.24 gpm/ft 2 (9.78 mm/min), whichever is
-higher, shall be permitted.
-Chapter 19 Protection of Roll Paper
-19.1* Protection of Roll Paper Storage.
-19.1.1 General. The requirements of Chapter 12 shall apply
-unless modified by this chapter.
-19.1.1.1 The water supply system for automatic fire protection
-systems shall be designed for a minimum duration of 2 hours.
-19.1.1.1.1 For ESFR sprinklers, the water supply duration
-shall be 1 hour.
-19.1.1.2 At least 500 gpm (1900 L/min) shall be added to the
-sprinkler demand for large and small hose stream allowance.
-19.1.1.2.1 For ESFR sprinklers, the hose stream allowance
-shall be for 250 gpm (946 L/min).
-19.1.1.3 The water supply design shall include the demand of
-the automatic sprinkler system plus the hose stream allowance
-plus, where provided, the high-expansion foam system.
-19.1.1.4 Wet pipe systems shall be used in tissue storage areas.
-19.1.1.5 Horizontal storage of heavyweight or mediumweight
-paper shall be protected as a closed array.
-19.1.1.6 Mediumweight paper shall be permitted to be pro-
-tected as heavyweight paper where wrapped completely on the
-sides and both ends, or where wrapped on the sides only with
-steel bands. Wrapping material shall be either a single layer of
-heavyweight paper with a basis weight of 40 lb (18.1 kg) or two
-layers of heavyweight paper with a basis weight of less than 40 lb
-(18.1 kg).
-19.1.1.7 Lightweight paper or tissue paper shall be permitted
-to be protected as mediumweight paper where wrapped com-
-pletely on the sides and both ends, or where wrapped on the
-sides only with steel bands. Wrapping material shall be either a
-single layer of heavyweight paper with a basis weight of 40 lb
-(18.1 kg) or two layers of heavyweight paper with a basis
-weight of less than 40 lb (18.1 kg).
-19.1.1.8 For purposes of sprinkler system design criteria,
-lightweight class paper shall be protected as tissue.
-19.1.2* Protection Criteria for Roll Paper Storage.
-19.1.2.1 Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection
-Criteria for Roll Paper Storage.
-19.1.2.1.1 Storage of heavyweight or mediumweight classes
-of rolled paper up to 10 ft (3.1 m) in height shall be protected
-by sprinklers designed for ordinary hazard Group 2 densities.
-19.1.2.1.2 Storage of tissue and lightweight classes of paper
-up to 10 ft (3.1 m) in height shall be protected by sprinklers in
-accordance with extra hazard Group 1 densities.
-19.1.2.1.3 Sprinkler design criteria for storage of roll paper
-10 ft (3.1 m) high and higher in buildings or structures with
-roof or ceilings up to 30 ft (9.1 m) shall be in accordance with
-Table 19.1.2.1.3(a) and Table 19.1.2.1.3(b).
-19.1.2.1.4* High-temperature sprinklers shall be used for in-
-stallations protecting roll paper stored 15 ft (4.6 m) or higher.
-Table 19.1.2.1.3(a) Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection Criteria for
-Roll Paper Storage for Buildings or Structures with Roof or Ceilings Up to 30 ft
-(Discharge Densities are gpm/ft2 over ft2)
-Storage
-Height (ft) Ceiling (ft)
-Heavyweight Mediumweight
-Tissue
-All Storage
-Arrays
-Closed
-Array
-Banded or
-Unbanded
-Standard Array Open Array Closed Array
-Banded or
-Unbanded
-Standard Array Open Array
-Banded or
-UnbandedBanded Unbanded Banded Unbanded Banded Unbanded
-10 ≤5 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.45/2000
-10 >5 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.45/2500
-15 ≤5 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2500 0.3/3000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.45/2500 0.45/2500 0.60/2000
-15 >5 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/3000 0.3/3500 0.3/2000 0.3/2500 0.45/3000 0.45/3000 0.60/3000
-20 ≤5 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2500 0.45/3000 0.45/3500 0.3/2000 0.45/2500 0.6/2500 0.6/2500 0.75/2500
-20 >5 0.3/2000 0.3/2500 0.3/3000 0.45/3500 0.45/4000 0.3/2500 0.45/3000 0.6/3000 0.6/3000 0.75/3000
-25 ≤5 0.45/2500 0.45/3000 0.45/3500 0.6/2500 0.6/3000 0.45/3000 0.6/3000 0.75/2500 0.75/2500 see Note 1
-Notes:
-(1) Sprinkler protection requirements for tissue stored above 20 ft have not been determined.
-(2) Densities or areas, or both, shall be permitted to be interpolated between any 5 ft storage height increment.
-13–204 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-19.1.2.1.5 The protection area per sprinkler shall not exceed
-100 ft2 (9.3 m2) or be less than 70 ft2 (6.5 m2).
-19.1.2.1.6 Where high-expansion foam systems are installed
-in heavyweight class and mediumweight class storage areas,
-sprinkler discharge design densities shall be permitted to be
-reduced to not less than 0.24 gpm/ft 2 (9.8 mm/min) with a
-minimum operating area of 2000 ft2 (186 m2).
-19.1.2.1.7 Where high-expansion foam systems are installed
-in tissue storage areas, sprinkler discharge densities and areas
-of application shall not be reduced below those provided in
-Table 19.1.2.1.3(a) and Table 19.1.2.1.3(b).
-19.1.2.2 CMSA Sprinklers for Protection of Roll Paper Stor-
-age. Where automatic sprinkler system protection utilizes
-CMSA sprinklers, hydraulic design criteria shall be as specified
-in Table 19.1.2.2.
-19.1.2.3 Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinklers
-for Protection of Roll Paper Storage. Where automatic sprin-
-kler system protection utilizes ESFR sprinklers, hydraulic de-
-sign criteria shall be as specified in Table 19.1.2.3. Design dis-
-charge pressure shall be applied to 12 operating sprinklers.
-Table 19.1.2.1.3(b) Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection Criteria for
-the Protection of Roll Paper Storage for Buildings or Structures with Roof or Ceilings
-Up to 9.1 m (Discharge Densities are mm/min over m2)
-Storage
-Height
-(m)
-Ceiling
-(m)
-Heavyweight Mediumweight
-Tissue
-All Storage
-Arrays
-Closed Array
-Banded or
-Unbanded
-Standard Array Open Array Closed
-Array
-Banded or
-Unbanded
-Standard Array Open Array
-Banded or
-UnbandedBanded Unbanded Banded Unbanded Banded Unbanded
-3.1 ≤1.5 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 18.3/185.8
-3.1 >1.5 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 18.3/232.3
-4.6 ≤1.5 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/232.3 12.2/278.7 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 18.3/232.3 18.3/232.3 24.5/185.8
-4.6 >1.5 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/278.7 12.2/322.2 12.2/185.8 12.2/232.3 18.3/278.7 18.3/278.7 24.5/278.7
-6.1 ≤1.5 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/232.3 18.3/278.7 18.3/325.2 12.2/185.8 18.3/232.3 24.5/232.3 24.5/232.3 30.6/232.3
-6.1 >1.5 12.2/185.8 12.2/232.3 12.2/278.7 18.3/325.2 18.3/371.6 12.2/232.3 18.3/278.7 24.5/278.7 24.5/278.7 30.6/278.7
-7.6 ≤1.5 18.3/232.3 18.3/278.7 18.3/325.2 24.5/232.3 24.5/278.7 18.3/278.7 24.5/278.7 30.6/232.3 30.6/232.3 see Note 1
-Notes:
-(1) Sprinkler protection requirements for tissue stored above 6.1 m have not been determined.
-(2) Densities or areas, or both, shall be permitted to be interpolated between any 1.5 m storage height increment.
-Table 19.1.2.2 CMSA Sprinklers for Protection of Roll Paper Storage
-[Number of Sprinklers at Operating Pressure, psi (bar)]
-Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Building
-Height
-Nominal
-K-Factor
-Type
-of
-System
-Heavyweight Mediumweight
-Tissue
-All
-Storage
-Arrays
-Closed
-Array Standard Array Open Array
-Closed
-Array Standard Array Open Array
-ft m ft m
-Banded
-or
-Unbanded Banded Unbanded Banded Unbanded
-Banded
-or
-Unbanded Banded Unbanded Banded Unbanded
-20 6.1 30 9.1 11.2
-(160)
-Wet 15 at
-50(3.4)
-15 at
-50(3.4)
-15 at
-50(3.4)
-15 at
-50(3.4)
-NA 15 at
-50(3.4)
-15 at
-50(3.4)
-15 at
-50(3.4)
-NA NA See Note
-20 6.1 30 9.1 11.2
-(160)
-Dry 25 at
-50(3.4)
-25 at
-50(3.4)
-25 at
-50(3.4)
-NA NA 25 at
-50(3.4)
-25 at
-50(3.4)
-25 at
-50(3.4)
-NA NA NA
-26 7.9 60 18.3 11.2
-(160)
-Wet 15 at
-50(3.4)
-15 at
-50(3.4)
-15 at
-50(3.4)
-15 at
-50(3.4)
-NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
-20 6.1 30 9.1 16.8
-(240)
-Wet 15 at
-22(1.5)
-15 at
-22(1.5)
-15 at
-22(1.5)
-15 at
-22(1.5)
-NA 15 at
-22(1.5)
-15 at
-22(1.5)
-15 at
-22(1.5)
-NA NA See Note
-20 6.1 30 9.1 16.8
-(240)
-Dry 25 at
-22(1.5)
-25 at
-22(1.5)
-25 at
-22(1.5)
-NA NA 25 at
-22(1.5)
-25 at
-22(1.5)
-25 at
-22(1.5)
-NA NA NA
-26 7.9 60 18.3 16.8
-(240)
-Wet 15 at
-22(1.5)
-15 at
-22(1.5)
-15 at
-22(1.5)
-15 at
-22(1.5)
-NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
-Note: Base design on 25 AS at 75 psi (5.2 bar) for K-11.2 (160) sprinklers or 25 AS at 35 psi (240) for K-16.8
-(240) sprinklers when storage is in closed or standard array; other arrays NA.
-NA: Not applicable.
-13–205PROTECTION OF ROLL PAPER
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Chapter 20 Special Designs of Storage Protection
-20.1 General. The requirements of Chapter 12 shall apply un-
-less modified by this chapter.
-20.2* Plastic Motor Vehicle Components. Plastic automotive
-components and associated packaging material shall be per-
-mitted to be protected in accordance with Table 20.2.
-20.3* Sprinkler Design Criteria for Storage and Display of
-Class I Through Class IV Commodities, Cartoned Nonex-
-panded Group A Plastics and Nonexpanded Exposed Group A
-Plastics in Retail Stores.
-20.3.1 A wet pipe system designed to meet two separate de-
-sign points — 0.6 gpm/ft 2 (24.4 mm/min) density over
-2000 ft2 (186 m2) and 0.7 gpm/ft2 (28.5 mm/min) density for
-the four hydraulically most demanding sprinklers with 500 gpm
-(1900 L/min) hose stream allowance for a 2-hour duration —
-shall be permitted to protect single- and double-row slatted shelf
-racks when the following conditions are met:
-(1) An extended coverage sprinkler with a nominal K-factor
-of K-25.2 (360) listed for storage occupancies shall be
-provided.
-(2) Shelves shall be either open shelving or slatted using a
-2 in. (50 mm) thick by maximum 6 in. (152 mm) wide
-slat held in place by spacers that maintain a minimum
-2 in. (50 mm) opening between each slat.
-(3) There shall be no slatted shelf levels in the rack above
-nominal 12 ft (3.66 m) level. Wire mesh (greater than
-50 percent opening) shall be permitted for shelf levels
-above 12 ft (3.66 m).
-(4) A single level of solid shelving (31⁄2 f t×8f t3 in.) (1.07 m
-× 2.51 m) shall be permissible at an elevation of not
-more than 5 ft (1.52 m).
-(5) Perforated metal (open area of 40 percent or more)
-shall be permitted over either the open shelving or the
-slatted shelves up to the 60 in. (1.52 m) level.
-(6) Other than what is allowed in this section, solid plywood
-or similar materials shall not be placed on the slatted
-shelves.
-(7) Solid displays shall be permissible, provided that all flues
-are maintained and only one display is installed per bay.
-(8) Maximum roof height shall be 30 ft (9.14 m) in the pro-
-tected area.
-(9) Maximum storage height shall be 22 ft (6.71 m).
-(10) Aisle widths shall be a minimum of 8 ft (2.44 m).
-(11) Minimum transverse flue spaces of 3 in. every 10 ft
-(76 mm every 3.05 m) horizontally shall be provided.
-(12) Minimum longitudinal flue spaces of 6 in. (152 mm)
-shall be provided for double-row racks.
-(13) Storage in the aisle shall be permissible, provided the
-aisle storage is no more than 4 ft (1.22 m) high and a
-minimum clear aisle of 4 ft (1.22 m) is maintained.
-Table 19.1.2.3 ESFR Sprinklers for Protection of Roll Paper Storage (Maximum Height of Storage Permitted)
-ESFR
-K-Factor Orientation
-System
-Type
-Pressure
-Building
-Height
-Heavyweight Mediumweight
-Tissue
-All
-Arrays
-Closed Standard Open Closed Standard Open
-psi bar ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m
-14.0
-(201)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 50 3.4
-30 9.1 25 7.6 25 7.6 25 7.6 25 7.6 25 7.6 25 7.6 NA
-16.8
-(242)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 35 2.4
-22.4
-(322)
-Pendent Wet 25 1.7
-25.2
-(363)
-Pendent Wet 15 1.0
-14.0
-(201)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 75 5.2
-35 10.7 30 9.1 30 9.1 30 9.1 NA NA NA NA
-16.8
-(242)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 52 3.6
-14.0
-(201)
-Pendent Wet 75 5.2
-40 12.2 30 9.1 30 9.1 30 9.1 NA NA NA NA
-16.8
-(242)
-Pendent Wet 52 3.6
-22.4
-(322)
-Pendent Wet 40 2.8
-25.2
-(363)
-Pendent Wet 25 1.7
-22.4
-(322)
-Pendent Wet 50 3.4
-45 13.7 30 9.1 30 9.1 30 9.1 NA NA NA NA
-25.2
-(363)
-Pendent Wet 50 3.4
-NA: Not applicable.
-13–206 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-20.3.2 A wet pipe system designed to meet two separate de-
-sign points — 0.425 gpm/ft 2 (17.3 mm/min) density over
-2000 ft2 (186 m2) and 0.50 gpm/ft 2 (20.4 mm/min) density
-for the four hydraulically most demanding sprinklers with
-500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance for a 2-hour
-duration — shall be permitted in solid steel cantilever-style
-retail shelving racks (gondola racks) when the following con-
-ditions are met:
-(1) An extended coverage sprinkler with a nominal K-factor
-of K-25.2 (360) listed for storage occupancies shall be pro-
-vided.
-(2) The storage height shall not exceed 12 ft (3.66 m).
-(3) The ceiling height shall not exceed 22 ft (6.71 m) in the
-protected area.
-(4) Gondola rack structure shall not exceed 48 in. (1.22 m) in
-aggregate depth or 78 in. (1.99 m) in height.
-(5) A minimum aisle of 5 ft (1.52 m) between storage shall be
-maintained.
-(6) Rack lengths shall be no more than 70 ft (21.3 m).
-20.3.3 A wet system designed to meet two separate design
-points — 0.425 gpm/ft 2 (17.3 mm/min) density over 2000 ft2
-(186 m2) and 0.50 gpm/ft 2 (20.4 mm/min) density for the
-four hydraulically most demanding sprinklers with 500 gpm
-(1900 L/min) hose stream allowance for a 2-hour duration —
-shall be permitted in solid steel cantilever-style retail shelving
-racks (gondola racks) when the following conditions are met:
-(1) An extended coverage sprinkler with a nominal K-factor
-of K-25.2 (360) listed for storage occupancies shall be pro-
-vided.
-(2) Storage height shall not exceed 15 ft (4.57 m).
-(3) Ceiling height shall not exceed 25 ft (7.62 m) in the pro-
-tected area.
-(4) Gondola rack structure shall not exceed 60 in. (1.52 m) in
-aggregate depth or 8 ft (2.44 m) in height.
-(5) A perforated metal deck at the 8 ft (2.44 m) level shall be
-permissible with storage placed on top with or without flue
-spaces to a maximum height from floor of 15 ft (4.57 m).
-(6) Rack lengths shall not exceed 70 ft (21.3 m).
-(7) A minimum aisle space of 6 ft (1.83 m) shall be provided.
-20.3.4 A wet pipe system designed to meet two separate de-
-sign points — 0.45 gpm/ft 2 (17.3 mm/min) density over
-2000 ft2 (186 m2) and 0.55 gpm/ft 2 (22.4 mm/min) density
-for the four hydraulically most demanding sprinklers with
-500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance for a 2-hour
-duration — shall be permitted without the use of in-rack sprin-
-klers when the following conditions are met:
-(1) An extended coverage sprinkler with a nominal K-factor
-of K-25.2 (360) listed for storage occupancies shall be pro-
-vided.
-(2) Storage height shall not exceed 15 ft (4.57 m).
-(3) Ceiling height shall not exceed 25 ft (7.62 m).
-(4) Shelving structure shall not exceed 48 in. (1.22 mm)
-aggregate depth or 12 ft (3.66 m) in height.
-(5) Shelving shall be permitted to be made of solid particle-
-board.
-(6) A minimum aisle space of 3 ft (914 mm) shall be maintained.
-(7) Shelving length shall be a maximum of 70 ft (21.3 m).
-20.3.5 A wet pipe system designed to meet two separate de-
-sign points — 0.38 gpm/ft 2 (15.5 mm/min) density over
-2000 ft2 (186 m2) and 0.45 gpm/ft 2 (17.3 mm/min) density
-for the four hydraulically most demanding sprinklers with
-500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance for a 2-hour
-duration — shall be permitted without the use of in-rack sprin-
-klers in steel retail sales floor shelving racks where the follow-
-ing conditions are met:
-(1) An extended coverage sprinkler with a nominal K-factor
-of K-25.2 (360) listed for storage occupancies shall be pro-
-vided.
-(2) Storage height shall not exceed 14 ft (4.27 m).
-(3) Ceiling height shall not exceed 20 ft (6.1 m).
-(4) Solid metal shelving shall be permissible up to the 72 in.
-(1.83 mm) level and wire shelving shall be permissible up
-to the 10 ft (3.05 m) level.
-(5) The solid metal shelving shall not exceed 66 in. (1.68 m)
-in aggregate depth wit h a 6 in. (152 mm) longitudinal
-flue between two 30 in. (762 mm) deep shelves.
-(6) A minimum aisle space of 5 ft (1.52 m) shall be maintained.
-(7) A minimum longitudinal flue of 6 in. (152 mm) shall be
-maintained.
-(8) Rack length shall be a maximum of 70 ft (21.3 m).
-20.3.6 A wet pipe system designed to meet two separate de-
-sign points — 0.49 gpm/ft 2 (20 mm/min) density over
-2000 ft2 (186 m2) and 0.55 gpm/ft 2 (22.4 mm/min) density
-for the four hydraulically most demanding sprinklers with
-Table 20.2 ESFR Sprinkler Design Criteria K-25.2 (360) for Portable Racks (Closed Arraya)
-Without Solid Shelves Containing Automotive Components
-Commodity
-Maximum
-Storage Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-Type of
-System
-Maximum
-Sprinkler
-Spacingb
-Number of Design
-Sprinklers by
-Minimum Operating
-Pressurec
-Maximum
-Deflector
-Distance Below
-Ceilingd
-Hose Stream
-Allowance Water Supply
-Duration
-(hours)ft m ft m ft 2 m2 psi bar in. mm gpm L/min
-Automotive
-components and
-associated
-packaging
-material
-25 7.6 35 10.7 Wet 100 9.3 16 at
-37 psi
-16 at
-2.5 bar
-18 457 500 1900 2
-aPortable rack array shall be tightly nested without any flue spaces.
-bSprinkler spacing can exceed 100 ft2 (9.3 m2 ) where sprinklers are listed for larger spacing.
-cSystem hydraulic design shall also be capable of delivering a discharge density of 0.60 gpm/ft2
-(24.4 mm/m)in) over the most hydraulically remote 4000 ft2 (372 m2) area.
-dMaximum deflector distance below ceiling shall be permitted to exceed 18 in. (456 mm) where sprinklers
-are listed for greater distances.
-13–207SPECIAL DESIGNS OF STORAGE PROTECTION
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-500 gpm (1900 L/min) hose stream allowance for a 2-hour
-duration — shall be permitted without the use of in-rack sprin-
-klers in retail solid shelved steel rack structure when the fol-
-lowing conditions are met:
-(1) An extended coverage sprinkler with a nominal K-factor
-of K-25.2 (360) listed for storage occupancies shall be pro-
-vided.
-(2) Storage height shall not exceed 16.5 ft (5.03 m).
-(3) Ceiling height shall not exceed 22 ft (6.71 m).
-(4) Shelving structure shall not exceed 51 in. (1.3 m) aggre-
-gate depth or 148 in. (3.76 m) in height.
-(5) The intersection of perpendicular steel racks shall be per-
-missible as long as no storage is placed within the void
-space at the junction of the racks.
-(6) The top shelf shall be wire mesh.
-(7) A minimum aisle width of 4 ft (1.22 m) shall be main-
-tained between shelf units and other displays.
-20.3.7 A sprinkler system with K-25.2 (360) ESFR sprinklers
-operating at a minimum pressure of 15 psi (1 bar) shall be
-permitted to protect single- and double-row racks with solid
-displays without the use of in-rack sprinklers in retail sales
-floor where the following conditions are met:
-(1) Storage height shall not exceed 20 ft (6.1 m).
-(2) Solid veneered particleboard/plywood displays shall be
-permissible, provided that all flues are maintained and
-only one display is installed per bay.
-(3) A single display shall be permitted to have one or two solid
-horizontal or slanted members, and a solid back.
-(4) Maximum roof height shall be 30 ft (9.14 m) in the pro-
-tected area.
-(5) Aisle widths shall be a minimum of 6 ft (1.8 m).
-(6) Minimum transverse flue spaces of 3 in. every 10 ft (76 mm
-every 3.05 m) horizontally shall be provided.
-(7) Minimum longitudinal flue spaces of 6 in. (152 mm) shall
-be provided for double-row racks.
-20.4 Protection of Baled Cotton Storage.
-20.4.1 General. The requirements of Chapter 12 shall apply
-unless modified by this chapter.
-20.4.1.1 The total water supply available shall be sufficient to
-provide the recommended sprinkler discharge density over the
-area to be protected, plus a minimum of 500 gpm (1900 L/min)
-for hose streams.
-20.4.1.2 Water supplies shall be capable of supplying the total
-demand for sprinklers and hose streams for not less than 2 hours.
-20.4.2 Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection Cri-
-teria for Baled Cotton Storage.
-20.4.2.1 For tiered or rack storage up to a nominal 15 ft (4.6 m)
-in height, sprinkler discharge densities and areas of application
-shall be in accordance with Table 20.4.2.1.
-20.4.2.2 Where roof or ceiling heights would prohibit storage
-above a nominal 10 ft (3.1 m), the sprinkler discharge density
-shall be permitted to be reduced by 20 percent of that indi-
-cated in Table 20.4.2.1 but shall not be reduced to less than
-0.15 gpm/ft2 (6.1 mm/min).
-20.5 Sprinkler Protection of Carton Records Storage with
-Catwalk Access.
-20.5.1 Carton records storage shall be permitted to be pro-
-tected in accordance with the succeeding subsections of Sec-
-tion 20.5.
-20.5.2 Carton records storage shall be permitted to be sup-
-ported on shelving that is a minimum of 50 percent open from
-approved flue space to approved flue space.
-20.5.2.1 Transverse flue spaces of a nominal 6 in. (152.4 mm)
-width shall be located at each rack upright.
-20.5.2.2 Rack uprights shall be installed on a maximum of
-10 ft 6 in. (3.2 m) centers.
-20.5.2.3 Longitudinal flues shall not be required.
-20.5.3 The storage rack structure for carton records storage
-shall consist of either of the following:
-(1) A single-row rack not greater than 72 in. (1.8 m) deep
-(2) Double-row racks having a total depth of not greater than
-102 in. (2.6 m) aisle to aisle
-20.5.3.1 Each storage rack shall be separated from other stor-
-age racks by aisles that are not less than 30 in. (0.75 m) and not
-more than 36 in. (0.9 m) in width.
-20.5.3.2 Aisles used for ingress and egress shall be permitted
-to be up to 44 in. (1.1 m) wide when solid decking is used.
-20.5.4 Catwalk aisles between racks shall be constructed of
-open metal grating that is at least 50 percent open.
-20.5.4.1 Catwalk aisles at the ends of racks shall be permitted
-to be constructed of solid materials.
-20.5.5 Catwalks shall be installed at a maximum of 12 ft (3.7 m)
-apart vertically.
-20.5.6 Sprinkler Criteria.
-20.5.6.1 Cartoned record storage in racks with access utilizing
-catwalks shall be protected in accordance with this subsection.
-20.5.6.2 The design criteria for the ceiling sprinkler system
-shall be in accordance with Table 20.5.6.2.
-20.5.6.2.1 Ceiling sprinklers spaced to cover a maximum of
-100 ft 2 (9.3 m 2) shall be standard-response spray sprinklers
-with K-factors per Section 12.6.
-20.5.6.3 Intermediate-level sprinklers shall be installed at
-each catwalk level in accordance with 20.5.6.3.1 through
-20.5.6.3.4 and shall be quick-response, ordinary temperature,
-nominal K-5.6 (80), K-8.0 (115), or K-11.2 (160).
-20.5.6.3.1 Intermediate-level sprinklers shall be installed in the
-center ±4 in. (102 mm) of each aisle below each catwalk level.
-20.5.6.3.2 Intermediate-level sprinklers shall be installed a
-minimum 6 in. (150 mm) above the top of storage.
-20.5.6.3.3 Sprinklers shall be supplied from the in-rack sprin-
-kler system.
-Table 20.4.2.1 Baled Cotton Storage Up to and
-Including 15 ft (4.6 m)
-Discharge Density (gpm/ft2) per Area (ft2)
-System Type
-Tiered
-Storage Rack Storage
-Untiered
-Storage
-Wet 0.25/3000 0.33/3000 0.15/3000
-Dry 0.25/3900 0.33/3900 0.15/3900
-13–208 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-20.5.6.3.4 Spacing of sprinklers within the aisles shall be lo-
-cated so as to align with the transverse flues and the center of
-the storage unit when staggered and shall not exceed 10 ft
-6 in. (3.2 m) on center.
-20.5.6.3.5* Sprinklers installed below each catwalk level shall be
-staggered vertically and horizontally. [See Figure A.20.5.6.3.5(a)
-and Figure A.20.5.6.3.5(b).]
-20.5.6.4 In-rack sprinklers shall be installed in the transverse
-flues at each catwalk level and shall be staggered vertically.
-20.5.6.4.1 Sprinklers installed in the transverse flues shall be
-located not less than 18 in. (0.46 m) but not greater than 24 in.
-(0.61 m) from the face of the rack.
-20.5.6.4.2 In-rack sprinklers shall be installed a minimum
-6 in. (150 mm) above the top of storage.
-20.5.6.4.3 Transverse flue sprinklers shall be quick-response,
-ordinary temperature, nominal K-5.6 (80), K-8.0 (115), or K-11.2
-(160) and installed in accordance with Figure A.20.5.6.3.5(a)
-and Figure A.20.5.6.3.5(b).
-20.5.6.5 For multiple-level catwalk systems, a minimum of
-10 sprinklers, five on each of the top two levels, shall be calcu-
-lated with a minimum flow rate of 30 gpm (113.6 L/min) per
-sprinkler. Calculated sprinklers shall be the hydraulically most
-demanding on each level.
-20.5.6.5.1 For single-level catwalks, a minimum of six sprin-
-klers shall be calculated with a minimum flow rate at 30 gpm
-(113.6 L/min) per sprinkler. Calculated sprinklers shall be
-the hydraulically most demanding.
-20.5.6.5.2 The in-rack sprinkler system shall be balanced in
-with the ceiling system.
-20.6 Compact Storage of Commodities Consisting of Paper
-Files, Magazines, Books, and Similar Documents in Folders and
-Miscellaneous Supplies with No More Than 5 Percent Plastics Up
-to 8 ft (2.44 m) High.
-20.6.1* Compact storage modules up to 8 ft (2.44 m) high
-storing commodities consisting of paper files, magazines,
-books, and similar documents in folders and miscellaneous
-supplies with no more than 5 percent plastics shall be permit-
-ted to be classified as light hazard.
-20.6.2 The top of the compact storage module shall be at
-least 18 in. (457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector.
-20.6.3 Sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature, quick-
-response, standard spray upright or pendent.
-20.6.4 The compact storage module shall be provided with
-minimum solid steel 24 gauge metal longitudinal barriers in-
-stalled every third carriage.
-20.6.5* Solid 24 gauge metal transverse barriers shall be
-spaced not more than 4 ft (1.2 m) apart.
-20.6.6 Compact storage module sizes shall not exceed 250 ft2
-(23.2 m2).
-20.6.6.1 The size of a module shall be defined as the area of
-compact storage bound by the length of the carriages times
-the distance between longitudinal barriers or to the outward
-edge of a fixed storage unit in the module, including the width
-of the aisle in the module.
-20.6.6.2 The lengths of the carriages shall be measured to the
-end of the carriages enclosed by solid metal transverse panels
-and separated by a minimum 28 in. (0.7 m) aisle to a storage
-unit perpendicular to the carriage.
-20.7 Protection of High Bay Records Storage.
-20.7.1* Mobile High Bay Records Storage. The requirements
-in this section shall be permitted to apply to ceiling-only sprin-
-kler protection of paper products, including paper files, maga-
-zines, books, and similar paper documents in corrugated con-
-tainers either closed or open top, to include corrugated totes,
-with no more than 5 percent plastics stored in mobile shelving
-units greater than 12 ft (3.7 m) and up to 34 ft (10.4 m) high
-and up to 30 shelving units (storage tiers) high, when the
-shelving unit structure meets all of the requirements in 20.7.3.
-20.7.2 Fixed High Bay Records Storage. High bay record stor-
-age shall be permitted to be fixed in place when meeting the
-limitations of 20.7.1 and 20.7.3.
-20.7.3 A wet pipe sprinkler system with nominal K-25.2 (360)
-ESFR sprinklers operating at a minimum of 40 psi (2.8 bar)
-shall be provided. The shelving units shall be subject to the
-following limitations:
-(1) Back-to-back storage shelving units each no greater than
-36 in. (914 mm) deep separated by longitudinal flue
-space not less than 6 in. (152 mm) wide.
-(2) Solid steel shelving units not exceeding 54 in.
-(1372 mm) wide separated by steel barriers mechani-
-cally fastened to upright steel framing that forms a trans-
-verse flue space not less than 3 in. (76 mm) wide.
-(3) Upright steel framing not completely blocking trans-
-verse flue space between adjacent shelving units.
-(4) Noncombustible shelving backstops and side shelf sup-
-ports, also referred to as side box guides, projecting not
-less than 3 in. (76 mm) above the shelves and that pre-
-vent stored commodities from encroaching into trans-
-verse and longitudinal flue spaces.
-(5) Solid steel shelving not greater than 18 in. (457 mm) on
-centers vertically.
-Table 20.5.6.2 Ceiling Sprinkler Design Criteria for Carton Record Storage
-Up to 25 ft High Storage Over 25 ft High Storage
-Ordinary Temperature High Temperature Ordinary Temperature High Temperature
-Density (gpm/ft2) 0.33 0.29 0.3 0.4
-Area (ft2) 2000 2000 2000 2000
-Hose Allowance (gpm) 500 500 500 500
-Duration (hours) 2222
-For SI units, 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.746 mm/min; 1 ft2 = 0.09 m2; 1 gpm = 3.785 L/min.
-13–209SPECIAL DESIGNS OF STORAGE PROTECTION
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-(6) Solid steel tops over top shelving units except at tops of
-transverse and longitudinal flue spaces.
-(7) Open-ended, hollow tubular steel vertical (upright)
-shelving columns at top of shelving system.
-(8) Shelving system framing and power tracks not exceeding
-3 in. (76 mm) in width and not less than 1 ft (0.305 m)
-on centers and not less than 6 in. (152 mm) below sprin-
-kler deflectors.
-(9) Minimum clearance of 36 in. (914 mm) above top solid
-steel cover over top storage shelf to the sprinkler deflector.
-(10) Mobile shelving systems arranged to shift automatically to a
-uniform nominal 6 in. (152 mm) clearance clear space be-
-tween mobile carriages supporting back-to-back shelving
-units. Systems shall be arranged to initiate the shifting
-60 seconds after activation of ceiling-mounted smoke de-
-tectors or upon sprinkler flow, whichever is first. Shelving
-system carriage electrical motors shall be listed and integral
-to the mobile carriage systems for normal functions and
-shall not be required to have emergency power back-up.
-Chapter 21 Alternative Sprinkler System Designs for
-Chapters 12 Through 20
-21.1* General.
-21.1.1 Sprinklers intended to protect storage fire risks shall be
-permitted to be installed using water supply design criteria that
-are different from the design criteria specified for the sprinklers
-described in Chapters 12 through 20 when specifically listed for
-such use within the limitations described in this chapter.
-21.1.2 The requirements of Chapters 12 through 20 shall
-apply unless modified by this chapter.
-21.1.3 The in-rack protection requirements of Chapters 12
-through 20 shall apply when storage racks are equipped with
-solid shelves and in-rack sprinklers are required per the appli-
-cable chapter.
-21.1.4 The requirements of the applicable chapter shall apply
-when ceiling-only protection options are not available per this chap-
-ter.
-21.1.5 The design criteria in this chapter shall not be used to
-permit a reduction in the water supply requirements for in-
-rack sprinkler protection.
-21.1.6 A series of large-scale fire tests involving challenging
-test scenarios that address the range of variables associated
-with the intended application of the sprinkler shall be con-
-ducted to evaluate the ability of the sprinkler to protect stor-
-age fire risks that are representative of those described in the
-manufacturer’s installation and design parameter instructions
-and referenced in the listing.
-21.1.7 The manufacturer’s installation and design parameter
-instructions for these sprinklers shall specify in a standardized
-manner the end-use limitations and sprinkler system design
-criteria including at least the following:
-(1) Commodity or commodities to be protected
-(2) Storage arrangements allowed
-(3) Installation guidelines including obstruction and ceiling
-construction limitations
-(4) Maximum ceiling and storage heights with associated
-minimum operating pressures and number of sprinklers
-required to be included in the hydraulic calculation
-(5) Hose stream allowance and duration
-21.1.8 The number of sprinklers to be used in the sprinkler system
-design shall be based on the worst-case result obtained from the
-full-scale fire test series increased by a minimum 50 percent.
-21.1.8.1 Regardless of the number of sprinklers that operated
-during the worst-case full-scale fire test, the number in the sprin-
-kler system demand shall be no less than one of the following:
-(1) Twelve sprinklers for standard coverage sprinklers
-(2) Eight sprinklers for extended-coverage sprinklers based
-on a spacing of 12 ft × 12 ft (3.7 × 3.7 m)
-(3) Six sprinklers for extended-coverage sprinklers based on
-a spacing of 14 ft × 14 ft (4.3 m × 4.3 m)
-21.1.8.2 Once the number of sprinklers for a demand area has
-been established, the minimum operating area, based on the
-proposed sprinkler spacing, shall not be less than 768 ft2 (71 m2).
-21.2* Sprinkler Protection Criteria for Palletized, Solid-Piled,
-Bin Box, Shelf, or Back-to-Back Shelf Storage of Class I
-Through Class IV and Plastic Commodities.
-21.2.1 Protection of palletized and solid-piled storage of
-Class I through Class IV and cartoned nonexpanded plastic
-commodities shall be permitted to be protected in accordance
-with Table 21.2.1.
-21.2.2 Protection of palletized and solid-piled storage of
-Class I through Class IV and plastic commodities shall be per-
-mitted to be protected in accordance with Table 21.2.2.
-21.3* Sprinkler Protection Criteria for Open-Frame Rack
-Storage of Class I Through Class IV and Plastic Commodities.
-21.3.1 Protection of single-, double-, and multiple-row racks
-without solid shelves of Class I through Class IV and cartoned
-nonexpanded plastic commodities shall be permitted to be
-protected in accordance with Table 21.3.1.
-21.3.2 Protection of open-frame rack storage of Class I
-through Class IV and plastic commodities shall be permitted
-to be protected in accordance with Table 21.3.2.
-21.4 Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply Duration.
-21.4.1 The minimum water supply requirements for a hy-
-draulically designed occupancy hazard fire control sprinkler
-system shall be determined by adding the hose stream allow-
-ance from Table 21.4.1 to the water supply for sprinklers ob-
-tained from this chapter.
-21.4.1.1 The water supply requirements for a hydraulically de-
-signed occupancy hazard fire control sprinkler system shall be
-available for the minimum duration specified in Table 21.4.1.
-21.5 Minimum Obstruction Criteria.
-21.5.1 General. The installation guidelines for obstructions
-to ceiling-level sprinklers shall be in accordance with the re-
-quirements of Section 21.5 for sprinkler system designs ob-
-tained from this chapter.
-21.5.2 Standard Coverage Spacing Sprinklers.
-21.5.2.1 Sprinklers having standard coverage areas requiring
-up to 20 sprinklers to be included in the hydraulic calculation
-shall be installed in accordance with the obstruction criteria
-described in 8.12.5, unless large-scale fire testing is conducted
-with a representative obstruction below the sprinkler that
-demonstrates equivalent performance.
-13–210 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table 21.2.1 Extended Coverage, CMSA [K-factor 25.2 (360) Pendent] Sprinkler
-Design Criteria for Palletized and Solid-Piled Storage of Class I Through Class IV
-and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities
-Storage
-Arrangement
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum
-Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number
-of Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum
-Operating
-Pressure
-Maximum
-Coverage Area
-Hose Stream
-Allowance
-Water
-Supply
-Duration
-(minutes)ft m ft m
-Palletized and
-solid piled
-Class I through
-IV and cartoned
-nonexpanded
-plastics
-25 7.6 30 9.1 25.2 (360)
-Pendent
-Wet 6 30 psi
-(2.1 bar)
-14 ft × 14 ft
-(4.3 m × 4.3 m)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-60
-30 9.1 35 10.6 25.2 (360)
-Pendent
-Wet 8 40 psi
-(2.8 bar)
-12 ft × 12 ft
-(3.7 m × 3.7 m)
-60
-Table 21.2.2 Palletized, Solid-Piled, Bin Box, Shelf, or Back-to-Back Shelf Storage
-of Class I Through Class IV and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities
-Storage
-Arrangement
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum
-Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number
-of Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum
-Operating
-Pressure
-Maximum
-Coverage Area
-Hose Stream
-Allowance
-Water
-Supply
-Duration
-(hours)ft m ft m
-Palletized,
-solid-piled,
-bin box,
-shelf, or
-back-to-back
-shelf
-storage
-Class I through
-Class IV,
-encapsulated
-and
-unencapsulated,
-and cartoned
-nonexpanded
-plastics
-20 6.1 30 9.1 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 6 30 psi
-(2.1 bar)
-12 ft × 12 ft
-(3.7 m × 3.7 m)
-144 ft2
-(13.4 m2)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-20 6.1 30 9.1 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 6 30 psi
-(2.1 bar)
-14 ft × 14 ft
-(4.3 m × 4.3 m)
-196 ft2
-(18.2 m2)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-25 7.6 30 9.1 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 6 30 psi
-(2.1 bar)
-12 ft × 12 ft
-(3.7 m × 3.7 m)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-25 7.6 30 9.1 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 6 30 psi
-(2.1 bar)
-14 ft × 14 ft
-(4.3 m × 4.3 m)
-196 ft2
-(18.2 m2)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-25 7.6 35 11 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 8 40 psi
-(2.8 bar)
-12 ft × 12 ft
-(3.7 m × 3.7 m)
-144 ft2
-(13.4 m2)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-25 7.6 35 11 25.2 (360)
-Upright
-Wet 8 40 psi
-(2.8 bar)
-14 ft × 14 ft
-(4.3 m × 4.3 m)
-196 ft2
-(18.2 m2)
-500 gpm
-(1900 L/min)
-1.5
-30 9.1 35 11 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 8 40 psi
-(2.8 bar)
-12 ft × 12 ft
-(3.7 m × 3.7 m)
-144 ft2
-(13.4 m2)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-30 9.1 35 11 25.2 (360)
-Upright
-Wet 8 40 psi
-(2.8 bar)
-14 ft × 14 ft
-(4.3 m × 4.3 m)
-196 ft2
-(18.2 m2)
-500 gpm
-(1900 L/min)
-1.5
-13–211ALTERNATIVE SPRINKLER SYSTEM DESIGNS FOR CHAPTERS 12 THROUGH 20
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table 21.3.1 Extended Coverage, CMSA [K-Factor 25.2 (360) Pendent] Sprinkler
-Design Criteria for Single-, Double-, and Multiple-Row Racks Without Solid Shelves
-of Class I Through Class IV and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities
-Storage
-Arrangement
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum
-Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number
-of Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum
-Operating
-Pressure
-Maximum
-Coverage Area
-Hose Stream
-Allowance
-Water
-Supply
-Duration
-(minutes)ft m ft m
-Single-,
-double-,
-and
-multiple-row
-racks
-without
-solid shelves
-(no
-open-top
-containers)
-Class I
-through lV
-and cartoned
-nonexpanded
-plastics
-25 7.6 30 9.1 25.2 (360)
-Pendent
-Wet 6 30 psi
-(2.1 bar)
-14 ft × 14 ft
-(4.3 m × 4.3 m)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-60
-30 9.1 35 10.6 25.2 (360)
-Pendent
-Wet 8 40 psi
-(2.8 bar)
-12 ft × 12 ft
-(3.7 m × 3.7 m)
-60
-Table 21.3.2 Sprinkler Protection Criteria for Open-Frame Rack Storage of
-Class I Through Class IV and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic Commodities
-Storage
-Arrangement
-Commodity
-Class
-Maximum
-Storage
-Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height
-K-Factor/
-Orientation
-Type of
-System
-Number
-of Design
-Sprinklers
-Minimum
-Operating
-Pressure
-Maximum
-Coverage Area
-Hose Stream
-Allowance
-Water
-Supply
-Duration
-(hours)ft m ft m
-Sprinkler
-protection
-criteria for
-open-frame
-rack
-storage
-Class I through
-Class IV,
-encapsulated
-and
-unencapsulated,
-and cartoned
-nonexpanded
-plastics
-20 6.1 30 9.1 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 6 30 psi
-(2.1 bar)
-12 ft × 12 ft
-(3.7 m × 3.7 m)
-144 ft2
-(13.4 m2)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-20 6.1 30 9.1 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 6 30 psi
-(2.1 bar)
-14 ft × 14 ft
-(4.3 m × 4.3 m)
-196 ft2
-(18.2 m2)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-25 7.6 30 9.1 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 6 30 psi
-(2.1 bar)
-12 ft × 12 ft
-(3.7 m × 3.7 m)
-144 ft2
-(13.4 m2)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-25 7.6 30 9.1 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 6 30 psi
-(2.1 bar)
-14 ft × 14 ft
-(4.3 m × 4.3 m)
-196 ft2
-(18.2 m2)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-25 7.6 35 11 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 8 40 psi
-(2.6 bar)
-12 ft × 12 ft
-(3.7 m × 3.7 m)
-144 ft2
-(13.4 m2)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-25 7.6 35 11 25.2 (360)
-Upright
-Wet 8 40 psi
-(2.6 bar)
-14 ft × 14 ft
-(4.3 m × 4.3 m)
-196 ft2
-(18.2 m2)
-500 gpm
-(1900
-L/min)
-1.5
-30 9.1 35 11 25.2 (360)
-Upright/
-pendent
-Wet 8 40 psi
-(2.6 bar)
-12 ft × 12 ft
-(3.7 m × 3.7 m)
-144 ft2
-(13.4 m2)
-250 gpm
-(950 L/min)
-1
-30 9.1 35 11 25.2 (360)
-Upright
-Wet 8 40 psi
-(2.6 bar)
-14 ft × 14 ft
-(4.3 m × 4.3 m)
-196 ft2
-(18.2 m2)
-500 gpm
-(1900
-L/min)
-1.5
-13–212 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-21.5.2.2 Control mode density/area (CMDA) and CMSA
-sprinklers having standard coverage areas requiring more
-than 20 sprinklers in the design area shall be installed in ac-
-cordance with the obstructions to sprinkler discharge criteria
-described in 8.11.5.
-21.5.2.2.1 ESFR sprinklers having standard-coverage areas re-
-quiring more than 20 sprinklers in the design area shall be
-installed in accordance with the obstructions to sprinkler dis-
-charge criteria described in 8.12.5.
-21.5.2.2.2 Other obstruction criteria shall be acceptable if
-large-scale fire testing is conducted with a representative ob-
-struction below the sprinkler that demonstrates equivalent
-performance.
-21.5.3 Extended Coverage Spacing Sprinklers.
-21.5.3.1 Sprinklers having extended coverage areas requir-
-ing up to 10 sprinklers to be included in the hydraulic calcu-
-lation shall be installed in accordance with the obstruction
-criteria described in 8.8.5.1, 8.12.5.2, and 8.12.5.3, unless
-large-scale fire testing is conducted with a representative ob-
-struction below the sprinkler that demonstrates equivalent
-performance.
-21.5.3.2 CMDA and CMSA sprinklers having extended cover-
-age areas requiring more than 10 sprinklers in the design area
-shall be installed in accordance with the obstructions to sprin-
-kler discharge criteria described in 8.11.5 and 8.8.5.1.
-21.5.3.2.1 ESFR sprinklers having extended coverage areas
-requiring more than 10 sprinklers in the design area shall be
-installed in accordance with the obstructions to sprinkler dis-
-charge criteria described in 8.12.5.2 and 8.12.5.3.
-21.5.3.2.2 Other obstruction criteria shall be acceptable if
-large-scale fire testing is conducted with a representative ob-
-struction below the sprinkler that demonstrates equivalent
-performance.
-21.5.3.2.3 When utilizing upright CMSA, CMDA, or ESFR
-sprinklers, any continuous obstruction 4 in. (100 mm) or less
-shall be permitted to be ignored.
-Chapter 22 Special Occupancy Requirements
-22.1 General.
-22.1.1 Application.
-22.1.1.1 In addition to the requirements of Chapter 8, Chap-
-ters 11 through 22, and Chapter 23, the following special oc-
-cupancy requirements shall apply.
-22.1.1.1.1 All provisions of design criteria in this standard,
-including design area increases and reductions, shall also ap-
-ply to these special occupancy requirements.
-22.1.1.2 Where the requirements of the reference standard
-differ from the requirements of this standard, the reference
-standard shall take precedence.
-22.1.2 Definitions. For terms not defined in Chapter 3, the
-definitions of the reference standard shall apply.
-22.2 Flammable and Combustible Liquids.
-22.2.1 Design Requirements. Sprinkler system discharge cri-
-teria for the protection of flammable and combustible liquids
-shall comply with NFPA 30.
-22.2.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.3 Aerosol Products.
-22.3.1 Design Requirements. Sprinkler system discharge cri-
-teria for the protection of aerosol products shall comply with
-NFPA 30B.
-22.3.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.4 Spray Application Using Flammable or Combustible Ma-
-terials.
-22.4.1 Design Requirements.
-22.4.1.1* The automatic sprinkler system shall be a wet pipe
-system, a dry pipe system, a preaction system, or an open-head
-deluge system, whichever is most appropriate for the portion
-of the spray operation being protected. [33:9.4.1]
-Table 21.4.1 Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply Duration
-Sprinkler Type
-Sprinkler Spacing
-Type
-Number of
-Sprinklers in
-Design Area
-Hose Stream Allowance Water Supply
-Duration
-(minutes)gpm L/min
-Control mode
-density/area and
-CMSA
-Standard Up to 12 250 950 60
-Over 12 to 15 500 1900 90
-Over 15 to 25 500 1900 120
-Over 25 500 1900 150
-Extended
-coverage
-Up to 6 250 950 60
-Up to 8 (144 ft2) 250 950 60
-Over 6 to 8 500 1900 90
-Over 8 to 12 500 1900 120
-Over 12 500 1900 150
-ESFR Standard Up to 12 250 950 60
-Over 12 to 15 500 1900 90
-Over 15 to 25 500 1900 120
-Over 25 500 1900 150
-13–213SPECIAL OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-22.4.1.2 The automatic sprinkler system shall be designed for
-Extra Hazard (Group 2) occupancies as defined in NFPA 13.
-Exception No. 1: For spray application of styrene cross-link thermoset
-resins, Section 17.3 of NFPA 33 shall apply.
-Exception No. 2: Automatic sprinkler systems for powder coating op-
-erations shall be designed for Ordinary Hazard (Group 2), as defined
-in NFPA 13. [33:9.4.2]
-22.4.1.3 The water supply shall be sufficient to supply all
-sprinklers likely to open in any one fire incident without de-
-pleting the available water for use in hose streams. [33:9.4.3]
-22.4.1.4 Where sprinklers are installed to protect spray areas
-and mixing rooms only, water shall be permitted to be sup-
-plied from domestic water systems, provided the domestic sup-
-ply can meet the design criteria of 22.4.1.2. [33:9.4.4]
-22.4.1.5 The sprinkler system shall be controlled by a sepa-
-rate, listed indicating valve(s), operable from floor level.
-[33:9.4.5]
-22.4.1.6 Automated liquid electrostatic spray application
-equipment that is unlisted shall be protected further by the
-following:
-(1) In addition to meeting the requirements in 9.8.1 of
-NFPA 33, the optical flame detection system shall also ac-
-tivate one of the following over each zone in which fire
-has been detected:
-(a) An open head deluge system designed to discharge a
-minimum density of 24.4 mm/min (0.6 gpm/ft2)
-(b) A carbon dioxide extinguishing system
-(c) A dry chemical extinguishing system
-(d) A gaseous agent extinguishing system
-[33:9.8.2(1)]
-22.4.1.7 A wet pipe sprinkler system shall also be provided
-throughout the spray booth. This system shall meet all the
-applicable requirements of NFPA 13 for Extra Hazard (Group
-2) occupancies. [33:9.8.2(3)]
-22.4.2* Installation Requirements.
-22.4.2.1* Sprinkler systems protecting stacks or ducts shall
-meet all of the following requirements:
-(1) Sprinklers shall be spaced no more than 3.7 m (12 ft)
-apart.
-(2) If exhaust ducts are manifolded, a sprinkler shall be lo-
-cated in the manifold at the junction of each exhaust duct
-with the manifold.
-(3) Sprinklers shall provide a minimum flow of 114 L/min
-(30 gpm) per head at a minimum of 1 bar (15 psi) pressure.
-(4) Sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature rated, unless re-
-quired to be higher due to operating temperatures mea-
-sured in the ducts, in which case the operating tempera-
-ture shall be at least 28°C (50°F) above the inside
-temperature of the duct.
-[33:9.4.6]
-22.4.2.1.1 Stacks and exhaust ducts shall be provided with
-access openings for inspection and cleaning of sprinklers.
-[33:9.4.6.1]
-22.4.2.1.2 Sprinkler systems protecting stacks and ducts that
-are subject to freezing shall be of a nonfreezing type or be a
-manually controlled open-head system. [33:9.4.6.2]
-22.4.2.2 Sprinklers shall be protected against overspray resi-
-due, either by location or covering, so that they will operate
-quickly in event of fire. [33:9.4.7]
-22.4.2.2.1 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be covered only by
-cellophane bags having a thickness of 0.08 mm (0.003 in.) or
-less or by thin paper bags. These coverings shall be replaced
-frequently so that heavy deposits of residue do not accumu-
-late. [33:9.4.7.1]
-22.4.2.2.2 Sprinklers that have been painted or coated by
-overspray or residues shall be replaced with new sprinklers.
-[33:9.4.7.2]
-22.5 Solvent Extraction Plants. [NFP A 36]
-22.5.1* Design Requirements.
-22.5.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.6 Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines
-and Gas Turbines.
-22.6.1* Design Requirements. Automatic sprinkler systems
-shall be designed to provide for a density of 0.3 gpm/ft 2
-(12.2 mm/min) over the most remote 2500 ft 2 (230 m 2).
-[37:11.4.5.1]
-22.6.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.6.2.1 Sprinklers and spray nozzles shall be spaced at a
-100 ft 2 (9 m 2) maximum area of coverage per sprinker or
-spray nozzle. [37:11.4.5.1.1]
-22.6.2.2 Sprinkler and water spray system coverage shall be
-provided to all areas within the enclosure located within 20 ft
-(6 m) of the following:
-(1) The engine
-(2) The lubricating oil system
-(3) The fuel system
-[37:11.4.5.1.2]
-22.6.2.3 Sprinklers and water spray nozzles shall not be di-
-rected at engine components that are susceptible to thermal
-shock or deformation. [37:11.4.5.2]
-22.7 Nitrate Film.
-22.7.1 Design Requirements.
-22.7.1.1 Every room, except projection booths and rewind-
-ing rooms, where nitrate film is stored or handled in quanti-
-ties greater than 51 lb (23 kg), or 10 standard rolls, shall be
-protected by an automatic sprinkler system that is installed in
-accordance with the requirements for Group II extra hazard
-occupancies. [40:5.1.2]
-22.7.1.2 Water supplies for automatic sprinklers shall be
-based on 20 gpm (1.26 L/sec) per sprinkler for 20 minutes for
-the total number of sprinklers in one vault plus 25 percent of
-the sprinklers in the communicating fire area. [40:5.2.2]
-22.7.1.3* Vaults Other Than Extended Term Storage Vaults.
-[40:6.3] (See Figure A.22.7.1.3.) Fire protection in vaults shall
-be provided by a deluge system with directional nozzles meet-
-ing the criteria in 22.7.1.4. [40:6.3.7]
-22.7.1.4 For extended term storage vaults in accordance with
-Section 6.5.5 of NFPA 40, fire protection shall be provided by a
-deluge system with directional nozzles installed in accordance
-with NFPA 15 and meeting the criteria in 22.7.1.5 through
-22.7.1.11. [40:6.5.6]
-13–214 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-22.7.1.5 Sprinkler systems in existing extended term storage
-vaults that were in compliance with the provisions of this stan-
-dard at the time of installation shall be permitted to be contin-
-ued in use. [40:6.5.6.1]
-22.7.1.6 High-velocity open head nozzles each capable of
-providing a discharge rate of 1.26 L/sec (20 gpm) at a gauge
-pressure of 345 kPa (50 psi) shall be installed. [40:6.5.6.2]
-22.7.1.7 The design shall be based on a discharge density of
-28 mm/min (0.68 gpm/ft 2) over each face of storage racks.
-[40:6.5.6.3]
-22.7.1.8* The nozzles shall have a combined spray pattern ca-
-pable of covering the face of the film storage racks. [40:6.5.6.4]
-22.7.1.9 The nozzles shall be installed at the top of the stor-
-age shelf array, aimed at the opposite shelf array. [40:6.5.6.5]
-22.7.1.10* Nozzles shall be installed on opposite faces of the
-storage shelf array in a staggered pattern such that no nozzles
-are directly opposite one another. [40: 6.5.6.6]
-22.7.1.11 The water supply duration shall be a minimum of
-20 minutes. [40:6.5.6.7]
-22.7.1.12 The deluge system shall be activated by a signal
-from one of the following: [40:6.5.6.8]
-(1) An air sampling–type smoke detection system
-(2) A fixed temperature heat sensitive cable
-22.7.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.7.2.1 In areas or rooms where nitrate film is handled, the
-area that is protected per sprinkler head shall not exceed
-64 ft2 (6 m2) with sprinklers not being more than 8 ft (2.4 m)
-apart. [40:5.1.4]
-22.7.2.2 Cabinet Protection. [40:6.2.5]
-22.7.2.2.1 Cabinets having a capacity of more than 34 kg
-(75 lb), or 15 standard rolls, of film shall be provided with at
-least one automatic sprinkler head. [40:6.2.5.1]
-22.7.2.2.2 Where cans are stored on more than one shelf, as
-shown in Figure 22.7.2.2.2 and as described in 6.2.6.2 or
-6.2.6.3 of NFPA 40, one sprinkler shall be provided for each
-shelf. [40:6.2.5.2]
-22.7.2.3 Motion Picture Film Laboratories. In all cases, sprin-
-klers shall be arranged so that not more than two machines
-are protected by any one sprinkler head. [40:9.2.5.2]
-22.8 Laboratories Using Chemicals.
-22.8.1 Design Requirements. Automatic sprinkler system pro-
-tection shall be required for all new laboratories in accor-
-dance with the following:
-(1) Automatic sprinkler system protection for Class A and
-Class B laboratories shall be in accordance with NFPA 13
-for ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies.
-(2) Automatic sprinkler system protection for Class C and
-Class D laboratories shall be in accordance with NFPA 13
-for ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies.
-[45:6.2.1.1]
-22.8.2 Installation Requirements. Fire sprinklers in labora-
-tory units shall be the quick response (QR) sprinkler type in-
-stalled in accordance with NFPA 13. [45:6.2.1.2]
-22.9 Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Al-
-lied Processes.
-22.9.1 Design Requirements.
-22.9.1.1 The total gas capacity of nonliquefied flammable
-gas (e.g., acetylene) shall be permitted to be increased to
-56.6 m3 (2000 ft3) per control area under one of the follow-
-ing conditions:
-(1) In cylinder storage areas that are protected by an auto-
-matic sprinkler system and water supply designed in ac-
-cordance with NFPA 13, furnishing a sprinkler discharge
-density of at least (10 L/min)/m 2 [(0.25 gal/min)/ft2]
-over a minimum operating area of at least 279 m 2
-(3000 ft2) with sprinklers located not more than 6.1 m
-(20 ft) above the floor where the cylinders are stored.
-(2) In cylinder storage areas that are protected by an auto-
-matic water spray fixed system of equal density, designed
-in accordance with NFPA 15
-22.9.1.2 Oxygen cylinders connected to one manifold shall
-be limited to a total gas capacity of 42.5 m 3 (1500 ft3). Two
-such manifolds with connected cylinders shall be permitted to
-be located in the same room, provided the building is pro-
-tected throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler sys-
-tem designed in accordance with NFPA 13, furnishing a sprin-
-kler discharge density of at least (10 L/min)/m 2 [(0.25 gal/
-min)/ft2] over a minimum operating area of at least 279 m 2
-(3000 ft2) with sprinklers located not more than 6.1 m (20 ft)
-above the floor where the manifolds are located.
-22.9.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.9.2.1 In buildings protected by an automatic sprinkler sys-
-tem and water supply designed in accordance with NFPA 13
-for an ordinary hazard or more hazardous occupancy, where
-the occupancy other than the cylinder storage is not more
-hazardous than ordinary hazard as defined in NFPA 13, the
-distance between designated storage areas shall be permitted
-to be reduced to 15.2 m (50 ft). If the occupancy in such
-protected buildings between the designated storage areas is
-free of combustible material, the distance shall be permitted
-to be reduced to 7.6 m (25 ft).
-22.10 Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants.
-22.10.1 Design Requirements.
-22.10.1.1 When sprinkler protection is provided, the area in
-which flammable compressed gases are stored or used shall be
-protected with a sprinkler system designed to be not less than
-that required by NFPA 13 for Extra Hazard Group 1 with a
-minimum design area of 2500 ft2 (232.26 m2). [51A:11.2.1.2]
-22.10.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.11 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code.
-22.11.1 Design Criteria.
-22.11.1.1 When sprinkler protection is required, the area in
-which compressed gases or cryogenic fluids are stored or used
-shall be protected with a sprinkler system designed to be not
-less than that required by NFPA 13 for Ordinary Hazard
-Group 2. [55:6.10.2.1]
-22.11.1.2 When sprinkler protection is required, the area in
-which the flammable or pyrophoric compressed gases or cryo-
-genic fluids are stored or used shall be protected with a sprin-
-kler system designed to be not less than that required by
-NFPA 13 for Extra Hazard Group 1. [55:6.10.2.2]
-13–215SPECIAL OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-22.11.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.12 Utility LP-Gas Plants.
-22.12.1 Design Requirements.
-22.12.1.1 The design of fire water supply and distribution
-systems, where used, shall provide for the simultaneous supply
-of those fixed fire protection systems involved in the maxi-
-mum single incident expected in the plant, including monitor
-nozzles, at their design flow and pressure. [59:13.4.2]
-22.12.1.2 An additional supply of 1000 gal/min (63 L/sec)
-shall be available for hand hose streams for a period of not less
-than 2 hours. [59:13.4.2.1]
-22.12.1.3 Manually actuated monitors shall be permitted to
-be used to augment hand hose streams. [59:13.4.2.2]
-22.12.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.13 Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natu-
-ral Gas (LNG).
-22.13.1 Design Requirements. The fire water supply and dis-
-tribution systems, if provided, shall simultaneously supply wa-
-ter to fixed fire protection systems, including monitor nozzles,
-at their design flow and pressure, involved in the maximum
-single incident expected in the plant plus an allowance of
-1000 gpm (63 L/sec) for hand hose streams for not less than 2
-hours. [59A:12.5.2]
-22.13.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.14 Protection of Information Technology Equipment.
-22.14.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.14.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.14.2.1* Information technology equipment rooms and in-
-formation technology equipment areas located in a sprin-
-klered building shall be provided with an automatic sprinkler
-system. [75:8.1.1]
-22.14.2.2 Sprinkler systems protecting information technol-
-ogy equipment areas shall be valved separately from other
-sprinkler systems. [75:8.1.3]
-22.14.2.3* An automatic sprinkler system or a gaseous fire ex-
-tinguishing system shall be provided for the protection of the
-area below a raised floor in an information technology equip-
-ment room or information technology equipment area when
-one or more of the following exist:
-(1) There is a critical need to protect data in the process, reduce
-equipment damage, and facilitate return to service.
-(2) The area below the raised floor contains combustible
-material.
-[75:8.1.1.2]
-22.15 Standard on Incinerators, and Waste and Linen Han-
-dling Systems and Equipment.
-22.15.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.15.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.15.2.1 Automatic sprinklers shall be provided in incinera-
-tor rooms. [82:4.2.7.3]
-Decomposition vent
-Automatic sprinkler
-Not more than 25 cans
-on a single shelf
-50 mm (2 in.)
-Shelves tightly fitted
-against back and sides 
-of cabinet
-25 mm
-(1 in.)
-Cabinet and self-
-closing door of
-insulated or hollow
-metal construction
-Three-point lock
-Not more
-than 5 cans
-high or more
-than 3 piles
-Shelves of
-noncombustible,
-insulating
-material not less
-than 9.5 mm (     in.)³⁄₈
-thick or hardwood
-not less than
-25 mm (1 in.) thick
-50 mm (2 in.)
-SIDE ELEVATION VIEW FRONT ELEVATION VIEW FRONT ELEVATION VIEW
-Vent flue equivalent to No.18 U.S. gauge riveted steel; when inside
-building, flue to be covered with 25 mm (1 in.) of  insulating material
-FIGURE 22.7.2.2.2 Standard Film Cabinet for Other Than Extended Term Storage Film.
-[40:Figure 6.2.1]
-13–216 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-22.15.2.2* Waste and Linen Chutes and Transport Systems.
-[82:5]
-22.15.2.2.1 Gravity Waste or Linen Chutes. [82:5.2]
-22.15.2.2.1.1 Gravity chutes shall be protected internally by
-automatic sprinklers unless they are lined in accordance with
-5.2.2.6.1 in NFPA 82. [82:5.2.2.6.2; 82:5.2.6.1.1]
-22.15.2.2.1.2 This protection requires that a sprinkler be in-
-stalled at or above the top service opening of the chute.
-[82:5.2.6.1.2]
-22.15.2.2.1.3 Chute Sprinkler Protection. Automatic sprin-
-klers installed in gravity chute service openings shall be re-
-cessed out of the chute area through which the material trav-
-els. [82:5.2.6.1.3]
-22.15.2.2.1.4 In addition, a sprinkler shall be installed within
-the chute at alternate floor levels in buildings over two stories
-in height, with a mandatory sprinkler located at the lowest
-service level. [82:5.2.6.1.4]
-22.15.2.2.1.5 Chute Room Automatic Sprinklers. Automatic
-sprinklers shall be installed in chute terminal rooms.
-[82:5.2.6.2.1]
-22.15.2.2.2 Full Pneumatic Waste and Linen Conveying Sys-
-tems. [82:5.3]
-22.15.2.2.2.1 Full pneumatic-type risers shall be protected in-
-ternally by automatic sprinklers. [82:5.3.4.1]
-22.15.2.2.2.2 A sprinkler shall be required at or above the top
-loading station and at alternate floor levels in buildings over
-two stories in height, with a mandatory sprinkler located at the
-lowest loading station. [82:5.3.4.2]
-22.15.2.2.2.3 Sprinklers shall be recessed out of the station
-area through which the material travels. [82:5.3.4.3]
-22.15.2.2.3 Gravity Pneumatic Trash or Linen Conveying Sys-
-tems. [82:5.4]
-22.15.2.2.3.1 Chute Automatic Sprinklers. Where material is
-to be stored at the bottom of the chute and above the riser
-discharge damper (above the transport tee), automatic sprin-
-klers shall be installed below the last service door on the chute.
-[82:5.4.2.3]
-22.15.2.2.3.2 Automatic sprinklers shall be installed in chute
-discharge rooms. [82:5.4.2.4.3]
-22.15.2.3 Waste Handling Systems.
-22.15.2.3.1 Automatic sprinklers shall be installed in rooms
-where waste handling systems and equipment are used to
-transport waste from interim storage areas to waste processing
-equipment, such as incinerators. [82:6.4.1]
-22.15.2.3.2 In locations or rooms where waste handling sys-
-tems and equipment are used for interim storage of waste
-only, the rooms shall be sprinklered in accordance with re-
-quirements specified in 22.15.2.4. [82:6.4.2]
-22.15.2.4 Waste Compactors. [82:7]
-22.15.2.4.1 All chute-fed compactors shall have an automatic
-sprinkler with a minimum 13 mm ( 1⁄2 in.) orifice installed in
-the hopper of the compactor. [82:7.2.1]
-22.15.2.4.2 Sprinklers shall be ordinary temperature-rated
-sprinklers. [82:7.2.1.1]
-22.15.2.4.3 Sprinklers shall be supplied by a minimum of
-1 in. (25.4 mm) ferrous piping or 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) copper tub-
-ing line from the domestic cold water supply or by the build-
-ing fire sprinkler system. [82:7.2.1.2]
-22.15.2.4.4 Sprinkler water pipe shall be protected from
-freezing in outdoor installations. [82:7.2.1.3]
-22.15.2.4.5 Hand-fed compactors located within a building
-and not operated in conjunction with a chute shall not require
-installation of an automatic sprinkler in the hopper. [82:7.2.2]
-22.15.2.5 Waste and recyclables storage rooms shall be pro-
-vided with automatic sprinklers. [82:8.3]
-22.15.2.6 Rooms in which waste processing equipment is lo-
-cated shall be installed with automatic sprinklers. [82:9.4.1]
-22.16 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces.
-22.16.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.16.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.16.2.1* Where automatic sprinklers are provided, they
-shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13, unless other-
-wise permitted by 22.16.2.2. [86:9.2.1]
-22.16.2.2 Where sprinklers that protect only ovens are in-
-stalled and connection to a reliable fire protection water sup-
-ply is not feasible, a domestic water supply connection shall be
-permitted to supply these sprinklers subject to the approval of
-the authority having jurisdiction. [86:9.2.2]
-22.16.2.3 Where sprinklers are selected for the protection of
-ovens, furnaces, or related equipment, the use of closed-head
-sprinkler systems shall be prohibited and only deluge sprin-
-kler systems shall be used where the following conditions exist:
-(1) In equipment where temperatures can exceed 625°F
-(329°C)
-(2) Where flash fire conditions can occur
-[86:9.3.3]
-22.16.2.4 Furnaces shall be located so as to minimize expo-
-sure to power equipment, process equipment, and sprinkler
-risers. [86:5.1.3.1]
-22.16.2.5 Where water from a fixed protection system could
-come in contact with molten materials, such as molten salt or
-molten metal, shielding shall be provided to prevent water
-from contacting the molten material. [86:9.3.1]
-22.16.2.6* Galvanized pipe shall not be used in sprinkler or
-water spray systems in ovens, furnaces, or related equipment.
-[86:9.3.2]
-22.17 Health Care Facilities Code, Hyperbaric Chambers.
-22.17.1 Design Requirements.
-22.17.1.1 A fixed water deluge extinguishing system shall be
-installed in all chamber compartments that are designed for
-manned operations. [99:14.2.5.2]
-22.17.1.2 In chambers that consist of more than one cham-
-ber compartment (lock), the design of the deluge system shall
-meet the requirements of 22.17.1.1 when the chamber com-
-partments are at different depths (pressures). [99:14.2.5.2.1]
-22.17.1.3 The deluge system in different compartments (locks)
-shall operate independently or simultaneously. [99:14.2.5.2.2]
-13–217SPECIAL OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-22.17.1.4 Fixed deluge systems shall not be required in cham-
-ber compartments that are used strictly as personnel transfer
-compartments (locks) and for no other purposes. [99:14.2.5.2.3]
-22.17.1.5* Manual activation and deactivation deluge controls
-shall be located at the operator’s console and in each chamber
-compartment (lock) containing a deluge system. [99:14.2.5.2.4]
-22.17.1.6 Controls shall be designed to prevent unintended
-activation. [99:14.2.5.2.4.1]
-22.17.1.7 Water shall be delivered from the fixed discharge
-nozzles as specified in 22.17.1.9 within 3 seconds of activation
-of any affiliated deluge control. [99:14.2.5.2.5]
-22.17.1.8* Average spray density at floor level shall be not less
-than 2 gpm/ft2 (81.5 L/min/m2), with no floor area larger than
-10.76 ft2 (1 m2) receiving less than 1 gpm/ft2 (40.75 L/min/m2).
-[99:14.2.5.2.6]
-22.17.1.9 Water shall be available in the deluge system to
-maintain the flow specified in 22.17.1.8 simultaneously in
-each chamber compartment (lock) containing the deluge sys-
-tem for 1 minute. [99:14.2.5.2.7]
-22.17.1.10 The limit on maximum extinguishment duration
-shall be governed by the chamber capacity (bilge capacity also, if
-so equipped) or its drainage system, or both. [99:14.2.5.2.7.1]
-22.17.1.11 The deluge system shall have stored pressure to
-operate for at least 15 seconds without electrical branch
-power. [99:14.2.5.2.8]
-22.17.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.18 Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems.
-22.18.1 Design Requirements.
-22.18.1.1 Other fire suppression systems, if approved, shall
-be permitted to be substituted for automatic sprinkler systems
-in the areas listed in 22.18.2.1. [130:5.7.3.4]
-22.18.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.18.2.1 An automatic sprinkler protection system shall be
-provided in areas of stations used for concessions, in storage
-areas, in trash rooms, and in the steel truss area of all escala-
-tors and other similar areas with combustible loadings, except
-trainways. [130:5.7.3.1]
-22.18.2.2 Sprinkler protection shall be permitted to be omit-
-ted in areas of open stations remotely located from public
-spaces. [130:5.7.3.1.1]
-22.18.2.3 Installation of sprinkler systems shall comply with
-NFPA 13 or applicable local codes as required. [130:5.7.3.2]
-22.18.2.4 A sprinkler system waterflow alarm and supervisory
-signal service shall be installed. [130:5.7.3.3]
-22.19 Motion Picture and Television Production Studio Sound-
-stages, Approved Production Facilities, and Production
-Locations.
-22.19.1 The requirements of NFPA 13 prohibiting obstruc-
-tions to sprinkler discharge shall not be applicable if approved
-mitigation is employed. [140:4.11.1.3.1]
-22.19.2 The requirements of NFPA 13 prohibiting obstruc-
-tions to sprinkler discharge shall not be applicable if the build-
-ing sprinkler system meets the design criteria for Extra Haz-
-ard, Group 2. [140:4.11.1.3.2]
-22.19.3 In any production location building protected by an
-existing automatic sprinkler system, where solid- or hard-
-ceiling sets or platforms are introduced and create an obstruc-
-tion to sprinkler discharge, the provisions of 22.19.4 or 22.19.5
-shall be met. [140:5.11.3]
-22.19.4* The requirements of NFPA 13 prohibiting obstruc-
-tions to sprinkler discharge shall not be applicable if approved
-mitigation is employed. [140:5.11.4]
-22.19.5* The requirements of NFPA 13 prohibiting obstruc-
-tions to sprinkler discharge shall not be applicable if the build-
-ing sprinkler system meets the design criteria for Extra Haz-
-ard, Group 2. [140:5.11.5]
-22.20 Animal Housing Facilities.
-22.20.1 Design Requirements.
-22.20.1.1 (Reserved)
-22.20.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.20.2.1 Quick-response sprinklers shall be utilized in ani-
-mal housing facilities. [150:9.2.3]
-22.21 Water Cooling Towers.
-22.21.1 Design Requirements.
-22.21.1.1 Types of Systems.
-22.21.1.1.1* Because the counterflow tower design lends itself
-to either closed- or open-head systems, the following systems
-shall be permitted to be used:
-(1) Wet-pipe
-(2) Dry-pipe
-(3) Preaction
-(4) Deluge
-[214:5.2.2.1]
-22.21.1.1.2* The open-head deluge system shall be used in
-crossflow towers to maximize the water distribution and heat
-detection activation. [214:5.2.2.2]
-22.21.1.2 Minimum Rate of Application. [214:5.2.3]
-22.21.1.2.1 Under the fan decks of counterflow towers, the
-rate of application of water shall be 0.5 gpm/ft 2 (20.4 mm/
-min), including fan opening. [214:5.2.3.1]
-22.21.1.2.2 Under the fan decks of crossflow towers, the rate
-of application of water shall be 0.33 gpm/ft 2 (13.45 mm/
-min), including fan opening. [214:5.2.3.2]
-22.21.1.2.3 Over the fill areas of crossflow towers, the rate of
-application of water shall be 0.5 gpm/ft 2 (20.4 mm/min).
-[214:5.2.3.3]
-22.21.1.3 Extended Fan Decks. On towers having extended
-fan decks that completely enclose the distribution basin, the
-discharge outlets protecting the fill area shall be located over
-the basin, under the extension of the fan deck. [214:5.2.4.3]
-22.21.1.3.1 These discharge outlets shall be open directional
-spray nozzles or other approved spray devices arranged to dis-
-charge 0.35 gpm/ft2 (14.26 mm/min) directly on the distribu-
-tion basin and 0.15 gpm/ft2 (6.11 mm/min) on the underside
-of the fan deck extension. [214:5.2.4.3.1]
-13–218 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-22.21.1.3.2 On towers having extended fan decks that do not
-completely enclose the hot-water basin, outlets protecting the
-fill shall be located under the distribution basin in accordance
-with 5.2.4.2.2 of NFPA 214. [214:5.2.4.3.2]
-22.21.1.4 Combustible Fan Decks. For deluge systems using
-directional spray nozzles in the pendant position, provisions
-shall be made to protect the underside of a combustible fan
-deck at a minimum of 0.15 gpm/ft 2 (6.11 mm/min), which
-shall be included as part of the application rate specified in
-5.2.3 of NFPA 214. [214:5.2.4.4]
-22.21.1.5* Water Basin Covers.On film-filled towers that have
-solid, hot-water basin covers over the complete basin, the dis-
-charge outlets protecting the fill area shall be permitted to be
-located under the basin covers. [214:5.2.4.5]
-22.21.1.5.1 These discharge outlets shall be open directional
-spray nozzles or other approved devices arranged to discharge
-0.50 gpm/ft2 (20.4 mm/min) into the distribution basin hori-
-zontally, with some of the spray splashing up and on the un-
-derside of the water basin covers. [214:5.2.4.5.1]
-22.21.1.6 Exterior Protection. [214:5.2.10]
-22.21.1.6.1 Where any combustible exterior surfaces of a
-tower, including the fan deck and distribution basins, are less
-than 100 ft (30.5 m) from significant concentrations of com-
-bustibles such as structures or piled material, the combustible
-exposed surfaces of the tower shall be protected by an auto-
-matic water spray system. [214:5.2.10.1]
-22.21.1.6.2 Systems for exterior protection shall be de-
-signed with the same attention and care as interior systems.
-[214:5.2.10.2]
-22.21.1.6.2.1 Pipe sizing shall be based on hydraulic calcula-
-tions. [214:5.2.10.2.1]
-22.21.1.6.2.2 Water supply and discharge rate shall be based
-on a minimum 0.15 gpm/ft2 (6.11 mm/min) for all protected
-surfaces. [214:5.2.10.2.2]
-22.21.1.7 Sprinkler System Water Supply.
-22.21.1.7.1 Deluge Systems.
-22.21.1.7.1.1* Where all cells of a cooling tower are protected
-by a single deluge system, the water supply shall be adequate
-to supply all discharge outlets on that system. [214:5.6.1.1]
-22.21.1.7.1.2 Where two or more deluge systems are used to
-protect a cooling tower and fire-resistant partitions are not
-provided between the deluge systems, the water supply shall
-be adequate to supply all discharge outlets in the two most
-hydraulically demanding adjacent systems. [214:5.6.1.2]
-22.21.1.7.1.3* Where two or more deluge systems are sepa-
-rated by fire-resistant partitions, the water supply shall be ad-
-equate to supply all discharge outlets in the single most hy-
-draulically demanding system. [214:5.6.1.3]
-22.21.1.7.2 Wet, Dry, and Preaction Systems.
-22.21.1.7.2.1* Where each cell of the cooling tower is sepa-
-rated by a fire-resistant partition, the water supply shall be
-adequate to supply all discharge outlets in the hydraulically
-most demanding single cell. [214:5.6.2.1]
-22.21.1.7.2.2* Where fire-resistant partitions are not provided
-between each cell of a cooling tower, the water supply shall be
-adequate to supply all discharge outlets in the two most hy-
-draulically demanding adjoining cells. [214:5.6.2.2]
-22.21.1.7.3 Hose Streams. Water supplies shall be sufficient to
-include a minimum of 500 gpm (1892.5 L/min) for hose
-streams in addition to the sprinkler requirements. [214:5.6.3]
-22.21.1.7.4 Duration. A water supply adequate for at least a
-2-hour duration shall be provided for the combination of the
-water supply specified in 5.6.1 or 5.6.2 of NFPA 214, plus the
-hose stream demand specified in 22.21.1.7.3. [214:5.6.4]
-22.21.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.21.2.1* Counterflow Towers. [214:5.2.4.1]
-22.21.2.1.1 The discharge outlets shall be located under the
-fan deck and fan opening. [214:5.2.4.1.1]
-22.21.2.1.2 Except under the fan opening, all discharge out-
-lets shall have deflector distances installed in accordance with
-Section 8.5 of NFPA 13. [214:5.2.4.1.2]
-22.21.2.1.3 Closed-head discharge outlets for dry-pipe and
-preaction systems shall be installed in the upright position
-only. [214:5.2.4.1.3]
-22.21.2.2* Crossflow Towers. [214:5.2.4.2]
-22.21.2.2.1 The discharge outlets protecting the plenum
-area shall be located under the fan deck and in the fan open-
-ing. [214:5.2.4.2.1]
-22.21.2.2.2 Discharge outlets protecting the fill shall be lo-
-cated under the distribution basin on either the louver or drift
-eliminator side, discharging horizontally through the joist
-channels. [214:5.2.4.2.2]
-22.21.2.2.3 Towers with an air travel dimension longer than
-the maximum allowable for the discharge device being used
-shall have discharge devices placed on both sides of the fill
-area in each joist channel. [214:5.2.4.2.3.1]
-22.21.2.2.4 The pressure at each discharge device shall be
-adequate to provide protection for half of the length of the fill
-measured along the air travel. [214:5.2.4.2.3.2]
-22.21.2.2.5 Where joist channels are wider than 2 ft (0.6 m),
-more than one discharge device shall be required per joist
-channel. [214:5.2.4.2.4.1]
-22.21.2.2.6 If the discharge device being used is listed for the
-width of the joist channel being protected, one discharge device
-per joist channel shall be permitted to be used. [214:5.2.4.2.4.2]
-22.21.2.3* Extended Fan Decks. On towers having extended
-fan decks that completely enclose the distribution basin, the
-discharge outlets protecting the fill area shall be located over
-the basin, under the extension of the fan deck. [214:5.2.4.3]
-22.21.2.4 Combustible Fan Decks. For deluge systems using
-directional spray nozzles in the pendant position, provisions
-shall be made to protect the underside of a combustible fan
-deck at a minimum rate of 0.15 gpm/ft 2 (6.11 mm/min),
-which shall be included as part of the application rate speci-
-fied in 22.21.1.2. [214:5.2.4.4]
-22.21.2.5* Water Basin Covers.On film-filled towers that have
-solid, hot-water basin covers over the complete basin, the dis-
-charge outlets protecting the fill area shall be permitted to be
-located under the basin covers. [214:5.2.4.5]
-22.21.2.5.1 These discharge outlets shall be open directional
-spray nozzles or other approved devices arranged to discharge
-0.50 gpm/ft2 (20.4 mm/min) into the distribution basin hori-
-zontally, with some of the spray splashing up and on the un-
-derside of the water basin covers. [214:5.2.4.5.1]
-13–219SPECIAL OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-22.21.2.6 Valves. [214:5.2.6]
-22.21.2.6.1 Shutoff valves and automatically operated water
-control valves, if provided, shall be located as follows:
-(1) Outside the fire-exposed area
-(2) As close to the cooling tower as possible to minimize the
-amount of pipe to the discharge device
-(3) Where they will be accessible during a fire emergency
-[214:5.2.6.1.2]
-22.21.2.6.2 Manual Release Valve. [214:5.2.6.2]
-22.21.2.6.2.1 Remote manual release valves, where required,
-shall be conspicuously located and accessible during a fire
-emergency. [214:5.2.6.2.1]
-22.21.2.6.2.2 Where remote manual release valves are not
-required, an inspector’s test valve shall be provided for each
-pilot-head-operated system. [214:5.2.6.2.2]
-22.21.2.7 Strainers. Strainers shall be required for systems uti-
-lizing discharge devices with waterways of less than 3⁄8 in.
-(9.5 mm) diameter. [214:5.2.7]
-22.21.2.8 Heat Detectors. Where deluge or preaction sys-
-tems are used, heat detectors shall be installed and shall be
-selected from either of the types in 5.2.8.1 or 5.2.8.2 of
-NFPA 214. [214:5.2.8]
-22.21.2.8.1 In mechanical-draft towers, pilot line detectors shall
-be located under the fan deck at the circumference of the fan
-opening and under the fan opening where necessary to comply
-with the spacing requirements in 22.21.2.8.1.1.(For extended fan
-decks, see 5.2.8.2.3 in NFPA 214.)[214:5.2.8.1.2.1(A)]
-22.21.2.8.1.1 Pilot line detectors shall be spaced not more
-than 8 ft (2.4 m) apart in any direction including the fan open-
-ing. Temperature ratings shall be selected in accordance with
-operating conditions, but shall be no less than intermediate.
-[214:5.2.8.1.2.1(B)]
-22.21.2.8.2 On towers having extended fan decks that com-
-pletely enclose the distribution basin, electrical heat detectors
-shall be located under the fan deck extension in accordance
-with standard, indoor-spacing rules for the type detectors used
-in accordance with NFPA 72.[ 214:5.2.8.2.3]
-22.21.2.8.2.1 Where the fan deck extension is 16 ft (4.9 m) or
-less and this dimension is the length of the joist channel, then
-only one row of detectors centered on and at right angles to
-the joist channels shall be required. Spacing between detec-
-tors shall be in accordance with NFPA 72.[ 214:5.2.8.2.3.1]
-22.21.2.8.2.2 On towers having extended fan decks that do
-not completely enclose the hot-water basin, electrical heat de-
-tectors shall not be required under the fan deck extension.
-[214:5.2.8.2.3.2]
-22.21.2.8.3 Where electrical heat detectors are inaccessible
-during tower operation, an accessible test detector shall be
-provided for each detection zone. [214:5.2.8.3]
-22.21.2.8.4 Electrical heat detector components exposed to
-corrosive vapors or liquids shall be protected by materials of
-construction or by protective coatings applied by the equip-
-ment manufacturer. [214:5.2.8.4]
-22.21.2.9 Protection for Fan Drive Motor. [214:5.2.9]
-22.21.2.9.1 A sprinkler or spray nozzle shall be provided over
-each fan drive motor where the motor is located so that it is
-not within the protected area of the tower. [214:5.2.9.1]
-22.21.2.9.2 Where a preaction or deluge system is used, the
-detection system shall be extended to cover the motor.
-[214:5.2.9.2]
-22.21.2.9.3 Provision shall be made to interlock the fan mo-
-tors with the fire protection system so that the cooling tower
-fan motors are stopped in the cell(s) for which the system is
-actuated. [214:5.2.9.3]
-22.21.2.9.4 Where the continued operation of the fans is vital
-to the process, a manual override switch shall be permitted to
-be provided to reactivate the fan when it is determined that
-there is no fire. [214:5.2.9.4]
-22.21.2.10 Corrosion Protection. [214:5.3]
-22.21.2.10.1 Piping, fittings, hangers, braces, and attachment
-hardware including fasteners shall be hot-dipped galvanized steel
-in accordance with ASTM A 153A/153M,Standard Specification for
-Zinc Coating (Hot Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware,or other materi-
-als having a superior corrosion resistance. [214:5.3.1]
-22.21.2.10.1.1 Exposed pipe threads and bolts on fittings
-shall be protected against corrosion. [214:5.3.1.1]
-22.21.2.10.1.2 All other components shall be corrosion resis-
-tant or protected against corrosion by a coating. [214:5.3.1.2]
-22.21.2.10.2* Wax-type coatings shall not be used on devices
-without fusible elements. [214:5.3.2]
-22.21.2.10.3* Special care shall be taken in the handling and
-installation of wax-coated or similar sprinklers to avoid damag-
-ing the coating. [214:5.3.3]
-22.21.2.10.3.1 Corrosion-resistant coatings shall not be ap-
-plied to the sprinklers by anyone other than the manufacturer
-of the sprinklers. [214:5.3.3.1]
-22.21.2.10.3.2 In all cases, any damage to the protective coat-
-ing occurring at the time of installation shall be repaired at
-once using only the coating of the manufacturer of the sprin-
-kler in an approved manner, so that no part of the sprinkler
-will be exposed after the installation has been completed.
-[214:5.3.3.2]
-22.22 Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of
-Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves.
-22.22.1 Design Requirements.
-22.22.1.1* Unless the requirements of 22.22.1.2 apply, automatic
-sprinkler systems shall be designed based upon the design crite-
-ria for the protection of Group A plastics. [307:5.4.2.1]
-22.22.1.2 With the approval of the authority having jurisdic-
-tion, the requirements of 22.22.1.1 shall not apply to buildings
-used exclusively for the handling or storage of specific cargoes
-and commodities that are defined as commodity classes less
-than Group A plastics by this standard. [307:5.4.2.2]
-22.22.1.3 Buildings consistent with 22.22.1.2 shall be protected
-in accordance with the design criteria for the applicable com-
-modity as required by this standard. [307:5.4.2.3]
-13–220 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-22.22.1.4 Buildings used for the storage of hazardous materi-
-als shall be protected in accordance with this standard and the
-applicable codes and standards for the type of hazardous ma-
-terial being stored. [307:5.4.2.4]
-22.22.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.22.2.1 Piers and Wharves with Combustible Substructure.
-22.22.2.1.1 Where there is danger of damage to sprinkler
-equipment by floating objects, physical barriers shall be pro-
-vided to exclude such objects. [307:4.3.3.1.2.2]
-22.22.2.1.2 The installation requirements in 22.22.2.1.2.1,
-22.22.2.1.2.1(A), and 22.22.2.1.2.1(B) are also required.
-22.22.2.1.2.1* Upward Projecting Sprinklers. Where narrow
-horizontal channels or spaces are caused by caps, stringers,
-ties, and other structural members and where the standard
-upright sprinkler does not project sufficient water upward to
-extinguish or control fires on the underside of the pier or
-wharf deck, a sprinkler that projects water upward to wet the
-overhead shall be used. [307:4.3.3.1.3.1]
-(A) Location, spacing, and deflector position shall be gov-
-erned by the discharge pattern of the sprinkler and the struc-
-ture being protected. [307:4.3.3.1.3.1(A)]
-(B) The following design and installation guides shall apply
-where pendent sprinklers in the upright position or old-style
-sprinklers are to be utilized:
-(1) The maximum coverage per sprinkler head shall be lim-
-ited to 80 ft2 (7.5 m2).
-(2) Where spacing or arrangement of stringers constitutes
-typical open-joist construction directly supporting the
-deck, sprinkler branch lines shall be installed between the
-bents at right angles to the stringers and shall meet the
-following requirements:
-(a) Spacing between branch lines shall not exceed 10 ft
-(3 m).
-(b) Sprinklers on branch lines shall be staggered and
-spaced not to exceed 8 ft (2.5 m) on center.
-(3)*Where crisscross construction is involved, closer spacing
-of sprinklers shall be permitted as necessary to provide
-wetting of the entire structure.
-(4) The deflectors of sprinklers on lines under stringers shall
-be located not less than 4 in. (100 mm) nor more than
-10 in. (250 mm) below the bottom plane of the stringer,
-and not more than 18 in. (450 mm) below the underside
-of the pier or wharf deck.
-(5)*The sprinkler system shall be hydraulically designed in
-accordance with the requirements of this standard and
-shall meet the following requirements:
-(a) Sprinkler orifice shall be 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) and shall
-discharge at a minimum pressure of 12.5 psi (85 kPa).
-(b) Design area shall be based upon the largest area be-
-tween firestops plus an additional area embracing at
-least two branch lines on opposite sides of the firestop.
-(c) Minimum design area shall be not less than 5000 ft 2
-(465 m2).
-(6) The temperature rating of the sprinkler shall not exceed
-165°F (74°C).
-(7) The maximum area to be protected by any one system
-shall be limited to 25,000 ft2 (2325 m2).
-[307:4.3.3.1.3.1(B)]
-22.23 Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities.
-22.23.1 Design Requirements.
-22.23.1.1* Automatic sprinklers for cleanrooms or clean
-zones shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13 and
-shall be hydraulically designed for a density of 0.20 gpm/ft 2
-(8.15 L/min·m 2) over a design area of 3000 ft 2 (278.8 m 2).
-[318:4.1.2.1]
-22.23.1.2 Automatic sprinkler protection shall be designed
-and installed in the plenum and interstitial space above clean-
-rooms in accordance with NFPA 13, for a density of 0.20 gpm/
-ft2 (8.15 L/min·m2) over a design area of 3000 ft2 (278.8 m2).
-[318:4.1.2.5]
-22.23.1.2.1* Automatic sprinklers shall be permitted to be
-omitted if the construction and occupancy of these spaces are
-noncombustible. [318:4.1.2.5.1]
-22.23.1.3* Sprinklers installed in duct systems shall be hydrau-
-lically designed to provide 0.5 gpm (1.9 L/min) over an area
-derived by multiplying the distance between the sprinklers in
-a horizontal duct by the width of the duct. [318:4.1.2.6.2]
-22.23.1.3.1* Minimum discharge shall be 20 gpm (76 L/min)
-per sprinkler from the five hydraulically most remote sprin-
-klers. [318:4.1.2.6.2.1]
-22.23.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.23.2.1* Wet pipe automatic sprinkler protection shall be
-provided throughout facilities containing cleanrooms and
-clean zones. [318:4.1.1]
-22.23.2.2* Approved quick-response sprinklers shall be uti-
-lized for sprinkler installations within down-flow airstreams in
-cleanrooms and clean zones. [318:4.1.2.2]
-22.23.2.3* Sprinklers shall be spaced a maximum of 20 ft
-(6.1 m) apart horizontally and 12 ft (3.7 m) apart vertically.
-[318:4.1.2.6.2.2]
-22.23.2.4 A separate indicating control valve shall be pro-
-vided for sprinklers installed in ductwork. [318:4.1.2.6.3]
-22.23.2.5 The sprinklers shall be accessible for periodic in-
-spection and maintenance. [318:4.1.2.6.6]
-22.24 Aircraft Hangars.
-22.24.1 Design Requirements. Sprinkler systems installed in
-aircraft hangars shall comply with NFPA 409.
-22.24.2 Installation Requirements. Sprinkler systems installed
-in aircraft hangars shall comply with NFPA 409.
-22.25 Airport Terminal Buildings, Fueling Ramp Drainage,
-and Loading Walkways.
-22.25.1 Design Requirements.
-22.25.1.1 Passenger-handling areas shall be classified as Ordi-
-nary Hazard Group 1 Occupancy for the purpose of sprinkler
-system design. [415:4.5.1.3]
-22.25.1.2* Baggage, package, and mail-handling areas shall be
-classified as Ordinary Hazard Group 2 Occupancy for the pur-
-pose of sprinkler system design. [415:4.5.1.4]
-22.25.1.3* Other areas of the airport terminal building shall
-be classified based on the occupancy of the area. [415:4.5.1.5]
-22.25.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-13–221SPECIAL OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-22.26 Aircraft Engine Test Facilities.
-22.26.1 Design Requirements.
-22.26.1.1* In engine test cells, the minimum design discharge
-density shall be 0.50 gpm/ft 2 (0.34 L/sec/m2) of protected
-area. [423:7.6.3]
-22.26.1.2 In engine test cells, water supplies shall be capable
-of meeting the largest demand at the design rate plus hose
-stream demand for a period of 30 minutes. [423:7.6.4]
-22.26.1.2.1 Hose stream demand shall be a minimum of
-250 gpm (16 L/sec). [ 423:7.6.4.1]
-22.26.1.2.2 The hydraulic calculation and the water supply
-shall be based on the assumption that all sprinklers in the test
-cell are operating simultaneously. [423:7.6.4.2]
-22.26.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.27 Advanced Light Water Reactor Electric Generating
-Plants.
-22.27.1 Design Requirements.
-22.27.1.1* Sprinkler System Water Supply.The fire water sup-
-ply shall be calculated on the basis of the largest expected flow
-rate for a period of 2 hours but shall not be less than 300,000
-gal (1,135,500 L), and the following criteria also shall apply:
-(1) The flow rate shall be based on 500 gpm (1892.5 L/min)
-for manual hose streams plus the largest design demand
-of any sprinkler or fixed water spray system as determined
-in accordance with this standard, with NFPA 15, or with
-NFPA 804.
-(2) The fire water supply shall be capable of delivering the
-design demand specified in 22.27.1.1(1) with the hydrau-
-lically least demanding portion of fire main loop out of
-service.
-[804:9.2.1]
-22.27.1.2 Yard Mains. The underground yard fire main loop
-shall be installed to furnish anticipated water requirements,
-and the following criteria also shall be met:
-(1) The type of pipe and water treatment shall be design con-
-siderations, with tuberculation as one of the parameters.
-(2) Means for inspecting and flushing the systems shall be
-provided.
-[804:9.4.1]
-22.27.1.3 Cable Tunnels. [804:10.4.2]
-22.27.1.3.1 Automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed for
-a density of 0.30 gpm/ft 2 (12.2 L/min·m2) for the most re-
-mote 100 linear ft (30.5 m) of cable tunnel up to the most
-remote 2500 ft2 (232.2 m2). [804:10.4.2.2.2]
-22.27.1.3.2 Deluge sprinkler systems or deluge spray systems
-shall meet the following criteria:
-(1) They shall be zoned to limit the area of protection to that
-which the drainage system can handle with any two adja-
-cent systems actuated.
-(2) They shall be hydraulically designed with each zone calcu-
-lated with the largest adjacent zone flowing.
-[804:10.4.2.2.4]
-22.27.1.4 Cable Spreading Room. The cable spreading room
-shall have an automatic fixed water-based suppression system,
-and the following criteria also shall be met:
-(1) The location of sprinklers or spray nozzles shall protect
-cable tray arrangements to ensure water coverage for ar-
-eas that could present exposure fire hazards to the cable
-raceways.
-(2) Automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed for a den-
-sity of 0.30 gpm/ft 2 (12.2 L/min·m2) over the most re-
-mote 2500 ft2 (232.2 m2).
-[804:10.4.1.1]
-22.27.1.5* Beneath Turbine Generator Operating Floor. All
-areas beneath the turbine generator operating floor shall be
-protected by an automatic sprinkler or foam-water sprinkler
-system meeting the following criteria:
-(1) The sprinkler system beneath the turbine generator shall
-be designed around obstructions from structural mem-
-bers and piping.
-(2) The sprinkler system shall be designed to a minimum
-density of 0.30 gpm/ft 2 (12.2 L/min·m 2) over a mini-
-mum application of 5000 ft2 (464.5 m2).
-[804:10.8.2.1]
-22.27.1.6* Turbine Generator Bearings. [804:10.8.3]
-22.27.1.6.1 Lubricating oil lines above the turbine operating
-floor shall be protected with an automatic sprinkler system to
-a minimum density of 0.30 gpm/ft2 (12.2 L/min·m2) that cov-
-ers those areas subject to oil accumulation, including the area
-within the turbine lagging (skirt). [804:10.8.4]
-22.27.1.6.2 Where shaft-driven ventilation systems are used,
-an automatic preaction sprinkler system providing a density of
-0.30 gpm/ft2 (12.2 L/min·m2) over the entire area shall be
-provided. [804:10.8.7(2)]
-22.27.1.7 Standby Emergency Diesel Generators and Com-
-bustion Turbines. The sprinkler and water spray protection sys-
-tems shall be designed for a 0.25 gpm/ft2 (10.19 L/min·m2) den-
-sity over the entire area. [804:10.9.3(2)]
-22.27.1.8 Fire Pump Room/House. If sprinkler and water
-spray systems are provided for fire pump houses, they shall be
-designed for a minimum density of 0.25 gpm/ft 2 (10.19 L/
-min·m2) over the entire fire area. [804:10.22.2]
-22.27.1.9 Auxiliary Boilers. Sprinkler and water spray systems
-shall be designed for a minimum density of 0.25 gpm/ft 2
-(10.19 L/min·m2) over the entire area. [804:10.24.3]
-22.27.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.27.2.1 Yard Mains, Hydrants, and Building Standpipes.
-[804:9.4]
-22.27.2.1.1 Approved visually indicating sectional control
-valves such as postindicator valves shall be provided to isolate
-portions of the main for maintenance or repair without simul-
-taneously shutting off the supply to both primary and backup
-fire suppression systems. [804:9.4.2]
-22.27.2.1.2* Sectional control valves shall allow maintaining
-independence of the individual loop around each unit, and
-the following also shall apply:
-(1) For such installations, common water supplies shall also
-be permitted to be utilized.
-(2) For multiple-reactor sites with widely separated plants
-[approaching 1 mi (1.6 km) or more], separate yard fire
-main loops shall be used.
-[804:9.4.4]
-13–222 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-22.27.2.1.3 Sprinkler systems and manual hose station stand-
-pipes shall have connections to the plant underground water
-main so that a single active failure or a crack in a moderate-
-energy line can be isolated so as not to impair both the pri-
-mary and the backup fire suppression systems unless otherwise
-permitted by the following:
-(1) Alternatively, headers fed from each end shall be permit-
-ted inside buildings to supply both sprinkler and stand-
-pipe systems, provided steel piping and fittings meeting
-the requirements of ASME B31.1,Code for Power Piping, are
-used for the headers (up to and including the first valve)
-supplying the sprinkler systems where such headers are
-part of the seismically analyzed hose standpipe system.
-(2) Where provided, such headers shall be considered an ex-
-tension of the yard main system.
-(3) Each sprinkler and standpipe system shall be equipped
-with an outside screw and yoke (OS&Y) gate valve or
-other approved shutoff valve.
-[804:9.4.7]
-22.27.2.2 Cable Concentrations. The location of sprinklers or
-spray nozzles shall protect cable tray arrangements and pos-
-sible transient combustibles to ensure water coverage for areas
-that could present exposure fire hazards to the cable raceways.
-[804:10.4.2.2.3]
-22.27.2.3 Turbine Building. Deluge sprinkler systems or del-
-uge spray systems shall meet the following criteria:
-(1) They shall be zoned to limit the area of protection to that
-which the drainage system can handle with any two adja-
-cent systems actuated.
-(2) They shall be hydraulically designed with each zone calcu-
-lated with the largest adjacent zone flowing.
-[804:10.4.2.2.4]
-22.28 Light Water Nuclear Power Plants.
-22.28.1 Design Requirements. A fire protection water supply
-of reliability, quantity, and duration shall be provided by one
-of the two following methods:
-(1) A fire protection water supply of not less than two separate
-300,000 gal (1,135,500 L) supplies shall be provided.
-(2) The 2-hour fire flow rate for 2 hours shall be calculated,
-and the following criteria shall be met:
-(a) The flow rate shall be based on 500 gpm (1892.5 L/
-min) for manual hose streams plus the largest design
-demand of any sprinkler or fixed water spray system(s)
-in the power block as determined in accordance with
-NFPA 13 or NFPA 15.
-(b) The fire water supply shall be capable of delivering
-this design demand with the hydraulically least de-
-manding portion of fire main loop out of service.
-[805:5.5.1]
-22.28.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.28.2.1 Each sprinkler and standpipe system shall be
-equipped with an outside screw and yoke (OS&Y) gate valve or
-other approved shutoff valve. [805:5.5.17]
-22.28.2.2 Sprinkler systems and manual hose station stand-
-pipes shall be connected to the plant fire protection water
-main so that a single active failure or a crack to the water
-supply piping to these systems can be isolated so as not to
-impair both the primary and backup fire suppression systems.
-[805:5.5.12]
-22.29 Hydroelectric Generating Plants. [NFP A 851]
-22.29.1 Design Requirements.
-22.29.1.1 Hydraulic Control Systems. Fixed fire protection
-for this equipment, where provided, should be as follows:
-(1) Automatic wet pipe sprinkler systems utilizing a design
-density of 0.25 gpm/ft 2 (10.2 mm/min) for the entire
-hazard area.
-(2) Automatic foam-water sprinkler systems providing a den-
-sity of 0.16 gpm/ft2 (6.5 mm/min).
-[851:7.2.4]
-22.29.1.2 Cable Concentrations. Sprinkler or water spray sys-
-tems should be designed for a density of 0.30 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/
-min) over 2500 ft2 (232 m2). This coverage is for area protection.
-Individual cable tray tier coverage could be required based on
-the fire risk evaluation. [851:7.5.3]
-22.29.1.3 Cable Tunnels. Where protection is required by the
-fire risk evaluation, cable tunnels should be protected by auto-
-matic water spray, automatic wet pipe sprinkler, or foam-water
-spray systems. Automatic sprinkler systems should be designed
-for a density of 0.30 gpm/ft 2 (12.2 mm/min) over 2500 ft 2
-(232 m2) or the most remote 100 linear ft (30.5 m) of cable
-tunnel up to 2500 ft2 (232 m2). [851:7.6.1]
-22.29.1.4 Emergency Generators. Emergency generators lo-
-cated within main plant structures should be protected by au-
-tomatic sprinkler, water spray, foam-water sprinkler, com-
-pressed air foam, or gaseous-type extinguishing systems.
-Sprinkler and water spray protection systems should be de-
-signed for a 0.25 gpm/ft 2 (10.2 mm/ min) density over the
-fire area. [851:7.11.2]
-22.29.1.5 Air Compressors. Automatic sprinkler protection
-designed for a density of 0.25 gpm/ft 2 (10.2 mm/min) over
-the postulated oil spill or compressed air foam should be con-
-sidered for air compressors containing a large quantity of oil.
-[851:7.12]
-22.29.1.6 Hydraulic Systems for Gate and Valve Operators.
-Hydraulic control systems should use a listed fire-resistant
-fluid. Automatic sprinkler protection designed for a density
-of 0.25 gpm/ ft 2 (10.2 mm/min) over the fire area or com-
-pressed air foam systems should be considered for hydrau-
-lic systems not using a listed fire-resistant fluid. [ 851:7.13]
-22.29.1.7 Fire Pumps. Rooms housing diesel-driven fire pumps
-should be protected by automatic sprinkler, water spray, foamwa-
-ter sprinkler, or compressed air foam systems. If sprinkler and
-water spray protection systems are provided, they should be de-
-signed for a density of 0.25 gpm/ft2 (10.2 mm/min) over the fire
-area. For automatic foam-water sprinkler systems, a density of
-0.16 gpm/ft2 (6.5 mm/min) should be provided. [851:7.14]
-22.29.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.29.2.1 Hydraulic Control Systems. Fire extinguishing sys-
-tems, where installed for lube oil systems employing combustible-
-type oil, should include protection for the reservoirs, pumps, and
-all oil lines, especially where unions exist on piping and beneath
-any shielded area where flowing oil can collect. Facilities not pro-
-vided with curbs or drains should extend coverage for a distance
-of 20 ft (6 m) from the oil lines, when measured from the outer-
-most oil line. [851:7.2.7]
-13–223SPECIAL OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-22.30 Code for the Protection of Cultural Resource Proper-
-ties — Museums, Libraries, and Places of Worship.
-[NFP A 909]
-22.30.1 Design Requirements.
-22.30.1.1* Standard-response sprinklers shall be permitted for
-use in light-hazard areas. [909:12.4.4.2]
-22.30.1.2* Preaction and dry pipe systems shall be designed to
-minimize the risk of corrosion in accordance with the require-
-ments of 9.12.12.3.1 through 9.12.12.3.5 of NFPA 909.
-[909:9.12.12.3]
-22.30.1.3 System Design for Museums, Libraries, and Their
-Collections in Compact Storage.
-22.30.1.3.1* The design shall recognize the nature of the po-
-tential threat of a fire that originates in a compact mobile
-storage unit, where fuel loads are invariably large and fire
-growth is significantly different from that in other kinds of
-storage. [909:9.12.23.4.1.3]
-22.30.1.3.2* The automatic fire suppression system, the com-
-pact storage system, and the storage compartmentalization
-features shall be designed to limit fire damage in accordance
-with the facility’s fire safety objectives. [909:9.12.23.4.1.4(A)]
-22.30.1.3.3 Design calculations shall include the number and
-size of the storage modules, the separation provided between
-the modules end-to-end and back-to-back, and the type of ma-
-terial being stored. [909:9.12.23.4.1.4(B)]
-22.30.1.3.4 Where the automatic fire suppression is provided
-by automatic fire sprinkler systems, the systems shall be wet
-pipe, single interlock pre-action, or single non-interlock pre-
-action systems. [909:9.12.23.4.1.4(C)]
-22.30.1.3.5 Dry pipe or double-interlock pre-action systems
-shall not be installed in compact storage areas.
-[909:9.12.23.4.1.4(D)]
-22.30.1.3.6 Where compact storage is installed in an existing
-storage area, the existing automatic fire detection and fire
-suppression systems shall be modified as required to accom-
-modate the increased fire loading. [909:9.12.23.4.1.4(E)]
-22.30.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.30.2.1* Branch lines shall be pitched at least1⁄2 in. per 10 ft
-(4 mm/m), and mains shall be pitched at least 1⁄4 in. per 10 ft
-(2 mm/m). [909:9.12.12.3.1]
-22.30.2.2* Auxiliary drains shall be provided at all low points
-in accordance with NFPA 13 requirements for dry pipe systems
-and preaction systems subject to freezing. [909:9.12.12.3.2.1]
-22.30.2.3* Where steel pipe is used in dry pipe and preaction
-systems, the provisions of NFPA 13 shall be applied assuming
-water supplies and environmental conditions that contribute
-to unusual corrosive properties, and a plan shall be developed
-to treat the system using one of the following methods:
-(1) Install a water pipe that is corrosion resistant
-(2) Treat all water that enters the system using an approved
-corrosion inhibitor
-(3) Implement an approved plan for monitoring the interior
-conditions of the pipe at established intervals and locations.
-[909:9.12.12.3.3]
-22.31 National Electrical Code.
-22.31.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.31.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.31.2.1 Dedicated Electrical Space. The space equal to the
-width and depth of the equipment and extending from the
-floor to a height of 6 ft (1.8 m) above the equipment or to
-the structural ceiling, whichever is lower, shall be dedicated
-to the electrical installation. No piping, ducts, leak protec-
-tion apparatus, or other equipment foreign to the electrical
-installation shall be located in this zone.
-Exception: Suspended ceilings with removable panels shall be permit-
-ted within the 1.8-m (6-ft) zone.
-[70:110.26(E)(1)(a)]
-22.31.2.2 The area above the dedicated space required by
-22.31.2.1 shall be permitted to contain foreign systems, pro-
-vided protection is installed to avoid damage to the electrical
-equipment from condensation, leaks, or breaks in such for-
-eign systems. [70:110.26(E)(1)(b)]
-22.31.2.3* Sprinkler protection shall be permitted for the
-dedicated space where the piping complies with this section.
-[70:110.26(E)(1)(c)]
-22.32 Fire Protection of Telecommunication Facilities.
-22.32.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.32.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.32.2.1 All piping for dry pipe and pre-action sprinkler sys-
-tems shall be installed with a pitch in accordance with NFPA 13
-whether or not the piping is subjected to freezing conditions.
-[76:8.6.2.2.2]
-22.33 Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases,
-Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids.
-22.33.1 Design Requirements.
-22.33.1.1 When a sprinkler system is installed, means shall be
-provided to prevent water accumulation in the duct or flow of
-water back to a process subject that could be damaged by wa-
-ter. [91:9.2]
-22.33.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.34 Hypobaric Facilities.
-22.34.1 Design Requirements.
-22.34.1.1 A fire suppression system consisting of independently
-supplied and operating handline and fixed deluge-type water
-spray systems shall be installed. [99B:4.5.1.5]
-22.34.1.2 Design of the fire suppression system shall be such
-that failure of components in either the handline or deluge sys-
-tem will not render the other system inoperative. [99B:4.5.1.6]
-22.34.1.3 System design shall be such that activation of either
-the handline or the deluge system shall automatically cause
-the following:
-(1) Visual and audio alarm indicators shall be activated at the
-chamber operator’s console.
-13–224 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(2) All ungrounded electrical leads for power and lighting cir-
-cuits contained inside the chamber shall be disconnected.
-(3) Emergency lighting and communication, where used, shall
-be activated.
-[99B:4.5.1.7]
-22.34.1.4 Intrinsically safe circuits, including sound-powered
-communications, shall be permitted to remain connected when
-either the handline or deluge system is activated. [99B:4.5.1.8]
-22.34.1.5 Control circuitry and other electrical equipment
-involved in the fire detection and suppression system shall be
-powered from the critical branch of the emergency electrical
-system and connected to the uninterruptible power supply
-(UPS). [99B:4.5.1.11]
-22.34.1.6 In chambers that consist of more than one com-
-partment, the deluge system shall operate independently or
-simultaneously even if the compartments are at different pres-
-sures (altitudes). [99B:4.5.2.2]
-22.34.1.7 Fixed deluge systems shall not be required in cham-
-ber compartments that are used strictly as personnel transfer
-compartments and for no other purpose. [99B:4.5.2.3]
-22.34.1.8 Manual activation and deactivation deluge controls
-shall be located at the operator’s console and in each chamber
-compartment containing a deluge system. [99B:4.5.2.4]
-22.34.1.9 Controls shall be designed to prevent unintended
-activation. [99B:4.5.2.4.1]
-22.34.1.10 Water shall be delivered from the fixed discharge
-nozzles of the deluge system within 3 seconds of activation of
-any affiliated deluge control. [99B:4.5.2.5]
-22.34.1.11* Total water demand shall be determined by multi-
-plying the total chamber floor area by 7.5 gpm/ft 2 (305.6 L/
-min/m2). [99B:4.5.2.5.1]
-22.34.1.12 The minimum operating pressure at the nozzle
-shall be 30 psi (206 kPa). [99B:4.5.2.5.2]
-22.34.1.13 The water supply shall be constantly and fully
-charged. [99B:4.5.2.6]
-22.34.1.14 The water supply pressure shall be constantly
-monitored and an interlock shall prevent chamber operation
-if water supply pressure has fallen 10 percent below normal
-operating charge pressure. [99B:4.5.2.7]
-22.34.1.15 There shall be water in the deluge system to main-
-tain the flow specified in 22.34.1.11 simultaneously in each cham-
-ber containing the deluge system for 1 minute. [99B:4.5.2.8]
-22.34.1.16 The limit on maximum extinguishment duration
-shall be governed by the chamber capacity (bilge capacity also,
-if so equipped) and/or its drainage system. [99B:4.5.2.9]
-22.34.1.17 The deluge system shall have stored pressure to
-operate for at least 15 seconds without electrical branch
-power. [99B:4.5.2.10]
-22.34.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.35 Coal Mines.
-22.35.1 Design Requirements.
-22.35.1.1 Underground Mining Operations.
-22.35.1.1.1* Fire sprinkler systems for underground mining
-operations shall be designed and installed in accordance with
-NFPA 120.
-22.35.1.2 Coal Preparation Plants and Crusher Buildings.
-22.35.1.2.1 When automatic sprinkler systems are to be sup-
-plied through the standpipe system, hydraulic calculations
-shall be used to ensure that the piping and the water supply
-meet the hose and automatic sprinkler demands simulta-
-neously. [120:6.3.2.3.2]
-22.35.1.3 Underground Conveyors.
-22.35.1.3.1 The application rate shall not be less than
-10.2 L/min/m 2 (0.25 gpm/ft 2) of the top surface of the top
-belt. [ 120:9.4.6.4]
-22.35.1.3.2 The water supply shall be free of excessive sedi-
-ment and corrosives and provide the required flow for not less
-than 10 minutes. A strainer with a flush-out connection and
-manual shutoff valve shall be provided. [120:9.4.6.6]
-22.35.1.3.3 The system shall be interlocked to shut down the
-conveyor and provide an audible and a visual alarm. [120:9.4.6.8]
-22.35.1.3.4 Fire suppression systems shall also comply with
-22.35.1.1.1. [120:9.4.6.10]
-22.35.1.3.5 Sprinkler systems shall meet the following re-
-quirements:
-(1) The sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13
-as far as practical, and shall have components that have been
-listed.
-(2) The water supply shall be capable of supplying a con-
-stant flow of water with all heads functioning for a pe-
-riod of 10 minutes.
-(3) The sprinkler head activation temperature shall not be
-less than 65.6°C (150°F) or greater than 148.9°C (300°F).
-[120:9.4.6.13]
-22.35.2 Installation Requirements.
-22.35.2.1 Underground Conveyors.
-22.35.2.1.1 Deluge water spray systems, foam systems, closed-
-head sprinkler systems, or dry-chemical systems automatically
-actuated by rise in temperature shall be installed at main and
-secondary belt conveyor drives. [120:9.4.6.1]
-22.35.2.1.2 Fire suppression systems shall extend to the drive
-areas of belt conveyors, including drive motor(s), reducer,
-head pulley, and belt storage unit (takeup), including any hy-
-draulic power unit; its electrical controls; and the top and bot-
-tom of the first 15.2 m (50 ft) of belt from the drive on the
-downwind side. [120:9.4.6.2]
-22.35.2.1.3 Piping for the deluge, foam, or closed-head sprin-
-kler system shall be metal and listed for sprinkler applications.
-[120:9.4.6.3]
-22.35.2.1.4 The discharge shall be directed at both the upper
-and the bottom surface of the top belt and the upper surface
-of the bottom belt. [120:9.4.6.5]
-22.35.2.1.5 Maximum distance between nozzles on a branch
-line shall not exceed 2.4 m (8 ft). [120:9.4.6.7]
-22.35.2.1.6 The components of the system shall be located so
-as to minimize the possibility of damage by roof fall or by the
-moving belt and its load. [120:9.4.6.9]
-22.35.2.1.7 Deluge water spray systems shall meet the require-
-ments of 22.35.2.1.7.1 through 22.35.2.1.7.5. [120:9.4.6.11]
-13–225SPECIAL OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-22.35.2.1.7.1 The system shall be activated by heat detectors.
-[120:9.4.6.11.1]
-22.35.2.1.7.2 Heat detectors shall be located at the belt drive,
-hydraulic takeup unit (unless fire-resistive fluid is used), dis-
-charge roller, and the roof above the conveyor. [120:9.4.6.11.1.1]
-22.35.2.1.7.3 Heat detectors at the roof line should be spaced
-2.4 m to 3.0 m (8 ft to 10 ft) apart along the entire length of
-the protected area of the belt. [120:9.4.6.11.1.2]
-22.35.2.1.7.4 The nozzles shall be full cone, corrosion resis-
-tant, and provided with blow-off dust covers. [120:9.4.6.11.2]
-22.35.2.1.7.5 A closed sprinkler head shall be used over the
-electrical controls. [120:9.4.6.11.3]
-22.35.2.2 Mine Surface Buildings.
-22.35.2.2.1 If sprinklers are installed, waterflow, valve tamper,
-and low building temperature alarms shall be provided.
-[120:8.6.1.2]
-22.36 Metal/Nonmetal Mining and Metal Mineral Processing
-Facilities.
-22.36.1 Design Requirements.
-22.36.1.1 Water Supplies.
-22.36.1.1.1 When automatic sprinkler systems are supplied
-through the hand hose line standpipe system, hydraulic calcu-
-lations shall be used to ensure that the piping and water sup-
-ply will supply the hose and automatic sprinkler demands si-
-multaneously. [122:6.2.3]
-22.36.1.1.2 Where a fire water supply [for a surface mineral
-processing plant] is required by the risk assessment, capacity
-and availability shall provide the water demand for fire-
-fighting purposes, including hose and sprinkler systems, for a
-minimum duration of 2 hours. [122:13.7.2]
-22.36.1.2* Where provided, automatic sprinkler systems in-
-stalled for the protection of flammable liquid or diesel fuel
-storage areas shall be of the foam-water type. [122:11.3.1]
-22.36.1.3 New Solvent Extraction (SX) Facilities.
-22.36.1.3.1 Fixed fire suppression shall be provided for the
-following SX facility areas and equipment:
-(1) Buildings housing SX processes
-(2) Interior of all mixer-settler vessels/cells
-(3) Crud tanks that include treatment filters and centrifuges
-(4) Coalescers
-(5) Along launders and weirs outside of mixer-settler vessels
-(6) Inside pipe trenches carrying solvents
-(7) Inside organic solvent and diluent tanks
-(8) Inside dikes enclosing organic solvent storage tanks
-(9) Over organic solvent pumps
-(10) Over elevated pipe racks carrying organic solvents in
-plastic pipes
-(11) Other areas handling, processing, or exposed to flam-
-mable or combustible liquids
-[122:13.19.1]
-22.36.1.3.2* Fire suppression for applications in 22.36.1.3.1 shall
-be water, foam, dry chemical, or water mist. [122:13.19.1.1]
-22.36.1.3.3* Design of fire suppression systems in 22.36.1.3.1
-shall be based on criteria set forth in NFPA 11; NFPA 15;
-NFPA 16; and NFPA 17. [122:13.19.1.2]
-22.36.1.3.4* Actuation of fire suppression systems in 22.36.1.3.1
-shall be automatic. [122:13.19.1.3]
-22.36.1.3.5 As exposure protection, automatic water-only del-
-uge (open-head) sprinkler systems shall be provided between
-mixer-settler trains if spaced closer than 15.24 m (50 ft) from
-each other. [122:13.19.2]
-22.36.1.3.6 As exposure protection, automatic water-only del-
-uge sprinkler systems shall be provided around the exterior
-perimeter of organic solvent tanks if spaced closer than 15.24 m
-(50 ft) from each other. [122:13.19.3]
-22.36.1.3.7 As exposure protection, automatic fire suppres-
-sion shall be provided over other critical equipment (i.e.,
-transformers) or outside along important building walls [i.e.,
-motor control center (MCC) rooms] that are within 15.24 m
-(50 ft) of a solvent fire area. [122:13.19.4]
-22.36.1.3.8 Hydraulic design of automatic fire suppression
-systems in 22.36.1.3.1 shall include the simultaneous opera-
-tion of all fire protection systems associated with a single
-(multi-cell) train. [122:13.19.5]
-22.36.1.3.9 The total flow rate of foam application and water
-associated with the discharge of automatic fire extinguishing
-systems, fixed monitors, and hydrants shall determine the to-
-tal volume of fire water required. [122:13.19.6]
-22.36.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-22.37 Hazardous Materials Code.
-22.37.1 Design Requirements. Sprinkler system discharge cri-
-teria for the protection of hazardous materials shall comply
-with NFPA 400.
-22.37.1.1 Requirements for Occupancies Storing Quantities
-of Hazardous Materials Exceeding the Maximum Allowable
-Quantities per Control Area for High Hazard Contents. The
-design of the sprinkler system shall be not less than ordinary
-hazard Group 2 in accordance with NFPA 13, except as follows:
-(1) Where different requirements are specified in Chapters
-11 through 21 of NFPA 400
-(2) Where the materials or storage arrangement requires a
-higher level of sprinkler system protection in accordance
-with nationally recognized standards
-(3) Where approved alternative automatic fire extinguishing
-systems are permitted
-[400:6.2.1.1.1]
-22.37.1.2 General Requirements for Storage of Ammonium
-Nitrate Solids and Liquids. Sprinkler systems shall be of the
-approved type and designed and installed in accordance with
-NFPA 13, and the following:
-(1) Ammonium nitrate in noncombustible or combustible con-
-tainers (paper bags or noncombustible containers with re-
-movable combustible liners) shall be designated as a Class I
-commodity.
-(2) Where contained in plastic containers, ammonium nitrate
-shall be designated as a Class II commodity.
-(3) Where contained in fiber packs or noncombustible contain-
-ers in combustible packaging, ammonium nitrate shall be
-designated as a Class III commodity.
-[400:11.2.6.1.3 ]
-13–226 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-22.37.1.3 General Requirements for Storage of Organic Per-
-oxide Formulations.
-22.37.1.3.1 Where required by other provisions of this code,
-automatic sprinklers and water spray systems shall be designed
-and installed according to the requirements of NFPA 13 and
-NFPA 15 and shall provide the following discharge densities:
-(1) Clas s I — 0.50 gpm/ft 2 (20.4 L/min/m2)
-(2) Class II — 0.40 gpm/ft 2 (16.3 L/min/m2)
-(3) Class III — 0.30 gpm/ft 2 (12.2 L/min/m2)
-(4) Class IV — 0.25 gpm/ft 2 (10.2 L/min/m2)
-[400:14.2.6.1]
-22.37.1.3.2 The system shall be designed as follows:
-(1) It shall provide the required density over a 3000 ft2 (280 m2)
-area for areas protected by a wet pipe sprinkler system or
-3900 ft2 (360 m2) for areas protected by a dry pipe sprinkler
-system.
-(2) The entire area of any building of less than 3000 ft2 (280 m2)
-shall be used as the area of application.
-[400:14.2.6.2]
-22.37.1.3.3 Where required for detached storage buildings
-containing Class I organic peroxide formulations in quantities
-exceeding 2000 lb (907 kg), automatic sprinkler protection
-shall be open-head deluge-type, designed and installed in ac-
-cordance with NFPA 13. [400:14.2.6.3]
-22.37.1.4 Indoor Storage of Oxidizer Solids and Liquids.
-22.37.1.4.1 Sprinkler protection for Class 2 oxidizers shall be
-designed in accordance with Table 22.37.1.4.1. [400:15.3.2.3.4.1]
-22.37.1.4.2 Ceiling sprinklers shall be high-temperature
-sprinklers. [400:15.3.2.3.4.2]
-22.37.1.4.3 Storage Protection for Class 2 Oxidizers with In-
-Rack Sprinklers.
-(A) In-rack sprinklers shall be quick-response sprinklers with
-an ordinary-temperature rating and have a K-factor of not less
-than K = 8.0. [400:15.3.2.3.4.3(A)]
-(B) In-rack sprinklers shall be designed to provide 25 psi
-(172 kPa) for the six most hydraulically remote sprinklers on
-each level. [400:15.3.2.3.4.3(B)]
-(C) The in-rack sprinklers shall be 8 ft to 10 ft (2.4 m to 3.0 m)
-spacings in the longitudinal flue space at the intersection of
-the transverse flue spaces. [400:15.3.2.3.4.3(C)]
-22.37.1.4.4 Sprinkler Criteria for Class 3 Oxidizers.
-22.37.1.4.4.1 Class 3 Oxidizers Less than 2300 lb (1043 kg).
-(A) Sprinkler design criteria for buildings that require sprin-
-kler protection and contain total quantities of Class 3 oxidiz-
-ers less than 2300 lb (1043 kg) shall be in accordance with the
-requirements of 22.37.1.4.4.1(B). [400:15.3.2.4.13.1(A)]
-(B) Facilities that require sprinkler protection and contain
-total quantities of Class 3 oxidizers greater than 200 lb (91 kg),
-but less than 2300 lb (1043 kg), shall follow the sprinkler de-
-sign criteria in Table 22.37.1.4.4.1(B). [400:15.3.2.4.13.1(B)]
-22.37.1.4.4.2 Storage Protection for Class 3 Oxidizers In-
-Rack Sprinkler Criteria.
-(A) Where required by Table 22.37.1.4.4.1(B), in-rack sprin-
-kler protection shall be as follows:
-(1) In-rack sprinklers shall be installed above every level of
-oxidizer storage.
-(2) In-rack sprinklers shall be spaced at maximum 4 ft (1.2 m)
-intervals to provide one sprinkler in each flue space.
-(3) In-rack sprinklers shall be quick-response sprinklers with
-an ordinary-temperature rating and have a K-factor of not
-less than K = 8.0.
-(4) In-rack sprinklers shall be designed to provide 25 psi
-(172 kPa) for the six most hydraulically remote sprin-
-klers on each level.
-[400:15.3.2.4.13.3(A)]
-2.37.1.4.4.3 Class 3 Oxidizers Greater than or Equal to 2300 lb
-(1043 kg). The sprinkler protection shall be in accordance
-with Table 22.37.1.4.4.3. [400:15.3.2.4.13.4(B)]
-Table 22.37.1.4.1 Ceiling Sprinkler Protection for Class 2 Oxidizers in Palletized or Bulk
-and Rack Storage Areas
-Type of Storage
-Ceiling Sprinklers
-In-Rack Sprinklers
-Storage Height Density Area of Application
-ft m gpm/ft 2 L/min/m2 ft2 m2
-Palletized or bulk 8 2.4 0.20 8 3750 348 —
-Palletized or bulk 12 3.7 0.35 14 3750 348 —
-Rack 12 3.7 0.20 8 3750 348 One line above each
-level of storage,
-except the top
-level
-Rack 16 4.9 0.30 12 2000 186 One line above each
-level of storage,
-except the top
-level
-[400: Table 15.3.2.3.2.10(B)]
-13–227SPECIAL OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS
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-22.37.1.4.4.4 Special In-Rack Sprinkler Protection for Class 3
-Oxidizers.
-(A) Where required by Table 22.37.1.4.4.3, special in-rack sprin-
-kler protection shall be as shown in Figure 22.37.1.4.4.4(A).
-[400:15.3.2.4.13.5(A)]
-(B) In-rack automatic sprinklers shall be provided under
-each horizontal barrier and arranged in accordance with
-22.37.1.4.4.4(C) through 22.37.1.4.4.4(I). [400:15.3.2.4.13.5(K)]
-(C) For double-row racks, two lines of in-rack sprinklers
-shall be provided between the face of the rack and the lon-
-gitudinal vertical barrier located in the center of the rack.
-[400:15.3.2.4.13.5(L)]
-(D) For single-row racks, two lines of in-rack sprinklers shall
-be provided between each rack face. [400:15.3.2.4.13.5(M)]
-(E) Three in-rack sprinklers shall be provided on each in-
-rack sprinkler line as follows:
-(1) Two sprinklers on each line shall be spaced approximately
-11⁄2 in. (38.1 mm) from each transverse vertical barrier.
-(2) One in-rack sprinkler on each in-rack sprinkler line shall
-be located approximately equidistant between the trans-
-verse vertical barriers.
-[400:15.3.2.4.13.5(N)]
-(F) In-rack sprinklers shall be of the upright or pendent type,
-with the fusible element located no more than 6 in. (152.4 mm)
-from the horizontal barrier. [400:15.3.2.4.13.5(O)]
-(G) In-rack sprinklers shall be K = 8.0, quick-response, ordinary-
-temperature-rated sprinklers. [400:15.3.2.4.13.5(Q)]
-(H) The in-rack sprinkler system shall be designed to supply 6
-sprinklers on each line, with a total of 12 sprinklers operating at
-gauge pressure of 25 psi (172 kPa). [400:15.3.2.4.13.5(R)]
-(I) The design of the in-rack sprinkler system shall be inde-
-pendent of, and shall not be required to be balanced with,
-ceiling sprinkler systems. [400:15.3.2.4.13.5(S)]
-22.37.1.4.4.5 Sprinkler Criteria for Class 4 Oxidizers.
-(A) Sprinkler protection for Class 4 oxidizers shall be in-
-stalled on a deluge sprinkler system to provide water density of
-0.35 gpm/ft2 (14.4 L/min/m2) over the entire storage area.
-[400:15.3.2.5.4.6(A)]
-(B) Sprinkler protection shall be installed in accordance with
-NFPA 13. [400:15.3.2.5.4.6(B)]
-22.37.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-Table 22.37.1.4.4.1(B) Sprinkler Protection of Class 3 Oxidizers Stored in Total Quantities
-Greater than 200 lb (91 kg) but Less than 2300 lb (1043 kg)
-Storage Parameters Shelf Bulk or Pile Bulk or Pile Rack
-Maximum storage height 6 ft (1.8 m) 5 ft (1.5 m) 10 ft (3 m) 10 ft (3 m)
-Maximum ceiling height 25 ft (7.6 m) 25 ft (7.6 m) 25 ft (7.6 m) NA
-Aisles — pile separation 4 ft (1.2 m) min. clear
-aisles
-4 ft (1.2 m) min.
-clear aisles
-8 ft (2.4 m) min. clear
-aisles
-8 ft (2.4 m) min. clear
-aisles
-Ceiling design criteria 0.45 gpm/ft 2/2000 ft2 0.35 gpm/ft2/or
-5000 ft2 or 0.6
-gpm/2000 ft2
-0.65 gpm/ft2/5000 ft2 0.35 gpm/ft2/or
-5000 ft2 or 0.6
-gpm/ft2/2000 ft2
-In-rack sprinklers NP NP NA See 15.3.2.4.12.2.
-Hose stream demand 500 gpm 500 gpm 500 gpm 500 gpm
-Duration 120 minutes 120 minutes 120 minutes 120 minutes
-For SI units, 1 gal = 3.79 L. NA: Not applicable. NP: Not permitted.
-[400: Table 15.3.2.4.12.1(B)]
-Table 22.37.1.4.4.3 Sprinkler Protection of Class 3 Oxidizers Stored in Total Quantities
-of Greater than or Equal to 2300 lb (1043 kg)
-Storage Parameters Bulk or Pile Rack
-Maximum storage height 5 ft (1.5 m) 10 ft (3 m)
-Maximum ceiling height 25 ft (7.6 m) NP
-Aisles — pile separation 8 ft (2.4 m) min. clear aisles 8 ft (2.4 m) min. clear aisles
-Ceiling design criteria 0.35 gpm/ft2/5000 ft2 (1.32 L/
-min/m2/464.5 m2)
-Predominant for other commodities but not less
-than ordinary hazard Group II
-In-rack sprinklers NP See 15.3.2.4.12.4
-Hose stream demand 500 gpm (1893 L/min) 500 gpm (1893 L/min)
-Duration 120 minutes 120 minutes
-NP: Not permitted.
-[400: Table 15.3.2.4.12.3(B)]
-13–228 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Chapter 23 Plans and Calculations
-23.1* Working Plans.
-23.1.1* Working plans shall be submitted for approval to the
-authority having jurisdiction before any equipment is installed
-or remodeled.
-23.1.2 Deviation from approved plans shall require permis-
-sion of the authority having jurisdiction.
-23.1.3 Working plans shall be drawn to an indicated scale, on
-sheets of uniform size, with a plan of each floor, and shall show
-those items from the following list that pertain to the design of
-the system:
-(1) Name of owner and occupant.
-(2) Location, including street address.
-(3) Point of compass.
-(4) Full height cross section, or schematic diagram, includ-
-ing structural member information if required for clarity
-and including ceiling construction and method of pro-
-tection for nonmetallic piping.
-(5) Location of partitions.
-(6) Location of fire walls.
-(7) Occupancy class of each area or room.
-(8) Location and size of concealed spaces, closets, attics, and
-bathrooms.
-(9) Any small enclosures in which no sprinklers are to be
-installed.
-(10) Size of city main in street and whether dead end or cir-
-culating; if dead end, direction and distance to nearest
-circulating main; and city main test results and system
-elevation relative to test hydrant.
-(11) Other sources of water supply, with pressure or eleva-
-tion.
-(12) Make, type, model, and nominal K-factor of sprinklers
-including sprinkler identification number.
-(13) Temperature rating and location of high-temperature
-sprinklers.
-(14) Total area protected by each system on each floor.
-(15) Number of sprinklers on each riser per floor.
-(16) Total number of sprinklers on each dry pipe system, pre-
-action system, combined dry pipe–preaction system, or
-deluge system.
-(17) Approximate capacity in gallons of each dry pipe system.
-(18) Pipe type and schedule of wall thickness.
-(19) Nominal pipe size and cutting lengths of pipe (or center-
-to-center dimensions). Where typical branch lines pre-
-vail, it shall be necessary to size only one typical line.
-(20) Location and size of riser nipples.
-(21) Type of fittings and joints and location of all welds and
-bends. The contractor shall specify on drawing any sec-
-tions to be shop welded and the type of fittings or forma-
-tions to be used.
-(22) Type and locations of hangers, sleeves, braces, and meth-
-ods of securing sprinklers when applicable.
-(23) All control valves, check valves, drain pipes, and test con-
-nections.
-(24) Make, type, model, and size of alarm or dry pipe valve.
-(25) Make, type, model, and size of preaction or deluge valve.
-(26) Kind and location of alarm bells.
-(27) Size and location of standpipe risers, hose outlets, hand
-hose, monitor nozzles, and related equipment.
-(28) Private fire service main sizes, lengths, locations, weights,
-materials, point of connection to city main; the sizes,
-types and locations of valves, valve indicators, regulators,
-meters, and valve pits; and the depth that the top of the
-pipe is laid below grade.
-(29) Piping provisions for flushing.
-(30) Where the equipment is to be installed as an addition to
-an existing system, enough of the existing system indi-
-cated on the plans to make all conditions clear.
-(31) For hydraulically designed systems, the information on
-the hydraulic data nameplate.
-(32) A graphic representation of the scale used on all plans.
-(33) Name and address of contractor.
-(34) Hydraulic reference points shown on the plan that cor-
-respond with comparable reference points on the hy-
-draulic calculation sheets.
-(35) The minimum rate of water application (density or flow
-or discharge pressure), the design area of water applica-
-tion, in-rack sprinkler demand, and the water required
-for hose streams both inside and outside.
-(36) The total quantity of water and the pressure required
-noted at a common reference point for each system.
-(37) Relative elevations of sprinklers, junction points, and
-supply or reference points.
-ELEVATION VIEW
-Vertical rack member
-Horizontal rack member
-Oxidizer commodity
-Other commodity
-Plywood barrier
-Wire mesh or steel grate
-Sprinkler head
-PLAN VIEW
-FIGURE 22.37.1.4.4.4(A) Arrangement of Barriers and In-
-Rack Sprinklers for Special Fire Protection Provisions. [400:
-Figure 15.3.2.4.13.5(A)]
-13–229PLANS AND CALCULATIONS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(38) If room design method is used, all unprotected wall
-openings throughout the floor protected.
-(39) Calculation of loads for sizing and details of sway bracing.
-(40) The setting for pressure-reducing valves.
-(41) Information about backflow preventers (manufacturer,
-size, type).
-Item 42 of 23.1.3 was revised by a tentative interim
-amendment (TIA). See page 1.
-(42) Information about listed antifreeze solution used (type
-and amount).
-(43) Size and location of hydrants, showing size and number
-of outlets and if outlets are to be equipped with indepen-
-dent gate valves. Whether hose houses and equipment
-are to be provided, and by whom, shall be indicated.
-Static and residual hydrants that were used in flow tests
-shall be shown.
-(44) Size, location, and piping arrangement of fire depart-
-ment connections.
-(45) Ceiling/roof heights and slopes not shown in the full
-height cross section.
-(46) Edition year of NFPA 13 to which the sprinkler system is
-designed.
-23.1.4* A signed copy of the owner’s certificate and the work-
-ing plan submittal shall include the manufacturer’s installa-
-tion instructions for any specially listed equipment, including
-descriptions, applications, and limitations for any sprinklers,
-devices, piping, or fittings.
-23.1.5* Working Plans for Automatic Sprinkler Systems with
-Non–Fire Protection Connections.
-23.1.5.1 Special symbols shall be used and explained for aux-
-iliary piping, pumps, heat exchangers, valves, strainers, and
-the like, clearly distinguishing these devices and piping runs
-from those of the sprinkler system.
-23.1.5.2 Model number, type, and manufacturer’s name shall
-be identified for each piece of auxiliary equipment.
-23.2 Water Supply Information.
-23.2.1 Water Supply Capacity Information. The following in-
-formation shall be included:
-(1) Location and elevation of static and residual test gauge
-with relation to the riser reference point
-(2) Flow location
-(3) Static pressure, psi (bar)
-(4) Residual pressure, psi (bar)
-(5) Flow, gpm (L/min)
-(6) Date
-(7) Time
-(8) Name of person who conducted the test or supplied the
-information
-(9) Other sources of water supply, with pressure or elevation
-23.2.1.1* Where a waterflow test is used for the purposes of
-system design, the test shall be conducted no more than 12
-months prior to working plan submittal unless otherwise ap-
-proved by the authority having jurisdiction.
-23.2.2 Water Supply Treatment Information. The following
-information shall be included when water supply treatment is
-provided in accordance with 24.1.5:
-(1) Type of condition that requires treatment
-(2) Type of treatment needed to address the problem
-(3) Details of treatment plan
-23.3 Hydraulic Calculation Forms.
-23.3.1 General. Hydraulic calculations shall be prepared on
-form sheets that include a summary sheet, detailed work-
-sheets, and a graph sheet. [See Figure A.23.3.2(a), Figure
-A.23.3.3, and Figure A.23.3.4 for copies of typical forms.]
-23.3.2* Summary Sheet. The summary sheet shall contain the
-following information, where applicable:
-(1) Date
-(2) Location
-(3) Name of owner and occupant
-(4) Building number or other identification
-(5) Description of hazard (for storage applications, the com-
-modity classification, storage height, and rack configura-
-tion shall be included)
-(6) Name and address of contractor or designer
-(7) Name of approving agency
-(8) System design requirements, as follows:
-(a) Design area of water application, ft 2 (m2).
-(b) Minimum rate of water application (density), gpm/ft2
-(mm/min). Where sprinklers are listed with minimum
-water application in gpm (L/min) or pressure in psi
-(bar), the minimum rate of water application shall be
-indicated in gpm (L/min) or pressure, psi (bar).
-(c) Area per sprinkler, ft 2 (m2).
-(9) Total water requirements as calculated, including allow-
-ance for inside hose, outside hydrants, and water curtain
-and exposure sprinklers
-(10) Allowance for in-rack sprinklers, gpm (L/min)
-(11) Limitations (dimension, flow, and pressure) on ex-
-tended coverage or other listed special sprinklers
-23.3.3* Detailed Worksheets. Detailed worksheets or com-
-puter printout sheets shall contain the following information:
-(1) Sheet number
-(2) Sprinkler description and discharge constant (K)
-(3) Hydraulic reference points
-(4) Flow in gpm (L/min)
-(5) Pipe size
-(6) Pipe lengths, center-to-center of fittings
-(7) Equivalent pipe lengths for fittings and devices
-(8) Friction loss in psi/ft (bar/m) of pipe
-(9) Total friction loss between reference points
-(10) In-rack sprinkler demand balanced to ceiling demand
-(11) Elevation head in psi (bar) between reference points
-(12) Required pressure in psi (bar) at each reference point
-(13) Velocity pressure and normal pressure if included in cal-
-culations
-(14) Notes to indicate starting points or reference to other
-sheets or to clarify data shown
-(15)*Diagram to accompany gridded system calculations to
-indicate flow quantities and directions for lines with
-sprinklers operating in the remote area
-(16) Combined K-factor calculations for sprinklers on drops,
-armovers, or sprigs where calculations do not begin at
-the sprinkler
-23.3.4* Graph Sheet. A graphic representation of the com-
-plete hydraulic calculation shall be plotted on semiexponen-
-tial graph paper (Q1.85) and shall include the following:
-(1) Water supply curve
-(2) Sprinkler system demand
-(3) Hose allowance (where applicable)
-(4) In-rack sprinkler demand (where applicable)
-13–230 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-23.3.5 Computer-Generated Hydraulic Reports.
-23.3.5.1* General.
-23.3.5.1.1 Hydraulic calculations shall be prepared on form
-sheets that include a summary sheet, a graph sheet, a water
-supply analysis, a node analysis, and detailed worksheets.
-23.3.5.1.2 The data shall be presented in the order shown in
-Figure 23.3.5.1.2(a) through Figure 23.3.5.1.2(d).
-23.3.5.2 Summary Sheet. The summary sheet as shown in Fig-
-ure 23.3.5.1.2(a) shall contain the following information,
-where applicable:
-(1) Project name and date
-(2) Location (including street address)
-(3) Drawing number
-(4) Remote area number
-(5) Remote area location
-(6) Occupancy or commodity classification
-(7) System design requirements, as follows:
-(a) Design area of water application, ft 2 (m2)
-(b) Minimum rate of water application (density), gpm/ft2
-(mm/min)
-(c) Area per sprinkler, ft 2 (m2)
-(8) Total water requirements as calculated, including allow-
-ance for inside hose, outside hydrants, water curtain and
-exposure sprinklers, and allowance for in-rack sprin-
-klers, gpm (L/min)
-(9) Type of system and, if dry or preaction, the volume of the
-system in gallons (liters)
-(10) Water supply information, including the following:
-(a) Date
-(b) Location
-(c) Source
-(d) Elevation relative to finished floor
-(11) Name and address of installing contractor
-(12) Name of designer
-(13) Authority having jurisdiction
-(14) Notes that include items such as peaking information for
-calculations performed by a computer program, limita-
-tions (dimension, flow, and pressure) on extended-
-coverage or other listed special sprinklers
-23.3.5.3 Graph Sheet. A graphic representation of the com-
-plete hydraulic calculation shall be plotted on semiexponen-
-tial graph paper (Q1.85) as shown in Figure 23.3.5.1.2(b) and
-shall include the following:
-(1) Water supply curve
-(2) Sprinkler system demand
-(3) Hose demand (where applicable)
-(4) In-rack sprinkler demand (where applicable)
-(5) Additional pressures supplied by a fire pump or other
-source (when applicable)
-23.3.5.4 Supply Analysis. Information summarized from the
-graph sheet as shown in Figure 23.3.5.1.2(c) shall include the
-following:
-(1) Node tag at the source
-(2) Static pressure [psi (bar)] available at the source
-(3) Residual pressure [psi (bar)] available at the source
-(4) Total flow [gpm (L/min)] available at the source
-(5) Available pressure [psi (bar)] at the source when the total
-calculated demand is flowing
-(6) Total calculated demand [gpm (L/min)] at the source
-(7) Required pressure [psi (bar)] when flowing total calcu-
-lated demand
-23.3.5.5 Node Analysis. Organized information as shown in
-Figure 23.3.5.1.2(c) regarding the node tags given to each hy-
-draulic reference point on the system as indicated on the shop
-drawings shall include the following information:
-(1) Node tag for each specific point on the system used in the
-hydraulic calculations
-(2) Elevation in ft (m) of each node tag
-(3) K-factor of flowing nodes (such as sprinklers)
-(4) Hose allowance in gpm (L/min) requirements for the
-node tag
-(5) Pressure in psi (bar) at the node
-(6) Discharge in gpm (L/min) calculated at the node
-(7) Notes that indicate any special requirements for the node
-23.3.5.6 Detailed Worksheets. Detailed worksheets as shown
-in Figure 23.3.5.1.2(d) or computer printout sheets shall con-
-tain the following information:
-(1) Sheet number
-(2) Hydraulic reference points used in each step
-(3) Elevation in ft (m) at each hydraulic reference point
-(4) Sprinkler description and discharge constant (K) for the
-flowing reference point
-(5) Flow in gpm (L/min) for the flowing reference point
-(when applicable)
-(6) Total flow in gpm (L/min) through each step
-(7) Nominal pipe size in in. (mm)
-(8) Actual internal diameter of pipe in in. (mm)
-(9) Quantity and length in ft (m) of each type of fitting and
-device
-(10) Pipe lengths in ft (m), center-to-center of fittings
-(11) Equivalent pipe lengths in ft (m) of fittings and devices
-for the step
-(12) Total equivalent length in ft (m) of pipes and fitting for
-the step
-(13) C-factor used in each step
-(14) Friction loss in psi/ft (bar/m) of pipe
-(15) Sum of the pressures from the previous step (starting
-pressure at beginning)
-(16) Elevation head in psi (bar) between reference points
-(17) Total friction loss in psi (bar) between reference points
-(18) Required pressure in psi (bar) at each reference point
-(19) Notes and other information shall include the following:
-(a) Velocity pressure and normal pressure if included in
-calculations
-(b) In-rack sprinkler demand balanced to ceiling demand
-(c) Notes to indicate starting points or reference to
-other sheets or to clarify data shown
-(d) Diagram to accompany gridded system calculations
-to indicate flow quantities and directions for lines
-with sprinklers operating in the remote area
-(e) Combined K-factor calculations for sprinklers on
-drops, armovers, or sprigs where calculations do not
-begin at the sprinkler
-(f) The pressure [psi/(bar)] loss assigned the backflow
-device when included on a system
-(g) Friction factor and Reynold’s number when the
-Darcy–Weisbach equation is used
-13–231PLANS AND CALCULATIONS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
-for
-Project name:
-Location:
-Drawing no.:        Date:
-Design
- Remote area number:
- Remote area location:
- Occupancy classification:
- Density:                                        gpm/ft 2
- Area of application:                                        ft 2
- Coverage per sprinkler:                                        ft 2
- Type of sprinklers calculated:
- No. of sprinklers calculated:
- In-rack demand:
- Hose streams:
- Total water required (including hose streams):                              gpm @                              psi
- Type of system:
- Volume of dry or preaction system:                                        gal
-Water supply information
- Date:
- Location:
- Source:
-Name of contractor:
-Address:
-Phone number:
-Name of designer:
-Authority having jurisdiction:
-Notes: (Include peaking information or gridded systems here.)
-© 2012 National Fire Protection Association NFPA 13
-FIGURE 23.3.5.1.2(a) Summary Sheet.
-13–232 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-FLOW TEST SUMMARY SHEET
-N1.85
-Contract name and number:
-Notes:
-© 2012 National Fire Protection Association NFPA 13
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-1000 150 200 250 300 350 400
-Flow (gpm)
-450 500 550 575
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
-0
-Pressure (psi)
-FIGURE 23.3.5.1.2(b) Graph Sheet.
-13–233PLANS AND CALCULATIONS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-SUPPLY ANALYSIS
-© 2012 National Fire Protection Association NFPA 13
-Node at 
-Source
-Static 
-Pressure
-Residual
-Pressure Flow
-Available
-Pressure Total Demand Required Pressure
-NODE ANALYSIS
-Node Tag Elevation Node Type
-Pressure 
-at Node
-Discharge
-at Node Notes
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data
-Data 
-Data 
-Data 
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data
-Data Data Data Data Data Data Data 
-FIGURE 23.3.5.1.2(c) Supply and Node Analysis Sheet.
-13–234 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Job name:         Sheet number:
-PIPE INFORMATION
-© 2012 National Fire Protection Association NFPA 13
-Node 1
-Node 2 Elev 2
-(ft)
-Elev 1
-(ft)
-K-
-Factor
-Nominal
-ID
-L ft total ( Pt)
-elev (Pe)
-frict (Pf)
-C 
-Factor
-Pf per
-foot
-(psi)
-F ft
-T ft
-Fittings— 
-quantity 
-and 
-length
-Notes
-Flow added 
-— this step 
-(q)
-Total flow
-(Q)
-Actual
-ID
-data 1 data 1 data 1 data 1 data 
-data 1data data data 
-data data data 
-data 
-data data data 
-data 2 data 2 data data 
-data 1 data 1 data 1 data 1 data 
-data 2 data 2 data data 
-data 1data data data 
-data data data 
-data 
-data data data 
-data 1 data 1 data 1 data 1 data 
-data 2 data 2 data data 
-data 1data data data 
-data data data 
-data 
-data data data 
-data 1 data 1 data 1 data 1 data 
-data 2 data 2 data data 
-data 1 data 1 data 1 data 1 data 
-data 2 data 2 data data 
-data 1 data 1 data 1 data 1 data 
-data 2 data 2 data data 
-data 1 data 1 data 1 data 1 data 
-data 2 data 2 data data 
-data 1data data data 
-data data data 
-data 
-data data data 
-data 1data data data 
-data data data 
-data 
-data data data 
-data 1data data data 
-data data data 
-data 
-data data data 
-data 1data data data 
-data data data 
-data 
-data data data 
-data 
-data 
-data 
-data 
-data 
-data 
-data 
-FIGURE 23.3.5.1.2(d) Detailed Worksheet.
-13–235PLANS AND CALCULATIONS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-23.4 Hydraulic Calculation Procedures.
-23.4.1* General.
-23.4.1.1 A calculated system for a building, or a calculated
-addition to a system in an existing sprinklered building, shall
-supersede the rules in this standard governing pipe schedules,
-except that all systems shall continue to be limited by area.
-23.4.1.2 Pipe sizes shall be no less than 1 in. (25 mm) nomi-
-nal for ferrous piping and 3⁄4 in. (20 mm) nominal for copper
-tubing or nonmetallic piping listed for fire sprinkler service.
-23.4.1.3 The size of pipe, number of sprinklers per branch
-line, and number of branch lines per cross main shall other-
-wise be limited only by the available water supply.
-23.4.1.4 However, sprinkler spacing and all other rules cov-
-ered in this and other applicable standards shall be observed.
-23.4.1.5 Hydraulic calculations shall extend to the effective
-point of the water supply where the characteristics of the water
-supply are known.
-23.4.2 Formulas.
-23.4.2.1 Friction Loss Formula.
-23.4.2.1.1 Pipe friction losses shall be determined on the ba-
-sis of the Hazen–Williams formula, as follows:
-p Q
-Cd= 45 2 18 5
-18 5 48 7
-. .
-..
-where:
-p = frictional resistance (psi/ft of pipe)
-Q = flow (gpm)
-C = friction loss coefficient
-d = actual internal diameter of pipe (in.)
-23.4.2.1.2 For SI units, the following equation shall be used:
-p Q
-Cd
-m
-m
-m
-= ⎛
-⎝
-⎜
-⎞
-⎠
-⎟60 5 1 0
-18 5
-18 5 48 7
-5.
-.
-..
-where:
-pm = frictional resistance (bar/m of pipe)
-Qm = flow (L/min)
-C = friction loss coefficient
-dm = actual internal diameter (mm)
-Subsection 23.4.2.1.3 was revised by a
-tentative interim amendment (TIA). See
-page 1.
-23.4.2.1.3 For antifreeze systems greater than 40 gal (151 L)
-in size, the friction loss shall also be calculated using the
-Darcy–Weisbach formula:
-∆= ρPf lQ
-d0 000216
-2
-5.
-where:
-∆P = friction loss (psi)
-f = friction loss factor from Moody diagram
-l = length of pipe or tube (ft)
-ρ = density of fluid (lb/ft 3)
-Q = flow in pipe or tube (gpm)
-d = inside diameter of tube (in.)
-23.4.2.2 Velocity Pressure Formula. Velocity pressure shall be
-determined on the basis of the following formula:
-P Q
-D
-v = 0 001123 2
-4
-.
-where:
-Pv = velocity pressure (psi) (SI, 1 psi = 0.0689 bar)
-Q = flow (gpm) (SI, 1 gal = 3.785 L)
-D = inside diameter (in.) (SI, 1 in. = 25.4 mm)
-23.4.2.3 Normal Pressure Formula. Normal pressure ( Pn)
-shall be determined on the basis of the following formula:
-PP Pntv=−
-where:
-Pn = normal pressure
-Pt = total pressure [psi (bar)]
-Pv = velocity pressure [psi (bar)]
-23.4.2.4 Hydraulic Junction Points.
-23.4.2.4.1 Pressures at hydraulic junction points shall bal-
-ance within 0.5 psi (0.03 bar).
-23.4.2.4.2 The highest pressure at the junction point, and
-the total flows as adjusted, shall be carried into the calcula-
-tions.
-23.4.2.4.3 Pressure balancing shall be permitted through the
-use of a K-factor developed for branch lines or portions of
-systems using the formula in 23.4.2.5.
-23.4.2.5 K-Factor Formula. K-factors, flow from an orifice, or
-pressure from an orifice shall be determined on the basis of
-the following formula:
-K Q
-P
-n =
-where:
-Kn = equivalent K at a node
-Q = flow at the node
-P = pressure at the node
-23.4.3 Equivalent Pipe Lengths of Valves and Fittings.
-23.4.3.1 Pipe and Fittings.
-23.4.3.1.1 Table 23.4.3.1.1 shall be used to determine the
-equivalent length of pipe for fittings and devices unless manu-
-facturer’s test data indicate that other factors are appropriate.
-23.4.3.1.2 For saddle-type fittings having friction loss greater
-than that shown in Table 23.4.3.1.1, the increased friction loss
-shall be included in hydraulic calculations.
-23.4.3.1.3 Equivalent Length Modifier.
-23.4.3.1.3.1 For internal pipe diameters different from
-Schedule 40 steel pipe [Schedule 30 for pipe diameters 8 in.
-(200 mm) and larger], the equivalent length shown in Table
-23.4.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by a factor derived from the fol-
-lowing formula:
-Actual inside diameter
-Schedule 40 steel pipe inside diameteer Factor⎛
-⎝
-⎜
-⎞
-⎠
-⎟ =
-48 7.
-23.4.3.1.3.2 The factor thus obtained shall be further modi-
-fied as required by Table 23.4.3.1.1. This table shall apply to
-other types of pipe listed in Table 23.4.3.1.1 only where modi-
-fied by factors from 23.4.3.1.1 and 23.4.3.2.
-13–236 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-23.4.3.2 C Factors. Table 23.4.3.1.1 shall be used with a
-Hazen–Williams C factor of 120 only.
-23.4.3.2.1 For other values ofC, the values in Table 23.4.3.1.1
-shall be multiplied by the factors indicated in Table 23.4.3.2.1.
-23.4.3.3 Valves. Specific friction loss values or equivalent pipe
-lengths for alarm valves, dry pipe valves, deluge valves, strain-
-ers, and other devices shall be made available to the authority
-having jurisdiction.
-23.4.3.4 Differing Values. Specific friction loss values or
-equivalent pipe lengths for listed fittings not in Table 6.4.1
-shall be used in hydraulic calculations where these losses or
-equivalent pipe lengths are different from those shown in
-Table 23.4.3.1.1.
-23.4.4* Calculation Procedure.
-23.4.4.1* For all systems the design area shall be the hydrauli-
-cally most demanding based on the criteria of Chapter 11,
-Chapter 12, or the special design approaches in accordance
-with the requirements of Chapter 22.
-23.4.4.1.1 Density/Area Method.
-23.4.4.1.1.1* Where the design is based on the density/area
-method, the design area shall be a rectangular area having a
-dimension parallel to the branch lines at least 1.2 times the
-square root of the area of sprinkler operation (A) used, which
-shall permit the inclusion of sprinklers on both sides of the
-cross main.
-23.4.4.1.1.2 Any fractional sprinkler shall be carried to the
-next higher whole sprinkler.
-23.4.4.1.1.3 In systems having branch lines with an insuffi-
-cient number of sprinklers to fulfill the 1.2 requirement, the
-design area shall be extended to include sprinklers on adja-
-cent branch lines supplied by the same cross main.
-23.4.4.1.1.4* Where the available floor area for a specific
-area/density design criteria, including any extension of area
-as required by 11.1.2 and Section 12.3, is less than the required
-minimum design area, the design area shall be permitted to
-only include those sprinklers within the available design area.
-23.4.4.1.1.5 Where the total design discharge from these op-
-erating sprinklers is less than the minimum required dis-
-charge determined by multiplying the required design density
-times the required minimum design area, an additional flow
-shall be added at the point of connection of the branch line to
-the cross main furthest from the source to increase the overall
-demand, not including hose stream allowance, to the mini-
-mum required discharge as determined above.
-23.4.4.1.2 Room Design Method. Where the design is based
-on the room design method, the calculation shall be based on
-the room and communicating space, if any, that is hydrauli-
-cally the most demanding.
-23.4.4.2 CMSA Sprinkler Method.
-23.4.4.2.1 For CMSA sprinklers, the design area shall be a
-rectangular area having a dimension parallel to the branch
-lines at least 1.2 times the square root of the area protected by
-Table 23.4.3.2.1 C Value Multiplier
-Value of C 100 130 140 150
-Multiplying
-factor
-0.713 1.16 1.33 1.51
-Note: These factors are based upon the friction loss through the fit-
-ting being independent of the C factor available to the piping.
-Table 23.4.3.1.1 Equivalent Schedule 40 Steel Pipe Length Chart
-Fittings and Valves Expressed in Equivalent Feet (Meters) of Pipe
-Fittings and Valves
-1⁄2 in. 3⁄4 in. 1 in. 1 1⁄4 in. 1 1⁄2 in. 2 in. 2 1⁄2 in. 3 in. 3 1⁄2 in. 4 in. 5 in. 6 in. 8 in. 10 in. 12 in.
-(15 mm) (20 mm)(25 mm)(32 mm)(40 mm)(50 mm)(65 mm)(80 mm)(90 mm) (100 mm) (125 mm) (150 mm) (200 mm) (250 mm) (300 mm)
-45° elbow — 1
-(0.3)
-1
-(0.3)
-1
-(0.3)
-2
-(0.6)
-2
-(0.6)
-3
-(0.9)
-3
-(0.9)
-3
-(0.9)
-4
-(1.2)
-5
-(1.5)
-7
-(2.1)
-9
-(2.7)
-11
-(3.4)
-13
-(4)
-90° standard elbow 1
-(0.3)
-2
-(0.6)
-2
-(0.6)
-3
-(0.9)
-4
-(1.2)
-5
-(1.5)
-6
-(1.8)
-7
-(2.1)
-8
-(2.4)
-10
-(3)
-12
-(3.7)
-14
-(4.3)
-18
-(5.5)
-22
-(6.7)
-27
-(8.2)
-90° long-turn
-elbow
-0.5
-(0.2)
-1
-(0.3)
-2
-(0.6)
-2
-(0.6)
-2
-(0.6)
-3
-(0.9)
-4
-(1.2)
-5
-(1.5)
-5
-(1.5)
-6
-(1.8)
-8
-(2.4)
-9
-(2.7)
-13
-(4)
-16
-(4.9)
-18
-(5.5)
-Tee or cross (flow
-turned 90°)
-3
-(0.9)
-4
-(1.2)
-5
-(1.5)
-6
-(1.8)
-8
-(2.4)
-10
-(3)
-12
-(3.7)
-15
-(4.6)
-17
-(5.2)
-20
-(6.1)
-25
-(7.6)
-30
-(9.1)
-35
-(10.7)
-50
-(15.2)
-60
-(18.3)
-Butterfly valve — ———— 6
-(1.8)
-7
-(2.1)
-10
-(3)
-—1 2
-(3.7)
-9
-(2.7)
-10
-(3)
-12
-(3.7)
-19
-(5.8)
-21
-(6.4)
-Gate valve — ———— 1
-(0.3)
-1
-(0.3)
-1
-(0.3)
-1
-(0.3)
-2
-(0.6)
-2
-(0.6)
-3
-(0.9)
-4
-(1.2)
-5
-(1.5)
-6
-(1.8)
-Swing check* —— 5
-(1.5)
-7
-(2.1)
-9
-(2.7)
-11
-(3.4)
-14
-(4.3)
-16
-(4.9)
-19
-(5.8)
-22
-(6.7)
-27
-(8.2)
-32
-(9.3)
-45
-(13.7)
-55
-(16.8)
-65
-(20)
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
-Note: Information on 1⁄2 in. pipe is included in this table only because it is allowed under 8.15.19.4 and 8.15.19.5.
-*Due to the variation in design of swing check valves, the pipe equivalents indicated in this table are considered average.
-13–237PLANS AND CALCULATIONS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-the number of sprinklers to be included in the design area.
-The design area protected by the number of sprinklers to be
-used by the 1.2 rule shall be based on the maximum allowable
-area per sprinkler.
-23.4.4.2.2 Any fractional sprinkler shall be carried to the
-next higher whole sprinkler.
-23.4.4.3 ESFR Sprinkler Method. For ESFR sprinklers, the de-
-sign area shall consist of the most hydraulically demanding
-area of 12 sprinklers, consisting of four sprinklers on each of
-three branch lines, unless other specific numbers of design
-sprinklers are required in other sections of this standard.
-23.4.4.4* Gridded Systems.
-23.4.4.4.1 For gridded systems, the designer shall verify that
-the hydraulically most demanding area is being used.
-23.4.4.4.2 A minimum of two additional sets of calculations
-shall be submitted to demonstrate peaking of demand area
-friction loss when compared to areas immediately adjacent on
-either side along the same branch lines, unless the require-
-ments of 23.4.4.4.3 are met.
-23.4.4.4.3 Computer programs that show the peaking of the
-demand area friction loss shall be acceptable based on a single
-set of calculations.
-23.4.4.5 Design Densities.
-23.4.4.5.1* System piping shall be hydraulically designed us-
-ing design densities and areas of operation in accordance with
-11.2.3.2 or Chapter 12 as required for the occupancies or haz-
-ards involved.
-23.4.4.5.2* The density shall be calculated on the basis of floor
-area of sprinkler operation. Where sprinklers are installed un-
-der a sloped ceiling, the area used for this calculation shall be
-the horizontal plane below the sprinklers.
-23.4.4.5.3 The area covered by any sprinkler used in hydrau-
-lic design and calculations shall be the horizontal distances
-measured between the sprinklers on the branch line and be-
-tween the branch lines in accordance with 8.5.2.
-23.4.4.5.4 Where sprinklers are installed above and below a
-ceiling or in a case where more than two areas are supplied
-from a common set of branch lines, the branch lines and sup-
-plies shall be calculated to supply the largest water demand.
-23.4.4.5.5* For sloped ceiling applications, the area of sprin-
-kler application for density calculations shall be based upon
-the projected horizontal area.
-23.4.4.6* Design Area Sprinklers.
-23.4.4.6.1 Each sprinkler in the design area and the remain-
-der of the hydraulically designed system shall discharge at a
-flow rate at least equal to the stipulated minimum water appli-
-cation rate (density) multiplied by the area of sprinkler opera-
-tion.
-23.4.4.6.1.1 Where sprinklers are required to discharge a spe-
-cific flow or pressure rather than a density, each sprinkler in
-the design area shall discharge at a flow or pressure at least
-equal to the minimum required.
-23.4.4.6.2* Where the design area is equal to or greater than the
-area in Table 23.4.4.6.2 for the hazard being protected by the
-sprinkler system, the discharge for sprinklers protecting small
-rooms such as closets, washrooms, and similar small compart-
-ments that are in the design area shall be permitted to be omitted
-from the hydraulic calculations.
-23.4.4.6.2.1 The sprinklers in these small compartments shall
-be capable of discharging the minimum density appropriate
-for the hazard they protect in accordance with Figure
-11.2.3.1.1.
-23.4.4.6.2.2 The requirements of 23.4.4.6.2 shall only apply
-where the area of application is equal to or greater than the
-area shown in Table 23.4.4.6.2 for the appropriate hazard clas-
-sification (including a 30 percent increase for dry pipe sys-
-tems).
-23.4.4.6.3 The requirements of 23.4.4.6.1.1 to include every
-sprinkler in the design area shall not apply where spray sprin-
-klers or CMSA sprinklers are provided above and below ob-
-structions such as wide ducts or tables.
-23.4.4.6.3.1 Sprinklers under the obstruction shall not be re-
-quired to be included in the hydraulic calculation of the ceil-
-ing sprinklers.
-23.4.4.6.3.2 Where the piping to sprinklers under obstruc-
-tions follows the same sizing pattern as the branch lines, no
-additional hydraulic calculations shall be required for sprin-
-klers under obstructions.
-23.4.4.6.4 The requirements of 23.4.4.6.1.1 to include every
-sprinkler in the design area shall not apply where ESFR sprin-
-klers are installed above and below obstructions.
-23.4.4.6.5 Water demand of sprinklers installed in concealed
-spaces shall not be required to be added to the ceiling de-
-mand.
-23.4.4.6.6 Calculations shall begin at the hydraulically most
-remote sprinkler.
-23.4.4.6.7 The calculated pressure at each sprinkler shall be
-used to determine the discharge flow rate for that particular
-sprinkler.
-23.4.4.6.8 Where sprinklers are installed under a sloped ceil-
-ing, the area shall be calculated on a horizontal plane below
-the sprinklers.
-23.4.4.7 Friction Loss.
-23.4.4.7.1 Pipe friction loss shall be calculated in accordance
-with the Hazen–Williams formula with C values from Table
-23.4.4.7.1, as follows:
-Table 23.4.4.6.2 Minimum Design Area
-Occupancy Hazard Classification
-Minimum Design Area to
-Omit Discharge from
-Sprinklers in Small
-Rooms in Design Area
-(ft2)
-Light hazard–wet pipe system 1500
-Light hazard–dry pipe system 1950
-Ordinary hazard–wet pipe system 1500
-Ordinary hazard–dry pipe system 1950
-Extra hazard–wet pipe system 2500
-Extra hazard–dry pipe system 3250
-13–238 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(1) Include pipe, fittings, and devices such as valves, meters,
-flow switches in pipes 2 in. or less in size, and strainers,
-and calculate elevation changes that affect the sprinkler
-discharge.
-(2) Tie-in drain piping shall not be included in the hydraulic
-calculations.
-(3) Calculate the loss for a tee or a cross where flow direc-
-tion change occurs based on the equivalent pipe length
-of the piping segment in which the fitting is included.
-(4) The tee at the top of a riser nipple shall be included in
-the branch line, the tee at the base of a riser nipple shall
-be included in the riser nipple, and the tee or cross at a
-cross main–feed main junction shall be included in the
-cross main.
-(5) Do not include fitting loss for straight-through flow in a
-tee or cross.
-(6) Calculate the loss of reducing elbows based on the
-equivalent feet value of the smallest outlet.
-(7) Use the equivalent feet value for the standard elbow on any
-abrupt 90-degree turn, such as the screw-type pattern.
-(8) Use the equivalent feet value for the long-turn elbow on
-any sweeping 90-degree turn, such as a flanged, welded,
-or mechanical joint-elbow type. (See Table 23.4.3.1.1.)
-(9) Friction loss shall be excluded for the fitting directly
-connected to a sprinkler.
-(10) Losses through a pressure-reducing valve shall be in-
-cluded based on the normal inlet pressure condition.
-Pressure loss data from the manufacturer’s literature
-shall be used.
-23.4.4.7.2* For antifreeze systems greater than 40 gal (151 L)
-in size, the pipe friction loss shall be calculated using the
-Darcy-Weisbach equation shown in 23.4.2.1.3 using a Moody
-diagram and ε-factors that are representative of aged pipe oth-
-erwise following the methodology presented in 23.4.4.7.1.
-23.4.4.8* Orifice Plates.
-23.4.4.8.1 Orifice plates shall not be used for balancing the
-system.
-23.4.4.8.2 Unless the requirements of 23.4.4.8.3 or 23.4.4.8.4
-are met, mixing of sprinklers of different K-factors by reduc-
-ing the K-factor of adjacent sprinklers on the same branch line
-leading back to the main for the purpose of minimizing sprin-
-kler over discharge shall not be permitted.
-23.4.4.8.3 Sprinklers with different K-factors shall be accept-
-able for special use such as exposure protection, small rooms
-or enclosures, or directional discharge.(See 3.3.21 for definition
-of small rooms.)
-23.4.4.8.4 Extended-coverage and residential sprinklers with
-a different K-factor shall be acceptable for part of the protec-
-tion area where installed in accordance with their listing.
-23.4.4.9* Pressures.
-23.4.4.9.1 When calculating flow from an orifice, the total
-pressure (Pt) shall be used, unless the calculation method of
-23.4.4.9.2 is utilized.
-23.4.4.9.2 Use of the normal pressure (Pn) calculated by sub-
-tracting the velocity pressure from the total pressure shall be
-permitted. Where the normal pressure is used, it shall be used
-on all branch lines and cross mains where applicable.
-23.4.4.9.3 Flow from a sprinkler shall be calculated using the
-nominal K-factor except that the manufacturer’s adjusted
-K-factors shall be utilized for dry-type sprinklers.
-23.4.4.10 Minimum Operating Pressure.
-23.4.4.10.1 Minimum operating pressure of any sprinkler shall
-be 7 psi (0.5 bar).
-23.4.4.10.2 Where a higher minimum operating pressure for
-the desired application is specified in the listing of the sprin-
-kler, this higher pressure shall be required.
-23.4.4.11 Maximum Operating Pressure. For extra hazard oc-
-cupancies, palletized, solid-piled, bin box, back-to-back shelf
-storage, shelf storage, or rack storage, the maximum operat-
-ing pressure of any sprinkler shall be 175 psi (12.1 bar).
-23.5 Pipe Schedules. Pipe schedules shall not be used, except
-in existing systems and in new systems or extensions to existing
-systems described in Chapter 11. Water supplies shall conform
-to 11.2.2.
-23.5.1* General.
-23.5.1.1 The pipe schedule sizing provisions shall not apply
-to hydraulically calculated systems.
-23.5.1.2 Sprinkler systems having sprinklers with K-factors
-other than 5.6 nominal, listed piping material other than that
-covered in Table 6.3.1.1, extra hazard Group 1 and Group 2
-systems, and exposure protection systems shall be hydrauli-
-cally calculated.
-23.5.1.3 The number of automatic sprinklers on a given pipe
-size on one floor shall not exceed the number given in 23.5.2,
-23.5.3, or 23.5.4 for a given occupancy.
-23.5.1.4* Size of Risers. Each system riser shall be sized to
-supply all sprinklers on the riser on any one floor as deter-
-mined by the standard schedules of pipe sizes in 23.5.2, 23.5.3,
-or 23.5.4.
-23.5.1.5 Slatted Floors, Large Floor Openings, Mezzanines,
-and Large Platforms. Buildings having slatted floors or large
-unprotected floor openings without approved stops shall be
-treated as one area with reference to pipe sizes, and the feed
-Table 23.4.4.7.1 Hazen–Williams C Values
-Pipe or Tube C Value*
-Unlined cast or ductile iron 100
-Black steel (dry systems
-including preaction)
-100
-Black steel (wet systems
-including deluge)
-120
-Galvanized steel (dry systems
-including preaction)
-100
-Galvanized steel (wet systems
-including deluge)
-120
-Plastic (listed) all 150
-Cement-lined cast- or ductile
-iron
-140
-Copper tube or stainless steel 150
-Asbestos cement 140
-Concrete 140
-*The authority having jurisdiction is permitted to allow otherC values.
-13–239PLANS AND CALCULATIONS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-mains or risers shall be of the size required for the total num-
-ber of sprinklers.
-23.5.1.6 Stair Towers. Stair towers, or other construction with
-incomplete floors, if piped on independent risers, shall be
-treated as one area with reference to pipe sizes.
-23.5.2 Schedule for Light Hazard Occupancies.
-23.5.2.1 Branch Lines.
-23.5.2.1.1 Unless permitted by 23.5.2.1.2 or 23.5.2.1.3,
-branch lines shall not exceed eight sprinklers on either side of
-a cross main.
-23.5.2.1.2 Where more than eight sprinklers on a branch line
-are necessary, lines shall be permitted to be increased to nine
-sprinklers by making the two end lengths 1 in. (25.4 mm) and
-11⁄4 in. (33 mm), respectively, and the sizes thereafter standard.
-23.5.2.1.3 Ten sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed on a
-branch line, making the two end lengths 1 in. (25.4 mm) and
-11⁄4 in. (33 mm), respectively, and feeding the tenth sprinkler
-b ya2 1⁄2 in. (64 mm) pipe.
-23.5.2.2 Pipe Sizes.
-23.5.2.2.1 Pipe sizes shall be in accordance with Table
-23.5.2.2.1.
-23.5.2.2.2 Each area requiring more sprinklers than the
-number specified for 31⁄2 in. (89 mm) pipe in Table 23.5.2.2.1
-and without subdividing partitions (not necessarily fire walls)
-shall be supplied by mains or risers sized for ordinary hazard
-occupancies.
-23.5.2.3 Where sprinklers are installed above and below ceil-
-ings in accordance with Figure 23.5.2.3(a) through Figure
-23.5.2.3(c), and such sprinklers are supplied from a common
-set of branch lines or separate branch lines from a common
-cross main, such branch lines shall not exceed eight sprinklers
-above and eight sprinklers below any ceiling on either side of
-the cross main.
-23.5.2.4 Unless the requirements of 23.5.2.5 are met, pipe
-sizing up to and including 21⁄2 in. (64 mm) shall be as shown in
-Table 23.5.2.4 utilizing the greatest number of sprinklers to be
-found on any two adjacent levels.
-23.5.2.5 Branch lines and cross mains supplying sprinklers
-installed entirely above or entirely below ceilings shall be sized
-in accordance with Table 23.5.2.2.1.
-23.5.2.6* Where the total number of sprinklers above and below
-a ceiling exceeds the number specified in Table 23.5.2.2.1 for
-21⁄2 in. (64 mm) pipe, the pipe supplying such sprinklers shall be
-increased to 3 in. (76 mm) and sized thereafter according to the
-schedule shown in Table 23.5.2.2.1 for the number of sprinklers
-above or below a ceiling, whichever is larger.
-23.5.3 Schedule for Ordinary Hazard Occupancies.
-23.5.3.1 Unless permitted by 23.5.3.2 or 23.5.3.3, branch
-lines shall not exceed eight sprinklers on either side of a cross
-main.
-23.5.3.2 Where more than eight sprinklers on a branch line are
-necessary, lines shall be permitted to be increased to nine sprin-
-klers by making the two end lengths 1 in. (25.4 mm) and 11⁄4 in.
-(33 mm), respectively, and the sizes thereafter standard.
-23.5.3.3 Ten sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed on a
-branch line, making the two end lengths 1 in. (25.4 mm) and
-11⁄4 in. (33 mm), respectively, and feeding the tenth sprinkler
-b ya2 1⁄2 in. (64 mm) pipe.
-23.5.3.4 Pipe sizes shall be in accordance with Table 23.5.3.4.
-23.5.3.5 Where the distance between sprinklers on the branch
-line exceeds 12 ft (3.7 m) or the distance between the branch
-lines exceeds 12 ft (3.7 m), the number of sprinklers for a given
-pipe size shall be in accordance with Table 23.5.3.5.
-Table 23.5.2.2.1 Light Hazard Pipe Schedules
-Steel Copper
-1 in. 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
-11⁄4 in. 3 sprinklers 1 1⁄4 in. 3 sprinklers
-11⁄2 in. 5 sprinklers 1 1⁄2 in. 5 sprinklers
-2 in. 10 sprinklers 2 in. 12 sprinklers
-21⁄2 in. 30 sprinklers 2 1⁄2 in. 40 sprinklers
-3 in. 60 sprinklers 3 in. 65 sprinklers
-31⁄2 in. 100 sprinklers 3 1⁄2 in. 115 sprinklers
-4 in. See Section 8.2 4 in. See Section 8.2
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-2 in. 1 in. 1¹⁄₄ in. 1 in. 1¹⁄₄ in.1¹⁄₂ in.1¹⁄₂ in.1¹⁄₂ in.2 in. 2 in. 
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-FIGURE 23.5.2.3(a) Arrangement of Branch Lines Supplying
-Sprinklers Above and Below Ceiling.
-Upright sprinkler
-A
-Tee
-Upright sprinkler in
-concealed space
-Reducer
-Ceiling
-Plate
-Nipple, 
-diameter D
-A ≥ 3D
-FIGURE 23.5.2.3(b) Sprinkler on Riser Nipple from Branch
-Line in Lower Fire Area.
-13–240 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-23.5.3.6 Where sprinklers are installed above and below ceil-
-ings and such sprinklers are supplied from a common set of
-branch lines or separate branch lines supplied by a common
-cross main, such branch lines shall not exceed eight sprinklers
-above and eight sprinklers below any ceiling on either side of
-the cross main.
-23.5.3.7 Pipe sizing up to and including 3 in. (76 mm) shall
-be as shown in Table 23.5.3.7 in accordance with Figure
-23.5.2.3(a), Figure 23.5.2.3(b), and Figure 23.5.2.3(c) utiliz-
-ing the greatest number of sprinklers to be found on any two
-adjacent levels.
-23.5.3.8 Branch lines and cross mains supplying sprinklers
-installed entirely above or entirely below ceilings shall be sized
-in accordance with Table 23.5.3.4 or Table 23.5.3.5.
-Upright sprinkler A
-Tee
-Upright sprinkler in
-concealed space
-Reducer
-Ceiling
-(upper)
-Ceiling
-(lower)
-Plate
-Nipple, diameter D
-Plate
-A ≥ 3D
-Pendent sprinkler
-90° ell
-FIGURE 23.5.2.3(c) Arrangement of Branch Lines Supplying Sprinklers Above, Between, and Below Ceilings.
-Table 23.5.2.4 Number of Sprinklers Above and Below
-Ceiling
-Steel Copper
-1 in. 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
-11⁄4 in. 4 sprinklers 1 1⁄4 in. 4 sprinklers
-11⁄2 in. 7 sprinklers 1 1⁄2 in. 7 sprinklers
-2 in. 15 sprinklers 2 in. 18 sprinklers
-21⁄2 in. 50 sprinklers 2 1⁄2 in. 65 sprinklers
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Table 23.5.3.4 Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule
-Steel Copper
-1 in. 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
-11⁄4 in. 3 sprinklers 1 1⁄4 in. 3 sprinklers
-11⁄2 in. 5 sprinklers 1 1⁄2 in. 5 sprinklers
-2 in. 10 sprinklers 2 in. 12 sprinklers
-21⁄2 in. 20 sprinklers 2 1⁄2 in. 25 sprinklers
-3 in. 40 sprinklers 3 in. 45 sprinklers
-31⁄2 in. 65 sprinklers 3 1⁄2 in. 75 sprinklers
-4 in. 100 sprinklers 4 in. 115 sprinklers
-5 in. 160 sprinklers 5 in. 180 sprinklers
-6 in. 275 sprinklers 6 in. 300 sprinklers
-8 in. See Section 8.2 8 in. See Section 8.2
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Table 23.5.3.5 Number of Sprinklers — Greater Than 12 ft
-(3.7 m) Separations
-Steel Copper
-21⁄2 in. 15 sprinklers 2 1⁄2 in 20 sprinklers
-3 in. 30 sprinklers 3 in. 35 sprinklers
-31⁄2 in. 60 sprinklers 3 1⁄2 in. 65 sprinklers
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Note: For other pipe and tube sizes, see Table 22.5.3.4.
-13–241PLANS AND CALCULATIONS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-23.5.3.9* Where the total number of sprinklers above and be-
-low a ceiling exceeds the number specified in Table 23.5.3.7
-for 3 in. (76 mm) pipe, the pipe supplying such sprinklers
-shall be increased to 3 1⁄2 in. (89 mm) and sized thereafter
-according to the schedule shown in Table 23.5.2.2.1 or Table
-23.5.3.4 for the number of sprinklers above or below a ceiling,
-whichever is larger.
-23.5.3.10 Where the distance between the sprinklers protect-
-ing the occupied area exceeds 12 ft (3.7 m) or the distance
-between the branch lines exceeds 12 ft (3.7 m), the branch
-lines shall be sized in accordance with either Table 23.5.3.5,
-taking into consideration the sprinklers protecting the occu-
-pied area only, or Table 23.5.3.7, whichever requires the
-greater size of pipe.
-23.5.4* Extra Hazard Occupancies. Extra hazard occupancies
-shall be hydraulically calculated.
-23.6 Deluge Systems. Open sprinkler and deluge systems shall
-be hydraulically calculated according to applicable standards.
-23.7* Exposure Protection Sprinkler Systems.
-23.7.1 Exposure protection sprinkler systems shall be hydrau-
-lically calculated using Table 23.7.1 based on severity of expo-
-sure as indicated by a relative classification of guide number or
-other approved source.
-23.7.2 In no case shall compliance with Table 23.7.1 result in
-a sprinkler discharge pressure below 7 psi (0.49 bar).
-23.7.3 Only half of the flow from upright, pendent, and other
-nondirectional sprinklers shall be used in determining the
-minimum average application rate over the protected surface.
-23.7.4 The water supply shall be capable of simultaneously sup-
-plying the total demand of sprinklers along an exposure to a
-maximum length of 300 ft (91.4 m). Where systems of open
-sprinklers are used, the water supply shall be capable of simulta-
-neously flowing all sprinklers that would flow as part of all systems
-that could be actuated within any 300 ft (91.4 m) length.
-23.7.5 The water supply duration for an exposure protection
-sprinkler system shall be a minimum of 60 minutes.
-23.7.6 A level of window sprinklers as described in Table
-23.7.1 shall be defined as a floor level of the building being
-protected.
-23.7.7 Window sprinklers shall be permitted to cover more
-than 25 ft2 (2.3 m2) of window area per level.
-23.7.7.1 The starting pressure shall be calculated based on
-the application rate over 25 ft 2 (2.3 m 2) of window area as
-indicated in Table 23.7.1.
-Table 23.5.3.7 Number of Sprinklers Above and Below a
-Ceiling
-Steel Copper
-1 in. 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
-11⁄4 in. 4 sprinklers 1 1⁄4 in. 4 sprinklers
-11⁄2 in. 7 sprinklers 1 1⁄2 in. 7 sprinklers
-2 in. 15 sprinklers 2 in. 18 sprinklers
-21⁄2 in. 30 sprinklers 2 1⁄2 in. 40 sprinklers
-3 in. 60 sprinklers 3 in. 65 sprinklers
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Table 23.7.1 Exposure Protection
-Section A — Wall and Window Sprinklers
-Exposure
-Severity
-Guide
-Number
-Level of Wall
-or Window
-Sprinklers
-Minimum
-Nominal
-K-Factor
-Discharge
-Coefficient
-(K-Factor)
-Minimum Average
-Application Rate Over
-Protected Surface
-gpm/ft2 mm/min
-Light 1.50 or less Top 2 levels 2.8 (40) 2.8 (40) 0.20 8.1
-Next lower 2 levels 1.9 (27) 1.9 (27) 0.15 6.1
-Next lower 2 levels 1.4 (20) 1.4 (20) 0.10 4.1
-Moderate 1.5–2.20 Top 2 levels 5.6 (80) 5.6 (80) 0.30 12.2
-Next lower 2 levels 4.2 (60) 4.2 (60) 0.25 10.2
-Next lower 2 levels 2.8 (40) 2.8 (40) 0.20 8.1
-Severe >2.20 Top 2 levels 11.2 (161) 11.2 (161) 0.40 16.3
-Next lower 2 levels 8.0 (115) 8.0 (115) 0.35 14.3
-Next lower 2 levels 5.6 (80) 5.6 (80) 0.30 12.2
-Section B — Cornice Sprinklers
-Guide Number
-Cornice Sprinkler Minimal
-Nominal K-Factor
-Application Rate per Lineal
-Foot (gpm)
-Application Rate per Lineal
-Meter (L/min)
-1.50 or less 2.8 (40) 0.75 9.3
->1.51–2.20 5.6 (80) 1.50 18.6
->2.20 11.2 (161) 3.00 37.2
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 gpm = 3.785 L/min; 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.746 mm/min.
-13–242 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-23.7.7.2 The maximum spacing between window sprinklers
-shall not exceed 8 ft (2.44 m) unless listed for a greater distance.
-23.8 In-Rack Sprinklers.
-23.8.1 Pipes to in-rack sprinklers shall be sized by hydraulic
-calculations.
-23.8.2 Water demand of sprinklers installed in racks shall be
-added to ceiling sprinkler water demand over the same pro-
-tected area at the point of connection.
-23.8.3 The demand shall be balanced to the higher pressure.
-23.8.4 Water demand of sprinklers installed in racks or water
-curtains shall be added to the ceiling sprinkler water demand
-at the point of connection. Demands shall be balanced to the
-higher pressure. (See Chapter 8.)
-23.9 Hose Allowance. Water allowance for outside hose shall
-be added to the sprinkler and inside hose requirement at the
-connection to the city water main or a yard hydrant, whichever
-is closer to the system riser.
-Chapter 24 Water Supplies
-24.1 General.
-24.1.1 Number of Supplies. Every automatic sprinkler system
-shall have at least one automatic water supply.
-24.1.2 Capacity. Water supplies shall be capable of providing
-the required flow and pressure for the remote design area
-determined using the requirements and procedures as speci-
-fied in Chapters 11 through 22 including hose stream allow-
-ance where applicable for the required duration.
-24.1.3 Size of Fire Mains.
-24.1.3.1 Except as provided in 24.1.3.2, no pipe smaller than
-6 in. (150 mm) in diameter shall be installed as a private ser-
-vice main.
-24.1.3.2 For mains that do not supply hydrants, sizes smaller
-than 6 in. (150 mm) shall be permitted to be used subject to
-the following restrictions:
-(1) The main supplies only automatic sprinkler systems, open
-sprinkler systems, water spray fixed systems, foam systems,
-or Class II standpipe systems.
-(2) Hydraulic calculations show that the main will supply the
-total demand at the appropriate pressure. Systems that
-are not hydraulically calculated shall have a main at least
-as large as the system riser.
-24.1.3.3* When a single main less than 4 in. (100 mm) in
-diameter serves both domestic and fire systems, the domestic
-demand shall be added to the hydraulic calculations for the
-fire system at the point of connection unless provisions have
-been made to isolate the domestic demand.
-24.1.4 Underground Supply Pipe. For pipe schedule systems,
-the underground supply pipe shall be at least as large as the
-system riser.
-24.1.5* Water Supply Treatment.
-24.1.5.1 Water supplies and environmental conditions shall
-be evaluated for the existence of microbes and conditions that
-contribute to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC).
-Where conditions are found that contribute to MIC, the own-
-er(s) shall notify the sprinkler system installer and a plan shall
-be developed to treat the system using one of the following
-methods:
-(1) Install a water pipe that will not be affected by the MIC
-microbes
-(2) Treat all water that enters the system using an approved
-biocide
-(3) Implement an approved plan for monitoring the interior
-conditions of the pipe at established time intervals and
-locations
-(4) Install corrosion monitoring station and monitor at estab-
-lished intervals
-24.1.5.2 Water supplies and environmental conditions shall
-be evaluated for conditions that contribute to unusual corro-
-sive properties. Where conditions are found that contribute to
-unusual corrosive properties, the owner(s) shall notify the
-sprinkler system installer and a plan shall be developed to
-treat the system using one of the following methods:
-(1) Install a water pipe that is corrosion resistant
-(2) Treat all water that enters the system using an approved
-corrosion inhibitor
-(3) Implement an approved plan for monitoring the interior
-conditions of the pipe at established intervals and locations
-(4) Install corrosion monitoring station and monitor at estab-
-lished intervals
-24.1.5.3 Where listed biocides and/or corrosion inhibitors
-are used, they shall be compatible with system components.
-Where used together, they shall also be compatible with each
-other.
-24.1.6 Arrangement.
-24.1.6.1 Connection Between Underground and Above-
-ground Piping.
-24.1.6.1.1 The connection between the system piping and
-underground piping shall be made with a suitable transition
-piece and shall be properly strapped or fastened by approved
-devices.
-24.1.6.1.2 The transition piece shall be protected against pos-
-sible damage from corrosive agents, solvent attack, or me-
-chanical damage.
-24.1.6.2* Connection Passing Through or Under Foundation
-Walls. When system piping pierces a foundation wall below
-grade or is located under the foundation wall, clearance shall
-be provided to prevent breakage of the piping due to building
-settlement.
-24.1.7* Meters. Where meters are required by other authori-
-ties, they shall be listed.
-24.1.8* Connection from Waterworks System.
-24.1.8.1 The requirements of the public health authority hav-
-ing jurisdiction shall be determined and followed.
-24.1.8.2 Where equipment is installed to guard against pos-
-sible contamination of the public water system, such equip-
-ment and devices shall be listed for fire protection service.
-24.2 Types.
-24.2.1* Water supplies for sprinkler systems shall be one of the
-following or any combination:
-13–243WATER SUPPLIES
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-(1) A connection to an approved public or private waterworks
-system in accordance with 24.2.2
-(2) A connection including a fire pump in accordance with
-24.2.3
-(3) A connection to a water storage tank at grade or below
-grade installed in accordance with NFPA 22 and filled
-from an approved source
-(4) A connection to a pressure tank in accordance with 24.2.4
-and filled from an approved source
-(5) A connection to a gravity tank in accordance with 24.2.5
-and filled from an approved source
-(6) A penstock, flume, river, lake, pond, or reservoir in accor-
-dance with 24.2.6
-(7)*A source of recycled or reclaimed water where the build-
-ing owner (or their agent) has analyzed the source of the
-water and the treatment process (if any) that the water
-undergoes before being made available to the sprinkler sys-
-tem and determined that any materials, chemicals, or con-
-taminants in the water will not be detrimental to the compo-
-nents of the sprinkler system it comes in contact with
-24.2.2* Connections to Waterworks Systems.
-24.2.2.1 A connection to a reliable waterworks system shall be
-an acceptable water supply source.
-24.2.2.2* The volume and pressure of a public water supply
-shall be determined from waterflow test data or other ap-
-proved method.
-24.2.3* Pumps. A single automatically controlled fire pump
-installed in accordance with NFPA 20 shall be an acceptable
-water supply source.
-24.2.4 Pressure Tanks.
-24.2.4.1 Acceptability.
-24.2.4.1.1 A pressure tank installed in accordance with
-NFPA 22 shall be an acceptable water supply source.
-24.2.4.1.2 Pressure tanks shall be provided with an approved
-means for automatically maintaining the required air pressure.
-24.2.4.1.3 Where a pressure tank is the sole water supply, an
-approved trouble alarm shall also be provided to indicate low air
-pressure and low water level with the alarm supplied from an
-electrical branch circuit independent of the air compressor.
-24.2.4.1.4 Pressure tanks shall not be used to supply other
-than sprinklers and hand hose attached to sprinkler piping.
-24.2.4.2 Capacity.
-24.2.4.2.1 In addition to the requirements of 24.1.2, the wa-
-ter capacity of a pressure tank shall include the extra capacity
-needed to fill dry pipe or preaction systems where installed.
-24.2.4.2.2 The total volume shall be based on the water ca-
-pacity plus the air capacity required by 24.2.4.3.
-24.2.4.3* Water Level and Air Pressure.
-24.2.4.3.1 Pressure tanks shall be kept with a sufficient supply
-of water to meet the demand of the fire protection system as
-calculated in Chapter 23 for the duration required by Chapter
-11, Chapter 12, or Chapter 22.
-24.2.4.3.2 The pressure shall be sufficient to push all of the
-water out of the tank while maintaining the necessary residual
-pressure (required by Chapter 23) at the top of the system.
-24.2.5 Gravity Tanks. An elevated tank installed in accor-
-dance with NFPA 22 shall be an acceptable water supply
-source.
-24.2.6 Penstocks, Flumes, Rivers, or Lakes. Water supply con-
-nections from penstocks, flumes, rivers, lakes, or reservoirs
-shall be arranged to avoid mud and sediment and shall be
-provided with approved double removable screens or ap-
-proved strainers installed in an approved manner.
-Chapter 25 Systems Acceptance
-25.1 Approval of Sprinkler Systems and Private Fire Service
-Mains. The installing contractor shall do the following:
-(1) Notify the authority having jurisdiction and the property
-owner or the property owner’s authorized representative
-of the time and date testing will be performed
-(2) Perform all required acceptance tests (see Section 25.2)
-(3) Complete and sign the appropriate contractor’s material
-and test certificate(s) (see Figure 25.1)
-(4) Remove all caps and straps prior to placing the sprinkler
-system in service
-25.2 Acceptance Requirements.
-25.2.1* Hydrostatic Tests.
-25.2.1.1 Unless permitted by 25.2.1.2 through 25.2.1.8, all
-piping and attached appurtenances subjected to system work-
-ing pressure shall be hydrostatically tested at 200 psi (13.8 bar)
-and shall maintain that pressure without loss for 2 hours.
-25.2.1.2 Portions of systems normally subjected to system
-working pressures in excess of 150 psi (10.4 bar) shall be
-tested as described in 25.2.1.1, at a pressure of 50 psi (3.5 bar)
-in excess of system working pressure.
-25.2.1.3 Where cold weather will not permit testing with wa-
-ter, an interim air test shall be permitted to be conducted as
-described in 25.2.2. This provision shall not remove or replace
-the requirement for conducting the hydrostatic test as de-
-scribed in 25.2.1.1.
-25.2.1.4 Modifications affecting 20 or fewer sprinklers shall
-not require testing in excess of system working pressure.
-25.2.1.5 Where addition or modification is made to an exist-
-ing system affecting more than 20 sprinklers, the new portion
-shall be isolated and tested at not less than 200 psi (13.8 bar)
-for 2 hours.
-25.2.1.6 Modifications that cannot be isolated, such as relo-
-cated drops, shall not require testing in excess of system work-
-ing pressure.
-25.2.1.7 Loss shall be determined by a drop in gauge pres-
-sure or visual leakage.
-25.2.1.8* The test pressure shall be read from a gauge located
-at the low elevation point of the system or portion being
-tested. The pressures in piping at higher elevations shall be
-permitted to be less than 200 psi (13.8 bar) when accounting
-for elevation losses. Systems or portions of systems that can be
-isolated shall be permitted to be tested separately.
-25.2.1.9* Additives, corrosive chemicals such as sodium sili-
-cate, or derivatives of sodium silicate, brine, or similar acting
-chemicals shall not be used while hydrostatically testing sys-
-tems or for stopping leaks.
-13–244 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-NFPA 13 (p. 1 of 3)
-Contractor’s Material and Test Certificate for Aboveground Piping
-a Measured from time inspector’s test connection is opened.
-b NFPA 13 only requires the 60-second limitation in specific sections.
-PROCEDURE
-Upon completion of work, inspection and tests shall be made by the contractor’s representative and witnessed by the property owner or 
-their authorized agent. All defects shall be corrected and system left in service before contractor’s personnel finally leave the job.
-A certificate shall be filled out and signed by both representatives.  Copies shall be prepared for approving authorities, owners, and 
-contractor.  It is understood the owner’s representative’s signature in no way prejudices any claim against contractor for faulty material, poor 
-workmanship, or failure to comply with approving authority’s requirements or local ordinances.
-Property address
-Date
-Accepted by approving authorities (names)
-Address
-Installation conforms to accepted plans
-Equipment used is approved
-If no, explain deviations
-Yes No
-Yes No
-Has person in charge of fire equipment been instructed as
-to location of control valves and care and maintenance
-of this new equipment?
-If no, explain
-Yes No
-Have copies of the following been left on the premises?
-     1.  System components instructions
-     2.  Care and maintenance instructions
-     3.  NFPA 25
-Yes No
-Yes No
-Yes No
-Yes No
-Location of 
-system Supplies buildings
-Make Model
-Year of 
-manufacture
-Orifice 
-size Quantity
-Temperature 
-rating
-Sprinklers
-Pipe and
-fittings
-Alarm
-valve or 
-flow 
-indicator
-Maximum time to operate
-through test connection
-Make ModelType Minutes Seconds
-Dry pipe
-operating 
-test
-Q. O. D.
-Make Serial no. Make Model Serial no.
-Time to trip
-through test
-connectiona,b
-Water
-pressure
-Air
-pressure
-Trip point
-air pressure
-Time water
-reached
-test outleta,b
-Alarm
-operated 
-properly
-Minutes Seconds psi psi psi Minutes Seconds Yes No
-Without 
-Q.O.D.
-With 
-Q.O.D.
-If no, explain
-Type of pipe
-Type of fittings
-Alarm device
-Model
-Dry valve
-Property name
-Instructions
-Plans
-© 2012 National Fire Protection Association
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-FIGURE 25.1 Contractor’s Material and Test Certificate for Aboveground Piping.
-13–245SYSTEMS ACCEPTANCE
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-NFPA 13 (p. 2 of 3)
-Deluge and 
-preaction 
-valves
-Operation Pneumatic Electric Hydraulics
-Piping supervised Yes No Detecting media supervised Yes No
-Does valve operate from the manual trip, remote, or both control stations? Yes No
-Is there an accessible facility in each circuit for testing? If no, explain
-Yes No
-Make Model
-Does each circuit operate
-supervision loss alarm?
-Does each circuit operate 
-valve release?
-Maximum time to 
-operate release
-Yes No Yes No Minutes Seconds
-Test 
-description
-Hydrostatic:  Hydrostatic tests shall be made at not less than 200 psi (13.6 bar) for 2 hours or 50 psi (3.4 bar)
-above static pressure in excess of 150 psi (10.2 bar) for 2 hours.  Differential dry pipe valve clappers shall be left
-open during the test to prevent damage.  All aboveground piping leakage shall be stopped.
-Pneumatic:  Establish 40 psi (2.7 bar) air pressure and measure drop, which shall not exceed 1¹⁄₂ psi (0.1 bar)
-in 24 hours.  Test pressure tanks at normal water level and air pressure and measure air pressure drop, which shall
-not exceed 1¹⁄₂ psi (0.1 bar) in 24 hours.
-Tests
-All piping hydrostatically tested at
-Dry piping pneumatically tested
-Equipment operates properly
-psi (        bar) for hours If no, state reason
-Do you certify as the sprinkler contractor that additives and corrosive chemicals, sodium silicate or derivatives  
-of sodium silicate, brine, or other corrosive chemicals were not used for testing systems or stopping leaks?
-Drain 
-test
-Reading of gauge located near water
-supply test connection:
-Yes No
-psi (          bar)
-Residual pressure with valve in test
-connection open wide:
-Underground mains and lead-in connections to system risers flushed before connection made to 
-sprinkler piping
-Verified by copy of the Contractor's Material and Test 
-Certificate for Underground Piping. 
-Flushed by installer of underground sprinkler piping
-Yes No
-Yes No
-Other Explain
-Blank testing 
-gaskets
-Number used Locations Number removed
-Welding
-Do you certify as the sprinkler contractor that welding procedures used complied with 
-the minimum requirements of AWS B2.1, ASME Section IX Welding and Brazing 
-Qualifications, or other applicable qualification standard as required by the AHJ?
-Do you certify that all welding was performed by welders or welding operators 
-qualified in accordance with the minimum requirements of AWS B2.1, ASME Section 
-IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications, or other applicable qualification standard as 
-required by the AHJ?
-Do you certify that the welding was conducted in compliance with a documented 
-quality control procedure to ensure that (1) all discs are retrieved; (2) that openings in 
-piping are smooth, that slag and other welding residue are removed; (3) the internal 
-diameters of piping are not penetrated; (4) completed welds are free from cracks, 
-incomplete fusion, surface porosity greater than ¹⁄₁₆ in. diameter, undercut deeper 
-than the lesser of 25% of the wall thickness or ¹⁄₃₂ in.; and (5) completed 
-circumferential butt weld reinforcement does not exceed ³⁄₃₂ in.?
-Welding piping Yes No
-If yes . . .
-Yes No
-Yes No
-Yes No
-Pressure- 
-reducing 
-valve test
-Make and 
-model Setting
-Location 
-and floor Static pressure
-Residual pressure
-(flowing) Flow rate
-Inlet (psi) Outlet (psi) Inlet (psi) Outlet (psi)
-If powder-driven fasteners are used in concrete, 
-has representative sample testing been 
-satisfactorily completed?
-If no, explainYes No
-Flow (gpm)
-psi (          bar)
-Yes No
-Yes No
-© 2012 National Fire Protection Association
-❏
-❏ ❏❏
-❏ ❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-❏❏
-Backflow device
-forward 
-flow test
-Indicate means used for forward flow test of backflow device:
-Yes No ❏❏ N/A❏When means to test device was opened, was system flow demand created?
-FIGURE 25.1 Continued
-13–246 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-NFPA 13 (p. 3 of 3)
-Cutouts 
-(discs)
-Do you certify that you have a control feature to ensure that
-all cutouts (discs) are retrieved? Yes No
-Nameplate providedHydraulic 
-data 
-nameplate Yes No
-If no, explain
-Remarks
-Sprinkler contractor removed all caps and straps?
-Date left in service with all control valves open
-Signatures
-Name of sprinkler contractor
-Tests witnessed by
-The property owner or their authorized agent (signed) Title Date
-For sprinkler contractor (signed) Title Date
-Additional explanations and notes
-© 2012 National Fire Protection Association
-❏ ❏
-❏ ❏
-Yes No❏ ❏
-FIGURE 25.1 Continued
-13–247SYSTEMS ACCEPTANCE
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-25.2.1.10 Piping between the exterior fire department con-
-nection and the check valve in the fire department inlet pipe
-shall be hydrostatically tested in the same manner as the bal-
-ance of the system. After repair or replacement work affecting
-the fire department connection, the piping between the exte-
-rior and the check valve in the fire department inlet pipe shall
-be isolated and hydrostatically tested at 150 psi (10.3 bar).
-25.2.1.11 When systems are being hydrostatically tested, tests
-shall be permitted to be conducted with pendent or horizon-
-tal sidewall sprinklers or plugs installed in fittings. Any plugs
-shall be replaced with pendent or horizontal sidewall sprin-
-klers after the test is completed.
-25.2.1.12 When deluge systems are being hydrostatically
-tested, plugs shall be installed in fittings and replaced with
-open sprinklers after the test is completed, or the operating
-elements of automatic sprinklers shall be removed after the
-test is completed.
-25.2.1.13 Provision shall be made for the proper disposal of
-water used for flushing or testing.
-25.2.1.14* Test Blanks.
-25.2.1.14.1 Test blanks shall have painted lugs protruding in
-such a way as to clearly indicate their presence.
-25.2.1.14.2 The test blanks shall be numbered, and the in-
-stalling contractor shall have a recordkeeping method ensur-
-ing their removal after work is completed.
-25.2.1.15 When subject to hydrostatic test pressures, the clap-
-per of a differential-type valve shall be held off its seat to pre-
-vent damaging the valve.
-25.2.2 Dry Pipe and Double Interlock Preaction System(s) Air
-Test.
-25.2.2.1 In addition to the standard hydrostatic test, an air
-pressure leakage test at 40 psi (2.8 bar) shall be conducted for
-24 hours. Any leakage that results in a loss of pressure in excess
-of 11⁄2 psi (0.1 bar) for the 24 hours shall be corrected.
-25.2.2.2 Where systems are installed in spaces that are ca-
-pable of being operated at temperatures below 32°F (0°C), air
-or nitrogen gas pressure leakage tests required in 25.2.2 shall
-be conducted at the lowest nominal temperature of the space.
-25.2.3 System Operational Tests.
-25.2.3.1 Waterflow Devices. Waterflow detecting devices in-
-cluding the associated alarm circuits shall be flow tested
-through the inspector’s test connection and shall result in an
-audible alarm on the premises within 5 minutes after such
-flow begins and until such flow stops.
-25.2.3.2* Dry Pipe Systems.
-25.2.3.2.1 A working test of the dry pipe valve alone and with
-a quick-opening device, if installed, shall be made by opening
-the inspector’s test connection.
-25.2.3.2.2* The test shall measure the time to trip the valve
-and the time for water to be discharged from the inspector’s
-test connection. All times shall be measured from the time the
-inspector’s test connection is completely opened.
-25.2.3.2.2.1* Dry systems calculated for water delivery in ac-
-cordance with 7.2.3.6 shall be exempt from any specific deliv-
-ery time requirement.
-25.2.3.2.3 The results shall be recorded using the contrac-
-tor’s material and test certificate for aboveground piping (see
-Figure 25.1).
-25.2.3.3 Deluge and Preaction Systems.
-25.2.3.3.1 The automatic operation of a deluge or preaction
-valve shall be tested in accordance with the manufacturer’s
-instructions.
-25.2.3.3.2 The manual and remote control operation, where
-present, shall also be tested.
-25.2.3.4 Main Drain Valves.
-25.2.3.4.1 The main drain valve shall be opened and remain
-open until the system pressure stabilizes.
-25.2.3.4.2* The static and residual pressures shall be recorded
-on the contractor’s material and test certificate(see Figure 25.1).
-25.2.3.5 Operating Test for Control Valves. All control valves
-shall be fully closed and opened under system water pressure
-to ensure proper operation.
-25.2.4 Pressure-Reducing Valves.
-25.2.4.1 Each pressure-reducing valve shall be tested upon
-completion of installation to ensure proper operation under
-flow and no-flow conditions.
-25.2.4.2 Testing shall verify that the device properly regulates
-outlet pressure at both maximum and normal inlet pressure
-conditions.
-25.2.4.3 The results of the flow test of each pressure-reducing
-valve shall be recorded on the contractor’s material and test
-certificate (see Figure 25.1).
-25.2.4.4 The results shall include the static and residual inlet
-pressures, static and residual outlet pressures, and the flow
-rate.
-25.2.5 Backflow Prevention Assemblies.
-25.2.5.1 The backflow prevention assembly shall be forward
-flow tested to ensure proper operation.
-25.2.5.2 The minimum flow rate shall be the system demand,
-including hose stream allowance where applicable.
-25.2.6 Exposure Systems. Operating tests shall be made of
-exposure protection systems upon completion of the installa-
-tion, where such tests do not risk water damage to the building
-on which they are installed or to adjacent buildings.
-25.3 Circulating Closed Loop Systems.
-25.3.1 For sprinkler systems with non–fire protection con-
-nections, additional information shall be appended to the
-contractor’s material and test certificate for aboveground pip-
-ing shown in Figure 25.1 as follows:
-(1) Certification that all auxiliary devices, such as heat pumps,
-circulating pumps, heat exchangers, radiators, and lumi-
-naires, if a part of the system, have a pressure rating of at
-least 175 psi or 300 psi (12.1 bar or 20.7 bar) if exposed to
-pressures greater than 175 psi (12.1 bar).
-(2) All components of sprinkler system and auxiliary system
-have been pressure tested as a composite system in accor-
-dance with 25.2.2.
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-(3) Waterflow tests have been conducted and waterflow
-alarms have operated while auxiliary equipment is in each
-of the possible modes of operation.
-(4) With auxiliary equipment tested in each possible mode of
-operation and with no flow from sprinklers or test con-
-nection, waterflow alarm signals did not operate.
-(5) Excess temperature controls for shutting down the auxil-
-iary system have been properly field tested.
-25.3.2 Discharge tests of sprinkler systems with non–fire pro-
-tection connections shall be conducted using system test con-
-nections described in 6.9.1.
-25.3.3 Pressure gauges shall be installed at critical points and
-readings shall be taken under various modes of auxiliary
-equipment operation.
-25.3.4 Waterflow alarm signals shall be responsive to dis-
-charge of water through system test pipes while auxiliary
-equipment is in each of the possible modes of operation.
-25.4 Instructions. The installing contractor shall provide the
-property owner or the property owner’s authorized represen-
-tative with the following:
-(1) All literature and instructions provided by the manufac-
-turer describing proper operation and maintenance of
-any equipment and devices installed
-(2) NFPA 25
-25.5* Hydraulic Design Information Sign.
-25.5.1 The installing contractor shall identify a hydraulically
-designed sprinkler system with a permanently marked weath-
-erproof metal or rigid plastic sign secured with corrosion-
-resistant wire, chain, or other approved means. Such signs
-shall be placed at the alarm valve, dry pipe valve, preaction
-valve, or deluge valve supplying the corresponding hydrauli-
-cally designed area.
-25.5.2 The sign shall include the following information:
-(1) Location of the design area or areas
-(2) Discharge densities over the design area or areas
-(3) Required flow and residual pressure demand at the base
-of the riser
-(4) Occupancy classification or commodity classification and
-maximum permitted storage height and configuration
-(5) Hose stream allowance included in addition to the sprin-
-kler demand
-(6) The name of the installing contractor
-25.6* General Information Sign.
-25.6.1 The installing contractor shall provide a general infor-
-mation sign used to determine system design basis and infor-
-mation relevant to the inspection, testing, and maintenance
-requirements required by NFPA 25.
-25.6.1.1 Such general information shall be provided with a
-permanently marked weatherproof metal or rigid plastic sign,
-secured with corrosion-resistant wire, chain, or other accept-
-able means.
-25.6.1.2 Such signs shall be placed at each system control
-riser, antifreeze loop, and auxiliary system control valve.
-25.6.2 The sign shall include the following information:
-(1) Name and location of the facility protected
-(2) Occupancy classification
-(3) Commodity classification
-(4) Presence of high-piled and/or rack storage
-(5) Maximum height of storage planned
-(6) Aisle width planned
-(7) Encapsulation of pallet loads
-(8) Presence of solid shelving
-(9) Flow test data
-(10) Presence of flammable/combustible liquids
-(11) Presence of hazardous materials
-(12) Presence of other special storage
-(13) Location of auxiliary drains and low point drains on dry
-pipe and preaction systems
-(14) Original results of main drain flow test
-(15) Name of installing contractor or designer
-(16) Indication of presence and location of antifreeze or
-other auxiliary systems
-(17) Where injection systems are installed to treat MIC or corro-
-sion, the type of chemical, concentration of the chemical,
-and where information can be found as to the proper dis-
-posal of the chemical
-Chapter 26 Marine Systems
-26.1 General.
-26.1.1 Chapter 26 outlines the deletions, modifications, and
-additions that shall be required for marine application. The
-applicability of Chapter 26 shall be determined by the author-
-ity having jurisdiction.
-26.1.2 All other requirements of this standard shall apply to
-merchant vessel systems except as modified by this chapter.
-26.1.3 The following definitions shall be applicable to this
-chapter (see Section 3.10):
-(1) A-Class Boundary — A boundary designed to resist the
-passage of smoke and flame for 1 hour when tested in
-accordance with ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for
-Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.
-(2) B-Class Boundary — A boundary designed to resist the
-passage of flame for 1⁄2 hour when tested in accordance
-with ASTM E 119.
-(3) Central Safety Station — A continuously manned control
-station from which all of the fire control equipment is
-monitored. If this station is not the bridge, direct com-
-munication with the bridge shall be provided by means
-other than the ship’s service telephone.
-(4)*Heat-Sensitive Material — A material whose melting point
-is below 1700°F (926.7°C).
-(5) Heel — The inclination of a ship to one side.
-(6) Heel Angle — The angle defined by the intersection of a
-vertical line through the center of a vessel and a line
-perpendicular to the surface of the water.
-(7) International Shore Connection — A universal connection
-to the vessel’s fire main to which a shoreside fire-fighting
-water supply can be connected.
-(8)*Marine System — A sprinkler system installed on a ship,
-boat, or other floating structure that takes its supply
-from the water on which the vessel floats.
-(9)*Marine Thermal Barrier — An assembly that is constructed
-of noncombustible materials and made intact with the
-main structure of the vessel, such as shell, structural
-bulkheads, and decks. A marine thermal barrier shall
-meet the requirements of a B-Class boundary. In addi-
-tion, a marine thermal barrier shall be insulated such
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-that, if tested in accordance with ASTM E 119, Standard
-Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Mate-
-rials, for 15 minutes, the average temperature of the un-
-exposed side does not rise more than 250°F (121°C)
-above the original temperature, nor does the tempera-
-ture at any one point, including any joint, rise more than
-405°F (207°C) above the original temperature.
-(10) Supervision — A visual and audible alarm signal given at
-the central safety station to indicate when the system is in
-operation or when a condition that would impair the
-satisfactory operation of the system exists. Supervisory
-alarms shall give a distinct indication for each individual
-system component that is monitored.
-(11) Survival Angle— The maximum angle to which a vessel is
-permitted to heel after the assumed damage required by
-stability regulations is imposed.
-(12) Type 1 Stair— A fully enclosed stair that serves all levels of
-a vessel in which persons can be employed.
-(13) Marine Water Supply — The supply portion of the sprin-
-kler system from the water pressure tank or the sea suc-
-tion of the designated sprinkler system pump up to and
-including the valve that isolates the sprinkler system
-from these two water sources.
-26.1.4* Occupancy Classifications. Marine environment clas-
-sifications shall be in accordance with Section 5.1.
-26.1.5* Partial Installations.
-26.1.5.1 Partial installation of automatic sprinklers shall not
-be permitted, unless the requirements of 26.1.5.2 or 26.1.5.3
-are met.
-26.1.5.2 Spaces shall be permitted to be protected with an
-alternative, approved fire suppression system where such areas
-are separated from the sprinklered areas wit h a 1 hour–rated
-assembly.
-26.1.5.3 The requirements of 26.1.5.1 shall not apply where
-specific sections of this standard permit the omission of
-sprinklers.
-26.2 System Components, Hardware, and Use.
-26.2.1* Sprinklers shall have a K-factor of K-2.8 (40) or
-greater.
-26.2.2* Sprinkler piping penetrations shall be designed to
-preserve the fire integrity of the ceiling or bulkhead pen-
-etrated.
-26.2.3 Spare Sprinklers.
-26.2.3.1 The required stock of spare sprinklers shall be car-
-ried for each type of sprinkler installed onboard the vessel.
-26.2.3.2 Where fewer than six sprinklers of a particular type
-are installed, 100 percent spares shall be kept in stock.
-26.2.3.3 Where applicable, at least one elastometric gasket
-shall be kept in the cabinet for each fire department connec-
-tion that is installed onboard the vessel.
-26.2.3.4 The cabinet containing spare sprinklers, special
-wrenches, and elastometric gaskets shall be located in the
-same central safety station that contains the alarm annuncia-
-tor panel(s) and supervisory indicators.
-26.2.4 System Pipe and Fittings.
-26.2.4.1* When ferrous materials are used for piping between
-the sea chest and zone control valves, these materials shall be
-protected against corrosion by hot dip galvanizing or by the
-use of Schedule 80 piping.
-26.2.4.2 Maximum design pressure for copper and brass pipe
-shall not exceed 250 psi (17.2 bar).
-26.2.5 Pipe Support.
-26.2.5.1* Pipe supports shall comply with the following:
-(1) Pipe supports shall be designed to provide adequate lat-
-eral, longitudinal, and vertical sway bracing.
-(2) The design shall account for the degree of bracing, which
-varies with the route and operation of the vessel.
-(3) Bracing shall be designed to ensure the following:
-(a) Slamming, heaving, and rolling will not shift sprin-
-kler piping, potentially moving sprinklers above ceil-
-ings, bulkheads, or other obstructions.
-(b) Piping and sprinklers will remain in place at a steady
-heel angle at least equal to the maximum required
-damaged survival angle.
-(4) Pipe supports shall be welded to the structure.
-(5) Hangers that can loosen during ship motion or vibration,
-such as screw-down-type hangers, shall not be permitted.
-(6) Hangers that are listed for seismic use shall be permitted
-to be used in accordance with their listing.
-26.2.5.2 Sprinkler piping shall be supported by the primary
-structural members of the vessel such as beams, girders, and
-stiffeners.
-26.2.5.3* The components of hanger assemblies that are
-welded directly to the ship structure shall not be required to
-be listed.
-26.2.5.4* U-hook sizes shall be no less than that specified in
-Table 9.1.2.4.
-26.2.6 Valves.
-26.2.6.1* All indicating, supply, and zone control valves shall
-be supervised open from a central safety station.
-26.2.6.2 Drain and test valves shall meet the applicable re-
-quirements of 46 CFR 56.20 and 56.60.
-26.2.6.3 Valve markings shall include the information re-
-quired by 46 CFR 56.20-5(a).
-26.2.7 Fire Department Connections and International Shore
-Connections.
-26.2.7.1* A fire department connection and an International
-Shore Connection shall be installed.
-26.2.7.2 The requirements for a fire department connection
-in 26.2.7.1 shall not apply to vessels that operate primarily on
-international voyages.
-26.2.7.3 Connections shall be located near the gangway or
-other shore access point so that they are accessible to the land-
-based fire department.
-26.2.7.4 Fire department and International Shore Connec-
-tions shall be colored and marked so that the connections are
-easily located from the shore access point (i.e., gangway loca-
-tion) and will not be confused with a firemain connection.
-26.2.7.5 An 18 in. × 18 in. (0.4 6 m × 0.46 m) sign displaying
-the symbol for fire department connection as shown in Table
-5.2.1 of NFPA 170 shall be placed at the connection so that it is
-in plain sight from the shore access point.
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-26.2.7.6 Connections on both sides of the vessel shall be pro-
-vided where shore access arrangements make it necessary.
-26.2.7.7* Fire department connection thread type shall be
-compatible with fire department equipment.
-26.2.7.8 International shore connections shall comply with
-ASTM F 1121, Standard Specification for International Shore Con-
-nections for Marine Fire Applications.
-26.3 System Requirements.
-26.3.1* Relief Valves.Relief valves shall be provided on all wet
-pipe systems.
-26.3.2 Spare Detection Devices. The number of spare detec-
-tion devices or fusible elements used for protection systems
-that shall be carried per temperature rating is as follows:
-(1) Vessels shall have two spare detection devices or fusible
-elements when operating voyages are normally less than
-24 hours.
-(2) Vessels shall have four spare detection devices or fusible
-elements when operating voyages are normally more than
-24 hours.
-26.3.3 System Piping Supervision. All preaction sprinkler sys-
-tems shall be supervised regardless of the number of sprin-
-klers supplied.
-26.3.4 Circulating Closed Loop Systems. Circulating closed
-loop systems shall not be permitted.
-26.4 Installation Requirements.
-26.4.1 Temperature Zones. Intermediate temperature–rated
-sprinklers shall be installed under a noninsulated steel deck
-that is exposed to sunlight.
-26.4.2* Residential Sprinklers. Residential sprinklers shall be
-permitted for use only in sleeping accommodation areas.
-26.4.3 Window Protection. Where required, windows shall be
-protected by sprinklers installed at a distance not exceeding
-1 ft (0.3 m) from the glazing at a spacing not exceeding 6 ft
-(1.8 m) such that the entire glazing surface is wetted at a linear
-density not less than 6 gpm/ft (75 mm/min), unless listed
-window sprinkler protection systems are installed in accor-
-dance with their installation and testing criteria.
-26.4.4* Concealed Spaces.
-26.4.4.1 Concealed spaces that are constructed of combus-
-tible materials, or materials with combustible finishes or that
-contain combustible materials, shall be sprinklered.
-26.4.4.2 The requirements of 26.4.4.1 shall not apply to con-
-cealed spaces that contain only nonmetallic piping that is con-
-tinuously filled with water.
-26.4.5 Vertical Shafts.
-26.4.5.1 Sprinklers shall not be required in vertical shafts
-used as duct, electrical, or pipe shafts that are nonaccessible,
-noncombustible, and enclosed in an A-Class-rated assembly.
-26.4.5.2 Stairway enclosures shall be fully sprinklered.
-26.4.6 Bath Modules. Sprinklers shall be installed in bath
-modules (full room modules) constructed with combustible
-materials, regardless of room fire load.
-26.4.7 Ceiling Types. Drop-out ceilings shall not be used in
-conjunction with sprinklers.
-26.4.8 Return Bends.
-26.4.8.1 To prevent sediment buildup, return bends shall be
-installed in all shipboard sprinkler systems where pendent-
-type or dry pendent-type sprinklers are used in wet systems(see
-Figure 8.15.19.2).
-26.4.8.2 Consideration shall be given concerning the intru-
-sion of saltwater into the system.
-26.4.8.3 Specifically, sprinklers shall not be rendered ineffec-
-tive by corrosion related to saltwater entrapment within the
-return bend.
-26.4.9 Hose Connections. Sprinkler system piping shall not
-be used to supply hose connections or hose connections for
-fire department use.
-26.4.10 Heat-Sensitive Piping Materials.
-26.4.10.1 Portions of the piping system constructed with a heat-
-sensitive material shall be subject to the following restrictions:
-(1) Piping shall be of non–heat-sensitive type from the sea
-suction up through the penetration of the last A-Class bar-
-rier enclosing the space(s) in which the heat-sensitive pip-
-ing is installed.
-(2) B-Class draft stops shall be fitted not more than 45 ft
-(13.7 m) apart between the marine thermal barrier (see
-definitions in Chapter 3 and 26.1.3) and the deck or shell.
-(3) Portions of a system that are constructed from heat-
-sensitive materials shall be installed behind a marine ther-
-mal barrier, unless the provisions of item (4) are met.
-(4)*Piping materials with brazed joints shall not be required
-to be installed behind a marine thermal barrier, provided
-the following conditions are met:
-(a) The system is of the wet pipe type.
-(b) The piping is not located in spaces containing boil-
-ers, internal combustion engines, or piping contain-
-ing flammable or combustible liquids or gases under
-pressure, cargo holds, or vehicle decks.
-(c) A relief valve in compliance with 7.1.2 is installed in
-each section of piping that is capable of being iso-
-lated by a valve(s).
-(d) A valve(s) isolating the section of piping from the re-
-mainder of the system is installed in accordance with
-26.4.10.2 and 26.4.10.3.
-26.4.10.2 Each zone in which heat-sensitive piping is installed
-shall be fitted with a valve capable of segregating that zone
-from the remainder of the system.
-26.4.10.3 The valve shall be supervised and located outside of
-the zone controlled and within an accessible compartment
-having A-Class boundaries or within a Type 1 stair.
-26.4.11 Discharge of Drain Lines.
-26.4.11.1 Drain lines shall not be connected to housekeep-
-ing, sewage, or deck drains. Drains shall be permitted to be
-discharged to bilges.
-26.4.11.2 Overboard discharges shall meet the requirements
-of 46 CFR 56.50-95 and shall be corrosion resistant in accor-
-dance with 46 CFR 56.60.
-26.4.11.3 Systems that contain water additives that are not
-permitted to be discharged into the environment shall be spe-
-cially designed to prevent such discharge.
-26.4.11.4 Discharges shall be provided with a down-turned
-elbow.
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-
-26.4.12 Alarm Signals and Devices.
-26.4.12.1* A visual and audible alarm signal shall be given at
-the central safety station to indicate when the system is in op-
-eration or when a condition that would impair the satisfactory
-operation of the system exists.
-26.4.12.2 Alarm signals shall be provided for, but not limited
-to, each of the following: monitoring position of control
-valves, fire pump power supplies and operating condition, wa-
-ter tank levels and temperatures, zone waterflow alarms, pres-
-sure of tanks, and air pressure on dry pipe valves.
-26.4.12.3 Alarms shall give a distinct indication for each indi-
-vidual system component that is monitored.
-26.4.12.4 An audible alarm shall be given at the central safety
-station within 30 seconds of waterflow.
-26.4.12.5 Waterflow alarms shall be installed for every zone of
-the sprinkler system.
-26.4.12.6 Sprinkler zones shall not encompass more than two
-adjacent decks or encompass more than one main vertical
-zone.
-26.4.12.7 Electrically operated alarm attachments shall com-
-ply with, meet, and be installed in accordance with the re-
-quirements of 46 CFR, Subchapter J, “Electrical Engineering.”
-26.4.12.8 All wiring shall be chosen and installed in accor-
-dance with IEEE 45, Recommended Practice for Electrical Installa-
-tions on Shipboard.
-26.4.13 Test Connections. Where test connections are below
-the bulkhead deck, they shall comply with the overboard dis-
-charge arrangements of 46 CFR 56.50-95.
-26.4.14 Protection of Copper Tubing. Copper tubing materi-
-als shall be protected against physical damage in areas where
-vehicles and stores handling equipment operate.
-26.5 Design Approaches.
-26.5.1 Design Options.
-26.5.1.1 Marine sprinkler systems shall be designed using the
-hydraulic calculation procedure of Chapter 23.
-26.5.1.2 The pipe schedule method shall not be used to de-
-termine the water demand requirements.
-26.5.2* Window Protection.Minimum water demand require-
-ments shall include sprinklers that are installed for the protec-
-tion of windows as described in 26.4.3.
-26.5.3* Hose Stream Allowance.No allowance for hose stream
-use shall be required.
-26.6 Plans and Calculations.
-26.6.1 Additional Information. The pressure tank size, high-
-pressure relief setting, high- and low-water alarm settings,
-low-pressure alarm setting, and pump start pressure shall be
-provided.
-26.6.2 Sprinklers specifically installed for the protection of
-windows under 26.4.3 shall be permitted to be of a different
-size from those protecting the remainder of the occupancy
-classification.
-26.6.3 All of the window sprinklers, however, shall be of the
-same size.
-26.6.4* Marine sprinkler systems shall be designed and in-
-stalled to be fully operational without a reduction in system
-performance when the vessel is upright and inclined at the
-angles of inclination specified in 46 CFR 58.01-40.
-26.7 Water Supplies.
-26.7.1 General. The water supply requirements for marine
-applications shall be in accordance with Section 26.7.
-26.7.2 Pressure Tank.
-26.7.2.1 Unless the requirements of 26.7.2.2 are met, a pres-
-sure tank shall be provided. The pressure tank shall be sized
-and constructed so that the following occurs:
-(1) The tank shall contain a standing charge of freshwater
-equal to that specified by Table 26.7.2.1.
-(2) The pressure tank shall be sized in accordance with 24.2.4.
-(3) A glass gauge shall be provided to indicate the correct
-level of water within the pressure tank.
-(4) Arrangements shall be provided for maintaining an air
-pressure in the tank such that, while the standing charge
-of water is being expended, the pressure will not be less
-than that necessary to provide the design pressure and
-flow of the hydraulically most remote design area.
-(5) Suitable means of replenishing the air under pressure
-and the freshwater standing charge in the tank shall be
-provided.
-(6) Tank construction shall be in accordance with the appli-
-cable requirements of 46 CFR, Subchapter F, “Marine
-Engineering.”
-26.7.2.2 Pressure Tank Alternative. In lieu of a pressure tank, a
-dedicated pump connected to a freshwater tank shall be permit-
-ted to be used, provided the following conditions are met:
-(1) The pump is listed for marine use and is sized to meet the
-required system demand.
-(2) The suction for the fire pump is located below the suction
-for the freshwater system so that there shall be a mini-
-mum water supply of at least 1 minute for the required
-system demand.
-(3) Pressure switches are provided in the system and the con-
-troller for the pump that automatically start the pump
-within 10 seconds after detection of a pressure drop of
-more than 5 percent.
-Table 26.7.2.1 Required Water Supply
-System Type Additional Water Volume
-Wet pipe system Flow requirement of the
-hydraulically most remote
-system demand for 1 minute
-Preaction system
-Deluge system
-Dry pipe system
-Flow requirement of the
-hydraulically most remote
-system demand for 1 minute of
-system demand plus the volume
-needed to fill all dry piping
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-(4) There shall be a reduced pressure zone backflow preven-
-ter to prevent contamination of the potable water system
-by saltwater.
-(5) This pump has at least two sources of power. Where the
-sources of power are electrical, these shall be a main gen-
-erator and an emergency source of power. One supply
-shall be taken from the main switchboard, by separate
-feeder reserved solely for that purpose. This feeder shall
-be run to an automatic changeover switch situated near
-the sprinkler unit, and the switch shall normally be kept
-closed to the feeder from the emergency switchboard.
-The changeover switch shall be clearly labeled, and no
-other switch shall be permitted in these feeders.
-26.7.2.3 Relief Valves.
-26.7.2.3.1 Relief valves shall be installed on the tank to avoid
-overpressurization and false actuation of any dry pipe valve.
-26.7.2.3.2 Relief valves shall comply with 46 CFR 54.15-10.
-26.7.2.4 Power Source.
-26.7.2.4.1 There shall be not less than two sources of power
-for the compressors that supply air to the pressure tank.
-26.7.2.4.2 Where the sources of power are electrical, these
-shall be a main generator and an emergency source of power.
-26.7.2.4.3 One supply shall be taken from the main switch-
-board, by separate feeders reserved solely for that purpose.
-26.7.2.4.4 Such feeders shall be run to a changeover switch
-situated near the air compressor, and the switch normally shall
-be kept closed to the feeder from the emergency switchboard.
-26.7.2.4.5 The changeover switch shall be clearly labeled,
-and no other switch shall be permitted in these feeders.
-26.7.2.5 Multiple Tanks.
-26.7.2.5.1 More than one pressure tank can be installed, pro-
-vided that each is treated as a single water source when deter-
-mining valve arrangements.
-26.7.2.5.2 Check valves shall be installed to prohibit flow
-from tank to tank or from pump to tank, unless the tank is
-designed to hold only pressurized air.
-26.7.2.6 In systems subject to use with saltwater, valves shall
-be so arranged as to prohibit contamination of the pressure
-tank with saltwater.
-26.7.2.7* Where applicable, a means shall be provided to re-
-strict the amount of air that can enter the pressure tank from
-the air supply system. A means shall also be provided to pre-
-vent water from backflowing into the air supply system.
-26.7.3 Fire Pump.
-26.7.3.1 A dedicated, automatically controlled pump that is
-listed for marine service, which takes suction from the sea,
-shall be provided to supply the sprinkler system.
-26.7.3.2 Where two pumps are required to ensure the reli-
-ability of the water supply, the pump that supplies the fire
-main shall be allowed to serve as the second fire pump.
-26.7.3.3* The pump shall be sized to meet the water demand
-of the hydraulically most demanding area.
-26.7.3.4 Pumps shall be designed to not exceed 120 percent
-of the rated capacity of the pump.
-26.7.3.5 The system shall be designed so that, before the sup-
-ply falls below the design criteria, the fire pump shall be auto-
-matically started and shall supply water to the system until
-manually shut off.
-26.7.3.6 Where pump and freshwater tank arrangement is
-used in lieu of the pressure tank, there must be a pressure
-switch that senses a system pressure drop of 25 percent, and
-the controller must automatically start the fire pump(s) if
-pressure is not restored within 20 seconds.
-26.7.3.7 There shall be not less than two sources of power
-supply for the fire pumps. Where the sources of power are
-electrical, these shall be a main generator and an emergency
-source of power.
-26.7.3.8 One supply shall be taken from the main switch-
-board by separate feeders reserved solely for that purpose.
-26.7.3.9 Such feeders shall be run to a changeover switch
-situated near to the sprinkler unit, and the switch normally
-shall be kept closed to the feeder from the emergency switch-
-board.
-26.7.3.10 The changeover switch shall be clearly labeled, and
-no other switch shall be permitted in these feeders.
-26.7.3.11 Test Valves.
-26.7.3.11.1 A test valve(s) shall be installed on the discharge
-side of the pump with a short open-ended discharge pipe.
-26.7.3.11.2 The area of the pipe shall be adequate to permit
-the release of the required water output to supply the demand
-of the hydraulically most remote area.
-26.7.3.12 Multiple Pumps.
-26.7.3.12.1 Where two fire pumps are required to ensure the
-reliability of the water supply, each fire pump shall meet the
-requirements of 26.7.3.1 through 26.7.3.4.
-26.7.3.12.2 In addition, a system that is required to have
-more than one pump shall be designed to accommodate the
-following features:
-(1)*Pump controls and system sensors shall be arranged such
-that the secondary pump will automatically operate if the
-primary pump fails to operate or deliver the required wa-
-ter pressure and flow.[Figure A.26.7.3.12.2(1) is an example
-of an acceptable dual pump arrangement.]
-(2) Both pumps shall be served from normal and emergency
-power sources. However, where approved by the authority
-having jurisdiction, the secondary pump shall be permit-
-ted to be nonelectrically driven.
-(3) Pump failure or operation shall be indicated at the cen-
-tral safety station.
-26.7.3.13* If not specifically prohibited, the fire pump that
-supplies the fire main shall be permitted to be used as the
-second pump, provided the following conditions are met:
-(1) The pump is adequately sized to meet the required fire
-hose and sprinkler system pressure and flow demands si-
-multaneously.
-(2) The fire main system is segregated from the sprinkler sys-
-tem by a normally closed valve that is designed to auto-
-matically open upon failure of the designated fire pump.
-(3) The fire pump that supplies the fire main is automatically
-started in the event of dedicated fire pump failure or loss
-of pressure in the sprinkler main. (See Figure A.26.7.3.13.)
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-26.7.4 Water Supply Configurations.
-26.7.4.1 The pressure tank and fire pump shall be located in
-a position reasonably remote from any machinery space of
-Category A.
-26.7.4.2 All valves within the water supply piping system shall
-be supervised.
-26.7.4.3 Only freshwater shall be used as the initial charge
-within the piping network.
-26.7.4.4 The sprinkler system shall be cross-connected with
-the ship’s fire main system and fitted with a lockable screw-
-down nonreturn valve such that backflow from the sprinkler
-system to the fire main is prevented.
-26.7.4.5 The piping, tanks, and pumps that make up the wa-
-ter supply shall be installed in accordance with the applicable
-requirements of 46 CFR, Subchapter F, “Marine Engineering.”
-26.7.4.6* When a shorewater supply is to be used during ex-
-tended dockside periods, the water supply shall be qualified in
-the manner described in 24.2.2.
-26.7.4.7 Tests shall be conducted in accordance with the re-
-quirements of the local shore-based authority having jurisdiction.
-26.7.4.8 The water supply information listed in Section 23.2
-shall then be provided to the authority having jurisdiction.
-26.8 System Acceptance.
-26.8.1 Hydrostatic Tests. In addition to the interior piping,
-the test required by 25.2.1.10 shall also be conducted on all
-external water supply connections including international
-shore and fireboat connections.
-26.8.2 Alarm Test. A waterflow test shall result in an alarm at
-the central safety station within 30 seconds after flow through
-the test connection begins.
-26.8.3 Operational Tests.
-26.8.3.1 Pressure tank and pump operation, valve actuation,
-and waterflow shall also be tested.
-26.8.3.2 Pump operation and performance shall be tested in
-accordance with Chapter 14 of NFPA 20.
-26.9 System Instructions and Maintenance.
-26.9.1 Instructions for operation, inspection, maintenance,
-and testing shall be kept on the vessel.
-26.9.2 Records of inspections, tests, and maintenance re-
-quired by NFPA 25 shall also be kept on the vessel.
-Chapter 27 System Inspection, Testing, and
-Maintenance
-27.1* General. A sprinkler system installed in accordance with
-this standard shall be properly inspected, tested, and main-
-tained by the property owner or their authorized representa-
-tive in accordance with NFPA 25 to provide at least the same
-level of performance and protection as designed.
-27.2* Inactive Sprinkler Systems Abandoned in Place.
-27.2.1 Where all or part of an inactive sprinkler system is
-abandoned in place, components including sprinklers, hose
-valves and hoses, and alarm devices shall be removed.
-27.2.2 Control valves abandoned in place shall have the op-
-erating mechanisms removed.
-27.2.3 Sprinkler system piping and/or valves abandoned in
-place shall be uniquely identified to differentiate them from
-active system piping and valves.
-Annex A Explanatory Material
-Annex A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
-but is included for informational purposes only. This annex contains
-explanatory material, numbered to correspond with the applicable text
-paragraphs.
-A.1.1 This standard provides a range of sprinkler system ap-
-proaches, design development alternatives, and component
-options that are all acceptable. Building owners and their des-
-ignated representatives are advised to carefully evaluate pro-
-posed selections for appropriateness and preference.
-A.1.1.3 This standard also provides guidance for the installa-
-tion of systems for exterior protection and specific hazards.
-Where these systems are installed, they are also designed for
-protection of a fire from a single ignition source.
-A.1.2 Since its inception, this document has been developed
-on the basis of standardized materials, devices, and design
-practices. However, Section 1.2 and other subsections such as
-6.3.7.8 and 8.4.8 allow the use of materials and devices not
-specifically designated by this standard, provided such use is
-within parameters established by a listing organization. In us-
-ing such materials or devices, it is important that all condi-
-tions, requirements, and limitations of the listing be fully un-
-derstood and accepted and that the installation be in
-complete accord with such listing requirements.
-A.3.2.1 Approved. The National Fire Protection Association
-does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, proce-
-dures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evalu-
-ate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of
-installations, procedures, equipment, or materials, the author-
-ity having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance
-with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of
-such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper
-installation, procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdic-
-tion may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an
-organization that is concerned with product evaluations and is
-thus in a position to determine compliance with appropriate
-standards for the current production of listed items.
-A.3.2.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The phrase “au-
-thority having jurisdiction,” or its acronym AHJ, is used in
-NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and
-approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where pub-
-lic safety is primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a
-federal, state, local, or other regional department or indi-
-vidual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire preven-
-tion bureau, labor department, or health department; build-
-ing official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory
-authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection de-
-partment, rating bureau, or other insurance company repre-
-sentative may be the authority having jurisdiction. In many
-circumstances, the property owner or his or her designated
-agent assumes the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at
-government installations, the commanding officer or depart-
-mental official may be the authority having jurisdiction.
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-A.3.2.3 Listed. The means for identifying listed equipment
-may vary for each organization concerned with product evalu-
-ation; some organizations do not recognize equipment as
-listed unless it is also labeled. The authority having jurisdic-
-tion should utilize the system employed by the listing organi-
-zation to identify a listed product.
-A.3.3.2 Bathroom. A room is still considered a bathroom if it
-contains just a toilet. Additionally, two bathrooms can be adja-
-cent to each other and are considered separate rooms, pro-
-vided they are enclosed with the required level of construc-
-tion. A compartment containing only a toilet, regardless of its
-intended use, is considered a bathroom.
-A.3.3.4 Ceiling Pocket. It is not the intent of this definition to
-be applied to structural and/or framing members otherwise
-used to define obstructed or unobstructed construction. Ceil-
-ing pockets can be protected or unprotected. A ceiling pocket
-where the upper ceiling is within the allowable vertical dis-
-tance from the sprinkler deflector should be considered a pro-
-tected ceiling pocket. Buildings with protected ceiling pockets
-are permitted to use the quick-response reduction of 11.2.3.2.3.
-Buildings with unprotected ceiling pockets greater than 32 ft2
-are not allowed to use the quick-response reduction of 11.2.3.2.3.
-A.3.3.7 Control Valve. Control valves do not include hose
-valves, inspector’s test valves, drain valves, trim valves for dry pipe,
-preaction and deluge valves, check valves, or relief valves.
-A.3.3.8 Draft Curtain. Additional information about the size
-and installation of draft curtains can be found in NFPA 204.
-A.3.3.16 Limited-Combustible (Material). Material subject to
-increase in combustibility or flame spread index beyond the
-limits herein established through the effects of age, moisture,
-or other atmospheric condition is considered combustible.
-See NFPA 259 and NFPA 220.
-A.3.3.19 Raw Water Source. Examples of raw water sources are
-mill ponds, lakes, streams, open-top reservoirs, and so forth. Ex-
-amples of non-raw water sources can include city water supplies,
-cisterns, pressure tanks, gravity tanks, break tanks, aquifers, and
-so forth. Water sources that are closed or protected from direct
-contact with the environment should not be considered raw.
-A.3.3.22 Sprinkler System. As applied to the definition of a
-sprinkler system, each system riser serving a portion of a single
-floor of a facility or where individual floor control valves are
-used in a multistory building should be considered a separate
-sprinkler system. Multiple sprinkler systems can be supplied
-by a common supply main.
-A.3.4.6 Gridded Sprinkler System. See Figure A.3.4.6.
-A.3.4.7 Looped Sprinkler System. See Figure A.3.4.7.
-A.3.4.10 Preaction Sprinkler System. The actuating means of
-the valve are described in 7.3.2.1. Actuation of the detection sys-
-tem and sprinklers in the case of double-interlocked systems
-opens a valve that permits water to flow into the sprinkler piping
-system and to be discharged from any sprinklers that are open.
-A.3.5 See Figure A.3.5.
-A.3.6.1 General Sprinkler Characteristics. The response time
-index (RTI) is a measure of the sensitivity of the sprinkler’s
-thermal element as installed in a specific sprinkler. It is usually
-determined by plunging a sprinkler into a heated laminar air-
-flow within a test oven. The plunge test is not currently appli-
-cable to certain sprinklers.
-To supply
-FIGURE A.3.4.6 Gridded System.
-To supply
-FIGURE A.3.4.7 Looped System.
-A  System riser
-B  Feed main
-C  Cross main
-D  Riser nipple
-E  Branch lines
-F  Underground      
-    supply
-A 
-A 
-F 
-C 
-C 
-B 
-B 
-D E 
-E E 
-C
-FIGURE A.3.5 Building Elevation Showing Parts of Sprinkler
-Piping System.
-13–255ANNEX A
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-
-The RTI is calculated using the following:
-(1) The operating time of the sprinkler
-(2) The operating temperature of the sprinkler’s heat-
-responsive element (as determined in a bath test)
-(3) The air temperature of the test oven
-(4) The air velocity of the test oven
-(5) The sprinkler’s conductivity (c) factor, which is the mea-
-sure of conductance between the sprinkler’s heat-
-responsive element and the sprinkler oven mount
-Other factors affecting response include the temperature
-rating, sprinkler position, fire exposure, and radiation.
-ISO 6182-1,Fire protection — Automatic sprinkler systems — Part 1:
-Requirements and test methods for sprinklers, currently recognizes the
-RTI range of greater than 50 (meters-seconds)1/2 and less than
-80 (meters-seconds)1/2 as special response. Such sprinklers can
-be recognized as special sprinklers under 8.4.8.1.
-It should be recognized that the term fast response (like the
-term quick response used to define a particular type of sprin-
-kler) refers to the thermal sensitivity within the operating ele-
-ment of a sprinkler, not the time of operation in a particular
-installation. Many other factors, such as ceiling height, spac-
-ing, ambient room temperature, and distance below ceiling,
-affect the time of response of sprinklers. In most fire scenarios,
-sprinkler activation times will be shortest where the thermal ele-
-ments are located 1 in. (25.4 mm) to 3 in. (76.2 mm) below the
-ceiling. A fast-response sprinkler is expected to operate quicker
-than a standard-response sprinkler in the same installation orien-
-tation. For modeling purposes, concealed sprinklers can be con-
-sidered equivalent to pendent sprinklers having a similar thermal
-response sensitivity installed 12 in. (305 mm) below smooth un-
-obstructed ceilings, and recessed sprinklers can be considered
-equivalent to pendent sprinklers having a similar thermal re-
-sponse sensitivity installed 8 in. (203 mm) below smooth unob-
-structed ceilings.
-A.3.6.3.2 Dry Sprinkler. Under certain ambient conditions,
-wet pipe systems having dry pendent (or upright) sprinklers
-can freeze due to heat loss by conduction. Therefore, due con-
-sideration should be given to the amount of heat maintained
-in the heated space, the length of the nipple in the heated
-space, and other relevant factors.
-Dry sprinklers are intended to extend into an unheated
-area from a wet pipe system or to be used on a dry pipe system.
-A.3.6.4.1 Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA) Sprin-
-kler. A large drop sprinkler is a type of CMSA sprinkler that is
-capable of producing characteristic large water droplets and
-that is listed for its capability to provide fire control of specific
-high-challenge fire hazards.
-A.3.6.4.2 Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinkler.
-It is important to realize that the effectiveness of these highly
-tested and engineered sprinklers depends on the combina-
-tion of fast response and the quality and uniformity of the
-sprinkler discharge. It should also be realized that ESFR sprin-
-klers cannot be relied upon to provide fire control, let alone
-suppression, if they are used outside the guidelines specified
-in Chapter 12.
-A.3.6.4.7 Quick-Response (QR) Sprinkler. Quick response is
-a listing for sprinklers that combines the deflector, frame, and
-body of a spray sprinkler with a fast-response element [see
-3.6.1(a)(1)] to create a technology that will respond quickly in
-the event of a fire and deliver water in the same fashion as
-other types of spray sprinklers.
-A.3.6.4.7.1 Quick-Response Early Suppression (QRES) Sprin-
-kler. Research into the development of QRES sprinklers is
-continuing under the auspices of the National Fire Protection
-Research Foundation. It is expected that the proposed design
-criteria will be added to the standard when a thorough analysis
-of the test data is completed.
-A.3.7.1 Obstructed Construction. The following examples of
-obstructed construction are provided to assist the user in de-
-termining the type of construction feature:
-(1) Beam and Girder Construction . The term beam and girder
-construction as used in this standard includes noncombus-
-tible and combustible roof or floor decks supported by
-wood beams of 4 in. (102 mm) or greater nominal thick-
-ness or concrete or steel beams spaced 3 ft to 71⁄2 ft (0.9 m
-to 2.3 m) on center and either supported on or framed into
-girders. [Where supporting a wood plank deck, this in-
-cludes semi-mill and panel construction, and where sup-
-porting (with steel framing) gypsum plank, steel deck, con-
-crete, tile, or similar material, this includes much of the
-so-called noncombustible construction.]
-(2) Concrete Tee Construction. The term concrete tee construction
-as it is used in this standard refers to solid concrete mem-
-bers with stems (legs) having a nominal thickness less
-than the nominal height. [See Figure A.3.7.1(a) for ex-
-amples of concrete tee construction.]
-(3) Composite Wood Joist Construction. The term composite wood
-joist construction refers to wood beams of “I” cross section
-constructed of wood flanges and solid wood web, sup-
-porting a floor or roof deck. Composite wood joists can
-vary in depth up to 48 in. (1.2 m), can be spaced up to
-48 in. (1.2 m) on centers, and can span up to 60 ft (18 m)
-between supports. Joist channels should be firestopped
-to the full depth of the joists with material equivalent to
-the web construction so that individual channel areas do
-not exceed 300 ft2 (27.9 m2). [See Figure A.3.7.1(b) for an
-example of composite wood joist construction.]
-(4) Panel Construction. The term panel construction as used in
-this standard includes ceiling panels formed by mem-
-bers capable of trapping heat to aid the operation of
-sprinklers and limited to a maximum of 300 ft2 (27.9 m2)
-in area. There should be no unfilled penetrations in the
-cross-sectional area of the bounding structural members
-including the interface at the roof. Beams spaced more
-than 71⁄2 ft (2.3 m) apart and framed into girders qualify
-as panel construction, provided the 300 ft 2 (27.9 m 2)
-area limitation is met.
-(5) Semi-Mill Construction . The term semi-mill construction as
-used in this standard refers to a modified standard mill
-construction, where greater column spacing is used and
-beams rest on girders.
-(6) Wood Joist Construction. The term wood joist construction re-
-fers to solid wood members of rectangular cross section,
-which can vary from 2 in. to 4 in. (51 mm to 102 mm)
-nominal width and can be up to 14 in. (356 mm) nomi-
-nal depth, spaced up to 3 ft (0.9 m) on centers, and can
-span up to 40 ft (12 m) between supports, supporting a
-floor or roof deck. Solid wood members less than 4 in.
-(102 mm) nominal width and up to 14 in. (356 mm)
-nominal depth, spaced more than 3 ft (0.9 m) on centers,
-are also considered as wood joist construction. Wood joists
-can exceed 14 in. (356 mm) in nominal depth.
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-(7) Bar Joist Construction with Fireproofing . In order to meet
-building codes, bar joists are often covered with fire-
-proofing materials. In such an event, if greater than
-30 percent of the area of the joist is obstructed, it should
-be considered obstructed construction.
-(8) Steel Purlin Construction. This term refers to clear span or
-multiple span buildings with straight or tapered columns
-and frames supporting C- or Z-type purlins greater than
-4 in. (102 mm) in depth spaced up to 7 1⁄2 ft (2.3 m) on
-center.
-(9) Truss Construction (Wood or Steel). The term truss construc-
-tion refers to parallel or pitched chord members con-
-nected by open web members supporting a roof or floor
-deck with top and bottom members greater than 4 in.
-(102 mm) in depth. [See Figure A.3.7.2(c).]
-(10) Bar Joist Construction (Wood or Steel).The term bar joist con-
-struction refers to construction employing joists consist-
-ing of steel truss-shaped members. Wood truss-shaped
-members, which consist of wood top and bottom chord
-members with steel tube or bar webs, are also defined as
-bar joists. Bar joists include noncombustible or combus-
-tible roof or floor decks on bar joist construction with
-top and bottom chord members greater than 4 in.
-(102 mm) in depth. [See Figure A.3.7.2(a) and Figure
-A.3.7.2(b) for examples of bar joist construction.]
-A.3.7.2 Unobstructed Construction. The following examples
-of unobstructed construction are provided to assist the user in
-determining the type of construction feature:
-(1) Bar Joist Construction. The term bar joist construction refers
-to construction employing joists consisting of steel truss-
-shaped members. Wood truss-shaped members, which
-consist of wood top and bottom chord members with steel
-tube or bar webs, are also defined as bar joists. Bar joists
-include noncombustible or combustible roof or floor
-decks on bar joist construction with top and bottom
-chord members not exceeding 4 in. (102 mm) in depth.
-[See Figure A.3.7.2(a) and Figure A.3.7.2(b) for examples of bar
-joist construction.]
-(2) Open-Grid Ceilings . The term open-grid ceilings as used in
-this standard refers to ceilings in which the openings are
-1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) or larger in the least dimension, the thick-
-ness of the ceiling material does not exceed the least di-
-mension of the openings, and the openings constitute at
-least 70 percent of the ceiling area.
-(3) Smooth Ceiling Construction. The termsmooth ceiling construc-
-tion as used in this standard includes the following:
-(a) Flat slab, pan-type reinforced concrete
-(b) Continuous smooth bays formed by wood, concrete,
-or steel beams spaced more than 7 1⁄2 ft (2.3 m) on
-centers — beams supported by columns, girders, or
-trusses
-(c) Smooth roof or floor decks supported directly on
-girders or trusses spaced more than 71⁄2 ft (2.3 m) on
-center
-(d) Smooth monolithic ceilings of at least 3⁄4 in. (19 mm)
-of plaster on metal lath or a combination of materials
-of equivalent fire-resistive rating attached to the un-
-derside of wood joists, wood trusses, and bar joists
-(e) Open-web-type steel beams, regardless of spacing
-(f) Smooth shell-type roofs, such as folded plates, hy-
-perbolic paraboloids, saddles, domes, and long bar-
-rel shells
-(g) Suspended ceilings of combustible or noncombus-
-tible construction
-(h) Smooth monolithic ceilings with fire resistance less than
-that specified under item (d) and attached to the un-
-derside of wood joists, wood trusses, and bar joists
-Combustible or noncombustible floor decks are permit-
-ted in the construction specified in A.3.7.2(3)(b) through
-(f). Item (b) would include standard mill construction.
-(4) Standard Mill Construction. The term standard mill construc-
-tion as used in this standard refers to heavy timber con-
-struction as defined in NFPA 220.
-(5) Truss Construction (Wood or Steel).The term truss construction
-refers to parallel or pitched chord members connected by
-open web members supporting a roof or floor deck with
-top and bottom members not exceeding 4 in. (102 mm)
-in depth. [See Figure A.3.7.2(c).]
-A.3.8.1.11 Private Fire Service Main. See Figure A.3.8.1.11.
-A.3.9.1 General. A six-sided portable storage container can be
-a combustible or noncombustible enclosed storage unit with
-varying dimensions ranging from small portable rental storage
-units to large freight containers. The Technical Committee on
-Sprinkler System Discharge is unaware of fire tests, and no
-design guidance is furnished.
-Steel wire mesh
-Steel wire mesh
-Web
-Web
-Legs (tee)
-Steel
-reinforcing
-rods
-Steel reinforcing
-rods
-Legs
-FIGURE A.3.7.1(a) Typical Concrete Tee Construction.
-Wood
-FIGURE A.3.7.1(b) T ypical Composite Wood Joist Con-
-struction.
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-A.3.9.1.1 Available Height for Storage. For new sprinkler in-
-stallations, the maximum height of storage is the height at
-which commodities can be stored above the floor where the
-minimum required unobstructed space below sprinklers is
-maintained. For the evaluation of existing situations, the
-maximum height of storage is the maximum existing height if
-space between the sprinklers and storage is equal to or greater
-than required.
-A.3.9.1.3 Carton Records Storage. Carton records storage is a
-Class III commodity when it is within the definition of 5.6.3.3
-and is permitted to contain a limited amount (5 percent by
-weight or volume or less) of Group A or Group B plastics.
-Materials stored include Class I and II commodities, paper
-business records, books, magazines, stationery, newspapers,
-cardboard dividers, and cartons. See Table A.5.6.3.3.
-A.3.9.1.9 Compartmented. Cartons used in most of the Factory
-Mutual–sponsored plastic tests involved an ordinary 200 lb
-(90.7 kg) test of outside corrugated cartons with five layers of
-vertical pieces of corrugated carton used as dividers on the in-
-side. There were also single horizontal pieces of corrugated car-
-ton between each layer.
-4 in. (102 mm) or less
-4 in. (102 mm) or less
-FIGURE A.3.7.2(a) Wood Bar Joist Construction.
-FIGURE A.3.7.2(b) Open-Web Bar Joist Construction.
-Greater than 4 in. (102 mm)
-Floor truss
-Continuous 2 times load share bridging
-[minimum size 2 in. ¥ 6 in. (50 mm ¥ 152 mm) #2 spruce pine fir]
-Greater than 
-4 in. (102 mm)
-FIGURE A.3.7.2(c) Examples of Wood Truss Construction.
-Post-indicator valve
-Monitor nozzle
-Building
-Check valve
-Control valves
-Water tank
-See NFPA 20
-Fire pump
-1
-1
-1
-Check valve
-Pump discharge valve
-1
-To water spray fixed 
-system or open 
-sprinkler system
-Post- 
-indicator
-valve
-Check valve
-1
-1
-Private property line
-From jockey pump
-From fire pump (if needed)
-To fire pump (if needed)
-To jockey pump
-Public main
-End of private fire service main1
-Hydrant
-See NFPA 22
-Note:  The piping (aboveground or buried) shown is specific as to the 
-end of the private fire service main and schematic only for illustrative 
-purposes beyond.  Details of valves and their location requirements are 
-covered in the specific standard involved.
-Post-indicator valve
-FIGURE A.3.8.1.11 Typical Private Fire Service Main.
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-Other tests sponsored by the Society of Plastics Industry,
-Industrial Risk Insurers, Factory Mutual, and Kemper used
-two vertical pieces of carton (not corrugated) to form an “X”
-in the carton for separation of product. This arrangement was
-not considered compartmented, as the pieces of carton used
-for separations were flexible (not rigid), and only two pieces
-were used in each carton.
-A.3.9.1.10 Container (Shipping, Master, or Outer Container).
-The term container includes items such as cartons and wrap-
-pings. Fire-retardant containers or tote boxes do not by them-
-selves create a need for automatic sprinklers unless coated
-with oil or grease. Containers can lose their fire-retardant
-properties if washed. For obvious reasons, they should not be
-exposed to rainfall.
-A.3.9.1.11 Conventional Pallets. See Figure A.3.9.1.11.
-A.3.9.1.12 Encapsulation. Totally noncombustible commodi-
-ties on wood pallets enclosed only by a plastic sheet as de-
-scribed are not covered under this definition. Banding (i.e.,
-stretch-wrapping around the sides only of a pallet load) is not
-considered to be encapsulation. Where there are holes or
-voids in the plastic or waterproof cover on the top of the car-
-ton that exceed more than half of the area of the cover, the
-term encapsulated does not apply. The term encapsulated does
-not apply to plastic-enclosed products or packages inside a
-large, nonplastic, enclosed container.
-A.3.9.1.18 Miscellaneous Storage. The sprinkler system de-
-sign criteria for miscellaneous storage at heights below 12 ft
-(3.7 m) are covered by this standard in Chapter 12. Chapter 12
-describes design criteria, and Section 8.2 describes installation
-requirements (area limits). These requirements apply to all
-storage of 12 ft (3.7 m) or less in height.
-A.3.9.1.19 Open-Top Container. Open-top containers can
-prevent water from running across the top to storage and
-down the flues and can also collect water. The container will
-prevent water penetration to a fire in lower levels where it is
-needed. Rack or flue collapse can also occur if too much water
-is collected. Consideration should be given to the potential
-degree of water collection possible within the container when
-applying the definition of an open-top container. The follow-
-ing conditions should be considered:
-(1) Small openings at the top of containers containing such
-items as fresh produce are quite common and should not
-be considered as an open-top container.
-(2) Arrangements that include open-top containers that are
-all located on the bottom tier of rack storage do not pre-
-vent penetration of water and should not be considered
-an open-top container.
-(3) Containers having either wire mesh siding or large uni-
-form openings along the bottom perimeter of each con-
-tainer, such that water enters the container at the same
-flow rate and discharge evenly into the flue spaces should
-not be considered as an open-top container provided the
-contents of the container are not water absorbent and are
-not capable of blocking such container openings.
-(4) Open-top containers that are stored in fixed location on
-racks equipped with flat or domed-shaped fixed-in-place
-lids that are provided directly above the open-top contain-
-ers and prevent water from entering the open-top con-
-tainer, as well as distribute water equally into all flue
-spaces should not be considered an open-top container.
-A.3.9.1.22 Reinforced Plastic Pallet. See Figure A.3.9.1.22(a)
-and Figure A.3.9.1.22(b).
-A.3.9.2.1.2 Open Array. Fire tests conducted to represent a
-closed array utilized 6 in. (152 mm) longitudinal flues and no
-transverse flues. Fire tests conducted to represent an open
-array utilized 12 in. (305 mm) longitudinal flues.
-A.3.9.2.4 Pile Stability, Stable Piles. Pile stability performance
-has been shown to be a difficult factor to judge prior to a pile
-being subjected to an actual fire. In the test work completed,
-compartmented cartons (see A.3.9.1.9, Compartmented) have
-been shown to be stable under fire conditions. Tests also indi-
-cated cartons that were not compartmented tended to be un-
-stable under fire conditions.
-Conventional pallet
-Solid flat bottom
-wood pallet (slave pallet)
-FIGURE A.3.9.1.11 Typical Pallets.
-Reinforcements
-FIGURE A.3.9.1.22(a) Cut-Away Reinforced Plastic Pallet.
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-
-Storage on pallets, compartmented storage, and plastic com-
-ponents that are held in place by materials that do not deform
-readily under fire conditions are examples of stable storage.
-A.3.9.2.5 Pile Stability, Unstable Piles. Leaning stacks, crushed
-bottom cartons, and reliance on combustible bands for stability
-are examples of potential pile instability under a fire condition.
-An increase in pile height tends to increase instability.
-A.3.9.2.6 Shelf Storage. Shelves are usually 2 ft (0.6 m) apart
-vertically.
-A.3.9.2.6.1 Back-to-Back Shelf Storage. The requirement for
-the lack of a longitudinal flue space does not prohibit a small
-gap between the units or a small gap between the shelves and
-the vertical barrier. See Figure A.3.9.2.6.1.
-A.3.9.3.1 Aisle Width. See Figure A.3.9.3.1.
-A.3.9.3.4 Face Sprinklers. All face sprinklers should be lo-
-cated within the rack structure. The flue spaces are generally
-created by the arrangement of the racks, and “walkways”
-should not be considered flue spaces.
-A.3.9.3.6 Longitudinal Flue Space. See Figure A.3.9.3.6.
-A.3.9.3.7 Rack. Shelving in some rack structures use shelves
-that can be solid, slatted, or open. Racks can be fixed, por-
-table, or movable. Loading can be either manual, using lift
-trucks, stacker cranes, or hand placement, or automatic, using
-machine-controlled storage and retrieval systems.
-Rack storage as referred to in this standard contemplates
-commodities in a rack structure, usually steel. Many variations
-of dimensions are found. Racks can be single-, double-, or
-multiple-row, with or without solid shelving. The standard
-commodity used in most of the tests was 42 in. (1.07 m) on a
-side. The types of racks covered in this standard are as follows:
-(1) Double-Row Racks. Pallets rest on two beams parallel to the
-aisle. Any number of pallets can be supported by one pair of
-beams.[See Figure A.3.9.3.7(a) through Figure A.3.9.3.7(d).]
-(2) Automatic Storage-Type Rack . The pallet is supported by
-two rails running perpendicular to the aisle. [See Figure
-A.3.9.3.7(e).]
-(3) Multiple-Row Racks More Than Two Pallets Deep, Measured Aisle
-to Aisle. These racks include drive-in racks, drive-through
-racks, flow-through racks, portable racks arranged in the
-same manner, and conventional or automatic racks with
-aisles less than 42 in. (1.07 m) wide. [See Figure A.3.9.3.7(f)
-through Figure A.3.9.3.7(i).]
-(4) Movable Racks. Movable racks are racks on fixed rails or
-guides. They can be moved back and forth only in a horizon-
-tal, two-dimensional plane. A moving aisle is created as abut-
-ting racks are either loaded or unloaded, then moved across
-the aisle to abut other racks.[See Figure A.3.9.3.7(k).]
-(5) Solid Shelving . Conventional pallet racks with plywood
-shelves on the shelf beams [see Figure A.3.9.3.7(c) and Fig-
-ure A.3.9.3.7(d)]. These racks are used in special cases.(See
-Chapter 12.)
-Maximum
-15 ft storage
-Minimum
-60 in. aisle
-for Group A
-plastics
-storage
-Maximum 60 in. width
-FIGURE A.3.9.2.6.1 Back-to-Back Shelf Storage.
-Reinforcements
-FIGURE A.3.9.1.22(b) Assembled Reinforced Plastic Pallet.
-Aisle width
-Plan View
-Aisle 
-width
-End View
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.1 Illustration of Aisle Width.
-Conventional
-pallet
-Commodity
-Floor
-Section View End View
-Longitudinal
-flue space
-Plan View
-Longitudinal
-flue space
-Rows of storage
-Possible   transverse   flue   spaces
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.6 Typical Double-Row (Back-to-Back) Rack
-Arrangement.
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-(6) Cantilever Rack. The load is supported on arms that extend
-horizontally from columns. The load can rest on the arms or
-on shelves supported by the arms.[See Figure A.3.9.3.7(j).]
-Load depth in conventional or automatic racks should be
-considered a nominal 4 ft (1.22 m). [See Figure A.3.9.3.7(b).]
-When catwalks are installed between racks, these areas are
-not to be considered flue spaces.
-Aisle View
-TT
-T T
-L  Longitudinal flue space
-T  Transverse flue space
-L
-End View
-Double Row
-L
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.7(a) Conventional Pallet Rack.
-L
-H
-E
-G
-T
-AB
-F
-T
-A   Load depth
-B   Load width
-E   Storage height
-F   Commodity
-G  Pallet
-H  Rack depth
-L  Longitudinal flue space
-T  Transverse flue space
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.7(b) Double-Row Racks Without Solid or
-Slatted Shelves.
-T
-F
-B E
-A
-A
-L
-A  Shelf depth
-B  Shelf height
-E  Storage height
-F  Commodity
-H  Rack depth
-L  Longitudinal flue space
-T  Transverse flue space
-H
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.7(c) Double-Row Racks with Solid Shelves.
-A
-A
-H
-B E
-L
-F
-T
-A  Shelf depth
-B  Shelf height
-E  Storage height
-F  Commodity
-H  Rack depth
-L   Longitudinal flue space
-T   Transverse flue space
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.7(d) Double-Row Racks with Slatted
-Shelves.
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Aisle View
-B T
-E
-G
-A
-L
-End View
-Material 
-handling 
-device
-F
-A  Load depth
-B  Load width
-E  Storage height
-F  Commodity
-G  Pallet
- L  Longitudinal flue space
-T   Transverse flue space
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.7(e) Automatic Storage-Type Rack.
-End View
-L  Longitudinal flue space
-L
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.7(f) Multiple-Row Rack Served by Reach
-Truck.
-End View
-Aisle
-T
-T
-Aisle View
-T  Transverse flue space
-T
-T
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.7(g) Flow-Through Pallet Rack.
-End View
-T
-T
-Aisle View
-T  Transverse flue space
-T
-T
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.7(h) Drive-In Rack — Two or More Pallets
-Deep (Fork Truck Drives into Rack to Deposit and Withdraw
-Loads in Depth of Rack).
-13–262 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-A.3.9.4.4 Miscellaneous Tire Storage. The limitations on the
-type and size of storage are intended to identify those situa-
-tions where tire storage is present in limited quantities and
-incidental to the main use of the building. Occupancies such
-as aircraft hangars, automobile dealers, repair garages, retail
-storage facilities, automotive and truck assembly plants, and
-mobile home assembly plants are types of facilities where mis-
-cellaneous storage could be present.
-A.3.9.4.9 Rubber Tire Rack Illustrations. Figure A.3.9.4.9(a)
-through Figure A.3.9.4.9(g) do not necessarily cover all pos-
-sible rubber tire storage configurations.
-End View Aisle View
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.7(i) Flow-Through Racks (Top) and Por-
-table Racks (Bottom).
-Cantilever racking
-Aisle
-Single arm Double arm
-Optional 
-over-aisle tie
-Optional aisle
-base
-Aisle
-End View
-Aisle View
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.7(j) Cantilever Rack.
-TTL
-End View
-Double Row
-Aisle View
-Direction of
-movement
-Carriage 
-wheel
-Carriage 
-wheel
-Movable 
-pallet 
-rack
-T  Transverse flue space
-L  Longitudinal flue space
-Track
-in floor
-FIGURE A.3.9.3.7(k) Movable Rack.
-FIGURE A.3.9.4.9(a) Typical Open Portable Tire Rack Unit.
-FIGURE A.3.9.4.9(b) Typical Palletized Portable Tire Rack
-Units.
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-A.3.9.5.1.3 Standard Array (Paper).The occasional presence of
-partially used rolls on top of columns of otherwise uniform diam-
-eter rolls does not appreciably affect the burning characteristics.
-A.3.9.5.6.3 Wrapped Roll Paper Storage. Rolls that are com-
-pletely protected with a heavyweight kraft wrapper on both
-sides and ends are subject to a reduced degree of fire hazard.
-Standard methods for wrapping and capping rolls are out-
-lined in Figure A.3.9.5.6.3.
-In some cases, rolls are protected with laminated wrappers,
-using two sheets of heavy kraft with a high-temperature wax
-laminate between the sheets. Where using this method, the
-overall weight of wax-laminated wrappers should be based on
-the basis weight per 1000 ft2 (92.9 m2) of the outer sheet only,
-rather than on the combined basis weight of the outer and
-inner laminated wrapper sheets. A properly applied wrapper
-76 in.
-(1.9 m)
-typical
-33 in.
-(0.8 m)
-48 in.
-(1.2 m)
-typical
-68 in.
-(1.7 m)
-typical
-FIGURE A.3.9.4.9(c) Open Portable Tire Rack.
-A ETB
-G
-F
-L
-H
-Side view End view
-A Load depth
-B Load width
-E Storage height
-F Commodity
-G Pallet
-H Rack depth
-L Longitudinal flue
-T Transverse flue
-FIGURE A.3.9.4.9(d) Double-Row Fixed Tire Rack Storage.
-FIGURE A.3.9.4.9(e) Palletized Portable Tire Rack, On-Side
-Storage Arrangement (Banded or Unbanded).
-FIGURE A.3.9.4.9(f) On-Floor Storage; On-Tread, Normally
-Banded.
-13–264 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-can have the effect of changing the class of a given paper to
-essentially that of the wrapper material. The effect of applying
-a wrapper to tissue has not been determined by test.
-A.3.9.5.7 Roll Paper Storage Height. The size of rolls and
-limitations of mechanical handling equipment should be con-
-sidered in determining maximum storage height.
-A.3.9.6.1 Baled Cotton. See Table A.3.9.6.1.
-A.3.9.6.2 Tiered Storage. Untiered storage limits storage to
-the height of one bale, on side or on end. Sprinkler protection
-designed on this basis would likely prohibit future tiering with-
-out redesign of the sprinkler system.
-A.3.10.4 Heat-Sensitive Material. The backbone of the fire
-protection philosophy for U.S. flagged vessels and passenger
-vessels that trade internationally is limiting a fire to the com-
-partment of origin by passive means. Materials that do not
-withstand a 1-hour fire exposure when tested in accordance
-with ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building
-Construction and Materials, are considered “heat sensitive.”
-A.3.10.7 International Shore Connection. See Figure A.3.10.7.
-A.3.10.8 Marine System. Some types of sprinkler systems can
-closely resemble marine systems, such as a system installed on
-a floating structure that has a permanent water supply connec-
-tion to a public main. For these types of systems, judgment
-should be used in determining if certain aspects of Chapter 26
-are applicable.
-A.3.10.9 Marine Thermal Barrier. A marine thermal barrier is
-typically referred to as a B-15 boundary.
-A.3.11.3 Four-Way Bracing. A sway brace assembly could in-
-clude a lateral and longitudinal brace in combination.
-A.3.11.8 Post-Installed Anchors. Examples of these are wedge
-or undercut anchors, or powder-driven studs.
-A.3.11.10 Seismic Separation Assembly. Seismic separation as-
-semblies include traditional assemblies as shown in Figure
-A.9.3.3(a) and seismic loops as shown in Figure A.9.3.3(b).
-A.4.3 A building constructed where the expected occupancy
-hazard and commodity classification of tenant uses are un-
-known at the time of the design and installation of the sprin-
-kler system presents special problems due to unknown factors
-of future tenants and uses. The design of sprinkler systems for
-such buildings should be carefully reviewed with the owners,
-builders, leasing agents, and local authorities having jurisdic-
-tion prior to the selection of design criteria and installation of
-the system. Consideration should be given to the available
-height for storage, as well as the occupancy hazards of poten-
-tial tenants and their likely storage needs.
-The intent of Section 4.3 is to provide the owner’s certifi-
-cate for all new systems and where there is a change of occu-
-pancy and/or building use. [See Figure A.23.1(b).]
-A.4.3(3) Recycled or reclaimed water used in a sprinkler sys-
-tem should not have contaminants in the water that are com-
-bustible or that will have a detrimental effect on the sprinkler
-system performance or the life of the sprinkler system.
-Roll cap A protective cover placed
-over the end of a roll.
-Edges of cap lap over the
-end of the roll and are
-secured to the sides of the
-roll.
-The distance the body wrap or wrapper overlaps
-itself (D).
-Overwrap
-Edge protectors
-Edge bands
-Outside heads
-Refers to extra padding to prevent damage to
-roll edges (C).
-Protection applied to the ends of the rolls on
-the outside (A). This head is applied after
-the wrapper is crimped.
-Inside heads Protection applied to the ends of the rolls 
-next to the roll itself (B). The wrapper of
-the rolls is crimped down over these heads.
-Heads
-Headers Protection applied to the ends of the rolls (A and
-B). Heads do not lap over the end of the roll. 
-C
-D
-Wrapper
-Exterior wrapper
-Body wrapper
-Body wrap
-Sleeve wrap
-Wrap — do not
-cap
-General term for protective wrapping of sides
-and ends on roll.
-Wrapper placed around circumference of roll.
-No heads or caps needed.
-BA
-FIGURE A.3.9.5.6.3 Wrapping and Capping Terms and
-Methods.
-FIGURE A.3.9.4.9(g) Typical Laced Tire Storage.
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-A.4.4 Biocides and other chemicals that are approved and
-used for the prevention and mitigation of MIC and that do not
-adversely affect the fire-fighting properties of the water or the
-performance of the fire sprinkler system components are not
-prohibited.
-A.4.6 Non-system components can adversely affect the opera-
-tion and longevity of the fire sprinkler system. Objects connected
-to the sprinkler system can displace sprinkler system piping, caus-
-ing obstruction to the spray pattern of sprinklers, delay the acti-
-vation of a sprinkler, or cause chemical compatibility problems
-that can cause the failure of sprinkler system components.
-A.5.1 Occupancy examples in the listings as shown in the
-various hazard classifications are intended to represent the
-norm for those occupancy types. Unusual or abnormal fuel
-loadings or combustible characteristics and susceptibility for
-changes in these characteristics, for a particular occupancy,
-are considerations that should be weighed in the selection and
-classification.
-The light hazard classification is intended to encompass
-residential occupancies; however, this is not intended to pre-
-clude the use of listed residential sprinklers in residential oc-
-cupancies or residential portions of other occupancies.
-A.5.2 Light hazard occupancies include occupancies having
-uses and conditions similar to the following:
-(1) Animal shelters
-(2) Churches
-(3) Clubs
-(4) Eaves and overhangs, if of combustible construction with
-no combustibles beneath
-(5) Educational
-(6) Hospitals, including animal hospitals and veterinary fa-
-cilities
-(7) Institutional
-(8) Kennels
-(9) Libraries, except large stack rooms
-(10) Museums
-(11) Nursing or convalescent homes
-(12) Offices, including data processing
-(13) Residential
-(14) Restaurant seating areas
-(15) Theaters and auditoriums, excluding stages and prosce-
-niums
-(16) Unused attics
-Note that it is not the committee’s intent to automatically
-equate library bookshelves with ordinary hazard occupancies or
-with library stacks. Typical library bookshelves of approximately
-8 ft (2.4 m) in height, containing books stored vertically on end,
-held in place in close association with each other, with aisles
-wider than 30 in. (762 mm) can be considered to be light hazard
-occupancies. Similarly, library stack areas, which are more akin to
-shelf storage or record storage, as defined in NFPA 232, should
-be considered to be ordinary hazard occupancies.
-Table A.3.9.6.1 Typical Cotton Bale Types and Approximate Sizes
-Bale Type
-Dimensions Average Weight Volume Density
-in. mm lb kg ft 3 m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3
-Compressed,
-standard
-57 × 29 × 23 1448 × 736 × 584 500 226.8 22.0 0.62 22.7 366
-Gin, standard 55 × 31 × 21 1397 × 787 × 533 500 226.8 20.7 0.58 24.2 391
-Compressed,
-universal
-58 × 25 × 21 1475 × 635 × 533 500 226.8 17.6 0.50 28.4 454
-Gin, universal 55 × 26 × 21 1397 × 660 × 533 500 226.8 17.4 0.49 28.7 463
-Compressed,
-high density
-58 × 22 × 21 1473 × 559 × 533 500 226.8 15.5 0.44 32.2 515
-Densely
-packed
-baled cotton
-55 × 21 × 27.6
-to 35.4
-1400 × 530 × 700
-to 900
-500 226.8 21.1 0.60 22.0 360
-Threads to mate hydrants
-and hose at shore facilities
-Threads to mate hydrants
-and hose on ship
-International Shore Connection
-⁹⁄₁₆ in.  (14 mm) 
-minimum
-0.75 in. 
-(19 mm)
-Shore
-1.25 in. (32 mm)
-2.75 in. 
-(70 mm) 3.5 in. 
-(89 mm)
-0.75 in. 
-(19 mm)
-1.25 in. 
-(32 mm)
-2.75 in. 
-(70 mm) 3.5 in. 
-(89 mm)
-Ship
-Material: Any suitable for 150 psi 
-(10.3 bar) service (shore)
-Flange surface: Flat face
-Gasket material: Any suitable for 
-150 psi (10.3 bar) service
-Bolts: Four ⁵⁄₈ in. (16 mm) minimum
-diameter, 2 in. (51 mm) long,
-threaded to within 1 in. (25.4 mm) 
-of bolt head
-Nuts: Four, to fit bolts
-Washers: Four, to fit bolts
-Material: Brass or bronze 
-suitable for 150 psi (10.3 bar) 
-service (ship)
-FIGURE A.3.10.7 International Shore Fire Connection.
-13–266 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-A.5.3 For purposes of these definitions, Class I, Class II, Class
-III, and Class IV commodities would be considered to have
-moderate rates of heat release, while Group A plastics would
-be considered to have high rates of heat release. Stockpiles are
-considered to include display merchandise (mercantile) and
-arrangements of combustibles ancillary to operations within
-the occupancy as opposed to dedicated storage areas where
-the fire loading is generally more severe.
-A.5.3.1 Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies include oc-
-cupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following:
-(1) Automobile parking and showrooms
-(2) Bakeries
-(3) Beverage manufacturing
-(4) Canneries
-(5) Dairy products manufacturing and processing
-(6) Electronic plants
-(7) Glass and glass products manufacturing
-(8) Laundries
-(9) Restaurant service areas
-A.5.3.2 Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies include oc-
-cupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following:
-(1) Agricultural facilities
-(2) Barns and stables
-(3) Cereal mills
-(4) Chemical plants — ordinary
-(5) Confectionery products
-(6) Distilleries
-(7) Dry cleaners
-(8) Exterior loading docks (Note that exterior loading docks
-only used for loading and unloading of ordinary combus-
-tibles should be classified as OH2. For the handling of
-flammable and combustible liquids, hazardous materi-
-als, or where utilized for storage, exterior loading docks
-and all interior loading docks should be protected based
-upon the actual occupancy and the materials handled
-on the dock, as if the materials were actually stored in
-that configuration.)
-(9) Feed mills
-(10) Horse stables
-(11) Leather goods manufacturing
-(12) Libraries — large stack room areas
-(13) Machine shops
-(14) Metal working
-(15) Mercantile
-(16) Paper and pulp mills
-(17) Paper process plants
-(18) Piers and wharves
-(19) Plastics fabrication, including blow molding, extruding,
-and machining; excluding operations using combustible
-hydraulic fluids
-(20) Post offices
-(21) Printing and publishing
-(22) Racetrack stable/kennel areas, including those stable/
-kennel areas, barns, and associated buildings at state,
-county, and local fairgrounds
-(23) Repair garages
-(24) Resin application area
-(25) Stages
-(26) Textile manufacturing
-(27) Tire manufacturing
-(28) Tobacco products manufacturing
-(29) Wood machining
-(30) Wood product assembly
-A.5.4.1 Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies include occu-
-pancies having uses and conditions similar to the following:
-(1) Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409)
-(2) Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas
-(3) Die casting
-(4) Metal extruding
-(5) Plywood and particleboard manufacturing
-(6) Printing [using inks having flash points below 100°F
-(38°C)]
-(7) Rubber reclaiming, compounding, drying, milling, vul-
-canizing
-(8) Saw mills
-(9) Textile picking, opening, blending, garnetting, or card-
-ing, combining of cotton, synthetics, wool shoddy, or
-burlap
-(10) Upholstering with plastic foams
-A.5.4.2 Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies include occu-
-pancies having uses and conditions similar to the following:
-(1) Asphalt saturating
-(2) Flammable liquids spraying
-(3) Flow coating
-(4) Manufactured home or modular building assemblies
-(where finished enclosure is present and has combus-
-tible interiors)
-(5) Open oil quenching
-(6) Plastics manufacturing
-(7) Solvent cleaning
-(8) Varnish and paint dipping
-A.5.5 Other NFPA standards contain design criteria for fire
-control or fire suppression(see Section 5.5 and Chapter 2).While
-these can form the basis of design criteria, this standard de-
-scribes the methods of design, installation, fabrication, calcu-
-lation, and evaluation of water supplies that should be used for
-the specific design of the system.
-Other NFPA standards contain sprinkler system design cri-
-teria for fire control or suppression of specific hazards. This
-information has been either referenced or copied into Chap-
-ter 22 using NFPA’s extract policy.
-A.5.6 Specification of the type, amount, and arrangement of
-combustibles for any commodity classification is essentially an
-attempt to define the potential fire severity, based on its burning
-characteristics, so the fire can be successfully controlled by the
-prescribed sprinkler protection for the commodity class. In ac-
-tual storage situations, however, many storage arrays do not fit
-precisely into one of the fundamental classifications; therefore,
-the user needs to make judgments after comparing each classifi-
-cation to the existing storage conditions. Storage arrays consist of
-thousands of products, which make it impossible to specify all the
-acceptable variations for any class. As an alternative, a variety of
-common products are classified in this annex based on judg-
-ment, loss experience, and fire test results.
-Table A.5.6 provides examples of commodities not ad-
-dressed by the classifications in Section 5.6.
-Table A.5.6.3 is an alphabetized list of commodities with
-corresponding classifications.
-Table A.5.6.3.1 through Table A.5.6.3.4 and Table A.5.6.4.1
-provide examples of commodities within a specific class.
-A.5.6.1.1 Commodity classification is governed by the types
-and amounts of materials (e.g., metal, paper, wood, plastics)
-that are a part of a product and its primary packaging. How-
-ever, in a storage or warehousing situation, classification is also
-affected by such factors as the primary storage or shipping
-container material, the amount of air space, and the location
-13–267ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-of the more hazardous materials within the container. For ex-
-ample, a Group A plastic product enclosed in a five- or six-
-sided metal container can be considered Class II, while a ce-
-ramic product heavily wrapped in tissue paper and placed in a
-corrugated carton could be Class III.
-A.5.6.2.2 For example, Class III will become Class IV , and
-Class IV will become a cartoned unexpanded Group A plastic
-commodity.
-A.5.6.2.3 For example, Class II will become Class IV , and
-Class III and Class IV will become a cartoned unexpanded
-Group A plastic commodity.
-A.5.6.3 See Table A.5.6.3.
-Table A.5.6.3 Alphabetized Listing of Commodity Classes
-Commodity Commodity Class
-Aerosols
-Cartoned or uncartoned —
-Level 1
-Class III
-Alcoholic Beverages
-Cartoned or uncartoned
-- Up to 20 percent alcohol in
-metal, glass, or ceramic
-containers
-Class I
-- Up to 20 percent alcohol in
-wood containers
-Class II
-Ammunition
-Small arms, shotgun —
-packaged, cartoned
-Class IV
-Appliances, Major (e.g., stoves,
-refrigerators)
-- Not packaged, no appreciable
-plastic exterior trim
-Class I
-- Corrugated, cartoned (no
-appreciable plastic trim)
-Class II
-Baked Goods
-Cookies, cakes, pies
-- Frozen, packaged in cartonsa Class II
-- Packaged, in cartons Class III
-Batteries
-Dry cells (nonlithium or similar
-exotic metals)
-- Packaged in cartons Class I
-- Blister-packed in cartons Class II
-Automobile — filled b Class I
-Table A.5.6.3 Continued
-Commodity Commodity Class
-Truck or larger — empty or
-filledb
-Group A plastics
-Beans
-Dried — packaged, cartoned Class III
-Boat Storage
-- Stored in racks See Table A.5.6
-Bottles, Jars
-Empty, cartoned
-- Glass Class I
-- Plastic PET (polyethylene
-terephthalate)
-Class IV
-Filled noncombustible powders
-- Plastic PET Class II
-- Glass, cartoned Class I
-- Plastic, cartoned [less than 1
-gal (3.8 L)]
-Class IV
-- Plastic, uncartoned (other than
-PET), any size
-Group A plastics
-- Plastic, cartoned or exposed
-[greater than 1 gal (3.8 L)]
-Group A plastics
-- Plastic, solid plastic crates Group A plastics
-- Plastic, open plastic crates Group A plastics
-Filled noncombustible liquids
-- Glass, cartoned Class I
-- Plastic, cartoned [less than 5
-gal (18.9 L)]
-Class I
-- Plastic, open or solid plastic
-cratesc
-Group A plastics
-- Plastic, PET Class I
-Boxes, Crates
-- Empty, wood, solid walls Class II
-- Empty, wood, slatted See Table A.5.6
-Bread
-Wrapped cartoned Class III
-Butter
-Whipped spread Class III
-Candles
-Packaged, cartoned
-- Treat as expanded plastic Group A plastics
-Candy
-Packaged, cartoned Class III
-Canned Foods
-In ordinary cartons Class I
-Cans
-Metal — empty Class I
-Carpet Tiles
-Cartoned Group A plastics
-Cartons
-Corrugated
-- Unassembled (neat piles) Class III
-- Partially assembled Class IV
-Wax coated, single walled Group A plastics
-Cement
-Bagged Class I
-Cereals
-Packaged, cartoned Class III
-Charcoal
-Bagged — standard Class III
-Cheese
-- Packaged, cartoned Class III
-Table A.5.6 Examples of Commodities Not Addressed by
-Classifications in Section 5.6
-Boat Storage
-- Stored on racks
-Boxes, Crates
-- Empty, wood slatted*
-Lighters (butane)
-- Loose in large containers (Level 3 aerosol)
-Storage Container
-- Large container storage of household goods
-*Should be treated as idle pallets.
-13–268 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-01:53:20 MST
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---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table A.5.6.3 Continued
-Commodity Commodity Class
-- Wheels, cartoned Class III
-Chewing Gum
-Packaged, cartoned Class III
-Chocolate
-Packaged, cartoned Class III
-Cloth
-Cartoned and not cartoned
-- Natural fiber, viscose Class III
-- Syntheticd Class IV
-Cocoa Products
-Packaged, cartoned Class III
-Coffee
-- Canned, cartoned Class I
-- Packaged, cartoned Class III
-Coffee Beans
-Bagged Class III
-Cotton
-Packaged, cartoned Class III
-Diapers
-- Cotton, linen Class III
-- Disposable with plastics and
-nonwoven fabric (in cartons)
-Class IV
-- Disposable with plastics and
-nonwoven fabric (uncartoned),
-plastic wrapped
-Group A plastics
-Dried Foods
-Packaged, cartoned Class III
-Fertilizers
-Bagged
-- Phosphates Class I
-- Nitrates Class II
-Fiberglass Insulation
-- Paper-backed rolls, bagged or
-unbagged
-Class IV
-File Cabinets
-Metal
-- Cardboard box or shroud Class I
-Fish or Fish Products
-Frozen
-- Nonwaxed, nonplastic
-packaging
-Class I
-- Waxed-paper containers,
-cartoned
-Class II
-- Boxed or barreled Class II
-- Plastic trays, cartoned Class III
-Canned
-- Cartoned Class I
-Frozen Foods
-Nonwaxed, nonplastic packaging Class I
-- Waxed-paper containers,
-cartoned
-Class II
-- Plastic trays Class III
-Fruit
-Fresh
-- Nonplastic trays or containers Class I
-- With wood spacers Class I
-Furniture
-Wood
-- No plastic coverings or foam
-plastic cushioning
-Class III
-Table A.5.6.3 Continued
-Commodity Commodity Class
-- With plastic coverings Class IV
-- With foam plastic cushioning Group A plastics
-Grains — Packaged in Cartons
-- Barley Class III
-- Rice Class III
-- Oats Class III
-Ice Cream Class I
-Leather Goods Class III
-Leather Hides
-Baled Class II
-Light Fixtures
-Nonplastic — cartoned Class II
-Lighters
-Butane
-- Blister-packed, cartoned Group A plastics
-- Loose and in large containers
-(Level 3 aerosol)
-See Table A.5.6
-Liquor
-100 proof or less, 1 gal (3.8 L) or
-less, cartoned
-- Glass (palletized)e Class IV
-- Plastic bottles Class IV
-Marble
-Artificial sinks, countertops
-- Cartoned, crated Class II
-Margarine
-- Up to 50 percent oil (in paper
-or plastic containers)
-Class III
-- Between 50 percent and 80
-percent oil (in any packaging)
-Group A plastics
-Matches
-Packaged, cartoned
-- Paper Class IV
-- Wood Group A plastics
-Mattresses
-- Standard (box spring) Class III
-- Foam (in finished form) Group A plastics
-Meat, Meat Products
-- Bulk Class I
-- Canned, cartoned Class I
-- Frozen, nonwaxed, nonplastic
-containers
-Class I
-- Frozen, waxed-paper containers Class II
-- Frozen, expanded plastic trays Class II
-Metal Desks
-- With plastic tops and trim Class I
-Milk
-- Nonwaxed-paper containers Class I
-- Waxed-paper containers Class I
-- Plastic containers Class I
-- Containers in plastic crates Group A plastics
-Motors
-- Electric Class I
-Nail Polish
-- 1 oz to 2 oz (29.6 ml to 59.1 ml)
-glass, cartoned
-Class IV
-- 1 oz to 2 oz (29.6 ml to 59.1 ml)
-plastic bottles, cartoned
-Group A plastics
-Nuts
-- Canned, cartoned Class I
-(continues)
-13–269ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table A.5.6.3 Continued
-Commodity Commodity Class
-- Packaged, cartoned Class III
-- Bagged Class III
-Paints
-Friction-top cans, cartoned
-- Water-based (latex) Class I
-- Oil-based Class IV
-Paper Products
-- Books, magazines, stationery,
-plastic-coated paper food
-containers, newspapers,
-cardboard games, or cartoned
-tissue products
-Class III
-- Tissue products, uncartoned
-and plastic wrapped
-Group A plastics
-Paper, Rolled
-In racks or on side Class III
-- Medium- or heavyweight
-In racks Class IV
-- Lightweight
-Paper, Waxed
-Packaged in cartons Class IV
-Pharmaceuticals
-Pills, powders
-- Glass bottles, cartoned Class II
-- Plastic bottles, cartoned Class IV
-Nonflammable liquids
-- Glass bottles, cartoned Class II
-Photographic Film
-- Motion picture or bulk rolls of
-film in polycarbonate,
-polyethylene, or metal cans;
-polyethylene bagged in
-cardboard boxes
-Class II
-- 35 mm in metal film cartridges
-in polyethylene cans in
-cardboard boxes
-Class III
-- Paper, in sheets, bagged in
-polyethylene, in cardboard
-boxes
-Class III
-- Rolls in polycarbonate plastic
-cassettes, bulk wrapped in
-cardboard boxes
-Class IV
-Plastic Containers (except PET)
-- Noncombustible liquids or
-semiliquids in plastic containers
-less than 5 gal (18.9 L) capacity
-Class I
-- Noncombustible liquids or
-semiliquids (such as ketchup) in
-plastic containers with nominal
-wall thickness of 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm)
-or less and larger than 5 gal
-(18.9) capacity
-Class II
-- Noncombustible liquids or
-semiliquids (such as ketchup) in
-plastic containers with nominal
-wall thickness greater than 1⁄4 in.
-(6.4 mm) and larger than 5 gal
-(18.9 L) capacity
-Group A plastics
-Table A.5.6.3 Continued
-Commodity Commodity Class
-Polyurethane
-- Cartoned or uncartoned
-expanded
-Group A plastics
-Poultry Products
-- Canned, cartoned Class I
-- Frozen, nonwaxed, nonplastic
-containers
-Class I
-- Frozen (on paper or expanded
-plastic trays)
-Class II
-Powders
-Ordinary combustibles — free
-flowing
-- In paper bags (e.g., flour,
-sugar)
-Class II
-PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) Resins
-PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
-- Flexible (e.g., cable jackets,
-plasticized sheets)
-Class III
-- Rigid (e.g., pipe, pipe fittings) Class III
-- Bagged resins Class III
-Rags
-Baled
-- Natural fibers Class III
-- Synthetic fibers Class IV
-Rubber
-- Natural, blocks in cartons Class IV
-- Synthetic Group A plastics
-Salt
-- Bagged Class I
-- Packaged, cartoned Class II
-Shingles
-- Asphalt-coated fiberglass Class III
-- Asphalt-impregnated felt Class IV
-Shock Absorbers
-- Metal dust cover Class II
-- Plastic dust cover Class III
-Signatures
-Books, magazines
-- Solid array on pallet Class II
-Skis
-- Wood Class III
-- Foam core Class IV
-Stuffed Toys
-Foam or synthetic Group A plastics
-Storage Container
-- Large container storage of
-household goods
-See Table A.5.6
-Syrup
-- Drummed (metal containers) Class I
-- Barreled, wood Class II
-Textiles
-Natural fiber clothing or textile
-products
-Class III
-Synthetics (except rayon and
-nylon) — 50/50 blend or less
-- Thread, yarn on wood or paper
-spools
-Class III
-- Fabrics Class III
-- Thread, yarn on plastic spools Class IV
-- Baled fiber Group A plastics
-13–270 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-Table A.5.6.3 Continued
-Commodity Commodity Class
-Synthetics (except rayon and
-nylon) — greater than 50/50
-blend
-- Thread, yarn on wood or paper
-spools
-Class IV
-- Fabrics Class IV
-- Baled fiber Group A plastics
-- Thread, yarn on plastic spools Group A plastics
-Rayon and nylon
-- Baled fiber Class IV
-- Thread, yarn on wood or paper
-spools
-Class IV
-- Fabrics Class IV
-- Thread, yarn on plastic spools Group A plastics
-Tobacco Products
-In paperboard cartons Class III
-Transformers
-Dry and oil filled Class I
-Vinyl-Coated Fabric
-Cartoned Group A plastics
-Vinyl Floor Coverings
-- Tiles in cartons Class IV
-- Rolled Group A plastics
-Wax-Coated Paper
-Cups, plates
-- Boxed or packaged inside
-cartons (emphasis on
-packaging)
-Class IV
-- Loose inside large cartons Group A plastics
-Wax
-Paraffin/petroleum wax, blocks,
-cartoned
-Group A plastics
-Wire
-- Bare wire on metal spools on
-wood skids
-Class I
-- Bare wire on wood or
-cardboard spools on wood skids
-Class II
-- Bare wire on metal, wood, or
-cardboard spools in cardboard
-boxes on wood skids
-Class II
-- Single- or multiple-layer
-PVC-covered wire on metal
-spools on wood skids
-Class II
-- Insulated (PVC) cable on large
-wood or metal spools on wood
-skids
-Class II
-- Bare wire on plastic spools in
-cardboard boxes on wood skids
-Class IV
-- Single- or multiple-layer
-PVC-covered wire on plastic
-spools in cardboard boxes on
-wood skids
-Class IV
-- Single, multiple, or power
-cables (PVC) on large plastic
-spools
-Class IV
-- Bulk storage of empty plastic
-spools
-Group A plastics
-Table A.5.6.3 Continued
-Commodity Commodity Class
-Wood Products
-- Solid piles — lumber, plywood,
-particleboard, pressboard
-(smooth ends and edges)
-Class II
-- Spools (empty) Class III
-- Toothpicks, clothespins,
-hangers in cartons
-Class III
-- Doors, windows, wood cabinets,
-and furniture
-Class III
-- Patterns Class IV
-a The product is presumed to be in a plastic-coated package in a cor-
-rugated carton. If packaged in a metal foil, it can be considered Class
-I.
-b Most batteries have a polypropylene case and, if stored empty,
-should be treated as a Group A plastic. Truck batteries, even where
-filled, should be considered a Group A plastic because of their thicker
-walls.
-c As the openings in plastic crates become larger, the product behaves
-more like a Class III commodity. Conversely, as the openings become
-smaller, the product behaves more like a plastic.
-d Tests clearly indicate that a synthetic or synthetic blend is considered
-greater than Class III.
-e When liquor is stored in glass containers in racks, it should be con-
-sidered a Class III commodity; where it is palletized, it should be con-
-sidered a Class IV commodity.
-A.5.6.3.1 See Table A.5.6.3.1.
-Table A.5.6.3.1 Examples of Class I Commodities
-Alcoholic Beverages
-Cartoned or uncartoned
-- Up to 20 percent alcohol in metal, glass, or ceramic
-containers
-Appliances, Major (e.g., stoves, refrigerators)
-- Not packaged, no appreciable plastic exterior trim
-Batteries
-Dry cells (nonlithium or similar exotic metals)
-- Packaged in cartons
-Automobile
-- Filled*
-Bottles, Jars
-Empty, cartoned
-- Glass
-Filled noncombustible liquids
-- Glass, cartoned
-- Plastic, cartoned [less than 5 gal (18.9 L)]
-- Plastic, PET
-Filled noncombustible powders
-- Glass, cartoned
-Canned Foods
-In ordinary cartons
-Cans
-Metal
-- Empty
-Cement
-Bagged
-Coffee
-Canned, cartoned
-(continues)
-13–271ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Fertilizers
-Bagged
-- Phosphates
-File Cabinets
-Metal
-- Cardboard box or shroud
-Fish or Fish Products
-Frozen
-- Nonwaxed, nonplastic packaging
-Canned
-- Cartoned
-Frozen Foods
-Nonwaxed, nonplastic packaging
-Fruit
-Fresh
-- Nonplastic trays or containers
-- With wood spacers
-Ice Cream
-Meat, Meat Products
-- Bulk
-- Canned, cartoned
-- Frozen, nonwaxed, nonplastic containers
-Metal Desks
-- With plastic tops and trim
-Milk
-- Nonwaxed-paper containers
-- Waxed-paper containers
-- Plastic containers
-Motors
-- Electric
-Nuts
-- Canned, cartoned
-Paints
-Friction-top cans, cartoned
-- Water-based (latex)
-Plastic Containers
-- Noncombustible liquids or semiliquids in plastic
-containers less than 5 gal (18.9 L) capacity
-Poultry Products
-- Canned, cartoned
-- Frozen, nonwaxed, nonplastic containers
-Salt
-Bagged
-Syrup
-Drummed (metal containers)
-Transformers
-Dry and oil filled
-Wire
-Bare wire on metal spools on wood skids
-*Most batteries have a polypropylene case and, if stored empty, should
-be treated as a Group A plastic. Truck batteries, even where filled,
-should be considered a Group A plastic because of their thicker walls.
-A.5.6.3.2 See Table A.5.6.3.2.
-Table A.5.6.3.2 Examples of Class II Commodities
-Alcoholic Beverages
-Up to 20 percent alcohol in wood containers
-Appliances, Major (e.g., stoves)
-Corrugated, cartoned (no appreciable plastic trim)
-Baked Goods
-Cookies, cakes, pies
-- Frozen, packaged in cartons*
-Batteries
-Dry cells (nonlithium or similar exotic metals) in blister
-pack in cartons
-Bottles, Jars
-Filled noncombustible powders
-- Plastic PET
-Boxes, Crates
-Empty, wood, solid walls
-Fertilizers
-Bagged
-- Nitrates
-Fish or Fish Products
-Frozen
-- Waxed-paper containers, cartoned
-- Boxed or barreled
-Frozen Foods
-Waxed-paper containers, cartoned
-Leather Hides
-Baled
-Light Fixtures
-Nonplastic
-- Cartoned
-Marble
-Artificial sinks, countertops
-- Cartoned, crated
-Meat, Meat Products
-- Frozen, waxed-paper containers
-- Frozen, expanded plastic trays
-Pharmaceuticals
-Pills, powders
-- Glass bottles, cartoned
-Nonflammable liquids
-- Glass bottles, cartoned
-Photographic Film
-- Motion picture or bulk rolls of film in polycarbonate,
-polyethylene, or metal cans; polyethylene bagged in
-cardboard boxes
-Plastic Containers
-Noncombustible liquids or semiliquids (such as ketchup)
-in plastic containers with nominal wall thickness of 1⁄4 in.
-(6.4 mm) or less and larger than 5 gal (18.9 L) capacity
-Poultry Products
-Frozen (on paper or expanded plastic trays)
-Powders (ordinary combustibles — free flowing)
-In paper bags (e.g., flour, sugar)
-Salt
-Packaged, cartoned
-Shock Absorbers
-Metal dust cover
-Signatures
-Book, magazines
-- Solid array on pallet
-Syrup
-Barreled, wood
-Wire
-- Bare wire on wood or cardboard spools on wood skids
-- Bare wire on metal, wood, or cardboard spools in
-cardboard boxes on wood skids
-- Single- or multiple-layer PVC-covered wire on metal
-spools on wood skids
-13–272 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-- Insulated (PVC) cable on large wood or metal spools on
-wood skids
-Wood Products
-Solid piles
-- Lumber, plywood, particle board, pressboard (smooth
-ends and edges)
-*The product is in a plastic-coated package in a corrugated carton. If
-packaged in a metal foil, it can be considered Class I.
-A.5.6.3.3 See Table A.5.6.3.3.
-Table A.5.6.3.3 Examples of Class III Commodities
-Aerosols
-Cartoned or uncartoned
-- Level 1
-Baked Goods
-Cookies, cakes, pies
-- Packaged, in cartons
-Beans
-Dried
-- Packaged, cartoned
-Bread
-Wrapped, cartoned
-Butter
-Whipped spread
-Candy
-Packaged, cartoned
-Cartons
-Corrugated
-- Unassembled (neat piles)
-Cereals
-Packaged, cartoned
-Charcoal
-Bagged
-- Standard
-Cheese
-- Packaged, cartoned
-- Wheels, cartoned
-Chewing Gum
-Packaged, cartoned
-Chocolate
-Packaged, cartoned
-Cloth
-Cartoned and not cartoned
-- Natural fiber, viscose
-Cocoa Products
-Packaged, cartoned
-Coffee
-Packaged, cartoned
-Coffee Beans
-Bagged
-Cotton
-Packaged, cartoned
-Diapers
-Cotton, linen
-Dried Foods
-Packaged, cartoned
-Fish or Fish Products
-Frozen
-- Plastic trays, cartoned
-Frozen Foods
-Plastic trays
-Furniture
-Wood
-- No plastic coverings or foam plastic cushioning
-Grains — Packaged in Cartons
-- Barley
-- Rice
-- Oats
-Margarine
-Up to 50 percent oil (in paper or plastic containers)
-Mattresses
-Standard (box spring)
-Nuts
-- Packaged, cartoned
-- Bagged
-Paper Products
-Books, magazines, stationery, plastic-coated paper food
-containers, newspapers, cardboard games, cartoned tissue
-products
-Paper, Rolled
-In racks or on side
-- Medium- or heavyweight
-Photographic Film
-- 35 mm in metal film cartridges in polyethylene cans in
-cardboard boxes
-- Paper, in sheets, bagged in polyethylene, in cardboard
-boxes
-PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
-- Flexible (e.g., cable jackets, plasticized sheets)
-- Rigid (e.g., pipe, pipe fittings)
-- Bagged resins
-Rags
-Baled
-- Natural fibers
-Shingles
-Asphalt-coated fiberglass
-Shock Absorbers
-Plastic dust cover
-Skis
-Wood
-Textiles
-Natural fiber clothing or textile products
-Synthetics (except rayon and nylon) —
-50/50 blend or less
-- Thread, yarn on wood or paper spools
-- Fabrics
-Tobacco Products
-In paperboard cartons
-Wood Products
-- Spools (empty)
-- Toothpicks, clothespins, hangers in cartons
-- Doors, windows, wood cabinets, and furniture
-13–273ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.5.6.3.4 See Table A.5.6.3.4.
-Table A.5.6.3.4 Examples of Class IV Commodities
-Ammunition
-Small arms, shotgun
-- Packaged, cartoned
-Bottles, Jars
-Empty, cartoned
-- Plastic PET (polyethylene terephthalate)
-Filled noncombustible powders
-- Plastic, cartoned [less than 1 gal (3.8 L)]
-Cartons
-Corrugated
-- Partially assembled
-Cloth
-Cartoned and not cartoned
-- Synthetica
-Diapers
-Disposable with plastics and nonwoven fabric (in cartons)
-Fiberglass Insulation
-- Paper-backed rolls, bagged or unbagged
-Furniture
-Wood
-- With plastic coverings
-Liquor
-100 proof or less, 1 gal (3.8 L) or less, cartoned
-- Glass (palletized)b
-- Plastic bottles
-Matches
-Packaged, cartoned
-- Paper
-Nail Polish
-1 oz to 2 oz (29.6 mL to 59.1 mL) glass, cartoned
-Paints
-Friction-top cans, cartoned
-- Oil based
-Paper, Rolled
-In racks
-- Lightweight
-Paper, Waxed
-Packaged in cartons
-Pharmaceuticals
-Pills, powders
-- Plastic bottles, cartoned
-Photographic Film
-- Rolls in polycarbonate plastic cassettes, bulk wrapped in
-cardboard boxes
-PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) Resins
-Bagged
-Rags
-Baled
-- Synthetic fibers
-Rubber
-Natural, blocks in cartons
-Shingles
-Asphalt-impregnated felt
-Skis
-Foam core
-Textiles
-Synthetics (except rayon and nylon) —
-50/50 blend or less
-- Thread, yarn on plastic spools
-Synthetics (except rayon and nylon) — greater than 50/50
-blend
-- Thread, yarn on wood or paper spools
-- Fabrics
-Rayon and nylon
-- Baled fiber
-- Thread, yarn on wood or paper spools
-- Fabrics
-Vinyl Floor Coverings
-Tiles in cartons
-Wax-Coated Paper
-Cups, plates
-- Boxed or packaged inside cartons (emphasis is on
-packaging)
-Wire
-- Bare wire on plastic spools in cardboard boxes on wood
-skids
-- Single- or multiple-layer PVC-covered wire on plastic
-spools in cardboard boxes on wood skids
-- Single, multiple, or power cables (PVC) on large plastic
-spools
-Wood Products
-Patterns
-a Tests clearly indicate that a synthetic or synthetic blend is considered
-greater than Class III.
-b Where liquor is stored in glass containers in racks, it should be con-
-sidered a Class III commodity; where it is palletized, it should be con-
-sidered a Class IV commodity.
-A.5.6.4 The categories listed in 5.6.4.1, 5.6.4.2, and 5.6.4.3
-are based on unmodified plastic materials. The use of fire- or
-flame-retarding modifiers or the physical form of the material
-could change the classification.
-A.5.6.4.1 See Table A.5.6.4.1.
-Table A.5.6.4.1 Examples of Group A Plastic Commodities
-Batteries
-Truck or larger
-- Empty or filleda
-Bottles, Jars
-Empty, cartoned
-- Plastic (other than PET), any size
-Filled noncombustible liquids
-- Plastic, open or solid plastic cratesb
-Filled noncombustible powders
-- Plastic, cartoned or uncartoned [greater than 1 gal
-(3.8 L)]
-- Plastic, solid plastic crates
-- Plastic, open plastic crates
-Candles
-Packaged, cartoned
-- Treat as expanded plastic
-Carpet Tiles
-Cartoned
-Cartons
-Wax coated, single walled
-Diapers
-Disposable with plastics and nonwoven fabric
-(uncartoned), plastic wrapped
-13–274 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Furniture
-Wood
-- With foam plastic cushioning
-Lighters
-Butane
-- Blister-packed, cartoned
-Margarine
-Between 50 percent and 80 percent oil (in any packaging)
-Matches
-Packaged, cartoned
-- Wood
-Mattresses
-Foam (in finished form)
-Milk
-Containers in plastic crates
-Nail Polish
-1 oz to 2 oz (29.6 mL to 59.1 mL) plastic bottles, cartoned
-Paper Products
-Tissue products, uncartoned and plastic wrapped
-Plastic Containers
-- Combustible or noncombustible solids in plastic
-containers and empty plastic containers
-- Noncombustible liquids or semiliquids (such as ketchup) in
-plastic containers with nominal wall thickness greater than
-1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) and larger than 5 gal (18.9 L) capacity
-Polyurethane
-Cartoned or uncartoned expanded
-Rubber
-Synthetic
-Stuffed Toys
-Foam or synthetic
-Textiles
-Synthetics (except rayon and nylon) —
-50/50 blend or less
-- Baled fiber
-Synthetics (except rayon and nylon) — greater than 50/50
-blend
-- Baled fiber
-- Thread, yarn on plastic spools
-Rayon and nylon
-- Thread, yarn on plastic spools
-Vinyl-Coated Fabric
-Cartoned
-Vinyl Floor Coverings
-Rolled
-Wax-Coated Paper
-Cups, plates
-- Loose inside large cartons
-Wax
-Paraffin/petroleum wax, blocks, cartoned
-Wire
-Bulk storage of empty plastic spools
-a Most batteries have a polypropylene case and, if stored empty, should
-be treated as a Group A plastic. Truck batteries, even where filled,
-should be considered a Group A plastic because of their thicker walls.
-b As the openings in plastic crates become larger, the product behaves
-more like Class III. Conversely, as the openings become smaller, the
-product makeup behaves more like a plastic.
-A.5.6.5 Paper Classification. These classifications were derived
-from a series of large-scale and laboratory-type small-scale fire
-tests. It is recognized that not all paper in a class burns with
-exactly the same characteristics.
-Paper can be soft or hard, thick or thin, or heavy or light
-and can also be coated with various materials. The broad
-range of papers can be classified according to various proper-
-ties. One important property is basis weight, which is defined
-as the weight of a sheet of paper of a specified area. Two broad
-categories are recognized by industry — paper and paper-
-board. Paperboard normally has a basis weight of 20 lb
-(9.1 kg) or greater measured on a 1000 ft 2 (92.9 m2) sheet.
-Stock with a basis weight less than 20 lb/1000 ft 2 (9.1 kg/
-92.9 m2) is normally categorized as paper. The basis weight of
-paper is usually measured on a 3000 ft2 (278.7 m2) sheet. The
-basis weight of paper can also be measured on the total area of
-a ream of paper, which is normally the case for the following
-types of printing and writing papers:
-(1) Bond paper — 500 sheets, 17 in. × 22 in. (432 mm
-× 559 mm) = 1300 ft2 (120.8 m2) per ream
-(2) Book paper — 500 sheets, 25 in. × 38 in. (635 mm
-× 965 mm) = 3300 ft2 (306.6 m2) per ream
-(3) Index paper — 500 sheets, 25 1⁄2 i n .×3 01⁄2 in. (648 mm
-× 775 mm) = 2700 ft2 (250.8 m2) per ream
-(4) Bristol paper — 500 sheets, 22 1⁄2 in. × 35 in. (572 mm
-× 889 mm) = 2734 ft2 (254 m2) per ream
-(5) Tag paper— 500 sheets, 24 in. × 36 in. (610 mm × 914 mm)
-= 3000 ft2 (278.7 m2) per ream
-For the purposes of this standard, all basis weights are ex-
-pressed in lb/1000 ft2 (kg/92.9 m2) of paper. To determine the
-basis weight per 1000 ft2 (92.9 m2) for papers measured on a
-sheet of different area, the following formula should be applied:
-Base weight
- ft basis weight  1000 measured area21000 =×
-Example:To determine the basis weight per 1000 ft2 (92.9 m2)
-of 16 lb (7.3 kg) bond paper:
-16 1000 12 3 lb
-1300 ft
- lb
-1000 ft22
-⎛
-⎝⎜ ⎞
-⎠⎟ = .
-Large- and small-scale fire tests indicate that the burning
-rate of paper varies with the basis weight. Heavyweight paper
-burns more slowly than lightweight paper. Full-scale roll paper
-fire tests were conducted with the following types of paper:
-(1) Linerboard — 42 lb/1000 ft 2 (19.1 kg/92.9 m 2) nominal
-basis weight
-(2) Newsprint — 10 lb/1000 ft 2 (4.5 kg/92.9 m2) nominal ba-
-sis weight
-(3) Tissue — 5 lb/1000 ft 2 (2.3 kg/92.9 m 2) nominal basis
-weight
-The rate of firespread over the surface of the tissue rolls
-was extremely rapid in the full-scale fire tests. The rate of
-firespread over the surface of the linerboard rolls was
-slower. Based on the overall results of these full-scale tests,
-along with additional data from small-scale testing of vari-
-ous paper grades, the broad range of papers has been clas-
-sified into three major categories as follows:
-(1) Heavyweight — Basis weight of 20 lb/1000 ft 2 (9.1 kg/
-92.9 m2) or greater
-(2) Mediumweight — Basis weight of 10 lb to 20 lb/1000 ft 2
-(4.5 kg to 9.1 kg/92.9 m2)
-(3) Lightweight — Basis weight of less than 10 lb/1000 ft 2
-(4.5 kg/92.9 m2) and tissues regardless of basis weight
-13–275ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-The following SI units were used for conversion of U.S.
-customary units:
-1 lb = 0.454 kg
-1 in. = 25.4 mm
-1 ft = 0.3048 m
-1f t2 = 0.0929 m2
-The various types of papers normally found in each of the
-four major categories are provided in Table A.5.6.5.
-A.6.1.1 Included among items requiring listing are sprin-
-klers, some pipe and some fittings, hangers, alarm devices,
-valves controlling flow of water to sprinklers, valve tamper
-switches, electrically operated solenoid valves, and gauges.
-Products are typically investigated in accordance with pub-
-lished standards. Examples of standards used to investigate
-several products installed in sprinkler systems are referenced
-in Table A.6.1.1. This table does not include a comprehensive
-list of all product standards used to investigate products in-
-stalled in sprinkler systems.
-A.6.2.2 The four- to six-character sprinkler identification
-number, with no intervening spaces, is intended to identify
-the sprinkler operating characteristics in lieu of the tradi-
-tional laboratory approval marking (e.g., SSU, SSP, EC, QR,
-etc.). The number, marked on the deflector of most sprinklers
-and elsewhere on decorative ceiling sprinklers, consists of one
-or two characters identifying the manufacturer, followed by
-three or four digits.
-Sprinkler manufacturers have identified their manufac-
-turer designations for the listing organizations. In order to
-identify a manufacturer based on the Sprinkler Identification
-Number, see the listing at www.sprinklerworld.org. Each
-change in K-factor, response characteristics, or deflector (dis-
-tribution) characteristics results in a new sprinkler identifica-
-tion number. The numbers do not identify specific character-
-istics of sprinklers but can be referenced in the database
-information compiled by the listing organizations. At the plan
-review stage, the sprinkler identification number should be
-checked against such a database or the manufacturer’s litera-
-ture to ensure that sprinklers are being used properly and
-within the limitations of their listings. Field inspections can
-include spot checks to ensure that the model numbers on the
-plans are those actually installed.
-A.6.2.3.1 See Table A.6.2.3.1.
-A.6.2.5 Information regarding the highest temperature that
-can be encountered in any location in a particular installation
-can be obtained by use of a thermometer that will register the
-highest temperature encountered; it should be hung for several
-days in the location in question, with the plant in operation.
-A.6.2.6.1 Examples of such locations include the following:
-(1) Paper mills
-(2) Packing houses
-(3) Tanneries
-(4) Alkali plants
-(5) Organic fertilizer plants
-(6) Foundries
-(7) Forge shops
-(8) Fumigation, pickle, and vinegar works
-(9) Stables
-(10) Storage battery rooms
-(11) Electroplating rooms
-(12) Galvanizing rooms
-(13) Steam rooms of all descriptions, including moist vapor
-dry kilns
-(14) Salt storage rooms
-(15) Locomotive sheds or houses
-(16) Driveways
-(17) Areas exposed to outside weather, such as piers and
-wharves exposed to salt air
-(18) Areas under sidewalks
-(19) Areas around bleaching equipment in flour mills
-(20) All portions of cold storage buildings where a direct am-
-monia expansion system is used
-(21) Portions of any plant where corrosive vapors prevail
-(22) Area over and around swimming pools, chlorine storage
-rooms, and pool pump rooms
-A.6.2.6.1.2 Care should be taken in the handling and instal-
-lation of wax-coated or similar sprinklers to avoid damaging
-the coating.
-A.6.2.6.2 Painting of sprinklers can retard the thermal re-
-sponse of the heat-responsive element, can interfere with the
-free movement of parts, and can render the sprinkler inopera-
-tive. Moreover, painting can invite the application of subse-
-quent coatings, thus increasing the possibility of a malfunc-
-tion of the sprinkler.
-Table A.5.6.5 Paper Classification
-Heavyweight Mediumweight Lightweight Tissue
-Linerboards Bond and reproduction Carbonizing tissue Toilet tissue
-Medium Vellum Cigarette Towel tissue
-Kraft roll wrappers Offset Fruit wrap
-Milk carton board Tablet Onion skin
-Folding carton board Computer
-Bristol board Envelope
-Tag Book
-Vellum bristol board Label
-Index Magazine
-Cupstock Butcher
-Pulp board Bag
-Newsprint (unwrapped)
-13–276 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table A.6.1.1 Examples of Standards for Sprinkler System Products
-Category Standard
-Sprinklers ANSI/UL 199, Automatic Sprinklers for Fire Protection Service
-FM 2000, Automatic Control Mode Sprinklers for Fire Protection
-ANSI/UL 1626, Residential Sprinklers for Fire Protection Service
-FM 2030, Residential Automatic Sprinklers
-ANSI/UL 1767, Early-Suppression Fast-Response Sprinklers
-FM 2008, Suppression Mode ESFR Automatic Sprinklers
-FM 1632, Telescoping Sprinkler Assemblies for Use in Fire Protection
-Systems for Anechoic Chambers
-Valves ANSI/UL 193, Alarm Valves for Fire Protection Service
-FM 1041, Alarm Check Valves
-ANSI/UL 260, Dry Pipe and Deluge Valves for Fire Protection Service
-FM 1021, Dry Pipe Valves
-FM 1020, Automatic Water Control Valves
-UL 262, Gate Valves for Fire Protection Service
-FM 1120, 1130, Fire Service Water Control Valves (OS & Y and NRS Type Gate Valves)
-ANSI/UL 312, Check Valves for Fire Protection Service
-FM 1210, Swing Check Valves
-UL 1091, Butterfly Valves for Fire Protection Service
-FM 1112, Indicating Valves (Butterfly or Ball Type)
-ANSI/UL 1468, Direct Acting Pressure Reducing and Pressure Restricting Valves
-ANSI/UL 1739, Pilot-Operated Pressure-Control Valves for Fire Protection Service
-FM 1362, Pressure Reducing Valves
-FM 1011/1012/1013, Deluge and Preaction Sprinkler Systems
-FM 1031, Quick Opening Devices (Accelerators and Exhausters) for Dry Pipe Valves
-FM 1042, Waterflow Alarm Indicators (Vane Type)
-FM 1045, Waterflow Detector Check Valves
-FM 1140, Quick Opening Valves 1⁄4 Inch Through 2 Inch Nominal Size
-Hangers ANSI/UL 203, Pipe Hanger Equipment for Fire Protection Service
-FM 1951, 1952, 1953, Pipe Hanger Components for Automatic Sprinkler Systems
-FM 1950, Seismic Sway Brace Components for Automatic Sprinkler Systems
-Fittings ANSI/UL 213, Rubber Gasketed Fittings for Fire Protection Service
-FM 1920, Pipe Couplings and Fittings for Fire Protection Systems
-UL 1474, Adjustable Drop Nipples for Sprinkler Systems
-FM 1631, Adjustable and Fixed Sprinkler Fittings 1⁄2 Inch through 1 Inch Nominal Size
-ANSI/UL 2443, Flexible Sprinkler Hose with Fittings for Fire Protection Service
-FM 1637, Flexible Sprinkler Hose with Fittings
-Pressure Gages UL 393, Indicating Pressure Gauges for Fire Protection Service
-FM 2311, Pressure Gauges for Fire Protection Systems
-Pipe — Aboveground ANSI/UL 852, Metallic Sprinkler Pipe for Fire Protection Service
-FM 1630, Steel Pipe for Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems
-ANSI/UL 1821, Thermoplastic Sprinkler Pipe and Fittings for Fire Protection Service
-FM 1635, Plastic Pipe & Fittings for Automatic Sprinkler Systems
-FM 1636, Fire Resistant Barriers for Use with CPVC Pipe and Fittings in Light Hazard Occupancies
-Pipe — Underground UL 1285, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe and Couplings for Underground Fire Service
-FM 1612, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe and Fittings for Underground Fire Protection Service
-FM 1613, Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Underground Fire Protection Service
-FM 1610, Ductile Iron Pipe and Fittings, Flexible Fittings and Couplings
-FM 1620, Pipe Joints and Anchor Fittings for Underground Fire Service Mains
-13–277ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.6.2.6.4.2 Plastic bags should not be used for this purpose
-due to the fact that shrinkage prior to development of tem-
-peratures needed to ensure sprinkler activation can interfere
-with proper sprinkler operation and development of spray
-patterns. The prohibition against plastic bags should include
-polypropylene bags commonly marketed as “cello” bags. True
-cellophane degrades rather than melts and, like paper, does
-not display shrinkage.
-A.6.2.7.2 The use of the wrong type of escutcheon with re-
-cessed or flush-type sprinklers can result in severe disruption
-of the spray pattern, which can destroy the effectiveness of the
-sprinkler.
-A.6.2.9.1 A minimum of two sprinklers of each type and tem-
-perature rating should be provided.
-A.6.2.9.6 One sprinkler wrench design can be appropriate
-for many types of sprinklers and should not require multiple
-wrenches of the same design.
-A.6.2.9.7.1 The minimum information in the list contained
-in the spare sprinkler cabinet should be marked with the
-sprinkler identification described in 6.2.2; a general descrip-
-tion of the sprinkler, including upright, pendent, residential,
-ESFR, and so forth; and the quantity of sprinklers that is to be
-maintained in the spare sprinkler cabinet.
-An example of the list is shown in Figure A.6.2.9.7.1.
-A.6.3.1.1.1 Extending the underground pipe into a building
-provides working room to transition to the appropriate above-
-ground piping. Environmental conditions should be consid-
-ered as outlined in 24.1.6.1.2.
-A.6.3.2 See Table A.6.3.2.
-A.6.3.5 See Table A.6.3.5.
-A.6.3.7 CPVC is a plastic material and consideration is neces-
-sary when other materials or chemicals come in contact with
-CPVC that can cause degradation of perfomance of the pipe
-due to interaction of materials. Compliance with 6.3.6 com-
-bined with following manufacturer’s guidance on installation
-and compatible materials will help prevent premature perfor-
-mance degradation of CPVC piping. Excessive mechanical
-stress caused by hanging methods or excessive bending on
-CPVC piping beyond the recommended limitations can cause
-stress failure over time and should be avoided.
-A.6.3.7.2 When fabricating steel pipe for a combination
-(CPVC–steel) system, the cutting oil and lubricants can cause
-performance degradation of the CPVC piping. Cutting oils
-and lubricants found to be compatible are available and
-should be used.
-A.6.3.7.3 Other construction materials include but are not
-limited to materials used in fabrication of the sprinkler system,
-additives to water supplies, cable and wiring, and certain insec-
-ticides and fungicides.
-A.6.3.7.8 Other types of pipe and tube that have been inves-
-tigated and listed for sprinkler applications include light-
-weight steel pipe and thermoplastic pipe and fittings. While
-these products can offer advantages, such as ease of handling
-and installation, cost effectiveness, reduction of friction losses,
-and improved corrosion resistance, it is important to recog-
-nize that they also have limitations that are to be considered by
-those contemplating their use or acceptance.
-Corrosion studies have shown that, in comparison to
-Schedule 40 pipe, the effective life of lightweight steel pipe
-can be reduced, the level of reduction being related to its wall
-thickness. Further information with respect to corrosion resis-
-tance is contained in the individual listings for such pipe.
-With respect to thermoplastic pipe and fittings, exposure
-of such piping to elevated temperatures in excess of that for
-which it has been listed can result in distortion or failure. Ac-
-cordingly, care must be exercised when locating such systems
-to ensure that the ambient temperature, including seasonal
-variations, does not exceed the rated value.
-The upper service temperature limit of currently listed
-CPVC sprinkler pipe is 150°F (65.5°C) at 175 psi (12.1 bar).
-Not all pipe or tube made to ASTM F 442, Standard Specifi-
-cation for Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe
-(SDR-PR), is listed for fire sprinkler service. Listed pipe is iden-
-tified by the logo of the listing agency.
-Not all fittings made to ASTM F 437,Standard Specification for
-Threaded Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings,
-Schedule 80; ASTM F 438,Standard Specification for Socket-Type Chlo-
-rinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 40;
-and ASTM F 439, Standard Specification for Socket-Type Chlorinated
-Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80,a sd e -
-scribed in 6.4.4, are listed for fire sprinkler service. Listed fittings
-are identified by the logo of the listing agency.
-Table A.6.2.3.1 Nominal Sprinkler Orifice Sizes
-Nominal K-Factor Nominal Orifice Size
-U.S.
-[gpm/
-(psi)1/2]
-Metric
-[L/min/
-(bar)1/2] in. mm
-1.4 20 1⁄4 6.4
-1.9 27 5⁄16 8.0
-2.8 40 3⁄8 9.5
-4.2 57 7⁄16 11.0
-5.6 80 1⁄2 12.7
-8.0 115 17⁄32 13.5
-11.2 160 5⁄8 15.9
-14.0 200 3⁄4 19.0
-16.8 240 — —
-19.6 280 — —
-22.4 320 — —
-25.2 360 — —
-28.0 400 — —
-Sprinkler
-Identification,
-SIN
-General
-Description
-Temperature
-Rating, ∞F
-Sprinkler
-Quantity
-Maintained
-TY9128
-Extended 
-Coverage,
-K-25, upright
-Issued: 10/3/05 Revised:
-155 6
-VK425
-Concealed 
-pendent 
-residential
-145 6
-Sprinklers Contained in this Cabinet
-FIGURE A.6.2.9.7.1 Sample List.
-13–278 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Consideration must also be given to the possibility of expo-
-sure of the piping to elevated temperatures during a fire. The
-survival of thermoplastic piping under fire conditions is pri-
-marily due to the cooling effect of the discharge from the
-sprinklers it serves. As this discharge might not occur simulta-
-neously with the rise in ambient temperature and, under some
-circumstances, can be delayed for periods beyond the toler-
-ance of the piping, protection in the form of a fire-resistant
-membrane is generally required. (Some listings do provide for
-the use of exposed piping in conjunction with residential or
-quick-response sprinklers, but only under specific, limited in-
-stallation criteria.)
-Where protection is required, it is described in the listing
-information for each individual product, and the require-
-ments given must be followed. It is equally important that such
-protection must be maintained. Removal of, for example, one
-or more panels in a lay-in ceiling can expose piping in the
-concealed space to the possibility of failure in the event of a
-fire. Similarly, the relocation of openings through protective
-ceilings that expose the pipe to heat, inconsistent with the
-listing, would place the system in jeopardy. The potential for
-loss of the protective membrane under earthquake conditions
-should also be considered.
-Table A.6.3.2 Steel Pipe Dimensions
-Schedule 5 Schedule 10 a Schedule 30 Schedule 40
-Nominal Pipe
-Size
-Outside
-Diameter
-Inside
-Diameter
-Wall
-Thickness
-Inside
-Diameter
-Wall
-Thickness
-Inside
-Diameter
-Wall
-Thickness
-Inside
-Diameter
-Wall
-Thickness
-in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
-1⁄2b 15 0.840 21.3 — — — — 0.674 17.0 0.083 2.1 — — — — 0.622 15.8 0.109 2.8
-3⁄4b 20 1.050 26.7 — — — — 0.884 22.4 0.083 2.1 — — — — 0.824 21.0 0.113 2.9
-1 25 1.315 33.4 1.185 30.1 0.065 1.7 1.097 27.9 0.109 2.8 — — — — 1.049 26.6 0.133 3.4
-11⁄4 32 1.660 42.2 1.530 38.9 0.065 1.7 1.442 36.6 0.109 2.8 — — — — 1.380 35.1 0.140 3.6
-11⁄2 40 1.900 48.3 1.770 45.0 0.065 1.7 1.682 42.7 0.109 2.8 — — — — 1.610 40.9 0.145 3.7
-2 50 2.375 60.3 2.245 57.0 0.065 1.7 2.157 54.8 0.109 2.8 — — — — 2.067 52.5 0.154 3.9
-21⁄2 65 2.875 73.0 2.709 68.8 0.083 2.1 2.635 66.9 0.120 3.0 — — — — 2.469 62.7 0.203 5.2
-3 80 3.500 88.9 3.334 84.7 0.083 2.1 3.260 82.8 0.120 3.0 — — — — 3.068 77.9 0.216 5.5
-31⁄2 90 4.000 101.6 3.834 97.4 0.083 2.1 3.760 95.5 0.120 3.0 — — — — 3.548 90.1 0.226 5.7
-4 100 4.500 114.3 4.334 110.1 0.083 2.1 4.260 108.2 0.120 3.0 — — — — 4.026 102.3 0.237 6.0
-5 125 5.563 141.3 — — — — 5.295 134.5 0.134 3.4 — — — — 5.047 128.2 0.258 6.6
-6 150 6.625 168.3 6.407 162.7 0.109 2.8 6.357 161.5 0.134 c 3.4 — — — — 6.065 154.1 0.280 7.1
-8 200 8.625 219.1 — — — — 8.249 209.5 0.188 c 4.8 8.071 205.0 0.277 d 7.0 7.981 — 0.322 —
-10 250 10.750 273.1 — — — — 10.370 263.4 0.188 c 4.8 10.140 257.6 0.307 d 7.8 10.020 — 0.365 —
-12 300 12.750 — — — — — — — — — 12.090 — 0.330 c — 11.938 — 0.406 —
-a Schedule 10 defined to 5 in. (127 mm) nominal pipe size by ASTM A 135,Standard Specification for
-Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe.
-b These values applicable when used in conjunction with 8.14.19.3 and 8.14.19.4.
-c Wall thickness specified in 6.3.2.
-d Wall thickness specified in 6.3.3.
-Table A.6.3.5 Copper Tube Dimensions
-Type K Type L Type M
-Nominal
-Tube Size
-Outside
-Diameter
-Inside
-Diameter
-Wall
-Thickness
-Inside
-Diameter
-Wall
-Thickness
-Inside
-Diameter
-Wall
-Thickness
-in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
-3⁄4 20 0.875 22.2 0.745 18.9 0.065 1.7 0.785 19.9 0.045 1.1 0.811 20.6 0.032 0.8
-1 25 1.125 28.6 0.995 25.3 0.065 1.7 1.025 26.0 0.050 1.3 1.055 26.8 0.035 0.9
-11⁄4 32 1.375 34.9 1.245 31.6 0.065 1.7 1.265 32.1 0.055 1.4 1.291 32.8 0.042 1.1
-11⁄2 40 1.625 41.3 1.481 37.6 0.072 1.8 1.505 38.2 0.060 1.5 1.527 38.8 0.049 1.2
-2 50 2.125 54.0 1.959 49.8 0.083 2.1 1.985 50.4 0.070 1.8 2.009 51.0 0.058 1.5
-21⁄2 65 2.625 66.7 2.435 61.8 0.095 2.4 2.465 62.6 0.080 2.0 2.495 63.4 0.065 1.7
-3 80 3.125 79.4 2.907 73.8 0.109 2.8 2.945 74.8 0.090 2.3 2.981 75.7 0.072 1.8
-31⁄2 90 3.625 92.1 3.385 86.0 0.120 3.0 3.425 87.0 0.100 2.5 3.459 87.9 0.083 2.1
-4 100 4.125 104.8 3.857 98.0 0.134 3.4 3.905 99.2 0.110 2.8 3.935 99.9 0.095 2.4
-5 125 5.125 130.2 4.805 122.0 0.160 4.1 4.875 123.8 0.125 3.2 4.907 124.6 0.109 2.8
-6 150 6.125 155.6 5.741 145.8 0.192 4.9 5.845 148.5 0.140 3.6 5.881 149.4 0.122 3.1
-8 200 8.125 206.4 7.583 192.6 0.271 6.9 7.725 196.2 0.200 5.1 7.785 197.7 0.170 4.3
-10 250 10.130 257.3 9.449 240.0 0.338 8.6 9.625 244.5 0.250 6.4 9.701 246.4 0.212 5.4
-13–279ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-While the listings of thermoplastic piping do not prohibit
-its installation in combustible concealed spaces where the pro-
-vision of sprinkler protection is not required, and while the
-statistical record of fire originating in such spaces is low, it
-should be recognized that the occurrence of a fire in such a
-space could result in failure of the piping system.
-The investigation of pipe and tube other than described in
-Table 6.3.1.1 should involve consideration of many factors,
-including the following:
-(1) Pressure rating
-(2) Beam strength (hangers)
-(3) Unsupported vertical stability
-(4) Movement during sprinkler operation (affecting water
-distribution)
-(5) Corrosion (internal and external), chemical and electrolytic
-(6) Resistance to failure when exposed to elevated tempera-
-tures
-(7) Methods of joining (strength, permanence, fire hazard)
-(8) Physical characteristics related to integrity during
-earthquakes
-A.6.3.7.10.1 Where approved, the pipe identification can
-be covered with paint or other protective coatings before
-installation.
-A.6.4.3.1 CPVC is a plastic material and consideration is nec-
-essary when other materials or chemicals come in contact with
-CPVC that can cause degradation of perfomance of the fitting
-due to interaction of materials. Compliance with 6.3.4 com-
-bined with following manufacturer’s guidance on installation
-and compatible materials will help prevent premature perfor-
-mance degradation of CPVC fittings. Excessive mechanical
-stress caused by hanging methods or excessive bending on
-CPVC piping beyond the recommended limitations can cause
-stress failure over time and should be avoided.
-A.6.4.3.2 When fabricating steel pipe for a combination
-(CPVC–steel) system, the cutting oil and lubricants can cause
-performance degradation of the CPVC fitting. Compatible
-cutting oils and lubricants are available and should be used.
-A.6.4.4 Rubber-gasketed pipe fittings and couplings should
-not be installed where ambient temperatures can be expected
-to exceed 150°F (66°C) unless listed for this service. If the
-manufacturer further limits a given gasket compound, those
-recommendations should be followed.
-Other construction materials include but are not limited to
-materials used in fabrication of the sprinkler system, additives
-to water supplies, cable and wiring, and certain insecticides
-and fungicides.
-A.6.4.5 The rupture strength of cast-iron fittings 2 in. (51 mm)
-in size and smaller and malleable iron fittings 6 in. (152 mm) in
-size and smaller is sufficient to provide an adequate factor of
-safety.
-A.6.4.6 Listed flexible connections are permissible and en-
-couraged for sprinkler installations in racks to reduce the pos-
-sibility of physical damage. Where flexible tubing is used, it
-should be located so that it will be protected against mechani-
-cal injury.
-A.6.5.1.2 Some steel piping material having lesser wall thick-
-ness than specified in 6.5.1.2 has been listed for use in sprin-
-kler systems where joined with threaded connections. The ser-
-vice life of such products can be significantly less than that of
-Schedule 40 steel pipe, and it should be determined if this
-service life will be sufficient for the application intended.
-All such threads should be checked by the installer using
-working ring gauges conforming to the “Basic Dimensions of
-Ring Gauges for USA (American) Standard Taper Pipe
-Threads, NPT,” as per Table 8 of ASME B1.20.1, Pipe Threads,
-General Purpose (Inch).
-A.6.5.2.2 Cutting and welding operations account for 4 per-
-cent of fires each year in nonresidential properties and 8 per-
-cent in industrial and manufacturing properties. In-place
-welding of sprinkler piping introduces a significant hazard
-that can normally be avoided by shop-welding the piping and
-installing the welded sections with mechanical fittings. As a result,
-the standard requires that all piping be shop-welded. When such
-situations cannot be avoided, the exceptions outline procedures
-and practices that minimize the increase in hazard.
-A.6.5.2.3.1 Listed, shaped, and contoured nipples meet the
-definition of fabricated fittings.
-A.6.5.2.4.1 Partial penetration welds on outlet fitting connec-
-tions are considered adequate, since there is no significant
-load on the joint other than that caused by pressure internal
-to the pipe (see Figure A.6.5.2.4.1).
-A.6.5.2.4.2 The load due to the internal pressure can be ac-
-commodated with a weld that has a conservative weld throat
-thickness that can be calculated as follows:
-Weld throat thickness (in.)   0.000035=×PD
-45° 
-minimum
-0 to ¹⁄₁₆ in.
-¹⁄₁₆ in. minimum
-Typical Full Penetration Joint
-45° typical
-As designed
-0 to ¹⁄₁₆ in.
-Partial Penetration Joint
-Minimum weld dimension,  
-see 6.5.2.4.1 Minimum 
-weld 
-dimension,  
-see 6.5.2.4.1
-Fillet Welded Joint
-FIGURE A.6.5.2.4.1 Weld Descriptions.
-13–280 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-where:
-P = rated system gauge pressure (psi)
-D = outside diameter (OD) of fitting (in.)
-For example, if you assume a gauge pressure of 300 psi and
-the OD of the outlet fitting of 3 in., the result of the thickness
-calculation is 0.0315 in. When compared to the minimum
-throat thickness of 3⁄16 in. (0.18 in.), there is a factor of more
-than 5 times the calculated thickness value.
-A.6.5.2.4.3 The preparation of mating surfaces is important
-to the proper fabrication of a weld joint. To accomplish this,
-the mating surfaces for a circumferential weld butt joint
-should be prepared and configured so that a full penetration
-weld is achievable, but a partial penetration weld is acceptable.
-(See Figure A.6.5.2.4.3.)
-A.6.5.3.1 It is not the intent to require specific listing of every
-combination of grooved coupling, pipe, fitting, valve, and de-
-vice, provided the standard groove dimensions as specified in
-ANSI/UL 213, Rubber Gasketed Fittings for Fire Protection Service,
-are used. Material strength and pressure rating of the fitting,
-valve, or device used with the grooved couplings should be
-considered when determining the appropriate application of
-a coupling when joining these components.
-A.6.5.3.1.1 Standardized groove specifications pertain to the
-grooved couplings that comply with and the groove dimen-
-sions described in ANSI/UL 213, Rubber Gasketed Fittings for
-Fire-Protection Service. The standard dimensions are specified in
-ANSI/UL 213.
-A.6.5.4 The fire hazard of the brazing and soldering pro-
-cesses should be suitably safeguarded.
-A.6.5.4.5 Soldering fluxes manufactured to the specifications
-required by Table 6.3.1.1 are unlikely to cause damage to the
-seats of sprinklers. When brazing flux is used, it must be of a
-type not likely to damage the seats of sprinklers.
-A.6.6 See Section 9.1 for information pertaining to the type
-of hangers and hanger components acceptable for use on a
-sprinkler system.
-A.6.7.4 The intent of 6.7.4 is to provide assistance in deter-
-mining the area of a building served by a particular control
-valve.
-A.6.7.4.3.1 Care should be taken to ensure that all water sup-
-plies are isolated before work begins. Work on systems by shut-
-ting one valve and not knowing about another valve could
-result in unexpected water discharge.
-A.6.8.1 The purpose of the fire department connection is to
-supplement the water supply but not necessarily provide the
-entire sprinkler system demand. Fire department connections
-are not intended to deliver a specific volume of water.
-A.6.9.2.4 The surge of water that occurs when the valve trips
-can seriously damage the device. Paddle-type waterflow de-
-vices are also permitted to be installed on wet systems that
-supply auxiliary dry pipe and/or preaction systems.
-A.6.9.3.1 Audible alarms are normally located on the outside
-of the building. Listed electric gongs, bells, horns, or sirens
-inside the building, or a combination of such used inside and
-outside, are sometimes advisable.
-Outside alarms might not be necessary where the sprinkler
-system is used as part of a central station, auxiliary, remote
-station, or proprietary signaling fire alarm system, utilizing
-listed audible inside alarm devices.
-A.6.9.3.2 All alarm apparatus should be so located and in-
-stalled that all parts are accessible for inspection, removal, and
-repair, and such apparatus should be substantially supported.
-The water motor gong bell mechanism should be pro-
-tected from weather-related elements such as rain, snow, or
-ice. To the extent practicable, it should also be protected from
-other influencing factors such as birds or other small animals
-that might attempt to nest in such a device.
-A.6.9.4 Switches that will silence electric alarm-sounding de-
-vices by interruption of electric current are not desirable; how-
-ever, if such means are provided, then the electric alarm-
-sounding device circuit should be arranged so that, when the
-sounding device is electrically silenced, that fact should be
-indicated by means of a conspicuous light located in the vicin-
-ity of the riser or alarm control panel. This light should re-
-main in operation during the entire period of the electric cir-
-cuit interruption.
-A.6.10 Table A.6.10 is a summary of the requirements for
-signs in NFPA 13.
-A.7.2 A dry pipe system should be installed only where heat is
-not adequate to prevent freezing of water in all parts of, or in
-sections of, the system. Dry pipe systems should be converted
-to wet pipe systems when they become unnecessary because
-adequate heat is provided. Sprinklers should not be shut off in
-cold weather.
-Where two or more dry pipe valves are used, systems pref-
-erably should be divided horizontally to prevent simultaneous
-operation of more than one system and the resultant in-
-creased time delay in filling systems and discharging water and
-to prevent receipt of more than one waterflow alarm signal.
-Where adequate heat is present in sections of the dry pipe
-system, consideration should be given to dividing the system
-into a separate wet pipe system and dry pipe system. Mini-
-mized use of dry pipe systems is desirable where speed of op-
-eration is of particular concern.
-Open Root Butt Weld Butt Weld with Backin g Ring
-³⁄₃₂ in. to ¹⁄₈ in.
-30° to 45°
-³⁄₃₂ in. to ¹⁄₈ in. ³⁄₁₆ in. nom.
-30° to 45°
-¹⁄₁₆ in. to ³⁄₃₂ in.
-FIGURE A.6.5.2.4.3 Weld Diagram.
-13–281ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table A.6.10 Sprinkler System Signage Summary
-Section Sign Location Sign Information/Requirements
-6.7.4 Control valves Identification sign
-Drain valves
-Test connection valves Sign must be made of weatherproof metal or rigid
-plastic and attached with corrosion-resistant wire or
-chain
-7.6.1.4 and 7.6.1.5 Antifreeze system main valve Indicate the following:
-Circulating closed loop
-systems
-Antifreeze manufacturer
-Antifreeze type
-Antifreeze concentration
-7.7.1.5 All valves controlling
-sprinklers
-Sign worded as follows:
-“This valve controls fire protection equipment.
-Do not close until after fire has been extinguished.
-Use auxiliary valves when necessary to shut off supply
-to auxiliary equipment.
-Caution: Automatic alarm may be sounded if this
-valve is closed.”
-8.16.1.1.8 Control valves Indicate valve function
-Indicate system being controlled
-8.16.2.5.3.7 Dry valve Number of low point drains
-Preaction valve Location of each drain
-8.17.2.4.5 Fire department connections
-not serving the whole
-building
-Indicate portion of the building served by the fire
-department connection
-8.17.2.4.7 All fire department
-connections
-Indicate systems served by the fire department
-connection
-Indicate system pressure demand (for systems
-requiring more than 150 psi)
-Letters must be 1 in. in height
-24.5 Alarm valve Indicate the following:
-Dry pipe valve Location of the design area or areas
-Preaction valve Discharge densities over the design area or areas
-Deluge valve Required flow and residual pressure demand at the
-base of the riser
-Occupancy classification or commodity classification
-and maximum permitted storage height and
-configuration
-Hose stream allowance
-The installing contractor
-Sign must be made of weatherproof metal or rigid
-plastic and attached with corrosion-resistant wire or
-chain
-24.6 System control riser Indicate the following:
-Antifreeze loops Name and location of the facility
-Auxiliary systems Occupancy and commodity classification
-Control valves Flow test data
-Original main drain flow test results
-Presence of encapsulated pallet loads
-Presence of solid shelving
-Presence of flammable/combustible liquids
-Presence of hazardous materials
-13–282 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table A.6.10 Continued
-Section Sign Location Sign Information/Requirements
-Presence of other special storage
-Presence of antifreeze or other auxiliary systems
-Maximum storage height
-Aisle width
-Location of auxiliary drains and low point drains on
-dry pipe and preaction systems
-Installing contractor or designer
-Sign must be made of weatherproof metal or rigid
-plastic and attached with corrosion-resistant wire or
-chain
-26.2.7.5 Fire department connection
-(FDC)
-18 in. × 18 in. sign
-FDC symbol from NFPA 170
-Located at connection in plain sight from shore access
-point
-A.18.17.1 Central station, auxiliary,
-remote station, or proprietary
-protective signaling systems
-Recommended:
-Located near the device
-Direct people to call police or fire department when
-bell rings
-A.7.2.2(2) Installation limitations of listed dry pendent sprin-
-klers can vary with different products. Limitations should be
-included in product installation instructions to warn the user
-of the potential accumulation of water, scale, and sediment
-from collecting at the sprinkler.
-A.7.2.3 The capacities of the various sizes of pipe given in
-Table A.7.2.3 are for convenience in calculating the capacity of
-a system.
-A.7.2.3.1 The 60-second limit does not apply to dry systems
-with capacities of 500 gal (1893 L) or less, nor to dry systems
-with capacities of 750 gal (2839 L) or less if equipped with a
-quick-opening device.
-A.7.2.3.7 See Figure A.7.2.3.7.
-A.7.2.5 The dry pipe valve should be located in an accessible
-place near the sprinkler system it controls. Where exposed to
-cold, the dry pipe valve should be located in a valve room or
-enclosure of adequate size to properly service equipment.
-A.7.2.5.1 The dry pipe valve and supply piping should be in
-an area maintained at or above 40°F (4°C). It is the intent of
-the committee to protect the valves from freezing. The occa-
-sional exposure of valves to short exposures of air tempera-
-tures below 40°F (4°C) that would not cause the valves to
-freeze does not justify the construction of a valve room.
-A.7.2.6.3 The compressor should draw its air supply from
-within the operating criteria allowed by the manufacturer of
-the compressor. Air piping should not be attached to the in-
-take of the compressor unless acceptable to the compressor
-manufacturer and installed in accordance with 7.9.2.7. Dam-
-age, air reduction, or reduced life expectancy can result if
-guidelines are not followed.
-A.7.2.6.3.2 When a single compressor serves multiple dry
-pipe systems, the 30-minute fill time is based on the single
-largest system.
-Table A.7.2.3 Capacity of 1 ft of Pipe (Based on Actual Internal Pipe Diameter)
-Nominal Pipe Diameter Pipe Nominal Pipe Diameter Pipe
-in. mm Schedule 40
-(gal)
-Schedule 10
-(gal) in. mm Schedule 40
-(gal)
-Schedule 10
-(gal)
-3⁄4 20 0.028 3 80 0.383 0.433
-1 25 0.045 0.049 3 1⁄2 90 0.513 0.576
-11⁄4 32 0.078 0.085 4 100 0.660 0.740
-11⁄2 40 0.106 0.115 5 125 1.040 1.144
-2 50 0.174 0.190 6 150 1.501 1.649 b
-21⁄2 65 0.248 0.283 8 200 2.66 a 2.776c
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 gal = 3.785 L.
-a Schedule 30.
-b 0.134 wall pipe.
-c 0.188 wall pipe.
-13–283ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.7.2.6.6.1 Air maintenance devices are unique components
-within the air supply and need to be listed for use. Compres-
-sors are not air maintenance devices and this section does not
-require air compressors to be listed.
-A.7.2.6.8.1 The nitrogen or other approved gas can be either
-generated on site or from storage containers, sized to provide
-a reliable supply for at least 6 months of expected mainte-
-nance use.
-A.7.3.1 Conditions of occupancy or special hazards might
-require quick application of large quantities of water, and, in
-such cases, deluge systems might be needed.
-Fire detection devices should be selected to ensure opera-
-tion yet guard against premature operation of sprinklers
-based on normal room temperatures and draft conditions.
-In locations where ambient temperature at the ceiling is
-high from heat sources other than fire conditions, heat-
-responsive devices that operate at higher than ordinary tem-
-perature and that are capable of withstanding the normal
-high temperature for long periods of time should be selected.
-Where corrosive conditions exist, materials or protective
-coatings that resist corrosion should be used.
-To help avoid ice formation in piping due to accidental
-tripping of dry pipe valves in cold storage rooms, a deluge
-automatic water control valve can be used on the supply side
-of the dry pipe valve. Where this method is employed, the
-following also apply:
-(1) Dry systems can be manifolded to a deluge valve, with the
-protected area not exceeding 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2).
-(2) Where a dry system is manifolded to a deluge valve, the
-distance between valves should be as short as possible to
-minimize water hammer.
-(3) The dry pipe valves should be pressurized to 50 psi
-(3.4 bar) to reduce the possibility of dry pipe valve opera-
-tion from water hammer.
-A.7.3.1.1 When using electrical operating methods to actuate
-preaction systems and deluge systems, care should be ob-
-served in selecting the solenoid valve. This valve must be com-
-patible with the fire detection system, including its control
-panel, and the preaction or deluge valve. This often involves
-listing with both the preaction or deluge valve manufacturer
-and the fire detection system manufacturer. Information re-
-garding solenoid compatibility is included in the releasing de-
-vice (panel) installation instructions.
-Small preaction and deluge systems with and without separate
-electrical-based detection and control panels have been installed
-prior to the introduction of the detection system requirements of
-NFPA 72. Pneumatic-based actuation using heat-actuated devices
-(HADs), pneumatic line–type detection, and pilot sprinklers are
-examples of non-electric-based detectors and control devices.
-NFPA 13 recognizes the use and installation of these types of sys-
-tems and provides guidance in producing a reliable detection
-and suppression system combination. Remote manual operation
-of combined dry pipe and preaction systems is needed because of
-the often very long length dimension of such systems and the
-long travel time to reach the control valves. Such remote manual
-operation speeds water into the piping network.
-A.7.3.1.7.4 Preaction and deluge valves should be fully trip
-tested wherever possible. Providing a functional trip test with-
-out waterflow does not reveal other potential problems such as
-obstructions and/or misaligned nozzles.
-A.7.3.2.3.1.4 Although the time criterion for calculated sys-
-tems is not required, a test is still required to document the
-initial water delivery for comparison to future inspection test
-requirements. If the time of a single sprinkler test outlet ex-
-ceeds 70 seconds, evaluation of the calculations and the sys-
-tem installation might be necessary.
-A.7.3.2.4 Supervision, either electrical or mechanical, as used
-in 7.3.2.4 refers to constant monitoring of piping and detection
-equipment to ensure the integrity of the system. Detection de-
-vices of listed flow cycling assemblies that cause an alarm during a
-single open or a single ground fault condition should be consid-
-ered to satisfy the supervision requirement.
-A.7.3.2.5(2) See A.7.2.2(2).
-A.7.3.3 Where 8 in. (203 mm) piping is employed to reduce
-friction losses in a system operated by fire detection devices, a
-6 in. (152 mm) preaction or deluge valve and a 6 in. (152 mm)
-gate valve between tapered reducers should be permitted.
-A.7.4.2 Systems described by Section 7.4 are special types of
-noninterlocking preaction systems intended for use in, but
-not limited to, structures where a number of dry pipe valves
-would be required if a dry pipe system were installed. These
-systems are primarily used in piers and wharves.
-A.7.4.2.1 See Figure A.7.4.2.1.
-A.7.4.2.4(2) See A.7.2.2(2).
-A.7.4.3.2 Figure A.7.4.3.2 is a depiction of a valve arrange-
-ment complying with 7.4.3.2.
-Typical piping layout
-(in one-story shed — 4-section system)
-FIGURE A.7.4.2.1 Typical Piping Layout for Combined Dry
-Pipe and Preaction Sprinkler System.
-Minimum 
-size 1 in.
-From second 
-most remote 
-branch line
-From most 
-remote branch 
-line
-Equivalent 
-orifice for dry 
-system sprinklers
-FIGURE A.7.2.3.7 Example Manifold Arrangement (Four
-Sprinklers).
-13–284 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Tripping
-device
-¹⁄₂ in. (12.5 mm)
-bypass
-Tripping
-device
-Supplemental
-chamber
-Exhauster
-1 in. 
-(25 mm)
-¹⁄₂ in. (12.5 mm)
-Tubing or wiring to fire detection system
-To sprinkler system
-Check valve
-Dry pipe valve
-Drain
-Approved 
-indicating
-valves
-Check valve
-¹⁄₂ in. (12.5 mm)
-bypass
-1 in.
-(25 mm)
-From water supply
-Dry pipe valve
-1 in. 
-(25 mm)
-1 in.
-(25 mm)
-FIGURE A.7.4.3.2 Header for Dry Pipe Valves Installed in Parallel for Combined Systems;
-Standard Trimmings Not Shown. Arrows Indicate Direction of Fluid Flow.
-13–285ANNEX A
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-
-A.7.6 In cold climates and areas where the potential for freezing
-of pipes is a concern, options other than antifreeze are available.
-Such options include installing the pipe in warm spaces, tenting
-insulation over the piping [as illustrated in Figure A.8.3.1(a)
-through Figure A.8.3.1(e) of NFPA 13D], listed heat tracing, and
-the use of dry pipe systems and preaction systems.
-Annex paragraphs to Section 7.6 were revised by a ten-
-tative interim amendment (TIA). See page 1.
-A.7.6.1 The definition of an antifreeze system states that wa-
-ter will discharge after the antifreeze leaves the pipes. Systems
-that are all antifreeze, including tanks of antifreeze solution
-that will not discharge plain water, are not true antifreeze sys-
-tems. Such systems should not be used without consideration
-to issues such as the combustibility of the antifreeze solution
-and the friction loss in the piping during cold conditions. Any
-listing associated with an antifreeze sprinkler system should
-address the inability for the specific antifreeze solution tested
-to ignite when discharged from specific sprinklers.
-A.7.6.2 Listed nonmetallic sprinkler pipe and fittings should be
-protected from freezing with compatible listed solutions only. In
-addition, due to antifreeze solution limitations, other methods of
-freeze protection such as electric heat tracing or insulated cover-
-ings, which are approved for use on nonmetallic piping, can be
-used to protect nonmetallic pipes from freezing.
-The following is a list of research reports that have been
-issued by the Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF) re-
-lated to the use of antifreeze in sprinkler systems:
-(1) Antifreeze Systems in Home Fire Sprinkler Systems — Literature
-Review and Research Plan , Fire Protection Research Foun-
-dation, June 2010
-(2) Antifreeze Systems in Home Fire Sprinkler Systems — Phase II
-Final Report , Fire Protection Research Foundation, De-
-cember 2010
-(3) Antifreeze Solutions Supplied through Spray Sprinklers — Interim
-Report, Fire Protection Research Foundation, February 2012
-Table A.7.6.2 provides a summarized overview of the testing.
-Table A.7.6.2 FPRF Antifreeze Testing Summary
-Topic Information
-Scope of
-sprinklers
-tested
-The following sprinklers were used
-during the residential sprinkler research
-program described in the report dated
-December 2010:
-(1) Residential pendent style having
-nominal K-factors of 3.1, 4.9, and
-7.4 gpm/psi1/2
-(2) Residential concealed pendent style
-having a nominal K-factor of
-4.9 gpm/psi1/2
-(3) Residential sidewall style having
-nominal K-factors of 4.2 and
-5.5 gpm/psi1/2
-Table A.7.6.2 Continued
-Topic Information
-The following sprinklers were used
-during the spray sprinkler research
-program described in the report dated
-February 2012:
-(1) Residential pendent style having a
-nominal K-factor of 3.1 gpm/psi1/2
-(2) Standard spray pendent style having
-nominal K-factors of 2.8, 4.2, 5.6, and
-8.0 gpm/psi1/2
-(3) Standard spray concealed pendent
-style having a nominal K-factor of
-5.6 gpm/psi1/2
-(4) Standard spray upright style having a
-nominal K-factor of 5.6 gpm/psi1/2
-(5) Standard spray extended coverage
-pendent style having a nominal K-factor
-of 5.6 gpm/psi1/2
-Antifreeze
-solution
-concentration
-<50% glycerine and <40% propylene
-glycol antifreeze solutions: Solutions were
-not tested.
-50% glycerine and 40% propylene glycol
-antifreeze solutions: Large-scale ignition
-of the sprinkler spray did not occur in
-tests with sprinkler discharge onto a fire
-having a nominal heat release rate (HRR)
-of 1.4 megawatts (MW). Large-scale
-ignition of sprinkler spray occurred in
-multiple tests with sprinkler discharge
-onto a fire having a nominal HRR of
-3.0 MW.
-55% glycerine and 45% propylene glycol
-antifreeze solutions: Large-scale ignition
-of the sprinkler spray occurred in tests
-with sprinkler discharge onto a fire
-having a nominal HRR of 1.4 MW.
-> 55% glycerine and > 45% propylene
-glycol antifreeze solutions: Large-scale
-ignition of the sprinkler spray occurred in
-tests with sprinkler discharge onto a fire
-having an HRR of less than 500 kW.
-70% Glycerine and 60% propylene glycol
-antifreeze solutions: Maximum antifreeze
-solution concentrations tested.
-Sprinkler inlet
-pressure
-Large-scale ignition of the sprinkler
-discharge spray was not observed when
-the sprinkler inlet pressure was 50 psi or
-less for tests using 50% glycerine or
-40% propylene glycol.
-Ceiling height When discharging 50% glycerine and
-40% propylene glycol antifreeze solutions
-onto fires having an HRR of 1.4 MW, no
-large-scale ignition of the sprinkler spray
-was observed with ceiling heights up to
-20 ft.
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-
-Table A.7.6.2 Continued
-Topic Information
-When discharging 50% glycerine and
-40% propylene glycol antifreeze solutions
-onto fires having a HRR of 3.0 MW,
-large-scale ignition of the sprinkler spray
-was observed at a ceiling height of 20 ft.
-Fire control The test results described in the test
-reports dated December 2010 and
-February 2012 indicated that discharging
-glycerine and propylene glycol antifreeze
-solutions onto a fire can temporarily
-increase the fire size until water is
-discharged.
-As a part of the residential sprinkler
-research described in the report dated
-December 2010, tests were conducted to
-evaluate the effectiveness of residential
-sprinklers to control fires involving
-furniture and simulated furniture. The
-results of these tests indicated that
-50% glycerine and 40% propylene glycol
-antifireeze solutions demonstrated the
-ability to control the furniture type fires
-in a manner similar to water.
-For standard spray type sprinklers, no
-tests were conducted to investigate the
-ability of these sprinklers to control the
-types and sizes of fires that these
-sprinklers are intended to protect.
-A.7.6.2.1 Where existing antifreeze systems have been ana-
-lyzed and approved to remain in service, antifreeze solutions
-should be limited to premixed antifreeze solutions of glycer-
-ine (chemically pure or United States Pharmacopoeia
-96.5 percent) at a maximum concentration of 48 percent by
-volume, or propylene glycol at a maximum concentration of
-38 percent by volume. The use of antifreeze solutions in all
-new sprinkler systems should be restricted to listed antifreeze
-solutions only. Where existing antifreeze systems are in ser-
-vice, the solution concentration should be limited to those
-noted in A.7.6.2.1, and the system requires an analysis and
-approval of the AHJ to remain in service.
-A.7.6.3.2 One formula for sizing the chamber is as follows.
-Other methods also exist.
-∆= − ⎛
-⎝⎜
-⎞
-⎠⎟LS D
-D
-V
-L
-H
-1
-where:
-∆L = change in antifreeze solution volume (gal) due
-to thermal expansion
-SV = volume (gal) of antifreeze system, not including
-the expansion chamber
-DL = density (gm/mL) of antifreeze solution at lowest
-expected temperature
-DH = density (gm/mL) of antifreeze solution at
-highest expected temperature
-This method is based on the following information:
-PV
-T
-PV
-T
-PV
-T
-00
-0
-11
-1
-22
-2
-⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅
-where:
-VEC = minimum required volume (gal) of expansion
-chamber
-V 0 = air volume (gal) in expansion chamber at
-precharge (before installation)
-V 1 = air volume (gal) in expansion chamber at
-normal static pressure
-V 2 = air volume (gal) in expansion chamber at
-post-expansion pressure
-(antifreeze at high temperature)
-P 0 = absolute precharge pressure (psia) on expansion
-chamber before installation
-P 1 = absolute static pressure (psi) on water (supply)
-side of backflow preventer
-P 2 = absolute maximum allowable working pressure
-(psi) for antifreeze system
-T 0 = temperature (°R) of air in expansion chamber at
-precharge
-T 1 = temperature (°R) of air in expansion chamber
-when antifreeze system piping is at lowest
-expected temperature
-T 2 = temperature (°R) of air in expansion chamber
-when antifreeze system piping is at highest
-expected temperature
-This equation is one formulation of the ideal gas law from
-basic chemistry. The amount of air in the expansion chamber
-will not change over time. The pressure, temperature, and
-volume of the air at different times will be related in accor-
-dance with this formula:
-VV L21=− ∆
-The antifreeze in the system is essentially incompressible,
-so the air volume in the expansion chamber will decrease by
-an amount equal to the expansion of the antifreeze.
-It is assumed that there is no trapped air in the system
-piping, so the only air in the system is in the expansion cham-
-ber. This is a conservative assumption, since more air is better.
-In reality, there will be at least some trapped air. However, only
-the air in the expansion chamber can be relied upon to be
-available when needed.
-VVEC = 0
-At precharge, the chamber will be completely full of air.
-V PT P L T
-PTPT PT
-EC = ⋅⋅⋅ ∆ ⋅
-⋅⋅ − ⋅()
-10 2 1
-0121 12
-In cases where the normal static pressure on the sprinkler
-system is close to the maximum working pressure, antifreeze
-systems are not advisable if the connection to the wet pipe
-system will incorporate a backflow device. In these cases, ex-
-pansion of the antifreeze solution during warm weather will
-cause the antifreeze system to exceed the maximum working
-pressure, regardless of the size of the expansion chamber. The
-normal static pressure is too close to the maximum working
-pressure if the preceding formula for VEC yields a negative
-result. If this occurs, use a dry pipe system instead or install a
-pressure-reducing valve before the backflow preventer.
-A.7.6.3.3 The expansion chamber should be appropriately
-sized and precharged with air pressure.
-13–287ANNEX A
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-
-A.7.6.3.6 Systems larger than 40 gal (151 L) are required by
-NFPA 25 to check the concentration levels at the supply inlet
-to the antifreeze system and at a remote point of the system.
-A.7.7.1.2 Outlets should be provided at critical points on
-sprinkler system piping to accommodate attachment of pres-
-sure gauges for test purposes.
-A.7.8.4.2.1 See Figure A.7.8.4.2.1.
-A.7.8.4.2.3 See Figure A.7.8.4.2.3.
-A.7.9 Careful installation and maintenance, and some special
-arrangements of piping and devices as outlined in this section,
-are needed to avoid the formation of ice and frost inside pip-
-ing in cold storage rooms that will be maintained at or below
-32°F (0°C). Conditions are particularly favorable to condensa-
-tion where pipes enter cold rooms from rooms having tem-
-peratures above freezing.
-Whenever the opportunity offers, fittings such as those
-specified in 7.9.2.1, as well as flushing connections, should be
-provided in existing systems.
-Where possible, risers should be located in stair towers or
-other locations outside of refrigerated areas, which would re-
-duce the probabilities of ice or frost formation within the riser
-(supply) pipe.
-Cross mains should be connected to risers or feed mains
-with flanges. In general, flanged fittings should be installed at
-points that would allow easy dismantling of the system. Split
-ring or other easily removable types of hangers will facilitate
-the dismantling.
-Because it is not practical to allow water to flow into sprin-
-kler piping in spaces that might be constantly subject to freez-
-ing, or where temperatures must be maintained at or below
-40°F (4.4°C), it is important that means be provided at the
-time of system installation to conduct trip tests on dry pipe
-valves that service such systems. NFPA 25 contains require-
-ments in this matter.
-A.7.9.2 The requirements in 7.9.2 are intended to minimize
-the chances of ice plug formation inside sprinkler system pip-
-ing protecting freezers.
-A.7.9.2.4 A higher degree of preventing the formation of ice
-blocks can be achieved by lowering the moisture of the air
-supply entering the refrigerated space to a pressure dew point
-no greater than 20°F (−6.6°C) below the lowest nominal tem-
-perature of the refrigerated space. The pressure dew point of
-the air supply can cause moisture to condense and freeze in
-sprinkler pipe even when the air supply is from the freezer.
-One method of reducing the moisture content of the air by
-use of air drying systems is illustrated in Figure A.7.9.2.4.
-When compressors and dryers are used for an air supply,
-consideration should be given to pressure requirements of the
-regenerative dryers, compressor size, air pressure regulator
-capacity, and air fill rate. Application of these factors could
-necessitate the use of increased air pressures and a larger air
-compressor.
-The compressed air supply should be properly prepared
-prior to entering a regenerative-type air dryer, such as mini-
-mum air pressure, maximum inlet air temperature, and
-proper filtration of compressed air.
-A.7.9.2.5 A major factor contributing to the introduction of
-moisture into the system piping is excessive air compressor
-operation caused by system leakage. Where excessive com-
-pressor operation is noted or ice accumulates in the air supply
-piping, the system should be checked for leakage and appro-
-priate corrective action should be taken.
-A.7.9.2.6 The purpose of the check valve is to prevent evapo-
-ration of prime water into the system piping.
-A.7.9.2.7 The dual lines feeding the system air entering the
-cold area are intended to facilitate continued service of the sys-
-tem when one line is removed for inspection. It should be noted
-that, when using a system as described in Figure A.7.9.2.4, differ-
-ences in the pressures at gauge P1 and gauge P2 indicate block-
-age in the air supply line or other malfunctions.
-A.7.9.2.8.1.1 While it is the intent to require the detection
-system to operate prior to sprinklers, it is possible that in some
-fire scenarios the sprinklers could operate prior to the detec-
-tion system. In general, the detection system, at its installed
-location and spacing, should be more sensitive to fire than the
-sprinklers.
-Check 
-valve
-Check valve
-System B
-System A
-Pitch pipe
-to drain 
-at the 
-sprinklers
-FIGURE A.7.8.4.2.1 Typical Arrangement of Check Valves.
-System B
-System A
-FIGURE A.7.8.4.2.3 Alternate Arrangement of Check Valves.
-13–288 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-
-A.7.10.2 See Figure A.7.10.2.
-A.8.1 The installation requirements are specific for the nor-
-mal arrangement of structural members. There will be ar-
-rangements of structural members not specifically detailed by
-the requirements. By applying the basic principles, layouts for
-such construction can vary from specific illustrations, pro-
-vided the maximums specified for the spacing and location of
-sprinklers (see Section 8.4) are not exceeded.
-Where buildings or portions of buildings are of combus-
-tible construction or contain combustible material, standard
-fire barriers should be provided to separate the areas that are
-sprinkler protected from adjoining unsprinklered areas. All
-openings should be protected in accordance with applicable
-standards, and no sprinkler piping should be placed in an
-unsprinklered area unless the area is permitted to be unsprin-
-klered by this standard.
-Water supplies for partial systems should be designed with
-consideration to the fact that in a partial system more sprin-
-klers might be opened in a fire that originates in an unpro-
-tected area and spreads to the sprinklered area than would be
-the case in a completely protected building. Fire originating
-in a nonsprinklered area might overpower the partial sprin-
-kler system.
-Where sprinklers are installed in corridors only, sprinklers
-should be spaced up to the maximum of 15 ft (4.5 m) along the
-corridor, with one sprinkler opposite the center of any door or
-pair of adjacent doors opening onto the corridor, and with an
-additional sprinkler installed inside each adjacent room above
-the door opening. Where the sprinkler in the adjacent room pro-
-vides full protection for that space, an additional sprinkler is not
-required in the corridor adjacent to the door.
-A.8.1.1 This standard contemplates full sprinkler protection
-for all areas including walk-in coolers, freezers, bank vaults,
-and similar areas. Other NFPA standards that mandate sprin-
-kler installation might not require sprinklers in certain areas.
-Based upon experience and testing, sprinklers have been
-found to be effective and necessary at heights in excess of 50 ft
-(15.2 m). For a building to meet the intended level of protec-
-tion afforded by NFPA 13, sprinklers must not be omitted from
-such high ceiling spaces. The requirements of this standard
-should be used insofar as they are applicable. The authority
-having jurisdiction should be consulted in each case. A build-
-ing is considered sprinklered throughout when protected in
-accordance with the requirements of this standard.
-A.8.1.1(3) Notwithstanding the obstruction rules provided in
-Chapter 8, it is not intended or expected that water will fall on
-the entire floor space of the occupancy.
-When obstructions or architectural features interfere with the
-sprinkler’s spray pattern, such as columns, angled walls, wing
-walls, slightly indented walls, and various soffit configurations,
-shadowed areas can occur. Where small shadowed areas are
-formed on the floor adjacent to their referenced architectural
-features, these shadowed areas are purely on paper and do not
-take into account the dynamic variables of sprinkler discharge.
-Examples of shadow areas are shown in Figure A.8.1.1(3)(a) and
-Figure A.8.1.1(3)(b).
-A.8.1.1(8) Equipment having access for routine maintenance
-should not be considered as intended for occupancy.
-A.8.1.2 The components need not be open or exposed.
-Doors, removable panels, or valve pits can satisfy this need.
-Such equipment should not be obstructed by such permanent
-features as walls, ducts, columns, or direct burial.
-A.8.2.1(3) Pipe schedule — 25,000 ft 2 (2323 m2).
-A.8.2.5 Buildings adjacent to a primary structure can be pro-
-tected by extending the fire sprinkler system from the primary
-structure. This eliminates the need to provide a separate fire
-sprinkler system for small auxiliary buildings. Items that
-should be considered before finalizing fire sprinkler design
-should include the following:
-(1) Actual physical distance between adjacent structures
-(2) Potential for the property to be split into separate parcels
-and sold separately
-(3) Square footage of both the primary and auxiliary structures
-(4) Difficulties in providing a separate water supply to the
-auxiliary structure
-(5) Occupancy/hazard of the auxiliary structure
-(6) Ability of emergency response personnel to easily identify
-the structure from which waterflow is originating
-A.8.3.1.1 Whenever possible, sprinklers should be installed
-in piping after the piping is placed in its final position and
-secured by hangers in accordance with this standard.
-A.8.3.1.3 The purpose of this requirement is to minimize the
-obstruction of the discharge pattern.
-Normally open
-control valve
-Heated area Refrigerated space
-Check valve with ³⁄₃₂ in. 
-(2.4 mm) hole 
-in clapper
-Dry/preaction valve
-Main  
-control valve
-Air compressor
-and tank
-Freezer air intake
-6 ft (1.9 m) minimum
-Two easily removed
-air supply lines
-Two easily removed
-sections of pipe
-Check valve
-P1
-Notes:
-1. If pressure gauge P1 and P2 do not indicate equal pressures, it could        
-    mean the air line is blocked or the air supply is malfunctioning.
-2. Air dryer and coalescer filter not required when system piping capacity       
-    is less than 250 gal (946 L).
-Coalescer filter
-Air dryer
-Pressure regulator
-P2
-30 in. 
-(762 mm)
-Water supply
-P2P1 Air pressure
-Air supply source
-Air pressure
-Water supply source
-FIGURE A.7.9.2.4 Refrigerator Area Sprinkler Systems Used
-to Minimize Chances of Developing Ice Plugs.
-13–289ANNEX A
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---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.8.3.1.5.1 Protective caps and straps are intended to provide
-temporary protection for sprinklers during shipping and in-
-stallation.
-A.8.3.1.5.2 Protective caps and straps can be removed from
-upright sprinklers, from sprinklers that are fitted with sprin-
-kler guards, and from sprinklers that are not likely to be sub-
-ject to damage due to construction activities or other events.
-In general, protective caps and straps should not be removed
-until construction activities or other events have progressed to
-the point where the sprinklers will not be subjected to condi-
-tions that could cause them to be damaged. Consideration
-should be given to leaving the protective caps and straps in
-place where other construction work is expected to take place,
-adjacent to the sprinklers following their installation, until
-that activity is complete. Protective caps and straps on sidewall
-and pendent sprinklers, for example, should be left in place
-pending installation of the wall and ceiling systems and then
-removed as finish escutcheons are being installed. In retrofit
-applications, with minimal follow-on trade construction activ-
-ity, and with upright sprinklers, it would be reasonable to re-
-*Listed for deep fat fryer protection
-A 
-B 
-C 
-B 
-E 
-J 
-P 
-Q 
-R 
-O 
-L 
-H 
-S 
-N* N 
-I I 
-E 
-D D 
-D 
-F 
-K K 
-M 
-G
-A  Exhaust fan
-B  Sprinkler or nozzle at top of vertical riser
-C  Sprinkler or nozzle at midpoint of each offset
-D  5 ft 0 in. (1.5 m) maximum
-E  Horizontal duct nozzle or sprinkler
-F  10 ft 0 in. (3 m) maximum
-G  Nozzle or sprinkler in hood or duct collar
-H  1 in. (25 mm) minimum, 12 in. (305 mm) maximum
-I   Nozzle or sprinkler in hood plenum
-J  1 in. (25 mm) maximum
-K  In accordance with the listing
-L  Deep fat fryer
-M  In accordance with the listing
-N  Cooking equipment nozzle or sprinkler
-O  Counter height cooking equipment
-P  Upright broiler or salamander broiler
-Q  Broiling compartment sprinkler or nozzle
-R  Broiling compartment
-S  Exhaust hood
-FIGURE A.7.10.2 Typical Installation Showing Automatic Sprinklers or Automatic Nozzles Be-
-ing Used for Protection of Commercial Cooking Equipment and Ventilation Systems.
-13–290 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-move the caps and straps immediately following the installa-
-tion on the sprinkler piping.
-A.8.3.2.1 For protection of baled cotton, fire tests and actual
-fire experience indicate an initial low heat release; thus, sprin-
-klers in the ordinary-temperature range should offer some ad-
-vantage by opening faster than those of intermediate- or high-
-temperature classifications under similar conditions.
-A.8.3.2.5 A diffuser in ceiling sheathing labeled by the manufac-
-turer as “horizontal discharge” has directional vanes to move air
-further along the ceiling, and sprinklers located within the 2 ft
-6 in. (0.8 m) radius should have an intermediate-temperature
-rating.
-A.8.3.2.7 Where high temperature–rated sprinklers are in-
-stalled at the ceiling, high temperature–rated sprinklers also
-should extend beyond storage in accordance with Table
-A.8.3.2.7.
-A.8.3.3.1 When renovations occur in an existing building
-and no changes are made in the existing sprinkler system, this
-section is not intended to require the replacement of existing
-standard-response sprinklers with quick-response sprinklers.
-A.8.4 The selection of a sprinkler type will vary by occupancy.
-Where more than one type of sprinkler is used within a com-
-partment, sprinklers with similar response characteristics
-should be used (i.e., standard- or quick-response). However,
-some hazards might benefit from designs that include the use
-of both standard- and quick-response sprinklers. Examples in-
-clude rack storage protected by standard-response ceiling
-sprinklers and quick-response in-rack sprinklers. Another case
-might include opening protection using closely spaced quick-
-response sprinklers with standard-response sprinklers in the
-adjoining areas. Other designs can be compromised when
-sprinklers of differing sensitivity are mixed. An example is a
-system utilizing ESFR sprinklers adjacent to a system using
-high-temperature standard-response sprinklers as might be
-found in a warehouse. In this case, a fire occurring near the
-boundary might open ESFR sprinklers, which would not be
-contemplated in the standard-response system design.
-A.8.4.5.1 The response and water distribution pattern of
-listed residential sprinklers have been shown by extensive fire
-testing to provide better control than spray sprinklers in resi-
-dential occupancies. These sprinklers are intended to prevent
-flashover in the room of fire origin, thus improving the
-chance for occupants to escape or be evacuated.
-The protection area for residential sprinklers is defined in
-the listing of the sprinkler as a maximum square or rectangu-
-lar area. Listing information is presented in even 2 ft (0.65 m)
-increments from 12 ft to 20 ft (3.9 m to 6.5 m). When a sprin-
-kler is selected for an application, its area of coverage must be
-equal to or greater than both the length and width of the
-hazard area. For example, if the hazard to be protected is a
-room 13 ft 6 in. (4.4 m) wide and 17 ft 6 in. (5.6 m) long, a
-sprinkler that is listed to protect a rectangular area of 14 ft
-× 18 ft (4.5 m × 5.8 m) or a square area of 18 ft × 18 ft (5.8 m
-× 5.8 m) must be selected. The flow used in the calculations is
-Protection area of sprinkler
-Sidewall sprinkler
-Shadow area
-2 ft 0 in. max
-FIGURE A.8.1.1(3)(a) Shadow Area in Corridor.
-Protection area of sprinkler
-Shadow area
-Pendent or upright sprinkler
-FIGURE A.8.1.1(3)(b) Example of Shadow Area.
-Table A.8.3.2.7 Distance Beyond Perimeter of Storage for
-High Hazard Occupancies Protected with High
-Temperature–Rated Sprinklers
-Design Area Distance
-ft2 m2 ft m
-2000 186.0 30 9.1
-3000 278.7 40 12.0
-4000 371.6 45 13.7
-5000 464.5 50 15.2
-6000 557.4 55 16.7
-13–291ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-then selected as the flow required by the listing for the se-
-lected coverage.
-Residential sprinklers can only be used in corridors that lead
-to dwelling units. However, the corridors that lead to dwelling
-units can also lead to other hazards that are not dwelling units
-and can still be protected with residential sprinklers.
-A.8.4.6.3 Storage in single-story or multistory buildings can
-be permitted, provided the maximum ceiling/roof height as
-specified in Table 8.12.2.2.1 is satisfied for each storage area.
-A.8.4.7.2 The purpose of this requirement is to avoid scale
-accumulation.
-A.8.4.8.1 Tests of standard sprinklers by approved laborato-
-ries have traditionally encompassed a fire test using a 350 lb
-(160 kg) wood crib and water distribution tests in which water
-is collected in pans from several arrangements of sprinklers to
-evaluate distribution under non-fire conditions.
-Tests of special sprinklers are customized to evaluate re-
-sponsiveness, distribution, and other unique characteristics of
-the sprinkler to control or suppress a fire. Depending on the
-intended use, these tests might include variables such as the
-following:
-(1) The location of the fire relative to the sprinklers (i.e., below
-one sprinkler, between two or between four sprinklers)
-(2) Fire conditions that encompass a variety of fire growth
-rates representative of anticipated conditions of use
-(3) Tests where multiple sprinklers are expected to operate
-(4) Adverse conditions of use (i.e., pipe shadows or other ob-
-structions to discharge)
-(5) Effect of a fire plume on water sprinkler discharge
-The listing of new sprinkler technology for storage protec-
-tion should include large-scale fire testing using a commodity
-or commodities representative of those intended to be pro-
-tected and should consider at least the following variables:
-(1) Ignition under one, between two, and between four sprin-
-klers
-(2) Range of clearances between the sprinkler and the com-
-modity
-(3) Test(s) at or near the minimum pressures specified for
-the sprinkler
-A.8.4.9.1 Dry sprinklers must be of sufficient length to avoid
-freezing of the water-filled pipes due to conduction along the
-barrel. The values of exposed barrel length in Table 8.4.9.1(a)
-and Table 8.4.9.1(b) have been developed using an assumption
-of a properly sealed penetration and an assumed maximum wind
-velocity on the exposed sprinkler of 30 mph (48 km/h). Where
-higher wind velocity is expected, longer exposed barrel lengths
-will help avoid freezing of the wet piping. The total length of the
-barrel of the dry sprinkler must be longer than the values shown
-in Table 8.4.9.1(a) and Table 8.4.9.1(b) because the length
-shown in the tables is the minimum length of the barrel that
-needs to be exposed to the warmer ambient temperature in the
-heated space. See Figure A.8.4.9.1(a) for an example of where to
-measure the exposed barrel length for a sidewall sprinkler pen-
-etrating an exterior wall and Figure A.8.4.9.1(b) for an example
-of where to measure the exposed barrel length for a pendent
-sprinkler penetrating a ceiling or top of a freezer.
-A.8.4.9.3 The clearance space around the sprinkler barrel
-should be sealed to avoid leakage of air into the freezing area
-that could result in the formation of condensate around the
-sprinkler frame that could inhibit or cause premature opera-
-tion. See Figure A.8.4.9.3(a) and Figure A.8.4.9.3(b).
-A.8.5.4.1 Batt insulation creates an effective thermal barrier
-and can be considered the ceiling/roof deck when determin-
-ing distances between deflector and ceiling. The insulation
-needs to be installed in each pocket (not just above the sprin-
-kler) and attached to the ceiling/roof in such a manner that it
-will not fall out during a fire prior to sprinkler activation.
-A.8.5.4.1.4 The rules describing the maximum distance per-
-mitted for sprinklers below ceilings must be followed. The
-concept of placing a small “heat collector” above a sprinkler to
-assist in activation is not appropriate, nor is it contemplated in
-this standard. There is evidence that objects above a sprinkler
-will delay the activation of the sprinkler where fires are not
-directly below the sprinkler (but are still in the coverage area
-of the sprinkler). One of the objectives of the standard is to
-cool the ceiling near the structural members with spray from a
-X
-Insulation
-Exterior wall
-Face of fitting
-X = Minimum exposed barrel length
-Wet sprinkler pipe
-X is measured from the face of the sprinkler fitting
-to the inside surface of the exterior wall or insulation–
-whichever is closer to the fitting.
-FIGURE A.8.4.9.1(a) Dry Sidewall Sprinkler Through Wall.
-X
-Face of fitting
-Wet sprinkler pipe
-X = Minimum exposed barrel length
-X is measured from the face of the sprinkler fitting
-to the inside surface of the exterior wall or insulation–
-whichever is closer to the fitting.
-Dry sprinkler
-Insulated freezer 
-structure
-Clearance hole
-FIGURE A.8.4.9.1(b) Dry Pendent Sprinkler Through Ceil-
-ing or Top of Freezer.
-13–292 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-nearby sprinkler, which is not accomplished by a sprinkler far
-down from the ceiling, and a heat collector will not help this
-situation.
-A.8.5.5.1 See Figure A.8.5.5.1.
-A.8.5.5.2 Where of a depth that will obstruct the spray dis-
-charge pattern, girders, beams, or trusses forming narrow
-pockets of combustible construction along walls can require
-additional sprinklers. In light and ordinary hazard occupan-
-cies, small areas created by architectural features such as
-planter box windows, bay windows, wing walls, and similar fea-
-tures can be evaluated as follows:
-(1) Where no additional floor area is created by the architec-
-tural feature, no additional sprinkler protection is required.
-(2) Where additional floor area is created by an architectural
-feature, no additional sprinkler protection is required,
-provided all of the following conditions are met:
-(a) The floor area does not exceed 18 ft 2 (1.7 m2).
-(b) The floor area is not greater than 2 ft (0.65 m) in
-depth at the deepest point of the architectural fea-
-ture to the plane of the primary wall where measured
-along the finished floor.
-(c) The floor area is not greater than 9 ft (2.9 m) in
-length where measured along the plane of the pri-
-mary wall.
-Measurement from the deepest point of the architectural
-feature to the sprinkler should not exceed the maximum
-listed spacing of the sprinkler. When no additional floor space
-is created, the hydraulic design is not required to consider the
-area created by the architectural feature. Where the obstruc-
-tion criteria established by this standard are followed, sprin-
-kler spray patterns will not necessarily get water to every
-square foot of space within a room.
-A.8.5.5.3 Frequently, additional sprinkler equipment can be
-avoided by reducing the width of decks or galleries and pro-
-viding proper clearances. Slatting of decks or walkways or the
-use of open grating as a substitute for automatic sprinklers
-thereunder is not acceptable. The use of cloth or paper dust
-tops for rooms forms obstruction to water distribution. If dust
-tops are used, the area below should be sprinklered.
-A.8.5.5.3.1 When obstructions are located more than 18 in.
-(457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector, an adequate spray pat-
-tern develops and obstructions up to and including 4 ft (1.2 m)
-wide do not require additional protection underneath. Ex-
-amples are ducts, decks, open grate flooring, catwalks, cutting
-tables, overhead doors, soffits, ceiling panels, and other similar
-obstructions.
-A.8.5.5.3.3 Sprinklers under open gratings should be pro-
-vided with shields. Shields over automatic sprinklers should
-not be less, in least dimension, than four times the distance
-between the shield and fusible element, except special sprin-
-klers incorporating a built-in shield need not comply with this
-recommendation if listed for the particular application.
-A.8.5.6.1 The 18 in. (457 mm) clearance does not apply to
-vehicles in concrete parking structures.
-Dry sprinkler
-Insulated freezer 
-structure
-Seal  
-(or equivalent 
-method)
-Clearance hole
-FIGURE A.8.4.9.3(a) Dry Sprinkler Seal Arrangement — Seal
-on Exterior of Freezer Structure.
-Dry sprinkler
-Insulated freezer 
-structure
-Seal
-FIGURE A.8.4.9.3(b) Dry Sprinkler Seal Arrangement —
-Seal Within Freezer Structure.
-18 in. 
-(457 mm)
-4 ft  
-(1.3 m)
-Sprinkler
-4 ft 0 in. 
-(1.3 m)
-8 ft 0 in. (2.5 m)
-Distribution  pattern  from a 
-standard  spray sprinkler
-FIGURE A.8.5.5.1 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge Pat-
-tern Development for Standard Upright or Pendent Spray
-Sprinklers.
-13–293ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.8.6.2.2.1 When the spacing between sprinklers perpen-
-dicular to the slope exceeds 8 ft (2.44 m), it is necessary to
-increase the minimum density or sprinkler operating pressure
-as noted in Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) and in 8.6.4.1.4. Time to sprin-
-kler activation and water distribution can be affected within
-combustible concealed spaces with sloped roofs or ceilings in
-these combustible concealed spaces, especially where wood
-joist rafters or wood truss construction is used. To reduce the
-probability of fires in these combustible concealed spaces in-
-volving the combustible roof or ceiling construction above
-standard spray sprinklers, more stringent spacing and installa-
-tion guidelines apply.
-A.8.6.3.2.3 See Figure A.8.6.3.2.3.
-A.8.6.3.2.4 An example of sprinklers in small rooms is shown in
-Figure A.8.6.3.2.4(a), Figure A.8.6.3.2.4(b), Figure A.8.6.3.2.4(c),
-and Figure A.8.6.3.2.4(d).
-A.8.6.4.1.2(5) For concrete joists spaced less than 3 ft
-(0.91 m) on center, the rules for obstructed construction
-shown in 8.6.4.1.2 apply. For concrete tee construction with
-stems spaced less than 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m) but more than 3 ft
-(0.91 m) on center, the sprinkler deflector can be located at or
-above a horizontal plane 1 in. (25.4 mm) below the bottom of
-the stems of the tees. This includes sprinklers located between
-the stems. [See Figure A.8.6.4.1.2(5).]
-16 ft 6 in.
-(5.1 m)
-A − B
-12 ft 1 in. (3.7 m)
- for 200 ft2 (18 m2)
-13 ft 7¹⁄₂ in. (4.2 m) 
-for 225 ft2 (21 m2)
-9 ft 0 in.
-(2.7 m)
-B
-7 ft 6 in.
-(2.3 m)  
-maximum
-7 ft 6 in.
-(2.3 m) 
-A
-7 ft 6 in.
-(2.3 m)  
-maximum
-FIGURE A.8.6.3.2.4(a) Small Room Provision — One Sprin-
-kler.
-FIGURE A.8.6.4.1.2(5) Typical Concrete Joist Construction.
-30 ft 0 in. (9.1 m)
-15 ft 0 in.
-(4.6 m)
-7 ft 6 in.
-(2.3 m)
-15 ft 0 in.
-(4.6 m)
-6 ft 0 in.
-(1.8 m)
-9 ft 0 in.
-(2.7 m)
-7 ft 6 in.
-(2.3 m)
-FIGURE A.8.6.3.2.4(b) Small Room Provision — Two Sprin-
-klers Centered Between Sidewalls.
-30 ft 0 in. (9.1 m)
-6 ft 0 in.
-(1.8 m)
-15 ft 0 in.
-(4.6 m)
-9 ft 0 in.
-(2.7 m)
-7 ft 6 in.
-(2.3 m)
-15 ft 0 in.
-(4.6 m)
-7 ft 6 in.
-(2.3 m)
-FIGURE A.8.6.3.2.4(c) Small Room Provision — Two Sprin-
-klers Centered Between Top and Bottom Walls.
-30 ft 0 in. (9.1 m)
-6 ft 0 in.
-(1.8 m)
-7 ft 6 in.
-(2.3 m)
-11 ft 8 in.
-(3.6 m)
-15 ft 0 in.
-(4.6 m)
-9 ft 0 in.
-(2.7 m)
-26 ft 8 in.
-(8.2 m)
-7 ft 6 in.
-(2.3 m)
-FIGURE A.8.6.3.2.4(d) Small Room Provision — Four Sprin-
-klers.
-7.5 ft (2.3 m)
-11.25
-ft (3.4
-m) maximum
-Light hazard occupancy
-15 ft (4.6 m) × 15 ft (4.6 m) 
-spacing
-7.5 ft (2.3 m)
-FIGURE A.8.6.3.2.3 Maximum Distance from Walls.
-13–294 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-A.8.6.4.1.3.2 Saw-toothed roofs have regularly spaced moni-
-tors of saw tooth shape, with the nearly vertical side glazed and
-usually arranged for venting. Sprinkler placement is limited to
-a maximum of 3 ft (0.91 m) down the slope from the peak
-because of the effect of venting on sprinkler sensitivity.
-A.8.6.4.1.3.3 Generally, where applying the requirements of
-this section, a surface having a slope greater than or equal to
-18 in 12 is needed.
-A.8.6.5.1.2 The intent of 8.6.5.1.2(3) is to apply to soffits that
-are located within the 18 in. (457 mm) plane from the sprin-
-kler deflector. A soffit or other obstruction (i.e., shelf) located
-against a wall that is located entirely below the 18 in.
-(457 mm) plane from the sprinkler deflector should be in
-accordance with 8.6.5.3.3. (See Figure A.8.6.5.1.2.)
-A.8.6.5.2.1.3 The rules of 8.6.5.2.1.3 (known as the “Three
-Times Rule”) have been written to apply to obstructions where
-the sprinkler can be expected to get water to both sides of the
-obstruction without allowing a significant dry shadow on the
-other side of the obstruction. This works for small noncon-
-tinuous obstructions and for continuous obstructions where
-the sprinkler can throw water over and under the obstruction,
-such as the bottom chord of an open truss or joist. For solid
-continuous obstructions, such as a beam, the Three Times
-Rule is ineffective since the sprinkler cannot throw water over
-and under the obstruction. Sufficient water must be thrown
-under the obstruction to adequately cover the floor area on
-the other side of the obstruction. To ensure this, compliance
-with the rules of 8.6.5.1.2 is necessary.
-A.8.6.5.2.1.4 It is the intent of this section to exempt non-
-structural elements in light and ordinary hazard occupancies
-from the obstruction criteria commonly called the “Three
-Times Rule.” However, the other obstruction rules, including
-the “Beam Rule” (see 8.6.5.1.2) and the “Wide Obstruction
-Rule”(see 8.6.5.3.3), still apply. If an obstruction is so close to a
-sprinkler that water cannot spray on both sides, it is effectively
-a continuous obstruction as far as the sprinkler is concerned
-and the Beam Rule should be applied.
-It is not the intent of this section to permit the use of fixtures
-and architectural features or treatments to conceal, obscure, or
-otherwise obstruct sprinkler discharge. The requirement should
-be applied in accordance with the performance objectives in
-8.6.5.1.
-A.8.6.5.2.1.10 The housing unit of the ceiling fan is expected
-to be addressed by the Three Times Rule.
-A.8.6.5.2.2.1 Testing has shown that privacy curtains sup-
-ported from the ceiling by mesh fabric do not obstruct the
-distribution pattern in a negative way as long as the mesh is
-70 percent or more open and extends from the ceiling a mini-
-mum of 22 in. (559 mm).
-A.8.6.5.3 See A.8.5.5.3.
-A.8.6.5.3.3 When obstructions are located more than 18 in.
-(457 mm) below the sprinkler deflector, an adequate spray
-pattern develops and obstructions up to and including 4 ft
-(1.2 m) wide do not require additional protection under-
-neath. Examples are ducts, decks, open grate flooring, cat-
-walks, cutting tables, overhead doors, soffits, ceiling panels,
-and other similar obstructions.
-The width of an object is the lesser of the two horizontal
-dimensions (with the length being the longer horizontal di-
-mension). Sprinkler protection is not required under objects
-where the length is greater than 4 ft (1.2 m) and the width is
-4 ft (1.2 m) or less.
-A.8.6.7.1 Ceiling features in unobstructed construction that
-are protected by sprinklers in the lower ceiling elevation when
-the higher ceiling elevation is within 12 in. (305 mm) of the
-deflectors or greater for sprinklers with greater listed dis-
-tances from the higher ceiling should not be considered un-
-protected ceiling pockets.
-A.8.6.7.2(4) It is the intent of this section to allow compart-
-ments with multiple pockets, where the cumulative volume of
-the pockets exceeds 1000 ft 3 (28.3 m3) and separated from
-each other by 10 ft (3.05 m) or more and still be permitted to
-be unprotected because with these values, a sprinkler would
-be required between such pockets. For smaller pockets where
-the cumulative volume does not exceed 1000 ft 3 (28.3 m3),
-there is no reason to separate the pockets by any specific dis-
-tance because they are not worse than a single pocket that
-is 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3).
-A.8.7.4.1.2.1 The 6 in. (152 mm) as referenced is measured
-from the wall to the vertical plane representing the surface of
-attachment of the deflector. See Figure A.8.7.4.1.2.1.
-A.8.7.4.1.3.2 See Figure A.8.7.4.1.3.2.
-A.8.7.4.1.3.3 See Figure A.8.7.4.1.3.3.
-A.8.7.5.1.6 See Figure A.8.7.5.1.6.
-A.8.7.5.2.1.3 The rules of 8.7.5.2.1.3 (known as the “Three
-Times Rule”) have been written to apply to obstructions where
-the sprinkler can be expected to get water to both sides of the
-obstruction without allowing a significant dry shadow on the
-other side of the obstruction. This works for small noncon-
-tinuous obstructions and for continuous obstructions where
-the sprinkler can throw water over and under the obstruction,
-Wall
-Ceiling 
-Greater than 18 in. (457 mm)
-Soffit or obstruction
-No additional protection required
-when 4 ft 0 in. (1.2 m) or less
-FIGURE A.8.6.5.1.2 Soffit/Obstruction Against Wall Greater
-Than 18 in. (457 mm) Below Deflector.
-13–295ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
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-
-such as the bottom chord of an open truss or joist. For solid
-continuous obstructions, such as a beam, the Three Times
-Rule is ineffective since the sprinkler cannot throw water over
-and under the obstruction. Sufficient water must be thrown
-under the obstruction to adequately cover the floor area on
-the other side of the obstruction. To ensure this, compliance
-with the rules of 8.7.5.1.2 is necessary.
-A.8.7.5.2.1.6 The housing unit of the ceiling fan is expected
-to be addressed by the Three Times Rule.
-A.8.7.5.2.2.1 Testing has shown that privacy curtains sup-
-ported from the ceiling by mesh fabric do not obstruct the
-distribution pattern in a negative way as long as the mesh is
-70 percent or more open and extends from the ceiling a mini-
-mum of 22 in. (559 mm).
-A.8.7.5.3 See A.8.5.5.3.
-A.8.7.6 See 8.6.6.2.
-A.8.8.2.1 The protection area for extended coverage upright
-and pendent sprinklers is defined in the listing of the sprin-
-kler as a maximum square area. Listing information is pre-
-sented in even 2 ft (0.6 m) increments up to 20 ft (6.1 m).
-When a sprinkler is selected for an application, its area of
-coverage must be equal to or greater than both the length and
-width of the hazard area. For example, if the hazard to be
-protected is a room 13 ft 6 in. (4.1 m) wide and 17 ft 6 in.
-(5.3 m) long as indicated in Figure A.8.8.2.1, a sprinkler that is
-listed to protect an area of 18 ft × 18 ft (5.5 m × 5.5 m) must be
-selected. The flow used in the calculations is then selected as
-the flow required by the listing for the selected coverage.
-A.8.8.2.2.1 Testing has shown that privacy curtains supported
-from the ceiling by mesh fabric do not obstruct the distribu-
-tion pattern in a negative way as long as the mesh is 70 percent
-or more open and extends from the ceiling a minimum of
-22 in. (559 mm).
-A.8.8.4.1.1.4(A) See Figure A.8.8.4.1.1.4(A).
-A.8.8.4.1.1.4(B) See Figure A.8.8.4.1.1.4(B).
-A.8.8.4.1.3 Saw-toothed roofs have regularly spaced monitors
-of saw tooth shape, with the nearly vertical side glazed and
-usually arranged for venting. Sprinkler placement is limited to
-X
-Where X is 6 in.
-(152 mm) or less
-FIGURE A.8.7.4.1.2.1 Sidewall Sprinkler Deflector Measure-
-ment From Walls.
-Wall
-Allowable
-deflector-to-
-ceiling distance
-Top of sprinkler 
-deflector
-4 in. (102 mm)  
-maximum
-8 in. (203 mm) maximum
-Ceiling
-Soffit
-FIGURE A.8.7.4.1.3.2 Location Sidewalls with Respect to
-Soffits — Sidewall in Soffit.
-Wall
-Maximum
-deflector-to- 
-ceiling distance
-Top of sprinkler 
-deflector
-Minimum
-deflector-to- 
-ceiling distance
-Soffit
-Ceiling
-FIGURE A.8.7.4.1.3.3 Location Sidewalls with Respect to
-Soffits — Sidewall Under Soffit.
-2 ft
-2 ft
-FIGURE A.8.7.5.1.6 Permitted Obstruction on Wall Opposite
-Sidewall Sprinkler.
-18 ft (5.5 m)
-13 ft 6 in. (4.1 m)
-18 ft (5.5 m)
-17 ft 6 in. (5.3 m)
-FIGURE A.8.8.2.1 Determination of Protection Area of Cover-
-age for Extended Coverage Upright and Pendent Sprinklers.
-13–296 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
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-a maximum of 3 ft (0.91 m) down the slope from the peak
-because of the effect of venting on sprinkler sensitivity.
-A.8.8.5.1.2 The intent of 8.8.5.1.2(3) is to apply to soffits that
-are located within the 18 in. (457 mm) plane from the sprin-
-kler deflector. A soffit or other obstruction (i.e., shelf) located
-against a wall that is located entirely below the 18 in.
-(457 mm) plane from the sprinkler deflector should be in
-accordance with 8.8.5.3.2. (See Figure A.8.8.5.1.2.)
-A.8.8.5.2.1.3 The rules of 8.8.5.2.1.3 (known as the “Four
-Times Rule”) have been written to apply to obstructions where
-the sprinkler can be expected to get water to both sides of the
-obstruction without allowing a significant dry shadow on the
-other side of the obstruction. This works for small noncon-
-tinuous obstructions and for continuous obstructions where
-the sprinkler can throw water over and under the obstruction,
-such as the bottom chord of an open truss or joist. For solid
-continuous obstructions, such as a beam, the Four Times Rule
-is ineffective since the sprinkler cannot throw water over and
-under the obstruction. Sufficient water must be thrown under
-the obstruction to adequately cover the floor area on the other
-side of the obstruction. To ensure this, compliance with the
-rules of 8.8.5.1.2 is necessary.
-A.8.8.5.2.1.9 The housing unit of the ceiling fan is expected
-to be addressed by the Four Times Rule.
-A.8.8.5.3 See A.8.5.5.3.
-A.8.8.6 See 8.6.6.2.
-A.8.8.7.1 Ceiling features in unobstructed construction that
-are protected by sprinklers in the lower ceiling elevation when
-the higher ceiling elevation is within 12 in. (305 mm) of the
-deflectors or greater for sprinklers with greater listed dis-
-tances from the higher ceiling should not be considered un-
-protected ceiling pockets.
-A.8.8.7.2(4) It is the intent of this section to allow compart-
-ments with multiple pockets, where the cumulative volume of
-the pockets exceeds 1000 ft 3 (28.3 m3) and separated from
-each other by 10 ft (3.05 m) or more and still be permitted to
-be unprotected because with these values, a sprinkler would
-be required between such pockets. For smaller pockets where
-the cumulative volume does not exceed 1000 ft 3 (28.3 m3),
-there is no reason to separate the pockets by any specific dis-
-tance because they are not worse than a single pocket that
-is 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3).
-A.8.9 See 8.6.6.2.
-A.8.9.2.1 The protection area for extended coverage sidewall
-spray sprinklers is defined in the listing of the sprinkler as a
-maximum square or rectangular area. Listing information is
-presented in even 2 ft (0.65 m) increments up to 28 ft (9 m)
-for extended coverage sidewall spray sprinklers. When a sprin-
-kler is selected for an application, its area of coverage must be
-equal to or greater than both the length and width of the
-hazard area. For example, if the hazard to be protected is a
-room 14 ft 6 in. (4.4 m) wide and 20 ft 8 in. (6.3 m) long as
-indicated in Figure A.8.9.2.1, a sprinkler that is listed to pro-
-tect an area of 16 ft × 22 ft (4. 9 m × 6.7 m) must be selected.
-The flow used in the calculations is then selected as the flow
-required by the listing for the selected coverage.
-A.8.9.4.1.2.1 See A.8.7.4.1.2.1.
-S
-X
-X £  36 in. (914 mm) 
-S = maximum allowable distance between sprinklers
-FIGURE A.8.8.4.1.1.4(A) V ertical Change in Ceiling Elevation
-Less Than or Equal to 36 in. (914 mm).
-X > 36 in. (914 mm)
-S = maximum allowable distance between sprinklers
-Maximum
-¹⁄₂ S
-Maximum
-¹⁄₂ S
-X
-Vertical plane treated as wall
-for sprinkler spacing
-FIGURE A.8.8.4.1.1.4(B) V ertical Change in Ceiling Elevation
-Greater Than 36 in. (914 mm).
-Ceiling
-Wall
-Soffit or obstruction
-No additional protection required
-when 2 ft or less
-Greater than 18 in.
-FIGURE A.8.8.5.1.2 Soffit/Obstruction Against Wall Greater
-Than 18 in. (457 mm) Below Deflector.
-13–297ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.8.9.4.1.3.1 See Figure A.8.9.4.1.3.1.
-A.8.9.4.1.3.2 See Figure A.8.9.4.1.3.2.
-A.8.9.4.1.4 The requirements in 8.9.4.1.4 were developed
-from years of experience with NFPA 13 obstruction require-
-ments and an additional test series conducted by the National
-Fire Sprinkler Association with the help of Tyco International
-(Valentine and Isman, Kitchen Cabinets and Residential Sprin-
-klers, National Fire Sprinkler Association, November 2005),
-which included fire modeling, distribution tests, and full-scale
-fire tests. The test series showed that pendent sprinklers defi-
-nitely provide protection for kitchens, even for fires that start
-under the cabinets. The information in the series was less than
-definitive for sidewall sprinklers, but distribution data show
-that sprinklers in the positions in this standard provide ad-
-equate water distribution in front of the cabinets and that side-
-wall sprinklers should be able to control a fire that starts under
-the cabinets. When protecting kitchens or similar rooms with
-cabinets, the pendent sprinkler should be the first option. If
-pendent sprinklers cannot be installed, the next best option is
-a sidewall sprinkler on the opposite wall from the cabinets,
-spraying in the direction of the cabinets. The third best option
-is the sidewall sprinkler on the same wall as the cabinets, on a
-soffit flush with the face of the cabinet. The last option should
-be putting sprinklers on the wall back behind the face of the
-cabinet because this location is subject to being blocked by
-items placed on top of the cabinets. It is not the intent of the
-committee to require sprinklers under kitchen cabinets.
-A.8.9.5.1.6 See Figure A.8.9.5.1.6.
-A.8.9.5.2.1.3 The rules of 8.9.5.2.1.3 (known as the “Four
-Times Rule”) have been written to apply to obstructions where
-the sprinkler can be expected to get water to both sides of the
-obstruction without allowing a significant dry shadow on the
-other side of the obstruction. This works for small noncon-
-tinuous obstructions and for continuous obstructions where
-the sprinkler can throw water over and under the obstruction,
-such as the bottom chord of an open truss or joist. For solid
-continuous obstructions, such as a beam, the Four Times Rule
-is ineffective since the sprinkler cannot throw water over and
-under the obstruction. Sufficient water must be thrown under
-the obstruction to adequately cover the floor area on the other
-side of the obstruction. To ensure this, compliance with the
-rules of 8.9.5.1.2 is necessary.
-A.8.9.5.2.1.7 The housing unit of the ceiling fan is expected
-to be addressed by the Four Times Rule.
-A.8.9.5.2.2.1 Testing has shown that privacy curtains sup-
-ported from the ceiling by mesh fabric do not obstruct the
-distribution pattern in a negative way as long as the mesh is
-70 percent or more open and extends from the ceiling a mini-
-mum of 22 in. (559 mm).
-A.8.9.5.3 See A.8.5.5.3.
-A.8.10.2 Residential sprinklers should be used in compliance
-with their listing limits. Where there are no listed residential
-sprinklers for a particular arrangement, other design approaches
-20 ft 8 in. (6.3 m)
-16 ft 
-(4.9 m)
-14 ft 6 in.
-(4.4 m)
-22 ft (6.7 m)
-FIGURE A.8.9.2.1 Determination of Protection Area of Cov-
-erage for Extended Coverage Sidewall Sprinklers.
-Wall
-Allowable
-deflector-to-
-ceiling distance
-Top of sprinkler 
-deflector
-4 in. (102 mm)  
-maximum
-8 in. (203 mm) maximum
-Ceiling
-Soffit
-FIGURE A.8.9.4.1.3.1 Location of Extended Coverage Side-
-walls with Respect to Soffits — Sidewall in Soffit.
-Wall
-Maximum
-deflector-to- 
-ceiling distance
-Top of sprinkler 
-deflector
-Minimum
-deflector-to- 
-ceiling distance
-Soffit
-Ceiling
-FIGURE A.8.9.4.1.3.2 Location of Extended Coverage Side-
-walls with Respect to Soffits — Sidewall Under Soffit.
-2 ft
-2 ft
-FIGURE A.8.9.5.1.6 Permitted Obstruction on Wall Opposite
-EC Sidewall Sprinkler.
-13–298 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-from NFPA 13 should be utilized, such as using quick-response
-sprinklers.
-A.8.10.6.2.1.3 The rules of 8.10.6.2.1.3 (known as the “Four
-Times Rule”) have been written to apply to obstructions where
-the sprinkler can be expected to get water to both sides of the
-obstruction without allowing a significant dry shadow on the
-other side of the obstruction. This works for small noncon-
-tinuous obstructions and for continuous obstructions where
-the sprinkler can throw water over and under the obstruction,
-such as the bottom chord of an open truss or joist. For solid
-continuous obstructions, such as a beam, the Four Times Rule
-is ineffective since the sprinkler cannot throw water over and
-under the obstruction. Sufficient water must be thrown under
-the obstruction to adequately cover the floor area on the other
-side of the obstruction. To ensure this, compliance with the
-rules of 8.10.6.1.2 is necessary.
-A.8.10.6.2.1.9 The housing unit of the ceiling fan is expected to
-be addressed by the Three Times Rule or the Four Times Rule.
-A.8.10.6.3 See A.8.5.5.3.
-A.8.10.7.1.5 The requirements in 8.10.7.1.5 were developed
-from years of experience with NFPA 13 obstruction require-
-ments and an additional test series conducted by the National
-Fire Sprinkler Association with the help of Tyco International
-(Valentine and Isman, Kitchen Cabinets and Residential Sprin-
-klers, National Fire Sprinkler Association, November 2005),
-which included fire modeling, distribution tests, and full-scale
-fire tests. The test series showed that pendent sprinklers defi-
-nitely provide protection for kitchens, even for fires that start
-under the cabinets. The information in the series was less than
-definitive for sidewall sprinklers, but distribution data shows
-that sprinklers in the positions in this standard provide ad-
-equate water distribution in front of the cabinets and that side-
-wall sprinklers should be able to control a fire that starts under
-the cabinets. When protecting kitchens or similar rooms with
-cabinets, the pendent sprinkler should be the first option. If
-pendent sprinklers cannot be installed, the next best option is
-a sidewall sprinkler on the opposite wall from the cabinets,
-spraying in the direction of the cabinets. The third best option
-is the sidewall sprinkler on the same wall as the cabinets on a
-soffit flush with the face of the cabinet. The last option should
-be putting sprinklers on the wall back behind the face of the
-cabinet because this location is subject to being blocked by
-items placed on top of the cabinets. It is not the intent of the
-committee to require sprinklers under kitchen cabinets.
-A.8.10.7.1.6 See Figure A.8.10.7.1.6.
-A.8.10.7.2.1.3 The rules of 8.10.7.2.1.3 (known as the Four
-Times Rule) have been written to apply to obstructions where
-the sprinkler can be expected to get water to both sides of the
-obstruction without allowing a significant dry shadow on the
-other side of the obstruction. This works for small noncon-
-tinuous obstructions and for continuous obstructions where
-the sprinkler can throw water over and under the obstruction,
-such as the bottom chord of an open truss or joist. For solid
-continuous obstructions, such as a beam, the Four Times Rule
-is ineffective since the sprinkler cannot throw water over and
-under the obstruction. Sufficient water must be thrown under
-the obstruction to adequately cover the floor area on the other
-side of the obstruction. To ensure this, compliance with the
-rules of 8.10.6.1.2 is necessary.
-A.8.10.7.2.1.7 The housing unit of the ceiling fan is expected
-to be addressed by the Four Times Rule.
-A.8.10.7.3 See A.8.5.5.3.
-A.8.11.2 Tests involving areas of coverage over 100 ft2 (9.3 m2)
-for CMSA sprinklers are limited in number, and use of areas of
-coverage over 100 ft2 (9.3 m2) should be carefully considered.
-A.8.11.3.1 It is important that sprinklers in the immediate
-vicinity of the fire center not skip, and this requirement im-
-poses certain restrictions on the spacing.
-A.8.11.4.1 If all other factors are held constant, the operating
-time of the first sprinkler will vary exponentially with the dis-
-tance between the ceiling and deflector. At distances greater
-than 7 in. (178 mm), for other than open wood joist construc-
-tion, the delayed operating time will permit the fire to gain
-headway, with the result that substantially more sprinklers op-
-erate. At distances less than 7 in. (178 mm), other effects oc-
-cur. Changes in distribution, penetration, and cooling nullify
-the advantage gained by faster operation. The net result again
-is increased fire damage accompanied by an increase in the
-number of sprinklers operated. The optimum clearance be-
-tween deflectors and ceiling is therefore 7 in. (178 mm). For
-open wood joist construction, the optimum clearance be-
-tween deflectors and the bottom of joists is 31⁄2 in. (89 mm).
-A.8.11.5 To a great extent, CMSA sprinklers rely on direct attack
-to gain rapid control of both the burning fuel and ceiling tem-
-peratures. Therefore, interference with the discharge pattern
-and obstructions to the distribution should be avoided.
-A.8.11.5.2.1.3 The rules of 8.11.5.2.1.3 (known as the “Three
-Times Rule”) have been written to apply to obstructions where
-the sprinkler can be expected to get water to both sides of the
-obstruction without allowing a significant dry shadow on the
-other side of the obstruction. This works for small noncon-
-tinuous obstructions and for continuous obstructions where
-the sprinkler can throw water over and under the obstruction,
-such as the bottom chord of an open truss or joist. For solid
-continuous obstructions, such as a beam, the Three Times
-Rule is ineffective since the sprinkler cannot throw water over
-and under the obstruction. Sufficient water must be thrown
-under the obstruction to adequately cover the floor area on
-the other side of the obstruction. To ensure this, compliance
-with the rules of 8.11.5.1.2 is necessary.
-A.8.11.5.3 See A.8.5.5.3.
-A.8.12.2.2.3 See Figure A.8.12.2.2.3.
-A.8.12.3.1(3) See Figure A.8.12.2.2.3.
-2 ft
-2 ft
-FIGURE A.8.10.7.1.6 Permitted Obstruction on Wall Oppo-
-site Residential Sidewall Sprinkler.
-13–299ANNEX A
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-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-A.8.12.5.2 Isolated obstructions that block adjacent sprinklers
-in a similar manner should be treated as a continuous obstruc-
-tion. High volume low speed fans with large diameters [(20 ft
-(6 m)] represent potential obstructions for ESFR sprinklers and
-should be positioned in accordance with the provisions of
-8.12.5.2 with regard to both the fan motor unit and the blades.
-A.8.15.1.2 Paragraphs 8.15.1.2.3, 8.15.1.2.4, and 8.15.1.2.5
-do not require sprinkler protection because it is not physically
-practical to install sprinklers in the types of concealed spaces
-discussed in these three exceptions. To reduce the possibility
-of uncontrolled fire spread, consideration should be given in
-these unsprinklered concealed space situations to using
-8.15.1.2.7, 8.15.1.2.10, and 8.15.1.2.12. Omitting sprinklers from
-combustible concealed spaces will require further evaluation of
-the sprinkler system design area in accordance with 11.2.3.1.4.
-A.8.15.1.2.1 Minor quantities of combustible materials such
-as but not limited to cabling, nonmetallic plumbing piping,
-nonstructural wood, and so forth can be present in concealed
-spaces constructed of limited or noncombustible materials
-but should not typically be viewed as requiring sprinklers (see
-8.15.1.1). For example, it is not the intent of this section to
-require sprinklers, which would not otherwise be required, in
-the interstitial space of a typical office building solely due to
-the presence of the usual amount of cabling within the space.
-The threshold value at which sprinklers become necessary in
-the concealed space is not defined.
-A.8.15.1.2.5 Solid metal purlin construction with a wood
-deck is one example of similar solid member construction.
-A.8.15.1.2.6 See Figure A.8.15.1.2.6.
-Wall
-18 in.18 in. 18 in.
-10 ft
-10 ft
-10 ft8 ft10 ft 6 in.10 ft4 ft
-5 ft 6 in.
-Example 1 of ESFR “Shift” Rule (bar joists or trusses 5 ft 6 in. o.c.)
-Measurement shown is from centerline for ease of illustration; actual 
-measurement to obstruction is to near edge of structural member.
-Example 2 of ESFR “Shift” Rule (bar joists or trusses 5 ft 10 in. o.c.)
-Measurement shown is from centerline for ease of illustration; actual 
-measurement to obstruction is to near edge of structural member.
-Wall
-16 in. 16 in. 16 in. 16 in.
-11 ft
-10 ft
-9 ft 9 ft10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 2 in. 10 ft
-3 ft 8 in.
-5 ft 10 in.
-FIGURE A.8.12.2.2.3 ESFR Sprinkler Spacing Within Trusses and Bar Joists.
-13–300 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-A.8.15.1.2.11 The allowance to omit sprinklers for fire
-retardant–treated wood requires a pressure-treated applica-
-tion. It does not apply to coated applications.
-A.8.15.1.2.16 See Figure A.8.15.1.2.16 for one example.
-A.8.15.1.2.17 See Figure A.8.15.1.2.17.
-A.8.15.2.2 Where practicable, sprinklers should be staggered
-at the alternate floor levels, particularly where only one sprin-
-kler is installed at each floor level.
-A.8.15.3.1.2 Sprinklers at each floor level landing should be
-positioned to protect both the floor level landing and any in-
-termediate landing.
-A.8.15.3.3 See Figure A.8.15.3.3(a) and Figure A.8.15.3.3(b).
-Sprinklers would be required in the case shown in Fig-
-ure A.8.15.3.3(a) but not in the case shown in Figure
-A.8.15.3.3(b).
-A.8.15.4 Where sprinklers in the normal ceiling pattern are
-closer than 6 ft (1.86 m) from the water curtain, it might be
-preferable to locate the water curtain sprinklers in recessed
-baffle pockets.(See Figure A.8.15.4.)
-Subfloor
-Gypsum board
-Resilient channel
-Batt insulation
-FIGURE A.8.15.1.2.6 Combustible Concealed Space Cross
-Section.
-Roof or subfloor
-Sprinkler within
-the trusses
-Insulation
-Wood truss
-Truss bottom chordConcealed space below
-truss bottom chords
-Suspended ceiling
-FIGURE A.8.15.1.2.16 One Acceptable Arrangement of Con-
-cealed Space in Truss Construction Not Requiring Sprinklers.
-2 in. (50.8 mm) maximum Composite or solid
-wood joist
-Batt insulation meeting 
-noncombustible or 
-limited-combustible criteria
-Noncombustible
-Wrapped/overlapped
-and stapled per manufacturer
-recommendation
-FIGURE A.8.15.1.2.17 Acceptable Arrangement of Concealed
-Space Not Requiring Sprinklers.
-Firewall
-FIGURE A.8.15.3.3(a) Noncombustible Stair Shaft Serving
-Two Sides of Fire Wall.
-FIGURE A.8.15.3.3(b) Noncombustible Stair Shaft Serving
-One Side of Fire Wall.
-13–301ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPA No reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.8.15.4.1 It is the intent of this section to require closely
-spaced sprinklers and draft stops to openings where protec-
-tion or enclosure is required by building and life safety codes.
-A.8.15.5.1 The sprinklers in the pit are intended to protect
-against fires caused by debris, which can accumulate over
-time. Ideally, the sprinklers should be located near the side of
-the pit below the elevator doors, where most debris accumu-
-lates. However, care should be taken that the sprinkler loca-
-tion does not interfere with the elevator toe guard, which ex-
-tends below the face of the door opening.
-A.8.15.5.4 ASME A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators,
-requires the shutdown of power to the elevator upon or prior
-to the application of water in elevator machine rooms or hoist-
-ways. This shutdown can be accomplished by a detection sys-
-tem with sufficient sensitivity that operates prior to the activa-
-tion of the sprinklers(see also NFPA 72). As an alternative, the
-system can be arranged using devices or sprinklers capable of
-effecting power shutdown immediately upon sprinkler activa-
-tion, such as a waterflow switch without a time delay. This al-
-ternative arrangement is intended to interrupt power before
-significant sprinkler discharge.
-A.8.15.5.5 Passenger elevator cars that have been constructed
-in accordance with ASME A17.1,Safety Code for Elevators and Esca-
-lators, Rule 204.2a (under A17.1a-1985 and later editions of the
-code) have limited combustibility. Materials exposed to the inte-
-rior of the car and the hoistway, in their end-use composition, are
-limited to a flame spread index of 0 to 75 and a smoke-developed
-index of 0 to 450, when tested in accordance with ASTM E 84,
-Standard Test Method of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building
-Materials.
-A.8.15.7 Small loading docks, covered platforms, ducts, or
-similar small unheated areas can be protected by dry pendent
-sprinklers extending through the wall from wet sprinkler pip-
-ing in an adjacent heated area. Where protecting covered plat-
-forms, loading docks, and similar areas, a dry pendent sprin-
-kler should extend down at a 45 degree angle. The width of
-the area to be protected should not exceed 71⁄2 ft (2.3 m).
-Sprinklers should be spaced not over 12 ft (3.7 m) apart. Ex-
-terior projections include, but are not limited to, exterior
-roofs, canopies, porte-cocheres, balconies, decks, or similar
-projections.(See Figure A.8.15.7.)
-A.8.15.7.2 Vehicles that are temporarily parked are not consid-
-ered storage. Areas located at drive-in bank windows or porte-
-cocheres at hotels and motels normally do not require sprinklers
-where there is no occupancy above, where the area is entirely
-constructed of noncombustible or limited-combustible materials
-or fire retardant–treated lumber, and where the area is not the
-only means of egress. However, areas under exterior ceilings
-where the building is sprinklered should be protected due to the
-occupancy above.
-A.8.15.7.5 Short-term transient storage, such as that for deliv-
-ered packages, and the presence of planters, newspaper ma-
-chines, and so forth, should not be considered for storage or
-handling of combustibles. The presence of combustible furni-
-ture on balconies for occupant use should not require sprin-
-kler protection.
-A.8.15.8.1.1 A door is not required in order to omit sprin-
-klers as long as the bathroom complies with the definition for
-compartment.
-A.8.15.8.2 Portable wardrobe units, such as those typically
-used in nursing homes and mounted to the wall, do not re-
-quire sprinklers to be installed in them. Although the units are
-attached to the finished structure, this standard views those
-units as pieces of furniture rather than as a part of the struc-
-ture; thus, sprinklers are not required.
-A.8.15.9 This exception is limited to hospitals as nursing
-homes, and many limited-care facilities can have more com-
-bustibles within the closets. The limited amount of clothing
-found in the small clothes closets in hospital patient rooms is
-typically far less than the amount of combustibles in casework
-cabinets that do not require sprinkler protection, such as
-nurse servers. In many hospitals, especially new hospitals, it is
-difficult to make a distinction between clothes closets and
-cabinet work. The exception is far more restrictive than simi-
-lar exceptions for hotels and apartment buildings. NFPA 13
-already permits the omission of sprinklers in wardrobes[see
-8.1.1(7)]. It is not the intent of this paragraph to affect the
-wardrobe provisions of NFPA 13. It is the intent that the sprin-
-kler protection in the room covers the closet as if there was no
-door on the closet(see 8.5.3.2).
-A.8.15.10 Library stacks are high-density book storage areas
-and should not be confused with the typical library book-
-6 in.  to 12 in.
- (152 mm to 305 mm)
-18 in. (457 mm)
-Not over
-6 ft 0 in.
-(1.86 m)
-FIGURE A.8.15.4 Sprinklers Around Escalators.
-7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m)
-maximum
-Canopy over
-loading platform
-Dry pendent
-sprinkler
-Line inside
-heated area
-FIGURE A.8.15.7 Dry Pendent Sprinklers for Protection of
-Covered Platforms, Loading Docks, and Similar Areas.
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-shelves and aisles in the general browsing areas. Examples of
-record storage include medical or paper records.
-A.8.15.12 The combustible materials present inside indus-
-trial ovens and furnaces can be protected by automatic sprin-
-klers. Wet sprinkler systems are preferred. However, water-
-filled piping exposed to heat within an oven or furnace can
-incur deposition and buildup of minerals within the pipe. If
-the oven or furnace could be exposed to freezing tempera-
-tures, dry pendent sprinklers are an alternative to wet pipe
-systems. Another option is to use a dry pipe system.
-The preferred arrangement for piping is outside of the oven;
-the sprinkler should be installed in the pendent position. The
-sprinkler temperature rating should be at least 50°F (28°C)
-greater than the high-temperature limit setting of the oven or
-applicable zone. As a minimum, the sprinkler system inside the
-oven or furnace should be designed to provide 15 psi (1 bar) with
-all sprinklers operating inside the oven/furnace. Sprinkler spac-
-ing on each branch line should not exceed 12 ft (3.7 m).
-A.8.15.14 The installation of open-grid egg crate, louver, or
-honeycomb ceilings beneath sprinklers restricts the sideways
-travel of the sprinkler discharge and can change the character
-of discharge.
-A.8.15.15.4 Drop-out ceilings do not provide the required
-protection for soft-soldered copper joints or other piping that
-requires protection.
-A.8.15.15.5 The ceiling tiles might drop before sprinkler opera-
-tion. Delayed operation might occur because heat must then
-bank down from the deck above before sprinklers will operate.
-A.8.15.16.2 For tests of sprinkler performance in fur vaults,
-see “Fact Finding Report on Automatic Sprinkler Protection
-for Fur Storage Vaults” of Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,
-dated November 25, 1947.
-Sprinklers should be listed old-style with orifice sizes se-
-lected to provide a flow rate as close as possible to, but not less
-than, 20 gpm (76 L/min) per sprinkler, for four sprinklers,
-based on the water pressure available.
-Sprinklers in fur storage vaults should be located centrally
-over the aisles between racks and should be spaced not over
-5 ft (1.5 m) apart along the aisles.
-Where sprinklers are spaced 5 ft (1.5 m) apart along the
-sprinkler branch lines, pipe sizes should be in accordance with
-the following schedule:
-1 in. (25 mm) — 4 sprinklers
-11⁄4 in. (32 mm) — 6 sprinklers
-11⁄2 in. (40 mm) — 10 sprinklers
-2 in. (50 mm) — 20 sprinklers
-21⁄2 in. (65 mm) — 40 sprinklers
-3 in. (80 mm) — 80 sprinklers
-A.8.15.20.1 Outlets meeting the requirements of this standard
-should be provided in anticipation of the final finished area.
-A.8.15.20.2 Providing 1 in. (25 mm) minimum outlets with
-bushings can provide for future changes in building uses or
-occupancies.
-A.8.15.20.5.2 It is not the intent of this section to require a
-full hydraulic analysis of the existing piping system in addition
-to new sprinkler layout.
-A.8.15.22 See Figure A.8.15.22.
-A.8.15.23.3 See Figure A.8.15.23.3.
-A.8.16.1.1 See Figure A.8.16.1.1.
-A.8.16.1.1.1 A water supply connection should not extend
-into a building or through a building wall unless such connec-
-tion is under the control of an outside listed indicating valve
-or an inside listed indicating valve located near the outside
-wall of the building.
-All valves controlling water supplies for sprinkler systems or
-portions thereof, including floor control valves, should be ac-
-cessible to authorized persons during emergencies. Perma-
-nent ladders, clamped treads on risers, chain-operated hand
-wheels, or other accepted means should be provided where
-necessary.
-Outside control valves are suggested in the following order
-of preference:
-(1) Listed indicating valves at each connection into the build-
-ing at least 40 ft (12.2 m) from buildings if space permits
-(2) Control valves installed in a cutoff stair tower or valve
-room accessible from outside
-(3) Valves located in risers with indicating posts arranged for
-outside operation
-(4) Key-operated valves in each connection into the building
-A.8.16.1.1.2 The management is responsible for the supervi-
-sion of valves controlling water supply for fire protection and
-should exert every effort to see that the valves are maintained
-Flanged joint
-or mechanical
-grooved couplings
-Riser Cross main
-FIGURE A.8.15.22 One Arrangement of Flanged Joint at
-Sprinkler Riser.
-Sprinklers under limited- 
-combustible or noncom-
-bustible drop ceiling
-A fire in this space is only 
-expected to open sprinklers a 
-total distance of 1.2 times the 
-square root of the design area.
-Not
-protected
-1.2    design area
-0.6    design area
-FIGURE A.8.15.23.3 Extension of Sprinkler System Above
-Drop Ceiling.
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-in the normally open position. This effort includes special pre-
-cautions to ensure that protection is promptly restored by
-completely opening valves that are necessarily closed during
-repairs or alterations. The precautions apply equally to valves
-controlling sprinklers and other fixed water-based fire sup-
-pression systems, hydrants, tanks, standpipes, pumps, street
-connections, and sectional valves.
-Either one or a combination of the methods of valve super-
-vision described in the following list is considered essential to
-ensure that the valves controlling fire protection systems are in
-the normally open position. The methods described are in-
-tended as an aid to the person responsible for developing a
-systematic method of determining that the valves controlling
-sprinkler systems and other fire protection devices are open.
-Continual vigilance is necessary if valves are to be kept in the
-open position. Responsible day and night employees should be
-familiar with the location of all valves and their proper use.
-The authority having jurisdiction should be consulted as to
-the type of valve supervision required. Contracts for equip-
-ment should specify that all details are to be subject to the
-approval of the authority having jurisdiction.
-(1) Central Station Supervisory Service. Central station supervi-
-sory service systems involve complete, constant, and auto-
-matic supervision of valves by electrically operated devices
-and circuits continually under test and operating through
-an approved outside central station, in compliance with
-NFPA 72 . It is understood that only such portions of
-NFPA 72 that relate to valve supervision should apply.
-(2) Proprietary Supervisory Service Systems. Proprietary supervi-
-sory service systems include systems where the operation
-of a valve produces some form of signal and record at a
-common point by electrically operated devices and cir-
-cuits continually under test and operating through a cen-
-tral supervising station at the property protected, all in
-compliance with the standards for the installation, main-
-tenance, and use of local protective, auxiliary protective,
-remote station protective, and proprietary signaling sys-
-tems. It is understood that only portions of the standards
-that relate to valve supervision should apply.
-The standard method of locking, sealing, and tagging
-valves to prevent, so far as possible, their unnecessary closing,
-to obtain notification of such closing, and to aid in restoring
-the valve to normal condition is a satisfactory alternative to
-valve supervision. The authority having jurisdiction should be
-consulted regarding details for specific cases.
-Where electrical supervision is not provided, locks or seals
-should be provided on all valves and should be of a type ac-
-ceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
-Seals can be marked to indicate the organization under
-whose jurisdiction the sealing is conducted. All seals should be
-attached to the valve in such a manner that the valves cannot
-be operated without breaking the seals. Seals should be of a
-character to prevent injury in handling and to prevent reas-
-sembly when broken. When seals are used, valves should be
-inspected weekly. The authority having jurisdiction can re-
-quire a valve tag to be used in conjunction with the sealing.
-A padlock, with a chain where necessary, is especially desir-
-able to prevent unauthorized closing of valves in areas where
-valves are subject to tampering. When such locks are em-
-ployed, valves should be inspected monthly.
-If valves are locked, any distribution of keys should be re-
-stricted to only those directly responsible for the fire protec-
-tion system. Multiple valves should not be locked together;
-they should be individually locked.
-The individual performing the inspections should deter-
-mine that each valve is in the normal position, properly locked
-or sealed, and so note on an appropriate record form while
-still at the valve. The authority having jurisdiction should be
-consulted for assistance in preparing a suitable report form
-for this activity.
-Identification signs should be provided at each valve to in-
-dicate its function and what it controls.
-The position of the spindle of OS&Y valves or the target on
-the indicator valves cannot be accepted as conclusive proof
-that the valve is fully open. The opening of the valve should be
-followed by a test to determine that the operating parts have
-functioned properly.
-Check valve
-Indicating type control valve
-Alarm valve
-Dry pipe valve
-Preaction system
-Deluge valve
-Fire department connection
-Preaction valve
-Deluge system
-Wet pipe and dry pipe system
-Wet pipe system Dry pipe system
-FIGURE A.8.16.1.1 Examples of Acceptable Valve Arrange-
-ments.
-13–304 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-01:53:20 MST
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-The test consists of opening the main drain valve and per-
-mitting free flow of water until the gauge reading becomes
-stationary. If the pressure drop is excessive for the water supply
-involved, the cause should be determined immediately and
-the proper remedies taken. When sectional valves or other
-special conditions are encountered, other methods of testing
-should be used.
-If it becomes necessary to break a seal for emergency rea-
-sons, the valve, following the emergency, should be opened by
-the person responsible for the fire protection of the plant, or
-his or her designated representative, and this person should
-apply a seal at the time of the valve opening. This seal should
-be maintained in place until such time as the authority having
-jurisdiction can replace it with one of its own.
-Seals or locks should not be applied to valves reopened
-after closure until such time as the inspection procedure is
-carried out.
-Where water is shut off to the sprinkler or other fixed water-
-based fire suppression systems, a guard or other qualified person
-should be placed on duty and required to continuously patrol
-the affected sections of the premises until such time as protection
-is restored.
-During specific critical situations, a person should be sta-
-tioned at the valve so that the valve can be reopened promptly
-if necessary. It is the intent of this section that the person re-
-main within sight of the valve and have no other duties beyond
-this responsibility. This procedure is considered imperative
-when fire protection is shut off immediately following a fire.
-An inspection of all other fire protection equipment should
-be made prior to shutting off water in order to make sure it is in
-operative condition.
-In case of changes to fire protection equipment, all pos-
-sible work should be done in advance of shutting off the water
-so that final connections can be made quickly and protection
-restored promptly. Many times it will be found that by careful
-planning open outlets can be plugged and protection re-
-stored on a portion of the equipment while the alterations are
-being made.
-Where changes are being made in underground piping, all
-possible piping should be laid before shutting off the water for
-final connections. Where possible, temporary feed lines, such
-as temporary piping for reconnection of risers by hose lines,
-and so forth, should be used to afford maximum protection.
-The plant, public fire department, and other authorities hav-
-ing jurisdiction should be notified of all impairments to fire
-protection equipment.
-A.8.16.1.1.3 Where check valves are buried, they should be
-made accessible for maintenance. This can be accomplished
-by a valve pit or any means that renders the valve accessible.
-See Figure A.8.16.1.1.4.
-A.8.16.1.1.3.5 Where a system having only one dry pipe valve
-is supplied with city water and a fire department connection, it
-will be satisfactory to install the main check valve in the water
-supply connection immediately inside of the building. In in-
-stances where there is no outside control valve, the system
-indicating valve should be placed at the service flange, on the
-supply side of all fittings.
-A.8.16.1.1.4 See Figure A.8.16.1.1.4. For additional informa-
-tion on controlling valves, see NFPA 22.
-A.8.16.1.1.5 For additional information on controlling
-valves, see NFPA 22.
-A.8.16.1.1.6 Check valves on tank or pump connections,
-when located underground, can be placed inside of buildings
-and at a safe distance from the tank riser or pump, except in
-cases where the building is entirely of one fire area, when it is
-ordinarily considered satisfactory to locate the check valve
-overhead in the lowest level.
-A.8.16.1.1.7 It might be necessary to provide valves located in
-pits with an indicator post extending above grade or other means
-so that the valve can be operated without entering the pit.
-A.8.16.1.2.3 Where the relief valve operation would result in
-water being discharged onto interior walking or working sur-
-faces, consideration should be given to piping the discharge
-from the valve to a drain connection or other safe location.
-A.8.16.1.3 Outside control valves are suggested in the follow-
-ing order of preference:
-(1) Listed indicating valves at each connection into the build-
-ing at least 40 ft (12.2 m) from buildings if space permits
-(2) Control valves installed in a cutoff stair tower or valve
-room accessible from outside
-(3) Valves located in risers with indicating posts arranged for
-outside operation
-(4) Key-operated valves in each connection into the building
-Post-indicator valves should be located not less than 40 ft
-(12.2 m) from buildings. When post-indicator valves cannot
-be placed at this distance, they are permitted to be located
-closer, or wall post-indicator valves can be used, provided they
-are set in locations by blank walls where the possibility of in-
-jury by falling walls is unlikely and from which people are not
-likely to be driven by smoke or heat. Usually, in crowded plant
-yards, they can be placed beside low buildings, near brick stair
-towers, or at angles formed by substantial brick walls that are
-not likely to fall.
-A.8.16.1.4.2 A valve wrench with a long handle should be
-provided at a convenient location on the premises.
-A.8.16.1.5.1 It is not the intent of this section to require floor
-control valve assemblies in all multistory buildings. Where
-small buildings such as multilevel condominiums or apart-
-ments are under the control of a single owner or management
-firm, a single control valve should be adequate for isolation,
-control, and annunciation of water flow.
-A.8.16.1.6 In-rack sprinklers and ceiling sprinklers selected
-for protection should be controlled by at least two separate
-indicating valves and drains. In higher rack arrangements,
-consideration should be given to providing more than one
-Ball drip
-To system
-Fire department
-connection
-City main
-City control valve
-(nonindicating valve)
-FIGURE A.8.16.1.1.4 Pit for Gate Valve, Check Valve, and
-Fire Department Connection.
-13–305ANNEX A
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-
-in-rack control valve in order to limit the extent of any single
-impairment.
-A.8.16.2.1 All piping should be arranged where practicable
-to drain to the main drain valve.
-A.8.16.2.4 Figure A.8.16.2.4(a) is an example of an unaccept-
-able arrangement. Because it will not give a true residual read-
-ing, it will indicate an excessive pressure drop.
-Figure A.8.16.2.4(b) is an example of an acceptable drain
-connection for a system riser.
-A.8.16.2.4.1 Provisions should include vents at the top of
-drain risers in buildings more than six stories in height. An
-elbow near the top of the drain riser with a horizontal check
-valve facing in toward the system would be one acceptable
-arrangement. A check valve at the top of the drain riser would
-allow air into the drain riser and break any vacuum created by
-a standing column.
-A.8.16.2.5.2.1 An example of an accessible location would be
-a valve located approximately 7 ft (2 m) above the floor level
-to which a hose could be connected to discharge the water in
-an acceptable manner.
-A.8.16.2.5.3.5 The requirements of 8.16.2.5.3.4 should not
-apply since there is no water condensate to collect. Moisture
-inside the pipe will freeze when located in areas that maintain
-a freezing temperature.
-A.8.16.2.6.1 Where possible, the main sprinkler riser drain
-should discharge outside the building at a point free from the
-possibility of causing water damage. Where it is not possible to
-discharge outside the building wall, the drain should be piped to
-a sump, which in turn should discharge by gravity or be pumped
-to a wastewater drain or sewer. The main sprinkler riser drain
-connection should be of a size sufficient to carry off water from
-the fully open drain valve while it is discharging under normal
-water system pressures. Where this is not possible, a supplemen-
-tary drain of equal size should be provided for test purposes with
-free discharge, located at or above grade.
-A.8.16.4.1.1 Water-filled piping can be run in spaces above
-heated room, such as attics, even if the space above the room is
-not heated itself. Insulation can be located above the pipe to
-trap the heat from below and prevent the pipe from freezing.
-It is important not to bury the piping in the insulation because
-if too much insulation ends up between the pipe and the
-heated space, the insulation will prevent the heat from getting
-to the pipe. This method of protecting the pipe is acceptable
-to this standard.
-A.8.16.4.2 Where approved, the pipe identification can be cov-
-ered with paint or other protective coatings before installation.
-A.8.16.4.2.1 Types of locations where corrosive conditions
-can exist include bleacheries, dye houses, metal plating pro-
-cesses, animal pens, and certain chemical plants.
-If corrosive conditions are not of great intensity and hu-
-midity is not abnormally high, good results can be obtained by
-a protective coating of red lead and varnish or by a good grade
-of commercial acid-resisting paint. The paint manufacturer’s
-instructions should be followed in the preparation of the sur-
-face and in the method of application.
-Where moisture conditions are severe but corrosive condi-
-tions are not of great intensity, copper tube or galvanized steel
-pipe, fittings, and hangers might be suitable. The exposed
-threads of steel pipe should be painted.
-In instances where the piping is not accessible and where
-the exposure to corrosive fumes is severe, either a protective
-coating of high quality can be employed or some form of
-corrosion-resistant material used.
-A.8.16.4.2.2 A manual or automatic air venting valve can be a
-reasonable approach on wet pipe sprinkler systems to reduce
-corrosion activity. The purpose of the air venting valve is to
-exhaust as much trapped air as possible from a single location
-every time the system is filled. The objective of venting is to
-reduce the amount of oxygen trapped in the system that will
-fuel corrosion and microbial activity. It is neither the intent
-nor practical to exhaust all trapped air from a single location
-on a wet pipe sprinkler system; however, more than one vent
-can be used on a system at the designer’s discretion. Intercon-
-nection of branch line piping for venting purposes is not nec-
-essary. An inspector’s test valve can serve this purpose.
-The air venting valve should be located where it will be
-most effective. System piping layout will guide the designer in
-choosing an effective location for venting. In order to effec-
-tively accomplish venting, it is necessary to choose a location
-where the greatest volume of trapped air is vented during the
-first fill and each subsequent drain and fill event. The vent
-connection to the system should be located off the top of hori-
-Pressure gauge
-¹⁄₄ in. (6.4 mm) 
- three-way test cock
-¹⁄₄ in. (6.4 mm) plug
-Cast-iron tee
-Sprinkler 
-riser
-Pipe outlet
-Angle valve
-Drain pipe
-FIGURE A.8.16.2.4(a) Unacceptable Pressure Gauge Loca-
-tion.
-Not less than 4 ft (1.22 m)
-of exposed drain pipe in
-warm room beyond
-valve when pipe extends
-through wall to outside
-Angle
-valve
-Drain
-pipe
-Inspector’s
-¹⁄₄ in. (6.4 mm)
-test plug
-Sprinkler 
-riser
-Pressure gauge
-FIGURE A.8.16.2.4(b) Drain Connection for System Riser.
-13–306 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-zontal piping at a high point in the system; however, the vent
-connection can also be effectively located off the side of a riser
-or riser nipple at a high point in the system.
-Manual air venting valves should be accessible. The manual
-air venting valve should be located at an accessible point and
-preferably not over 7 ft (2 m) above the floor. Automatic air valves
-are not required to comply with the accessibility requirement of
-manual air venting valves; however, it is recommended the de-
-signer locate automatic air vents over areas without ceilings,
-above a lay-in ceiling, or above an access panel.
-Each wet pipe sprinkler system should be vented every time
-the system is filled.
-A.8.16.4.3 Protection should be provided in any area of a
-structure or building that poses a degree of hazard greater
-than that normal to the general occupancy of the building or
-structure. These areas include areas for the storage or use of
-combustibles or flammables; toxic, noxious, or corrosive ma-
-terials; and heat-producing appliances.
-A.8.17.1 Central station, auxiliary, remote station, or propri-
-etary protective signaling systems are a highly desirable
-supplement to local alarms, especially from a safety to life
-standpoint. (See 8.17.1.6.)
-Approved identification signs, as shown in Figure A.8.17.1,
-should be provided for outside alarm devices. The sign should
-be located near the device in a conspicuous position and
-should be worded as follows:
-SPRINKLER FIRE ALARM — WHEN BELL RINGS
-CALL FIRE DEPARTMENT OR POLICE.
-A.8.17.1.5 Water motor-operated devices should be located
-as near as practicable to the alarm valve, dry pipe valve, or
-other waterflow detection device. The total length of the pipe
-to these devices should not exceed 75 ft (22.9 m), nor should
-the water motor-operated device be located over 20 ft (6.1 m)
-above the alarm device or dry pipe valve.
-A.8.17.1.6 Monitoring should include but not be limited to
-control valves, building temperatures, fire pump power sup-
-plies and running conditions, and water tank levels and tem-
-peratures. Pressure supervision should also be provided on
-pressure tanks.
-Check valves can be required to prevent false waterflow
-signals on floors where sprinklers have not activated — for
-example, floor systems interconnected to two supply risers.
-A.8.17.2 The fire department connection should be located
-not less than 18 in. (457 mm) and not more than 4 ft (1.2 m)
-above the level of the adjacent grade or access level.
-Typical fire department connections are shown in Fig-
-ure A.8.17.2(a) and Figure A.8.17.2(b). See NFPA 13E.
-A.8.17.2.1 Fire department connections should be located
-and arranged so that hose lines can be readily and conve-
-niently attached without interference from nearby objects, in-
-cluding buildings, fences, posts, or other fire department con-
-nections. Where a hydrant is not available, other water supply
-sources such as a natural body of water, a tank, or a reservoir
-should be utilized. The water authority should be consulted
-when a nonpotable water supply is proposed as a suction
-source for the fire department.
-A.8.17.2.3 The purpose of a fire department connection is to
-supplement the pressure to an automatic fire sprinkler system.
-It is not the intent to size the fire department connection pip-
-ing based on system demand. For multiple system risers sup-
-plied by a manifold, the fire department connection need not
-be larger than that for an individual system.
-A.8.17.2.4 The check valve should be located to maximize ac-
-cessibility and minimize freezing potential. It is recommended
-that the check valve be located to reduce the length of nonpres-
-surized pipe in the fire department connection supply line.
-A.8.17.2.4.1 The fire department connection should be con-
-nected to the system riser. For single systems, it is an accept-
-able arrangement to attach the fire department connection to
-any point in the system, provided the pipe size meets the re-
-quirements of 8.17.2.3.
-FIRE ALARM
-SPRINKLER
-WHEN BELL RINGS
-CALL
-FIRE DEP'T or POLICE
-FIGURE A.8.17.1 Identification Sign.
-Header
-in valve
-room
-Check 
-valve
-Fire 
-department
-connection
-1 in. to 3 in. (25.4 mm to 76.2 mm)
-waterproof mastic
-Automatic drip
-FIGURE A.8.17.2(a) Fire Department Connection.
-13–307ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Notes:
-1. Various backflow prevention regulations accept different devices at the connection between public water mains and private fire service mains.
-2. The device shown in the pit could be any or a combination of the following:
- (a) Gravity check valve (d) Reduced pressure zone (RPZ) device
- (b) Detector check valve (e) Vacuum breaker
- (c) Double check valve assembly                                                                                                       
-3. Some backflow prevention regulations prohibit these devices from being installed in a pit.
-4. In all cases, the device(s) in the pit should be approved or listed as necessary. The requirements of the local or municipal water department       
- should be reviewed prior to design or installation of the connection.
-5. Pressure drop should be considered prior to the installation of any backflow prevention devices.
-From public main Floor drain
-Check 
-valve
-See notes
-Pitch floor
-to drain
-Steel foot-
-hold inserts
-Plan (no scale)
-To fire
-department 
-connection
-To fire
-service main
-Concrete pit
-Optional 
-floor sump
-Optional
-Round manhole at least
-27 in. (686 mm) in diameter
-Fire department 
-connection
-Order this support
-with indicator post
-Fill space with
-waterproof mastic
-Asphalt seal
-Concrete pit
-Fill space with
-waterproof mastic
-To fire
-service main
-Ball drip on
-check valve
-Optional floor
-sump
-Concrete 
-supportCheck valve
-Floor drain
-Test drain
-Device (see notes)
-Concrete support
-From public main
-Fill space with
-waterproof mastic
-Steel foothold 
-inserts
-If built-in roadway,
-top of pit should
-be reinforced Wood cover
-OS&Y gate valves
-Section (no scale)
-FIGURE A.8.17.2(b) Typical City Water Pit — Valve Arrangement.
-13–308 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.8.17.2.4.4 Figure A.8.17.2.4.4(a) and Figure A.8.17.2.4.4(b)
-depict fire department connections to the underground pipe.
-A.8.17.2.4.6 Obstructions to fire department connections in-
-clude but are not limited to buildings, fences, posts, shrub-
-bery, other fire department connections, gas meters, and elec-
-trical equipment.
-A.8.17.2.6 In cases where water in the piping between the
-system side and the fire department connection check valve
-would be trapped, an auxiliary drain is required.
-A.8.17.4.1 See Figure A.8.17.4.1.
-A.8.17.4.2 The purpose of this alarm test connection is to
-make sure the alarm device is sensitive enough to determine
-the flow from a single sprinkler and sound an alarm. The pur-
-pose of this test connection is not to ensure that water will flow
-through the entire system.
-When this test connection is installed on the upper story,
-and at the end of the most remote branch line, the user is able
-to tell that there is water flowing in one path through the
-system, but there is no assurance that water will flow to other
-branch lines. Putting the test connection at the most remote
-portion of the system causes the introduction of fresh oxygen
-into a large part of the system each time the alarm is tested and
-increases the corrosion that will occur in the piping.
-The discharge should be at a point where it can be readily
-observed. In locations where it is not practical to terminate the
-test connection outside the building, the test connection is
-permitted to terminate into a drain capable of accepting full
-flow under system pressure. In this event, the test connection
-should be made using an approved sight test connection con-
-taining a smooth bore corrosion-resistant orifice giving a flow
-equivalent to one sprinkler simulating the least flow from an
-individual sprinkler in the system. [See Figure A.8.17.4.2(a) and
-Figure A.8.17.4.2(b).] The test valve should be located at an
-accessible point and preferably not over 7 ft (2.1 m) above the
-floor. The control valve on the test connection should be lo-
-cated at a point not exposed to freezing.
-A.8.17.4.3 See Figure A.8.17.4.3 and Figure A.7.2.3.7.
-FDC
-FDC pipingBall drip Check valve
-Building
-Control
-valve
-Check valve
-Control valve
-System piping
-Provide valve access as required
-FIGURE A.8.17.2.4.4(a) Fire Department Connection Con-
-nected to Underground Piping (Sample 1).
-FDC
-FDC piping
-Ball drip Check valve
-Building
-Control
-valves
-Check valve
-Control valve
-Control valve
-System piping
-Provide valve access as required
-FIGURE A.8.17.2.4.4(b) Fire Department Connection Con-
-nected to Underground Piping (Sample 2).
-Preferably from end
-of remote branch line
-Test valve in accessible 
-location
-45∞ ell
-Smooth bore
-corrosion-resistant
-outlet giving flow
-equivalent to one
-sprinkler
-Elevation
-Note: Not less than 4 ft (1.2 m) of exposed test pipe in warm room
-beyond valve where pipe extends through wall to outside.
-FIGURE A.8.17.4.2(a) System Test Connection on Wet Pipe
-System.
-Rods for
-strapping
-to be not
-less than
-³⁄₄ in. 
-(19 mm)
-Listed 
-indicating
-valve 
-Floor 
-Test 
-connection
-to drain
-¹⁄₄ in. (6.4 mm) soft 
-metal seat 
-globe valve with
-arrangements for
-draining pipe between
-gauge and valve
-Cast-iron flange and spigot
-FIGURE A.8.17.4.1 Water Supply Connection with Test Con-
-nection.
-13–309ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.8.17.4.6 Where backflow prevention devices are installed,
-they should be in an accessible location to provide for service
-and maintenance.
-A.8.17.4.6.1 The full flow test of the backflow prevention
-valve can be performed with a test header or other connection
-downstream of the valve. A bypass around the check valve in
-the fire department connector line with a control valve in the
-normally closed position can be an acceptable arrangement.
-When flow to a visible drain cannot be accomplished, closed
-loop flow can be acceptable if a flowmeter or site glass is incor-
-porated into the system to ensure flow. When a backflow pre-
-vention device is retroactively installed on a pipe schedule sys-
-tem, the revised hydraulic calculation still follows the pipe
-schedule method of 11.2.2 with the inclusion of friction loss
-for the device.
-A.8.17.5.1.1 One and one-half inch (40 mm) fire hose packs
-are not required unless designated by the authority having
-jurisdiction, as it is not likely that such hoses will be adequately
-maintained for safe use by first responders. Civilian workers
-who are not properly trained in fire-fighting techniques are
-expected to evacuate the building in the event of a fire.
-A.8.17.5.1.4 This standard covers 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) hose con-
-nections for use in storage occupancies and other locations
-where standpipe systems are not required. Where Class II
-standpipe systems are required, see the appropriate provisions
-of NFPA 14 with respect to hose stations and water supply for
-hose connections from sprinkler systems.
-A.8.17.5.2.2 See Figure A.8.17.5.2.2(a) and Figure
-A.8.17.5.2.2(b).
-30
-0 150
-120
-9060
-Indicating-type floor control valve
-with supervisory switch
-Waterflow switch
-Pressure gauge
-Feed main
-Sectional 
-drain  
-valve
-To drain
-Riser Test valve
-Sight glassUnion with corrosion-
-resistant orifice
-giving flow
-equivalent to
-the smallest
-sprinkler 
-orifice in
-the system
-FIGURE A.8.17.4.2(b) Floor Control Valve.
-See note
-Branch line
-Pitch
-Test valve in accessible 
-location
-Plug — for testing remove
-and install temporary
-connection
-Union
-45∞ ell
-Smooth bore 
-corrosion-resistant outlet
-giving flow equivalent
-to one sprinkler
-Note: To minimize condensation of water in the drop to the
-test connection, provide a nipple-up off of the branch line.
-FIGURE A.8.17.4.3 System Test Connection on Dry Pipe
-System.
-To 
-sprinkler 
-system
-Indicating-type floor control
-valve with supervisory switch Check 
-valve
-Pressure 
-gauge Waterflow 
-switch
-Combination sprinkler/ 
-standpipe riser
-Inspector’s
-test and drain 
-connection
-Drain
-riser
-Fire hose valve
-FIGURE A.8.17.5.2.2(a) Acceptable Piping Arrangement for
-Combined Sprinkler/Standpipe System. [14:Figure A.6.3.5(a)]
-To 
-sprinkler 
-system
-Indicating-type floor control
-valve with supervisory switch Check 
-valve
-Pressure 
-gauge Waterflow 
-switch
-Combination sprinkler/ 
-standpipe riser
-Inspector’s
-test and drain 
-connection
-Drain
-riser
-2¹⁄₂ in.
-(65 mm) min. Fire hose valve
-FIGURE A.8.17.5.2.2(b) Acceptable Piping Arrangement for
-Combined Sprinkler/Standpipe System. [14:Figure A.6.3.5(b)]
-13–310 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.9.1.1 See Figure A.9.1.1. As an alternative to the conven-
-tional method of hanging pipe from the structure using at-
-tachments and rod, the piping can be simply laid on the struc-
-tural member, provided the structure can adequately support
-the added load in accordance with 9.2.1.3.1 and the maximum
-distance between supports as required by Chapter 9 is not ex-
-ceeded. Listed pipe should still be installed and supported in
-accordance with its listing limitations.
-To prevent pipe movement, it should be secured with an
-approved device to the structure and located to ensure that
-the system piping remains in its original location and position.
-A.9.1.1.3.1 A shared support structure can be in the form of a
-pipe rack structure, a trapeze assembly, pipe stand, or other
-similar assembly. It is not the intent of this section for a build-
-ing structure to be considered a shared support structure.
-Storage racks are not intended to be considered a shared sup-
-port structure.
-A.9.1.1.3.1.4 It is not the intent of 9.1.1.3.1 to apply to flex-
-ible sprinkler hose fittings or ceiling systems.
-A.9.1.1.5.2 Generic items utilized with hanger rods and fas-
-teners are not required to be listed. These include items such
-as bolts, screws, washers, nuts, and lock nuts.
-A.9.1.1.5.3 Generic items utilized with hanger rods and fas-
-teners are not required to be listed. These include items such
-as bolts, screws, washers, nuts, and lock nuts.
-A.9.1.1.7 Table 9.1.1.7.1(a) assumes that the load from 15 ft
-(5 m) of water-filled pipe, plus 250 lb (114 kg), is located at the
-midpoint of the span of the trapeze member, with a maximum
-allowable bending stress of 15 ksi (111 kg). If the load is ap-
-plied at other than the midpoint, for the purpose of sizing the
-trapeze member, an equivalent length of trapeze can be used,
-derived from the following formula:
-L ab
-ab= +
-4
-where:
-L = equivalent length
-a = distance from one support to the load
-b = distance from the other support to the load
-Where multiple mains are to be supported or multiple tra-
-peze hangers are provided in parallel, the required or avail-
-able section modulus can be added. The table values are based
-on the trapeze being a single continuous member.
-A.9.1.1.7.5 Hanger components are sized based upon an ul-
-timate strength limit of 5 times the weight of water-filled pipe
-plus 250 lb (114 kg). The section moduli used to size the tra-
-peze member are based on a maximum bending stress, which
-provides an acceptable level of safety that is comparable to
-that of the other hanger components.
-A.9.1.1.8.1 The rules covering the hanging of sprinkler pip-
-ing take into consideration the weight of water-filled pipe plus
-a safety factor. No allowance has been made for the hanging of
-non-system components from sprinkler piping. NFPA 13 pro-
-vides the option to support sprinkler piping from other sprin-
-kler piping where the requirements of 9.1.1.2 are met.
-A.9.1.2.3(1) Hanger rods are intended only to be loaded axially
-(along the rod). Lateral loads can result in bending, weakening,
-and even breaking of the rod. Additional hangers or restraints
-could be necessary to minimize nonaxial loads that could induce
-bending or deflection of the rods. See Figure A.9.1.2.3(1) for an
-example of additional hangers utilized to minimize nonaxial
-loads.
-A.9.1.3 In areas that are subject to provisions for earthquake
-protection, the fasteners in concrete will need to be prequali-
-fied. See 9.3.7.8 for information.
-A.9.1.3.9.3 The ability of concrete to hold the studs varies
-widely according to type of aggregate, quality of concrete, and
-proper installation.
-A.9.1.4.1 Powder-driven studs should not be used in steel of
-less than 3⁄16 in. (4.8 mm) total thickness.
-A.9.2 To enhance permanence, proper hanger installation is
-important. Installation procedures should meet industry stan-
-dards of practice and craftsmanship. For example, hanger as-
-semblies are straight, perpendicular to the pipe, uniformly
-located, and snug to the structure with fasteners fully engaged.
-A.9.2.1.1.1 Fasteners used to support sprinkler system piping
-should not be attached to ceilings of gypsum or other similar
-soft material.
-A.9.2.1.3 The method used to attach the hanger to the struc-
-ture and the load placed on the hanger should take into ac-
-count any limits imposed by the structure. Design manual in-
-formation for pre-engineered structures or other specialty
-construction materials should be consulted, if appropriate.
-System mains hung to a single beam, truss, or purlin can
-affect the structural integrity of the building by introducing
-excessive loads not anticipated in the building design. Also,
-special conditions such as collateral and concentrated load
-limits, type or method of attachment to the structural compo-
-nents, or location of attachment to the structural components
-might need to be observed when hanging system piping in
-pre-engineered metal buildings or buildings using other spe-
-cialty structural components such as composite wood joists or
-combination wood and tubular metal joists.
-The building structure is only required to handle the weight
-of the water-filled pipe and components, while the hangers are
-required to handle 5 times the weight of the water-filled pipe. In
-addition, a safety factor load of 250 lb (114 kg) is added in both
-cases. The difference in requirements has to do with the different
-ways that loads are calculated and safety factors are applied.
-When sprinkler system loads are given to structural engineers
-for calculation of the structural elements in the building, they
-apply their own safety factors in order to determine what struc-
-tural members and hanging locations will be acceptable.
-In contrast, when sprinkler system loads are calculated for the
-hangers themselves, there is no explicit safety factor, so NFPA 13
-mandates a safety factor of 5 times the weight of the pipe.
-A.9.2.1.3.3 Examples of areas of use include cleanrooms, sus-
-pended ceilings, and exhaust ducts.
-A.9.2.1.3.3.3 The committee evaluation of flexible sprinkler
-hose fittings supported by suspended ceilings was based on a
-comparison of the weight o fa6f t1i n . (1.8 m) diameter
-Schedule 40 water-filled unsupported armover weighing ap-
-proximately 13 lb (5.9 kg) to the weight ofa6f t1i n . (1.8 m)
-diameter water-filled flexible hose fitting weighing approxi-
-mately 9 lb (4.1 kg). The information provided to the commit-
-tee showed that the maximum load shed to the suspended
-ceiling by the flexible hose fitting was approximately 6 lb
-(2.7 kg) and that a suspended ceiling meeting ASTM C 635,
-Standard Specification for the Manufacture, Performance, and
-13–311ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Clevis hangerAdjustable 
-swivel ring
-Split ring Riser clamp Pipe clamp
-Ceiling flanges Side beam attachments
-Eyelet Offset eyelet
-C-type clamps
-Universal beam clamps
-Wide mouth 
-beam clamp
-Purlin 
-clamp
-Steel 
-C-clamp
-Malleable iron 
-C-clamp
-Retainer strap
-Concrete inserts
-Wood beam 
-clamp
-Short 
-strap
-Wraparound 
-U-hook
-U-hookU-boltToggle nut
-Drop inWedge anchor Undercut anchor
-Post-installed anchors
-Powder-driven studs
-Concrete Steel
-Rod 
-coupling
-Eye rod
-Coach screw rod
-Wood screwDrive screwLag screwAll thread rod
-FIGURE A.9.1.1 Common Types of Acceptable Hangers.
-13–312 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Testing of Metal Suspension Systems of Acoustical Tile and Lay-In Panel
-Ceilings, and installed in accordance with ASTM C 636,Standard
-Practice for Installation of Metal Ceiling Suspension Systems for Acousti-
-cal Tile and Lay-In Panels, can substantially support that load. In
-addition, the supporting material showed that the flexible hose
-connection can be attached to the suspended ceilings because it
-allows the necessary deflections under seismic conditions.
-A.9.2.1.3.3.4 An example of language for the label is as follows:
-CAUTION: DO NOT REMOVE THIS LABEL.
-Relocation of this device should only be performed by
-qualified and/or licensed individuals that are aware of the
-original system design criteria, hydraulic criteria, sprinkler
-head listing parameters, and knowledge of the state and local
-codes including NFPA 13 installation standards. Relocation of
-the device without this knowledge could adversely affect the
-performance of this fire protection and life safety system.
-A.9.2.1.4.1 The requirements of 9.2.1.4.1 are based on metal
-decks only but can be applied to other applications such as
-concrete or gypsum-filled metal decks.
-A.9.2.2 Where copper tube is to be installed in moist areas or
-other environments conducive to galvanic corrosion, copper
-hangers or ferrous hangers with an insulating material should
-be used.
-A.9.2.3.2 The hangers required by Chapter 9 are intended to
-accommodate general loading such as check valves, control
-valves, or dry or deluge valves. Where additional equipment
-such as backflow prevention assemblies and other devices with
-substantial loads are added, additional hangers should be con-
-sidered.
-A.9.2.3.2.2 See Figure A.9.2.3.2.2.
-A.9.2.3.2.4 The “starter length” is the first piece of pipe on a
-branch line between the main, riser nipple, or drop and the
-first sprinkler. Starter pieces that are less than 6 ft (1.8 m) in
-length do not need a hanger of their own because they are
-supported by the main. However, if the intermediate hanger
-on the main is omitted, the starter piece needs to have a
-hanger because the main is going to be supported from the
-branch lines. The starter lengths can also apply to other pip-
-ing, such as drains and test connections.
-A.9.2.3.2.5 When a branchline contains offsets, sections of
-pipe are considered adequately supported by the hangers on
-the adjacent pipe sections when the overall distance between
-hangers does not exceed the requirements in Table 9.2.2.1(a)
-and Table 9.2.2.1(b). The cumulative distance includes
-changes in horizontal direction. Multiple consecutive sections
-of pipe should be permitted to omit hangers.
-A.9.2.3.4 Sprinkler piping should be adequately secured to
-restrict the movement of piping upon sprinkler operation.
-The reaction forces caused by the flow of water through the
-sprinkler could result in displacement of the sprinkler,
-thereby adversely affecting sprinkler discharge. Listed CPVC
-pipe has specific requirements for piping support to include
-additional pipe bracing of sprinklers. (See Figure A.9.2.3.4.)
-A.9.2.3.4.4 See Figure A.9.2.3.4.4(a) and Figure A.9.2.3.4.4(b).
-A.9.2.3.5 See Figure A.9.2.3.5.
-A.9.2.3.5.2 See Figure A.9.2.3.5.2.
-A.9.2.3.6 The movement that is being restrained is to keep
-the sidewall sprinkler in its intended location during and post-
-operation. This should not be confused with the loads appli-
-cable to seismic restraints.
-A.9.2.4.7 When a main contains offsets, sections of pipe are
-considered adequately supported by the hangers on the adja-
-cent pipe sections when the overall distance between hangers
-does not exceed the requirements in Table 9.2.2.1(a) and
-Table 9.2.2.1(b). The cumulative distance includes changes in
-horizontal direction. Multiple consecutive sections of pipe
-should be permitted to omit hangers.
-A.9.2.5.3 This arrangement is acceptable to establish and se-
-cure the riser’s lateral position but not to support the riser’s
-vertical load.
-A.9.2.5.4.2 The restraint required by 9.2.5.4.2 is needed to
-prevent accumulated vertical movement when the riser is pres-
-surized. Restraint is generally provided by use of a riser clamp
-at the underside of a floor slab.
-FIGURE A.9.1.2.3(1) Example of Additional Hangers Uti-
-lized to Minimize Nonaxial Loads.
-Less than 6 ft (1.8 m) Baffles
-Not to exceed 12 ft (3.7 m)
-FIGURE A.9.2.3.2.2 Distance Between Hangers.
-13–313ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.9.2.6 Examples include headers and horizontal runs of
-pipe that need support from the floor.
-Where applicable, the design of pipe stands should con-
-sider additional loading from other sources. Environmental
-impacts, including water accumulation at the base, corrosion,
-and wind should also be taken into account as appropriate.
-A.9.3.1 Sprinkler systems are protected against earthquake
-damage by means of the following:
-(1) Stresses that would develop in the piping due to differen-
-tial building movement are minimized through the use of
-flexible joints or clearances.
-(2) Bracing is used to keep the piping fairly rigid when sup-
-ported from a building component expected to move as a
-unit, such as a ceiling.
-Areas known to have a potential for earthquakes have been
-identified in building code and insurance maps.
-Displacement due to story drift is addressed in 9.3.2 through
-9.3.4.
-A.9.3.2 Strains on sprinkler piping can be greatly lessened
-and, in many cases, damage prevented by increasing the flex-
-ibility between major parts of the sprinkler system. One part of
-the piping should never be held rigidly and another part al-
-lowed to move freely without provision for relieving the strain.
-Flexibility can be provided by using listed flexible couplings,
-by joining grooved end pipe at critical points, and by allowing
-clearances at walls and floors.
-Tank or pump risers should be treated the same as sprinkler
-risers for their portion within a building. The discharge pipe of
-tanks on buildings should have a control valve above the roof line
-so any pipe break within the building can be controlled.
-Piping 2 in. (51 mm) or smaller in size is pliable enough so
-that flexible couplings are not usually necessary. “Rigid-type”
-couplings that permit less than 1 degree of angular movement
-at the grooved connections are not considered to be flexible
-couplings. [See Figure A.9.3.2(a) and Figure A.9.3.2(b).]
-A.9.3.2.3.1(1) Risers do not include riser nipples as defined
-in 3.5.8.
-A.9.3.2.3.1(4) A building expansion joint is usually a bitumi-
-nous fiber strip used to separate blocks or units of concrete to
-prevent cracking due to expansion as a result of temperature
-changes. Where building expansion joints are used, the flex-
-ible coupling is required on one side of the joint by 9.3.2.3(4).
-For seismic separation joints, considerably more flexibility
-is needed, particularly for piping above the first floor. Figure
-A.9.3.3(a) shows a method of providing additional flexibility
-through the use of swing joints.
-36 in. (0.9 m) for 1 in. pipe
-48 in. (1.2 m) for 1¹⁄₄ in. pipe
-60 in. (1.5 m) for 1¹⁄₂ in. pipe 
-or larger
-maximum
-Greater than 36 in. (0.9 m) for 1 in. pipe
-Greater than 48 in. (1.2 m) for 1¹⁄₄ in. pipe
-Greater than 60 in. (1.5 m) for 1¹⁄₂ in. pipe or larger
-Then extend here
-{ {
-{
-FIGURE A.9.2.3.4 Distance from Sprinkler to Hanger.
-For any pipe size:
-12 in. (305 mm) maximum for steel pipe
-6 in. (152 mm) maximum for copper pipe
-For any pipe size:
-Greater than 12 in. (305 mm) for steel pipe
-6 in. (152 mm) for copper pipe
-Then extend here
-{
-FIGURE A.9.2.3.4.4(a) Distance from Sprinkler to Hanger Where Maximum Pressure Exceeds
-100 psi (6.9 bar) and Branch Line Above Ceiling Supplies Pendent Sprinklers Below Ceiling.
-13–314 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Clip-on wraparound U-hook devices
-Adjustable swivel 
-ring — rod tight  
-to pipe
-Adjustable swivel 
-ring with surge  
-suppressor
-Clevis hanger
-U-hookShort strap
-(Pipe tight to structure)
-Wraparound 
-U-hook
-D 
-dimension Pipe 
-size
-D 
-dimension
-1 in.
-1¹⁄₄ in.
-1¹⁄₂ in.
-2 in.
-2¹⁄₂ in. ¹⁄₄ in.
-¹⁄₄ in.
-¹⁄₈ in.
-¹⁄₈ in.
-¹⁄₈ in.
-FIGURE A.9.2.3.4.4(b) Examples of Acceptable Hangers for End-of-Line (or Armover) Pendent Sprinklers.
-13–315ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
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-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Armover to  
-pendent sprinkler
-Without support:
-12 in. (305 mm) maximum 
-for steel pipe
-6 in. (152 mm) maximum 
-for copper tube
-Branch line
-or cross main
-Note:  The pendent sprinkler can be installed either 
-directly in the fitting at the end of the armover or in a 
-fitting at the bottom of a drop nipple.
-FIGURE A.9.2.3.5.2 Maximum Length of Unsupported Ar-
-mover Where Maximum Pressure Exceeds 100 psi (6.9 bar)
-and Branch Line Above Ceiling Supplies Pendent Sprinklers
-Below Ceiling.
-Roof24 in.  
-(610 mm)
-maximum
-4-way brace
-Flexible 
-coupling Siding
-Column
-Wall
-Flexible coupling Flexible  
-coupling
-Elbow with
-flexible joints
-4-way 
-brace
-Roof
-Roof framing
-Detail A
-Roof
-24 in.  
-(610 mm)
-maximum Flexible coupling
-4-way brace
-Wall
-Flexible coupling
-Detail CDetail B
-(Might be preferred for metal buildings)
-Note to Detail A:  The four-way brace should be attached above the upper flexible coupling required for the riser and 
-preferably to the roof structure if suitable. The brace should not be attached directly to a plywood or metal deck.
-FIGURE A.9.3.2(a) Riser Details.
-Armover      
-to sprinkler
-Without support:
-24 in. (610 mm) maximum for 
-steel pipe
-12 in. (305 mm) maximum for 
-copper tube
-Branch line
-or cross main
-FIGURE A.9.2.3.5 Maximum Length for Unsupported
-Armover.
-13–316 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-A.9.3.2.3.2(1) See Figure A.9.3.2.3.2(1).
-A.9.3.2.3.2(2) The flexible coupling should be at the same
-elevation as the flexible coupling on the main riser. [See
-Figure A.9.3.2.3.2(2).]
-A.9.3.2.4 See Figure A.9.3.2.4. Drops that extend into free-
-standing storage racks or other similar structures should be
-designed to accommodate a horizontal relative displacement
-between the storage rack and the overhead supply piping.
-Free standing structures include but are not limited to freez-
-ers, coolers, spray booths, and offices.
-The horizontal relative displacement should be deter-
-mined using the least value from one of the following formu-
-las and be taken as the height of the top point of attachment
-to the storage rack above its base or the highest point of po-
-tential contact between the rack structure and the piping
-above its base, whichever is higher. The design should account
-for the differential movement value as determined from one
-of the two formulas, not both, and the lesser of the two values
-is acceptable. It should be determined how to account for the
-differential movement using flexible couplings or other ap-
-proved means.
-DH SF
-DH
-v=∗ ∗ ∗
-=∗
-00 6
-00 5
-1.
-.
-or
-where:
-D = differential movement between the rack and the
-roof [ft (m)]
-H = height of the top point of attachment to the rack
-[ft (m)]
-S 1 = one second period spectral acceleration per
-USGS 2010 Seismic Design Maps (see SEI/ASCE
-7)
-Fv = one second period site coefficient (Site Class D)
-Fv is a function of S1 and is determined as follows:
-S1 Fv
-≤0.1 2.4
-=0.2 2.0
-=0.3 1.8
-=0.4 1.6
-≥0.5 1.5
-Note: Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of S1.
-Flexible elbow
-If dimension is
-less than 3 ft (0.9 m),
-flexible fitting is not
-needed.
-(A T-connection fitting with
-flexible joints can be substituted
-for elbow.)
-FIGURE A.9.3.2(b) Detail at Short Riser.
-Flexible coupling
-Flexible coupling
-Flexible coupling
-Ceiling/floor assembly
-Ceiling/floor assembly
-24 in. (610 mm)
-24 in. (610 mm)
-12 in. (305 mm)
-£
-£
-£
-FIGURE A.9.3.2.3.2(1) Flexible Coupling on Horizontal Por-
-tion of Tie-In.
-24 in. (610 mm)
-12 in. (305 mm)
-Flexible coupling Flexible coupling
-Flexible coupling
-Ceiling/floor assembly
-Ceiling/floor assembly
-£
-£
-FIGURE A.9.3.2.3.2(2) Flexible Coupling on Vertical Portion
-of Tie-In.
-13–317ANNEX A
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.9.3.3 Plan and elevation views of a seismic separation
-assembly configured with flexible elbows are shown in Fig-
-ure A.9.3.3(a) or Figure A.9.3.3(b).
-The extent of permitted movement should be sufficient to
-accommodate calculated differential motions during earth-
-quakes. In lieu of calculations, permitted movement can be
-made at least twice the actual separations, at right angles to the
-separation as well as parallel to it.
-A.9.3.3.3 Each four-way brace should be attached to the
-building structure on opposite sides of the seismic separation
-joint.
-A.9.3.4 While clearances are necessary around the sprinkler
-piping to prevent breakage due to building movement, suit-
-able provision should also be made to prevent passage of wa-
-ter, smoke, or fire.
-Drains, fire department connections, and other auxiliary
-piping connected to risers should not be cemented into walls
-or floors; similarly, pipes that pass horizontally through walls
-or foundations should not be cemented solidly, or strains will
-accumulate at such points.
-Where risers or lengths of pipe extend through suspended
-ceilings, they should not be fastened to the ceiling framing
-members.
-In areas that use suspended ceilings and are a seismic de-
-sign category of D, E, or F, a larger clearance could be neces-
-sary around the sprinkler unless the suspended ceiling is rig-
-idly braced or flexible sprinkler hose fitting are used as noted
-in ASTM E 580, Standard Practice for Installation of Ceiling Sus-
-pension Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-in Panels in Areas Subject
-to Earthquake Ground Motions.
-A.9.3.5 Figure A.9.3.5(a) and Figure A.9.3.5(b) are examples
-of forms used to aid in the preparation of bracing calculations.
-A.9.3.5.1.3 All horizontal loads given in this document are at
-allowable stress design levels. When performing a more ad-
-vanced analysis procedure, as described in 9.3.1.2, care should
-be taken to ensure that the correct load factors (strength de-
-sign or allowable stress design) are used.
-A.9.3.5.1.4 A shared support structure can be used to provide
-both support as defined in 9.1.1.3.1 and provide resistance to
-seismic forces. When a shared support structure is used for
-both support and seismic forces, the shared support structure
-should be designed to resist the seismic force for all of the
-distribution system. The shared support structure should be
-designed for a load in which the zone of influence includes
-the water-filled sprinkler pipe and all other distribution sys-
-tems attached to the shared support structure.
-A.9.3.5.1.5 It is the intent of this section to avoid any incom-
-patibility of displacements between the shared support struc-
-ture and the sprinkler seismic bracing, as might occur if the
-supports are located on separate adjacent structures.
-Flexible couplings
-   24 in. (610 mm) 
-[Paragraph 9.3.2.4(3)]
-   24 in. (610 mm) 
-[Paragraph 
-9.3.2.4(2)]
-In-rack sprinkler drops
-Flexible couplings
-Drop supports
-24 in. (610 mm) [Paragraph 9.3.2.4(1)]£  
-£
-£
-FIGURE A.9.3.2.4 Flexible Couplings for Drops.
-13–318 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-
-CL
-A
-2 ells
-10 in. (254 mm) 
-long nipple D
-Coupling 
-B
-CL
-2 ells
-8 in.    
-(203 mm)
-Normal 
-position
-Fire 
-sprinkler 
-main
-2 ells           
-and nipple E
-Plan
-A
-Ell
-C
-Ell
-Fire sprinkler 
-main
-Coupling
-Ell
-Normal 
-positionB
-Vertical
-movement
-D Ell
-Nipple E
-2 ell lengths
-8¹⁄₂ in. (216 mm) for 3 in.  (76 mm) pipe
-7¹⁄₂ in. (191 mm) for 2¹⁄₂ in. (65 mm) pipe
-Elevation Horizontal Views
-10 in. (254 mm) 
-long nipple C
-8 in.  
-(203 mm)
-Longitudinal movement
-Normal 
-position 8 in. (203 mm)
-Lateral movement
-4 in. (102 mm)
-8 in. (203 mm)
-4 in. (102 mm)
-8 in.        
-(203 mm)
-4 in. 
-(102 mm)
-Grooved elbow typ. for 6
-Flex coupling typ. for 10
-B
-Grooved nipple C — 10 in. long
-Grooved nipple E
-2 elbow lengths
-8½ in. for 3 in. pipe
-7½ in. for 2½ in. pipe
-Grooved nipple D — 10 in. long
-A
-Actual View
-FIGURE A.9.3.3(a) Seismic Separation Assembly in which 8 in. (203 mm) Separation
-Crossed by Pipes Up to 4 in. (102 mm) in Nominal Diameter. (For other separation distances
-and pipe sizes, lengths and distances should be modified proportionally.)
-13–319ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.9.3.5.4.2 The investigation of tension-only bracing using
-materials, connection methods, or both, other than those
-described in Table 9.3.5.11.8(a), Table 9.3.5.11.8(b), and
-Table 9.3.5.11.8(c), should involve consideration of the
-following:
-(1) Corrosion resistance.
-(2) Prestretching to eliminate permanent construction stretch
-and to obtain a verifiable modulus of elasticity.
-(3) Color coding or other verifiable marking of each differ-
-ent size cable for field verification.
-(4) The capacity of all components of the brace assemblies,
-including the field connections, to maintain the manufac-
-turer’s minimum certified break strength.
-(5) Manufacturer’s published design data sheets/manual
-showing product design guidelines, including connection
-details, load calculation procedures for sizing of braces,
-and the maximum recommended horizontal load-
-carrying capacity of the brace assemblies including the
-associated fasteners as described in Figure 9.3.5.12.1. The
-maximum allowable horizontal loads must not exceed the
-manufacturer’s minimum certified break strength of the
-brace assemblies, excluding fasteners, after taking a safety
-factor of 1.5 and then adjusting for the brace angle.
-(6) Brace product shipments accompanied by the manufac-
-turer’s certification of the minimum break strength and
-prestretching and installation instructions.
-(7) The manufacturer’s literature, including any special tools
-or precautions required to ensure proper installation.
-(8) A means to prevent vertical motion due to seismic forces
-when required.
-Table A.9.3.5.4.2 identifies some specially listed tension-
-only bracing systems.
-A.9.3.5.5.1 A brace assembly includes the brace member, the
-attachment components to pipe and building, and their fasten-
-ers. There are primarily two considerations in determining the
-spacing of lateral earthquake braces in straight runs of pipe: (1)
-deflection and (2) stress. Both deflection and stress tend to in-
-crease with the spacing of the braces. The larger the midspan
-deflection, the greater the chance of impact with adjacent
-structural/nonstructural components. The higher the stress in
-the pipe, the greater the chance of rupture in the pipe or cou-
-pling. Braces are spaced to limit the stresses in the pipe and fit-
-tings to the levels permitted in modern building codes, with an
-upper limit of 40 ft (12.2 m). The braces also serve to control
-deflection of the pipe under earthquake loads. In the longitudi-
-nal direction, there is no deflection consideration, but the pipe
-must transfer the load to the longitudinal braces without induc-
-ing large axial stresses in the pipe and the couplings.
-A.9.3.5.5.2 The sway brace spacings in Table 9.3.5.5.2(a)
-through Table 9.3.5.5.2(e) were developed to allow designers
-to continue to use familiar concepts, such as zone of influ-
-ence, to lay out and proportion braces while ensuring compat-
-ibility with modern seismic requirements. The spacing of
-braces was determined using the provisions of SEI/ASCE 7,
-Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, assum-
-ing steel pipe with threaded or grooved connections for Table
-9.3.5.5.2(a) through Table 9.3.5.5.2(c). The tabulated values
-are based on conservative simplifying assumptions. A detailed
-engineering analysis, taking into account the properties of the
-specific system, might provide greater spacing. However, in
-order to control deflections, in no case should the lateral sway
-brace spacing exceed 40 ft (12.2 m).
-A.9.3.5.5.10 Suspended trapeze members are not considered
-building structure.
-A.9.3.5.7.2 See Figure A.9.3.5.7.2.
-A.9.3.5.8.1 The four-way brace provided at the riser can also
-provide longitudinal and lateral bracing for adjacent mains.
-This section is not intended to require four-way bracing on a
-sprig or on a drop to a single sprinkler.
-A.9.3.5.9 Location of Sway Bracing.Two-way braces are either lon-
-gitudinal or lateral, depending on their orientation with the axis
-of the piping. [See Figure A.9.3.5.9(a), Figure A.9.3.5.9(b), Figure
-A.9.3.5.9(c), and Figure A.9.3.5.9(d).]The simplest form of two-way
-brace is a piece of steel pipe or angle. Because the brace must act
-in both compression and tension, it is necessary to size the brace
-to prevent buckling.
-An important aspect of sway bracing is its location. In
-Building 1 of Figure A.9.3.5.9(a), the relatively heavy main will
-pull on the branch lines when shaking occurs. If the branch
-lines are held rigidly to the roof or floor above, the fittings can
-fracture due to the induced stresses. In selecting brace loca-
-tions, one must consider both the design load on the brace, as
-well as the ability of the pipe to span between brace locations.
-Bracing should be on the main as indicated at Location B.
-With shaking in the direction of the arrows, the light branch lines
-will be held at the fittings. Where necessary, a lateral brace or
-other restraint should be installed to prevent a branch line from
-striking against building components or equipment.
-A four-way brace is indicated at Location A. This keeps the
-riser and main lined up and also prevents the main from shifting.
-In Building 1, the branch lines are flexible in a direction
-parallel to the main, regardless of building movement. The
-heavy main cannot shift under the roof or floor, and it also
-steadies the branch lines. While the main is braced, the flex-
-ible couplings on the riser allow the sprinkler system to move
-with the floor or roof above, relative to the floor below.
-Figure A.9.3.5.9(b), Figure A.9.3.5.9(c), and Fig-
-ure A.9.3.5.9(d) show typical locations of sway bracing.
-For all threaded connections, sight holes or other means
-should be provided to permit indication that sufficient thread
-is engaged.
-FIGURE A.9.3.3(b) Seismic Separation Assembly Incorporat-
-ing Flexible Piping.
-13–320 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Structure attachment fitting or tension-only bracing system:
-  Make: Model:
-Transition attachment fitting (where applicable):
-  Make: Model:
- Listed load rating: Adjusted load rating per 9.3.5.2.4:
-Sway brace (pipe attachment) fitting:
-  Make: Model:
- Listed load rating: Adjusted load rating per 9.3.5.2.4:
-Seismic Bracing Calculations
-Project:
-Address:
-Contractor:
-Address:
-Telephone:
-Fax:
-Sheet                  of
-Brace Information Seismic Brace Attachments
-Fastener Information Seismic Brace Assembly Detail
-(Provide detail on plans)
- Length of brace:
- Diameter of brace:
- Type of brace:
- Angle of brace:
- Least radius of gyration:*
- l/r value:*
- Maximum horizontal load:
-Orientation of connecting surface: 
-Fastener:
- Type:
- Diameter:
- Length (in wood):
- Maximum load: Brace identification no. 
-(to be used on plans)
-Lateral brace Longitudinal brace
-Diameter Type WeightWeight per ftTotal (ft)Length (ft)
-lb/ft
-lb/ft
-lb/ft
-lb/ft
-lb/ft
-lb
-lb
-lb
-lb
-lb
-lb
-lb
-Subtotal weight
-* Excludes tension-only bracing systems
-W  (incl. 15%)p
-NFPA 13© 2012 National Fire Protection Association
-Sprinkler System Load Calculation ( F    = C  W  )   pw    p   p
-4-way brace
-C   =p
-Maximum F    pw per 9.3.5.5.2 (if applicable)
-Total (F    )  pw lb
-FIGURE A.9.3.5(a) Seismic Bracing Calculation Form.
-13–321ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Structure attachment fitting or tension-only bracing system:
-  Make: Model:
-Transition attachment fitting (where applicable):
-  Make: Model:
- Listed load rating: Adjusted load rating per 9.3.5.2.4:
-Sway brace (pipe attachment) fitting:
-  Make: Model:
- Listed load rating: Adjusted load rating per 9.3.5.2.4:
-Seismic Bracing Calculations
-Project:
-Address:
-Contractor:
-Address:
-Telephone:
-Fax:
-Sheet                  of
-Brace Information Seismic Brace Attachments
-Fastener Information Seismic Brace Assembly Detail
-(Provide detail on plans)
- Length of brace:
- Diameter of brace:
- Type of brace:
- Angle of brace:
- Least radius of gyration:*
- l/r value:*
- Maximum horizontal load:
-Orientation of connecting surface: 
-Fastener:
- Type:
- Diameter:
- Length (in wood):
- Maximum load: Brace identification no. 
-(to be used on plans)
-Lateral brace Longitudinal brace
-Diameter Type WeightWeight per ftTotal (ft)Length (ft)
-lb/ft
-lb/ft
-lb/ft
-lb/ft
-lb/ft
-lb
-lb
-lb
-lb
-lb
-lb
-lb
-Subtotal weight
-* Excludes tension-only bracing systems
-34 in. x 6 in. through bolt 
-with nut and washer
-Acme 1231 2 beam depth 
-minimum
-Nominal 6 in. x 12 in. beam
-1 in. Schedule 40
-4 in. Sch. 10
-50∞
-W  (incl. 15%)p
-NFPA 13© 2012 National Fire Protection Association
-Sprinkler System Load Calculation ( F    = C  W  )   pw    p   p
-4-way brace
-C   =p
-Maximum F    pw per 9.3.5.5.2 (if applicable)
-Total (F    )  pw
-Acme 321
-15 ft + 25 ft + 8 ft + 22 ft
-25 ft + 33 ft + 18 ft
-8 ft + 8 ft + 10 ft + 10 ft
-20 ft
-20 ft
-Acme Warehouse
-321 First Street
-Any City, Any State
-Smith Sprinkler Company
-123 Main Street
-Any City, Any State
-(555) 555-1234
-(555) 555-4321
-3 ft  6 in.
-1 in.
-Schedule 40
-45∞ to 59∞
-0.421
-100
-4455 lb
-Acme 123
-Acme 321
-1000
-8491200
-707
-SB-1
-Through bolt
-34 in.
- 5 12 in.
-620 lb
-“E”
-0.40
-1 in.
-1 1 4 in.
-1 1 2 in.
-2 in.
-4 in.
-143.5
-222.7
-130.0
-102.6
-235.6
-834.4
-959.6
-383.8
-1634
-lb
-70 ft
-76 ft
-36 ft
-20 ft
-20 ft
-Sch. 40
-Sch. 40
-Sch. 40
-Sch. 40
-Sch. 10
-2.05
-2.93
-3.61
-5.13
-11.78
-FIGURE A.9.3.5(b) Sample Seismic Bracing Calculation Form.
-13–322 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table A.9.3.5.4.2 Specially Listed Tension-Only Seismic
-Bracing
-Materials and Dimensions Standard
-Manual for Structural Application of Steel Cables ASCE 19
-Wire Rope Users Manual of the Wire Rope
-Technical Board
-ASCE 19
-Mechanical Strength Requirements ASTM A 603
-Breaking Strength Failure Testing ASTM E 8
-<12 ft >12 ft
-FIGURE A.9.3.5.7.2 Examples of Brace Locations for
-Change in Direction of Pipe.
-A  Four-way brace at riser
-B  Lateral brace
-C  Lateral brace
-D  Short riser [Figure A.9.3.2(b)]
-E  Couplings at wall penetration
-F   Longitudinal brace
-B
-B
-B
-D E
-C
-Building 1
-A
-F
-C
-Building 2
-F
-FIGURE A.9.3.5.9(a) Typical Earthquake Protection for
-Sprinkler Main Piping.
-Longitudinal brace
-Lateral brace
-Four-way brace
-FIGURE A.9.3.5.9(b) Typical Location of Bracing on Mains
-on Tree System.
-Lateral brace Longitudinal brace
-No bracing
-Lateral brace
-Four-way brace
-FIGURE A.9.3.5.9(c) Typical Location of Bracing on Mains
-on Gridded System.
-Longitudinal 
-brace
-Lateral brace
-Four-way brace
-FIGURE A.9.3.5.9(d) Typical Location of Bracing on Mains
-on Looped System.
-13–323ANNEX A
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-To properly size and space braces, it is necessary to employ
-the following steps:
-(1) Determine the seismic coefficient, Cp , using the proce-
-dures in 9.3.5.9.3. This is needed by the designer to verify
-that the piping can span between brace points. For the
-purposes of this example, assume that Cp = 0.5.
-(2) Based on the distance of mains from the structural mem-
-bers that will support the braces, choose brace shapes and
-sizes from Table 9.3.5.11.8(a), Table 9.3.5.11.8(b), and
-Table 9.3.5.11.8(c) such that the maximum slenderness
-ratios, l/r, do not exceed 300. The angle of the braces
-from the vertical should be at least 30 degrees and prefer-
-ably 45 degrees or more.
-(3) Tentatively space lateral braces at 40 ft (12 m) maximum
-distances along mains and tentatively space longitudinal
-braces at 80 ft (24 m) maximum distances along mains.
-Lateral braces should meet the piping at right angles, and
-longitudinal braces should be aligned with the piping.
-(4) Determine the total load tentatively applied to each brace in
-accordance with the examples shown in Figure A.9.3.5.9(e)
-and the following:
-(a) For the loads on lateral braces on cross mains, add
-Cp times the weight of the branch to Cp times the
-weight of the portion of the cross main within the
-zone of influence of the brace. [See examples 1, 3, 6,
-and 7 in Figure A.9.3.5.9(e).]
-(b) For the loads on longitudinal braces on cross mains,
-consider only Cp times the weight of the cross mains
-and feed mains within the zone of influence. Branch
-lines need not be included.[See examples 2, 4, 5, 7, and
-8 in Figure A.9.3.5.9(e).]
-(c) For the four-way brace at the riser, add the longitudinal
-and lateral loads within the zone of influence of the
-brace [see examples 2, 3, and 5 in Figure A.9.3.5.9(e)].For
-the four-way bracing at the top of the riser, Cp times
-the weight of the riser should be assigned to both
-1 2
-3 4
-No longitudinal
-brace
-A A
-5 ¹⁄₂ to each brace A 6
-7 8
-FIGURE A.9.3.5.9(e) Examples of Load Distribution to Bracing.
-Table A.9.3.5.9 Piping Weights for Determining Horizontal
-Load
-Nominal
-Dimensions Weight of Water-Filled Pipe
-in. mm lb/ft kg/m
-Schedule 40 Pipe
-1 25 2.05 3.05
-11⁄4 32 2.93 4.36
-11⁄2 40 3.61 5.37
-2 50 5.13 7.63
-21⁄2 65 7.89 11.74
-3 80 10.82 16.10
-31⁄2 90 13.48 20.06
-4 100 16.40 24.41
-5 125 23.47 34.93
-6 150 31.69 47.16
-8* 200 47.70 70.99
-Schedule 10 Pipe
-1 25 1.81 2.69
-11⁄4 32 2.52 3.75
-11⁄2 40 3.04 4.52
-2 50 4.22 6.28
-21⁄2 65 5.89 8.77
-3 80 7.94 11.82
-31⁄2 90 9.78 14.55
-4 100 11.78 17.53
-5 125 17.30 25.75
-6 150 23.03 34.27
-8 200 40.08 59.65
-*Schedule 30.
-13–324 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-the lateral and longitudinal loads as they are sepa-
-rately considered.
-(d) When a single brace has a combined load from both
-lateral and longitudinal forces (such as a lateral brace
-at the end of a main that turns 90 degrees), only the
-lateral should be considered for comparison with the
-load tables in 9.3.5.5.2.
-(5) If the total expected loads are less than the maximums
-permitted in Table 9.3.5.11.8(a), Table 9.3.5.11.8(b), and
-Table 9.3.5.11.8(c) for the particular brace and orienta-
-tion, and the maximum loads in the zone of influence of
-each lateral sway brace are less than the maximum values
-in Table 9.3.5.5.2(a) or Table 9.3.5.5.2(b), go on to step
-(6). If not, add additional braces to reduce the zones of
-influence of overloaded braces.
-(6) Check that fasteners connecting the braces to structural sup-
-porting members are adequate to support the expected
-loads on the braces in accordance with Figure 9.3.5.12.1. If
-not, again add additional braces or additional means of sup-
-port. Plates using multiple fasteners in seismic assemblies
-should follow the plate manufacturer guidelines regarding
-the applied loads.
-Use the information on weights of water-filled piping con-
-tained within Table A.9.3.5.9. The factor of 1.15 is intended to
-approximate the additional weight of all the valves, fittings,
-and other devices attached to the system.
-A.9.3.5.9.1 The factors used in the computation of the hori-
-zontal seismic load should be available from several sources,
-including the project architect or structural engineer or the
-authority having jurisdiction. In addition, the ground motion
-parameter Ss , is available using maps or software developed by
-the U.S. Geological Survey. The approach presented in
-NFPA 13 is compatible with the requirements of SEI/ASCE 7,
-Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures , which
-provides the seismic requirements for model building codes.
-Sprinkler systems are emergency systems and as such should
-be designed for an importance factor (Ip) of 1.5. Seismic load
-equations allow the reduction of the seismic force by a compo-
-nent response modification factor (Rp) that reflects the ductil-
-ity of the system; systems where braced piping is primarily
-joined by threaded fittings should be considered less ductile
-than systems where braced piping is joined by welded or
-mechanical-type fittings. In addition, a factor, ap , is used to
-account for dynamic amplification of nonstructural systems
-supported by structures. Currently, steel piping systems typi-
-cally used for fire sprinklers are assigned an Rp factor of 4.5
-and an ap factor of 2.5.
-A.9.3.5.9.3.2 As linear interpolation of Table 9.3.5.9.3 is per-
-mitted, the following equation can be used to achieve the in-
-terpolated values:
-CC CC
-SS SSpp
-pp
-ss
-ss=+ −
-− −()−
-−−
-−−
-−low
-high low
-high low
-low
-where:
-Cp = seismic coefficient value being sought
-Cp −low = next lower seismic coefficient value from Table
-9.3.5.9.2
-Cp −high = next higher seismic coefficient value from Table
-9.3.5.9.2
-Ss = spectral response as defined in 3.11.7
-Ss −low = next lower Ss value from Table 9.3.5.9.2
-Ss −high = next higher Ss value from Table 9.3.5.9.2
-A.9.3.5.9.4 NFPA 13 has traditionally used the allowable stress
-design (ASD) method for calculations. The building codes
-typically use an ultimate strength design. The 0.7 referred to
-in this section is a conversion value to accommodate the dif-
-ferent calculation methods. (See also Annex E.)
-A.9.3.5.9.5 Ss is a measure of earthquake shaking intensity.Ss
-shall be taken as the maximum considered earthquake
-ground motion for 0.2-second spectral response acceleration
-(5 percent of critical damping), Site Class B. The data are
-available from the authority having jurisdiction or, in the
-United States, from maps developed by the U.S. Geological
-Survey. All that is required to get Ss is the latitude and longi-
-tude of the project site.
-The horizontal force factor was given as Fp in earlier edi-
-tions of NFPA 13. It has been changed to Fpw , to clearly indi-
-cate that it is a working, not an ultimate, load. In model build-
-ing codes, Fp is used to denote the strength design level load.
-It is not the intent of this section to default to the Cp value
-of 0.5 before attempts to determine the value ofSs and related
-coefficient value for Cp are made, such as on-line information
-provided by the U.S. Geological Survey website.
-A.9.3.5.9.6 The zones of influence do not have to be symmetri-
-cally based on brace spacing. It is the intent of NFPA 13 that the
-chosen zone of influence be the worst-case load scenario.
-A.9.3.5.9.6.1 Where steel Schedule 10 and Schedule 40
-pipe are used, the section modules can be found in Table
-9.1.1.7.1(b).
-A.9.3.5.11 Sway brace members should be continuous.
-Where necessary, splices in sway bracing members should be
-designed and constructed to ensure that brace integrity is
-maintained.
-A.9.3.5.11.8 These certified allowable horizontal loads must
-include a minimum safety factor of 1.5 against the ultimate
-break strength of the brace components and then be further
-reduced according to the brace angles.
-A.9.3.5.11.9 Maximum allowable horizontal loads for steel
-sway braces shown in Table 9.3.5.11.8(a), Table 9.3.5.11.8(b),
-and Table 9.3.5.11.8(c) are applicable when the system is de-
-signed using allowable stress design methods. The maximum
-allowable loads have been derived for the controlling condi-
-tion (braces in compression) using allowable stress design
-provisions of American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
-360, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.
-In determining allowable horizontal loads in the tables, a
-modulus of elasticity ( E) of 29,000 ksi, a yield stress ( Fy)o f
-36 ksi, and an effective length factor (K) of 1.0 were assumed,
-since these are common. If these values are different in a spe-
-cific situation, table values might need to be adjusted. Gross
-section properties are used for all shapes except for all-thread
-rods. For all-thread rods, area and radius of gyration are based
-on the minimum area of the threaded rod based on the radius
-at the root of the threads.
-A.9.3.5.12 Current fasteners for anchoring to concrete are
-referred to as post-installed anchors. There are several types of
-post-installed anchors, including expansion anchors, chemi-
-cal or adhesive anchors, and undercut anchors. The criteria in
-Figure 9.3.5.12.1 are based on the use of wedge expansion
-anchors and undercut anchors. Use of other anchors in con-
-crete should be in accordance with the listing provisions of the
-anchor. Anchorage designs are usable under ASD methods.
-13–325ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Values in Figure 9.3.5.12.1 are based on an 8 to 1 safety factor
-in tension an da4t o1 safety factor in shear for allowable
-loads. Wedge anchors are torque-controlled expansion an-
-chors that are set by applying a torque to the anchor’s nut,
-which causes the anchor to rise while the wedge stays in place.
-This causes the wedge to be pulled onto a coned section of the
-anchor and presses the wedge against the wall of the hole.
-Undercut anchors might or might not be torque-controlled.
-Typically, the main hole is drilled, a special second drill bit is
-inserted into the hole, and flare is drilled at the base of the
-main hole. Some anchors are self-drilling and do not require a
-second drill bit. The anchor is then inserted into the hole and,
-when torque is applied, the bottom of the anchor flares out
-into the flared hole, and a mechanical lock is obtained. Con-
-sideration should be given with respect to the position near
-the edge of a slab and the pacing of anchors. Typically for full
-capacity in Figure 9.3.5.12.1, the edge distance should be 1 1⁄2
-times the embedment and 3 times the embedment for spacing
-between anchors.
-A.9.3.5.12.1 The values for the wedge anchor tables and the
-undercut anchor tables have been developed using the follow-
-ing formula:
-T
-T
-V
-Vallow allow
-Pr⎛
-⎝
-⎜
-⎞
-⎠
-⎟ + ⎛
-⎝
-⎜
-⎞
-⎠
-⎟ ≤ 12.
-where:
-T = applied service tension load
-Pr = prying factor
-Tallow = allowable service tension load
-V = applied service shear load
-Vallow = allowable service shear load
-The necessary tension and shear loads come from the an-
-chor manufacturer’s published data. As the prying factor is
-also necessary to develop appropriate load values, the equa-
-tion for prying varies with the orientation of the fastener in
-relationship to the brace. The letters A through D in the fol-
-lowing equations are dimensions of the anchors as indicated
-in Figure A.9.3.5.12.1(a) through Figure A.9.3.5.12.1(c). For
-anchor orientations A, B, and C, the prying factor is as follows:
-Pr =
-CA
-Tan D
-A
-+⎛
-⎝⎜ ⎞
-⎠⎟ −θ
-where:
-Pr = prying factor
-Tanθ = tangent of brace angle from vertical
-For anchor orientations D, E, and F, the prying factor is as
-follows:
-Pr =
-CA D
-Tan
-A
-+() − ⎛
-⎝⎜ ⎞
-⎠⎟θ
-where:
-Pr = prying factor
-Tanθ = tangent of brace angle from vertical
-For anchor orientations G, H, and I, the prying factor is as
-follows:
-Pr = DB/
-A.9.3.5.12.3 Through-bolt as described in 9.3.5.12.3 is in-
-tended to describe a method of bolting and attachment. It is
-the intent of the committee that a “through-bolt” could con-
-sist of threaded rod with a flat washer and nut on each end.
-A.9.3.5.12.7.1 Concrete anchors included in current Evalua-
-tion Service Reports conforming to the requirements of accep-
-tance criteria AC193 or AC308 as issued by ICC Evaluation Ser-
-vice, Inc. should be considered to meet ACI 355.2,Qualification of
-Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors in Concrete & Commentary.
-A.9.3.6.1 Wires used for piping restraints should be attached to
-the branch line with two tight turns around the pipe and fastened
-with four tight turns within 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) and should be at-
-tached to the structure in accordance with the details shown in
-Figure A.9.3.6.1(a) through Figure A.9.3.6.1(d) or other ap-
-proved method.
-Concrete
-anchor
-C
-D
-BStructure attachment
-fitting hinge pin or
-pivot point
-A
-FIGURE A.9.3.5.12.1(b) Dimensions of Concrete Anchor for
-Orientations D, E, and F .
-Concrete
-anchor
-C
-D
-BStructure attachment
-fitting hinge pin or
-pivot point
-A
-FIGURE A.9.3.5.12.1(c) Dimensions of Concrete Anchor for
-Orientations G, H, and I.
-Concrete
-anchor
-C
-D
-B
-A
-Structure attachment
-fitting hinge pin or
-pivot point
-FIGURE A.9.3.5.12.1(a) Dimensions of Concrete Anchor for
-Orientations A, B, and C.
-13–326 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-
- 
-
-
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-
-
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-
-
- 
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
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-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
- 
-
-
-
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-
-
-
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-
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- 
-
-
-Wire “pigtail” with 2 in. (50 mm)
-diameter loop and 4 in. (100 mm) tail
-Structural
-concrete
-45∞
-maximum
-Restraint wire
-
-
- 
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 
-  
- 
-
-  
-
-
-
-
-
- 
-⁵⁄₁₆ in. (8 mm) drill-in
-expansion anchor minimum
-Structural
-concrete
-Steel strap
-1 in. (25 mm) wide ¥
-2 in. (50 mm) long ¥        
-12 galvanized minimum
-Four tight turns
-45∞
-1¹⁄₂ in. (38 mm)
-Splayed seismic restraint wire
-Detail A — Splayed seismic restraint wire attachment
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Detail B
-
-
- 
- 
-
-
-
-
- 
-
-
-
- 
-  
- 
- 
- 
-   
- 
-    
-  
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
-  
-
- 
-
- 
-
-
- 
-
-
- 
-
-
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-
- 
-
-
- 
-
- 
-
-
- 
-
-
-  
-
- 
- 
-
-
-
-
-FIGURE A.9.3.6.1(a) Wire Attachment to Cast-in-Place Concrete.
-Structural
-shape
-Steel strap
-(See Note)
-Splayed seismic restraint wire
-Detail A — At steel beams
-[Note: See Figure A.9.3.6.1(a), Detail A.]
-Web members
-Bottom chord
-Splayed seismic
-restraint wire
-See Note 2
-Detail B — At open web steel joist
-Notes:
-1. Splay wires parallel to joist. Splay     
- wires cannot be perpendicular to joist.
-2. See Figure A.9.3.6.1(a), Detail A.
-Insulation over
-steel deck
-Two #8 ¥ ¹⁄₂ in. (12 mm)
-self-tapping screwsRestraint wire
-Steel straps 3 in. (75 mm) wide ¥ 
-4 in. (100 mm) long ¥ 12 galvanized
-Detail C — At steel roof deck
-Note: If self-tapping screws are used with concrete fill,
-         set screws before placing concrete.
-#8 ¥ 1 in. (25 mm) self-drilling screw
-See Figure A.9.3.6.1(a), Detail A.
-See Figure A.9.3.6.1(a),
-Detail A.
-FIGURE A.9.3.6.1(b) Acceptable Details — Wire Connections to Steel Framing.
-13–327ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.9.3.6.1(5) See Figure A.9.3.6.1(5)(a) and Figure
-A.9.3.6.1(5)(b). When hangers are installed on both sides
-of the pipe, the l/r is not restricted.
-A.9.3.6.4 Modern seismic codes require branch lines to be
-restrained, both to limit interaction of the pipe with other
-portions of the structure and to limit stresses in the pipes to
-permissible limits. The maximum spacing between restraints
-is dependent on the seismic coefficient, Cp , as shown in Table
-9.3.6.4(a). Table 9.3.6.4(a) has been limited to 2 in. (50 mm)
-lines and smaller, because branch lines 2 1⁄2 in. (65 mm) or
-larger are required to be seismically braced.
-A.9.3.6.6 Such restraint can be provided by using the re-
-straining wire discussed in 9.3.6.1. For the purposes of deter-
-mining the need for restraint, the length of the sprig is deter-
-mined by measuring the length of the exposed pipe and does
-not include the fittings and sprinkler.
-A.10.1 The term underground is intended to mean direct bur-
-ied piping. For example, piping installed in trenches and tun-
-nels but exposed should be treated as aboveground piping.
-Loop systems for yard piping are recommended for increased
-reliability and improved hydraulics. Loop systems should be
-sectionalized by placing valves at branches and at strategic lo-
-cations to minimize the extent of impairments. [24: A.10.1]
-A.10.1.1 Copper tubing (Type K) with brazed joints conform-
-ing to Table 10.1.1 and Table 10.2.2.1 is acceptable for under-
-ground service. Listing and labeling information, along with
-applicable publications for reference, is as follows:
-(1) Listing and Labeling. Testing laboratories list or label the
-following:
-(a) Cast iron and ductile iron pipe (cement-lined and
-unlined, coated and uncoated)
-(b) Asbestos-cement pipe and couplings
-(c) Steel pipe
-(d) Copper pipe
-(e) Fiberglass filament-wound epoxy pipe and couplings
-(f) Polyethylene pipe
-(g) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and couplings
-(h) Underwriters Laboratories Inc. lists, under re-
-examination service, reinforced concrete pipe (cyl-
-inder pipe, nonprestressed and prestressed)
-(2) Pipe Standards. The various types of pipe are usually manu-
-factured to one of the following standards:
-(a) ASTM C 296, Standard Specification for Asbestos-Cement
-Pressure Pipe
-(b) AWWA C151,Ductile Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast for Water
-Structural 
-concrete fill
-Steel 
-deck
-Detail B — At steel deck with concrete fill
-Note: See Figure A.9.3.6.1(a), Detail B.
-Steel deck
-See Detail B for
-alternate         
-support detail
-Splayed seismic restraint
-#3 rebar × length
-required to cover
-minimum of four
-high corrugations
-Nonstructural
-concrete fill
-Detail A — At steel deck with insulating fill
-See Note
-Steel deck
-Restraint wire
-Structural
-concrete fill
-See Note Steel deck
-Detail C — At steel deck with concrete fill
-Note: See Figure A.9.3.6.1(a), Detail A.
-Detail D — At steel deck with concrete fill
-Note: See Figure A.9.3.6.1(a), Detail A.
-Structural
-concrete fill
-Wire “pigtail”
-(See Note)
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-Note: If self-tapping screws are used with concrete fill, set screws before placing concrete.
-Restraint wire
-FIGURE A.9.3.6.1(c) Acceptable Details — Wire Connections to Steel Decking with Fill.
-13–328 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Three 1¹⁄₂ in. (38 mm) ¥ 9 galvanized staples or three 
-stronghold “J” nails
-at each wire loop
-2 in. (50 mm) ¥ blocking
-w/2 16d common nails
-each end
-Detail C — At wood joist or block
-For restraint wires — fully embed 
-screw eye threads in direction of wire
-¹⁄₄ in. (6.3 mm) diameter drilled hole
-2 in. (50 mm) minimum
-Saddle tie (see Detail G)
-Detail D — To bottom of joist
-Three 1¹⁄₂ in. (38 mm) ¥ 9 galvanized  
-staples or three stronghold “J” nails
-at each wire loop
-1 in. 
-(25.4 mm)
-minimum
-Joist or rafter
-Top half
-of joist
-¹⁄₄ in. (6.3 mm) diameter screw 
-eye with full thread embedment 
-[1¹⁄₄ in. (32 mm) minimum]
-Restraint wire
-Detail A — Wood joist or rafter Detail B — At wood joist or rafter
-Saddle tie 
-(see Detail G)
-Bottom chord
-Web member
-Detail E — Restraint wire parallel to wood truss Detail F — Laminated veneer lumber upper flange
-Dimension           
-greater
-than ¹⁄₂ in. (12 mm)
-1¹⁄₂ in. (38 mm)
-Restraint wires —
-four tight turns
-Detail G — Typical saddle tie
-¹⁄₄ in. (6.3 mm) 
-diameter screw eye 
-with 1¹⁄₄ in. (32 mm)
-minimum penetration
-1 in. (25.4 mm) 
-minimum
-Note:  Do not insert screw 
-eyes parallel to laminations 
-(see Detail F). (Details can 
-also be used at top chord.)
-Detail H — Laminated veneer lumber lower flange
-Restraint wire
-Restraint wireRestraint wire
-Restraint wire Restraint wire
-Restraint wire
-Do not insert 
-screw eyes into  
-side of laminated 
-veneer lumber 
-flange.
-FIGURE A.9.3.6.1(d) Acceptable Details — Wire Connections to Wood Framing.
-13–329ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(c) AWWA C300, Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-
-Cylinder Type
-(d) AWWA C301, Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-
-Cylinder Type
-(e) AWWA C302, Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Non-
-Cylinder Type
-(f) AWWA C303, Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-
-Cylinder Type, Pretensioned
-(g) AWWA C400, Standard for Asbestos-Cement Distribution
-Pipe, 4 in. Through 16 in., (100 mm through 400 mm) for
-Water Distribution Systems
-(h) AWWA C900,Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, 4 in.
-Through 12 in., for Water Distribution
-[24: A.10.1.1]
-A.10.1.4 The following pipe design manuals can be used as
-guides:
-(1) AWWA C150, Thickness Design of Ductile Iron Pipe
-(2) AWWA C401, Standard Practice for the Selection of Asbestos-
-Cement Water Pipe
-(3) AWWA C900, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, 4 in.
-Through 12 in. for Water Distribution
-(4) AWWA C905, AWWA Standard for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
-Pressure Pipe and Fabricated Fittings, 14 in. Through 48 in.
-(350 mm through 1,200 mm)
-(5) AWWA C906, Standard for Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe and
-Fittings, 4 in. (100 mm) Through 68 in. (1,600 mm) for Water
-Distribution and Transmission
-6 in. (152 mm) maximum
-Fasteners
-(as required)
-Fasteners
-(as required)
-Hanger rod
-Hanger rodSwivel
-attachment
-Band
-hanger
-Band
-hanger
-Band
-hanger
-Surge
-restrainer
-Surge restrainer
-Surge
-restrainer
-Restraint
-rod l/r = 400
-Restraint
-rod l/r = 400
-FIGURE A.9.3.6.1(5)(a) Hangers, with Surge Clips, Used in Combination for Restraint of Branch Lines.
-6 in. (152 mm) maximum
-Hanger rod
-Band
-hanger
-Band
-hanger
-Swivel
-attachment
-Restraint
-rod l/r = 400
-Fasteners
-(as required)
-Fasteners
-(as required)
-Hanger rod
-Restraint
-rod l/r = 400
-Band
-hanger
-Swivel
-attachment
-FIGURE A.9.3.6.1(5)(b) Hangers, with Threaded Rod Extended to Pipe, Used in Combination for Restraint of Branch Lines.
-13–330 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(6) AWWA M41, Ductile Iron Pipe and Fittings
-(7) Concrete Pipe Handbook, American Concrete Pipe Association
-[24: A.10.1.4]
-A.10.1.5 For underground system components, a minimum sys-
-tem pressure rating of 150 psi (10 bar) is specified in 10.1.5,
-based on satisfactory historical performance. Also, this pressure
-rating reflects that of the components typically used under-
-ground, such as piping, valves, and fittings. Where system pres-
-sures are expected to exceed pressures of 150 psi (10 bar), system
-components and materials manufactured and listed for higher
-pressures should be used. Systems that do not incorporate a fire
-pump or are not part of a combined standpipe system do not
-typically experience pressures exceeding 150 psi (10 bar) in un-
-derground piping. However, each system should be evaluated on
-an individual basis, because the presence of a fire department
-connection introduces the possibility of high pressures being ap-
-plied by fire department apparatus. It is not the intent of this
-section to include the pressures generated through fire depart-
-ment connections as part of the maximum working pressure.
-A.10.1.6 The following standards apply to the application of
-coating and linings:
-(1) AWWA C104, Cement Mortar Lining For Ductile Iron Pipe and
-Fittings for Water
-(2) AWWA C105, Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile Iron Pipe Sys-
-tems
-(3) AWWA C203, Coal-Tar Protective Coatings and Linings for
-Steel Water Pipelines Enamel and Tape — Hot Applied
-(4) AWWA C205, Cement-Mortar Protective Lining and Coating for
-Steel Water Pipe 4 in. and Larger — Shop Applied
-(5) AWWA C602, Cement-Mortar Lining of Water Pipe Lines 4 in.
-and Larger — in Place
-(6) AWWA C116, Protective Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings for the
-Interior and Exterior Surfaces of Ductile-Iron and Gray Iron Fit-
-tings for Water Supply Service
-For internal diameters of cement-lined ductile iron pipe,
-see Table A.10.1.6.
-[24: A.10.1.6]
-A.10.2.1 Fittings generally used are cast iron with joints made to
-the specifications of the manufacturer of the particular type of
-pipe (see the standards listed in A.10.3.1). Steel fittings also have
-some applications. The following standards apply to fittings:
-(1) ASME B16.1, Cast-Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
-(2) AWWA C110, Ductile Iron and Gray Iron Fittings, 3–in.
-Through 48–in., for Water and Other Liquids
-(3) AWWA C153, Ductile Iron Compact Fittings, 3 in. through
-24 in. and 54 in. through 64 in. for Water Service
-(4) AWWA C208,Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings
-[24: A.10.2.1]
-A.10.3.3 Fittings and couplings are listed for specific pipe
-materials that can be installed underground. Fittings and cou-
-plings do not necessarily indicate that they are listed specifi-
-cally for underground use. [24: A.10.3.3]
-A.10.3.6.2 It is not necessary to coat mechanical joint fittings
-or epoxy-coated valves and glands. [24: A.10.3.6.2]
-A.10.4.1 The following documents apply to the installation of
-pipe and fittings:
-(1) AWWA C603, Standard for the Installation of Asbestos-Cement
-Pressure Pipe
-(2) AWWA C600, Standard for the Installation of Ductile-Iron Wa-
-ter Mains and Their Appurtenances
-(3) AWWA M11, A Guide for Steel Pipe Design and Installation
-(4) AWWA M41, Ductile Iron Pipe and Fittings
-(5) Concrete Pipe Handbook , American Concrete Pipe Associa-
-tion
-(6) Handbook of PVC Pipe, Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association
-(7) Installation Guide for Ductile Iron Pipe, Ductile Iron Pipe Re-
-search Association
-(8) Thrust Restraint Design for Ductile Iron Pipe , Ductile Iron
-Pipe Research Association
-As there is normally no circulation of water in private fire
-mains, they require greater depth of covering than do public
-mains. Greater depth is required in a loose gravelly soil (or in
-rock) than in compact soil containing large quantities of clay.
-The recommended depth of cover above the top of under-
-ground yard mains is shown in Figure A.10.4.1. [24: A.10.4.1]
-A.10.5.1 In determining the need to protect aboveground
-piping from freezing, the lowest mean temperature should be
-considered as shown in Figure A.10.5.1. [24: A.10.5.1]
-A.10.6.3.1 Items such as sidewalks or patios should not be
-included as they are not different from roadways. See Figure
-A.10.6.3.1. [24: A.10.6.3.1]
-A.10.6.4 The individual piping standards should be followed
-for load and bury depth, accounting for the load and stresses
-imposed by the building foundation.
-Figure A.10.6.4 shows location where pipe joints would be
-prohibited. [24: A.10.6.4]
-A.10.6.5 Sufficient clearance should be provided when pip-
-ing passes beneath foundations or footers. See Figure
-A.10.6.5. [24: A.10.6.5]
-A.10.6.7 Gray cast iron is not considered galvanically dissimi-
-lar to ductile iron. Rubber gasket joints (unrestrained push-on
-or mechanical joints) are not considered connected electri-
-cally. Metal thickness should not be considered a protection
-against corrosive environments. In the case of cast iron or duc-
-tile iron pipe for soil evaluation and external protection sys-
-tems, see Appendix A of AWWA C105,Polyethylene Encasement for
-Ductile Iron Pipe Systems.[ 24: A.10.6.7]
-A.10.6.8 Where lightning protection is provided for a structure,
-NFPA 780, 4.14 requires that all grounding media, including un-
-derground metallic piping systems, be interconnected to provide
-common ground potential. These underground piping systems
-are not permitted to be substituted for grounding electrodes but
-must be bonded to the lightning protection grounding system.
-Where galvanic corrosion is of concern, this bond can be made
-via a spark gap or gas discharge tube. [24:A.10.6.8]
-A.10.6.8.1 While the use of the underground fire protection
-piping as the grounding electrode for the building is prohib-
-ited, NFPA 70 requires that all metallic piping systems be
-bonded and grounded to disperse stray electrical currents.
-Therefore, the fire protection piping will be bonded to other
-metallic systems and grounded, but the electrical system will
-need an additional ground for its operation.
-A.10.8.1.1 It is a fundamental design principle of fluid me-
-chanics that dynamic and static pressures, acting at changes in
-size or direction of a pipe, produce unbalanced thrust forces
-at locations such as bends, tees, wyes, dead ends, and reducer
-offsets. This design principle includes consideration of lateral
-soil pressure and pipe/soil friction, variables that can be reli-
-ably determined using current soil engineering knowledge.
-Refer to A.10.8.3 for a list of references for use in calculating
-and determining joint restraint systems.
-13–331ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table A.10.1.6 Internal Diameters (IDs) for Cement-Lined Ductile Iron Pipe
-Pipe Size
-(in.)
-OD
-(in.)
-Pressure
-Class
-Thickness
-Class
-Wall
-Thickness
-Minimum Lining
-Thickness*
-ID (in.)
-with Lining
-3 3.96 350 0.25 1⁄16 3.34
-3 3.96 51 0.25 1⁄16 3.34
-3 3.96 52 0.28 1⁄16 3.28
-3 3.96 53 0.31 1⁄16 3.22
-3 3.96 54 0.34 1⁄16 3.16
-3 3.96 55 0.37 1⁄16 3.10
-3 3.96 56 0.40 1⁄16 3.04
-4 4.80 350 0.25 1⁄16 4.18
-4 4.80 51 0.26 1⁄16 4.16
-4 4.80 52 0.29 1⁄16 4.10
-4 4.80 53 0.32 1⁄16 4.04
-4 4.80 54 0.35 1⁄16 3.98
-4 4.80 55 0.38 1⁄16 3.92
-4 4.80 56 0.41 1⁄16 3.86
-6 6.90 350 0.25 1⁄16 6.28
-6 6.90 50 0.25 1⁄16 6.28
-6 6.90 51 0.28 1⁄16 6.22
-6 6.90 52 0.31 1⁄16 6.16
-6 6.90 53 0.34 1⁄16 6.10
-6 6.90 54 0.37 1⁄16 6.04
-6 6.90 55 0.40 1⁄16 5.98
-6 6.90 56 0.43 1⁄16 5.92
-8 9.05 350 0.25 1⁄16 8.43
-8 9.05 50 0.27 1⁄16 8.39
-8 9.05 51 0.30 1⁄16 8.33
-8 9.05 52 0.33 1⁄16 8.27
-8 9.05 53 0.36 1⁄16 8.21
-8 9.05 54 0.39 1⁄16 8.15
-8 9.05 55 0.42 1⁄16 8.09
-8 9.05 56 0.45 1⁄16 8.03
-10 11.10 350 0.26 1⁄16 10.46
-10 11.10 50 0.29 1⁄16 10.40
-10 11.10 51 0.32 1⁄16 10.34
-10 11.10 52 0.35 1⁄16 10.28
-10 11.10 53 0.38 1⁄16 10.22
-10 11.10 54 0.41 1⁄16 10.16
-10 11.10 55 0.44 1⁄16 10.10
-10 11.10 56 0.47 1⁄16 10.04
-12 13.20 350 0.28 1⁄16 12.52
-12 13.20 50 0.31 1⁄16 12.46
-12 13.20 51 0.34 1⁄16 12.40
-12 13.20 52 0.37 1⁄16 12.34
-12 13.20 53 0.40 1⁄16 12.28
-12 13.20 54 0.43 1⁄16 12.22
-12 13.20 55 0.46 1⁄16 12.16
-12 13.20 56 0.49 1⁄16 12.10
-14 15.30 250 0.28 3⁄32 14.55
-14 15.30 300 0.30 3⁄32 14.51
-14 15.30 350 0.31 3⁄32 14.49
-14 15.30 50 0.33 3⁄32 14.45
-14 15.30 51 0.36 3⁄32 14.39
-14 15.30 52 0.39 3⁄32 14.33
-14 15.30 53 0.42 3⁄32 14.27
-13–332 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table A.10.1.6 Continued
-Pipe Size
-(in.)
-OD
-(in.)
-Pressure
-Class
-Thickness
-Class
-Wall
-Thickness
-Minimum Lining
-Thickness*
-ID (in.)
-with Lining
-14 15.30 54 0.45 3⁄32 14.21
-14 15.30 55 0.48 3⁄32 14.15
-14 15.30 56 0.51 3⁄32 14.09
-16 17.40 250 0.30 3⁄32 16.61
-16 17.40 300 0.32 3⁄32 16.57
-16 17.40 350 0.34 3⁄32 16.53
-16 17.40 50 0.34 3⁄32 16.53
-16 17.40 51 0.37 3⁄32 16.47
-16 17.40 52 0.40 3⁄32 16.41
-16 17.40 53 0.43 3⁄32 16.35
-16 17.40 54 0.46 3⁄32 16.29
-16 17.40 55 0.49 3⁄32 16.23
-16 17.40 56 0.52 3⁄32 16.17
-18 19.50 250 0.31 3⁄32 18.69
-18 19.50 300 0.34 3⁄32 18.63
-18 19.50 350 0.36 3⁄32 18.59
-18 19.50 50 0.35 3⁄32 18.61
-18 19.50 51 0.35 3⁄32 18.61
-18 19.50 52 0.41 3⁄32 18.49
-18 19.50 53 0.44 3⁄32 18.43
-18 19.50 54 0.47 3⁄32 18.37
-18 19.50 55 0.50 3⁄32 18.31
-18 19.50 56 0.53 3⁄32 18.25
-20 21.60 250 0.33 3⁄32 20.75
-20 21.60 300 0.36 3⁄32 20.69
-20 21.60 350 0.38 3⁄32 20.65
-20 21.60 50 0.36 3⁄32 20.69
-20 21.60 51 0.39 3⁄32 20.63
-20 21.60 52 0.42 3⁄32 20.57
-20 21.60 53 0.45 3⁄32 20.51
-20 21.60 54 0.48 3⁄32 20.45
-20 21.60 55 0.51 3⁄32 20.39
-20 21.60 56 0.54 3⁄32 20.33
-24 25.80 200 0.33 3⁄32 24.95
-24 25.80 250 0.37 3⁄32 24.87
-24 25.80 300 0.40 3⁄32 24.81
-24 25.80 350 0.43 3⁄32 24.75
-24 25.80 50 0.38 3⁄32 24.85
-24 25.80 51 0.41 3⁄32 24.79
-24 25.80 52 0.44 3⁄32 24.73
-24 25.80 53 0.47 3⁄32 24.67
-24 25.80 54 0.50 3⁄32 24.61
-24 25.80 55 0.53 3⁄32 24.55
-24 25.80 56 0.56 3⁄32 24.49
-ID: Internal diameter; OD: Outside diameter.
-*Note: This table is appropriate for single lining thickness only. The actual lining thickness should be
-obtained from the manufacturer. [24: Table A.10.1.6]
-13–333ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Except for the case of welded joints and approved special
-restrained joints, such as is provided by approved mechanical
-joint retainer glands or locked mechanical and push-on joints,
-the usual joints for underground pipe are expected to be held
-in place by the soil in which the pipe is buried. Gasketed
-push-on and mechanical joints without special locking devices
-have limited ability to resist separation due to movement of
-the pipe.
-[24: A.10.8.1.1]
-A.10.8.1.2 Solvent-cemented and heat-fused joints such as
-those used with CPVC piping and fittings are considered re-
-strained. They do not require thrust blocks. [24: A.10.8.1.2]
-A.10.8.2 Concrete thrust blocks are one of the methods of
-restraint now in use, provided that stable soil conditions pre-
-vail and space requirements permit placement. Successful
-blocking is dependent upon factors such as location, availabil-
-ity and placement of concrete, and possibility of disturbance
-by future excavations.
-Resistance is provided by transferring the thrust force to
-the soil through the larger bearing area of the block such that
-the resultant pressure against the soil does not exceed the
-horizontal bearing strength of the soil. The design of thrust
-blocks consists of determining the appropriate bearing area of
-the block for a particular set of conditions. The parameters
-involved in the design include pipe size, design pressure,
-angle of the bend (or configuration of the fitting involved),
-and the horizontal bearing strength of the soil.
-Table A.10.8.2(a) gives the nominal thrust at fittings for vari-
-ous sizes of ductile iron and PVC piping. Figure A.10.8.2(a)
-shows an example of how thrust forces act on a piping bend.
-Thrust blocks are generally categorized into two groups —
-bearing and gravity blocks. Figure A.10.8.2(b) depicts a typical
-bearing thrust block on a horizontal bend.
-The following are general criteria for bearing block design:
-(1) The bearing surface should, where possible, be placed
-against undisturbed soil.
-(2) Where it is not possible to place the bearing surface
-against undisturbed soil, the fill between the bearing sur-
-face and undisturbed soil must be compacted to at least
-90 percent Standard Proctor density.
-(3) Block height (h) should be equal to or less than one-half
-the total depth to the bottom of the block(Ht) but not less
-than the pipe diameter (D).
-(4) Block height (h) should be chosen such that the calcu-
-lated block width(b) varies between one and two times the
-height.
-B.C.
-Notes:
-1. For SI Units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.304 m.  
-2. Where frost penetration is a factor, the depth of cover shown averages 6 in. greater than that usually provided by the munic ipal waterworks. 
- Greater depth is needed because of the absence of flow in yard mains.
-ALB. SASK. MAN. ONT.
-WASH.
-IDA
-ORE.
-MONT.
-CAL.
-32¹⁄₂
-3¹⁄₂
-4
-UTAH
-NEV.
-4¹⁄₂ 5
-5¹⁄₂
-ARIZ.
-N. MEX.
-CO LO.
-WYO.
-NEB.
-KAN.
-OKLA ARK.
-TENN.
-MISS. ALA. GA.
-S.C.
-N.C.
-KY.
-W.VA.
-VA.
-3
-4
-5
-3
-LA.
-FLA.
-TEXAS
-2¹⁄₂
-3¹⁄₂
-4¹⁄₂
-MO.
-ILL.
-IND. OHIO
-PA.
-4
-3¹⁄₂
-MD. DEL.
-N.J.
-R.I.
-MASS.
-N.Y. CONN.
-N.H.
-ME.
-VT.
-6
-7
-N.B.
-4¹⁄₂
-5
-5¹⁄₂
-6¹⁄₂
-MICH.
-WIS.MINN.
-5¹⁄₂
-6
-6¹⁄₂
-7
-IOWA
-S.D.
-N.D.
-8
-7¹⁄₂
-7
-6¹⁄₂
-7¹⁄₂
-8
-6¹⁄₂7
-76¹⁄₂6
-7¹⁄₂
-8
-2¹⁄₂
-QUE.
-Scale in miles
-0 50 150100 200
-FIGURE A.10.4.1 Recommended Depth of Cover (in feet) Above Top of Underground Yard Mains. [24:Figure A.10.4.1]
-13–334 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-(5) Gravity thrust blocks can be used to resist thrust at vertical
-down bends. In a gravity thrust block, the weight of the block
-is the force providing equilibrium with the thrust force. The
-design problem is then to calculate the required volume of
-the thrust block of a known density. The vertical component
-of the thrust force in Figure A.10.8.2(c) is balanced by the
-weight of the block. For required horizontal bearing block
-areas, see Table A.10.8.2(b).
-The required block area (Ab) is as follows:
-Ah b
-TS
-S
-b
-f
-b
-= () () = ()
-where:
-Ab = required block area (ft 2)
-h = block height (ft)
-b = calculated block width (ft)
-T = thrust force (lbf)
-Sf = safety factor (usually 1.5)
-Sb = bearing strength (lb/ft 2)
-Then, for a horizontal bend, the following formula is used:
-b
-SP A
-hS
-f
-b
-=
-() () ()
-() ()
-2 2sin θ
-where:
-b = calculated block width (ft)
-Sf = safety factor (usually 1.5 for thrust block design)
-P = water pressure (lb/in. 2)
-A = cross-sectional area of the pipe based on outside
-diameter
-h = block height (ft)
-Sb = horizontal bearing strength of the soil (lb/ft 2)
-(in.2)
-A similar approach can be used to design bearing blocks to
-resist the thrust forces at locations such as tees and dead ends.
-Typical values for conservative horizontal bearing strengths of
-various soil types are listed in Table A.10.8.2(c).
-Regina
-Prince
-Albert The Pas
-Sioux Lookout
-Winnipeg
-Williston
-Fargo
-Bismark
-Port Arthur
-Kapuskasing
-Duluth
-Aberdeen
-Minneapolis
-Pierre
-Sioux Falls
-Sioux City
-Ludington
-Green Bay
-Sault St. Marie
-Des Moines
-Milwaukee
-Marquette
-Detroit
-Fort
-Wayne
-Chicago
-Moline
-Cleveland
-Indianapolis
-Columbus
-Springfield
-Keokuk
-St. Louis
-Kansas City
-Topeka
-Wichita
-Joplin
-Springfield
-North Platte
-Cheyenne
-Pueblo
-Denver
-Memphis Chattanooga
-Louisville Charleston
-Wythville
-Nashville
-Fort Smith
-Oklahoma
-City
-Little Rock
-Dallas
-Shreveport
-Jackson
-Birmingham
-Montgomery
-Mobile
-Atlanta
-New Orleans
-Knoxville
-Savannah
-Charleston
-Norfolk
-Columbia
-Jacksonville
-Richmond
-Raleigh
-Wilmington
-Miami
-Tampa
-25∞
-20∞
-35∞
-30∞
-40∞
-50∞
-30∞ 15∞
-10∞
-5∞
-0∞
-–5∞
--10∞
--20∞
--25∞
--35∞ -30∞
--40∞
--15∞-10∞
--30∞
-Montreal
-Huntsville
-Haileybury
-Arvida
-Quebec
-Lennoxville
-Chatham Charlottetown
-Amherst
-St. John
-Halifax
-Sydney
-Saranac Lake
-Ottawa Montpelier
-Bangor
-GULF OF
-ST.LAWRENCE
-A T LA N T I C
-NEWFOUNDLAND
-Gander St. Johns
-Buchans
-Port aux
-Basques
--10∞ -5∞HUDSON
-BAY
--30∞
--35∞
--15∞-25∞ -20∞
-Walkerton
--10∞ Albany
-Buffalo Hartford
-Pittsburgh Harrisburg
-Philadelphia
-Baltimore
-Toronto
-London
-New York
-Washington
-Ashville
-GULFO F MEXICO A
-T
-L
-A
-NT
-I
-C
-O
-CE
-A
-N
--15∞
--10∞
--5∞
-0∞
-5∞
-15∞20∞
-10∞
-30∞
-25∞
-30∞35∞
-40∞
--35∞
--35∞
--25∞
--20∞
-Amarillo
-San Antonio Houston
-Santa FeGrand Canyon30∞
-Phoenix
-Tucson
-San Diego
-Fresno
-Sheridan
-Lander
-Pocatello
-Boise
-Reno
-San Francisco
-35∞
-40∞
-30∞
-Los Angeles
-Havre
-Salt Lake
-City
-Helena
-Billings
-Portland
-Baker
-Spokane
-30∞
-Seattle
-Clayoquot
-Kamloops Calgary
-Nelson
-Cranbrook Medicine Hat
-VancouverVictoria
-25∞
-20∞
-5∞ 0∞
--15∞
--25∞ -30∞ -40∞
--45∞
-0∞-10∞-20∞-30∞
--45∞-40∞
--5∞-10∞ -20∞
-Edmonton
-Saskatoon
-Prince
-George
-Prince Rupert
-55∞
-50∞
-45∞
-40∞
-35∞
-30∞
-25∞
-105∞
-ISOTHERMAL LINES
-Compiled from U.S. Department of Commerce
-Environmental Data Service and Canadian
-Atmospheric Environment Service.
-KEY:
-Lowest One-Day Mean Temperatures
-Normal Daily Minimum 30∞F Temperature
-JANUARY
-100∞ 95∞ 90∞ 85∞ 80∞ 75∞
-Tr. No 69-2990
-25∞
-30∞
-35∞
-40∞
-45∞
-50∞
-55∞
-65∞85∞90∞95∞100∞105∞
-PA
-CI
-FIC
-OCE
-AN
-D  O  M  I  N  I  O  N            O  F          C  A  N  A  D  A
-110∞115∞120∞125∞
-International
-Falls
-El Paso
-Cincinnatti
-45∞
--20∞
-Source: Compiled from United States Weather Bureau records.
-For SI units, ∞C = ⁵⁄₉ (∞F  – 32); 1 mi = 1.609 km.
-FIGURE A.10.5.1 Isothermal Lines — Lowest One-Day Mean Temperature (°F). [24:Figure A.10.5.1]
-13–335ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-In lieu of the values for soil bearing strength shown in
-Table A.10.8.2(c), a designer might choose to use calculated
-Rankine passive pressure (Pp) or other determination of soil-
-bearing strength based on actual soil properties.
-It can be easily be shown that Ty = PA sin θ. The required
-volume of the block is as follows:
-V SP A
-W
-g
-f
-m
-= sinθ
-where:
-Vg = block volume (ft 3)
-Sf = safety factor
-P = water pressure (psi)
-A = cross-sectional area of the pipe interior
-Wm = density of the block material (lb/ft 3)
-In a case such as the one shown, the horizontal component
-of thrust force is calculated as follows:
-TP Ax =− ()1c o s  θ
-where:
-Tx = horizontal component of the thrust force
-P = water pressure
-A = cross-sectional area of the pipe interior
-The horizontal component of thrust force must be resisted
-by the bearing of the right side of the block against the soil.
-Analysis of this aspect follows the same principles as the previ-
-ous section on bearing blocks.
-[24: A.10.8.2]
-A.10.8.3 A method for providing thrust restraint is the use of
-restrained joints. A restrained joint is a special type of joint
-that is designed to provide longitudinal restraint. Restrained
-joint systems function in a manner similar to thrust blocks,
-insofar as the reaction of the entire restrained unit of piping
-with the soil balances the thrust forces.
-The objective in designing a restrained joint thrust re-
-straint system is to determine the length of pipe that must be
-restrained on each side of the focus of the thrust force. This
-will be a function of the pipe size, the internal pressure, the
-depth of cover, and the characteristics of the solid surround-
-ing the pipe.
-The following documents apply to the design, calculation,
-and determination of restrained joint systems:
-(1) Thrust Restraint Design for Ductile Iron Pipe , Ductile Iron
-Pipe Research Association
-(2) AWWA M41, Ductile Iron Pipe and Fittings
-(3) AWWA M9, Concrete Pressure Pipe
-(4) AWWA M11, Steel Pipe — A Guide for Design and Installation
-(5) Thrust Restraint Design Equations and Tables for Ductile Iron
-and PVC Pipe, EBAA Iron, Inc.
-Figure A.10.8.3 shows an example of a typical connection
-to a fire protection system riser utilizing restrained joint pipe.
-[24: A.10.8.3]
-System riser
-Ductile iron flange
-and spigot piece
-Joint restraint
-10 ft max.
-Acceptable pipe material
-Sidewalk
-FIGURE A.10.6.3.1 Riser Entrance Location. [24:Figure A.10.6.3.1]
-System riser
-Ductile iron flange
-and spigot piece
-Joint restraintNo
-fittings
-Acceptable pipe material
-FIGURE A.10.6.4 Pipe Joint Location in Relation to Founda-
-tion Footings. [24:Figure A.10.6.4]
-13–336 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-System riser
-Ductile iron flange
-and spigot piece
-Joint restraint
-12 in. min.
-Acceptable pipe material
-Sidewalk
-FIGURE A.10.6.5 Piping Clearance from Foundation. [24: Figure A.10.6.5]
-Table A.10.8.2(a) Thrust at Fittings at 100 psi (6.9 bar) Water Pressure for Ductile Iron and PVC Pipe
-Nominal
-Pipe
-Diameter
-(in.)
-Total Pounds
-Dead End
-90 Degree
-Bend
-45 Degree
-Bend
-221⁄2 Degree
-Bend
-111⁄4 Degree
-Bend
-51⁄8 Degree
-Bend
-4 1,810 2,559 1,385 706 355 162
-6 3,739 5,288 2,862 1,459 733 334
-8 6,433 9,097 4,923 2,510 1,261 575
-10 9,677 13,685 7,406 3,776 1,897 865
-12 13,685 19,353 10,474 5,340 2,683 1,224
-14 18,385 26,001 14,072 7,174 3,604 1,644
-16 23,779 33,628 18,199 9,278 4,661 2,126
-18 29,865 42,235 22,858 11,653 5,855 2,670
-20 36,644 51,822 28,046 14,298 7,183 3,277
-24 52,279 73,934 40,013 20,398 10,249 4,675
-30 80,425 113,738 61,554 31,380 15,766 7,191
-36 115,209 162,931 88,177 44,952 22,585 10,302
-42 155,528 219,950 119,036 60,684 30,489 13,907
-48 202,683 286,637 155,127 79,083 39,733 18,124
-Notes:
-(1) For SI units, 1 lb = 0.454 kg; 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-(2) To determine thrust at pressure other than 100 psi (6.9 bar), multiply the thrust obtained in the table by
-the ratio of the pressure to 100 psi (6.9 bar). For example, the thrust on a 12 in., 90 degree bend at 125 psi
-(8.6 bar) is 19,353 × 125/100 = 24,191 lb (10,973 kg).
-[24: Table A.10.8.2(a)]
-13–337ANNEX A
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-A.10.8.3.5 Examples of materials and the standards covering
-these materials are as follows:
-(1) Clamps, steel (see discussion on steel in the following paragraph)
-(2) Rods, steel (see discussion on steel in the following paragraph)
-(3) Bolts, steel (ASTM A 307, Standard Specification for Carbon
-Steel Bolts and Studs)
-(4) Washers, steel (see discussion on steel in the following para-
-graph); cast iron (Class A cast iron as defined by ASTM A
-126, Standard Specification for Gray Iron Casting for Valves,
-Flanges and Pipe Fittings)
-(5) Anchor straps and plug straps, steel (see discussion on steel
-in the following paragraph)
-(6) Rod couplings or turnbuckles, malleable iron (ASTM A
-197, Standard Specification for Cupola Malleable Iron)
-Steel of modified range merchant quality as defined in U.S.
-Federal Standard No. 66C, Standard for Steel Chemical Composi-
-tion and Harden Ability , April 18, 1967, change notice No. 2,
-April 16, 1970, as promulgated by the U.S. Federal Govern-
-ment General Services Administration.
-The materials specified in A.10.8.3.5(1) through (6) do not
-preclude the use of other materials that will also satisfy the
-requirements of this section.
-[24: A.10.8.3.5]
-A.10.10.2.1 Underground mains and lead-in connections to
-system risers should be flushed through hydrants at dead ends of
-the system or through accessible aboveground flushing outlets
-allowing the water to run until clear. Figure A.10.10.2.1 shows
-acceptable examples of flushing the system. If water is supplied
-from more than one source or from a looped system, divisional
-valves should be closed to produce a high-velocity flow through
-each single line. The flows specified in Table 10.10.2.1.3 will pro-
-duce a velocity of at least 10 ft/sec (3 m/sec), which is necessary
-for cleaning the pipe and for lifting foreign material to an above-
-ground flushing outlet. [24:A.10.10.2.1]
-Table A.10.8.2(b) Required Horizontal Bearing Block Area
-Nominal Pipe
-Diameter
-(in.)
-Bearing Block
-Area
-(ft2)
-Nominal Pipe
-Diameter
-(in.)
-Bearing
-Block Area
-(ft2)
-Nominal Pipe
-Diameter
-(in.)
-Bearing Block
-Area (ft2)
-3 2.6 12 29.0 24 110.9
-4 3.8 14 39.0 30 170.6
-6 7.9 16 50.4 36 244.4
-8 13.6 18 63.3 42 329.9
-10 20.5 20 77.7 48 430.0
-Notes:
-(1) Although the bearing strength values in this table have been used successfully in the design of thrust
-blocks and are considered to be conservative, their accuracy is totally dependent on the accurate soil identi-
-fication and evaluation. The ultimate responsibility for selecting the proper bearing strength of a particular
-soil type must rest with the design engineer.
-(2) Values listed are based on a 90 degree horizontal bend, an internal pressure of 100 psi, a soil horizontal
-bearing strength of 1,000 lb/ft2, a safety factor of 1.5, and ductile-iron pipe outside diameters.
-(a) For other horizontal bends, multiply by the following coefficients: for 45 degree: 0.541; for 221⁄2 degree:
-0.276; for 111⁄4 degree: 0.139.
-(b) For other internal pressures, multiply by ratio to 100 psi.
-(c) For other soil horizontal bearing strengths, divide by ratio to 1,000 lb/ft2.
-(d) For other safety factors, multiply by ratio to 1.5.
-Example. Using Table A.10.8.2(b), find the horizontal bearing block area for a 6 in. diameter, 45-degree bend
-with an internal pressure of 150 psi. The soil bearing strength is 3000 lb/ft2, and the safety factor is 1.5.
-From Table A.10.8.2(b), the required bearing block area for a 6 in. diameter, 90-degree bend with an internal
-pressure of 100 psi and a soil horizontal bearing strength of 1000 psi is 7.9 ft2.
-For example:
-Area = = 2.1
-79 05 4 1 150
-100
-3000
-1000
-2
-2
-..  ft
- ft
-()
-[24: Table A.10.8.2(b)]
-Table A.10.8.2(c) Horizontal Bearing Strengths
-Bearing Strength, Sb
-Soil lb/ft 2 kN/m2
-Muck 0 0
-Soft clay 1000 47.9
-Silt 1500 71.8
-Sandy silt 3000 143.6
-Sand 4000 191.5
-Sandy clay 6000 287.3
-Hard clay 9000 430.9
-Note: Although the bearing strength values in this table have been
-used successfully in the design of thrust blocks and are considered to
-be conservative, their accuracy is totally dependent on accurate soil
-identification and evaluation. The ultimate responsibility for selecting
-the proper bearing strength of a particular soil type must rest with the
-design engineer.
-[24: Table A.10.8.2(c)]
-13–338 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-
-A = 36p(D ¢)2
-D ¢ = Outside
-  diameter of 
-  pipe (ft)
-D = (90 - q )
-PA
-V
-Y PA
-V
-X
-q
-Ty T
-D
-Y
-Tx = PA (1 - cos q)
-Ty = PA sin q
-T = 2 PA sin q
-X
-T  = Thrust force resulting from change in direction of flow (lbf)
-Tx = Component of the thrust force acting parallel to the original   
-         direction of flow (lbf)
-Ty = Component of the thrust force acting perpendicular to the  
-         original direction of flow (lbf)
-P = Water pressure (psi 2)
-A = Cross-sectional area of the pipe based on outside diameter (in. 2)
-V = Velocity in direction of flow
-Tx
-2
-2
-FIGURE A.10.8.2(a) Thrust Forces Acting on a Bend. [24:Fig-
-ure A.10.8.2(a)]
-Undisturbed soil b
-Sb
-Bearing pressure
-Sb
-θ
-45°
-45°
-Sb
-Sb
-Ht
-h
- T  = thrust force resulting from the change in direction of flow
- Sb = horizontal bearing strength of the soil
- h    = block height
-Ht   = total depth to bottom of block
-T
-FIGURE A.10.8.2(b) Bearing Thrust Block. [24:Figure A.10.8.2(b)]
-Ty T
-Tx
-θ
-Horizontal 
-plane
-Sb
-Sb
- T Thrust force resulting from the change of direction of flow
- Tx Horizontal component of the thrust force
- Ty Vertical component of the thrust force
- Sb Horizontal bearing strength of the soil
-FIGURE A.10.8.2(c) Gravity Thrust Block. [24:Figure
-A.10.8.2(c)]
-13–339ANNEX A
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-A.10.10.2.1.3(2) The velocity of approximately 10 ft/sec
-(3.1 m/sec) was used to develop Table 10.10.2.1.3 because this
-velocity has been shown to be sufficient for moving obstructive
-material out of the pipes. It is not important that the velocity
-equal exactly 10 ft/sec (3.1 m/sec), so there is no reason to
-increase the flow during the test for slightly different internal
-pipe dimensions. Note that where underground pipe serves as
-suction pipe for a fire pump, NFPA 20 requires greater flows
-for flushing the pipe. [24: A.10.10.2.1.3(2)]
-A.10.10.2.2.1 A sprinkler system has for its water supply a con-
-nection to a public water service main. A 100 psi (6.9 bar) rated
-pump is installed in the connection. With a maximum normal
-public water supply of 70 psi (4.8 bar) at the low elevation point
-of the individual system or portion of the system being tested and
-a 120 psi (8.3 bar) pump (churn) pressure, the hydrostatic test
-pressure is 70 psi + 120 psi + 50 psi, or 240 psi (16.5 bar).
-To reduce the possibility of serious water damage in case of a
-break, pressure can be maintained by a small pump, the main
-controlling gate meanwhile being kept shut during the test.
-Polybutylene pipe will undergo expansion during initial
-pressurization. In this case, a reduction in gauge pressure
-might not necessarily indicate a leak. The pressure reduction
-should not exceed the manufacturer’s specifications and list-
-ing criteria.
-When systems having rigid thermoplastic piping such as
-CPVC are pressure tested, the sprinkler system should be filled
-with water. The air should be bled from the highest and far-
-thest sprinklers. Compressed air or compressed gas should
-never be used to test systems with rigid thermoplastic pipe.
-A recommended test procedure is as follows: The water
-pressure is to be increased in 50 psi (3.4 bar) increments until
-the test pressure described in 10.10.2.2.1 is attained. After
-each increase in pressure, observations are to be made of the
-stability of the joints. These observations are to include such
-items as protrusion or extrusion of the gasket, leakage, or
-other factors likely to affect the continued use of a pipe in
-service. During the test, the pressure is not to be increased by
-the next increment until the joint has become stable. This
-applies particularly to movement of the gasket. After the pres-
-sure has been increased to the required maximum value and
-held for 1 hour, the pressure is to be decreased to 0 psi while
-observations are made for leakage. The pressure is again to be
-slowly increased to the value specified in 10.10.2.2.1 and held
-for 1 more hour while observations are made for leakage and
-the leakage measurement is made.
-[24: A.10.10.2.2.1]
-A.10.10.2.2.4 Hydrostatic tests should be made before the
-joints are covered, so that any leaks can be detected. Thrust
-blocks should be sufficiently hardened before hydrostatic testing
-is begun. If the joints are covered with backfill prior to testing, the
-contractor remains responsible for locating and correcting any
-leakage in excess of that permitted. [24:A.10.10.2.2.4]
-A.10.10.2.2.6 One acceptable means of completing this test is
-to utilize a pressure pump that draws its water supply from a
-full container. At the completion of the 2-hour test, the
-amount of water to refill the container can be measured to
-determine the amount of makeup water. To minimize pres-
-sure loss, the piping should be flushed to remove any trapped
-air. Additionally, the piping should be pressurized for 1 day
-prior to the hydrostatic test to account for expansion, absorp-
-tion, entrapped air, and so on.
-The use of a blind flange or skillet is preferred for use when
-hydrostatically testing segments of new work. Metal-seated
-System riser
-Ductile iron flange
-and spigot piece
-Ductile iron bell
-and spigot pipe
-Restrained joint
-Restrained joints
-Fire service main
-FIGURE A.10.8.3 T ypical Connection to a Fire Protection Sys-
-tem Riser Illustrating Restrained Joints. [24:Figure A.10.8.3]
-4 in. (102 mm) steel pipe
-Cast iron flanged spigot
-pipe from underground
-2¹⁄₂ in. (64 mm) hose
-Water to flow
- through open hose
-Employing horizontal run of 4 in. (102 mm) pipe and
-reducing fitting near base of riser
-Fire department
-check valveInstall a plug or  
-a nipple and cap
-and flush  
-underground 
-before overhead 
-piping is 
-connected
-Remove clapper
-during flushing
-operation
-Alarm 
-valve
-4 in. 
-(102 mm) 
-pipe
-2¹⁄₂ in.
-(64 mm) hose
-Fire 
-department
-check 
-valve
-4 in.  
-(102 mm) 
-pipe
-Remove clapper dur-
-ing flushing operation
-Water can be
-discharged through
-open end of 4 in. 
-(102 mm) pipe or 
-through Y or Siamese 
-connection with hose 
-as shown above
-Employing fire department connections
-Water can be discharged 
-through open end of 4 in. 
-(102 mm) pipe or through 
-Y or Siamese connection 
-with hose as shown
-Install a plug or 
-a nipple and cap
-and flush 
-underground 
-before overhead
-piping is
-connected
-Wye or Siamese connection
-with clappers removed
-Grade
-From underground
-Approved 
-indicating
-valve
-Approved 
-indicating
-valve
-Grade
-From underground
-Reducing ell 6 in. × 4 in. (152 mm × 
-102 mm) or 8 in. × 4 in. 
-(203 mm × 102 mm)
-FIGURE A.10.10.2.1 Methods of Flushing Water Supply Con-
-nections. [24:Figure A.10.10.2.1]
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-valves are susceptible to developing slight imperfections dur-
-ing transport, installation, and operation and thus can be
-likely to leak more than 1 fl oz/in. (1.2 mL/mm) of valve
-diameter per hour. For this reason, the blind flange should be
-used when hydrostatically testing.
-[24: A.10.10.2.2.6]
-A.11.1.2 The situation frequently arises where a small area of
-a higher hazard is surrounded by a lesser hazard. For example,
-consider a 600 ft2 (55.7 m2) area consisting of 10 ft (3.05 m)
-high on-floor storage of cartoned unexpanded plastic com-
-modities surrounded by a plastic extruding operation in a 15 ft
-(4.57 m) high building. In accordance with Chapter 12, the
-density required for the plastic storage must meet the require-
-ments for extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies. The plastic ex-
-truding operation should be considered an ordinary hazard
-(Group 2) occupancy. In accordance with Chapter 11, the corre-
-sponding discharge densities should be 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/
-min) over 2500 ft2 (232 m2) for the storage and 0.2 gpm/ft 2
-(8.1 mm/min) over 1500 ft2 (139 m2) for the remainder of the
-area. (Also see Chapter 11 for the required minimum areas of operation.)
-If the storage area is not separated from the surrounding
-area by a wall or partition(see 11.1.2), the size of the operating
-area is determined by the higher hazard storage.
-For example, the operating area is 2500 ft 2 (232 m2). The
-system must be able to provide the 0.3 gpm/ft 2 (12.2 mm/
-min) density over the storage area and 15 ft (4.57 m) beyond.
-If part of the remote area is outside the 600 ft2 (55.7 m2) plus
-the 15 ft (4.57 m) overlap, only 0.2 gpm/ft2 (8.1 mm/min) is
-needed for that portion.
-If the storage is separated from the surrounding area by a
-floor-to-ceiling/roof partition that is capable of preventing
-heat from a fire on one side from fusing sprinklers on the
-other side, the size of the operating area is determined by the
-occupancy of the surrounding area. In this example, the de-
-sign area is 1500 ft2 (139 m2). A 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/min)
-density is needed within the separated area with 0.2 gpm/ft 2
-(8.1 mm/min) in the remainder of the remote area.
-When the small higher hazard area is larger than the re-
-quired minimum area dictated by the surrounding occupancy,
-even when separated by partitions capable of stopping heat,
-the size of the operating area is determined by the higher
-hazard storage.
-A.11.1.4.1 See A.4.3.
-A.11.1.4.2 Appropriate area/density, other design criteria,
-and water supply requirements should be based on scientifi-
-cally based engineering analyses that can include submitted
-fire testing, calculations, or results from appropriate computa-
-tional models.
-Recommended water supplies anticipate successful sprin-
-kler operation. Because of the small but still significant num-
-ber of uncontrolled fires in sprinklered properties, which
-have various causes, there should be an adequate water supply
-available for fire department use.
-The hose stream demand required by this standard is in-
-tended to provide the fire department with the extra flow they
-need to conduct mop-up operations and final extinguishment
-of a fire at a sprinklered property. This is not the fire depart-
-ment manual fire flow, which is determined by other codes or
-standards. However, it is not the intent of this standard to
-require that the sprinkler demand be added to the manual
-fire flow demand required by other codes and standards.
-While the other codes and standards can factor in the pres-
-ence of a sprinkler system in the determination of the manual
-fire flow requirement, the sprinkler system water demand and
-manual fire flow demand are intended to be separate stand-
-alone calculations. NFPA 1 emphasizes this fact by the state-
-ment in A.18.4.1 that “It is not the intent to add the minimum
-fire protection water supplies, such as for a sprinkler system, to
-the minimum fire flow for manual fire suppression purposes
-required by this section.”
-A.11.1.5.2 Where tanks serve sprinklers only, they can be
-sized to provide the duration required for the sprinkler sys-
-tem, ignoring any hose stream demands. Where tanks serve
-some combination of sprinklers, inside hose stations, outside
-hose stations, or domestic/process use, the tank needs to be
-capable of providing the duration for the equipment that is
-fed from the tank, but the demands of equipment not con-
-nected to the tank can be ignored. Where a tank is used for
-both domestic/process water and fire protection, the entire
-duration demand of the domestic/process water does not
-need to be included in the tank if provisions are made to seg-
-regate the tank so that adequate fire protection water is always
-present or if provisions are made to automatically cut off the
-simultaneous use in the event of fire.
-A.11.1.5.3 Where pumps serve sprinklers only, they can be sized
-to provide the flow required for the sprinkler system, ignoring
-any hose stream demands. Where pumps serve some combina-
-tion of sprinklers, inside hose stations, or outside hose stations,
-the pump needs to be capable of providing the flow for the
-equipment that is fed from the pump, but the demands of equip-
-ment not connected to the pump can be ignored except for
-evaluating their impact on the available water supply to the
-pump.
-A.11.1.6.1(3) When a light hazard occupancy, such as a school,
-contains separate ordinary hazard rooms no more than 400 ft2
-(37.2 m2), the hose stream allowance and water supply duration
-would be that required for a light hazard occupancy.
-A.11.1.6.2 When the hose demand is provided by a separate
-water supply, the sprinkler calculation does not include the
-outside hose demand.
-A.11.1.6.4 For fully sprinklered buildings, if hose valves or sta-
-tions are provided on a combination sprinkler riser and stand-
-pipe for fire department use in accordance with NFPA 14, the
-hydraulic calculation for the sprinkler system is not required to
-include the standpipe allowance.
-A.11.1.7 A series of 10 full-scale fire tests and limited-scale
-testing were conducted to determine the impact of HVLS fan
-operation on the performance of sprinkler systems. The
-project, sponsored by the Property Insurance Research Group
-(PIRG) and other industry groups, was coordinated by the
-Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF). The complete
-test report, High Volume/Low Speed Fan and Sprinkler Operation
-— Ph. 2 Final Report (2011) , is available from the FPRF. Both
-control mode density area and early suppression fast response
-sprinklers were tested. Successful results were obtained when
-the HVLS fan was shut down upon the activation of the first
-sprinkler followed by a 90-second delay. Other methods of fan
-shutdown were also tested including shutdown by activation of
-air sampling–type detection and ionization-type smoke detec-
-tors. Earlier fan shutdown resulted in less commodity damage.
-A.11.2.1.1 This approach is based on a general occupancy clas-
-sification applied to the building or a portion of the building.
-13–341ANNEX A
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.11.2.2.6 The additional pressure that is needed at the level of
-the water supply to account for sprinkler elevation is 0.433 psi/ft
-(0.098 bar/m) of elevation above the water supply.
-A.11.2.3.1.4(1) The area of sprinkler operation typically en-
-compasses enough of the floor area to make-up the minimum
-allowed size of the remote area up to the entire area of a single
-floor of the building.
-A.11.2.3.1.4(3) This section is included to compensate for
-possible delay in operation of sprinklers from fires in combus-
-tible concealed spaces found in wood frame, brick veneer, and
-ordinary construction.
-In order for the minimum 3000 ft 2 (279 m2) requirement
-for the size of the remote area to not be extended to the adja-
-cent area, the qualifying concealed space must be separated by
-the entire fire-rated assembly. Such assemblies often have
-combustible structural members separating the exterior mem-
-branes that can create a concealed combustible space that can
-qualify for omitting sprinkler protection. If the fire-rated as-
-sembly is the qualifying concealed space, an interior fire
-would greatly reduce the assigned fire-rated duration.
-A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(d) Composite wood joists are not considered
-solid wood joists for the purposes of this section. Their web
-members are too thin and easily penetrated to adequately
-compartment a fire in an unsprinklered space. Application of
-this item is not affected by the depth of the joist channel ex-
-cept in determining the volume. The concealed space above
-the insulation can be an attic, roof space, or floor space within
-a floor assembly.
-A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(j) The gypsum board (or equivalent mate-
-rial) used as the firestopping will compartment the concealed
-space and restrict the ability for fire to spread beyond 160 ft 3
-(4.5 m3) zones covering multiple joist channels.
-A.11.2.3.2.5 Where extended coverage sprinklers are used
-and the design area (after appropriate increases) is satisfied by
-five sprinklers, no additional increase is required. With regard
-to preaction systems, the discharge criteria of Chapter 11 are
-written based upon the assumption that the release system will
-activate before the sprinkler system. It is generally accepted
-that smoke detectors and rate-of-rise detectors are more sensi-
-tive than sprinklers and that fixed-temperature release devices
-with RTIs lower than sprinklers will react faster than sprinklers
-at similar spacings and locations.
-A.11.2.3.2.7 Example 1. A dry pipe sprinkler system (OH2) in a
-building with a ceiling slope exceeding 2 in 12 in. (16.6 percent
-slope). The initial area must be increased 30 percent for the dry
-pipe system and the resulting area an additional 30 percent for
-the roof slope. If the point 0.2 gpm/ft 2 (8.1 mm/min) over
-1500 ft2 (139 m2) is chosen from Figure 11.2.3.1.1, the 1500 ft2
-(139 m2) area is increased 450 ft2 (42 m2) to 1950 ft2 (181 m2),
-which is then further increased 585 ft2 (54 m2). The final dis-
-charge criterion is then 0.2 gpm/ft2 (8.1 mm/min) over 2535 ft2
-(236 m2).
-Example 2. A wet pipe sprinkler system (light hazard) in a
-building with a 16 ft 8 in. (5.1 m) ceiling and a slope ex-
-ceeding 2 in 12 in. (16.6 percent slope) employs quick-
-response sprinklers qualifying for a 30 percent reduction as
-permitted by 11.2.3.2.3. The initial area must be increased
-30 percent for the ceiling slope and the resulting area de-
-creased 30 percent for quick-response sprinklers. It does
-not matter whether the reduction is applied first. If a dis-
-charge density of 0.1 gpm/ft 2 (4.1 mm/min) over 1500 ft 2
-(139 m2) is chosen from Figure 11.2.3.1.1, the 1500 ft2 (139 m2)
-is increased 450 ft2 (42 m2), resulting in 1950 ft2 (181 m2), which
-is then decreased 585 ft2 (54 m2). The final design is 0.1 gpm/ft2
-(4.1 mm/min) over 1365 ft2 (126.8 m2).
-A.11.2.3.3.1 This subsection allows for calculation of the
-sprinklers in the largest room, so long as the calculation pro-
-duces the greatest hydraulic demand among selection of
-rooms and communicating spaces. For example, in a case
-where the largest room has four sprinklers and a smaller room
-has two sprinklers but communicates through unprotected
-openings with three other rooms, each having two sprinklers,
-the smaller room and group of communicating spaces should
-also be calculated.
-Corridors are rooms and should be considered as such.
-Walls can terminate at a substantial suspended ceiling and
-need not be extended to a rated floor slab above for this sec-
-tion to be applied.
-A.11.2.3.4.2 This section is intended to apply to all types of
-systems including dry pipe and preaction systems.
-A.11.3.1.1 In Figure A.11.3.1.1(a), calculate the area indicated
-by the heavy outline and X. The circle indicates sprinklers.
-The protection area for residential sprinklers with ex-
-tended coverage areas is defined in the listing of the sprinkler
-as a maximum square area for pendent sprinklers or a square
-or rectangular area. Listing information is presented in even
-2 ft (0.61 m) increments for residential sprinklers. When a
-sprinkler is selected for an application, its area of coverage
-must be equal to or greater than both the length and width of
-the hazard area. For example, if the hazard to be protected is a
-room 14 ft 6 in. (4.3 m) wide and 20 ft 8 in. (6.2 m) long, a
-sprinkler that is listed to protect an area of 16 ft × 22 ft (4.9 m
-× 6.8 m) must be selected. The flow used in the calculations is
-then selected as the flow required by the listing for the se-
-lected coverage. [See Figure A.11.3.1.1(b).]
-A.11.3.1.2 It should be noted that the provisions of Section 11.2
-do not normally apply to the residential sprinkler design ap-
-proach. The reference to 11.2.3.1.4(4) is merely to provide a con-
-sistent approach between the occupancy hazard fire control ap-
-proach and the residential sprinkler design approach with
-respect to unsprinklered combustible concealed spaces.
-A.11.3.1.2.1 In order for the minimum eight sprinkler re-
-quirement for the size of the remote area to not be extended
-to the adjacent area, the qualifying concealed space must be
-separated by the entire fire-rated assembly. Such assemblies
-often have combustible structural members separating the ex-
-terior membranes that can create a concealed combustible
-space that can qualify for omitting sprinkler protection. If the
-fire-rated assembly is the qualifying concealed space, an inte-
-rior fire would greatly reduce the assigned fire-rated duration.
-A.11.3.2.1 If the system is a deluge type, all the sprinklers
-need to be calculated even if they are located on different
-building faces.
-A.12.1.1.1 Sprinkler protection criteria are based on the as-
-sumption that roof vents and draft curtains are not being
-used. (See Section C.6.)
-A.12.1.1.3 Draft curtains have been shown to have a negative
-effect on sprinkler effectiveness. If they are mandated, extreme
-care needs to be taken to minimize any potential impacts.
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-
-A.12.1.3 The fire protection system design should consider
-the maximum storage height. For new sprinkler installations,
-maximum storage height is the usable height at which com-
-modities can be stored above the floor while the minimum
-required unobstructed space below sprinklers is maintained.
-Where evaluating existing situations, maximum storage
-height is the maximum existing storage height if space be-
-tween the sprinklers and storage is equal to or greater than
-that required.
-Building heights where baled cotton is stored should allow
-for proper clearance between the pile height and sprinkler
-deflectors. Fire tests of high-piled storage have shown that
-sprinklers are generally more effective if located 11⁄2 ft to 41⁄2 ft
-(0.45 m to 1.4 m) above the storage height.
-When the small higher hazard area is larger than the re-
-quired minimum area dictated by the surrounding occupancy,
-even when separated by partitions capable of stopping heat,
-the size of the operating area is determined by the higher
-hazard storage.
-A.12.1.3.4.1 Batt insulation creates an effective thermal bar-
-rier and can be considered the ceiling/roof deck when deter-
-mining the clearance to ceiling. The insulation needs to be
-installed in each pocket (not just above the sprinkler) and
-attached to the ceiling/roof in such a manner that it will not
-fall out during a fire prior to sprinkler activation.
-A.12.1.4 A series of 10 full-scale fire tests and limited-scale
-testing were conducted to determine the impact of HVLS fan
-operation on the performance of sprinkler systems. The
-project, sponsored by the Property Insurance Research Group
-(PIRG) and other industry groups, was coordinated by the
-Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF). The complete
-test report, High Volume/Low Speed Fan and Sprinkler Operation
-— Ph. 2 Final Report (2011) , is available from the FPRF. Both
-control mode density area and early suppression fast response
-sprinklers were tested. Successful results were obtained when
-the HVLS fan was shut down upon the activation of the first
-sprinkler followed by a 90-second delay. Other methods of fan
-shutdown were also tested including shutdown by activation of
-air sampling–type detection and ionization-type smoke detec-
-tors. Earlier fan shutdown resulted in less commodity damage.
-A.12.2 Authorities having jurisdiction have varying require-
-ments for plant first-aid and fire-fighting operations. Ex-
-amples include no hose stations, hose stations with hose line
-and nozzles, and hose stations with no hose line or nozzles.
-A.12.3 The situation frequently arises where a small area of a
-higher hazard is surrounded by a lesser hazard. For example,
-consider a 600 ft2 (55.7 m2) area consisting of 10 ft (3.05 m)
-high on-floor storage of cartoned unexpanded plastic com-
-modities surrounded by a plastic extruding operation in a 15 ft
-(4.57 m) high building. In accordance with Chapter 12, the
-density required for the plastic storage must meet the require-
-ments for extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies. The plastic
-extruding operation should be considered an ordinary hazard
-(Group 2) occupancy. In accordance with Chapter 11, the corre-
-sponding discharge densities should be 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/
-min) over 2500 ft2 (232 m2) for the storage and 0.2 gpm/ft 2
-(8.1 mm/min) over 1500 ft2 (139 m2) for the remainder of the
-area. (Also see Chapter 11 for the required minimum areas of operation.)
-If the storage area is not separated from the surrounding
-area by a wall or partition(see 11.1.2), the size of the operating
-area is determined by the higher hazard storage.
-(a)
-(b)
-(c)
-(d)
-FIGURE A.11.3.1.1(a) Examples of Design Area for Dwelling
-Units.
-20 ft 8 in.
-(6.3 m)
-16 ft (4.9 m)
-22 ft
-(6.7 m)
-14 ft 6 in.
-(4.4 m)
-FIGURE A.11.3.1.1(b) Determination of Protection Area of
-Coverage for Residential Sprinklers.
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-
-For example, the operating area is 2500 ft 2 (232 m2). The
-system must be able to provide the 0.3 gpm/ft 2 (12.2 mm/
-min) density over the storage area and 15 ft (4.57 m) beyond.
-If part of the remote area is outside the 600 ft2 (55.7 m2) plus
-the 15 ft (4.57 m) overlap, only 0.2 gpm/ft2 (8.1 mm/min) is
-needed for that portion.
-If the storage is separated from the surrounding area by a
-floor-to-ceiling/roof partition that is capable of preventing
-heat from a fire on one side from fusing sprinklers on the
-other side, the size of the operating area is determined by the
-occupancy of the surrounding area. In this example, the de-
-sign area is 1500 ft2 (139 m2). A 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/min)
-density is needed within the separated area with 0.2 gpm/ft 2
-(8.1 mm/min) in the remainder of the remote area.
-Where high temperature–rated sprinklers are installed at
-the ceiling, high temperature–rated sprinklers also should ex-
-tend beyond storage in accordance with Table A.12.3.
-A.12.4 Wet systems are recommended for storage occupan-
-cies. Dry pipe systems should be permitted only where it is
-impractical to provide heat.
-A.12.4.2 Wet systems are recommended for rack storage oc-
-cupancies. Dry systems are permitted only where it is imprac-
-tical to provide heat. Preaction systems should be considered
-for rack storage occupancies that are unheated, particularly
-where in-rack sprinklers are installed or for those occupancies
-that are highly susceptible to water damage.
-A.12.6 The reasons for using larger orifice sprinklers in
-storage situations are based on a number of fire tests in
-recent years that continue to show an advantage of the
-larger orifice [K-11.2 (161) and K-16.8 (242)] sprinklers
-over the K-5.6 (80) and even the K-8 (115) orifice sprin-
-klers. Following are four sets of fire test comparisons using
-constant densities [see Table A.12.6(a) and Table A.12.6(b)] :
-(1) K-5.6 (80)vs. K-11.2 (161)
-(a) Commodity — idle wood two-way pallets
-(b) 2 stack s × 3 stacks×8f t high
-(c) Ceiling height — 30 ft
-(d) Density — constant 0.30 gpm/ft 2
-(e) Test #1 — 165°F rated, K-11.2 sprinklers
-(f) Test #2 — 165°F rated, K-5.6 sprinklers
-(g) Test #1 results — 4 A.S. operated
-(h) Test #2 results — 29 A.S. operated, less fire control
-and greater temperatures
-(2) K-8.0 vs. K-11.2 vs. K-16.8
-(a) Commodity — idle wood four-way pallets
-(b) Two stacks × three stacks × 12 ft high
-(c) Ceiling height — 30 ft
-(d) Density — constant 0.6 gpm/ft 2
-(e) Test #1 — 286°F rated, K-8 sprinklers
-(f) Test #2 — 165°F rated, K-11.2 sprinklers
-(g) Test #3 — 165°F rated, K-16.8 sprinklers
-(h) Test #1 results — 10 A.S. operated, 658°C maximum
-steel temperature, fire spread to all sides
-(i) Test #2 results — 13 A.S. operated, 94°C maximum
-steel temperature, fire spread to three sides
-(j) Test #3 results — 6 A.S. operated, 54°C maximum
-steel temperature, fire spread (just reached) one side
-(3) K-5.6 vs. K-16.8
-(a) Commodity — FMRC standard plastic commodity
-rack style 9 ft high
-(b) Ceiling height — 30 ft
-(c) Density — 0.45 gpm/ft 2
-(d) Test #1 — K-5.6 orifice sprinklers
-(e) Test #2 — K-16.8 orifice sprinklers
-Table A.12.3 Extension of Installation of High-Temperature
-Sprinklers over Storage
-Design Area for High
-Temperature–Rated
-Sprinklers
-Distance Beyond Perimeter of
-High Hazard
-Occupancy for High
-Temperature–Rated
-Sprinklers
-ft2 m2 ft m
-2000 185.8 30 9.14
-3000 278.7 40 12.2
-4000 371.6 45 13.72
-5000 464.5 50 15.24
-6000 557.4 55 16.76
-Table A.12.6(a) Ceiling Type
-Fire Type
-Ceiling
-Type
-Sprinkler
-Distance
-Below
-Ceiling
-(in.)
-Time to
-Activation
-(seconds)
-Size of
-Fire
-at
-Activation
-(Btu/s)
-Fast-
-growing
-fire
-Insulated deck 1 76 450
-Steel 1 97 580
-Wood 1 71 420
-Insulated deck 12 173 1880
-Steel 12 176 1930
-Wood 12 172 1900
-Slow-
-growing
-fire
-Insulated deck 1 281 220
-Steel 1 375 390
-Wood 1 268 200
-Insulated deck 12 476 630
-Steel 12 492 675
-Wood 12 473 620
-Table A.12.6(b) Ceiling Arrangement
-Situation Fire
-Time to
-Activate
-Sprinkler
-(seconds)
-Fire Size
-at Time of
-Activation
-(Btu/s)
-Ceiling with pocket Fast 86 to 113 585
-Sprinkler 12 in. below
-ceiling
-Fast 172 to 176 1880 to 1900
-Ceiling with pocket Slow 288 to 395 490
-Sprinkler 12 in. below
-ceiling
-Slow 473 to 492 620 to 675
-13–344 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-(f) Test #1 results — 29 A.S. operated, 14 pallet loads
-consumed
-(g) Test #2 results — 5 A.S. operated, 2 pallet loads
-consumed
-(4) K-8.0 vs. K-16.8
-(a) Commodity — FMRC standard plastic commodity
-rack stage 14 ft high
-(b) Ceiling height — 25 ft
-(c) Density — 0.60 gpm/ft 2
-(d) Test #1 — K-8.0 sprinklers
-(e) Test #2 — K-16.8 sprinklers
-(f) Test #1 results — 29 A.S. operated, 25 pallet loads
-consumed
-(g) Test #2 results — 7 A.S. operated, 4 pallet loads
-consumed
-On an equal density basis, the fire test comparisons show
-the advantage of the larger orifices. A possibly even bigger
-advantage can be seen when investigating the performance of
-larger orifice sprinklers in the real world condition of high
-initial operating pressures.
-The volume of water discharged through the larger
-K-factor for the initial sprinklers has three significant effects:
-(1) First, the increase in sheer volume flowing through the
-larger orifice enhances performance. For example, a 165
-psi initial operating pressure would provide 102.8 gpm
-from a K-8, while the K-16.8 will discharge 215.8 gpm.
-(2) Second, fire testing at high pressures (100+ psi) with K-5.6
-and K-8 (when high fire updrafts occur) has shown less
-water penetration and more sprinkler skipping. When
-fire testing the K-11 and K-16.8 sprinklers at 100+ psi,
-more water penetration is evident and little or no sprin-
-kler skipping has occurred.
-(3) Third, with such high initial discharge rates among K-16.8
-sprinklers, the friction loss in the supply pipes would be
-greater. This would result in lower initial pressures than a
-K-8 as well as being farther down the water supply curve
-with greater flows resulting in lower initial operating
-pressures.
-Figure A.12.6 highlights the differences between the K-8
-and K-16.8 initial operating pressures.
-The higher flow rate of the K-16.8 sprinkler results in
-greater friction losses in the initial operating heads as com-
-pared to the K-8 sprinkler. Combined with the lower pressure
-available on the water supply curve, the end result is a self-
-regulating K-factor allowing greater initial pressures without a
-negative impact.
-Table A.12.6(c) summarizes the paper product testing.
-The results. The tests indicated that even at a high tempera-
-ture of 286°F, the K-8 sprinklers operating at higher pressures
-were not effective in controlling the fire. Conversely, the
-K-16.8 sprinkler was able to control the fire at the lower tem-
-perature [155°F (68°C)], by operating sooner, and at lower,
-self-regulating flowing pressures.
-Conclusions. The larger K-factor of the K-16.8 sprinkler is
-not affected by high initial operating pressures. In fact, the
-protection is enhanced, providing better fire protection.
-The ability to use lower-rated temperatures, such as 155°F
-(68°C) in lieu of 286°F (141°C), shows that the performance
-of the initial operating sprinklers is effective in controlling the
-fire. Therefore, using high-temperature heads to reduce the
-number of surrounding rings of sprinklers to open is not nec-
-essary when using the K-16.8 technology.
-In short, the K-16.8 sprinkler proved highly effective when
-subjected to high initial operating pressures.
-Pressure
-(psi)
-Available pressure with one K-8 
-sprinkler activated
-Available pressure with one K-16.8 
-sprinkler activated
-Flow (gpm)
-0
-0
-100
-165
-500 1000
-Water supply curve
-FIGURE A.12.6 Available Pressure Comparison.
-Table A.12.6(c) Paper Product Testing Results
-Test Date
-Test Parameters 3/25/98 3/18/98* 4/4/98 6/4/98 †
-Sprinklers K-8 K-8 K-11 K-16.8
-Temperature 286°F 286°F 165°F 155°F
-Storage Type 4 tier pyramid 5 tier pyramid 4 tier pyramid 5 tier pyramid
-Storage Height 16 ft 22 ft 16 ft 22 ft
-Ceiling Height 30 ft 31 ft 30 ft 31 ft
-Sprinkler Flow Pressure 22.6 psi 175 psi 11.9 psi 130 psi
-Number of Operated Sprinklers 15 2 10 2
-Peak Gas Temperature — 868°F — 424°F
-Peak Steel Temperature — 421°F — 113°F
-Fire Spread Across Aisle (30 in.) N/A Yes N/A No
-*This test was run with a fire brigade response of 20:00 minutes.
-†This test was run with a fire brigade response of 7:00 minutes.
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-A.12.6.4 Modification of an existing system includes extend-
-ing sprinkler protection into adjacent areas.
-A.12.7.2 When a light hazard occupancy, such as a school,
-contains separate ordinary hazard storage rooms no more
-than 400 ft2 (37.2 m2), the hose stream demand would be that
-required for a light hazard occupancy.
-A.12.7.2(3) When a light hazard occupancy, such as a school,
-contains separate ordinary hazard rooms no more than 400 ft2
-(37.2 m2), the hose stream allowance and water supply dura-
-tion would be that required for a light hazard occupancy.
-A.12.8.1 Where tanks serve sprinklers only, they can be sized
-to provide the duration required for the sprinkler system, ig-
-noring any hose stream demands. Where tanks serve some
-combination of sprinklers, inside hose stations, outside hose
-stations, or domestic/process use, the tank needs to be ca-
-pable of providing the duration for the equipment that is fed
-from the tank, but the demands of equipment not connected
-to the tank can be ignored. Where a tank is used for both
-domestic/process water and fire protection, the entire dura-
-tion demand of the domestic/process water does not need to
-be included in the tank if provisions are made to segregate the
-tank so that adequate fire protection water is always present or
-if provisions are made to automatically cut off the simulta-
-neous use in the event of fire.
-A.12.8.2 Where pumps serve sprinklers only, they can be sized
-to provide the flow required for the sprinkler system, ignoring
-any hose stream demands. Where pumps serve some combina-
-tion of sprinklers, inside hose stations, or outside hose stations,
-the pump needs to be capable of providing the flow for the
-equipment that is fed from the pump, but the demands of equip-
-ment not connected to the pump can be ignored.
-A.12.9.1 In order for the minimum 3000 ft 2 (279 m 2) re-
-quirement for the size of the remote area to not be extended
-to the adjacent area, the qualifying concealed space must be
-separated by the entire fire-rated assembly. Such assemblies
-often have combustible structural members separating the ex-
-terior membranes that can create a concealed combustible
-space that can qualify for omitting sprinkler protection. If the
-fire-rated assembly is the qualifying concealed space, an inte-
-rior fire would greatly reduce the assigned fire-rated duration.
-A.12.9.2(4) Composite wood joists are not considered solid
-wood joists for the purposes of this section. Their web members
-are too thin and easily penetrated to adequately compartment a
-fire in an unsprinklered space. Application of this item is not
-affected by the depth of the joist channel except in determining
-the volume. The concealed space above the insulation can be an
-attic, roof space, or floor space within a floor assembly.
-A.12.9.2(10) The gypsum board (or equivalent material)
-used as the firestopping will compartment the concealed
-space and restrict the ability for fire to spread beyond 160 ft 3
-(4.5 m3) zones covering multiple joist channels.
-A.12.10.1 This subsection allows for calculation of the sprin-
-klers in the largest room, so long as the calculation produces the
-greatest hydraulic demand among selection of rooms and com-
-municating spaces. For example, in a case where the largest room
-has four sprinklers and a smaller room has two sprinklers but
-communicates through unprotected openings with three other
-rooms, each having two sprinklers, the smaller room and group
-of communicating spaces should also be calculated.
-Corridors are rooms and should be considered as such.
-Walls can terminate at a substantial suspended ceiling and
-need not be extended to a rated floor slab above for this sec-
-tion to be applied.
-A.12.11 Detection systems, concentrate pumps, generators, and
-other system components that are essential to the operation of
-the system should have an approved standby power source.
-Where high-expansion foam is contemplated as the protec-
-tion media, consideration should be given to possible damage
-to the commodity from soaking and corrosion. Consideration
-also should be given to the problems associated with the re-
-moval of the foam after discharge.
-A.12.12 Idle pallet storage introduces a severe fire condition.
-Stacking idle pallets in piles is the best arrangement of com-
-bustibles to promote rapid spread of fire, heat release, and
-complete combustion. After pallets are used for a short time in
-warehouses, they dry out and edges become frayed and splin-
-tered. In this condition, they are subject to easy ignition from
-a small ignition source. Again, high piling increases consider-
-ably both the challenge to sprinklers and the probability of
-involving a large number of pallets when fire occurs. There-
-fore, it is preferable to store pallets outdoors where possible.
-A fire in stacks of idle plastic or wood pallets is one of the
-greatest challenges to sprinklers. The undersides of the pallets
-create a dry area on which a fire can grow and expand to other
-dry or partially wet areas. This process of jumping to other dry,
-closely located, parallel, combustible surfaces continues until the
-fire bursts through the top of the stack. Once this happens, very
-little water is able to reach the base of the fire. The only practical
-method of stopping a fire in a large concentration of pallets with
-ceiling sprinklers is by means of prewetting. In high stacks, this
-cannot be done without abnormally high water supplies. The
-storage of empty wood pallets should not be permitted in an
-unsprinklered warehouse containing other storage.
-A series of seven large-scale fire tests involving idle wood
-pallets stored on the floor was conducted at Underwriters
-Laboratories in 2009 and 2010. This testing was conducted to
-investigate the performance of an upright sprinkler having a
-nominal K-factor of 11.2 (160) when installed to protecta8f t
-(2.4 m) high array of new 4-way entry, softwood pallets under a
-30 ft (9.1 m) ceiling. The pallets used for this test series were
-supplied by CHEP USA. The impact of the sprinkler tempera-
-ture rating on fire control performance was the key variable
-investigated during this test series. Except for the temperature
-rating of the sprinkler’s heat responsive element, the same
-sprinkler design was used for all seven tests. Three tests were
-conducted using 286°F (141°C) temperature-rated sprinklers,
-two tests were conducted using 200°F (93°C) temperature-
-rated sprinklers, and two tests conducted using 155°F (68°C)
-temperature-rated sprinklers. The ignition location for all
-tests was centered between four sprinklers. To enhance test
-repeatability, the four sprinklers nearest the ignition location
-were arranged to discharge water when the first sprinkler op-
-erated. The results of this test series are summarized in
-Table A.12.12(a).
-The results of this large-scale fire test series indicated that
-sprinklers in the 155°F (68°C) and 200°F (93°C) temperature
-ratings performed significantly better than the 286°F (141°C)
-temperature-rated sprinklers as evidenced by a reduced num-
-ber of operated sprinklers and lower steel temperatures.
-13–346 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table A.12.12(a) Summary of Fire Test Data for Idle Pallets (4-Way Entry Softwood) Stored on Floor
-Test Date Test Array
-Nominal
-Storage
-Height
-ft
-(m)
-Ceiling
-Height
-ft
-(m)
-Sprinkler
-Information
-Number of
-Operated
-Sprinklers
-Time of
-First
-Sprinkler
-Operation
-(min:sec)
-Time of Last
-Sprinkler
-Operation
-(min:sec)
-Max. 1
-Min. Ave.
-Steel
-Temp. ºF
-(ºC)
-9/1/2009 2 × 3 with 6 in. (152 mm)
-longitudinal flue main
-array
-2 × 1 target pallets on
-each end with 6 in.
-(152 mm) longitudinal
-and transverse flues
-8 (2.4) 30 (9.1) 286ºF, K-11.2,
-0.45 gpm/ft2
-(141ºC, K-160,
-18.3 mm/min)
-12 5:00 23:03 220 (104)
-9/10/2009 2 × 3 with 6 in. (152 mm)
-longitudinal flue main
-array
-2 × 1 target pallets on
-each end with 6 in.
-(152 mm) longitudinal
-and transverse flues
-8 (2.4) 30 (9.1) 286ºF, K-11.2,
-0.45 gpm/ft2
-(141ºC, K-160,
-18.3 mm/min)
-13 5:05 19:10 208 (98)
-9/11/2009 2 × 3 with 6 in. (152 mm)
-longitudinal flue main
-array
-2 × 1 target pallets on
-each end with 6 in.
-(152 mm) longitudinal
-and transverse flues
-8 (2.4) 30 (9.1) 286ºF, K-11.2,
-0.45 gpm/ft2
-(141ºC, K-160,
-18.3 mm/min)
-16 5:48 19:04 228 (109)
-6/21/2010 2 × 3 with 6 in. (152 mm)
-longitudinal flue main
-array
-2 × 1 target pallets on
-each end with 6 in.
-(152 mm) longitudinal
-and transverse flues
-8 (2.4) 30 (9.1) 200ºF, K-11.2,
-0.45 gpm/ft2
-(93ºC, K-160,
-18.3 mm/min)
-4 4:10 4:10 134 (57)
-6/22/2010 2 × 3 with 6 in. (152 mm)
-longitudinal flue main
-array
-2 × 1 target pallets on
-each end with 6 in.
-(152 mm) longitudinal
-and transverse flues
-8 (2.4) 30 (9.1) 200ºF, K-11.2,
-0.45 gpm/ft2
-(93ºC, K-160,
-18.3 mm/min)
-4 3:34 3:34 135 (57)
-6/23/2010 2 × 3 with 6 in. (152 mm)
-longitudinal flue main
-array
-2 × 1 target pallets on
-each end with 6 in.
-(152 mm) longitudinal
-and transverse flues
-8 (2.4) 30 (9.1) 155ºF, K-11.2,
-0.45 gpm/ft2
-(68ºC, K-160,
-18.3 mm/min)
-4 3:46 3:46 115 (46)
-6/23/2010 2 × 3 with 6 in. (152 mm)
-longitudinal flue main
-array
-2 × 1 target pallets on
-each end with 6 in.
-(152 mm) longitudinal
-and transverse flues
-8 (2.4) 30 (9.1) 155ºF, K-11.2,
-0.45 gpm/ft2
-(68ºC, K-160,
-18.3 mm/min)
-4 3:09 3:09 113 (45)
-13–347ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.12.12.1.1 Table A.12.12.1.1 gives recommended clearances
-between outside idle wood pallet storage and a building. If
-plastic pallets are stored outdoors, consideration should be
-given to the anticipated radiated heat produced by the mate-
-rials used to construct the pallet to establish the appropriate
-separation distance. [See Table A.12.12(b)]
-A.14.2 The following procedure should be followed in deter-
-mining the proper density and area as specified in Chapter 12:
-(1) Determine the commodity class
-(2) Select the density and area of application
-(3) Adjust the required density for storage height
-Table A.12.12(b) Control Mode Density/Area Sprinkler Protection for Indoor Storage of Idle Wood Pallets
-Type of
-Sprinkler
-Location of
-Storage
-Nominal
-K-Factor
-Maximum
-Storage Height
-Maximum
-Ceiling/Roof
-Height Sprinkler Density
-Area of
-Operation
-Hose Stream
-Allowance
-Water
-Supply
-Duration
-(hours)ft m ft m gpm/ft 2 mm/min ft 2 m2 gpm L/min
-Control
-mode
-density/area
-On floor 8 (115)
-or larger
-Up to
-6
-Up to
-1.8
-20 6.1 0.2 8.2 3000 * 279* 500 1900 1 1⁄2
-On floor 11.2
-(160) or
-larger
-Up to
-8
-Up to
-2.4
-30 9.1 0.45 18.3 2500 232 500 1900 1 1⁄2
-On floor or
-rack without
-solid shelves
-11.2
-(160) or
-larger
->8 to
-12
->2.4 to
-3.7
-30 9.1 0.6 24.5 3500 325 500 1900 1 1⁄2
->12 to
-20
->3.7 to
-6.1
-30 9.1 0.6 24.5 4500 418 500 1900 1 1⁄2
-On floor 16.8
-(240) or
-larger
-Up to
-20
-Up to
-6.1
-30 9.1 0.6 24.5 2000 186 500 1900 1 1⁄2
-*The area of sprinkler operation can be permitted to be reduced to 2000 ft2 (186 m2) when sprinklers having
-a nominal K-factor of 11.2 (160) or larger are used, or if high temperature–rated sprinklers having a nominal
-K-factor of 8.0 (115) are used.
-Table A.12.12.1.1 Recommended Clearance Between Outside Idle Wood Pallet Storage and Building
-Minimum Distance Between Wall and Storage
-Wall Construction
-Under 50
-Pallets 50 to 200 Pallets Over 200 Pallets
-Wall Type Openings ft m ft m ft m
-Masonry None 0 0 0 0 0 0
-Wired glass with outside
-sprinklers
-and 1-hour doors
-0 0 10 3.1 20 6.1
-Wired or plain glass with
-outside sprinklers and 3⁄4-hour
-doors
-10 3.1 20 6.1 30 9.1
-Wood or metal with outside sprinklers 10 3.1 20 6.1 30 9.1
-Wood, metal, or other 20 6.1 30 9.1 50 15.2
-Notes:
-(1) Fire-resistive protection comparable to that of the wall also should be provided for combustible eaves
-lines, vent openings, and so forth.
-(2) Where pallets are stored close to a building, the height of storage should be restricted to prevent burning
-pallets from falling on the building.
-(3) Manual outside open sprinklers generally are not a reliable means of protection unless property is
-attended to at all times by plant emergency personnel.
-(4) Open sprinklers controlled by a deluge valve are preferred.
-13–348 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
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-01:53:20 MST
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-(4) Increase the operating area by 30 percent where a dry
-pipe system is used
-(5) Satisfy the minimum densities and areas
-Example: Storage — greeting cards in boxes in cartons on
-pallets
-Height — 22 ft (6.7 m)
-Clearance to ceiling—6f t (1.8 m)
-Sprinklers — ordinary temperature
-System type — dry
-(a) Classification — Class III
-(b) Selection of density/area — 0.225 gpm/ft 2 (9.2 mm/
-min) over 3000 ft2 (279 m2)
-(c) Adjustment for height of storage — 1.15 × 0.225 gpm/
-ft3 (9.17 mm/min) = 0.259 gpm/ft2 (10.553 mm/min),
-rounded up to 0.26 gpm/ft2 (10.6 mm/min)
-(d) Adjustment of area of operation for dry system —
-1.3 × 3000 ft 2 (279 m2) = 3900 ft 2 (363 m2)
-(e) Confirmation that minimum densities and areas have
-been achieved
-The minimum design density for a dry sprinkler system is
-0.15 gpm/ft 2 over 2600 ft 2 (6.1 mm/min over 242 m 2) for
-Class III.
-The corresponding minimum density at 3000 ft2 (279 m2)i s
-0.17 gpm/ft2 (6.9 mm/min) (satisfied); 1.3 × 3000 ft2 = 3900 ft2
-(363 m2), 0.17 gpm/ft2 over 3900 ft2 (6.9 mm/min over 363 m2).
-The design density and area of application equals 0.26 gpm/
-ft2 over 3900 ft2 (10.6 mm/min over 363 m2).
-A.14.2.1(3) Full-scale tests show no appreciable difference in
-the number of sprinklers that open for either nonencapsu-
-lated or encapsulated products up to 15 ft (4.6 m) high. Test
-data are not available for encapsulated products stored higher
-than 15 ft (4.6 m). However, in rack storage tests involving
-encapsulated storage 20 ft (6.1 m) high, increased protection
-was needed over that for nonencapsulated storage.
-The protection specified contemplates a maximum of 10 ft
-(3 m) clearances from top of storage to sprinkler deflectors
-for storage heights of 15 ft (4.6 m) and higher.
-A.15.1.1 An evaluation for each field situation should be
-made to determine the worst applicable height–clearance to
-ceiling relationship that can be expected to appear in a par-
-ticular case. Fire tests have shown that considerably greater
-demands occur where the clearance to ceiling is 10 ft (3.1 m)
-as compared to 3 ft (0.9 m) and where a pile is stable as com-
-pared to an unstable pile. Since a system is designed for a
-particular clearance to ceiling, the system could be inad-
-equate when significant areas do not have piling to the design
-height and larger clearances to ceiling. This can also be true
-where the packaging or arrangement is changed so that stable
-piling is created where unstable piling existed. Recognition of
-these conditions is essential to avoid installation of protection
-that is inadequate or becomes inadequate because of changes.
-No tests were conducted simulating a peaked roof configura-
-tion. However, it is expected that the principles of Chapter 12 still
-apply. The worst applicable height–clearance to ceiling relation-
-ship that can be expected to occur should be found, and protec-
-tion should be designed for it. If storage is all at the same height,
-the worst height–clearance to ceiling relationship creating the
-greatest water demand would occur under the peak. If commodi-
-ties are stored higher under the peak, the various height–
-clearance to ceiling relationships should be tried and the one
-creating the greatest water demand used for designing protec-
-tion.
-A.15.2 The densities and area of application have been devel-
-oped from fire test data. Most of these tests were conducted with
-K-8 orifice sprinklers and 80 ft2 or 100 ft2 (7.4 m2 or 9.3 m2)
-sprinkler spacing. These and other tests have indicated that, with
-densities of 0.4 gpm/ft2 (16.3 mm/min) and higher, better re-
-sults are obtained with K-8 orifice and 70 ft2 to 100 ft2 (7.4 m2 to
-9.3 m2) sprinkler spacing than where using K-5.6 orifice sprin-
-klers at 50 ft2 (4.6 m2) spacing. A discharge pressure of 100 psi
-(6.9 bar) was used as a starting point on one of the fire tests. It was
-successful, but has a 11⁄2 ft (0.5 m) clearance between the top of
-storage and ceiling sprinklers. A clearance to ceiling of 10 ft (3 m)
-could have produced a different result due to the tendency of the
-higher pressure to atomize the water and the greater distance
-that the fine water droplets had to travel to the burning fuel.
-Table A.15.2 explains and provides an example of the
-method and procedure to follow in using this standard to de-
-termine proper protection for Group A plastics.
-Example 1. Storage is expanded, cartoned, stable, 15 ft (4.6 m)
-high in a 20 ft (6.1 m) building.
-Answer 1. Column E of Table 15.2.6(a) — Design density is
-0.45 gpm/ft2 (18.3 mm/min).
-Example 2. Storage is nonexpanded, unstable, 15 ft (4.6 m)
-high in a 20 ft (6.1 m) building.
-Answer 2. Column A of Table 15.2.6(a) — Design density is
-listed as 0.25 gpm/ft2 (10.2 mm/min); however, it is also pos-
-sible that the storage can be 12 ft (3.66 m) in this 20 ft (6.1 m)
-building, which would require a design density of 0.3 gpm/ft2
-(12.2 mm/min). Unless the owner can guarantee that the
-storage will always be 15 ft (4.6 m), the design density =
-0.3 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/min).
-Example 3. Storage is a nonexpanded, stable 15 ft (4.6 m)
-fixed-height unit load, one high, in an 18 ft (5.5 m) building.
-Answer 3. Column A of Table 15.2.6(a) —- Design density is
-0.25 gpm/ft2 (10.2 mm/min). Note that this design density
-does not increase to 0.3 gpm/ft 2 (12.2 mm/min) as in the
-previous example because of the use of a fixed-height unit
-load. The storage height will never be 12 ft (3.66 m). It will
-always be 15 ft (4.6 m).
-Example 4 . Storage is expanded, exposed, unstable, 20 ft
-(6.1 m) high in a 27 ft (8.2 m) building.
-Answer 4. Column C of Table 15.2.6(a) — Design density is
-0.7 gpm/ft2 (28.5 mm/min). Note that other lower storage
-heights should also be checked, but they reveal the same, or
-lower, densities [0.7 gpm/ft2 and 0.6 gpm/ft2 (28.5 mm/min
-and 24.5 mm/min)], so the design density remains at 0.7
-gpm/ft2 (28.5 mm/min).
-Table A.15.2 Metric Conversion Factors for Examples
-To Convert from to Multiply by
-feet (ft) meters (m) 0.3048
-square feet (ft2) square meters (m 2) 0.0929
-gallons/minute
-(gpm)
-liters/second (L/sec) 0.0631
-gallons per minute
-per square foot
-(gpm/ft2)
-millimeters per
-minute (same as
-liters per minute
-per square meter)
-(mm/min)
-40.746
-13–349ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Example 5. Storage is expanded, cartoned, unstable, 17 ft
-(5.2 m) high in 32 ft (9.75 m) building.
-Answer 5. Column D of Table 15.2.6(a) — 15 ft (4.6 m)
-storage in a 32 ft (9.75 m) building would be 0.55 gpm/ft 2
-(22.4 mm/min); 20 ft (6.1 m) storage in a 32 ft (9.75 m) build-
-ing would be 0.7 gpm/ft 2 (28.5 mm/min). Interpolation for
-17 ft (5.2 m) storage is as follows:
-07 05 5 01 5
-01 5
-20 15 00 3
-00 3 1 7 1 5 00 6
-05 5 00 6 0
-.. .
-. .
-..
-.. .
-−=
-−()
-=
-×−() =
-+= 661
-Design density = 0.61 gpm/ft2 (24.9 mm/min)
-Example 6. Storage is expanded, exposed, stable, 22 ft (6.71 m)
-high in a 231⁄2 ft (7.16 m) building.
-Answer 6. Column B of Table 15.2.6(a) — Could interpolate
-between 0.6 gpm/ft 2 and 0.75 gpm/ft 2 (24.5 mm/min and
-30.6 mm/min); however, this would be a moot point since the
-density for 15 ft (4.6 m) storage in this 231⁄2 ft (7.16 m) build-
-ing would be 0.8 gpm/ft 2 (32.6 mm/min). Unless the owner
-can guarantee 22 ft (6.71 m) storage, the design density is
-0.8 gpm/ft2 (32.6 mm/min). If the owner can, in a manner
-acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, guarantee 22 ft
-(6.71 m) storage, the interpolation would yield a design den-
-sity of 0.66 gpm/ft2 (26.9 mm/min).
-Example 7. Storage is nonexpanded, stable, exposed, 131⁄2 ft
-(4.1 m) high in a 15 ft (4.6 m) building.
-Answer 7. Column E of Table 15.2.6(a) — 12 ft (3.66 m)
-storage in a 15 ft (4.6 m) building would be extra hazard,
-Group 2 [0.4 gpm/ft 2 over 2500 ft 2 (16.3 mm/min over
-230 m2)].
-Storage 15 ft (4.6 m) high in a 15 ft (4.6 m) building would
-be 0.45 gpm/ft 2 (18.3 mm/min). Interpolation for 13 1⁄2 ft
-(4.1 m) storage is as follows:
-04 5 04 00 5
-00 5
-15 12 0 017
-0 017 13 5 12 0 026
-04 00
-.. .
-. .
-.. .
-..
-−=
-−()
-=
-×−() =
-+ 226 0 426= .
-Design density = 0.426 gpm/ft2 (17.4 mm/min)
-A.15.2.2 Two direct comparisons between ordinary temperature–
-and high temperature–rated sprinklers are possible, as follows:
-(1) With nonexpanded polyethylene 1 gal (3.8 L) bottles in
-corrugated cartons,a3f t (0.9 m) clearance, and the same
-density, approximately the same number of sprinklers op-
-erated (nine at high temperature versus seven at ordinary
-temperature)
-(2) With exposed, expanded polystyrene meat trays, a 9.5 ft
-(1.9 m) clearance, and the same density, three times as
-many ordinary temperature–rated sprinklers operated as
-did high temperature–rated sprinklers (11 at high tem-
-perature versus 33 at ordinary temperature)
-The cartoned plastics requirements of this standard are
-based to a great extent on test work that used a specific com-
-modity — 16 oz (0.473 L) polystyrene plastic jars individually
-separated by thin carton stock within a large corrugated car-
-ton [31⁄2 ft2 (0.32 m2)]. [See Figure A.15.2.2(a).]
-Other Group A plastic commodities can be arranged in car-
-tons so that they are separated by multiple thicknesses of carton
-material. In such arrangements, less plastic becomes involved in
-the fire at any one time. This could result in a less vigorous fire
-that can be controlled by Class IV commodity protection.
-Other situations exist in which the plastics component is
-surrounded by several layers of less hazardous material and is
-therefore temporarily protected or insulated from a fire in-
-volving adjacent plastic products. Such conditions also could
-produce a less vigorous fire and be successfully handled by
-Class IV protection. [See Figure A.15.2.2(b).]
-The decision to protect as a Class IV commodity, however,
-should be made only based on experienced judgment and
-only with an understanding of the consequences of underpro-
-tecting the storage segment.
-A.15.2.3 There are few storage facilities in which the com-
-modity mix or storage arrangement remains constant, and a
-designer should be aware that the introduction of different
-materials can change protection requirements considerably.
-Design should be based on higher densities and areas of appli-
-cation, and the various reductions allowed should be applied
-cautiously. For evaluation of existing situations, however, the
-allowances can be quite helpful.
-A.15.2.6 Test data are not available for all combinations of
-commodities, storage heights, and clearances to ceiling. Some
-Exposed 
-plastics
-FIGURE A.15.2.2(a) Corrugated Carton Containing Indi-
-vidually Separated Plastic Jars.
-Small pieces
-of plastic in
-small cartons
-FIGURE A.15.2.2(b) Corrugated Carton Containing Plastic
-Pieces Individually Separated by Carton Material.
-13–350 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-of the protection criteria in this standard are based on ex-
-trapolations of test data for other commodities and storage
-configurations, as well as available loss data.
-For example, there are very limited test data for storage of
-expanded plastics higher than 20 ft (6.1 m). The protection
-criteria in this standard for expanded plastics higher than 20 ft
-(6.1 m) are extrapolated from test data for expanded plastics
-storage 20 ft (6.1 m) and less in height and test data for unex-
-panded plastics above 20 ft (6.1 m).
-Further examples can be found in the protection criteria
-for clearance to ceiling up to 15 ft (4.6 m). Test data are lim-
-ited for clearance to ceiling greater than 10 ft (3.1 m). It
-should be assumed that, if protection is adequate for a given
-storage height in a building of a given height, the same protec-
-tion will protect storage of any lesser height in the same build-
-ing. For example, protection adequate for 20 ft (6.1 m) stor-
-age in a 30 ft (9.1 m) building [10 ft (3.1 m) clearance to
-ceiling] would also protect 15 ft (4.6 m) storage in a 30 ft
-(9.1 m) building [15 ft (4.6 m) clearance to ceiling]. There-
-fore, the protection criteria in Table 15.2.6(a) for 15 ft (4.6 m)
-clearance to ceiling are based on the protection criteria for
-storage 5 ft (1.5 m) higher than the indicated height with 10 ft
-(3.1 m) clearance to ceiling.
-Table 15.2.6(a) is based on tests that were conducted pri-
-marily with high temperature–rated, K-8 orifice sprinklers.
-Other tests have demonstrated that, where sprinklers are used
-with orifices greater than K-8, ordinary-temperature sprinklers
-are acceptable.
-A.15.2.9 The “up to” in Table 15.2.6(a) and Table 15.2.6(b) is
-intended to aid in the interpolation of densities between stor-
-age heights.
-A.16.1.2 The fire protection system design should consider the
-maximum storage height. For new sprinkler installations, maxi-
-mum storage height is the usable height at which commodities
-can be stored above the floor while the minimum required unob-
-structed space below sprinklers is maintained. Where evaluating
-existing situations, maximum storage height is the maximum ex-
-isting storage height if space between the sprinklers and storage
-is equal to or greater than that required.
-A.16.1.2.2 Information for the protection of Classes I, II, III,
-and IV commodities was extrapolated from full-scale fire tests
-that were performed at different times than the tests that were
-used to develop the protection for plastic commodities. It is
-possible that, by selecting certain points from the tables (and
-after applying the appropriate modifications), the protection
-specified by 16.2.1.4.1 exceeds the requirements of Section
-17.2. In such situations, the protection specified for plastics,
-although less than that required by the tables, can adequately
-protect Class I, II, III, and IV commodities.
-This section also allows storage areas that are designed to
-protect plastics to store Class I, II, III, and IV commodities
-without a re-evaluation of fire protection systems.
-A.16.1.9 Barriers should be of sufficient strength to avoid sag-
-ging that interferes with loading and unloading operations.
-A.16.2.1.3.1 Bulkheads are not a substitute for sprinklers in
-racks. Their installation does not justify reduction in sprinkler
-densities or design operating areas as specified in the design
-curves.
-A.16.2.1.3.2 Data indicate that the sprinkler protection cri-
-teria in Figure 16.2.1.3.2(a) through Figure 16.2.1.3.2(g)
-are ineffective, by themselves, for rack storage with solid
-shelves, if the required flue spaces are not maintained. Use
-of Figure 16.2.1.3.2(a) through Figure 16.2.1.3.2(g), along
-with the additional provisions that are required by this stan-
-dard, can provide acceptable protection.
-A.16.2.1.3.2.1 The aisle width and the depth of racks are de-
-termined by material-handling methods. The widths of aisles
-should be considered in the design of the protection system.
-Storage in aisles can render protection ineffective and should
-be discouraged.
-A.16.2.1.4.2.1 Spacing of sprinklers on branch lines in racks
-in the various tests demonstrates that maximum spacing as
-specified is proper.
-A.16.2.1.4.2.2 In-rack sprinklers at one level only for storage
-up to and including 25 ft (7.6 m) in multiple-row racks should
-be located at the tier level nearest one-half to two-thirds of the
-storage height.
-A.16.2.1.4.2.3 In-rack sprinklers have proven to be the most
-effective way to fight fires in rack storage. To accomplish this,
-however, in-rack sprinklers must be located where they will
-operate early in a fire as well as direct water where it will do the
-most good. Simply maintaining a minimum horizontal spac-
-ing between sprinklers does not achieve this goal. This is be-
-cause fires in rack storage develop and grow in transverse and
-longitudinal flues, and in-rack sprinklers do not operate until
-flames actually impinge on them. To assure early operation
-and effective discharge, in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal
-flue of open-frame racks must be located at transverse flue
-intersections.
-A.16.2.1.4.2.4 Where possible, it is recommended that in-
-rack sprinkler deflectors be located at least 6 in. (152 mm)
-above pallet loads.
-A.16.2.1.4.2.5 Where possible, it is recommended that in-
-rack sprinklers be located away from rack uprights.
-A.16.2.2.7.3 See A.16.2.1.4.2.3.
-A.16.2.3 ESFR sprinklers are designed to respond quickly to
-growing fires and deliver heavy discharge to suppress fires
-rather than to control them. ESFR sprinklers should not be
-relied on to provide suppression if they are used outside the
-design parameters.
-While these sprinklers are intended primarily for use in
-high-piled storage situations, this section permits their use
-and extension into adjacent portions of an occupancy that
-might have a lesser classification.
-Storage in single-story or multistory buildings can be per-
-mitted, provided the maximum ceiling/roof height as speci-
-fied in Chapter 12 is satisfied for each storage area.
-Design parameters were determined from a series of full-
-scale fire tests that were conducted as a joint effort between
-Factory Mutual Research Corporation and the National Fire
-Protection Research Foundation. (Copies of the test reports
-are available from the NFPRF.)
-A.16.2.3.6.5 See A.16.2.1.4.2.3.
-A.16.2.4.1.1 Slatting of decks or walkways or the use of open
-grating as a substitute for automatic sprinkler thereunder is
-not acceptable.
-In addition, where shelving of any type is employed, it is for
-the basic purpose of providing an intermediate support be-
-tween the structural members of the rack. As a result, it-
-13–351ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-
-
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-becomes almost impossible to define and maintain transverse
-flue spaces across the rack as required.
-A.16.3.1.1 Water demand for storage height over 25 ft
-(7.6 m) on racks without solid shelves separated by aisles at
-least 4 ft (1.2 m) wide and with more than 10 ft (3.1 m) be-
-tween the top of storage and the sprinklers should be based on
-sprinklers in a 2000 ft 2 (186 m2) operating area for double-
-row racks and a 3000 ft 2 (278.7 m 2) operating area for
-multiple-row racks discharging a minimum of 0.18 gpm/ft 2
-(7.33 mm/min) for Class I commodities, 0.21 gpm/ft 2
-(8.56 mm/min) for Class II and Class III commodities, and
-0.25 gpm/ft 2 (10.2 mm/min) for Class IV commodities for
-ordinary temperature–rated sprinklers or a minimum of
-0.25 gpm/ft 2 (10.2 mm/min) for Class I commodities,
-0.28 gpm/ft 2 (11.41 mm/min) for Class II and Class III
-commodities, and 0.32 gpm/ft 2 (13.04 mm/min) for
-Class IV commodities for high temperature–rated sprin-
-klers. ( See A.16.3.1.3.1.3. )
-Where such storage is encapsulated, ceiling sprinkler den-
-sity should be 25 percent greater than for nonencapsulated
-storage.
-Data indicate that the sprinkler protection criteria in
-16.3.1.1 are ineffective, by themselves, for rack storage with
-solid shelves if the required flue spaces are not maintained.
-Use of 16.3.1.1, along with the additional provisions that are
-required by this standard, can provide acceptable protection.
-A.16.3.1.3.1.1 Where storage tiers are not the same size on each
-side of the longitudinal flue, one side of the flue should be pro-
-tected with sprinklers at the proper elevation above the load. The
-next level of sprinklers should protect the other side of the flue
-with the sprinklers at the proper elevation above that load as
-indicated in Figure A.16.3.1.3.1.1. The vertical spacing require-
-ments for in-rack sprinklers specified in Table 16.3.1.1 and Sec-
-tion 17.2 for plastics should be followed.
-A.16.3.1.3.1.2 In single-row racks with more than 10 ft
-(3.1 m) between the top of storage and the ceiling, a horizon-
-tal barrier should be installed above storage with one line of
-sprinklers under the barrier.
-A.16.3.1.3.1.3 In multiple-row racks with more than 10 ft
-(3.1 m) between the maximum height of storage and ceiling, a
-horizontal barrier should be installed above storage with a level
-of sprinklers, spaced as stipulated for in-rack sprinklers, installed
-directly beneath the barrier. In-rack sprinklers should be in-
-stalled as indicated in Figure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(a) through Fig-
-ure 16.3.1.3.1.3(A)(c).
-Data indicate that the sprinkler protection criteria in
-16.3.1.3.1.3 are ineffective, by themselves, for rack storage
-with solid shelves if the required flue spaces are not main-
-tained. Use of Table 16.3.1.2, along with the additional provi-
-sions that are required by this standard, can provide accept-
-able protection.
-A.16.3.1.3.2.4 In-rack sprinklers have proven to be the most
-effective way to fight fires in rack storage. To accomplish this,
-however, in-rack sprinklers must be located where they will
-operate early in a fire as well as direct water where it will do the
-most good. Simply maintaining a minimum horizontal spac-
-ing between sprinklers does not achieve this goal. This is be-
-cause fires in rack storage develop and grow in transverse and
-longitudinal flues, and in-rack sprinklers do not operate until
-flames actually impinge on them. To assure early operation
-and effective discharge, in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal
-flue of open-frame racks must be located at transverse flue
-intersections.
-A.16.3.3 ESFR sprinklers are designed to respond quickly to
-growing fires and deliver heavy discharge to suppress fires
-rather than to control them. ESFR sprinklers should not be
-relied on to provide suppression if they are used outside the
-design parameters.
-While these sprinklers are intended primarily for use in
-high-piled storage situations, this section permits their use
-and extension into adjacent portions of an occupancy that
-might have a lesser classification.
-Storage in single-story or multistory buildings can be per-
-mitted, provided the maximum ceiling/roof height as speci-
-fied in Chapter 12 is satisfied for each storage area.
-Design parameters were determined from a series of full-
-scale fire tests that were conducted as a joint effort between
-Factory Mutual Research Corporation and the National Fire
-Protection Research Foundation. (Copies of the test reports
-are available from the NFPRF.)
-A.17.1.2.1 All arrangements of exposed plastics cannot be
-protected with all types of sprinklers. Only certain combina-
-tions of ceiling sprinklers and in-rack sprinklers have been
-found to provide acceptable protection. No full-scale fire test-
-ing has been performed that has determined acceptable crite-
-ria for exposed expanded plastics. Factory Mutual has pub-
-lished criteria in its data sheets to protect exposed expanded
-plastics based on a risk analysis and small/intermediate-scale
-test data. Some authorities having jurisdiction accept that cri-
-teria as an alternative to the intent of NFPA 13.
-A.17.1.2.7 Information for the protection of Class I, II, III,
-and IV commodities was extrapolated from full-scale fire
-tests that were performed at different times than the tests
-that were used to develop the protection for plastic com-
-modities. It is possible that, by selecting certain points from
-the tables (and after applying the appropriate modifica-
-tions), the protection specified by 16.2.1.4.1 exceeds the
-requirements of Section 17.2. In such situations, the protec-
-tion specified for plastics, although less than that required
-by the tables, can adequately protect Class I, II, III, and IV
-commodities.
-This section also allows storage areas that are designed to
-protect plastics to store Class I, II, III, and IV commodities
-without a re-evaluation of fire protection systems.
-A.17.1.7.4 In-rack sprinklers have proven to be the most ef-
-fective way to fight fires in rack storage. To accomplish this,
-however, in-rack sprinklers must be located where they will
-operate early in a fire as well as direct water where it will do the
-most good. Simply maintaining a minimum horizontal spac-
-Elevation View
-x
-x
-FIGURE A.16.3.1.3.1.1 Placement of In-Rack Sprinklers
-Where Rack Levels Have Varying Heights.
-13–352 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-ing between sprinklers does not achieve this goal, because
-fires in rack storage develop and grow in transverse and longi-
-tudinal flues, and in-rack sprinklers do not operate until
-flames actually impinge on them. To ensure early operation
-and effective discharge, in-rack sprinklers in the longitudinal
-flue of open-frame racks must be located at transverse flue
-intersections.
-A.17.1.8 Barriers should be of sufficient strength to avoid sag-
-ging that interferes with loading and unloading operations.
-A.17.2.1.1 All rack fire tests of plastics were run with an ap-
-proximate 10 ft (3.1 m) maximum clearance to ceiling.
-A.17.2.1.2.4 In most of Figure 17.2.1.2.1(a) through Fig-
-ure 17.2.1.2.1(f), the designer is presented with multiple op-
-tions from which to choose. The single column of boxes in the
-elevation view represents single-row rack storage. The double
-column of boxes in the elevation view represents double-row
-rack storage, and the options with three or four columns of
-boxes represent different arrangements of multiple-row rack
-storage. The “o” and “x” characters in the elevation and plan
-views represent different rows of in-rack sprinklers. The “o”
-and “x” characters in the elevation view show the vertical spac-
-ing of in-rack sprinklers while the characters in the plan view
-show the horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers. Different
-symbols are used so that the upper and lower levels of in-rack
-sprinklers can be determined when looking at the plan view. If
-no “o” or “x” appears in the elevation and plan views for an
-option, it means that the storage can be protected without
-in-rack sprinklers.
-A.17.2.1.4 Each of the figures in 17.2.1.4 shows a variety of
-different potential rack arrangements. The first single-row
-rack (SRR) to the left in each figure shows a rack against a wall.
-The second SRR shows a single-row rack with aisles on each side.
-The double-row rack (DRR) is in the center of the figure. The
-first multiple-row rack (MRR) shows the in-rack sprinkler posi-
-tion for racks up to 15 ft (4.6 m) long in the dimension parallel to
-the transverse flue. The second MRR shows longer rack struc-
-tures where the in-rack sprinkler pattern would repeat.
-A.17.2.1.5.3 See A.17.1.7.4.
-A.17.2.2.6.3 See A.17.1.7.4.
-A.17.2.3 ESFR sprinklers are designed to respond quickly to
-growing fires and deliver heavy discharge to suppress fires rather
-than to control them. ESFR sprinklers should not be relied on to
-provide suppression if they are used outside the design param-
-eters.
-While these sprinklers are intended primarily for use in high-
-piled storage situations, this section permits their use and exten-
-sion into adjacent portions of an occupancy that might have a
-lesser classification.
-Storage in single-story or multistory buildings can be per-
-mitted, provided the maximum ceiling/roof height as speci-
-fied in Chapter 12 is satisfied for each storage area.
-Design parameters were determined from a series of full-
-scale fire tests that were conducted as a joint effort between
-Factory Mutual Research Corporation and the National Fire
-Protection Research Foundation. (Copies of the test reports
-are available from the NFPRF.)
-A.17.2.3.4.5 See A.17.1.7.4.
-A.17.2.4.1.1 Slatting of decks or walkways or the use of open
-grating as a substitute for automatic sprinkler thereunder is
-not acceptable.
-In addition, where shelving of any type is employed, it is for
-the basic purpose of providing an intermediate support be-
-tween the structural members of the rack. As a result, it be-
-comes almost impossible to define and maintain transverse
-flue spaces across the rack as required.
-A.17.3.1.3 In this application ordinary-, intermediate-, or
-high-temperature sprinklers can be used. There are no data to
-support temperature rating restrictions for this section.
-A.17.3.1.8 Figure 17.3.1.8(a) — The protection area per sprin-
-kler under barriers should be no greater than 80 ft2 (7.44 m2).
-Figure 17.3.1.8(b)— The protection area per sprinkler under
-barriers should be no greater than 80 ft2 (7.44 m2).
-Figure 17.3.1.8(c)— The protection area per sprinkler under
-barriers should be no greater than 50 ft2 (4.65 m2).
-Figure 17.3.1.8(d)— The protection area per sprinkler under
-barriers should be no greater than 50 ft2 (4.65 m2).
-Figure 17.3.1.8(e)— The protection area per sprinkler under
-barriers should be no greater than 50 ft2 (4.65 m2).
-Figure 17.3.1.8(f)— The protection area per sprinkler under
-barriers should be no greater than 50 ft2 (4.65 m2).
-A.17.3.1.10 See A.17.1.7.4.
-A.17.3.2.5 There are currently no situations where in-rack
-sprinklers are required to be used to protect Group A plastics
-where CMSA sprinklers are used at the ceiling. At such time as
-additional protection schemes are developed that rely on in-
-rack sprinklers working in conjunction with CMSA sprinklers
-at the ceiling, requirements for the in-rack sprinkler location
-and discharge will be included here.
-A.17.3.3 ESFR sprinklers are designed to respond quickly to
-growing fires and deliver heavy discharge to suppress fires
-rather than to control them. ESFR sprinklers should not be
-relied on to provide suppression if they are used outside the
-design parameters.
-While these sprinklers are intended primarily for use in
-high-piled storage situations, this section permits their use
-and extension into adjacent portions of an occupancy that
-might have a lesser classification.
-Storage in single-story or multistory buildings can be per-
-mitted, provided the maximum ceiling/roof height as speci-
-fied in Chapter 12 is satisfied for each storage area.
-Design parameters were determined from a series of full-
-scale fire tests that were conducted as a joint effort between
-Factory Mutual Research Corporation and the National Fire
-Protection Research Foundation. (Copies of the test reports
-are available from the NFPRF.)
-A.17.3.3.4.5 See A.17.1.7.4.
-A.18.4 The protection criteria in Table 18.4(a) through
-Table 18.4(d) have been developed from fire test data. Protec-
-tion requirements for other storage methods are beyond the
-scope of this standard at the present time. From fire testing
-with densities of 0.45 gpm/ft 2 (18.3 mm/min) and higher,
-there have been indications that large orifice sprinklers at
-greater than 50 ft 2 (4.6 m 2) spacing produce better results
-than the 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) orifice sprinklers at 50 ft 2 (4.6 m2)
-spacing.
-Table 18.4(a) and Table 18.4(c) are based on operation of
-standard sprinklers. Use of quick-response or other special
-sprinklers should be based on appropriate tests as approved by
-the authority having jurisdiction.
-13–353ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-
-
-
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-The current changes to Table 18.4(a) through Table
-18.4(d) represent test results from rubber tire fire tests per-
-formed at the Factory Mutual Research Center.
-Storage heights and configurations, or both [e.g., auto-
-mated material-handling systems above 30 ft (9.1 m)], beyond
-those indicated in the table have not had sufficient test data
-developed to establish recommended criteria. Detailed engi-
-neering reviews of the protection should be conducted and
-approved by the authority having jurisdiction.
-A.19.1 This section provides a summary of the data developed
-from the tissue test series of full-scale roll paper tests conducted
-at the Factory Mutual Research Center in West Glocester, RI.
-The test building is approximately 200 ft × 250 ft [50,000 ft2
-(4.65 km2)] in area, of fire-resistive construction, and has a
-volume of approximately 2.25 million ft 3 (63,720 m 3), the
-equivalent of a 100,000 ft2 (9.29 km2) building 22.5 ft (6.86 m)
-high. The test building has two primary heights beneath a
-single large ceiling. The east section is 30 ft (9.1 m) high and
-the west section is 60 ft (18.29 m) high.
-The tissue test series was conducted in the 30 ft (9.1 m)
-section, with a clearance to the ceiling of nominally 10 ft (3.1 m).
-Figure A.19.1 illustrates a typical storage array used in the
-tissue series of tests.
-The basic criteria used in judging test failure included one
-or more of the following:
-(1) Firespread to the north end of the storage array
-(2) Gas temperatures near the ceiling maintained at high lev-
-els for a time judged to be sufficient to endanger exposed
-structural steel
-(3) Fire reaching the target stacks
-Table A.19.1 outlines the tissue test results.
-Fire tests have been conducted on 20 ft (6.1 m) and 25 ft
-(7.6 m) high vertical storage of tissue with 10 ft (3.1 m) and
-5 ft (1.5 m) clear space to the ceiling in piles extending up to
-seven columns in one direction and six columns in the other
-direction. In these tests, target columns of tissue were located
-directly across an 8 ft (2.4 m) aisle from the main pile. Three
-tests were conducted using K-8.0 286°F (141°C) high-
-temperature sprinklers on a 100 ft 2 (9.3 m2) spacing and at
-constant pressures of 14 psi, 60 psi, and 95 psi (1 bar, 4.1 bar,
-and 6.6 bar), respectively. One test was run using 0.64 in.
-(16.3 mm) 286°F (141°C) high-temperature sprinklers on a
-100 ft 2 (9.3 m 2) spacing at a constant pressure of 50 psi
-(3.5 bar). Two tests were conducted following a scheduled de-
-cay from an initial pressure of 138 psi (9.5 bar) to a design
-point of 59 psi (4.1 bar) if 40 sprinklers opened. The signifi-
-cant characteristic of these fire tests was the rapid initial fire-
-spread across the surface of the rolls. Ceiling temperatures
-were controlled during the decaying pressure tests and during
-the higher constant pressure tests. With the exception of the
-20 ft (6.1 m) high decaying pressure test, the extent of fire-
-spread within the pile could not be clearly established. Aisle
-jump was experienced, except at the 95 psi (6.6 bar) constant
-pressure, 20 ft (6.1 m) high decaying pressure, and large drop
-test. Water absorption and pile instability caused pile collapse
-in all tests. This characteristic should be considered where
-manually attacking a fire in tissue storage occupancies.
-Available fire experience in roll tissue storage occupancies
-does not correlate well with the constant pressure full-scale
-fire tests with respect to the number of sprinklers operating
-and the extent of firespread. Better correlation is noted with
-the decaying pressure tests. Thirteen fires reported in storage
-occupancies with storage piles ranging from 10 ft to 20 ft
-(3.1 m to 6.1 m) high and protected by wet pipe sprinkler
-systems ranging from ordinary hazard design densities to de-
-sign densities of 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24.5 mm/min) were controlled
-with an average of 17 sprinklers. The maximum number of wet
-pipe sprinklers that opened was 45, and the minimum num-
-ber was 5, versus 88 and 26, respectively, in the constant pres-
-sure tests. Seventeen sprinklers opened in the 20 ft (6.1 m)
-high decaying pressure test. One actual fire in tissue storage
-provided with a dry pipe system opened 143 sprinklers but was
-reported as controlled.
-One fire test was conducted with plastic-wrapped rolls of
-heavyweight kraft paper. The on-end storage was in a standard
-configuration, 20 ft (6.1 m) high with 91⁄2 ft (2.9 m) clearance to
-ceiling sprinklers. The prescribed 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/min)
-density controlled the firespread, but protection to roof steel was
-marginal to the point where light beams and joists might be ex-
-pected to distort. A lower moisture content in the paper as a re-
-sult of the protective plastic wrapping was considered to be the
-reason for the higher temperatures in this test as compared to a
-similar test where the rolls were not wrapped.
-A.19.1.2 Existing Systems.Sprinkler systems protecting existing
-roll paper storage facilities should be evaluated in accordance
-with Table A.19.1.2(a) and Table A.19.1.2(b). While fire can be
-controlled by the protection shown in Table A.19.1.2(a) and
-Table A.19.1.2(b), greater damage can occur when the densities
-in Table A.19.1.2(a) and Table A.19.1.2(b) are used rather than
-those specified in Table 19.1.2.1.3(a) and Table 19.1.2.1.3(b).
-A.19.1.2.1.4 Generally, more sprinklers open in fires involv-
-ing roll paper storage protected by sprinklers rated below the
-high-temperature range. An increase of 67 percent in the de-
-sign area should be considered.
-N
-Ignition location
-at base of array
-Tissue paper —
-approximately 20 ft (6 m) high
-Kraft linerboard —
-six rolls 20 ft (6 m) high
-*
-26 ft (7.9 m)
-21¹⁄₂ ft 
-(6.6 m)
-8 ft  
-(2.4 m)
-6 in. 
-(152 mm)
-Target stack
-16 in. 
-(406.4 mm)
-6 in. 
-(152 mm)
-6 in. 
-(152 mm)
-16 in. 
-(406.4 mm)
-*
-FIGURE A.19.1 Plan View of Typical Tissue Storage Array.
-13–354 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Table A.19.1 Summary of Roll Paper Tissue Tests
-Test Specifications
-Test Number
-B1a B2 B3 B4 B5 b B6b
-Test date 10/4/79 7/23/80 7/30/80 10/15/80 7/28/82 8/5/82
-Paper type Tissue Tissue Tissue Tissue Tissue Tissue
-Stack height [ft–in. (m)] 21–10 (6.66) 20–0 (6.1) 21–8 (21.60) 18–6 (6.64) 19–10 (6.05) 25–3 (7.69)
-Paper, banded No No No No No No
-Paper, wrapped No No No No No No
-Fuel array Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard
-Clearance to ceiling
-[ft–in. (m)]
-8–2 (2.49) 10–0 (3.05) 8–4 (2.54) 11–6 (3.51) 5–2 (1.58) 4–9 (1.45)
-Clearance to sprinklers
-[ft–in. (m)]
-7–7 (2.31) 9–5 (2.87) 7–9 (2.36) 10–9 (3.28) 4–7 (1.40) 4–2 (1.27)
-Sprinkler orifice [in. (mm)] 17⁄32 (13.5) 17⁄32 (13.5) 17⁄32 (13.5) 0.64 (16.33) 17⁄32 (13.5) 17⁄32 (13.5)
-Sprinkler temperature
-rating [F (°C)]
-280 (138) 280 (138) 280 (138) 280 (138) 280 (138) 280 (138)
-Sprinkler spacing
-[ f t×f t( m×m ) ]
-1 0×1 0
-(3.05 × 3.05)
-1 0×1 0
-(3.05 × 3.05)
-1 0×1 0
-(3.05 × 3.05)
-1 0×1 0
-(3.05 × 3.05)
-1 0×1 0
-(3.05 × 3.05)
-1 0×1 0
-(3.05 × 3.05)
-Water pressure [psi (bar)] 14 (0.9) c 60 (4.1) 95 (6.6) 50 (3.4) 138 (9.5)
-initial
-102 (7.0)
-final
-138 (9.5) initial
-88 (6.1) final
-Moisture content of paper
-(%)
-9.3 9.3 10.2 6.0 8.2 9.2
-First sprinkler operation
-(min:sec)
-0:43 0:32 0:38 0:31 0:28 0:22
-Total sprinklers open 88 33 26 64 17 29
-Final flow [gpm (L/min)] 2575 (9746) c 1992 (7540) 1993 (7544) 4907
-(18,573)
-1363 (5159) 2156 (8161)
-Sprinkler demand area
-[ft2 (m2)]
-8800 (817.5) 3300 (306.6) 2600 (241.5) 6400 (595) 1700 (158) 2900 (269)
-Average discharge density
-[gpm/ft2 (mm/min)]
-0.29 (11.8)c 0.60 (24.4) 0.77 (31.4) — 0.92 (37.5)
-initial
-0.80 (32.6)
-final
-0.96 (39.1) initial
-0.74 (30.2) final
-Maximum 1-minute average
-gas temperature over
-ignition [°F (°C)]
-1680 (916)c 1463 (795) 1634 (890) 1519 (826) de
-Duration of high
-temperature within
-acceptable limits
-No Yes Yes Marginal Yes Yes
-Maximum 1-minute average
-fire plume gas velocity
-over ignition
-[ft/sec (m/sec)]
-— 40.7 (12.4) 50.2 (15.3) 47.8 (14.6) — —
-Target ignited Yes Yes No No No Briefly
-Extent of fire damage
-within acceptable limits
-No No Marginal Marginal Yes Marginal
-Test duration (min) 17.4 20 20 25.5 45 45
-a Phase I test.
-b Phase III tests decaying pressure.
-c Pressure increased to 50 psi (3.5 bar) at 10 minutes.
-d Maximum steel temperature over ignition 341°F (172°C).
-e Maximum steel temperature over ignition 132°F (56°C).
-13–355ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.20.2 Exposed, expanded plastic dunnage, instrument pan-
-els, and plastic bumper facia were the automotive components
-with their related packaging that were utilized in the fire tests.
-This test commodity used in the large-scale sprinklered fire
-test proved to be the worst challenge per the large-scale calo-
-rimeter tests of available components. See Technical Report of
-Fire Testing of Automotive Parts in Portable Storage Racking , pre-
-pared by Underwriters Laboratories, Project 99NK29106,
-NC4004, January 5, 2001, and Commodity Hazard Comparison of
-Expanded Plastic in Portable Bins and Racking , Project
-99NK29106, NC4004, September 8, 2000.
-A.20.3 These special designs are based on fire heat release
-calorimeter tests and 11 full-scale tests conducted by the Retail
-Fire Research Coalition at Underwriters Laboratories in 2000
-and 2007. [See Figure A.20.3(a) through Figure A.20.3(f).]
-Table A.19.1.2(a) Automatic Sprinkler System Design Criteria — Spray Sprinklers for
-Existing Storage Facilities (Discharge densities are gpm/ft2 over ft2.)
-Storage
-Height
-(ft)
-Ceiling
-(ft)
-Heavyweight Mediumweight
-Closed Array
-Banded or
-Unbanded
-Standard Array Open Array Closed Array
-Banded or
-Unbanded
-Standard Array Open Array
-Banded or
-UnbandedBanded Unbanded Banded Unbanded Banded Unbanded
-10 ≤5 0.2/2000 0.2/2000 0.2/2000 0.25/2000 0.25/2000 0.2/2000 0.25/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000
-10 >5 0.2/2000 0.2/2000 0.2/2000 0.25/2500 0.25/2500 0.2/2000 0.25/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2000
-15 ≤5 0.25/2000 0.25/2000 0.25/2500 0.3/2500 0.3/3000 0.25/2000 0.3/2000 0.45/2500 0.45/2500
-15 >5 0.25/2000 0.25/2000 0.25/2500 0.3/3000 0.3/3500 0.25/2000 0.3/2500 0.45/3000 0.45/3000
-20 ≤5 0.3/2000 0.3/2000 0.3/2500 0.45/3000 0.45/3500 0.3/2000 0.45/2500 0.6/2500 0.6/2500
-20 >5 0.3/2000 0.3/2500 0.3/3000 0.45/3500 0.45/4000 0.3/2500 0.45/3000 0.6/3000 0.6/3000
-25 ≤5 0.45/2500 0.45/3000 0.45/3500 0.6/2500 0.6/3000 0.45/3000 0.6/3000 0.75/2500 0.75/2500
-25 >5 0.45/3000 0.45/3500 0.45/4000 0.6/3000 0.6/3500 0.45/3500 0.6/3500 0.75/3000 0.75/3000
-30 ≤5 0.6/2500 0.6/3000 0.6/3000 0.75/2500 0.75/3000 0.6/4000 0.75/3000 0.75/3500 0.75/3500
-Note: Densities or areas, or both, can be interpolated between any 5 ft storage height increment.
-Table A.19.1.2(b) Automatic Sprinkler System Design Criteria — Spray Sprinklers for
-Existing Storage Facilities (Discharge densities are mm/min over m2.)
-Storage
-Height
-(m)
-Ceiling
-(m)
-Heavyweight Mediumweight
-Closed Array
-Banded or
-Unbanded
-Standard Array Open Array Closed Array
-Banded or
-Unbanded
-Standard Array Open Array
-Banded or
-UnbandedBanded Unbanded Banded Unbanded Banded Unbanded
-3.1 ≤1.5 0.76/185.8 0.76/185.8 0.76/185.8 0.95/185.8 0.95/185.8 0.76/185.8 0.95/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8
-3.1 >1.5 0.76/185.8 0.76/185.8 0.76/185.8 0.95/232.3 0.95/232.3 0.76/185.8 0.95/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8
-4.6 ≤1.5 0.95/185.8 0.95/185.8 0.95/232.3 12.2/232.3 12.2/278.7 0.95/185.8 12.2/185.8 18.3/232.3 18.3/232.3
-4.6 >1.5 0.95/185.8 0.95/185.8 0.95/232.3 12.2/278.7 12.2/325.2 0.95/185.8 12.2/232.3 18.3/278.7 18.3/278.7
-6.1 ≤1.5 12.2/185.8 12.2/185.8 12.2/232.3 18.3/278.7 18.3/325.2 12.2/185.8 18.3/232.3 24.5/232.3 24.5/232.3
-6.1 >1.5 12.2/185.8 12.2/232.3 12.2/278.7 18.3/325.2 18.3/371.6 12.2/232.3 18.3/278.7 24.5/278.7 24.5/278.7
-7.6 ≤1.5 18.3/232.3 18.3/278.7 18.3/325.2 24.5/232.3 24.5/278.7 18.3/278.7 24.5/278.7 30.6/232.3 30.6/232.3
-7.6 >1.5 18.3/278.7 18.3/325.2 18.3/371.6 24.5/278.7 24.5/325.2 18.3/325.2 24.5/325.2 30.6/278.7 30.6/278.7
-9.1 ≤1.5 24.5/232.3 24.5/278.7 24.5/278.7 30.6/232.3 30.6/278.7 24.5/371.6 30.6/278.7 30.6/325.2 30.6/325.2
-Note: Densities or areas, or both, can be interpolated between any 1.5 m storage height increment.
-13–356 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
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-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-7 in.
-12 ft 
-nominal
-75 in.
-22 ft
-Legend:
-K-25.2 165∞F upright-style sprinkler
-Group A plastic test commodity
-14 ft
-51 ft
-Ignition location
- Side Elevation View of Main Array
-7 in.
-12 ft 
-nominal
-75 in.
-22 ft
-Legend:
-K-25.2 165∞F upright-style sprinkler
-Group A plastic test commodity
-14 ft
-4 ft
-5 ft
-Ignition location
- Front Elevation View
-FIGURE A.20.3(a) Fire Test A1.
-13–357ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
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-01:53:20 MST
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-7 in.
-15 ft
- nominal
-15 ft
- nominal
-96 in.
-33 in.
-30 in.
-22 in.
-25 ft
-Legend:
-K-25.2 165∞F upright-style sprinkler
-Group A plastic test commodity
-14 ft
-45 ft
-Ignition location
-Side Elevation View of Main Array
-7 in.
-95 in.
-25 ft
-Legend:
-K-25.2 165∞F upright-style sprinkler
-Group A plastic test commodity
-14 ft
-60 in.
-72 in.
-25.5 in.
-Ignition location
-Front Elevation View
-FIGURE A.20.3(b) Fire Test A2.
-13–358 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-
-7 in.
-15 ft 
-nominal
-15 ft 
-nominal
-12 ft
-14 in.
-25 ft
-Legend:
-K-25.2 165∞F upright-style sprinkler
-Group A plastic test commodity nominal 12.25 in. tall
-Group A plastic test commodity nominal 21 in. tall
-14 ft
-36 ft
-Ignition location
-Side Elevation View of Main Array
-7 in.
-12 ft
-14 in.
-25 ft
-Legend:
-K-25.2 165∞F QR upright-style sprinkler
-Group A plastic test commodity nominal 12.25 in. tall
-Group A plastic test commodity nominal 21 in. tall
-14 ft
-37 in.
-Ignition location
-Front Elevation View 
-Class II target
-Class II target
-FIGURE A.20.3(c) Fire Test A3.
-13–359ANNEX A
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-7 in.
-13.5 ft 
-nominal
-13.5 ft 
-nominal
-10 ft
-20 ft
-Legend:
-K-25.2 165∞F upright-style sprinkler
-Group A plastic test commodity nominal 12.25 in. tall
-Group A plastic test commodity nominal 21 in. tall
-14 ft
-40 ft
-Ignition location
-Side Elevation View of Main Array
-7 in.
-120 in.
-20 ft
-Legend:
-K-25.2 165∞F upright-style sprinkler
-Group A plastic test commodity nominal 12.25 in. tall
-Group A plastic test commodity nominal 21 in. tall
-14 ft
-5 ft
-Ignition location
-Front Elevation View
-FIGURE A.20.3(d) Fire Test A4.
-13–360 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
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-01:53:20 MST
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-51 in.
-4 ft 4 ft
-4 ft
-4 ft 4 ft 8 ft
-4 ft
-51 in.
-100 ft
-14 ft
-32 ft
-14 ft
-22 ft
-100 ft
-Plan View
-Shelving suspended on wire uprights at 24 in., 48 in., 72 in., 96 in., and 120 in. with a wire shelf at 148 in.
-CL
-CL
-N
-Legend:
-K-25.2 upright-style sprinkler 165∞F QR, 0.55 gpm/ft2 water density for first
-four sprinkler operations, then 0.49 gpm/ft2 for all additional operations
-Group A plastic test commodity
-Class II target commodity
-Ignition location
-FIGURE A.20.3(e) Fire Test A6 — Plan View.
-13–361ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
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-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-7 in.
-16.5 ft 
-nominal
-15.5 ft 
-nominal
-145 in.
-22 ft
-Legend:
-K-25.2 165∞F upright-style sprinkler
-Group A plastic test commodity
-14 ft
-22 ft
-North Side Elevation View of Main Array
-7 in.
-148 in.
-22 ft
-Legend:
-K-25.2 165∞F upright-style sprinkler
-Group A plastic test commodity
-14 ft
-22 ft
-South Side Elevation View of Main Array
-Ignition location
-FIGURE A.20.3(f) Fire Test A6 — Main Array (North/South).
-13–362 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-01:53:20 MST
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-
-A.20.5.6.3.5 Figure A.20.5.6.3.5(a) through Figure A.20.5.6.3.5(c)
-illustrate a typical rack layout for carton records storage showing
-the design and installation of in-rack sprinklers underneath the
-catwalks and in the transverse flues.
-A.20.6.1 NFPA 13 contains protection criteria for limited con-
-figurations of compact mobile storage units and materials
-stored. Storage arrangements not specifically addressed in
-NFPA 13 are outside the scope of the standard (i.e., protection
-for commodities other than paper files, magazines, or books
-in compact mobile storage units does not simply follow high-
-piled storage protection criteria for shelves or racks). Where
-compact mobile storage configurations outside the scope of
-NFPA 13 are to be utilized, they must be addressed on a case-
-by-case basis with consideration given to the fact that no
-known sprinkler protection criteria is currently available. Ad-
-ditional protection features, such as rated construction, barri-
-ers within the storage, consideration for safe locating away
-from vulnerable areas, and methods for control or exhausting
-of the smoke, should be considered.
-A.20.6.5 Steel barriers that are shown to have equivalent re-
-sistance to passage of flames and heat transfer in fire tests as
-solid 24 gauge steel barriers are permitted.
-FIGURE A.20.5.6.3.5(a) Typical Carton Record Storage Sprinkler Installation.
-13–363ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.20.7.1 See Figure A.20.7.1.
-A.21.1 The intent of this chapter is to provide protection
-options for the commodity hazards and storage arrangements
-outlined in Chapters 12 through 20 based on the characteris-
-tics of the sprinkler, such as K-factor, orientation, RTI rating,
-sprinkler spacing type and temperature rating, and using a
-design format of number of sprinklers at a minimum operat-
-ing pressure. The protection options offered in this chapter
-will be based on the results of full-scale fire testing, as outlined
-in A.21.2 or A.21.3, while incorporating a minimum 50 per-
-cent safety factor into the number of sprinklers provided in
-the design. The intent of this chapter is to offer protection
-options using sprinklers having a nominal K-factor of 11.2
-(160) or higher.
-A.21.2 The protection options offered in Section 21.2 are
-intended to be based on the results of full-scale fire tests con-
-ducted at a recognized testing laboratory using the standard-
-ized testing methods established by the testing laboratory and
-supplemented within this chapter.
-Protection options for this chapter can be based on storage
-arrangements other than palletized, solid piled, bin box, shelf
-storage, or back-to-back shelf storage, provided that the tested
-storage arrangement (such as rack storage) is deemed more
-hazardous than the storage arrangements outlined for this
-chapter.
-Ceiling-level sprinkler system designs for this chapter
-should include a series of tests to evaluate the ability of the
-sprinkler to control or suppress a fire under a range of test
-variables for the commodity to be protected when maintained
-in a storage arrangement applicable to Section 21.2. The
-sprinkler standards referenced in Table A.6.1.1 provide de-
-tailed information regarding representative test commodities,
-measurement of steel temperatures, and the construction of
-igniters used to initiate the fire.
-Test parameters to be held constant during the test series
-should include at least the following:
-(1) Minimum operating pressure of the sprinklers
-(2) Highest commodity hazard that will apply to the protec-
-tion option
-(3) Storage arrangement type
-Test parameters that can vary during the test series should
-include at least the following:
-(1) Ignition locations relative to the overhead sprinklers in-
-cluding the following:
-Service aisles
-10 ft 6 in. maximum
-10 ft 6 in. maximum
-18 in. to 24 in.
-Cartons
-11 ft 6 in.
-Transverse
-flue
-sprinkler
-Sprinkler on odd level
-Sprinkler on even level
-Plan View
-FIGURE A.20.5.6.3.5(b) Plan View of Sprinkler Locations in Carton Record Storage.
-13–364 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-(a) Under one sprinkler
-(b) Between two sprinklers on the same branch line
-(c) Between four sprinklers
-(d) ADD analysis can be used to choose either option (b)
-or (c)
-(2) Maximum ceiling height (see Table A.21.2 for ceiling height
-variance); representative tests at each ceiling height limita-
-tion that has a discrete minimum operating pressure or
-number of sprinklers required to be included in the hy-
-draulic calculation
-(3) Storage heights that are based on the following clearances
-between the deflector of the ceiling-level sprinkler and
-the top of storage:
-(a) Minimum clearance, which is typically 3 ft (0.9 m)
-(b) Nominal 10 ft (3.1 m) clearance
-(c) Nominal 20 ft (6.1 m) clearance for maximum ceiling
-heights of 40 ft (12.2 m) or higher
-(4) Minimum and maximum temperature ratings
-(5) Minimum and maximum sprinkler spacing
-(6) Maximum sprinkler distance below the ceiling when
-greater than 12 in. (305 mm).
-See Figure A.21.2 for an example of a nominal 25 ft (7.6 m)
-high palletized storage fire test arrangement. See Table A.21.2
-for a typical large-scale fire test series to investigate the perfor-
-mance of a sprinkler covered by this chapter having a standard
-coverage area and a discrete minimum operating pressure for
-a 30 ft (9.1 m) ceiling height.
-In addition to determining the number of operated sprin-
-klers, the maximum 1 minute average steel temperature mea-
-sured above the fire should not exceed 1000°F (538°C), and
-there should be no sustained combustion at the far end of the
-main test array and at the outer edges of the target arrays
-during each test. In addition, no sprinklers should operate at
-the outer edges of the installed sprinkler system.
-The number of sprinklers to be used in the sprinkler system
-design will be based on the worst-case result obtained from the
-full-scale fire test series increased by a minimum 50 percent. Re-
-gardless of the number of sprinklers that operated during the
-worst-case full-scale fire test, the number in the sprinkler system
-demand will be no less than 12 sprinklers for standard coverage
-sprinklers or 6 sprinklers for extended coverage sprinklers.
-A.21.3 The protection options offered in Section 21.3 are
-intended to be based on the results of full-scale fire tests con-
-ducted at a recognized testing laboratory using the standard-
-ized testing methods established by the testing laboratory and
-supplemented within this chapter.
-Service aisles
-1
-2
-12 ft 0 in. maximum
-12 ft 0 in. maximum
-18 in. to 24 in.
-Cartons
-11 ft 6 in.
-Section View
-Catwalk
-Notes:
-(1) Sprinkler labeled 1
-     located at odd levels
-     1, 3, 5, 7, etc.
-(2) Sprinkler labeled 2
-     located at even levels
-     2, 4, 6, 8, etc.
-(3) For storage higher
-     than represented, the
-     cycle defined by
-     Notes 1 and 2 is repeated,
-      with stagger as indicated.
-(4) Symbols    and 
-      indicate sprinkler on
-     vertical horizontal stagger.
-(5) Each rack level has
-     maximum 81 cartons, which
-    represents a single load.
-(6) Transverse flues at
-     rack uprights.
-(7) 0 in. to 2 in. service
-     space between back-
-     to-back units.
-(8) Transverse flue and
-     aisle sprinklers upright
-     with deflector minimum
-     6 in. above storage.
-FIGURE A.20.5.6.3.5(c) Section View of Sprinkler Locations in Carton Record Storage.
-13–365ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Ceiling-level sprinkler system designs for this chapter
-should include a series of tests to evaluate the ability of the
-sprinkler to control or suppress a fire under a range of test
-variables for the commodity to be protected when maintained
-in a storage arrangement applicable to Section 21.3. The
-sprinkler standards referenced in Table A.6.1.1 provide de-
-tailed information regarding representative test commodities,
-measurement of steel temperatures, and the construction of
-igniters used to initiate the fire.
-Test parameters to be held constant during the test series
-should include at least the following:
-(1) Minimum operating pressure of the ceiling-level sprinklers
-(2) Highest commodity hazard that will apply to the protec-
-tion option
-(3) Storage arrangement type
-(4) Minimum aisle width
-Test parameters that can vary during the test series should
-include at least the following:
-(1) Ignition locations relative to the overhead sprinklers in-
-cluding the following:
-(a) Under one sprinkler
-(b) Between two sprinklers on the same branch line
-(c) Between four sprinklers
-(d) ADD analysis can be used to choose either option (b)
-or (c)
-(2) Maximum ceiling height (see Table A.21.2 for ceiling height
-variance); representative tests at each ceiling height limita-
-tion that has a discrete minimum operating pressure or
-number of sprinklers required to be included in the hy-
-draulic calculation
-(3) Storage heights that are based on the following clearances
-between the deflector of the ceiling-level sprinkler and
-the top of storage:
-(a) Minimum clearance, which is typically 3 ft (0.9 m)
-(b) Nominal 10 ft (3.1 m) clearance
-(c) Nominal 20 ft (6.1 m) clearance for maximum ceiling
-heights of 40 ft (12.2 m) or higher
-(4) Minimum and maximum temperature ratings
-(5) Minimum and maximum sprinkler spacing
-(6) Maximum sprinkler distance below the ceiling when
-greater than 12 in. (305 mm)
-Historical testing has indicated that a double-row rack stor-
-age arrangement is considered representative of single- and
-multiple-row rack storage. The ignition location relative to the
-sprinkler has been demonstrated to be a key variable associ-
-ated with full-scale fire tests. The critical ignition scenarios
-include locating (1) one of the sprinklers directly above the
-center of the main storage array, (2) two of the sprinklers on
-the same branch line such that the midpoint between the two
-sprinklers is directly above the center of the storage array, and
-(3) four sprinklers (two each on adjacent branch lines) such
-that the geometric center point between the four sprinklers is
-located directly above the center of the main storage array.
-The igniters for this testing should be placed at the base of the
-storage array and offset from the center of the main array in
-the transverse flue space as illustrated in Figure A.21.3. Previ-
-ous testing has demonstrated that an offset ignition location
-represents a challenging test scenario.
-Solid steel
-vertical barrier
-(typical)
-Solid steel shelf
-≥ 3 in. transverse
-flue space
-≥ 6 in. longitudinal
-flue space
-£18 in.
-£ 54 in.
-£ 36 in.
-Side box guides
-and backstops
-Hollow tubular
-steel uprights
-open top ends
-(typical)
-Shelf – See detail
-Detail (typical)
-FIGURE A.20.7.1 Typical Fixed High Bay Record Storage Structure.
-13–366 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-A double-rack storage array should be a nominal 32 ft (9.8 m)
-long with single-row target arrays located on each side of the
-main array. The sprinkler branch lines should be installed in a
-direction that is perpendicular to the longitudinal flue spacing of
-the storage arrangement, and the branch lines over the test array
-should be sized such that they represent the largest obstruction
-for upright-style sprinklers. See Figure A.21.3 for an example of a
-nominal 30 ft (9.1 m) high double-row rack storage fire test ar-
-rangement. See Table A.21.3(a) and Table A.21.3(b) for a typical
-full-scale fire test series to investigate the performance of a sprin-
-kler covered by this chapter having a standard coverage area and
-a discrete minimum operating pressure for a 40 ft (12.2 m) ceil-
-ing height.
-In addition to determining the number of operated sprin-
-klers, the maximum 1 minute average steel temperature mea-
-sured above the fire should not exceed 1000°F (538°C), and
-there should be no sustained combustion at the far end of the
-main test array and at the outer edges of the target arrays
-during each test. In addition, no sprinklers should operate at
-the outer edges of the installed sprinkler system.
-The number of sprinklers to be used in the sprinkler sys-
-tem design will be based on the worst-case result obtained
-from the full-scale fire test series increased by a minimum
-50 percent. Regardless of the number of sprinklers that oper-
-ated during the worst-case full-scale fire test, the number in
-the sprinkler system demand will be no less than 12 sprinklers
-for standard coverage sprinklers or 6 sprinklers for extended
-coverage sprinklers.
-Once the number of sprinklers for a demand area has been
-established, the minimum operating area, based on the pro-
-posed sprinkler spacing, cannot be less than 768 ft2 (71 m2).
-A.22.4.1.1 Spray application operations should be located only
-in buildings that are completely protected by an approved system
-of automatic sprinklers. If the operations are located in unsprin-
-klered buildings, sprinklers should be installed to protect spray
-application processes where practical. Because of the rapidity
-and intensity of fires that involve spray operations, the available
-water should be ample to simultaneously supply all sprinkler
-21 ft
-(6.4 m)
-26 ft
-(7.9 m)
-12 in. (typ)
-(305 mm)
-12 in.
-(305 mm)
-42 in.
-(1.1 m)
-5 in.
-(125 mm)
-68 in.
-(1.7 m)
-47 in.
-(1.2 m)
-8 ft
-(2.4 m)
-15 ft
-(4.6 m)
-nominal
-10 ft
-(3.05 m)
-nominal
-42 in.
-(1.1 m)
-(typ)
-Cardboard
-sheet target
-– Ignition location
-at base of array
-Ceiling
-Single stack
-Plan View
-Elevation View
-Standard
-Class II
-(typ)
-Standard
-plastic
-(typ)
-FIGURE A.21.2 Typical Example of 15 ft (4.6 m) Palletized
-Storage Full-Scale Fire Test Arrangement.
-Table A.21.2 Typical Example of 25 ft (7.6 m) Palletized Storage Under 30 ft (9.1 m) Ceiling
-Full-Scale Fire Test Series on Simulated Wet-Type Sprinkler System (considers ADD results)
-Parameter Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4
-Storage type Palletized Palletized Palletized Palletized
-Nominal storage height, ft (m) 20 (6.1) 25 (7.6) 20 (6.1) 20 (6.1)
-Nominal ceiling height, ft (m) 30 (9.1) Adjusted to achieve
-minimum sprinkler
-deflector to
-commodity
-clearance
-30 (9.1) 30 (9.1)
-Sprinkler temperature rating Minimum
-temperature rating
-Maximum
-temperature rating
-Minimum
-temperature rating
-Minimum
-temperature rating
-Nominal deflector to ceiling
-distance, in (cm)
-Maximum specified by
-manufacturer
-Maximum specified
-by manufacturer
-Maximum specified
-by manufacturer
-Maximum specified
-by manufacturer
-Sprinkler spacing, 20 ft (6.1 m) Maximum permitted
-by NFPA 13
-Maximum permitted
-by NFPA 13
-Minimum permitted
-by NFPA 13
-Maximum permitted
-by NFPA 13
-Nominal discharge pressure, psig
-(kPa)
-Minimum operating Minimum operating Minimum operating Minimum operating
-Ignition location Under one Between two on same
-branch line or
-between four
-Under one Between two on same
-branch line or
-Between four
-Test duration, minutes 30 30 30 30
-13–367ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-heads likely to open in one fire without depleting the available
-water for use by hose streams. Noncombustible draft curtains can
-be used to limit the number of sprinklers that will open.
-Even when areas adjacent to coating operations are consid-
-ered under reasonably positive fire control by adequate auto-
-matic sprinkler protection, damage is possible if operations
-are conducted on floors above those containing contents that
-are highly susceptible to water damage. Waterproofing and
-drainage of spray room floors can assist in reducing water
-damage on floors below. Proper drainage of the large volume
-of water frequently necessary to extinguish spray finishing
-room fires often presents considerable difficulty. [33: A.9.4]
-Subsection 22.4.1.1 lists four types of automatic sprinkler
-systems and requires that the one “most appropriate for the
-portion of the spray area being protected” be used. Generally,
-an open-head deluge system provides the highest level of pro-
-tection, given that all sprinklers in the protected area flow
-simultaneously. This type of system is most appropriate for
-large, downdraft, water-wash spray booths when protecting au-
-tomatic electrostatic spray application zones.
-Wet pipe automatic sprinkler systems are appropriate for
-protecting spray booths that utilize nonelectrostatic applica-
-tion processes or operations using listed electrostatic applica-
-tion processes. Wet pipe systems are also generally used to
-protect exhaust plenums (eliminator or scrubber sections),
-exhaust ducts, and air recirculation filter houses.
-Dry pipe systems have been included because some exhaust
-duct designs include sections that are subject to freezing.
-Preaction systems have been included because some spray
-application processes and equipment can be damaged by un-
-wanted water discharge. This damage can be disruptive and
-costly. Powder spray booths and solvent concentrator (air pol-
-lution abatement) systems are examples of systems where it is
-appropriate to use a preaction system. [33: A.9.4.1]
-A.22.4.2 The area of sprinkler operation includes all sprin-
-klers within the individual spray area as defined by NFPA 33,
-3.3.2.3.
-A.22.4.2.1 Automatic sprinklers in spray areas, including the
-interior of spray booths and exhaust ducts, should be wet pipe,
-preaction, or deluge system so that water can be placed on the
-fire in the shortest possible time. Automatic sprinklers in spray
-booths and exhaust ducts should be of the lowest practical
-temperature rating. The delay in application of water with or-
-dinary dry pipe sprinklers can permit a fire to spread so rap-
-idly that final extinguishment is difficult without extensive re-
-sulting damage.
-The location of the sprinkler heads inside spray booths
-should be selected with care in order to avoid heads being
-placed in the direct path of spray and yet afford protection for
-the entire booth interior. When sprinkler heads are in the
-direct path of spray, even one day’s operation can result in
-deposits on the sprinkler heads that insulate the fusible link or
-choke open head orifices to the extent that sprinklers cannot
-operate efficiently.
-Automatic sprinklers should also be located so that areas
-subject to substantial accumulations of overspray residue are
-protected. Generally, sprinklers are located no more than 4 ft
-(1.2 m) from side walls of booths and rooms and from dry
-overspray collectors (where applicable). Sprinklers in booths
-or rooms should be on Extra Hazard Occupancy spacing of
-90 ft2 (8.4 m2).
-All sprinklers in spray areas should be controlled by an
-accessible control valve, preferably an outside stem and yoke
-(OS&Y) valve. [33: A.9.4]
-Water supply requirements for most industrial paint spray
-operations should be adequate to supply all automatic sprin-
-klers in the spray area. Loss experience has shown that fires
-Class II
-commodity
-Representative
-test commodity
-32 ft
-4 in.
-(10 m)
-Minimum aisle
-width (typical) 6 in.
-(15 cm)
-3 ft 10 in.
-(1.2 m)
-29 ft 8 in.
-(9.0 m)
-10 in.
-(0.5 m)
-Main array
-5 ft
-(1.5 m)
-Ignition location
-7 ft 6 in.
-(2.3 m) 3 ft 6 in.
-(1.1 m)
-8 ft 3 in.
-(2.5 m)
-0 ft
-7¹⁄₂ in.
-(1.9 cm)
-Plan View
-5 ft
-(1.5 m)
-5 ft
-(1.5 m)
-5 ft
-(1.5 m)
-5 ft
-(1.5 m)
-Elevation View
-FIGURE A.21.3 Typical Example of 30 ft (9.1 m) Double-
-Row Rack Storage Fire Test Arrangement.
-13–368 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-starting in the exhaust duct can spread to the spray booth and
-that fires starting in the booth can spread to the exhaust duct.
-Sprinklers or sprinkler systems protecting stacks or ducts
-should be of a type not subject to freezing. Automatic systems
-are preferred, but manual systems are also acceptable. For
-some industries, such as the automotive industry, manually
-operated open-head systems have proved to be effective pro-
-tection for ducts and stacks. [33: A.9.4.6]
-A.22.5.1 Water spray or deluge systems that are used to pro-
-tect solvent extraction process equipment or structures should
-be designed to provide a density of not less than 0.25 gpm/ft2
-(10.3 mm/min) of protected surface area. (See NFPA 13 and
-NFPA 15, for additional information.) Foam-water sprinkler or
-deluge systems that are used for the same purposes should be
-designed to provide a density of not less than 0.16 gpm/ft 2
-(6.5 mm/min) of protected surface area. (See NFPA 13 and
-NFPA 16 for additional information.)
-Preparation buildings should be protected with automatic
-sprinkler systems designed for ordinary hazard (Group 2), in
-accordance with NFPA 13. [36: A.4.8]
-Table A.21.3(a) Typical Example of a 35 ft (10.7 m) Rack Storage Under a 40 ft (12.2 m)
-Ceiling Full-Scale Fire Test Series on a Simulated Wet-Type Sprinkler System (considers ADD results)
-Parameter Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4
-Storage type Double-row rack Double-row rack Double-row rack Double-row rack
-Nominal storage height,
-ft (m)
-30 (9.1) 35 (10.7) 30 (9.1) 20 (6.1)
-Nominal ceiling height,
-ft (m)
-40 (12.2) Adjusted to achieve
-minimum
-sprinkler deflector
-to commodity
-clearance
-40 (12.2) 40 (12.2)
-Sprinkler temperature
-rating
-Minimum temperature
-rating
-Maximum
-temperature rating
-Minimum temperature
-rating
-Minimum temperature
-rating
-Nominal deflector to
-ceiling distance, in.
-(cm)
-Maximum specified by
-manufacturer
-Maximum specified
-by manufacturer
-Maximum specified by
-manufacturer
-Maximum specified by
-manufacturer
-Sprinkler spacing, 20 ft
-(6.1 m)
-Maximum permitted by
-NFPA 13
-Maximum permitted
-by NFPA 13
-Minimum permitted by
-NFPA 13
-Maximum permitted by
-NFPA 13
-Nominal discharge
-pressure, psig (kPa)
-Minimum operating Minimum operating Minimum operating Minimum operating
-Ignition location Under one Between two on same
-branch line or
-between four
-Under one Between two on same
-branch line or between
-four
-Test duration, minutes 30 30 30 30
-Table A.21.3(b) Typical Example of 35 ft (10.7 m) Rack Storage Under 40 ft (12.2 m)
-Ceiling Full-Scale Fire Test Series on a Simulated Wet-Type Sprinkler System
-Parameter Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4
-Storage type Double-row rack Double-row rack Double-row rack Double-row rack
-Nominal storage
-height, ft (m)
-30 (9.1) 35 (10.7) 30 (9.1) 20 (6.1)
-Nominal ceiling height,
-ft (m)
-40 (12.2) Adjusted to achieve
-minimum sprinkler
-deflector to
-commodity clearance
-40 (12.2) 40 (12.2)
-Sprinkler temperature
-rating
-Minimum temperature
-rating
-Maximum temperature
-rating
-Minimum temperature
-rating
-Minimum temperature
-rating
-Nominal deflector to
-ceiling distance, in
-(cm)
-Within 12 (30.5) Maximum specified by
-manufacturer
-Maximum specified by
-manufacturer
-Maximum specified by
-manufacturer
-Sprinkler spacing, 20 ft
-(6.1 m)
-10 × 10 (3.0 × 3.0) 10 × 10 (3.0 × 3.0) 10 × 10 (3.0 × 3.0) 10 × 10 (3.0 × 3.0)
-Nominal discharge
-pressure, psig (kPa)
-Minimum operating Minimum operating Minimum operating Minimum operating
-Ignition location Under one Between four Between two on same
-branch line
-Between two on same
-branch line
-Test duration, minutes 30 30 30 30
-13–369ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.22.6.1 Automatic sprinkler systems are considered to be
-effective in controlling lubricating oil fires. Sprinkler densities
-provided in this standard are based on Extra Hazard, Group 1
-occupancy as defined in NFPA 13. Automatic sprinkler protec-
-tion designed as local protection for the engine in many cases
-provides better protection than sprinkler protection installed
-only at the ceiling level, particularly in the case of pressurized
-lubricating oil fires.
-Consideration should be given to providing local protec-
-tion when the protected engine equipment is located in a high
-bay area. Delayed activation time or lack of water penetration
-could delay fire suppression from a ceiling system.
-Local protection for engines can be accomplished using
-either a wet system or a single interlock pre-action deluge sys-
-tem with heat detection. Detectors for actuation of a pre-
-action system should be located above the engine and around
-the system piping.
-For diesel engine installations, the system piping should
-loop the engine at the height of the cylinder heads.
-Because of the tight radial clearances on combustion gas
-turbines and the potential for rubbing of rotating parts and
-increased damage, it is advisable to use great care if using a
-sprinkler or water spray suppression system. Water from a ceil-
-ing or spot protection system could effectively control a fire;
-however, gaseous suppression agents could be just as effective
-without the potential for equipment damage when the system
-activates. [37: A.11.4.5.1]
-A.22.7.1.3 See Figure A.22.7.1.3. The illustration shows the lo-
-cation of sprinkler heads and the decomposition vent. [40:A.63]
-A.22.7.1.8 One acceptable nozzle spray pattern would be
-such that at a 2.4 m (8 ft) distance the cone is about 1.5 m
-(5 ft) in diameter. See Figure A.22.7.1.8. [40: A.6.5.6.4]
-A.22.7.1.10 Figure A.22.7.1.10(a) shows an example of a nozzle
-layout consistent with the recommended arrangement for a vault
-design as shown in Figure A.22.7.1.10(b). [40:A.6.5.6.6]
-A.22.14.2.1 In facilities that are under the supervision of an
-operator or other person familiar with the equipment, during
-all periods that equipment is energized, the normal delay be-
-tween the initial outbreak of a fire and the operation of a
-Decomposition vent
-2-hr-rated
-swinging-type
-self-closing
-fire door in
-approved
-frame
-Shelves and barriers
-tightly fitted to walls
-Switch
-and pilot
-light
-Spray-type fixed nozzles
-Automatic sprinklers
-Barriers
-ELEVATION VIEW
-Shelves of hardwood or
-noncombustible, insulating material
-tightly fitted to walls and barriers
-25 mm (1 in.)
-Not
-over
-0.9 m
-(3 ft)
-Lights of fixed type and at ceiling only;
-should be guarded
-Shelves 25 mm (1 in.) wider
-than diameter of largest container
-PLAN VIEW
-ELEVATION VIEW
-Vertical barriers of
-noncombustible,
-insulating material
-2-hr-rated sliding-type
-automatic-closing
-fire door
-Explosion relief
-[0.1 m² for each
-1.4 m³ (1 ft² for
-each 50 ft³)];
-wing walls 
-provided as 
-necessary
-Decomposition
-vent
-Floor drain
-or scuppers
-FIGURE A.22.7.1.3 Standard Film Vault (for Other Than Extended Term Storage Film). [40:Figure A.6.3]
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
-0
-–2
-01 234
-Distance (ft)
-Height (ft)
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
-0
-–2
-012–3 –2 –1–4–5 5 43
-Width (ft)
-Height (ft)
-Side pattern of spray Spray pattern on the face of the shelves
-Note: 1 ft = 0.3 m.
-FIGURE A.22.7.1.8 Typical Nozzle Spray Pattern. [40:Figure
-A.6.5.6.4]
-13–370 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-sprinkler system will provide adequate time for operators to
-shut down the power by use of the electrical disconnecting
-means as prescribed in Section 10.4 of NFPA 75. In other in-
-stances where a fire can operate sprinkler heads before discov-
-ery by personnel, a method of automatic detection should be
-provided to automatically de-energize the electronic equip-
-ment as quickly as possible.
-To minimize damage to electronic computer equipment lo-
-cated in sprinkler-protected areas, it is important that power be
-off prior to the application of water on the fire. [75:A.8.1.2]
-A.22.14.2.3 The use of carbon dioxide systems for the protec-
-tion of spaces beneath raised floors is discussed in Section B.5
-of NFPA 12, wherein it is pointed out that the design of such
-systems requires compensation for leakage and provision for a
-soft discharge to minimize turbulence and agent loss through
-perforated tiles. These same concerns exist for other inert gas
-clean agent systems installed in accordance with NFPA 2001.
-Since these spaces are usually of a very limited height, this type
-of fire suppression system may be easier to design and install
-than sprinklers. [75: A.8.1.1.2]
-A.22.15.2.2 See Figure A.22.15.2.2(a) through Figure
-A.22.15.2.2(h).
-1.14 m
-(3 ft 9 in.)
-0.76 m
-(2 ft 6 in.)
-0.3 m
-(1ft)
-0.3 m
-(1ft)
-1.14 m
-(3 ft 9 in.)
-1.14 m
-(3 ft 9 in.)
-1.14 m
-(3 ft 9 in.)
-1.14 m
-(3 ft 9 in.)
-1.14 m
-(3 ft 9 in.)
-1.14 m
-(3 ft 9 in.)
-0.76 m
-(2 ft 6 in.)
-1.14 m
-(3 ft 9 in.)
-FIGURE A.22.7.1.10(a) Nozzle Layout for Typical Vault.
-[40:Figure A.6.5.6.6(a)]
-ELEVATION VIEW
-ELEVATION
-VIEW
-200 mm
-(8 in.)
-2.4 m (8 ft)
-2.7 m
-(9 ft)
-0.41 m
-(1 ft 4 in.) 0.76 m (2 ft 6 in.)
-3.2 m
-(10 ft 6 in.)
-Light fixtures
-PLAN VIEW
-5.64 m (18 ft 6 in.)
-4.1 m (13 ft 6 in.)
-1.68 m (5 ft 6 in.)
-0.96 m
-(3 ft 2 in.)
-Open-face
-shelves
-24 Shelves in 18 stacks
-(nominal)
-FIGURE A.22.7.1.10(b) Typical Vault Layout. [40:Figure
-A.6.5.6.6(b)]
-Fire-rated 
-enclosure
-Chute venting
-Chute intake
-door
-Listed 
-discharge 
-door
-Chute discharge
-room 
-Gravity Chute
-Sprinkler
-Sprinkler
-Service opening 
-room 
-FIGURE A.22.15.2.2(a) Gravity Linen Chute. [82:Figure
-A.5.2(a)]
-Service opening 
-room
-Fire-rated 
-enclosure
-Gravity Chute with Offset Only When 
-Necessary by Building Conditions 
-and with Approval of AHJ
-Chute intake 
-door
-Chute venting 
-Chute discharge
-room
-Sprinkler
-Sprinkler
-Offset (if necessary)
-FIGURE A.22.15.2.2(b) Gravity Waste Chute. [82:Figure
-A.5.2(b)]
-13–371ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Air inlet
-Fire damper (1¹⁄₂ hr 
-rated) or alternative 
-protection system
-Fire-rated enclosure
-Sprinkler
-Air inlet damper 
-(normally closed)
-14 gauge minimum 
-load station with 
-normally closed  
-inner door
-Station door 
-457.2 mm × 457.2 mm
-(18 in. × 18 in.)
-minimum 1¹⁄₂ hr 
-B label
-FIGURE A.22.15.2.2(c) Full Pneumatic System. [82:Figure
-A.5.3(a)]
-Fire-resistant
-cooling providing
-equal fire rating
-to shaft wall
-Air inlet
-Fire-rated enclosure
-Air inlet
-Fire-rated 
-enclosure
-Air inlet
-Fire-rated 
-enclosure
-Air inlet damper
-(normally closed)
-Sprinkler
-53 L (14 gal) 
-minimum load 
-station with 
-normally closed  
-inner door
-Air inlet damper
-(normally closed)
-Sprinkler
-53 L (14 gal) 
-minimum load 
-station with 
-normally closed  
-inner door
-Station door
-457.2 mm ×  
-457.2 mm
-(18 in. × 18 in.)
-minimum 1¹⁄₂ hr 
-B label
-Station door
-457.2 mm ×  
-457.2 mm
-(18 in. × 18 in.)
-minimum 1¹⁄₂ hr 
-B label
-Fire-rated 
-enclosure
-Air inlet damper
-(normally closed)
-Sprinkler
-53 L (14 gal) 
-minimum load 
-station with 
-normally closed  
-inner door
-Station door
-457.2 mm ×  
-457.2 mm
-(18 in. × 18 in.)
-minimum 1¹⁄₂ hr 
-B label
-Three (3) each 
-74°C (165°F) fusible 
-element sprinklers 
-spaced 120 degrees 
-apart both sides of penetration
-FIGURE A.22.15.2.2(d) Fire Damper Engineering Alternative for Penetration of Floor at Base of Shaft. [82:Figure A.5.3(b)]
-Fire-rated 
-enclosure
-914 mm (3 ft 0 in.) 
-maximum typical
-Three (3) each 74°C (165°F) fusible
-element sprinklers spaced 120 degrees  
-apart both sides of penetration
-Fire-resistant 
-coating providing  
-equal fire rating  
-to corridor wall
-Four (4) times
-pipe diameter 
-minimum
-Fire-rated 
-enclosure
-FIGURE A.22.15.2.2(e) Fire Damper Engineering Alternative
-for Penetration of Fire-Rated Enclosure. [82:Figure A.5.3(c)]
-13–372 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Fire-resistant  
-coating providing  
-equal fire rating  
-to fire-rated wall
-Fire-rated wall
-Fire-rated enclosure
-both sides
-Fire-rated wall
-Fire-rated wall
-914 mm (3 ft 0 in.) 
-maximum
-914 mm (3 ft 0 in.) 
-maximum
-Three (3) each 74°C (165°F) 
-fusible element sprinklers  
-spaced 120 degrees apart 
-both sides of penetration
-Four (4) times
-pipe diameter 
-minimum 
-Four (4) times
-pipe diameter 
-minimum 
-FIGURE A.22.15.2.2(f) Fire Damper Engineering Alternative
-for Penetration of Fire-Rated Wall. [82:Figure A.5.3(d)]
-Air inlet
-Sprinkler
-Air inlet 
-damper
-(normally 
-closed)
-Fire-rated 
-enclosureStation door
-457.2 mm × 457.2 mm
-(18 in. × 18 in.)
-minimum 1¹⁄₂ hr B label
-53 L (14 gal) minimum 
-load station with normally 
-closed inner door
-Three (3) each 74°C (165°F) fusible 
-element sprinklers spaced 120 degrees 
-apart both sides of penetration
-FIGURE A.22.15.2.2(g) Fire Damper Engineering Alternative
-for Penetration of Wall at Base of Shaft. [82:Figure A.5.3(e)]
-Material damper
-with 12.7 mm 
-(¹⁄₂ in.) minimum 
-blade, normally 
-closed except 
-while transporting
-Material damper
-with 12.7 mm 
-(¹⁄₂ in.) minimum blade, 
-normally closed except 
-while transporting
-Gravity-Vac Riser
-with No Storage
-Gravity-Vac Riser
-with Storage
-Level 
-detector Storage section
-Material damper 
-(for transport 
-control) normally 
-closed except 
-while
-transporting
-Gravity-Vac Riser
-with Open Storage Section
-Sprinkler
-Fire-rated
-enclosure
-Sprinkler 
-below bottom
-loading door
-Level detector
-Storage section
-Loading door 
-457.2 mm ×  
-457.2 mm 
-(18 in. × 18 in.)
-minimum 1 hr  
-B label minimum
-Loading door 
-457.2 mm ×  
-457.2 mm 
-(18 in. × 18 in.)
-minimum 1 hr  
-B label minimum
-Sprinkler
-Fire-rated
-enclosure
-Material-type fire 
-damper with fusable 
-link, 12.7 mm (¹⁄₂ in.) 
-minimum blade
-FIGURE A.22.15.2.2(h) Gravity Pneumatic System. [82:Figure A.5.4]
-13–373ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.22.16.2.1 Automatic sprinkler protection should be consid-
-ered for ovens, furnaces, or related equipment if any of the
-following conditions exists:
-(1) The material being processed is combustible.
-(2) Racks, trays, spacers, or containers are combustible.
-(3) There are areas where appreciable accumulations of com-
-bustible drippings or deposits are present on the inside of
-the oven surface or on racks, trays, and so forth.
-The type of sprinklers and arrangement should be appro-
-priate to the oven arrangement, interior ductwork, and the
-material passing through the oven. [86: A.9.2.1]
-A.22.16.2.6 At elevated temperatures, galvanizing can flake
-off of pipe surfaces, and the flakes can collect at and obstruct
-the discharge of the fire suppression system. [86: A.9.3.2]
-A.22.17.1.5 More than one control station could be required in
-a compartment (lock) depending on its size. [99:A.14.2.5.2.4]
-A.22.17.1.8 Experience has shown that, when water is dis-
-charged through conventional sprinkler heads into a hyper-
-baric atmosphere, the spray angle is reduced because of in-
-creased resistance to water droplet movement in the denser
-atmosphere. This is so, even though the water pressure differ-
-ential is maintained above chamber pressure. Therefore, it is
-necessary to compensate by increasing the number of sprin-
-kler heads. It is recommended that spray coverage tests be
-conducted at maximum chamber pressure.
-Some chamber configurations, such as small-diameter
-horizontal cylinders, could have a very tiny floor, or even no
-floor at all. For horizontal cylinder chambers and spherical
-chambers, floor level should be taken to mean the level at
-1⁄4 diameter below the chamber centerline or actual floor
-level, whichever yields the larger floor area. [99:A.14.2.5.2.6]
-A.22.19.4 See A.4.11.1.3.1 of NFPA 140. [140: A.5.11.4]
-A.22.19.5 See A.4.11.1.3.1 of NFPA 140. [140: A.5.11.5]
-A.22.21.1.1.1 A deluge system provides a higher degree of
-protection where water supplies are adequate. In climates
-that are subject to freezing temperatures, a deluge system
-minimizes the possibility of failure due to pipes freezing.
-[214: A.5.2.2.1]
-A.22.21.1.1.2 The crossflow design is such that it is difficult to
-locate sprinklers in the most desirable spots for both water
-distribution and heat detection. This situation can be solved
-by separating these two functions and using separate water
-discharge and detection systems. [214: A.5.2.2.2]
-A.22.21.1.5 See Figure A.22.21.2.5
-A.22.21.1.7.1.1 Where a single deluge system protects an en-
-tire water-cooling tower, regardless of the number of cells, the
-water supply needs to be based on the entire deluge system
-coverage. (See Figure A.22.21.1.7.1.1.) [214: A.5.6.1.1]
-A.22.21.1.7.1.3 Deluge systems separated by fire-resistant par-
-titions can be treated independently as worst-case water supply
-situations. (See Figure A.22.21.1.7.1.3.) [214: A.5.6.1.3]
-A.22.21.1.7.2.1 Water-cooling towers with each cell separated
-by a fire-resistant partition and protected by wet, dry, or preac-
-tion system(s) should have the water supply based on the most
-demanding individual cell. (See Figure A.22.21.1.7.2.1.)
-[214: A.5.6.2.1]
-A.22.21.1.7.2.2 Without fire-resistant partitions between
-cells, the worst-case situation involves the most demanding ad-
-joining cells. (See Figure A.22.21.1.7.2.2.) [214: A.5.6.2.2]
-A.22.21.2.1 See Figure A.22.21.2.1(a) through Figure
-A.22.21.2.1(d).
-Cells typical (4)
-Fans typical (4)
-Single deluge 
-system
-Water supply 
-area typical 
-(1) deluge 
-system
-FIGURE A.22.21.1.7.1.1 Single Deluge System. [214:Figure
-A.5.6.1.1]
-Cells typical (4)
-Fans typical (4)
-Deluge systems 
-typical (4)
-Water supply area 
-typical (1) deluge 
-system
-Fire-resistant partitions 
-typical (3)
-FIGURE A.22.21.1.7.1.3 Multiple Deluge Systems. [214:Fig-
-ure A.5.6.1.3]
-Cells typical (4)
-Fans typical (4)
-Wet, dry, or preaction 
-systems typical (4)
-Water supply area  
-typical (1) wet, dry, or 
-preaction system
-Fire-resistant partitions 
-typical (3)
-FIGURE A.22.21.1.7.2.1 Multiple Wet, Dry, or Preaction Sys-
-tems with Fire-Resistant Partitions. [214:Figure A.5.6.2.1]
-Cell typical (4)
-Fan typical (4)
-Wet, dry, or preaction 
-systems typical (4)
-Water supply area 
-typical (2) wet, dry, or 
-preaction systems
-Non-fire-resistant 
-partitions typical (3)
-FIGURE A.22.21.1.7.2.2 Multiple Wet, Dry, or Preaction Sys-
-tems with No Fire-Resistant Partitions. [214:Figure A.5.6.2.2]
-13–374 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-PLAN VIEW
-¹⁄₂ in. (12.7 mm) pilot line
-Open sprinkler over fan drive motorHeat detector over fan drive motor
-Inspector’s test 
-valve accessible 
-from grade or 
-building roof
-A A
-Drop to deluge valve
-Open sprinkler
-Heat detector
-FIGURE A.22.21.2.1(a) Plan View, Typical Deluge Fire Protection Arrangement for Counter-
-flow Towers. [214:Figure A.5.2.4.1(a)]
-Area beneath tower to  
-be effectively screened. 
- 
-Fill 
-SECTION A–A 
-Building roof 
-Drift eliminators 
-Open upright sprinkler 
-Heat detector 
-Heat detector over  
-fan drive motor Fan motors 
-FIGURE A.22.21.2.1(b) Section View, Typical Deluge Fire Protection Arrangement for Counter-
-flow Towers. [214:Figure A.5.2.4.1(b)]
-13–375ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.22.21.2.2 See Figure A.22.21.2.2(a) through Figure
-A.22.21.2.2(d).
-A.22.21.2.3 Location of the nozzle relative to surfaces to be
-protected should be determined by the particular nozzle’s dis-
-charge characteristics. Care should also be taken in the selec-
-tion of nozzles to obtain waterways not easily obstructed by
-debris, sediment, sand, and so forth, in the water. [See Figure
-A.22.21.2.3(a) and Figure A.22.21.2.3(b).] [214: A.5.2.4.3]
-A.22.21.2.5 See Figure A.22.21.2.5.
-A.22.21.2.10.2 Approved discharge devices are made of non-
-ferrous material and are corrosion-resistant to normal atmo-
-spheres. Some atmospheres require special coatings on the
-discharge devices. [214: A.5.3.2]
-A.22.21.2.10.3 Corrosion attacks the exposed metal and, in
-time, creeps under the wax coating. [214: A.5.3.3]
-A.22.22.1.1 Group A plastics represent the most challenging
-commodities that can be protected by a sprinkler system de-
-signed in accordance with this standard. Due to the widely
-varying nature of commodities that pass through transit sheds,
-container freight stations, transload facilities, and similar
-buildings used for handling and temporary storage of general
-cargo, a minimum automatic sprinkler design based upon the
-protection of Group A plastic commodity under the provisions
-of NFPA 13 provides an appropriate level of fire protection.
-[307: A.5.4.2.1]
-A.22.22.2.1.2.1 Examples of sprinklers that project water up-
-ward are pendent sprinklers installed in an upright position or
-old-style sprinklers. [307: A.4.3.3.1.3.1]
-A.22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(3) An example of crisscross construction
-(ties on stringers) is illustrated in Figure B.1(a) of NFPA 307.
-[307: A.4.3.3.1.3.1(B)(3)]
-PLAN VIEW 
-Inspector’s test  
-valve accessible  
-from grade or  
-building roof 
-Sprinkler 
-Heat detector 
-Heat detector over fan  
-drive motor 
-A 
-A 
-Sprinkler over fan drive motor 
-Deluge or  
-dry-pipe  
-valve 
-If dry-pipe valve is used,  
-heat detectors will be eliminated 
-Deluge or dry- 
-pipe valve 
-From  
-adequate  
-supply 
-¹⁄₂ in. (12.7 mm) 
-pilot main 
-(deluge system 
-only)
-FIGURE A.22.21.2.1(c) Plan View, Typical Deluge or Dry Pipe Fire Protection Arrangement for
-Counterflow Towers. [214:Figure A.5.2.4.1(c)]
-Heat detector over fan drive motor
-Sprinkler
-Fan 
-motor
-Upright 
-sprinklerHeat 
-detector
-Fan deck
-Fill
-Drift eliminator
-Air 
-inlet
-Air 
-inlet
-Concrete basin
-SECTION A–A
-FIGURE A.22.21.2.1(d) Section View, Typical Deluge or Dry
-Pipe Fire Protection Arrangement for Counterflow Towers.
-[214:Figure A.5.2.4.1(d)]
-13–376 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-PLAN VIEW 
-Deluge  
-valve 
-Indicating  
-valve 
-Open sprinkler 
-Heat detector 
-Open cooling tower nozzle 
-Key 
-Open sprinkler over  
-fan drive motor 
-Heat detector over  
-fan drive motor 
-A 
-Inspector’s test valve accessible  
-from grade or building roof 
-Joist channels 
-A 
-Valve house 
-From adequate  
-supply 
-O.S. & Y .  
-valve 
-Deluge valve 
-FIGURE A.22.21.2.2(a) Plan View, Typical Deluge Fire Protection Arrangement for Crossflow
-Towers. [214:Figure A.5.2.4.2(a)]
-SECTION A–A 
-Access doors Walkway 
-Concrete basin 
-Air inlet Air inlet 
-Fill Fill 
-Drift eliminators 
-Partition 
-Distribution basin 
-Fan motor 
-Heat detector over fan drive motor 
-Fan blade 
-Gear reducer 
-Heat detector 
-Open upright sprinkler 
-Fan deck 
-Special cooling  
-tower nozzles 
-Flow control valve 
-FIGURE A.22.21.2.2(b) Section View, Typical Deluge Fire Protection Arrangement for Cross-
-flow Towers. [214:Figure A.5.2.4.2(b)]
-13–377ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-PLAN VIEW
-Open sprinkler
-Heat detector
-Open cooling 
-tower nozzle
-A
-A
-Open sprinkler over 
-fan drive motor
-Heat detector over 
-fan drive motor
-Valve house
-Deluge valve
-Indicating valve
-From adequate 
-supply
-Note: Where air seal boards prevent installation of cooling tower nozzles on drift eliminator side of fill, 
-this nozzle location should be used.
-FIGURE A.22.21.2.2(c) Plan View, Typical Deluge Fire Protection Arrangement for
-Multicell Crossflow Towers. [214:Figure A.5.2.4.2(c)]
-Note: Where air seal boards prevent installation of cooling tower nozzles on drift eliminator side of fill,  
-this nozzle location should be used. 
-SECTION A–A 
-Drift eliminators 
-Fill Fill 
-Air inlet Air inlet 
-Special cooling  
-tower nozzles 
-Open upright  
-sprinkler Heat  
-detector 
-Heat detector over fan drive motor 
-Open sprinkler 
-Fan motor 
-Flow control valve 
-FIGURE A.22.21.2.2(d) Section View, Typical Deluge Fire Protection Arrangement for
-Multicell Crossflow Towers. [214:Figure A.5.2.4.2(d)]
-13–378 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-PLAN VIEW
-Deluge 
-valve
-Indicating 
-valve
-Open sprinkler
-Heat detector
-Open cooling tower nozzle
-Key
-Open sprinkler over 
-fan drive motor
-Heat detector over 
-fan drive motor
-AA
-Inspector’s test valve accessible 
-from grade or building roof
-Valve house
-From adequate 
-supply
-Deluge valve
-Indicating 
-valve
-Access door
-Access door
-FIGURE A.22.21.2.3(a) Plan View, Typical Deluge Fire Protection Arrangement for Crossflow
-Towers with Completely Enclosed Distribution Basins. [214:Figure A.5.2.4.3(a)]
-Air inlet Air inlet 
-Concrete basin 
-Walkway Access door 
-SECTION A–A 
-Drift eliminators 
-Fill Fill 
-Completely enclosed  
-distribution basin Air seal 
-Fan motor 
-Open sprinkler 
-Heat detector over fan drive motor Heat detector 
-Open upright sprinkler 
-Fan deck 
-Directional spray nozzles 
-Flow control  
-valve 
-Corrugated  
-casing 
-FIGURE A.22.21.2.3(b) Section View, Typical Deluge Fire Protection Arrangement for Crossflow
-Towers with Completely Enclosed Distribution Basins. [214:Figure A.5.2.4.3(b)]
-13–379ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(5) The use of firestops for draft control
-(e.g., to bank heat, facilitate the opening of sprinkler heads,
-and prevent the overtaxing of the sprinkler system) is particu-
-larly important in the design of sprinkler protection for com-
-bustible substructures. The fire walls and firestops of 4.3.3.4
-and 4.3.3.5 of NFPA 307 should be incorporated into the
-sprinkler system design for draft control to the maximum ex-
-tent practical; however, due to limitations in the size of the
-design area for the sprinkler system, additional firestops nor-
-mally are needed. These additional or supplemental firestops
-need only have limited fire resistance, but they should be as
-deep as possible and be of substantial construction, such as
-double 3 in. (76.2 mm) planking, where exposed to the ele-
-ments. Where not exposed to the possibility of physical dam-
-age, 3⁄4 in. (19.05 mm) treated plywood extending 48 in.
-(1219.2 mm) below stringers with solid blocking between
-stringers should provide adequate durability and reasonable
-effectiveness. [307: A.4.3.3.1.3.1(B)(5)]
-A.22.23.1.1 Typical configurations of cleanrooms and their
-chases and plenums create numerous areas that might be shel-
-tered from sprinkler protection. These areas can include air-
-mixing boxes, catwalks, hoods, protruding lighting, open
-waffle slabs, equipment, piping, ducting, and cable trays. Care
-should be taken to relocate or supplement sprinkler protec-
-tion to ensure that sprinkler discharge covers all parts of the
-occupancy. Care should also be taken to ensure that sprinklers
-are located where heat will be satisfactorily collected for reli-
-able operation of the sprinkler.
-Gaseous fire suppression systems are not substitutes for auto-
-matic sprinkler protection. The large number of air changes in
-cleanrooms can cause dilution or stratification of the gaseous
-agent.
-It is recommended that sprinkler systems be inspected at
-least semiannually by a qualified inspection service. (See
-NFPA 25.) The length of time between such inspections can be
-decreased due to ambient atmosphere, water supply, or local
-requirements of the authority having jurisdiction.
-Prior to taking a sprinkler system out of service, one should
-be certain to receive permission from all authorities having
-jurisdiction and to notify all personnel who might be affected
-during system shutdown. A fire watch during maintenance pe-
-riods is a recommended precaution. Any sprinkler system
-taken out of service for any reason should be returned to ser-
-vice as promptly as possible.
-A sprinkler system that has been activated should be thor-
-oughly inspected for damage and its components replaced or
-repaired promptly. Sprinklers that did not operate but were
-subjected to corrosive elements of combustion or elevated
-temperatures should be inspected and replaced if necessary,
-in accordance with the minimum replacement requirements
-of the authority having jurisdiction. Such sprinklers should be
-destroyed to prevent their reuse. [318: A.4.1.2.1]
-A.22.23.1.2.1 Examples of combustible materials that might
-be found in these spaces are as follows:
-(1) Roof, floor, wall construction materials
-(2) Unapproved HEPA or ULPA filter modules
-(3) Supply air or exhaust ducts
-(4) Air handler unit enclosures or air plenum boxes
-(5) Exposed electrical cable or pipe insulation
-(6) Plastic piping
-(7) Flammable or combustible liquid piping
-[318: A.4.1.2.5.1]
-Louver column 
-Fire protection 
-discharge device 
-Basin covers 
-Water 
-Wire hangers 
-Fill sheets 
-FIGURE A.22.21.2.5 Typical Deluge Fire Protection Arrangement for Crossflow Towers
-with Covers Completely Enclosing Distribution Basins. [214:Figure A.5.2.4.5]
-13–380 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.22.23.1.3 Small-orifice sprinklers, 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) or larger,
-can be used. [318: A.4.1.2.6.2.1]
-A.22.23.1.3.1 Small-orifice sprinklers,3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) or larger,
-can be used. [318:A.4.1.2.6.2.1]
-A.22.23.2.1 Automatic sprinkler systems and their water sup-
-plies should be designed for maximum reliability. In the event
-of any impairments of the yard main system, sprinkler system
-lead-in(s) connections should be capable of being isolated
-and protection promptly restored through valving or inter-
-connection of automatic sprinkler systems, or both, inside the
-building. [318: A.4.1.1]
-A.22.23.2.2 The use of quick-response sprinklers, while still
-delayed in opening by the downward airflow, would respond
-to a smaller-size fire more quickly than would conventional
-sprinklers. (Glass bulb–type quick-response sprinklers might
-be preferable to other types of quick-response sprinklers.)
-[318: A.4.1.2.2]
-A.22.23.2.3 Small-orifice sprinklers, 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) or larger,
-can be used. [318: A.4.1.2.6.2.1]
-A.22.25.1.2 The exposure to the airport terminal building
-from the airport ramp is significant. The number of building
-sprinklers operating from the exposure fire can be greater
-than from an internal ignition source. [415: A.4.5.1.5]
-A.22.25.1.3 The exposure to the airport terminal building
-from the airport ramp is significant. The number of building
-sprinklers operating from the exposure fire could be greater
-than the number of building sprinklers operating from an
-internal ignition source.
-A.22.26.1.1 Because of the nature of the test cell fire poten-
-tial, deluge systems are considered more appropriate than au-
-tomatic sprinklers due to their speed of operation and simul-
-taneous discharge of all nozzles; however, automatic
-sprinklers can be used as follows:
-(1) In small cells [600 ft2 (56 m2) or less] where it is likely that
-all sprinklers would fuse at the same time
-(2) As a backup to a manual water spray or other manual system
-[423: A.7.6.3]
-A.22.27.1.1 The water supply for the permanent fire protec-
-tion water system should be based on providing a 2-hour water
-supply for both items (1) and (2), as follows:
-(1) Either item (a) or (b), whichever is larger:
-(a) The largest fixed fire suppression system demand
-(b) Any fixed fire suppression system demand that could
-be reasonably expected to operate simultaneously
-during a single event (e.g., turbine underfloor pro-
-tection in conjunction with other fire protection sys-
-tems in the turbine area)
-(2) The hose stream demand of not less than 500 gpm
-(1892.5 L/min)
-[804: A.9.2.1]
-A.22.27.1.5 To avoid water application to hot parts or other
-water-sensitive areas and to provide adequate coverage, de-
-signs that incorporate items such as fusible element operated
-spray nozzles might be necessary. [804: A.10.8.2.1]
-A.22.27.1.6 Additional information concerning turbine gen-
-erator fire protection can be found in EPRI Research Report
-1843-2,“Turbine Generator Fire Protection by Sprinkler System.”
-[804:A.10.8.3]
-A.22.27.2.1.2 A common yard fire main loop can serve multi-
-unit nuclear power plant sites if it is cross-connected between
-units. [804: A.9.4.4]
-A.22.30.1.1 Standard-response sprinklers employ more ro-
-bust operating elements than quick-response sprinklers and
-can be more appropriate for use in areas where concern for
-inadvertent water discharge outweighs the advantages of ther-
-mal sensitivity. [909: A.9.12.12.2]
-A.22.30.1.2 Preaction and dry pipe sprinkler systems are
-more subject to corrosion than standard wet pipe systems, due
-to the presence of both air and moisture within the pipes. In
-addition to causing problems which could impair the opera-
-tion of the sprinkler system and possibly result in system fail-
-ures, such as preventing valves from opening, restricting water
-flow and pressure to the sprinklers, and clogging drops and
-branch lines. The higher rates of corrosion can also result in
-sprinkler system malfunctions such as leaks that can have a
-significant adverse impact on sensitive collections and cultural
-properties. The products of corrosion (black and orange resi-
-due made up primarily of ferric and ferrous oxides and hy-
-droxides) that collect in the piping can cause considerable
-damage to artwork, historic fabric, and collections upon dis-
-charge. The corrosion in the systems can also lead to leaks and
-piping failures, especially at joints, along the bottom of pipes
-between roll grooves, and other places where moisture accu-
-mulates. Based on this, additional precautions are warranted
-in areas with susceptible collections or historic fabric, or
-where sprinkler system repairs or replacement of piping
-would put the building or contents at an unacceptable risk.
-[909: A.9.12.12.3]
-A.22.30.1.3.1 The automatic fire suppression system, the com-
-pact storage system, and the storage compartmentation features
-should be designed to limit fire damage in accordance with the
-facility’s fire safety objectives (e.g., confine fire growth to the
-compact storage module of origin). Significant factors to con-
-sider include the number and size of the storage modules, the
-separation provided between the modules (end-to-end and back-
-to-back), and the type of materials being stored. In general,
-double-interlock pre-action systems and dry pipe systems are in-
-appropriate for compact storage, because of the additional delay
-they introduce, coupled with the delays in activation resulting
-from the compact storage units themselves.
-Other protection features should be considered to limit
-the extent of potential fire damage, including the following:
-(1) Very high density sprinkler systems
-(2) Quick-response sprinklers
-(3) Early-warning smoke detection
-(4) Spacers between carriages or, for automated systems, auto-
-matic park mode to increase flue spaces between carriages
-upon activation of a fire alarm or during idle periods
-(5) Metal vertical barriers in the middle of the shelf
-(6) Open-top shelving
-[909: A.9.12.23.4.1.3]
-A.22.30.1.3.2 The system should be designed to confine fire
-growth to the compact storage module of origin or the shelv-
-ing range of origin. [909: A.9.12.23.4.1.4(A)]
-13–381ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.22.30.2.1 Although prior to the 2007 edition NFPA 13 permit-
-ted the pipe for systems not subject to freezing to be installed
-without a back pitch, similar to the design of wet pipe systems,
-this arrangement allows water to accumulate in low points, in-
-creasing the rate of corrosion. Proper pitching is an important
-element in reducing the risk of corrosion. The pitch require-
-ments included in NFPA 13 should be considered the minimum
-acceptable pitch. Where adequate clearance is provided to per-
-mit the system to be installed without causing interferences with
-structural elements or causing low points, pitches exceeding this
-minimum requirement such as 4 mm/m (1⁄2 in. per 10 ft) should
-be considered. [909:A.9.12.12.3.1]
-A.22.30.2.2 Additional auxiliary drainage should be pro-
-vided, in accordance with NFPA 13, regardless of whether the
-protected area is subject to freezing. [909: A.9.12.12.3.2.1]
-A.22.30.2.3 The wording is based on NFPA 13, 24.1.5.2. The
-special sensitivity of cultural resource properties to water damage
-that could result from piping corrosion warrants the assumption
-of water supplies and environmental conditions that contribute
-to unusual corrosive properties. [909:A.9.12.12.3.3]
-A.22.31.2.3 The intent of theNFPA 70is to allow sprinkler pip-
-ing in the room protecting the space covering the floor area that
-includes the electrical equipment as long as the sprinklers and
-piping are not located in the zone described by 22.31.2.1. The
-sprinkler and the piping can be above the zone described by
-22.31.2.1, but a shield needs to be installed in this case to protect
-the electrical equipment from potential leakage.
-A.22.34.1.11 The quantities and pressure of water for fire
-extinguishing indicated in 22.34.1.11 are based on limited testing
-and should be considered subject to change as additional data
-become available. It is recommended that spray coverage tests be
-carried out at maximum altitude for manned operations.
-A.22.35.1.1.1 See 4.3.3 of NFPA 120 for unique requirements
-for protecting this unusual type of occupancy.
-A.22.36.1.2 Underground shaft mines that use diesel-
-powered equipment generally employ underground diesel
-fuel storage areas to facilitate equipment refueling. Adit-type
-mines in the western United States can initially locate diesel
-fuel storage and refueling facilities on the surface; however, as
-the active mine workings progress further from the adit por-
-tal(s), these facilities usually are moved underground.
-A common means of fire protection currently found in many
-underground diesel fuel storage areas is a fixed water sprinkler
-system. The federal Mine Safety and Health Administration
-(MSHA) currently approves such systems for this application.
-The consensus of the committee is that this situation represents a
-significant safety hazard. According to the NFPA Fire Protection
-Handbook, water sprinklers can be used on diesel fuel for control
-but not for extinguishment.
-“The Health and Safety Implications of the Use of Diesel-
-Powered Equipment in Underground Mines,” a report by an in-
-teragency task group prepared for MSHA in 1985, concludes that
-“water spray or fog usually will not extinguish diesel fuel fires.”
-In an underground mine, fire control is not sufficient; fire
-extinguishment is essential for the following reasons:
-(1) As long as a fire burns, even if it does not grow in intensity
-or area and appears to be responsive to fire control, toxic
-smoke and fire gases are produced that can endanger per-
-sons in the mine.
-(2) According to the NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, overpres-
-sure failure of containers when exposed to fire is consid-
-ered the principal hazard of closed-container flammable
-and combustible liquid storage.
-(3) Even a “controlled” fire can cause container failure, pro-
-ducing a fire so intense that the sprinkler system is unable
-to control it, much less extinguish it.
-(4) Water sprays are not effective in extinguishing pressure
-fires, running fuel fires, and obstructed spill fires, all of
-which can occur in a diesel refueling area.
-(5) Water supplies are limited in many underground mines.
-Fire control, therefore, should be considered temporary,
-because the fire will grow immediately to maximum inten-
-sity when the water supply is depleted.
-(6) The vapor pressure of diesel fuel increases with elevation
-due to reduced barometric pressure. As a result, even fuels
-without flash point–reducing additives can become flam-
-mable, depending on the altitude at which they are used.
-This reduction in flash point could result in reclassification
-of the diesel fuel to a Class IC flammable liquid. There is no
-clear consensus in the literature and industry practice as to
-the effectiveness of fixed water sprays in controlling and ex-
-tinguishing fires involving Class IC flammable liquids. Al-
-though industry practice strongly favors fixed water sprays
-for such applications, the literature and available research
-results clearly indicate the ineffectiveness of fixed sprays on
-Class IC liquids, especially on pressure fires, running fuel
-fires, and obstructed spill fires.
-Water sprinkler systems installed for the protection of die-
-sel fuel storage areas might not be effective in suppression
-even though they do provide good control through cooling;
-foam-water systems can provide suppression. [122: A.11.3.1]
-A.22.36.1.3.2 Although water-only deluge, foam-water, and
-dry chemical systems might be effective in controlling or sup-
-pressing SX facility fires, there might be use for more than one
-application in a given facility. Manual response has been inef-
-fective in recent losses and automatic suppression is advised
-for both existing and new facilities.
-While water spray can be effective, due to potentially high
-flow requirements a mixer-settler cell might overflow during
-the suppression process. This might create additional con-
-cerns with drainage and fire spread.
-Foam has been shown to be an effective suppressant me-
-dium for SX fires. However, environmental aspects, potential
-contamination of process liquids (particularly associated with
-accidental system initiation), and the difficulty or inability to
-conduct system flow tests on a periodic basis are negative
-points in the selection of foam.
-High pressure water mist or fog might prove to be a poten-
-tially effective suppressant medium and might not create the
-contamination, environmental, and testing obstacles that ac-
-company foam or the large volumes that accompany conven-
-tional high density water deluge systems. Currently, there are
-no public domain tests conducted on mist systems for pool
-fires of the size involved in a large SX settler; thus, actual sup-
-pressability under all fire conditions has not been demon-
-strated. [122: A.13.19.1.1]
-A.22.36.1.3.3 The following best practices design guidance
-for automatic fire suppression systems is advised:
-For settler tanks or cells, use either Type 1 foam chambers
-or open head deluge sprinklers with foam discharge. When
-using foam chambers, provide a 3 percent aqueous filmform-
-ing foam (AFFF) foam discharge, in accordance with NFPA 11,
-13–382 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-with a density of 4.1 L/min/m2 (0.10 gpm/ft2) over the entire
-settler area. When using open head deluge sprinklers, provide
-a 3 percent AFFF foam discharge, in accordance with NFPA 16,
-with a density of 6.5 L/min/m 2 (0.16 gpm/ft2). Design for a
-20-minute discharge period.
-For mixers, launders, drainage sumps, and piping
-trenches, use open head deluge sprinklers and provide a
-3 percent AFFF foam discharge, in accordance with NFPA 16,
-with a density of 6.5 L/min/m 2 (0.16 gpm/ft 2) and a 20-
-minute foam discharge period.
-For the interior of tank farm vessels containing combus-
-tible or flammable liquids such as loaded organic tanks, coa-
-lescers, crud treatment tanks, and diluent tanks use a Type 1
-foam chamber and provide a 3 percent automatic AFFF foam
-discharge, in accordance with NFPA 11, into each of the tanks
-with a density of 4.1 L/min/m 2 (0.10 gpm/ft 2) and a 20-
-minute foam discharge period.
-For the exterior surfaces of tank farm equipment containing
-combustible or flammable liquids such as loaded organic tanks,
-coalescers, crud treatment tanks, diluent tanks, crud treatment
-filters, centrifuges, pumps, and pipe racks, provide automatic
-open head (water only) deluge sprinklers based on a discharge
-density of 10.2 L/min/m2 (0.25 gpm/ft2). [122:A.13.19.1.2]
-A.22.36.1.3.4 Actuation of automatic fire suppression systems
-can be done using ultraviolet/infrared (UV/IR) dual spec-
-trum detectors, heat detection cable, rate of rise heat detec-
-tors, or standard air pilot heads. High speed detection is con-
-sidered advisable to suppress a solvent fire in its incipient
-stages. [122: A.13.19.1.3]
-A.23.1 Preliminary plans should be submitted for review to
-the authority having jurisdiction prior to the development of
-working plans [see Figure A.23.1(a)]. The preliminary plans can
-be part of the construction documents submitted in order to
-obtain a building permit. However, working drawings in accor-
-dance with Section 23.1 should be submitted and approved
-prior to the installation of system equipment. Preliminary
-plans should include as much information as is required to
-provide a clear representation of the hazard to be protected,
-the system design concept, the proposed water supply configu-
-ration, and building construction information pertinent to
-system layout and detailing.
-The owner’s information certificate, shown as Figure
-A.23.1(b), should be used to obtain a declaration of the in-
-tended use of the occupancy to be protected.
-2 ¥ 12
-16 in.
-on center
-18 in. 
-I-beam
-under
-Two-story and 
-basement wood joist
-construction heated
-75 psi static pressure
-70 psi residual pressure 
-500 gpm flowing
-Flow hydrant
-N
-Ceiling heights 10 ft 0 in.
-Roof 22 ft 6 in. above grade Fire dept. connection
-Curb line
-City gate
-N. 12th Street
-Alarm valve with
-approved indicating valve
-One-story frame-metalworking
-Property line
-Wired glass windows
-Exposure
-Riser
-Sheathed 
-on 2 ¥ 90.J. Office —
-one story and 
-blind space above
-Nipple up to
-blind space
-16 ft 0 in.
-typical 
-bay
-JOHN DOE AND CO.
-100 N. 12TH STREET
-STRAND,  NY
-Surveyed    12-31-59
-Drawn 1-4-06
-Checked 1-5-06
-Approved
-Degree of sprinkler
-This sheet
-Total on contract
-XYZ AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER CO.
-NEWARK, OHIO
-160∞ 212∞280∞360∞
-171
-528
-Contract no.
-N-4341
-Sheet no. 1 of 1
-Scale ¹⁄₈" = 1' 0"
-By: F.J.
-By: F.J.
-By: H.T.
-By: 
-FIGURE A.23.1(a) Typical Preliminary Plan.
-13–383ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
- NFPA 13 (p. 1 of 2)© 2012 National Fire Protection Association
-OWNER’S INFORMATION CERTIFICATE
-Name/address of property to be protected with sprinkler protection:
-Name of owner:
-Existing or planned construction is:
- ❏ Fire resistive or noncombustible
- ❏ Wood frame or ordinary (masonry walls with wood beams)
- ❏ Unknown
-Describe the intended use of the building:
-Note regarding speculative buildings: The design and installation of the fire sprinkler system is dependent on an 
-accurate description of the likely use of the building. Without specific information, assumptions will need to be made 
-that will limit the actual use of the building. Make sure that you communicate any and all use considerations to the fire 
-sprinkler contractor in this form and that you abide by all limitations regarding the use of the building based on the 
-limitations of the fire sprinkler system that is eventually designed and installed.
-Is the system installation intended for one of the following special occupancies:
- Aircraft hangar ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Fixed guideway transit system  ❏ Yes ❏ No
- Race track stable  ❏ Yes ❏ No
- Marine terminal, pier, or wharf  ❏ Yes ❏ No
- Airport terminal  ❏ Yes ❏ No
- Aircraft engine test facility  ❏ Yes ❏ No
- Power plant ❏ Yes ❏ No
- Water-cooling tower  ❏ Yes ❏ No
-If the answer to any of the above is “yes,” the appropriate NFPA standard should be referenced for sprinkler 
-density/area criteria.
-Indicate whether any of the following special materials are intended to be present:
- Flammable or combustible liquids  ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Aerosol products  ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Nitrate film  ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Pyroxylin plastic  ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Compressed or liquefied gas cylinders  ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Liquid or solid oxidizers  ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Organic peroxide formulations  ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Idle pallets  ❏ Yes  ❏ No
-If the answer to any of the above is “yes,” describe type, location, arrangement, and intended maximum quantities.
-FIGURE A.23.1(b) Owner’s Information Certificate.
-13–384 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
- NFPA 13 (p. 2 of 2)© 2012 National Fire Protection Association
-Indicate whether the protection is intended for one of the following specialized occupancies or areas:
- Spray area or mixing room ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Solvent extraction ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Laboratory using chemicals ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Oxygen-fuel gas system for welding or cutting ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Acetylene cylinder charging ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Production or use of compressed or liquefied gases ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Commercial cooking operation ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Class A hyperbaric chamber ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Cleanroom ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Incinerator or waste handling system ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Linen handling system ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Industrial furnace ❏ Yes  ❏ No
- Water-cooling tower ❏ Yes  ❏ No
-If the answer to any of the above is “yes,” describe type, location, arrangement, and intended maximum quantities.
-Will there be any storage of products over 12 ft (3.6 m) in height?    ❏ Yes   ❏ No
-If the answer is “yes,” describe product, intended storage arrangement, and height.
-Will there be any storage of plastic, rubber, or similar products over 5 ft (1.5 m) high except as described above?     
-      ❏ Yes   ❏ No
-If the answer is “yes,” describe product, intended storage arrangement, and height.
-Is there any special information concerning the water supply?    ❏ Yes   ❏ No
-If the answer is “yes,” provide the information, including known environmental conditions that might be responsible
-for corrosion, including microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC).
-I certify that I have knowledge of the intended use of the property and that the above information is correct.
-Signature of owner’s representative or agent:       Date:
-Name of owner’s representative or agent completing certificate (print):
-Relationship and firm of agent (print): 
-FIGURE A.23.1(b) Continued
-13–385ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Drawings that accompany the certificate should include
-the following:
-(1) Name of owner and occupant.
-(2) Location, including street address.
-(3) Point of compass.
-(4) Construction and occupancy of each building.
-(5) Building height in feet.
-(6) Waterflow test information. If a waterflow test of the city
-main is available, the drawings should indicate the date and
-time of the test, the name of the party that conducted the
-test, the location of the hydrants where the flow was taken
-and where static and residual pressure readings were re-
-corded (see A.24.2.2), the size and configuration of mains
-supplying the hydrants, the size and number of open hy-
-drant butts that flood, and results of the test.
-(7) Building features such as combustible concealed spaces,
-floor openings, areas subject to freezing, and areas from
-which it is intended to omit sprinkler protection.
-(8) Proposed location and approximate size, if a water sup-
-ply employing pumps or tanks is contemplated.
-(9) Name and address of party submitting the preliminary
-plans.
-(10) Tentative location of major piping, including mains un-
-derground, risers, overhead mains, and fire department
-connections.
-A.23.1.1 See Figure A.23.1.1.
-A.23.1.4 It is the intent to provide the owner’s certificate for
-all new systems and where there is a change of occupancy
-and/or building use.
-A.23.1.5 See Figure A.23.1.5(a) and Figure A.23.1.5(b).
-11'-3¹⁄₂"
-1"1"1¹⁄₄"1"
-2" ¥ 4"
-    
-42
-do
-do
-do
-do
-do
-* = 14 in.
-280∞ 1" 1¹⁄₄"
-212o
-9'-8¹⁄₂"
-3'-7¹⁄₂"
-2" ¥ 4"
-42
-8 in. ¥ 16 in. I-beam
-18¹⁄₂ in. reveal
-2¹⁄₂" 3¹⁄₂"3"2 in. ¥ 4 in. 
-nip and 
-cap *         
-= 22 in.
-80 ft 0 in.
-212∞
-9'-8¹⁄₂"
-2"1'-2"
-* = 14 in.
-11'-3¹⁄₂"
-280∞
-280∞
-* = 14 in.Unit heater
-2 ¥ 0-4 in. riser nipple
-C-clamp 
-hangers on 
-lines and 
-mains
-20 ft 0 in.
-A
-280∞
-212∞
-1 ft 6 in.*23¹⁄₂"
-Unit 
-heater
-280∞
-2" ¥ 4"
-*22"
-2 in. ¥ 4 in.  
-nip and cap *      
-= 22 in.
-1 ft 0 in.
-1 ft 0 in.
-37 ft-1 in.
-*25¹⁄₂ in.
-2¹⁄₂ in. ¥ 2¹⁄₂ in. ¥ 4 in. fire dept. connection
-Curb line
-AWater motor
-alarm
-City gate valve
-75 psi static pressure
-70 psi residual
-500 gpm flowing N. Second Street
-72 
-wet 
-160∞
-4 
-wet 
-212∞
-8 
-wet 
-280∞
-Upright sprinklers
-Note:                              
-Figures marked thus * denote
-distance in inches from top of
-steel joists down to center of
-pipe.
-N
-212∞
-280∞ 280∞Unit 
-heater
-Hang two end
-pieces to 
-bottom of 
-steel joists Inspector test connection
-Built-up roofing
-1¹⁄₂ in. metal deck
-10 in. bar joists 2 ft 6 in. O.C.
-Elevation A–A
-¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft 0 in.
-4 in. to fire dept. connection
-4 in. alarm check valve
-4 in. approved indicating valve
-6 in. F. & S. pc.
-6¹⁄₄ in. bend
-20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in.
-Unit 
-heater
-6 in. cast 
-iron
-Scale ¹⁄₈"= 1' 0"
-JOHN DOE CO.
-22–32 N. SECOND STREET
-SMITHVILLE, NY
-Surveyed        10-01-06
-Drawn 10-3-06
-Checked 10-10-06
-Approved
-Degree of sprinkler
-K-factor of sprinkler
-Total on contract
-XYZ AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER CO.
-NEWARK, OHIO
-160∞ 212∞280∞360∞
-5.6
-84
-Contract no.
-N-4341
-Sheet no. 1 of 1
-By: H.T.
-By: H.T.
-By: R.J.
-By: T.E.P .
-8 in. city main
-10-12-06
-This sheet 72 48
-5.6 5.6
-10 in. bar joists
-2 ft 6 in. on center
-1¹⁄₂ in. metal deck
-9'-9"9'-9" 9'-8¹⁄₂" 9'-8 ¹⁄₂" 9'-8 ¹⁄₂" 9'-8 ¹⁄₂"
-2" ¥ 4"
-9'-8¹⁄₂" 9'-9"9'-9"
-2" ¥ 4"2" ¥ 4"2" ¥ 4"2" ¥ 4"2" ¥ 4"2" ¥ 4"2" ¥ 4"
-3" 3" 3¹⁄₂"
-5'-7¹⁄₂"
-3" 3" 3" 2"2¹⁄₂"
-1¹⁄₂"
-11'-3¹⁄₂"11'-3¹⁄₂"11'-3¹⁄₂"
-FIGURE A.23.1.1 Typical Working Plans.
-13–386 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-11'-5"
-1¹⁄₂ in. 1¹⁄₂ in. 1¹⁄₄ in. 1 in. 1 in.
-1 in.1 in.1 in.1¹⁄₄ in.1¹⁄₂ in.1¹⁄₂ in.
-2 in. 2 in.
-2 in.
-8 in.
-286° 286°
-286°
-286°
-286°
-286°
-286° 286°
-286°
-286°
-286° 286° 286° 286° 286° 286°
-286°
-286°
-286°
-286°
-286°286°286°286° 286°
-do
-do
-286°
-286°
-286°
-286° 286°
-286°
-80 ft 0 in.
-1¹⁄₂ in.
-2¹⁄₂ in. 2 in.
-2 in.
-2 in.
-2 in.
-City water main
-2¹⁄₂ in. × 2¹⁄₂ in. × 4 in. 
-fire dept. connection
-6 in.
-8 in.
-Water motor alarm
-4"
-4 in.
-13'-5¹⁄₂"
-2'-4"
-4 in. “Wunway” model “C” check valve30 ft-1 in.
-286° 286°
-286°
-286°
-3 in.
-2 in.
-3-3
-212°212°
-212°
-3-3
-286°
-11'-4¹⁄₂"11'-4¹⁄₂"
-Riser
-nipple = 
-2 in.
-× 2'-4"
-1¹⁄₂ in.
-5'-4" 5'-4¹⁄₂"11'-5"
-do
-5'-10¹⁄₂"5'-10¹⁄₂"
-8 in. × 16 in. I-beam
-11'-5"
-12 in. bar joists 2 ft 6 in. on center
-1 in. 1 in.
-1-4
-Test connection
-2¹⁄₂ in. 2 in. 20'-0"
-Globe valve
-Heat exchanger
-“Centigrade” model 007
-Globe 
-valve
-Circulating
-pump
-“Empellor”
-model PS-1
-Globe valve in auxiliary
-piping system
-Check valve in auxiliary
-piping system
-Heat pump in auxiliary
-piping system
-Notes:
-1. Wet pipe automatic sprinkler system 
-    with auxiliary connections for heating 
-    and air conditioning equipment.
-    Ordinary hazard occupancy, 130 ft2
-    maximum spacing.
-2. A dotted line (...........) denotes auxiliary 
-    heating and air-conditioning piping.
-Heat pump detail:
-Typical section of connections between 
-sprinkler branch lines and heat pump
-1. Branch line
-2. “World-wide” model “E” globe valve
-3. “Wunway” model “S” check valve
-4. Dielectric union
-5. “Farenheit” model #72 heat pump
-20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in.
-3 in.
-3 in.
-Riser nipple = 
-2 in. × 1 ft-2¹⁄₂ in.
-3 in. 3 in.
-3 in.
-2 in.
-1 in.1¹⁄₂ in.
-2 in.
-3 ft-1 in.
-2 in.
-1 2 4 4 3 2 1
-5
-20'-0"20'-0"
-20'-0"
-20'-0"
-20'-0"
-20'-0"
-20'-0"
-5'-4¹⁄₂"5'-10¹⁄₂"11'-5"11'-4¹⁄₂"5'-10¹⁄₂"5'-4"11'-4¹⁄₂"
-20'-0"
-20'-0"
-FIGURE A.23.1.5(a) Working Plans for Circulating Closed-Loop Systems (Example 1).
-13–387ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.23.2.1.1 Alternative means of determining available water
-supplies should be considered where drought or other con-
-cerns are present.
-A.23.3.2 See Figure A.23.3.2(a) through Figure A.23.3.2(d).
-A.23.3.3 See Figure A.23.3.3.
-A.23.3.3(15) See Figure A.23.3.3(15).
-A.23.3.4 See Figure A.23.3.4.
-A.23.3.5.1 Additional data can be added to any of the forms,
-provided that the format and order of the original informa-
-tion shown in Figure 23.3.5.1.2(a), Figure 23.3.5.1.2(b), Fig-
-ure 23.3.5.1.2(c), and Figure 23.3.5.1.2(d) is followed.
-A.23.4.1 When additional sprinkler piping is added to an ex-
-isting system, the existing piping does not have to be increased
-in size to compensate for the additional sprinklers, provided
-the new work is calculated and the calculations include that
-portion of the existing system that can be required to carry
-water to the new work. It is not necessary to restrict the water
-velocity when determining friction losses using the Hazen–
-Williams formula.
-1 in.
-2 in.3 in.4 in. 4 in.
-1 in.1 in.
-1 in.1¹⁄₂ in.
-1 in.1 in.
-1 in.
-8 in.
-286° 286°
-286°
-286°286°
-286°
-286° 286°
-286°
-286°
-286° 286° 286° 286° 286° 286°
-286°
-286°
-286°
-286°
-286°286°286°286° 286°
-do
-do
-286°286° 286° 286° 286° 286°
-80 ft 0 in.2¹⁄₂ in.
-City water main
-2¹⁄₂ in. × 2¹⁄₂ in. × 4 in. 
-fire dept. connection
-6 in.
-1 in.
-8 in.
-Water motor alarm
-286°
-286°
-286°
-286°
-212°212°
-286°
-1 in.
-1 in.
-11'-5" 5'-4¹⁄₂"
-do
-5'-10¹⁄₂"
-5'-10¹⁄₂"
-8 in. × 16 in. I-beam
-11'-5"
-12 in. bar joists 2 ft 6 in. on center
-1 in.
-1 ft-4 in.
- Connection
-Circulating pump
-“Empellor” Model PS-1
-Globe valve in auxiliary
-piping system
-Check valve in auxiliary
-piping system
-Heat pump in auxiliary
-piping system
-Notes:
-1. Wet pipe automatic sprinkler system 
-    with auxiliary connections for heating 
-    and air conditioning equipment.
-    Ordinary hazard occupancy, 130 ft2
-    maximum spacing.
-2. A dotted line (...........) denotes auxiliary
-    heating and air-conditioning piping.
-20 ft 0 in.
-4 ft-10¹⁄₂ in.
-286°
-286°286°
-do
-286°286°
-286° 286°2'-4"3¹⁄₂ in.4 in.
-Riser
-nipple =
-2 in.
-× 1'-2"
-Riser nipple =
-2 in. × 1 ft-2¹⁄₂ in.
-286°
-286° 286°
-4'-5"
-3-9¹⁄₂
-286°
-11'-5" 5'-4¹⁄₂" 8'-10"
-10 ft 0 in.
-Heat
-exchanger
-“Centigrade” 
-Model 007
-20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in. 20 ft 0 in.
-1¹⁄₄ in.
-1¹⁄₄ in. 1¹⁄₂ in.
-1¹⁄₄ in.
-1¹⁄₄ in.
-1 in.
-3¹⁄₂ in.3¹⁄₂ in.
-4 in.
-3¹⁄₂ in. 3 in. 3 in.
-1 in.
-5 4 3 2 1
-1 in.
-10 ft 0 in.10 ft 0 in.10 ft 0 in.10 ft 0 in.10 ft 0 in.10 ft 0 in.10 ft 0 in.
-Heat pump detail:
-Typical section of connections between 
-sprinkler branch lines and heat pump
-1. Branch line
-2. “World-wide” model “E” globe valve
-3. Dielectric union
-4. “Farenheit” model #72 heat pump
-5. Water return line
-10 ft 0 in.10 ft 0 in.10 ft 0 in.
-11'-5"
-11'-5"
-11'-5"
-2'-4"11'-5" 11'-5" 8'-10"
-FIGURE A.23.1.5(b) Working Plans for Circulating Closed-Loop Systems (Example 2).
-13–388 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.23.4.4 See Figure A.23.4.4.
-A.23.4.4.1 See Figure A.23.4.4.1(a) and Figure A.23.4.4.1(b).
-A.23.4.4.1.1.1 The word “rectangular” in this section is not
-meant to imply that the design area always has to be a rect-
-angle. Instead, the intent is to require a design area with
-sides that meet at right angles and the longer side parallel
-to the branch lines. In many cases, this will be a perfect
-rectangle with four sides. However, in some cases with mul-
-tiple sprinklers on multiple branch lines within the design
-area, the design area can be satisfied with fewer sprinklers
-on the last branch line than on the first, resulting in a de-
-sign area that is a rectangle with the corner cut out as shown
-in Figure A.23.4.4.1.1.1.
-A.23.4.4.1.1.4 The following steps outline the procedure for
-calculation in accordance with 23.4.4.1.1.4:
-(1) Calculate the hydraulic design discharge including those
-sprinklers within the available floor area.
-(2) Calculate the minimum required discharge by multiply-
-ing the required design density times the required mini-
-mum design area.
-(3) Subtract the discharge calculated in Step 1 from the dis-
-charge calculate in Step 2.
-(4) Where the discharge calculated in Step 3 is greater than 0,
-the hydraulic design discharge is recalculated including
-an additional flow equal to that calculated in Step 3. The
-additional flow is added at the point of connection of the
-branch line to the cross main furthest from the source.
-(5) Where the discharge calculated in Step 3 is less than or
-equal to 0, the hydraulic design discharge is as calculated
-in Step 1.
-A.23.4.4.4 See Figure A.23.4.4.4.
-A.23.4.4.5.1 When listed with antifreeze solution, sprinklers
-should be hydraulically calculated in accordance with the list-
-ing and manufacturer’s instructions.
-A.23.4.4.5.2 See Figure A.23.4.4.5.2.
-A.23.4.4.5.5 Where the slope is parallel with the branch lines,
-the area per sprinkler for hydraulic calculation purposes
-would be found as
-ASLs =× ′
-where:
-S' = (cos θ)S
-θ = angle of slope
-S = distance between sprinklers on branch line per
-8.5.2.1.2
-See Figure A.23.4.4.5.5.
-A.23.4.4.6 When it is not obvious by comparison that the de-
-sign selected is the hydraulically most remote, additional cal-
-culations should be submitted. The most distant area is not
-necessarily the hydraulically most remote.
-Contract No.
-Date
-for
-Design data:
-Occupancy classification
-Name of contractor
-Name of designer
-Address
-Authority having jurisdiction
-Density gpm/ft2
-Area of application ft2
-Coverage per sprinkler ft2
-Special sprinklers
-No. of sprinklers calculated
-In-rack demand
-Hose streams
-Total water required gpm
-including hose streams
-Hydraulic Calculations
-ABC Company, employee garage
-7499 Franklin Road
-Charleston, SC
-4001
-1 – 7 – 08
-ORD. GR. 1
-0.15
-1500
-130
-12
-250 gpm
-510.4
-FIGURE A.23.3.2(a) Summary Sheet.
-13–389ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-1¹⁄₂ in.
-1¹⁄₂ in.
-1¹⁄₂ in.
-2 in. 2¹/shiftfraction₂ in. 2¹/shiftfraction₂ in. 2¹/shiftfraction₂ in. 2¹/shiftfraction₂ in. 2¹/shiftfraction₂ in. 2¹/shiftfraction₂ in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in.
-4 5 6
-3 in. riser
-City water 
-main
-9
-3 in.
-#4
-#3
-#2
-#1
-Sprinkler 
-#
-#3
-#2
-#11ft 0 in. ¥ 1¹⁄₂ in. riser nipple
-130 ft 0 in.
-10 ft bays at 20 ft 0 in. = 200 ft 0 in.
-Note: Underground to be copper, 
-lined cast iron, cement-asbestos, 
-or fiberglass
-Calculated area — 1500 ft 2
-Spacing 13 ft ¥ 10 ft = 130 ft2
-1500
-130
-= 11.54 — Calculate 12 sprinklers
-Use four sprinklers/line
-1.2 ÷1500   = 3.58
-45 ft 0 in.
-Group I — 1500 ft 2
-Density 0.15 gpm/ft2
-from Figure 11.2.3.1.1
-13
-8
-16 ft 0 in.
-Elevation View
-Reference step
-260.4 gpm
-See calculations
-in Figure A.23.3.2(c) Alarm 
-valve
-Indicating gate 
-valve
-3 in.
-260.4 gpm
-1¹⁄₂ in.
-Branch 
-line
-Branch 
-line
-Branch 
-line
-3 in.2¹/shiftfraction₂ in.2¹/shiftfraction₂ in.
-1¹⁄₂ in.
-1¹⁄₂ in.
-1¹⁄₂ in. 1¹⁄₄ in.
-1¹⁄₄ in.
-1¹⁄₄ in. 1 in.
-1 in.
-1 in.
-1¹⁄₂ in.
-1¹⁄₂ in.
-FIGURE A.23.3.2(b) Hydraulic Calculation Example (Plan View and Elevation View).
-13–390 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Contract Name Sheet Of
-Ref. Step
-NotesNormal 
-Pressure
-Pressure 
-Summary
-Friction
-Loss
-psi
-Foot
-Equiv.
-Pipe
-Length
-Pipe 
-Fittings 
-and 
-Devices
-Pipe 
-Size
-Flow 
-in 
-gpm
-Nozzle 
-Ident. 
-and 
-Location
-Step No.
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-L
-F
-T
-L
-F
-T
-L
-F
-T
-L
-F
-T
-L
-F
-T
-L
-F
-T
-L
-F
-T
-L
-F
-T
-L
-F
-T
-L
-F
-T
-L
-F
-T
-Pt
-Pe
-Pf
-Pt
-Pe
-Pt
-Pt
-Pe
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pv
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pv
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pt
-Pn
-2 3GROUP I    1500 ft2
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-THROUGH
-UNDER-
-GROUND
-TO
-CITY MAIN
-CM 
-TO
-FIS
-BL-3
-CM
-BL-2
-CM
-TO
-BL-3
-CM 
-TO
-BL-2
-DN 
-RN
-BL-1
-19.5
-20.7
-40.2
-21.9
-62.1
-23.1
-85.2
-86.3
-171.5
-88.1
-259.6
-259.6
-259.6
-3
-3
-2
-11/4
-1
-13.0
-13.0
-13.0
-13.0
-13.0
-13.0
-20.52T-16
-16.0
-36.5
-10.0
-10.0
-10.0
-10.0
-70.0
-70.0
-119.0E5
-AV15
-GV1
-E5
-GV1
-T15 77.6
-27.6
-50.0
-140.0
-0.061
-TYPE'M'
-C=150
-0.081
-0.231
-0.107
-0.07
-0.236
-0.131
-0.125
-0.124
-C=120 12.1
-1.6
-13.7
-1.6
-15.3
-1.7
-17.0
-8.6
-26.0
-0.7
-26.7
-1.1
-27.8
-16.2
-44.0
-6.5
-11.2
-61.7
-4.7
-66.4
-D = 0.15 gpm/ft2
-K = 5.6
-Q = 130 x 0.15 = 19.5
-q = 5.6
-15.3q = 5.6
-17q = 5.6
-K = 85.2
-26
-K = 16.71
-26.7q = 16.71
-27.8q = 16.7
-Pe = 15 x 0.433
-F = F40 x 1.51 x Fc
-Fc = [2.981/3.068]4.87 = 0.869
-F = 21 x 1.51 x 0.869
-F = 27.6
-9
-8
-6
-5
-4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-÷
-÷
-÷
-÷
-÷
-Q 85.2
-11/2
-11/2
-21/2
-21/2
-21
-0.4
-Pe = 1 x 0.433
-P = (19.5/5.6)2 = 12.1 psi
-13.7÷
-Pt
-Pe
-Pe
-Pe
-Pe
-Pe
-Pe
-Pe
-Pe
-Pf
-Pf
-Pf
-Pf
-Pf
-Pf
-Pf
-Pf
-Pf
-Pf
-Pv
-Pv
-Pv
-Pv
-Pv
-Pv
-Pn
-Pn
-Pn
-Pn
-Pn
-Pn
-Pn
-Pn
-Pn
-Pn
-Pv
-Pv
-Pv
-FIGURE A.23.3.2(c) Hydraulic Calculations.
-13–391ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.23.4.4.6.2 The intent of this section is not to allow the omis-
-sion of discharge from sprinklers in small rooms where the de-
-sign area has been reduced below the values in Table 23.4.4.6.2
-for situations such as quick-response sprinklers. Where quick-
-response sprinklers are used, the discharge from sprinklers in
-small rooms in the design area can be omitted as long as the
-design area meets the size required by Table 23.4.4.6.2.
-A.23.4.4.7.2 See Figure A.23.4.4.7.2 for a Moody diagram and
-Table A.23.4.4.7.2 for ε-factors that correspond to Hazen–
-WilliamsC factors. The corresponding Hazen-WilliamsC factor
-should be used for the calculation of equivalent pipe length in
-accordance with 23.4.3.
-A.23.4.4.8 The use of sprinklers with differing K-factors in
-situations where different protection areas are needed is not
-considered balancing. An example would be a room that
-could be protected with sprinklers having different orifice
-sizes in closets, foyers, and room areas. However, this proce-
-dure introduces difficulties when restoring a system to service
-after operation since it is not always clear which sprinklers go
-where.
-A.23.4.4.9 Where the normal pressure (Pn) is used to calcu-
-late the flow from an orifice, the following assumptions should
-be used:
-(1) At any flowing outlet along a pipe, except the end outlet,
-only the normal pressure(Pn) can act on the outlet. At the
-end outlet, the total pressure (Pt) can act. The following
-should be considered end outlets:
-(a) The last flowing sprinkler on a dead-end branch line
-(b) The last flowing branch line on a dead-end cross
-main
-(c) Any sprinkler where a flow split occurs on a gridded
-branch line
-(d) Any branch line where a flow split occurs on a looped
-system
-(2) At any flowing outlet along a pipe, except the end outlet,
-the pressure acting to cause flow from the outlet is equal
-to the total pressure (Pt) minus the velocity pressure (Pv)
-on the upstream (supply) side.
-(3) To find the normal pressure (Pn) at any flowing outlet,
-except the end outlet, assume a flow from the outlet in
-question and determine the velocity pressure (Pv) for the
-total flow on the upstream side. Because normal pressure
-(Pn) equals total pressure (Pt) minus velocity pressure (Pv),
-the value of the normal pressure (Pn) so found should
-result in an outlet flow approximately equal to the as-
-sumed flow; if not, a new value should be assumed, and
-the calculations should be repeated.
-A.23.5.1 The demonstrated effectiveness of pipe schedule
-systems is limited to their use with1⁄2 in. (13 mm) orifice sprin-
-klers. The use of other size orifices can require hydraulic cal-
-culations to prove their ability to deliver the required amount
-of water within the available water supply.
-A.23.5.1.4 Where the construction or conditions introduce
-unusually long runs of pipe or many angles in risers or feed or
-cross mains, an increase in pipe size over that called for in the
-schedules can be required to compensate for increased fric-
-tion losses.
-A.23.5.2.6 For example, a 2 1⁄2 in. (64 mm) steel pipe, which
-is permitted to supply 30 sprinklers, can supply a total of
-50 sprinklers where not more than 30 sprinklers are above
-or below a ceiling.
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-95
-85
-75
-65
-55
-45
-35
-20
-10
-0
-5
-15
-25
-Scale A
-Scale B
-Scale C
-100 
-200 
-400
-200 
-400 
-800
-300 
-600 
-1200
-400 
-800 
-1600
-500 
-1000 
-2000
-600 
-1200 
-2400
-700 
-1400 
-2800
-800 
-1600 
-3200
-Waterflow (gpm)
-Pressure (psi)
-260 gpm at 66.4 psi
-1000 gpm at 60 psi
-City water supply curve
-System demand curve
-Available for  hose 
-streams  (must be 
-minimum  of 250 
-gpm from
-Table 11.2.3.1.2)
-Scale B
-Static pressure due to elevation (Pe)
-FIGURE A.23.3.2(d) Hydraulic Graph.
-13–392 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-NFPA 13© 2012 National Fire Protection Association
-q
-Q
-length
-fitting
-total
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-q
-Q
-Contract no. Sheet no. of
-Name and location
-Reference
-Flow 
-in  
-gpm 
-(L/min)
-Nozzle 
-type and
-location
-Pipe 
-size
-(in.)
-Fitting 
-and 
-devices
-Pipe 
-equivalent
-length
-Friction
-loss
-psi/ft
-(bar/m)
-Required 
-psi 
-(bar)
-Normal 
-Pressure Notes
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-length
-fitting
-total
-Pt: total pressure. Pf: friction loss pressure. Pv: velocity pressure. Pe: elevation pressure.
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pf
-Pe
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-Pt
-Pv
-Pn
-FIGURE A.23.3.3 Sample Worksheet.
-13–393ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-X XXXXXXXXX
-X XXXXXXXXX
-XXXXXXXXXX
-XXXXXXXXXX
-XXXXXXXXXX
-7
-30
-6
-5
-3 2 1 17
-4
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-30.66
-61.28
-91.85
-108.97
-132.49
-155.69
-178.84
-201.38
-224.57
-247.82
-271.18
-295.68
-24.96
-24.50
-23.36
-23.25
-23.19
-22.54
-23.15
-23.20
-23.52
-30.666.6317.3741.5866.82
-66.82
-122.70
-200.78
-211.67
-188.15
-164.95
-141.80
-119.26
-96.07
-72.82
-49.46
-24.96
-6.5817.4241.6466.88 30.62
-6.5017.5441.7967.08 30.57
-10.89 17.12
-320.64
-FIGURE A.23.3.3(15) Example of Hydraulically Remote
-Area — Grid System.
-100 
-(378.5)
-200 
-(757)
-300 
-(1136)
-400 
-(1514)
-500 
-(1893)
-600 
-(2271)
-700 
-(2650)
-800 
-(3028)
-900 
-(3407)
-1000 
-(3785)
-Q1.85      Flow, gpm (L/min) (Multiply this scale by_______.)
-Pressure, psi (bar)
-0
-10 
-(0.69)
-20 
-(1.4)
-30 
-(2.1)
-40 
-(2.8)
-50 
-(3.5)
-60 
-(4.1)
-70 
-(4.8)
-80 
-(5.5)
-90 
-(6.2)
-100 
-(6.9)
-110
-(7.6)
-120 
-(8.3)
-FIGURE A.23.3.4 Sample Graph Sheet.
-13–394 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-x x x x x x
-x x x x x x
-x x x x x x
-x x x x x x
-Calculated area A2 12 ft between sprinklers
-A B CD E F
-1
-2
-3
-4
-10 ft between lines
-Assume a remote area of 1500 ft2 with sprinkler coverage of 120 ft2
-Total sprinklers to calculate = Design area
-Area per sprinkler
-=
-1500
-120
-= 12.5, calculate 13
-Number of sprinklers on branch line =1.2÷ A
-S
-Where:
-A = design area
-S = distance between sprinklers on branch line
-Number of sprinklers on branch line =1.2÷1500
-12
-= 3.87
-Notes:
-1. For gridded systems, the extra sprinkler (or sprinklers) on branch    
- line 4 can be placed in any adjacent location from B to E at the    
- designer’s option.
-2. For tree and looped systems, the extra sprinkler on line 4      
- should be placed closest to the cross main.
-For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2.
-FIGURE A.23.4.4 Example of Determining the Number of
-Sprinklers to Be Calculated.
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-1
-A
-B
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-E
-1  This sprinkler is not in the selected area of operation.
-C D
-FIGURE A.23.4.4.1(a) Example of Hydraulically Most De-
-manding Area.
-13–395ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-B
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-B
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-A
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-A
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-X
-FIGURE A.23.4.4.1(b) Example of Hydraulically Most De-
-manding Area for Various Piping Arrangements.
-Design area
-10 ft
-10 ft
- Discharge criteria: 0.45 gpm ²/2000 ft²
- 20 sprinklers in design area 1.2(2000)0.5/10 = 5.3 rounded up to
-6 sprinklers per branch line
- Note that the design area is not a perfect rectangle. The 2000 ft ²
-requirement can be met with fewer sprinklers on the fourth branch
-line back, so there is no need to include the additional four sprinklers
-on the fourth branch line.
-FIGURE A.23.4.4.1.1.1 Example of Nonsymmetrical Hy-
-draulically Most Demanding Area.
-xxxxxx
-xxxxxx
-xxxxxx
-xxxxxx
-A B CDEF
-1
-2
-3
-4
-A1
-A2
-A3
-FIGURE A.23.4.4.4 Example of Determining the Most Re-
-mote Area for Gridded System.
-2 ft (0.62 m)
-10 ft (3.1 m)
-2 ft (0.62 m)
-12 ft (3.72 m)
-As = S ¥ L
-= 10 ft ¥ 12 ft
-= 120.0 ft2
-see 8.5.2
-FIGURE A.23.4.4.5.2 Sprinkler Spacing.
-13–396 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Figure 
-shows actual 
-dimension 
-parallel to 
-slope.
-10.541 ft
-Slope of 4 in 12
-2.108 ft
-Calculation floor area = 10 ft ¥ 12 ft (See Figure A.23.4.4.5.3)
-FIGURE A.23.4.4.5.5 Determination of Floor Area Under
-Sloped Ceiling/Roof.
-Complete turbulence rough pipezone
-0.10
-0.09
-0.08
-0.07
-0.06
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.009
-0.008
-2 3 4 5 68 2 3 4 5 68 2 3 4 5 68 2 3 4 5 68 34 1 0 8107106105104103 25 6 8
-Reynolds number (Re)
-Friction factor, f
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.008
-0.006
-0.004
-0.003
-0.002
-0.0015
-0.001
-0.0008
-0.0006
-0.0004
-0.0003
-0.0002
-0.00015
-0.0001
-0.00008
-0.00006
-0.00004
-0.00003
-0.00002
-0.000015
-0.00001
-Relative roughness    
-zone
-Laminar       Critical   Transition
-zone
-Laminar flow
-f = 
-64R
-= 0.000001ε
-D
-= 0.000005ε
-D
-D
-ε
-Turbulent zone
-FIGURE A.23.4.4.7.2 Moody Diagram.
-Table A.23.4.4.7.2 Suggested ε-Factor for Aged Pipe
-Pipe
-Hazen–Williams
-C Factor
-ε-Factor
-(in.)
-Steel (new) 143 0.0018
-Steel 120 0.004
-Steel 100 0.015
-Copper 150 0.000084
-Plastic 150 0.000084
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-13–397ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.23.5.3.9 For example, a 3 in. (76 mm) steel pipe, which is
-permitted to supply 40 sprinklers in an ordinary hazard area,
-can supply a total of 60 sprinklers where not more than
-40 sprinklers protect the occupied space below the ceiling.
-A.23.5.4 The piping schedule shown in Table A.23.5.4 is re-
-printed only as a guide for existing systems. New systems for
-extra hazard occupancies should be hydraulically calculated
-as required in 23.5.4.
-A.23.7 In the design of an exposure protection system, the
-flow rate from window and cornice sprinklers is shown in
-Table 23.7.1. The flow rates are based on the guide numbers
-selected from Table 4.3.7.3 of NFPA 80A, which can be utilized
-as the basis for determining whether exposure protection is
-needed.
-A.24.1.3.3 For typical combined domestic/fire sprinkler de-
-mands, systems with 4 in. (100 mm) pipe or larger typically do
-not need to include the domestic demand in the calculations
-because it is such a small fraction of the total flow that it does
-not make a significant difference in the results. But for situa-
-tions where 4 in. (100 mm) pipe is used for the combined
-domestic/fire sprinkler systems and the domestic demand is
-considerable, then the domestic demand should be included
-in the calculations. Generally, pipe that is 6 in. or larger can
-carry combined domestic/fire protection demand without
-any consideration for domestic demand being necessary.
-A.24.1.5 Evaluation of the water supply and environmental
-conditions does not necessarily require a water sample analysis
-by a laboratory. Instead, general knowledge of the long-term
-condition of sprinkler systems with similar piping materials in
-similar environments on the same water supply can be a suffi-
-cient evaluation.
-There are several options to address the effects of MIC on
-sprinkler systems. Some types of sprinkler pipe such as CPVC
-have not shown to be affected by MIC. Other types of pipe are
-being manufactured with a biofilm that resists the effects of
-MIC.
-Where water supplies are treated with biocides, evaluation
-of the effects of the biocide on sprinkler system components
-(pipe, fittings, sprinklers, gaskets, valves, and seals) is just as
-important as evaluating the effect the biocide has on the or-
-ganisms. Where water treatment is selected as the method to
-deal with MIC, all water entering the system during testing or
-flushing needs to be treated so that the organisms do not get a
-chance to establish themselves.
-Since all of the conditions that can affect the growth of
-MIC are unknown, a plan to sample randomly selected inte-
-rior positions in the system can be effective. The frequency
-and location of the interior inspections will depend on the
-extent of the known MIC problem with the same water supply
-and similar environmental conditions.
-A.24.1.6.2 Where the system riser is close to an outside wall,
-underground fittings of proper length should be used in or-
-der to avoid pipe joints located in or under the wall. Where
-the connection passes through the foundation wall below
-grade, a 1 in. to 3 in. (25 mm to 76 mm) clearance should be
-provided around the pipe and the clear space filled with as-
-phalt mastic or similar flexible waterproofing material.
-A.24.1.7 Where water meters are in the supply lines to a
-sprinkler system, they should be rated to deliver the proper
-system demand. The amount of water supplied through a wa-
-ter meter varies with its size and type and might not provide
-the required demand, regardless of the water supply available.
-A.24.1.8 Where connections are made from public water-
-works systems, such systems should be guarded against pos-
-sible contamination as follows (see AWWA M14, Recommended
-Practice for Backflow Prevention and Cross Connection Control):
-(1) For private fire service mains with direct connections
-from public waterworks mains only or with booster pumps
-installed in the connections from the street mains, no
-tanks or reservoirs, no physical connection from other
-water supplies, no antifreeze or other additives of any
-kind, and with all drains discharging to atmosphere, dry
-well, or other safe outlets, no backflow protection is rec-
-ommended at the service connection.
-(2) For private fire service mains with direct connection from
-the public water supply main plus one or more of the
-following: elevated storage tanks or fire pumps taking suc-
-tion from aboveground covered reservoirs or tanks (all
-storage facilities are filled or connected to public water
-only and the water in the tanks is to be maintained in a
-potable condition), an approved double check valve as-
-sembly is recommended.
-(3) For private fire service mains directly supplied from pub-
-lic mains with an auxiliary water supply such as a pond or
-river on or available to the premises and dedicated to fire
-department use; or for systems supplied from public
-mains and interconnected with auxiliary supplies, such as
-pumps taking suction from reservoirs exposed to con-
-tamination or rivers and ponds; driven wells, mills, or
-other industrial water systems; or for systems or portions
-of systems where antifreeze or other solutions are used, an
-approved reduced pressure zone-type backflow preventer
-is recommended.
-Where connections are made from public waterworks sys-
-tems, it might be necessary to guard against possible contami-
-nation of the public supply.
-A.24.2.1 Acceptable water supplies for fire sprinkler systems
-must provide sufficient flow and pressure for the required du-
-ration per 23.1.2. Many water supply sources contain sufficient
-flow and volume but do not possess sufficient pressure. Some
-acceptable water supplies, such as storage tanks located at or
-below grade, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, will almost always
-require combination with a pump to provide the needed pres-
-sure. Fire pumps are used with other supplies such as water-
-Table A.23.5.4 Extra Hazard Pipe Schedule
-Steel Copper
-Size
-(in.)
-Number of
-Sprinklers
-Size
-(in.)
-Number of
-Sprinklers
-11 1 1
-11⁄4 21 1⁄4 2
-11⁄2 51 1⁄2 5
-28 2 8
-21⁄2 15 2 1⁄2 20
-32 73 3 0
-31⁄2 40 3 1⁄2 45
-45 54 6 5
-5 90 5 100
-6 150 6 170
-For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
-13–398 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-works or gravity tanks to provide additional pressure needed
-to meet the system demand.
-A.24.2.1(7) In an effort to help comply with efforts for sus-
-tainable and renewable building construction, some engi-
-neers and architects have suggested the use of reclaimed or
-recycled water to use in fire sprinkler systems rather than the
-potable water typically used from the public water supply.
-While this effort has some merit, there is a concern about the
-quality of the water from these recycled and reclaimed sys-
-tems. The capture of rainwater is generally not considered a
-problem since NFPA 13 has long allowed the use of open lakes,
-rivers, and ponds, which are nothing more than open collec-
-tions of rainwater and melted snow. But other systems that are
-recycling water that has been used in some industrial or other
-process might have contaminants that are combustible, or
-they might be detrimental to the sprinkler system by prevent-
-ing it from working properly or accelerating corrosion. Re-
-cycled or reclaimed water should never be used in a sprinkler
-system until an analysis of what contaminants might be in the
-water has determined that nothing will be detrimental to
-sprinkler system performance or the expected reasonable life
-of the sprinkler system. When such an analysis is completed
-successfully, the information should be transmitted to the
-sprinkler contractor through the use of the Owner’s Certifi-
-cate required by Section 4.3.
-A.24.2.2 Care should be taken in making water tests to be
-used in designing or evaluating the capability of sprinkler sys-
-tems. The water supply tested should be representative of the
-supply that might be available at the time of a fire. For ex-
-ample, testing of public water supplies should be done at times
-of normal demand on the system. Public water supplies are
-likely to fluctuate widely from season to season and even
-within a 24-hour period. Allowance should be made for sea-
-sonal or daily fluctuations, for drought conditions, for possi-
-bility of interruption by flood, or for ice conditions in winter.
-Testing of water supplies also normally used for industrial use
-should be done while water is being drawn for industrial use.
-The range of industrial-use demand should be taken into ac-
-count. In special situations where the domestic water demand
-could significantly reduce the sprinkler water supply, an in-
-crease in the size of the pipe supplying both the domestic and
-sprinkler water can be justified.
-Future changes in water supplies should be considered. For
-example, a large, established, urban supply is not likely to
-change greatly within a few years. However, the supply in a
-growing suburban industrial park might deteriorate quite rap-
-idly as greater numbers of plants draw more water.
-Dead-end mains should be avoided, if possible, by arrang-
-ing for mains supplied from both directions. When private fire
-service mains are connected to dead-end public mains, each
-situation should be examined to determine if it is practical to
-request the water utility to loop the mains in order to obtain a
-more reliable supply.
-Testing of Water Supply. To determine the value of public
-water as a supply for automatic sprinkler systems, it is generally
-necessary to make a flow test to determine how much water
-can be discharged at a residual pressure at a rate sufficient to
-give the required residual pressure under the roof (with the
-volume flow hydraulically translated to the base of the riser)
-— that is, a pressure head represented by the height of the
-building plus the required residual pressure.
-The proper method of conducting this test is to use two
-hydrants in the vicinity of the property. The static pressure
-should be measured on the hydrant in front of or nearest to
-the property and the water allowed to flow from the hydrant
-next nearest the property, preferably the one farthest from the
-source of supply if the main is fed only one way. The residual
-pressure will be that indicated at the hydrant where water is
-not flowing.
-Referring to Figure A.24.2.2, the method of conducting the
-flow tests is as follows:
-(1) Attach the gauge to the hydrant (A) and obtain static pres-
-sure.
-(2) Either attach a second gauge to the hydrant (B) or use the
-pitot tube at the outlet. Have hydrant (B) opened wide
-and read pressure at both hydrants.
-(3) Use the pressure at (B) to compute the gallons flowing
-and read the gauge on(A) to determine the residual pres-
-sure or that which will be available on the top line of
-sprinklers in the property.
-Water pressure in pounds per square inch for a given
-height in feet equals height multiplied by 0.433.
-In making flow tests, whether from hydrants or from
-nozzles attached to hose, always measure the size of the orifice.
-While hydrant outlets are usually 2 1⁄2 in. (64 mm), they are
-sometimes smaller and occasionally larger. Underwriters
-Laboratories play pipe is 11⁄8 in. (29 mm) and 13⁄4 in. (44 mm)
-with the tip removed, but occasionally nozzles will be 1 in.
-(25.4 mm) or 11⁄4 in. (33 mm), and with the tip removed the
-opening can be only 11⁄2 in. (38 mm).
-The pitot tube should be held approximately one-half the
-diameter of the hydrant or nozzle opening away from the
-opening. It should be held in the center of the stream, except
-that in using hydrant outlets the stream should be explored to
-ascertain the average pressure.
-For further information on water supply testing, see
-NFPA 291.
-A.24.2.2.2 An adjustment to the waterflow test data to ac-
-count for daily and seasonal fluctuations, possible interrup-
-tion by flood or ice conditions, large simultaneous industrial
-use, future demand on the water supply system, or any other
-condition that could affect the water supply should be made as
-appropriate.
-A.24.2.3 An automatically controlled vertical turbine pump
-taking suction from a reservoir, pond, lake, river, cistern, or
-well or a centrifugal pump supplied from a waterworks system
-connection, or tank, complies with 24.2.3.
-See sections dealing with sprinkler equipment supervisory
-and waterflow alarm services in NFPA 72.
-Gauge attached
-to hydrant to
-show static and
-residual pressures
-Gauge attached to
-hydrant or pitot tube
-to register flowing
-pressure
-Pitot tube
-Public main
-FIGURE A.24.2.2 Method of Conducting Flow Tests.
-13–399ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-A.24.2.4.3 For pipe schedule systems, the air pressure to be
-carried and the proper proportion of air in the tank can be
-determined from the following formulas where:
-P = air pressure carried in pressure tank
-A = proportion of air in tank
-H = height of highest sprinkler above tank bottom
-When the tank is placed above the highest sprinkler, use
-the following formula:
-P A=−30 15
-If A = 1⁄3 , then P =9 0 − 1 5=7 5l bp s i
-If A = 1⁄2 , then P =6 0 − 1 5=4 5l bp s i
-If A = 2⁄3 , then P =4 5 − 1 5=3 0l bp s i
-When the tank is below the level of the highest sprinkler,
-use the following formula:
-P A
-H
-A=− +30 15 0 434.
-If A = 1⁄3 , then P = 75 + 1.30H
-If A = 1⁄2 , then P = 45 + 0.87H
-If A = 2⁄3 , then P = 30 + 0.65H
-The preceding respective air pressures are calculated to
-ensure that the last water will leave the tank at a pressure of
-15 psi (1 bar) when the base of the tank is on a level with the
-highest sprinkler or at such additional pressure as is equiva-
-lent to a head corresponding to the distance between the base
-of the tank and the highest sprinkler when the latter is above
-the tank.
-For hydraulically calculated systems, the following formula
-should be used to determine the tank pressure and ratio of air
-to water:
-P P
-A
-i
-f
-= + −15 15
-where:
-Pi = tank pressure
-Pf = pressure required from hydraulic calculations
-A = proportion of air
-Example: Hydraulic calculations indicate 75 psi (5.2 bar) is
-required to supply the system. What tank pressure will be re-
-quired?
-P
-P
-i
-i
-= + −
-=− =
-75 15
-05 15
-180 15 165
-.
- psi
-For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 psi = 0.0689 bar.
-In this case, the tank would be filled with 50 percent air and
-50 percent water, and the tank pressure would be 165 psi
-(11.4 bar). If the pressure is too high, the amount of air car-
-ried in the tank will have to be increased.
-Pressure tanks should be located above the top level of
-sprinklers but can be located in the basement or elsewhere.
-A.25.2.1 The use of noncombustible compressed gas to in-
-crease the pressure in a water-filled system is an acceptable test
-procedure.
-A.25.2.1.8 As an example, in a system that had piping at an
-elevation that was 25 ft (7.6 m) higher than the test gauge, an
-acceptable pressure during the hydrostatic test is 189 psi
-(13.03 bar) at the top of the system due to the loss of 11 psi
-(0.76 bar) in elevation pressure [25 ft × 0.433 psi/ft = 11 psi
-(0.76 bar)].
-A.25.2.1.9 Biocides and other chemicals that are approved
-and used for the prevention and mitigation of MIC and that
-do not adversely affect the fire-fighting properties of the water
-or the performance of the fire sprinkler system components
-are not prohibited.
-A.25.2.1.14 Valves isolating the section to be tested might not
-be “drop-tight.” When such leakage is suspected, test blanks of
-the type required in 25.2.1.14 should be used in a manner that
-includes the valve in the section being tested.
-A.25.2.3.2 When the acceptance test is being performed dur-
-ing freezing conditions, a partial flow trip test should be con-
-ducted at that time and the full flow trip test specified should
-be conducted as soon as conditions permit.
-A.25.2.3.2.2 The test criteria are based on the first evidence
-of waterflow to the inspector’s test. Air can be mixed with the
-water for several minutes until the air is completely flushed
-from the system.
-A.25.2.3.2.2.1 Although the time criteria for calculated sys-
-tems is not required to be verified, a test is still required to
-document the initial water delivery for comparison to future
-inspection test requirements. If the time of a single sprinkler
-test outlet exceeds 70 seconds, evaluation of the calculations
-and the system installation might be necessary.
-A.25.2.3.4.2 Measuring the flow during a main drain test is
-not required.
-A.25.5 See Figure A.25.5.
-Hose stream allowance of  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gpm (L/min)
-is included in the above.
-Occupancy classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
-Commodity classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
-Maximum storage height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
-This system as shown on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . company
-print no . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
-for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  contract no . . . . . . . . . 
-is designed to discharge at a rate of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gpm/ft2
-(L/min/m2) of floor area over a maximum area of . . . . . . . . . .
-ft2 (m2) when supplied with water at a rate of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
-gpm (L/min) at . . . . . . . . . . . . psi (bar) at the base of the riser.
-dated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
-FIGURE A.25.5 Sample Hydraulic Design Information Sign.
-13–400 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-A.25.6 While the information on this sign is useful during
-an inspection, such use should not be considered a hazard
-assessment based on the requirements of this standard. (See
-Figure A.25.6.)
-A.26.1.3(4) The backbone of the fire protection philosophy
-for U.S. flagged vessels and passenger vessels that trade inter-
-nationally is limiting a fire to the compartment of origin by
-passive means. Materials that do not withstand a 1-hour fire
-exposure when tested in accordance with ASTM E 119, Stan-
-dard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Mate-
-rials, are considered “heat sensitive.”[See Figure A.26.1.3(4).]
-A.26.1.3(8) Some types of sprinkler systems can closely re-
-semble marine systems, such as a system installed on a floating
-structure that has a permanent water supply connection to a pub-
-lic main. For these types of systems, judgment should be used in
-determining if certain aspects of Chapter 26 are applicable.
-A.26.1.3(9) A marine thermal barrier is typically referred to
-as a B-15 boundary.
-A.26.1.4 In addition to the examples provided in A.5.1,
-Table A.26.1.4 provides additional examples of occupancy
-definitions of typical shipboard spaces.
-The classifications in Table A.26.1.4 are not meant to be
-applied without giving consideration to the definition of each
-occupancy hazard given in the standard. Table A.26.1.4 is gen-
-eral guidance for classification of typical spaces. Where a space
-is outfitted such that the occupancy definitions indicate that
-another classification would be more appropriate, the most
-representative and most demanding occupancy classification
-should be used. For example, it would certainly be possible to
-outfit a stateroom to require upgrading the occupancy to or-
-dinary hazard, Group 1.
-When a vessel undergoes modifications, alterations, or
-service changes that significantly affect the fire risk of the
-occupancy of one or more compartments, the occupancy
-classification should be reevaluated to determine if it has
-changed.
-SPRINKLER SYSTEM — GENERAL INFORMATION
-for
-High-piled storage ❏ Yes    ❏ No
-Rack storage: ❏ Yes    ❏ No
-Commodity class:
-Max. storage height    ft
-Aisle width (min.)    ft
-Encapsulation ❏ Yes    ❏ No
-Solid shelving: ❏ Yes    ❏ No
-Flammable/
-combustible liquids: ❏ Yes    ❏ No
-Other storage: ❏ Yes    ❏ No
-Hazardous materials: ❏ Yes    ❏ No
-Idle pallets: ❏ Yes    ❏ No
-Antifreeze systems ❏ Yes    ❏ No
-   Location:
-Dry or aux systems ❏ Yes    ❏ No
-   Location:
-Date:
-Flow test data:
-Static: psi
-Resid: psi
-Flow: gpm
-Pitot: psi
-Date:
-Location:
-Location of aux/low point drains:
-Original main drain test results:
-Static: psi
-Residual: psi
-Name of contractor or designer:
-Address:
-Phone:
-Where injection systems are used to treat MIC or corrosion:
-Type of chemical: Concentration: For proper disposal, see:
-FIGURE A.25.6 Sprinkler System General Information.
-13–401ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
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-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-A.26.1.5 Experience has shown that structures that are par-
-tially sprinklered can be overrun by well-developed fires
-originating in unsprinklered areas. Therefore, the entire
-vessel should be sprinklered whenever sprinkler systems are
-considered.
-A.26.2.1 Sprinklers with a nominal K-factor of 2.8 (40) or less
-coupled with a system strainer minimize the potential for clog-
-ging.
-A.26.2.2 Where a marine thermal barrier is penetrated, lim-
-iting the opening around the sprinkler pipe to 1⁄16 in.
-(1.6 mm) is considered as meeting this requirement.
-A.26.2.4.1 When nonferrous materials are used, consider-
-ation should be given to protecting against galvanic corrosion
-where the nonferrous materials connect to steel pipe. Consid-
-eration should also be given to protection against galvanic cor-
-rosion from pipe hangers in areas of high humidity.
-The piping between the sea chest and the sprinkler zone
-valves are likely to see the frequent flow of saltwater when
-testing. Sprinkler zone piping will rarely, if ever, be exposed to
-saltwater. In such an event, NFPA 25 requires flushing of the
-piping. Even if the piping is not flushed, the saltwater will not
-be replenished and will lose oxygen content in fairly short
-order.
-Even if galvanized, the failure from corrosion from the in-
-terior of the pipe is likely to be at all threaded connections,
-welded assembly connections, and where brass sprinklers
-thread into ferrous pipe. Only hot dipped galvanized after
-fabrication of assembly (as opposed to simply hot dipped gal-
-vanized pipe and fittings) will protect against some of those
-failures. Hot dipped galvanized after fabrication of assembly is
-practical from the sea chest to the sprinkler manifold where
-spaces are open and pipe is relatively large and uses flanged
-takedown joints instead of threaded unions. Hot dipped galva-
-nized after fabrication of assembly is not practical in the sprin-
-kler zone pipe where it is mainly field fit.
-A.26.2.5.1 When designing supports, the selection and spac-
-ing of pipe supports should take into account the pipe dimen-
-sions, mechanical and physical properties of piping materials
-and supports, operating temperature, thermal expansion ef-
-fects, external loads, thrust forces, vibration, maximum accel-
-erations, differential motions to which the system might be
-subjected, and the type of support.
-The route of the vessel is intended to be descriptive of its
-usual operating area. For example, expected motion of the
-system on an ocean vessel is expected to be considerably
-greater than the motion of a vessel that operates on a river. A
-vessel that operates within the confines of any of the Great
-Lakes is expected to subject the system pipe to greater motion
-than would a vessel that operates on a lake such as Lake Tahoe.
-It is recommended that the designer review the require-
-ments for automatic sprinkler systems that are subject to earth-
-quakes. While it is obvious that shipboard motions and accel-
-erations differ from those that occur during an earthquake,
-the general principle of protecting the piping system against
-damage applies. Individual hanger design, however, will be
-very similar.
-Earthquake protection does not apply to ships; however,
-motions are similar to those that a ship will experience in a
-seaway. The design principles discussed in this section should
-be used as a guide for shipboard system design.
-A.26.2.5.3 Use of heat-sensitive materials for pipe hangers
-and supports might be desirable in some cases. Where heat-
-sensitive materials are used, the hangers and supports should
-be adequately protected by either the direct application of
-insulation or installation behind a marine thermal barrier. In-
-sulation materials applied directly to hangers should be insu-
-lated in accordance with the method provided in Society of
-Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Technical Research
-Bulletin 2-21, “Aluminum Fire Protection Guidelines.”
-A.26.2.5.4 Consideration should be given to increasing the
-size of rods and U-hooks as necessary, to account for service
-and operational loading, including ship motion and vibra-
-tions.
-A.26.2.6.1 Shipboard installations will normally require
-more than one valve per water supply. Locking valves in the
-open position is not an acceptable substitute for the require-
-ment of 26.2.6.1 but can be done in addition to the supervi-
-sion requirement.
-A.26.2.7.1 International Shore Connections are portable uni-
-versal couplings that permit connections of shipboard sprin-
-kler or firemain systems between one ship and another or be-
-tween a shore facility and a ship. Both the ship and the shore
-facility are expected to have an international shore connec-
-tion fitting such that in an emergency they can be attached to
-their respective fire hoses and bolted together to permit
-charging the ship’s system. It must be portable to accommo-
-date hose-to-hose connection and allow assistance from any
-position.
-Threads to mate hydrants
-and hose at shore facilities
-Threads to mate hydrants
-and hose on ship
-International Shore Connection
-⁹⁄₁₆ in.  (14 mm) 
-minimum
-0.75 in. 
-(19 mm)
-Shore
-1.25 in. (32 mm)
-2.75 in. 
-(70 mm) 3.5 in. 
-(89 mm)
-0.75 in. 
-(19 mm)
-1.25 in. 
-(32 mm)
-2.75 in. 
-(70 mm) 3.5 in. 
-(89 mm)
-Ship
-Material: Any suitable for 150 psi 
-(10.3 bar) service (shore)
-Flange surface: Flat face
-Gasket material: Any suitable for 
-150 psi (10.3 bar) service
-Bolts: Four ⁵⁄₈ in. (16 mm) minimum
-diameter, 2 in. (51 mm) long,
-threaded to within 1 in. (25.4 mm) 
-of bolt head
-Nuts: Four, to fit bolts
-Washers: Four, to fit bolts
-Material: Brass or bronze 
-suitable for 150 psi (10.3 bar) 
-service (ship)
-FIGURE A.26.1.3(4) International Shore Fire Connection.
-13–402 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-Installation of an additional fire boat connection might be
-required on-board vessels whose route is such that regular ac-
-cess to fire boats is possible. An additional fire boat connec-
-tion might not be necessary where fire boats are equipped to
-connect to the regular fire department connection. (See
-A.26.2.7.7.)
-A.26.2.7.7 Selection of the pipe thread for the fire depart-
-ment connection should be done very carefully. It is recom-
-mended that a 2 1⁄2 in. (63.5 mm) siamese connection with
-National Standard Hose Thread be used since a majority of
-fire department hose lines will be compatible with this thread.
-However, it must be noted that some fire jurisdictions might
-not be compatible with a connection of this type. Serious con-
-sideration should be given to the vessel’s typical operating
-area. Precautions and planning should avert the possibility of
-the vessel being forced ashore by fire at a location where the
-fire department equipment is not compatible with this con-
-nection. Carriage of extra fittings and pre-voyage arrange-
-ments with all applicable jurisdictions should be considered.
-The international shore connection is required to ensure that
-all vessels fitted with sprinkler systems have at least one type of
-common connection.
-A.26.3.1 Special consideration should be given to the installa-
-tion of relief valves in all wet pipe systems. Ambient ship tempera-
-tures can vary greatly depending on operating environment, du-
-ration of voyage, and failure of climate control systems.
-A.26.4.2 Areas fitted primarily with multiple staterooms and
-corridors should be considered sleeping accommodation areas.
-A.26.4.4 If combustibles are present such that they constitute
-a threat, the space should be sprinklered. One example would
-be the presence of large bundles of unsheathed computer or
-electrical cable. Typical amounts of lighting or control cabling
-should not be considered to constitute a fire threat.
-A.26.4.10.1(4) Because of its melting point, brazing would be
-considered heat sensitive. The criterion of this paragraph is
-intended to permit brazed joints without requiring that they
-be installed behind a marine thermal barrier, while maintain-
-ing the fire resistance as stated in 26.4.10.1 under reasonably
-foreseeable failure modes.
-A.26.4.12.1 While not required, a dual annunciator alarm
-panel system is recommended. One panel should show the pip-
-ing system layout and indicate status of zone valves, tank pres-
-sures, water supply valves, pump operation, and so forth. The
-second panel should show the vessel’s general arrangement and
-indicate status of waterflow (i.e., fire location) alarms.
-A.26.5.2 For example, a design area of 1500 ft2 (139.3 m2)i s
-used to design a sprinkler system for an unobstructed light
-hazard occupancy. In this case, the system must supply at least
-seven sprinklers that are installed within that area. If eight
-sprinklers are installed to protect windows within this design
-area, the water demand of these sprinklers is added to the
-total water demand. Thus, 15 sprinklers must be supplied by
-this system.
-A.26.5.3 Hose stream flow need not be added to the water
-demand. The water supply for fire streams is supplied by sepa-
-rate fire pump(s) that supply the vessel’s fire main.
-Table A.26.1.4 Examples of Shipboard Space Occupancy Classification
-Space Types Included
-Occupancy Type CFR a SOLASb Examples
-Light hazard 1 c,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 d,1 3 1 c, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Accommodation spaces
-Small pantries
-Ordinary hazard (Group 1) 8 d,9 d 12, 13d Galleys
-Storage areas
-Sales shops
-Laundries
-Pantries with significant storage
-Ordinary hazard (Group 2) 9 d,1 1d 12d,1 3d Sales shops
-Storage areas
-Stages (with sets)
-Machine shops
-Extra hazard (Group 1) 1, 9 d, 10, 11d 1, 12d,1 3d Auxiliary machinery — limited-combustible
-liquidse
-Steering rooms — combustible hydraulic
-fluid in usee
-Extra hazard (Group 2) 1, 9 d, 10, 11d 1, 12d,1 3d Auxiliary machinery — with combustible
-liquidse
-Machinery spacese
-a Space-type designations are given in 46 CFR 72.05-5.
-b Space-type designations are given in theInternational Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS 74),
-as amended, regulations II-2/3 and II-2/26.
-cPrimarily for accommodation-type control stations, such as the wheel house, which would not include
-generator rooms or similar-type spaces.
-dDepends on storage type, quantity, and height and distance below sprinkler.
-e Automatic sprinklers typically will not be the primary means of protection in these areas; total flooding
-systems are usually used.
-13–403ANNEX A
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-A.26.6.4 In vessels, the elevation of sprinklers with respect to
-the water supply varies as the vessel heels to either side or trims
-by the bow or stern. The water demand requirements can be
-increased or decreased under these conditions. This require-
-ment aligns the operational parameters of this safety system
-with that required for other machinery vital to the safety of the
-vessel.
-A.26.7.2.7 The purpose of this requirement is to ensure
-that the pressure tank air supply will not keep the tank
-“fully” pressurized while water is expelled, thus preventing
-pump actuation.
-A.26.7.3.3 NFPA 20 requires that fire pumps furnish not less
-than 150 percent of their rated capacity at not less than 65 per-
-cent of their rated heat. The intention of the requirement of
-26.7.3.3 is to limit designers to 120 percent of the rated capac-
-ity of the pump to provide an additional factor of safety for
-marine systems.
-A.26.7.3.12.2(1) Pumps should not be located within the
-same compartment. However, where this is not reasonable or
-practical, special attention should be given to protecting
-pumps such that a single failure will not render the sprinkler
-system inoperative. [See Figure A.26.7.3.12.2(1).]
-A.26.7.3.13 See Figure A.26.7.3.13.
-A.26.7.4.6 This procedure should be used to qualify each wa-
-ter supply to which the vessel is to be attached. For example,
-this might require testing of multiple hydrants or connections
-in the same mooring area. The pressure loss effect of the hose
-or piping leading from the water supply to the ship should also
-be considered when qualifying each hydrant.
-A.27.1 Impairments. Before shutting off a section of the fire
-service system to make sprinkler system connections, notify
-the authority having jurisdiction, plan the work carefully, and
-assemble all materials to enable completion in the shortest
-possible time. Work started on connections should be com-
-pleted without interruption, and protection should be re-
-stored as promptly as possible. During the impairment, pro-
-vide emergency hose lines and extinguishers and maintain
-extra watch service in the areas affected.
-When changes involve shutting off water from any consid-
-erable number of sprinklers for more than a few hours, tem-
-porary water supply connections should be made to sprinkler
-systems so that reasonable protection can be maintained. In
-adding to old systems or revamping them, protection should
-be restored each night so far as possible. The members of the
-private fire brigade as well as public fire departments should
-be notified as to conditions.
-Maintenance Schedule. The items shown in Table A.27.1
-should be checked on a routine basis.
-A.27.2 The presence of a sprinkler system and components
-creates a reasonable expectation by the public that these safety
-features are functional. When systems are inoperable or taken
-out of service but the devices remain, they present a false sense
-of safety. Also, before taking any part of a sprinkler system out
-of service, extreme care needs to be exercised to ensure that
-the system is not required, was not originally provided as an
-alternative or equivalent, or is no longer required due to other
-new requirements in the current codes and standards. It is not
-intended that the entire system or all components be re-
-moved. Instead, components such as sprinklers, initiating de-
-vices, notification appliances, and standpipe hose should be
-removed to reduce the likelihood of relying on inoperable
-systems or features. Control valves and other components that
-are allowed to be abandoned in place should have operating
-mechanisms removed and be painted a unique color to indi-
-cate that they are no longer in service.
-Primary
-fire
-pump
-Fresh water
-From sea chest
-Pressure tank
-Backflow 
-preventor Tank fill System fill
-Backup
-fire
-pump
-Flow-measuring
-device
-To system
-Flow test 
-overboard
-International 
-shore 
-connection
-Fire department
-shore connection
-M
-Check valve
-Supervised normally open gate valve
-Normally closed gate valve
-FIGURE A.26.7.3.12.2(1) Abbreviated Example of Dual Fire Pump Water Supply.
-13–404 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-Check valve
-Normally closed gate valve
-Automatically operated,
-normally closed gate valve
-Supervised, normally
-open gate valve
-Primary 
-fire 
-pump
-Fresh water
-From sea chest
-Pressure tank
-Backflow 
-preventor Tank fill System fill
-Flow-measuring
-device
-To system
-Flow test 
-overboard
-International 
-shore 
-connection
-Fire department
-shore connection
-M
-From fire main
-FIGURE A.26.7.3.13 Abbreviated Example of Water Supply with Fire Pump Backup.
-Table A.27.1 Maintenance Schedule
-Parts Activity Frequency
-Flushing piping Test 5 years
-Fire department connections Inspection Monthly
-Control valves Inspection Weekly — sealed
-Inspection Monthly — locked
-Inspection Monthly — tamper switch
-Maintenance Yearly
-Main drain Flow test Quarterly — annual
-Open sprinklers Test Annually
-Pressure gauge Calibration test
-Sprinklers Test 50 years
-Sprinklers — high-temperature Test 5 years
-Sprinklers — residential Test 20 years
-Waterflow alarms Test Quarterly
-Preaction/deluge detection system Test Semiannually
-Preaction/deluge systems Test Annually
-Antifreeze solution Test Annually
-Cold weather valves Open and close valves Fall, close; spring, open
-Dry/preaction/deluge systems
-Air pressure and water pressure Inspection Weekly
-Enclosure Inspection Daily — cold weather
-Priming water level Inspection Quarterly
-Low-point drains Test Fall
-Dry pipe valves Trip test Annually — spring
-Dry pipe valves Full flow trip 3 years — spring
-Quick-opening devices Test Semiannually
-13–405ANNEX A
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-Annex B Miscellaneous Topics
-This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
-but is included for informational purposes only.
-B.1 Figure B.1 shows acceptable methods for interconnec-
-tion of the fire protection and domestic water supply.
-B.2 Sprinkler System Performance Criteria.
-B.2.1 Sprinkler system performance criteria have been based
-on test data. The factors of safety are generally small, are not
-definitive, and can depend on expected (but not guaranteed)
-inherent characteristics of the sprinkler systems involved.
-These inherent factors of safety consist of the following:
-(1) The flow-declining pressure characteristic of sprinkler sys-
-tems whereby the initial operating sprinklers discharge at
-a higher flow than with all sprinklers operating within the
-designated area.
-(2) The flow-declining pressure characteristic of water supplies,
-which is particularly steep where fire pumps are the water
-source. This characteristic similarly produces higher than
-design discharge at the initially operating sprinklers.
-The user of these standards can elect an additional factor
-of safety if the inherent factors are not considered adequate.
-B.2.1.1 Performance-specified sprinkler systems, as opposed
-to scheduled systems, can be designed to take advantage of
-multiple loops or gridded configurations. Such configurations
-result in minimum line losses at expanded sprinkler spacing,
-in contrast to the older tree-type configurations, where advan-
-tage cannot be taken of multiple path flows.
-Where the water supply characteristics are relatively flat
-with pressures being only slightly above the required sprinkler
-pressure at the spacing selected, gridded systems with piping
-designed for minimal economic line losses can all but elimi-
-nate the inherent flow-declining pressure characteristic gener-
-ally assumed to exist in sprinkler systems. In contrast, the eco-
-nomic design of a tree-type system would likely favor a system
-design with closer sprinkler spacing and greater line losses,
-demonstrating the inherent flow-declining pressure charac-
-teristic of the piping system.
-Elements that enter into the design of sprinkler systems
-include the following:
-(1) Selection of density and area of application
-(2) Geometry of the area of application (remote area)
-(3) Permitted pressure range at sprinklers
-(4) Determination of the water supply available
-(5) Ability to predict expected performance from calculated
-performance
-(6) Future upgrading of system performance
-(7) Size of sprinkler systems
-In developing sprinkler specifications, each of these ele-
-ments needs to be considered individually. The most conser-
-vative design should be based on the application of the most
-stringent conditions for each of the elements.
-B.2.1.2 Selection of Density and Area of Application. Specifi-
-cations for density and area of application are developed from
-NFPA standards and other standards. It is desirable to specify
-densities rounded upward to the nearest 0.005 gpm/ft 2
-(0.2 mm/min).
-Prudent design should consider reasonable-to-expect
-variations in occupancy. This design would include not only
-variations in type of occupancy but also, in the case of ware-
-housing, the anticipated future range of materials to be
-stored, clearance to ceiling, types of arrays, packaging, pile
-height, and pile stability, as well as other factors.
-Design should also consider some degree of adversity at the
-time of a fire. To take this into account, the density and/or
-area of application can be increased. Another way is to use a
-dual-performance specification where, in addition to the nor-
-mal primary specifications, a secondary density and area of
-application are specified. The objective of such a selection is
-to control the declining pressure-flow characteristic of the
-sprinkler system beyond the primary design flow.
-A case can be made for designing feed and cross mains to
-lower velocities than branch lines to achieve the same result as
-specifying a second density and area of application.
-B.2.1.3 Geometry of Area of Application (Remote Area). It is
-expected that, over any portion of the sprinkler system equiva-
-lent in size to the area of application, the system will achieve the
-minimum specified density for each sprinkler within that area.
-Where a system is computer-designed, ideally the program
-should verify the entire system by shifting the area of applica-
-tion the equivalent of one sprinkler at a time so as to cover all
-portions of the system. Such a complete computer verification
-of performance of the system is most desirable, but unfortu-
-nately not all available computer verification programs cur-
-rently do this.
-This selection of the proper Hazen–Williams coefficient is
-important. New unlined steel pipe has a Hazen–Williams
-coefficient close to 140. However, it quickly deteriorates to
-130 and, after a few years of use, to 120. Hence, the basis for
-normal design is a Hazen–Williams coefficient of 120 for
-steel-piped wet systems. A Hazen–Williams coefficient of
-100 is generally used for dry pipe systems because of the
-increased tendency for deposits and corrosion in these sys-
-tems. However, it should be realized that a new system will
-have fewer line losses than calculated, and the distribution
-pattern will be affected accordingly.
-Fire protection
-connection
-Domestic 
-connection
-Connection within
-building
-To building
-Connection in pit
-Domestic 
-connection
-Fire  
-protection
-connection
-Water supply main
-FIGURE B.1 Permitted Arrangements Between Fire Protec-
-tion Water Supply and Domestic Water Supply.
-13–406 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-Conservatism can also be built into systems by intentionally
-designing to a lower Hazen–Williams coefficient than that
-indicated.
-B.2.1.4 Ability to Predict Expected Performance from Calcu-
-lated Performance. Ability to accurately predict the perfor-
-mance of a complex array of sprinklers on piping is basically a
-function of the pipe line velocity. The greater the velocity, the
-greater is the impact on difficult-to-assess pressure losses.
-These pressure losses are presently determined by empirical
-means that lose validity as velocities increase. This is especially
-true for fittings with unequal and more than two flowing ports.
-The inclusion of velocity pressures in hydraulic calcula-
-tions improves the predictability of the actual sprinkler system
-performance. Calculations should come as close as practicable
-to predicting actual performance. Conservatism in design
-should be arrived at intentionally by known and deliberate
-means. It should not be left to chance.
-B.2.1.5 Future Upgrading of System Performance. It is desir-
-able in some cases to build into the system the capability to
-achieve a higher level of sprinkler performance than
-needed at present. If this is to be a consideration in conser-
-vatism, consideration needs to be given to maintaining
-sprinkler operating pressures on the lower side of the opti-
-mum operating range and/or designing for low pipeline
-velocities, particularly on feed and cross mains, to facilitate
-future reinforcement.
-B.3 Effect of Clearance to Ceiling on Sprinkler Performance.
-The problems with large clearances to ceiling were well recog-
-nized by the 1970s in terms of the effect both on delayed sprin-
-kler activation and on the effect on droplet penetration
-through the fire plume. The work of Alpert (1972, 1975),
-Heskestad and Delichatsios (1979), and Beyler (1984) clearly
-identified the effect of clearance to ceiling on detection and
-activation of sprinklers. This was supplemented by the work of
-Heskestad and Smith (1976) in which the thermal responsive-
-ness of sprinklers was studied and modeled. Similarly, the ef-
-fect of the strong plumes resulting from large clearances to
-ceiling and highly challenging fires was recognized in the
-1970s through the work of Yao and Kalelkar (1970), Yao
-(1976), and Yao (1980). This understanding was reflected in
-the development of large drop sprinklers in the 1970s [Yao
-(1997)]. The inability of 1⁄2 in. and 17⁄32 in. standard sprinklers
-to penetrate high-challenging fires was well understood and
-demonstrated in the 1970s [Yao (1976)]. The effect of exces-
-sive clearance to ceiling was also demonstrated in the testing
-summarized in Annex C.
-This understanding of the role of clearance to ceiling on
-fire performance had a strong effect on the development of
-advanced sprinkler technologies.
-References:
-Alpert, R. (1972), “Calculation of Response Time of
-Ceiling-mounted Fire Detectors,”Fire Technology8, pp. 181–195.
-Alpert, R. (1975), “Turbulent Ceiling Jet Induced by Large
-Scale Fire,” Combustion Science and Technology 11, pp. 197–213.
-Beyler, C.L. (1984), “A Design Method for Flaming Fire
-Detection,” Fire Technology 20, No. 4, 1984, p. 5.
-Heskestad, G., and Smith, H. (1976), “Investigation of a
-New Sprinkler Sensitivity Approval Test: The Plunge Test,”
-FMRC Serial No. 22485, Factory Mutual Research Corpora-
-tion, Norwood, MA, December 1976.
-Heskestad, G., and Delichatsios, M. (1979), “The Initial
-Convective Flow in Fire,” Seventeenth Symposium (Interna-
-tional) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pitts-
-burgh, PA, pp. 1113–1123.
-Yao, C., and Kalelkar, A. (1970), “Effect of Drop Size on
-Sprinkler Performance,” Fire Technology 6, 1970.
-Yao, C. (1976), “Development of Large-Drop Sprinklers,”
-FMRC Serial 22476, RC76-T-18, Factory Mutual Research Cor-
-poration, Norwood, MA.
-Yao, C. (1980), “Application of Sprinkler Technology,” En-
-gineering Applications of Fire Technology, National Bureau of
-Standards, Gaithersburg MD, and FMRC RC80-TP-34.
-Yao, C. (1997), “Overview of Sprinkler Technology Re-
-search,” Fire Safety Science-Proceedings of the Fifth Interna-
-tional Symposium, Y . Hasemi (Ed.), International Association
-for Fire Safety Science, Boston, MA, pp. 93–110.
-Annex C Explanation of Test Data and Procedures
-for Rack Storage
-This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
-but is included for informational purposes only.
-C.1 Annex C provides an explanation of the test data and
-procedures that led to the development of sprinkler system
-discharge criteria for rack storage applications. Numbers in
-brackets refer to paragraphs in the text.
-C.2 [5.6] A review of full-scale fire tests run on the standard
-commodity (double tri-wall carton with metal liner), of Hall-
-mark products and 3M products (e.g., abrasives, pressure-
-sensitive tapes of plastic fiber, and paper), and of the consid-
-erable number of commodity tests conducted provides a
-guide for commodity classifications. Such guidance is not re-
-lated to any other method of classification of materials; there-
-fore, sound engineering judgment and analysis of the com-
-modity and the packaging should be used when selecting a
-commodity classification.
-C.3 [8.13.3.1] Tests 71, 73, 81, 83, 91, 92, 95, and 100 in the
-20 ft (6.1 m) high array involving a single level of in-rack sprin-
-klers were conducted without heat or water shields. Results
-were satisfactory.
-Test 115 was conducted with two levels of sprinklers in racks
-with shields. Test 116, identical to Test 115 but without water
-shields, produced a lack of control. Visual observation of lower
-level in-rack sprinklers that did not operate although they
-were in the fire area indicated a need for water shields.
-Tests 115 and 116 were conducted to investigate the neces-
-sity for water shields where multiple levels of in-rack sprinklers
-are installed. Where water shields were not installed in Test
-116, the fire jumped the aisle, and approximately 76 boxes
-were damaged. In Test 115 with water shields, the fire did not
-jump the aisle, and only 32 boxes were damaged. Water shields
-are, therefore, suggested wherever multiple levels of in-rack
-sprinklers are installed, except for installations with horizontal
-barriers or shelves that serve as water shields.
-C.4 [8.17.1.7] The time of operation of the first sprinkler var-
-ied from 52 seconds to 3 minutes and 55 seconds, with most
-tests under 3 minutes, except in Test 64 (Class III), where the
-first sprinkler operated in 7 minutes and 44 seconds. Fire de-
-tection more sensitive than waterflow is, therefore, considered
-necessary only in exceptional cases.
-13–407ANNEX C
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
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-C.5 [8.17.5.1] In most tests conducted, it was necessary to use
-small hose for mop-up operations. Small hose was not used in
-the high-expansion foam test.
-Test 97 was conducted to evaluate the effect of dry pipe
-sprinkler operation. Test results were approximately the same
-as the base test with a wet pipe system. A study of NFPA records,
-however, indicates an increase in area of operation of 30 per-
-cent to be in order for dry pipe systems as compared with wet
-pipe systems.
-C.6 [12.1.1] Tests were conducted as a part of this program
-with eave line windows or louvers open to simulate smoke and
-heat venting. These tests opened 87.5 percent and 91 percent
-more sprinklers than did comparative tests without windows
-or louvers open. Venting tests that have been conducted in
-other programs were without the benefit of sprinkler protec-
-tion and, as such, are not considered in this report, which
-covers only buildings protected by sprinklers. The design
-curves are based upon the absence of roof vents or draft cur-
-tains in the building. During mop-up operations, ventilating
-systems, where installed, should be capable of manual exhaust
-operations.
-C.7 [12.12.1.3] No tests were conducted with idle pallets in
-racks using standard spray sprinklers. However, tests were con-
-ducted using ESFR and large drop sprinklers. Such storage
-conceivably would introduce fire severity in excess of that con-
-templated by protection criteria for an individual commodity
-classification.
-C.8 [14.1.1, 15.1.1, 16.2.1.3.5, 17.2.1.8] In all valid tests with
-double-row racks, sprinkler water supplies were shut off at ap-
-proximately 60 minutes. In only one test did the last sprinkler
-operate in excess of 30 minutes after ignition; the last sprin-
-kler operated in excess of 25 minutes in three tests, with the
-majority of tests involving the last sprinkler operating within
-20 minutes.
-C.9 [16.1.1 and 17.1.1] The discharge criteria of Section 12.3
-uses as a basis the large-scale fire test series conducted at the
-Factory Mutual Research Center, West Glocester, Rhode Island.
-The test building is approximately 200 ft × 250 ft (61 m
-× 76 m) [50,000 ft 2 (4,645 m2) in area], of fire-resistive con-
-struction, and contains a volume of approximately 2.25 mil-
-lion ft3 (63,720 m3), the equivalent of a 100,000 ft2 (9,290 m2)
-building that is 22.5 ft (6.86 m) high. The test building has two
-primary heights beneath a single large ceiling. The east sec-
-tion is 30 ft (9.1 m) high, and the west section is 60 ft
-(18.29 m) high.
-The test series for storage height of 20 ft (6.1 m) was con-
-ducted in the 30 ft (9.1 m) section with clearances from the
-top of storage to the ceiling nominally 10 ft (3.1 m).
-Doors at the lower and intermediate levels and ventilation
-louvers at the tops of walls were kept closed during the major-
-ity of the fire tests, which minimized the effect of exterior
-conditions.
-The entire test series was fully instrumented with thermo-
-couples attached to rack members, simulated building col-
-umns, bar joists, and the ceiling.
-Racks were constructed of steel vertical and horizontal
-members designed for 4000 lb (1814 kg) loads. Vertical mem-
-bers were 8 ft (2.4 m) on center for conventional racks and 4 ft
-(1.2 m) on center for simulated automated racks. Racks were
-31⁄2 ft (1.07 m) wide with 6 in. (152.4 mm) longitudinal flue
-space for an overall width of 7 1⁄2 ft (2.29 m). Simulated auto-
-mated racks and slave pallets were used in the main central
-rack in the 4 ft (1.2 m) aisle tests. Conventional racks and
-conventional pallets were used in the main central rack in the
-8 ft (2.4 m) aisle tests. The majority of the tests were con-
-ducted with 100 ft2 (9.29 m2) sprinkler spacing.
-The test configuration for storage heights of 15 ft (4.6 m),
-20 ft (6.1 m), and 25 ft (7.6 m) covered an 1800 ft2 (167.2 m2)
-floor area, including aisles between racks. Tests that were used
-in producing this standard limited fire damage to this area.
-The maximum water damage area anticipated in the standard
-is 6000 ft2 (557.4 m2), the upper limit of the design curves.
-The test data show that, as density is increased, both the
-extent of fire damage and sprinkler operation are reduced.
-The data also indicate that, with sprinklers installed in the
-racks, a reduction is gained in the area of fire damage and
-sprinkler operations (e.g., water damage).
-Table C.9 illustrates these points. The information shown
-in the table is taken from the test series for storage height of
-20 ft (6.1 m) using the standard commodity.
-The fact that there is a reduction in both fire damage and
-area of water application as sprinkler densities are increased
-or where sprinklers are installed in racks should be considered
-carefully by those responsible for applying this standard to the
-rack storage situation.
-In the test for storage height of 25 ft (7.6 m), a density of
-0.55 gpm/ft2 (22.4 mm/min) produced 42 percent, or 756 ft2
-(70.26 m 2), fire damage in the test array and a sprinkler-
-wetted area of 1400 ft2 (130.1 m2). Lesser densities would not
-be expected to achieve the same limited degree of control.
-Therefore, if the goal of smaller areas of fire damage is to be
-achieved, sprinklers in racks should be considered.
-The test series for storage height over 25 ft (7.6 m) was
-conducted in the 60 ft (18.3 m) section of the test building
-with nominal clearances from the top of storage to the ceiling
-of either 30 ft (9.1 m) or 10 ft (3.1 m).
-Doors at the lower and intermediate levels and ventilation
-louvers at the top of walls were kept closed during the fire
-tests, which minimized the effect of exterior wind conditions.
-The purpose of the tests for storage height over 25 ft (7.6 m)
-was to accomplish the following:
-(1) Determine the arrangement of in-rack sprinklers that can
-be repeated as pile height increases and that provide con-
-trol of the fire
-(2) Determine other protective arrangements, such as high-
-expansion foam, that provide control of the fire
-Control was considered to have been accomplished if the
-fire was unlikely to spread from the rack of origin to adjacent
-racks or spread beyond the length of the 25 ft (7.6 m) test
-rack. To aid in this judgment, control was considered to have
-been achieved if the fire failed to exhibit the following charac-
-teristics:
-(1) Jump the 4 ft (1.2 m) aisles to adjoining racks
-(2) Reach the end face of the end stacks (north or south
-ends) of the main rack
-Control is defined as holding the fire in check through the
-extinguishing system until the commodities initially involved
-are consumed or until the fire is extinguished by the extin-
-guishing system or manual aid.
-The standard commodity as selected in the 20 ft (6.1 m)
-test series was used in the majority of tests for storage over 25 ft
-(7.6 m). Hallmark products and 3M products described in the
-20 ft (6.1 m) test series report also were used as representative
-13–408 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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-of Class III or Class IV commodities, or both, in several tests.
-The results of privately sponsored tests on Hallmark products
-and plastic encapsulated standard commodities also were
-made available to the committee.
-A 25 ft (7.6 m) long test array was used for the majority of
-the tests for storage over 25 ft (7.6 m). The decision to use
-such an array was made because it was believed that a fire in
-racks over 25 ft (7.6 m) high that extended the full length of a
-50 ft (15.24 m) long rack could not be considered controlled,
-particularly as storage heights increased.
-One of the purposes of the tests was to determine arrange-
-ments of in-rack sprinklers that can be repeated as pile height
-increases and that provide control of the fire. The tests for
-storage height of 30 ft (9.1 m) explored the effect of such
-arrays. Many of these tests, however, produced appreciable
-fire spread in storage in tiers above the top level of protection
-within the racks. (In some cases, a total burnout of the top
-tiers of both the main rack and the target rack occurred.) In
-the case of the 30 ft (9.1 m) Hallmark Test 134 on the 60 ft
-(18.3 m) site, the material in the top tiers of storage burned
-vigorously, and the fire jumped the aisle above the fourth tier.
-The fire then burned downward into the south end of the
-fourth tier. In the test on the floor, a nominal 30 ft (9.1 m)
-clearance occurred between the top of storage and the ceiling
-sprinklers, whereas on the platform this clearance was re-
-duced to nominal 10 ft (3.1 m). In most cases, the in-rack
-sprinklers were effective in controlling fire below the top level
-of protection within the racks. It has been assumed by the Test
-Planning Committee that, in an actual case with a clearance of
-10 ft (3.1 m) or less above storage, ceiling sprinklers would be
-expected to control damage above the top level of protection
-within the racks. Tests have been planned to investigate lesser
-clearances.
-Tests 114 and 128 explore the effect of changing the igni-
-tion point from the in-rack standard ignition point to a face
-ignition location. It should be noted, however, that both of
-these tests were conducted with 30 ft (9.1 m) clearance from
-the ceiling sprinklers to the top of storage and, as such, ceiling
-sprinklers had little effect on the fire in the top two tiers of
-storage. Firespread in the three lower tiers is essentially the
-same. A similar change in the firespread where the ignition
-point is changed was noted in Tests 126 and 127. Once again,
-30 ft (9.1 m) clearance occurred between the top of storage
-and the ceiling sprinklers, and, as such, the ceiling sprinklers
-had little effect on the face fire. Comparisons of Tests 129, 130,
-and 131 in the test series for storage height of 50 ft (15.24 m)
-indicate little effect of point of ignition in the particular con-
-figuration tested.
-Test 125, when compared with Test 133, indicates no sig-
-nificant difference in result between approved low-profile
-sprinklers and standard sprinklers in the racks.
-C.10 [16.1.4 and 17.1.4] Temperatures in the test column
-were maintained below 1000°F (538°C) with densities, of roof
-ceiling sprinklers only, of 0.375 gpm/ft2 (15.3 mm/min) with
-8 ft (2.4 m) aisles and 0.45 gpm/ft 2 (18.3 mm/min) with 4 ft
-(1.2 m) aisles using the standard commodity.
-C.11 [16.1.6.1 and 17.1.5.1] Test 98 with solid shelves 24 ft
-(7.3 m) long and 7 1⁄2 ft (2.3 m) deep at each level produced
-total destruction of the commodity in the main rack and
-jumped the aisle. Density was 0.3 gpm/ft 2 (12.2 mm/min)
-from the ceiling sprinklers only. Test 108 with shelves 24 ft
-(7.3 m) long and 3 1⁄2 ft (1.07 m) deep and wit ha6i n .
-(152.4 mm) longitudinal flue space and one level of sprinklers
-in the rack resulted in damage to most of the commodity in
-the main rack but did not jump the aisle. Density from ceiling
-sprinklers was 0.375 gpm/ft2 (15.3 mm/min), and rack sprin-
-klers discharged at 15 psi (1 bar).
-These tests did not yield sufficient information to develop a
-comprehensive protection standard for solid shelf racks. Items
-such as increased ceiling density, use of bulkheads, other con-
-figurations of sprinklers in racks, and limitation of shelf length
-and depth should be considered.
-Where such rack installations exist or are contemplated,
-the damage potential should be considered, and sound engi-
-neering judgment should be used in designing the protection
-system.
-Test 98, with solid shelving obstructing both the longitudi-
-nal and transverse flue space, produced unsatisfactory results
-and indicates a need for sprinklers at each level in such a rack
-structure.
-Test 147 was conducted with ceiling sprinklers only. Density
-was 0.45 gpm/ft2 (18.3 mm/min) with a sprinkler spacing of
-100 ft2 (9.29 m2). A total of 47 sprinklers opened, and 83 per-
-cent of the commodity was consumed. The fire jumped both
-aisles and spread to both ends of the main and target racks.
-The test was considered unsuccessful.
-Test 148 was conducted with ceiling sprinklers and in-rack
-sprinklers. In-rack sprinklers were provided at each level (top
-of first, second, and third tiers) and were located in the longi-
-tudinal flue. They were directly above each other and 24 ft
-Table C.9 Summary of Relationship Between Sprinkler Discharge Density and the Extent
-of Fire Damage and Sprinkler Operation
-Density (gpm/ft2)
-Fire Damage in
-Test Array
-Sprinkler Operation
-(165°F) Area (ft2)%f t 2
-0.30 (ceiling only) 22 395 4500–4800
-0.375 (ceiling only) 17 306 1800
-0.45 (ceiling only) 9 162 700
-0.20 (ceiling only) 28–36 504–648 13,100–14,000
-0.20 (sprinklers at ceiling and in racks) 8 144 4100
-0.30 (sprinklers at ceiling and in racks) 7 126 700
-For SI units, 1 ft = 0.3048 m; °C = 5⁄9(°F− 32); 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.746 mm/min.
-13–409ANNEX C
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-(7.3 m) on center or 22 ft (6.7 m) on each side of the ignition
-flue. Ceiling sprinkler discharge density was 0.375 gpm/ft 2
-(15.3 mm/min). In-rack sprinkler discharge pressure was
-30 psi (2.1 bar). A total of 46 ceiling sprinklers and three in-
-rack sprinklers opened, and 34 percent of the commodity was
-consumed. The fire consumed most of the material between
-the in-rack sprinklers and jumped both aisles.
-C.12 [16.1.7 and 17.1.6] Fire tests with open-top containers in
-the upper tier of storage and a portion of the third tier of storage
-produced an increase in sprinkler operation from 36 to 41 sprin-
-klers and a more pronounced aisle jump and increase in fire-
-spread in the main array. The smooth underside of the contain-
-ers closely approximates fire behavior of slave pallets.
-C.13 [16.1.10 and 17.1.9] Test 80 was conducted to determine
-the effect of closing back-to-back longitudinal 6 in. (152.4 mm)
-flue spaces in conventional pallet racks. Test results indicated
-fewer sprinklers operating than with the flue space open, and, as
-such, no minimum back-to-back clearance is necessary if the
-transverse flue space is kept open.
-Tests 145 and 146 were conducted to investigate the influ-
-ence of longitudinal and transverse flue dimensions in
-double-row racks without solid shelves. Results were compared
-with Tests 65 and 66. Flue dimensions in Tests 65, 66, 145, and
-146 were 6 in. (152.4 mm), 6 in. (152.4 mm), 3 in. (76.2 mm),
-and 12 in. (0.3 m), respectively. All other conditions were the
-same.
-In Tests 65 and 66, 45, and 48, sprinklers operated com-
-pared with 59 and 58 for Tests 145 and 146, respectively. Fire
-damage in Tests 145 and 146 was somewhat less than in Tests
-65 and 66; 2100 ft 3 (59.51 m3) and 1800 ft 3 (51 m3) in Tests
-145 and 146, respectively, versus 2300 ft 3 (65.13 m 3) and
-2300 ft3 (65.13 m3) in Tests 65 and 66, respectively, of combus-
-tible material were consumed.
-Test results indicate narrow flue spaces of about 3 in.
-(76.2 mm) allow reasonable passage of sprinkler water down
-through the racks.
-Tests 96 and 107, on multiple-row racks, used 6 in.
-(152.4 mm) transverse flue spaces. The water demand recom-
-mended in the standard is limited to those cases with nominal
-6 in. (152.4 mm) transverse flues in vertical alignment.
-C.14 [16.2.1.3.1] Tests 65 and 66, compared with Test 69, and
-Test 93, compared with Test 94, indicated a reduction in areas of
-application of 44.5 percent and 45.5 percent, respectively, with
-high temperature–rated sprinklers as compared with ordinary
-temperature–rated sprinklers. Other extensive Factory Mutual
-tests produced an average reduction of 40 percent. Design curves
-are based on this area reduction. In constructing the design
-curves, the high-temperature curves above 3600 ft2 (334.6 m2)o f
-application, therefore, represent 40 percent reductions in area of
-application of the ordinary temperature curves in the 6000 ft2 to
-10,000 ft2 (557.6 m2 to 929.41 m2) range.
-Test 84 indicated the number of intermediate temperature–
-rated sprinklers operating is essentially the same as ordinary
-temperature–rated sprinklers.
-C.15 [16.2.1.3.2.1] Tests were not conducted with aisles wider
-than 8 ft (2.4 m) or narrower than 4 ft (1.2 m). It is, therefore, not
-possible to determine whether lower ceiling densities should be
-used for aisle widths greater than 8 ft (2.4 m) or if higher densi-
-ties should be used for aisle widths less than 4 ft (1.2 m).
-C.16 [16.2.1.4.2.4] In one 20 ft (6.1 m) high test, sprinklers
-were buried in the flue space 1 ft (0.3 m) above the bottom of
-the pallet load, and results were satisfactory. Coverage of aisles
-by in-rack sprinklers is, therefore, not necessary, and distribu-
-tion across the tops of pallet loads at any level is not necessary
-for the occupancy classes tested.
-C.17 [16.2.1.4.2.7] In all tests with in-rack sprinklers, obstruc-
-tions measuring 3 in.×3f t (76.2 mm × 0.3 m) were introduced
-on each side of the sprinkler approximately 3 in. (76.2 mm)
-from the sprinkler to simulate rack structure member obstruc-
-tion. This obstruction had no effect on sprinkler performance
-in the 20 ft (6.1 m) high tests.
-Tests 103, 104, 105, and 109 in the 30 ft (9.1 m) high test
-with in-rack sprinklers obstructed by rack uprights produced
-unsatisfactory results. Tests 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, and 120 in
-the 30 ft (9.1 m) high test series with in-rack sprinklers located
-a minimum of 2 ft (0.61 m) from rack uprights produced im-
-proved results.
-C.18 [16.2.1.4.3] In all except one case, using the standard
-commodity with one line of sprinklers installed in racks, only
-two sprinklers opened. In the one exception, two sprinklers
-opened in the main rack, and two sprinklers opened in the
-target rack.
-C.19 [16.2.1.4.4, 16.3.2.7.8, and 17.2.2.6.8] Operating pres-
-sures were 15 psi (1 bar) on all tests of sprinklers in racks with
-storage 20 ft (6.1 m) high and 30 psi (2.1 bar) for storage 30 ft
-(9.1 m) and 50 ft (15.24 m) high.
-Tests 112 and 124 were conducted to compare the effect of
-increasing sprinkler discharge pressure at in-rack sprinklers
-from 30 psi to 75 psi (2.1 bar to 5.2 bar). With the higher
-discharge pressure, the fire did not jump the aisle, and dam-
-age below the top level of protection within the racks was
-somewhat better controlled by the higher discharge pressure
-of the in-rack sprinklers. A pressure of 15 psi (1 bar) was main-
-tained on in-rack sprinklers in the first 30 ft (9.1 m) high tests
-(Tests 103 and 104). Pressure on in-rack sprinklers in subse-
-quent tests was 30 psi (2.1 bar), except in Test 124, where it was
-75 psi (5.2 bar).
-C.20 [16.2.4.1.2 and 17.2.4.1.1] A full-scale test program was
-conducted with various double-row rack storage arrangements
-of a cartoned Group A nonexpanded plastic commodity at the
-Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC) test facility.
-The series of nine tests included several variations, one of
-which involved the use of the following four distinct shelving
-arrangements: slatted wood, solid wood, wire mesh, and no
-shelving. The results of the testing program, specifically Tests
-1, 2, 3, and 5, clearly demonstrate the acceptable performance
-of sprinkler systems protecting storage configurations that in-
-volve the use of slated shelving as described in 16.2.4.1.1 and
-17.2.4.1.1. As a result of the test program, Factory Mutual has
-amended FM Loss Prevention Data Sheet 8-9 to allow slatted
-shelving to be protected in the same manner as an open rack
-arrangement.
-Complete details of the test program are documented in
-the FMRC technical report FMRC J. I. 0X1R0.RR, “Large-Scale
-Fire Tests of Rack Storage Group A Plastics in Retail Operation
-Scenarios Protected by Extra Large Orifice (ELO) Sprinklers.”
-C.21 [17.1.2.1] In the RSP rack storage test series as well as the
-stored plastics program palletized test series, compartmented
-16 oz (0.47 L) polystyrene jars were found to produce signifi-
-cantly higher protection requirements than the same com-
-modity in a nested configuration. Polystyrene glasses and ex-
-panded polystyrene plates were comparable to the nested jars.
-Different storage configurations within cartons or different
-products of the same basic plastic might, therefore, require
-reduced protection requirements.
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-In Test RSP-7, with nominal 15 ft (4.6 m) high storage with
-compartmented jars, a 0.6 gpm/ft 2 (24.5 mm/min) density,
-8 ft (2.4 m) aisles, and a 10 ft (3.1 m) clearance to ceiling,
-29 sprinklers opened. In Tests RSP-4 with polystyrene glasses,
-RSP-5 with expanded polystyrene plates, and RSP-16 with
-nested polystyrene jars all stored at nominal 15 ft (4.6 m)
-height, 10 ft (3.1 m) clearance to ceiling, 8 ft (2.4 m) aisles,
-and 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24.5 mm/min) density, only four sprinklers
-opened.
-However, Test RSP-11, with expanded polystyrene plates
-and 6 ft (1.8 m) aisles, demonstrated an increase in the num-
-ber of operating sprinklers to 29. Test RSP-10 with expanded
-polystyrene plates, nominally 15 ft (4.6 m) high with a 10 ft
-(3.1 m) clearance and 8 ft (2.4 m) aisles, but protected only by
-0.45 gpm/ft2 (18.3 mm/min) density, opened 46 sprinklers
-and burned 100 percent of the plastic commodity.
-At a nominal 20 ft (6.1 m) storage height with 8 ft (2.4 m)
-aisles,a3f t (0.9 m) clearance to ceiling, and a 0.6 gpm/ft 2
-(24.5 mm/min) density opened four sprinklers with polysty-
-rene glasses in Test RSP-2 and 11 sprinklers with expanded
-polystyrene plates in Test RSP-6. In Test RSP-8, however, with
-the clearance to ceiling increased to 10 ft (3.1 m) and other
-variables held constant, 51 sprinklers opened, and 100 per-
-cent of the plastic commodity burned.
-Test RSP-3, with polystyrene glasses at a nominal height of
-25 ft (7.6 m) witha3f t (0.9 m) clearance to ceiling, 8 ft (2.4 m)
-aisles, and 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24.5 mm/min) ceiling sprinkler density
-in combination with one level of in-rack sprinklers, resulted in
-four ceiling sprinklers and two in-rack sprinklers operating. Test
-RSP-9, with the same configuration but with polystyrene plates,
-opened 12 ceiling sprinklers and three in-rack sprinklers.
-No tests were conducted with compartmented polystyrene
-jars at storage heights in excess of a nominal 15 ft (4.6 m) as a
-part of this program.
-C.22 [17.2.1.2] The protection of Group A plastics by extra
-large orifice (ELO) sprinklers designed to provide 0.6 gpm/
-ft2/2000 ft2 (24.5 mm/min/186 m2) or 0.45 gpm/ft2/2000 ft2
-(18.3 mm/min/186 m 2) without the installation of in-rack
-sprinklers was developed from full-scale testing conducted
-with various double-row rack storage arrangements of a car-
-toned Group A nonexpanded plastic commodity at the Fac-
-tory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC) test facility. The
-results of this test program are documented in the FMRC tech-
-nical report, FMRC J.I. 0X1R0.RR, “Large-Scale Fire Tests of
-Rack Stored Group A Plastics in Retail Operation Scenarios
-Protected by Extra Large Orifice (ELO) Sprinklers.” The test
-program was initiated to address the fire protection issues pre-
-sented by warehouse-type retail stores with regard to the dis-
-play and storage of Group A plastic commodities including,
-but not limited to, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer
-(ABS) piping, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hose and hose racks,
-tool boxes, polypropylene trash and storage containers, and
-patio furniture. Tests 1 and 2 of this series included protection
-of the Group A plastic commodity stored to 20 ft (6.1 m) un-
-der a 27 ft (8.2 m) ceiling by a design density of 0.6 gpm/ft 2
-(24.5 mm/min) utilizing ELO sprinklers. The results of the
-testing program clearly demonstrate the acceptable perfor-
-mance of sprinkler systems that protect storage configurations
-involving Group A plastics up to 20 ft (6.1 m) in height under
-a 27 ft (8.2 m) ceiling where using ELO sprinklers to deliver a
-design density of 0.6 gpm/ft 2 (24.5 mm/min) and Group A
-plastics up to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height under a 22 ft (6.7 m)
-ceiling where using ELO sprinklers to deliver a design density
-of 0.45 gpm/ft2 (18.3 mm/min). The tabulation of the perti-
-nent tests shown in Table C.22 demonstrates acceptable per-
-formance.
-C.23 [16.3.1.1] The recommended use of ordinary
-temperature–rated sprinklers at ceiling for storage higher than
-25 ft (7.6 m) was determined by the results of fire test data. A test
-with high temperature–rated sprinklers and 0.45 gpm/ft 2
-(18.3 mm/min) density resulted in fire damage in the two top
-tiers just within acceptable limits, with three ceiling sprinklers
-operating. A test with 0.45 gpm/ft2 (18.3 mm/min) density and
-ordinary temperature–rated sprinklers produced a dramatic re-
-duction in fire damage with four ceiling sprinklers operating.
-The four ordinary temperature-rated ceiling sprinklers op-
-erated before the first of the three high temperature–rated
-ceiling sprinklers. In both tests, two in-rack sprinklers at two
-levels operated at approximately the same time. The high
-temperature–rated sprinklers were at all times fighting a
-larger fire with less water than the ordinary temperature–rated
-ceiling sprinklers.
-Tests 115 and 119 compare ceiling sprinkler density of
-0.3 gpm/ft 2 (12.2 mm/min) with 0.45 gpm/ft 2 (18.3 mm/
-min). Damage patterns coupled with the number of boxes
-damaged in the main rack suggest that the increase in density
-produces improved control, particularly in the area above the
-top tier of in-rack sprinklers.
-Tests 119 and 122 compare ceiling sprinkler temperature rat-
-ings of 286°F (141°C) and 165°F (74°C). A review of the number
-of boxes damaged and the firespread patterns indicates that the
-use of ordinary temperature–rated ceiling sprinklers on a rack
-configuration that incorporates in-rack sprinklers dramatically
-reduces the amount of firespread. Considering that in-rack sprin-
-klers in the tests for storage over 25 ft (7.6 m) operated prior to
-ceiling sprinklers, it would seem that the installation of in-rack
-sprinklers converts an otherwise rapidly developing fire, from the
-standpoint of ceiling sprinklers, to a slower developing fire with a
-lower rate of heat release.
-In the 20 ft (6.1 m) high test series, ceiling sprinklers operated
-before in-rack sprinklers. In the 30 ft (9.1 m) high series, ceiling
-sprinklers operated after in-rack sprinklers. The 50 ft (15.24 m)
-high test did not operate ceiling sprinklers. Ceiling sprinklers
-would, however, be needed if fire occurred in upper levels.
-The results of these tests indicate the effect of in-rack sprin-
-klers on storage higher than 25 ft (7.6 m). From the ceiling
-sprinkler operation standpoint, a fire with an expected high
-heat release rate was converted to a fire with a much lower
-heat release rate.
-Since the fires developed slowly and opened sprinklers at
-two levels in the racks, only a few ceiling sprinklers were
-needed to establish control. Thus, the sprinkler operating
-area does not vary with height for storage over 25 ft (7.6 m) or
-for changes in sprinkler temperature rating and density.
-All tests with sprinklers in racks were conducted using
-nominal 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) orifice size sprinklers of ordinary
-temperature.
-C.24 [20.6] A series of fire tests were conducted by Spacesaver
-Corporation that indicated control was achieved with light
-hazard sprinkler spacing and design. The tests used quick-
-response, ordinary-temperature sprinklers on 15 ft × 15 ft
-(4.6 m × 4.6 m) spacing with an 8 ft (2.44 m) high compact
-storage unit located in the middle of the sprinkler array. Re-
-sults indicated a classic definition of control, the fire was held
-in check within the compact storage module and the fire did
-not jump the aisle or ignite any of the target arrays.
-13–411ANNEX C
-2013 Edition
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-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Table C.22 Summary of Test Results for Plastic Commodities Using 5⁄8 in. (15.9 mm) Orifice Sprinklers
-Test Parameters
-Date of Test
-8/20/93 8/25/93 9/2/93 10/7/93 2/17/94 2/25/94 4/27/94
-Type of shelving Slatted wood Slatted wood Slatted wood Slatted wood Slatted wood Slatted wood Wire mesh
-Other conditions/
-inclusions
-— — — — Draft curtains Draft curtains —
-Storage height (ft-in.) 19-11 19-11 15-4 15-4 19-11 19-11 13-11
-Number of tiers 6 a 6a 5b 5b 6a 6b 3
-Clearance to
-ceiling/sprinklers (ft-in.)
-6-10/6-3 6-10/6-3 11-5/10-10 11-5/10-10 6-10/6-3 6-10/6-3 8-4/7-9
-Longitudinal/
-transverse flues (in.)
-6/6 to 71⁄2 6/6 to 71⁄2 6/6 to 7 6/6 to 7 1⁄2 6/6 to 71⁄2 6/6 to 71⁄2 6/3c
-Aisle width (ft) 7 1⁄2 71⁄2 71⁄2 71⁄2 71⁄2 71⁄2 71⁄2
-Ignition centered below
-(number of sprinklers)
-2 211 22 1
-Sprinkler orifice size (in.) 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64
-Sprinkler temperature
-rating (°F)
-165 286 286 165 165 286 286
-Sprinkler RTI (ft-sec)1/2 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
-Sprinkler spacing
-(ft× ft)
-8×1 0 8×1 0 8×1 0 8×1 0 8×1 0 8×1 0 1 0×1 0
-Sprinkler identification ELO-231 ELO-231 ELO-231 ELO-231 ELO-231 ELO-231 ELO-231
-Constant water pressure
-(psi)
-19 19 19 19 19 19 15.5
-Minimum density
-(gpm/ft2)
-0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.45
-Test Results
-First sprinkler operation
-(min:sec)
-2:03 2:25 1:12 0:44 1:25 0:52 0:49
-Last sprinkler operation
-(min:sec)
-2:12 15:19 6:34 7:34 15:54 14:08 10:58
-Total sprinklers opened 4 9 7 13 35 18 12
-Total sprinkler discharge
-(gpm)
-205 450 363 613 1651 945 600
-Average discharge per
-sprinkler (gpm)
-51 50 52 47 47 52 50
-Peak/maximum 1-min
-average gas temperature
-(°F)
-1107/566 1412/868 965/308 662/184 1575/883 1162/767 1464/895
-Peak/maximum 1-min
-average steel
-temperature (°F)
-185/172 197/196 233/232 146/145 226/225 255/254 502/500
-Peak/maximum 1-min
-average plume velocity
-(ft/sec)
-27/15 25/18 18/15 d 14/10d 26/23 20/18 d 33/20
-Peak/maximum 1-min heat
-flux (Btu/ft2/sec)
-0.6/0.5 2.0/1.9 2.8/2.5 1.1/0.8 1.0/0.9 4.8/3.0 1.6/1.4
-Aisle jump, east/west target
-ignition (min:sec)
-None 8:24/None 5:35/10:10 None None e/8:18 e/None
-Equivalent number of pallet
-loads consumed
-3 9 6 5 12 13 12
-Test duration (min) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
-Results acceptable Yes Yes Yes Yes No f Nog Yes
-For SI units, 1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 in. = 25.4 mm; °F = (1.8 ×°C) + 32; °C = (°F− 32)/1.8; 1 psi = 0.069 bar; 1 gpm
-= 3.8 L/min; 1 ft/sec = 0.31 m/sec; 1 gpm/ft2 = 40.746 mm/min.
-a Main (ignition) racks divided into five or six tiers; bottom tiers each approximately 2 ft (0.6 m) high and
-upper tiers each about 5 ft (1.5 m) high; wood shelving below commodity at second through fifth tiers.
-b Main (ignition) racks divided into five or six tiers; bottom tiers each approximately 2 ft (0.6 m) high and
-upper tiers each about 5 ft (1.5 m) high; wood shelving below commodity at second through fifth tiers; wire
-mesh shelving below commodity at sixth tier or below fifth (top) tier commodity.
-c Transverse flues spaced 8 ft (2.4 m) apart [versus 31⁄2 ft (1.1 m) apart in all other tests].
-d Instrumentation located 5 ft (1.5 m) north of ignition.
-e Minor surface damage to cartons.
-f High water demand.
-g Excessive firespread; marginally high water demand.
-13–412 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
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-
-C.25 [20.5] In July and August of 2007, a series of three large-
-scale fire tests were conducted at Southwest Research Institute
-to investigate the effectiveness of a specific ceiling and in-rack
-sprinkler protection scheme dedicated for the protection of
-paper files in 12 in. (305 mm) wide, and 16 in. (406 mm) and
-10 in. (254 mm) high corrugated cardboard boxes (contain-
-ers) maintained in multiple-row racks to a nominal height of
-37 ft (11.3 m).
-The storage rack for the main array in all three tests con-
-sisted of two 50 in. (1270 mm) deep racks placed back-to-back
-and separated by a 2 in. (51 mm) gap. The storage rack for the
-target array in all three tests consisted of a single 50 in.
-(1270 mm) deep rack separated on both sides of the main
-array by a 30 in. (762 mm) wide aisle. Rack uprights were a
-nominal 3 in. (76 mm) wide. Rack bays were 120 in.
-(3048 mm) wide, 38 in. (965 mm) high, and equipped with
-perforated metal decking having a minimum of 50 percent
-openings. Each storage bay was provided with 9 containers
-between uprights that was 3 containers deep and 3 containers
-high for a total of 81 containers per rack bay. Nominal 6 in.
-(152 mm) wide transverse flue spaces were provided at each
-rack upright. Both the main array and the target array were
-4 bays long for an overall length of 41 ft 3 in. (12.6 m).
-Open-grated (expanded) catwalks were provided in both
-storage aisles at the top of the third [9 ft 8 in. (3.0 m)], sixth
-[19 ft 2 in. (5.8 m)], and ninth [28 ft 8 in. (8.7 m)] tier levels.
-The ceiling sprinkler system consisted of K-8.0 (115), 165°F
-(74°C) nominally rated, standard-response pendent auto-
-matic sprinklers installed on 10 ft × 10 ft (3. 0 m × 3.0 m)
-spacing arranged to provide a constant 0.30 gpm/ft2 (12 mm/
-min) density. A nominal 3 ft (0.9 m) clearance was provided
-between the top of storage and the ceiling sprinklers.
-The in-rack sprinkler system consisted of K-8.0 (115), 165°F
-(74°C) nominally rated, quick-response upright automatic
-sprinklers that were equipped with water shields and arranged
-to provide a constant 30 gpm (114 L/min) flow from each
-operating in-rack sprinkler. In-rack sprinklers were provided
-within the transverse flue spaces of the main array, 2 ft (0.6 m)
-horizontally from the face of the rack, at the top of the third
-and ninth tier levels on one side of the main array and at the
-top of the sixth tier level on the other side of the main array. A
-minimum 6 in. (152 mm) vertical clearance was provided be-
-tween the in-rack sprinkler and the top of storage within the
-storage rack.
-The same type of sprinklers installed within the storage
-racks were also installed under each catwalk and designed to
-provide a constant 30 gpm (114 L/min) flow from each oper-
-ating sprinkler. These sprinklers were centered within the
-aisles and installed 10 ft 3 in. (3.1 m) on line. They were ar-
-ranged to be aligned with the adjacent transverse flue space
-when the flue space was not equipped with an in-rack sprin-
-kler; they were positioned halfway between transverse flue
-spaces when the adjacent flue spaces were equipped with in-
-rack sprinklers.
-In Test No. 1, ignition was at grade level, at the face of the
-rack and centered between rack uprights. The in-rack sprin-
-klers within the transverse flue spaces nearest to the ignition
-location were at the top of the sixth tier level; the sprinkler
-under the catwalk at the top of the sixth tier level was located a
-horizontal distance of 15 in. (381 mm) away from the ignition
-location. The sprinkler under the catwalk at the top of the
-sixth tier level was the first sprinkler to operate at a time 2 min-
-utes and 49 seconds after ignition. A total of 3 in-rack sprin-
-klers and 1 catwalk sprinkler operated during this test; no
-ceiling-level sprinklers operated. The results of the test were
-considered acceptable.
-In Test No. 2, ignition was at grade level at a rack upright,
-2 ft (0.6 m) horizontally from the rack face. The in-rack sprin-
-kler within the transverse flue space of fire origin was at the
-top of the sixth tier level. The in-rack sprinkler directly over
-the ignition location was the first sprinkler to operate at a time
-2 minutes and 9 seconds after ignition. A total of 2 in-rack
-sprinklers operated during this test; no ceiling-level sprinklers
-operated. The results of the test were considered acceptable.
-In Test No. 3, ignition was at grade level, centered between
-rack uprights within the 2 in. (0.6 m) gap. To allow vertical fire
-growth directly above the point of ignition, the gap was main-
-tained open throughout the height of the storage rack. A total
-of 4 in-rack sprinklers and 1 sprinkler under a catwalk oper-
-ated during the test; no ceiling-level sprinklers operated. The
-first in-rack sprinkler to operate was located at the top of the
-sixth tier level at a time 3 minutes and 1 second after ignition.
-The second in-rack sprinkler to operate was also at the top of
-the sixth tier level. The last 2 in-rack sprinklers to operate were
-both located at the top of the third tier level. The fifth and
-final sprinkler to operate was a sprinkler located under a cat-
-walk at the top of the third tier level. The results of the test
-were considered acceptable.
-All three tests were considered successful and confirmed
-that the ceiling and in-rack sprinkler protection scheme out-
-lined in this standard for the protection of cartoned records
-storage maintained in multiple-row racks with catwalk access is
-acceptable.
-Annex D Sprinkler System Information from the
-2012 Edition of the Life Safety Code
-This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
-but is included for informational purposes only.
-D.1 Introduction. This annex is provided as an aid to the user
-of NFPA 13 by identifying those portions of the 2012 edition of
-NFPA101 that pertain to sprinkler system design and installa-
-tion. It is not intended that this annex provide complete infor-
-mation regarding all aspects of fire protection addressed by
-NFPA101. It is important to note that this information was not
-copied from NFPA 101 using NFPA’s extract policy and is not
-intended to be a part of the requirements of NFPA 13.
-D.1.1 The following sections cover situations where
-NFPA101 provides different guidance on the design or instal-
-lation of a fire sprinkler system from NFPA 13. In some cases,
-this different guidance is based on descriptions of unique situ-
-ations handled by NFPA 101. In other cases, this different
-guidance stems from the different objective for NFPA101, life
-safety of the occupant, rather than the property protection
-afforded by NFPA 13.
-D.1.1.1 Features of Fire Protection.
-D.1.1.1.1 Atriums. Glass walls and inoperable windows shall
-be permitted in lieu of the fire barriers where all the following
-are met:
-(1) Automatic sprinklers are spaced along both sides of the
-glass wall and the inoperable windows at intervals not to
-exceed 6 ft (1830 mm).
-13–413ANNEX D
-2013 Edition
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-(2) The automatic sprinklers specified in 8.6.7(1)(c)(i) of
-NFPA101 are located at a distance from the glass wall not to
-exceed 12 in. (305 mm) and arranged so that the entire
-surface of the glass is wet upon operation of the sprinklers.
-(3) The glass wall is of tempered, wired, or laminated glass
-held in place by a gasket system that allows the glass fram-
-ing system to deflect without breaking (loading) the glass
-before the sprinklers operate.
-(4) The automatic sprinklers required by 8.6.7(1)(c)(i) of
-NFPA101 are not required on the atrium side of the glass
-wall and the inoperable window where there is no walk-
-way or other floor area on the atrium side above the main
-floor level. [101:8.6.7(1)(c)]
-D.1.1.2 Special Structures and High-Rise Buildings.
-D.1.1.2.1 High-rise buildings shall be protected throughout
-by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in ac-
-cordance with NFPA101, Section 9.7. A sprinkler control valve
-and a waterflow device shall be provided for each floor.
-[101:11.8.3.1]
-D.1.1.3 Lodging or Rooming Houses.
-D.1.1.3.1 In buildings sprinklered in accordance with NFPA 13,
-closets that contain equipment such as washers, dryers, furnaces,
-or water heaters shall be sprinklered regardless of size.
-[101:26.3.6.3.5]
-D.1.1.3.2 In existing lodging or rooming houses, sprinkler
-installations shall not be required in closets not exceeding 24 ft2
-(2.2 m 2) and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft 2 (5.1 m 2).
-[101:26.3.6.3.6]
-D.1.1.4 New Hotels and Dormitories.
-D.1.1.4.1 The provisions for draft stops and closely spaced
-sprinklers in NFPA 13 shall not be required for openings com-
-plying with NFPA101, 8.6.9.1, where the opening is within the
-guest room or guest suite. [101:28.3.5.4]
-D.1.1.4.2 Listed quick-response or listed residential sprin-
-klers shall be used throughout guest rooms and guest room
-suites. [101:28.3.5.6]
-D.1.1.5 Existing Hotels and Dormitories.
-D.1.1.5.1 In guest rooms and in guest room suites, sprinkler
-installations shall not be required in closets not exceeding
-24 ft2 (2.2 m2) and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft2 (5.1 m2).
-[101:29.3.5.5]
-D.1.1.6 New Apartment Buildings.
-D.1.1.6.1 In buildings sprinklered in accordance with NFPA 13,
-closets less than 12 ft2 (1.1 m2) in area in individual dwelling
-units shall not be required to be sprinklered. Closets that contain
-equipment such as washers, dryers, furnaces, or water heaters
-shall be sprinklered regardless of size. [101:30.3.5.3]
-D.1.1.6.2 Listed quick-response or listed residential sprinklers
-shall be used throughout all dwelling units. [101:30.3.5.5]
-D.1.1.6.3 The draft stop and closely spaced sprinkler require-
-ments of NFPA 13 shall not be required for convenience open-
-ings complying with NFPA101, 8.6.9.1, where the convenience
-opening is within the dwelling unit. [101:30.3.5.4]
-D.1.1.7 Existing Apartment Buildings.
-D.1.1.7.1 In individual dwelling units, sprinkler installation
-shall not be required in closets not exceeding 24 ft 2 (2.2 m2)
-and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft 2 (5.1 m2). Closets that
-contain equipment such as washers, dryers, furnaces, or water
-heaters shall be sprinklered regardless of size. [101:31.3.5.3]
-D.1.1.7.2 The draft stop and closely spaced sprinkler require-
-ments of NFPA 13 shall not be required for convenience open-
-ings complying with NFPA101, 8.6.9.1, where the convenience
-opening is within the dwelling unit. [101:31.3.5.4]
-D.1.1.8 Existing Residential Board and Care Occupancies.
-D.1.1.8.1 Standard response sprinklers shall be permitted for
-use in hazardous areas in accordance with NFPA101, 33.2.3.2.
-[101:33.2.2.2.4]
-D.1.1.8.2 Where an automatic sprinkler system is installed,
-for either total or partial building coverage, all of the follow-
-ing requirements shall be met:
-(1) The system shall be in accordance with NFPA 101, Sec-
-tion 9.7, and shall initiate the fire alarm system in accor-
-dance with 33.2.3.4.1, as modified by 33.2.3.5.3.1 through
-33.2.3.5.3.6 of NFPA101
-(2) The adequacy of the water supply shall be documented to
-the authority having jurisdiction.
-[101:33.2.3.5.3]
-D.1.1.8.2.1 In prompt evacuation capability facilities, all of
-the following shall apply:
-(1) An automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13D
-shall be permitted.
-(2) Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in closets not
-exceeding 24 ft2 (2.2 m2) and in bathrooms not exceed-
-ing 55 ft2 (5.1 m2), provided that such spaces are finished
-with lath and plaster or materials providing a 15-minute
-thermal barrier.
-[101:33.2.3.5.3.1]
-D.1.1.8.2.2 In slow and impractical evacuation capability fa-
-cilities, all of the following shall apply:
-(1) An automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13D
-with a 30-minute water supply, shall be permitted.
-(2) All habitable areas and closets shall be sprinklered.
-(3) Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in bathrooms
-not exceeding 55 ft2 (5.1 m2), provided that such spaces
-ster or materials providing a 15-minute thermal barrier.
-[101:33.2.3.5.3.2]
-D.1.1.8.2.3 In prompt and slow evacuation capability facili-
-ties, where an automatic sprinkler system is in accordance with
-NFPA 13, sprinklers shall not be required in closets not ex-
-ceeding 24 ft2 (2.2 m2) and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft2
-(5.1 m2), provided that such spaces are finished with lath and
-plaster or materials providing a 15-minute thermal barrier.
-[101:33.2.3.5.3.3]
-D.1.1.8.2.4 In prompt and slow evacuation capability facilities
-in buildings four or fewer stories above grade plane, systems in
-accordance with NFPA 13R shall be permitted. [101:33.2.3.5.3.4]
-D.1.1.8.2.5 In impractical evacuation capability facilities in
-buildings four or fewer stories above grade plane, systems in
-accordance with NFPA 13R shall be permitted. All habitable
-areas and closets shall be sprinklered. Automatic sprinklers
-shall not be required in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft 2
-(5.1 m2), provided that such spaces are finished with lath and
-plaster or materials providing a 15-minute thermal barrier.
-[101:33.2.3.5.3.5]
-13–414 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
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---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-D.1.1.8.2.6 Initiation of the fire alarm system shall not be re-
-quired for existing installations in accordance with NFPA101,
-33.2.3.5.6. [101:33.2.3.5.3.6]
-D.1.1.8.2.7 All impractical evacuation capability facilities shall
-be protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic
-sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 101, 33.2.3.5.3.
-[101:33.2.3.5.3.7]
-D.1.1.9 New Mercantile Occupancies.
-D.1.1.9.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Any vertical open-
-ing shall be protected in accordance with NFPA101, Section 8.6,
-except under the following conditions:
-(1) In Class A or Class B mercantile occupancies protected
-throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprin-
-kler system in accordance with NFPA 101, 9.7.1.1(1), un-
-protected vertical openings shall be permitted at one of
-the following locations:
-(a) Between any two floors
-(b) Among the street floor, the first adjacent floor below,
-and adjacent floor (or mezzanine) above
-(2) In Class C mercantile occupancies, unprotected openings
-shall be permitted between the street floor and the mez-
-zanine.
-(3) The draft stop and closely spaced sprinkler requirements
-of NFPA 13 shall not be required for unenclosed vertical
-openings permitted in NFPA101, 36.3.1(1) and (2).
-[101:36.3.1]
-D.1.1.9.2 Rooms housing building service equipment, janitor
-closets, and service elevators shall be permitted to open di-
-rectly onto exit passageways, provided that the following crite-
-ria are met:
-(1) The required fire resistance rating between such rooms
-or areas and the exit passageway shall be maintained in
-accordance with NFPA101, 7.1.3.2.
-(2) Such rooms or areas shall be protected by an approved,
-supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
-NFPA101, 9.7.1.1(1) but the exceptions in NFPA 13 allow-
-ing the omission of sprinklers from such rooms shall not
-be permitted.
-[101:36.4.4.6.2]
-D.1.1.10 Existing Mercantile Occupancies.
-D.1.1.10.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Any vertical
-opening shall be protected in accordance with NFPA101, Sec-
-tion 8.6, except under the following conditions:
-(1) In Class A or Class B mercantile occupancies protected
-throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprin-
-kler system in accordance with NFPA 101, 9.7.1.1(1), un-
-protected vertical openings shall be permitted at one of
-the following locations:
-(a) Between any two floors
-(b) Among the street floor, the first adjacent floor below,
-and adjacent floor (or mezzanine) above
-(2) In Class C mercantile occupancies, unprotected openings
-shall be permitted between the street floor and the mez-
-zanine.
-(3) The draft stop and closely spaced sprinkler requirements
-of NFPA 13 shall not be required for unenclosed vertical
-openings permitted in NFPA101, 37.3.1(1) and (2).
-[101:37.3.1]
-D.1.1.10.2 Rooms housing building service equipment, janitor
-closets, and service elevators shall be permitted to open directly
-onto exit passageways, provided that the following criteria are
-met:
-(1) The required fire resistance rating between such rooms
-or areas and the exit passageway shall be maintained in
-accordance with NFPA101, 7.1.3.2.
-(2) Such rooms or areas shall be protected by an approved
-automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA101,
-9.7.1.1(1) but the exceptions in NFPA 13 allowing the
-omission of sprinklers from such rooms shall not be
-permitted.
-[101:37.4.4.6.2]
-D.1.1.11 Industrial Occupancies.
-D.1.1.11.1 Special Provisions — High-Rise Buildings. The
-provisions of NFPA 101, 11.8.5.2.4(2) for jockey pumps and
-NFPA 101, 11.8.5.2.4(3) for air compressors serving dry-pipe
-and pre-action systems shall not apply to special-purpose in-
-dustrial occupancies. [101:40.4.1]
-D.2 Life Safety Code.
-D.2.1 Features of Fire Protection.
-D.2.1.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.1.2 Installation Requirements.
-D.2.1.2.1 Atriums. Glass walls and inoperable windows shall
-be permitted in lieu of the fire barriers where all the following
-are met:
-(1) Automatic sprinklers are spaced along both sides of the
-glass wall and the inoperable window at intervals not to
-exceed 6 ft (1830 mm).
-(2) The automatic sprinklers specified in NFPA 101,
-8.6.7(1)(c)(i) are located at a distance from the glass wall
-not to exceed 12 in. (305 mm) and arranged so that the
-entire surface of the glass is wet upon operation of the
-sprinklers.
-(3) The glass wall is of tempered, wired, or laminated glass
-held in place by a gasket system that allows the glass fram-
-ing system to deflect without breaking (loading) the glass
-before the sprinklers operate.
-(4) The automatic sprinklers required by NFPA 101,
-8.6.7(1)(c)(i) are not required on the atrium side of the
-glass wall and the inoperable window where there is no
-walkway or other floor area on the atrium side above the
-main floor level. [101:8.6.7(1)(c)]
-D.2.2 Special Structures and High-Rise Buildings.
-D.2.2.1 Design Criteria.
-D.2.2.1.1 High-rise buildings shall be protected throughout
-by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in ac-
-cordance with NFPA101, Section 9.7. A sprinkler control valve
-and a waterflow device shall be provided for each floor.
-[101:11.8.3.1]
-D.2.3 New Assembly Occupancies.
-D.2.3.1 Design Criteria.
-13–415ANNEX D
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-D.2.3.1.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Any vertical open-
-ing shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Section 8.6
-of NFPA101, unless otherwise permitted by one of the following:
-(1) Stairs or ramps shall be permitted to be unenclosed be-
-tween balconies or mezzanines and main assembly areas
-located below, provided that the balcony or mezzanine is
-open to the main assembly area.
-(2) Exit access stairs from lighting and access catwalks, galler-
-ies, and gridirons shall not be required to be enclosed.
-(3) Assembly occupancies protected by an approved, super-
-vised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
-tion 9.7 of NFPA 101 shall be permitted to have unpro-
-tected vertical openings between any two adjacent floors,
-provided that such openings are separated from unpro-
-tected vertical openings serving other floors by a barrier
-complying with 8.6.5 of NFPA 101.
-(4) Assembly occupancies protected by an approved, supervised
-automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 9.7 of
-NFPA101shall be permitted to have convenience stair open-
-ings in accordance with 8.6.9.2 of NFPA101.
-[101:12.3.1]
-D.2.3.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.4 Existing Assembly Occupancies.
-D.2.4.1 Design Criteria.
-D.2.4.1.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Any vertical open-
-ing shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with NFPA101,
-Section 8.6, unless otherwise permitted by one of the following:
-(1) Stairs or ramps shall be permitted to be unenclosed be-
-tween balconies or mezzanines and main assembly areas
-located below, provided that the balcony or mezzanine is
-open to the main assembly area.
-(2) Exit access stairs from lighting and access catwalks, galler-
-ies, and gridirons shall not be required to be enclosed.
-(3) Assembly occupancies protected by an approved, supervised
-automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 101,
-Section 9.7, shall be permitted to have unprotected vertical
-openings between any two adjacent floors, provided that
-such openings are separated from unprotected vertical
-openings serving other floors by a barrier complying with
-NFPA101, 8.6.5.
-(4) Assembly occupancies protected by an approved, supervised
-automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 101,
-Section 9.7, shall be permitted to have convenience stair
-openings in accordance with NFPA101, 8.6.9.2.
-[101:13.3.1]
-D.2.4.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.5 New Educational Occupancies. (Reserved)
-D.2.6 Existing Educational Occupancies. (Reserved)
-D.2.7 New Day-Care Occupancies. (Reserved)
-D.2.8 Existing Day-Care Occupancies. (Reserved)
-D.2.9 New Health Care Occupancies. (Reserved)
-D.2.10 Existing Health Care Occupancies. (Reserved)
-D.2.11 New Ambulatory Health Care Occupancies. (Reserved)
-D.2.12 Existing Ambulatory Health Care Occupancies. (Re-
-served)
-D.2.13 New Detention and Correctional Occupancies. (Re-
-served)
-D.2.14 Existing Detention and Correctional Occupancies.
-(Reserved)
-D.2.15 One- and Two-Family Dwellings. (Reserved)
-D.2.16 Lodging or Rooming Houses.
-D.2.16.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.16.2 Installation Requirements.
-D.2.16.2.1 In buildings sprinklered in accordance with
-NFPA 13, closets that contain equipment such as washers, dry-
-ers, furnaces, or water heaters shall be sprinklered, regardless
-of size. [101:26.3.6.3.5]
-D.2.16.2.2 In existing lodging or rooming houses, sprinkler
-installations shall not be required in closets not exceeding
-24 ft 2 (2.2 m 2) and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft 2
-(5.1 m2). [101:26.3.6.3.6]
-D.2.17 New Hotels and Dormitories.
-D.2.17.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.17.2 Installation Requirements.
-D.2.17.2.1 The provisions for draft stops and closely spaced
-sprinklers in NFPA 13 shall not be required for openings com-
-plying with NFPA101, 8.6.9.1, where the opening is within the
-guest room or guest suite. [101:28.3.5.4]
-D.2.17.2.2 Listed quick-response or listed residential sprin-
-klers shall be used throughout guest rooms and guest room
-suites. [101:28.3.5.6]
-D.2.18 Existing Hotels and Dormitories.
-D.2.18.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.18.2 Installation Requirements.
-D.2.18.2.1 In guest rooms and in guest room suites, sprinkler
-installations shall not be required in closets not exceeding
-24 ft2 (2.2 m2) and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft2 (5.1 m2).
-[101:29.3.5.5]
-D.2.19 New Apartment Buildings.
-D.2.19.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.19.2 Installation Requirements.
-D.2.19.2.1 In buildings sprinklered in accordance with
-NFPA 13, closets less than 12 ft2 (1.1 m2) in area in individual
-dwelling units shall not be required to be sprinklered. Closets
-that contain equipment such as washers, dryers, furnaces, or wa-
-ter heaters shall be sprinklered regardless of size. [101:30.3.5.3]
-D.2.19.2.2 Listed quick-response or listed residential sprinklers
-shall be used throughout all dwelling units. [101:30.3.5.5]
-D.2.19.2.3 The draft stop and closely spaced sprinkler re-
-quirements of NFPA 13 shall not be required for convenience
-openings complying with NFPA101, 8.6.9.1, where the conve-
-nience opening is within the dwelling unit. [101:30.3.5.4]
-D.2.20 Existing Apartment Buildings.
-D.2.20.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.20.2 Installation Requirements.
-D.2.20.2.1 In individual dwelling units, sprinkler installation
-shall not be required in closets not exceeding 24 ft 2 (2.2 m2)
-13–416 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft 2 (5.1 m2). Closets that
-contain equipment such as washers, dryers, furnaces, or water
-heaters shall be sprinklered, regardless of size. [101:31.3.5.3]
-D.2.20.2.2 The draft stop and closely spaced sprinkler re-
-quirements of NFPA 13 shall not be required for convenience
-openings complying with NFPA101, 8.6.9.1, where the conve-
-nience opening is within the dwelling unit. [101:31.3.5.4]
-D.2.21 New Residential Board and Care Occupancies. (Re-
-served)
-D.2.22 Existing Residential Board and Care Occupancies.
-D.2.22.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.22.2 Installation Requirements.
-D.2.22.2.1 Standard-response sprinklers shall be permitted
-for use in hazardous areas in accordance with NFPA 101,
-33.2.3.2. [101:33.2.2.2.4]
-D.2.22.2.2 In prompt and slow evacuation facilities, where an
-automatic sprinkler system is in accordance with NFPA 13
-sprinklers shall not be required in closets not exceeding 24 ft2
-(2.2 m2) and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft2 (5.1 m2), pro-
-vided that such spaces are finished with lath and plaster or mate-
-rials providing a 15-minute thermal barrier. [101:33.2.3.5.3.3]
-D.2.23 New Mercantile Occupancies.
-D.2.23.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.23.2 Installation Requirements.
-D.2.23.2.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Any vertical
-opening shall be protected in accordance with NFPA101, Sec-
-tion 8.6, except under the following conditions:
-(1) In Class A or Class B mercantile occupancies protected
-throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprin-
-kler system in accordance with NFPA 101, 9.7.1.1(1), un-
-protected vertical openings shall be permitted at one of
-the following locations:
-(a) Between any two floors
-(b) Among the street floor, the first adjacent floor below,
-and adjacent floor (or mezzanine) above
-(2) In Class C mercantile occupancies, unprotected openings
-shall be permitted between the street floor and the mez-
-zanine.
-(3) The draft stop and closely spaced sprinkler requirements
-of NFPA 13 shall not be required for unenclosed vertical
-openings permitted in NFPA101, 36.3.1(1) and (2).
-[101:36.3.1]
-D.2.23.2.2 Rooms housing building service equipment, jani-
-tor closets, and service elevators shall be permitted to open
-directly onto exit passageways, provided that the following cri-
-teria are met:
-(1) The required fire resistance rating between such rooms
-or areas and the exit passageway shall be maintained in
-accordance with NFPA101, 7.1.3.2.
-(2) Such rooms or areas shall be protected by an approved,
-supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
-NFPA101, 9.7.1.1(1) but the exceptions in NFPA 13 allow-
-ing the omission of sprinklers from such rooms shall not
-be permitted.
-[101:36.4.4.6.2]
-D.2.24 Existing Mercantile Occupancies.
-D.2.24.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.24.2 Installation Requirements.
-D.2.24.2.1 Protection of Vertical Openings. Any vertical
-opening shall be protected in accordance with NFPA101, Sec-
-tion 8.6, except under the following conditions:
-(1) In Class A or Class B mercantile occupancies protected
-throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprin-
-kler system in accordance with NFPA 101, 9.7.1.1(1), un-
-protected vertical openings shall be permitted at one of
-the following locations:
-(a) Between any two floors
-(b) Among the street floor, the first adjacent floor below,
-and adjacent floor (or mezzanine) above
-(2) In Class C mercantile occupancies, unprotected openings
-shall be permitted between the street floor and the mez-
-zanine.
-(3) The draft stop and closely spaced sprinkler requirements of
-NFPA 13 shall not be required for unenclosed vertical open-
-ings permitted in NFPA101, 37.3.1(1) and (2). [101:37.3.1]
-D.2.24.2.2 Rooms housing building service equipment, jani-
-tor closets, and service elevators shall be permitted to open
-directly onto exit passageways, provided that the following cri-
-teria are met:
-(1) The required fire resistance rating between such rooms
-or areas and the exit passageway shall be maintained in
-accordance with NFPA101, 7.1.3.2.
-(2) Such rooms or areas shall be protected by an approved,
-supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
-NFPA 101, 9.7.1.1(1), but the exceptions in NFPA 13 al-
-lowing the omission of sprinklers from such rooms shall
-not be permitted. [101:37.4.4.6.2]
-D.2.25 New Business Occupancies.
-D.2.25.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.25.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.26 Existing Business Occupancies.
-D.2.26.1 Design Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.26.2 Installation Requirements. (Reserved)
-D.2.27 Industrial Occupancies. (Reserved)
-D.2.27.1 Design Criteria.
-D.2.27.1.1 Special Provisions — High-Rise Buildings. The
-provisions of NFPA 101, 11.8.5.2.4(2), for jockey pumps and
-NFPA 101, 11.8.5.2.4(3), for air compressors serving dry-pipe
-and pre-action systems shall not apply to special-purpose in-
-dustrial occupancies. [101:40.4.1]
-D.2.28 Storage Occupancies. (Reserved)
-Annex E Development of the Design Approach to
-Conform with SEI/ASCE 7
-This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document
-but is included for informational purposes only.
-E.1 Seismic design of nonstructural components is gov-
-erned by the provisions of Chapter 13 of ASCE/SEI 7, Mini-
-mum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures . In ASCE/
-SEI 7, fire sprinkler piping is classified as a “Designated
-Seismic System,” due to its critical safety function. Design
-13–417ANNEX E
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-earthquake forces are multiplied by an Importance Factor,
-Ip = 1.5, and both the bracing and the piping itself must be
-designed for seismic forces.
-The lateral sway bracing provisions of 9.3.5.5 were developed
-to allow the use of the concept of Zone of Influence (ZOI), while
-providing designs that comply with ASCE/SEI 7. One of the main
-changes between the current seismic sway bracing design ap-
-proach adopted in NFPA 13 and the approach used in early edi-
-tions of NFPA 13 is that the spacing of the sway braces can be
-constrained by the flexural capacity of the pipe, as well as the
-capacity of the brace assembly or the capacity of the connection
-between the brace assembly and the supporting structure.
-NFPA 13 provides a design that complies with the seismic design
-requirements of ASCE/SEI 7 for the pipe itself.
-The ZOI approach yields the force demand on the bracing
-element and connections to the structure. Another way to
-look at a ZOI force is as a reaction in a system of continuous
-beams (i.e., the multiple spans of a piping system). By using
-conservative simplifying assumptions, a maximum ZOI force
-limited by the flexural capacity of the pipe can be developed
-for a given pipe size and span (spacing between horizontal
-sway braces). The method used to develop these maximum
-ZOI forces is described in the following paragraphs, along
-with a discussion of the assumptions on the geometry of the
-piping system, the determination of the seismic design force
-coefficients, and the flexural capacity of the pipe.
-In the discussion that follows, the term “main” can be taken
-to mean a sprinkler main, either a feed main or a cross-main
-that requires sway bracing.
-E.2 Assumptions on System Geometry. While every fire sprin-
-kler system is uniquely designed for a particular structure,
-there are general similarities in the layout and geometry that
-can be used to simplify the design approach for earthquake
-protection. These similarities were used to develop assump-
-tions on the effects of piping system continuity on the distribu-
-tion of bending and shear forces in the pipe, and assumptions
-on spacing of branch lines between sway brace locations.
-E.2.1 Continuity in Piping Systems. For lateral brace design
-purposes, piping systems can be idealized as a system of con-
-tinuous beams. The bending moments in the sprinkler mains
-(the beams) were computed assuming three continuous
-spans, which generates the largest bending moment in any
-system of continuous beams. The loads generated by the
-branch lines are idealized as point loads. The tributary mass of
-the main is lumped along with the mass of the branch lines as
-point loads at the assumed branch line locations.
-E.2.2 Branch Line Locations. In many sprinkler system instal-
-lations, the branch lines constitute a substantial portion of the
-seismic mass. While there are significant variations in the spac-
-ing of the branch lines, their geometry is constrained by the
-need to provide adequate water coverage, which imposes lim-
-its on the spacing of the branches. Defining a “span” of the
-main as the distance between lateral sway braces, the seismic
-provisions make the following assumptions:
-(1) There is a branch located at the center of the sprinkler
-main for spans of 25 ft or less.
-(2) There are branches at third-points of the sprinkler main
-for spans greater than 25 ft and less than 40 ft.
-(3) There are branches at quarter-points of the sprinkler
-main for spans of 40 ft.
-It was further assumed that there is a branch line located in
-close proximity to each sway brace.
-The layout of branch lines, maximum bending momentMmax
-in the pipe, and reaction Rmax (horizontal loads at sway brace
-locations) for sprinkler mains with spans less than 25 ft is illus-
-trated in Figure E.2.2(a). Maximum demands for spans greater
-than 25 ft and less than 40 ft are given in Figure E.2.2(b), and for
-spans of 40 ft in Figure E.2.2(c).
-PPPP
-LLL
-PPP
-R1 R2 R3 R4
-Zone of influence load to R2 
-L = distance between sway braces (span)
-P = branch line lateral load + tributary lateral load from main
-w = lateral load of the main (included in P)
-R1, R2, R3, R4 = zone of influence load (reactions)
-Mmax = 0.175PL
-Rmax ª 2P
-w
-FIGURE E.2.2(a) Maximum Demands for Spans Less Than
-25 ft.
-PPPP
-LLL
-PPP
-R1 R2 R3 R4
-Zone of influence load to R2 
-L = distance between sway braces (span)
-P = branch line lateral load + tributary lateral load from main
-w = lateral load of the main (included in P)
-R1, R2, R3, R4 = zone of influence load (reactions)
-Mmax = 0.267PL
-Rmax ª 3P
-w
-P P P
-FIGURE E.2.2(b) Maximum Demands for Spans Greater
-Than 25 ft and Less Than 40 ft.
-PPPP
-LLL
-PPP
-R1 R2 R3 R4
-Zone of influence load to R2 
-L = distance between sway braces (span)
-P = branch line lateral load + tributary lateral load from main
-w = lateral load of the main (included in P)
-R1, R2, R3, R4 = zone of influence load (reactions)
-Mmax = 0.372PL
-Rmax ª 4P
-PP P P P P w
-FIGURE E.2.2(c) Maximum Demands for Spans of 40 ft.
-13–418 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-E.3 Computing the Seismic Demand on Piping Systems. In
-ASCE/SEI 7, seismic demands on nonstructural components
-and systems are a function of the ground shaking intensity, the
-ductility and dynamic properties of the component or system,
-and the height of attachment of the component in the struc-
-ture. Seismic forces are determined at strength design (SD)
-levels. The horizontal seismic design force is given by
-F aS W
-R
-I
-z
-h
-p
-pD S p
-p
-p
-= ⎛
-⎝
-⎜⎜
-⎞
-⎠
-⎟⎟
-+⎛
-⎝⎜ ⎞
-⎠⎟
-04 12.
-where:
-Fp = seismic design force
-SDS = short period spectral acceleration, which takes
-into account soil conditions at the site
-ap = component amplification factor, taken as 2.5 for
-piping systems
-Ip = component importance factor, taken as 1.5 for
-fire sprinkler systems
-z = height of the component attachment to the
-structure
-h = average roof height of the structure
-Wp = component operating weight
-Rp = component response modification factor as
-follows:
-Rp = 9 for high-deformability piping with joints made
-by welding or brazing
-Rp = 4.5 for high- or limited-deformability piping with
-joints made by threading, bonding, compression
-couplings, or grooved couplings
-Rp = 1.5 for low-deformability piping such as cast iron
-and nonductile plastics
-Fp need not be greater than 1.6SDS IpWp and cannot be less
-than 0.30 SDSIpWp .
-As illustrated in Figure E.3, NFPA 13 uses a simplified seis-
-mic factor, Cp , which combines ground shaking SDS , dynamic
-amplification ap , component response Rp/Ip , and location in
-the building (z/h) into a single variable. Conservative assump-
-tions are made for each variable, so that the only information
-needed to find Cp is the short-period mapped spectral accel-
-eration for the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE), Ss .
-The importance factor ( Ip) for fire sprinkler systems is
-specified in ASCE/SEI 7 as 1.5. The amplification factor ( ap)
-for piping systems is specified as 2.5. Piping systems (even
-when seismically braced) are considered flexible, since the
-fundamental period of vibration for the system is greater than
-0.06 seconds. A component response factor of Rp = 4.5 was
-assumed for all piping. Finally, it was assumed that the system
-is installed at the roof level, h.
-Assume the system is laterally braced at the roof, z = h and
-substitute these values into the lateral force equation
-F aS W
-R
-I
-z
-h
-SW
-p
-pD S p
-p
-p
-DS p
-= ⎛
-⎝
-⎜⎜
-⎞
-⎠
-⎟⎟
-+⎛
-⎝⎜ ⎞
-⎠⎟ = ()
-⎛
-⎝
-04 12 04 25
-45
-15
-.. .
-.
-.⎜⎜ ⎞
-⎠⎟
-+⎛
-⎝⎜ ⎞
-⎠⎟ = ()12 1 0h
-h SWDS p.
-ASCE/SEI 7 forces are determined at the strength design
-(SD) level. NFPA 13 is based on Allowable Stress Design
-(ASD). To convert Fp to an ASD load, Fpw , the load from
-ASCE/SEI 7 is multiplied by a 0.7 load factor.
-FF S W C Wpw p DS p p p== =07 07..
-Solving for Cp ,
-CSpD S= 07.
-The short-period spectral acceleration, SDS , is obtained by
-modifying the mapped short-period spectral acceleration, SS ,
-for the effects of the local soil conditions. In the United States,
-values for SS are obtained from seismic hazard maps published
-by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Free software available
-from USGS will generate values for SS based on the latitude
-and longitude of the project site. The spectral acceleration
-used for seismic design is determined by
-−=SS FDS S a
-2
-3
-Fa is an amplification factor based on soil conditions and
-the intensity of ground shaking expected (measured by SS).
-Soil conditions are defined by site classification, ranging from
-Site Class A (hard rock) to Site Class F (extremely soft soils and
-fill). The values ofFa are given in ASCE/SEI 7 Table 11.4-1 and
-vary from 0.8 to 2.5. For the purposes of the ZOI method, the
-values of Fa are taken as the maximum tabulated values and
-are summarized in Table E.3.
-C S SF SFpD S s a s a== () =07 2
-3 07 04 6 7.. .
-Table 9.3.5.9.3 was populated by solving forCp for different
-values of SS . For example when SS = 1.0
-CS Fps a== () () =04 6 7 04 6 7 10 11 05 1.. . . .
-Fpw =* WpCp
-Fp =
-0.4 apSDS
-Rp
-Ip()
-( )1 + 2 Z   Wp h
-FIGURE E.3 Simplified Seismic Factor, Cp .
-Table E.3 Values of Fa
-Mapped Maximum Considered Earthquake
-Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at Short
-Period
-SS ≤
-0.33
-SS =
-0.5
-SS =
-0.75
-SS =
-0.95
-SS =
-1.0
-SS ≥
-1.25
-Fa 2.24 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0
-Note: Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of SS .
-13–419ANNEX E
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-E.4 Flexural Capacity of Piping. The flexural capacity for dif-
-ferent diameters and thicknesses of pipe were computed using
-Allowable Stress Design (ASD). NFPA 13 has traditionally used
-ASD for design. While ASCE/SEI 7 generally uses the Strength
-Design (SD) approach, ASD is preferred for the design of piping
-systems. For example, the ASTM B 31,Standards of Pressure Piping,
-series of piping codes are based on ASD. ASD was chosen for
-sprinkler piping design to limit the complexity of the analysis.
-Use of SD would require the use of the plastic modulus,Z,o ft h e
-pipe rather than the elastic section modulus,S. Use of Z would
-trigger analysis of local and global buckling behavior of the pipe.
-SD is most appropriate when used with compact pipe sections
-that can develop the full limit capacity of the material, including
-strain hardening. Thin-wall pipes and materials without well de-
-fined post-elastic behavior are not easily considered using SD.
-Permissible stresses in the pipe for seismic loading are from
-13.6.11 of ASCE/SEI 7. Assuming high- or limited-deformability
-pipe with threaded or grooved couplings, the permissible flex-
-ural stress under SD level demands is 0.7Fy, where Fy is the yield
-stress of the material. Since seismic design in NFPA 13 is based on
-ASD, the SD capacity must be reduced to an ASD level.
-The permissible flexural stress for ASD is determined by
-adjusting the SD level flexural capacity. The SD capacity is first
-reduced by a load factor to ASD levels, and then can be in-
-creased by the allowable stress increase for seismic loading.
-The use of an allowable stress increase for piping systems is
-typical when determining the strength of the pipe itself.
-For fire sprinkler piping, the SD flexural capacity, Mcap ,i s
-reduced by a load factor of 0.7 to yield the ASD flexural capac-
-ity. The duration of load factor for the piping system, taken as
-1.33, is then applied. TakingS as the section modulus of pipe,
-this yields an allowable moment capacity in the pipe.
-MS F S Fcap y y= () () =07 13 3 07 06 5.. . .
-To populate Table 9.3.5.5.2(a) through Table 9.3.5.5.2(e),
-which give the maximum Zone of Influence loads, the largest
-reaction (due to branch lines and the tributary mass of the
-main) limited by flexure for a given pipe size and span be-
-tween sway braces was computed.
-For example, to determine the maximum permissible ZOI
-for a 4 in. diameter steel Schedule 10 main spanning 30 ft, first
-compute the flexural capacity of the pipe.
-S = 1.76 in.3
-Fy = 30,000 psi
-The flexural capacity of the pipe is
-MF Scap y= () = () ( ) ()0 65 0 65 30 000 1 76.. , .
-= 34,320 in.-lb = 2860 ft-lb
-For spans greater than 25 ft and less than 40 ft, the branch
-lines are assumed to be located at 1⁄3-points in the span. The
-point load P is associated with the branch line and tributary
-mass of the main and L is distance between sway braces. From
-Figure E.2.2(b), the maximum moment in the main, Mmax ,i s
-Mmax = 0.267PL
-Setting Mcap = Mmax and solving for P,
-MF S P L
-P M
-L
-cap y
-cap
-= () =
-=
-= =
-0 65 0 267
-0 267
-2860
-0 267 30 357
-..
-.
-.( )  l b
-The maximum permissible ZOI load = 3P = 1071 lb.
-E.5 Sample Seismic Calculation using the ZOI Method. To
-illustrate the application of the ZOI method, the approach
-can be applied to a sample problem based on the sample seis-
-mic bracing calculation in Figure A.9.3.5(b). The sample cal-
-culation yielded a total weight of 480 lb, which was obtained
-using a seismic factor of 0.5. To determine our own seismic
-factor, to get the total weight of the water-filled pipe, divide by
-the seismic factor of 0.5,
-Wp ==480
-05 960.  lb
-Assume the 4 in. Schedule 10 pipe is the main that will be
-braced and that distance between sway braces (span) is 20 ft.
-The installation is in a region of high seismicity, and based on
-the latitude and longitude of the building site, SS = 1.75.
-To calculate the seismic load, use Table 9.3.5.9.3 to deter-
-mine the seismic coefficient, Cp . The value of Ss = 1.75 coordi-
-nates to 0.82.
-The horizontal force on the brace, from 9.3.5.6.2 is
-FC Wpw p p== () =0 82 960 787. l b
-From Table 9.3.5.5.2(a), the maximum ZOI load,Fpw , for a
-4 in. Schedule 10 pipe spanning 20 ft is 1634 lb, which is larger
-than the calculated demand of 787 lb. The 4 in. Schedule 10
-pipe is adequate for the seismic load and a brace would be
-selected with a minimum capacity of 787 lb.
-If the sway brace was attached to the 2 in. Schedule 40 pipe,
-the ZOI demandFpw of 787 lb would be compared to the maxi-
-mum capacity fo r a 2 in. Schedule 40 pipe found in Table
-9.3.5.5.2(a)(b). For a 20 ft span, this is 520 lb, less than the
-demand of 787 lb. A 2 in. pipe would be inadequate, and a
-sway brace would have to be added to reduce the ZOI de-
-mand, or the system pipe size increased.
-E.6 Limitations of the ZOI Method. The ZOI approach can
-be used for a variety of piping materials. There are, however,
-important limitations of which the designer should be aware.
-The first is that the appropriate component response factor,
-Rp , must be used. To select the proper value, the piping sys-
-tems must be classified as high-, limited-, or low-deformability.
-Definitions of these terms are given in Section 11.2 of ASCE/
-SEI 7. The second major assumption is that the flexural behav-
-ior of the pipe is not governed by local buckling of the pipe
-wall. For steel pipe, this can be achieved by observing the
-thickness to diameter limits given in the AISC Specifications for
-the Design, Fabrication, and Erection of Structural Steel Buildings .
-Establishing the local buckling characteristics of pipe fabri-
-cated from other materials can require testing.
-The tables for the maximum load,Fpw , in zone of influence
-are based on common configurations of mains and branch
-lines. There can be cases where the actual configuration of the
-piping system could generate higher stresses in the piping
-than assumed in the tables. For example, a main braced at
-40 ft intervals, with a single branch line in the center of the
-span, can have a smaller maximum load capacity,Fpw , than the
-tabulated value. Where the configuration of the mains and
-branch lines vary significantly from the assumed layout, the
-pipe stresses should be checked by engineering analysis.
-13–420 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Annex F Informational References
-F .1 Referenced Publications. The documents or portions
-thereof listed in this annex are referenced within the informa-
-tional sections of this standard and are not part of the require-
-ments of this document unless also listed in Chapter 2 for
-other reasons.
-F .1.1 NFP A Publications. National Fire Protection Associa-
-tion, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
-NFPA 1,Fire Code, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion
-Foam, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems ,
-2011 edition.
-NFPA 13D,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One-
-and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 13E,Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in
-Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in
-Low-Rise Residential Occupancies, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose
-Systems, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 15,Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protec-
-tion, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler
-and Foam-Water Spray Systems, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for
-Fire Protection, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection ,
-2008 edition.
-NFPA 25,Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
-of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or
-Combustible Materials, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 75,Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technol-
-ogy Equipment, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings
-from Exterior Fire Exposures, 2012 edition.
-NFPA101®, Life Safety Code®, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 120, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Coal
-Mines, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 140, Standard on Motion Picture and Television Produc-
-tion Studio Soundstages, Approved Production Facilities, and Produc-
-tion Locations, 2008 edition.
-NFPA 170,Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols, 2012
-edition.
-NFPA 204,Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction , 2012
-edition.
-NFPA 232,Standard for the Protection of Records, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building
-Materials, 2008 edition.
-NFPA 291, Recommended Practice for Fire Flow Testing and
-Marking of Hydrants, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 307, Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of
-Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 409,Standard on Aircraft Hangars, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection
-Systems, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 851, Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Hydro-
-electric Generating Plants, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Sys-
-tems, 2012 edition.
-NFPA Fire Protection Handbook
-F .1.2 Other Publications.
-F .1.2.1 ACI Publications. American Concrete Institute, P.O.
-Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333.
-ACI 355.2, Qualification of Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors in
-Concrete and Commentary, 2007.
-F .1.2.2 ACP A Publications.American Concrete Pipe Associa-
-tion, 222 W. Las Collinas Boulevard, Suite 641, Irving, TX 75039.
-Concrete Pipe Handbook.
-F .1.2.3 AISC Publications. American Institute of Steel Con-
-struction, One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700, Chicago, IL
-60601-1802.
-AISC 360, Specification for Structural Steel Building, 2010.
-Specifications for the Design, Fabrication, and Erection of Struc-
-tural Steel Buildings.
-F .1.2.4 ASCE Publications. American Society of Civil Engi-
-neers, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, V A 20191-4400.
-SEI/ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
-Structures, 2010.
-ASCE 19, Standard Guidelines for the Structural Applications of
-Steel Cables for Buildings, 1996.
-F .1.2.5 ASME Publications. American Society of Mechanical
-Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.
-ASME A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, 1996.
-ASME B16.1,Cast-Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, 1989.
-ASME B1.20.1, Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch), 1983.
-F .1.2.6 ASTM Publications. ASTM International, 100 Barr
-Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
-2959.
-ASTM A 126, Standard Specification for Gray Iron Casting for
-Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings, 1995.
-ASTM A 135, Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-
-Welded Steel Pipe, 1997.
-ASTM A 197,Standard Specification for Cupola Malleable Iron, 1987.
-ASTM A 307, Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and
-Studs, 1997.
-ASTM A 603, Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Struc-
-tural Wire Rope, 1998.
-ASTM B 31, Standards of Pressure Piping, collection with vari-
-ous dates.
-ASTM C 296, Standard Specification for Asbestos-Cement Pres-
-sure Pipe, 1988.
-ASTM C 635, Standard Specification for the Manufacture, Per-
-formance, and Testing of Metal Suspension Systems of Acoustical Tile
-and Lay-In Panel Ceilings, 2004.
-ASTM C 636, Standard Practice for Installation of Metal Ceiling
-Suspension Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-In Panels, 2004.
-ASTM E 8,Structural Test Method for Tension Testing of Metallic
-Materials, 2001.
-ASTM E 84, Standard Test Method of Surface Burning Charac-
-teristics of Building Materials, 2004.
-ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building
-Construction and Materials, 1998.
-ASTM E 580, Standard Practice for Installation of Ceiling Sus-
-pension Systems for Acoustical Tile and Lay-in Panels in Areas Subject
-to Earthquake Ground Motions, 2008.
-13–421ANNEX F
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-ASTM F 437,Standard Specification for Threaded Chlorinated Poly
-(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80, 1996.
-ASTM F 438, Standard Specification for Socket-Type Chlorinated
-Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 40, 1997.
-ASTM F 439, Standard Specification for Socket-Type Chlorinated
-Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80, 1997.
-ASTM F 442, Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl
-Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR), 1997.
-F .1.2.7 AWWA Publications. American Water Works Associa-
-tion, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235.
-AWWA C104, Cement Mortar Lining for Ductile Iron Pipe and
-Fittings for Water, 2008.
-AWWA C105,Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile Iron Pipe Sys-
-tems, 2005.
-AWWA C110,Ductile Iron and Gray Iron Fittings, 3-in. Through
-48-in., for Water and Other Liquids, 2008.
-AWWA C111,Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile Iron Pressure Pipe
-and Fittings, 2000.
-AWWA C115,Flanged Ductile Iron Pipe with Ductile Iron or Gray
-Iron Threaded Flanges, 2005.
-AWWA C116, Protective Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings for the
-Interior and Exterior Surfaces of Ductile-Iron and Gray Iron Fittings
-for Water Supply Service, 2003.
-AWWA C150,Thickness Design of Ductile Iron Pipe, 2008.
-AWWA C151,Ductile Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast for Water, 2002.
-AWWA C153,Ductile Iron Compact Fittings, 3 in. through 24 in.
-and 54 in. through 64 in. for Water Service, 2006.
-AWWA C203,Coal-Tar Protective Coatings and Linings for Steel
-Water Pipelines Enamel and Tape — Hot Applied , 2002.
-AWWA C205,Cement-Mortar Protective Lining and Coating for
-Steel Water Pipe 4 in. and Larger — Shop Applied , 2007.
-AWWA C206,Field Welding of Steel Water Pipe, 2003.
-AWWA C208,Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings,
-2007.
-AWWA C300, Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder
-Type , 2004.
-AWWA C301, Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder
-Type , 2007.
-AWWA C302, Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Non-Cylinder
-Type , 2004.
-AWWA C303, Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder
-Type, Pretensioned , 2002.
-AWWA C400, Standard for Asbestos-Cement Distribution Pipe,
-4 in. Through 16 in. (100 mm Through 400 mm), for Water Distri-
-bution Systems, 2003.
-AWWA C401, Standard Practice for the Selection of Asbestos-
-Cement Water Pipe, 2003.
-AWWA C600,Standard for the Installation of Ductile-Iron Water
-Mains and Their Appurtenances, 2005.
-AWWA C602, Cement-Mortar Lining of Water Pipe Lines 4 in.
-and Larger — in Place, 2006.
-AWWA C603, Standard for the Installation of Asbestos-Cement
-Water Pipe, 2005.
-AWWA C606,Grooved and Shouldered Joints, 1997.
-AWWA C900, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, 4 in.
-Through 12 in., for Water Distribution, 2007.
-AWWA M9,Concrete Pressure Pipe, 2008.
-AWWA M11,A Guide for Steel Pipe Design and Installation, 2004.
-AWWA M14,Recommended Practice for Backflow Prevention and
-Cross Connection Control, 2nd edition, 1990.
-AWWA M41,Ductile Iron and Pipe Fittings, 2003.
-F .1.2.8 DIPRA Publications.Ductile Iron Pipe Research Asso-
-ciation, 245 Riverchase Parkway, East, Suite O, Birmingham,
-AL 35244.
-Installation Guide for Ductile Iron Pipe.
-Thrust Restraint Design for Ductile Iron Pipe.
-F .1.2.9 EPRI Publications. EPRI, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo
-Alto, CA 94304.
-Research Report 1843-2, “Turbine Generator Fire Protec-
-tion by Sprinkler System,” July 1985.
-F .1.2.10 FM Publications. FM Global, 1301 Atwood Avenue,
-P.O. Box 7500, Johnston, RI 02919.
-FM 1011/1012/1013, Deluge and Preaction Sprinkler Systems
-FM 1020, Automatic Water Control Valves
-FM 1021, Dry Pipe Valves
-FM 1031, Quick Opening Devices (Accelerators and Exhausters)
-for Dry Pipe Valves
-FM 1041, Alarm Check Valves
-FM 1042, Waterflow Alarm Indicators (Vane Type)
-FM 1045, Waterflow Detector Check Valves
-FM 1112, Indicating Valves (Butterfly or Ball Type)
-FM 1120, 1130, Fire Service Water Control Valves (OS & Y and
-NRS Type Gate Valves)
-FM 1140, Quick Opening Valves 1/4 Inch Through 2 Inch Nomi-
-nal Size
-FM 1210, Swing Check Valves
-FM 1362, Pressure Reducing Valves
-FM 1610, Ductile Iron Pipe and Fittings, Flexible Fittings and
-Couplings
-FM 1612, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe and Fittings for Under-
-ground Fire Protection Service
-FM 1613, Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Underground
-Fire Protection Service
-FM 1620, Pipe Joints and Anchor Fittings for Underground Fire
-Service Mains
-FM 1630, Steel Pipe for Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems
-FM 1631, Adjustable and Fixed Sprinkler Fittings1⁄2 inch through
-1 inch Nominal Size
-FM 1632, Telescoping Sprinkler Assemblies for Use in Fire Protec-
-tion Systems for Anechoic Chambers
-FM 1635, Plastic Pipe & Fittings for Automatic Sprinkler Systems
-FM 1636, Fire Resistant Barriers for Use with CPVC Pipe and
-Fittings in Light Hazard Occupancies
-FM 1637, Flexible Sprinkler Hose with Fittings
-FM 1920, Pipe Couplings and Fittings for Fire Protection Systems
-FM 1950, Seismic Sway Brace Components for Automatic Sprin-
-kler Systems
-FM 1951, 1952, 1953, Pipe Hanger Components for Automatic
-Sprinkler Systems
-FM 2000, Automatic Control Mode Sprinklers for Fire Protection
-FM 2008, Suppression Mode ESFR Automatic Sprinklers
-FM 2030, Residential Automatic Sprinklers
-FM 2311, Pressure Gauges for Fire Protection Systems
-F .1.2.11 FMRC Publications.FM Global Research, FM Global,
-1301 Atwood Avenue, P.O. Box 7500, Johnston, RI 02919.
-FMRC J. I. 0X1R0.RR, “Large-Scale Fire Tests of Rack Stor-
-age Group A Plastics in Retail Operation Scenarios Protected
-by Extra Large Orifice (ELO) Sprinklers.”
-13–422 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPA No reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-F .1.2.12 FPRF Publications. Fire Protection Research Foun-
-dation, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169.
-Antifreeze Solutions Supplied through Spray Sprinklers – Interim
-Report, Fire Protection Research Foundation, February 2012
-Antifreeze Systems in Home Fire Sprinkler Systems — Literature
-Review and Research Plan , Fire Protection Research Founda-
-tion, June 2010
-Antifreeze Systems in Home Fire Sprinkler Systems – Phase II Final
-Report, Fire Protection Research Foundation, December 2010
-F .1.2.13 IMO Publications. International Maritime Organiza-
-tion, 4 Albert Embankment, London, SEI 7SR, United Kingdom.
-International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SO-
-LAS 74), as amended, regulations II-2/3 and II-2/26.
-F .1.2.14 ISO Publications. International Organization for
-Standardization, 1, ch. de la V oie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-
-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.
-ISO 6182-1, Fire protection — Automatic sprinkler systems —
-Part 1: Requirements and test methods for sprinklers, 2004.
-F .1.2.15 NFSA Publications. National Fire Sprinkler Associa-
-tion, P.O. Box 1000, Patterson, NY 12563.
-Valentine and Isman, Kitchen Cabinets and Residential Sprin-
-klers, November 2005.
-F .1.2.16 SNAME Publications.Society of Naval Architects and
-Marine Engineers, 601 Pavonia Ave., Suite 400, Jersey City, NJ
-07306.
-Technical Research Bulletin 2-21, “Aluminum Fire Protec-
-tion Guidelines.”
-F .1.2.17 UL Publications.Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333
-Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096.
-Commodity Hazard Comparison of Expanded Plastic in Portable Bins
-and Racking, Project 99NK29106, NC4004, September 8, 2000.
-“Fact Finding Report on Automatic Sprinkler Protection for Fur
-Storage Vaults,” November 25, 1947.
-Technical Report of Fire Testing of Automotive Parts in Portable
-Storage Racking, Project 99NK29106, NC4004, January 5, 2001.
-ANSI/UL 193, Alarm Valves for Fire Protection Service
-ANSI/UL 199, Automatic Sprinklers for Fire Protection Service
-ANSI/UL 203,Pipe Hanger Equipment for Fire Protection Service
-ANSI/UL 213,Rubber Gasketed Fittings for Fire Protection Service
-ANSI/UL 260,Dry Pipe and Deluge Valves for Fire Protection Service
-UL 262, Gate Valves for Fire Protection Service
-ANSI/UL 312, Check Valves for Fire Protection Service
-UL 393, Indicating Pressure Gauges for Fire Protection Service
-ANSI/UL 852, Metallic Sprinkler Pipe for Fire Protection Service
-UL 1091, Butterfly Valves for Fire Protection Service
-UL 1285, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe and Couplings for Un-
-derground Fire Service
-ANSI/UL 1468, Direct Acting Pressure Reducing and Pressure
-Restricting Valves
-UL 1474, Adjustable Drop Nipples for Sprinkler Systems
-ANSI/UL 1626, Residential Sprinklers for Fire Protection Service
-ANSI/UL 1739, Pilot-Operated Pressure-Control Valves for Fire
-Protection Service
-ANSI/UL 1767, Early-Suppression Fast-Response Sprinklers
-ANSI/UL 1821, Thermoplastic Sprinkler Pipe and Fittings for
-Fire Protection Service
-ANSI/UL 2443, Flexible Sprinkler Hose with Fittings for Fire
-Protection Service
-F .1.2.18 Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Publications. Uni-Bell PVC Pipe
-Association, 2655 Villa Creek Drive, Suite 155, Dallas, TX 75234.
-Handbook of PVC Pipe.
-F .1.2.19 U.S. Government Publications. U.S. Government
-Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
-Title 46, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 72.05-5.
-U.S. Federal Standard No. 66C, Standard for Steel Chemical
-Composition and Harden Ability , April 18, 1967, change notice
-No. 2, April 16, 1970.
-F .1.2.20 Other Publications.
-High Volume/Low Speed Fan and Sprinkler Operation — Ph. 2
-Final Report, Fire Research Foundation, 2011.
-Thrust Restraint Design Equations and Tables for Ductile Iron
-and PVC Pipe, EBAA Iron, Inc.
-Use of Diesel-Powered Equipment in Underground Mines,MSHA,
-1985.
-F .2 Informational References. (Reserved)
-F .3 References for Extracts in Informational Sections.
-NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose
-Systems, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service
-Mains and Their Appurtenances, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable or
-Combustible Materials, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 36,Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants, 2009 edition.
-NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary
-Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose
-Nitrate Film, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 75,Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technol-
-ogy Equipment, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Han-
-dling Systems and Equipment, 2009 edition.
-NFPA 86,Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 99,Health Care Facilities Code, 2012 edition.
-NFPA101®, Life Safety Code®, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 120, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Coal
-Mines, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 122, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Metal/
-Nonmetal Mining and Metal Mineral Processing Facilities, 2010 edi-
-tion.
-NFPA 140, Standard on Motion Picture and Television Produc-
-tion Studio Soundstages, Approved Production Facilities, and Produc-
-tion Locations, 2008 edition.
-NFPA 214,Standard on Water-Cooling Towers, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 307, Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of
-Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves, 2011 edition.
-NFPA 318,Standard for the Protection of Semiconductor Fabrica-
-tion Facilities, 2012 edition.
-NFPA 415, Standard on Airport Terminal Buildings, Fueling
-Ramp Drainage, and Loading Walkways, 2013 edition.
-NFPA 423, Standard for Construction and Protection of Aircraft
-Engine Test Facilities, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 804,Standard for Fire Protection for Advanced Light Water
-Reactor Electric Generating Plants, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 851, Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Hydro-
-electric Generating Plants, 2010 edition.
-NFPA 909,Code for the Protection of Cultural Resource Properties
-— Museums, Libraries, and Places of Worship , 2010 edition.
-13–423ANNEX F
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Index
-Copyright © 2012 National Fire Protection Association. All Rights Reserved.
-The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document that it indexes. The licensing provisions set forth for the
-document are not applicable to this index. This index may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the express written
-permission of NFPA.
--A-
-Abbreviations, hydraulic calculations .............................. 1.6.2
-Acceptance, system .............................................. Chap. 25
-Approval of system ................................................. 25.1
-Circulating closed loop systems .................................. 25.3
-Hydraulic design information sign ...................... 25.5, A.25.5
-Instructions ......................................................... 25.4
-Marine systems ..................................................... 26.8
-Requirements ............................................ 25.2, A.25.2.1
-Underground pipe .............. 10.10, A.10.10.2.1 to A.10.10.2.2.6
-Acetylene cylinder charging plants ................................. 22.10
-A-class boundary (definition) .......................... 3.10.1, 26.1.3(1)
-Additives .................................. 4.4, 25.2.1.9, A.4.4, A.25.2.1.9
-Antifreeze solutions ................................. 7.6.2.2 to 7.6.2.4
-Circulating closed-loop systems ................................ 7.7.1.6
-Water supply ........................................................ 7.1 1
-Adjacent occupancies ..................... 1 1.1.2, 12.3, A.11.1.2, A.12.3
-Aerosol products, protection of ..................................... 22.3
-Air compressors ... 7.2.6.6, 22.29.1.5, A.7.2.6.6.1; see also Compressed
-air
-Air conveying of vapors, gases, mists and noncombustible particulate
-solids, exhaust systems for .......................... 22.33
-Aircraft engine test facilities ......................... 22.26, A.22.26.1.1
-Aircraft hangars ...................................................... 22.24
-Airport terminal buildings, fueling ramp drainage, and loading
-walkways ................... 22.25, A.22.25.1.2, A.22.25.1.3
-Air pressure
-Leakage tests ..................................................... 25.2.2
-Marine systems ............................................... 26.4.12.2
-Pressure tanks ..................................... 24.2.4.3, A.24.2.4.3
-Refrigerated spaces ............................................. 7.9.2.2
-System ................................... 7.2.6, A.7.2.6.3 to A.7.2.6.6.1
-Air receivers .............................. 7.2.6.6.1, 7.2.6.6.2, A.7.2.6.6.1
-Definition .......................................................... 3.5.1
-Air reservoirs ....................................................... 7.1.2.2
-Definition .......................................................... 3.5.2
-Air supply
-Automatic air maintenance ....................... 7.2.6.6, A.7.2.6.6.1
-Dry pipe system ........... 7.2.6.2 to 7.2.6.7, A.7.2.6.3 to A.7.2.6.6.1
-Marine systems ............................................... 26.7.2.4.1
-Nitrogen or other gas substituted for ............................. 4.5
-Refrigerated spaces ..... 7.9.2.2, 7.9.2.4, 7.9.2.7, A.7.9.2.4, A.7.9.2.7
-Air supply connections ............................................ 7.2.6.7
-Aisle widths ............ 16.2.1.3.2.1, 16.2.4.1.2(7), A.16.2.1.3.2.1, C.15
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.3.1
-Plastics commodities, rack storage of .................. 17.2.4.1.2(7)
-Plastics display/storage, retail stores ..................... 20.3.1(10),
-20.3.1(13), 20.3.2(5), 20.3.3(7), 20.3.4(6), 20.3.5(6),
-20.3.6(7), 20.3.7(5)
-Alarms ...................... see also Waterflow alarms/detection devices
-Attachments ................ 6.9.3, 6.9.4, 26.4.12.7, A.6.9.3.2, A.6.9.4
-Drains .............................................................. 6.9.5
-High water level device, dry pipe systems ..................... 7.2.5.4
-Low air pressure, refrigerated spaces ......................... 7.9.2.2
-Marine systems ................................... 26.4.12, A.26.4.12.1
-Sprinkler .......................................... 8.17.1, A.8.17.1, C.4
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ........................... Chap. 21
-Hose stream allowance and water supply duration ............. 21.4
-Minimum obstruction construction .............................. 21.5
-Open-frame rack storage ................................. 21.3, A.21.3
-Palletized, solid-piled, bin box, shelf, or back-to-back
-shelf storage ................................... 21.2, A.21.2
-Ammonium nitrate solids and liquids, storage of ............ 22.37.1.2
-Anchors
-Concrete, for seismic applications ........ 9.3.5.12.7, A.9.3.5.12.7.1
-Post-installed ............................................. 9.1.3, A.9.1.3
-Definition ........................................... 3.1 1.8, A.3.11.8
-Animal housing facilities ............................................ 22.20
-Antiflooding devices ............................................... 7.2.4.8
-Antifreeze systems ..........................................................
-.7.6, 7.9.2.8.1.2, 8.16.4.1.2, 23.4.4.7.2, A.7.6, A.23.4.4.7.2
-Definition .......................................................... 3.4.1
-Premixed antifreeze solution ........................... 7.6.2, A.7.6.2
-Definition ..................................................... 3.4.1.1
-Apartment buildings ................... D.1.1.6, D.1.1.7, D.2.19, D.2.20
-Application of standard ................................................ 1.3
-Approved/approval
-Definition ................................................. 3.2.1, A.3.2.1
-System ............................................................... 25.1
-Underground pipe ............................................. 10.10.1
-Appurtenances (definition) ....................................... 3.8.1.1
-Area, of protection ........................... see System protection area
-Area/density method .......................... see Density/area method
-Arm-over (definition) ................................................ 3.5.3
-Arrays
-Closed .......................................... 15.2.3, 15.2.8, A.15.2.3
-Definition ................................................... 3.9.2.1.1
-Open ................................................... 15.2.3, A.15.2.3
-Definition ..................................... 3.9.2.1.2, A.3.9.2.1.2
-Arrays (paper)
-Closed ............ 19.1.1.5, Table 19.1.2.1.3(a), Table 19.1.2.1.3(b)
-Definition ................................................... 3.9.5.1.1
-Open ........................ T able 19.1.2.1.3(a), Table 19.1.2.1.3(b)
-Definition ................................................... 3.9.5.1.2
-Standard .................... T able 19.1.2.1.3(a), Table 19.1.2.1.3(b)
-Definition ..................................... 3.9.5.1.3, A.3.9.5.1.3
-ASCE/SEI 7, design approach to conform to ................. Annex E
-Assembly occupancies ....................................... D.2.3, D.2.4
-Atriums ............................................... D.1.1.1.1, D.2.1.2.1
-Attachments
-Alarms ......................................... 6.9.4, 26.4.12.7, A.6.9.4
-System ........................ 8.17, A.8.17.1 to A.8.17.5.2.2, C.4, C.5
-Attics .................................................. 8.3.2.5(5), 11.3.1.5
-Authority having jurisdiction (definition) ................ 3.2.2, A.3.2.2
-Automatic air compressor ............................ 7.2.6.6, A.7.2.6.6.1
-Automatic drip, fire department connections ..... 8.17.2.6, A.8.17.2.6
-Automatic sprinklers (definition) ............. 3.3.1; see also Sprinklers
-Automatic sprinkler systems ....................... see Sprinkler systems
-Automotive components on portable racks ................ 20.2, A.20.2
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.3.2
-Auxiliary systems ..................................................... 7.1.3
-Available height for storage (definition) ............. 3.9.1.1, A.3.9.1.1
--B-
-Backflow prevention devices ...... 7.6.3.1, 7.6.3.2, 8.17.4.6, A.7.6.3.1,
-A.7.6.3.2, A.8.17.4.6
-Acceptance requirements ........................... 10.10.2.5, 25.2.5
-As check valve .............................................. 8.16.1.1.3.2
-Back-to-back shelf storage ....................... 15.2.2(3), 21.2, A.21.2
-Definition ........................................ 3.9.2.6.1, A.3.9.2.6.1
-Baffles .................. 8.6.3.4.2, 8.8.3.4.2, 8.10.3.3, 8.10.3.4, 8.10.3.6
-Balconies ........................... A.8.15.7, D.2.3.1.1(1), D.2.4.1.1(1)
-Baled cotton
-Definition ............................................. 3.9.6.1, A.3.9.6.1
-Storage ............................................. 12.6.2, 12.6.3, 20.4
-13–424 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Temperature rating of sprinklers ............... 8.3.2.7, A.8.3.2.7
-Water supplies .................................... 20.4.1.1, 20.4.1.2
-Tiered storage (definition) ......................... 3.9.6.2, A.3.9.6.2
-Banded roll paper storage ... Table 19.1.2.1.3(a), Table 19.1.2.1.3(b)
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.5.2
-Banded tires (definition) .......................................... 3.9.4.1
-Bar joist construction .............................. 8.12.5.1.1, 8.12.5.3.2
-Definition .............................................. A.3.7.1, A.3.7.2
-Barriers .................. see also Horizontal barriers; Thermal barriers
-Assembly occupancies .................... D.2.3.1.1(3), D.2.4.1.1(3)
-Compact storage modules .................................... 20.6.6.1
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage ..................... 22.37.1.4.4.4
-Basements ......................................................... 1 1.3.1.5
-Bath modules, marine .............................................. 26.4.6
-Bathrooms ................. 8.15.8.1, A.8.15.8.1.1, D.1.1.5.1, D.2.18.2.1
-Apartment buildings ......................................... D.1.1.7.1
-Definition ................................................. 3.3.2, A.3.3.2
-Residential board and care occupancies ...... D.1.1.8.2, D.2.22.2.2
-B-class boundary (definition) .......................... 3.10.2, 26.1.3(2)
-Beam and girder construction (definition) ...................... A.3.7.1
-Bends, return ...................................................... 8.15.19
-Bin box storage
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ..................... 21.2, A.21.2
-Class I to IV commodities, storage of ....................... Chap. 14
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.2.2
-Discharge criteria ......................................... T able 13.2.1
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers ............. 15.4
-Plastic and rubber commodities ............................ Chap. 15
-Special design for .................................................. 14.5
-Boat storage, rack ............................................. T able A.5.6
-Boilers, oil-fired ................................................. 22.27.1.9
-Bolts ........................... 9.1.3.10, 9.1.4.5, 9.1.5.3, 10.3.5.2, 10.7.2
-Clamp ....................... 10.8.3.1.3, 10.8.3.4, 10.8.3.5, A.10.8.3.5
-Bracing ..................................................... see Sway braces
-Branch lines ........................... 22.30.2.1, Fig. A.3.5, A.22.30.2.1
-Control mode specific application (CMSA) sprinklers .. 8.11.5.2.2
-Definition .......................................................... 3.5.4
-Early suppression fast-response sprinklers ... 8.12.2.2.3, 8.12.2.2.4,
-8.12.3.1, 8.12.4.1.6, 16.3.3.4, 17.3.3.3, A.8.12.2.2.3,
-A.8.12.3.1(3)
-Hangers, location ...................................... 9.2.3, A.9.2.3.2
-Length
-For light hazard ........................ 23.5.2.1, 23.5.2.3, 23.5.2.5
-For ordinary hazard ............. 23.5.3.2 to 22.5.3.10, A.22.5.3.9
-Protection area of coverage, determination of ............ 8.5.2.1.1,
-23.4.4.5.4
-Restraint of ............................... 9.3.6, A.9.3.6.1 to A.9.3.6.6
-Return bends connected to ................................. 8.15.18.2
-Sway bracing ....................................... 9.3.5.5, A.9.3.5.5.1
-Brazed joints ....... 6.5.4, 10.3.3, 26.4.10.1(4), A.6.5.4, A.26.5.10.1(4)
-Buildings
-Detached ................................................. 8.2.5, A.8.2.5
-Differential movement, sway braces for buildings with .... 9.3.5.13
-Multiple buildings attached by canopies, common
-roofs, etc. ............................................... 8.2.4
-Multistory ..... 8.16.1.5, 8.17.1.6, 9.2.5.4, 9.3.2.3.1(2), A.8.16.1.5.1,
-A.8.17.1.6, A.9.2.5.4.2, Fig. A.9.3.2.3(2), D.1.1.2,
-D.1.1.11.1, D.2.2, D.2.27.1.1
-Service chutes .... 1 1.2.3.4.1, 22.15.2.2, A.22.15.2.2; see also Vertical
-shafts
-Service equipment, rooms housing ........... D.1.1.9.2, D.1.1.10.2,
-D.2.23.2.2, D.2.24.2.2
-Building steel ...................................................... see Steel
-Building structure, sprinkler piping supported by ... 9.2.1.3, A.9.2.1.3
-Bulkheads (definition) ............................................ 3.9.3.3
-Bushings .................. 6.4.7, 8.15.20.2, A.8.15.20.2 to A.8.15.20.5.2
--C-
-Cabinets .................. 8.9.4.1.4, 8.10.7.1.5, A.8.9.4.1.4, A.8.10.7.1.5
-Cable tunnels ........................................ 22.27.1.3, 22.29.1.3
-Calculations .................................... see Hydraulic calculations
-Canopies ........................................... 8.2.4, 11.2.3.1.4(4)(i)
-Carbon dioxide extinguishing system ....................... 22.4.1.6(1)
-Cartoned storage ......... 5.6.3.1(2), 5.6.3.2, Fig. 15.2.2, Table 15.4.1,
-Fig. 17.1.2.1, 17.2.3.1, 20.3, Table A.5.6.3.1, A.5.6.3.2,
-Table A.5.6.3.2, A.20.3
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ................... 21.2.1, 21.3.1
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.1.2
-Discharge criteria ......................... T able 13.2.1, Table 15.3.1
-Carton records storage
-Definition ............................................. 3.9.1.3, A.3.9.1.3
-Sprinkler protection ........................................ 20.5, C.25
-Catwalks ....................................... D.2.3.1.1(2), D.2.4.1.1(2)
-Carton records storage, sprinkler protection of .......... 20.5, C.25
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.1.4
-Ceiling flanges, hanger screws in ................................. 9.1.5.2
-Ceiling height ........................................... see also Clearance
-Definition .......................................................... 3.3.3
-Ceiling pockets .................. 8.6.7, 8.8.7, 11.2.3.2.3.1(4), A.8.6.7.1,
-A.8.6.7.2(4), A.8.8.7.1, A.8.8.7.2(4)
-Definition ................................................. 3.3.4, A.3.3.4
-Ceilings ................... See also Concealed spaces; Drop-out ceilings
-Clearance, effect on sprinkler performance of .................. B.3
-Deflector distance below ......... 8.5.4.1, 8.6.4.1, 8.7.4.1.1, 8.8.4.1,
-8.9.4.1.1, 8.10.4, 8.11.4.1, 8.12.4.1, A.8.4.1, A.8.5.4.1,
-A.8.6.4.1.2(5) to A.8.6.4.1.3.3, A.8.8.4.1.1.4(A) to
-A.8.8.4.1.3
-Flat (definition) ................................................. 3.3.5.1
-Horizontal (definition) ......................................... 3.3.5.2
-Open-grid ........................................... 8.15.14, A.8.15.14
-Definition .................................................... A.3.7.2
-Peak, sprinklers at or near ........ 8.6.4.1.3, 8.8.4.1.3, A.8.6.4.1.3.2,
-A.8.6.4.1.3.3, A.8.8.4.1.3
-Sheathing, pipe hanger installation and ........ 9.2.1.1, A.9.2.1.1.1
-Sloped ............. 8.4.2(1), 8.6.4.1.3, 8.6.4.2.2, 8.6.4.2.3, 8.8.4.1.3,
-8.9.4.2.2, 8.10.3.5, 8.10.3.6, 11.3.4, 23.4.4.5.5,
-A.8.6.4.1.3.2, A.8.6.4.1.3.3, A.8.8.4.1.3, A.23.4.4.5.5
-Definition ..................................................... 3.3.5.3
-Storage facilities ............................................... 12.1.2
-Water demand requirements .............. 1 1.2.3.2.3.3, 11.2.3.2.4
-Smooth-ceiling construction (definition) .................... A.3.7.2
-Smooth (definition) ............................................ 3.3.5.4
-Sprinklers below, piping to ....................... 8.15.20, 23.4.4.5.4,
-A.8.15.20.1 to A.8.15.20.5.2
-Ceiling sprinklers, rack storage
-Carton records storage ........................... 20.5.6.2, 20.5.6.5.2
-Density adjustments ......................................... 16.2.1.3.4
-High bay records storage, mobile ................... 20.7.1, A.20.7.1
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage.... T able 22.37.1.4.1, 22.37.1.4.2
-Plastics storage ..... 17.2, 17.2.1.4, 17.3.1.3, A.17.2.1.1 to A.17.2.4.1.1,
-A.17.3.1.3, C.8, C.20, C.22
-Refrigerated spaces ........................................... 7.9.2.8.4
-Solid racks ......................................... 16.1.6, 17.1.5, C.11
-Steel columns, fire protection of ........... 16.1.4.1(2), 17.1.4.1(3)
-Water demand ........... 16.2.1.3.3, 17.2.1.2, 17.3.1.3, A.17.2.1.2.4,
-A.17.3.1.3
-Double-row and single-row racks ............. 16.3.1.1, 17.2.1.2.1,
-A.16.3.1.1, C.23
-Multiple-row racks .............................. 16.3.1.2, 17.2.1.2.1
-Portable racks ........... 16.2.1.3.2, 16.2.1.3.3, A.16.2.1.3.2, C.15
-Single-row racks ........................................... 17.2.1.2.1
-Cellulose nitrate motion picture film, storage and
-handling of ................ 22.7, A.22.7.1.3 to A.22.7.1.10
-Central safety station (definition) ..................... 3.10.3, 26.1.3(3)
-Central station supervisory service ........... 8.16.1.1.2.1(1), 11.2.2.5
-Certificate, owner’s ............................................. 4.3, A.4.3
-Check valves ............ 8.16.1.1.3, 8.16.1.1.4, 8.16.1.1.6, A.8.16.1.1.3,
-A.8.16.1.1.4, A.8.16.1.1.6
-Air compressor, automatic ................................... 7.2.6.6.4
-Air filling connection ......................................... 7.2.6.4.2
-Alarm ........................................................... 8.17.1.2
-Combined systems ....................................... 7.4.3.6, 7.4.4
-Definition .................................................... 3.8.1.15.1
-13–425INDEX
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Dry pipe systems ........................................ 7.2.3.9, 7.2.4.5
-Fire department connections ...... 8.17.2.4.1, 8.17.2.4.2, 8.17.2.5.1
-Hydrostatic tests .............................................. 25.2.1.10
-Multistory buildings ............................ 8.16.1.5, A.8.16.1.5.1
-Outside sprinklers .................... 7.8.4.2, A.7.8.4.2.1, A.7.8.4.2.3
-Refrigerated spaces .................................. 7.9.2.6, A.7.9.2.6
-Chemicals, protection of laboratories using ....................... 22.8
-Chutes .................................................... see Vertical shafts
-Circulating closed-loop sprinkler systems .............. 7.7.1, A.7.7.1.2
-Acceptance ......................................................... 25.3
-Definition .......................................................... 3.4.2
-Marine systems ................................................... 26.3.4
-Clamps, joint .................. 10.8.3.1.1, 10.8.3.4, 10.8.3.5, A.10.8.3.5
-Classification ................. see Commodity classification; Occupancy
-classifications
-Cleanrooms ............................ 22.23, A.22.23.1.1 to A.22.23.2.3
-Clearance
-To ceiling ............................................................ B.3
-Definition ..................................................... 3.9.1.5
-Piping ..................................................... 9.3.4, A.9.3.4
-To storage .................... 8.5.6, 8.6.6, 8.7.6, 8.8.6, 8.11.6, 8.12.6,
-16.3.2.7.2, 17.2.1.5.1, 17.2.2.6.2, 17.2.3.4.3, A.8.5.6.1,
-A.8.7.6, A.8.8.6
-Closets ....................................... 8.5.5.4, 8.15.8.2, A.8.15.8.2
-Apartment buildings ... D.1.1.6.1, D.1.1.7.1, D.2.19.2.1, D.2.20.2.1
-Guest rooms or suites ........................... D.1.1.5.1, D.2.18.2.1
-Hospital clothes closets ............................... 8.15.9, A.8.15.9
-Lodging or rooming houses ....... D.1.1.3.1, D.1.1.3.2, D.2.16.2.1,
-D.2.16.2.2
-Mercantile occupancies ........... D.1.1.9.2, D.1.1.10.2, D.2.23.2.2,
-D.2.24.2.2
-Residential board and care occupancies ...... D.1.1.8.2, D.2.22.2.2
-Coal mines ........................................... 22.35, A.22.35.1.1.1
-Coatings
-Pipe ................................................................. 7.1 1
-Special .................................................. 6.2.6, A.6.2.6.1
-Color coding of sprinklers ............................... 6.2.5.1, 6.2.5.2
-Columns
-Roll paper (definition) ......................................... 3.9.5.3
-Steel ............................................................. see Steel
-Combined dry pipe-preaction sprinkler systems ................... 7.4,
-A.7.4.2 to A.7.4.3.2
-Definition .......................................................... 3.4.3
-System riser, protection area of ......................... 8.2.1, A.8.2.1
-Combustion engines, installation and use of stationary .......... 22.6,
-A.22.6.1
-Commodities ................. see also specific commodities, e.g. Plastics
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.1.6
-Rack storage ........................................... see Rack storage
-Commodity classification ................................. 5.6, A.5.6, C.2
-Class I .............. 5.6.3.1, A.5.6.3.1, Table A.5.6.3.1, Table A.5.6.3
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage,
-protection of ...................................... Chap. 14
-Rack storage, protection of ................... Chap. 16, Annex C
-Class II ............. 5.6.3.2, A.5.6.3.2, Table A.5.6.3.2, Table A.5.6.3
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage,
-protection of ...................................... Chap. 14
-Class III ............ 5.6.3.3, A.5.6.3.3, Table A.5.6.3.3, Table A.5.6.3
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage,
-protection of ...................................... Chap. 14
-Class IV ............. 5.6.3.4, A.5.6.3.4, Table A.5.6.3.4, Table A.5.6.3
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage,
-protection of ...................................... Chap. 14
-Rack storage, protection of ................... Chap. 16, Annex C
-Mixed commodities ............................................. 5.6.1.2
-Pallet types .................................. 5.6.2, A.5.6.2.2, A.5.6.2.3
-Plastics, elastomers, and rubber . . .5.6.3.3, 5.6.3.4.1, 5.6.4, A.5.6.3.3,
-Table A.5.6.3.3, Table A.5.6.3.4, Table A.5.6.3, A.5.6.4,
-Table A.5.6.4.1
-Rolled paper storage .................................... 5.6.5, A.5.6.5
-Compact storage ............................................... 20.6, C.24
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.1.7
-Compact storage modules .......... 20.6, 22.30.1.3, A.20.6.1, A.20.6.5,
-A.22.30.1.3.1, A.22.30.1.3.2, C.24
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.1.8
-Compartmented (definition) .......................... 3.9.1.9, A.3.9.1.9
-Compartments (definition) ......................................... 3.3.6
-Composite wood joist construction ............................. 8.15.1.4
-Definition ....................................................... A.3.7.1
-Compressed air .................................. see also Air compressors
-Dry pipe systems .......... 7.2.6.2 to 7.2.6.7, A.7.2.6.3 to A.7.2.6.6.1
-Pressure tanks (marine systems) ........................... 26.7.2.4.1
-Compressed air foam extinguishing systems ..... 22.29.1.4, 22.29.1.5
-Concealed spaces
-Cleanrooms ................................... 22.23.1.2, A.22.23.1.2.1
-Exposed combustibles, localized protection of ............. 8.15.1.5
-Spaces above ceilings ............................ 8.15.23, A.8.15.23.3
-Sprinklers in ............ 8.3.2.5(5), 8.15.1, 8.15.7.3, 8.15.23, 11.3.4,
-A.8.15.1.2 to A.8.15.1.2.17, A.8.15.23.3
-Marine systems ..................................... 26.4.4, A.26.4.4
-Pendent and upright sprinklers .......................... 8.6.4.1.4
-Pipe schedule systems, revamping of ............. Fig. 8.15.20.4.3
-Unsprinklered ............... 8.15.23.1, 11.2.3.1.4(3), 11.2.3.1.4(4),
-11.2.3.2.7.2, 12.9, A.11.2.3.1.4(3), A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(d),
-A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(j), A.12.9.1 to A.12.9.2(10)
-Concealed sprinklers (definition) ................................ 3.6.2.1
-Concrete, hangers in ........................................ 9.1.3, A.9.1.3
-Concrete tee construction (definition) .......................... A.3.7.1
-Connections ..... see alsoCouplings; Fire department connections; Hose
-connections; Test connections
-Air supply ........................................................ 7.2.6.4
-City ................................................. 8.16.1.1.4.4, 12.8.3
-Domestic/fire protection water supply interconnection ........ B.1
-Drain ............................................... 8.16.2.4, A.8.16.2.4
-Flexible .............................. see Flexible listed pipe couplings
-Foundation walls, through or under ............ 24.1.6.2, A.24.1.6.2
-Underground and aboveground piping, water supply ..... 24.1.6.1
-Valves, water supply connections .......... 8.16.1.1.2.1, 8.16.1.1.3.1,
-8.16.1.1.4.4
-Waterworks system, from/to ........ 24.1.8, 24.2.1, 24.2.2, A.24.1.8,
-A.24.2.1, A.24.2.2
-Construction ............... see Obstructed construction; Unobstructed
-construction
-Containers ...................... see also Cylinders; Open-top containers
-Compressed gas and cryogenic fluids in ....................... 22.11
-Shipping, master, or outer (definition) ......... 3.9.1.10, A.3.9.1.10
-Storage ...................................................... T able A.5.6
-Control mode density area sprinkler protection ...... see Density/area
-method
-Control mode specific application (CMSA) sprinklers ........ 6.2.3.5,
-8.4.7, 8.11, 11.2.3.2.4(2), 12.6.7, A.8.4.7.2, A.8.11.2 to
-A.8.11.5.3
-Clearance to storage ............................................. 8.1 1.6
-Definition ............................................. 3.6.4.1, A.3.6.4.1
-Deflector position ................................... 8.1 1.4, A.8.11.4.1
-Distance below ceilings .............................. 8.1 1.4.1, A.8.4.1
-Hydraulic calculation procedure ............................. 23.4.4.2
-Obstructions to discharge ..... 8.1 1.4.1.2, 8.11.5, 21.5.3.2, A.8.11.5
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage ............ 14.3, 15.3
-Protection areas ....................................... 8.1 1.2, A.8.11.2
-Rack storage ............. 16.1.4.1(3), 17.1.4.1(4), 17.3.2, A.17.3.2.5
-Over 25 ft in height ........................................... 16.3.2
-Up to and including 25 ft in height ................ 16.2.2, 17.2.2,
-A.16.2.2.7.3, A.17.2.2.6.3, C.19
-Roll paper storage ............................................. 19.1.2.2
-Rubber tire storage .......................... 18.2.4, 18.3(3), 18.4(2)
-Spacing ............................................... 8.1 1.3, A.8.11.3.1
-Steel columns ................................ 16.1.4.1(3), 17.1.4.1(4)
-Wood pallets, protection of ........... 12.12.1.2, Table 12.12.1.2(b)
-Control valves ........................................ 8.17.1.4, 8.17.2.4.2
-Accessibility .................................... 8.16.1.1.7, A.8.16.1.1.7
-Advanced light water reactor electric generating
-plants ............................ 22.27.2.1.2, A.22.27.2.1.2
-Cleanrooms ................................................... 22.23.2.4
-13–426 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Definition ................................................. 3.3.7, A.3.3.7
-Drain connections .............................. 8.16.2.4.3, 8.16.2.4.7
-High-rise buildings ............................... D.1.1.2.1, D.2.2.1.1
-Hose connections ............................ 8.17.5.2.2, A.8.17.5.2.2,
-Fig. A.8.17.5.2.2(a), Fig. A.8.17.5.2.2(b)
-Identification ................................................ 8.16.1.1.8
-In-rack sprinklers ................................. 8.16.1.6, A.8.16.1.6
-Marine systems ........................ 26.2.6.1, 26.4.12.2, A.26.2.6.1
-Multiple systems, fire department connections for ....... 8.17.2.4.3
-Outside sprinklers ................................................. 7.8.3
-Preaction and deluge systems .................................. 7.3.1.8
-Refrigerated spaces .................................. 7.9.2.5, A.7.9.2.5
-Sprinkler system .......... 7.3.1.7.4, 8.16.1.1, A.7.3.1.7.4, A.8.16.1.1
-Testing ............................................ 10.10.2.4.3, 25.2.3.5
-Water-cooling towers ....................................... 22.22.2.6.1
-Conventional pallets (definition) ................... 3.9.1.11, A.3.9.1.11
-Conventional sprinklers ......... see Old-style/conventional sprinklers
-Conveying of vapors, gases, mists and noncombustible particulate
-solids, exhaust systems for air ....................... 22.33
-Conveyors
-Coal, underground conveyors for ............... 22.35.1.3, 22.35.2.1
-Sprinklers obstructed by ................................ 8.12.5.3.1(1)
-Waste and linen conveying systems ......... 22.15.2.2.2, 22.15.2.2.3
-Cooking equipment and operations
-Commercial ................. 7.10, 8.3.2.5(7), A.7.10.2, Fig. A.7.10.2
-Residential ............................................ T able 8.3.2.5(c)
-Coolers ............................................ see Refrigerated spaces
-Core (paper roll) (definition) ..................................... 3.9.5.4
-Cornice sprinklers ................................................. 7.8.8.5
-Corridors
-Design areas ..................................... 1 1.2.3.3.6, 11.2.3.3.7
-Residential sprinklers in ............................ 8.4.5.1, A.8.4.5.1
-Corrosion resistant piping .............. 8.15.21.1, 8.16.2.6.3, 8.16.4.2,
-22.21.2.10.1, 22.30.2.3, A.8.16.4.2, A.22.30.2.1,
-A.22.30.2.3
-Definition ........................................................ 3.8.1.2
-Corrosion-resistant piping ......................................... 7.1 1.2
-Corrosion-resistant sprinklers ......................... 6.2.6.1, A.6.2.6.1
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.3.1
-Water-cooling towers ..... 22.21.2.10.2, 22.21.2.10.3, A.22.21.2.10.3
-Corrosion-retardant material ......................................... 7.1 1
-Definition ........................................................ 3.8.1.3
-Underground pipe joint restraints .............. 10.8.3.5, A.10.8.3.5
-Cotton, baled ............................................. see Baled cotton
-Couplings .................................................... 6.4.6, A.6.4.6
-Flexible listed pipe coupling ............................ 9.3.2, A.9.3.2
-Definition ....................................................... 3.5.7
-Cover plates ........................................................ 6.2.7.3
-Cp ...... 9.3.5.9.3, 9.3.5.9.5, 9.3.6.4, A.9.3.5.9.3.2, A.9.3.5.9.5, A.9.3.6.4
-Definition ......................................................... 3.1 1.1
-Cross mains ...................................................... Fig. A.3.5
-Definition .......................................................... 3.5.5
-Hangers, location .................................... 9.2.4.3 to 9.2.4.5
-Sway bracing ............................ 9.3.5.5, 9.3.5.5.7, A.9.3.5.5.1
-Cryogenic fluids, storage use and handling of .................... 22.11
-Cultural resource properties ........... 22.30, A.22.30.1 to A.22.30.2.3
-Curtains, privacy ...................... 8.6.5.2.2, 8.7.5.2.2.1, 8.8.5.2.2.1,
-8.9.5.2.2.1, A.8.6.5.2.2.1, A.8.7.5.2.2.1, A.8.9.5.2.2.1
-Cutoff rooms, plastic pallets stored in ...................... 12.12.2.4.1
-Cutting, oxygen-fuel gas systems for ................................ 22.9
-Cutting tables, sprinklers obstructed by . . . 8.7.5.3.2, 8.8.5.3.2, 8.9.5.3.2
-Cylinders
-Acetylene cylinder charging plants ............................. 22.10
-Compressed gas and cryogenic fluids in ....................... 22.11
--D-
-Decks .............................................................. A.8.15.7
-Pipe hangers under metal ........................ 9.2.1.4, A.9.2.1.4.1
-Sprinklers obstructed by ............... 8.7.5.3.2, 8.8.5.3.2, 8.9.5.3.2
-Decorative frame elements ................................... 8.15.1.2.18
-Decorative sprinklers .............................................. 6.2.6.3
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.3.5
-Deep fat fryers .................................. 7.10.8.2, Fig. A.7.10.8.2
-Definitions
-Construction ...................................... 3.7, A.3.7.1, A.3.7.2
-General definitions ........................... 3.3, A.3.3.2 to A.3.3.22
-Marine systems .................... 3.10, 26.1.3, A.3.10.4 to A.3.10.9,
-A.26.1.3(4) to A.26.1.3(9)
-NFP A ............................................. 3.2, A.3.2.1 to A.3.2.3
-Private water supply piping ............................ 3.8, A.3.8.1.11
-Sprinklers ................................... 3.6, A.3.6.1 to A.3.6.4.7.1
-Sprinkler system components ............................... 3.5, A.3.5
-Sprinkler system types ........................ 3.4, A.3.4.6 to A.3.4.10
-Storage ........................................ 3.9, A.3.9.1 to A.3.9.6.2
-Deflectors
-Clearance to storage ............ 8.5.6, 8.6.6.1, 8.7.6, 8.8.6.1, 8.11.6,
-8.12.6, A.8.5.6.1, A.8.7.6
-Obstructions below ................ 8.5.5.2.1, 8.6.5.2.1.1, 8.7.5.2.1.1,
-8.8.5.2.1.1, 8.9.5.2.1.1, 8.11.5.2.1.1
-Position ....... 8.5.4, 8.6.4, 8.7.4, 8.8.4, 8.9.4, 8.10.4, 8.11.4, 8.12.4,
-A.8.5.4.1, A.8.6.4.1.2(5) to A.8.6.4.1.3.3, A.8.7.4.1.2.1 to
-A.8.7.4.1.3.3, Fig. A.8.7.4.1.3.2, Fig. A.8.7.4.1.3.3,
-A.8.8.4.1.1.4(A) to A.8.8.4.1.3, A.8.9.4.1.2.1 to
-A.8.9.4.1.4, Fig. A.8.9.4.1.3.1, Fig. A.8.9.4.1.3.2,
-A.8.11.4.1
-Deluge sprinkler systems ......................... 7.3, A.7.3.1 to A.7.3.3
-Advanced light water reactors ................. 22.27.1.3.2, 22.27.2.3
-Definition .......................................................... 3.4.4
-Fire department connections ............. 8.17.2.2(2), 8.17.2.4.2(4)
-Hydraulic calculations .................................... 7.3.3.2, 23.6
-Hydrostatic tests .............................................. 25.2.1.12
-Hyperbaric chambers, Class A ..... 22.17.1, A.22.17.1.5, A.22.17.1.8
-Open sprinklers ................................................. 8.4.4.1
-Operational tests ............................................... 25.2.3.3
-Organic peroxide formulations storage .................. 22.37.1.3.3
-Proscenium opening ......................................... 8.15.17.2
-Return bends ................................................. 8.15.19.3
-Spray application areas .................................... 22.4.1.6(1)
-Test connections ............................................... 8.17.4.5
-Water-cooling towers ............... 22.21.1.1, 22.21.1.4, 22.21.1.7.1,
-A.22.21.1.1.1, A.22.21.1.1.2, A.22.21.1.7.1.1,
-A.22.21.1.7.1.3
-Waterflow detecting devices .................................... 6.9.2.3
-Deluge valves .......... 8.17.1.3.1, 8.17.1.3.2, 8.17.2.4.2(4), 25.2.3.3.1
-Density/area method ........... 1 1.2.3.2, 12.7, 23.4.4.1.1, A.11.2.3.2.5,
-A.11.2.3.2.7, A.12.7.2, A.23.4.4.1.1.1, A.23.4.4.1.1.4
-Aircraft engine test facilities ....................... 22.26, A.22.26.1.1
-Baled cotton storage ............................................. 20.4.2
-Design densities, calculation procedure .................... 23.4.4.5,
-A.23.4.4.5.1 to A.23.4.4.5.5
-Miscellaneous storage ........................................... 13.2.2
-Palletized, solid piled, bin boxes, or shelf storage ...... 14.2, A.14.2
-Plastic and rubber commodities ...................... 15.2, A.15.2
-Rack storage
-Over 25 ft in height ..................... 16.3.1, 17.3.1, A.16.3.1.1,
-A.17.3.1.3 to A.17.3.1.10, C.23
-Up to and including 25 ft in height .................. 16.2.1, 17.2,
-A.16.2.1.3.1 to A.16.2.1.4.2.5, A.17.2.1.1 to A.17.2.4.1.1,
-C.8, C.14 to C.19, C.22
-Roll paper storage .............................. 19.1.2.1, A.19.1.2.1.4
-Selection of density and area of application ................. B.2.1.2
-Wood pallets ............................ 12.12.1.2, Table 12.12.1.2(a)
-Design, sprinkler system ...... Chap. 11, B.2.1.1; see also Density/area
-method
-Adjacent design methods ................................. 12.3, A.12.3
-ASCE/SEI 7, design approach to conform to .............. Annex E
-Marine systems ................................ 26.5, A.26.5.2, A.26.5.3
-Miscellaneous storage ............................................. 13.2
-Occupancy hazard fire control ...... 1 1.2, A.11.2.1.1 to A.11.2.3.4.2
-Palletized, solid piled, bin boxes, or shelf storage
-Class I to IV commodities ................................. Chap. 14
-Plastics and rubber commodities ........................ Chap. 15
-13–427INDEX
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Room design method .......... 1 1.2.3.3, 12.7.1, 12.10, A.11.2.3.3.1,
-A.12.10.1
-Special design approaches ........ 1 1.3, 14.5, 15.4.4, 16.3.4, 17.2.4,
-A.11.3.1.1 to A.11.3.2.1, A.17.2.4.1.1, C.20
-Special design areas ............................. 1 1.2.3.4, A.11.2.3.4.2
-Detached buildings ............ 8.2.5, 12.12.2.1(2), 22.37.1.3.3, A.8.2.5
-Detection devices and systems .... see also Waterflow alarms/detection
-devices
-Cultural resource properties .............................. 22.30.1.3.6
-Deluge systems ....................................... 7.3.1.7.1, 7.3.3.1
-High-expansion foam systems ....................... 12.11.4, 16.1.5.3
-Optical flame detection, spray application areas ....... 22.4.1.6(1)
-Pilot line detectors ................................................. 8.14
-Definition ..................................................... 3.6.3.6
-Preaction systems ............ 7.3.1.7.1, 7.3.2.1, 7.9.2.8, A.7.9.2.8.1.1
-Spare .............................................................. 26.3.2
-Water-cooling towers, heat detectors for ................... 22.21.2.8
-Dielectric fittings ................................................. 7.7.1.1.4
-Differential-type valves ......................................... 25.2.1.15
-Discharge characteristics, sprinklers ............. 6.2.3, Table A.6.2.3.1
-Docks, exterior ...................................................... 8.15.6
-Doors
-Automatic or self-closing ................................ 1 1.2.3.3.5(3)
-Idle pallet storage above ....................................... 12.12.3
-Overhead ........................................... see Overhead doors
-Dormitories ............................. D.1.1.4, D.1.1.5, D.2.17, D.2.18
-Draft curtains ................ 8.4.6.4, 12.1.1, A.12.1.1.1, A.12.1.1.3, C.6
-Definition ................................................. 3.3.8, A.3.3.8
-Draft stops ..... 8.15.4.2, D.1.1.4.1, D.1.1.6.3, D.1.1.7.2, D.1.1.9.1(3),
-D.1.1.10.1(3), D.2.17.2.1, D.2.19.2.3, D.2.20.2.2,
-D.2.23.2.1(3), D.2.24.2.1(3)
-Drains .................................. 8.16.2, A.8.16.2.1 to A.8.16.2.6.1
-Alarms .............................................................. 6.9.5
-Auxiliary ................ 7.2.3.9.2, 8.16.2.5, 22.30.2.2, A.8.16.2.5.2.1,
-A.8.16.2.5.3.5, A.22.30.2.2
-Dry pipe valve ................................................. 7.2.5.4.3
-Fire department connections .................... 8.17.2.6, A.8.17.2.6
-Marine systems, discharge ..................................... 26.4.11
-Pressure gauges .................................................. 8.17.3
-System ................ 8.16.2.1 to 8.16.2.4, A.8.16.2.1 to A.8.16.2.4.1
-System, main drain, or sectional ................. 8.16.2.4, A.8.16.2.4
-T est ............................... 8.17.4.1, A.8.17.4.1, Fig. A.8.17.4.1
-Drain valves ........................................................... 6.7.3
-Discharge of ..................................... 8.16.2.6, A.8.16.2.6.1
-Marine systems ................................................. 26.2.6.2
-Multistory buildings ............................ 8.16.1.5, A.8.16.1.5.1
-Outside sprinklers ............................................... 7.8.4.1
-Drop ceilings ........................... 8.15.23.2, 8.15.23.3, A.8.15.23.3
-Drop-out ceilings .......................... 8.15.15, A.8.15.5, A.8.15.15.4
-Definition .......................................................... 3.3.9
-Marine systems ................................................... 26.4.7
-Dry barrel hydrants ........................................... 10.10.2.4.2
-Definition ...................................................... 3.8.2.1.1
-Dry chemical extinguishing systems ......................... 22.4.1.6(1)
-Dry pipe sprinkler systems ........... 7.2, A.7.2; see also Combined dry
-pipe-preaction sprinkler systems
-Air test ............................................................ 25.2.2
-Baled cotton storage ................................... T able 20.4.2.1
-Control mode specific application (CMSA) sprinklers
-used in .............. 8.4.7.1, 8.4.7.2.1, 8.4.7.3.4, 16.2.2.5,
-16.3.2.5, 17.2.2.4
-Cultural resource properties ...... 22.30.1.3.5, 22.30.2.2, 22.30.2.3,
-A.22.30.2.2, A.22.30.2.3
-Definition .......................................................... 3.4.5
-Drainage ........................... 8.16.2.3, 8.16.2.5.3, A.8.16.25.3.5
-Early suppression fast-response sprinklers used in ........... 8.4.6.1
-Fire department connections ........................... 8.17.2.4.2(2)
-Operational tests .................................. 25.2.3.2, A.25.2.3.2
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage .............. 14.3.5.1
-Plastic and rubber commodities ............................. 15.3.4
-Piping, protection of ......................... 8.16.4.1.1, A.8.16.4.1.1
-Preaction systems classified as ... 15.3.4, 16.2.2.5, 16.3.2.5, 17.2.2.4
-Quick-opening devices .... 7.2.3.3, 7.2.3.4, 7.2.4, 7.4.3.8, 25.2.3.2.1
-Residential sprinklers used in .................................. 8.4.5.2
-Roll paper storage ...................................... T able 19.1.2.2
-Storage, use for ................................. 12.4.2, 12.5, A.12.4.2
-Test connections ................ 8.17.4.3, A.8.17.4.3, Fig. A.8.17.4.3
-Underground pipe ............................................. 8.15.21
-Water-cooling towers .......... 22.21.1.1.1, 22.21.1.7.2, 22.21.2.1.3,
-A.22.21.1.1.1, A.22.21.1.7.2.1, A.22.21.1.7.2.2
-Water delivery/demand requirements ........... 7.2.3.6, 11.2.3.2.5,
-A.11.2.3.2.5
-Waterflow detecting devices .................................... 6.9.2.2
-Dry pipe valves ........ 7.2.1(1), 7.2.3.1, 7.2.4.2, 7.2.5, 7.4.3, 7.9.2.6.2,
-8.17.1.3.1, 8.17.1.3.2, 8.17.2.4.2(2), A.7.2.3.1, A.7.2.5,
-A.7.4.3.2
-Low differential ............................................... 7.2.5.4.2
-Marine systems ............................................... 26.4.12.2
-Operational tests ................. 25.2.3.2.1, 25.2.3.2.2, A.25.2.3.2.2
-Dry sprinklers .... 7.2.2(2), 7.4.2.4(2), 8.4.9, A.7.2.2(2), A.7.4.2.4(2),
-A.8.4.9.1, A.8.4.9.3
-Definition ............................................. 3.6.3.2, A.3.6.3.2
-Preaction systems ............................. 7.3.2.5(2), A.7.3.2.5(2)
-Ducts
-Sprinkler piping below, support of ............................ 9.2.1.5
-Sprinklers in ............. 7.10.2 to 7.10.7, Table 8.3.2.5(c), 8.15.13,
-Fig. A.7.10.2
-Cleanrooms .......... 22.23.1.3, 22.23.2.3, 22.23.2.4, A.22.23.1.3,
-A.22.23.2.3
-Spray application areas ........................ 22.4.2.1, A.22.4.2.1
-Vertical shafts ................................... 8.15.2.1.1, 26.4.5.1
-Sprinklers near .............................................. 8.3.2.5(9)
-Sprinklers obstructed by ............... 8.7.5.3.2, 8.8.5.3.2, 8.9.5.3.2,
-8.10.7.3.2, 8.11.5.3.2, 8.12.5.1.1, 8.12.5.3.1(1)
-Dwelling units ............ 7.2.3.1.1, 8.4.5.1, 8.15.8, A.8.4.5.1, A.8.15.2,
-A.8.15.8.1.1, D.1.1.6, D.1.1.7, D.2.19.2, D.2.20.2
-Definition ......................................................... 3.3.10
--E-
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers ........ 8.4.6, 8.12,
-12.1.3.2, 12.4.3, 12.6.7, A.8.4.6.3, A.8.12.2.2.3 to
-A.8.12.5.2
-Clearance to storage ............................................. 8.12.6
-Definition ............................................. 3.6.4.2, A.3.6.4.2
-Deflector position ............................................... 8.12.4
-Discharge characteristics .............................. 6.2.3.5, 6.2.3.6
-Hydraulic calculation procedure ............................. 23.4.4.3
-Idle pallets
-Plastic pallets .......................... T able 12.12.2.1, 12.12.2.2.3
-Wood pallets ......................... 12.12.1.2, Table 12.12.1.2(c)
-Obstructions to discharge ............. 8.12.5, 21.5.2.2.1, A.8.12.5.2
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage ............ 14.4, 15.4
-Protection areas ...................... 8.12, A.8.12.2.2.3 to A.8.12.5.2
-Rack storage
-Over 25 ft in height ............. 16.3.3, 17.3.3, A.16.3.3, A.17.3.3
-Plastics commodities ............ 17.2.3, 17.3.3, A.17.2.3, A.17.3.3
-Slatted shelves ...................................... 16.2.4.1.2, C.20
-Up to and including 25 ft .... 16.2.3, 17.2.3, 17.2.4.1.2, A.16.2.3,
-A.17.2.3
-Roll paper storage .................... 19.1.1.1.1, 19.1.1.2.1, 19.1.2.3
-Rubber tire storage .......................... 18.2.4, 18.3(3), 18.4(3)
-Spacing ....................... 8.12.3, Fig. A.8.12.2.2.3, A.8.12.3.1(3)
-Steel columns ................................ 16.1.4.1(3), 17.1.4.1(4)
-Temperature rating ............................................. 8.4.6.5
-Earthquake damage, pipe protection from ................ 9.1.1.4, 9.3,
-A.9.3.1 to A.9.3.6.6
-Eaves ........................................................... 8.15.1.2.18
-EC ............................... see Extended coverage (EC) sprinklers
-Egg crate ceilings .................................. see Open-grid ceilings
-Elastomers, classification of ............. 5.6.4, A.5.6.4, Table A.5.6.4.1
-Electrical equipment .............................................. 8.15.11
-Waterflow alarm attachments ........................... 6.9.4, A.6.9.4
-13–428 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Electric generating plants
-Advanced light water reactor ..... 22.27, A.22.27.1.1 to A.22.27.1.6
-Hydroelectric generating plants ........ 22.29, A.22.29.1, A.22.29.2
-Elevator hoistways and machine rooms .......................... 8.15.5,
-A.8.15.5.1 to A.8.15.5.5, D.1.1.9.2, D.1.1.10.2,
-D.2.23.2.2, D.2.24.2.2
-Encapsulation (encapsulated storage)
-Definition .......................................... 3.9.1.12, A.3.9.1.12
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage
-Control mode density/area sprinkler protection
-criteria ...................... 14.2.1(3), 14.2.5, A.14.2.1(3)
-Early suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinklers.... T able 14.4.1
-Water supplies .......................................... T able 14.4.1
-Rack storage
-Ceiling sprinklers ..... 16.3.1.2.1, 17.2.1.2.1, 17.3.1.3, A.17.3.1.3
-In-rack sprinkler systems ........................ 17.3.1.2, 17.3.1.4,
-17.3.1.5, 17.3.1.7, 17.3.1.8
-Engines, stationary combustion, installation and use of .......... 22.6,
-A.22.6.1
-Equivalency to standard ............................................... 1.5
-Escalators ............................................. see Moving stairways
-Escutcheons ............................................... 6.2.7, A.6.2.7.2
-ESFR ............ see Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers
-Exhaust systems
-Air conveying of vapors, gases, mists and noncombustible
-particulate solids ...................................... 22.33
-Commercial-type cooking equipment .................................
-............................... .7.10.2 to 7.10.7, Fig. A.7.10.2
-Expanded (foamed or cellular) plastics ..... T able 13.2.1, Fig. 15.2.2,
-15.3.1, Table 15.4.1, Fig. 17.1.2.1, 17.2.3.1, 17.2.4.1.2(2)
-Definition ...................................................... 3.9.1.13
-Exposed Group A plastic commodities ....... 13.2.1(6), Table 13.2.1,
-Fig. 15.2.2, Table 15.3.1, Fig. 17.1.2.1, 17.2.1.4,
-A.17.2.1.4
-Definition ...................................................... 3.9.1.14
-Exposure protection systems .......... 7.8, 8.3.4.3, 11.3.2, A.7.8.4.2.1,
-A.7.8.4.2.3, A.11.3.2.1; see also Adjacent occupancies
-Hydraulic calculations ............. 1 1.3.2.1, 23.7, A.11.3.2.1, A.23.7
-Operational tests ................................................. 25.2.6
-Water-cooling towers ......................................... 22.21.1.6
-Extended coverage (EC) sprinklers .......... 1 1.2.3.2.2.3, 11.2.3.2.2.4,
-11.2.3.2.3.1, 11.2.3.2.4(1)
-Ceiling pockets .......................... 8.8.7, A.8.8.7.1, A.8.8.7.2(4)
-Clearance to storage ..................................... 8.8.6, A.8.8.6
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.4.3
-Deflector position ...... 8.8.4, 8.9.4, A.8.8.4.1.1.4(A) to A.8.8.4.1.3,
-A.8.9.4.1.2.1 to A.8.9.4.1.4, Fig. A.8.9.4.1.3.1, Fig.
-A.8.9.4.1.3.2
-Obstructions to discharge ........................ 8.8.5, 8.9.5, 21.5.3,
-A.8.8.5.1.2 to A.8.8.5.3, A.8.9.5.1.6 to A.8.9.5.3
-Permitted uses ..................................................... 8.4.3
-Plastics display/storage, retail stores .......... 20.3.1(1), 20.3.2(1),
-20.3.3(1), 20.3.4(1), 20.3.5(1), 20.3.6(1)
-Protection areas ........ 8.8.2, 8.9.2, A.8.8.2.1, A.8.8.2.2.1, A.8.9.2.1
-Sidewall spray ................................................. 8.9, A.8.9
-Spacing ...................................................... 8.8.3, 8.9.3
-Upright and pendent .................. 8.8, A.8.8.2.1 to A.8.8.7.2(4)
-Exterior projections ...................................... 8.15.7, A.8.15.7
-Extra hazard occupancies ............. 5.4, 11.2.1.4(3), A.5.4.1, A.5.4.2
-Acetylene cylinder charging plants ......................... 22.10.1.1
-Compressed gas and cryogenic fluids, storage, use and
-handling ........................................... 22.11.1.2
-Group 1 ................................................... 5.4.1, A.5.4.1
-Group 2 ................................................... 5.4.2, A.5.4.2
-Hydraulic calculations ................................ 23.5.4, A.23.5.4
-Motion picture/television soundstages and production
-facilities .............................................. 22.19.2
-Nitrate film, rooms containing ............................... 22.7.1.1
-Openings, protection of ................................. 1 1.2.3.3.5(3)
-Plastics storage ....................................... 17.1.7.2, 17.2.1.3
-Roll paper storage ........................................... 19.1.2.1.2
-Spray areas and mixing areas ...................... 22.4.1.2, 22.4.1.7
-Sprinkler types used in ......................................... 8.4.1.2
-Extended coverage sprinklers ............................ 8.8.2.1.3
-High temperature sprinklers ............................ 1 1.2.3.2.6
-In-rack sprinklers ........................................... 16.1.8.2
-Pendent/upright sprinklers ............................... 8.8.2.1.3
-Quick-response sprinklers ............................. 1 1.2.3.2.2.2
-Special sprinklers ......................................... 8.4.8.2(4)
-System protection area limitations ...... 8.2.1(3), 8.2.3, A.8.2.1.(3)
-Water demand requirements ................ 1 1.2.2.2, 11.2.3.1.4(2),
-11.2.3.2.2.2, 11.2.3.3.5(3)
-Eye rods ............................................................... 1.2.5
--F-
-Face sprinklers ................................... 16.1.11.2.1, 17.1.10.2.1
-Definition ............................................. 3.9.3.4, A.3.9.3.4
-Fasteners
-In concrete ............................................... 9.1.3, A.9.1.3
-Earthquake protection ....... 9.3.5.11.11, 9.3.5.12, 9.3.7, A.9.3.5.12
-Powder-driven ...................................... 9.1.3.9, A.9.1.3.9.3
-In steel .................................................. 9.1.4, A.9.1.4.1
-In wood ............................................................ 9.1.5
-Fast-response sprinklers ..... see Early suppression fast-response (ESFR)
-sprinklers; Quick-response (QR) sprinklers
-Feed mains ........................................................ see Mains
-Film, cellulose nitrate motion picture... 22.7, A.22.7.1.3 to A.22.7.1.10
-Finish, ornamental ............. 6.2.6.3; see also Ornamental sprinklers
-Fire control (definition) ............................................ 3.3.11
-Fire department connections ................. 8.16.1.1.1.3, 8.16.1.1.3.5,
-8.16.1.1.4.3, 8.17.5.2, 12.8.5, A.8.16.1.1.3.5,
-Fig. A.8.16.1.1.4, A.8.17.5.2.2, Fig. A.8.17.5.2.2(a),
-Fig. A.8.17.5.2.2(b)
-Definition ........................................................ 3.8.1.4
-Exposure fire protection .............................. 7.8.2.2, 7.8.2.3
-Hydrostatic tests ...................................... 25.2.1.10, 26.8.1
-Marine systems ......... 26.2.7, 26.4.9, 26.8.1, A.26.2.7.1, A.26.2.7.7
-Specifications ............................ 6.8, 8.17.2, A.6.8.1, A.8.17.2
-Underground steel pipe used with ............................. 10.1.3
-Fire protection features, Life Safety Code................. D.1.1.1, D.2.1
-Fire pumps
-Definition ........................................................ 3.8.1.5
-Hose demand and .................................... 12.8.2, A.12.8.2
-Hydroelectric generating plants ............................ 22.29.1.7
-Marine systems ........... 26.6.1, 26.7.3, 26.7.4.1, 26.7.4.5, 26.8.3.1,
-26.8.3.2, A.26.7.3.3 to A.26.7.3.13
-Room/house .................................................. 22.27.1.8
-Underground pipe, tests of ............................... 10.10.2.4.4
-Firestopping .......................... 6.3.7.5, 6.4.3.4, 11.2.3.1.4(4)(h),
-15.3.3.2, 22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(5), A.22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(5)
-Fire suppression (definition) ...................................... 3.3.12
-Fittings ........................................... 6.4, A.6.4.3.1 to A.6.4.6
-Buried ............................................ 10.2.5, 10.3, A.10.2.5
-Circulating closed-loop systems ................ 7.7.1.1.2 to 7.7.1.1.4
-Dielectric ...................................................... 7.7.1.1.4
-Equivalent pipe lengths ......................................... 23.4.3
-Grooved ................................................ 10.3.2, 10.8.1.2
-Joining with pipe ........ 6.5, 10.3, 10.8.1.2, A.6.5.1.2 to A.6.5.2.4.3
-Marine systems ...................................... 26.2.4, A.26.2.4.1
-Materials and dimensions ................................. T able 6.4.1
-Outside sprinklers ................................................. 7.8.5
-Pressure ........................................................... 10.3.3
-Pressure limits ............................................ 6.4.5, A.6.4.5
-Solvent cement, use of .......................................... 8.3.1.4
-Threaded ............................ 6.5.1, 10.3.1, 10.8.1.2, A.6.5.1.2
-Underground piping ............ 10.2, 10.3, 10.7.1, 10.7.3 to 10.7.5,
-10.7.11, A.10.2.4, A.10.2.5
-Water-cooling towers ..................................... 22.21.2.10.1
-Welded ........................ 6.5.2, 10.8.1.2, A.6.5.2.2 to A.6.5.2.4.3
-Fixed guideway transit systems ..................................... 22.18
-Fixed obstructions ................................. 8.10.6.3.2, 8.10.7.3.2
-Flammable and combustible liquids, protection of ................ 22.2
-13–429INDEX
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Flammable and combustible materials, spray application
-using ......................... 22.4, A.22.4.1.1 to A.22.4.2.1
-Flat ceilings ..................................................... see Ceilings
-Flexible listed pipe couplings ................... 9.3.2, 9.3.5.5.9, A.9.3.2
-Definition .......................................................... 3.5.7
-Flexible sprinkler hose fittings .................... 9.2.1.3.3, A.9.2.1.3.3
-Floors
-On-floor storage, tires ........................ 18.3(2), Table 18.4(a)
-Openings .................... 8.15.4, 9.3.4, 23.5.1.5, A.8.15.4, A.9.3.4
-Slatted .......................................................... 23.5.1.5
-Spaces under ..................................................... 8.15.6
-Flow-declining pressure characteristics ............................ B.2.1
-Flow hydrants (definition) ...................................... 3.8.2.1.2
-Flue spaces ....... see Longitudinal flue spaces; Transverse flue spaces
-Flumes, water supply connections from .......................... 24.2.6
-Flushing ........................ 8.16.3, 10.10.2.1, 25.2.1.13, A.10.10.2.1
-Flush sprinklers (definition) ...................................... 3.6.2.2
-Foam-water sprinkler systems .......... 22.27.1.5, 22.29.1.4, 22.36.1.2,
-A.22.27.1.5, A.22.36.1.2
-Formulas, hydraulic ................................................ 23.4.2
-Foundation walls, piping through/under .......... 24.1.6.2, A.24.1.6.2
-Four-way braces ....................................... 9.3.5.8, A.9.3.5.8.1
-Definition .............................................. 3.1 1.3, A.3.11.3
-Fpw ............................... T able 9.3.5.3.2(a), Table 9.3.5.3.2(b),
-9.3.5.9.3, 9.3.5.9.4, A.9.3.5.9.3.2, A.9.3.5.9.4
-Definition ......................................................... 3.1 1.2
-Free-flowing plastic materials .... Fig. 15.2.2, 17.1.2.2; see also Plastics
-storage
-Definition ...................................................... 3.9.1.15
-Freezers ........................................... see Refrigerated spaces
-Freezing, protection from ........ 8.4.9, 8.15.13.2, 8.16.2.6.6, 8.16.4.1,
-10.5, 12.4.2, 22.30.2.2, 23.4.4.7.2, A.8.4.9.1, A.8.4.9.3,
-A.8.16.4.1.1, A.10.5.1, A.12.4.2, A.22.30.2.2, A.23.4.4.7.2;
-see also Antifreeze systems
-Friction loss formula .................... 23.4.2.1, 23.4.4.7, A.23.4.4.7.2
-Fuel-fired heating unit (definition) ............................... 3.3.13
-Furnaces .................................. 22.16, A.22.16.2.1, A.22.16.2.6
-With composite wood joist construction ..................... 8.15.1.4
-Industrial ............................................ 8.15.12, A.8.15.12
-Residential areas, sprinklers protecting ............ T able 8.3.2.5(c)
-Fusible elements ................................................... 7.3.1.4
--G-
-Gaseous agent extinguishing systems ........... 22.4.1.6(1), 22.29.1.4
-Gases
-Air, substituted for .................................................. 4.5
-Cylinder storage ........................................... see Cylinders
-Liquefied natural gas (LNG), production, storage, and handling
-of ....................................................... 22.13
-LP-Gas at utility gas plants ....................................... 22.12
-Gas turbines, installation and use of stationary ......... 22.6, A.22.6.1
-Gate valves ..................... 6.7.1.3.1, 8.16.1.1.2.3, Fig. A.8.16.1.1.4
-Gauges ................................................. see Pressure gauges
-Generators
-Emergency ........................................ 22.27.1.7, 22.29.1.4
-Turbine ......................................... see Turbine-generators
-Glass
-Atrium walls ....................................... D.1.1.1.1, D.2.1.2.1
-Windows ........................................ see Window protection
-Glycerine ................................................... 7.6.2.2, 7.6.2.3
-Graph sheets .............................................. 23.3.4, A.23.3.4
-Gratings, sprinklers under ............. 8.5.5.3.1.1, 8.5.5.3.3, 8.6.5.3.5,
-8.7.5.3.2, 8.8.5.3.2, 8.8.5.3.4, 8.9.5.3.2, 8.10.7.3.4,
-8.11.5.3.3, 8.12.5.3.3, A.8.5.5.3.3
-Gravity chutes ..................................... 22.15.2.2, A.22.15.2.2
-Gravity tanks ............................. 8.16.1.1.5, 24.2.5, A.8.16.1.1.5
-Gridded sprinkler systems
-Definition ................................................. 3.4.6, A.3.4.6
-Hydraulic calculation procedures ............... 23.4.4.4, A.23.4.4.4
-Preaction systems ............................................... 7.3.2.6
-Groove joining methods ............... 6.5.3, 10.3.2, 10.8.1.2, A.6.5.3.1
-Ground floors, spaces under ...................................... 8.15.6
-Guards, sprinkler ..................................................... 6.2.8
-Guest rooms or suites ............. D.1.1.4, D.1.1.5, D.2.17.2, D.2.18.2
--H-
-Hangars, aircraft ..................................................... 22.24
-Hangers .............................. 6.6, 9.1, A.6.6, A.9.1.1 to A.9.1.4.1
-Branch lines, location on ............................. 9.2.3, A.9.2.3.2
-Component material ........................................... 9.1.1.6
-Definition ......................................................... 3.1 1.4
-Distance between, maximum ........................... 9.2.2, A.9.2.2
-Earthquakes, subject to ........................................... 9.3.7
-Fasteners
-In concrete ............................................ 9.1.3, A.9.1.3
-In steel ............................................... 9.1.4, A.9.1.4.1
-In wood ......................................................... 9.1.5
-Installation .................................................... 9.2, A.9.2
-Mains, location on ..................................... 9.2.4, A.9.2.4.7
-Marine systems ........ 26.2.5.1(5), 26.2.5.1(6), 26.2.5.3, A.26.2.5.3
-Non-system components, support of ............. 9.1.1.8, A.9.1.1.8.1
-Post-installed anchors ................................... 9.1.3, A.9.1.3
-Powder-driven and welding studs ........... 9.1.3.9, 9.1.4.1, 9.3.7.7,
-A.9.1.3.9.3, A.9.1.4.1
-Risers supported by ...................... 9.2.5, A.9.2.5.3, A.9.2.5.4.2
-Rods ............................................................. see Rods
-Trapeze ........................... 9.1.1.7, 9.2.1.3.2, 9.2.4.6, A.9.1.1.7
-U-hooks ..................................................... see U-hooks
-Water-cooling towers ..................................... 22.21.2.10.1
-Hardware .......................................................... Chap. 6
-Hazardous areas
-Protection of piping in ........................... 8.16.4.3, A.8.16.4.3
-Residential board and care occupancies ...... D.1.1.8.1, D.2.22.2.1
-Hazardous materials, storage at piers, wharves, and
-terminals of ....................................... 22.22.1.4
-Hazardous Materials Code ......................................... 22.37
-Hazards
-Adjacent ................. 12.3, A.12.3; see also Adjacent occupancies
-Multiple hazard classifications, systems with ........ 12.7.2, A.12.7.2
-Hazen–Williams formula ...... 23.4.2.1.1, 23.4.3.2, 23.4.4.7.1, B.2.1.3
-Heat detectors ................................................... 22.21.2.8
-Heating systems
-Sprinklers near components .................. 8.3.2.5(2), 8.3.2.5(9),
-Table 8.3.2.5(c)
-Unit heaters, sprinklers installed below .................. 8.12.5.2(1)
-Heat-producing devices
-With composite wood joint construction .................... 8.15.1.4
-Residential areas, sprinklers protecting ................... 8.3.2.5(8)
-Heat-responsive devices, preaction and deluge systems ........ 7.3.1.4
-Heat-sensitive materials ......................... 26.4.10, A.26.4.10.1(4)
-Definition .................... 3.10.4, 26.1.3(4), A.3.10.4, A.26.1.3(4)
-Heel (definition) ........................................ 3.10.5, 26.1.3(5)
-Heel angle (definition) ................................. 3.10.6, 26.1.3(6)
-Hexagonal bushings .............................. 8.15.20.2, A.8.15.20.2
-High-bay records storage, protection of ................. 20.7, A.20.7.1
-High-challenge fire hazard (definition) ......................... 3.9.1.16
-High-expansion foam systems ............................ 12.11, A.12.11
-Idle pallets, protection of ........... 12.11.3, 12.12.2.4.1(3), 12.12.4
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage .................. 14.6
-Plastic and rubber commodities ............................... 15.5
-Rack storage ........................................... 16.1.5, 16.3.4.1
-Roll paper storage ............................... 19.1.2.1.6, 19.1.2.1.7
-Rubber tire storage ................................................ 18.6
-High-piled storage ................. 8.2.1(4), 8.2.3, 8.4.8.2(4), 8.8.2.1.3
-Definition ...................................................... 3.9.1.17
-High-rise buildings .............................. see Buildings, multistory
-High temperature-rated sprinklers ................... 8.3.2.3 to 8.3.2.5,
-8.4.7.3.2 to 8.4.7.3.4, 8.13.2.2, 11.2.3.2.6, 12.6.8,
-16.2.4.1.2(1), A.8.3.2.5
-High-hazard occupancies, distance beyond perimeters
-for .................................................. A.8.3.2.7
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage ....................... 22.37.1.4.2
-13–430 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Plastic pallets, protection of ........................... 12.12.2.4.3(2)
-Plastics storage ................................................. A.15.2.2
-Protection criteria for ......................................... 14.2.4.2
-Roll paper storage ............................ 19.1.2.1.4, A.19.1.2.1.4
-Steel columns, fire protection of ........... 16.1.4.1(2), 17.1.4.1(3)
-High volume low speed fans ......... 1 1.1.7, 12.1.4, A.11.1.7, A.12.1.4
-Definition ......................................................... 3.3.14
-High water level protection, dry pipe systems ................... 7.2.5.4
-Hoods
-Electrical equipment protection ............................ 8.15.11.2
-Sprinklers in ................. 7.10.2.1, 7.10.4 to 7.10.7, Fig. A.7.10.2
-Horizontal barriers .........................................................
-....... .16.1.9, 17.1.8, 22.37.1.4.4.4(B), A.16.1.9, A.17.1.8
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.3.5
-Horizontal ceiling .............................................. see Ceilings
-Horizontal channels (definition) ................................. 3.9.4.2
-Hose
-Flexible sprinkler hose fittings ................. 9.2.1.3.3, A.9.2.1.3.3
-Hydraulic calculations ............................................. 23.9
-Miscellaneous storage .................................... T able 13.2.1
-Outside ...................................... 12.8.3, Table 13.2.1, 23.9
-Small ............... 8.17.5.1, 12.2, 19.1.1.2, A.8.17.5.1.1, A.12.2, C.5
-Water supply allowance .......... 1 1.1.6, A.11.1.6.1(3) to A.11.1.6.4
-Hose connections ............... 8.17.5, 11.1.6.2, 11.1.6.3, A.8.17.5.1.1,
-A.11.1.6.2, C.5
-Fire department .................... see Fire department connections
-Marine systems ........................................... 26.4.9, 26.8.1
-Miscellaneous storage ........................................... 13.1.1
-One-and-one-half-inch ................................. see Hose, small
-Small hose ................................................. 12.2, A.12.2
-Storage ............................................................ 12.8.4
-Hose houses (definition) .......................................... 3.8.1.6
-Hose stations .................................................. 22.27.2.1.3
-Hose streams ............................ 12.7.4, 12.8, A.12.8.1, A.12.8.2
-Aircraft engine test facilities ................................. 22.26.1.2
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ............................. 21.4
-Baled cotton storage ................................ 20.4.1.1, 20.4.1.2
-Concealed spaces .............................................. 1 1.3.4.3
-Marine systems ........................................ 26.5.3, A.26.5.3
-Multiple hazard classifications, systems with ........ 12.7.2, A.12.7.2
-Nuclear power plants ............. 22.27.1.1, 22.28.1(2), A.22.27.1.1
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage ........ T able 14.3.1,
-14.3.4
-Plastics storage ................................................ 17.3.1.15
-Rack storage systems ......................................... 17.3.1.15
-Residential sprinklers .......................................... 1 1.3.1.6
-Roll paper storage ................................... 19.1.1.2, 19.1.1.3
-Spray application areas ........................................ 22.4.1.3
-Water-cooling towers ....................................... 22.21.1.7.3
-Hose valves .......................................................... 12.8.5
-Hotels ................................... D.1.1.4, D.1.1.5, D.2.17, D.2.18
-Hydrant butts (definition) ......................................... 3.8.1.7
-Hydrants ........... 8.17.5.1.3(1), 10.7.1, 10.7.3 to 10.7.5, 10.10.2.4.1,
-10.10.2.4.2, 22.27.2.1, A.22.27.2.1.2
-Definition ........................................................ 3.8.2.1
-Hydraulically calculated water demand flow rate ......... 10.10.2.1.3,
-11.2.1.1, 11.2.3, A.11.2.1.1, A.11.2.3.1.4(1) to
-A.11.2.3.4.2, Fig. A.11.3.1.1(a), Fig. A.11.3.1.1(b)
-Definition ........................................................ 3.8.1.8
-Hydraulically designed systems ......... see also Hydraulic calculations
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ............................. 21.4
-Circulating closed-loop systems .................... 7.7.1.2, A.7.7.1.2
-Definition ......................................................... 3.3.15
-Deluge systems ............................................ 7.3.3.2, 23.6
-Exposure systems .................................. 1 1.3.2.1, A.11.3.2.1
-Extra hazard occupancies ............................ 23.5.4, A.23.5.4
-Fire department connections ............................. 8.17.2.3(3)
-Hazard fire control sprinkler system ........................... 12.8.6
-Information signs ......................................... 25.5, A.25.5
-In-rack sprinklers ........................................ 16.1.8.1, 23.8
-K-factors less than K-5.6 ..................................... 8.3.4.2(1)
-Marine systems ................................................. 26.5.1.1
-Rack storage ................................... 16.1.8.1, 16.2.1.1, 23.8
-Residential sprinklers ................... 1 1.3.1.1, 11.3.1.3, A.11.3.1.1
-Revamping of ................................. 8.15.20.5, A.8.15.20.5.2
-Roll paper storage ................................... 19.1.2.2, 19.1.2.3
-Hydraulic calculations .................................. 12.7.6, Chap. 23
-Aircraft engine test facilities ............................... 22.26.1.2.2
-Cartoned record storage ...................................... 20.5.6.5
-Computer-generated hydraulic reports ........... 23.3.5, A.23.3.5.1
-Equivalent pipe lengths, valves and fittings ................... 23.4.3
-Exposure systems .......................................... 23.7, A.23.7
-Forms ..................................................... 23.3, A.23.3.2
-Formulas .......................................................... 23.4.2
-Graph sheets ........................................... 23.3.4, A.23.3.4
-Methods ................................... 1 1.2.1.1, 11.2.3, A.11.2.1.1,
-A.11.2.3.1.4(1) to A.11.2.3.4.2, Fig. A.11.3.1.1(a),
-Fig. A.11.3.1.1(b)
-Procedures ...................... 23.4, A.23.4.1 to A.23.4.4.8, B.2.1.3
-Rack storage ...... 16.3.3.4 to 16.3.3.6, 17.1.7.1, 17.2.3.3, 17.3.1.15,
-17.3.3.3, 17.3.3.4.1
-Rubber tire storage, columns within ........................... 18.2.2
-Symbols and abbreviations ....................................... 1.6.2
-Terminals, piers, and wharves .................. 22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(5),
-A.22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(5)
-Water curtains .................................................... 1 1.3.3
-Water supply requirements ..................................... 1 1.1.3
-Hydraulic control systems ...................................... 22.29.2.1
-Hydraulic junction points ........................................ 23.4.2.4
-Hydraulic release systems ......................................... 7.3.1.5
-Hydraulic systems for gate and valve operators .............. 22.29.1.6
-Hydroelectric generating plants .................................... 22.29
-Hydrostatic tests .................................. 10.10.2.2, 25.2, 26.8.1,
-A.10.10.2.2.1 to A.10.10.2.2.6, A.25.2.1
-Hyperbaric chambers, Class A ......... 22.17, A.22.17.1.5, A.22.17.1.8
-Hypobaric facilities .................................. 22.34, A.22.34.1.11
--I-
-Identification ....................................... see also Signs, caution
-Fire department connections .................. 8.17.2.4.5, 8.17.2.4.7
-Hydraulically designed systems .......................... 25.5, A.25.5
-Pipe ............................................... 6.3.7.11, A.6.3.7.11.1
-Sprinklers .................... 6.2.2, 6.2.3.1, A.6.2.2, A.6.2.3.1, A.6.10
-Valves ...................... 6.7.4, 8.16.1.1.8, 26.2.6.3, A.6.7.4, A.6.10
-In valve pits ................................................ 8.16.1.4.3
-Idle pallets ....................................................... see Pallets
-Incinerators, systems, and equipment .............. 22.15, A.22.15.2.2,
-Fig. A.21.15.2.2(a) to (h)
-Indicating valves ............. 7.2.4.4, 7.10.9, 8.16.1.1.1.1, 8.16.1.1.1.2,
-8.16.1.1.4.1, 8.16.1.1.5, 8.16.1.2.4, 8.17.1.4, A.8.16.1.1.5
-Cleanrooms ................................................... 22.23.2.4
-Combined dry pipe-preaction systems ............... 7.4.3.5, 7.4.3.7
-Definition .................................................... 3.8.1.15.2
-Spray application areas ........................................ 22.4.1.5
-Industrial occupancies, high-rise .................. D.1.1.11, D.2.27.1.1
-Industrial ovens and furnaces ........................ 8.15.12, A.8.15.12
-Information technology equipment ... 22.14, A.22.14.2.1, A.22.14.2.3
-In-rack sprinklers ...................... 8.13, 16.1.8, 23.8, C.3, Annex C
-Cartoned record storage ......................... 20.5.6.3 to 20.5.6.5
-Control mode specific application (CMSA)
-sprinklers ............... T able 16.2.2.1, 16.2.2.2, 16.3.2.2
-Discharge pressure .................................. 13.3.2, 16.2.2.7.8
-High-expansion foam systems ................................ 16.1.5.2
-Horizontal barriers ... 16.1.9, 17.1.8, 17.1.10.2.2, A.16.1.9, A.17.1.8
-Hose connections and ................................... 8.17.5.1.3(5)
-Location ............... 8.6.3.4.3, 12.1.3.4.4 to 12.1.3.4.8, 16.3.1.3.1,
-A.16.3.1.3.1.1 to A.16.3.1.3.1.3
-Miscellaneous storage ............................................. 13.3
-Obstructions to discharge ....................................... 8.13.5
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage ...................... 22.37.1.4.3,
-22.37.1.4.4.2(A), 22.37.1.4.4.4
-13–431INDEX
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Pipe
-Hangers ....................................................... 9.2.1.2
-Size ................................................... 16.1.8.1, 23.8.1
-Plastics storage .......... 17.1.5.3, 17.1.5.4, 17.1.7, 17.1.8, 17.1.10.2,
-17.3.3.4, A.17.1.7.4, A.17.1.8, A.17.3.3.4.5
-Retail display/storage .............................. 20.3.4 to 20.3.6
-Refrigerated spaces ................................ 7.9.2.8.3, 7.9.2.8.4
-Solid shelf racks ................. 16.1.6.3, 16.1.6.4, 17.1.5.3, 17.1.5.4
-Spacing
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage ......... 22.37.1.4.4.2(A)(2),
-22.37.1.4.4.4(E)
-Storage over 25 ft ............. 16.3.1.3.2, 16.3.2.7.1 to 16.3.2.7.6,
-17.3.1.9 to 17.3.1.12, 17.3.3.4.4, A.16.3.1.3.2.4,
-A.17.3.1.10
-Storage up to and including 25 ft in height ............. 17.2.1.5,
-17.2.2.6.1 to 17.2.2.6.6, 17.2.3.4.1 to 17.2.3.4.7,
-A.17.2.1.5.3, A.17.2.2.6.3, A.17.2.3.4.5
-Tire storage .................................................... 18.5.2
-Steel columns .................................. 16.1.4.1.1, 17.1.4.1(1)
-Storage over 25 ft. ......... 12.1.3.4.5, 12.1.3.4.6, 16.3.1.3, 16.3.2.7,
-16.3.4, 17.3.3.4, A.16.3.1.3.1.1 to A.16.3.1.3.2.4,
-A.17.3.3.4.5
-Storage up to and including 25 ft in height .............. 12.1.3.4.4,
-12.1.3.4.5, 16.2.2.2, 16.2.4, 17.2.1.5, 17.2.2.6,
-A.16.2.4.1.1, A.17.2.1.5.3, A.17.2.2.6.3, C.19, C.20
-System control valves ............................. 8.16.1.6, A.8.16.1.6
-Tire storage ................................................ 18.2.3, 18.5
-Water demand ....................................... see Water demand
-Inspections ....................................... 8.1.2, Chap. 27, A.8.1.2
-Cleanrooms ................................................... 22.23.2.5
-Ducts, sprinklers in ........................................... 8.15.13.3
-Marine systems ..................................................... 26.9
-Installation ........................................................ Chap. 8
-Application of sprinkler types ............................... 8.4, A.8.4
-Baffles .......................................................... 8.6.3.4.2
-Basic requirements ........................................... 8.1, A.8.1
-Fire protection features, Life Safety Code ...................... D.2.1.2
-Location ........................... 8.5 to 8.12, A.8.5.5.1 to A.8.12.5.2
-Pipe hangers .................................................. 9.2, A.9.2
-Piping ............................. 8.16, 10.7, A.8.16.1.1 to A.8.16.4.3
-Protection area per sprinkler ....... 8.5.2, 8.7.2, 8.8.2, 8.9.2, 8.11.2,
-8.12.2, A.8.8.2.1, A.8.8.2.2.1, A.8.9.2.1, A.8.11.2,
-A.8.12.2.2.3
-Spacing ................ 8.5.3, 8.6.3, 8.7.3, 8.8.3, 8.9.3, 8.11.3, 8.12.3,
-A.8.6.3.2.3, A.8.6.3.2.4, A.8.11.3.1, Fig. A.8.12.2.2.3,
-A.8.12.3.1(3)
-Special situations ..................... 8.15, A.8.15.1.2 to A.8.15.23.3
-System protection area limitations .............. 8.2, A.8.2.1, A.8.2.5
-Use of sprinklers ...................... 8.3, 8.5, A.8.3.1.1 to A.8.3.3.1,
-A.8.5.4.1 to A.8.5.6.1
-Waterflow alarms .................................................. 6.9.1
-Institutional sprinklers (definition) .............................. 3.6.3.3
-Instructions, system ............................................ 25.4, 26.9
-Intermediate level sprinklers ............ 8.5.5.3.3, 8.6.5.3.5, 8.8.5.3.4,
-8.12.5.3.3, 8.13.3.1, 16.1.6, 17.1.5.1, 20.5.6.3, A.8.5.5.3.3,
-C.3, C.11
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.3.4
-Intermediate temperature-rated sprinklers ............ 8.3.2.4, 8.3.2.5,
-8.4.7.3.2, 8.4.7.3.3, 12.6.8.1, 12.6.9, 16.2.4.1.2(1),
-A.8.3.2.5
-In-rack sprinklers .............................................. 8.13.2.2
-Marine systems ................................................... 26.4.1
-International shore connections . . . 26.2.7, 26.8.1, A.26.2.7.1, A.26.2.7.7
-Definition .................................. 3.10.7, 26.1.3(7), A.3.10.7
-Isolation valves ...................................................... 10.6.2
--J-
-Joints ......................................... 6.5, A.6.5.1.2 to A.6.5.2.4.3
-Brazed and soldered ..................................... 6.5.4, A.6.5.4
-Building expansion ...................... 9.3.2.3.1(4), A.9.3.2.3.1(4)
-End treatment ..................................................... 6.5.6
-Groove joining methods .............................. 6.5.3, A.6.5.3.1
-Restraint ................................ 10.8, A.10.8.1.1 to A.10.8.3.5
-Underground pipe .............. 10.2.4, 10.3, 10.6.7, 10.8, A.10.2.4,
-A.10.6.7, A.10.8.1.1 to A.10.8.3.5
-Welded .................................. 6.5.2, A.6.5.2.2 to A.6.5.2.4.3
-Joists .......................................... see Wood joist construction
--L-
-Laboratories
-Chemicals, using ................................................... 22.8
-Motion picture film ............................................ 22.7.2.3
-Laced tire storage .......................................... T able 18.4(d)
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.4.3
-Lakes, water supply connections from ............................ 24.2.6
-Landings ............................................ 8.10.6.3.2, 8.10.7.3.2
-Lateral braces ........ 9.3.5.5, 9.3.5.7.1, 9.3.5.9.6, A.9.3.5.5.1, Annex E
-Definition ......................................................... 3.1 1.5
-Libraries ................................. 22.30, A.22.30.1 to A.22.30.2.3
-Stack areas .......................................... 8.15.10, A.8.15.10
-Life Safety Code................................................... Annex D
-Light fixtures, sprinkler distance from ............... T able 8.3.2.5(c),
-8.7.5.1.2, 8.7.5.1.3
-Light hazard occupancies ......... 5.2, 11.2.1.4(1), 11.2.2.7, 12.9.2(4),
-12.9.2(10), A.5.1, A.5.2, A.12.9.2(4), A.12.9.2(10)
-Compact storage ...................................... 20.6.1, A.20.6.1
-Cultural resource properties .................. 22.30.1.1, A.22.30.1.1
-Fire department connections ............................... 8.17.5.2.1
-Open-grid ceilings .......................................... 8.15.14(1)
-Openings, protection of .................................... 1 1.2.3.3.5
-Pipe schedule ........................................ 23.5.2, A.23.5.2.6
-Sprinkler types used in ................... 8.4.2(1), 12.6.7.1, 12.6.7.2
-Control modes specific application (CMSA)
-sprinklers .......................................... 8.4.7.4.1
-Extended coverage sprinklers ............... 8.8.5.2.2, 8.9.5.2.2.1,
-A.8.9.5.2.2.1
-Exterior projections .................................... 8.15.7.3(2)
-K-factors less than K-5.6 ....................................... 8.3.4
-Pendent/upright sprinklers ............... 8.6.4.1.1.3, 8.6.5.2.1.4,
-8.6.5.2.2.1, 8.6.5.3.2, 8.8.5.2.2, A.8.6.5.2.1.4, A.8.6.5.2.2.1
-Quick-response sprinklers .......................... 1 1.2.3.2.3.1(2)
-Sidewall sprinklers ......................... 8.7.5.2.2.1, 8.9.5.2.2.1,
-A.8.7.5.2.2.1, A.8.9.5.2.2.1
-Special sprinklers ......................................... 8.4.8.2(3)
-Thermal sensitivity ................................ 8.3.3.1, A.8.3.3.1
-System protection area limitations .................... 8.2.1(1), 8.2.3
-Water demand requirements ................ 1 1.2.2.1, 11.2.3.1.4(1),
-11.2.3.1.4(4)(d), 11.2.3.1.4(4)(j), 11.2.3.3.5,
-A.11.2.3.1.4(1), A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(d), A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(j)
-Lighting fixtures, sprinklers obstructed by .................. 8.1 1.5.3.2,
-8.12.5.1.1, 8.12.5.2(1), 8.12.5.3.1(1)
-Limited area systems ................................................... 4.2
-Limited-combustible material (definition) ............ 3.3.16, A.3.3.16
-Linen handling systems ............................... 22.15, A.22.15.2.2
-Lines, branch ............................................. see Branch lines
-Lintels .................... 8.7.4.1.3, 8.9.4.1.3, A.8.7.1.3.2, A.8.7.4.1.3.3,
-A.8.9.4.1.3.1, A.8.9.4.1.3.2
-Liquefied natural gas (LNG), production, storage, and
-handling of ............................................ 22.13
-Listed
-Definition ................................................. 3.2.3, A.3.2.3
-Hangers ............................................. 9.1.1.5, A.9.1.1.5.3
-Pipe and tubing .......................................... 6.3.4, A.6.3.7
-System components and hardware ..................... 6.1.1, A.6.1.1
-Underground pipe .................................... 10.1.1, A.10.1.1
-Lodging houses ........................................... D.1.1.3, D.2.16
-Longitudinal braces ............. 9.3.5.6, 9.3.5.7.1, 9.3.5.9.6, 17.3.1.10,
-17.3.1.11, A.17.3.1.10
-Definition ......................................................... 3.1 1.6
-13–432 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Longitudinal flue spaces .................. 13.3.4.3, 13.3.4.4, 16.1.10.1,
-16.1.11.1.1, 16.1.11.2.2, 16.2.1.4.2.3, 16.3.1.3.2.4,
-16.3.2.7.3, 16.3.2.7.5, 17.1.7.4, 17.1.9.1, 17.1.10.1,
-17.1.10.2.2, 17.2.1.5.3, 17.2.1.5.4, 17.2.2.6.3, 17.2.3.4.5,
-17.2.3.4.6, 17.3.3.4.5, 17.3.3.4.6, A.16.2.1.4.2.3,
-A.16.3.1.3.2.4, A.17.1.7.4, A.17.2.1.5.3, A.17.2.2.6.3,
-A.17.2.3.4.5, A.17.3.3.4.5
-Carton records storage ........................................ 20.5.2.3
-Control mode specific application (CMSA) .............. 16.2.2.7.3,
-16.2.2.7.5, A.16.2.2.7.3
-Definition ............................................. 3.9.3.6, A.3.9.3.6
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers ... 16.2.4.1.2(6),
-16.3.3.5.2, 17.3.3.4.2, 17.4.1.2(6)
-High bay records storage ........................................ 20.7.3
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage ................... 22.37.1.4.3(C)
-Plastics display/storage, retail
-stores ..................... 20.3.1(12), 20.3.5(7), 20.3.7(7)
-Looped sprinkler systems (definition) ........... 3.4.7, A.3.4.7; see also
-Circulating closed-loop sprinkler systems
-Louver ceilings ..................................... see Open-grid ceilings
-Low-pressure blowoff valves .................................. 8.3.2.5(3)
-LP-Gas, storage and handling at utility gas plants ................ 22.12
--M-
-Machine rooms, elevator ......................................... 8.15.5.3
-Main drains ........................................... 8.16.2.4, A.8.16.2.4
-Test connections .... 8.16.2.4.6, 8.17.4.1, A.8.17.4.1, Fig. A.8.17.4.1
-Main drain valves
-Multistory buildings ............................ 8.16.1.5, A.8.16.1.5.1
-T est ............................................... 25.2.3.4, A.25.2.3.4.2
-Mains . . . 10.6.3, 12.8.3;see also Cross mains; Private fire service mains;
-Yard mains
-Cultural resource properties .................. 22.30.2.1, A.22.30.2.1
-Feed ........... 8.16.4.1.3, 9.3.5.5.1, 9.3.5.5.7, Fig. A.3.5, A.9.3.5.5.1
-Definition ....................................................... 3.5.6
-Hangers, location ...................................... 9.2.4, A.9.2.4.7
-Heavily loaded, protection of ................................... 10.6.6
-Hose allowance .................................... 1 1.1.6.2, A.11.1.6.2
-Nuclear power plants ............ 22.27.1.2, 22.27.2.1, A.22.27.2.1.2
-Size of ................................................ 24.1.3, A.24.1.3.3
-Steep grades, restraint on ..................................... 10.8.1.3
-Maintenance, system ............................ 8.1.2, Chap. 27, A.8.1.2
-Cleanrooms ................................................... 22.23.2.5
-Ducts, sprinklers in ........................................... 8.15.13.3
-Marine systems ..................................................... 26.9
-Marine systems .................................................. Chap. 26
-Acceptance ......................................................... 26.8
-Definitions ...... 3.10.8, 26.1.3(8), A.3.10.4 to A.3.10.9, A.26.1.3(8)
-Design approaches ........................... 26.5, A.26.5.2, A.26.5.3
-Fire department connections ......... 26.2.7, A.26.2.7.1, A.26.2.7.7
-Installation requirements .............. 26.4, A.26.4.2 to A.26.4.12.1
-International shore connections ...................... 26.2.7, 26.8.1,
-A.26.2.7.1, A.26.2.7.7
-Maintenance ....................................................... 26.9
-Occupancy classifications ............................. 26.1.4, A.26.1.4
-Partial installation ..................................... 26.1.5, A.26.1.5
-Piping ............... 26.2.2, 26.2.4, 26.2.5, 26.3.3, 26.4.10, 26.7.4.5,
-A.26.2.2, A.26.2.4.1, A.26.2.5.1 to A.26.2.5.4,
-A.26.4.10.1(4)
-Plans and calculations .................................. 26.6, A.26.6.4
-Requirements ............................................ 26.3, A.26.3.1
-Spare sprinklers .................................................. 26.2.3
-System components, hardware, and use ........................ 26.2,
-A.26.2.1 to A.26.2.7.7
-Valves ....................................... 26.2.6, 26.7.4.2, A.26.2.6.1
-Water supplies .......................... 26.7, A.26.7.2.7 to A.26.7.4.6
-Definition .................................................... 3.10.10
-Marine thermal barriers ......................................... A.26.2.2
-Definition .................... 3.10.9, 26.1.3(9), A.3.10.9, A.26.1.3(9)
-Measurement, units of ............................................... 1.6.1
-Mechanical damage, protection from ................ 8.16.4.3.1, 8.16.5
-Mercantile occupancies .............. D.1.1.9, D.1.1.10, D.2.23, D.2.24
-Metal/nonmetal mining and metal mineral processing
-facilities ............... 22.36, A.22.36.1.2 to A.22.36.1.3.4
-Meters ..................................................... 24.1.7, A.24.1.7
-Mezzanines .................. 8.2.2, 23.5.1.5, D.2.3.1.1(1), D.2.4.1.1(1)
-Mines
-Coal ................................................ 22.35, A.22.35.1.1.1
-Metal/nonmetal mining and metal mineral processing
-facilities ............... 22.36, A.22.36.1.2 to A.22.36.1.3.4
-Miscellaneous storage .................................. 12.6.7, Chap. 13
-Definition .......................................... 3.9.1.18, A.3.9.1.18
-Density/area method ............................................ 13.2.2
-Design basis ........................................................ 13.2
-Discharge criteria ........................................ 13.2.1, 13.3.2
-Hose connections ................................................ 13.1.1
-In-rack sprinklers .................................................. 13.3
-Tires (definition) ........... 3.9.4.4, A.3.9.4.4; see also Tires, rubber
-Mixed commodities ................................................ 5.6.1.2
-Mixing rooms, sprinklers for .............. 6.2.6.4, 22.4.1.4, A.6.2.6.4.2
-Motion picture studio soundstages and production
-facilities ....................... 22.19, A.22.19.4, A.22.19.5
-Motor vehicle components... see Automotive components on portable
-racks
-Moving stairways ......................................... 8.15.4, A.8.15.4
-Multicycle systems ...................................................... 7.5
-Definition .......................................................... 3.4.8
-Multistory buildings ............................ see Buildings, multistory
-Museums ................................. 22.30, A.22.30.1 to A.22.30.2.3
--N-
-National Electrical Code................................ 22.31, A.22.31.2.3
-Net vertical force ................................................. 9.3.5.10
-Definition ......................................................... 3.1 1.7
-New technology ........................................................ 1.7
-Nitrate film ............................... 22.7, A.22.7.1.3 to A.22.7.1.10
-Nitrogen
-Air, substituted for .................................................. 4.5
-Pressurized systems ..... 7.2.6.8, 7.9.2.4, 7.9.2.7, A.7.9.2.4, A.7.9.2.7
-Noncombustible material (definition) ............................ 3.3.17
-Nonfire protection connections to sprinkler systems ... 7.7, A.7.7.1.2
-Working plans ... 23.1.5, A.23.1.5, Fig. A.23.1.5(a), Fig. A.23.1.5(b)
-Normal pressure formula ........................................ 23.4.2.3
-Nozzles (definition) ...................... 3.6.4.4; see also Spray nozzles
-Nuclear power plants
-Advanced light water reactor electric generating
-plants .................... 22.27, A.22.27.1.1 to A.22.27.1.6
-Light water .................. 22.27, 22.28, A.22.27.1.1 to A.22.27.1.6
--O-
-Obstructed construction . . . 8.4.3(6), 8.4.6.3, 8.8.4.1.2, A.8.4.6.3;see also
-Obstructions to sprinkler discharge
-Definition ................................................. 3.7.1, A.3.7.1
-Obstructions to sprinkler discharge ......... 8.5.5, 8.7.5, 8.9.5, 8.12.5,
-A.8.5.5.1 to A.8.5.5.3.3, Fig. A.8.5.5.1, A.8.7.5.1.6 to
-A.8.7.5.3, A.8.9.5.1.6 to A.8.9.5.3, A.8.12.5.2;see also
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers;
-Pendent sprinklers; Sidewall sprinklers; Upright
-sprinklers
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ............................. 21.5
-Circulating closed-loop systems ................................ 7.7.1.4
-Continuous obstruction ........... 8.5.5.2.1, 8.6.5.2.1.1, 8.7.5.2.1.1,
-8.8.5.2.1.1, 8.9.5.2.1.1, 8.11.5.2.1.1
-Definition ................................................... 3.3.18.1
-Control mode specific application (CMSA)
-sprinklers ...................... 8.1 1.4.1.2, 8.11.5, A.8.11.5
-Double joist .................................................... 8.6.4.1.5
-Earthquake damage, protection of piping from ............. 9.3.1.3
-Extended coverage sprinklers ......... 8.8.5, A.8.8.5.1.2 to A.8.8.5.3
-Fixed .............. 8.5.5.3.1, 8.6.5.3.3, 8.7.5.3.2, 8.8.5.3.2, 8.9.5.3.2,
-A.8.5.5.3.1, A.8.6.5.3.3
-13–433INDEX
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Hazard, discharge prevented from reaching ................ 8.5.5.3,
-8.6.5.3, 8.7.5.3, 8.8.5.3, 8.9.5.3, 8.10.6.3, 8.10.7.3,
-8.11.5.3, A.8.5.5.3, A.8.6.5.3, A.8.7.5.3, A.8.8.5.3,
-A.8.9.5.3, A.8.10.6.3, A.8.10.7.3, A.8.11.5.3
-In-rack sprinklers ................................................ 8.13.5
-Motion picture/television soundstages and production
-facilities .................................... 22.19.1, 22.19.2
-Noncontinuous obstruction ...... 8.5.5.2.1, 8.6.5.2.1.1, 8.7.5.2.1.1,
-8.8.5.2.1.1, 8.9.5.2.1.1, 8.11.5.2.1.1
-Definition ................................................... 3.3.18.2
-Ovens and furnaces ........................................ A.21.16.2.6
-Pattern development ................ 8.5.5.2, 8.6.5.2, 8.7.5.2, 8.8.5.2,
-8.9.5.2, 8.10.6.2, 8.10.7.2, 8.11.5.2, A.8.5.5.2,
-A.8.6.5.2.1.3 to A.8.6.5.2.2.1, A.8.7.5.2.1.3 to
-A.8.7.5.2.2.1, A.8.8.5.2.1.3, A.8.8.5.2.1.9, A.8.9.5.2.1.3 to
-A.8.9.5.2.2.1, A.8.10.6.2.1.3, A.8.10.6.2.1.9,
-A.8.10.7.2.1.3, A.8.10.7.2.1.7, A.8.11.5.2.1.3
-Performance objectives ............. 8.5.5.1, 8.6.5.1, 8.7.5.1, 8.8.5.1,
-8.9.5.1, 8.10.6.1, 8.10.7.1, 8.11.5.1, A.8.5.5.1, A.8.6.5.1.2,
-A.8.7.5.1.6, A.8.8.5.1.2, A.8.9.5.1.6, A.8.10.7.1.5,
-A.10.7.1.6
-Residential sprinklers ... 8.10.5 to 8.10.7, A.8.10.6.2.1.3 to A.10.7.3
-Suspended or floor-mounted vertical ...................... 8.6.5.2.2,
-8.7.5.2.2, 8.8.5.2.2, 8.9.5.2.2, 8.10.6.2.2, 8.10.7.2.2,
-A.8.6.5.2.2.1, A.8.7.5.2.2.1, A.8.9.5.2.2.1
-Occupancy classifications ... 5.1, 11.2.1.2, A.5.1; see also Extra hazard
-occupancies; Light hazard occupancies; Ordinary
-hazard occupancies; Special occupancy hazards
-Changes .......................................................... 8.3.2.6
-Marine ................................................. 26.1.4, A.26.1.4
-Multiple hazard classifications, systems with ........ 12.7.2, A.12.7.2
-Sprinkler types selected for use .... 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.4.4, 8.4.5, A.8.4.5.1
-Water demand requirements, pipe schedule
-method ................................... 1 1.2.2, A.11.2.2.6
-Occupancy hazard fire control design approach .................. 1 1.2,
-A.11.2.1.1 to A.11.2.3.4.2
-Old-style/conventional sprinklers ................ 8.6.3.4.4, 8.15.14(1),
-22.22.2.1.2.1(B), A.22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(3),
-A.22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(5)
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.4.5
-On-side tire storage ...... T able 18.4(a), Table 18.4(c), Table 18.4(d)
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.4.5
-On-tread tire storage ..... T able 18.4(a), Table 18.4(c), Table 18.4(d)
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.4.6
-Open-grid ceilings ..................................... 8.15.14, A.8.15.14
-Definition ....................................................... A.3.7.2
-Openings ............................................ see also Vertical shafts
-Pipe through, clearance for ............................. 9.3.4, A.9.3.4
-Protection of ................................................. 1 1.2.3.3.5
-Floors openings .................................... 8.15.4, A.8.15.4
-Large openings ............................................. 8.15.4.4
-Open joist construction ..................... see Wood joist construction
-Open racks (definition) ......................................... 3.9.3.7.7
-Open sprinklers ............................................. 7.8.8.6, 8.4.4
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.4.6
-Open-top containers ............... 8.4.6.1.2, 16.1.7, 16.2.3.3, 16.3.3.2,
-17.1.6, 17.2.3.1.1(2), 17.3.3.1.2, C.12
-Definition .......................................... 3.9.1.19, A.3.9.1.19
-High bay records storage ............................. 20.7.1, A.20.7.1
-Open trusses ........................................ 8.12.5.1.1, 8.12.5.3.2
-Operational tests, system .... 25.2.3, 26.8.3, A.25.2.3.2 to A.25.2.3.4.2
-Ordinary hazard occupancies .... 5.3, 11.2.1.4(2), 11.2.2.7, 12.9.2(4),
-12.9.2(10), A.5.3, A.12.9.2(4), A.12.9.2(10)
-Airport terminals ................................. 22.25.1.1, 22.25.1.2
-Compressed gas and cryogenic fluids, storage, use and
-handling ........................................... 22.11.1.1
-Fire department connections ............................... 8.17.5.2.1
-Group 1 ................................................... 5.3.1, A.5.3.1
-Group 2 ................................................... 5.3.2, A.5.3.2
-Laboratories using chemicals ................................... 22.8.1
-Open-grid ceilings .......................................... 8.15.14(1)
-Openings, protection of ................................. 1 1.2.3.3.5(3)
-Pipe schedule ........................................ 23.5.3, A.23.5.3.9
-Roll paper storage ........................................... 19.1.2.1.1
-Roof, exterior .................................................... 7.8.8.6
-Sprinkler types used in ................. 8.4.2(2), 12.6.7.1 to 12.6.7.3
-Control modes specific application (CMSA) sprinklers..... 8.4.7.4
-Exterior projections .................................... 8.15.7.3(2)
-Pendent/upright sprinklers ............................ 8.6.4.1.1.3,
-8.6.5.2.1.4, 8.6.5.3.2, A.8.6.5.2.1.4
-Quick-response sprinklers .......................... 1 1.2.3.2.3.1(2)
-Special sprinklers ......................................... 8.4.8.2(3)
-System protection area limitations .................... 8.2.1(2), 8.2.3
-Water demand requirements ................ 1 1.2.2.1, 11.2.3.1.4(1),
-11.2.3.1.4(4)(d), 11.2.3.1.4(4)(j), 11.2.3.3.5(3),
-A.11.2.3.1.4(1), A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(d), A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(j)
-Ordinary temperature-rated sprinklers ... 12.6.8, 12.6.9, 16.2.4.1.2(1)
-Cartoned record storage ......................... 20.5.6.3, 20.5.6.4.3
-Compact storage ................................................. 20.6.3
-In-rack sprinklers ..................... 16.2.3.6.2, 16.3.3.5, 17.2.3.4.2,
-17.3.3.4, A.17.3.3.4.5
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage .................. 22.37.1.4.3(A),
-22.37.1.4.4.2(A)(3), 22.37.1.4.4.4(G)
-Plastics storage ................................................. A.15.2.2
-Protection criteria for ......................................... 14.2.4.1
-Steel columns, fire protection of ........... 16.1.4.1(2), 17.1.4.1(3)
-Organic peroxide formulations, storage of ................... 22.37.1.3
-Orifice sizes
-Hydraulic calculation procedures ................. 23.4.4.8, 23.4.4.9,
-A.23.4.4.8, A.23.4.4.9
-Nominal sizes .......................................... T able A.6.2.3.1
-Ornamental finishes ............................................... 6.2.6.3
-Ornamental sprinklers ............................................. 6.2.6.3
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.3.5
-Outlet fittings ...................................................... 6.5.5.2
-Outside hose ...................................................... see Hose
-Outside sprinklers .... 7.8, 11.3.2, A.7.8.4.2.1, A.7.8.4.2.3, A.11.3.2.1;see
-also Exposure protection systems
-Ovens ............... 8.15.12, 22.16, A.8.15.12, A.22.16.2.1, A.22.16.2.6
-Overhangs ..................................................... 8.15.1.2.18
-Overhead doors
-Protection of area below ...................................... 8.4.2(3)
-Sprinklers obstructed by ... 8.7.5.3.2, 8.8.5.3.2, 8.9.5.3.2, 8.12.5.3.4
-Owner’s certificate.............................................. 4.3, A.4.3
-Oxidizer solids and liquids, indoor storage of ............... 22.37.1.4
-Oxygen-fuel gas system for welding, cutting, and allied
-processes ............................................... 22.9
--P-
-Packaging (definition) ... 3.9.1.20; see also Containers; Encapsulation
-Paddle-type waterflow alarms ......................... 6.9.2.4, A.6.9.2.4
-Painting, of sprinklers ............ 6.2.6.2, 6.2.6.4.3, 22.4.2.2, A.6.2.6.2
-Palletized storage ............................................... 5.6.3.1(1)
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ..................... 21.2, A.21.2
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.2.3
-Discharge criteria ......................................... T able 13.2.1
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers ............. 14.4,
-Table 14.4.1, 15.4
-Hose steam demand and water supply duration .............. 14.3.4
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage ................ T able 22.37.1.4.1
-Plastic and rubber commodities ....... 15.1, Chap.15, A.15.1.1, C.8
-Special design for .................................................. 14.5
-Sprinkler system design ...................................... Chap. 14
-Tires .............................................. T able 18.4(a) to (d)
-Definition ..................................................... 3.9.4.7
-Pallets ....................................................... see also Plastics
-Idle ................................................. 12.12, A.12.12, C.7
-High-expansion foam system protection .................. 12.11.3
-Plastic ......................................................... 12.12.2
-W ood ...................................... 12.12.1, A.12.12.1.1, C.7
-Rack storage ................................................ 16.2.1.3.4.7
-Slave ........................................................ 16.2.1.3.4.7
-Definition ................................................... 3.9.1.24
-13–434 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Types, and commodity classification ...... 5.6.2, A.5.6.2.2, A.5.6.2.3
-Unit load (definition) ......................................... 3.9.1.26
-W ood ................................................... see Wood pallets
-Panel construction (definition) .................................. A.3.7.1
-Pantries ............................................... 8.15.8.2, A.8.15.8.2
-Paper ...... see also Compact storage; Roll paper storage; Tissue paper
-Carton records storage
-Definition .......................................... 3.9.1.3, A.3.9.1.3
-Sprinkler protection ..................................... 20.5, C.25
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.5.5
-High-bay records storage, protection of .............. 20.7, A.20.7.1
-Partial systems ................................ 12.8.5(3), 26.1.5, A.26.1.5
-Pendent sprinklers ...... 8.6, 12.6.2, 12.6.3, A.8.6.2.2.1 to A.8.6.7.2(4)
-Cabinets, protection for .................................. 8.10.7.1.5.1
-Ceiling pockets ..........................................................
-.8.6.7, 8.8.7, A.8.6.7.1, A.8.6.7.2(4), A.8.8.7.1, A.8.8.7.2(4)
-Clearance to storage .............................. 8.6.6, 8.8.6, A.8.8.6
-Combined dry pipe-preaction systems .................... 7.4.2.4(3)
-Compact storage ................................................. 20.6.3
-Concealed spaces, in .......................................... 8.6.4.1.4
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.2.3
-Deflector position .... 8.6.4, 8.8.4, 8.10.4.1, 8.12.4.1.1 to 8.12.4.1.3,
-A.8.6.4.1.2(5) to A.8.6.4.1.3.3, A.8.8.4.1.1.4(A) to
-A.8.8.4.1.3
-Dry pipe systems .................................... 7.2.2(3), 7.2.2(5)
-Elevator hoistways ................................. 8.15.5.5, A.8.15.5.5
-Extended coverage ..................... 8.8, A.8.8.2.1 to A.8.8.7.2(4)
-Hanger assembly for .... 9.2.3.4.4, 9.2.3.5.2, A.9.2.3.4.4, A.9.2.3.5.2
-Marine terminals, piers, and wharves .............. 22.22.2.1.2.1(B),
-A.22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(3), A.22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(5)
-Obstructions to discharge .......... 8.6.4.1.2, 8.6.4.1.5, 8.6.5, 8.8.5,
-8.10.6, A.8.6.4.1.2(5), A.8.6.5.1.2 to A.8.6.5.3.3,
-A.8.8.5.1.2 to A.8.8.5.3, A.8.10.6.2.1.3 to A.8.10.6.3
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage ................. 22.37.1.4.4.4(F)
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage ......... T able 14.4.1
-Permitted uses ..................................................... 8.4.1
-Preaction systems ............................... 7.3.2.5(3), 7.3.2.5(5)
-Protection areas ...... 8.6.2, 8.8.2, A.8.6.2.2.1, A.8.8.2.1, A.8.8.2.2.1
-Residential ...................................................... 8.10.4.1
-Return bends ............................. 8.15.19.1, 8.15.19.4, 26.4.8
-Roll paper storage ...................................... T able 19.1.2.3
-Roof protection use ............................................. 7.8.8.6
-Spacing ........................... 8.6.3, 8.8.3, A.8.6.3.2.3, A.8.6.3.2.4
-Penstocks, water supply connections from ....................... 24.2.6
-Peroxide, organic ................................................ 22.37.1.3
-Piers ........................ 22.22, A.22.22.1.1 to A.22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(5)
-Piles ................................................. see Solid-piled storage
-Pile stability ............................... see Stable piles; Unstable piles
-Pilot line detectors .................................................... 8.14
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.3.6
-Pipe friction loss ...................... 23.4.2.1.1, 23.4.4.7, A.23.4.4.7.2
-Pipes and piping .............. Fig. A.3.5; see also Fittings; Risers; Valves
-Above drop-out ceilings ....................... 8.15.15.4, A.8.15.15.4
-Aboveground .............................. 6.3, A.6.3.2 to A.6.3.7.11.1
-Antifreeze systems ........................ 7.6.3, A.7.6.3.1 to A.7.6.3.6
-Bending ........................................................ 6.3.7.10
-Circulating closed-loop systems ............... 7.7.1.1.2 to 7.7.1.1.4,
-7.7.1.2, A.7.7.1.2
-Clearance ................................................. 9.3.4, A.9.3.4
-Couplings ................................................. see Couplings
-Drainage ............................ 8.16.2, A.8.16.2.1 to A.8.16.2.6.1
-End treatment ..................................................... 6.5.6
-Equivalent lengths, valves and fittings ......................... 23.4.3
-Flushing of .................................................. see Flushing
-Foundation walls, piping through/under ...... 24.1.6.2, A.24.1.6.2
-Grounding, use for .................................... 10.6.8, A.10.6.8
-Hazardous areas, protection of piping in ....... 8.16.4.3, A.8.16.4.3
-Heat-sensitive materials ...................... 26.4.10, A.26.4.10.1(4)
-Hose connections for ....................................... 8.17.5.1.3
-Hydraulic calculations ............. 23.4.4.5.1, 23.4.4.7, A.23.4.4.5.1,
-A.23.4.4.7.2
-Hydrostatic tests ...................................... 25.2.1.10, 26.8.1
-Identification .................................... 6.3.7.11, A.6.3.7.11.1
-Installation ....................... 8.16, 10.7, A.8.16.1.1 to A.8.16.4.3
-Joining .......................................................... see Joints
-Marine systems ................ 26.2.2, 26.2.4, 26.2.5, 26.3.3, 26.4.10,
-26.7.4.5, A.26.2.2, A.26.2.4.1, A.26.2.5.1 to A.26.2.5.4,
-A.26.4.10.1(4)
-Materials and dimensions .............. 6.3.1 to 6.3.7, Table 6.3.1.1,
-A.6.3.1.1.1 to A.6.3.7
-Outside sprinklers ................................................. 7.8.5
-Private fire service mains ............... see Private fire service mains
-Protection .......................... 8.16.4, A.8.16.4.1.1 to A.8.16.4.3
-Corrosion ............................ see Corrosion resistant piping
-Earthquake damage ....................... 9.3, A.9.3.1 to A.9.3.6.6
-Freezing .............................. see Freezing, protection from
-Hazardous areas, protection of piping in .... 8.16.4.3, A.8.16.4.3
-Mechanical damage .............................. 8.16.4.3.1, 8.16.5
-Refrigerated spaces ................ 7.9.2.1, 7.9.2.3, 7.9.2.7, A.7.9.2.7
-Size ...................................... see also Pipe schedule systems
-Fire department connections ................. 8.17.2.3, A.8.17.2.3
-In-rack sprinklers ................................... 16.1.8.1, 23.8.1
-Light hazard occupancies .......... 23.5.2.2, 23.5.2.4 to 22.5.2.6,
-A.23.5.2.6
-Ordinary hazard occupancies .... 23.5.3.4, 23.5.3.7 to 22.5.3.10,
-A.23.5.3.9
-Solvent cement, use of .......................................... 8.3.1.4
-Sprinklers below ceilings ...... 8.15.20, A.8.15.20.1 to A.8.15.20.5.2
-Sprinklers obstructed by .......... 8.5.5.2.2, 8.7.5.2.1.3, 8.8.5.2.1.3,
-8.9.5.2.1.3, 8.10.6.2.1.3, 8.10.6.2.1.7, 8.10.6.2.1.8,
-8.10.7.2.1.3, 8.11.5.2.1.3, 8.11.5.2.2, 8.12.5.3.1(1),
-A.8.7.5.2.1.3, A.8.8.5.2.1.9, A.8.9.5.2.1.3, A.8.10.6.2.1.3,
-A.8.10.7.2.1.3, A.8.11.5.2.1.3
-Steel ............................................................. see Steel
-Sway bracing .............................................. 9.3.5, A.9.3.5
-System subdivision ................................. 8.15.22, A.8.15.22
-Test connections .... 8.17.4, Fig. A.8.17.4.1, A.8.17.4.1 to A.8.17.4.6.1
-Threaded .............................. see Threaded pipe and fittings
-Underground .................................. see Underground pipe
-Unsupported lengths ................................ 9.2.3.4, A.9.2.3.4
-Water-cooling towers ..................................... 22.21.2.10.1
-Welded .................................. 6.5.2, A.6.5.2.2 to A.6.5.2.4.3
-Pipe schedule systems ........................ 23.5, A.23.5.1 to A.23.5.4
-Definition .......................................................... 3.4.9
-Exposure systems .................................. 1 1.3.2.1, A.11.3.2.1
-In-rack sprinklers .............................................. 16.1.8.1
-Light hazard occupancies .......................... 23.5.2, A.23.5.2.6
-Marine systems ................................................. 26.5.1.2
-Ordinary hazard occupancies ...................... 23.5.3, A.23.5.3.9
-Revamping of ................................................. 8.15.20.4
-Risers, size of ...................................... 23.5.1.4, A.23.5.1.4
-Slatted floors/large floor openings/mezzanines/large
-platforms ........................................... 23.5.1.5
-Stair towers ..................................................... 23.5.1.6
-Underground supply pipe ...................................... 24.1.4
-Water demand requirements ....................... 1 1.2.2, A.11.2.2.6
-Pipe stands .................................................. 9.2.6, A.9.2.6
-Pipe support .............................................. see also Hangers
-Marine systems ....................... 26.2.5, A.26.2.5.1 to A.26.2.5.4
-Risers supported by hangers ............. 9.2.5, A.9.2.5.3, A.9.2.5.4.2
-Sway bracing .............................................. 9.3.5, A.9.3.5
-Pits, valves in ............ 8.16.1.1.6, 8.16.1.4, A.8.16.1.1.6, A.8.16.1.4.2
-Places of worship ....................... 22.30, A.22.30.1 to A.22.30.2.3
-Plans and calculations .......................................... Chap. 23
-Marine systems .......................................... 26.6, A.26.6.4
-Predicting expected performance from calculations ........ B.2.1.4
-Plastics
-Ammonium nitrate storage .............................. 22.37.1.2(2)
-Classification of ................... 5.6.3.3, 5.6.3.4.1, 5.6.4, A.5.6.3.3,
-Table A.5.6.3.3, Table A.5.6.3.4, Table A.5.6.3, A.5.6.4,
-Table A.5.6.4.1
-High bay records storage ............................. 20.7.1, A.20.7.1
-Pallets .......................... 5.6.2.2 to 5.6.2.7, A.5.6.2.2, A.5.6.2.3
-Definition ................................................... 3.9.1.21
-13–435INDEX
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Idle ............................................................ 12.12.2
-Reinforced (definition) ....................... 3.9.1.22, A.3.9.1.22
-Pipe, hangers, and fittings, CPVC ........... 6.3.7, 6.4.3, 9.3.6.1(4),
-A.6.3.7, A.6.4.3.1, A.6.4.3.3
-Processing ....................................................... A.5.3.2
-Retail stores, display/storage in .......................... 20.3, A.20.3
-Plastics storage ...................................................... 12.6.7
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ...... 21.2, 21.3, A.21.2, A.21.3
-Discharge criteria ............................. 13.2.1(2), Table 13.2.1
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers ... Table 15.4.1,
-17.2.3, 17.3.3, A.17.2.3, A.17.3.3
-High-expansion foam systems .................................... 15.5
-Motor vehicle components ............................... 20.2, A.20.2
-Palletized, solid piled, bin box, or shelf storage ......................
-............................... .15.1, Chap. 15, A.15.1.1, C.8
-Rack storage ........................... 16.1.2.2, Chap. 17, A.16.1.2.2
-In-rack sprinklers .................. 8.13.3.2, 17.3.3.4, A.17.3.3.4.5
-Over 25 ft in height ..... 17.1.10, 17.3, A.17.3.1.3 to A.17.3.3.4.5
-Up to and including 25 ft in height .................. 17.1.9, 17.2,
-A.17.2.1.1 to A.17.2.4.1.1, C.8, C.13, C.20, C.22
-Retail stores ................................................ 20.3, A.20.3
-Platforms
-Pipe schedules ................................................. 23.5.1.5
-Spaces under ..................................................... 8.15.6
-Plenums
-Sprinklers in .......... 7.10.2.1, 7.10.2.2, 7.10.5 to 7.10.7, 22.23.1.2,
-Fig. A.7.10.2, A.22.23.1.2.1
-Unsprinklered return air space .................... 1 1.2.3.1.4(4)(b),
-12.9.2(1), 12.9.2(2)
-Plug straps, underground pipe ........................ 10.8.3.3, 10.8.3.4
-Portable racks .................................................... see Racks
-Portable tanks, compressed gas and cryogenic fluids in ......... 22.11
-Porte-cocheres .................................................... A.8.15.7
-Post-indicator valves .................. 8.16.1.1.4.1, 8.16.1.1.6, 8.16.1.3,
-A.8.16.1.1.6, A.8.16.1.3
-Post-installed anchors ...................................... 9.1.3, A.9.1.3
-Definition .............................................. 3.1 1.8, A.3.11.8
-Powder-driven studs/fasteners ............ 9.1.3.9, 9.1.4.1, 9.3.5.11.11,
-9.3.7.7, A.9.1.3.9.3, A.9.1.4.1
-Preaction sprinkler systems ............................ 7.3, 12.4.2, 12.5,
-A.7.3.1 to A.7.3.3, A.12.4.2; see also Combined dry
-pipe-preaction sprinkler systems
-Advanced light water reactor electric generating
-plants ............................................ 22.27.1.6.2
-Control mode specific application (CMSA) sprinklers
-used in ..... 8.4.7.1, 8.4.7.2.1, 16.2.2.5, 16.3.2.5, 17.2.2.4
-Cultural resource properties ...... 22.30.1.3.5, 22.30.2.2, 22.30.2.3,
-A.22.30.2.2, A.22.30.2.3
-Definition .............................................. 3.4.10, A.3.4.10
-Double interlock systems ............ 7.3.2.1(3), 7.3.2.3, 7.9.2.8.1.2,
-8.17.4.4.3 to 8.17.4.4.7, 11.2.3.2.5, 22.30.1.3.5,
-A.7.3.2.3.1.4, A.11.2.3.2.5
-Air test ......................................................... 25.2.2
-Drainage .............................. 8.16.2.3, 8.16.2.5.2, 8.16.2.5.3,
-A.8.16.2.5.2.1, A.8.16.25.3.5
-Fire department connections ........................... 8.17.2.4.2(3)
-Marine, supervision of ........................................... 26.3.3
-Operational tests ............................................... 25.2.3.3
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage ................ 14.3.5
-Plastic and rubber commodities ............................. 15.3.4
-Piping, protection of ......................... 8.16.4.1.1, A.8.16.4.1.1
-Rack storage ......................................... 16.1.5.4, 17.2.2.4
-Refrigerated spaces .............................. 7.9.2.8, A.7.9.2.8.1.1
-Residential sprinklers used in .................................. 8.4.5.2
-Test connections ............................................... 8.17.4.4
-Water-cooling towers .......... 22.21.1.1.1, 22.21.1.7.2, 22.21.2.1.3,
-A.22.21.1.1.1, A.22.21.1.7.2.1, A.22.21.1.7.2.2
-Waterflow detecting devices .................................... 6.9.2.3
-Preaction valves ............. 7.3.2.3.1, 7.9.2.6.2, 8.17.1.3.1, 8.17.1.3.2,
-8.17.2.4.2(3), A.7.3.2.3.1.4
-Operational tests ............................................. 25.2.3.3.1
-Pressure ................. see also Air pressure; System working pressure
-Fittings, pressure limits for .............................. 6.4.5, A.6.4.5
-Hydraulic calculation procedure .... 23.4.4.9, 23.4.4.10, A.23.4.4.9
-Rated pressure of components .................................. 6.1.3
-Residual pressure ................................ see Residual pressure
-Static pressure (definition) .................................. 3.8.1.9.2
-Valves, pressure requirements ................................. 6.7.1.1
-Pressure gauges ......................................... 8.16.1.2.2, 8.17.3
-Accessibility ............................................... 8.1.2, A.8.1.2
-Deluge systems .................................................. 7.3.1.3
-Drains ......................................................... see Drains
-Dry pipe systems ................................................... 7.2.1
-Outside sprinklers ................................................. 7.8.7
-Preaction systems ............................................... 7.3.1.3
-Wet pipe systems .................................................. 7.1.1
-Pressure-reducing valves ...... 8.16.1.2, 8.16.2.4.5, 25.2.4, A.8.16.1.2.3
-Pressure regulating devices (definition) ............... 3.8.1.10; see also
-Pressure-reducing valves
-Pressure relief valves ..................................... see Relief valves
-Pressure tanks .......................................... 24.2.4, A.24.2.4.3
-Marine systems ..................... 26.6.1, 26.7.2, 26.7.4.1, 26.7.4.5,
-26.8.3.1, A.26.7.2.7
-Privacy curtains ................................................ see Curtains
-Private fire hydrants ................................. 1 1.1.6.2, A.11.1.6.2
-Definition ...................................................... 3.8.2.1.3
-Private fire service mains ................... 8.16.1.1.6, 8.16.4.3, 10.6.3,
-A.8.16.1.1.6, A.8.16.4.3
-Definition .......................................... 3.8.1.11, A.3.8.1.11
-Production facilities, motion picture and television ............. 22.19,
-A.22.19.4, A.22.19.5
-Propylene glycol ........................................... 7.6.2.2, 7.6.2.3
-Proscenium curtains/openings ................................ 8.15.17.2
-Protection for system components
-Corrosion ....... see Corrosion resistant piping; Corrosion-resistant
-sprinklers; Corrosion retardant material
-Dry pipe valves ........................................... 7.2.5, A.7.2.5
-Earthquake damage, pipe protection from ............. 9.1.1.4, 9.3,
-A.9.3.1 to A.9.3.6.6
-Exposure ............................. see Exposure protection systems
-Freezing ................................. see Freezing, protection from
-Pipe ................................................ see Pipes and piping
-Preaction and deluge water control valves .................... 7.3.1.8
-Protection provided by sprinkler system..... see System protection area
-Protective coverings, sprinkler ............ 6.2.6.4, 22.4.2.2, A.6.2.6.4.2
-Public hydrants (definition) .................................... 3.8.2.1.4
-Pumper outlets (definition) ..................................... 3.8.1.12
-Pumps ............................................. 8.16.1.1.6, A.8.16.1.1.6
-Fire ....................................................... see Fire pumps
-Water supply ........................ 12.8.2, 24.2.3, A.12.8.2, A.24.2.3
-Purpose of standard ............................................ 1.2, A.1.2
-Pyramid tire storage ....................................... T able 18.4(a)
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.4.8
--Q-
-QR ................................... see Quick-response (QR) sprinklers
-QREC ..... see Quick-response extended coverage (QREC) sprinklers
-QRES ........ see Quick-response early suppression (QRES) sprinklers
-Quick-opening devices ................. 7.2.3.3, 7.2.3.4, 7.2.4, 7.3.2.3.2,
-7.4.3.8, 25.2.3.2.1
-Quick-response early suppression (QRES) sprinklers
-(definition) ........................... 3.6.4.7.1, A.3.6.4.7.1
-Quick-response extended coverage (QREC) sprinklers
-(definition) ........................................ 3.6.4.7.2
-Quick-response (QR) sprinklers ........... 8.12.5.3.4, 12.6.6, 17.3.3.4,
-A.3.6.1, A.17.3.3.4.5
-Animal housing facilities .................................... 22.20.2.1
-Apartment building dwelling units ............ D.1.1.6.2, D.2.19.2.2
-Cartoned record storage ......................... 20.5.6.3, 20.5.6.4.3
-Ceiling pockets ................................. 8.6.7.2(6), 8.8.7.2(6)
-Cleanrooms ..................................... 22.23.2.2, A.22.23.2.2
-Compact storage ................................................. 20.6.3
-13–436 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Control modes specific application (CMSA) ............... 8.4.7.4.1
-Definition ............................................. 3.6.4.7, A.3.6.4.7
-Extra-hazard occupancies ................................. 1 1.2.3.2.2.2
-Guest rooms or suites ........................... D.1.1.4.2, D.2.17.2.2
-In-rack ...... 12.1.3.4.4 to 12.1.3.4.6, 16.2.3.6.2, 16.3.3.5, 17.2.3.4.2
-Light hazard occupancies ................ 8.3.3.1(1), 8.3.3.2, 8.3.3.4
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage .................. 22.37.1.4.3(A),
-22.37.1.4.4.2(A)(3), 22.37.1.4.4.4(G)
-Permitted uses ................................................... 8.4.1.2
-Rubber tire storage protection ................................. A.18.4
-Water demand requirements ............................... 1 1.2.3.2.3
--R-
-Racks
-Definition ............................................. 3.9.3.7, A.3.9.3.7
-Double-row ................... 16.2.1.3.1, 16.2.1.3.2, 17.1.2.2, 17.2.1,
-A.16.2.1.3.1, A.16.2.1.3.2, A.17.2.1.1 to A.17.2.1.4, C.8,
-C.14, C.15, C.22
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ........................ 21.3.1
-Carton records storage ................................... 20.5.3(2)
-Ceiling sprinklers ..................... 16.3.1.1, 17.2.1, A.16.3.1.1,
-A.17.2.1.1 to A.17.2.1.4, C.8, C.22, C.23
-Control mode specific application (CMSA)
-sprinklers ............ 16.2.2.1, 16.3.2.1, 17.2.2.1, 17.3.2.1
-Definition ....................................... 3.9.3.7.1, A.3.9.3.7
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR)
-sprinklers .............. 16.2.3.1, 16.2.4.1.2, 16.2.4.1.2(6),
-16.3.3.1, 17.2.3.1, 17.3.3.1, C.20
-Flue space ............... 16.1.10, 16.1.11, 16.2.4.1.2(6), 17.1.9.1,
-17.1.9.2, 17.1.10.1, 17.1.10.2, C.13
-In-rack sprinkler location ...... 13.3.4.2, 13.3.4.3.1, 16.2.1.4.1.1,
-16.3.1.3.1.1, 17.3.1.5 to 17.3.1.7, A.16.3.1.3.1.1
-In-rack sprinkler spacing ............... 16.2.1.4.2.1, 16.2.1.4.2.5,
-16.3.1.3.2.2, A.16.2.1.4.2.1, A.16.2.1.4.2.5
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage .............. 22.37.1.4.4.4(C)
-Plastics display/storage, retail stores ........................ 20.3.1
-Solid rack ........................... 16.1.6, 17.1.5.1, 17.1.5.2, C.11
-Movable .................................................. 16.1.3, 17.1.3
-Definition ....................................... 3.9.3.7.2, A.3.9.3.7
-Multiple-row .................. 16.2.1.3.1, 16.2.1.3.3, 17.1.2.3, 17.2.1,
-A.16.2.1.3.1, A.17.2.1.1 to A.17.2.1.4, C.8, C.14, C.22
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ........................ 21.3.1
-Ceiling sprinklers .................................. 16.3.1.2, 17.2.1,
-A.17.2.1.1 to A.17.2.1.4, C.8, C.22
-Control mode specific application (CMSA)
-sprinklers ............ 16.2.2.1, 16.3.2.1, 17.2.2.1, 17.3.2.1
-Definition ....................................... 3.9.3.7.3, A.3.9.3.7
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers ..... 16.2.3.1,
-16.3.3.1, 17.2.3.1, 17.3.3.1
-Flue space ....... 16.1.10, 16.1.11, 17.1.9.1, 17.1.9.2, 17.1.10.1.1,
-17.1.10.2, C.13
-In-rack sprinkler location ............... 16.2.1.4.1.2, 16.2.1.4.1.3,
-16.3.1.3.1.3, 17.3.1.8, A.16.3.1.3.1.3
-In-rack sprinkler spacing ............... 16.2.1.4.2.2, 16.2.1.4.2.6,
-16.3.1.3.2.3, A.16.2.1.4.2.2
-Solid rack ........................... 16.1.6, 17.1.5.1, 17.1.5.2, C.11
-Portable ......... see also Automotive components on portable racks
-Ceiling sprinkler water demand ........... 16.2.1.3.2, 16.2.1.3.3,
-A.16.2.1.3.2, C.15
-Definition ................................................... 3.9.3.7.4
-Tire storage ......... T able 18.4(a), Table 18.4(c), Table 18.4(d)
-Single-row .................... 16.2.1.3.1, 16.2.1.3.2, 17.1.2.2, 17.2.1,
-A.16.2.1.3.1, A.16.2.1.3.2, A.17.2.1.1 to A.17.2.1.4, C.8,
-C.14, C.15, C.22
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ........................ 21.3.1
-Carton records storage ................................... 20.5.3(1)
-Ceiling sprinklers ..................... 16.3.1.1, 17.2.1, A.16.3.1.1,
-A.17.2.1.1 to A.17.2.1.4, C.8, C.22, C.23
-Control mode specific application (CMSA)
-sprinklers ............ 16.2.2.1, 16.3.2.1, 17.2.2.1, 17.3.2.1
-Definition ................................................... 3.9.3.7.5
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers ..... 16.2.3.1,
-16.2.4.1.2, 16.3.3.1, 17.2.3.1, 17.3.3.1, C.20
-Flue space ................ 16.1.11, 17.1.9.2, 17.1.10.1.1, 17.1.10.2
-In-rack sprinkler location ...... 13.3.4.2, 13.3.4.3.1, 16.2.1.4.1.1,
-16.3.1.3.1.2, 17.3.1.4, 17.3.1.7, A.16.3.1.3.1.2
-In-rack sprinkler spacing ............... 16.2.1.4.2.1, 16.2.1.4.2.5,
-A.16.2.1.4.2.1, A.16.2.1.4.2.5
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage .............. 22.37.1.4.4.4(D)
-Plastics display/storage, retail stores ........................ 20.3.1
-Solid rack ........................... 16.1.6, 17.1.5.1, 17.1.5.2, C.11
-Rack shelf area (definition) ..................................... 3.9.3.7.6
-Rack storage .... 12.6.2, 12.6.3, Chap. 16, Annex C;see also Automotive
-components on portable racks
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ..................... 21.3, A.21.3
-Boat storage ................................................ T able A.5.6
-Carton records storage .......................................... 20.5.3
-Definitions ......................................................... 3.9.3
-High-expansion foam systems ........................ 16.1.5, 16.3.4.1
-Miscellaneous storage ............................................. 13.3
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage ............... T able 22.37.1.4.1,
-22.37.1.4.3, 22.37.1.4.4.2(A), 22.37.1.4.4.4
-Pallets, idle ...................................................... 12.12.3
-Plastics commodities ......................................... Chap. 17
-Retail display/storage .................................. 20.3, A.20.3
-Protection criteria-general .. 16.1, A.16.1.2 to A.16.1.9, C.9 to C.13
-Refrigerated spaces ................................ 7.9.2.8.3, 7.9.2.8.4
-Sprinkler piping installed in ................................... 9.2.1.2
-Steel columns, fire protection of ........................ 16.1.4, C.10
-Storage over 25 ft in height ............................. 17.1.10, 17.3,
-A.17.3.1.3 to A.17.3.3.4.5
-Flue space .................................................... 16.1.11
-High-expansion foam systems ............................. 16.3.4.1
-Plastics storage .................... 17.3, A.17.3.1.3 to A.17.3.3.4.5
-Special design for ............................................. 16.3.4
-Storage up to and including 25 ft in height ............ 16.2, 17.1.9,
-17.2, A.16.2.1.3.1 to A.16.2.4.1.1, A.17.2.1.1 to
-A.17.2.4.1.1, C.8, C.13 to C.20, C.22
-Flue space ............................................. 16.1.10, C.13
-Plastics storage .... 17.2, A.17.2.1.1 to A.17.2.4.1.1, C.8, C.20, C.22
-Tires ........................................ T able 18.4(a) to (d), 18.5
-Rack storage sprinklers ................... 8.5.5.3.3, 8.6.5.3.5, 8.8.5.3.4,
-8.12.5.3.3, 8.13.3.1, A.8.5.5.3.3, C.3; see also In-rack
-sprinklers
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.3.4
-Discharge criteria .......................... T able 13.2.1, 16.3.1.3.3.1,
-16.3.2.7.8, 17.2.1.5.7, 17.2.2.6.8, 17.2.3.4.9, 17.3.1.14,
-C.19
-Hose connections ........................................ 8.17.5.1.3(5)
-Temperature rating .................................. 8.3.2.7, A.8.3.2.7
-Rated capacity (definition) ...................................... 3.8.1.13
-Raw water source (definition) .......................... 3.3.19, A.3.3.19
-Recessed sprinklers (definition) .................................. 3.6.2.4
-Reconditioned system components and hardware ................ 6.1.2
-Records
-Carton records storage ..................................... 20.5, C.25
-Definition .......................................... 3.9.1.3, A.3.9.1.3
-High-bay records storage ............................... 20.7, A.20.7.1
-Pipe welding ..................................................... 6.5.2.6
-Storage .............................................. 8.15.10, A.8.15.10
-Reducers .............................................................. 6.4.7
-References ............................................. Chap. 2, Annex F
-Refrigerated spaces .................. 7.9, 8.3.2.5(10), 8.16.2.3.3, A.7.9
-Releasing devices
-Deluge systems .................................................. 7.3.1.6
-Preaction systems ............................................... 7.3.1.6
-Relief valves ...................... 7.1.2, 7.2.6.5, 8.16.1.2.3, A.8.16.1.2.3
-Marine systems ........................................ 26.3.1, A.26.3.1
-Pressure tanks (marine systems) ............................. 26.7.2.3
-Remote area of application .................... 14.2.2, 16.2.1.1, B.2.1.3
-Residential board and care occupancies ............... D.1.1.8, D.2.22
-13–437INDEX
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Residential sprinklers .............. 6.2.3.4, 6.2.4.1, 8.4.5, 8.10, 11.3.1,
-A.8.4.5.1, A.8.10.2 to A.8.10.7.3, A.11.3.1.1 to
-A.11.3.1.2.1
-Apartment building dwelling units ............ D.1.1.6.2, D.2.19.2.2
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.4.8
-Existing systems, modifications or additions to ............. 1 1.3.1.4
-Guest rooms or suites ........................... D.1.1.4.2, D.2.17.2.2
-Light hazard occupancies ......................... 8.3.3.1(2), 8.3.3.4
-Marine systems .................................................... 6.4.2
-Obstructions to discharge ........................... 8.10.5 to 8.10.7,
-A.8.10.6.2.1.3 to A.10.7.3
-Residual hydrants (definition) .................................. 3.8.2.1.5
-Residual pressure .................................... 1 1.2.2.6, A.11.2.2.6
-Definition ...................................................... 3.8.1.9.1
-Response Time Index (RTI) ............................... 3.6.1, A.3.6.1
-Restraint straps for tees, underground ............... 10.8.3.2, 10.8.3.4
-Retail stores, plastics storage/display in ................... 20.3, A.20.3
-Retarding devices ................................................. 8.17.1.2
-Retroactivity of standard .............................................. 1.4
-Return bends .............................................. 8.15.19, 26.4.8
-Ridge pole sprinklers ............................................ 7.8.8.6.1
-Riser nipples (definition) ........................................... 3.5.8
-Risers
-Building service chutes ...................................... 1 1.2.3.4.1
-Combined sprinkler and standpipe, control
-valves for ...................................... 8.17.5.2.2(3)
-Definition .......................................................... 3.5.9
-Drain .......................................................... 8.16.2.4.7
-Earthquake damage, protection from .................. 9.3.2.3.1(1),
-9.3.2.3.1(6), 9.3.5.8, A.9.3.2.3.1(1), A.9.3.5.8.1
-Hose connections ........... 8.17.5.1.3(3), 8.17.5.2.1, 8.17.5.2.2(3)
-Outside refrigerated spaces .... 7.9.2.5, 7.9.2.6, A.7.9.2.5, A.7.9.2.6
-Protection of ...................... 8.16.4.1.3, 8.16.5, 10.6.4, A.10.6.4
-Quick-opening device connections ................... 7.2.4.3, 7.2.4.4
-Size ................................................. 23.5.1.4, A.23.5.1.4
-Support of ................................. 9.2.5, A.9.2.5.3, A.9.2.5.4.2
-Sway bracing ....................................... 9.3.5.8, A.9.3.5.8.1
-System .................... 7.9.2.6, 8.2.1, Fig. A.3.5, A.7.9.2.6, A.8.2.1
-Definition ...................................................... 3.5.12
-Drain connections ........................................ 8.16.2.4.2
-Fire department connections ............................ 8.17.5.2.1
-Protection against freezing .............................. 8.16.4.1.3
-Storage, requirements for .................................... 12.8.3
-System subdivision ................................. 8.15.22, A.8.15.22
-Rivers, water supply connections from ........................... 24.2.6
-Rods ................ 9.1.2, 9.3.5.5.10, 9.3.6.5, A.9.1.2.3(1), A.9.3.5.5.10
-Coach screw ..................................................... 9.1.5.7
-Eye ................................................................ 9.1.2.5
-Threaded sections of ........................................... 9.1.2.6
-Underground ..... 10.8.3.1.2, 10.8.3.3.3, 10.8.3.4, 10.8.3.5, A.10.8.3.5
-Roll paper storage ........... 12.6.2, 12.6.3, Chap. 19, Table A.5.6.3.3,
-Table A.5.6.3.4
-Commodity classifications ............................... 5.6.5, A.5.6.5
-Definitions ......................................................... 3.9.5
-Discharge criteria ............................. 13.2.1(4), Table 13.2.1
-Height (definition) .................................. 3.9.5.7, A.3.9.5.7
-Horizontal ...................................................... 19.1.1.5
-Definition ................................................... 3.9.5.6.1
-Hose stream demand and water supply system . . .19.1.1.1 to 19.1.1.2
-Protection criteria ..................................... 19.1.2, A.19.1.2
-Temperature rating of sprinklers .................. 8.3.2.7, A.8.3.2.7
-Vertical (definition) ........................................... 3.9.5.6.2
-Wrapped ............................................. 19.1.1.6, 19.1.1.7
-Definition ..................................... 3.9.5.6.3, A.3.9.5.6.3
-Roof ............................................. see also Concealed spaces
-Common ........................................................... 8.2.4
-Exterior .......................................................... 7.8.8.6
-Height (definition) ............................................ 3.9.1.23
-Peak, sprinklers at or near ........ 8.6.4.1.3, 8.8.4.1.3, A.8.6.4.1.3.2,
-A.8.6.4.1.3.3, A.8.8.4.1.3
-Uninsulated, sprinklers under ............................. 8.3.2.5(5)
-Vents ................................ 12.1.1, A.12.1.1.1, A.12.1.1.3, C.6
-Room design method ....................... see Design, sprinkler system
-Rooming houses .......................................... D.1.1.3, D.2.16
-Rooms, small ........................................ 8.6.3.2.4, A.8.6.3.2.4
-Definition ......................................................... 3.3.21
-Rubber
-Classification of ........................ 5.6.4, A.5.6.4, Table A.5.6.4.1
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage ............ Chap. 15
-Tires .................................................... see Tires, rubber
--S-
-Scope of standard ............................................... 1.1, A.1.1
-Screws ............................................. 9.1.5.1, 9.1.5.3, 9.2.5.2
-Sectional valves ................................................. 8.16.2.4.3
-Seismic damage, pipe protection from ..................... 9.1.1.4, 9.3,
-A.9.3.1 to A.9.3.6.6, Annex E
-Seismic separation assembly ............................... 9.3.3, A.9.3.3
-Definition ........................................... 3.1 1.10, A.3.11.10
-Semi-mill construction (definition) .............................. A.3.7.1
-Shafts, vertical ........................................... see Vertical shafts
-Shall (definition) ..................................................... 3.2.4
-Shelf storage ........................ see also Slatted racks; Solid shelving
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ..................... 21.2, A.21.2
-Back-to-back shelf storage .................... 15.2.2(3), 21.2, A.21.2
-Definition ................................................... 3.9.2.6.1
-Definition ............................................. 3.9.2.6, A.3.9.2.6
-Discharge criteria ......................................... T able 13.2.1
-Pallets, idle ...................................................... 12.12.3
-Plastic and rubber commodities ............................ Chap. 15
-Protection of Class I to IV commodities .................... Chap. 14
-Rack storage .............................. 16.2.4.1, A.16.2.4.1.1, C.20
-Special design for .................................................. 14.5
-Sprinkler system design approach, shelves above 12 ft ....... 14.2.4
-Shields
-Electrical equipment protection ............................ 8.15.11.2
-Sprinkler ........................................ 8.13.3.1, 8.13.3.2, C.3
-Shop-welded
-Definition ......................................................... 3.3.20
-Piping .......................................................... 6.5.2.2.1
-Should (definition) .................................................. 3.2.5
-Show windows, sprinklers under .............................. 8.3.2.5(6)
-Sidewall sprinklers ........................ 8.7, A.8.7.4.1.2.1 to A.8.7.5.3
-Clearance to storage ..................................... 8.7.6, A.8.7.6
-Combined dry pipe-preaction systems ........ 7.4.2.4(3), 7.4.2.4(4)
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.2.5
-Deflector position ............................... 8.7.4, 8.9.4, 8.10.4.2,
-A.8.7.4.1.2.1 to A.8.7.4.1.3.3, Fig. A.8.7.4.1.3.2,
-Fig. A.8.7.4.1.3.3, A.8.9.4.1.2.1 to A.8.9.4.1.4,
-A.8.9.4.1.3.1, Fig. A.8.9.4.1.3.1, Fig. A.8.9.4.1.3.2,
-A.8.9.4.1.4
-Dry pipe systems .................................. 7.2.2(3) to 7.2.2(5)
-Elevator hoistways .......... 8.15.5.1, 8.15.5.5, A.8.15.5.1, A.8.15.5.5
-Extended coverage ................................ 8.4.3(5), 8.9, A.8.9
-Hanger assembly for ................................. 9.2.3.6, A.9.2.3.6
-Light hazard occupancies .................................... 8.4.2(1)
-Obstructions to discharge ........................ 8.7.5, 8.9.5, 8.10.7,
-A.8.7.5.1.6 to A.8.7.5.3, A.8.9.5.1.6 to A.8.9.5.3,
-A.8.10.7.1.5 to A.8.10.7.3
-Outside sprinklers ............................................... 7.8.8.6
-Plastic pallets, protection of ........................... 12.12.2.4.1(5)
-Preaction systems ............................. 7.3.2.5(3) to 7.3.2.5(5)
-Protection areas ................................. 8.7.2, 8.9.2, A.8.9.2.1
-Residential .............................. 8.10.3.4, 8.10.4.2 to 8.10.4.4
-Spacing ...................................................... 8.7.3, 8.9.3
-Steel columns, fire protection of ........... 16.1.4.1(1), 17.1.4.1(2)
-Tire storage ....................................................... 18.2.1
-Signs ................................................. See also Identification
-Caution
-Sprinklers ..................................................... 7.7.1.5
-Valves .......................................................... 7.7.1.5
-General information ...................................... 25.6, A.25.6
-13–438 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Hydraulic design information ............................ 25.5, A.25.5
-Location and information ...................................... A.6.10
-SI units ................................................................ 1.6.1
-Skylights ............................................................... 8.5.7
-Slatted floors ...................................................... 23.5.1.5
-Slatted racks ........ 16.2.4.1, 17.2.4.1, A.16.2.4.1.1, A.17.2.4.1.1, C.20
-Definition ...................................................... 3.9.3.7.8
-Plastics display/storage, retail stores ........................... 20.3.1
-Slave pallets ................................................... 16.2.1.3.4.7
-Definition ...................................................... 3.9.1.24
-Sloped ceiling .................................................. see Ceilings
-Small hose ......................................................... see Hose
-Small rooms ......................................... 8.6.3.2.4, A.8.6.3.2.4
-Definition ......................................................... 3.3.21
-Smooth ceilings ................................................ see Ceilings
-Soffits ............................ 8.7.4.1.3, 8.9.4.1.3, 8.9.4.1.4, 8.10.4.3,
-8.10.7.1.5, 8.15.1.2.18, A.8.7.1.3.2, A.8.9.4.1.3.1 to
-A.8.9.4.1.4, A.8.10.7.1.5
-Soldered joints .............................................. 6.5.4, A.6.5.4
-Solid-piled storage
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ..................... 21.2, A.21.2
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.2.7
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers ............. 14.4
-Hose steam demand and water supply duration .............. 14.3.4
-Plastic and rubber commodities ............................ Chap. 15
-Protection of Class I to IV commodities .................... Chap. 14
-Special design for .................................................. 14.5
-Solid shelf racks ...................................... 16.1.6, 17.1.5, C.11
-Definition ...................................................... 3.9.3.7.9
-Solid shelving ......................................... 16.1.6, 17.1.5, C.11
-Definition ............................................. 3.9.3.8, A.3.9.3.7
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers ........ 8.4.6.1.1,
-16.2.3.2, 16.3.3.2, 17.2.3.1.1(1), 17.3.3.1.1
-High bay records storage ........................................ 20.7.3
-Plastics display/storage, retail stores .............. 20.3.1, 20.3.4(5),
-20.3.5(4), 20.3.5(5), 20.3.6
-Solid unit load of nonexpanded plastic ..................... Fig. 15.2.2
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.2.8
-Solvent extraction facilities ................... 22.5, 22.36.1.3, A.22.5.1,
-A.22.36.1.3.2 to A.22.36.1.3.4
-Soundstages .................................. 22.19, A.22.19.4, A.22.19.5
-Spaces ............................................... see Concealed spaces
-Spare detection devices, stock of ................................. 26.3.2
-Spare sprinklers, stock of ........ 6.2.9, 26.2.3, A.6.2.9.1 to A.6.2.9.7.1
-Special occupancy hazards .......................... 8.4.4.1, 11.2.1.4(4)
-Special occupancy requirements ............................... Chap. 22
-Special situations ........................ 8.15, A.8.15.1.2 to A.8.15.23.3
-Concealed spaces ................. 8.15.1, A.8.15.1.2 to A.8.15.1.2.17
-Drop-out ceilings ...................... 8.15.15, A.8.15.5, A.8.15.15.4
-Dry pipe underground ......................................... 8.15.21
-Ducts ............................................................. 8.15.13
-Dwelling units .......................... 8.15.8, A.8.15.2, A.8.15.8.1.1
-Electrical equipment ........................................... 8.15.11
-Exterior projections ................................... 8.15.7, A.8.15.7
-Ground floors/exterior docks/platforms, spaces under ..... 8.15.6
-Hospital clothes closets ............................... 8.15.9, A.8.15.9
-Library stack areas .................................. 8.15.10, A.8.15.10
-Old-style sprinklers ................. 8.15.14(1), 8.15.16, A.8.15.16.2
-Open-grid ceilings .................................. 8.15.14, A.8.15.14
-Piping to sprinklers below ceilings ........................... 8.15.20,
-A.8.15.20.1 to A.8.15.20.5.2
-Records storage ..................................... 8.15.10, A.8.15.10
-Return bends ................................................... 8.15.19
-Spaces above ceilings ............................ 8.15.23, A.8.15.23.3
-Stages ............................................................ 8.15.17
-Stair towers ...................................................... 8.15.18
-Stairways .......................... 8.15.3, 8.15.4, A.8.15.3.3, A.8.15.4
-System subdivision ................................. 8.15.22, A.8.15.22
-Vertical shafts ..................... 8.15.2, 8.15.4, A.8.15.2.2, A.8.15.4
-Special sprinklers ....................... 6.2.4.2, 8.4.8, 8.5.6.3, A.8.4.8.1
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.4.9
-Special structures .......................................... D.1.1.2, D.2.2
-Spray application areas, protection of ....... 6.2.6.4, 22.4, A.6.2.6.4.2,
-A.22.4.1.1 to A.22.4.2.1
-Spray nozzles
-Cooking equipment protection ........ 7.10, A.7.10.2, Fig. A.7.10.2
-Stationary combustion engines and gas turbines
-protection .......................................... 22.6.2.3
-Spray sprinklers ............... 1 1.2.3.2.4(1), 12.1.3.4.2, 12.6.2, 12.6.3,
-12.12.2.4, 16.2.4.1.2(1), 17.2.4.1.2(1), 20.6.3
-Definition ...................................................... 3.6.4.10
-Roof protection use ............................................. 7.8.8.6
-Sprig ...................................................... 9.2.3.5.1, 9.2.3.7
-Definition ......................................................... 3.5.10
-Restraint of ........................................... 9.3.6.6, A.9.3.6.6
-Sprinkler alarms ............... 8.17.1, A.8.17.1, C.4; see also Waterflow
-alarms/detection devices
-Sprinklers ......... see also Control mode specific application (CMSA)
-sprinklers; Dry sprinklers; Early suppression
-fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers; In-rack sprinklers;
-Old-style/conventional sprinklers; Outside sprinklers;
-Pendent sprinklers; Residential sprinklers; Sidewall
-sprinklers; Temperature ratings of sprinklers; Upright
-sprinklers; Specific application control mode sprinkler
-(storage use)
-Application of types .......................................... 8.4, A.8.4
-Characteristics, general ................................. 3.6.1, A.3.6.1
-Clearance to storage ..................................... see Clearance
-Cornice ........................................................... 7.8.8.5
-Corrosion-resistant ................. see Corrosion-resistant sprinklers
-Definitions ........................................................... 3.6
-Discharge characteristics ....................... 6.2.3, Table A.6.2.3.1
-Face ............................................ 16.1.11.2.1, 17.1.10.2.1
-Definition ..................................................... 3.9.3.4
-Hydraulic calculations ............................ 23.4.4.6, A.23.4.4.6
-Identification ........................ 6.2.2, 6.2.3.1, A.6.2.2, A.6.2.3.1
-Limitations ......................................................... 6.2.4
-Location .. 8.1.1, 8.5 to 8.12, 13.3.4, A.8.1.1, A.8.5.5.1 to A.8.12.5.2
-New sprinkler requirement ...................................... 6.2.1
-Open ............................................................... 8.4.4
-Outside .................................... 7.8, A.7.8.4.2.1, A.7.8.4.2.3
-Painting .................................... 6.2.6.2, 6.2.6.4.3, A.6.2.6.2
-Piping to, below ceilings ...... 8.15.20, A.8.15.20.1 to A.8.15.20.5.2
-Positioning ........ 8.1.1, 8.5 to 8.12, A.8.1.1, A.8.5.5.1 to A.8.12.5.2
-Protection area per sprinkler ...................... 8.5.2, 8.6.2, 8.7.2,
-8.8.2, 8.9.2, 8.11.2, 8.12.2, A.8.6.2.2.1, A.8.8.2.1,
-A.8.8.2.2.1, A.8.9.2.1, A.8.11.2, A.8.12.2.2.3
-Protective caps and straps, removal of ........................ 8.3.1.5,
-A.8.3.1.5.1, A.8.3.1.5.2
-Reconditioned ................................................... 6.1.2.2
-Spacing ................. 8.1.1, 8.5.3, 8.6.3, 8.7.3, 8.8.3, 8.9.3, 8.10.3,
-8.11.3, 8.12.3, A.8.1.1, A.8.6.3.2.3, A.8.6.3.2.4, A.8.11.3.1,
-Fig. A.8.12.2.2.3, A.8.12.3.1(3)
-Spare, stock of .................. 6.2.9, 26.2.3, A.6.2.9.1 to A.6.2.9.7.1
-Temperature ratings ..................... 8.3.2, A.8.3.2.1 to A.8.3.2.7
-Thermal sensitivity ............................. see Thermal sensitivity
-Use of .......... 8.3, 8.5, A.8.3.1.1 to A.8.3.3.1, A.8.5.4.1 to A.8.5.6.1
-Sprinkler systems ........... see also Antifreeze systems; Combined dry
-pipe-preaction sprinkler systems; Deluge sprinkler
-systems; Dry pipe sprinkler systems; Hydraulically
-designed systems; Marine systems; Pipe schedule
-systems; Preaction sprinkler systems; System protection
-area; Valves; Wet pipe sprinkler systems
-Acceptance .................................................... Chap. 25
-Components and hardware ... Chap. 6, 26.2, A.26.2.1 to A.26.2.7.7
-Nonsprinkler system components, support of ......... 4.6, A.4.6
-Protection for .............. see Protection for system components
-Reconditioned components ................................... 6.1.2
-Definition .............................................. 3.3.22, A.3.3.22
-Design ..................................... see Design, sprinkler system
-Future upgrading of performance ............................ B.2.1.5
-Installation ..................................................... Chap. 8
-Limited area ......................................................... 4.2
-Maintenance ............................................ 26.9, Chap. 27
-13–439INDEX
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Nonfire protection connections to ..................... 7.7, A.7.7.1.2
-Working plans ...................................... 23.1.5, A.23.1.5
-Partial systems ......................................... 26.1.5, A.26.1.5
-Performance criteria ................................................ B.2
-Protection, level of .................................................. 4.1
-Requirements .................................................. Chap. 7
-Size of .................................... 7.2.3, 7.3.2.2, 8.13.1, A.7.2.3
-Subdivision .......................................... 8.15.22, A.8.15.22
-Working pressure .................................................. 6.1.3
-Ss .................................... 9.3.5.9.3.1, 9.3.5.9.3.2, A.9.3.5.9.3.2
-Definition ......................................................... 3.1 1.9
-Stable piles ...................................... Fig. 15.2.2, Fig. 17.1.2.1
-Definition ............................................. 3.9.2.4, A.3.9.2.4
-Stages (theatrical) ................................................. 8.15.17
-Stairways ........................... 8.10.6.3.2, 8.10.7.3.2, 8.15.3, 8.15.4,
-A.8.15.3.3, A.8.15.4, D.2.3.1.1, D.2.4.1.1
-Marine systems ................................................. 26.4.5.2
-Stair towers ........................................... 8.15.18, 23.5.1.6
-Type 1 (definition) ............................... 3.10.13, 26.1.3(12)
-Standard (definition) ................................................ 3.2.6
-Standard mill construction (definition) ......................... A.3.7.2
-Standard spray sprinklers ......... 8.6, 8.7, A.8.6.2.2.1 to A.8.6.7.2(4),
-A.8.7.4.1.2.1 to A.8.7.5.3
-Definition .................................................... 3.6.4.10.1
-Standby emergency generators ..................... 22.27.1.7, 22.29.1.4
-Standpipe systems ... 8.17.5.2.2, 22.27.2.1, A.8.17.5.2.2, A.22.27.2.1.2
-Static pressure (definition) ...................................... 3.8.1.9.2
-Stationary combustion engines and gas turbines ........ 22.6, A.22.6.1
-Stationary containers, cylinders, and tanks, compressed gas and
-cryogenic fluids in .................................... 22.11
-Steel
-Building, control mode specific application (CMSA) sprinkler
-protection .............. 14.3.6, 15.3.5, 16.2.2.6, 16.3.2.6,
-17.2.2.5, 17.3.2.4
-Columns ..................................... 16.1.4, 17.1.4, 18.2, C.10
-Fittings ................................................ 6.5.1.2, A.6.5.1.2
-Hanger fasteners in .................................... 9.1.4, A.9.1.4.1
-High bay records storage, shelves for .......................... 20.7.3
-Pipe ...................... 6.3.2 to 6.3.4, 6.4.3.1, 8.16.4.2.4, 9.2.3.4.1,
-9.2.3.5.1, 9.2.3.5.2.1, 9.2.4.3 to 9.2.4.5, 22.30.2.3, A.6.3.2,
-A.6.4.3.1, A.22.30.2.3
-Galvanized ......................................... 8.4.7.2, A.8.4.7.2
-Underground ............... T able 10.1.1, 10.1.2, 10.1.3, 10.1.6.2
-Retail shelving racks, plastics display/storage ................. 20.3.3
-Storage ......... 8.2.1(4), 8.2.3; see also Baled cotton; Bin box storage;
-High-piled storage; Miscellaneous storage; Palletized
-storage; Plastics storage; Rack storage; Roll paper
-storage; Shelf storage; Solid-piled storage; Tires
-Ammonium nitrate solids and liquids ...................... 22.37.1.2
-Building height ........................................ 12.1.3, A.12.1.3
-Cellulose nitrate motion picture
-film ......................... 22.7, A.22.7.1.3 to A.22.7.1.10
-Clearance to .............................................. see Clearance
-Definitions .................................... 3.9, A.3.9.1 to A.3.9.6.2
-Discharge considerations, sprinkler ................... 12.7, A.12.7.2
-Draft curtains, use of .............. 12.1.1, A.12.1.1.1, A.12.1.1.3, C.6
-Excessive clearances ............................ 12.1.3.4, A.12.1.3.4.1
-General requirements ....................................... Chap. 12
-Hazardous Materials Code ....................................... 22.37
-Idle pallets .................................................... see Pallets
-Library stack areas .................................. 8.15.10, A.8.15.10
-Organic peroxide formulations ............................. 22.37.1.3
-Oxidizer solids and liquids, indoor storage of ............. 22.37.1.4
-Records storage ..................................... 8.15.10, A.8.15.10
-Roof vents, use of ................. 12.1.1, A.12.1.1.1, A.12.1.1.3, C.6
-Special designs ................................................ Chap.20
-Temperature rating of sprinklers ............................. 8.3.2.7,
-8.4.7.3.3, 8.4.7.3.4, A.8.3.2.7
-Storage aids (definition) ......................................... 3.9.1.25
-Strainers ... 7.8.6, 7.10.10, 8.3.4.2(3), 8.15.13.4, 8.17.1.5.1, 8.17.1.5.2
-Summary sheet, hydraulic calculations ................. 23.3.2, A.23.3.2
-Supervision
-Alarm service ................................................... 1 1.2.2.5
-Definition .......................................... 3.10.11, 26.1.3(10)
-Deluge systems .................................................. 7.3.3.1
-High-rise buildings ............................... D.1.1.2.1, D.2.2.1.1
-Marine system piping ............................................ 26.3.3
-Preaction systems ............................ 7.3.2.4, 26.3.3, A.7.3.2.4
-Supervisory devices .............................. 8.16.1.1.2, A.8.16.1.1.2
-Definition ......................................................... 3.5.11
-Survival angle (definition) .......................... 3.10.12, 26.1.3(11)
-Sway braces ....................................... 9.3.5, A.9.3.5, Annex E
-Definition ....................................................... 3.1 1.1 1
-System protection area .................... see also Density/area method
-Geometry of area of application ............................... B.2.1.3
-Level of protection .................................................. 4.1
-Limitations ........................................ 8.2, A.8.2.1, A.8.2.5
-Maximum protection area of coverage ..... 8.5.2.2, 8.6.2.2, 8.7.2.2,
-8.8.2.2, 8.9.2.2, 8.11.2.2, 8.12.2.2, A.8.6.2.2.1, A.8.8.2.2.1,
-A.8.12.2.2.3
-Protection area per sprinkler ............... 8.5.2, 8.6.2, 8.7.2, 8.8.2,
-8.9.2, 8.11.2, 8.12.2, A.8.6.2.2.1, A.8.8.2.1, A.8.8.2.2.1,
-A.8.9.2.1, A.8.11.2, A.8.12.2.2.3
-Selection of area of application ............................... B.2.1.2
-System risers ...................................................... see Risers
-System working pressure ............................................ 6.1.3
-Definition ......................................................... 3.3.23
-Underground pipe ............. 10.1.5, 10.2.3, 10.10.2.2.1, A.10.1.5,
-A.10.10.2.2.1
--T-
-Tanks ............................... see also Gravity tanks; Pressure tanks
-Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids ........................ 22.11
-Hose demand and .................................... 12.8.1, A.12.8.1
-Technology, new ........................................................ 1.7
-Telecommunications facilities ...................................... 22.32
-Television studio soundstages and production facilities ........ 22.19,
-A.22.19.4, A.22.19.5
-Temperature characteristics ............................... 6.2.5, A.6.2.5
-Temperature ratings of sprinklers ..... 8.3.2, A.8.3.2.1 to A.8.3.2.7; see
-also High temperature-rated sprinklers; Intermediate
-temperature-rated sprinklers; Ordinary
-temperature-rated sprinklers
-Control mode specific application (CMSA) sprinklers ...... 8.4.7.3
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers ........... 8.4.6.5
-In-rack sprinklers .............................................. 8.13.2.2
-Marine systems ................................................... 26.4.1
-Special sprinklers ............................................ 8.4.8.2(2)
-Terminals
-Airport ................................ 22.25, A.22.25.1.2, A.22.25.1.3
-Marine .................. 22.22, A.22.22.1.1 to A.22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(5)
-Test blanks ......................................... 25.2.1.14, A.25.2.1.14
-Test connections .............. 7.2.3.7, 7.4.6, 7.10.11, 8.17.4, A.7.2.3.7,
-Fig. A.8.17.4.1, A.8.17.4.1 to A.8.17.4.6.1
-Deluge systems ................................................. 8.17.4.5
-Dry pipe systems ................. 8.17.4.3, A.8.17.4.3, Fig. A.8.17.4.3
-Main drain ........... 8.16.2.4.6, 8.17.4.1, A.8.17.4.1, Fig. A.8.17.4.1
-Marine systems .................................................. 26.4.13
-Preaction systems .............................................. 8.17.4.4
-Wet pipe systems .................................. 8.17.4.2, A.8.17.4.2
-Tests .............................................. 8.1.2, Chap. 27, A.8.1.2
-Apparatus/devices for .......................................... 7.3.1.7
-Combined dry pipe-preaction systems .......................... 7.4.6
-Deluge systems .................................................. 7.3.1.7
-Dry pipe and double-interlocked system air ................... 25.2.2
-Ducts, sprinklers in ........................................... 8.15.13.3
-Flow ............................................................. 26.8.3.1
-Definition ................................................. 3.8.1.14.1
-Flushing ......................................... 10.10.2.1, A.10.10.2.1
-Definition ................................................. 3.8.1.14.2
-Hydrostatic .................................... 25.2.1, 26.8.1, A.25.2.1
-Definition ................................................. 3.8.1.14.3
-13–440 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Main drain valve ................................ 25.2.3.4, A.25.2.3.4.2
-Marine systems ............................................... 26.8, 26.9
-Preaction systems ............................................... 7.3.1.7
-System operational ........ 25.2.3, 26.8.3, A.25.2.3.2 to A.25.2.3.4.2
-Tissue test series ................................................. A.19.1
-Water disposal after .......................................... 25.2.1.13
-Test valves ...................................... 6.7.3, 26.2.6.2, 26.7.3.11
-Thermal barriers
-Definition ......................................................... 3.3.24
-Marine .......................................................... A.26.2.2
-Definition ........................... 3.10.9, 26.1.3(9), A.26.1.3(9)
-Residential board and care occupancies ...... D.1.1.8.2, D.2.22.2.2
-Thermal sensitivity ........... 3.6.1, 8.3.3, 8.4.8.1(4), A.8.3.3.1; see also
-Temperature ratings of sprinklers
-Definition ....................................................... A.3.6.1
-Threaded pipe and fittings ............ 6.5.1, 10.3.1, 10.8.1.2, A.6.5.1.2
-Thrust blocks ............................................. 10.8.2, A.10.8.2
-Time limitation, combined dry pipe-preaction systems ........... 7.4.5
-Tires, rubber
-Banded (definition) ............................................ 3.9.4.1
-Definition ...................................................... 3.9.4.10
-Storage ........................................ 12.6.2, 12.6.3, Chap. 18
-Ceiling systems ......................................... 18.4, A.18.4
-Definitions ...................................................... 3.9.4
-Discharge criteria .......................... 13.2.1(3), Table 13.2.1
-In-rack systems .......................................... 18.2.3, 18.5
-Miscellaneous ............................ see Miscellaneous storage
-Rack illustrations .................................. 3.9.4.9, A.3.9.4.9
-Sprinklers, clearance for .................................... 8.5.6.5
-Temperature rating of sprinklers ............... 8.3.2.7, A.8.3.2.7
-Tissue paper ....................... 5.6.5.4, 19.1.1.7, 19.1.2.1.2, A.5.6.5,
-Table A.5.6.5, A.19.1
-Towers
-Stair ................................................... 8.15.18, 23.5.1.6
-Water-cooling ................................ See Water-cooling towers
-Transverse flue spaces .................... 13.3.4.3, 13.3.4.4, 16.1.10.2,
-16.1.11.1, 16.2.1.4.2.3, 16.3.1.3.2.4, 16.3.2.7.3,
-16.3.2.7.5, 16.3.2.7.6, 17.1.7.4, 17.1.9.2, 17.1.10.1.1,
-17.1.10.2.2, 17.2.1.4, 17.2.1.5.3 to 17.2.1.5.5, 17.2.2.6.3,
-17.2.2.6.5, 17.2.2.6.6, 17.2.3.4.5 to 17.2.3.4.7, 17.3.1.10
-to 17.3.1.12, 17.3.3.4.5 to 17.3.3.4.7, A.16.2.1.4.2.3,
-A.16.3.1.3.2.4, A.17.1.7.4, A.17.2.1.4, A.17.2.1.5.3,
-A.17.2.2.6.3, A.17.2.3.4.5, A.17.3.1.10, A.17.3.3.4.5
-Carton records storage ................... 20.5.2, 20.5.6.3.4, 20.5.6.4
-Control mode specific application (CMSA) .............. 16.2.2.7.3,
-16.2.2.7.5, 16.2.2.7.6, A.16.2.2.7.3
-Definition ........................................................ 3.9.3.9
-Early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers ... 16.2.4.1.2(5),
-16.3.3.5.2, 17.3.3.4.2, 17.4.1.2(5)
-High bay records storage ........................................ 20.7.3
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage ................... 22.37.1.4.3(C)
-Plastics display/storage, retail stores ...................... 20.3.1(11)
-Trapeze hangers .................... 9.1.1.7, 9.2.1.3.2, 9.2.4.6, A.9.1.1.7
-Tripping devices, combined systems .................... 7.4.3.3, 7.4.3.4
-Trusses
-Combustible concealed spaces ...................... 8.6.4.1.4, 11.3.4
-Open ............................................. 8.12.5.1.1, 8.12.5.3.2
-Wood truss construction (definition) ......................... A.3.7.2
-Tube .................................................. see Pipes and piping
-Turbine-generators ... 22.27.1.5 to 22.27.1.7, A.22.27.1.5, A.22.27.1.6
-Turbines
-Standby combustion ......................................... 22.27.1.7
-Stationary gas, installation and use of ................. 22.6, A.22.6.1
-Type 1 stair (definition) ............................. 3.10.13, 26.1.3(12)
--U-
-U-hooks .... 9.1.2.4, 9.1.5.2, 9.3.5.5.11, 9.3.6.1(2), 26.2.5.4, A.26.2.5.4
-Underground pipe ...... 6.3.1.1.1, 8.16.2.6.3, Chap. 10, 24.1.4, 24.1.6,
-Fig. A.3.5, A.6.3.1.1.1, A.24.1.6.2
-Backfilling .......................................................... 10.9
-Buried fittings ......................................... 10.2.5, A.10.2.5
-Care in laying ...................................................... 10.7
-Contractor’s material and test certificate ............... Fig. 10.10.1
-Cover, depth of .......................................... 10.4, A.10.4.1
-Damage, protection against ............. 10.6, A.10.6.4 to A.10.6.8.1
-Dry pipe ......................................................... 8.15.21
-Fire department connections ....... 8.17.2.4.4, 10.1.3, A.8.17.2.4.4
-Fittings ........................................................ see Fittings
-Freezing, protection from .............................. 10.5, A.10.5.1
-Joints ............................................................ see Joints
-Lining of ............................................... 10.1.6, A.10.1.6
-Listed ................................................... 10.1.1, A.10.1.1
-Loop systems ..................................................... A.10.1
-Steel ....................................... T able 10.1.1, 10.1.2, 10.1.3
-Testing and acceptance ......... 10.10, A.10.10.2.1 to A.10.10.2.2.6
-Type and class ......................................... 10.1.4, A.10.1.4
-Working pressure ............................. 10.1.5, 10.2.3, A.10.1.5
-Unions ....................................................... 6.4.6, A.6.4.6
-Unit loads
-Definition ...................................................... 3.9.1.26
-Solid unit load of nonexpanded plastic ............... Fig. 15.2.22.1
-Definition ..................................................... 3.9.2.8
-Units of measurement ............................................... 1.6.1
-Unobstructed construction ................ 8.4.6.3, 8.11.4.1.1, A.8.4.6.3
-Definition ................................................. 3.7.2, A.3.7.2
-Unstable piles ......................................... Fig. 15.2.22.15.2.1
-Definition ............................................. 3.9.2.5, A.3.9.2.5
-Upright sprinklers ...... 8.6, 12.6.2, 12.6.3, A.8.6.2.2.1 to A.8.6.7.2(4)
-Ceiling pockets .................. 8.6.7, 8.8.7, A.8.6.7.1, A.8.6.7.2(4),
-A.8.8.7.1, A.8.8.7.2(4)
-Clearance to storage .............................. 8.6.6, 8.8.6, A.8.8.6
-Compact storage ................................................. 20.6.3
-Concealed spaces, in .......................................... 8.6.4.1.4
-Definition ........................................................ 3.6.2.6
-Deflector position .................. 8.6.4, 8.8.4, 8.10.4.1, 8.12.4.1.4,
-8.12.4.1.5, A.8.6.4.1.2(5) to A.8.6.4.1.3.3,
-A.8.8.4.1.1.4(A) to A.8.8.4.1.3
-Elevator hoistways ................................. 8.15.5.5, A.8.15.5.5
-Extended coverage ..................... 8.8, A.8.8.2.1 to A.8.8.7.2(4)
-Hangers, clearance to .......................................... 9.2.3.3
-Installation ....... 7.2.2(1), 7.3.2.5(1), 7.4.2.4(1), 8.3.1.3, A.8.3.1.3
-Obstructions to discharge ................. 8.6.4.1.2, 8.6.4.1.5, 8.6.5,
-8.8.5, 8.10.6, A.8.6.4.1.2(5), A.8.6.5.1.2 to A.8.6.5.3.3,
-A.8.8.5.1.2 to A.8.8.5.3, A.8.10.6.2.1.3 to A.8.10.6.3
-Oxidizer solids and liquids storage ................. 22.37.1.4.4.4(F)
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage ......... T able 14.4.1
-Permitted uses ..................................................... 8.4.1
-Protection areas ...... 8.6.2, 8.8.2, A.8.6.2.2.1, A.8.8.2.1, A.8.8.2.2.1
-Protective caps and straps, removal of ...................... 8.3.1.5.3
-Residential ...................................................... 8.10.4.1
-Roll paper storage ...................................... T able 19.1.2.3
-Roof protection use ............................................. 7.8.8.6
-Spacing ........................... 8.6.3, 8.8.3, A.8.6.3.2.3, A.8.6.3.2.4
-Terminals, piers, and wharves ........ 22.22.2.1.2.1, A.22.22.2.1.2.1
-Utility gas plants, LP-Gas at ........................................ 22.12
--V-
-Valve rooms .............................................. 7.2.5.2, 7.3.1.8.2
-Valves ...... 6.7, 8.16.1, A.6.7.4, A.8.16.1.1 to A.8.16.1.6;see also Check
-valves; Control valves; Drain valves; Dry pipe valves;
-Indicating valves; Preaction valves; Pressure-reducing
-valves
-Accessibility ................... 8.1.2, 8.16.1.1.7, A.8.1.2, A.8.16.1.1.7
-Alarm ................................. 8.17.1.2, 8.17.1.3, 8.17.2.4.2(1)
-Antifreeze systems ........................ 7.6.3, A.7.6.3.1 to A.7.6.3.6
-Backflow prevention .......................... 8.17.4.6.1, A.8.17.4.6.1
-Closure time ..................................................... 6.7.1.2
-Combined systems ..................................... 7.4.3, A.7.4.3.2
-Deluge ............................... 8.17.1.3.1, 8.17.1.3.2, 25.2.3.3.1
-Differential-type .............................................. 25.2.1.15
-Equivalent pipe lengths ......................................... 23.4.3
-Fire department connections ................................. 8.17.2.5
-13–441INDEX
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Floor control valve assemblies ................. 8.16.1.5, A.8.16.1.5.1
-Gate ............................................................ 6.7.1.3.1
-Hose connections ........... 8.17.5.1.1.1, 8.17.5.1.1.3, 8.17.5.1.3(3)
-Hydraulic systems for gate and valve operators ............ 22.29.1.6
-Identification ................... 6.7.4, 7.7.1.5, 8.16.1.1.8, 8.16.1.4.3,
-26.2.6.3, A.6.7.4
-Isolation .......................................................... 10.6.2
-Listed indicating valves ......................................... 6.7.1.3
-Low-pressure blowoff ....................................... 8.3.2.5(3)
-Marine systems ................. 26.2.6, 26.7.4.2, 26.8.3.1, A.26.2.6.1
-Outside sprinklers ................... 7.8.2.2, 7.8.3.1, 7.8.4.1, 7.8.4.2,
-A.7.8.4.2.1, A.7.8.4.2.3
-In pits ................. 8.16.1.1.6, 8.16.1.4, A.8.16.1.1.6, A.8.16.1.4.2
-Pressure requirements .......................................... 6.7.1.1
-Reconditioned ................................................... 6.1.2.1
-Sectional ...................................................... 8.16.2.4.3
-Supervision .................................... 8.16.1.1.2, A.8.16.1.1.2
-T est ........................................... 6.7.3, 26.2.6.2, 26.7.3.11
-Underground piping ............... 10.7.1, 10.7.3 to 10.7.5, 10.7.11
-Wafer-type .......................................................... 6.7.2
-Vaults, film storage .................................. 22.7.1.3, A.22.7.1.3
-Velocity pressure formula ........................................ 23.4.2.2
-Ventilation, cooking areas................ 7.10, 8.3.2.5(7), Fig. A.7.10.2
-Vents, roof ............................ 12.1.1, A.12.1.1.1, A.12.1.1.3, C.6
-Vertical obstructions to sprinklers ....... 8.6.5.2.2, 8.7.5.2.2, 8.8.5.2.2,
-8.9.5.2.2, 8.10.6.2.2, 8.10.7.2.2, A.8.6.5.2.2.1,
-A.8.7.5.2.2.1, A.8.9.5.2.2.1
-Vertical shafts ................ 8.15.2, 8.15.4, 8.15.13.1.2, 11.2.3.1.4(4),
-A.8.15.2.2, A.8.15.4, A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(d),
-A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(j), D.2.3.1.1, D.2.4.1.1
-Building service chutes ...................................... 1 1.2.3.4.1
-Gravity chutes ................................... 22.15.2.2, A.22.15.2.2
-Marine systems ................................................... 26.4.5
-Mercantile occupancies ........... D.1.1.9.1, D.1.1.10.1, D.2.23.2.1,
-D.2.24.2.1
-Waste and linen chutes ........................ 22.15.2.2, A.22.15.2.2
--W-
-Walkways, sprinklers under .......................................... 14.5
-Walls
-Common ........................................................... 8.2.4
-Deflector distance from ....................... 8.7.4.1.2, A.8.7.4.1.2.1
-Distance from sprinklers ............ 8.5.3.2, 8.5.3.3, 8.6.3.2, 8.6.3.3,
-8.7.3.2, 8.7.3.3, 8.8.3.2, 8.8.3.3, 8.9.3.2, 8.9.3.3, 8.9.4.1.2,
-8.10.3.2, 8.11.3.2, 8.11.3.3, 8.12.3.2, 8.12.3.3, A.8.6.3.2.3,
-A.8.6.3.2.4, A.8.9.4.1.2.1
-Pipe openings through, clearance for ................. 9.3.4, A.9.3.4
-Washers, underground joints . . . 10.8.3.1.4, 10.8.3.4, 10.8.3.5, A.10.8.3.5
-Waste compactors ............................................... 22.15.2.4
-Waste handling systems ............................... 22.15, A.22.15.2.2
-Water additives ................................................ see Additives
-Water-cooling towers ............ 22.21, A.22.21.1.1.1 to A.22.21.2.10.3
-Counterflow ...................... 22.21.1.1.1, 22.21.1.2.1, 22.21.2.1,
-A.22.21.1.1.1, A.22.21.2.1
-Crossflow ....................... 22.21.1.1.2, 22.21.1.2.2, 22.21.1.2.3,
-22.21.2.2, A.22.21.1.1.2, A.22.21.2.2
-Exposure protection ......................................... 22.21.1.6
-Fan decks ......................... 22.21.1.2.1, 22.21.1.2.2, 22.21.1.3,
-22.21.1.4, 22.21.2.1.1, 22.21.2.2.1, 22.21.2.3, 22.21.2.4,
-A.22.21.2.3
-Minimum rate of application ............................... 22.21.1.2
-Types of systems .............. 22.21.1.1, A.22.21.1.1.1, A.22.21.1.1.2
-Water supply ........... 22.21.1.7, A.22.21.1.7.1.1 to A.22.21.1.7.2.2
-Water curtains ....................................................... 1 1.3.3
-Water demand ........ 1 1.1.4, 11.2.1.1, 11.2.3.2, 23.4.4.5.4, A.11.1.4.1,
-A.11.1.4.2, A.11.2.1.1, A.11.2.3.2.5, A.11.2.3.2.7;see also
-Density/area method; Hydraulically calculated water
-demand flow rate; Water supplies
-Building and storage height .................................. 12.1.3.3
-Ceiling sprinklers, rack storage ............... 16.2.1.3.1, 16.2.1.3.2,
-16.3.1.1, 16.3.1.2, 17.3.1.3, A.16.2.1.3.1, A.16.2.1.3.2,
-A.16.3.1.1, A.17.3.1.3, C.14, C.15, C.23
-Concealed spaces or under obstructions .................. 23.4.4.6.5
-Dry pipe systems ...................... 7.2.3.6, 11.2.3.2.5, A.11.2.3.2.5
-Hose allowance ................... 1 1.1.6, A.11.1.6.1(3) to A.11.1.6.4
-Hybobaric facilities .......................... 22.34.1.11, A.22.34.1.11
-In-rack sprinklers ............ 13.3.3, 16.1.6.6, 16.2.2.7.7, 16.2.3.6.8,
-16.3.1.3.3, 16.3.2.7.7, 17.2.1.5.6, 17.2.2.6.7, 17.2.3.4.8,
-17.3.1.13, 18.5.3, 23.8.2 to 22.8.4
-Marine systems ....... 26.5.1.2, 26.5.2, 26.7.3.3, A.26.5.2, A.26.7.3.3
-Metal/nonmetal mining and metal mineral processing
-facilities ......................................... 22.36.1.1.2
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage ... 15.1.1, 16.2.1.3.1,
-16.2.1.3.2, 16.2.1.3.3.1, 16.2.1.3.3.2, 16.3.1.1, 16.3.1.2,
-17.2.1.2, A.15.1.1, A.16.2.1.3.1, A.16.2.1.3.2, A.16.3.1.1,
-A.17.2.1.2.4, C.8, C.14, C.15, C.23
-Pipe schedule method .............................. 1 1.2.2, A.11.2.2.6
-Preaction systems ............................. 1 1.2.3.2.5, A.11.2.3.2.5
-Rack storage systems .. 16.2.1.3.1, 16.2.2.7.7, 16.2.3.6.8, 16.3.2.7.7,
-17.3.1.3, A.16.2.1.3.1, A.17.3.1.3, C.14
-Room design method ........................... 1 1.2.3.3, A.11.2.3.3.1
-Storage ............................................................ 12.6.8
-Tires, rack storage of ............................................ 18.5.3
-Water curtains .................................................. 1 1.3.3.3
-Waterflow alarms/detection devices ........................ 6.9, 8.17.1,
-26.4.12.2 to 25.4.12.5, A.6.9.2.4 to A.6.9.4, A.8.17.1, C.4
-Attachments
-Electrically operated .................................. 6.9.4, A.6.9.4
-General .............................................. 6.9.3, A.6.9.3.2
-Circulating closed-loop systems ................................ 7.7.1.7
-Definition ......................................................... 3.5.13
-Drains .............................................................. 6.9.5
-Flow tests ................................... 25.2.3.1, 25.3.1(3), 26.8.2
-High-rise buildings ........ 8.17.1.6, A.8.17.1.6, D.1.1.2.1, D.2.2.1.1
-Local ............................................................ 8.17.1.1
-Mechanically operated ........................... 8.17.1.5, A.8.17.1.5
-Supervision ..................................................... 1 1.2.2.5
-Water-motor-operated devices ................................. 8.17.1.5.1
-Water spray systems ........................... 22.21.1.6.1, 22.27.1.1(1),
-22.27.1.7 to 22.27.1.9, 22.29.1.4, 22.37.1.3.1
-Water supplies ..................... 4.3(3), 7.11.1, 11.1.3, 11.1.5, 11.1.6,
-11.2.3.2.1, Chap. 24, A.4.3(3), A.11.1.6.1(3) to
-A.11.1.6.4, A.11.5.2, A.11.5.3;see also Mains; Water
-demand
-Aircraft engine test facilities ................................. 22.26.1.2
-Alternative sprinkler system designs ............................. 21.4
-Arrangement ........................................ 24.1.6, A.24.1.6.2
-Baled cotton storage ................................ 20.4.1.1, 20.4.1.2
-Capacity ................................................ 24.1.2, 24.2.4.2
-Cellular nitrate film, rooms containing ..................... 22.7.1.2
-Concealed spaces, sprinklers in .............................. 1 1.3.4.3
-Corrosive properties, protection from ...... 8.16.4.2.2, A.8.16.4.2.2
-Domestic, connections to ................................ 22.4.1.4, B.1
-Hydroelectric generating plants ................ A.22.29.1, A.22.29.2
-Liquefied natural gas (LNG), production, storage, and handling
-of ..................................................... 22.13.1
-LP-Gas at utility gas plants ................................... 22.12.1.1
-Marine .................................. 26.7, A.26.7.2.7 to A.26.7.4.6
-Definition ....................................... 3.10.10, 26.1.3(13)
-Metal/nonmetal mining and metal mineral processing
-facilities ............................................ 22.36.1.1
-Meters .................................................. 24.1.7, A.24.1.7
-Multiple hazard classifications, systems with ........ 12.7.2, A.12.7.2
-Nuclear power plants ................ 22.27.1.1, 22.27.2.1.2, 22.28.1,
-A.22.27.1.1, A.22.27.2.1.2
-Number of supplies .............................................. 24.1.1
-Occupancy classifications ................................... 1 1.2.1.2.1
-Outside sprinklers ...................................... 7.8.2, 11.3.2.2
-Palletized, solid pile, bin box, or shelf storage ............... 14.2.2,
-Table 14.3.1, 14.3.4
-Pendent sprinklers, return bend requirement ............ 8.15.19.1
-13–442 INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Private fire service mains ............... see Private fire service mains
-Rack storage systems ................................. 16.2.1.1, 17.3.15
-Raw water source (definition) .................................. 3.3.19
-Residential sprinklers .......................................... 1 1.3.1.6
-Roll paper storage ................................ 19.1.1.1 to 19.1.1.3
-Rubber tire storage ........................................ 18.2.5, 18.3
-Spray application areas ............................. 22.4.1.3, 22.4.1.4
-Storage, requirements for .......... 12.7.1 to 12.7.6, 12.8, A.12.7.2,
-A.12.8.1, A.12.8.2
-Treatment ........................... 23.2, 24.1.5, A.23.2.1.1, A.24.1.5
-Types ...................................... 24.2, A.24.2.1 to A.24.2.4.3
-Water-cooling towers ........................ 22.21.1.6.2.2, 22.21.1.7,
-A.22.21.1.7.1.1 to A.22.21.1.7.2.2
-Water curtains .................................................. 1 1.3.3.3
-Waterworks, connections to ................... 24.1.8, 24.2.1, 24.2.2,
-A.24.1.8, A.24.2.1, A.24.2.2
-Water temperature, closed-loop systems ......................... 7.7.1.3
-Waterworks systems, connections to.... 24.1.8, 24.2.1, 24.2.2, A.24.1.8,
-A.24.2.1, A.24.2.2
-Welded pipe ............ 6.5.2, 9.2.4.2, 10.8.1.2, A.6.5.2.2 to A.6.5.2.4.3
-Qualifications .................................................... 6.5.2.5
-Records .......................................................... 6.5.2.6
-Welding, oxygen-fuel gas systems for ............................... 22.9
-Welding studs ..................... 9.1.3.9, 9.1.4.1, A.9.1.3.9.3, A.9.1.4.1
-Wet barrel hydrants (definition) ................................ 3.8.2.1.6
-Wet pipe sprinkler systems ............................. 7.1, 12.4, A.12.4
-Baled cotton storage ................................... T able 20.4.2.1
-Cleanrooms ..................................... 22.23.2.1, A.22.23.2.1
-Connections ........ 8.16.1.1.3.5, 8.16.1.1.4.4, 12.8.5, A.8.16.1.1.3.5
-Control mode specific application (CMSA) sprinklers
-used in .................................... 8.4.7.1, 8.4.7.3.3
-Cultural resource properties .............................. 22.30.1.3.4
-Definition ......................................................... 3.4.11
-Drainage .......................... 8.16.2.2, 8.16.2.5.2, A.8.16.2.5.2.1
-Dry sprinklers attached to ................. 8.4.9, A.8.4.9.1, A.8.4.9.3
-Early suppression fast-response sprinklers used in ........... 8.4.6.1
-Fire department connections .............. 8.17.2.4.2(1), 8.17.5.2.1
-High bay records storage ........................................ 20.7.3
-Hose connections ...... 8.17.5.1.4, 11.1.6.4, A.8.17.5.1.4, A.11.1.6.4
-K-factors less than K-5.6 ..................................... 8.3.4.2(2)
-Organic peroxide formulations ....................... 22.37.1.3.2(1)
-Plastics display/storage, retail stores .................... 20.3, A.20.3
-Pressure gauges ................................................... 7.1.1
-Quick-response sprinklers used in ................... 1 1.2.3.2.3.1(1)
-Relief valves ........................................................ 7.1.2
-Residential sprinklers used in .................................. 8.4.5.2
-Roll paper storage .......... 19.1.1.4, Table 19.1.2.2, Table 19.1.2.3
-Slatted shelves, rack storage ............. 16.2.4.1.2, 17.2.4.1.2, C.20
-Spray application areas ........................................ 22.4.1.7
-Test connections .................................. 8.17.4.2, A.8.17.4.2
-Water-cooling towers ........ 22.21.1.1.1, 22.21.1.7.2, A.22.21.1.1.1,
-A.22.21.1.7.2.1, A.22.21.1.7.2.2
-Waterflow detecting devices ............... 6.9.2.1, 6.9.2.4, A.6.9.2.4
-Wharves .................... 22.22, A.22.22.1.1 to A.22.22.2.1.2.1(B)(5)
-Window protection ................................................. 7.8.8.4
-Atriums ............................................ D.1.1.1.1, D.2.1.2.1
-Marine systems ........................ 26.4.3, 26.5.2, 26.6.2, A.26.5.2
-Show windows, sprinklers under ........................... 8.3.2.5(6)
-Skylights ............................................................ 8.5.7
-Wood, fasteners in ................................................... 9.1.5
-Wood joist construction ................... see also Bar joist construction
-Composite wood joist construction .......................... 8.15.1.4
-Definition .................................................... A.3.7.1
-Concealed spaces of ...................... 8.6.4.1.4, 11.2.3.1.4(4)(d),
-11.2.3.1.4(4)(i), 11.2.3.1.4(4)(j), 11.3.4, 12.9.2(4),
-12.9.2(9), 12.9.2(10), A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(d),
-A.11.2.3.1.4(4)(j), A.12.9.2(4), A.12.9.2(10)
-Control mode specific application (CMSA) sprinklers ...... 14.3.3,
-15.3.3, 16.2.2.4, 16.3.2.4, 17.2.2.3
-Definition ....................................................... A.3.7.1
-Double joist obstructions to sprinklers ...................... 8.6.4.1.5
-Piers/wharves sprinkler installation ... 22.22.2.1.2.1, A.22.22.2.1.2.1
-Wood pallets ........................................... 5.6.2.1, 5.6.3.1(1)
-Definition ...................................................... 3.9.1.27
-Wood truss construction ....................................... see Trusses
-Working plans ................................................. 23.1, A.23.1
-Worksheets, hydraulic calculations ..................... 23.3.3, A.23.3.3
-Wrench, sprinkler ....................................... 6.2.9.6, A.6.2.9.6
--Y-
-Yard mains ............................................... 12.8.3, 22.27.1.2
-13–443INDEX
-2013 Edition
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPANo reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Formal Interpretation
-NFPA 13
-Installation of Sprinkler Systems
-2013 Edition
-Reference:  8.15.9 
-F.I. No.:  13-99-2
-Background:  Section 8-5.6 states that the clearance between the sprinkler deflector and the top of 
-storage shall be 18 in. (457 mm) or greater.  Section 8.15.9 provides guidance on sprinkler protection 
-of library stacks.  This guidance allows floor to ceiling bookshelves and requires sprinklers to be 
-installed in every aisle with a distance between sprinklers along aisles not to exceed 12 ft (3.6 m).
-Question:  Is it acceptable to apply the principles of NFPA 13, 8.15.9 to the storage of Medical Records 
-on fixed open bookshelves, thereby allowing the tops of the bookshelves used for this purpose to 
-come within less than 18 inches of the horizontal plane of the sprinkler deflector with sprinklers 
-installed in every aisle?
-Answer:  Yes.
-Issue Edition: 1999 
-Reference:  5-13.10 
-Issue Date:  January 3, 2002 
-Effective Date:  January 23, 2002
-Copyright © 2012 All Rights Reserved 
-NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPA No reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Formal Interpretation
-NFPA 13
-Installation of Sprinkler Systems
-2013 Edition
-Reference:  11.2.3.1.8(1) and 11.2.3.2.3.1 
-F.I. No.:  13-02-1
-Question No. 1:  Is it the intent of 11.2.3.2.3.1 to permit the system area of operation to be reduced 
-below the limits of Figure 11.2.3.1.1 (e.g., less than 1500 sq ft)?
-Answer:  Yes
-Question No. 2: If the Answer to Question No. 1 is yes, is the intent to allow the density to be less than 
-the limits of Figure 11.2.3.1.1 (e.g., less than 0.1 gpm/sq ft for Light Hazard) as long as the point was 
-legitimately picked from the density/area curve and appropriately reduced per 11.2.3.2.3?
-Answer:  No
-Question No. 3: Is it the intent of Section 11.2.3.1.4(1) to require the densities for 1500 sq ft for 
-all applications, including when Section 11.2.3.2.3.1 is applied, when the final area of sprinkler 
-operation is less than 1500 sq ft?
-Answer:   Yes
-Issue Edition: 2002 
-Reference:  11.2.3.1.8.1 (1) and 11.2.3.2.3.1 
-Issue Date:  March 9, 2004 
-Effective Date:  March 29, 2004
-Copyright © 2012 All Rights Reserved 
-NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPA No reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Formal Interpretation
-NFPA 13
-Installation of Sprinkler Systems
-2013 Edition
-Reference:  17.3.4.1.4 
-F.I. No.:  13-02-2
-Question No. 1:  Are the dimensions in Figure 17.3.4.1.4 intended to be the only acceptable 
-combination of rack height, clearance, flue space width, rack length and rack width?
-Answer:  No
-Question No. 2:  Are other situations not shown on the figure, such as double row racks with a width 
-of  9 ½ ft (4 ft loads with 6 inch longitudinal flue), a height other than 54 ft and a length greater than 
-24 ft allowed as long as they comply with the other rules of NFPA 13?
-Answer:  Yes
-Issue Edition: 2002 
-Reference:  12.3.5.4.1.4 
-Issue Date:  July 16, 2004 
-Effective Date:  August 4, 2004
-Copyright © 2012 All Rights Reserved 
-NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPA No reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
-
-Formal Interpretation
-NFPA 13
-Installation of Sprinkler Systems
-2013 Edition 
-Reference:  22.4.4.8  
-F.I. No.: 13-02-3 
-Question No. 1: Can residential sprinklers of different orifice sizes be used within a compartment 
-provided they have different directional discharge characteristics (i.e. pendent vs. sidewall)? 
-Answer:  Yes.
-Question No. 2: Can residential sprinklers of different orifice sizes be used within a compartment provided they 
-have different thread sizes such that replacement cannot be confused?
-Answer:  Yes. 
-Question No. 3: Can residential sprinklers of different orifice sizes be used within a compartment without regard 
-to discharge characteristics, thread sizes, or maximum protection areas? 
-Answer: No. 
-Issue Edition: 2002 
-Reference:  8.4.4.6 
-Issue Date: September 9, 2005 
-Effective Date:  September 29, 2005
-Copyright © 2012 All Rights Reserved  
-NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION 
-4/2012 
-01:53:20 MST
-Copyright National Fire Protection Association 
-Provided by IHS under license with NFPA No reproduction or 
-networking permitted without license from IHS
---`,,`,,,``,`,,,`,`,,``,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-Sequence of Events Leading to Issuance 
-of this NFPA Committee Document
-Step 1: Call for Proposals
-• Proposed new Document or new edition of an existing 
-Document is entered into one of two yearly revision cy-
-cles, and a Call for Proposals is published.
-Step 2: Report on Proposals (ROP)
-• Committee meets to act on Proposals, to develop its own 
-Proposals, and to prepare its Report.
-• Committee votes by written ballot on Proposals. If two-
-thirds approve, Report goes forward. Lacking two-thirds 
-approval, Report returns to Committee.
-• Report on Proposals (ROP) is published for public re-
-view and comment.
-Step 3: Report on Comments (ROC)
-• Committee meets to act on Public Comments to develop 
-its own Comments, and to prepare its report.
-• Committee votes by written ballot on Comments. If two-
-thirds approve, Report goes forward. Lacking two-thirds 
-approval, Report returns to Committee.
-• Report on Comments (ROC) is published for public re-
-view.
-Step 4: Technical Report Session
-• “Notices of intent to make a motion” are filed, are reviewed, 
-and valid motions are certified for presentation at the 
-Technical Report Session. (“Consent Documents” that 
-have no certified motions bypass the Technical Report 
-Session and proceed to the Standards Council for issu-
-ance.)
-• NFPA membership meets each June at the Annual Meet-
-ing Technical Report Session and acts on Technical 
-Committee Reports (ROP and ROC) for Documents 
-with “certified amending motions.” 
-• Committee(s) vote on any amendments to Report ap-
-proved at NFPA Annual Membership Meeting.
-Step 5: Standards Council Issuance
-• Notification of intent to file an appeal to the Standards 
-Council on Association action must be filed within 20 
-days of the NFPA Annual Membership Meeting.
-• Standards Council decides, based on all evidence, 
-whether or not to issue Document or to take other ac-
-tion, including hearing any appeals.
-Committee Membership Classifications
-The following classifications apply to Technical Commit-
-tee members and represent their principal interest in the 
-activity of the committee.
-M  Manufacturer: A representative of a maker or mar-
-keter of a product, assembly, or system, or portion 
-thereof, that is affected by the standard.
-U  User: A representative of an entity that is subject to 
-the provisions of the standard or that voluntarily 
-uses the standard.
-I/M  Installer/Maintainer:  A representative of an entity 
-that is in the business of installing or maintaining 
-a product, assembly, or system affected by the stan-
-dard.
-L  Labor:  A labor representative or employee con-
-cerned with safety in the workplace.
-R/T  Applied Research/Testing Laboratory: A representative 
-of an independent testing laboratory or indepen-
-dent applied research organization that promul-
-gates and/or enforces standards.
-E  Enforcing Authority: A representative of an agency 
-or an organization that promulgates and/or en-
-forces standards.
-I  Insurance: A representative of an insurance com-
-pany, broker, agent, bureau, or inspection agency.
-C  Consumer:  A person who is, or represents, the ul-
-timate purchaser of a product, system, or service 
-affected by the standard, but who is not included 
-in the User classification.
-SE  Special Expert:  A person not representing any of 
-the previous classifications, but who has a special 
-expertise in the scope of the standard or portion 
-thereof.
-NOTES:
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