🏦 Loan Default Prediction Pipeline

This model repository contains a scikit-learn pipeline for predicting loan defaults from customer application data. The pipeline includes all data preprocessing steps and a Random Forest Classifier model trained on 252,000 loan applications. It is designed to assist financial institutions in making more informed, data-driven lending decisions and managing credit risk.

Model Details

Model Description

The pipeline takes raw loan application data as input (formatted as a pandas DataFrame) and performs all necessary preprocessing steps such as feature engineering, scaling, and encoding. The pipeline then uses a Random Forest Classifier model to predict the probability of loan default (as a NumPy array).

Pipeline	Version	Framework	Task	Input	Output	Author	License
Random Forest model with preprocessing	1.0	Python, scikit-learn	Binary classification	Tabular data	Predicted probabilities	Jens Bender	Apache 2.0

Model Sources

Component	Description	Link
Source Code	Full project repository with training, evaluation, and deployment scripts	GitHub
Model Pipeline	Pre-trained `scikit-learn` pipeline with Random Forest Classifier and preprocessing	Hugging Face Hub
Web App	Live, interactive demo with Gradio frontend and FastAPI backend	Hugging Face Spaces

How to Get Started with the Model

Using the Web App

The model pipeline is deployed as a web application on Hugging Face Spaces. You can interact with the model directly through the web interface without any installation or coding required.

Using the API

You can also send requests directly to the FastAPI backend of the Hugging Face Space. This programmatic access is useful for integrating the model into other applications or systems.

Example API usage with Python's requests library:

import requests 

# Create example applicant data (JSON payload)
applicant_data = {
    "income": 300000,
    "age": 30,
    "experience": 3,
    "married": "single",
    "house_ownership": "rented",
    "car_ownership": "no",
    "profession": "artist",
    "city": "sikar",
    "state": "rajasthan",
    "current_job_yrs": 3,
    "current_house_yrs": 11,
}

# API request to FastAPI predict endpoint on Hugging Face Spaces
prediction_api_url = "https://jensbender-loan-default-prediction-app.hf.space/api/predict"
response = requests.post(prediction_api_url, json=applicant_data)

# Check if request was successful
response.raise_for_status()

# Extract prediction and probability of default
prediction_response = response.json()
prediction_result = prediction_response["results"][0]
prediction = prediction_result["prediction"]
default_probability = prediction_result["probabilities"]["Default"]

# Show results
print(f"Probability of default: {default_probability * 100:.1f}% (threshold: 29.0%)")
print(f"Prediction: {prediction}")

Downloading and Using the Pipeline

The pipeline is serialized as a joblib file. You can download and use it for inference with the huggingface_hub library as shown below. The optimized decision threshold of 0.29 is not part of the pipeline itself and has to be applied in post-processing.

from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
import joblib
import pandas as pd

# Download the pipeline from Hugging Face Hub and load it into memory
pipeline_path = hf_hub_download(
  "JensBender/loan-default-prediction-pipeline",
  "loan_default_rf_pipeline.joblib"
)
pipeline = joblib.load(pipeline_path)

# Create a sample DataFrame
# Note: The column names and data types must match the training data
applicant_data = pd.DataFrame({
    "income": [300000],
    "age": [30],
    "experience": [3],
    "married": ["single"],
    "house_ownership": ["rented"],
    "car_ownership": ["no"],
    "profession": ["Artist"],
    "city": ["Sikar"],
    "state": ["Rajasthan"],
    "current_job_yrs": [3],
    "current_house_yrs": [11],
})

# Get predicted probabilities 
probabilities = pipeline.predict_proba(applicant_data)  # np.ndarray containing both classes (0: no default, 1: default)
default_probability = probabilities[0, 1]  # row 0, column 1 

# Apply optimized threshold to make a classification decision
threshold = 0.29
prediction = "Default" if default_probability >= threshold else "No Default"

# Show results
print(f"Probability of default: {default_probability * 100:.1f}% (threshold: 29.0%)")
print(f"Prediction: {prediction}")

Uses

Direct Use

The model is intended to be used as a tool to support credit risk assessment. It can be integrated into decision-making workflows to provide a quantitative measure of default risk for loan applicants.

Out-of-Scope Use

This model is not intended for:

Fully automated lending decisions without human oversight. The model's predictions should not be the sole factor in any financial decision.
Evaluating applicants from demographic, geographic, or socioeconomic backgrounds not represented in the training data.
Use in a production environment without rigorous, ongoing validation and fairness audits.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

The model was trained on historical data that may carry biases related to socioeconomic status, geography, or other demographic factors, potentially leading to unfair predictions for certain groups. The model can be overconfident on misclassified edge cases, assigning high probabilities to incorrect predictions. Confidence scores should not be relied upon without additional scrutiny.

Recommendations

Human in the Loop: Always use this model as part of a broader decision-making framework that includes human oversight.
Fairness and Bias Audits: Before deploying this model in a production environment, conduct thorough fairness and bias analyses to ensure it performs equally across different demographic groups.
Model Monitoring: Continuously monitor the model's performance and predictions to detect and mitigate any performance degradation or emerging biases.

Training Details

Training Data

The model was trained on the "Loan Prediction Based on Customer Behavior" dataset by Subham Jain, available on Kaggle. The dataset contains information provided by customers of a financial institution during the loan application process.

Dataset Statistics:

Dataset size: 252,000 records
Target variable: Risk flag (12.3% defaults)
Features: 11
- Demographic: Age, married, profession
- Financial: Income, house ownership, car ownership
- Location: City, state
- Behavioral: Experience, current job years, current house years

Training Procedure

Preprocessing

The preprocessing of the raw data includes the following steps:

Handled duplicates, data types, missing values, and outliers and standardized column names.
Engineered new features:
- Job Stability: Derived from the applicant's profession.
- City Tier: Derived from the applicant's city.
- State Default Rate: Derived from the historical default rate of the applicant's state (target encoding).
Scaled numerical features using StandardScaler.
Encoded categorical features using OneHotEncoder (nominal) and OrdinalEncoder (ordinal).

Training Hyperparameters

The final Random Forest Classifier model was trained with the following hyperparameters, identified through randomized search with 5-fold cross-validation:

n_estimators=225
max_depth=26
min_samples_split=2
min_samples_leaf=1
max_features=0.13
class_weight='balanced'

Evaluation

Testing Data, Factors & Metrics

Testing Data

The model was evaluated on a hold-out test set comprising 10% of the dataset (25,200 samples), which was not used during training or hyperparameter tuning.

Factors

The model's performance was evaluated across the entire dataset.

Metrics

The primary evaluation metric was the Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve (AUC-PR), which is well-suited for imbalanced datasets where the focus is on the minority class (default). Secondary metrics included Precision, Recall, and F1-Score for the positive class (default). The decision threshold was optimized to maximize the F1-score while ensuring a minimum recall of 0.75 and a minimum precision of 0.50.

Results

The final Random Forest model achieved an AUC-PR of 0.59 on the test set.

Performance on Train, Validation, and Test Sets

The model's performance was consistent across the validation and test sets, indicating good generalization to unseen data.

Data	AUC-PR	Recall (Class 1)	Precision (Class 1)	F1-Score (Class 1)	Accuracy
Training (80%)	0.68	1.00	0.62	0.77	0.93
Validation (10%)	0.62	0.80	0.54	0.64	0.89
Test (10%)	0.59	0.79	0.51	0.62	0.88

Classification Report (Test)

	Precision	Recall	F1-Score	Samples
Class 0: Non-Defaulter	0.97	0.90	0.93	22,122
Class 1: Defaulter	0.51	0.79	0.62	3,078
Accuracy			0.88	25,200
Macro Avg	0.74	0.84	0.78	25,200
Weighted Avg	0.91	0.88	0.89	25,200

Final Random Forest: Confusion Matrix (Test)

Feature Importance

The most influential features in the model's predictions are income, age, and the engineered state default rate.

Environmental Impact

Carbon emissions were not measured for the training of this model.

Technical Specifications

Model Architecture and Objective

The model is a scikit-learn pipeline that includes both preprocessing and a RandomForestClassifier. The objective is binary classification to predict whether a loan applicant will default.

Compute Infrastructure

Hardware

Trained on a local machine: Intel Pentium Gold 7505 @ 2.00GHz (2 cores, 4 logical processors), Windows 10.

Software

Python 3.10 with scikit-learn (1.6.0) and pandas (2.2.3). The pipeline is loaded using joblib (1.4.2).

License

The model pipeline is licensed under Apache-2.0. The source code of this project, hosted on GitHub, and the source code of the web app hosted on Hugging Face Spaces, are licensed under the MIT License.

Citation

If you use this model in your work, please cite it as follows:

@misc{bender_loan_default_prediction_2025,
  author       = {Bender, Jens},
  title        = {Loan Default Prediction Pipeline},
  year         = {2025},
  publisher    = {Hugging Face},
  url          = {https://huggingface.co/JensBender/loan-default-prediction-pipeline},
  note         = {Version 1.0. A scikit-learn Random Forest pipeline for predicting loan defaults. Trained on 252,000 loan applications. Source code available at \url{https://github.com/JensBender/loan-default-prediction}. Licensed under Apache-2.0.}
}

Model Card Contact

For questions or feedback about the model, please contact Jens Bender on GitHub or Hugging Face.

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