<p>I think I figured out the answer using Excel. I assumed that there was a 100% inflation in goods market so that the prices of two goods doubled, while keeping the nominal wage fixed. The result was that an individual producer would still be making positive inflation adjusted profits. So I assume that in the scenario I described above, real GDP would still increase even though relative prices in goods market stays the same because that costs adjusted for inflation fall. When I also doubled the nominal wage so that the equilibrium in labor market is back to its initial level, profits were down back to the initial levels.</p>

<p>Here are the screenshots from Excel</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/EbQEp.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/EbQEp.png" alt="A hypothetical firm and its cost curve"></a></p>

<p>A hypothetical firm and its cost curve.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/dfaym.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/dfaym.png" alt="Real price and real cost of the firm after a 100% inflation in the goods market"></a></p>

<p>Real price and real cost of the firm after a 100% inflation in the goods market.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/b7znV.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/b7znV.png" alt="Inflation adjusted profits of the firm after doubling the nominal wage from 120 dollars to 140 dollars. Profit levels are returned to their initial amounts and I presume that at this point firms would go back to produce the initial amount of real GDP."></a></p>

<p>Inflation adjusted profits of the firm after doubling the nominal wage from 120 dollars to 140 dollars. Profit levels are returned to their initial amounts and I presume that at this point firms would go back to produce the initial amount of real GDP.</p>

<p>I think what I got incorrect was that I was trying to compute real wages by dividing it to a ratio of nominal prices to CPI using the formula (W)/(P/P*) where P* representing CPI level. The correct usage should be (W/P*)/(P/P*) so that an equal increase in price of an individual good and CPI while holding the nominal wage fixed should result in a lower real wage, inducing higher profits than the initial level of prices and costs thus resulting in more labor demanded by the firm producing good A. </p>

<p>When I doubled the nominal wage and used the (W/P*)/(P/P*) formula, real wage went back to the initial level so that there was no profit opportunity so the firms reduced the extra real GDP supplied and therefore went back to their original levels of production.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-07T12:42:15.213Z
nice. I will print out and see if I follow it. thanks.
mark leeds
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-07T00:04:39.310Z
2019-09-07T00:22:51.763Z
2019-09-07T00:22:51.763Z
macroeconthoughts
<p>Let's assume that we start with an economy producing two goods, A and B, with each priced $100. Each good is weighted using the same quantity, so CPI equals 100. Nominal wage is also 100 dollars. An increase in money supply cause an equal increase of 20% for both good A and good B, while real wage fall because that CPI now equals 120. The question is that, relative prices between A and B did not change while the real wage fell (against CPI), what would be the result of these on real GDP? I presume that the producers would want produce the same amount as their relative prices did not change while the workers would reduce their quantity supplied as their real wage fell, compared to CPI. Thus, this would bid up wages until equilibrium in labor market is reached, as firms would find it non-optimal supplying any other quantity than initial level of real GDP because their MC would be bigger than their MR or vice versa. </p>

<p>Did I got the situation right? Any thoughts? Thanks in advance. </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-06T12:45:40.990Z
you probably know this and I don't remember the title ( nor do I have the book at my finger tips ) but there's a paper in this book where Lucas considers the exact situation you are discussing. It's a great book in that it contains many of Lucas' top papers. https://www.amazon.com/Studies-Business-Cycle-Theory-Robert-Lucas/dp/0262120895/ref=sr_1_2?keywords=business+cycles+lucas&qid=1567773816&s=gateway&sr=8-2
mark leeds
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-06T18:43:52.693Z
I've heard about Lucas' theory of aggregate supply but I haven't read the book you suggested. By the way, what if there was a situation where the firms were able to take actions to preserve their real prices but workers are stuck with a fixed nominal wage and contracts to supply the same amount of labor at this decreased real wage? Would this result in same real GDP supplied (as relative prices of goods did not change) with firms having a higher share of this real GDP?
macroeconthoughts
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-06T20:34:48.340Z
I got "into" economics through the backdoor in that I came upon it when I came upon rational expectations econometrics. So, I have more holes than not holes. I can't answer your second question either but let me find the title of the paper . I think you'll find the paper quite helpful. It also seems that you're REALLY into econ ( and possibly RE ) so I highly recommend that book. Although I found a lot of the RE papers difficult to follow, surprisingly, I also found that Lucas is one of the field's clearest writers. It may take some time but I'll get it and send it. –
mark leeds
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-06T20:41:10.740Z
@macroeconthoughtrs:The book is comprised of various papers by Lucas. The one that might be hepful to you is called "Some international evidence on output-inflation tradeoffs". But many of the papers in that book are well-written and helpful for understanding macro-econometrics. The one that turned the RE light bulb on for me was "Econometric Testing of the Natural Rate Hypothesis". It took a few careful reads but,  If it wasn't for that paper, my head might still be in an eternal state of twist.  All the best and hopefully someone else can provide insight on your question.
mark leeds
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-06T20:47:40.193Z
Just to clarify, I said that I found it surprising that Lucas was so clear because my experience is that with other fields like statistics and non-RE econometrics, it's often the case that the top people in the field are the least clear in their papers or texts etc !!!! That's definitely not the case in RE  econometrics but I only have a small sample size so who knows.
mark leeds
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-06T21:36:08.823Z
Thank you so much for referring me to the paper you suggest. No problem that you cannot answer my questions, I'm an undergrad student so that I may have a problem with Macroeconomics concepts. I'm really into Macroecon as you said, so although I see myself having some problems with grasping some concepts, I try to develop a clear understanding of the field. I only have familiarity with econometrics through the classes I have taken during my undergrad though.  Thank you so much for taking your time to answer my question.
macroeconthoughts
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-06T21:43:25.020Z
What is the context for requiring two goods? Do you not get the same result if you only had one good?
Kent Shikama
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-06T22:14:03.027Z
macroeconthoughts: you're welcome and it's impressive, atleast to me, that you're an undergrad. Definitely important to understand these concepts about neutrality and what effects what because it all builds off of the foundations. If-when I had the time, I would like to study-understand it also.  All the best and I hope it does help you.
mark leeds
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-06T22:57:53.530Z
@KentShikama If I only had one good then a comparision between relative prices can not be made in the goods market. In this scenario, relative prices between goods does not change while wages fall relative to CPI.
macroeconthoughts
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-09-06T23:04:56.213Z
@markleeds thank you, the papers you've referred and the comments you've provided is definitely helpful for me. if you want to study-understand monetary policy i would recommend you to read mankiw's "macroeconomics" and baumol's & blinder's "macroeconomics: principles and policy"
macroeconthoughts
<macroeconomics><gdp><money-supply><price-level><aggregate-production>
A hypothetical question on neutrality of money
macroeconthoughts
# A hypothetical question on neutrality of money

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-09-06)

Let's assume that we start with an economy producing two goods, A and B, with each priced $100. Each good is weighted using the same quantity, so CPI equals 100. Nominal wage is also 100 dollars. An increase in money supply cause an equal increase of 20% for both good A and good B, while real wage fall because that CPI now equals 120. The question is that, relative prices between A and B did not change while the real wage fell (against CPI), what would be the result of these on real GDP? I presume that the producers would want produce the same amount as their relative prices did not change while the workers would reduce their quantity supplied as their real wage fell, compared to CPI. Thus, this would bid up wages until equilibrium in labor market is reached, as firms would find it non-optimal supplying any other quantity than initial level of real GDP because their MC would be bigger than their MR or vice versa.

Did I got the situation right? Any thoughts? Thanks in advance.

**Tags:** macroeconomics, gdp, money-supply, price-level, aggregate-production

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: you probably know this and I don't remember the title ( nor do I have the book at my finger tips ) but there's a paper in this book where Lucas considers the exact situation you are discussing. It's a great book in that it contains many of Lucas' top papers. https://www.amazon.com/Studies-Business-Cycle-Theory-Robert-Lucas/dp/0262120895/ref=sr_1_2?keywords=business+cycles+lucas&qid=1567773816&s=gateway&sr=8-2  
> **username_0**: I've heard about Lucas' theory of aggregate supply but I haven't read the book you suggested. By the way, what if there was a situation where the firms were able to take actions to preserve their real prices but workers are stuck with a fixed nominal wage and contracts to supply the same amount of labor at this decreased real wage? Would this result in same real GDP supplied (as relative prices of goods did not change) with firms having a higher share of this real GDP?  
> **username_1**: I got "into" economics through the backdoor in that I came upon it when I came upon rational expectations econometrics. So, I have more holes than not holes. I can't answer your second question either but let me find the title of the paper . I think you'll find the paper quite helpful. It also seems that you're REALLY into econ ( and possibly RE ) so I highly recommend that book. Although I found a lot of the RE papers difficult to follow, surprisingly, I also found that Lucas is one of the field's clearest writers. It may take some time but I'll get it and send it. –  
> **username_1**: @macroeconthoughtrs:The book is comprised of various papers by Lucas. The one that might be hepful to you is called "Some international evidence on output-inflation tradeoffs". But many of the papers in that book are well-written and helpful for understanding macro-econometrics. The one that turned the RE light bulb on for me was "Econometric Testing of the Natural Rate Hypothesis". It took a few careful reads but,  If it wasn't for that paper, my head might still be in an eternal state of twist.  All the best and hopefully someone else can provide insight on your question.  
> **username_1**: Just to clarify, I said that I found it surprising that Lucas was so clear because my experience is that with other fields like statistics and non-RE econometrics, it's often the case that the top people in the field are the least clear in their papers or texts etc !!!! That's definitely not the case in RE  econometrics but I only have a small sample size so who knows.  
> **username_0**: Thank you so much for referring me to the paper you suggest. No problem that you cannot answer my questions, I'm an undergrad student so that I may have a problem with Macroeconomics concepts. I'm really into Macroecon as you said, so although I see myself having some problems with grasping some concepts, I try to develop a clear understanding of the field. I only have familiarity with econometrics through the classes I have taken during my undergrad though.  Thank you so much for taking your time to answer my question.  
> **username_2**: What is the context for requiring two goods? Do you not get the same result if you only had one good?  
> **username_1**: username_0: you're welcome and it's impressive, atleast to me, that you're an undergrad. Definitely important to understand these concepts about neutrality and what effects what because it all builds off of the foundations. If-when I had the time, I would like to study-understand it also.  All the best and I hope it does help you.  
> **username_0**: @KentShikama If I only had one good then a comparision between relative prices can not be made in the goods market. In this scenario, relative prices between goods does not change while wages fall relative to CPI.  
> **username_0**: @markleeds thank you, the papers you've referred and the comments you've provided is definitely helpful for me. if you want to study-understand monetary policy i would recommend you to read mankiw's "macroeconomics" and baumol's & blinder's "macroeconomics: principles and policy"  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_0 on 2019-09-07. Score: 0

I think I figured out the answer using Excel. I assumed that there was a 100% inflation in goods market so that the prices of two goods doubled, while keeping the nominal wage fixed. The result was that an individual producer would still be making positive inflation adjusted profits. So I assume that in the scenario I described above, real GDP would still increase even though relative prices in goods market stays the same because that costs adjusted for inflation fall. When I also doubled the nominal wage so that the equilibrium in labor market is back to its initial level, profits were down back to the initial levels.

Here are the screenshots from Excel

[![A hypothetical firm and its cost curve](https://i.sstatic.net/EbQEp.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/EbQEp.png)

A hypothetical firm and its cost curve.

[![Real price and real cost of the firm after a 100% inflation in the goods market](https://i.sstatic.net/dfaym.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/dfaym.png)

Real price and real cost of the firm after a 100% inflation in the goods market.

[![Inflation adjusted profits of the firm after doubling the nominal wage from 120 dollars to 140 dollars. Profit levels are returned to their initial amounts and I presume that at this point firms would go back to produce the initial amount of real GDP.](https://i.sstatic.net/b7znV.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/b7znV.png)

Inflation adjusted profits of the firm after doubling the nominal wage from 120 dollars to 140 dollars. Profit levels are returned to their initial amounts and I presume that at this point firms would go back to produce the initial amount of real GDP.

I think what I got incorrect was that I was trying to compute real wages by dividing it to a ratio of nominal prices to CPI using the formula (W)/(P/P\*) where P\* representing CPI level. The correct usage should be (W/P\*)/(P/P\*) so that an equal increase in price of an individual good and CPI while holding the nominal wage fixed should result in a lower real wage, inducing higher profits than the initial level of prices and costs thus resulting in more labor demanded by the firm producing good A.

When I doubled the nominal wage and used the (W/P\*)/(P/P\*) formula, real wage went back to the initial level so that there was no profit opportunity so the firms reduced the extra real GDP supplied and therefore went back to their original levels of production.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: nice. I will print out and see if I follow it. thanks.  

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