<p>I try a partial answer.</p>
<p>I write from Italy, where a similar problem, not of so large scale as in India, of course, is important.  The economic system of Italy is spatially non homogeneous, because regions present very large differences in economic development, economic institutions, industrial structure, infrastructures, labour market, unemployment, and so on. In particular, there is the old and unresolved problem of the so-called ‘duality’ of Italian economic system, that is a marked difference of economic development between the north and the south of the country, where the southern regions are less developed.</p>
<p>With regard to these problems, there is a whole branch of economics devoted to this subject, that is regional economics.
I guess, as in India the question is certainly bigger than in Italy, that there must be Indian economists who have studied this matter.
What can I do, to give you an idea, is to report here, translated from Italian, a short quotation from the introduction to a course of regional economics at an Italian university:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>The dimension of space and territory in economic analysis</strong></p>
<p>In neoclassic economic theory the dimensions of space and time are
nearly ignored. Implicitly, the neoclassical model hypothesizes a
world which consists of a plane space, homogeneous, where
transportations costs are zero and there aren’t economies of scale.
Economics activity, in such a world, in equilibrium should be
uniformly distributed over the territory. It should be, at the limit,
a world of small self-sufficient villages (Krugman, 1997, p. 35-36.).
On the contrary, in the real world, productive resources are
distributed  unevenly over the space and we observe a very uneven
distribution of productive activities,  of population and economic
wealth.[…]</p>
<p>There are essentially three disciplines which try to explain the
interaction between space/territory and the economic system:
geographical economics, development economics and regional
economics.[…] Maybe, on the whole, is regional economics that gives a
synthesis and a systematization of spatial problems of economic
organization and development useful for the study of economic planning
of the territory. […]</p>
<p>Regional economics requires to abandon many hypotheses of the
standard model:</p>
<ul>
<li>Non linearity of economic processes.</li>
<li>Presence of transaction costs.</li>
<li>Embeddedness of economic activity in the ‘institutional ‘milieu’.</li>
<li>Imperfect markets. Non constant returns.</li>
</ul>
<p>To regional economics belong two groups of theories:</p>
<ol>
<li>The theory of localization, born at the beginning of the XIX° century, which  deals with the economic mechanism underlying economic
activity in the space.</li>
<li>Regional growth and development theory, which focuses on spatial aspects of economic growth and the distribution of income over the
territory.</li>
</ol>
<p>The former has mainly microeconomic and static foundations,  the
latter macroeconomic and dynamic foundations.</p>
<p>[…]</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Below a list of possible references given for this course:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/lpfBe.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/lpfBe.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T19:35:55.940Z
While interesting, this is isn't really an answer.
BrsG
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T19:39:32.540Z
The OP in the comments asked: "Could I then be guided on the economics I need to understand the answer to this question ? ". I think this was the sense of his original question, and I answered to what the OP looked for, some hints and references to approach the question. I didn't pretend to explain the functioning of the Indian economic system.
BakerStreet
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T17:04:59.060Z
2022-09-26T17:04:59.060Z
BakerStreet
<p>In my home country India, the states are sometimes of the size of countries. For example, Utter Pradesh, one of the larger states, is of population 200 million. For comparsion, a country like Germany has only 80 million population.</p>
<p>Now, the thing is that throughout the states the various indices of Human development vary, yet they all use the same currency. So, how is the state-wise macroeconomics effected when a lot of large places with varying development and economic indices come together?</p>
<p>I can give an example of the phenomena I have in mind. If the country is big enough, then the developed states have access to cheap labor since the people will migrate into the developed states for better life.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T09:07:00.603Z
Hi! Can you please elaborate on what exactly you mean by "microeconomics"  here?
Giskard
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T09:07:37.107Z
The dictionary definition @Giskard Am I missing something? ; the study of the economic problems of businesses and people and the way particular parts of an economy behave
Brian
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T09:08:34.267Z
What do you mean by micro economics? 1. In economics microeconomics is study that studies one market at a time or at best few markets in partial equilibrium. So for example, analyzing local market for fish would be microeconomics. 2. In average country there will be million markets if you are actually looking for micro effects the question is too broad for this site unless you restrict it to a specific market
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T09:11:36.730Z
I am pretty sure there are some general things shared microeconomic consideration (exclusive to India) experienced by any buisness in this country. For example, I think there is a trickle down effect of economy due to people migrating to better states then sending back remittance.
Brian
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T09:17:19.650Z
@TrystwithFreedom but you are asking *what* the effect is. Even if it happens that there is some effect in same direction across multiple micro markets the magnitudes will differ. Moreover, the same markets in different regions will generally be affected differently. Economics.SE is not built for writing books as an answer. If your Q requires more than 5-6-7 pages of A4 text to be properly answered it definitely does not belong to Economics.se
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T09:19:15.163Z
Could I then be guided on the economics I need to understand the answer to this question ? @1muflon1
Brian
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T12:03:35.690Z
What is the question though? Currently it seems to be: "tell me everything about Indian businesses!"
Giskard
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T12:08:15.483Z
How so? I am asking only for the subset of things which occur due to having so many states with varied development indexes nearby. I don't understand how one can conclude that everything about Indian buisness= nearby state influence considerations
Brian
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T13:15:40.377Z
...are you still asking about businesses or the economy in general? I have just noticed that after being buffled why I don't understand what you mean by "microeconomics", you changed it to "state-wide macroeconomics". The title still has micro though...
Giskard
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T13:17:26.493Z
Perhaps you could edit an example into your question so that we know what type of thing you are thinking of?
Giskard
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T13:17:39.827Z
I think this can be a very interesting question, but currently it is simply to broad to answer, especially for our website. Perhaps you can edit it and narrow it down a bit.
BB King
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-09-26T14:41:51.623Z
Do you have any ideas? I tried a bit @BBKing
Brian
<microeconomics>
How does macroeconomics change as state size of a country varies?
Brian
# How does macroeconomics change as state size of a country varies?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-09-26)

In my home country India, the states are sometimes of the size of countries. For example, Utter Pradesh, one of the larger states, is of population 200 million. For comparsion, a country like Germany has only 80 million population.

Now, the thing is that throughout the states the various indices of Human development vary, yet they all use the same currency. So, how is the state-wise macroeconomics effected when a lot of large places with varying development and economic indices come together?

I can give an example of the phenomena I have in mind. If the country is big enough, then the developed states have access to cheap labor since the people will migrate into the developed states for better life.

**Tags:** microeconomics

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Hi! Can you please elaborate on what exactly you mean by "microeconomics"  here?  
> **username_0**: The dictionary definition @username_1 Am I missing something? ; the study of the economic problems of businesses and people and the way particular parts of an economy behave  
> **username_2**: What do you mean by micro economics? 1. In economics microeconomics is study that studies one market at a time or at best few markets in partial equilibrium. So for example, analyzing local market for fish would be microeconomics. 2. In average country there will be million markets if you are actually looking for micro effects the question is too broad for this site unless you restrict it to a specific market  
> **username_0**: I am pretty sure there are some general things shared microeconomic consideration (exclusive to India) experienced by any buisness in this country. For example, I think there is a trickle down effect of economy due to people migrating to better states then sending back remittance.  
> **username_2**: @TrystwithFreedom but you are asking *what* the effect is. Even if it happens that there is some effect in same direction across multiple micro markets the magnitudes will differ. Moreover, the same markets in different regions will generally be affected differently. Economics.SE is not built for writing books as an answer. If your Q requires more than 5-6-7 pages of A4 text to be properly answered it definitely does not belong to Economics.se  
> **username_0**: Could I then be guided on the economics I need to understand the answer to this question ? @username_2  
> **username_1**: What is the question though? Currently it seems to be: "tell me everything about Indian businesses!"  
> **username_0**: How so? I am asking only for the subset of things which occur due to having so many states with varied development indexes nearby. I don't understand how one can conclude that everything about Indian buisness= nearby state influence considerations  
> **username_1**: ...are you still asking about businesses or the economy in general? I have just noticed that after being buffled why I don't understand what you mean by "microeconomics", you changed it to "state-wide macroeconomics". The title still has micro though...  
> **username_1**: Perhaps you could edit an example into your question so that we know what type of thing you are thinking of?  
> **username_3**: I think this can be a very interesting question, but currently it is simply to broad to answer, especially for our website. Perhaps you can edit it and narrow it down a bit.  
> **username_0**: Do you have any ideas? I tried a bit @BBKing  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2022-09-26. Score: 1

I try a partial answer.

I write from Italy, where a similar problem, not of so large scale as in India, of course, is important. The economic system of Italy is spatially non homogeneous, because regions present very large differences in economic development, economic institutions, industrial structure, infrastructures, labour market, unemployment, and so on. In particular, there is the old and unresolved problem of the so-called ‘duality’ of Italian economic system, that is a marked difference of economic development between the north and the south of the country, where the southern regions are less developed.

With regard to these problems, there is a whole branch of economics devoted to this subject, that is regional economics.
I guess, as in India the question is certainly bigger than in Italy, that there must be Indian economists who have studied this matter.
What can I do, to give you an idea, is to report here, translated from Italian, a short quotation from the introduction to a course of regional economics at an Italian university:

> **The dimension of space and territory in economic analysis**
>
> In neoclassic economic theory the dimensions of space and time are
> nearly ignored. Implicitly, the neoclassical model hypothesizes a
> world which consists of a plane space, homogeneous, where
> transportations costs are zero and there aren’t economies of scale.
> Economics activity, in such a world, in equilibrium should be
> uniformly distributed over the territory. It should be, at the limit,
> a world of small self-sufficient villages (Krugman, 1997, p. 35-36.).
> On the contrary, in the real world, productive resources are
> distributed unevenly over the space and we observe a very uneven
> distribution of productive activities, of population and economic
> wealth.[…]
>
> There are essentially three disciplines which try to explain the
> interaction between space/territory and the economic system:
> geographical economics, development economics and regional
> economics.[…] Maybe, on the whole, is regional economics that gives a
> synthesis and a systematization of spatial problems of economic
> organization and development useful for the study of economic planning
> of the territory. […]
>
> Regional economics requires to abandon many hypotheses of the
> standard model:
>
> * Non linearity of economic processes.
> * Presence of transaction costs.
> * Embeddedness of economic activity in the ‘institutional ‘milieu’.
> * Imperfect markets. Non constant returns.
>
> To regional economics belong two groups of theories:
>
> 1. The theory of localization, born at the beginning of the XIX° century, which deals with the economic mechanism underlying economic
>    activity in the space.
> 2. Regional growth and development theory, which focuses on spatial aspects of economic growth and the distribution of income over the
>    territory.
>
> The former has mainly microeconomic and static foundations, the
> latter macroeconomic and dynamic foundations.
>
> […]

Below a list of possible references given for this course:

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/lpfBe.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/lpfBe.png)

> **Comments:**
> **username_5**: While interesting, this is isn't really an answer.  
> **username_4**: The OP in the comments asked: "Could I then be guided on the economics I need to understand the answer to this question ? ". I think this was the sense of his original question, and I answered to what the OP looked for, some hints and references to approach the question. I didn't pretend to explain the functioning of the Indian economic system.  

---

