<p>Suppose you write some software that you can then freely sell at practically no cost per unit (the wonders of the internet). You want to make as much profit as possible. Since you have almost no per unit cost, maximizing your profit will amount to maximizing the revenue, the price per unit times the number of units sold.</p>
<p>Note what did not enter the calculation: The cost of developing the software. How much money you might eventually get might influence whether you put in some effort to create the software, but it will not influence your pricing decision once you made the software.</p>
<p>The companies bidding for spectrum are essentially in the same situation. Once they have gotten their spectrum rights, how much they paid will not influence how much they charge..
Of course someone has to pay, but these are companies bidding for monopoly rights. Apart from the cost, the license gives them a huge profit and this profit is what the cost is paid from.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-04T21:33:41.170Z
Thanks! Disregarding collusion, though, won't profits eventually fall to zero? I'm guessing the clincher is that profits can exist for a long enough time -- if a company lowers its prices, other companies will take a while to respond to it because of sticky ads, etc. Is this correct?
Ray Bradbury
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-04T22:07:14.430Z
There is no free entry here. The spectrum is inherently limited, which is why it is auctioned off. There is nothing that drives profits to zero.
Michael Greinecker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T10:02:01.507Z
@MichaelGreinecker I'm confused. The cost to develop the software certainly did enter the calculation. The profit maximizing price is heavily dependent on the cost to enter the market. As a trivial example, if the cost to develop the software is zero, the profit maximizing price will be very close to zero because otherwise a competitor will underprice you.
David Schwartz
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T10:56:41.390Z
@DavidSchwartz Maybe in a world without enforced monopoly from patents and copyrights.
pipe
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T11:00:04.227Z
@pipe All those do is raise the cost to develop a competing product. So you can only be right if I am also right.
David Schwartz
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T11:04:53.820Z
@DavidSchwartz We are not talking about free entry here.
Michael Greinecker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T12:05:58.247Z
@MichaelGreinecker I agree. We are talking about the relationship between the price of a product and the cost for a competitor to enter the market. You are saying there is no relationship.
David Schwartz
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T12:22:42.167Z
@DavidSchwartz The cost for a competitor to enter the market is the cost of _couping the government_ (or getting laws changed); exclusive use of the spectrum has been sold, so nobody else can enter the market.
wizzwizz4
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T12:28:55.050Z
@wizzwizz4 Exclusive use of that one part of the spectrum has been sold. But often the same service can be provided on some other part of the spectrum and that can be obtained either at the next auction or by sub-licensing from a company that bought spectrum at that very same auction.
David Schwartz
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T12:31:12.237Z
@DavidSchwartz But that has only to do with the costs competitors face, not the cost someone paid for spectrum use.
Michael Greinecker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T12:32:37.347Z
@MichaelGreinecker They are the same thing. To compete, you have to outbid. The auction determines the cost to compete. The amount you're willing to bid is the *value* of competing which also depends on the price current competitors charge. It's a complete, bidirectional feedback loop making the two values totally interdependent. High service prices mean high value to spectrum space, meaning high spectrum auction prices, meaning undercuts are slight, meaning it's still valuable to compete, meaning high bids at the next auction.
David Schwartz
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T12:41:02.120Z
@MichaelGreinecker Here's a much simpler way to see it: Let's say that given all the possible uses for the next spectrum auction, it's probably going to sell for about a billion dolllars. If I'm an existing market participant, I want to set my prices so that it is just barely not worth investing a billion dollars to be able to compete with me. That way, someone who doesn't want to compete with me will win the auction rather than someone who does. Thus the expected auction price *directly* affects where I can set my service price and keep my market share.
David Schwartz
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T12:45:58.440Z
@DavidSchwartz That still has nothing to do with the fixed cost the incumbent paid.
Michael Greinecker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T16:44:03.857Z
@MichaelGreinecker That is the process that determined the fixed cost the incumbent paid! Do you think the number was pulled out of a hat? The bidders in the very first auction had to predict what other participants would bid to determine their own bids. And then their prices follow from the remaining participants who are going to bid in the next auction through the process I explained above.
David Schwartz
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-04T20:22:03.513Z
2021-04-04T20:22:03.513Z
Michael Greinecker
<p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_auction" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>,</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A spectrum auction is a process whereby a government uses an auction system to sell the rights to transmit signals over specific bands of the electromagnetic spectrum and to assign scarce spectrum resources.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In  2000, for example, the UK government auctioned off five 3G licenses and raised a total revenue of <span class="math-container">$£22.5$</span> billion -- or <span class="math-container">$2.5$</span> percent of the UK's Gross Domestic Product at the time. In <em>The Undercover Economist</em>, Tim Harford argues that the auction could not have resulted in higher prices for mobile phone users, because</p>
<blockquote>
<p>firms will charge the maximum they possibly can, under any circumstance [whether the licenses are cheap or not]. We also know that their ability to do this is limited by their scarcity power... In the UK there was scarcity built into the amount of radio spectrum available:
five licenses were the most the technicians could offer. It does not make any
difference to the customer how much the licenses cost, but it does matter to the
taxpayers, who would like the government to get a lot of money for this valuable
public resource.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Let's say for the sake of simplicity that each license sold for an equal price, <span class="math-container">$£4.5$</span> billion (the prices varied, but this doesn't affect my argument). This amount had to come from <em>somewhere</em>. Let's say they borrowed this money. The bills they send to their customer will be affected by three things: infrastructure costs and wages, profits, and <em>the repayment of the loan used to pay for the license</em>. In a free market, the companies would have roughly the same costs and profits. Harford is right that neither of these is influenced by how the licenses were distributed: scarcity is baked into the amount of spectrum available, and only scarcity power determines profit.</p>
<p>But consider the last of these costs. Over time, companies would recoup the licenses' cost by charging their customers. Sure, they could postpone this recoupment, but they will get it <em>someday</em> (and will pass on the interest to the customer). It should &quot;make a difference to the customer how much the licenses cost&quot;. If my thinking is right, the windfall from this auction was right out of the taxpayer's purse.</p>
<p>In reality, telecom companies in the UK nearly went bust after the auction. But that needn't have happened. The telecom companies without 3G licenses were the most seriously afflicted. Elsewhere, too, telecom companies have paid exorbitant sums for spectrum licenses and come away just fine.</p>
<p>Tim Harford got his economics degree from Oxford. I, on the other hand, haven't ever read an economics textbook. I'd bet the error in reasoning is on my part rather than Harford's, but I'd like to know where.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T10:32:11.370Z
The question title doesn't seem to match the body of the question.  The title is "is .. a tax", but the body is "does the price paid for the resource affect the price charged for it."
James K
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-05T11:40:14.440Z
"nearly went bust" = didn't go bust, therefore they didn't over-pay for a scarce resource.
user_1818839
<microeconomics><taxation><auctions><nonexpert>
Are spectrum auctions a tax?
Ray Bradbury
# Are spectrum auctions a tax?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-04-04)

According to [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_auction),

> A spectrum auction is a process whereby a government uses an auction system to sell the rights to transmit signals over specific bands of the electromagnetic spectrum and to assign scarce spectrum resources.

In 2000, for example, the UK government auctioned off five 3G licenses and raised a total revenue of $£22.5$ billion -- or $2.5$ percent of the UK's Gross Domestic Product at the time. In *The Undercover Economist*, Tim Harford argues that the auction could not have resulted in higher prices for mobile phone users, because

> firms will charge the maximum they possibly can, under any circumstance [whether the licenses are cheap or not]. We also know that their ability to do this is limited by their scarcity power... In the UK there was scarcity built into the amount of radio spectrum available:
> five licenses were the most the technicians could offer. It does not make any
> difference to the customer how much the licenses cost, but it does matter to the
> taxpayers, who would like the government to get a lot of money for this valuable
> public resource.

Let's say for the sake of simplicity that each license sold for an equal price, $£4.5$ billion (the prices varied, but this doesn't affect my argument). This amount had to come from *somewhere*. Let's say they borrowed this money. The bills they send to their customer will be affected by three things: infrastructure costs and wages, profits, and *the repayment of the loan used to pay for the license*. In a free market, the companies would have roughly the same costs and profits. Harford is right that neither of these is influenced by how the licenses were distributed: scarcity is baked into the amount of spectrum available, and only scarcity power determines profit.

But consider the last of these costs. Over time, companies would recoup the licenses' cost by charging their customers. Sure, they could postpone this recoupment, but they will get it *someday* (and will pass on the interest to the customer). It should "make a difference to the customer how much the licenses cost". If my thinking is right, the windfall from this auction was right out of the taxpayer's purse.

In reality, telecom companies in the UK nearly went bust after the auction. But that needn't have happened. The telecom companies without 3G licenses were the most seriously afflicted. Elsewhere, too, telecom companies have paid exorbitant sums for spectrum licenses and come away just fine.

Tim Harford got his economics degree from Oxford. I, on the other hand, haven't ever read an economics textbook. I'd bet the error in reasoning is on my part rather than Harford's, but I'd like to know where.

**Tags:** microeconomics, taxation, auctions, nonexpert

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: The question title doesn't seem to match the body of the question.  The title is "is .. a tax", but the body is "does the price paid for the resource affect the price charged for it."  
> **username_2**: "nearly went bust" = didn't go bust, therefore they didn't over-pay for a scarce resource.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2021-04-04. Score: 8 | Accepted answer

Suppose you write some software that you can then freely sell at practically no cost per unit (the wonders of the internet). You want to make as much profit as possible. Since you have almost no per unit cost, maximizing your profit will amount to maximizing the revenue, the price per unit times the number of units sold.

Note what did not enter the calculation: The cost of developing the software. How much money you might eventually get might influence whether you put in some effort to create the software, but it will not influence your pricing decision once you made the software.

The companies bidding for spectrum are essentially in the same situation. Once they have gotten their spectrum rights, how much they paid will not influence how much they charge..
Of course someone has to pay, but these are companies bidding for monopoly rights. Apart from the cost, the license gives them a huge profit and this profit is what the cost is paid from.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thanks! Disregarding collusion, though, won't profits eventually fall to zero? I'm guessing the clincher is that profits can exist for a long enough time -- if a company lowers its prices, other companies will take a while to respond to it because of sticky ads, etc. Is this correct?  
> **username_3**: There is no free entry here. The spectrum is inherently limited, which is why it is auctioned off. There is nothing that drives profits to zero.  
> **username_4**: @MichaelGreinecker I'm confused. The cost to develop the software certainly did enter the calculation. The profit maximizing price is heavily dependent on the cost to enter the market. As a trivial example, if the cost to develop the software is zero, the profit maximizing price will be very close to zero because otherwise a competitor will underprice you.  
> **username_5**: @DavidSchwartz Maybe in a world without enforced monopoly from patents and copyrights.  
> **username_4**: @username_5 All those do is raise the cost to develop a competing product. So you can only be right if I am also right.  
> **username_3**: @DavidSchwartz We are not talking about free entry here.  
> **username_4**: @MichaelGreinecker I agree. We are talking about the relationship between the price of a product and the cost for a competitor to enter the market. You are saying there is no relationship.  
> **username_6**: @DavidSchwartz The cost for a competitor to enter the market is the cost of _couping the government_ (or getting laws changed); exclusive use of the spectrum has been sold, so nobody else can enter the market.  
> **username_4**: @username_6 Exclusive use of that one part of the spectrum has been sold. But often the same service can be provided on some other part of the spectrum and that can be obtained either at the next auction or by sub-licensing from a company that bought spectrum at that very same auction.  
> **username_3**: @DavidSchwartz But that has only to do with the costs competitors face, not the cost someone paid for spectrum use.  
> **username_4**: @MichaelGreinecker They are the same thing. To compete, you have to outbid. The auction determines the cost to compete. The amount you're willing to bid is the *value* of competing which also depends on the price current competitors charge. It's a complete, bidirectional feedback loop making the two values totally interdependent. High service prices mean high value to spectrum space, meaning high spectrum auction prices, meaning undercuts are slight, meaning it's still valuable to compete, meaning high bids at the next auction.  
> **username_4**: @MichaelGreinecker Here's a much simpler way to see it: Let's say that given all the possible uses for the next spectrum auction, it's probably going to sell for about a billion dolllars. If I'm an existing market participant, I want to set my prices so that it is just barely not worth investing a billion dollars to be able to compete with me. That way, someone who doesn't want to compete with me will win the auction rather than someone who does. Thus the expected auction price *directly* affects where I can set my service price and keep my market share.  
> **username_3**: @DavidSchwartz That still has nothing to do with the fixed cost the incumbent paid.  
> **username_4**: @MichaelGreinecker That is the process that determined the fixed cost the incumbent paid! Do you think the number was pulled out of a hat? The bidders in the very first auction had to predict what other participants would bid to determine their own bids. And then their prices follow from the remaining participants who are going to bid in the next auction through the process I explained above.  

---

