<p>In Ricardian model prices depend also on consumer utility and demand. Without that it would be impossible to solve the model no matter what the goods are. However, this is usually not explicitly mentioned in bachelor level textbooks where all models are for better or worse described in overly simplified form as not to load too much on most students. In fact you always have to make an assumption on demand in Ricardian model. Standard undergraduate model assumes that utility is identical for everyone home and abroad and such that the demand derived from utility function is homothetic across countries. Of course, you could also make some own 'unrealistic' assumption on utility and demand by assuming lets say country only wants one good or just some fixed quantity of the good etc. Under some assumptions it could be even impossible to actually solve for the price. However, if you for some didactic purposes want to assume there will always be 2 industries no matter what the demand is then price can be still determined even without any <em>explicit</em> demand. </p>

<p>The reason why you can say that relative prices are equal to the ratio of productivity is that assuming perfect market, then the prices will have to be equal to the marginal cost of production which has to be in equilibrium equal to marginal product of the factor of production (in this case only factor is labor). As long as you impose restriction that both industries exist prices have to be such that they equal the ratio of productivity. If this would be violated then all workers would just go to the sector where they can get higher wage  for the same effort in terms of labor (here there is no economic profit all accounting profits are paid out as wages). For example, if productivity is such that 1 cheese = 1 labor and 1 mud pie = 2L then if the relative prices <span class="math-container">$\frac{p_{ch}}{p_m}$</span> are anything else than ratio of the productivity <span class="math-container">$1L/2L$</span> the other sector would completely collapse and could not exist anymore, violating the assumption both sectors exist.</p>

<p>But again all of above is extremely simplified version of Ricardian model. In actual Ricardian model you dont have just 2 goods but <span class="math-container">$n$</span> number of goods, you have wages utility and much more. Following PhD level textbook by Feenstra, the set up of Ricardian model includes:</p>

<ol>
<li>Continuum of industries indexed by <span class="math-container">$z\in [0,1]$</span> with productivity in each industry being <span class="math-container">$a(z)$</span></li>
<li><p>The utility is given by <span class="math-container">$U = \int_0^1 \ln c(z) dz$</span>, and since consumption has to be equal to the income this utility function is subject to the constraint <span class="math-container">$c(z)= wL \implies c(z)= p(z)z$</span>, where <span class="math-container">$z$</span> would be some good consumed (remember these are all distributions, its not just 1 good but potentially infinite amount of goods since <span class="math-container">$z \in [0,1]$</span> and there are infinite numbers between 0 and 1). The demand is derived from utility function by solving the consumer optimization problem (that is how to spend resources in a way to maximize utility).</p></li>
<li><p>To clear markets in autarky prices are set <span class="math-container">$p(z) =wa(z)$</span> where <span class="math-container">$w$</span> is the wage.</p></li>
<li>Next you would assume the all above would also hold for foreign country and then let them trade (I might have also skipped some minor auxiliary assumptions - for full treetment see Feenstra (2015) chapter 3.).</li>
<li>Once countries open up to trade, balance of trade is assumed so: <span class="math-container">$\frac{w}{w^*} = \frac{z}{1-z}\left(\frac{L^*}{L}\right)$</span>, where star * indexes the variables from the second country. Once the trade opens up the prices will be given not by national supply and demands but by world supply and demand which could be derived from the above assumptions.</li>
</ol>

<p>Now, I wont post the full solution to this model but due to the budget constraint prices also depend on what the utility, and by extension what demand is (since demand is always derived from utility). Hence, in Ricardian model there is absolutely nothing strange about price determination - its a part of the whole system and each part makes quite a lot of sense if you think about it individually. </p>

<p>To sum it up, the full treatment of Ricardian model <em>does</em> and not only that but also <em>has to</em> include both utility, demands, consumption, wages etc. So your description of Ricardian model in your question does not make it justice. In a proper Ricardian model the question does not make sense because the prices actually depend also on utility and demand - you cant really make models in economics without including utility somewhere in one way or another, explicitly or implicitly. However, dont expect to learn all this at once. The purpose of the simplified version of Ricardian model that does not include all of the above explicitly is to make it easy for students to follow, but as a result the simplified Ricardian model will have many 'plot holes' and if you just try to rigorously examine the simplified Ricardian model it will never hold up - it misses too many important parts but again thats just for didactic purposes - not because the 'full' Ricardian model does not cover these.</p>

<p><strong>References:</strong> 
Feenstra, R. C. (2015). Advanced international trade: theory and evidence. Princeton university press.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-11T15:20:23.020Z
Did I understand you correctly that in the simplified version reluctance of the population to accept autarky price of the simplified version is impossible because it would lead to violation of assumptions? Like people can't pay for a mud pie more than 0.5 of wine because otherwise it would violate assumptions of rationality of agents and perfect competition. They can't also ask for lower price, zero price, or ignore all mudpies because otherwise mudpie industry dies and it violates assumptions that there are 2 industries.
KarmaPeasant
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-11T23:23:31.670Z
@user161005 yes you are completely right. That’s how it works in simplified model.
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-11T13:28:51.813Z
2020-01-11T13:56:21.697Z
2020-01-11T13:56:21.697Z
1muflon1
<p>(It's assumed that we work with the Ricardian model)
Absurdtopia is an autarky. Production of 1 mud pie requires 1 labor, while production of 1 cheese requires 2 labor. We know that price of 1 mud pie in terms of cheese under these conditions will equal to (labor needed to produce 1 mud pie)/(labor needed to produce 1 cheese)=1/2=0.5 cheese. Or in other word, 1 mud pie has price equal to the opportunity cost of its production, in this case 0.5 of wine. It's also called "Autarky price"</p>

<p>But there is one strange thing about this price. It completely ignores demand and utility of customers. Consequently, it is possible to imagine such result when this price will false. In our case it's obvious, nobody in their right mind would agree to give 0.5 of their hard-earned cheese for absolutely useless mud pie. Thus price of 1 mud pie in terms of cheese isn't 0.5, it's strict zero. It seems like our formula miserably failed to take into account utility function and demand of consumers, that it's inadequate.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-10T18:36:03.550Z
Autarky seems to assume that there is non-zero demand for each good produced. As long as there's at least one person who wants to buy a mud pie, 0.5 cheese is a fair price for them to pay. If there is zero demand for mud pies, no one will even take one for free, so the price isn't zero.
Nuclear Hoagie
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-11T02:26:10.757Z
"is a fair price for them to pay". Fair prices? What kind of mythological beast is it? What prevents market from dictating price above or below 0.5 of cheese?
KarmaPeasant
<international-trade><international-economics><price>
Why do we have autarky price of mud pies equal to 0.5 of cheese, while it must be zero?
KarmaPeasant
# Why do we have autarky price of mud pies equal to 0.5 of cheese, while it must be zero?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-01-10)

(It's assumed that we work with the Ricardian model)
Absurdtopia is an autarky. Production of 1 mud pie requires 1 labor, while production of 1 cheese requires 2 labor. We know that price of 1 mud pie in terms of cheese under these conditions will equal to (labor needed to produce 1 mud pie)/(labor needed to produce 1 cheese)=1/2=0.5 cheese. Or in other word, 1 mud pie has price equal to the opportunity cost of its production, in this case 0.5 of wine. It's also called "Autarky price"

But there is one strange thing about this price. It completely ignores demand and utility of customers. Consequently, it is possible to imagine such result when this price will false. In our case it's obvious, nobody in their right mind would agree to give 0.5 of their hard-earned cheese for absolutely useless mud pie. Thus price of 1 mud pie in terms of cheese isn't 0.5, it's strict zero. It seems like our formula miserably failed to take into account utility function and demand of consumers, that it's inadequate.

**Tags:** international-trade, international-economics, price

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Autarky seems to assume that there is non-zero demand for each good produced. As long as there's at least one person who wants to buy a mud pie, 0.5 cheese is a fair price for them to pay. If there is zero demand for mud pies, no one will even take one for free, so the price isn't zero.  
> **username_0**: "is a fair price for them to pay". Fair prices? What kind of mythological beast is it? What prevents market from dictating price above or below 0.5 of cheese?  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2020-01-11. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

In Ricardian model prices depend also on consumer utility and demand. Without that it would be impossible to solve the model no matter what the goods are. However, this is usually not explicitly mentioned in bachelor level textbooks where all models are for better or worse described in overly simplified form as not to load too much on most students. In fact you always have to make an assumption on demand in Ricardian model. Standard undergraduate model assumes that utility is identical for everyone home and abroad and such that the demand derived from utility function is homothetic across countries. Of course, you could also make some own 'unrealistic' assumption on utility and demand by assuming lets say country only wants one good or just some fixed quantity of the good etc. Under some assumptions it could be even impossible to actually solve for the price. However, if you for some didactic purposes want to assume there will always be 2 industries no matter what the demand is then price can be still determined even without any *explicit* demand.

The reason why you can say that relative prices are equal to the ratio of productivity is that assuming perfect market, then the prices will have to be equal to the marginal cost of production which has to be in equilibrium equal to marginal product of the factor of production (in this case only factor is labor). As long as you impose restriction that both industries exist prices have to be such that they equal the ratio of productivity. If this would be violated then all workers would just go to the sector where they can get higher wage for the same effort in terms of labor (here there is no economic profit all accounting profits are paid out as wages). For example, if productivity is such that 1 cheese = 1 labor and 1 mud pie = 2L then if the relative prices $\frac{p\_{ch}}{p\_m}$ are anything else than ratio of the productivity $1L/2L$ the other sector would completely collapse and could not exist anymore, violating the assumption both sectors exist.

But again all of above is extremely simplified version of Ricardian model. In actual Ricardian model you dont have just 2 goods but $n$ number of goods, you have wages utility and much more. Following PhD level textbook by Feenstra, the set up of Ricardian model includes:

1. Continuum of industries indexed by $z\in [0,1]$ with productivity in each industry being $a(z)$
2. The utility is given by $U = \int\_0^1 \ln c(z) dz$, and since consumption has to be equal to the income this utility function is subject to the constraint $c(z)= wL \implies c(z)= p(z)z$, where $z$ would be some good consumed (remember these are all distributions, its not just 1 good but potentially infinite amount of goods since $z \in [0,1]$ and there are infinite numbers between 0 and 1). The demand is derived from utility function by solving the consumer optimization problem (that is how to spend resources in a way to maximize utility).
3. To clear markets in autarky prices are set $p(z) =wa(z)$ where $w$ is the wage.
4. Next you would assume the all above would also hold for foreign country and then let them trade (I might have also skipped some minor auxiliary assumptions - for full treetment see Feenstra (2015) chapter 3.).
5. Once countries open up to trade, balance of trade is assumed so: $\frac{w}{w^\*} = \frac{z}{1-z}\left(\frac{L^\*}{L}\right)$, where star \* indexes the variables from the second country. Once the trade opens up the prices will be given not by national supply and demands but by world supply and demand which could be derived from the above assumptions.

Now, I wont post the full solution to this model but due to the budget constraint prices also depend on what the utility, and by extension what demand is (since demand is always derived from utility). Hence, in Ricardian model there is absolutely nothing strange about price determination - its a part of the whole system and each part makes quite a lot of sense if you think about it individually.

To sum it up, the full treatment of Ricardian model *does* and not only that but also *has to* include both utility, demands, consumption, wages etc. So your description of Ricardian model in your question does not make it justice. In a proper Ricardian model the question does not make sense because the prices actually depend also on utility and demand - you cant really make models in economics without including utility somewhere in one way or another, explicitly or implicitly. However, dont expect to learn all this at once. The purpose of the simplified version of Ricardian model that does not include all of the above explicitly is to make it easy for students to follow, but as a result the simplified Ricardian model will have many 'plot holes' and if you just try to rigorously examine the simplified Ricardian model it will never hold up - it misses too many important parts but again thats just for didactic purposes - not because the 'full' Ricardian model does not cover these.

**References:**
Feenstra, R. C. (2015). Advanced international trade: theory and evidence. Princeton university press.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Did I understand you correctly that in the simplified version reluctance of the population to accept autarky price of the simplified version is impossible because it would lead to violation of assumptions? Like people can't pay for a mud pie more than 0.5 of wine because otherwise it would violate assumptions of rationality of agents and perfect competition. They can't also ask for lower price, zero price, or ignore all mudpies because otherwise mudpie industry dies and it violates assumptions that there are 2 industries.  
> **username_2**: @user161005 yes you are completely right. That’s how it works in simplified model.  

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