<p>It seems likely there are other factors at play, that are not included in the basic model.</p>
<p>For example, suppose that a large portion of new money is simply gifted to a few actors. How would that affect the inflation of the prices of goods and services? What would it mean to you if your salary stayed fixed? How would it affect your life?</p>
<p>If those actors simply held onto the money and kept in the bank, then, largely, there may be little practical consequence to the economy as the prices of goods and services might be unchanged.</p>
<p>If those actors used the money for massive purchasing goods and services, the prices of those goods and services may go up, making them relatively expensive and less affordable for most people with a fixed salary.</p>
<p>If those actors used the money to employ people in the production of goods and services, then potentially, the cost of those goods and services could actually go down (and its surprising that governments don't directly do this as a method of stimulus).</p>
<p>So, inflation of prices generally, isn't a necessary logical consequence of new money. Far more important is the relationship that supply and demand has on prices. Inflation becomes an extreme concern when good and services, particularly the necessities of life (shelter, food, water, power, ... toilet paper) are in much less supply than there is demand. The supply of these items may have little to do with the total amount of available money in an economy -- rich actors with mountains of money may have little use for an extra can of beans, and their ability to pay $2000 dollars for one is unlikely to have large effects on the price of beans in a crisis. Price inflation can happen when supply chains fail and supply is reduced, driving up prices.
Price inflation can happen when there is an increase in demand, and there is a fear of future supply shortages.</p>
<p>Its important to note that the text book model is one of macroeconomics. It relates the total money to the <em>average</em> price of items in a closed economy. It may say little about the median prices of individual goods and services. Money velocity is a critical component than doesn't <em>necessarily</em> increase with money supply. Further, the text book model it a model of the fixed points of a dynamic process. These are theoretical value that do not consider the process itself to be changing.</p>
<p>Price inflation occurs in failed economies it is sometimes as a <em>reaction</em> to failures in supply chains, as opposed to the release of new money.
Price inflation isn't <em>necessarily</em> bad for people either. If we doubled the amount of money in the economy, but also doubled people's wages in consequence, it might have zero effect on most people's lives. In this scenario, the major losers might actually be people having a large amount of cash, who value has suddenly decreased.</p>
<p>So to answer the question, to know the effect of new money on prices, you need to know the effect that money will have on the supply and demand of good and services, and their production. If the new money is given to people who cash-out-refinance their homes, and place that money in a CD, I would expect little change in the prices of most goods and services, at least in the short term, and perhaps even little change in loan prices and homes. The full answer is, its complicated, and depends a lot what the new money is used for, its consequence on behaviors, and the subsequent effect on supply and demand, particularly if were talking about the prices of individual items and not averages.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T10:37:35.923Z
But this is already covered by the textbook equations - whether people spend money or not that’s the velocity of money. If people stuff all new money under mattresses then the velocity of money will drop. Also, the statement about if the money would be used to employ people in production of goods and services the prices would potentially go down is not correct. Increasing demand for workers and capital pushes returns to those factors up increasing costs of producing goods and services which will lead to higher prices. Moreover, also those employees are going to spend the money presumably
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T10:44:34.890Z
pushing up the prices. Furthermore, it’s empirically not true that “price inflation occurs in failed economies”. US in 70s was far from failed economy yet it had relatively large inflation. “Sometimes the release of new money is the *reaction* to price inflation” - what source do you even get this from? I would generally like to see sources of about half of the statements you make here because they go contrary to conventional monetary theories
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T15:43:21.150Z
Re velocity. Suppose that 10 trillion dollars is gifted to banks, and the those banks use it to furiously trade bitcoin back and forth, knowing that if they do so, they'll likely receive another 10 dollars (because later we find that the new money was insufficient to stimulate the economy). The velocity of that money may be high, yet the consequence on overall prices in the economy will be low. Theory that does not consider behavior is just theory.
user48956
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T15:51:15.533Z
except such trading would put inflationary pressure on bitcoin. To an extent you consider bitcoin a speculative asset that would already lead to asset price inflation, if you want to consider it as a currency that would lead to its appreciation against dollar increasing demands of bitcoin holders for US goods. Again that’s already covered by monetary theory as you can easily analyze that with monetary model of exchange rate or if you want to treat bitcoin just as an asset you don’t even need to go there
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T15:55:16.787Z
Exactly. Total money in the economy is a macro is being compared in the same equation to individual items prices and money velocities of individual items. That is not a closed system and reasoning that derives from it is not sound.
user48956
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T16:04:01.743Z
macro->*macro economic measure*
user48956
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T16:07:46.140Z
1. It’s not compared to individual prices or velocities but to aggregate and average prices and velocities. 2. So your whole argument is just that it would be more appropriate to use open economy model here which is essentially just based on the same fundamental relationships? Yes assuming close economy is not realistic but the point is to isolate the effects that happen within the country from outside influences as an additional ceteris paribus condition. There is nothing incorrect about doing that in fact that’s how you can gain additional insights into how the mechanisms work
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T16:12:03.023Z
Sure -- these equations provide insights. I would certainly not argue with that.
user48956
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T16:22:08.717Z
Y = MV/P. This implies that real output will *necessarily* increase with the money supply? Is it so?
user48956
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T16:26:20.347Z
no because money supply is in principle completely controlled by central bank so we can treat it as exogenous. In some commodity based monetary system where money can be issued by anyone it could but certainly not in the current system. Especially since central banks tend to lean against the wind and hence they purposefully contract money supply when output increases and vice versa
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T16:29:53.997Z
But this equation says that if the central bank, being exogenous, doubles M (and V and P are held constant for whatever cause), then output must double. Is it so?
user48956
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T16:36:28.227Z
but the problem with that is that it is not valid to say P and V will hold constant. Furthermore, real output here is also determined outside the model by production function $Y=F(K,L)$ and production can in short run increase in response to monetary expansion although the channel will be through P and not directly through M
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T16:42:07.693Z
But you are arguing Y (output) is exogenous and not a function of prices and money velocity? Is it so?
user48956
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T16:46:59.923Z
no I am saying that within the simple $MV=PY$ the output determination is not fully modeled as it models only partial equilibrium on money market. However, output will be a function of prices in the short run. You can expand the monetary equation which gives you money market equilibrium into full IS-LM AS-AD model and in such mode output is function of price level in the short run. But again for the sort of question asked here resorting to general equilibrium analysis is completely unnecessary and it would not fundamentally change the message of the model.
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T17:25:48.853Z
"Sometimes the release of new money is the reaction to price inflation” I'll remove it until I have time to find a source.
user48956
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-19T06:09:38.207Z
2020-06-19T17:30:04.493Z
2020-06-19T17:30:04.493Z
user48956
<p>Yes there are other factors at play. Inflation is change in a price level. The price level, according to classic textbook monetary equation, is determined as follows:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$P = \frac{MV}{Y}$$</span></p>
<p>Where <span class="math-container">$M$</span> is the money supply, <span class="math-container">$V$</span> velocity of money (how much is one dollar used in the economy) and <span class="math-container">$Y$</span> is the real output.</p>
<p>So beside money supply and real output inflation depends also on velocity of money. Furthermore, the inflation also depends on peoples expectations of these quantities. That is on what people expect the money supply, real output and velocity will be (although this is not shown in the simplified textbook model above).</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Would this average American family's \$50,000/yr income in February equivalent to a \$42,000/yr salary in May?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Not likely. According to the <a href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/USA?zoom=USA&amp;highlight=USA" rel="nofollow noreferrer">International Monetary Fund</a> the the annual inflation forecast for USA for 2020 and 2021 is <span class="math-container">$0.6\%$</span> and <span class="math-container">$2.2\%$</span> respectively. These are mean forecasts so of course the actual realized values will not be exactly the same, but I would be surprised if even <span class="math-container">$99\%$</span> confidence interval would even include double digit inflation. The assumption that output does not change is currently also not realistic. USA lost <span class="math-container">$6\%$</span> of GDP just in 2020Q1 according to the <a href="https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gross-domestic-product" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a> and the fall for Q2 is projected to be even worse.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-18T22:44:55.820Z
Wouldn't the loss in GDP make it more likely that inflation reaches double digits? With such an increase in money supply, velocity stagnate (as far as I can tell), and this decrease in Y - isn't that indicative of much more than a typical years inflation? I just don't see, based on the formula you provided, where the extra value lies that keep price level near the same while money supply increases so drastically. Or is the idea GDP will rebound drastically? Why wouldn't comparisons of GDP measured in USD also be drastically skewed by the increase in USD supply?
TCooper
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-18T23:18:23.633Z
@TCooper you are right that drop in real output would ceteris paribus lead to higher inflation - I just mentioned that as a side note not as an argument for why inflation will be low inflation - the point was that it would already mess your calculation. In addition velocity of money definitely does not stagnate. For example have a look at this Fed data on velocity of money in US it falls dramatically  in last two decades ( https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2V ). Velocity of money depends on how many transactions people make.
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-18T23:19:58.710Z
In a recession where they are not even allowed to purchase many goods and services due to corona lockdowns it is bound to fall. Generally recessions are deflationary due to this (especially demand driven recessions are). The recent recession is both demand and supply driven but as people are not allowed to spend I would expect V to just fall further not stay stagnant. In fact currently  as interest rates are at zero lower bound it is real possibility that many countries will find themselves in liquidity trap. In such situation any increase in money supply will be offset  by change in V
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-18T23:26:46.510Z
That last comment combined with a couple of the answers on the question I linked are really getting the picture completed in my mind. I appreciate you taking the time to help me understand ( also @the_rainbox ). I've never been in this SE and I see most of the questions are more involved/higher level. It was just recommended to try here when I first posted on Personal Finance. Again, really appreciate your answers and clarifications.
TCooper
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-18T23:35:58.363Z
@TCooper you are welcome. Also If you think either mine or the_rainbox answer answered your Q consider accepting one of them. As far as I understand it helps to improve site stats and we are currently petitioning to get out of beta.
1muflon1
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-18T23:40:11.547Z
Got it, I definitely will. General rule on other SE's is wait 24 hours (global community and all), so I'm going to do that.
TCooper
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-18T18:23:34.757Z
2020-06-18T18:32:08.550Z
2020-06-18T18:32:08.550Z
1muflon1
<p>Say an average american household is bringing in $50,000 a year.</p>
<p>Between ongoing quantitative easing and the drastic stimulus packages passed <a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/current/default.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">in February-May 2020, the USD Money Supply increased by 25% or 16% depending on if you look at M1 or M2</a>, respectively. (I assume M2 is more directly related to inflation, but would love if anyone can provide clarity there)</p>
<p>Assuming 0 change in real output (not likely, but for simplicity) would the last 3 months actions to increase the money supply equate to a direct equivalent loss of value per USD?</p>
<p>Would this average American family's \$50,000/yr income in February become equivalent to a \$42,000/yr salary(in Feb \$'s) by May?</p>
<p>Or are there other factors in play? (outside increasing real output)</p>
<p>Adding <a href="https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/25387/how-does-printing-money-cause-inflation?rq=1">this question</a> and its answers as they're relevant here.</p>

<inflation><money-supply><united-states>
How does an increase in USD money supply affect inflation?
TCooper
# How does an increase in USD money supply affect inflation?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-06-18)

Say an average american household is bringing in $50,000 a year.

Between ongoing quantitative easing and the drastic stimulus packages passed [in February-May 2020, the USD Money Supply increased by 25% or 16% depending on if you look at M1 or M2](https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/current/default.htm), respectively. (I assume M2 is more directly related to inflation, but would love if anyone can provide clarity there)

Assuming 0 change in real output (not likely, but for simplicity) would the last 3 months actions to increase the money supply equate to a direct equivalent loss of value per USD?

Would this average American family's \$50,000/yr income in February become equivalent to a \$42,000/yr salary(in Feb \$'s) by May?

Or are there other factors in play? (outside increasing real output)

Adding [this question](https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/25387/how-does-printing-money-cause-inflation?rq=1) and its answers as they're relevant here.

**Tags:** inflation, money-supply, united-states


---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2020-06-18. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

Yes there are other factors at play. Inflation is change in a price level. The price level, according to classic textbook monetary equation, is determined as follows:

$$P = \frac{MV}{Y}$$

Where $M$ is the money supply, $V$ velocity of money (how much is one dollar used in the economy) and $Y$ is the real output.

So beside money supply and real output inflation depends also on velocity of money. Furthermore, the inflation also depends on peoples expectations of these quantities. That is on what people expect the money supply, real output and velocity will be (although this is not shown in the simplified textbook model above).

> Would this average American family's \$50,000/yr income in February equivalent to a \$42,000/yr salary in May?

Not likely. According to the [International Monetary Fund](https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/USA?zoom=USA&highlight=USA) the the annual inflation forecast for USA for 2020 and 2021 is $0.6\%$ and $2.2\%$ respectively. These are mean forecasts so of course the actual realized values will not be exactly the same, but I would be surprised if even $99\%$ confidence interval would even include double digit inflation. The assumption that output does not change is currently also not realistic. USA lost $6\%$ of GDP just in 2020Q1 according to the [Bureau of Economic Analysis](https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gross-domestic-product) and the fall for Q2 is projected to be even worse.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Wouldn't the loss in GDP make it more likely that inflation reaches double digits? With such an increase in money supply, velocity stagnate (as far as I can tell), and this decrease in Y - isn't that indicative of much more than a typical years inflation? I just don't see, based on the formula you provided, where the extra value lies that keep price level near the same while money supply increases so drastically. Or is the idea GDP will rebound drastically? Why wouldn't comparisons of GDP measured in USD also be drastically skewed by the increase in USD supply?  
> **username_2**: @username_0 you are right that drop in real output would ceteris paribus lead to higher inflation - I just mentioned that as a side note not as an argument for why inflation will be low inflation - the point was that it would already mess your calculation. In addition velocity of money definitely does not stagnate. For example have a look at this Fed data on velocity of money in US it falls dramatically  in last two decades ( https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2V ). Velocity of money depends on how many transactions people make.  
> **username_2**: In a recession where they are not even allowed to purchase many goods and services due to corona lockdowns it is bound to fall. Generally recessions are deflationary due to this (especially demand driven recessions are). The recent recession is both demand and supply driven but as people are not allowed to spend I would expect V to just fall further not stay stagnant. In fact currently  as interest rates are at zero lower bound it is real possibility that many countries will find themselves in liquidity trap. In such situation any increase in money supply will be offset  by change in V  
> **username_0**: That last comment combined with a couple of the answers on the question I linked are really getting the picture completed in my mind. I appreciate you taking the time to help me understand ( also @the_rainbox ). I've never been in this SE and I see most of the questions are more involved/higher level. It was just recommended to try here when I first posted on Personal Finance. Again, really appreciate your answers and clarifications.  
> **username_2**: @username_0 you are welcome. Also If you think either mine or the_rainbox answer answered your Q consider accepting one of them. As far as I understand it helps to improve site stats and we are currently petitioning to get out of beta.  
> **username_0**: Got it, I definitely will. General rule on other SE's is wait 24 hours (global community and all), so I'm going to do that.  

---

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-06-19. Score: 1

It seems likely there are other factors at play, that are not included in the basic model.

For example, suppose that a large portion of new money is simply gifted to a few actors. How would that affect the inflation of the prices of goods and services? What would it mean to you if your salary stayed fixed? How would it affect your life?

If those actors simply held onto the money and kept in the bank, then, largely, there may be little practical consequence to the economy as the prices of goods and services might be unchanged.

If those actors used the money for massive purchasing goods and services, the prices of those goods and services may go up, making them relatively expensive and less affordable for most people with a fixed salary.

If those actors used the money to employ people in the production of goods and services, then potentially, the cost of those goods and services could actually go down (and its surprising that governments don't directly do this as a method of stimulus).

So, inflation of prices generally, isn't a necessary logical consequence of new money. Far more important is the relationship that supply and demand has on prices. Inflation becomes an extreme concern when good and services, particularly the necessities of life (shelter, food, water, power, ... toilet paper) are in much less supply than there is demand. The supply of these items may have little to do with the total amount of available money in an economy -- rich actors with mountains of money may have little use for an extra can of beans, and their ability to pay $2000 dollars for one is unlikely to have large effects on the price of beans in a crisis. Price inflation can happen when supply chains fail and supply is reduced, driving up prices.
Price inflation can happen when there is an increase in demand, and there is a fear of future supply shortages.

Its important to note that the text book model is one of macroeconomics. It relates the total money to the *average* price of items in a closed economy. It may say little about the median prices of individual goods and services. Money velocity is a critical component than doesn't *necessarily* increase with money supply. Further, the text book model it a model of the fixed points of a dynamic process. These are theoretical value that do not consider the process itself to be changing.

Price inflation occurs in failed economies it is sometimes as a *reaction* to failures in supply chains, as opposed to the release of new money.
Price inflation isn't *necessarily* bad for people either. If we doubled the amount of money in the economy, but also doubled people's wages in consequence, it might have zero effect on most people's lives. In this scenario, the major losers might actually be people having a large amount of cash, who value has suddenly decreased.

So to answer the question, to know the effect of new money on prices, you need to know the effect that money will have on the supply and demand of good and services, and their production. If the new money is given to people who cash-out-refinance their homes, and place that money in a CD, I would expect little change in the prices of most goods and services, at least in the short term, and perhaps even little change in loan prices and homes. The full answer is, its complicated, and depends a lot what the new money is used for, its consequence on behaviors, and the subsequent effect on supply and demand, particularly if were talking about the prices of individual items and not averages.

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: But this is already covered by the textbook equations - whether people spend money or not that’s the velocity of money. If people stuff all new money under mattresses then the velocity of money will drop. Also, the statement about if the money would be used to employ people in production of goods and services the prices would potentially go down is not correct. Increasing demand for workers and capital pushes returns to those factors up increasing costs of producing goods and services which will lead to higher prices. Moreover, also those employees are going to spend the money presumably  
> **username_2**: pushing up the prices. Furthermore, it’s empirically not true that “price inflation occurs in failed economies”. US in 70s was far from failed economy yet it had relatively large inflation. “Sometimes the release of new money is the *reaction* to price inflation” - what source do you even get this from? I would generally like to see sources of about half of the statements you make here because they go contrary to conventional monetary theories  
> **username_1**: Re velocity. Suppose that 10 trillion dollars is gifted to banks, and the those banks use it to furiously trade bitcoin back and forth, knowing that if they do so, they'll likely receive another 10 dollars (because later we find that the new money was insufficient to stimulate the economy). The velocity of that money may be high, yet the consequence on overall prices in the economy will be low. Theory that does not consider behavior is just theory.  
> **username_2**: except such trading would put inflationary pressure on bitcoin. To an extent you consider bitcoin a speculative asset that would already lead to asset price inflation, if you want to consider it as a currency that would lead to its appreciation against dollar increasing demands of bitcoin holders for US goods. Again that’s already covered by monetary theory as you can easily analyze that with monetary model of exchange rate or if you want to treat bitcoin just as an asset you don’t even need to go there  
> **username_1**: Exactly. Total money in the economy is a macro is being compared in the same equation to individual items prices and money velocities of individual items. That is not a closed system and reasoning that derives from it is not sound.  
> **username_1**: macro->*macro economic measure*  
> **username_2**: 1. It’s not compared to individual prices or velocities but to aggregate and average prices and velocities. 2. So your whole argument is just that it would be more appropriate to use open economy model here which is essentially just based on the same fundamental relationships? Yes assuming close economy is not realistic but the point is to isolate the effects that happen within the country from outside influences as an additional ceteris paribus condition. There is nothing incorrect about doing that in fact that’s how you can gain additional insights into how the mechanisms work  
> **username_1**: Sure -- these equations provide insights. I would certainly not argue with that.  
> **username_1**: Y = MV/P. This implies that real output will *necessarily* increase with the money supply? Is it so?  
> **username_2**: no because money supply is in principle completely controlled by central bank so we can treat it as exogenous. In some commodity based monetary system where money can be issued by anyone it could but certainly not in the current system. Especially since central banks tend to lean against the wind and hence they purposefully contract money supply when output increases and vice versa  
> **username_1**: But this equation says that if the central bank, being exogenous, doubles M (and V and P are held constant for whatever cause), then output must double. Is it so?  
> **username_2**: but the problem with that is that it is not valid to say P and V will hold constant. Furthermore, real output here is also determined outside the model by production function $Y=F(K,L)$ and production can in short run increase in response to monetary expansion although the channel will be through P and not directly through M  
> **username_1**: But you are arguing Y (output) is exogenous and not a function of prices and money velocity? Is it so?  
> **username_2**: no I am saying that within the simple $MV=PY$ the output determination is not fully modeled as it models only partial equilibrium on money market. However, output will be a function of prices in the short run. You can expand the monetary equation which gives you money market equilibrium into full IS-LM AS-AD model and in such mode output is function of price level in the short run. But again for the sort of question asked here resorting to general equilibrium analysis is completely unnecessary and it would not fundamentally change the message of the model.  
> **username_1**: "Sometimes the release of new money is the reaction to price inflation” I'll remove it until I have time to find a source.  

---

