<p>Assuming artificial intelligence could do every job better and cheaper than humans can, it could lead to the formation of a post-scarcity system in which production became so effective (and possibly combined with atomic \ molecular nanotech) that things like money and employment cease to be necessary. Societies under this type of system could find themselves in a state of eutopia\utopia (essentially a Heaven-on-Earth type scenario)</p>
<p>However, it's possible that as technology advances, the jobs lost to automation could be replaced by better ones. After all, this is what has happened in most major technological revolutions throughout history, from the Neolithic Revolution to the Digital Revolution.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-06-01T03:58:39.960Z
2024-06-01T03:58:39.960Z
Aristocratic Jack
<p>If this were to occur, there are three things we need to look at.</p>

<p>1) Will production occur?</p>

<p>2) Without wages, how will households make money?</p>

<p>3) What will be the welfare effects?</p>

<p>$\textbf{1)}$ To answer the first question, if we assume that capital replaced all labor, we are assuming that capital and labor are substitutes which means that the production function will have the following form:
$$F(k,l)=\alpha k+\beta l$$
What this means is that if $l=0$, $F(k,l)$ will still be greater than zero, so production will still occur.</p>

<p>$\textbf{2)}$ To answer the second question, we can look at how households make money. Households make money from wages, and they make money from owning a fraction of firms (so they get that fraction of the profits the firm makes). All firms are owned by households (either through stocks or private ownership). The typical income of a household looks like the following:
$$Y(\frac{}{})=wl+\theta\Pi$$
Where $w$ is wages, $l$ is labor hours, $\theta$ is the fraction of firms which the household owns, and $Pi$ is those firms' profits. If $l=0$, our income reduces to $Y(\frac{}{})=\theta\Pi$</p>

<p>One thing that immediately comes to mind is "without wages, won't all households' income decrease?" Well, we don't know for sure. According to economic theory, the reason the automation will have occurred is because it will cost less. What this means is that profit will increase, so $\theta\Pi$ will also increase. It really depends on whether $\Delta\theta\Pi$ is larger than, smaller than, or equal to $wl$.</p>

<p>$\textbf{3)}$ The welfare effects are where we run into problems. When we look at the equation for income of a household, we can conduct a thought experiment: How does the fraction of income attributed to each term change when in different income groups? In the highest income groups, most of their income will come from $\theta\Pi$. An example of this would be the show SharkTank. In this show, companies come to the very wealthy "sharks" looking for capital, and in turn, they often offer a share of their company. Now, when we think about lower income groups, where does most of their income come from? Well, most of their income comes from wages because they cannot afford to save money (and therefore invest in stocks or entrepreneurship). What would happen as a result from full automation, we would theoretically see the income inequality grow to be even larger than it currently is. This is a very undesirable result. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-04-06T17:18:17.527Z
Thanks, seeing these equations gives me a framework from which to research.  Properly asking the question is commonly the hardest part.
kd8azz
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-06T18:21:28.767Z
@KitsuneCavalry I edited the answer to account for the ambiguity in whether $\Delta\theta\Pi=wl$
DornerA
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-04-06T16:37:16.033Z
2016-06-06T18:19:56.150Z
2016-06-06T18:19:56.150Z
DornerA
<p>As advances in robotics and artificial intelligence continue, one possible outcome is a laborless economy, in which capital (means of production) is the dominant factor in production, by multiple orders of magnitude.  Looking at the current system, it would seem to me that a steady progression toward full automation within the bounds of the current market structure would lead toward an ever increasing concentration of wealth amongst those that possess capital.  (coincidentally, this seems to be occurring)  The end result of this, in my mind, seems to be a collapse of capitalism, in which supply curves are vertical, demand curves are horizontal, and they intersect near 0.</p>

<p>Now there are proposed solutions, which seem to move toward socialism, in general.  In this question, I am not seeking one of these solutions, but rather, theory.</p>

<p>My question is, it seems that traditional economic theory relies on { capital, labor }.  How does economic theory handle a zero-labor scenario, in which the capital is essentially a black box that outputs products?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-04-06T15:31:44.427Z
Someone has to keep the machines running (so there will never be zero labor), and in some industries (restaurants for example), the cost of automation is much higher than the cost of labor, so full automation would never occur. Think about this: Why would a restaurant pay a bunch of money to get a robot to bring you your food when they can pay a person less than minimum wage (assuming they make tips)?
DornerA
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-04-06T15:59:27.317Z
@DornerA We can debate whether this outcome will occur, (e.g. whether maintenance of machines can also be automated) but that is not relevant to the question.  The question is, how does economic theory handle this?  Or moreso, does it?
kd8azz
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-04-06T16:37:12.000Z
I think it is important to talk about whether it is feasible because if it is not, there is no reason for economic theory to address it. But, in the answer I offered three outcomes predicted by economic theory if it were feasible and if it occurred
DornerA
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-04-08T04:52:06.473Z
Repeated question here: http://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/9994/has-automation-of-technology-shown-to-have-a-better-impact-on-the-world-society/11353#11353
Fix.B.
<labor-economics>
How does economic theory handle full automation of production resulting in full unemployment?
kd8azz
# How does economic theory handle full automation of production resulting in full unemployment?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-04-06)

As advances in robotics and artificial intelligence continue, one possible outcome is a laborless economy, in which capital (means of production) is the dominant factor in production, by multiple orders of magnitude. Looking at the current system, it would seem to me that a steady progression toward full automation within the bounds of the current market structure would lead toward an ever increasing concentration of wealth amongst those that possess capital. (coincidentally, this seems to be occurring) The end result of this, in my mind, seems to be a collapse of capitalism, in which supply curves are vertical, demand curves are horizontal, and they intersect near 0.

Now there are proposed solutions, which seem to move toward socialism, in general. In this question, I am not seeking one of these solutions, but rather, theory.

My question is, it seems that traditional economic theory relies on { capital, labor }. How does economic theory handle a zero-labor scenario, in which the capital is essentially a black box that outputs products?

**Tags:** labor-economics

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Someone has to keep the machines running (so there will never be zero labor), and in some industries (restaurants for example), the cost of automation is much higher than the cost of labor, so full automation would never occur. Think about this: Why would a restaurant pay a bunch of money to get a robot to bring you your food when they can pay a person less than minimum wage (assuming they make tips)?  
> **username_0**: @username_1 We can debate whether this outcome will occur, (e.g. whether maintenance of machines can also be automated) but that is not relevant to the question.  The question is, how does economic theory handle this?  Or moreso, does it?  
> **username_1**: I think it is important to talk about whether it is feasible because if it is not, there is no reason for economic theory to address it. But, in the answer I offered three outcomes predicted by economic theory if it were feasible and if it occurred  
> **username_2**: Repeated question here: http://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/9994/has-automation-of-technology-shown-to-have-a-better-impact-on-the-world-society/11353#11353  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2016-04-06. Score: 5 | Accepted answer

If this were to occur, there are three things we need to look at.

1) Will production occur?

2) Without wages, how will households make money?

3) What will be the welfare effects?

$\textbf{1)}$ To answer the first question, if we assume that capital replaced all labor, we are assuming that capital and labor are substitutes which means that the production function will have the following form:
$$F(k,l)=\alpha k+\beta l$$
What this means is that if $l=0$, $F(k,l)$ will still be greater than zero, so production will still occur.

$\textbf{2)}$ To answer the second question, we can look at how households make money. Households make money from wages, and they make money from owning a fraction of firms (so they get that fraction of the profits the firm makes). All firms are owned by households (either through stocks or private ownership). The typical income of a household looks like the following:
$$Y(\frac{}{})=wl+\theta\Pi$$
Where $w$ is wages, $l$ is labor hours, $\theta$ is the fraction of firms which the household owns, and $Pi$ is those firms' profits. If $l=0$, our income reduces to $Y(\frac{}{})=\theta\Pi$

One thing that immediately comes to mind is "without wages, won't all households' income decrease?" Well, we don't know for sure. According to economic theory, the reason the automation will have occurred is because it will cost less. What this means is that profit will increase, so $\theta\Pi$ will also increase. It really depends on whether $\Delta\theta\Pi$ is larger than, smaller than, or equal to $wl$.

$\textbf{3)}$ The welfare effects are where we run into problems. When we look at the equation for income of a household, we can conduct a thought experiment: How does the fraction of income attributed to each term change when in different income groups? In the highest income groups, most of their income will come from $\theta\Pi$. An example of this would be the show SharkTank. In this show, companies come to the very wealthy "sharks" looking for capital, and in turn, they often offer a share of their company. Now, when we think about lower income groups, where does most of their income come from? Well, most of their income comes from wages because they cannot afford to save money (and therefore invest in stocks or entrepreneurship). What would happen as a result from full automation, we would theoretically see the income inequality grow to be even larger than it currently is. This is a very undesirable result.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thanks, seeing these equations gives me a framework from which to research.  Properly asking the question is commonly the hardest part.  
> **username_1**: @KitsuneCavalry I edited the answer to account for the ambiguity in whether $\Delta\theta\Pi=wl$  

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### Answer by username_3 on 2024-06-01. Score: 0

Assuming artificial intelligence could do every job better and cheaper than humans can, it could lead to the formation of a post-scarcity system in which production became so effective (and possibly combined with atomic \ molecular nanotech) that things like money and employment cease to be necessary. Societies under this type of system could find themselves in a state of eutopia\utopia (essentially a Heaven-on-Earth type scenario)

However, it's possible that as technology advances, the jobs lost to automation could be replaced by better ones. After all, this is what has happened in most major technological revolutions throughout history, from the Neolithic Revolution to the Digital Revolution.


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