<p>It's important to understand what Arlequin is doing for MANOVA. It will compare two or more populations to assess whether there is a difference in the allele frequency between the populations. It will also assess &quot;interaction&quot; (interpreting that in &quot;gene flow&quot; needs some thinking).</p>
<p>The basic theory is that if two or more populations cannot be distinguished under a formal parametric test there must be very strong gene flow supporting the lack of population structure between these populations.</p>
<p><strong>Geographic foci</strong> Population designation is usually done between geographic foci, thus population A is usually geographic location (focus) A and population B is a geographically separated region (focus). Thus the fasta header needs to know the geographic region of the sample. Thats it.</p>
<p><strong>Population info</strong> The issue is that information is required within the fasta header. Thus population delineation is therefore essential. This is confirmed in the PGDSpider manual below the line for Arlequin: which you don't need to do because thats what the conversion does.</p>
<p>Arlequin therefore needs to group each member of the population into a (usually geographically seperated) population to perform MANOVA. It will require this information specifying on the fasta header line. At the moment the data is saying there is a single population, it thinks all the sequences are from the same geographic location.</p>
<p><strong>Procedure</strong> Thus it's likely simply a case of assigning two or more broad geographic foci for your samples. Then going through the fasta file and designating each sequence into one of the geographic focus under the keyword &quot;population&quot;.</p>
<p>Just modifying @Steve's reading of the manual</p>
<pre><code>&gt; CcHr1 population:geoFocusA gene:X
ATAAAGATATTGGTACGTTGTATATATTATTGGGTGTGTGGTGTGGTATAGTTGGTACAGGATTATCATT

&gt;CcMath1 population:geoFocusB gene:X
 ATAAAGATATTGGTACGTTATATATATTATTGGGTGTGTGGTGTGGAATAGTTGGCACAGGGTTGTCATT
</code></pre>
<p>Then run PGDSpider</p>
<pre><code>java -Xmx1024m -Xms512m -jar PGDSpider2-cli.jar -inputfile examples\example_Structure.fasta -inputformat FASTA -outputfile examples\output_Arlequin.arp -outputformat ARLEQUIN -spid examples\Structure_Arlequin.spid
</code></pre>
<p>You did attain the critical anomaly in the sequence format,</p>
<ul>
<li><em>each line of a sequence should have fewer than 80 characters</em></li>
</ul>
<p>Your rows have 70 residues.</p>
<hr />
<blockquote>
<p>Genetic structure (only required for AMOVA):</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>The genetic structure specifies the hierarchical genetic structure of the samples. It is possible to define groups of populations.
o start of the subsection: [[Structure]]
o name for the genetic structure (string within ” ”):  StructureName = “name”
o number of groups defined in the structure (int value): NbGroups = 5
o group definitions (list containing the names of the samples belonging to the group,
entered within braces “{ }”):
Id1 2 ACTCGGGTTCGCGCGC # the first pseudo-haplotype ACTCGGGCTCACGCGC # the second pseudo-haplotype</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code>NbGroups=2
Group ={
  population1
}
Group ={
  population2
  population3
}
</code></pre>
<hr />
<p><strong>Advantage</strong> The advantage of MANOVA is you can have LOADS of populations and it will assess which have high levels of gene flow between them. Statistically it is fantastic for loads of different reasons (quite complicated reasons). The disadvantage of output of MANOVA is there will likely be  significant differences between many of the populations - possibly all of them. This is a result of the power of parametric statistics, but may not be particularly helpful for the analysis. If that is the outcome switching to <em>Fst</em> is the next part of the analysis (and a different question). Goodluck and you can always post back if you get stuck.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-12-18T13:02:14.760Z
2022-12-18T13:25:00.740Z
2022-12-18T13:25:00.740Z
M__
<p>You could try specifying the <code>population</code> keyword in the record header. From the <a href="http://www.cmpg.unibe.ch/software/PGDSpider/PGDSpider%20manual_vers%202-1-1-5.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">PGDSpider manual (version 2.1.1.5 (May 2018))</a>, at the bottom of page 67:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Population definition in header line: String after “population:” until
the first space is parsed as population name e.g.: <code>&gt;sample1 population:pop1 gene:HMA4</code></p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-12-18T13:12:59.443Z
A good response.
M__
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-12-18T12:01:18.700Z
2022-12-18T12:01:18.700Z
Steve
<p>I want to use Arlequin for AMOVA. I have my FASTA files which I want to convert into .arp files which are recognizable by arlequin. When I try to convert it using Population Genetics Data (format) Spider, or PGDSpider by <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/28/2/298/198891?login=false" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Lisher and Excoffier (2018)</a>.</p>
<p>The error message says the name of my populations is missing.</p>
<p>Can anyone tell me what's wrong with my FASTA files? Check the following example:</p>
<pre><code>&gt;CcHr1 
ATAAAGATATTGGTACGTTGTATATATTATTGGGTGTGTGGTGTGGTATAGTTGGTACAGGATTATCATT
ACTAATTCGTCTTGAGTTAGGTACTTCTGGTGTCTTGACTGATGAGCATTTTTATAATGTAATTGTAACA
GCCCACGCTTTTGTAATGATTTTTTTTATGGTTATACCGATTATAATTGGTGGTTTTGGAAATTGAATAG
TTCCTTTATTAATTGGTGCTCCAGACATAAGGTTCCCTCGGATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGATTATTACC
TCCTGCTTTTGTACTACTGATTAGTAGAAGCCTTGTTGAGGGAGGGGCTGGGACTGGCTGAACTGTTTAT
CCTCCACTTAGGAGGGTAACAGGACATAGTGGGGCTTCTGTAGACTTGGCTATTTTTTCCTTACATCTCG
CGGGCATATCATCAATTTTGGGGGCAATTAATTTTATTACAACGATCTTCAATATGCGGTCCCCTGGGTT
AACACTCGAGCGGATAAGGCTATTTGTATGGTCTATTTTAGTAACAGTTTTTTTATTGTTACTATCACTT
CCAGTTCTTGCAGGGGCAATTACGATGCTCTTAACTGATCGTAATTTTAGTACTTCATTTTTTGATCCAG
&gt;CcMath1  
ATAAAGATATTGGTACGTTATATATATTATTGGGTGTGTGGTGTGGAATAGTTGGCACAGGGTTGTCATT
ATTAATTCGTCTTGAGTTAGGTACTTCTGGTATCTTGACTGATGAGCATTTTTATAACGTAATTGTAACA
GCCCACGCTTTTGTAATAATTTTTTTTATGGTTATGCCAATTATAATTGGTGGTTTTGGAAATTGAATAG
TCCCTTTATTAATTGGTGCTCCAGACATAAGGTTCCCTCGAATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGACTATTACC
TCCTGCGTTTGTACTGCTGATTAGTAGAAGCCTTGTTGAGGGAGGGGCTGGAACTGGCTGAACTGTTTAT
CCTCCACTTAGAAGGGTAACAGGGCATAGTGGGGCTTCTGTAGACTTGGCGATCTTTTCCTTGCATCTCG
CGGGTATATCATCAATTTTGGGGGCAATTAATTTTATTACAACGATCTTCAATATGCGGTCCCCTGGGTT
AACACTCGAACGGATAAGGTTATTTGTATGGTCTATTTTAGTAACAGTTTTTTTATTGTTATTGTCACTT
CCAGTTCTTGCAGGGGCTATTACGATACTCTTAACTGATCGTAATTTTAGTACTTCGTTTTTTGACCCAG
</code></pre>
<p>As you can see I have to populations but it only names it as pop1.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-12-18T12:58:26.287Z
Is this something I can do inside arlequin? Because so far I have only though of manipulating the flat file into distinguishing populations. This is a very tedious process I would like to avoid
Nickmofoe
<phylogenetics><fasta><phylogeny><populations>
How can I resolve "missing name of population" message in PGDSpider?
# How can I resolve "missing name of population" message in PGDSpider?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-12-18)

I want to use Arlequin for AMOVA. I have my FASTA files which I want to convert into .arp files which are recognizable by arlequin. When I try to convert it using Population Genetics Data (format) Spider, or PGDSpider by Lisher and Excoffier (2018).
The error message says the name of my populations is missing.
Can anyone tell me what's wrong with my FASTA files? Check the following example:
>CcHr1 
ATAAAGATATTGGTACGTTGTATATATTATTGGGTGTGTGGTGTGGTATAGTTGGTACAGGATTATCATT
ACTAATTCGTCTTGAGTTAGGTACTTCTGGTGTCTTGACTGATGAGCATTTTTATAATGTAATTGTAACA
GCCCACGCTTTTGTAATGATTTTTTTTATGGTTATACCGATTATAATTGGTGGTTTTGGAAATTGAATAG
TTCCTTTATTAATTGGTGCTCCAGACATAAGGTTCCCTCGGATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGATTATTACC
TCCTGCTTTTGTACTACTGATTAGTAGAAGCCTTGTTGAGGGAGGGGCTGGGACTGGCTGAACTGTTTAT
CCTCCACTTAGGAGGGTAACAGGACATAGTGGGGCTTCTGTAGACTTGGCTATTTTTTCCTTACATCTCG
CGGGCATATCATCAATTTTGGGGGCAATTAATTTTATTACAACGATCTTCAATATGCGGTCCCCTGGGTT
AACACTCGAGCGGATAAGGCTATTTGTATGGTCTATTTTAGTAACAGTTTTTTTATTGTTACTATCACTT
CCAGTTCTTGCAGGGGCAATTACGATGCTCTTAACTGATCGTAATTTTAGTACTTCATTTTTTGATCCAG
>CcMath1  
ATAAAGATATTGGTACGTTATATATATTATTGGGTGTGTGGTGTGGAATAGTTGGCACAGGGTTGTCATT
ATTAATTCGTCTTGAGTTAGGTACTTCTGGTATCTTGACTGATGAGCATTTTTATAACGTAATTGTAACA
GCCCACGCTTTTGTAATAATTTTTTTTATGGTTATGCCAATTATAATTGGTGGTTTTGGAAATTGAATAG
TCCCTTTATTAATTGGTGCTCCAGACATAAGGTTCCCTCGAATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGACTATTACC
TCCTGCGTTTGTACTGCTGATTAGTAGAAGCCTTGTTGAGGGAGGGGCTGGAACTGGCTGAACTGTTTAT
CCTCCACTTAGAAGGGTAACAGGGCATAGTGGGGCTTCTGTAGACTTGGCGATCTTTTCCTTGCATCTCG
CGGGTATATCATCAATTTTGGGGGCAATTAATTTTATTACAACGATCTTCAATATGCGGTCCCCTGGGTT
AACACTCGAACGGATAAGGTTATTTGTATGGTCTATTTTAGTAACAGTTTTTTTATTGTTATTGTCACTT
CCAGTTCTTGCAGGGGCTATTACGATACTCTTAACTGATCGTAATTTTAGTACTTCGTTTTTTGACCCAG

As you can see I have to populations but it only names it as pop1.

**Tags:** phylogenetics, fasta, phylogeny, populations
> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Is this something I can do inside arlequin? Because so far I have only though of manipulating the flat file into distinguishing populations. This is a very tedious process I would like to avoid  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2022-12-18. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

You could try specifying the `population` keyword in the record header. From the [PGDSpider manual (version 2.1.1.5 (May 2018))](http://www.cmpg.unibe.ch/software/PGDSpider/PGDSpider%20manual_vers%202-1-1-5.pdf), at the bottom of page 67:

> Population definition in header line: String after “population:” until
> the first space is parsed as population name e.g.: `>sample1 population:pop1 gene:HMA4`

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: A good response.  

---

### Answer by username_1 on 2022-12-18. Score: 1

It's important to understand what Arlequin is doing for MANOVA. It will compare two or more populations to assess whether there is a difference in the allele frequency between the populations. It will also assess "interaction" (interpreting that in "gene flow" needs some thinking).
The basic theory is that if two or more populations cannot be distinguished under a formal parametric test there must be very strong gene flow supporting the lack of population structure between these populations.
Geographic foci Population designation is usually done between geographic foci, thus population A is usually geographic location (focus) A and population B is a geographically separated region (focus). Thus the fasta header needs to know the geographic region of the sample. Thats it.
Population info The issue is that information is required within the fasta header. Thus population delineation is therefore essential. This is confirmed in the PGDSpider manual below the line for Arlequin: which you don't need to do because thats what the conversion does.
Arlequin therefore needs to group each member of the population into a (usually geographically seperated) population to perform MANOVA. It will require this information specifying on the fasta header line. At the moment the data is saying there is a single population, it thinks all the sequences are from the same geographic location.
Procedure Thus it's likely simply a case of assigning two or more broad geographic foci for your samples. Then going through the fasta file and designating each sequence into one of the geographic focus under the keyword "population".
Just modifying @Steve's reading of the manual
> CcHr1 population:geoFocusA gene:X
ATAAAGATATTGGTACGTTGTATATATTATTGGGTGTGTGGTGTGGTATAGTTGGTACAGGATTATCATT

>CcMath1 population:geoFocusB gene:X
 ATAAAGATATTGGTACGTTATATATATTATTGGGTGTGTGGTGTGGAATAGTTGGCACAGGGTTGTCATT

Then run PGDSpider
java -Xmx1024m -Xms512m -jar PGDSpider2-cli.jar -inputfile examples\example_Structure.fasta -inputformat FASTA -outputfile examples\output_Arlequin.arp -outputformat ARLEQUIN -spid examples\Structure_Arlequin.spid

You did attain the critical anomaly in the sequence format,

each line of a sequence should have fewer than 80 characters

Your rows have 70 residues.


Genetic structure (only required for AMOVA):


The genetic structure specifies the hierarchical genetic structure of the samples. It is possible to define groups of populations.
o start of the subsection: [[Structure]]
o name for the genetic structure (string within ” ”):  StructureName = “name”
o number of groups defined in the structure (int value): NbGroups = 5
o group definitions (list containing the names of the samples belonging to the group,
entered within braces “{ }”):
Id1 2 ACTCGGGTTCGCGCGC # the first pseudo-haplotype ACTCGGGCTCACGCGC # the second pseudo-haplotype

NbGroups=2
Group ={
  population1
}
Group ={
  population2
  population3
}


Advantage The advantage of MANOVA is you can have LOADS of populations and it will assess which have high levels of gene flow between them. Statistically it is fantastic for loads of different reasons (quite complicated reasons). The disadvantage of output of MANOVA is there will likely be  significant differences between many of the populations - possibly all of them. This is a result of the power of parametric statistics, but may not be particularly helpful for the analysis. If that is the outcome switching to Fst is the next part of the analysis (and a different question). Goodluck and you can always post back if you get stuck.


---

