<p>This is really tough to do with highly heterozygous animals. What are your genome assembly stats? Specifically, what is your number of contigs, scaffolds, assembly size, and the N50?</p>

<p>If you have proximity ligation data it will be easier to determine if potential paralogs are truly from different regions of the genome or are just from homologous locations on sister chromatids that ended up in uncollapsed in your final assembly.</p>

<p>If I were you and had a good genome, I would start by annotating gene models using RNAseq data, then blasting each gene in the model against all genes in the model. This would give you potential paralogs to start looking at more closely.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-07-09T08:52:14.243Z
Thanks. About my PacBio genome: haplo size ~550Mbp (canu + purge haplotigs),  ~1000 contigs, ~1.6 Mbp N50, not yet scaffolded but not sure it's relevant. No proximity ligation data, unfortunately - but I was thinking of checking reliability of paralogs by making sure they are found in an alternative assembly we have (same species, but Illumina, so quite fragmented). I'll test what you suggest in 3rd paragraph too, thanks for the input!
aechchiki
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-07-09T17:45:49.607Z
Those are great numbers - I'd make sure that you polish with pilon then racon to remove indels before mapping RNAseq reads and generating gene models.
conchoecia
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-07-27T11:27:54.753Z
also @conchoecia  can you suggest an alternative to pilon? it is apparently "not currently tuned to the error model of raw PacBio reads, and their use may introduce false corrections" (https://github.com/broadinstitute/pilon/wiki/Methods-of-Operation)
aechchiki
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-02T00:26:17.143Z
Ah, for pilon I mean use Illumina data. You might use Arrow (pb reads) then pilon (Illumina reads).
conchoecia
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-08-03T10:12:11.413Z
oh ok! I don't have Illumina data yet. I'll try with Arrow (I tried with Racon already but only seemed to make the assembly worse -.- not sure why).
aechchiki
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-07-09T04:48:21.887Z
2018-07-09T04:48:21.887Z
conchoecia
<p>We generated a (diploid, chordata, highly heterozgous) genome using PacBio and we wanted to see whether it contains lineage-specific duplications (paralogs, basically). The genome is not in Ensembl yet. </p>

<p>The only data we have at the moment are:</p>

<ul>
<li>genome</li>
<li>transcript annotation</li>
<li>RNAseq </li>
</ul>

<p>We found some methods from papers:</p>

<ul>
<li>use <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/24/3/319/252715" rel="noreferrer">Blast</a></li>
<li>detect segmental duplications in complete genomes with <a href="https://github.com/nlapalu/SDDetector" rel="noreferrer">SDDdetector</a></li>
<li>detecting putative recent segmental duplications or diploid homozygous organisms based on NGS data <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214662817300476" rel="noreferrer">DuplicationDetector</a></li>
<li>(I just came up with this, but should work) map back the reads to the assembly &amp; analyze the read depth to detect duplicated portions</li>
</ul>

<p>I'll gladly take advice.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-07-05T22:56:02.523Z
Chordata...highly heterozygous... Do I sense a tunicate?
conchoecia
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-07-06T06:49:39.887Z
nope, a lancelet ;)
aechchiki
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-07-09T00:23:18.313Z
If there are other genomes or transcriptomes close to your taxon, you might try to cluster homologs and infer gene trees from homologs groups to detect duplications.
NatWH
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-07-09T08:47:32.737Z
thanks @NatWH. yes I have a genome/transcriptome (the stats are less good than our assembly, but should not be a terrible issue)
aechchiki
<genome><assembly><duplications><paralogs>
Find paralogs in a draft genome
# Find paralogs in a draft genome

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-07-05)

We generated a (diploid, chordata, highly heterozgous) genome using PacBio and we wanted to see whether it contains lineage-specific duplications (paralogs, basically). The genome is not in Ensembl yet.

The only data we have at the moment are:

* genome
* transcript annotation
* RNAseq

We found some methods from papers:

* use [Blast](https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/24/3/319/252715)
* detect segmental duplications in complete genomes with [SDDdetector](https://github.com/nlapalu/SDDetector)
* detecting putative recent segmental duplications or diploid homozygous organisms based on NGS data [DuplicationDetector](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214662817300476)
* (I just came up with this, but should work) map back the reads to the assembly & analyze the read depth to detect duplicated portions

I'll gladly take advice.

**Tags:** genome, assembly, duplications, paralogs
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Chordata...highly heterozygous... Do I sense a tunicate?  
> **username_0**: nope, a lancelet ;)  
> **username_2**: If there are other genomes or transcriptomes close to your taxon, you might try to cluster homologs and infer gene trees from homologs groups to detect duplications.  
> **username_0**: thanks @NatWH. yes I have a genome/transcriptome (the stats are less good than our assembly, but should not be a terrible issue)  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2018-07-09. Score: 1

This is really tough to do with highly heterozygous animals. What are your genome assembly stats? Specifically, what is your number of contigs, scaffolds, assembly size, and the N50?

If you have proximity ligation data it will be easier to determine if potential paralogs are truly from different regions of the genome or are just from homologous locations on sister chromatids that ended up in uncollapsed in your final assembly.

If I were you and had a good genome, I would start by annotating gene models using RNAseq data, then blasting each gene in the model against all genes in the model. This would give you potential paralogs to start looking at more closely.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thanks. About my PacBio genome: haplo size ~550Mbp (canu + purge haplotigs),  ~1000 contigs, ~1.6 Mbp N50, not yet scaffolded but not sure it's relevant. No proximity ligation data, unfortunately - but I was thinking of checking reliability of paralogs by making sure they are found in an alternative assembly we have (same species, but Illumina, so quite fragmented). I'll test what you suggest in 3rd paragraph too, thanks for the input!  
> **username_1**: Those are great numbers - I'd make sure that you polish with pilon then racon to remove indels before mapping RNAseq reads and generating gene models.  
> **username_0**: also @conchoecia  can you suggest an alternative to pilon? it is apparently "not currently tuned to the error model of raw PacBio reads, and their use may introduce false corrections" (https://github.com/broadinstitute/pilon/wiki/Methods-of-Operation)  
> **username_1**: Ah, for pilon I mean use Illumina data. You might use Arrow (pb reads) then pilon (Illumina reads).  
> **username_0**: oh ok! I don't have Illumina data yet. I'll try with Arrow (I tried with Racon already but only seemed to make the assembly worse -.- not sure why).  

---

