<p>R is a reference to R0, otherwise known as the basic reproductive rate, and means the number of new cases from a single patient infection. R0 has to be above 1 for a disease to persist. It is a classic equation which account for the probability of transmission against immunity. The y-axis is the number of infecteds, very poorly presented.</p>

<p>The idea is that R0 will be lower if there is containment (less people to infect because you can't move around), but will last longer, possibly because the number of naive patients (not encountered the virus) will be larger over a longer period of time. </p>

<p>That particular graph appears to be saying that everyone at risk of infection will get infected with or without control measures (the surface area under the graphs is approximately the same*) and the only thing that will halt the virus is acquired immunity. If this is mainstream economic thinking then I beg to differ, albeit I note the source is CDC (again see note*). </p>

<p>For example, all other respiratory viral infections are seasonal. If COVID-19  is seasonal containment is the right choice, because the window of transmission is limited.</p>

<p>*, Given this is of CDC origin I think either its a mistake, or at the very least was taken out of context, because the idea is that overall there is a lower number of people infected as a result of "social distancing" and that does not appear to be what the two curves show.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-10T15:05:41.207Z
For example, all other respiratory viral infections are seasonal. If COVID-19 is seasonal, containment is the right choice, because the window of transmission is limited. This part is valid.
Subhash C. Davar
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-10T15:13:50.180Z
That particular graph appears to be saying that everyone at risk of infection will get infected with or without control measures (the surface area under the graphs is approximately the same*) and the only thing that will halt the virus is acquired immunity. THIS Part is not in consonance  with the main theme and interpretation of presumptuous normal  curve with greater height can not be substantiated.
Subhash C. Davar
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-10T15:20:23.757Z
Hi @subhush, whilst I agree the curve needs integrating and is at present a cartoon, it doesn't look optimistic.
M__
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-02T19:49:41.870Z
2020-03-09T18:20:40.817Z
2020-03-09T18:20:40.817Z
M__
<p>R, the reproductive number, relates to the average number of (new) people that will get sick (infected) per person that is already sick.  </p>

<p>For instance, if <span class="math-container">$R=2$</span> and you start with a single infected person, then the next generation will be 2 people, those 2 people will make 4 people sick, those 4 people will make 8 people sick, and so on.</p>

<hr>

<blockquote>
  <p>Is R a fixed constant for a disease?</p>
</blockquote>

<p>This reproduction number, how many people the disease is passed on to, depends a lot on the circumstances. For instance, <strong>how frequent</strong> are contacts and how likely is <strong>transmission per contact</strong>. The probability of transmission per contact will depend on the type of disease (and from that stems those <a href="https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/the-microbescope-infectious-diseases-in-context/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">comparisons of different disease</a>), but can also be influenced by measures like reducing frequency and intensity of contacts (social distancing).</p>

<p>The coronavirus spreads in droplets from breath, coughs and sneezes, and will reach other people mostly during close contact (Although there may be events of long-distance spreading if the virus is spread in aerosols, which is claimed to be not the case but it may still exist to a small extend, like with SARS in 2003 explained <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa031349" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> and <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa032867" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>). So, the reproduction number, R, will likely be influenced by measures like preventing close contact, what they also call social distancing, as well as proper hygiene (washing hands to prevent transmission from virus picked up from fomites).
A clear example is the case of a sexually transmittable disease, where condom use, or not having sex at all, will reduce the spreading of the disease.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Alternatively, is there some variability in R and does that degree of variation affect transmission? </p>
</blockquote>

<p>There is a <em>lot</em> of variability in transmission rate. </p>

<p>The spread of the covid-19 virus has likely been accelerated by celebration of New Year's in China and skiing holidays and carnaval in Europe (as well as large scale meetings during soccer matches and church services).  (this is why large events are bad)</p>

<p>Also, the disease will at some point satiate the surrounding. Once people have been infected they are likely immune for some while and less likely to be infected again. So once the entire household, classroom, or workplace is infected then new infections will be less likely. (this is why long distance travelling is bad because it brings the virus quickly into untouched area's)</p>

<p>It is wrong to speak about <em>the</em> reproduction number. The reproduction occurs heterogeneously and it is wrong to speak of a single number. </p>

<p>The average reproduction might be 1 or less, but there can <em>still</em> be effectively exponential growth within a sub-population with relatively higher transmission rates. </p>

<p>Especially when this sub-population is strongly connected network on a large scale. (the virus is like hopping from cluster to cluster in a large network, the transmission occurs mostly in dense clusters of the network and some area's remain relatively little affected, this is why Sweden does not need to take though measures, their network is relatively sparse and safe)</p>

<hr>

<blockquote>
  <p>Finally the areas under the two curves is about the same. This means that the number of patients is about the same with or without measures.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>That sketch in the economist article is just a simplistic sketch. The 'flattening the curve' will reduce the rate of growth, but it should <em>also</em> reduce the total number of cases.</p>

<p>An example is the image below from this SE post:</p>

<p><a href="https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/461319/using-different-nodes-in-a-networked-compartmental-model-sir-for-different-reg">https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/461319/using-different-nodes-in-a-networked-compartmental-model-sir-for-different-reg</a></p>

<p>In the image you see the effect of different social distancing measures (more details about it in that post). On the left the cumulative cases are plotted (this relates to the area under the curves) and you see a reduction of the total cases. The curves are not <em>only</em> flattened, but also reduced in volume. (Of course, this does require that the measures are continuously followed for the entire period. That image is an idealistic situation)</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/uHIht.png" alt="example"></p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Also, it looks to me as though the blue graph goes to zero very quickly</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The endemic will eventually halt when a lot of people have already gotten sick (it may also continue for a long time, and become endemic, because the population is not static, and births introduce new people that have not been sick before, also immunity may become lost over time). </p>

<p>The <em>basic</em> reproduction value, often denoted <span class="math-container">$R_0$</span>, is the number of people that the infection is passed on to <em>when nobody in the surrounding is immune</em>. But if a lot of people have gotten sick already, or when there is a vaccine, then a lot of people are immune, and less new people will acquire the disease. Effectively the reproduction will be less.</p>

<p>When the disease spreads faster, then this point of satiation/immunity will also be reached more quickly. Currently, strategies are being developed to make the disease spread as fast as possible (to get over with it quickly) but not too fast (to not overload the intensive care units and health care system). This may take a long time (there is still a lot of uncertainty about it) and possibly not economically viable. </p>

<p>If you see that the spreading might be over more quickly when we do nothing about it, then it could be better to just let the disease continue without measures, accept the high amount of deaths, and be done with it quickly instead of letting it linger for a long time. (But not many would dare to suggest these things seriously, because of the complicated ethical issues, and a stigmatization of an utilitarian approach to health and preventing deaths. )</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-04-21T15:42:17.150Z
2020-04-22T08:55:29.163Z
2020-04-22T08:55:29.163Z
Sextus Empiricus
<p>I am wondering about an article in the Economist here:
<a href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2020/02/29/covid-19-is-now-in-50-countries-and-things-will-get-worse" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.economist.com/briefing/2020/02/29/covid-19-is-now-in-50-countries-and-things-will-get-worse</a>
There is a graph there
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/O4X8w.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/O4X8w.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>The explanation is as follows
The course of an epidemic is shaped by a variable called the reproductive rate, or R. It represents, in effect, the number of further cases each new case will give rise to. If R is high, the number of newly infected people climbs quickly to a peak before, for want of new people to infect, starting to fall back again (see chart 2). If R is low the curve rises and falls more slowly, never reaching the same heights. With sars-cov-2 now spread around the world, the aim of public-health policy, whether at the city, national or global scale, is to flatten the curve, spreading the infections out over time.</p>

<p>I am having trouble with this. There are 2 curves here. First of all, I am not sure of the different processes that determine them. It says one is without measures. The other is with measures. But it also says one is with high R and the other with low R. Is R a fixed constant for a disease? Alternatively, is there some variability in R and does that degree of variation affect transmission? This is not explained or stated in the article and I haven't heard R described in this way. At best it is not written clearly in my opinion. </p>

<p>In addition, does without measures necessarily imply high R? Is that what they are getting at? Also, it looks to me as though the blue graph goes to zero very quickly, basically when t is equal to the mean of the orange curve. That means that without measures the epidemic will end quickly (because it exhausts all the possible patients). </p>

<p>Finally the areas under the two curves is about the same. This means that the number of patients is about the same with or without measures. </p>

<p>Anyway, can anyone clear up any of this?</p>

<r><covid-19><sars-cov-2><epidemiology>
Economist article on coronavirus
# Economist article on coronavirus

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-03-02)

I am wondering about an article in the Economist here:
<https://www.economist.com/briefing/2020/02/29/covid-19-is-now-in-50-countries-and-things-will-get-worse>
There is a graph there
[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/O4X8w.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/O4X8w.png)

The explanation is as follows
The course of an epidemic is shaped by a variable called the reproductive rate, or R. It represents, in effect, the number of further cases each new case will give rise to. If R is high, the number of newly infected people climbs quickly to a peak before, for want of new people to infect, starting to fall back again (see chart 2). If R is low the curve rises and falls more slowly, never reaching the same heights. With sars-cov-2 now spread around the world, the aim of public-health policy, whether at the city, national or global scale, is to flatten the curve, spreading the infections out over time.

I am having trouble with this. There are 2 curves here. First of all, I am not sure of the different processes that determine them. It says one is without measures. The other is with measures. But it also says one is with high R and the other with low R. Is R a fixed constant for a disease? Alternatively, is there some variability in R and does that degree of variation affect transmission? This is not explained or stated in the article and I haven't heard R described in this way. At best it is not written clearly in my opinion.

In addition, does without measures necessarily imply high R? Is that what they are getting at? Also, it looks to me as though the blue graph goes to zero very quickly, basically when t is equal to the mean of the orange curve. That means that without measures the epidemic will end quickly (because it exhausts all the possible patients).

Finally the areas under the two curves is about the same. This means that the number of patients is about the same with or without measures.

Anyway, can anyone clear up any of this?

**Tags:** r, covid-19, sars-cov-2, epidemiology

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-03-02. Score: 5

R is a reference to R0, otherwise known as the basic reproductive rate, and means the number of new cases from a single patient infection. R0 has to be above 1 for a disease to persist. It is a classic equation which account for the probability of transmission against immunity. The y-axis is the number of infecteds, very poorly presented.

The idea is that R0 will be lower if there is containment (less people to infect because you can't move around), but will last longer, possibly because the number of naive patients (not encountered the virus) will be larger over a longer period of time.

That particular graph appears to be saying that everyone at risk of infection will get infected with or without control measures (the surface area under the graphs is approximately the same\*) and the only thing that will halt the virus is acquired immunity. If this is mainstream economic thinking then I beg to differ, albeit I note the source is CDC (again see note\*).

For example, all other respiratory viral infections are seasonal. If COVID-19 is seasonal containment is the right choice, because the window of transmission is limited.

\*, Given this is of CDC origin I think either its a mistake, or at the very least was taken out of context, because the idea is that overall there is a lower number of people infected as a result of "social distancing" and that does not appear to be what the two curves show.

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: For example, all other respiratory viral infections are seasonal. If COVID-19 is seasonal, containment is the right choice, because the window of transmission is limited. This part is valid.  
> **username_2**: That particular graph appears to be saying that everyone at risk of infection will get infected with or without control measures (the surface area under the graphs is approximately the same*) and the only thing that will halt the virus is acquired immunity. THIS Part is not in consonance  with the main theme and interpretation of presumptuous normal  curve with greater height can not be substantiated.  
> **username_1**: Hi @subhush, whilst I agree the curve needs integrating and is at present a cartoon, it doesn't look optimistic.  

---

### Answer by username_3 on 2020-04-21. Score: 4

R, the reproductive number, relates to the average number of (new) people that will get sick (infected) per person that is already sick.

For instance, if $R=2$ and you start with a single infected person, then the next generation will be 2 people, those 2 people will make 4 people sick, those 4 people will make 8 people sick, and so on.

---

> Is R a fixed constant for a disease?

This reproduction number, how many people the disease is passed on to, depends a lot on the circumstances. For instance, **how frequent** are contacts and how likely is **transmission per contact**. The probability of transmission per contact will depend on the type of disease (and from that stems those [comparisons of different disease](https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/the-microbescope-infectious-diseases-in-context/)), but can also be influenced by measures like reducing frequency and intensity of contacts (social distancing).

The coronavirus spreads in droplets from breath, coughs and sneezes, and will reach other people mostly during close contact (Although there may be events of long-distance spreading if the virus is spread in aerosols, which is claimed to be not the case but it may still exist to a small extend, like with SARS in 2003 explained [here](https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa031349) and [here](https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa032867)). So, the reproduction number, R, will likely be influenced by measures like preventing close contact, what they also call social distancing, as well as proper hygiene (washing hands to prevent transmission from virus picked up from fomites).
A clear example is the case of a sexually transmittable disease, where condom use, or not having sex at all, will reduce the spreading of the disease.

> Alternatively, is there some variability in R and does that degree of variation affect transmission?

There is a *lot* of variability in transmission rate.

The spread of the covid-19 virus has likely been accelerated by celebration of New Year's in China and skiing holidays and carnaval in Europe (as well as large scale meetings during soccer matches and church services). (this is why large events are bad)

Also, the disease will at some point satiate the surrounding. Once people have been infected they are likely immune for some while and less likely to be infected again. So once the entire household, classroom, or workplace is infected then new infections will be less likely. (this is why long distance travelling is bad because it brings the virus quickly into untouched area's)

It is wrong to speak about *the* reproduction number. The reproduction occurs heterogeneously and it is wrong to speak of a single number.

The average reproduction might be 1 or less, but there can *still* be effectively exponential growth within a sub-population with relatively higher transmission rates.

Especially when this sub-population is strongly connected network on a large scale. (the virus is like hopping from cluster to cluster in a large network, the transmission occurs mostly in dense clusters of the network and some area's remain relatively little affected, this is why Sweden does not need to take though measures, their network is relatively sparse and safe)

---

> Finally the areas under the two curves is about the same. This means that the number of patients is about the same with or without measures.

That sketch in the economist article is just a simplistic sketch. The 'flattening the curve' will reduce the rate of growth, but it should *also* reduce the total number of cases.

An example is the image below from this SE post:

<https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/461319/using-different-nodes-in-a-networked-compartmental-model-sir-for-different-reg>

In the image you see the effect of different social distancing measures (more details about it in that post). On the left the cumulative cases are plotted (this relates to the area under the curves) and you see a reduction of the total cases. The curves are not *only* flattened, but also reduced in volume. (Of course, this does require that the measures are continuously followed for the entire period. That image is an idealistic situation)

![example](https://i.sstatic.net/uHIht.png)

> Also, it looks to me as though the blue graph goes to zero very quickly

The endemic will eventually halt when a lot of people have already gotten sick (it may also continue for a long time, and become endemic, because the population is not static, and births introduce new people that have not been sick before, also immunity may become lost over time).

The *basic* reproduction value, often denoted $R\_0$, is the number of people that the infection is passed on to *when nobody in the surrounding is immune*. But if a lot of people have gotten sick already, or when there is a vaccine, then a lot of people are immune, and less new people will acquire the disease. Effectively the reproduction will be less.

When the disease spreads faster, then this point of satiation/immunity will also be reached more quickly. Currently, strategies are being developed to make the disease spread as fast as possible (to get over with it quickly) but not too fast (to not overload the intensive care units and health care system). This may take a long time (there is still a lot of uncertainty about it) and possibly not economically viable.

If you see that the spreading might be over more quickly when we do nothing about it, then it could be better to just let the disease continue without measures, accept the high amount of deaths, and be done with it quickly instead of letting it linger for a long time. (But not many would dare to suggest these things seriously, because of the complicated ethical issues, and a stigmatization of an utilitarian approach to health and preventing deaths. )


---

