<p>No, it isn't any kind of abuse. You don't have to worry (well perhaps a bit) about 'transaction starvation' (i.e. transactions that get never included because miners refuse to include them), as it is unlikely that one person (or more cooperating) will obtain 51% of the hash power. And even when they obtain 51%, they will be basically cutting themselves from the potential fees involved (and huge investment is required in something that could become worthless after abusing the system, because as a result the trust in bitcoin and therefore its price will fall). Only very large organisations like governments or international banks could potentially pull such trick to bring bitcoin in discredit and recover the loss. To counter this, several solutions have been proposed, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-stake" rel="nofollow">proof of stake</a> (in contrast to bitcoin's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system" rel="nofollow">proof of work</a>).</p>

<p>As for why these particular blocks do not contain any transaction at all: I don't know. I don't think there is any special reason for it, but I could imagine that by chance some of these blocks have less or no transactions (don't think that's the case here) or that some independent miner simply did not bother to include any transaction because of the low fees involved.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-29T17:02:26.787Z
Thank you for the answer, I accept it. I think the question should be "Why someone considers mining empty blocks if this not more profitable than mining nonempty ones?". But it will be hard to answer it.
max taldykin
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-30T03:16:36.743Z
It seems extremely unlikely that the transaction rate would just drop to zero without a special reason. Block 292941 was mined in 85 seconds and contains 128 transactions. Block 292942 was mined in 79 seconds and contains 1 transaction.  Block 292943 was mined in 315 seconds and contains 357 transactions.  @maxtaldykin Could you please provide the block number of one or more of the empty blocks?  Since every block has a reward I would have thought the minimum number of transactions per block would be one.
Alex Millar
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-30T16:14:21.273Z
Well, there can be benefits to small blocks -- the biggest one being that every byte in a block takes time to relay, and so a smaller block can be propagated across the network faster. This means that there's a slightly smaller chance of any block not ending up in the longest chain if someone else finds a block at close to the same time.
Micha
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-30T16:15:25.727Z
@AlexMillar Yes, every block must contain at least one transaction, the coinbase, to be valid. When people talk about "empty" blocks, that means a block that has no transactions *besides the coinbase*.
Micha
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-28T20:11:57.147Z
2014-03-28T20:20:46.870Z
2014-03-28T20:20:46.870Z
Jori
<p>Just opened blockchain.info and found two blocks with single transaction on the main page:</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="https://blockchain.info/block/00000000000000005ca6049e552e76ea082c8f0f6b6d94377b5c2857ae66d750" rel="nofollow">292942</a></li>
<li><a href="https://blockchain.info/block/00000000000000005df6627d5749eb8f4cd6f3b72df4af9bda1c4dab1b3e622b" rel="nofollow">292947</a></li>
</ul>

<p>Isn't it strange?
More than this, block 292941 was issued just minute before 292942 and has 128 transactions.
Block 292946 was issued just minute before 292947 and has 238 transactions in it.</p>

<p>So the question is: why there are such empty blocks in blockchain even if there are some transactions to be included? Is this some kind of misuse?</p>

<p><strong>UPD</strong>:
Using this little script</p>

<pre><code>for b in {292000..292999} ; do
  curl -s https://blockchain.info/block-height/$b?format=json \
    | jq -c -r '.blocks[] | "echo `date +%FT%T -d @\(.time)` \(.n_tx)"' \
    | bash
done
</code></pre>

<p>I found 10 empty blocks. It does not looks like a coincidence. Seems like someone thinks that this is more profitable to mine for empty block. If this is the case, it will ruin bitcoin.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-30T02:58:47.753Z
Could you please provide the block number of one or more of the empty blocks?  Since every block has a reward I would have thought the absolute minimum number of transactions per block would be one.  Based on the blockchain it appears there were zero transactions between 2014-03-28 17:41:38 and 2014-03-28 17:42:57.
Alex Millar
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-30T07:17:45.517Z
When I say "empty block" I mean "block with coinbase transaction only".
max taldykin
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-30T07:19:05.890Z
@AlexMillar, can you please provide a link where it is possible to view transactions issued within period of time?
max taldykin
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-31T17:54:36.870Z
I looked at your posted blocks on blockchain.info.  The number of transactions are displayed and I calculated time period by subtracting the time of consecutive blocks.  Can you pleas tell me what software you used to run your script?
Alex Millar
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-03-31T18:59:53.333Z
It's just a bash script. jq is a json tool from here: http://stedolan.github.io/jq/
max taldykin
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-05-19T18:37:46.903Z
duplicate of https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/34089/3347 ?
Janus Troelsen
<empty-blocks>
Why there are blocks with single transaction in blockchain?
max taldykin
# Why there are blocks with single transaction in blockchain?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-03-28)

Just opened blockchain.info and found two blocks with single transaction on the main page:

* [292942](https://blockchain.info/block/00000000000000005ca6049e552e76ea082c8f0f6b6d94377b5c2857ae66d750)
* [292947](https://blockchain.info/block/00000000000000005df6627d5749eb8f4cd6f3b72df4af9bda1c4dab1b3e622b)

Isn't it strange?
More than this, block 292941 was issued just minute before 292942 and has 128 transactions.
Block 292946 was issued just minute before 292947 and has 238 transactions in it.

So the question is: why there are such empty blocks in blockchain even if there are some transactions to be included? Is this some kind of misuse?

**UPD**:
Using this little script

```
for b in {292000..292999} ; do
  curl -s https://blockchain.info/block-height/$b?format=json \
    | jq -c -r '.blocks[] | "echo `date +%FT%T -d @\(.time)` \(.n_tx)"' \
    | bash
done

```

I found 10 empty blocks. It does not looks like a coincidence. Seems like someone thinks that this is more profitable to mine for empty block. If this is the case, it will ruin bitcoin.

**Tags:** empty-blocks

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Could you please provide the block number of one or more of the empty blocks?  Since every block has a reward I would have thought the absolute minimum number of transactions per block would be one.  Based on the blockchain it appears there were zero transactions between 2014-03-28 17:41:38 and 2014-03-28 17:42:57.  
> **username_0**: When I say "empty block" I mean "block with coinbase transaction only".  
> **username_0**: @username_1, can you please provide a link where it is possible to view transactions issued within period of time?  
> **username_1**: I looked at your posted blocks on blockchain.info.  The number of transactions are displayed and I calculated time period by subtracting the time of consecutive blocks.  Can you pleas tell me what software you used to run your script?  
> **username_0**: It's just a bash script. jq is a json tool from here: http://stedolan.github.io/jq/  
> **username_2**: duplicate of https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/34089/3347 ?  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2014-03-28. Score: 3 | Accepted answer

No, it isn't any kind of abuse. You don't have to worry (well perhaps a bit) about 'transaction starvation' (i.e. transactions that get never included because miners refuse to include them), as it is unlikely that one person (or more cooperating) will obtain 51% of the hash power. And even when they obtain 51%, they will be basically cutting themselves from the potential fees involved (and huge investment is required in something that could become worthless after abusing the system, because as a result the trust in bitcoin and therefore its price will fall). Only very large organisations like governments or international banks could potentially pull such trick to bring bitcoin in discredit and recover the loss. To counter this, several solutions have been proposed, such as [proof of stake](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-stake) (in contrast to bitcoin's [proof of work](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-of-work_system)).

As for why these particular blocks do not contain any transaction at all: I don't know. I don't think there is any special reason for it, but I could imagine that by chance some of these blocks have less or no transactions (don't think that's the case here) or that some independent miner simply did not bother to include any transaction because of the low fees involved.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thank you for the answer, I accept it. I think the question should be "Why someone considers mining empty blocks if this not more profitable than mining nonempty ones?". But it will be hard to answer it.  
> **username_1**: It seems extremely unlikely that the transaction rate would just drop to zero without a special reason. Block 292941 was mined in 85 seconds and contains 128 transactions. Block 292942 was mined in 79 seconds and contains 1 transaction.  Block 292943 was mined in 315 seconds and contains 357 transactions.  @username_0 Could you please provide the block number of one or more of the empty blocks?  Since every block has a reward I would have thought the minimum number of transactions per block would be one.  
> **username_4**: Well, there can be benefits to small blocks -- the biggest one being that every byte in a block takes time to relay, and so a smaller block can be propagated across the network faster. This means that there's a slightly smaller chance of any block not ending up in the longest chain if someone else finds a block at close to the same time.  
> **username_4**: @username_1 Yes, every block must contain at least one transaction, the coinbase, to be valid. When people talk about "empty" blocks, that means a block that has no transactions *besides the coinbase*.  

---

