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The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Oil (red) is found in the porous rock layer (yellow) and trapped by the impermeable layer (brown). The folded structure has allowed the oil to pool so a well can be drilled into the reservoir.
Question: Oil is found in the porous rock layer and trapped by the what?
Answer:
|
impermeable layer
|
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Oil is found in the porous rock layer and trapped by the impermeable layer.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The new cells gradually move up through the epidermis toward the surface of the body. As they move, they produce the tough, fibrous protein called keratin.
Question: What is the most common cause of lung cancer?
Answer:
|
tobacco smoke exposure
|
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The context provided does not answer the question about the most common cause of lung cancer. The context is
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The figure below shows why tides occur ( Figure below ). The main cause of tides is the pull of the Moon’s gravity on Earth. The pull is greatest on whatever is closest to the Moon. Although the gravity pulls the land, only the water can move. As a result:.
Question: The pull of the moon’s gravity on earth is the main cause of what water phenomenon?
Answer:
|
tides
|
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The main cause of tides is the pull of the Moon's gravity on Earth.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Look at this rusty bike. It has been left outside in damp weather too many times, so the iron in the metal parts has rusted. Iron rusts when it combines with oxygen in the air. Iron rusting is an example of a chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction, substances change into entirely different substances. For example, the iron in the bike and the oxygen in the air have changed into rust.
Question: A rusty bike has been left outside in damp weather too many times, so the iron in the metal parts have?
Answer:
|
rusted
|
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The iron in the metal parts of the rusty bike has rusted.
Context: A
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The electron loss and gain is easy to see in a reaction in which ions are formed. However, in many reactions, no such electron transfer occurs. In a molecular compound, electrons are shared between atoms in a type of bond called a covalent bond. Yet it is still common for reactions involving molecular compounds to still be classified as redox reactions.
Question: In a molecular compound, electrons are shared between atoms in which type of bond?
Answer:
|
covalent
|
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In a molecular compound, electrons are shared between atoms in a type of bond called a coval
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The strength of an acid depends on how many hydrogen ions it produces when it dissolves in water. A stronger acid produces more hydrogen ions than a weaker acid. For example, sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), which is found in car batteries, is a strong acid because nearly all of it breaks down into ions when it dissolves in water. On the other hand, acetic acid (CH 3 CO 2 H), which is the acid in vinegar, is a weak acid because less than 1 percent of it breaks down into ions in water.
Question: The strength of an acid depends on how many of which ions it produces when it dissolves in water?
Answer:
|
hydrogen
|
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The strength of an acid depends on how many hydrogen ions (H+) it produces when
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: A combustion engine is a complex machine that burns fuel to produce thermal energy and then uses the energy to do work. In a car, the engine does the work of providing kinetic energy that turns the wheels. The combustion engine in a car is a type of engine called an internal combustion engine. (Another type of combustion engine is an external combustion engine. ).
Question: What is the name of the type of combustion engine that you would find in a car?
Answer:
|
internal combustion engine
|
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An internal combustion engine.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Climate conditions in a small area may be different from those of the surroundings. The climate of the small area is called a microclimate . The microclimate of a valley may be cool relative to its surroundings since cold air sinks. The ground surface may be hotter or colder than the air a few feet above it. This is because rock and soil gain and lose heat readily. Different sides of a mountain will have different microclimates. In the Northern Hemisphere, a south-facing slope receives more solar energy than a north-facing slope. Each side supports different amounts and types of vegetation.
Question: What is the climate of a small area called?
Answer:
|
microclimate
|
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The climate of a small area is called a microclimate.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Chemical reactions constantly occur inside the cells of living things. However, under the conditions inside cells, most biochemical reactions would occur too slowly to maintain life. That’s where enzymes come in. Enzymes are catalysts in living things. Like other catalysts, they speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes are proteins that are synthesized in the cells that need them, based on instructions encoded in the cells’ DNA.
Question: What proteins synthesized in cells act as catalysts?
Answer:
|
enzymes
|
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Enzymes are the proteins synthesized in cells that act as catalysts.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Connections of Proteins to Glucose Metabolism Proteins are broken down by a variety of enzymes in cells. Most of the time, amino acids are recycled into new proteins. If there are excess amino acids, however, or if the body is in a state of famine, some amino acids will be shunted into pathways of glucose catabolism. Each amino acid must have its amino group removed prior to entry into these pathways. The amino group is converted into ammonia. In mammals, the liver synthesizes urea from two ammonia molecules and a carbon dioxide molecule. Thus, urea is the principal waste product in mammals from the nitrogen originating in amino acids, and it leaves the body in urine.
Question: Amino acids broken down by metabolic process are mostly recycled into new what?
Answer:
|
proteins
|
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Proteins. Amino acids broken down by metabolic processes are mostly recycled into
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The way in which a reaction is written influences the value of the enthalpy change for the reaction. Many reactions are reversible, meaning that the product(s) of the reaction are capable of combining and reforming the reactant(s). If a reaction is written in the reverse direction, the sign of the changes. For example, we can write an equation for the reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate.
Question: The reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide forms what?
Answer:
|
calcium carbonate
|
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] |
Calcium carbonate.
Context: The way in which a reaction is written influences the
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus divides before the cell itself divides. The process in which the nucleus divides is called mitosis. Before mitosis occurs, a cell’s DNA is replicated. This is necessary so that each daughter cell will have a complete copy of the genetic material from the parent cell. How is the replicated DNA sorted and separated so that each daughter cell gets a complete set of the genetic material? To understand how this happens, you need to know more about chromosomes.
Question: In eukaryotic cells, what divides before the cell itself divides?
Answer:
|
nucleus
|
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The nucleus divides before the cell itself divides in eukaryotic cells.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Mammalian teeth are also important for digestion. The four types of teeth are specialized for different feeding functions, as shown in Figure below . Together, the four types of teeth can cut, tear, and grind food. This makes food easier and quicker to digest.
Question: In mammals, four specialized types of what serve to cut, tear, and grind food?
Answer:
|
teeth
|
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] |
The specialized types of teeth in mammals that serve to cut, tear, and grind food are
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: A hot-water heating system uses thermal energy to heat water and then pumps the hot water throughout the building in a system of pipes and radiators. You can see a diagram of this type of heating system in Figure below . Typically, the water is heated in a boiler that burns natural gas or heating oil. There is usually a radiator in each room that gets warm when the hot water flows through it. The radiator transfers thermal energy to the air around it by conduction and radiation. The warm air then circulates throughout the room in convection currents. The hot water cools as it flows through the system and transfers its thermal energy. When it finally returns to the boiler, it is heated again and the cycle repeats.
Question: A hot-water heating system uses what type of energy to heat water?
Answer:
|
thermal energy
|
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] |
A hot-water heating system uses thermal energy, which is typically obtained by burning natural gas or heating
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: John Romanes, modified by CK-12 Foundation. Wings of bats and birds are analogous structures . Public Domain.
Question: Due to similar function, the wings of bats and birds are referred to as what type of structures?
Answer:
|
analogous structures
|
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The wings of bats and birds are referred to as homologous structures.
Context:
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Cancer can also be found in children. But childhood cancer is rare. Leukemia is the main type of cancer in children. It makes up about one third of all childhood cancers. It happens when the body makes abnormal white blood cells.
Question: Production of abnormal white blood cells occurs in what cancer, which is the most common form in children?
Answer:
|
leukemia
|
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] |
Leukemia
Context: A hurricane is a large storm that forms over the Atlantic
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The Process of Science Biology is a science, but what exactly is science? What does the study of biology share with other scientific disciplines? Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning “knowledge”) can be defined as knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method. It becomes clear from this definition that the application of the scientific method plays a major role in science. The scientific method is a method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation. The steps of the scientific method will be examined in detail later, but one of the most important aspects of this method is the testing of hypotheses by means of repeatable experiments. A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested. Although using the scientific method is inherent to science, it is inadequate in determining what science is. This is because it is relatively easy to apply the scientific method to disciplines such as physics and chemistry, but when it.
Question: What important aspect of the scientific method is a suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested?
Answer:
|
hypothesis
|
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] |
A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an event that can be tested using the scientific method.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: All chemical changes involve a transfer of energy. When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, the test tube becomes very warm as energy is released during the reaction. Some other reactions absorb energy. While energy changes are a potential sign of a chemical reaction, care must be taken to ensure that a chemical reaction is indeed taking place. Physical changes may also involve a transfer of energy. A solid absorbs energy when it melts, and the condensation of a gas releases energy. The only way to be certain that a chemical reaction has occurred is to test the composition of the substances after the change has taken place to see if they are different from the starting substances.
Question: All chemical changes involve a transfer of what?
Answer:
|
energy
|
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] |
All chemical changes involve a transfer of energy.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: As you can see in Figure above , the electric and magnetic fields that make up an electromagnetic wave occur are at right angles to each other. Both fields are also at right angles to the direction that the wave travels. Therefore, an electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave.
Question: Because the fields that make up an electromagnetic wave are at right angles to each other and to the direction that the wave travels, an electromagnetic wave is considered what?
Answer:
|
transverse wave
|
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An electromagnetic wave is considered a transverse wave.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context:
Question: What blood component serves both structural and molecular functions in blood clotting?
Answer:
|
platelets
|
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] |
Fibrin is the blood component that serves both structural and molecular functions in blood clotting.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Blue cheese is blue because of the fungus growing throughout it.
Question: What color is the fungus in blue cheese?
Answer:
|
blue
|
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] |
The fungus in blue cheese is blue.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Mineral crystals that form when magma cools are usually larger than crystals that form when lava cools.
Question: Mineral crystals that form when magma cools are usually _______ than crystals that form when lava cools.
Answer:
|
larger
|
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] |
Larger. The context states that mineral crystals that form when magma cools are usually
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Liquids If the particles of a substance have enough energy to partially overcome intermolecular interactions, then the particles can move about each other while remaining in contact. This describes the liquid state. In a liquid, the particles are still in close contact, so liquids have a definite volume. However, because the particles can move about each other rather freely, a liquid has no definite shape and takes a shape dictated by its container.
Question: In a liquid, the particles are still in close contact, so liquids have a definite what?
Answer:
|
volume
|
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264,
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570,
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In a liquid, the particles are still in close contact, so liquids have a definite volume
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell, as shown in Figure below . Exocytosis occurs when a cell produces substances for export, such as a protein, or when the cell is getting rid of a waste product or a toxin. Newly made membrane proteins and membrane lipids are moved to the plasma membrane by exocytosis.
Question: What describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell?
Answer:
|
exocytosis
|
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] |
Exocytosis describes the process.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Both nitrogen and sulfur oxides are toxic to humans. These compounds can cause lung diseases or make them worse. Nitrogen and sulfur oxides form acid rain, which is described in the next concept.
Question: Nitrogen and sulfur oxides form what type of rain?
Answer:
|
acid rain
|
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Acid rain.
Context: Acid rain is a type of rain or precipitation that
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Spores may be dispersed by moving water, wind, or other organisms. Some fungi even have “cannons” that “shoot” the spores far from the parent organism. This helps to ensure that the offspring will not have to compete with the parents for space or other resources. You are probably familiar with puffballs, like the one in Figure below . They release a cloud of spores when knocked or stepped on. Wherever the spores happen to land, they do not germinate until conditions are favorable for growth. Then they develop into new hyphae.
Question: What type of organism has spores that are spread by water and wind?
Answer:
|
fungi
|
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Fungi are the type of organisms that have spores which are spread by water and wind
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Humus is the decayed remains of living organisms. Humus makes soil fertile.
Question: What is the decayed remains of living organisms called?
Answer:
|
humus
|
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28705,
28740,
28734,
8007,
304,
264,
4850,
302
] |
Humus
Context: A rectangle has a length of 10 units and a width of
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: thrombosis, can be caused by excessive numbers of platelets. A thrombus is a collection of fibrin, platelets, and erythrocytes that has accumulated along the lining of a blood vessel, whereas an embolus is a thrombus that has broken free from the vessel wall and is circulating in the bloodstream.
Question: What is a collection of fibrin, platelets, and erythrocytes that has accumulated along the lining of a blood vessel called?
Answer:
|
thrombus
|
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A thrombus.
Context: Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The science of how living things interact with each other and their environment is called ecology. Ecology is a major branch of life science, but it overlaps with many other fields. For example, it shares data and theories with geography, biology, climatology, and other sciences. In this lesson, you’ll learn some of the basic concepts of ecology.
Question: What is the science of how living things interact with each other and their environment?
Answer:
|
ecology
|
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Ecology
Context: A food chain is a sequence of organisms each depending on the next
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: What is physics ? Physics is the branch of science that studies the physical world, including objects as small as subatomic particles and as large as galaxies. It studies the nature of matter and energy and how they interact. Physicists are inquisitive people who want to know the causes of what they see. How does the moon move? Why does the moon move? Why do the stars shine? Why do your hands get warm when you rub them together? Physicists, like all scientists, hope to find explanations that describe more than one phenomenon and offer a better understanding of how the universe works.
Question: What is the branch of science that studies the physical world?
Answer:
|
physics
|
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Physics
Context: What is chemistry? Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: A single-replacement reaction is one in which an element replaces another element in a compound. An element is in either the solid, liquid, or gas state and is not an ion. The example below shows the reaction of solid magnesium metal with aqueous silver nitrate to form aqueous magnesium nitrate and silver metal.
Question: In this type of reaction, an element replaces another element in a compound, and the element is in any state of matter but is not an ion?
Answer:
|
single-replacement reaction
|
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] |
Yes, in a single-replacement reaction, an element replaces another element in a compound,
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: 6. Mercury is small, rocky and covered with craters. Why?.
Question: Mercury is small, rocky and covered with what objects?
Answer:
|
craters
|
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2
] |
Mercury is small, rocky, and covered with craters.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The thyroid gland is regulated by a negative feedback loop. The loop includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in addition to the thyroid.
Question: What regulates the thyroid gland in a body?
Answer:
|
negative feedback loop
|
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] |
The thyroid gland is regulated by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalam
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Radiation Protection Laws regulate radiation doses to which people can be exposed. The greatest occupational whole-body dose that is allowed depends upon the country and is about 20 to 50 mSv/y and is rarely reached by medical and nuclear power workers. Higher doses are allowed for the hands. Much lower doses are permitted for the reproductive organs and the fetuses of pregnant women. Inadvertent doses to the public are limited to 1 / 10 of occupational doses, except for those caused by nuclear power, which cannot legally expose the public to more than.
Question: What laws regulate radiation doses to which people can be exposed?
Answer:
|
radiation protection laws
|
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] |
Radiation Protection Laws regulate the radiation doses to which people can be exposed.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: reproductive structure produced by a seed plant that contains an embryo and food supply enclosed within a hull.
Question: Where is the food supply and embryo stored in a seed?
Answer:
|
hull
|
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] |
In a seed, the food supply and embryo are enclosed within a protective covering called a
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Blood from the body enters the right atrium of the heart. The right atrium pumps the blood to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs.
Question: Which area of the human heart pumps the blood to the right ventricle?
Answer:
|
right atrium
|
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] |
The right atrium pumps the blood to the right ventricle.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Animal and Human Parasites and Pathogens Fungi can affect animals, including humans, in several ways. Fungi attack animals directly by colonizing and destroying tissues. Humans and other animals can be poisoned by eating toxic mushrooms or foods contaminated by fungi. In addition, individuals who display hypersensitivity to molds and spores develop strong and dangerous allergic reactions. Fungal infections are generally very difficult to treat because, unlike bacteria, fungi are eukaryotes. Antibiotics only target prokaryotic cells, whereas compounds that kill fungi also adversely affect the eukaryotic animal host. Many fungal infections ( mycoses) are superficial and termed cutaneous (meaning “skin”) mycoses. They are usually visible on the skin of the animal. Fungi that cause the superficial mycoses of the epidermis, hair, and nails rarely spread to the underlying tissue (Figure 13.26). These fungi are often misnamed “dermatophytes” from the Greek dermis skin and phyte plant, but they are not plants. Dermatophytes are also called “ringworms” because of the red ring that they cause on skin (although the ring is caused by fungi, not a worm). These fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that break down keratin (a protein found in hair, skin, and nails), causing a number of conditions such as athlete’s foot, jock itch, and other cutaneous fungal infections. These conditions are usually treated with over-the-counter topical creams and powders, and are easily cleared. More persistent, superficial mycoses may require prescription oral medications.
Question: Antibiotics only target prokaryotic cells - they do not affect fungi, which are not prokaryotic, but instead what?
Answer:
|
eukaryotic
|
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] |
Antibiotics only target prokaryotic cells, they do not affect fungi, which
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Sublimation is the change of state from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state.
Question: What is the change of state from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state?
Answer:
|
sublimation
|
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Sublimation is the process where a solid transforms directly into a gas without going through the liquid
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Competition within a species is called intraspecific competition. It leads to natural selection within the species, so the species becomes better adapted to its environment.
Question: Competition within a species is called what?
Answer:
|
intraspecific competition
|
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Intraspecific competition.
Context: A predator is an organism that preys
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Water pollution happens when contaminants enter water bodies. Contaminants are any substances that harm the health of the environment or humans. Most contaminants enter the water because of humans. Surface water (river or lake) can be exposed to and contaminated by acid rain, storm water runoff, pesticide runoff, and industrial waste. This water is cleaned somewhat by exposure to sunlight, aeration, and microorganisms in the water. Groundwater (private wells and some public water supplies) generally takes longer to become contaminated, but the natural cleaning process also may take much longer. Groundwater can be contaminated by disease-producing pathogens, careless disposal of hazardous household chemical-containing products, agricultural chemicals, and leaking underground storage tanks.
Question: What "kind" of water may take longer to become contaminated than surface water, while the natural cleaning process may take longer?
Answer:
|
groundwater
|
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] |
Groundwater
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The small surface zone that has light is the photic zone. The entire rest of the ocean does not have light and is the aphotic zone.
Question: What do you call the lightless part of the ocean?
Answer:
|
aphotic zone
|
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] |
The aphotic zone.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and each chromosome within a pair is called a homologous chromosome . For each of the 23 chromosome pairs, you received one chromosome from your father and one chromosome from your mother. Alleles are alternate forms of genes found on chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes have the same genes, though they may have different alleles. So, though homologous chromosomes are very similar, they are not identical. The homologous chromosomes are separated when gametes are formed. Therefore, gametes have only 23 chromosomes, not 23 pairs.
Question: How many pairs of chromosomes are found in human cells?
Answer:
|
23
|
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13,
13,
2083,
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312
] |
Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes in total.
Context: DNA re
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Niche is the role that a particular species plays in its ecosystem. This role includes all the ways that the species interacts with the biotic and abiotic factors in the ecosystem.
Question: The role that a particular species plays in its ecosystem is also known as what?
Answer:
|
niche
|
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330,
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349,
264,
13735,
369,
4370,
910,
1581,
7018
] |
Niche of the species
Context: A food web is a diagram that shows how different species
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: electrons, which have a negative electric charge.
Question: What kind of charge do electrons have?
Answer:
|
negative
|
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] |
Electrons have a negative electric charge.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context:
Question: What bonds form when pairs of electrons are shared?
Answer:
|
covalent bonds
|
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] |
Ionically bonded atoms form when each atom transfers electrons to the other atom, creating
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context:
Question: Which stage of life is typically easier for learning multiple languages?
Answer:
|
childhood
|
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2993,
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] |
The answer to this question is not definitive as it can vary from person to person. However,
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Gravity can pull soil, mud, and rocks down cliffs and hillsides. This is called mass movement. The most destructive types of mass movement are landslides and mudslides. They occur suddenly and without warming. They engulf everything in their path.
Question: What is the term for when gravity pulls soil, mud, and rocks down cliffs and hillsides?
Answer:
|
mass movement
|
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Mass movement
Context: A hurricane is a large storm that forms over the Atlantic Ocean or
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Male Urethra The male urethra passes through the prostate gland immediately inferior to the bladder before passing below the pubic symphysis (see Figure 25.3b). The length of the male urethra varies between men but averages 20 cm in length. It is divided into four regions: the preprostatic urethra, the prostatic urethra, the membranous urethra, and the spongy or penile urethra. The preprostatic urethra is very short and incorporated into the bladder wall. The prostatic urethra passes through the prostate gland. During sexual intercourse, it receives sperm via the ejaculatory ducts and secretions from the seminal vesicles. Paired Cowper’s glands (bulbourethral glands) produce and secrete mucus into the urethra to buffer urethral pH during sexual stimulation. The mucus neutralizes the usually acidic environment and lubricates the urethra, decreasing the resistance to ejaculation. The membranous urethra passes through the deep muscles of the perineum, where it is invested by the overlying urethral sphincters. The spongy urethra exits at the tip (external urethral orifice) of the penis after passing through the corpus spongiosum. Mucous glands are found along much of the length of the urethra and protect the urethra from extremes of urine pH. Innervation is the same in both males and females.
Question: What passes through the prostate gland immediately inferior to the bladder before passing below the pubic symphysis?
Answer:
|
urethra
|
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The male urethra passes through the prostate gland immediately inferior to the bladder
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Sublimation and Deposition Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublime at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes and a vivid purple vapor forms (Figure 10.27). The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, a process in which gaseous substances condense directly into the solid state, bypassing the liquid state. The formation of frost is an example of deposition.
Question: What is the process by which some solids transition directly into gases?
Answer:
|
sublimation
|
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The process is called sublimation, where some solids transition directly from the solid state to the
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Arterioles An arteriole is a very small artery that leads to a capillary. Arterioles have the same three tunics as the larger vessels, but the thickness of each is greatly diminished. The critical endothelial lining of the tunica intima is intact. The tunica media is restricted to one or two smooth muscle cell layers in thickness. The tunica externa remains but is very thin (see Figure 20.4). With a lumen averaging 30 micrometers or less in diameter, arterioles are critical in slowing down—or resisting—blood flow and, thus, causing a substantial drop in blood pressure. Because of this, you may see them referred to as resistance vessels. The muscle fibers in arterioles are normally slightly contracted, causing arterioles to maintain a consistent muscle tone—in this case referred to as vascular tone—in a similar manner to the muscular tone of skeletal muscle. In reality, all blood vessels exhibit vascular tone due to the partial contraction of smooth muscle. The importance of the arterioles is that they will be the primary site of both resistance and regulation of blood pressure. The precise diameter of the lumen of an arteriole at any given moment is determined by neural and chemical controls, and vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the arterioles are the primary mechanisms for distribution of blood flow.
Question: A very small artery that leads to a capillary is known as what?
Answer:
|
arteriole
|
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] |
An arteriole.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Socket diagram: Pearson Scott Foresman; Joint diagram: Zachary Wilson. Ball and socket joints allow for a wide range of flexibility . Socket diagram: Public Domain; Joint diagram: CC BY-NC 3.0.
Question: What kind of joints allow for a wide range of flexibility?
Answer:
|
ball and socket
|
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] |
Ball and socket joints allow for a wide range of flexibility.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Stars are classified by color and temperature. The most common system uses the letters O (blue), B (blue-white), A (white), F (yellow-white), G (yellow), K (orange), and M (red), from hottest to coolest.
Question: What celestial bodies are classified by color and temperature, ranging from blue to red and hottest to coolest?
Answer:
|
stars
|
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304,
7641,
28725,
22741,
477,
5045,
298,
2760
] |
Stars are the celestial bodies that are classified by color and temperature, ranging from blue to red
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The sunlight that reaches Earth is the planet’s most important source of energy. The energy in sunlight, called solar energy, is electromagnetic energy. This is a form of energy that travels through space in electric and magnetic waves. Solar energy can be used to heat homes and produce electricity in solar cells like those on the roof seen in the Figure below . Sunny areas receive plenty of sunlight to generate electricity, but solar energy may not be practical in areas that are often cloudy.
Question: What is the most important source of energy on earth?
Answer:
|
sun
|
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The most important source of energy on Earth is sunlight, also known as solar energy. This is because
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The ileocecal valve, a sphincter, is usually in a constricted state, but when motility in the ileum increases, this sphincter relaxes, allowing food residue to enter the first portion of the large intestine, the cecum. Relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter is controlled by both nerves and hormones. First, digestive activity in the stomach provokes the gastroileal reflex, which increases the force of ileal segmentation. Second, the stomach releases the hormone gastrin, which enhances ileal motility, thus relaxing the ileocecal sphincter. After chyme passes through, backward pressure helps close the sphincter, preventing backflow into the ileum. Because of this reflex, your lunch is completely emptied from your stomach and small intestine by the time you eat your dinner. It takes about 3 to 5 hours for all chyme to leave the small intestine.
Question: The ileocecal valve, a sphincter, is usually in a constricted state, but when motility in the ileum increases, this sphincter relaxes, allowing food residue to enter the first portion of what?
Answer:
|
large intestine
|
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383,
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] |
The large intestine, specifically the cecum.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into two smaller nuclei. This type of reaction releases a great deal of energy from a very small amount of matter. For example, nuclear fission of a tiny pellet of uranium-235, like the one pictured in Figure below , can release as much energy as burning 1,000 kilograms of coal!.
Question: What do you call the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into two smaller nuclei?
Answer:
|
nuclear fission
|
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418,
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285,
1937,
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2
] |
Nuclear fission.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The internal resistance r can behave in complex ways. As noted, r increases as a battery is depleted. But internal resistance may also depend on the magnitude and direction of the current through a voltage source, its temperature, and even its history. The internal resistance of rechargeable nickel-cadmium cells, for example, depends on how many times and how deeply they have been depleted.
Question: As a battery is depleted what happens to its internal resistance?
Answer:
|
increases
|
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] |
The internal resistance of a battery increases as it is depleted.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Common diseases of the respiratory system include asthma, pneumonia, and emphysema. All of them are diseases of the lungs. The main way to keep your respiratory system healthy is to avoid smoking or breathing in the smoke of others.
Question: Common disease of what system include asthma, pneumonia, and emphysema?
Answer:
|
the respiratory system
|
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28734,
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28734
] |
The respiratory system.
Context: The human body has 100,0
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Fossils may form in other ways. With complete preservation, the organism doesn't change much. As seen below, tree sap may cover an organism and then turn into amber. The original organism is preserved so that scientists might be able to study its DNA. Organisms can also be completely preserved in tar or ice. Molds and casts are another way organisms can be fossilized. A mold is an imprint of an organism left in rock. The organism's remains break down completely. Rock that fills in the mold resembles the original remains. The fossil that forms in the mold is called a cast. Molds and casts usually form in sedimentary rock. With compression, an organism's remains are put under great pressure inside rock layers. This leaves behind a dark stain in the rock.
Question: A mold is an imprint of an organism left in what?
Answer:
|
rock
|
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2
] |
A mold is an imprint of an organism left in rock.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Various studies were done on the effects of temperature changes on both pressure and volume by two prominent French scientists, Jacques Charles (1746-1823) and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850). In 1802, Charles and Gay-Lussac both proposed that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (V ∝ T). Figure below illustrates the volume-temperature relationship.
Question: In 1802, charles and gay-lussac both proposed that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, what is directly proportional to its absolute temperature?
Answer:
|
volume
|
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1479,
298,
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10287,
7641,
28725
] |
The volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature,
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Increasing the temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the N2molecules.
Question: Increasing the temperature of n2 molecules increases what energy of motion?
Answer:
|
kinetic energy
|
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12095,
739,
272,
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349,
7483,
28723,
2
] |
The average kinetic energy of the N2 molecules increases when the temperature is increased.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: It is not yet clear why biodiversity increases closer to the equator, but hypotheses include the greater age of the ecosystems in the tropics versus temperate regions, which were largely devoid of life or drastically impoverished during the last ice age. The greater age provides more time for speciation. Another possible explanation is the greater energy the tropics receive from the sun versus the lesser energy input in temperate and polar regions. But scientists have not been able to explain how greater energy input could translate into more species. The complexity of tropical ecosystems may promote speciation by increasing the habitat heterogeneity, or number of ecological niches, in the tropics relative to higher latitudes. The greater heterogeneity provides more opportunities for coevolution, specialization, and perhaps greater selection pressures leading to population differentiation. However, this hypothesis suffers from some circularity—ecosystems with more species encourage speciation, but how did they get more species to begin with? The tropics have been perceived as being more stable than temperate regions, which have a pronounced climate and day-length seasonality. The tropics have their own forms of seasonality, such as rainfall, but they are generally assumed to be more stable environments and this stability might promote speciation. Regardless of the mechanisms, it is certainly true that biodiversity is greatest in the tropics. The number of endemic species is higher in the tropics. The tropics also contain more biodiversity hotspots. At the same time, our knowledge of the species living in the tropics is lowest and because of recent, heavy human activity the potential for biodiversity loss is greatest.
Question: Where do you find the greatest biodiversity?
Answer:
|
in the tropics
|
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] |
The greatest biodiversity is found in the tropics. This is likely due to a number
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: During anaphase , sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide. The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the spindle fibers. This is like reeling in a fish by shortening the fishing line. One sister chromatid moves to one pole of the cell, and the other sister chromatid moves to the opposite pole. At the end of anaphase, each pole of the cell has a complete set of chromosomes.
Question: During which phase do sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide?
Answer:
|
anaphase
|
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272,
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436,
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2
] |
Answer: During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Graphite and diamond are two forms of elemental carbon. Write the equilibrium equation between these two forms in two different ways.
Question: Graphite is a form of elemental carbon what is another form?
Answer:
|
diamond
|
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] |
Another form of elemental carbon is diamond.
Context: Graphite and diamond are two forms
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Figure 6.18 The diagram shows angular momentum for a circular motion.
Question: The motion of stars in galaxies imply that there is about 10 times as much what as in the luminous objects we can see?
Answer:
|
mass
|
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] |
The question seems to be unrelated to the context provided. The context is about angular momentum in circular
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: For the first year after birth, a baby is called an infant . Childhood begins at age two and continues until adolescence. Adolescence is the last stage of life before adulthood.
Question: What is the term for the last stage of life before adulthood?
Answer:
|
adolescence
|
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349,
13570,
778,
3359,
2191,
13083
] |
Adolescence.
Context: The Earth's atmosphere is divided into five main layers
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The three smallest alkanes are methane, ethane, and propane. Some hydrocarbons have one or more carbon–carbon double bonds (denoted C=C). These hydrocarbons are called alkenes. http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gobch04_s06_f02shows the formulas and the molecular models of the two simplest alkenes. Note that the names of alkenes have the same stem as the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms in its chain but have the ending -ene. Thus, ethene is an alkene with two carbon atoms per molecule, and propene is a compound with three carbon atoms and one double bond. Figure 4.7 Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkenes.
Question: Methane, ethane, and propane are three of the smallest what?
Answer:
|
alkanes
|
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302,
272,
22341,
389,
28729,
8782,
28723,
13
] |
Methane, ethane, and propane are three of the smallest alkanes.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Nonpolar-nonpolar interactions occur when two nonpolar liquids are mixed. An example of this is the interaction between toluene and octane (see Figures above and below ). The interactions between a molecule of toluene and a molecule of octane are relatively weak, but so are the toluene-toluene and octane-octane interactions. Because no strong intermolecular forces (like those between water molecules) need to be broken for mixing to occur, no strong interactions need to be formed in order for mixing to be a favorable process. Toluene and octane will form a homogeneous mixture. The phrase "like dissolves like" applies to these mixtures as well. In this case, nonpolar dissolves nonpolar.
Question: What occurs when two nonpolar liquids are mixed?
Answer:
|
nonpolar-nonpolar interactions
|
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] |
They form a homogeneous mixture due to relatively weak nonpolar-nonpolar interactions between the
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Producers create food energy. They are the base of all life on Earth. Most producers use photosynthesis but a very small number use chemosynthesis.
Question: What is the sun classified as on the main sequence?
Answer:
|
yellow dwarf
|
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] |
The sun is classified as a G-type main-sequence star. It is often referred to as
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Located at intervals along the synaptonemal complex are large protein assemblies called recombination nodules. These assemblies mark the points of later chiasmata and mediate the multistep process of crossover—or genetic recombination—between the non-sister chromatids. Near the recombination nodule on each chromatid, the double-stranded DNA is cleaved, the cut ends are modified, and a new connection is made between the non-sister chromatids. As prophase I progresses, the synaptonemal complex begins to break down and the chromosomes begin to condense. When the synaptonemal complex is gone, the homologous chromosomes remain attached to each other at the centromere and at chiasmata. The chiasmata remain until anaphase I. The number of chiasmata varies according to the species and the length of the chromosome. There must be at least one chiasma per chromosome for proper separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, but there may be as many as 25. Following crossover, the synaptonemal complex breaks down and the cohesin connection between homologous pairs is also removed. At the end of prophase I, the pairs are held together only at the chiasmata (Figure 11.3) and are called tetrads because the four sister chromatids of each pair of homologous chromosomes are now visible. The crossover events are the first source of genetic variation in the nuclei produced by meiosis. A single crossover event between homologous non-sister chromatids leads to a reciprocal exchange of equivalent DNA between a maternal chromosome and a paternal chromosome. Now, when that sister chromatid is moved into a gamete cell it will carry some DNA from one parent of the individual and some DNA from the other parent. The sister recombinant chromatid has a combination of maternal and paternal genes that did not exist before the crossover. Multiple crossovers in an arm of the chromosome have the same effect, exchanging segments of DNA to create recombinant chromosomes.
Question: Dna segments cross over to form what kind of chromosome?
Answer:
|
recombinant
|
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] |
Recombinant chromosomes are formed when DNA segments cross over during meiosis I.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: available; if arsenic is an essential trace mineral in human diets, it is probably required on the order of 50 ppb or less. A toxic dose of arsenic corresponds to about 7,000 ppb and higher, which is over 140 times the trace amount that may be required by the body. Thus, arsenic is not poisonous in and of itself. Rather, it is the amount that is dangerous: the dose makes the poison. Similarly, as much as water is needed to keep us alive, too much of it is also risky to our health. Drinking too much water too fast can lead to a condition called water intoxication, which may be fatal. The danger in water intoxication is not that water itself becomes toxic. It is that the ingestion of too much water too fast dilutes sodium ions, potassium ions, and other salts in the bloodstream to concentrations that are not high enough to support brain, muscle, and heart functions. Military personnel, endurance athletes, and even desert hikers are susceptible to water intoxication if they drink water but do not replenish the salts lost in sweat. As this example shows, even the right substances in the wrong amounts can be dangerous!.
Question: Drinking too much water too fast can lead to what potentially fatal condition, which causes dangerous changes to salt levels?
Answer:
|
water intoxication
|
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] |
Drinking too much water too fast can lead to a potentially fatal condition called water intoxication,
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: If more NH 3 were added, the reverse reaction would be favored. This “favoring” of a reaction means temporarily speeding up the reaction in that direction until equilibrium is reestablished. Recall that once equilibrium is reestablished, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are again equal. The addition of NH 3 would result in increased formation of the reactants, N 2 and H 2 .
Question: What's it called when the reaction is sped up until equilibrium is established?
Answer:
|
favoring
|
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680
] |
The process is called "perturbing the equilibrium" or "shifting the equilibrium." When more
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context:
Question: Which part of the plant conduct water and minerals as well as anchor the plant.
Answer:
|
roots
|
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272
] |
The roots are the part of the plant that conduct water and minerals from the soil and anchor the
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Figure 38.4 The skeletons of humans and horses are examples of endoskeletons. (credit: Ross Murphy).
Question: The skeletons of humans and horses are examples of what?
Answer:
|
endoskeletons
|
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] |
The skeletons of humans and horses are examples of endoskeletons.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The rate of evolution depends on how many of an organism’s genes have changed over a period of time. Evolution is usually so gradual that we do not see the change for many, many generations. The rate of evolution also depends on the generation time of a particular species.
Question: The rate of what process depends on how many of an organism’s genes have changed over a period of time and on the generation time of a particular species?
Answer:
|
evolution
|
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] |
The rate of evolution.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Two unique features of mollusks are the mantle and radula (see Figure above ). The mantle is a layer of tissue that lies between the shell and the body. It secretes calcium carbonate to form the shell. It forms a cavity, called the mantle cavity, between the mantle and the body. The mantle cavity pumps water for filter feeding. The radula is a feeding organ with teeth made of chitin. It is located in front of the mouth in the head region. Herbivorous mollusks use the radula to scrape food such as algae off rocks. Predatory mollusks use the radula to drill holes in the shells of their prey.
Question: What is a layer of tissue that lies between the shell and the body?
Answer:
|
mantle
|
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] |
The mantle is a layer of tissue that lies between the shell and the body in mollus
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Soaps and Detergents Pioneers made soap by boiling fats with a strongly basic solution made by leaching potassium carbonate, K2CO3, from wood ashes with hot water. Animal fats contain polyesters of fatty acids (long-chain carboxylic acids). When animal fats are treated with a base like potassium carbonate or sodium hydroxide, glycerol and salts of fatty acids such as palmitic, oleic, and stearic acid are formed. The salts of fatty acids are called soaps. The sodium salt of stearic acid, sodium stearate, has the formula C17H35CO2Na and contains an uncharged nonpolar hydrocarbon chain, the C17H35— unit, and an ionic carboxylate group, the — CO 2 − unit (Figure 11.32).
Question: What are the salts of fatty acids called?
Answer:
|
soaps
|
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2
] |
The salts of fatty acids are called soaps.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Finally, air passes from the bronchi into smaller passages called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Question: What is the name for the tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles?
Answer:
|
alveoli
|
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] |
The tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles are called alveoli.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: 2. Sedimentary rocks form when sediments are compacted and cemented together ( Figure below ). These sediments may be gravel, sand, silt or clay. Sedimentary rocks often have pieces of other rocks in them. Some sedimentary rocks form the solid minerals left behind after a liquid evaporates.
Question: What kind of rock forms when material such as gravel, sand, silt or clay is compacted and cemented together?
Answer:
|
sedimentary
|
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] |
Sedimentary rock
Context: 3. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Recognition of Pathogens Cells of the innate immune response, the phagocytic cells, and the cytotoxic NK cells recognize patterns of pathogenspecific molecules, such as bacterial cell wall components or bacterial flagellar proteins, using pattern recognition receptors. A pattern recognition receptor (PRR) is a membrane-bound receptor that recognizes characteristic features of a pathogen and molecules released by stressed or damaged cells. These receptors, which are thought to have evolved prior to the adaptive immune response, are present on the cell surface whether they are needed or not. Their variety, however, is limited by two factors. First, the fact that each receptor type must be encoded by a specific gene requires the cell to allocate most or all of its DNA to make receptors able to recognize all pathogens. Secondly, the variety of receptors is limited by the finite surface area of the cell membrane. Thus, the innate immune system must “get by” using only a limited number of receptors that are active against as wide a variety of pathogens as possible. This strategy is in stark contrast to the approach used by the adaptive immune system, which uses large numbers of different receptors, each highly specific to a particular pathogen. Should the cells of the innate immune system come into contact with a species of pathogen they recognize, the cell will bind to the pathogen and initiate phagocytosis (or cellular apoptosis in the case of an intracellular pathogen) in an effort to destroy the offending microbe. Receptors vary somewhat according to cell type, but they usually include receptors for bacterial components and for complement, discussed below.
Question: Recognition of pathogens is a function of what type of response?
Answer:
|
immune
|
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4783,
380,
20930
] |
The recognition of pathogens is a function of the innate immune response. The innate immune
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Electrons are organized into shells and subshells about the nucleus of an atom.
Question: Electrons are organized into shells and subshells about the nucleus of this?
Answer:
|
atom
|
[
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14251,
1855,
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272,
7057,
297,
396,
28705,
8763,
447,
745
] |
An atom.
Context: The Earth revolves around the Sun in an elliptical
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed. Elastic force is the counter force that resists the stretching or compressing of an elastic material.
Question: What is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed?
Answer:
|
elasticity
|
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733,
16289,
28793,
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] |
The ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed is called el
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Intramembranous ossification begins in utero during fetal development and continues on into adolescence. At birth, the skull and clavicles are not fully ossified nor are the sutures of the skull closed. This allows the skull and shoulders to deform during passage through the birth canal. The last bones to ossify via intramembranous ossification are the flat bones of the face, which reach their adult size at the end of the adolescent growth spurt.
Question: What process that begins in utero during fetal development and continues on into adolescence involves closing of the skull?
Answer:
|
ossification
|
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Intramembranous ossification is the process that begins in utero during fet
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The three main rock types are igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary.
Question: The three main rock types are igneous, metamorphic, and what?
Answer:
|
sedimentary
|
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The third main rock type is sedimentary.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context:
Question: What control reproductive cycles, which are in turn regulated by environmental cues?
Answer:
|
hormones
|
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] |
Hormones, specifically sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone, control reproduct
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Bacteria and viruses can infect the brain or spinal cord. An infection of the brain is called encephalitis. An infection of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord is called meningitis. A vaccine is available to prevent meningitis caused by viruses (see Figure below ).
Question: An infection of the brain is called?
Answer:
|
encephalitis
|
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An infection of the brain is called encephalitis.
Context: A virus is
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context:
Question: What forms when a sperm fertilizes and egg?
Answer:
|
zygote
|
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A zygote is formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg. A zygote
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Like density, the pressure of the air decreases with altitude. There is less air pressing down from above the higher up you go. Look at the bottle pictured below ( Figure below ). It was drained by a hiker at the top of a mountain. Then the hiker screwed the cap on the bottle and carried it down to sea level. At the lower altitude, air pressure crushed it. Can you explain why?.
Question: How does air pressure change as altitude increases?
Answer:
|
it decreases
|
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] |
Air pressure decreases as altitude increases because there is less air pressing down from above.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Scientists classify living things to make sense of biodiversity and who how living things are related. The science of classifying living things is called taxonomy.
Question: What is the science of classifying living things is called?
Answer:
|
taxonomy
|
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] |
Taxonomy
Context: A triangle has three sides. Each side is a straight line with a
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The rate of decay of a radioactive substance is constant over time.
Question: What remains a constant of radioactive substance over time?
Answer:
|
rate of decay
|
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2
] |
The rate of decay of a radioactive substance is constant over time.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: The elements in Group 2 (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) are called the alkaline earth metals (see Figure below ). These elements have two valence electrons, both of which reside in the outermost s sublevel. The general electron configuration of all alkaline earth metals is n s 2 . The alkaline earth metals are still too reactive to exist in nature as free elements, but they are less reactive than the alkali metals. They tend to be harder, stronger, and denser than the alkali metals, and they also form numerous compounds with nonmetals.
Question: The elements in group 2 are called what?
Answer:
|
alkaline earth metals
|
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473,
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] |
The elements in Group 2 are called the alkaline earth metals.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context:
Question: The vegetal pole refers to the concentration of what toward one pole of an egg?
Answer:
|
yolk
|
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] |
The vegetal pole refers to the concentration of the future embryo and nutrients toward one
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: 12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law Laminar Flow and Viscosity When you pour yourself a glass of juice, the liquid flows freely and quickly. But when you pour syrup on your pancakes, that liquid flows slowly and sticks to the pitcher. The difference is fluid friction, both within the fluid itself and between the fluid and its surroundings. We call this property of fluids viscosity. Juice has low viscosity, whereas syrup has high viscosity. In the previous sections we have considered ideal fluids with little or no viscosity. In this section, we will investigate what factors, including viscosity, affect the rate of fluid flow. The precise definition of viscosity is based on laminar, or nonturbulent, flow. Before we can define viscosity, then, we need to define laminar flow and turbulent flow. Figure 12.10 shows both types of flow. Laminar flow is characterized by the smooth flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix. Turbulent flow, or turbulence, is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together.
Question: What term refers to the friction of fluid, within itself and its surroundings?
Answer:
|
viscosity
|
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] |
Viscosity
Context: 13.1 Ohm's Law and Electric Cir
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Like Earth, the Moon has a distinct crust, mantle, and core. The crust is composed of igneous rock. This rock is rich in the elements oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and aluminum. On the near side, the Moon’s crust is about 60 kilometers thick. On the far side, the crust is about 100 kilometers thick. The mantle is made of rock like Earth’s mantle. The Moon has a small metallic core, perhaps 600 to 800 kilometers in diameter. The composition of the core is probably mostly iron with some sulfur and nickel. We learned this both from the rock samples gathered by astronauts and from spacecraft sent to the Moon.
Question: Like earth, the moon has a distinct crust, mantle, and what else?
Answer:
|
core
|
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] |
core.
Context: The Great Barrier Reef is the largest living structure on Earth.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Consider carbon as an example. Carbon atoms have six protons. They also have six electrons. All carbon atoms are the same whether they are found in a lump of coal or a teaspoon of table sugar ( Figure below ). On the other hand, carbon atoms are different from the atoms of hydrogen, which are also found in coal and sugar. Each hydrogen atom has just one proton and one electron.
Question: How many protons and electrons each do carbon atoms have?
Answer:
|
six
|
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] |
Carbon atoms have six protons and six electrons.
Context: The Earth's
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning have been rising for the past several decades.
Question: Emissions of what gas into the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning have been rising for the past several decades?
Answer:
|
carbon dioxide
|
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] |
Carbon dioxide emissions.
Context: The Earth's average temperature has been increasing
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Trophic level 4 = tertiary consumers that eat secondary consumers.
Question: Trophic level 4 = tertiary consumers that eat what kind of consumers?
Answer:
|
secondary consumers
|
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] |
Trophic level 4 consumers are tertiary consumers that eat secondary consumers.
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: There are few organisms that live in the deepest ocean. The ones that do have amazing adaptations to the exceptionally harsh conditions.
Question: What is necessary for organisms to survive in the deepest parts of the ocean?
Answer:
|
adaptations
|
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Organisms that live in the deepest parts of the ocean have unique adaptations to survive the exception
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Regulation of Water Intake Osmolality is the ratio of solutes in a solution to a volume of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality is thus the ratio of solutes to water in blood plasma. A person’s plasma osmolality value reflects his or her state of hydration. A healthy body maintains plasma osmolality within a narrow range, by employing several mechanisms that regulate both water intake and output. Drinking water is considered voluntary. So how is water intake regulated by the body? Consider someone who is experiencing dehydration, a net loss of water that results in insufficient water in blood and other tissues. The water that leaves the body, as exhaled air, sweat, or urine, is ultimately extracted from blood plasma. As the blood becomes more concentrated, the thirst response—a sequence of physiological processes—is triggered (Figure 26.10). Osmoreceptors are sensory receptors in the thirst center in the hypothalamus that monitor the concentration of solutes (osmolality) of the blood. If blood osmolality increases above its ideal value, the hypothalamus transmits signals that result in a conscious awareness of thirst. The person should (and normally does) respond by drinking water. The hypothalamus of a dehydrated person also releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) through the posterior pituitary gland. ADH signals the kidneys to recover water from urine, effectively diluting the blood plasma. To conserve water, the hypothalamus of a dehydrated person also sends signals via the sympathetic nervous system to the salivary glands in the mouth. The signals result in a decrease in watery, serous output (and an increase in stickier, thicker mucus output). These changes in secretions result in a “dry mouth” and the sensation of thirst.
Question: What is the ratio of solutes in a solution to a volume of solvent in a solution known as?
Answer:
|
osmolality
|
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] |
Osmolality. In the context provided, osmolality refers to the ratio of s
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: Longitudinal waves, like sound waves, have compression and rarefaction zones. The compression zones are where, for example in a sound wave traveling through air, the air molecules are densely packed. The rarefaction zones are areas where the air molecules are loosely packed, like a vacuum zone. Us teachers will often draw longitudinal waves as transverse waves, but remember the difference.
Question: What is the opposite of rarefaction zones, where air molecules in waves are loosely packed?
Answer:
|
compression zones
|
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Compression zones are the opposite of rarefaction zones. In compression zones, air molecules are
|
The following are context and question about them. Each context is followed by a question and answer to a given question.
Context: There are many blood vessels in the kidneys ( Figure above ). The kidneys remove urea and other wastes from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Nephrons ( Figure below ) are tiny, tube-shaped structures found inside each kidney. Each kidney has up to a million nephrons. Each nephron collects a small amount of fluid and waste from a small group of capillaries.
Question: What are the tiny, tube-shaped structures found inside a kidney called?
Answer:
|
nephrons
|
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Nephrons
Context: The process of making urine begins when water and waste are filtered
|
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