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37922600	31948896	36585913	White matter predictors of PTSD: Testing different machine learning models in a sample of Black American women.	Anatomical integrity within the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and semantic processing deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.	Silent active device tracking for MR-guided interventional procedures.	Machine learning neuroimaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show promise for identifying neurobiological signatures of PTSD. However, studies to date, have largely evaluated a single machine learning approach, and few studies have examined white matter microstructure as a predictor of PTSD. Further, individuals from minoritized racial groups, specifically, Black individuals, who experience disproportionate trauma frequency, and have relatively higher rates of PTSD, have been underrepresented in these studies. We used four different machine learning models to test white matter microstructure classifiers of PTSD in a sample of trauma-exposed Black American women with and without PTSD.</AbstractText Participants included 45 Black women with PTSD and 89 trauma-exposed controls recruited from an ongoing trauma study. Current PTSD presence was estimated using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Average fractional anisotropy of 53 white matter tracts served as input features. Additional exploratory analysis incorporated estimates of interpersonal and structural racism exposure. Classification models included linear support vector machine, radial basis function support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, and random forest.</AbstractText Performance varied notably between models. With white matter features along, linear support vector machine demonstrated the best model fit and reached an average AUC = 0.643. Inclusion of estimates of exposure to racism increased linear support vector machine performance (AUC = 0.808).</AbstractText White matter microstructure had limited ability to predict PTSD presence in this sample. These results may indicate that the relationship between white matter microstructure and PTSD may be nuanced across race and gender spectrums.</AbstractText	The core symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) include abnormal semantic processing which may rely on the ventral language stream of the human brain. Thus, structural disruption of the ventral language stream may play an important role in semantic deficits observed in SSD patients. Therefore, we compared white matter tract integrity in SSD patients and healthy controls using diffusion tensor imaging combined with probabilistic fiber tractography. For the ventral language stream, we assessed the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus [IFOF], inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus. The arcuate fasciculus and corticospinal tract were used as control tracts. In SSD patients, the relationship between semantic processing impairments and tract integrity was analyzed separately. Three-dimensional tract reconstructions were performed in 45/44 SSD patients/controls ("Bern sample") and replicated in an independent sample of 24/24 SSD patients/controls ("Basel sample"). Multivariate analyses of fractional anisotropy, mean, axial, and radial diffusivity of the left IFOF showed significant differences between SSD patients and controls (p<sub	To evaluate a silent MR active catheter tracking sequence that allows conducting catheter interventions with low acoustic noise levels.</AbstractText To reduce the acoustic noise associated with MR catheter tracking, we implemented a technique previously used in conventional MRI. The gradient waveforms are modified to reduce the sound pressure level (SPL) and avoid acoustic resonances of the MRI system. The efficacy of the noise reduction was assessed by software-predicted SPL and verified by measurements. Furthermore, the quality of the catheter tracking signal was assessed in a phantom experiment and during interventional cardiovascular MRI sessions targeted at isthmus-related flutter ablation.</AbstractText The maximum measured SPL in the scanner room was 104 dB(A) for real-time imaging, and 88 dB(A) and 69 dB(A) for conventional and silent tracking, respectively. The SPL measured at different positions in the MR suite using silent tracking were 65-69 dB(A), and thus within the range of a normal conversation. Equivalent signal quality and tracking accuracy were obtained using the silent variant of the catheter tracking sequence.</AbstractText Our results indicate that silent MR catheter tracking capabilities are identical to conventional catheter tracking. The achieved acoustic noise reduction comes at no penalty in terms of tracking quality or temporal resolution, improves comfort and safety, and can overcome the need for MR-compatible communication equipment and background noise suppression during the actual interventional procedure.</AbstractText	White matter predictors of PTSD: Testing different machine learning models in a sample of Black American women. Machine learning neuroimaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show promise for identifying neurobiological signatures of PTSD. However, studies to date, have largely evaluated a single machine learning approach, and few studies have examined white matter microstructure as a predictor of PTSD. Further, individuals from minoritized racial groups, specifically, Black individuals, who experience disproportionate trauma frequency, and have relatively higher rates of PTSD, have been underrepresented in these studies. We used four different machine learning models to test white matter microstructure classifiers of PTSD in a sample of trauma-exposed Black American women with and without PTSD.</AbstractText Participants included 45 Black women with PTSD and 89 trauma-exposed controls recruited from an ongoing trauma study. Current PTSD presence was estimated using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Average fractional anisotropy of 53 white matter tracts served as input features. Additional exploratory analysis incorporated estimates of interpersonal and structural racism exposure. Classification models included linear support vector machine, radial basis function support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, and random forest.</AbstractText Performance varied notably between models. With white matter features along, linear support vector machine demonstrated the best model fit and reached an average AUC = 0.643. Inclusion of estimates of exposure to racism increased linear support vector machine performance (AUC = 0.808).</AbstractText White matter microstructure had limited ability to predict PTSD presence in this sample. These results may indicate that the relationship between white matter microstructure and PTSD may be nuanced across race and gender spectrums.</AbstractText	Anatomical integrity within the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and semantic processing deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The core symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) include abnormal semantic processing which may rely on the ventral language stream of the human brain. Thus, structural disruption of the ventral language stream may play an important role in semantic deficits observed in SSD patients. Therefore, we compared white matter tract integrity in SSD patients and healthy controls using diffusion tensor imaging combined with probabilistic fiber tractography. For the ventral language stream, we assessed the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus [IFOF], inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus. The arcuate fasciculus and corticospinal tract were used as control tracts. In SSD patients, the relationship between semantic processing impairments and tract integrity was analyzed separately. Three-dimensional tract reconstructions were performed in 45/44 SSD patients/controls ("Bern sample") and replicated in an independent sample of 24/24 SSD patients/controls ("Basel sample"). Multivariate analyses of fractional anisotropy, mean, axial, and radial diffusivity of the left IFOF showed significant differences between SSD patients and controls (p<sub	Silent active device tracking for MR-guided interventional procedures. To evaluate a silent MR active catheter tracking sequence that allows conducting catheter interventions with low acoustic noise levels.</AbstractText To reduce the acoustic noise associated with MR catheter tracking, we implemented a technique previously used in conventional MRI. The gradient waveforms are modified to reduce the sound pressure level (SPL) and avoid acoustic resonances of the MRI system. The efficacy of the noise reduction was assessed by software-predicted SPL and verified by measurements. Furthermore, the quality of the catheter tracking signal was assessed in a phantom experiment and during interventional cardiovascular MRI sessions targeted at isthmus-related flutter ablation.</AbstractText The maximum measured SPL in the scanner room was 104 dB(A) for real-time imaging, and 88 dB(A) and 69 dB(A) for conventional and silent tracking, respectively. The SPL measured at different positions in the MR suite using silent tracking were 65-69 dB(A), and thus within the range of a normal conversation. Equivalent signal quality and tracking accuracy were obtained using the silent variant of the catheter tracking sequence.</AbstractText Our results indicate that silent MR catheter tracking capabilities are identical to conventional catheter tracking. The achieved acoustic noise reduction comes at no penalty in terms of tracking quality or temporal resolution, improves comfort and safety, and can overcome the need for MR-compatible communication equipment and background noise suppression during the actual interventional procedure.</AbstractText
39162293	30031397	39200176	Notch Signaling in Central Nervous System: From Cellular Development to Multiple Sclerosis Disease.	Dexmedetomidine attenuates spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury through both anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis mechanisms in rabbits.	Ceftriaxone Inhibits Conditioned Fear and Compulsive-like Repetitive Marble Digging without Central Nervous System Side Effects Typical of Diazepam-A Study on DBA2/J Mice and a High-5HT Subline of Wistar-Zagreb 5HT Rats.	Multiple sclerosis (MS), is characterized by autoimmune-driven neuroinflammation, axonal degeneration, and demyelination. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of targeting Notch signaling within the central nervous system (CNS) in the context of MS. Understanding the intricate roles of Notch signaling could pave the way for targeted interventions to mitigate MS progression.</AbstractText A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Keywords such as "Notch signaling," "neuroglial interactions," and "MS" were used. The selection criteria included relevance to neuroglial interactions, peer-reviewed publications, and studies involving animal models of MS.</AbstractText This review highlights the diverse functions of Notch signaling in CNS development, including its regulation of neural stem cell differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In the context of MS, Notch signaling has emerged as a promising therapeutic target, exhibiting positive impacts on neuroprotection and remyelination. However, its intricate nature within the CNS necessitates precise modulation for therapeutic efficacy.</AbstractText This study provides a comprehensive overview of the potential therapeutic role of Notch signaling in MS. The findings underscore the significance of Notch modulation for neuroprotection and remyelination, emphasizing the need for precision in therapeutic interventions. Further research is imperative to elucidate the specific underlying mechanisms involved, which will provide a foundation for targeted therapeutic strategies for the management of MS and related neurodegenerative disorders.</AbstractText	Dexmedetomidine (Dex) can improve neuronal viability and protect the spinal cord from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of dexmedetomidine on the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inflammatory system and caspase-3 dependent apoptosis induced by spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury.</AbstractText Twenty-four rabbits were divided into three groups: I/R, Dex (10 µg/kg/h prior to ischemia until reperfusion), and Sham. Abdominal aortic occlusion was carried out for 30 min in the I/R and Dex groups. Hindlimb motor function was assessed using the Tarlov scoring system for gait evaluation. Motor neuron survival and apoptosis in the ventral grey matter were assessed by haematoxylin-eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick end labelling staining. The expression and localisation of ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, TLR4, NF-κB and caspase-3 were assessed by immunoreactivity analysis. The levels of interleukin 1β and tumour necrosis factor α were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.</AbstractText Perioperative treatment with dexmedetomidine was associated with a significant preservation of locomotor function following spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury with increased neuronal survival in the spinal cord compared to control. In addition, dexmedetomidine suppressed microglial activation, inhibited the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signalling pathway, and inhibited the caspase-3 dependent apoptosis.</AbstractText Dexmedetomidine confers neuroprotection against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury through suppression of spinal cord inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. A reduction in microglial activation and inhibition of both the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signalling pathway and caspase-3 dependent apoptosis are implicated.</AbstractText	<b	Notch Signaling in Central Nervous System: From Cellular Development to Multiple Sclerosis Disease. Multiple sclerosis (MS), is characterized by autoimmune-driven neuroinflammation, axonal degeneration, and demyelination. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of targeting Notch signaling within the central nervous system (CNS) in the context of MS. Understanding the intricate roles of Notch signaling could pave the way for targeted interventions to mitigate MS progression.</AbstractText A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Keywords such as "Notch signaling," "neuroglial interactions," and "MS" were used. The selection criteria included relevance to neuroglial interactions, peer-reviewed publications, and studies involving animal models of MS.</AbstractText This review highlights the diverse functions of Notch signaling in CNS development, including its regulation of neural stem cell differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In the context of MS, Notch signaling has emerged as a promising therapeutic target, exhibiting positive impacts on neuroprotection and remyelination. However, its intricate nature within the CNS necessitates precise modulation for therapeutic efficacy.</AbstractText This study provides a comprehensive overview of the potential therapeutic role of Notch signaling in MS. The findings underscore the significance of Notch modulation for neuroprotection and remyelination, emphasizing the need for precision in therapeutic interventions. Further research is imperative to elucidate the specific underlying mechanisms involved, which will provide a foundation for targeted therapeutic strategies for the management of MS and related neurodegenerative disorders.</AbstractText	Dexmedetomidine attenuates spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury through both anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis mechanisms in rabbits. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) can improve neuronal viability and protect the spinal cord from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of dexmedetomidine on the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inflammatory system and caspase-3 dependent apoptosis induced by spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury.</AbstractText Twenty-four rabbits were divided into three groups: I/R, Dex (10 µg/kg/h prior to ischemia until reperfusion), and Sham. Abdominal aortic occlusion was carried out for 30 min in the I/R and Dex groups. Hindlimb motor function was assessed using the Tarlov scoring system for gait evaluation. Motor neuron survival and apoptosis in the ventral grey matter were assessed by haematoxylin-eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick end labelling staining. The expression and localisation of ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, TLR4, NF-κB and caspase-3 were assessed by immunoreactivity analysis. The levels of interleukin 1β and tumour necrosis factor α were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.</AbstractText Perioperative treatment with dexmedetomidine was associated with a significant preservation of locomotor function following spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury with increased neuronal survival in the spinal cord compared to control. In addition, dexmedetomidine suppressed microglial activation, inhibited the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signalling pathway, and inhibited the caspase-3 dependent apoptosis.</AbstractText Dexmedetomidine confers neuroprotection against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury through suppression of spinal cord inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. A reduction in microglial activation and inhibition of both the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signalling pathway and caspase-3 dependent apoptosis are implicated.</AbstractText	Ceftriaxone Inhibits Conditioned Fear and Compulsive-like Repetitive Marble Digging without Central Nervous System Side Effects Typical of Diazepam-A Study on DBA2/J Mice and a High-5HT Subline of Wistar-Zagreb 5HT Rats. <b
38613058	35798021	38646253	Gut-Liver Axis Dysregulation in Portal Hypertension: Emerging Frontiers.	The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	Effect of Exercises for Strengthening the Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot and Improving Ankle Mobility on Patients of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.	Portal hypertension (PH) is a complex clinical challenge with severe complications, including variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. The gut microbiota (GM) and its interconnectedness with human health have emerged as a captivating field of research. This review explores the intricate connections between the gut and the liver, aiming to elucidate how alterations in GM, intestinal barrier function, and gut-derived molecules impact the development and progression of PH. A systematic literature search, following PRISMA guidelines, identified 12 original articles that suggest a relationship between GM, the gut-liver axis, and PH. Mechanisms such as dysbiosis, bacterial translocation, altered microbial structure, and inflammation appear to orchestrate this relationship. One notable study highlights the pivotal role of the farnesoid X receptor axis in regulating the interplay between the gut and liver and proposes it as a promising therapeutic target. Fecal transplantation experiments further emphasize the pathogenic significance of the GM in modulating liver maladies, including PH. Recent advancements in metagenomics and metabolomics have expanded our understanding of the GM's role in human ailments. The review suggests that addressing the unmet need of identifying gut-liver axis-related metabolic and molecular pathways holds potential for elucidating pathogenesis and directing novel therapeutic interventions.</AbstractText	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide and the leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. We aimed to predict the burden of NAFLD by examining and estimating the temporal trends of its worldwide prevalence and incidence.</AbstractText In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science without language restrictions for reports published between date of database inception and May 25, 2021. We included observational cross-sectional or longitudinal studies done in study populations representative of the general adult population, in whom NAFLD was diagnosed using an imaging method in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption and viral hepatitis. Studies were excluded if conducted in paediatric populations (aged <18 years) or subgroups of the general population. Summary estimates were extracted from included reports by KR and independently verified by HA using the population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes framework. Primary outcomes were the prevalence and incidence of NAFLD. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate overall and sex-specific pooled effect estimates and 95% CIs.</AbstractText The search identified 28 557 records, of which 13 577 records were screened; 299 records were also identified via other methods. In total, 72 publications with a sample population of 1 030 160 individuals from 17 countries were included in the prevalence analysis, and 16 publications with a sample population of 381 765 individuals from five countries were included in the incidence analysis. The overall prevalence of NAFLD worldwide was estimated to be 32·4% (95% CI 29·9-34·9). Prevalence increased significantly over time, from 25·5% (20·1-31·0) in or before 2005 to 37·8% (32·4-43·3) in 2016 or later (p=0·013). Overall prevalence of NAFLD was significantly higher in men than in women (39·7% [36·6-42·8] vs 25·6% [22·3-28·8]; p<0·0001). The overall incidence of NAFLD was estimated to be 46·9 cases per 1000 person-years (36·4-57·5); 70·8 cases per 1000 person-years (48·7-92·8) in men and 29·6 cases per 1000 person-years (20·2-38·9) in women (p<0·0001). There was considerable heterogeneity between studies of both NAFLD prevalence (I<sup Worldwide prevalence of NAFLD is considerably higher than previously estimated and is continuing to increase at an alarming rate. Incidence and prevalence of NAFLD are significantly higher among men than among women. Greater awareness of NAFLD and the development of cost-effective risk stratification strategies are warranted to address the growing burden of NAFLD.</AbstractText Canadian Institutes of Health.</AbstractText	Background and objectives The study aimed to compare the efficacy of standard home care versus structured ankle mobility exercises in enhancing ankle and foot joint range of motion (ROM) among individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Additionally, it investigated the impact of foot intrinsic muscle strengthening exercises on hallux grip force in those with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DN). Materials and methods In a study of 200 patients with Diabetic Neuropathy (DN), selected from 345 screened diabetics with stable glucose levels and routine monitoring at a tertiary care facility, the efficacy of structured exercises versus standard care was evaluated. Participants, aged 40-70 years with mild neuropathic symptoms (neuropathy disability score of 3 to 5), were divided into two groups. Group 1 received standard care per International Diabetic Foot guidelines, while Group 2 performed targeted foot intrinsic muscle strengthening and ankle mobility exercises over eight weeks. The range of motion (ROM) for ankle and first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints and hallux grip force were measured, showing significant improvements in Group 2. Analysis was done using IBM SPSS. Results The average age of the individuals in group 1 (n=100) was 53.87±5.42 years, whereas the average age of the subjects in group 2 (n=100) was 54.23±4.69 years. The study included a total of 97 male participants, with 48 in group 1 and 49 in group 2. The groups exhibited homogeneity in terms of age, gender, duration of DM, and BMI (p>,0.05). When comparing the ROM for ankle dorsiﬂexion between the groups, it was shown that subjects in group 2 had a substantially higher ROM following exercise for both the right (27.97°±5.3° Vs 19.24°±2.54°) and left (28.55°±4.61° Vs 18.22°±1.14°) ankles compared to the patients in group 1 (p<,0.01). Nevertheless, there were statistically insignificant differences (p>,0.05) observed within the groups, both before and after the exercises, for all the variables examined except for right and left ankle dorsiflexion, and right ankle plantarflexion in group 2. Group 2 subjects exhibited a considerably greater hallux grip force compared to group 1 subjects. The mean enhanced paper grip strength for the right and left big toe of group 2 was 44±3.58 N and 43.2±2.62 N respectively. The mean enhanced paper grip force for the right and left big toe of group 1 was 38±3.11 N and 37.92±2.13 N respectively. A statistically highly significant difference was observed for hallux grip force between the groups (p<,0.01). Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that performing the foot intrinsic muscle strengthening and ankle mobility exercises on the foot and ankle joints can potentially enhance ROM and hallux grip force in patient groups with DN.</AbstractText	Gut-Liver Axis Dysregulation in Portal Hypertension: Emerging Frontiers. Portal hypertension (PH) is a complex clinical challenge with severe complications, including variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. The gut microbiota (GM) and its interconnectedness with human health have emerged as a captivating field of research. This review explores the intricate connections between the gut and the liver, aiming to elucidate how alterations in GM, intestinal barrier function, and gut-derived molecules impact the development and progression of PH. A systematic literature search, following PRISMA guidelines, identified 12 original articles that suggest a relationship between GM, the gut-liver axis, and PH. Mechanisms such as dysbiosis, bacterial translocation, altered microbial structure, and inflammation appear to orchestrate this relationship. One notable study highlights the pivotal role of the farnesoid X receptor axis in regulating the interplay between the gut and liver and proposes it as a promising therapeutic target. Fecal transplantation experiments further emphasize the pathogenic significance of the GM in modulating liver maladies, including PH. Recent advancements in metagenomics and metabolomics have expanded our understanding of the GM's role in human ailments. The review suggests that addressing the unmet need of identifying gut-liver axis-related metabolic and molecular pathways holds potential for elucidating pathogenesis and directing novel therapeutic interventions.</AbstractText	The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide and the leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. We aimed to predict the burden of NAFLD by examining and estimating the temporal trends of its worldwide prevalence and incidence.</AbstractText In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science without language restrictions for reports published between date of database inception and May 25, 2021. We included observational cross-sectional or longitudinal studies done in study populations representative of the general adult population, in whom NAFLD was diagnosed using an imaging method in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption and viral hepatitis. Studies were excluded if conducted in paediatric populations (aged <18 years) or subgroups of the general population. Summary estimates were extracted from included reports by KR and independently verified by HA using the population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes framework. Primary outcomes were the prevalence and incidence of NAFLD. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate overall and sex-specific pooled effect estimates and 95% CIs.</AbstractText The search identified 28 557 records, of which 13 577 records were screened; 299 records were also identified via other methods. In total, 72 publications with a sample population of 1 030 160 individuals from 17 countries were included in the prevalence analysis, and 16 publications with a sample population of 381 765 individuals from five countries were included in the incidence analysis. The overall prevalence of NAFLD worldwide was estimated to be 32·4% (95% CI 29·9-34·9). Prevalence increased significantly over time, from 25·5% (20·1-31·0) in or before 2005 to 37·8% (32·4-43·3) in 2016 or later (p=0·013). Overall prevalence of NAFLD was significantly higher in men than in women (39·7% [36·6-42·8] vs 25·6% [22·3-28·8]; p<0·0001). The overall incidence of NAFLD was estimated to be 46·9 cases per 1000 person-years (36·4-57·5); 70·8 cases per 1000 person-years (48·7-92·8) in men and 29·6 cases per 1000 person-years (20·2-38·9) in women (p<0·0001). There was considerable heterogeneity between studies of both NAFLD prevalence (I<sup Worldwide prevalence of NAFLD is considerably higher than previously estimated and is continuing to increase at an alarming rate. Incidence and prevalence of NAFLD are significantly higher among men than among women. Greater awareness of NAFLD and the development of cost-effective risk stratification strategies are warranted to address the growing burden of NAFLD.</AbstractText Canadian Institutes of Health.</AbstractText	Effect of Exercises for Strengthening the Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot and Improving Ankle Mobility on Patients of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Background and objectives The study aimed to compare the efficacy of standard home care versus structured ankle mobility exercises in enhancing ankle and foot joint range of motion (ROM) among individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Additionally, it investigated the impact of foot intrinsic muscle strengthening exercises on hallux grip force in those with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DN). Materials and methods In a study of 200 patients with Diabetic Neuropathy (DN), selected from 345 screened diabetics with stable glucose levels and routine monitoring at a tertiary care facility, the efficacy of structured exercises versus standard care was evaluated. Participants, aged 40-70 years with mild neuropathic symptoms (neuropathy disability score of 3 to 5), were divided into two groups. Group 1 received standard care per International Diabetic Foot guidelines, while Group 2 performed targeted foot intrinsic muscle strengthening and ankle mobility exercises over eight weeks. The range of motion (ROM) for ankle and first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints and hallux grip force were measured, showing significant improvements in Group 2. Analysis was done using IBM SPSS. Results The average age of the individuals in group 1 (n=100) was 53.87±5.42 years, whereas the average age of the subjects in group 2 (n=100) was 54.23±4.69 years. The study included a total of 97 male participants, with 48 in group 1 and 49 in group 2. The groups exhibited homogeneity in terms of age, gender, duration of DM, and BMI (p>,0.05). When comparing the ROM for ankle dorsiﬂexion between the groups, it was shown that subjects in group 2 had a substantially higher ROM following exercise for both the right (27.97°±5.3° Vs 19.24°±2.54°) and left (28.55°±4.61° Vs 18.22°±1.14°) ankles compared to the patients in group 1 (p<,0.01). Nevertheless, there were statistically insignificant differences (p>,0.05) observed within the groups, both before and after the exercises, for all the variables examined except for right and left ankle dorsiflexion, and right ankle plantarflexion in group 2. Group 2 subjects exhibited a considerably greater hallux grip force compared to group 1 subjects. The mean enhanced paper grip strength for the right and left big toe of group 2 was 44±3.58 N and 43.2±2.62 N respectively. The mean enhanced paper grip force for the right and left big toe of group 1 was 38±3.11 N and 37.92±2.13 N respectively. A statistically highly significant difference was observed for hallux grip force between the groups (p<,0.01). Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that performing the foot intrinsic muscle strengthening and ankle mobility exercises on the foot and ankle joints can potentially enhance ROM and hallux grip force in patient groups with DN.</AbstractText
38858726	21835884	39385407	Exploration of new space elicits phosphorylation of GluA1(Ser831) and S6K and expression of Arc in the hippocampus in vivo as in long-term potentiation.	Increased PKA signaling disrupts recognition memory and spatial memory: role in Huntington's disease.	Obsessive-compulsive symptoms relating to psychosocial functioning for people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder.	The brain responds to experience through modulation of synaptic transmission, that is synaptic plasticity. An increase in the strength of synaptic transmission is manifested as long-term potentiation (LTP), while a decrease in the strength of synaptic transmission is expressed as long-term depression (LTD). Most of the studies of synaptic plasticity have been carried out by induction via electrophysiological stimulation. It is largely unknown in which behavioural tasks such synaptic plasticity occurs. Moreover, some stimuli can induce both LTP and LTD, thus making it difficult to separately study the different forms of synaptic plasticity. Two studies have shown that an aversive memory task - inhibitory avoidance learning and contextual fear conditioning - physiologically and selectively induce LTP and an LTP-like molecular change, respectively, in the hippocampus in vivo. Here, we show that a non-aversive behavioural task - exploration of new space - physiologically and selectively elicits a biochemical change in the hippocampus that is a hallmark of LTP. Specifically, we found that exploration of new space induces an increase in the phosphorylation of GluA1(Ser831), without affecting the phosphorylation of GluA1(Ser845), which are biomarkers of early-LTP and not NMDAR-mediated LTD. We also show that exploration of new space engenders the phosphorylation of the translational regulator S6K and the expression of Arc, which are features of electrophysiologically-induced late-LTP in the hippocampus. Therefore, our results show that exploration of new space is a novel non-aversive behavioural paradigm that elicits molecular changes in vivo that are analogous to those occurring during early- and late-LTP, but not during NMDAR-mediated LTD.</AbstractText	Huntington's disease (HD) patients and mouse models show learning and memory impairment even before the onset of motor symptoms. However, the molecular events involved in this cognitive decline are still poorly understood. Here, using three different paradigms, the novel object recognition test, the T-maze spontaneous alternation task and the Morris water maze, we detected severe cognitive deficits in the R6/1 mouse model of HD before the onset of motor symptoms. When we examined the putative molecular pathways involved in these alterations, we observed hippocampal cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) hyper-activation in naïve R6/1 mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and calcineurin activities were not modified. Increased PKA activity resulted in hyper-phosphorylation of its substrates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1, Ras-guanine nucleotide releasing factor-1 and striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase, but not cAMP-responsive element binding protein or the microtubule-associated protein tau. In correlation with the over-activation of the PKA pathway, we found a down-regulation of the protein levels of some phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 family members. Similar molecular changes were found in the hippocampus of R6/2 mice and HD patients. Furthermore, chronic treatment of WT mice with the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram up-regulated PKA activity, and induced learning and memory deficits similar to those seen in R6 mice, but had no effect on R6/1 mice cognitive impairment. Importantly, hippocampal PKA inhibition by infusion of Rp-cAMPS restored long-term memory in R6/2 mice. Thus, our results suggest that occlusion of PKA-dependent processes is one of the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in R6 animals.</AbstractText	To assess the psychosocial functioning concerning obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) comorbidity in people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder diagnosed in a large case register database in Southeast London. Data were retrieved from the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLaM BRC) register using Clinical Record Interactive Search (CRIS) system, a platform allowing research on full but de-identified electronic health records for secondary and tertiary mental healthcare services. Information of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder diagnosis and OCS/OCD status was ascertained from structural or free-text fields through natural language processing (NLP) algorithms based on artificial intelligence techniques during the observation window of January 2007 to December 2016. Associations between comorbid OCS/OCD and recorded Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) for problems with activities of daily living (ADLs), living conditions, occupational and recreational activities, and relationships were estimated by logistic regression with socio-demographic confounders controlled. Of 15,412 subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder, 2,358 (15.3%) experienced OCS without OCD, and 2,586 (16.8%) had OCD recorded. The presence of OCS/OCD was associated with more problems with relationships (adj.OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.25-1.44), ADLs (adj.OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.22-1.41), and living conditions (adj.OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.22-1.41). Sensitivity analysis revealed similar outcomes. Comorbid OCS/OCD was associated with poorer psychosocial functioning in people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder. This finding highlights the importance of identification and treatment of comorbid OCS among this vulnerable patient group.</AbstractText	Exploration of new space elicits phosphorylation of GluA1(Ser831) and S6K and expression of Arc in the hippocampus in vivo as in long-term potentiation. The brain responds to experience through modulation of synaptic transmission, that is synaptic plasticity. An increase in the strength of synaptic transmission is manifested as long-term potentiation (LTP), while a decrease in the strength of synaptic transmission is expressed as long-term depression (LTD). Most of the studies of synaptic plasticity have been carried out by induction via electrophysiological stimulation. It is largely unknown in which behavioural tasks such synaptic plasticity occurs. Moreover, some stimuli can induce both LTP and LTD, thus making it difficult to separately study the different forms of synaptic plasticity. Two studies have shown that an aversive memory task - inhibitory avoidance learning and contextual fear conditioning - physiologically and selectively induce LTP and an LTP-like molecular change, respectively, in the hippocampus in vivo. Here, we show that a non-aversive behavioural task - exploration of new space - physiologically and selectively elicits a biochemical change in the hippocampus that is a hallmark of LTP. Specifically, we found that exploration of new space induces an increase in the phosphorylation of GluA1(Ser831), without affecting the phosphorylation of GluA1(Ser845), which are biomarkers of early-LTP and not NMDAR-mediated LTD. We also show that exploration of new space engenders the phosphorylation of the translational regulator S6K and the expression of Arc, which are features of electrophysiologically-induced late-LTP in the hippocampus. Therefore, our results show that exploration of new space is a novel non-aversive behavioural paradigm that elicits molecular changes in vivo that are analogous to those occurring during early- and late-LTP, but not during NMDAR-mediated LTD.</AbstractText	Increased PKA signaling disrupts recognition memory and spatial memory: role in Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease (HD) patients and mouse models show learning and memory impairment even before the onset of motor symptoms. However, the molecular events involved in this cognitive decline are still poorly understood. Here, using three different paradigms, the novel object recognition test, the T-maze spontaneous alternation task and the Morris water maze, we detected severe cognitive deficits in the R6/1 mouse model of HD before the onset of motor symptoms. When we examined the putative molecular pathways involved in these alterations, we observed hippocampal cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) hyper-activation in naïve R6/1 mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and calcineurin activities were not modified. Increased PKA activity resulted in hyper-phosphorylation of its substrates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1, Ras-guanine nucleotide releasing factor-1 and striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase, but not cAMP-responsive element binding protein or the microtubule-associated protein tau. In correlation with the over-activation of the PKA pathway, we found a down-regulation of the protein levels of some phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 family members. Similar molecular changes were found in the hippocampus of R6/2 mice and HD patients. Furthermore, chronic treatment of WT mice with the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram up-regulated PKA activity, and induced learning and memory deficits similar to those seen in R6 mice, but had no effect on R6/1 mice cognitive impairment. Importantly, hippocampal PKA inhibition by infusion of Rp-cAMPS restored long-term memory in R6/2 mice. Thus, our results suggest that occlusion of PKA-dependent processes is one of the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in R6 animals.</AbstractText	Obsessive-compulsive symptoms relating to psychosocial functioning for people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder. To assess the psychosocial functioning concerning obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) comorbidity in people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder diagnosed in a large case register database in Southeast London. Data were retrieved from the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLaM BRC) register using Clinical Record Interactive Search (CRIS) system, a platform allowing research on full but de-identified electronic health records for secondary and tertiary mental healthcare services. Information of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder diagnosis and OCS/OCD status was ascertained from structural or free-text fields through natural language processing (NLP) algorithms based on artificial intelligence techniques during the observation window of January 2007 to December 2016. Associations between comorbid OCS/OCD and recorded Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) for problems with activities of daily living (ADLs), living conditions, occupational and recreational activities, and relationships were estimated by logistic regression with socio-demographic confounders controlled. Of 15,412 subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder, 2,358 (15.3%) experienced OCS without OCD, and 2,586 (16.8%) had OCD recorded. The presence of OCS/OCD was associated with more problems with relationships (adj.OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.25-1.44), ADLs (adj.OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.22-1.41), and living conditions (adj.OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.22-1.41). Sensitivity analysis revealed similar outcomes. Comorbid OCS/OCD was associated with poorer psychosocial functioning in people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder. This finding highlights the importance of identification and treatment of comorbid OCS among this vulnerable patient group.</AbstractText
12631442	8657283	12572657	Ionotropic glutamate receptors are involved in malondialdehyde production in anesthetized rat brain cortex: a microdialysis study.	Synaptic strengthening through activation of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors.	Nitric oxide delivery system for cell culture studies.	Elevated extracellular glutamate levels can increase malondialdehyde production in the brains of anesthetized rats. Thus, we investigated whether ionotropic glutamate receptors are involved in glutamate-induced malondialdehyde production. A microdialysis probe was implanted in the brain cortex of anesthetized rats. The malondialdehyde level in microdialysates was analyzed using an HPLC system. Three different ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists were used. At a concentration of 1.5 mM alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid hydrobromide (AMPA, a selective AMPA receptor agonist) induced a dramatic increase in extracellular malondialdehyde production (as much as 14-fold relative to the basal value). N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA, a selective NMDA receptor agonist) also induced an increase in extracellular malondialdehyde production; however, the increase was not as much as that observed in the perfusion of AMPA receptor agonist. Kainic acid (a selective kainate receptor agonist) did not significantly increase malondialdehyde production. When co-perfused with L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC; 31.4 mM), a glutamate uptake transport inhibitor that can increase the extracellular glutamate levels, AMPA receptor antagonist [1-(4-aminophenyl)4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine hydrochloride, 1.0 mM] can significantly reduce PDC-induced malondialdehyde production. Although NMDA receptor antagonist [(5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate, MK801] also can decrease the PDC-induced malondialdehyde production, it was not as effective as the AMPA receptor antagonist. These results suggest that ionotropic receptors are involved in the glutamate-induced increase in malondialdehdye production. Specifically, AMPA receptor seems to be predominant in the glutamate-induced malondialdehdye production in anesthetized rat brain cortex.</AbstractText	Postsynaptic Ca2+ elevation during synaptic transmission is an important trigger for short- and long-term changes in synaptic strength in the vertebrate central nervous system. The AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionate) receptors, a subfamily of glutamate receptors, mediate much of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain and spinal cord. It has been shown that a subtype of the AMPA receptor is Ca2+-permeable and is present in the subpopulations of neurons. When synaptically localized, these receptors should mediate postsynaptic Ca2+ influx, providing a trigger for changes in synaptic strength. Here we show that Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors are synaptically localized on a subpopulation of dorsal horn neurons, and that they provide a synaptically gated route of Ca2+ entry, and that activation of these receptors strengthens synaptic transmission mediated by AMPA receptors. This pathway for postsynaptic Ca2+ influx may provide a new form of activity-dependent modulation of synaptic strength.</AbstractText	To investigate the toxicity and mutagenicity of NO, methods are needed to deliver it to cell cultures at known, constant rates. To permit continuous exposures over lengthy periods, we fabricated a simple apparatus utilizing gas-permeable polydimethylsiloxane (Silastic) tubing to supply both NO and O2 to a stirred, cylindrical vessel. Mass transfer in this system was characterized by measuring the delivery rates of NO or O2 alone, and of NO to air-saturated solutions. The concentrations of NO, O2, and NO2- (the end product of NO oxidation) were monitored continuously. The total flux of nitrogen species into the liquid (as determined from the sum of NO and NO2- accumulation) was 50%-90% greater in the presence of O2, depending on the NO partial pressure in the gas. Also, the simultaneously measured mass transfer coefficients for NO and O2 differed greatly from the corresponding unreactive values. An analysis of the data using diffusion-reaction models showed that NO oxidation in the aqueous boundary layer contributed very little to the nitrogen flux increase or to variations in the mass transfer coefficients. However, the unusually strong dependence of the delivery rates on chemical reactions could be explained by postulating that partial oxidation of NO to NO2 occurred within the membrane. The rate constant we estimated for polydimethylsiloxane, 4.4 x 10(5) M-2 s(-1) at 23 degrees C, is only about one-fifth of values reported previously for water and nonpolar solvents, but the high solubilities of NO and O2 in the polymer are sufficient to make NO2 formation significant. Although considerable NO2 is calculated to enter the liquid, its reaction with aqueous NO is rapid enough to keep this undesired compound at trace levels, except within a few microns of the tubing. Thus, cells will have little exposure to NO2</AbstractText	Ionotropic glutamate receptors are involved in malondialdehyde production in anesthetized rat brain cortex: a microdialysis study. Elevated extracellular glutamate levels can increase malondialdehyde production in the brains of anesthetized rats. Thus, we investigated whether ionotropic glutamate receptors are involved in glutamate-induced malondialdehyde production. A microdialysis probe was implanted in the brain cortex of anesthetized rats. The malondialdehyde level in microdialysates was analyzed using an HPLC system. Three different ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists were used. At a concentration of 1.5 mM alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid hydrobromide (AMPA, a selective AMPA receptor agonist) induced a dramatic increase in extracellular malondialdehyde production (as much as 14-fold relative to the basal value). N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA, a selective NMDA receptor agonist) also induced an increase in extracellular malondialdehyde production; however, the increase was not as much as that observed in the perfusion of AMPA receptor agonist. Kainic acid (a selective kainate receptor agonist) did not significantly increase malondialdehyde production. When co-perfused with L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC; 31.4 mM), a glutamate uptake transport inhibitor that can increase the extracellular glutamate levels, AMPA receptor antagonist [1-(4-aminophenyl)4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine hydrochloride, 1.0 mM] can significantly reduce PDC-induced malondialdehyde production. Although NMDA receptor antagonist [(5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate, MK801] also can decrease the PDC-induced malondialdehyde production, it was not as effective as the AMPA receptor antagonist. These results suggest that ionotropic receptors are involved in the glutamate-induced increase in malondialdehdye production. Specifically, AMPA receptor seems to be predominant in the glutamate-induced malondialdehdye production in anesthetized rat brain cortex.</AbstractText	Synaptic strengthening through activation of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors. Postsynaptic Ca2+ elevation during synaptic transmission is an important trigger for short- and long-term changes in synaptic strength in the vertebrate central nervous system. The AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionate) receptors, a subfamily of glutamate receptors, mediate much of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain and spinal cord. It has been shown that a subtype of the AMPA receptor is Ca2+-permeable and is present in the subpopulations of neurons. When synaptically localized, these receptors should mediate postsynaptic Ca2+ influx, providing a trigger for changes in synaptic strength. Here we show that Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors are synaptically localized on a subpopulation of dorsal horn neurons, and that they provide a synaptically gated route of Ca2+ entry, and that activation of these receptors strengthens synaptic transmission mediated by AMPA receptors. This pathway for postsynaptic Ca2+ influx may provide a new form of activity-dependent modulation of synaptic strength.</AbstractText	Nitric oxide delivery system for cell culture studies. To investigate the toxicity and mutagenicity of NO, methods are needed to deliver it to cell cultures at known, constant rates. To permit continuous exposures over lengthy periods, we fabricated a simple apparatus utilizing gas-permeable polydimethylsiloxane (Silastic) tubing to supply both NO and O2 to a stirred, cylindrical vessel. Mass transfer in this system was characterized by measuring the delivery rates of NO or O2 alone, and of NO to air-saturated solutions. The concentrations of NO, O2, and NO2- (the end product of NO oxidation) were monitored continuously. The total flux of nitrogen species into the liquid (as determined from the sum of NO and NO2- accumulation) was 50%-90% greater in the presence of O2, depending on the NO partial pressure in the gas. Also, the simultaneously measured mass transfer coefficients for NO and O2 differed greatly from the corresponding unreactive values. An analysis of the data using diffusion-reaction models showed that NO oxidation in the aqueous boundary layer contributed very little to the nitrogen flux increase or to variations in the mass transfer coefficients. However, the unusually strong dependence of the delivery rates on chemical reactions could be explained by postulating that partial oxidation of NO to NO2 occurred within the membrane. The rate constant we estimated for polydimethylsiloxane, 4.4 x 10(5) M-2 s(-1) at 23 degrees C, is only about one-fifth of values reported previously for water and nonpolar solvents, but the high solubilities of NO and O2 in the polymer are sufficient to make NO2 formation significant. Although considerable NO2 is calculated to enter the liquid, its reaction with aqueous NO is rapid enough to keep this undesired compound at trace levels, except within a few microns of the tubing. Thus, cells will have little exposure to NO2</AbstractText
34662512	29462334	34650417	AD Hypotheses and Suggested Clinical Trials.	Left frontal hub connectivity delays cognitive impairment in autosomal-dominant and sporadic Alzheimer's disease.	Standard Tone Stability as a Manipulation of Precision in the Oddball Paradigm: Modulation of Prediction Error Responses to Fixed-Probability Deviants.	Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disorder that impairs cognitive reserve impacting activities of daily living. The prime pathological characteristics of AD include the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau (τ) proteins, accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), and neuronal loss. Expanding literature suggests that oxidative stress (OS) is a vital factor contributing to the pathogenesis of AD such that biometals (e.g., iron, zinc, copper) are believed to play a crucial role in Aβ formation and neurodegeneration. Growing evidence indicates the impact of OS in AD, and clinical trials with antioxidative therapeutic interventions are in the frontline of AD research. We discuss various AD hypotheses and associated clinical trials. We present a case for future therapeutic intervention for AD by putting forth postulated hypotheses and trials.</AbstractText	Patients with Alzheimer's disease vary in their ability to sustain cognitive abilities in the presence of brain pathology. A major open question is which brain mechanisms may support higher reserve capacity, i.e. relatively high cognitive performance at a given level of Alzheimer's pathology. Higher functional MRI-assessed functional connectivity of a hub in the left frontal cortex is a core candidate brain mechanism underlying reserve as it is associated with education (i.e. a protective factor often associated with higher reserve) and attenuated cognitive impairment in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. However, no study has yet assessed whether such hub connectivity of the left frontal cortex supports reserve throughout the evolution of pathological brain changes in Alzheimer's disease, including the presymptomatic stage when cognitive decline is subtle. To address this research gap, we obtained cross-sectional resting state functional MRI in 74 participants with autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease, 55 controls from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network and 75 amyloid-positive elderly participants, as well as 41 amyloid-negative cognitively normal elderly subjects from the German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases multicentre study on biomarkers in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. For each participant, global left frontal cortex connectivity was computed as the average resting state functional connectivity between the left frontal cortex (seed) and each voxel in the grey matter. As a marker of disease stage, we applied estimated years from symptom onset in autosomal dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease and cerebrospinal fluid tau levels in sporadic Alzheimer's disease cases. In both autosomal dominant and sporadic Alzheimer's disease patients, higher levels of left frontal cortex connectivity were correlated with greater education. For autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease, a significant left frontal cortex connectivity × estimated years of onset interaction was found, indicating slower decline of memory and global cognition at higher levels of connectivity. Similarly, in sporadic amyloid-positive elderly subjects, the effect of tau on cognition was attenuated at higher levels of left frontal cortex connectivity. Polynomial regression analysis showed that the trajectory of cognitive decline was shifted towards a later stage of Alzheimer's disease in patients with higher levels of left frontal cortex connectivity. Together, our findings suggest that higher resilience against the development of cognitive impairment throughout the early stages of Alzheimer's disease is at least partially attributable to higher left frontal cortex-hub connectivity.</AbstractText	Electrophysiological sensory deviance detection signals, such as the mismatch negativity (MMN), have been interpreted from the predictive coding framework as manifestations of prediction error (PE). From a frequentist perspective of the classic oddball paradigm, deviant stimuli are unexpected because of their low probability. However, the amount of PE elicited by a stimulus can be dissociated from its probability of occurrence: when the observer cannot make confident predictions, any event holds little surprise value, no matter how improbable. Here we tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of the neural response elicited to an improbable sound (D) would scale with the precision of the prediction derived from the repetition of another sound (S), by manipulating repetition stability. We recorded the Electroencephalogram (EEG) from 20 participants while passively listening to 4 types of isochronous pure tone sequences differing in the probability of the S tone (880 Hz) while holding constant the probability of the D tone [1,046 Hz; p(D) = 1/11]: Oddball [p(S) = 10/11]; High confidence (7/11); Low confidence (4/11); and Random (1/11). Tones of 9 different frequencies were equiprobably presented as fillers [p(S) + p(D) + p(F) = 1]. Using a mass-univariate non-parametric, cluster-based correlation analysis controlling for multiple comparisons, we found that the amplitude of the deviant-elicited ERP became more negative with increasing S probability, in a time-electrode window consistent with the MMN (ca. 120-200 ms; frontal), suggesting that the strength of a PE elicited to an improbable event indeed increases with the precision of the predictive model.</AbstractText	AD Hypotheses and Suggested Clinical Trials. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disorder that impairs cognitive reserve impacting activities of daily living. The prime pathological characteristics of AD include the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau (τ) proteins, accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), and neuronal loss. Expanding literature suggests that oxidative stress (OS) is a vital factor contributing to the pathogenesis of AD such that biometals (e.g., iron, zinc, copper) are believed to play a crucial role in Aβ formation and neurodegeneration. Growing evidence indicates the impact of OS in AD, and clinical trials with antioxidative therapeutic interventions are in the frontline of AD research. We discuss various AD hypotheses and associated clinical trials. We present a case for future therapeutic intervention for AD by putting forth postulated hypotheses and trials.</AbstractText	Left frontal hub connectivity delays cognitive impairment in autosomal-dominant and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Patients with Alzheimer's disease vary in their ability to sustain cognitive abilities in the presence of brain pathology. A major open question is which brain mechanisms may support higher reserve capacity, i.e. relatively high cognitive performance at a given level of Alzheimer's pathology. Higher functional MRI-assessed functional connectivity of a hub in the left frontal cortex is a core candidate brain mechanism underlying reserve as it is associated with education (i.e. a protective factor often associated with higher reserve) and attenuated cognitive impairment in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. However, no study has yet assessed whether such hub connectivity of the left frontal cortex supports reserve throughout the evolution of pathological brain changes in Alzheimer's disease, including the presymptomatic stage when cognitive decline is subtle. To address this research gap, we obtained cross-sectional resting state functional MRI in 74 participants with autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease, 55 controls from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network and 75 amyloid-positive elderly participants, as well as 41 amyloid-negative cognitively normal elderly subjects from the German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases multicentre study on biomarkers in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. For each participant, global left frontal cortex connectivity was computed as the average resting state functional connectivity between the left frontal cortex (seed) and each voxel in the grey matter. As a marker of disease stage, we applied estimated years from symptom onset in autosomal dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease and cerebrospinal fluid tau levels in sporadic Alzheimer's disease cases. In both autosomal dominant and sporadic Alzheimer's disease patients, higher levels of left frontal cortex connectivity were correlated with greater education. For autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease, a significant left frontal cortex connectivity × estimated years of onset interaction was found, indicating slower decline of memory and global cognition at higher levels of connectivity. Similarly, in sporadic amyloid-positive elderly subjects, the effect of tau on cognition was attenuated at higher levels of left frontal cortex connectivity. Polynomial regression analysis showed that the trajectory of cognitive decline was shifted towards a later stage of Alzheimer's disease in patients with higher levels of left frontal cortex connectivity. Together, our findings suggest that higher resilience against the development of cognitive impairment throughout the early stages of Alzheimer's disease is at least partially attributable to higher left frontal cortex-hub connectivity.</AbstractText	Standard Tone Stability as a Manipulation of Precision in the Oddball Paradigm: Modulation of Prediction Error Responses to Fixed-Probability Deviants. Electrophysiological sensory deviance detection signals, such as the mismatch negativity (MMN), have been interpreted from the predictive coding framework as manifestations of prediction error (PE). From a frequentist perspective of the classic oddball paradigm, deviant stimuli are unexpected because of their low probability. However, the amount of PE elicited by a stimulus can be dissociated from its probability of occurrence: when the observer cannot make confident predictions, any event holds little surprise value, no matter how improbable. Here we tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of the neural response elicited to an improbable sound (D) would scale with the precision of the prediction derived from the repetition of another sound (S), by manipulating repetition stability. We recorded the Electroencephalogram (EEG) from 20 participants while passively listening to 4 types of isochronous pure tone sequences differing in the probability of the S tone (880 Hz) while holding constant the probability of the D tone [1,046 Hz; p(D) = 1/11]: Oddball [p(S) = 10/11]; High confidence (7/11); Low confidence (4/11); and Random (1/11). Tones of 9 different frequencies were equiprobably presented as fillers [p(S) + p(D) + p(F) = 1]. Using a mass-univariate non-parametric, cluster-based correlation analysis controlling for multiple comparisons, we found that the amplitude of the deviant-elicited ERP became more negative with increasing S probability, in a time-electrode window consistent with the MMN (ca. 120-200 ms; frontal), suggesting that the strength of a PE elicited to an improbable event indeed increases with the precision of the predictive model.</AbstractText
40279858	26394633	40501515	Increased incidence of intracranial complications following pediatric sinogenic and otogenic infections in the post-COVID-19 Era: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	Bivalent rLP2086 Vaccine (Trumenba(®)): A Review in Active Immunization Against Invasive Meningococcal Group B Disease in Individuals Aged 10-25 Years.	Ruxolitinib Is an Effective Therapy for Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel-Associated Parkinsonism in Multiple Myeloma.	This systematic-review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate and summarize the prevalence of pediatric intracranial complications following sinogenic or otogenic infections before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.</AbstractText A literature search was performed using the PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL databases to answer the question: In pediatric patients, was there an increase in the prevalence or severity of intracranial complications due to sinogenic or otogenic infections during and after the COVID-19 pandemic? Publications which included primary data on patients under the age of 18 years old, focusing on intracranial complications following otogenic and sinogenic infections were included.</AbstractText Of 1025 abstracts screened, 18 studies were included. There were no significant differences in age or sex between the two cohorts. Compared to the pre-COVID era, post-COVID infections were more likely to have neurologic complications upon presentation [11.4 % (1.6-53.0) vs 50.1 % (13.9-86.2), p < 0.01], cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) [14.1 % (10.6-18.2) vs 40.5 % (25.2-56.9), p < 0.01], intraparenchymal abscess [40.3 % (43.9-72.2) vs 54.9 % (25.2-87.1), p < 0.01], and meningitis [10.6 % (0.0-39.4) vs 40.2 % (13.4-70.8), p < 0.01]. Metronidazole use [38.7 % (31.8-46.0) vs 71.9 % (51.3-88.6), p < 0.01], craniectomy [16.1 % (1.3-42.8) vs 37.4 % (2.9-83.0), p = 0.02], and burr holes [16.8 % (11.5-23.3) vs 26.6 % (12.7-43.3), p = 0.02] were increased in the post-COVID cohort.</AbstractText There are considerable differences in neurologic deficits, CVST, intraparenchymal abscesses, meningitis, and treatment modalities in pre- and post-COVID cohorts of children with intracranial complications of otorhinogenic origin. Further research is required to determine the underlying mechanism for these differences.</AbstractText	Bivalent rLP2086 vaccine (Trumenba(®)) [hereafter referred to as rLP2086] is a Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) vaccine recently licensed in the USA for active immunization to prevent invasive disease caused by MenB in individuals 10-25 years of age. rLP2086, which contains two variants of the meningococcal surface protein factor H-binding protein (fHBP), was approved by the FDA under the accelerated approval pathway after the immunogenicity of the vaccine was demonstrated in several phase II trials. This article reviews the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of rLP2086 as demonstrated in the trials with a focus on the US setting and on use of the vaccine as per FDA-approved labeling. rLP2086 is approved in the USA as a three-dose series administered in a 0-, 2-, and 6-month schedule. In the phase II trials, rLP2086 elicited a robust immune response against a panel of MenB test strains. A strong immune response was evident in a marked proportion of subjects after two vaccine doses, with a further increase after a third dose. The four primary test strains used were selected to be representative of MenB strains prevalent in the USA, with each expressing an fHBP variant heterologous to the vaccine antigens. rLP2086 was generally well tolerated in the trials, with most adverse reactions being mild to moderate in severity. Although some questions remain, including the duration of the protective response, rLP2086 vaccine has the potential to be a valuable tool for the prevention of invasive MenB disease.</AbstractText	After ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) in multiple myeloma, 5% of patients can develop parkinsonism, with a high fatality rate. The pathogenesis and optimal therapy of parkinsonism from B-cell maturation antigen chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T-cell) therapy are unknown. Parkinson's disease occurs from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, in cilta-cel-associated parkinsonism, dopamine transporter imaging is normal, rendering traditional agents such as carbidopa/levodopa ineffective. Thus, the pathogenesis of cilta-cel-associated parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease is distinct. As CAR T-cell therapy for multiple myeloma is expanding and moving to earlier lines, the need to optimize therapy for parkinsonism, a potentially life-threatening complication, becomes more urgent. This report presents the first documented cases of two patients with immune effector cell-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-like syndrome and cilta-cel-associated parkinsonism, effectively treated with ruxolitinib.</AbstractText	Increased incidence of intracranial complications following pediatric sinogenic and otogenic infections in the post-COVID-19 Era: A systematic review and meta-analysis. This systematic-review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate and summarize the prevalence of pediatric intracranial complications following sinogenic or otogenic infections before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.</AbstractText A literature search was performed using the PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL databases to answer the question: In pediatric patients, was there an increase in the prevalence or severity of intracranial complications due to sinogenic or otogenic infections during and after the COVID-19 pandemic? Publications which included primary data on patients under the age of 18 years old, focusing on intracranial complications following otogenic and sinogenic infections were included.</AbstractText Of 1025 abstracts screened, 18 studies were included. There were no significant differences in age or sex between the two cohorts. Compared to the pre-COVID era, post-COVID infections were more likely to have neurologic complications upon presentation [11.4 % (1.6-53.0) vs 50.1 % (13.9-86.2), p < 0.01], cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) [14.1 % (10.6-18.2) vs 40.5 % (25.2-56.9), p < 0.01], intraparenchymal abscess [40.3 % (43.9-72.2) vs 54.9 % (25.2-87.1), p < 0.01], and meningitis [10.6 % (0.0-39.4) vs 40.2 % (13.4-70.8), p < 0.01]. Metronidazole use [38.7 % (31.8-46.0) vs 71.9 % (51.3-88.6), p < 0.01], craniectomy [16.1 % (1.3-42.8) vs 37.4 % (2.9-83.0), p = 0.02], and burr holes [16.8 % (11.5-23.3) vs 26.6 % (12.7-43.3), p = 0.02] were increased in the post-COVID cohort.</AbstractText There are considerable differences in neurologic deficits, CVST, intraparenchymal abscesses, meningitis, and treatment modalities in pre- and post-COVID cohorts of children with intracranial complications of otorhinogenic origin. Further research is required to determine the underlying mechanism for these differences.</AbstractText	Bivalent rLP2086 Vaccine (Trumenba(®)): A Review in Active Immunization Against Invasive Meningococcal Group B Disease in Individuals Aged 10-25 Years. Bivalent rLP2086 vaccine (Trumenba(®)) [hereafter referred to as rLP2086] is a Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) vaccine recently licensed in the USA for active immunization to prevent invasive disease caused by MenB in individuals 10-25 years of age. rLP2086, which contains two variants of the meningococcal surface protein factor H-binding protein (fHBP), was approved by the FDA under the accelerated approval pathway after the immunogenicity of the vaccine was demonstrated in several phase II trials. This article reviews the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of rLP2086 as demonstrated in the trials with a focus on the US setting and on use of the vaccine as per FDA-approved labeling. rLP2086 is approved in the USA as a three-dose series administered in a 0-, 2-, and 6-month schedule. In the phase II trials, rLP2086 elicited a robust immune response against a panel of MenB test strains. A strong immune response was evident in a marked proportion of subjects after two vaccine doses, with a further increase after a third dose. The four primary test strains used were selected to be representative of MenB strains prevalent in the USA, with each expressing an fHBP variant heterologous to the vaccine antigens. rLP2086 was generally well tolerated in the trials, with most adverse reactions being mild to moderate in severity. Although some questions remain, including the duration of the protective response, rLP2086 vaccine has the potential to be a valuable tool for the prevention of invasive MenB disease.</AbstractText	Ruxolitinib Is an Effective Therapy for Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel-Associated Parkinsonism in Multiple Myeloma. After ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) in multiple myeloma, 5% of patients can develop parkinsonism, with a high fatality rate. The pathogenesis and optimal therapy of parkinsonism from B-cell maturation antigen chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T-cell) therapy are unknown. Parkinson's disease occurs from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, in cilta-cel-associated parkinsonism, dopamine transporter imaging is normal, rendering traditional agents such as carbidopa/levodopa ineffective. Thus, the pathogenesis of cilta-cel-associated parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease is distinct. As CAR T-cell therapy for multiple myeloma is expanding and moving to earlier lines, the need to optimize therapy for parkinsonism, a potentially life-threatening complication, becomes more urgent. This report presents the first documented cases of two patients with immune effector cell-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-like syndrome and cilta-cel-associated parkinsonism, effectively treated with ruxolitinib.</AbstractText
37291229	35032223	38286957	Cerebellar Microstructural Abnormalities in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): a Systematic Review of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Studies.	Postmortem brain 7T MRI with minimally invasive pathological correlation in deceased COVID-19 subjects.	Far from the threatening crowd: Generalisation of conditioned threat expectancy and fear in COVID-19 lockdown.	Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with altered resting-state functional connectivity of the cerebellum. In this study, we aimed to describe the most significant and reproducible microstructural abnormalities and cerebellar changes associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) investigations. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for relevant studies using the PRISMA 2020 protocol. A total of 17 publications were chosen for data synthesis after screening titles and abstracts, full-text examination, and executing the inclusion criteria. The patterns of cerebellar white matter (WM) integrity loss, determined by fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) metrics, varied across studies and symptoms. Changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) values were described in six publications, which were decreased in four and increased in two studies. An increase in diffusivity parameters of the cerebellum (i.e., MD, RD, and AD) in OCD patients was reported in four studies. Alterations of the cerebellar connectivity with other brain areas were also detected in three studies. Heterogenous results were found in studies that investigated cerebellar microstructural abnormalities in correlation with symptom dimension or severity. OCD's complex phenomenology may be characterized by changes in cerebellar WM connectivity across wide networks, as shown by DTI studies on OCD patients in both children and adults. Classification features in machine learning and clinical tools for diagnosing OCD and determining the prognosis of the disorder might both benefit from using cerebellar DTI data.</AbstractText	Brain abnormalities are a concern in COVID-19, so we used minimally invasive autopsy (MIA) to investigate it, consisting of brain 7T MR and CT images and tissue sampling via transethmoidal route with at least three fragments: the first one for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and the remaining fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Two mouse monoclonal anti-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies were employed in immunohistochemical (IHC) reactions.</AbstractText Seven deceased COVID-19 patients underwent MIA with brain MR and CT images, six of them with tissue sampling. Imaging findings included infarcts, punctate brain hemorrhagic foci, subarachnoid hemorrhage and signal abnormalities in the splenium, basal ganglia, white matter, hippocampi and posterior cortico-subcortical. Punctate brain hemorrhage was the most common finding (three out of seven cases). Brain histological analysis revealed reactive gliosis, congestion, cortical neuron eosinophilic degeneration and axonal disruption in all six cases. Other findings included edema (5 cases), discrete perivascular hemorrhages (5), cerebral small vessel disease (3), perivascular hemosiderin deposits (3), Alzheimer type II glia (3), abundant corpora amylacea (3), ischemic foci (1), periventricular encephalitis foci (1), periventricular vascular ectasia (1) and fibrin thrombi (1). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected with RT-PCR in 5 out of 5 and IHC in 6 out 6 patients (100%).</AbstractText Despite limited sampling, MIA was an effective tool to evaluate underlying pathological brain changes in deceased COVID-19 patients. Imaging findings were varied, and pathological features corroborated signs of hypoxia, alterations related to systemic critically ill and SARS-CoV-2 brain invasion.</AbstractText	Fear and anxiety are rarely confined to specific stimuli or situations. In fear generalisation, there is a spread of fear responses elicited by physically dissimilar generalisation stimuli (GS) along a continuum between danger and safety. The current study investigated fear generalisation with a novel online task using COVID-19-relevant stimuli (i.e., busy or quiet shopping street/mall scenes) during pandemic lockdown restrictions in the United Kingdom. Participants (N = 50) first completed clinically relevant trait measures before commencing a habituation phase, where two conditioned stimuli (CSs; i.e., a busy or quiet high street/mall scene) were presented. Participants then underwent fear conditioning where one conditioned stimulus (CS+) was followed by an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; a loud female scream accompanied by a facial photograph of a female displaying a fearful emotion) and another (CS-) was not. In a test phase, six generalisation stimuli were presented where the US was withheld, and participants provided threat expectancy and fear ratings for all stimuli. Following successful conditioning, fear generalization was observed for both threat expectancy and fear ratings. Trait worry partially predicted generalised threat expectancy and COVID-19 fear strongly predicted generalised fear. In conclusion, a generalisation gradient was evident using an online remote generalisation task with images of busy/quiet streets during the pandemic. Worry and fear of COVID-19 predicted fear generalisation.</AbstractText	Cerebellar Microstructural Abnormalities in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): a Systematic Review of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Studies. Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with altered resting-state functional connectivity of the cerebellum. In this study, we aimed to describe the most significant and reproducible microstructural abnormalities and cerebellar changes associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) investigations. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for relevant studies using the PRISMA 2020 protocol. A total of 17 publications were chosen for data synthesis after screening titles and abstracts, full-text examination, and executing the inclusion criteria. The patterns of cerebellar white matter (WM) integrity loss, determined by fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) metrics, varied across studies and symptoms. Changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) values were described in six publications, which were decreased in four and increased in two studies. An increase in diffusivity parameters of the cerebellum (i.e., MD, RD, and AD) in OCD patients was reported in four studies. Alterations of the cerebellar connectivity with other brain areas were also detected in three studies. Heterogenous results were found in studies that investigated cerebellar microstructural abnormalities in correlation with symptom dimension or severity. OCD's complex phenomenology may be characterized by changes in cerebellar WM connectivity across wide networks, as shown by DTI studies on OCD patients in both children and adults. Classification features in machine learning and clinical tools for diagnosing OCD and determining the prognosis of the disorder might both benefit from using cerebellar DTI data.</AbstractText	Postmortem brain 7T MRI with minimally invasive pathological correlation in deceased COVID-19 subjects. Brain abnormalities are a concern in COVID-19, so we used minimally invasive autopsy (MIA) to investigate it, consisting of brain 7T MR and CT images and tissue sampling via transethmoidal route with at least three fragments: the first one for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and the remaining fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Two mouse monoclonal anti-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies were employed in immunohistochemical (IHC) reactions.</AbstractText Seven deceased COVID-19 patients underwent MIA with brain MR and CT images, six of them with tissue sampling. Imaging findings included infarcts, punctate brain hemorrhagic foci, subarachnoid hemorrhage and signal abnormalities in the splenium, basal ganglia, white matter, hippocampi and posterior cortico-subcortical. Punctate brain hemorrhage was the most common finding (three out of seven cases). Brain histological analysis revealed reactive gliosis, congestion, cortical neuron eosinophilic degeneration and axonal disruption in all six cases. Other findings included edema (5 cases), discrete perivascular hemorrhages (5), cerebral small vessel disease (3), perivascular hemosiderin deposits (3), Alzheimer type II glia (3), abundant corpora amylacea (3), ischemic foci (1), periventricular encephalitis foci (1), periventricular vascular ectasia (1) and fibrin thrombi (1). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected with RT-PCR in 5 out of 5 and IHC in 6 out 6 patients (100%).</AbstractText Despite limited sampling, MIA was an effective tool to evaluate underlying pathological brain changes in deceased COVID-19 patients. Imaging findings were varied, and pathological features corroborated signs of hypoxia, alterations related to systemic critically ill and SARS-CoV-2 brain invasion.</AbstractText	Far from the threatening crowd: Generalisation of conditioned threat expectancy and fear in COVID-19 lockdown. Fear and anxiety are rarely confined to specific stimuli or situations. In fear generalisation, there is a spread of fear responses elicited by physically dissimilar generalisation stimuli (GS) along a continuum between danger and safety. The current study investigated fear generalisation with a novel online task using COVID-19-relevant stimuli (i.e., busy or quiet shopping street/mall scenes) during pandemic lockdown restrictions in the United Kingdom. Participants (N = 50) first completed clinically relevant trait measures before commencing a habituation phase, where two conditioned stimuli (CSs; i.e., a busy or quiet high street/mall scene) were presented. Participants then underwent fear conditioning where one conditioned stimulus (CS+) was followed by an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; a loud female scream accompanied by a facial photograph of a female displaying a fearful emotion) and another (CS-) was not. In a test phase, six generalisation stimuli were presented where the US was withheld, and participants provided threat expectancy and fear ratings for all stimuli. Following successful conditioning, fear generalization was observed for both threat expectancy and fear ratings. Trait worry partially predicted generalised threat expectancy and COVID-19 fear strongly predicted generalised fear. In conclusion, a generalisation gradient was evident using an online remote generalisation task with images of busy/quiet streets during the pandemic. Worry and fear of COVID-19 predicted fear generalisation.</AbstractText
30828625	29528257	31356747	Clinical value of (dedicated) 3 Tesla and 7 Tesla MRI for cT1 glottic carcinoma: A feasibility study.	Perceived patient burden and acceptability of whole body MRI for staging lung and colorectal cancer; comparison with standard staging investigations.	Cardiolipin Promotes Pore-Forming Activity of Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers in Mitochondrial Membranes.	To assess the feasibility of the clinical use of 3 Tesla and 7 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging for early (cT1) glottic carcinoma, including structural assessment of technical image quality and visibility of the tumor; and if feasible, to correlate MRI findings to routine diagnostics.</AbstractText Prospective feasibility study. Twenty patients with primary clinical T1 glottic carcinoma underwent both routine clinical staging and CT. In addition, a 3 T and 7 T MRI protocol, developed for small laryngeal lesions, was performed in a 4-point immobilization mask, using dedicated surface coils. Afterwards, routine endoscopic direct suspension laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia was performed.</AbstractText Only 2 of 7 (29%) of 7 T MRI scans were rated as moderate to good technical image quality. After exclusion of three patients with only mild to moderate dysplasia at the time of MRI, 13 of 17 (76%) of 3 T MRIs were of adequate technical image quality. Tumor visualization was adequate in 8 of 13 (62%) of patients with invasive squamous cell carcinomas. With exclusion of the four MRIs with motion artefacts, the tumor and its boundaries could be adequately seen in 8 of 9 (89%) patients with squamous cell carcinoma versus only one in four (25%) of patients with carcinoma in situ lesions.</AbstractText 7 Tesla MRI was considered not feasible. 3 Tesla MRI, with adequate patient selection, namely clinical exclusion of patients with a history of claustrophobia and inclusion of only histologically proven invasive squamous cell carcinoma, can be feasible. Especially with further improvement of MR image quality.</AbstractText 2B, prospective diagnostic study.</AbstractText	To evaluate perceived patient burden and acceptability of whole body MRI (WB-MRI) compared to standard staging investigations, and identify predictors of reduced tolerance.</AbstractText Patients recruited to multicentre trials comparing WB-MRI with standard staging scans for lung and colorectal cancer were invited to complete two questionnaires: a baseline questionnaire at recruitment, measuring demographics, comorbidities, and distress; and a follow-up questionnaire after staging, measuring recovery time, comparative acceptability/satisfaction between WB-MRI and CT (colorectal cancer) and PET-CT (lung cancer), and perceived scan burden (scored 1, low; 7, high).  Results: 115 patients (median age 66.3 years; 67 males) completed follow up and 103 baseline questionnaires. 69 (63.9%) reported "immediate" recovery from WB-MRI and 73 (65.2%) judged it "very acceptable". Perceived WB-MRI burden was greater than for CT (p < 0.001) and PET-CT (p < 0.001). High distress and comorbidities were associated with greater WB-MRI burden in adjusted analyses, with deprivation only approaching significance (adjusted regression β = 0.223, p = 0.025; β = 0.191, p = 0.048; β = -0.186, p = 0.059 respectively). Age (p = 0.535), gender (p = 0.389), ethnicity (p = 0.081) and cancer type (p = 0.201) were not predictive of WB-MRI burden.</AbstractText  WB-MRI is marginally less acceptable and more burdensome than standard scans, particularly for patients with pre-existing distress and comorbidities.  Advances in knowledge: This research shows that WB-MRI scan burden, although low, is higher than for current staging modalities among patients with suspected colorectal or lung cancer. Psychological and physical comorbidities adversely impact on patient experience of WB-MRI. Patients with high distress or comorbid illness may need additional support to undergo a WB-MRI.</AbstractText	Aggregation of the amyloid-forming α-synuclein (αS) protein is closely associated with the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common motor neurodegenerative disorder. Many studies have shown that soluble aggregation intermediates of αS, termed oligomers, permeabilize a variety of phospholipid membranes; thus, membrane disruption may represent a key pathogenic mechanism of αS toxicity. Given the centrality of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, we therefore probed the formation of ion-permeable pores by αS oligomers in planar lipid bilayers reflecting the complex phospholipid composition of mitochondrial membranes. Using single-channel electrophysiology, we recorded distinct multilevel conductances (100-400 pS) with stepwise current transitions, typical of protein-bound nanopores, in mitochondrial-like membranes. Crucially, we observed that the presence of cardiolipin (CL), the signature phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes, enhanced αS-lipid interaction and the membrane pore-forming activity of αS oligomers. Further, preincubation of isolated mitochondria with a CL-specific dye protected against αS oligomer-induced mitochondrial swelling and release of cytochrome <i	Clinical value of (dedicated) 3 Tesla and 7 Tesla MRI for cT1 glottic carcinoma: A feasibility study. To assess the feasibility of the clinical use of 3 Tesla and 7 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging for early (cT1) glottic carcinoma, including structural assessment of technical image quality and visibility of the tumor; and if feasible, to correlate MRI findings to routine diagnostics.</AbstractText Prospective feasibility study. Twenty patients with primary clinical T1 glottic carcinoma underwent both routine clinical staging and CT. In addition, a 3 T and 7 T MRI protocol, developed for small laryngeal lesions, was performed in a 4-point immobilization mask, using dedicated surface coils. Afterwards, routine endoscopic direct suspension laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia was performed.</AbstractText Only 2 of 7 (29%) of 7 T MRI scans were rated as moderate to good technical image quality. After exclusion of three patients with only mild to moderate dysplasia at the time of MRI, 13 of 17 (76%) of 3 T MRIs were of adequate technical image quality. Tumor visualization was adequate in 8 of 13 (62%) of patients with invasive squamous cell carcinomas. With exclusion of the four MRIs with motion artefacts, the tumor and its boundaries could be adequately seen in 8 of 9 (89%) patients with squamous cell carcinoma versus only one in four (25%) of patients with carcinoma in situ lesions.</AbstractText 7 Tesla MRI was considered not feasible. 3 Tesla MRI, with adequate patient selection, namely clinical exclusion of patients with a history of claustrophobia and inclusion of only histologically proven invasive squamous cell carcinoma, can be feasible. Especially with further improvement of MR image quality.</AbstractText 2B, prospective diagnostic study.</AbstractText	Perceived patient burden and acceptability of whole body MRI for staging lung and colorectal cancer; comparison with standard staging investigations. To evaluate perceived patient burden and acceptability of whole body MRI (WB-MRI) compared to standard staging investigations, and identify predictors of reduced tolerance.</AbstractText Patients recruited to multicentre trials comparing WB-MRI with standard staging scans for lung and colorectal cancer were invited to complete two questionnaires: a baseline questionnaire at recruitment, measuring demographics, comorbidities, and distress; and a follow-up questionnaire after staging, measuring recovery time, comparative acceptability/satisfaction between WB-MRI and CT (colorectal cancer) and PET-CT (lung cancer), and perceived scan burden (scored 1, low; 7, high).  Results: 115 patients (median age 66.3 years; 67 males) completed follow up and 103 baseline questionnaires. 69 (63.9%) reported "immediate" recovery from WB-MRI and 73 (65.2%) judged it "very acceptable". Perceived WB-MRI burden was greater than for CT (p < 0.001) and PET-CT (p < 0.001). High distress and comorbidities were associated with greater WB-MRI burden in adjusted analyses, with deprivation only approaching significance (adjusted regression β = 0.223, p = 0.025; β = 0.191, p = 0.048; β = -0.186, p = 0.059 respectively). Age (p = 0.535), gender (p = 0.389), ethnicity (p = 0.081) and cancer type (p = 0.201) were not predictive of WB-MRI burden.</AbstractText  WB-MRI is marginally less acceptable and more burdensome than standard scans, particularly for patients with pre-existing distress and comorbidities.  Advances in knowledge: This research shows that WB-MRI scan burden, although low, is higher than for current staging modalities among patients with suspected colorectal or lung cancer. Psychological and physical comorbidities adversely impact on patient experience of WB-MRI. Patients with high distress or comorbid illness may need additional support to undergo a WB-MRI.</AbstractText	Cardiolipin Promotes Pore-Forming Activity of Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers in Mitochondrial Membranes. Aggregation of the amyloid-forming α-synuclein (αS) protein is closely associated with the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common motor neurodegenerative disorder. Many studies have shown that soluble aggregation intermediates of αS, termed oligomers, permeabilize a variety of phospholipid membranes; thus, membrane disruption may represent a key pathogenic mechanism of αS toxicity. Given the centrality of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, we therefore probed the formation of ion-permeable pores by αS oligomers in planar lipid bilayers reflecting the complex phospholipid composition of mitochondrial membranes. Using single-channel electrophysiology, we recorded distinct multilevel conductances (100-400 pS) with stepwise current transitions, typical of protein-bound nanopores, in mitochondrial-like membranes. Crucially, we observed that the presence of cardiolipin (CL), the signature phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes, enhanced αS-lipid interaction and the membrane pore-forming activity of αS oligomers. Further, preincubation of isolated mitochondria with a CL-specific dye protected against αS oligomer-induced mitochondrial swelling and release of cytochrome <i
32747572	22822396	33110038	Cognitive control increases honesty in cheaters but cheating in those who are honest.	Neuroscience of human social interactions and adult attachment style.	A selective serotonin receptor agonist for weight loss and management of menopausal vasomotor symptoms in overweight midlife women: a pilot study.	Every day, we are faced with the conflict between the temptation to cheat for financial gains and maintaining a positive image of ourselves as being a "good person." While it has been proposed that cognitive control is needed to mediate this conflict between reward and our moral self-image, the exact role of cognitive control in (dis)honesty remains elusive. Here we identify this role, by investigating the neural mechanism underlying cheating. We developed a task which allows for inconspicuously measuring spontaneous cheating on a trial-by-trial basis in the MRI scanner. We found that activity in the nucleus accumbens promotes cheating, particularly for individuals who cheat a lot, while a network consisting of posterior cingulate cortex, temporoparietal junction, and medial prefrontal cortex promotes honesty, particularly in individuals who are generally honest. Finally, activity in areas associated with cognitive control (anterior cingulate cortex and inferior frontal gyrus) helped dishonest participants to be honest, whereas it enabled cheating for honest participants. Thus, our results suggest that cognitive control is not needed to be honest or dishonest per se but that it depends on an individual's moral default.</AbstractText	Since its first description four decades ago, attachment theory (AT) has become one of the principal developmental psychological frameworks for describing the role of individual differences in the establishment and maintenance of social bonds between people. Yet, still little is known about the neurobiological underpinnings of attachment orientations and their well-established impact on a range of social and affective behaviors. In the present review, we summarize data from recent studies using cognitive and imaging approaches to characterize attachment styles and their effect on emotion and social cognition. We propose a functional neuroanatomical framework to integrate the key brain mechanisms involved in the perception and regulation of social emotional information, and their modulation by individual differences in terms of secure versus insecure (more specifically avoidant, anxious, or resolved versus unresolved) attachment traits. This framework describes how each individual's attachment style (built through interactions between personal relationship history and predispositions) may influence the encoding of approach versus aversion tendencies (safety versus threat) in social encounters, implicating the activation of a network of subcortical (amygdala, hippocampus, striatum) and cortical (insula, cingulate) limbic areas. These basic and automatic affective evaluation mechanisms are in turn modulated by more elaborate and voluntary cognitive control processes, subserving mental state attribution and emotion regulation capacities, implicating a distinct network in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), among others. Recent neuroimaging data suggest that affective evaluation is decreased in avoidantly but increased in anxiously attached individuals. In turn, although data on cognitive control is still scarce, it points toward a possible enhancement of mental state representations associated with attachment insecurity and particularly anxiety. Emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal or suppression of social emotions are also differentially modulated by attachment style. This research does not only help better understand the neural underpinnings of human social behavior, but also provides important insights on psychopathological conditions where attachment dysregulation is likely to play an important (causal) role.</AbstractText	Weight gain and vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are common complaints in midlife women going through the menopause transition. A selective serotonin 2C (5-HT2C) receptor agonist, lorcaserin, which was previously approved by the Food and Drug Administration for weight loss, has unreported observational evidence suggesting improvement in VMS with its use. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of lorcaserin for weight loss and management of VMS in overweight midlife women.</AbstractText This was a 24-week open label pilot study of 20 overweight midlife women, aged 45-60 years, who were experiencing severe VMS. Participants received lorcaserin at the standard dose of 10 mg twice daily for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of observation off the drug. The primary outcomes were changes in weight and subjectively reported VMS.</AbstractText At the end of 12 weeks, mean change in weight was -2.4 kg (90% CI, -3.2 to -1.7, P < 0.001). However, the participants returned to the baseline weight at 24 weeks. Participants also reported significant subjective improvement in VMS, with a mean ± SD change in self-reported hot flash frequency from baseline to week 12 of -5.4 ± 3.9 (decrease of 1.4 standard deviations). There was a rapid increase in the frequency of VMS within 2 weeks of discontinuation of lorcaserin with a tendency to approach the baseline frequency of VMS.</AbstractText In addition to its weight loss-inducing effect, 5-HT2C receptor modulation may have an additional beneficial effect on VMS in midlife women. A treatment option that targets both weight and VMS in midlife women is attractive. : Video Summary:http://links.lww.com/MENO/A622.</AbstractText Video Summary:http://links.lww.com/MENO/A622.</AbstractText	Cognitive control increases honesty in cheaters but cheating in those who are honest. Every day, we are faced with the conflict between the temptation to cheat for financial gains and maintaining a positive image of ourselves as being a "good person." While it has been proposed that cognitive control is needed to mediate this conflict between reward and our moral self-image, the exact role of cognitive control in (dis)honesty remains elusive. Here we identify this role, by investigating the neural mechanism underlying cheating. We developed a task which allows for inconspicuously measuring spontaneous cheating on a trial-by-trial basis in the MRI scanner. We found that activity in the nucleus accumbens promotes cheating, particularly for individuals who cheat a lot, while a network consisting of posterior cingulate cortex, temporoparietal junction, and medial prefrontal cortex promotes honesty, particularly in individuals who are generally honest. Finally, activity in areas associated with cognitive control (anterior cingulate cortex and inferior frontal gyrus) helped dishonest participants to be honest, whereas it enabled cheating for honest participants. Thus, our results suggest that cognitive control is not needed to be honest or dishonest per se but that it depends on an individual's moral default.</AbstractText	Neuroscience of human social interactions and adult attachment style. Since its first description four decades ago, attachment theory (AT) has become one of the principal developmental psychological frameworks for describing the role of individual differences in the establishment and maintenance of social bonds between people. Yet, still little is known about the neurobiological underpinnings of attachment orientations and their well-established impact on a range of social and affective behaviors. In the present review, we summarize data from recent studies using cognitive and imaging approaches to characterize attachment styles and their effect on emotion and social cognition. We propose a functional neuroanatomical framework to integrate the key brain mechanisms involved in the perception and regulation of social emotional information, and their modulation by individual differences in terms of secure versus insecure (more specifically avoidant, anxious, or resolved versus unresolved) attachment traits. This framework describes how each individual's attachment style (built through interactions between personal relationship history and predispositions) may influence the encoding of approach versus aversion tendencies (safety versus threat) in social encounters, implicating the activation of a network of subcortical (amygdala, hippocampus, striatum) and cortical (insula, cingulate) limbic areas. These basic and automatic affective evaluation mechanisms are in turn modulated by more elaborate and voluntary cognitive control processes, subserving mental state attribution and emotion regulation capacities, implicating a distinct network in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), among others. Recent neuroimaging data suggest that affective evaluation is decreased in avoidantly but increased in anxiously attached individuals. In turn, although data on cognitive control is still scarce, it points toward a possible enhancement of mental state representations associated with attachment insecurity and particularly anxiety. Emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal or suppression of social emotions are also differentially modulated by attachment style. This research does not only help better understand the neural underpinnings of human social behavior, but also provides important insights on psychopathological conditions where attachment dysregulation is likely to play an important (causal) role.</AbstractText	A selective serotonin receptor agonist for weight loss and management of menopausal vasomotor symptoms in overweight midlife women: a pilot study. Weight gain and vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are common complaints in midlife women going through the menopause transition. A selective serotonin 2C (5-HT2C) receptor agonist, lorcaserin, which was previously approved by the Food and Drug Administration for weight loss, has unreported observational evidence suggesting improvement in VMS with its use. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of lorcaserin for weight loss and management of VMS in overweight midlife women.</AbstractText This was a 24-week open label pilot study of 20 overweight midlife women, aged 45-60 years, who were experiencing severe VMS. Participants received lorcaserin at the standard dose of 10 mg twice daily for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of observation off the drug. The primary outcomes were changes in weight and subjectively reported VMS.</AbstractText At the end of 12 weeks, mean change in weight was -2.4 kg (90% CI, -3.2 to -1.7, P < 0.001). However, the participants returned to the baseline weight at 24 weeks. Participants also reported significant subjective improvement in VMS, with a mean ± SD change in self-reported hot flash frequency from baseline to week 12 of -5.4 ± 3.9 (decrease of 1.4 standard deviations). There was a rapid increase in the frequency of VMS within 2 weeks of discontinuation of lorcaserin with a tendency to approach the baseline frequency of VMS.</AbstractText In addition to its weight loss-inducing effect, 5-HT2C receptor modulation may have an additional beneficial effect on VMS in midlife women. A treatment option that targets both weight and VMS in midlife women is attractive. : Video Summary:http://links.lww.com/MENO/A622.</AbstractText Video Summary:http://links.lww.com/MENO/A622.</AbstractText
38412080	31946844	39201450	Subband Independent Component Analysis for Coherence Enhancement.	Multimodal Data Fusion of Deep Learning and Dynamic Functional Connectivity Features to Predict Alzheimer's Disease Progression().	Impact of Disease Severity and Disease-Modifying Therapies on Myostatin Levels in SMA Patients.	Cortico-muscular coherence (CMC) is becoming a common technique for detection and characterization of functional coupling between the motor cortex and muscle activity. It is typically evaluated between surface electromyogram (sEMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals collected synchronously during controlled movement tasks. However, the presence of noise and activities unrelated to observed motor tasks in sEMG and EEG results in low CMC levels, which often makes functional coupling difficult to detect.</AbstractText In this paper, we introduce Coherent Subband Independent Component Analysis (CoSICA) to enhance synchronous cortico-muscular components in mixtures captured by sEMG and EEG. The methodology relies on filter bank processing to decompose sEMG and EEG signals into frequency bands. Then, it applies independent component analysis along with a component selection algorithm for re-synthesis of sEMG and EEG designed to maximize CMC levels.</AbstractText We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in increasing CMC levels across different signal-to-noise ratios first using simulated data. Using neurophysiological data, we then illustrate that CoSICA processing achieves a pronounced enhancement of original CMC.</AbstractText Our findings suggest that the proposed technique provides an effective framework for improving coherence detection.</AbstractText The proposed methodologies will eventually contribute to understanding of movement control and has high potential for translation into clinical practice.</AbstractText	Early prediction of diseased brain conditions is critical for curing illness and preventing irreversible neuronal dysfunction and loss. Generically regarding the different neuroimaging modalities as filtered, complementary insights of brain's anatomical and functional organization, multimodal data fusion could be hypothesized to enhance the predictive power as compared to a unimodal prediction of disease progression. More recently, deep learning (DL) based methods on structural MRI (sMRI) data have outperformed classical machine learning approaches in several neuroimaging applications including diagnostic classification and prediction. Similarly, functional MRI (fMRI) features estimated using a dynamic (i.e. time-varying) functional connectivity (FC) approach have been found to be more discriminative and predictive of the clinical diagnosis than those based on the static FC approach. Motivated by this, we introduce a novel multimodal data fusion framework featuring deep residual learning of non-linear sMRI features and dynamic FC (dFC) based extraction of fMRI features to predict the subset of individuals with mild cognitive impairments who would progress to Alzheimer's disease within a time-period of three years from the baseline scanning sessions. Our cross-validated results from the developed multimodal (sMRI-fMRI) data fusion framework demonstrate a significant improvement in performance over the unimodal prediction analyses with the fMRI (p = 7.03 x 10<sup	Clinical trials with treatments inhibiting myostatin pathways to increase muscle mass are currently ongoing in spinal muscular atrophy. Given evidence of potential myostatin pathway downregulation in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), restoring sufficient myostatin levels using disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) might arguably be necessary prior to considering myostatin inhibitors as an add-on treatment. This retrospective study assessed pre-treatment myostatin and follistatin levels' correlation with disease severity and explored their alteration by disease-modifying treatment in SMA. We retrospectively collected clinical characteristics, motor scores, and mysotatin and follistatin levels between 2018 and 2020 in 25 Belgian patients with SMA (SMA1 (<i	Subband Independent Component Analysis for Coherence Enhancement. Cortico-muscular coherence (CMC) is becoming a common technique for detection and characterization of functional coupling between the motor cortex and muscle activity. It is typically evaluated between surface electromyogram (sEMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals collected synchronously during controlled movement tasks. However, the presence of noise and activities unrelated to observed motor tasks in sEMG and EEG results in low CMC levels, which often makes functional coupling difficult to detect.</AbstractText In this paper, we introduce Coherent Subband Independent Component Analysis (CoSICA) to enhance synchronous cortico-muscular components in mixtures captured by sEMG and EEG. The methodology relies on filter bank processing to decompose sEMG and EEG signals into frequency bands. Then, it applies independent component analysis along with a component selection algorithm for re-synthesis of sEMG and EEG designed to maximize CMC levels.</AbstractText We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in increasing CMC levels across different signal-to-noise ratios first using simulated data. Using neurophysiological data, we then illustrate that CoSICA processing achieves a pronounced enhancement of original CMC.</AbstractText Our findings suggest that the proposed technique provides an effective framework for improving coherence detection.</AbstractText The proposed methodologies will eventually contribute to understanding of movement control and has high potential for translation into clinical practice.</AbstractText	Multimodal Data Fusion of Deep Learning and Dynamic Functional Connectivity Features to Predict Alzheimer's Disease Progression(). Early prediction of diseased brain conditions is critical for curing illness and preventing irreversible neuronal dysfunction and loss. Generically regarding the different neuroimaging modalities as filtered, complementary insights of brain's anatomical and functional organization, multimodal data fusion could be hypothesized to enhance the predictive power as compared to a unimodal prediction of disease progression. More recently, deep learning (DL) based methods on structural MRI (sMRI) data have outperformed classical machine learning approaches in several neuroimaging applications including diagnostic classification and prediction. Similarly, functional MRI (fMRI) features estimated using a dynamic (i.e. time-varying) functional connectivity (FC) approach have been found to be more discriminative and predictive of the clinical diagnosis than those based on the static FC approach. Motivated by this, we introduce a novel multimodal data fusion framework featuring deep residual learning of non-linear sMRI features and dynamic FC (dFC) based extraction of fMRI features to predict the subset of individuals with mild cognitive impairments who would progress to Alzheimer's disease within a time-period of three years from the baseline scanning sessions. Our cross-validated results from the developed multimodal (sMRI-fMRI) data fusion framework demonstrate a significant improvement in performance over the unimodal prediction analyses with the fMRI (p = 7.03 x 10<sup	Impact of Disease Severity and Disease-Modifying Therapies on Myostatin Levels in SMA Patients. Clinical trials with treatments inhibiting myostatin pathways to increase muscle mass are currently ongoing in spinal muscular atrophy. Given evidence of potential myostatin pathway downregulation in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), restoring sufficient myostatin levels using disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) might arguably be necessary prior to considering myostatin inhibitors as an add-on treatment. This retrospective study assessed pre-treatment myostatin and follistatin levels' correlation with disease severity and explored their alteration by disease-modifying treatment in SMA. We retrospectively collected clinical characteristics, motor scores, and mysotatin and follistatin levels between 2018 and 2020 in 25 Belgian patients with SMA (SMA1 (<i
40781458	31758707	40534178	Obesity in chronic spinal cord injury is associated with poorer body composition and increased risk of cardiometabolic disease.	Surgical outcomes of six bulldogs with spinal lumbosacral meningomyelocele or meningocele.	Factors That Impact the Success of Natural-Sleep Auditory Brainstem Response in a Tertiary Care Multidisciplinary Clinic.	With increased longevity after spinal cord injury (SCI), cardiovascular disease has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We evaluate the association of body composition and injury level with cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk factors. Sixty-two individuals (69% male, 31% female) with chronic SCI (mean duration 7.4, SD ± 5.8 years) were recruited. Mean age of participants was 34.4 ± 12.1 years with BMI of 23.8 ± 5, while 64% had BMI < 25 and 11% >30. Total and percent truncal fat correlated positively (p < 0.05) with serum triglycerides, non-high-density lipid cholesterol, c-reactive protein (CRP), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and measures of insulin resistance. Those with obesity in SCI (defined as BMI ≥ 22) had increased total and trunk mass and fat percentage, unfavorable lipid profiles and evidence of insulin insensitivity. Total fat was associated with CMD risk factors, including insulin resistance (OGTT 60 min r = 0.47, p < 0.05; homeostasis model assessment [HOMA] r = 0.62, p < 0.05), serum triglycerides (r = 0.31, p < 0.05), and inflammation (CRP r = 0.43, p < 0.05). Obesity in SCI related to higher CMD risk, while time since injury and injury level (paraplegia versus tetraplegia) did not. Future studies may evaluate roles of nutrition, exercise, sleep-promotion, and pharmaceuticals to lower neurogenic obesity and chronic CMD risk.</AbstractText	To report the surgical treatment and outcome of six bulldogs with spina bifida (SB) and meningocele (MC) or meningomyelocele (MMC).</AbstractText Case series.</AbstractText Five French bulldogs and one English bulldog with MC or MMC.</AbstractText Medical records of dogs with spinal MC or MMC diagnosed by MRI at two institutions between 2013 and 2016 were reviewed for surgical treatment and outcomes.</AbstractText Meningocele was diagnosed in two dogs, and MMC was diagnosed in four dogs. A lumbosacral dimple was noted in all dogs along with neurological deficits most commonly consisting of urinary and fecal incontinence (n = 6) and mild/moderate paraparesis (n = 3). Dorsal laminectomy was performed in all dogs to allow dissection of the meningeal sac to the vertebral column defect. In dogs with MMC, nerves were repositioned and protruded meninges were removed prior to suturing remaining meninges. Adhesions and filum terminale were resected in two dogs with suspected tethered cord syndrome. Urinary and fecal incontinence improved in two dogs and remained unchanged in four. Paraparesis improved in two dogs.</AbstractText Surgical treatment resulted in partial improvement of the urinary and fecal incontinence (2/6 dogs) and paraparesis (2/3 dogs) or stable neurological condition (3/6 dogs), with only minor temporary complications.</AbstractText In the absence of published data comparing surgical and conservative treatment of puppies affected by SB and MC or MMC, early surgical treatment can be considered to prevent deterioration of neurological signs and, eventually, facilitate improvement of neurological signs.</AbstractText	<b	Obesity in chronic spinal cord injury is associated with poorer body composition and increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. With increased longevity after spinal cord injury (SCI), cardiovascular disease has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We evaluate the association of body composition and injury level with cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk factors. Sixty-two individuals (69% male, 31% female) with chronic SCI (mean duration 7.4, SD ± 5.8 years) were recruited. Mean age of participants was 34.4 ± 12.1 years with BMI of 23.8 ± 5, while 64% had BMI < 25 and 11% >30. Total and percent truncal fat correlated positively (p < 0.05) with serum triglycerides, non-high-density lipid cholesterol, c-reactive protein (CRP), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and measures of insulin resistance. Those with obesity in SCI (defined as BMI ≥ 22) had increased total and trunk mass and fat percentage, unfavorable lipid profiles and evidence of insulin insensitivity. Total fat was associated with CMD risk factors, including insulin resistance (OGTT 60 min r = 0.47, p < 0.05; homeostasis model assessment [HOMA] r = 0.62, p < 0.05), serum triglycerides (r = 0.31, p < 0.05), and inflammation (CRP r = 0.43, p < 0.05). Obesity in SCI related to higher CMD risk, while time since injury and injury level (paraplegia versus tetraplegia) did not. Future studies may evaluate roles of nutrition, exercise, sleep-promotion, and pharmaceuticals to lower neurogenic obesity and chronic CMD risk.</AbstractText	Surgical outcomes of six bulldogs with spinal lumbosacral meningomyelocele or meningocele. To report the surgical treatment and outcome of six bulldogs with spina bifida (SB) and meningocele (MC) or meningomyelocele (MMC).</AbstractText Case series.</AbstractText Five French bulldogs and one English bulldog with MC or MMC.</AbstractText Medical records of dogs with spinal MC or MMC diagnosed by MRI at two institutions between 2013 and 2016 were reviewed for surgical treatment and outcomes.</AbstractText Meningocele was diagnosed in two dogs, and MMC was diagnosed in four dogs. A lumbosacral dimple was noted in all dogs along with neurological deficits most commonly consisting of urinary and fecal incontinence (n = 6) and mild/moderate paraparesis (n = 3). Dorsal laminectomy was performed in all dogs to allow dissection of the meningeal sac to the vertebral column defect. In dogs with MMC, nerves were repositioned and protruded meninges were removed prior to suturing remaining meninges. Adhesions and filum terminale were resected in two dogs with suspected tethered cord syndrome. Urinary and fecal incontinence improved in two dogs and remained unchanged in four. Paraparesis improved in two dogs.</AbstractText Surgical treatment resulted in partial improvement of the urinary and fecal incontinence (2/6 dogs) and paraparesis (2/3 dogs) or stable neurological condition (3/6 dogs), with only minor temporary complications.</AbstractText In the absence of published data comparing surgical and conservative treatment of puppies affected by SB and MC or MMC, early surgical treatment can be considered to prevent deterioration of neurological signs and, eventually, facilitate improvement of neurological signs.</AbstractText	Factors That Impact the Success of Natural-Sleep Auditory Brainstem Response in a Tertiary Care Multidisciplinary Clinic. <b
31525356	25783602	32823169	Residency Program Directors of United States Ophthalmology Programs: A Descriptive Analysis.	Relationship Between Optic Nerve Protrusion Measured by OCT and MRI and Papilledema Severity.	The relationships between oral language and reading instruction: Evidence from a computational model of reading.	To analyze the academic background, scholarly achievements, and demographic characteristics of all US ophthalmology residency program directors (PDs).</AbstractText Cross-sectional study.</AbstractText Online search of publicly available resources conducted from February 16, 2019, to February 26, 2019.</AbstractText 116 ophthalmology residency PDs. Main outcome measurements were demographic and academic data.</AbstractText A total of 116 program directors were analyzed. Eighty-four of 116 (72%) PDs were male. The average age was 50.0 years old. The mean age at appointment was 42.9 years old. Ninety-three percent graduated from an American medical school, and 97% received an MD degree. Twenty percent of PDs completed an additional graduate degree, most commonly a master's degree (7 of 23) and doctor of philosophy (7 of 23). Seventy-eight percent completed a fellowship, with the most frequent in glaucoma (24%), cornea and external diseases (22%), and neuroophthalmology (21%). The mean number of publications according to PubMed was 17.6 (range, 0-92). There were no significant differences between the average number of publications by male PDs and those by female PDs (19.2 ± 20.5 vs. 13.5 ± 23.1, respectively; P = 0.21). On average, the H-index was 8.7 (range, 0-35) and was higher in male than in female PDs (9.8 ± 8.3 vs. 5.4 ± 4.0, respectively; P = 0.01).</AbstractText Ophthalmology PDs are predominantly male with fellowship training in glaucoma, cornea, or neuro-ophthalmology. Women remain underrepresented, and future efforts should be aimed at addressing this disparity.</AbstractText	To develop measures of optic nerve protrusion length (NPL) from optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) and compare these measures with papilledema severity in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).</AbstractText Optical coherence tomography and MRI scans were obtained from 11 newly diagnosed untreated IIH patients (30 ± 10 years; body mass index [BMI] 36 ± 4 kg/m2). Optic nerve protrusion length was measured for each eye using OCT and MRI independently. The relationship between the NPL measures and their association with the Frisen scale for papilledema severity were assessed. Two different OCT-based measures of NPL were derived to assess the influence of the retinal thickness on the association with papilledema severity. Additional OCT scans from 11 healthy subjects (38 ± 7 years) were analyzed to establish reliability of the NPL measurement.</AbstractText Optical coherence tomography and MRI measurements of NPL were significantly linearly correlated (R = 0.79, P < 0.0001). Measurements of NPL from OCT and MRI were significantly associated with Frisen papilledema grade (P < 0.0001). Mean OCT measurement of NPL in the papilledema cohort was significantly larger than in the healthy cohort (0.62 ± 0.24 vs. 0.09 ± 0.03 mm, P < 0.0001).</AbstractText Significant linear correlation between OCT and MRI measurements of NPL supports the reliability of the OCT-based measurements of NPL in papilledema. Significant association between the papilledema grade and OCT- and MRI-based measurements of NPL highlights the potential of NPL as an objective and more sensitive marker of papilledema severity than the Frisen scale.</AbstractText	Reading acquisition involves learning to associate visual symbols with spoken language. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that instruction on the relationship between spellings and sounds may be particularly important.However, it is unclear whether the effectiveness of this form of instruction depends on pre-existing oral language knowledge.To investigate this issue, we developed a series of computational models of reading incorporating orthographic, phonological and semantic processing to simulate bothartificialand natural orthographic learning conditions in adults and children. We exposed the models to instruction focused on spelling-sound or spelling-meaning relationships, and tested the influence of the models' oral language proficiency on the effectiveness of these training regimes. Overall, the simulations indicated thatoral language proficiency is a vital foundation for reading acquisition, and may modulate the effectiveness of reading instruction. These results provide a computational basis for the Simple View of Reading,and emphasise the importance of both oral language knowledge and spelling-sound instructionin the initial stages of learning to read.</AbstractText	Residency Program Directors of United States Ophthalmology Programs: A Descriptive Analysis. To analyze the academic background, scholarly achievements, and demographic characteristics of all US ophthalmology residency program directors (PDs).</AbstractText Cross-sectional study.</AbstractText Online search of publicly available resources conducted from February 16, 2019, to February 26, 2019.</AbstractText 116 ophthalmology residency PDs. Main outcome measurements were demographic and academic data.</AbstractText A total of 116 program directors were analyzed. Eighty-four of 116 (72%) PDs were male. The average age was 50.0 years old. The mean age at appointment was 42.9 years old. Ninety-three percent graduated from an American medical school, and 97% received an MD degree. Twenty percent of PDs completed an additional graduate degree, most commonly a master's degree (7 of 23) and doctor of philosophy (7 of 23). Seventy-eight percent completed a fellowship, with the most frequent in glaucoma (24%), cornea and external diseases (22%), and neuroophthalmology (21%). The mean number of publications according to PubMed was 17.6 (range, 0-92). There were no significant differences between the average number of publications by male PDs and those by female PDs (19.2 ± 20.5 vs. 13.5 ± 23.1, respectively; P = 0.21). On average, the H-index was 8.7 (range, 0-35) and was higher in male than in female PDs (9.8 ± 8.3 vs. 5.4 ± 4.0, respectively; P = 0.01).</AbstractText Ophthalmology PDs are predominantly male with fellowship training in glaucoma, cornea, or neuro-ophthalmology. Women remain underrepresented, and future efforts should be aimed at addressing this disparity.</AbstractText	Relationship Between Optic Nerve Protrusion Measured by OCT and MRI and Papilledema Severity. To develop measures of optic nerve protrusion length (NPL) from optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) and compare these measures with papilledema severity in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).</AbstractText Optical coherence tomography and MRI scans were obtained from 11 newly diagnosed untreated IIH patients (30 ± 10 years; body mass index [BMI] 36 ± 4 kg/m2). Optic nerve protrusion length was measured for each eye using OCT and MRI independently. The relationship between the NPL measures and their association with the Frisen scale for papilledema severity were assessed. Two different OCT-based measures of NPL were derived to assess the influence of the retinal thickness on the association with papilledema severity. Additional OCT scans from 11 healthy subjects (38 ± 7 years) were analyzed to establish reliability of the NPL measurement.</AbstractText Optical coherence tomography and MRI measurements of NPL were significantly linearly correlated (R = 0.79, P < 0.0001). Measurements of NPL from OCT and MRI were significantly associated with Frisen papilledema grade (P < 0.0001). Mean OCT measurement of NPL in the papilledema cohort was significantly larger than in the healthy cohort (0.62 ± 0.24 vs. 0.09 ± 0.03 mm, P < 0.0001).</AbstractText Significant linear correlation between OCT and MRI measurements of NPL supports the reliability of the OCT-based measurements of NPL in papilledema. Significant association between the papilledema grade and OCT- and MRI-based measurements of NPL highlights the potential of NPL as an objective and more sensitive marker of papilledema severity than the Frisen scale.</AbstractText	The relationships between oral language and reading instruction: Evidence from a computational model of reading. Reading acquisition involves learning to associate visual symbols with spoken language. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that instruction on the relationship between spellings and sounds may be particularly important.However, it is unclear whether the effectiveness of this form of instruction depends on pre-existing oral language knowledge.To investigate this issue, we developed a series of computational models of reading incorporating orthographic, phonological and semantic processing to simulate bothartificialand natural orthographic learning conditions in adults and children. We exposed the models to instruction focused on spelling-sound or spelling-meaning relationships, and tested the influence of the models' oral language proficiency on the effectiveness of these training regimes. Overall, the simulations indicated thatoral language proficiency is a vital foundation for reading acquisition, and may modulate the effectiveness of reading instruction. These results provide a computational basis for the Simple View of Reading,and emphasise the importance of both oral language knowledge and spelling-sound instructionin the initial stages of learning to read.</AbstractText
32321356	11509562	33436825	Sensory Neurons: The Formation of T-Shaped Branches Is Dependent on a cGMP-Dependent Signaling Cascade.	An essential role for Rac/Cdc42 GTPases in cerebellar granule neuron survival.	FMRI-based identity classification accuracy in left temporal and frontal regions predicts speaker recognition performance.	Axon bifurcation - a specific form of branching of somatosensory axons characterized by the splitting of the growth cone - is mediated by a cGMP-dependent signaling cascade composed of the extracellular ligand CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide), the transmembrane receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 (natriuretic peptide receptor 2), and the kinase cGKI (cGMP-dependent protein kinase I). In the absence of any one of these components, the formation of T-shaped axonal branches is impaired in neurons from DRGs (dorsal root ganglia), CSGs (cranial sensory ganglia) and MTNs (mesencephalic trigeminal neurons) in the murine spinal cord or hindbrain. Instead, axons from DRGs or from CSGs extend only either in an ascending or descending direction, while axons from MTNs either elongate within the hindbrain or extend via the trigeminal ganglion to the masseter muscles. Collateral formation from non-bifurcating stem axons is not affected by impaired cGMP signaling. Activation of Npr2 requires both binding of the ligand CNP as well as phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues at the juxtamembrane regions of the receptor. The absence of bifurcation results in an altered shape of termination fields of sensory afferents in the spinal cord and resulted in impaired noxious heat sensation and nociception whereas motor coordination appeared normal.</AbstractText	Rho family GTPases are critical molecular switches that regulate the actin cytoskeleton and cell function. In the current study, we investigated the involvement of Rho GTPases in regulating neuronal survival using primary cerebellar granule neurons. Clostridium difficile toxin B, a specific inhibitor of Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, induced apoptosis of granule neurons characterized by c-Jun phosphorylation, caspase-3 activation, and nuclear condensation. Serum and depolarization-dependent survival signals could not compensate for the loss of GTPase function. Unlike trophic factor withdrawal, toxin B did not affect the antiapoptotic kinase Akt or its target glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. The proapoptotic effects of toxin B were mimicked by Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, a selective inhibitor of Rac/Cdc42. Although Rac/Cdc42 GTPase inhibition led to F-actin disruption, direct cytoskeletal disassembly with Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin was insufficient to induce c-Jun phosphorylation or apoptosis. Granule neurons expressed high basal JNK and low p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activities that were unaffected by toxin B. However, pyridyl imidazole inhibitors of JNK/p38 attenuated c-Jun phosphorylation. Moreover, both pyridyl imidazoles and adenoviral dominant-negative c-Jun attenuated apoptosis, suggesting that JNK/c-Jun signaling was required for cell death. The results indicate that Rac/Cdc42 GTPases, in addition to trophic factors, are critical for survival of cerebellar granule neurons.</AbstractText	Speaker recognition is characterized by considerable inter-individual variability with poorly understood neural bases. This study was aimed at (1) clarifying the cerebral correlates of speaker recognition in humans, in particular the involvement of prefrontal areas, using multi voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) applied to fMRI data from a relatively large group of participants, and (2) at investigating the relationship across participants between fMRI-based classification and the group's variable behavioural performance at the speaker recognition task. A cohort of subjects (N = 40, 28 females) selected to present a wide distribution of voice recognition abilities underwent an fMRI speaker identification task during which they were asked to recognize three previously learned speakers with finger button presses. The results showed that speaker identity could be significantly decoded based on fMRI patterns in voice-sensitive regions including bilateral temporal voice areas (TVAs) along the superior temporal sulcus/gyrus but also in bilateral parietal and left inferior frontal regions. Furthermore, fMRI-based classification accuracy showed a significant correlation with individual behavioural performance in left anterior STG/STS and left inferior frontal gyrus. These results highlight the role of both temporal and extra-temporal regions in performing a speaker identity recognition task with motor responses.</AbstractText	Sensory Neurons: The Formation of T-Shaped Branches Is Dependent on a cGMP-Dependent Signaling Cascade. Axon bifurcation - a specific form of branching of somatosensory axons characterized by the splitting of the growth cone - is mediated by a cGMP-dependent signaling cascade composed of the extracellular ligand CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide), the transmembrane receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 (natriuretic peptide receptor 2), and the kinase cGKI (cGMP-dependent protein kinase I). In the absence of any one of these components, the formation of T-shaped axonal branches is impaired in neurons from DRGs (dorsal root ganglia), CSGs (cranial sensory ganglia) and MTNs (mesencephalic trigeminal neurons) in the murine spinal cord or hindbrain. Instead, axons from DRGs or from CSGs extend only either in an ascending or descending direction, while axons from MTNs either elongate within the hindbrain or extend via the trigeminal ganglion to the masseter muscles. Collateral formation from non-bifurcating stem axons is not affected by impaired cGMP signaling. Activation of Npr2 requires both binding of the ligand CNP as well as phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues at the juxtamembrane regions of the receptor. The absence of bifurcation results in an altered shape of termination fields of sensory afferents in the spinal cord and resulted in impaired noxious heat sensation and nociception whereas motor coordination appeared normal.</AbstractText	An essential role for Rac/Cdc42 GTPases in cerebellar granule neuron survival. Rho family GTPases are critical molecular switches that regulate the actin cytoskeleton and cell function. In the current study, we investigated the involvement of Rho GTPases in regulating neuronal survival using primary cerebellar granule neurons. Clostridium difficile toxin B, a specific inhibitor of Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, induced apoptosis of granule neurons characterized by c-Jun phosphorylation, caspase-3 activation, and nuclear condensation. Serum and depolarization-dependent survival signals could not compensate for the loss of GTPase function. Unlike trophic factor withdrawal, toxin B did not affect the antiapoptotic kinase Akt or its target glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. The proapoptotic effects of toxin B were mimicked by Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, a selective inhibitor of Rac/Cdc42. Although Rac/Cdc42 GTPase inhibition led to F-actin disruption, direct cytoskeletal disassembly with Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin was insufficient to induce c-Jun phosphorylation or apoptosis. Granule neurons expressed high basal JNK and low p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activities that were unaffected by toxin B. However, pyridyl imidazole inhibitors of JNK/p38 attenuated c-Jun phosphorylation. Moreover, both pyridyl imidazoles and adenoviral dominant-negative c-Jun attenuated apoptosis, suggesting that JNK/c-Jun signaling was required for cell death. The results indicate that Rac/Cdc42 GTPases, in addition to trophic factors, are critical for survival of cerebellar granule neurons.</AbstractText	FMRI-based identity classification accuracy in left temporal and frontal regions predicts speaker recognition performance. Speaker recognition is characterized by considerable inter-individual variability with poorly understood neural bases. This study was aimed at (1) clarifying the cerebral correlates of speaker recognition in humans, in particular the involvement of prefrontal areas, using multi voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) applied to fMRI data from a relatively large group of participants, and (2) at investigating the relationship across participants between fMRI-based classification and the group's variable behavioural performance at the speaker recognition task. A cohort of subjects (N = 40, 28 females) selected to present a wide distribution of voice recognition abilities underwent an fMRI speaker identification task during which they were asked to recognize three previously learned speakers with finger button presses. The results showed that speaker identity could be significantly decoded based on fMRI patterns in voice-sensitive regions including bilateral temporal voice areas (TVAs) along the superior temporal sulcus/gyrus but also in bilateral parietal and left inferior frontal regions. Furthermore, fMRI-based classification accuracy showed a significant correlation with individual behavioural performance in left anterior STG/STS and left inferior frontal gyrus. These results highlight the role of both temporal and extra-temporal regions in performing a speaker identity recognition task with motor responses.</AbstractText
34713325	23597755	36092651	Functional network dynamics and decreased conscientiousness in multiple sclerosis.	An integrative model of auditory phantom perception: tinnitus as a unified percept of interacting separable subnetworks.	Perturbing the consistency of auditory feedback in speech.	Conscientiousness is a personality trait that declines in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and its decline predicts worse clinical outcomes. This study aims to investigate the neural underpinnings of lower Conscientiousness in PwMS by examining MRI anomalies in functional network dynamics.</AbstractText 70 PwMS and 50 healthy controls underwent personality assessment and resting-state MRI. Associations with dynamic functional network properties (i.e., eigenvector centrality) were evaluated, using a dynamic sliding-window approach.</AbstractText In PwMS, lower Conscientiousness was associated with increased variability of centrality in the left insula (t<sub Lower Conscientiousness in PwMS was associated with increased variability in network centrality, most prominently for the left insula and right inferior parietal cortex. This effect, specific to Conscientiousness and significant after accounting for disability and structural network damage, could indicate that overall stable network centrality is lost in patients with low Conscientiousness, especially for the insula and right parietal cortex. The positive relationship between Conscientiousness and variability of connectivity between left insula and default-mode network potentially affirms that dynamics between the salience and default-mode networks is related to the regulation of behavior.</AbstractText	Tinnitus is a considered to be an auditory phantom phenomenon, a persistent conscious percept of a salient memory trace, externally attributed, in the absence of a sound source. It is perceived as a phenomenological unified coherent percept, binding multiple separable clinical characteristics, such as its loudness, the sidedness, the type (pure tone, noise), the associated distress and so on. A theoretical pathophysiological framework capable of explaining all these aspects in one model is highly needed. The model must incorporate both the deafferentation based neurophysiological models and the dysfunctional noise canceling model, and propose a 'tinnitus core' subnetwork. The tinnitus core can be defined as the minimal set of brain areas that needs to be jointly activated (=subnetwork) for tinnitus to be consciously perceived, devoid of its affective components. The brain areas involved in the other separable characteristics of tinnitus can be retrieved by studies on spontaneous resting state magnetic and electrical activity in people with tinnitus, evaluated for the specific aspect investigated and controlled for other factors. By combining these functional imaging studies with neuromodulation techniques some of the correlations are turned into causal relationships. Thereof, a heuristic pathophysiological framework is constructed, integrating the tinnitus perceptual core with the other tinnitus related aspects. This phenomenological unified percept of tinnitus can be considered an emergent property of multiple, parallel, dynamically changing and partially overlapping subnetworks, each with a specific spontaneous oscillatory pattern and functional connectivity signature. Communication between these different subnetworks is proposed to occur at hubs, brain areas that are involved in multiple subnetworks simultaneously. These hubs can take part in each separable subnetwork at different frequencies. Communication between the subnetworks is proposed to occur at discrete oscillatory frequencies. As such, the brain uses multiple nonspecific networks in parallel, each with their own oscillatory signature, that adapt to the context to construct a unified percept possibly by synchronized activation integrated at hubs at discrete oscillatory frequencies.</AbstractText	Sensory information, including auditory feedback, is used by talkers to maintain fluent speech articulation. Current models of speech motor control posit that speakers continually adjust their motor commands based on discrepancies between the sensory predictions made by a forward model and the sensory consequences of their speech movements. Here, in two within-subject design experiments, we used a real-time formant manipulation system to explore how reliant speech articulation is on the accuracy or predictability of auditory feedback information. This involved introducing random formant perturbations during vowel production that varied systematically in their spatial location in formant space (Experiment 1) and temporal consistency (Experiment 2). Our results indicate that, on average, speakers' responses to auditory feedback manipulations varied based on the relevance and degree of the error that was introduced in the various feedback conditions. In Experiment 1, speakers' average production was not reliably influenced by random perturbations that were introduced every utterance to the first (F1) and second (F2) formants in various locations of formant space that had an overall average of 0 Hz. However, when perturbations were applied that had a mean of +100 Hz in F1 and -125 Hz in F2, speakers demonstrated reliable compensatory responses that reflected the average magnitude of the applied perturbations. In Experiment 2, speakers did not significantly compensate for perturbations of varying magnitudes that were held constant for one and three trials at a time. Speakers' average productions did, however, significantly deviate from a control condition when perturbations were held constant for six trials. Within the context of these conditions, our findings provide evidence that the control of speech movements is, at least in part, dependent upon the reliability and stability of the sensory information that it receives over time.</AbstractText	Functional network dynamics and decreased conscientiousness in multiple sclerosis. Conscientiousness is a personality trait that declines in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and its decline predicts worse clinical outcomes. This study aims to investigate the neural underpinnings of lower Conscientiousness in PwMS by examining MRI anomalies in functional network dynamics.</AbstractText 70 PwMS and 50 healthy controls underwent personality assessment and resting-state MRI. Associations with dynamic functional network properties (i.e., eigenvector centrality) were evaluated, using a dynamic sliding-window approach.</AbstractText In PwMS, lower Conscientiousness was associated with increased variability of centrality in the left insula (t<sub Lower Conscientiousness in PwMS was associated with increased variability in network centrality, most prominently for the left insula and right inferior parietal cortex. This effect, specific to Conscientiousness and significant after accounting for disability and structural network damage, could indicate that overall stable network centrality is lost in patients with low Conscientiousness, especially for the insula and right parietal cortex. The positive relationship between Conscientiousness and variability of connectivity between left insula and default-mode network potentially affirms that dynamics between the salience and default-mode networks is related to the regulation of behavior.</AbstractText	An integrative model of auditory phantom perception: tinnitus as a unified percept of interacting separable subnetworks. Tinnitus is a considered to be an auditory phantom phenomenon, a persistent conscious percept of a salient memory trace, externally attributed, in the absence of a sound source. It is perceived as a phenomenological unified coherent percept, binding multiple separable clinical characteristics, such as its loudness, the sidedness, the type (pure tone, noise), the associated distress and so on. A theoretical pathophysiological framework capable of explaining all these aspects in one model is highly needed. The model must incorporate both the deafferentation based neurophysiological models and the dysfunctional noise canceling model, and propose a 'tinnitus core' subnetwork. The tinnitus core can be defined as the minimal set of brain areas that needs to be jointly activated (=subnetwork) for tinnitus to be consciously perceived, devoid of its affective components. The brain areas involved in the other separable characteristics of tinnitus can be retrieved by studies on spontaneous resting state magnetic and electrical activity in people with tinnitus, evaluated for the specific aspect investigated and controlled for other factors. By combining these functional imaging studies with neuromodulation techniques some of the correlations are turned into causal relationships. Thereof, a heuristic pathophysiological framework is constructed, integrating the tinnitus perceptual core with the other tinnitus related aspects. This phenomenological unified percept of tinnitus can be considered an emergent property of multiple, parallel, dynamically changing and partially overlapping subnetworks, each with a specific spontaneous oscillatory pattern and functional connectivity signature. Communication between these different subnetworks is proposed to occur at hubs, brain areas that are involved in multiple subnetworks simultaneously. These hubs can take part in each separable subnetwork at different frequencies. Communication between the subnetworks is proposed to occur at discrete oscillatory frequencies. As such, the brain uses multiple nonspecific networks in parallel, each with their own oscillatory signature, that adapt to the context to construct a unified percept possibly by synchronized activation integrated at hubs at discrete oscillatory frequencies.</AbstractText	Perturbing the consistency of auditory feedback in speech. Sensory information, including auditory feedback, is used by talkers to maintain fluent speech articulation. Current models of speech motor control posit that speakers continually adjust their motor commands based on discrepancies between the sensory predictions made by a forward model and the sensory consequences of their speech movements. Here, in two within-subject design experiments, we used a real-time formant manipulation system to explore how reliant speech articulation is on the accuracy or predictability of auditory feedback information. This involved introducing random formant perturbations during vowel production that varied systematically in their spatial location in formant space (Experiment 1) and temporal consistency (Experiment 2). Our results indicate that, on average, speakers' responses to auditory feedback manipulations varied based on the relevance and degree of the error that was introduced in the various feedback conditions. In Experiment 1, speakers' average production was not reliably influenced by random perturbations that were introduced every utterance to the first (F1) and second (F2) formants in various locations of formant space that had an overall average of 0 Hz. However, when perturbations were applied that had a mean of +100 Hz in F1 and -125 Hz in F2, speakers demonstrated reliable compensatory responses that reflected the average magnitude of the applied perturbations. In Experiment 2, speakers did not significantly compensate for perturbations of varying magnitudes that were held constant for one and three trials at a time. Speakers' average productions did, however, significantly deviate from a control condition when perturbations were held constant for six trials. Within the context of these conditions, our findings provide evidence that the control of speech movements is, at least in part, dependent upon the reliability and stability of the sensory information that it receives over time.</AbstractText
37871617	34850446	39585853	Highly accelerated multi-shot intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging in brain enabled by parametric POCS-based multiplexed sensitivity encoding.	Quantitative susceptibility mapping of the head-and-neck using SMURF fat-water imaging with chemical shift and relaxation rate corrections.	CT-based and manual external skull measurements for Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in Pomeranians.	Recently, intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has also been demonstrated as an imaging tool for applications in neurological and neurovascular diseases. However, the use of single-shot diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging for IVIM DWI acquisition leads to suboptimal data quality: for instance, geometric distortion and deteriorated image quality at high spatial resolution. Although the recently commercialized multi-shot acquisition methods, such as multiplexed sensitivity encoding (MUSE), can attain high-resolution and high-quality DWI with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance superior to that of the conventional parallel imaging method, the prolonged scan time associated with multi-shot acquisition is impractical for routine IVIM DWI. This study proposes an acquisition and reconstruction framework based on parametric-POCSMUSE to accelerate the four-shot IVIM DWI with 70% reduction of total scan time (13 min 8 s versus 4 min 8 s). First, the four-shot IVIM DWI scan with 17 b values was accelerated by acquiring only one segment per b value except for b values of 0 and 600 s/mm<sup	To address the challenges posed by fat-water chemical shift artifacts and relaxation rate discrepancies to quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) outside the brain, and to generate accurate susceptibility maps of the head-and-neck at 3 and 7 Tesla.</AbstractText Simultaneous Multiple Resonance Frequency (SMURF) imaging was extended to 7 Tesla and used to acquire head-and-neck gradient echo images at both 3 and 7 Tesla. Separated fat and water images were corrected for Type 1 (displacement) and Type 2 (phase discrepancy) chemical shift artefacts, and for the bias resulting from differences in T<sub SMURF generated well-separated fat and water images of the head-and-neck. Corrections for chemical shift artefacts and relaxation rate differences removed overestimation of the susceptibility values, blurring in the susceptibility maps, and the disproportionate influence of fat in mixed voxels. The resulting susceptibility maps showed high correspondence between the paramagnetic areas and the locations of fatty tissues and the susceptibility estimates were similar to literature values. The proposed masking approach was shown to provide a simple means of generating head-and-neck masks.</AbstractText Corrections for Type 1 and Type 2 chemical shift artefacts and for fat-water relaxation rate differences, mainly in T<sub	Studies in Pomeranians as well as other breeds have looked at clinical signs or external features as predictors of Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM). The aim of this study is to describe and analyze morphometric factors of the skull of Pomeranians with and without CM/SM by means of CT as well as manual external measurements. Ninety-two Pomeranians >12 months of age were included that underwent both CT and MRI studies of the head and cervicothoracic vertebral column. Two observers independently reviewed the CT imaging studies and performed quantitative measurements. External measurements were taken from the head of dogs when under general anesthesia using a tape measure and a caliper. Externally measured mandible length was associated with the probability of having SM (p = 0.043). Mandible length was moderately correlated with weight (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.585, p < 0.001). A cutoff for mandible length of 58 mm yielded a sensitivity of 96% (95% confidence interval 89-100%), meaning dogs in this study population with a mandible length shorter than 58 mm were highly likely to have SM. The measurement of the length of the mandible could help to determine the probability of a Pomeranian having SM, especially when combined with the presence or absence of owner reported clinicals signs as shown in previous studies.</AbstractText	Highly accelerated multi-shot intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging in brain enabled by parametric POCS-based multiplexed sensitivity encoding. Recently, intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has also been demonstrated as an imaging tool for applications in neurological and neurovascular diseases. However, the use of single-shot diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging for IVIM DWI acquisition leads to suboptimal data quality: for instance, geometric distortion and deteriorated image quality at high spatial resolution. Although the recently commercialized multi-shot acquisition methods, such as multiplexed sensitivity encoding (MUSE), can attain high-resolution and high-quality DWI with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance superior to that of the conventional parallel imaging method, the prolonged scan time associated with multi-shot acquisition is impractical for routine IVIM DWI. This study proposes an acquisition and reconstruction framework based on parametric-POCSMUSE to accelerate the four-shot IVIM DWI with 70% reduction of total scan time (13 min 8 s versus 4 min 8 s). First, the four-shot IVIM DWI scan with 17 b values was accelerated by acquiring only one segment per b value except for b values of 0 and 600 s/mm<sup	Quantitative susceptibility mapping of the head-and-neck using SMURF fat-water imaging with chemical shift and relaxation rate corrections. To address the challenges posed by fat-water chemical shift artifacts and relaxation rate discrepancies to quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) outside the brain, and to generate accurate susceptibility maps of the head-and-neck at 3 and 7 Tesla.</AbstractText Simultaneous Multiple Resonance Frequency (SMURF) imaging was extended to 7 Tesla and used to acquire head-and-neck gradient echo images at both 3 and 7 Tesla. Separated fat and water images were corrected for Type 1 (displacement) and Type 2 (phase discrepancy) chemical shift artefacts, and for the bias resulting from differences in T<sub SMURF generated well-separated fat and water images of the head-and-neck. Corrections for chemical shift artefacts and relaxation rate differences removed overestimation of the susceptibility values, blurring in the susceptibility maps, and the disproportionate influence of fat in mixed voxels. The resulting susceptibility maps showed high correspondence between the paramagnetic areas and the locations of fatty tissues and the susceptibility estimates were similar to literature values. The proposed masking approach was shown to provide a simple means of generating head-and-neck masks.</AbstractText Corrections for Type 1 and Type 2 chemical shift artefacts and for fat-water relaxation rate differences, mainly in T<sub	CT-based and manual external skull measurements for Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in Pomeranians. Studies in Pomeranians as well as other breeds have looked at clinical signs or external features as predictors of Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM). The aim of this study is to describe and analyze morphometric factors of the skull of Pomeranians with and without CM/SM by means of CT as well as manual external measurements. Ninety-two Pomeranians >12 months of age were included that underwent both CT and MRI studies of the head and cervicothoracic vertebral column. Two observers independently reviewed the CT imaging studies and performed quantitative measurements. External measurements were taken from the head of dogs when under general anesthesia using a tape measure and a caliper. Externally measured mandible length was associated with the probability of having SM (p = 0.043). Mandible length was moderately correlated with weight (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.585, p < 0.001). A cutoff for mandible length of 58 mm yielded a sensitivity of 96% (95% confidence interval 89-100%), meaning dogs in this study population with a mandible length shorter than 58 mm were highly likely to have SM. The measurement of the length of the mandible could help to determine the probability of a Pomeranian having SM, especially when combined with the presence or absence of owner reported clinicals signs as shown in previous studies.</AbstractText
29455946	17652590	30140615	Abstract semantics in the motor system? - An event-related fMRI study on passive reading of semantic word categories carrying abstract emotional and mental meaning.	Neural systems in the visual control of steering.	A comparison of the anti-diabetic potential of d-ribose-l-cysteine with insulin, and oral hypoglycaemic agents on pregnant rats.	Previous research showed that modality-preferential sensorimotor areas are relevant for processing concrete words used to speak about actions. However, whether modality-preferential areas also play a role for abstract words is still under debate. Whereas recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies suggest an involvement of motor cortex in processing the meaning of abstract emotion words as, for example, 'love', other non-emotional abstract words, in particular 'mental words', such as 'thought' or 'logic', are believed to engage 'amodal' semantic systems only. In the present event-related fMRI experiment, subjects passively read abstract emotional and mental nouns along with concrete action related words. Contrary to expectation, the results indicate a specific involvement of face motor areas in the processing of mental nouns, resembling that seen for face related action words. This result was confirmed when subject-specific regions of interest (ROIs) defined by motor localizers were used. We conclude that a role of motor systems in semantic processing is not restricted to concrete words but extends to at least some abstract mental symbols previously thought to be entirely 'disembodied' and divorced from semantically related sensorimotor processing. Implications for neurocognitive theories of semantics and clinical applications will be highlighted, paying specific attention to the role of brain activations as indexes of cognitive processes and their relationships to 'causal' studies addressing lesion and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) effects. Possible implications for clinical practice, in particular speech language therapy, are discussed in closing.</AbstractText	Visual control of locomotion is essential for most mammals and requires coordination between perceptual processes and action systems. Previous research on the neural systems engaged by self-motion has focused on heading perception, which is only one perceptual subcomponent. For effective steering, it is necessary to perceive an appropriate future path and then bring about the required change to heading. Using function magnetic resonance imaging in humans, we reveal a role for the parietal eye fields (PEFs) in directing spatially selective processes relating to future path information. A parietal area close to PEFs appears to be specialized for processing the future path information itself. Furthermore, a separate parietal area responds to visual position error signals, which occur when steering adjustments are imprecise. A network of three areas, the cerebellum, the supplementary eye fields, and dorsal premotor cortex, was found to be involved in generating appropriate motor responses for steering adjustments. This may reflect the demands of integrating visual inputs with the output response for the control device.</AbstractText	Over 18% of pregnant women are affected by diabetes mellitus (DM) and Insulin has been the commonest drug used in its treatment. There are reports of noncompliance to insulin due to trypanophobia, with suggestions for the use of oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs). However, the opposing views about the benefits and risk of oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) warrant a continuous search for an alternative regimen. Therefore, this study is aimed at comparing the antidiabetic effects of d-ribose-l-cysteine (riboceine) with vildagliptin, glibenclamide, metformin, glipizide and insulin in diabetes in pregnancy. Forty (40) female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were mated with twenty (20) male SD rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin and the female SD rats were divided into 8 groups of five (5) rats each. The animals were administered either of the OHAs vildagliptin, glibenclamide, metformin, glipizide and riboceine for a period of 19 gestational days. The results showed that streptozotocin (STZ) significantly (<i	Abstract semantics in the motor system? - An event-related fMRI study on passive reading of semantic word categories carrying abstract emotional and mental meaning. Previous research showed that modality-preferential sensorimotor areas are relevant for processing concrete words used to speak about actions. However, whether modality-preferential areas also play a role for abstract words is still under debate. Whereas recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies suggest an involvement of motor cortex in processing the meaning of abstract emotion words as, for example, 'love', other non-emotional abstract words, in particular 'mental words', such as 'thought' or 'logic', are believed to engage 'amodal' semantic systems only. In the present event-related fMRI experiment, subjects passively read abstract emotional and mental nouns along with concrete action related words. Contrary to expectation, the results indicate a specific involvement of face motor areas in the processing of mental nouns, resembling that seen for face related action words. This result was confirmed when subject-specific regions of interest (ROIs) defined by motor localizers were used. We conclude that a role of motor systems in semantic processing is not restricted to concrete words but extends to at least some abstract mental symbols previously thought to be entirely 'disembodied' and divorced from semantically related sensorimotor processing. Implications for neurocognitive theories of semantics and clinical applications will be highlighted, paying specific attention to the role of brain activations as indexes of cognitive processes and their relationships to 'causal' studies addressing lesion and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) effects. Possible implications for clinical practice, in particular speech language therapy, are discussed in closing.</AbstractText	Neural systems in the visual control of steering. Visual control of locomotion is essential for most mammals and requires coordination between perceptual processes and action systems. Previous research on the neural systems engaged by self-motion has focused on heading perception, which is only one perceptual subcomponent. For effective steering, it is necessary to perceive an appropriate future path and then bring about the required change to heading. Using function magnetic resonance imaging in humans, we reveal a role for the parietal eye fields (PEFs) in directing spatially selective processes relating to future path information. A parietal area close to PEFs appears to be specialized for processing the future path information itself. Furthermore, a separate parietal area responds to visual position error signals, which occur when steering adjustments are imprecise. A network of three areas, the cerebellum, the supplementary eye fields, and dorsal premotor cortex, was found to be involved in generating appropriate motor responses for steering adjustments. This may reflect the demands of integrating visual inputs with the output response for the control device.</AbstractText	A comparison of the anti-diabetic potential of d-ribose-l-cysteine with insulin, and oral hypoglycaemic agents on pregnant rats. Over 18% of pregnant women are affected by diabetes mellitus (DM) and Insulin has been the commonest drug used in its treatment. There are reports of noncompliance to insulin due to trypanophobia, with suggestions for the use of oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs). However, the opposing views about the benefits and risk of oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) warrant a continuous search for an alternative regimen. Therefore, this study is aimed at comparing the antidiabetic effects of d-ribose-l-cysteine (riboceine) with vildagliptin, glibenclamide, metformin, glipizide and insulin in diabetes in pregnancy. Forty (40) female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were mated with twenty (20) male SD rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin and the female SD rats were divided into 8 groups of five (5) rats each. The animals were administered either of the OHAs vildagliptin, glibenclamide, metformin, glipizide and riboceine for a period of 19 gestational days. The results showed that streptozotocin (STZ) significantly (<i
34118393	19127448	34554780	High-resolution in vivo imaging of rhesus cerebral cortex with ultrafast portable photoacoustic microscopy.	Monitoring of cerebrovascular autoregulation: facts, myths, and missing links.	Carbon-free high-loading silicon anodes enabled by sulfide solid electrolytes.	Revealing the structural and functional change of microvasculature is essential to match vascular response with neuronal activities in the investigation of neurovascular coupling. The increasing use of rhesus models in fundamental and clinical studies of neurovascular coupling presents an emerging need for a new imaging modality. Here we report a structural and functional cerebral vascular study of rhesus monkeys using an ultrafast, portable, and high resolution photoacoustic microscopic system with a long working distance and a special scanning mechanism to eliminate the relative displacement between the imaging interface and samples. We derived the structural and functional response of the cerebral vasculature to the alternating normoxic and hypoxic conditions by calculating the vascular diameter and functional connectivity. Both vasodilatation and vasoconstriction were observed in hypoxia. In addition to the change of vascular diameter, the decrease of functional connectivity is also an important phenomenon induced by the reduction of oxygen ventilatory. These results suggest that photoacoustic microscopy is a promising method to study the neurovascular coupling and cerebral vascular diseases due to the advanced features of high spatiotemporal resolution, excellent sensitivity to hemoglobin, and label-free imaging capability of observing hemodynamics.</AbstractText	The methods for continuous assessment of cerebral autoregulation using correlation, phase shift, or transmission (either in time- or frequency-domain) were introduced a decade ago. They express dynamic relationships between slow waves of transcranial Doppler (TCD), blood flow velocity (FV) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), or arterial pressure (ABP). We review a methodology and clinical application of indices useful for monitoring cerebral autoregulation and pressure-reactivity in various scenarios of neuro-critical care.</AbstractText Poor autoregulation and loss of pressure-reactivity are independent predictors of fatal outcome following head injury. Autoregulation is impaired by too low or too high CPP when compared to autoregulation with normal CPP (usually between 60 and 85 mmHg; and these limits are highly individual). Hemispheric asymmetry of the bi-laterally assessed autoregulation has been associated with asymmetry of CT scan findings: autoregulation was found to be worse ipsilateral to contusion or lateralized edema causing midline shift. The pressure-reactivity (PRx index) correlated with a state of low CBF and CMRO2 revealed using PET studies. The PRx is easier to monitor over prolonged periods of time than the TCD-based indices as it does not require fixation of external probes. Continuous monitoring with the PRx can be used to direct CPP-oriented therapy by determining the optimal CPP for pressure-reactivity. Autoregulation indices are able to reflect transient changes of autoregulation, as seen during plateau waves of ICP. However, minute-to-minute assessment of autoregulation has a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Averaging across time (30 min) or by combining with other relevant parameters improves the accuracy. MYTHS: It is debatable whether the TCD-based indices in head injured patients can be calculated using ABP instead of CPP. Thresholds for functional and disturbed autoregulation dramatically depends on arterial tension of CO2--therefore, comparison between patients cannot be performed without comparing their PaCO2. The TCD pulsatility index cannot accurately detect the lower limit of autoregulation. MISSING LINKS: We still do not know whether autoregulation-oriented therapy can be understood as a consensus between CPP-directed protocols and the Lund-concept. What are the links between endothelial function and autoregulation indices? Can autoregulation after head injury be improved with statins or EPO, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage? In conclusion, monitoring cerebral autoregulation can be used in a variety of clinical scenarios and may be helpful in delineating optimal therapeutic strategies.</AbstractText	The development of silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries has been largely impeded by poor interfacial stability against liquid electrolytes. Here, we enabled the stable operation of a 99.9 weight % microsilicon anode by using the interface passivating properties of sulfide solid electrolytes. Bulk and surface characterization, and quantification of interfacial components, showed that such an approach eliminates continuous interfacial growth and irreversible lithium losses. Microsilicon full cells were assembled and found to achieve high areal current density, wide operating temperature range, and high areal loadings for the different cells. The promising performance can be attributed to both the desirable interfacial property between microsilicon and sulfide electrolytes and the distinctive chemomechanical behavior of the lithium-silicon alloy.</AbstractText	High-resolution in vivo imaging of rhesus cerebral cortex with ultrafast portable photoacoustic microscopy. Revealing the structural and functional change of microvasculature is essential to match vascular response with neuronal activities in the investigation of neurovascular coupling. The increasing use of rhesus models in fundamental and clinical studies of neurovascular coupling presents an emerging need for a new imaging modality. Here we report a structural and functional cerebral vascular study of rhesus monkeys using an ultrafast, portable, and high resolution photoacoustic microscopic system with a long working distance and a special scanning mechanism to eliminate the relative displacement between the imaging interface and samples. We derived the structural and functional response of the cerebral vasculature to the alternating normoxic and hypoxic conditions by calculating the vascular diameter and functional connectivity. Both vasodilatation and vasoconstriction were observed in hypoxia. In addition to the change of vascular diameter, the decrease of functional connectivity is also an important phenomenon induced by the reduction of oxygen ventilatory. These results suggest that photoacoustic microscopy is a promising method to study the neurovascular coupling and cerebral vascular diseases due to the advanced features of high spatiotemporal resolution, excellent sensitivity to hemoglobin, and label-free imaging capability of observing hemodynamics.</AbstractText	Monitoring of cerebrovascular autoregulation: facts, myths, and missing links. The methods for continuous assessment of cerebral autoregulation using correlation, phase shift, or transmission (either in time- or frequency-domain) were introduced a decade ago. They express dynamic relationships between slow waves of transcranial Doppler (TCD), blood flow velocity (FV) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), or arterial pressure (ABP). We review a methodology and clinical application of indices useful for monitoring cerebral autoregulation and pressure-reactivity in various scenarios of neuro-critical care.</AbstractText Poor autoregulation and loss of pressure-reactivity are independent predictors of fatal outcome following head injury. Autoregulation is impaired by too low or too high CPP when compared to autoregulation with normal CPP (usually between 60 and 85 mmHg; and these limits are highly individual). Hemispheric asymmetry of the bi-laterally assessed autoregulation has been associated with asymmetry of CT scan findings: autoregulation was found to be worse ipsilateral to contusion or lateralized edema causing midline shift. The pressure-reactivity (PRx index) correlated with a state of low CBF and CMRO2 revealed using PET studies. The PRx is easier to monitor over prolonged periods of time than the TCD-based indices as it does not require fixation of external probes. Continuous monitoring with the PRx can be used to direct CPP-oriented therapy by determining the optimal CPP for pressure-reactivity. Autoregulation indices are able to reflect transient changes of autoregulation, as seen during plateau waves of ICP. However, minute-to-minute assessment of autoregulation has a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Averaging across time (30 min) or by combining with other relevant parameters improves the accuracy. MYTHS: It is debatable whether the TCD-based indices in head injured patients can be calculated using ABP instead of CPP. Thresholds for functional and disturbed autoregulation dramatically depends on arterial tension of CO2--therefore, comparison between patients cannot be performed without comparing their PaCO2. The TCD pulsatility index cannot accurately detect the lower limit of autoregulation. MISSING LINKS: We still do not know whether autoregulation-oriented therapy can be understood as a consensus between CPP-directed protocols and the Lund-concept. What are the links between endothelial function and autoregulation indices? Can autoregulation after head injury be improved with statins or EPO, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage? In conclusion, monitoring cerebral autoregulation can be used in a variety of clinical scenarios and may be helpful in delineating optimal therapeutic strategies.</AbstractText	Carbon-free high-loading silicon anodes enabled by sulfide solid electrolytes. The development of silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries has been largely impeded by poor interfacial stability against liquid electrolytes. Here, we enabled the stable operation of a 99.9 weight % microsilicon anode by using the interface passivating properties of sulfide solid electrolytes. Bulk and surface characterization, and quantification of interfacial components, showed that such an approach eliminates continuous interfacial growth and irreversible lithium losses. Microsilicon full cells were assembled and found to achieve high areal current density, wide operating temperature range, and high areal loadings for the different cells. The promising performance can be attributed to both the desirable interfacial property between microsilicon and sulfide electrolytes and the distinctive chemomechanical behavior of the lithium-silicon alloy.</AbstractText
27432663	12655592	26858604	Magnetic resonance angiography: physical principles and applications.	Time-resolved three-dimensional phase-contrast MRI.	Paired Burst Stimulation Causes GABAA Receptor-Dependent Spike Firing Facilitation in CA1 of Rat Hippocampal Slices.	Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is the visualization of hemodynamic flow using imaging techniques that discriminate flowing spins in blood from those in stationary tissue. There are two classes of MRA methods based on whether the magnetic resonance imaging signal in flowing blood is derived from the amplitude of the moving spins, the time-of-flight methods, or is based on the phase accumulated by these flowing spins, as in phase contrast methods. Each method has particular advantages and limitations as an angiographic imaging technique, as evidenced in their application space. Here we discuss the physics of MRA for both classes of imaging techniques, including contrast-enhanced approaches and the recent rapid expansion of the techniques to fast acquisition and processing techniques using parallel imaging coils as well as their application in high-field MR systems such as 3T and 7T.</AbstractText	To demonstrate the feasibility of a four-dimensional phase contrast (PC) technique that permits spatial and temporal coverage of an entire three-dimensional volume, to quantitatively validate its accuracy against an established time resolved two-dimensional PC technique to explore advantages of the approach with regard to the four-dimensional nature of the data.</AbstractText Time-resolved, three-dimensional anatomical images were generated simultaneously with registered three-directional velocity vector fields. Improvements compared to prior methods include retrospectively gated and respiratory compensated image acquisition, interleaved flow encoding with freely selectable velocity encoding (venc) along each spatial direction, and flexible trade-off between temporal resolution and total acquisition time.</AbstractText The implementation was validated against established two-dimensional PC techniques using a well-defined phantom, and successfully applied in volunteer and patient examinations. Human studies were performed after contrast administration in order to compensate for loss of in-flow enhancement in the four-dimensional approach.</AbstractText Advantages of the four-dimensional approach include the complete spatial and temporal coverage of the cardiovascular region of interest and the ability to obtain high spatial resolution in all three dimensions with higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to two-dimensional methods at the same resolution. In addition, the four-dimensional nature of the data offers a variety of image processing options, such as magnitude and velocity multi-planar reformation, three-directional vector field plots, and velocity profiles mapped onto selected planes of interest.</AbstractText	The theta oscillation (4-8 Hz) is a pivotal form of oscillatory activity in the hippocampus that is intermittently concurrent with gamma (25-100 Hz) burst events. In in vitro preparation, a stimulation protocol that mimics the theta oscillation, theta burst stimulation (TBS), is used to induce long-term potentiation. Thus, TBS is thought to have a distinct role in the neural network of the hippocampal slice preparation. However, the specific mechanisms that make TBS induce such neural circuit modifications are still unknown. Using electrophysiology and voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI), we have found that TBS induces augmentation of spike firing. The augmentation was apparent in the first couple of brief burst stimulation (100 Hz four pulses) on a TBS-train in a presence of NMDA receptor blocker (APV 50 μM). In this study, we focused on the characterizes of the NMDA independent augmentation caused by a pair of the brief burst stimulation (the first pair of the TBS; paired burst stimulation-PBS). We found that PBS enhanced membrane potential responses on VSDI signal and intracellular recordings while it was absent in the current recording under whole-cell clamp condition. The enhancement of the response accompanied the augmentation of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) to spike firing (E-S) coupling. The paired burst facilitation (PBF) reached a plateau when the number of the first burst stimulation (priming burst) exceeds three. The interval between the bursts of 150 ms resulted in the maximum PBF. Gabazine (a GABAA receptor antagonist) abolished PBF. The threshold for spike generation of the postsynaptic cells measured with a current injection to cells was not lowered by the priming burst of PBS. These results indicate that PBS activates the GABAergic system to cause short-term E-S augmentation without raising postsynaptic excitability. We propose that a GABAergic system of area CA1 of the hippocampus produce the short-term E-S plasticity that could cause exaggerated spike-firing upon a theta-gamma activity distinctively, thus making the neural circuit of the CA1 act as a specific amplifier of the oscillation signal.</AbstractText	Magnetic resonance angiography: physical principles and applications. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is the visualization of hemodynamic flow using imaging techniques that discriminate flowing spins in blood from those in stationary tissue. There are two classes of MRA methods based on whether the magnetic resonance imaging signal in flowing blood is derived from the amplitude of the moving spins, the time-of-flight methods, or is based on the phase accumulated by these flowing spins, as in phase contrast methods. Each method has particular advantages and limitations as an angiographic imaging technique, as evidenced in their application space. Here we discuss the physics of MRA for both classes of imaging techniques, including contrast-enhanced approaches and the recent rapid expansion of the techniques to fast acquisition and processing techniques using parallel imaging coils as well as their application in high-field MR systems such as 3T and 7T.</AbstractText	Time-resolved three-dimensional phase-contrast MRI. To demonstrate the feasibility of a four-dimensional phase contrast (PC) technique that permits spatial and temporal coverage of an entire three-dimensional volume, to quantitatively validate its accuracy against an established time resolved two-dimensional PC technique to explore advantages of the approach with regard to the four-dimensional nature of the data.</AbstractText Time-resolved, three-dimensional anatomical images were generated simultaneously with registered three-directional velocity vector fields. Improvements compared to prior methods include retrospectively gated and respiratory compensated image acquisition, interleaved flow encoding with freely selectable velocity encoding (venc) along each spatial direction, and flexible trade-off between temporal resolution and total acquisition time.</AbstractText The implementation was validated against established two-dimensional PC techniques using a well-defined phantom, and successfully applied in volunteer and patient examinations. Human studies were performed after contrast administration in order to compensate for loss of in-flow enhancement in the four-dimensional approach.</AbstractText Advantages of the four-dimensional approach include the complete spatial and temporal coverage of the cardiovascular region of interest and the ability to obtain high spatial resolution in all three dimensions with higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to two-dimensional methods at the same resolution. In addition, the four-dimensional nature of the data offers a variety of image processing options, such as magnitude and velocity multi-planar reformation, three-directional vector field plots, and velocity profiles mapped onto selected planes of interest.</AbstractText	Paired Burst Stimulation Causes GABAA Receptor-Dependent Spike Firing Facilitation in CA1 of Rat Hippocampal Slices. The theta oscillation (4-8 Hz) is a pivotal form of oscillatory activity in the hippocampus that is intermittently concurrent with gamma (25-100 Hz) burst events. In in vitro preparation, a stimulation protocol that mimics the theta oscillation, theta burst stimulation (TBS), is used to induce long-term potentiation. Thus, TBS is thought to have a distinct role in the neural network of the hippocampal slice preparation. However, the specific mechanisms that make TBS induce such neural circuit modifications are still unknown. Using electrophysiology and voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI), we have found that TBS induces augmentation of spike firing. The augmentation was apparent in the first couple of brief burst stimulation (100 Hz four pulses) on a TBS-train in a presence of NMDA receptor blocker (APV 50 μM). In this study, we focused on the characterizes of the NMDA independent augmentation caused by a pair of the brief burst stimulation (the first pair of the TBS; paired burst stimulation-PBS). We found that PBS enhanced membrane potential responses on VSDI signal and intracellular recordings while it was absent in the current recording under whole-cell clamp condition. The enhancement of the response accompanied the augmentation of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) to spike firing (E-S) coupling. The paired burst facilitation (PBF) reached a plateau when the number of the first burst stimulation (priming burst) exceeds three. The interval between the bursts of 150 ms resulted in the maximum PBF. Gabazine (a GABAA receptor antagonist) abolished PBF. The threshold for spike generation of the postsynaptic cells measured with a current injection to cells was not lowered by the priming burst of PBS. These results indicate that PBS activates the GABAergic system to cause short-term E-S augmentation without raising postsynaptic excitability. We propose that a GABAergic system of area CA1 of the hippocampus produce the short-term E-S plasticity that could cause exaggerated spike-firing upon a theta-gamma activity distinctively, thus making the neural circuit of the CA1 act as a specific amplifier of the oscillation signal.</AbstractText
39855424	39261740	40622301	Prospective memory performance and its resting-state functional connectivity correlates in individuals with memory complaints.	Connectome-constrained networks predict neural activity across the fly visual system.	Single-pulse Gy-scale irradiation of biological cells at 10(13) Gy s(-1)average dose-rates from a laser-wakefield accelerator.	This study aimed to investigate prospective memory (PM) in patients with memory complaints but without dementia (PWD) and correlate findings with resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) alterations. We hypothesized that PM impairment would be evident at a certain relatively early point in the continuum and specific rsFC patterns would be the neuroimaging signature of this impairment. Sixty PWD participated in the study. The Memory Screening Test for Intentions and the Virtual Week were used to assess PM. Using the participants' PM scores as a regressor, the rsFC for PM was analyzed by Network-Based Statistics (NBS). Participants were divided into high and low PM groups (HPMG, LPMG) according to their PM scores and then their neuropsychological scores, rsFC patterns, and CSF biomarker levels were compared. The effect of education on the relationship between connectivity and CSF Aβ<sub	We can now measure the connectivity of every neuron in a neural circuit<sup	<i	Prospective memory performance and its resting-state functional connectivity correlates in individuals with memory complaints. This study aimed to investigate prospective memory (PM) in patients with memory complaints but without dementia (PWD) and correlate findings with resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) alterations. We hypothesized that PM impairment would be evident at a certain relatively early point in the continuum and specific rsFC patterns would be the neuroimaging signature of this impairment. Sixty PWD participated in the study. The Memory Screening Test for Intentions and the Virtual Week were used to assess PM. Using the participants' PM scores as a regressor, the rsFC for PM was analyzed by Network-Based Statistics (NBS). Participants were divided into high and low PM groups (HPMG, LPMG) according to their PM scores and then their neuropsychological scores, rsFC patterns, and CSF biomarker levels were compared. The effect of education on the relationship between connectivity and CSF Aβ<sub	Connectome-constrained networks predict neural activity across the fly visual system. We can now measure the connectivity of every neuron in a neural circuit<sup	Single-pulse Gy-scale irradiation of biological cells at 10(13) Gy s(-1)average dose-rates from a laser-wakefield accelerator. <i
37803622	25471927	37152277	Insights into brain perceptions of the different taste qualities and hedonic valence of food via scalp electroencephalogram.	The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture.	Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 17 presenting with progressive myoclonic epilepsy.	Investigating brain activity is essential for exploring taste-experience related cues. The paper aimed to explore implicit (unconscious) emotional or physiological responses related to taste experiences using scalp electroencephalogram (EEG). We performed implicit measures of tastants of differing perceptual types (bitter, salty, sour and sweet) and intensities (low, medium, and high). The results showed that subjects were partially sensitive to different sensory intensities, i.e., for high intensities, taste stimuli could induce activation of different rhythm signals in the brain, with α and θ bands possibly being more sensitive to different taste types. Furthermore, the neural representations and corresponding sensory qualities (e.g., "sweet: pleasant" or "bitter: unpleasant") of different tastes could be discriminated at 250-1,500 ms after stimulus onset, and different tastes exhibited distinct temporal dynamic differences. Source localization indicated that different taste types activate brain areas associated with emotional eating, reward processing, and motivated tendencies, etc. Overall, our findings reveal a larger sophisticated taste map that accounted for the diversity of taste types in the human brain and assesses the emotion, reward, and motivated behavior represented by different tastes. This study provided basic insights and a perceptual foundation for the relationship between taste experience-related decisions and the prediction of brain activity.</AbstractText	The epidemic of overweight and obesity presents a major challenge to chronic disease prevention and health across the life course around the world. Fueled by economic growth, industrialization, mechanized transport, urbanization, an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, and a nutritional transition to processed foods and high-calorie diets over the last 30 years, many countries have witnessed the prevalence of obesity in its citizens double and even quadruple. A rising prevalence of childhood obesity, in particular, forebodes a staggering burden of disease in individuals and healthcare systems in the decades to come. A complex, multifactorial disease, with genetic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental origins, obesity raises the risk of debilitating morbidity and mortality. Relying primarily on epidemiologic evidence published within the last decade, this non-exhaustive review discusses the extent of the obesity epidemic, its risk factors-known and novel-, sequelae, and economic impact across the globe.</AbstractText	•SCA17 should be included in the differential diagnoses of PMEs.•SCA17 is characterized by cerebellar features, myoclonic epilepsy, cognitive decline, psychiatric features, and chorea.•Subtle clinical signs like chorea can provide additional diagnostic clues to SCA17(HDL4), a Huntington disease phenocopy.</AbstractText	Insights into brain perceptions of the different taste qualities and hedonic valence of food via scalp electroencephalogram. Investigating brain activity is essential for exploring taste-experience related cues. The paper aimed to explore implicit (unconscious) emotional or physiological responses related to taste experiences using scalp electroencephalogram (EEG). We performed implicit measures of tastants of differing perceptual types (bitter, salty, sour and sweet) and intensities (low, medium, and high). The results showed that subjects were partially sensitive to different sensory intensities, i.e., for high intensities, taste stimuli could induce activation of different rhythm signals in the brain, with α and θ bands possibly being more sensitive to different taste types. Furthermore, the neural representations and corresponding sensory qualities (e.g., "sweet: pleasant" or "bitter: unpleasant") of different tastes could be discriminated at 250-1,500 ms after stimulus onset, and different tastes exhibited distinct temporal dynamic differences. Source localization indicated that different taste types activate brain areas associated with emotional eating, reward processing, and motivated tendencies, etc. Overall, our findings reveal a larger sophisticated taste map that accounted for the diversity of taste types in the human brain and assesses the emotion, reward, and motivated behavior represented by different tastes. This study provided basic insights and a perceptual foundation for the relationship between taste experience-related decisions and the prediction of brain activity.</AbstractText	The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture. The epidemic of overweight and obesity presents a major challenge to chronic disease prevention and health across the life course around the world. Fueled by economic growth, industrialization, mechanized transport, urbanization, an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, and a nutritional transition to processed foods and high-calorie diets over the last 30 years, many countries have witnessed the prevalence of obesity in its citizens double and even quadruple. A rising prevalence of childhood obesity, in particular, forebodes a staggering burden of disease in individuals and healthcare systems in the decades to come. A complex, multifactorial disease, with genetic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental origins, obesity raises the risk of debilitating morbidity and mortality. Relying primarily on epidemiologic evidence published within the last decade, this non-exhaustive review discusses the extent of the obesity epidemic, its risk factors-known and novel-, sequelae, and economic impact across the globe.</AbstractText	Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 17 presenting with progressive myoclonic epilepsy. •SCA17 should be included in the differential diagnoses of PMEs.•SCA17 is characterized by cerebellar features, myoclonic epilepsy, cognitive decline, psychiatric features, and chorea.•Subtle clinical signs like chorea can provide additional diagnostic clues to SCA17(HDL4), a Huntington disease phenocopy.</AbstractText
40153739	34786697	39877942	Procedural and long-term thromboembolic outcomes after left atrial appendage closure: comparison of patients with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.	Vascular risk factors as predictors of epilepsy in older age: The Framingham Heart Study.	Expression and function of Connexin 43 and Connexin 37 in the murine zona glomerulosa.	To evaluate the impact of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on periprocedural complications and long-term thromboembolic events in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) treated with interventional left atrial appendage closure (LAAC).</AbstractText In a retrospective single-center study, a total of 612 patients who underwent successful interventional LAAC were divided into 2 groups: 139 patients with reduced LVEF (less than 50%) and 473 patients with preserved LVEF (≥ 50%). Baseline characteristics, in-hospital procedural complications, and long-term thromboembolic events were compared between the 2 groups.</AbstractText Patients with reduced LVEF were more likely to be female with a higher CHA2DS2-VA-Score (median 5 vs 4; P less than .0001) and had higher rates of diabetes mellitus (54% vs. 40%; P = .003) and coronary/peripheral artery disease (68% vs 41%; P less than .0001). There was no significant difference in procedure-related complications (major or minor bleeding [2.1% vs 4.2%; P = .44], access site complications [0% vs 4.2%; P = .08], cardiac tamponade [0.7% vs. 0.6%; P = .91], transient ischemic attack (TIA) [1.4% vs. 0.4%; P = .19], stroke [0% vs 0%], and in-hospital death [0% vs 0%]) between the 2 groups. Both groups had a similar median duration of long-term follow-up (20 vs 19 months, respectively; P = .15). During follow-up, there was no significant difference in the rates of TIA (2.2% vs 1.1%; P = .32), stroke (0.7% vs 1.9%; P = .33), or systemic thromboembolic events (0.7% vs 0.4%; P = .66) between the 2 groups.</AbstractText In patients with reduced LVEF, the procedural safety of LAAC and the long-term rate of thromboembolic events were consistently low and comparable to patients with preserved LVEF.</AbstractText	Stroke is the most common cause of epilepsy in older age. Subclinical cerebrovascular disease is believed to underlie some of the 30%-50% of late-onset epilepsy without a known cause (Li et al. Epilepsia. 1997;38:1216; Cleary et al. Lancet. 2004;363:1184). We studied the role of modifiable vascular risk factors in predicting subsequent epilepsy among participants ages 45 or older in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), a longitudinal, community-based study.</AbstractText Participants of the Offspring Cohort who attended FHS exam 5 (1991-1995) were included who were at least 45-years-old at that time, had available vascular risk factor data, and epilepsy follow-up (n = 2986, mean age 58, 48% male). Adjudication of epilepsy cases included review of medical charts to exclude seizure mimics and acute symptomatic seizures. The vascular risk factors studied included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hyperlipidemia. The role of the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile score was also investigated. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for the analyses.</AbstractText Fifty-five incident epilepsy cases were identified during a mean of 19 years of follow-up. Hypertension was associated with a near 2-fold risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-3.37, p = .022) of developing epilepsy, even after adjustment for prevalent and interim stroke. In secondary analysis, excluding patients with normal blood pressure who were receiving anti-HTN (anti-hypertensive) treatment (n = 2613, 50 incident epilepsy cases) the association was (HR: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.36-4.35, p = .003).</AbstractText Our results offer further evidence that hypertension, a potentially modifiable and highly prevalent vascular risk factor in the general population, increases 2- to 2.5-fold the risk of developing late-onset epilepsy.</AbstractText	The zona glomerulosa (ZG) synthesizes the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. The primary role of aldosterone is the maintenance of volume and electrolyte homeostasis. Aldosterone synthesis is primarily regulated via tightly controlled oscillations in intracellular calcium levels in response to stimulation. It has previously been shown that calcium oscillations are synchronized through mechanical linkage between adjacent ZG cells. In many other cell types, similar synchronization is rather dependent on gap junctions (GJ). The recent discovery of mutations in CADM1 was linked to impaired GJ function in the ZG. Based on published transcriptomics data, we re-examined the presence and functional impact of GJ in the ZG. We found evidence for the expression of murine connexin 43 and 37 using microarray data, in-situ hybridization and immunohistology. Connexin 43 was also present in human samples. Calcium oscillations in ZG rosettes showed some degree of synchronization as reported previously. Unspecific GJ inhibition only had a small impact on this synchronicity. However, no signs of connections between cytosols could be observed as indicated by the lack of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. We conclude that, while connexin proteins are expressed in the ZG, functional GJ in the physiological ZG are rare and of little consequence for calcium signaling.</AbstractText	Procedural and long-term thromboembolic outcomes after left atrial appendage closure: comparison of patients with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. To evaluate the impact of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on periprocedural complications and long-term thromboembolic events in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) treated with interventional left atrial appendage closure (LAAC).</AbstractText In a retrospective single-center study, a total of 612 patients who underwent successful interventional LAAC were divided into 2 groups: 139 patients with reduced LVEF (less than 50%) and 473 patients with preserved LVEF (≥ 50%). Baseline characteristics, in-hospital procedural complications, and long-term thromboembolic events were compared between the 2 groups.</AbstractText Patients with reduced LVEF were more likely to be female with a higher CHA2DS2-VA-Score (median 5 vs 4; P less than .0001) and had higher rates of diabetes mellitus (54% vs. 40%; P = .003) and coronary/peripheral artery disease (68% vs 41%; P less than .0001). There was no significant difference in procedure-related complications (major or minor bleeding [2.1% vs 4.2%; P = .44], access site complications [0% vs 4.2%; P = .08], cardiac tamponade [0.7% vs. 0.6%; P = .91], transient ischemic attack (TIA) [1.4% vs. 0.4%; P = .19], stroke [0% vs 0%], and in-hospital death [0% vs 0%]) between the 2 groups. Both groups had a similar median duration of long-term follow-up (20 vs 19 months, respectively; P = .15). During follow-up, there was no significant difference in the rates of TIA (2.2% vs 1.1%; P = .32), stroke (0.7% vs 1.9%; P = .33), or systemic thromboembolic events (0.7% vs 0.4%; P = .66) between the 2 groups.</AbstractText In patients with reduced LVEF, the procedural safety of LAAC and the long-term rate of thromboembolic events were consistently low and comparable to patients with preserved LVEF.</AbstractText	Vascular risk factors as predictors of epilepsy in older age: The Framingham Heart Study. Stroke is the most common cause of epilepsy in older age. Subclinical cerebrovascular disease is believed to underlie some of the 30%-50% of late-onset epilepsy without a known cause (Li et al. Epilepsia. 1997;38:1216; Cleary et al. Lancet. 2004;363:1184). We studied the role of modifiable vascular risk factors in predicting subsequent epilepsy among participants ages 45 or older in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), a longitudinal, community-based study.</AbstractText Participants of the Offspring Cohort who attended FHS exam 5 (1991-1995) were included who were at least 45-years-old at that time, had available vascular risk factor data, and epilepsy follow-up (n = 2986, mean age 58, 48% male). Adjudication of epilepsy cases included review of medical charts to exclude seizure mimics and acute symptomatic seizures. The vascular risk factors studied included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hyperlipidemia. The role of the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile score was also investigated. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for the analyses.</AbstractText Fifty-five incident epilepsy cases were identified during a mean of 19 years of follow-up. Hypertension was associated with a near 2-fold risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-3.37, p = .022) of developing epilepsy, even after adjustment for prevalent and interim stroke. In secondary analysis, excluding patients with normal blood pressure who were receiving anti-HTN (anti-hypertensive) treatment (n = 2613, 50 incident epilepsy cases) the association was (HR: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.36-4.35, p = .003).</AbstractText Our results offer further evidence that hypertension, a potentially modifiable and highly prevalent vascular risk factor in the general population, increases 2- to 2.5-fold the risk of developing late-onset epilepsy.</AbstractText	Expression and function of Connexin 43 and Connexin 37 in the murine zona glomerulosa. The zona glomerulosa (ZG) synthesizes the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. The primary role of aldosterone is the maintenance of volume and electrolyte homeostasis. Aldosterone synthesis is primarily regulated via tightly controlled oscillations in intracellular calcium levels in response to stimulation. It has previously been shown that calcium oscillations are synchronized through mechanical linkage between adjacent ZG cells. In many other cell types, similar synchronization is rather dependent on gap junctions (GJ). The recent discovery of mutations in CADM1 was linked to impaired GJ function in the ZG. Based on published transcriptomics data, we re-examined the presence and functional impact of GJ in the ZG. We found evidence for the expression of murine connexin 43 and 37 using microarray data, in-situ hybridization and immunohistology. Connexin 43 was also present in human samples. Calcium oscillations in ZG rosettes showed some degree of synchronization as reported previously. Unspecific GJ inhibition only had a small impact on this synchronicity. However, no signs of connections between cytosols could be observed as indicated by the lack of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. We conclude that, while connexin proteins are expressed in the ZG, functional GJ in the physiological ZG are rare and of little consequence for calcium signaling.</AbstractText
36601351	36188456	36099517	Current perspectives on the epidemiology and burden of tardive dyskinesia: a focused review of the clinical situation in Japan.	The role of hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A narrative review.	Increased GH Secretion and Body Growth in Mice Carrying Ablation of IGF-1 Receptor in GH-releasing Hormone Cells.	Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder that can develop with the use of dopamine receptor-blocking agents and is most commonly caused by antipsychotics. The use of antipsychotics is expanding, which may lead to an increased number of patients experiencing TD. To summarise the current knowledge of the epidemiology and risk factors for TD in Japan, we reviewed articles related to the current state of knowledge around TD identified through a PubMed search, and held a roundtable discussion of experts in Japan on 9 September 2021 to form the basis of the opinion presented within this review. The true prevalence of TD among patients treated with antipsychotics is not well characterised; it is reported to be between 15% and 50% globally and between 6.5% and 7.7% in Japan. Potential barriers to timely treatment of TD include the stigma surrounding mental health issues and the lack of data regarding TD in Asian patients. This review summarises the current knowledge of the epidemiology, challenges to TD diagnosis and risk factors for TD in Japan. Recent strategies for symptom monitoring and early diagnosis, as well as consensus recommendations are included. Achieving a high level of awareness of TD among physicians who treat patients with psychiatric disorders is of great importance and physicians should ensure that patients with psychiatric disorders receiving antipsychotics are proactively monitored for signs of TD.</AbstractText <b <b	Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness that affects 1% of people worldwide. SCZ is associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity. Antipsychotics are the main treatment for SCZ, but their side effects include significant weight gain/obesity. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms by which SCZ and antipsychotic treatment induce weight gain/obesity remain unclear. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the most important pathways that modulates inflammation, neuronal function, and energy balance. This review aimed to investigate the role of hypothalamic ER stress in SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain/obesity. Preliminary evidence indicates that SCZ is associated with reduced dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) signaling, which significantly regulates the ER stress pathway, suggesting the importance of ER stress in SCZ and its related metabolic disorders. Antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate ER stress in hypothalamic neurons. These effects may induce decreased proopiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) expression, autophagy, and leptin and insulin resistance, resulting in hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure, and central inflammation, thereby causing weight gain. By activating ER stress, antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate hypothalamic astrocytes and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, thereby causing inflammation and weight gain/obesity. Moreover, evidence suggests that antipsychotic-induced ER stress may be related to their antagonistic effects on neurotransmitter receptors such as DRD2 and the histamine H1 receptor. Taken together, ER stress inhibitors could be a potential effective intervention against SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain and inflammation.</AbstractText	Growth hormone (GH) secretion is controlled by short and long negative feedback loops. In this regard, both GH (short-loop feedback) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; long-loop feedback) can target somatotropic cells of the pituitary gland and neuroendocrine hypothalamic neurons to regulate the GH/IGF-1 axis. GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-expressing neurons play a fundamental role in stimulating pituitary GH secretion. However, it is currently unknown whether IGF-1 action on GHRH-expressing cells is required for the control of the GH/IGF-1/growth axis. In the present study, we investigated the phenotype of male and female mice carrying ablation of IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) exclusively in GHRH cells. After weaning, both male and female GHRHΔIGF1R mice exhibited increases in body weight, lean body mass, linear growth, and length of long bones (tibia, femur, humerus, and radius). In contrast, the percentage of body fat was similar between control and GHRHΔIGF1R mice. The higher body growth of GHRHΔIGF1R mice can be explained by increases in mean GH levels, GH pulse amplitude, and pulse frequency, calculated from 36 blood samples collected from each animal at 10-minute intervals. GHRHΔIGF1R mice also showed increased hypothalamic Ghrh mRNA levels, pituitary Gh mRNA expression, hepatic Igf1 expression, and serum IGF-1 levels compared with control animals. Furthermore, GHRHΔIGF1R mice displayed significant alterations in the sexually dimorphic hepatic gene expression profile, with a prevailing feminization in most genes analyzed. In conclusion, our findings indicate that GHRH neurons represent a key and necessary site for the long-loop negative feedback that controls the GH/IGF-1 axis and body growth.</AbstractText	Current perspectives on the epidemiology and burden of tardive dyskinesia: a focused review of the clinical situation in Japan. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder that can develop with the use of dopamine receptor-blocking agents and is most commonly caused by antipsychotics. The use of antipsychotics is expanding, which may lead to an increased number of patients experiencing TD. To summarise the current knowledge of the epidemiology and risk factors for TD in Japan, we reviewed articles related to the current state of knowledge around TD identified through a PubMed search, and held a roundtable discussion of experts in Japan on 9 September 2021 to form the basis of the opinion presented within this review. The true prevalence of TD among patients treated with antipsychotics is not well characterised; it is reported to be between 15% and 50% globally and between 6.5% and 7.7% in Japan. Potential barriers to timely treatment of TD include the stigma surrounding mental health issues and the lack of data regarding TD in Asian patients. This review summarises the current knowledge of the epidemiology, challenges to TD diagnosis and risk factors for TD in Japan. Recent strategies for symptom monitoring and early diagnosis, as well as consensus recommendations are included. Achieving a high level of awareness of TD among physicians who treat patients with psychiatric disorders is of great importance and physicians should ensure that patients with psychiatric disorders receiving antipsychotics are proactively monitored for signs of TD.</AbstractText <b <b	The role of hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A narrative review. Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness that affects 1% of people worldwide. SCZ is associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity. Antipsychotics are the main treatment for SCZ, but their side effects include significant weight gain/obesity. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms by which SCZ and antipsychotic treatment induce weight gain/obesity remain unclear. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the most important pathways that modulates inflammation, neuronal function, and energy balance. This review aimed to investigate the role of hypothalamic ER stress in SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain/obesity. Preliminary evidence indicates that SCZ is associated with reduced dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) signaling, which significantly regulates the ER stress pathway, suggesting the importance of ER stress in SCZ and its related metabolic disorders. Antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate ER stress in hypothalamic neurons. These effects may induce decreased proopiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) expression, autophagy, and leptin and insulin resistance, resulting in hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure, and central inflammation, thereby causing weight gain. By activating ER stress, antipsychotics such as olanzapine activate hypothalamic astrocytes and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, thereby causing inflammation and weight gain/obesity. Moreover, evidence suggests that antipsychotic-induced ER stress may be related to their antagonistic effects on neurotransmitter receptors such as DRD2 and the histamine H1 receptor. Taken together, ER stress inhibitors could be a potential effective intervention against SCZ and antipsychotic-induced weight gain and inflammation.</AbstractText	Increased GH Secretion and Body Growth in Mice Carrying Ablation of IGF-1 Receptor in GH-releasing Hormone Cells. Growth hormone (GH) secretion is controlled by short and long negative feedback loops. In this regard, both GH (short-loop feedback) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; long-loop feedback) can target somatotropic cells of the pituitary gland and neuroendocrine hypothalamic neurons to regulate the GH/IGF-1 axis. GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-expressing neurons play a fundamental role in stimulating pituitary GH secretion. However, it is currently unknown whether IGF-1 action on GHRH-expressing cells is required for the control of the GH/IGF-1/growth axis. In the present study, we investigated the phenotype of male and female mice carrying ablation of IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) exclusively in GHRH cells. After weaning, both male and female GHRHΔIGF1R mice exhibited increases in body weight, lean body mass, linear growth, and length of long bones (tibia, femur, humerus, and radius). In contrast, the percentage of body fat was similar between control and GHRHΔIGF1R mice. The higher body growth of GHRHΔIGF1R mice can be explained by increases in mean GH levels, GH pulse amplitude, and pulse frequency, calculated from 36 blood samples collected from each animal at 10-minute intervals. GHRHΔIGF1R mice also showed increased hypothalamic Ghrh mRNA levels, pituitary Gh mRNA expression, hepatic Igf1 expression, and serum IGF-1 levels compared with control animals. Furthermore, GHRHΔIGF1R mice displayed significant alterations in the sexually dimorphic hepatic gene expression profile, with a prevailing feminization in most genes analyzed. In conclusion, our findings indicate that GHRH neurons represent a key and necessary site for the long-loop negative feedback that controls the GH/IGF-1 axis and body growth.</AbstractText
34994810	33107119	34244830	Compressed SENSE in Pediatric Brain Tumor MR Imaging : Assessment of Image Quality, Examination Time and Energy Release.	Study of common quantification methods of amide proton transfer magnetic resonance imaging for ischemic stroke detection.	When self-medication goes wrong: the case of argyria at the Padua Morgagni Museum of Pathology.	To compare the image quality, examination time, and total energy release of a standardized pediatric brain tumor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol performed with and without compressed sensitivity encoding (C-SENSE). Recently introduced as an acceleration technique in MRI, we hypothesized that C‑SENSE would improve image quality, reduce the examination time and radiofrequency-induced energy release compared with conventional examination in a pediatric brain tumor protocol.</AbstractText This retrospective study included 22 patients aged 2.33-18.83 years with different brain tumor types who had previously undergone conventional MRI examination and underwent follow-up C‑SENSE examination. Both examinations were conducted with a 3.0-Tesla device and included pre-contrast and post-contrast T1-weighted turbo-field-echo, T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences. Image quality was assessed in four anatomical regions of interest (tumor area, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and posterior fossa) using a 5-point scale. Reader preference between the standard and C‑SENSE images was evaluated. The total examination duration and energy deposit were compared based on scanner log file analysis.</AbstractText Relative to standard examinations, C‑SENSE examinations were characterized by shorter total examination times (26.1 ± 3.93 vs. 22.18 ± 2.31 min; P = 0.001), reduced total energy deposit (206.0 ± 19.7 vs. 92.3 ± 18.2 J/kg; P < 0.001), and higher image quality (overall P < 0.001).</AbstractText C‑SENSE contributes to the improvement of image quality, reduction of scan times and radiofrequency-induced energy release relative to the standard protocol in pediatric brain tumor MRI.</AbstractText	To assess the correlation and differences between common amide proton transfer (APT) quantification methods in the diagnosis of ischemic stroke.</AbstractText Five APT quantification methods, including asymmetry analysis and its variants as well as two Lorentzian model-based methods, were applied to data acquired from six rats that underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion scanned at 9.4T. Diffusion and perfusion-weighted images, and water relaxation time maps were also acquired to study the relationship of these conventional imaging modalities with the different APT quantification methods.</AbstractText The APT ischemic area estimates had varying sizes (Jaccard index: 0.544 ≤ J ≤ 0.971) and had varying correlations in their distributions (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.104 ≤ r ≤ 0.995), revealing discrepancies in the quantified ischemic areas. The Lorentzian methods produced the highest contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs; 1.427 ≤ CNR ≤ 2.002), but generated APT ischemic areas that were comparable in size to the cerebral blood flow (CBF) deficit areas; asymmetry analysis and its variants produced APT ischemic areas that were smaller than the CBF deficit areas but larger than the apparent diffusion coefficient deficit areas, though having lower CNRs (0.561 ≤ CNR ≤ 1.083).</AbstractText There is a need to further investigate the accuracy and correlation of each quantification method with the pathophysiology using a larger scale multi-imaging modality and multi-time-point clinical study. Future studies should include the magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry results alongside the findings of the study to facilitate the comparison of results between different centers and also the published literature.</AbstractText	A unique specimen of argyria is preserved in the Morgagni Museum of Pathological Anatomy at the University of Padua (Italy). It is a stuffed head belonging to a man who decided to cure his syphilis by himself with the so-called infernal stone (silver nitrate) every day for years, thus developing argyria in the second half of the nineteenth century. Paleopathological and historical studies were performed on the specimen to confirm the diagnosis of argyria. Furthermore, a morphological investigation of the specimen was conducted with histological and ultrastructural investigations, including environmental scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, recording high presence of silver in the dermis and epidermis and also other chemical elements correlated to the "infernal stone." A comparison with actual cases may also lead to a common feature: a potential dependence on the perceived benefits brought by silver compound that may sustain a further prolonged intake.</AbstractText	Compressed SENSE in Pediatric Brain Tumor MR Imaging : Assessment of Image Quality, Examination Time and Energy Release. To compare the image quality, examination time, and total energy release of a standardized pediatric brain tumor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol performed with and without compressed sensitivity encoding (C-SENSE). Recently introduced as an acceleration technique in MRI, we hypothesized that C‑SENSE would improve image quality, reduce the examination time and radiofrequency-induced energy release compared with conventional examination in a pediatric brain tumor protocol.</AbstractText This retrospective study included 22 patients aged 2.33-18.83 years with different brain tumor types who had previously undergone conventional MRI examination and underwent follow-up C‑SENSE examination. Both examinations were conducted with a 3.0-Tesla device and included pre-contrast and post-contrast T1-weighted turbo-field-echo, T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences. Image quality was assessed in four anatomical regions of interest (tumor area, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and posterior fossa) using a 5-point scale. Reader preference between the standard and C‑SENSE images was evaluated. The total examination duration and energy deposit were compared based on scanner log file analysis.</AbstractText Relative to standard examinations, C‑SENSE examinations were characterized by shorter total examination times (26.1 ± 3.93 vs. 22.18 ± 2.31 min; P = 0.001), reduced total energy deposit (206.0 ± 19.7 vs. 92.3 ± 18.2 J/kg; P < 0.001), and higher image quality (overall P < 0.001).</AbstractText C‑SENSE contributes to the improvement of image quality, reduction of scan times and radiofrequency-induced energy release relative to the standard protocol in pediatric brain tumor MRI.</AbstractText	Study of common quantification methods of amide proton transfer magnetic resonance imaging for ischemic stroke detection. To assess the correlation and differences between common amide proton transfer (APT) quantification methods in the diagnosis of ischemic stroke.</AbstractText Five APT quantification methods, including asymmetry analysis and its variants as well as two Lorentzian model-based methods, were applied to data acquired from six rats that underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion scanned at 9.4T. Diffusion and perfusion-weighted images, and water relaxation time maps were also acquired to study the relationship of these conventional imaging modalities with the different APT quantification methods.</AbstractText The APT ischemic area estimates had varying sizes (Jaccard index: 0.544 ≤ J ≤ 0.971) and had varying correlations in their distributions (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.104 ≤ r ≤ 0.995), revealing discrepancies in the quantified ischemic areas. The Lorentzian methods produced the highest contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs; 1.427 ≤ CNR ≤ 2.002), but generated APT ischemic areas that were comparable in size to the cerebral blood flow (CBF) deficit areas; asymmetry analysis and its variants produced APT ischemic areas that were smaller than the CBF deficit areas but larger than the apparent diffusion coefficient deficit areas, though having lower CNRs (0.561 ≤ CNR ≤ 1.083).</AbstractText There is a need to further investigate the accuracy and correlation of each quantification method with the pathophysiology using a larger scale multi-imaging modality and multi-time-point clinical study. Future studies should include the magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry results alongside the findings of the study to facilitate the comparison of results between different centers and also the published literature.</AbstractText	When self-medication goes wrong: the case of argyria at the Padua Morgagni Museum of Pathology. A unique specimen of argyria is preserved in the Morgagni Museum of Pathological Anatomy at the University of Padua (Italy). It is a stuffed head belonging to a man who decided to cure his syphilis by himself with the so-called infernal stone (silver nitrate) every day for years, thus developing argyria in the second half of the nineteenth century. Paleopathological and historical studies were performed on the specimen to confirm the diagnosis of argyria. Furthermore, a morphological investigation of the specimen was conducted with histological and ultrastructural investigations, including environmental scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, recording high presence of silver in the dermis and epidermis and also other chemical elements correlated to the "infernal stone." A comparison with actual cases may also lead to a common feature: a potential dependence on the perceived benefits brought by silver compound that may sustain a further prolonged intake.</AbstractText
40130535	37694110	40414060	Associations of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Lifestyle With Probable Eating Disorders in Chinese Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study.	The enteric nervous system deficits in autism spectrum disorder.	Assessing the effects of urban effluent pollution on freshwater biodiversity and community networks using eDNA metabarcoding.	To examine the independent association of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and lifestyle patterns with incident probable eating disorders among adolescents, and to explore whether healthy lifestyle affects incident probable eating disorders that vary by ACEs exposure levels.</AbstractText This longitudinal study included 7726 adolescents (mean [SD] age at baseline, 15.89 [0.60] years) without eating disorders at baseline. At baseline, we collected 11 ACE indicators and 6 healthy lifestyle behaviors (i.e., appropriate sleep duration, sufficient moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, less screen time, no smoking, no drinking, and a balanced diet). The Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food (SCOFF) questionnaire was used to measure probable eating disorders at baseline and at a 4-month follow-up. Generalized mixed logistic models, as well as stratified and joint analyzes, were performed, with mediation and interaction analyzes.</AbstractText Among the included participants, 917 adolescents (11.87%) developed probable eating disorders during follow-up. Accumulation of ACEs was independently associated with an increased risk of incident probable eating disorders (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.14-1.27), even after adjusting for lifestyle behaviors. Conversely, a higher healthy lifestyle score was independently associated with a lower risk of incident probable eating disorders (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.76-0.88). Stratified analyzes showed that adolescents with a favorable lifestyle had a consistently reduced risk of incident probable eating disorders compared with those with an unfavorable lifestyle, with the association particularly pronounced among those exposed to ACEs.</AbstractText The results highlight that reducing exposure to ACEs and encouraging healthy lifestyle behaviors may help prevent eating disorders among adolescents.</AbstractText	Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are common comorbidities in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and abnormalities in these issues have been found to be closely related to the severity of core behavioral deficits in autism. The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of gut functions, including gastrointestinal motility. Dysfunctional wiring in the ENS not only results in various gastrointestinal issues, but also correlates with an increasing number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as ASD. However, it remains unclear whether the gastrointestinal dysfunctions are a consequence of ASD or if they directly contribute to its pathogenesis. This review focuses on the deficits in the ENS associated with ASD, and highlights several high-risk genes for ASD, which are expressed widely in the gut and implicated in gastrointestinal dysfunction among both animal models and human patients with ASD. Furthermore, we provide a brief overview of environmental factors associated with gastrointestinal tract in individuals with autism. This could offer fresh perspectives on our understanding of ASD.</AbstractText	Aquatic ecosystems provide essential services, yet they face increasing pressures from anthropogenic activities, including land-use change, eutrophication, browning, and contaminant pollution. While the ecological effects of these stressors are documented, the impacts of complex contaminant mixtures, particularly those from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, remain poorly understood. Mixtures effects are typically assessed using traditional species-by-species toxicological approaches, which, though the gold standard, are time-intensive, require test animals, and have limited extrapolability. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), such as environmental DNA (eDNA), offer a non-invasive alternative, enabling broader assessments of taxa responses across trophic levels. Here, we apply an eDNA approach to assess community-wide responses to effluent discharge in the St. Lawrence River, one of North America's most diverse freshwater ecosystems. We sampled water and aquatic communities along the effluent plume of the Montréal WWTP, analyzing taxa-specific responses across trophic levels using high-throughput sequencing. We evaluated the influence of water physico-chemistry and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on aquatic beta diversity and network structure. To validate our eDNA results, we compared fish-specific detections with traditional fishing surveys. Our findings highlight how wastewater-derived contaminants influence biodiversity patterns and species interactions, with taxonomic responses varying across trophic levels. Network analyses revealed shifts in ecological stability, with changes in species connectivity and modularity influenced by effluent exposure. This study demonstrates the value of eDNA for characterizing biodiversity responses to anthropogenic stressors and provides insights into the broader implications of point-source pollution for freshwater ecosystem resilience.</AbstractText	Associations of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Lifestyle With Probable Eating Disorders in Chinese Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study. To examine the independent association of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and lifestyle patterns with incident probable eating disorders among adolescents, and to explore whether healthy lifestyle affects incident probable eating disorders that vary by ACEs exposure levels.</AbstractText This longitudinal study included 7726 adolescents (mean [SD] age at baseline, 15.89 [0.60] years) without eating disorders at baseline. At baseline, we collected 11 ACE indicators and 6 healthy lifestyle behaviors (i.e., appropriate sleep duration, sufficient moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, less screen time, no smoking, no drinking, and a balanced diet). The Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food (SCOFF) questionnaire was used to measure probable eating disorders at baseline and at a 4-month follow-up. Generalized mixed logistic models, as well as stratified and joint analyzes, were performed, with mediation and interaction analyzes.</AbstractText Among the included participants, 917 adolescents (11.87%) developed probable eating disorders during follow-up. Accumulation of ACEs was independently associated with an increased risk of incident probable eating disorders (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.14-1.27), even after adjusting for lifestyle behaviors. Conversely, a higher healthy lifestyle score was independently associated with a lower risk of incident probable eating disorders (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.76-0.88). Stratified analyzes showed that adolescents with a favorable lifestyle had a consistently reduced risk of incident probable eating disorders compared with those with an unfavorable lifestyle, with the association particularly pronounced among those exposed to ACEs.</AbstractText The results highlight that reducing exposure to ACEs and encouraging healthy lifestyle behaviors may help prevent eating disorders among adolescents.</AbstractText	The enteric nervous system deficits in autism spectrum disorder. Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are common comorbidities in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and abnormalities in these issues have been found to be closely related to the severity of core behavioral deficits in autism. The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of gut functions, including gastrointestinal motility. Dysfunctional wiring in the ENS not only results in various gastrointestinal issues, but also correlates with an increasing number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as ASD. However, it remains unclear whether the gastrointestinal dysfunctions are a consequence of ASD or if they directly contribute to its pathogenesis. This review focuses on the deficits in the ENS associated with ASD, and highlights several high-risk genes for ASD, which are expressed widely in the gut and implicated in gastrointestinal dysfunction among both animal models and human patients with ASD. Furthermore, we provide a brief overview of environmental factors associated with gastrointestinal tract in individuals with autism. This could offer fresh perspectives on our understanding of ASD.</AbstractText	Assessing the effects of urban effluent pollution on freshwater biodiversity and community networks using eDNA metabarcoding. Aquatic ecosystems provide essential services, yet they face increasing pressures from anthropogenic activities, including land-use change, eutrophication, browning, and contaminant pollution. While the ecological effects of these stressors are documented, the impacts of complex contaminant mixtures, particularly those from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, remain poorly understood. Mixtures effects are typically assessed using traditional species-by-species toxicological approaches, which, though the gold standard, are time-intensive, require test animals, and have limited extrapolability. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), such as environmental DNA (eDNA), offer a non-invasive alternative, enabling broader assessments of taxa responses across trophic levels. Here, we apply an eDNA approach to assess community-wide responses to effluent discharge in the St. Lawrence River, one of North America's most diverse freshwater ecosystems. We sampled water and aquatic communities along the effluent plume of the Montréal WWTP, analyzing taxa-specific responses across trophic levels using high-throughput sequencing. We evaluated the influence of water physico-chemistry and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on aquatic beta diversity and network structure. To validate our eDNA results, we compared fish-specific detections with traditional fishing surveys. Our findings highlight how wastewater-derived contaminants influence biodiversity patterns and species interactions, with taxonomic responses varying across trophic levels. Network analyses revealed shifts in ecological stability, with changes in species connectivity and modularity influenced by effluent exposure. This study demonstrates the value of eDNA for characterizing biodiversity responses to anthropogenic stressors and provides insights into the broader implications of point-source pollution for freshwater ecosystem resilience.</AbstractText
36621186	18597554	37207467	Brain plasticity of structural connectivity networks and topological properties in baseball players with different levels of expertise.	Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex.	Optimal control flow encoding for time-efficient magnetic resonance velocimetry.	Brain plasticity in structural connectivity networks along the development of expertise has remained largely unknown. To address this, we recruited individuals with three different levels of baseball-playing experience: skilled batters (SB), intermediate batters (IB), and healthy controls (HC). We constructed their structural connectivity networks using diffusion tractography and compared their region-to-region structural connections and the topological characteristics of the constructed networks using graph-theoretical analysis. The group differences were detected in 35 connections predominantly involving sensorimotor and visual systems; the intergroup changes could be depicted either in a stepwise (HC < / = IB < / = SB) or a U-/inverted U-shaped manner as experience increased (IB < SB and/or HC, or opposite). All groups showed small-world topology in their constructed networks, but SB had increased global and local network efficiency than IB and/or HC. Furthermore, although the number and cortical regions identified as hubs of the networks in the three groups were highly similar, SB exhibited higher nodal global efficiency in both the dorsolateral and medial parts of the bilateral superior frontal gyri than IB. Our findings add new evidence of topological reorganization in brain networks associated with sensorimotor experience in sports. Interestingly, these changes do not necessarily increase as a function of experience as previously suggested in literature.</AbstractText	Structurally segregated and functionally specialized regions of the human cerebral cortex are interconnected by a dense network of cortico-cortical axonal pathways. By using diffusion spectrum imaging, we noninvasively mapped these pathways within and across cortical hemispheres in individual human participants. An analysis of the resulting large-scale structural brain networks reveals a structural core within posterior medial and parietal cerebral cortex, as well as several distinct temporal and frontal modules. Brain regions within the structural core share high degree, strength, and betweenness centrality, and they constitute connector hubs that link all major structural modules. The structural core contains brain regions that form the posterior components of the human default network. Looking both within and outside of core regions, we observed a substantial correspondence between structural connectivity and resting-state functional connectivity measured in the same participants. The spatial and topological centrality of the core within cortex suggests an important role in functional integration.</AbstractText	Phase contrast velocimetry relies on bipolar gradients to establish a direct and linear relationship between the phase of the magnetic resonance signal, and the corresponding fluid motion. Despite its utility, several limitations and drawbacks have been reported, the most important being the extended echo time due to the encoding after the excitation. In this study, we elucidate a new approach based on optimal control theory that circumvents some of these disadvantages. An excitation pulse, termed FAUCET (flow analysis under controlled encoding transients), is designed to encode velocity into phase already during the radiofrequency excitation. As a result of concurrent excitation and flow encoding, and hence elimination of post-excitation flow encoding, FAUCET achieves a shorter echo time than the conventional method. This achievement is a matter of significance not only because it decreases the loss of signal due to spin-spin relaxation and B<sub	Brain plasticity of structural connectivity networks and topological properties in baseball players with different levels of expertise. Brain plasticity in structural connectivity networks along the development of expertise has remained largely unknown. To address this, we recruited individuals with three different levels of baseball-playing experience: skilled batters (SB), intermediate batters (IB), and healthy controls (HC). We constructed their structural connectivity networks using diffusion tractography and compared their region-to-region structural connections and the topological characteristics of the constructed networks using graph-theoretical analysis. The group differences were detected in 35 connections predominantly involving sensorimotor and visual systems; the intergroup changes could be depicted either in a stepwise (HC < / = IB < / = SB) or a U-/inverted U-shaped manner as experience increased (IB < SB and/or HC, or opposite). All groups showed small-world topology in their constructed networks, but SB had increased global and local network efficiency than IB and/or HC. Furthermore, although the number and cortical regions identified as hubs of the networks in the three groups were highly similar, SB exhibited higher nodal global efficiency in both the dorsolateral and medial parts of the bilateral superior frontal gyri than IB. Our findings add new evidence of topological reorganization in brain networks associated with sensorimotor experience in sports. Interestingly, these changes do not necessarily increase as a function of experience as previously suggested in literature.</AbstractText	Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. Structurally segregated and functionally specialized regions of the human cerebral cortex are interconnected by a dense network of cortico-cortical axonal pathways. By using diffusion spectrum imaging, we noninvasively mapped these pathways within and across cortical hemispheres in individual human participants. An analysis of the resulting large-scale structural brain networks reveals a structural core within posterior medial and parietal cerebral cortex, as well as several distinct temporal and frontal modules. Brain regions within the structural core share high degree, strength, and betweenness centrality, and they constitute connector hubs that link all major structural modules. The structural core contains brain regions that form the posterior components of the human default network. Looking both within and outside of core regions, we observed a substantial correspondence between structural connectivity and resting-state functional connectivity measured in the same participants. The spatial and topological centrality of the core within cortex suggests an important role in functional integration.</AbstractText	Optimal control flow encoding for time-efficient magnetic resonance velocimetry. Phase contrast velocimetry relies on bipolar gradients to establish a direct and linear relationship between the phase of the magnetic resonance signal, and the corresponding fluid motion. Despite its utility, several limitations and drawbacks have been reported, the most important being the extended echo time due to the encoding after the excitation. In this study, we elucidate a new approach based on optimal control theory that circumvents some of these disadvantages. An excitation pulse, termed FAUCET (flow analysis under controlled encoding transients), is designed to encode velocity into phase already during the radiofrequency excitation. As a result of concurrent excitation and flow encoding, and hence elimination of post-excitation flow encoding, FAUCET achieves a shorter echo time than the conventional method. This achievement is a matter of significance not only because it decreases the loss of signal due to spin-spin relaxation and B<sub
39653108	31977165	39823786	Mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation by hematoma aspiration in a new surgical model for severe intracerebral hemorrhage.	Cortical Transplantation of Brain-Mimetic Glycosaminoglycan Scaffolds and Neural Progenitor Cells Promotes Vascular Regeneration and Functional Recovery after Ischemic Stroke in Mice.	The crucial role of the left inferior frontal gyrus (BA44) in synergizing syntactic structure and information structure during sentence comprehension.	Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with a large hematoma that causes compression, increased intracranial pressure (IICP), midline shift, and brain herniation, and may ultimately lead to death. Urgent surgical removal of the large hematoma can ameliorate these injuries, which would be life-saving, but has not improved clinical outcome. A suitable animal model that mimics the clinically relevant human severe ICH injury requiring surgical hematoma evacuation is urgently needed. Here, we established a novel model of severe ICH in rats allowing aspiration of the hematoma and studying the effects of mitochondrial dysfunction in ICH.</AbstractText Severe ICH was induced by intra-striatal injection of 0.6 U of collagenase in 3 μL sterile saline over 15 min. Aspiration of approximately 75 % of the total hematoma was performed 6 h after induction of severe ICH. The effects of hematoma aspiration on hematoma volume, mortality, oxidative stress, ATP levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurological function were measured in rats.</AbstractText Severe ICH induction increased hematoma volume, neurological deficits, and mortality. Hematoma aspiration abolished mortality and significantly reduced hematoma volume, and neurological deficits. In addition, hematoma aspiration ameliorated the pronounced mitochondrial dysfunction responsible for the failure of energy production and excessive oxidative stress associated with severe hemorrhagic injury. Hematoma aspiration also modulated mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, thereby promoting mitochondrial homeostasis. Markers of neuroinflammation, including iNOS, MMP9, and MPO, were elevated in severe ICH but attenuated by hematoma aspiration.</AbstractText This study established an animal model of severe ICH and provides valuable insights into the complex pathogenesis of severe ICH. The results showed that hematoma aspiration effectively ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic intervention.</AbstractText	Stroke causes significant mortality and morbidity. Currently, there are no treatments which can regenerate brain tissue lost to infarction. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are at the forefront of preclinical studies for regenerative stroke therapies. NPCs can differentiate into and replace neurons and promote endogenous recovery mechanisms such as angiogenesis via trophic factor production and release. The stroke core is hypothetically the ideal location for replacement of neural tissue since it is in situ and develops into a potential space where injections may be targeted with minimal compression of healthy peri-infarct tissue. However, the compromised perfusion and tissue degradation following ischemia create an inhospitable environment resistant to cellular therapy. Overcoming these limitations is critical to advancing cellular therapy. In this work, the therapeutic potential of mouse-induced pluripotent stem cell derived NPCs is tested encapsulated in a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) binding chondroitin sulfate-A (CS-A) hydrogel transplanted into the infarct core in a mouse sensorimotor cortex mini-stroke model. It is shown that CS-A encapsulation significantly improves vascular remodeling, cortical blood flow, and sensorimotor behavioral outcomes after stroke. It is found these improvements are negated by blocking bFGF, suggesting that the sustained trophic signaling endowed by the CS-A hydrogel combined with NPC transplantation can promote tissue repair.</AbstractText	This study examines the neural mechanisms behind integrating syntactic and information structures during sentence comprehension using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Focusing on Japanese sentences with canonical (SOV) and non-canonical (OSV) word orders, the study revealed distinct neural networks responsible for processing these linguistic structures. The left opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, left premotor area, and left posterior superior/middle temporal gyrus were primarily involved in syntactic processing. In contrast, the right inferior frontal sulcus, bilateral intraparietal sulci, and the left triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus were linked to information structure processing. Importantly, the left opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA44) played a crucial role in integrating these structures during the later stages of comprehension, particularly when processing the second noun phrase. These findings enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between syntactic and information structures in language comprehension.</AbstractText	Mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation by hematoma aspiration in a new surgical model for severe intracerebral hemorrhage. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with a large hematoma that causes compression, increased intracranial pressure (IICP), midline shift, and brain herniation, and may ultimately lead to death. Urgent surgical removal of the large hematoma can ameliorate these injuries, which would be life-saving, but has not improved clinical outcome. A suitable animal model that mimics the clinically relevant human severe ICH injury requiring surgical hematoma evacuation is urgently needed. Here, we established a novel model of severe ICH in rats allowing aspiration of the hematoma and studying the effects of mitochondrial dysfunction in ICH.</AbstractText Severe ICH was induced by intra-striatal injection of 0.6 U of collagenase in 3 μL sterile saline over 15 min. Aspiration of approximately 75 % of the total hematoma was performed 6 h after induction of severe ICH. The effects of hematoma aspiration on hematoma volume, mortality, oxidative stress, ATP levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurological function were measured in rats.</AbstractText Severe ICH induction increased hematoma volume, neurological deficits, and mortality. Hematoma aspiration abolished mortality and significantly reduced hematoma volume, and neurological deficits. In addition, hematoma aspiration ameliorated the pronounced mitochondrial dysfunction responsible for the failure of energy production and excessive oxidative stress associated with severe hemorrhagic injury. Hematoma aspiration also modulated mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, thereby promoting mitochondrial homeostasis. Markers of neuroinflammation, including iNOS, MMP9, and MPO, were elevated in severe ICH but attenuated by hematoma aspiration.</AbstractText This study established an animal model of severe ICH and provides valuable insights into the complex pathogenesis of severe ICH. The results showed that hematoma aspiration effectively ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic intervention.</AbstractText	Cortical Transplantation of Brain-Mimetic Glycosaminoglycan Scaffolds and Neural Progenitor Cells Promotes Vascular Regeneration and Functional Recovery after Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Stroke causes significant mortality and morbidity. Currently, there are no treatments which can regenerate brain tissue lost to infarction. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are at the forefront of preclinical studies for regenerative stroke therapies. NPCs can differentiate into and replace neurons and promote endogenous recovery mechanisms such as angiogenesis via trophic factor production and release. The stroke core is hypothetically the ideal location for replacement of neural tissue since it is in situ and develops into a potential space where injections may be targeted with minimal compression of healthy peri-infarct tissue. However, the compromised perfusion and tissue degradation following ischemia create an inhospitable environment resistant to cellular therapy. Overcoming these limitations is critical to advancing cellular therapy. In this work, the therapeutic potential of mouse-induced pluripotent stem cell derived NPCs is tested encapsulated in a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) binding chondroitin sulfate-A (CS-A) hydrogel transplanted into the infarct core in a mouse sensorimotor cortex mini-stroke model. It is shown that CS-A encapsulation significantly improves vascular remodeling, cortical blood flow, and sensorimotor behavioral outcomes after stroke. It is found these improvements are negated by blocking bFGF, suggesting that the sustained trophic signaling endowed by the CS-A hydrogel combined with NPC transplantation can promote tissue repair.</AbstractText	The crucial role of the left inferior frontal gyrus (BA44) in synergizing syntactic structure and information structure during sentence comprehension. This study examines the neural mechanisms behind integrating syntactic and information structures during sentence comprehension using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Focusing on Japanese sentences with canonical (SOV) and non-canonical (OSV) word orders, the study revealed distinct neural networks responsible for processing these linguistic structures. The left opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, left premotor area, and left posterior superior/middle temporal gyrus were primarily involved in syntactic processing. In contrast, the right inferior frontal sulcus, bilateral intraparietal sulci, and the left triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus were linked to information structure processing. Importantly, the left opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA44) played a crucial role in integrating these structures during the later stages of comprehension, particularly when processing the second noun phrase. These findings enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between syntactic and information structures in language comprehension.</AbstractText
40330107	29629537	39761637	Cognitive impairment screening strategy to reduce the burden of Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai: A system dynamics approach.	Different Associations of Plasma Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Vascular Dementia, and Ischemic Stroke.	Physical origin and control of exciton spatial localization in high-κMOene monolayers under external perturbations.	Population aging increases the economic burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Early screening for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has the potential to mitigate this burden, but optimal strategies regarding screening coverage and age targeting remain unclear.</AbstractText To explore the impact of varying MCI screening coverage and age-specific screening strategies on the AD population size and the associated healthcare costs in Shanghai, using a system dynamics approach.</AbstractText A system dynamics model was developed to evaluate disease population and economic costs associated with MCI and AD at different coverage levels and age groups. A cost-benefit comparison was conducted to identify the screening coverage rate and age threshold that maximize cost-effectiveness, balancing reductions in AD-related costs against increases in screening expenditures.</AbstractText Increasing MCI screening coverage significantly reduced economic costs across the AD spectrum but also increased overall screening expenditures. Expanding screening to additional age groups produced similar effects. Cost-benefit analysis identified an optimal strategy: initiating screening at age 60 or 65 with 80% coverage, which achieves substantial cost savings while avoiding the diminishing returns and excessive expenditures associated with broader, less targeted screening approaches.</AbstractText Strategically designed MCI screening can reduce the economic burden of AD, improve public health outcomes, and promote social well-being. To maximize societal benefit, screening scope must be balanced with cost. Policymakers and healthcare professionals should tailor strategies to local contexts and urgently adopt innovative technologies such as digital health and artificial intelligence-based solutions, to enhance accessibility and scalability of MCI screening strategy.</AbstractText	Cognitive and cerebrovascular diseases are common in the elderly, but differences in the plasma levels and associations of plasma biomarkers in these diseases remain elusive.</AbstractText The present study investigated differences in plasma fatty acids [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], adiponectin, reptin, plasma markers of inflammation [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and serum amyloid A (serum AA)], and plasma lipids [high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)] in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n=266), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n=44), vascular dementia (VaD) (n=33), and ischemic stroke (IS) (n=200) in comparison to normal controls (n=130).</AbstractText The serological data showed that lower EPA and DHA levels and higher reptin and LDL levels were associated with AD and IS, the reptin/adiponectin ratio was strongly associated with IS, the hsCRP level was more strongly associated with VaD and IS, and the serum AA level was associated with all three cognitive diseases and IS.</AbstractText This is the first report of differences in the expression levels of plasma biomarkers and peripheral arterial tonometry among AD, MCI, VaD, and IS patients and normal controls. These different associations indicate that diverse pathological mechanisms underlie these diseases.</AbstractText	Two-dimensional (2D) materials hold great promise for the next-generation optoelectronics applications, many of which, including solar cell, rely on the efficient dissociation of exciton into free charge carriers. However, photoexcitation in atomically thin 2D semiconductors typically produces exciton with a binding energy of ∼500 meV, an order of magnitude larger than thermal energy at room temperature. This inefficient exciton dissociation can limit the efficiency of photovoltaics. In this study, employing the first principles approach-DFT, GW + BSE, and analytical model, we demonstrate the role of asymmetric halogenation, dielectric environment, and magnetic field in 2D Ti<sub	Cognitive impairment screening strategy to reduce the burden of Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai: A system dynamics approach. Population aging increases the economic burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Early screening for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has the potential to mitigate this burden, but optimal strategies regarding screening coverage and age targeting remain unclear.</AbstractText To explore the impact of varying MCI screening coverage and age-specific screening strategies on the AD population size and the associated healthcare costs in Shanghai, using a system dynamics approach.</AbstractText A system dynamics model was developed to evaluate disease population and economic costs associated with MCI and AD at different coverage levels and age groups. A cost-benefit comparison was conducted to identify the screening coverage rate and age threshold that maximize cost-effectiveness, balancing reductions in AD-related costs against increases in screening expenditures.</AbstractText Increasing MCI screening coverage significantly reduced economic costs across the AD spectrum but also increased overall screening expenditures. Expanding screening to additional age groups produced similar effects. Cost-benefit analysis identified an optimal strategy: initiating screening at age 60 or 65 with 80% coverage, which achieves substantial cost savings while avoiding the diminishing returns and excessive expenditures associated with broader, less targeted screening approaches.</AbstractText Strategically designed MCI screening can reduce the economic burden of AD, improve public health outcomes, and promote social well-being. To maximize societal benefit, screening scope must be balanced with cost. Policymakers and healthcare professionals should tailor strategies to local contexts and urgently adopt innovative technologies such as digital health and artificial intelligence-based solutions, to enhance accessibility and scalability of MCI screening strategy.</AbstractText	Different Associations of Plasma Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Vascular Dementia, and Ischemic Stroke. Cognitive and cerebrovascular diseases are common in the elderly, but differences in the plasma levels and associations of plasma biomarkers in these diseases remain elusive.</AbstractText The present study investigated differences in plasma fatty acids [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], adiponectin, reptin, plasma markers of inflammation [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and serum amyloid A (serum AA)], and plasma lipids [high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)] in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n=266), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n=44), vascular dementia (VaD) (n=33), and ischemic stroke (IS) (n=200) in comparison to normal controls (n=130).</AbstractText The serological data showed that lower EPA and DHA levels and higher reptin and LDL levels were associated with AD and IS, the reptin/adiponectin ratio was strongly associated with IS, the hsCRP level was more strongly associated with VaD and IS, and the serum AA level was associated with all three cognitive diseases and IS.</AbstractText This is the first report of differences in the expression levels of plasma biomarkers and peripheral arterial tonometry among AD, MCI, VaD, and IS patients and normal controls. These different associations indicate that diverse pathological mechanisms underlie these diseases.</AbstractText	Physical origin and control of exciton spatial localization in high-κMOene monolayers under external perturbations. Two-dimensional (2D) materials hold great promise for the next-generation optoelectronics applications, many of which, including solar cell, rely on the efficient dissociation of exciton into free charge carriers. However, photoexcitation in atomically thin 2D semiconductors typically produces exciton with a binding energy of ∼500 meV, an order of magnitude larger than thermal energy at room temperature. This inefficient exciton dissociation can limit the efficiency of photovoltaics. In this study, employing the first principles approach-DFT, GW + BSE, and analytical model, we demonstrate the role of asymmetric halogenation, dielectric environment, and magnetic field in 2D Ti<sub
36803966	31582528	37488152	A revisit of the amygdala theory of autism: Twenty years after.	Functional Localization of the Frontal Eye Fields in the Common Marmoset Using Microstimulation.	Unravelling geospatial distribution and genetic diversity of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) from Himalayan Region.	The human amygdala has long been implicated to play a key role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Yet it remains unclear to what extent the amygdala accounts for the social dysfunctions in ASD. Here, we review studies that investigate the relationship between amygdala function and ASD. We focus on studies that employ the same task and stimuli to directly compare people with ASD and patients with focal amygdala lesions, and we also discuss functional data associated with these studies. We show that the amygdala can only account for a limited number of deficits in ASD (primarily face perception tasks but not social attention tasks), a network view is, therefore, more appropriate. We next discuss atypical brain connectivity in ASD, factors that can explain such atypical brain connectivity, and novel tools to analyze brain connectivity. Lastly, we discuss new opportunities from multimodal neuroimaging with data fusion and human single-neuron recordings that can enable us to better understand the neural underpinnings of social dysfunctions in ASD. Together, the influential amygdala theory of autism should be extended with emerging data-driven scientific discoveries such as machine learning-based surrogate models to a broader framework that considers brain connectivity at the global scale.</AbstractText	The frontal eye field (FEF) is a critical region for the deployment of overt and covert spatial attention. Although investigations in the macaque continue to provide insight into the neural underpinnings of the FEF, due to its location within a sulcus, the macaque FEF is virtually inaccessible to electrophysiological techniques such as high-density and laminar recordings. With a largely lissencephalic cortex, the common marmoset (<i	The Greenhouse whitefly (GWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a destructive pest that affects protected cultivation worldwide. The Indian Himalayan region is particularly vulnerable to GWF introduction, invasion, and spread due to the expansion of protected cultivation and climate change. In this study, we collected 32 naturally occurring GWF populations, mainly from the Uttarakhand state in the Indian Himalayan region, to investigate the distribution pattern and genetic diversity of T. vaporariorum. Our sampling was representative of the region's vegetation diversity and geographical location, and we collected samples from multiple sites within each locality to account for local variations. The mtCOI gene was used to accurately detect and identify GWF and to sequence haplotypes prevalent in the Uttarakhand state. The maximum likelihood method used for phylogenetic studies revealed that all 32 whitefly samples in this study belonged to T. vaporariorum and were prevalent in all the collected localities. Our population genetic study using mtCOI showed variation within T. vaporariorum populations, with 20 distinct haplotypes present. Notably, haplotype 2 (H2) was the most dominant haplotype among the sampled populations. These results provide fundamental knowledge for understanding the geographical distribution and ecology of T. vaporariorum in the Uttarakhand state of the Indian Himalayan region. The discovery of geospatial and genetic diversity of GWF in the Himalayan region underscores the importance of pest alertness, research prioritization, and the development of sustainable management strategies to protect crops.</AbstractText	A revisit of the amygdala theory of autism: Twenty years after. The human amygdala has long been implicated to play a key role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Yet it remains unclear to what extent the amygdala accounts for the social dysfunctions in ASD. Here, we review studies that investigate the relationship between amygdala function and ASD. We focus on studies that employ the same task and stimuli to directly compare people with ASD and patients with focal amygdala lesions, and we also discuss functional data associated with these studies. We show that the amygdala can only account for a limited number of deficits in ASD (primarily face perception tasks but not social attention tasks), a network view is, therefore, more appropriate. We next discuss atypical brain connectivity in ASD, factors that can explain such atypical brain connectivity, and novel tools to analyze brain connectivity. Lastly, we discuss new opportunities from multimodal neuroimaging with data fusion and human single-neuron recordings that can enable us to better understand the neural underpinnings of social dysfunctions in ASD. Together, the influential amygdala theory of autism should be extended with emerging data-driven scientific discoveries such as machine learning-based surrogate models to a broader framework that considers brain connectivity at the global scale.</AbstractText	Functional Localization of the Frontal Eye Fields in the Common Marmoset Using Microstimulation. The frontal eye field (FEF) is a critical region for the deployment of overt and covert spatial attention. Although investigations in the macaque continue to provide insight into the neural underpinnings of the FEF, due to its location within a sulcus, the macaque FEF is virtually inaccessible to electrophysiological techniques such as high-density and laminar recordings. With a largely lissencephalic cortex, the common marmoset (<i	Unravelling geospatial distribution and genetic diversity of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) from Himalayan Region. The Greenhouse whitefly (GWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a destructive pest that affects protected cultivation worldwide. The Indian Himalayan region is particularly vulnerable to GWF introduction, invasion, and spread due to the expansion of protected cultivation and climate change. In this study, we collected 32 naturally occurring GWF populations, mainly from the Uttarakhand state in the Indian Himalayan region, to investigate the distribution pattern and genetic diversity of T. vaporariorum. Our sampling was representative of the region's vegetation diversity and geographical location, and we collected samples from multiple sites within each locality to account for local variations. The mtCOI gene was used to accurately detect and identify GWF and to sequence haplotypes prevalent in the Uttarakhand state. The maximum likelihood method used for phylogenetic studies revealed that all 32 whitefly samples in this study belonged to T. vaporariorum and were prevalent in all the collected localities. Our population genetic study using mtCOI showed variation within T. vaporariorum populations, with 20 distinct haplotypes present. Notably, haplotype 2 (H2) was the most dominant haplotype among the sampled populations. These results provide fundamental knowledge for understanding the geographical distribution and ecology of T. vaporariorum in the Uttarakhand state of the Indian Himalayan region. The discovery of geospatial and genetic diversity of GWF in the Himalayan region underscores the importance of pest alertness, research prioritization, and the development of sustainable management strategies to protect crops.</AbstractText
37218673	36034213	38882052	Amisulpride as a potential disease-modifying drug in the treatment of tauopathies.	EphA4 targeting agents protect motor neurons from cell death induced by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -astrocytes.	High-throughput deep tissue two-photon microscopy at kilohertz frame rates.	Hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau cause the development of tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We recently uncovered a causal link between constitutive serotonin receptor 7 (5-HT7R) activity and pathological tau aggregation. Here, we evaluated 5-HT7R inverse agonists as novel drugs in the treatment of tauopathies.</AbstractText Based on structural homology, we screened multiple approved drugs for their inverse agonism toward 5-HT7R. Therapeutic potential was validated using biochemical, pharmacological, microscopic, and behavioral approaches in different cellular models including tau aggregation cell line HEK293 tau bimolecular fluorescence complementation, primary mouse neurons, and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons carrying an FTD-associated tau mutation as well as in two mouse models of tauopathy.</AbstractText Antipsychotic drug amisulpride is a potent 5-HT7R inverse agonist. Amisulpride ameliorated tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation in vitro. It further reduced tau pathology and abrogated memory impairment in mice.</AbstractText Amisulpride may be a disease-modifying drug for tauopathies.</AbstractText	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disease that progressively destroys motor neurons (MNs). Earlier studies identified EphA4, a receptor tyrosine kinase, as a possible disease-modifying gene. The complex interplay between the EphA4 receptor and its ephrin ligands in motor neurons and astrocytes has not yet been fully elucidated and includes a putative pro-apoptotic activity of the unbound receptor compared to ephrin-bound receptor. We recently reported that astrocytes from patients with ALS induce cell death in co-cultured MNs. Here we found that first-generation synthetic EphA4 agonistic agent 123C4, effectively protected MNs when co-cultured with reactive astrocytes from patients with ALS from multiple subgroups (sALS and mutant SOD1). Newer generation and more potent EphA4 agonistic agents 150D4, 150E8, and 150E7 provided effective protection at a lower therapeutic dose. Combined, the data suggest that the development of EphA4 agonistic agents provides potentially a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with ALS.</AbstractText	High-speed laser scanning microscopes are essential for monitoring fast biological phenomena. However, existing strategies that achieve millisecond time resolution with two-photon microscopes (2PMs) are generally technically challenging and suffer from compromises among imaging field of view, excitation efficiency, and depth penetration in thick tissue. Here, we present a versatile solution that enables a conventional video-rate 2PM to perform 2D scanning at kilohertz frame rates over large fields of view. Our system is based on implementation of a scan multiplier unit that provides inertia-free multiplication of the scanning speed while preserving all the benefits of standard 2PM. We demonstrate kilohertz subcellular-resolution 2PM imaging with an order of magnitude higher imaging throughput than previously achievable and penetration depths exceeding 500 μm, which we apply to the study of neurovascular coupling dynamics in the mouse brain.</AbstractText	Amisulpride as a potential disease-modifying drug in the treatment of tauopathies. Hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau cause the development of tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We recently uncovered a causal link between constitutive serotonin receptor 7 (5-HT7R) activity and pathological tau aggregation. Here, we evaluated 5-HT7R inverse agonists as novel drugs in the treatment of tauopathies.</AbstractText Based on structural homology, we screened multiple approved drugs for their inverse agonism toward 5-HT7R. Therapeutic potential was validated using biochemical, pharmacological, microscopic, and behavioral approaches in different cellular models including tau aggregation cell line HEK293 tau bimolecular fluorescence complementation, primary mouse neurons, and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons carrying an FTD-associated tau mutation as well as in two mouse models of tauopathy.</AbstractText Antipsychotic drug amisulpride is a potent 5-HT7R inverse agonist. Amisulpride ameliorated tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation in vitro. It further reduced tau pathology and abrogated memory impairment in mice.</AbstractText Amisulpride may be a disease-modifying drug for tauopathies.</AbstractText	EphA4 targeting agents protect motor neurons from cell death induced by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -astrocytes. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disease that progressively destroys motor neurons (MNs). Earlier studies identified EphA4, a receptor tyrosine kinase, as a possible disease-modifying gene. The complex interplay between the EphA4 receptor and its ephrin ligands in motor neurons and astrocytes has not yet been fully elucidated and includes a putative pro-apoptotic activity of the unbound receptor compared to ephrin-bound receptor. We recently reported that astrocytes from patients with ALS induce cell death in co-cultured MNs. Here we found that first-generation synthetic EphA4 agonistic agent 123C4, effectively protected MNs when co-cultured with reactive astrocytes from patients with ALS from multiple subgroups (sALS and mutant SOD1). Newer generation and more potent EphA4 agonistic agents 150D4, 150E8, and 150E7 provided effective protection at a lower therapeutic dose. Combined, the data suggest that the development of EphA4 agonistic agents provides potentially a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with ALS.</AbstractText	High-throughput deep tissue two-photon microscopy at kilohertz frame rates. High-speed laser scanning microscopes are essential for monitoring fast biological phenomena. However, existing strategies that achieve millisecond time resolution with two-photon microscopes (2PMs) are generally technically challenging and suffer from compromises among imaging field of view, excitation efficiency, and depth penetration in thick tissue. Here, we present a versatile solution that enables a conventional video-rate 2PM to perform 2D scanning at kilohertz frame rates over large fields of view. Our system is based on implementation of a scan multiplier unit that provides inertia-free multiplication of the scanning speed while preserving all the benefits of standard 2PM. We demonstrate kilohertz subcellular-resolution 2PM imaging with an order of magnitude higher imaging throughput than previously achievable and penetration depths exceeding 500 μm, which we apply to the study of neurovascular coupling dynamics in the mouse brain.</AbstractText
40226249	40322214	39546223	Massive Plexiform Neurofibroma Involving Multiple Salivary Glands: A Rare Case Report.	Facial Diffuse Plexiform Neurofibroma-associated Mandibular Deformities: Surgical Interventions and Monitoring of Treatment Results in a Patient for Over 40 Years.	Personality and Psychoneuroimmunology: A Systems Biology Perspective.	Plexiform neurofibroma in the salivary glands is a rare condition, comprising only 0.4% of all salivary gland tumors. This benign but locally invasive tumor, commonly associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1), arises from Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve sheath. In this report, we present a case of a 20-year-old male with a massive plexiform neurofibroma involving both the left parotid and submandibular glands. The patient had a painless swelling in the left preauricular region since 2 years, which had gradually enlarged over the last one year. Imaging revealed extensive involvement of the tumor, extending into the parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa. A surgical excision was performed, and a histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. The extensive size and involvement of multiple salivary glands posed significant challenges in management, emphasizing the need for careful surgical planning and thorough clinical evaluation. This case highlights the rare occurrence of large plexiform neurofibromas in the salivary glands and underscores the complexities involved in treating such extensive tumors.</AbstractText	Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant hereditary tumor-predisposition syndrome and a genetic bone disease. The case report describes tumor-associated mandibular changes, their therapy and follow-up over several decades. The aim of the presentation is to highlight the tumorous and hamartomatous components of the facial skeleton and to examine the stability of surgical measures over the long term.</AbstractText A 13-year-old male patient had developed an extensive diffuse plexiform neurofibroma of the left cheek and neck region. Radiological examination showed a mandibular defect, which enlarged over time. Surgical treatment consisted of a corrective procedure for the asymmetrical bony chin and augmentation osteoplasty of mandibular defect. The transplant was an integral part of a functionally stable bone for decades.</AbstractText Head and neck diffuse plexiform neurofibroma can be associated with craniofacial bone malformations. Distinction between deformity-related bone changes from an infiltrating and destructive tumor can be difficult, especially in cases of rapidly progressive local bone loss. Presumably, both tumor-associated functional lesions of the masticatory muscles and tumor-related effects on the bone influence the shape of the affected bone. Diagnosis of tumor-associated bone lesions can be challenging in NF1. Reconstructive bone surgery of the jaw provides options for functional and esthetic improvement of the affected individual. However, long-term follow-up checks are advisable to assess treatment results. An exact assessment of the tumor type and long-term monitoring of the findings are the basis of a viable surgical therapy.</AbstractText	Research in psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) underscores the intricate connections within the "whole mind-body system." Personality plays a pivotal role, with specific traits linked to stress influencing neural behavior and psychophysiological disorders. Gene expression networks associated with personality affect neuronal plasticity, epigenetic processes, and adaptive behaviors, highlighting the importance of systems biology mechanisms. Systemic inflammation correlates with key personality traits. Understanding the roles of inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in personality traits and disorders can help identify diagnostic and therapeutic targets for various diseases. Neurobiological features contribute to our understanding of personality disorders and related conditions. Personality traits are linked to distributed neuroendocrine networks, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, rather than localized brain areas. Correlations have also been identified between personality traits and thyroid hormones. Disrupted hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis functions may be associated with disease severity, depression, and distress, highlighting the need for comprehensive endocrinological and psychopathological evaluations. The gut-brain axis influences personality traits, emotions, stress, and social behaviors. Altered gut microbiota is common in psychiatric conditions, suggesting potential treatments targeting the microbiota. Chronic stress impacts cognitive functions and correlates with personality and mental health, emphasizing the need for comprehensive, multi-dimensional patient profiles for effective prevention and therapy. A biopsychosocial model integrating personality traits will advance personalized and systems medicine.</AbstractText	Massive Plexiform Neurofibroma Involving Multiple Salivary Glands: A Rare Case Report. Plexiform neurofibroma in the salivary glands is a rare condition, comprising only 0.4% of all salivary gland tumors. This benign but locally invasive tumor, commonly associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1), arises from Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve sheath. In this report, we present a case of a 20-year-old male with a massive plexiform neurofibroma involving both the left parotid and submandibular glands. The patient had a painless swelling in the left preauricular region since 2 years, which had gradually enlarged over the last one year. Imaging revealed extensive involvement of the tumor, extending into the parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa. A surgical excision was performed, and a histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. The extensive size and involvement of multiple salivary glands posed significant challenges in management, emphasizing the need for careful surgical planning and thorough clinical evaluation. This case highlights the rare occurrence of large plexiform neurofibromas in the salivary glands and underscores the complexities involved in treating such extensive tumors.</AbstractText	Facial Diffuse Plexiform Neurofibroma-associated Mandibular Deformities: Surgical Interventions and Monitoring of Treatment Results in a Patient for Over 40 Years. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant hereditary tumor-predisposition syndrome and a genetic bone disease. The case report describes tumor-associated mandibular changes, their therapy and follow-up over several decades. The aim of the presentation is to highlight the tumorous and hamartomatous components of the facial skeleton and to examine the stability of surgical measures over the long term.</AbstractText A 13-year-old male patient had developed an extensive diffuse plexiform neurofibroma of the left cheek and neck region. Radiological examination showed a mandibular defect, which enlarged over time. Surgical treatment consisted of a corrective procedure for the asymmetrical bony chin and augmentation osteoplasty of mandibular defect. The transplant was an integral part of a functionally stable bone for decades.</AbstractText Head and neck diffuse plexiform neurofibroma can be associated with craniofacial bone malformations. Distinction between deformity-related bone changes from an infiltrating and destructive tumor can be difficult, especially in cases of rapidly progressive local bone loss. Presumably, both tumor-associated functional lesions of the masticatory muscles and tumor-related effects on the bone influence the shape of the affected bone. Diagnosis of tumor-associated bone lesions can be challenging in NF1. Reconstructive bone surgery of the jaw provides options for functional and esthetic improvement of the affected individual. However, long-term follow-up checks are advisable to assess treatment results. An exact assessment of the tumor type and long-term monitoring of the findings are the basis of a viable surgical therapy.</AbstractText	Personality and Psychoneuroimmunology: A Systems Biology Perspective. Research in psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) underscores the intricate connections within the "whole mind-body system." Personality plays a pivotal role, with specific traits linked to stress influencing neural behavior and psychophysiological disorders. Gene expression networks associated with personality affect neuronal plasticity, epigenetic processes, and adaptive behaviors, highlighting the importance of systems biology mechanisms. Systemic inflammation correlates with key personality traits. Understanding the roles of inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in personality traits and disorders can help identify diagnostic and therapeutic targets for various diseases. Neurobiological features contribute to our understanding of personality disorders and related conditions. Personality traits are linked to distributed neuroendocrine networks, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, rather than localized brain areas. Correlations have also been identified between personality traits and thyroid hormones. Disrupted hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis functions may be associated with disease severity, depression, and distress, highlighting the need for comprehensive endocrinological and psychopathological evaluations. The gut-brain axis influences personality traits, emotions, stress, and social behaviors. Altered gut microbiota is common in psychiatric conditions, suggesting potential treatments targeting the microbiota. Chronic stress impacts cognitive functions and correlates with personality and mental health, emphasizing the need for comprehensive, multi-dimensional patient profiles for effective prevention and therapy. A biopsychosocial model integrating personality traits will advance personalized and systems medicine.</AbstractText
38827957	31901792	37182734	Dynamics of Single-Chain Nanoparticles under Crowding: A Neutron Spin Echo Study.	Protein-based amide proton transfer-weighted MR imaging of amnestic mild cognitive impairment.	Neural Circuit Markers of Familial Risk for Depression Among Healthy Youths in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	We present a neutron spin echo (NSE) investigation to examine the impact of macromolecular crowding on the dynamics of single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs), serving as synthetic models for biomacromolecules with flexibility and internal degrees of freedom, such as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). In particular, we studied the dynamics of a medium-size poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based SCNP (33 kDa) in solutions with low- (10 kDa) and high- (100 kDa) molecular weight analogous deuterated PMMA linear crowders. The dynamic structure factors of the SCNPs in dilute solution show certain degrees of freedom, yet the analysis in terms of the Zimm model reveals high internal friction that effectively stiffens the chain-a phenomenon also observed for IDPs. Under crowding conditions, the internal dynamics remains essentially unchanged, but the center-of-mass diffusion slows down. The effective viscosity felt by the SCNPs at the timescales probed by NSE is lower than the macroscopic viscosity of the crowder solution, and it does not depend significantly on the molecular weight.</AbstractText	Amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MRI is a novel molecular imaging technique that can noninvasively detect endogenous cellular proteins and peptides in tissue. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of protein-based APTw MRI in characterizing amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Eighteen patients with confirmed aMCI and 18 matched normal controls were scanned at 3 Tesla. The APTw, as well as conventional magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), signal differences between aMCI and normal groups were assessed by the independent samples t-test, and the receiver-operator-characteristic analysis was used to assess the diagnostic performance of APTw. When comparing the normal control group, aMCI brains typically had relatively higher APTw signals. Quantitatively, APTw intensity values were significantly higher in nine of 12 regions of interest in aMCI patients than in normal controls. The largest areas under the receiver-operator-characteristic curves were 0.88 (gray matter in occipital lobe) and 0.82 (gray matter in temporal lobe, white matter in occipital lobe) in diagnosing aMCI patients. On the contrary, MTR intensity values were significantly higher in only three of 12 regions of interest in the aMCI group. Additionally, the age dependency analyses revealed that these cross-sectional APTw/MTR signals had an increasing trend with age in most brain regions for normal controls, but a decreasing trend with age in most brain regions for aMCI patients. Our early results show the potential of the APTw signal as a new imaging biomarker for the noninvasive molecular diagnosis of aMCI.</AbstractText	Family history of depression is a robust predictor of early-onset depression, which may confer risk through alterations in neural circuits that have been implicated in reward and emotional processing. These alterations may be evident in youths who are at familial risk for depression but who do not currently have depression. However, the identification of robust and replicable findings has been hindered by few studies and small sample sizes. In the current study, we sought to identify functional connectivity (FC) patterns associated with familial risk for depression.</AbstractText Participants included healthy (i.e., no lifetime psychiatric diagnoses) youths at high familial risk for depression (HR) (n = 754; at least one parent with a history of depression) and healthy youths at low familial risk for psychiatric problems (LR) (n = 1745; no parental history of psychopathology) who were 9 to 10 years of age and from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study sample. We conducted whole-brain seed-to-voxel analyses to examine group differences in resting-state FC with the amygdala, caudate, nucleus accumbens, and putamen. We hypothesized that HR youths would exhibit global amygdala hyperconnectivity and striatal hypoconnectivity patterns primarily driven by maternal risk.</AbstractText HR youths exhibited weaker caudate-angular gyrus FC than LR youths (α = 0.04, Cohen's d = 0.17). HR youths with a history of maternal depression specifically exhibited weaker caudate-angular gyrus FC (α = 0.03, Cohen's d = 0.19) as well as weaker caudate-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex FC (α = 0.04, Cohen's d = 0.21) than LR youths.</AbstractText Weaker striatal connectivity may be related to heightened familial risk for depression, primarily driven by maternal history. Identifying brain-based markers of depression risk in youths can inform approaches to improving early detection, diagnosis, and treatment.</AbstractText	Dynamics of Single-Chain Nanoparticles under Crowding: A Neutron Spin Echo Study. We present a neutron spin echo (NSE) investigation to examine the impact of macromolecular crowding on the dynamics of single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs), serving as synthetic models for biomacromolecules with flexibility and internal degrees of freedom, such as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). In particular, we studied the dynamics of a medium-size poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based SCNP (33 kDa) in solutions with low- (10 kDa) and high- (100 kDa) molecular weight analogous deuterated PMMA linear crowders. The dynamic structure factors of the SCNPs in dilute solution show certain degrees of freedom, yet the analysis in terms of the Zimm model reveals high internal friction that effectively stiffens the chain-a phenomenon also observed for IDPs. Under crowding conditions, the internal dynamics remains essentially unchanged, but the center-of-mass diffusion slows down. The effective viscosity felt by the SCNPs at the timescales probed by NSE is lower than the macroscopic viscosity of the crowder solution, and it does not depend significantly on the molecular weight.</AbstractText	Protein-based amide proton transfer-weighted MR imaging of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MRI is a novel molecular imaging technique that can noninvasively detect endogenous cellular proteins and peptides in tissue. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of protein-based APTw MRI in characterizing amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Eighteen patients with confirmed aMCI and 18 matched normal controls were scanned at 3 Tesla. The APTw, as well as conventional magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), signal differences between aMCI and normal groups were assessed by the independent samples t-test, and the receiver-operator-characteristic analysis was used to assess the diagnostic performance of APTw. When comparing the normal control group, aMCI brains typically had relatively higher APTw signals. Quantitatively, APTw intensity values were significantly higher in nine of 12 regions of interest in aMCI patients than in normal controls. The largest areas under the receiver-operator-characteristic curves were 0.88 (gray matter in occipital lobe) and 0.82 (gray matter in temporal lobe, white matter in occipital lobe) in diagnosing aMCI patients. On the contrary, MTR intensity values were significantly higher in only three of 12 regions of interest in the aMCI group. Additionally, the age dependency analyses revealed that these cross-sectional APTw/MTR signals had an increasing trend with age in most brain regions for normal controls, but a decreasing trend with age in most brain regions for aMCI patients. Our early results show the potential of the APTw signal as a new imaging biomarker for the noninvasive molecular diagnosis of aMCI.</AbstractText	Neural Circuit Markers of Familial Risk for Depression Among Healthy Youths in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Family history of depression is a robust predictor of early-onset depression, which may confer risk through alterations in neural circuits that have been implicated in reward and emotional processing. These alterations may be evident in youths who are at familial risk for depression but who do not currently have depression. However, the identification of robust and replicable findings has been hindered by few studies and small sample sizes. In the current study, we sought to identify functional connectivity (FC) patterns associated with familial risk for depression.</AbstractText Participants included healthy (i.e., no lifetime psychiatric diagnoses) youths at high familial risk for depression (HR) (n = 754; at least one parent with a history of depression) and healthy youths at low familial risk for psychiatric problems (LR) (n = 1745; no parental history of psychopathology) who were 9 to 10 years of age and from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study sample. We conducted whole-brain seed-to-voxel analyses to examine group differences in resting-state FC with the amygdala, caudate, nucleus accumbens, and putamen. We hypothesized that HR youths would exhibit global amygdala hyperconnectivity and striatal hypoconnectivity patterns primarily driven by maternal risk.</AbstractText HR youths exhibited weaker caudate-angular gyrus FC than LR youths (α = 0.04, Cohen's d = 0.17). HR youths with a history of maternal depression specifically exhibited weaker caudate-angular gyrus FC (α = 0.03, Cohen's d = 0.19) as well as weaker caudate-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex FC (α = 0.04, Cohen's d = 0.21) than LR youths.</AbstractText Weaker striatal connectivity may be related to heightened familial risk for depression, primarily driven by maternal history. Identifying brain-based markers of depression risk in youths can inform approaches to improving early detection, diagnosis, and treatment.</AbstractText
34455063	32868436	34216051	Large-scale functional network dynamics in human callosal agenesis: Increased subcortical involvement and preserved laterality.	The emergence of a functionally flexible brain during early infancy.	Specialized computational methods for denoising, B(1) correction, and kinetic modeling in hyperpolarized (13) C MR EPSI studies of liver tumors.	In the human brain, the corpus callosum is the major white-matter commissural tract enabling the transmission of sensory-motor, and higher level cognitive information between homotopic regions of the two cerebral hemispheres. Despite developmental absence (i.e., agenesis) of the corpus callosum (AgCC), functional connectivity is preserved, including interhemispheric connectivity. Subcortical structures have been hypothesised to provide alternative pathways to enable this preservation. To test this hypothesis, we used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) recordings in children with AgCC and typically developing children, and a time-resolved approach to retrieve temporal characteristics of whole-brain functional networks. We observed an increased engagement of the cerebellum and amygdala/hippocampus networks in children with AgCC compared to typically developing children. There was little evidence that laterality of activation networks was affected in AgCC. Our findings support the hypothesis that subcortical structures play an essential role in the functional reconfiguration of the brain in the absence of a corpus callosum.</AbstractText	Adult brains are functionally flexible, a unique characteristic that is thought to contribute to cognitive flexibility. While tools to assess cognitive flexibility during early infancy are lacking, we aimed to assess the spatiotemporal developmental features of "neural flexibility" during the first 2 y of life. Fifty-two typically developing children 0 to 2 y old were longitudinally imaged up to seven times during natural sleep using resting-state functional MRI. Using a sliding window approach, MR-derived neural flexibility, a quantitative measure of the frequency at which brain regions change their allegiance from one functional module to another during a given time period, was used to evaluate the temporal emergence of neural flexibility during early infancy. Results showed that neural flexibility of whole brain, motor, and high-order brain functional networks/regions increased significantly with age, while visual regions exhibited a temporally stable pattern, suggesting spatially and temporally nonuniform developmental features of neural flexibility. Additionally, the neural flexibility of the primary visual network at 3 mo of age was significantly and negatively associated with cognitive ability evaluated at 5/6 y of age. The "flexible club," comprising brain regions with neural flexibility significantly higher than whole-brain neural flexibility, were consistent with brain regions known to govern cognitive flexibility in adults and exhibited unique characteristics when compared to the functional hub and diverse club regions. Thus, MR-derived neural flexibility has the potential to reveal the underlying neural substrates for developing a cognitively flexible brain during early infancy.</AbstractText	To develop a novel post-processing pipeline for hyperpolarized (HP) <sup Seven HP <sup Denoising averages SNR increases of pyruvate, lactate, and alanine were 37.4-, 34.0-, and 20.1-fold, respectively, with lactate and alanine dynamics most noticeably recovered and better defined. In agreement with Monte Carlo simulations, over-flipped regions underestimated k<sub The new HP <sup	Large-scale functional network dynamics in human callosal agenesis: Increased subcortical involvement and preserved laterality. In the human brain, the corpus callosum is the major white-matter commissural tract enabling the transmission of sensory-motor, and higher level cognitive information between homotopic regions of the two cerebral hemispheres. Despite developmental absence (i.e., agenesis) of the corpus callosum (AgCC), functional connectivity is preserved, including interhemispheric connectivity. Subcortical structures have been hypothesised to provide alternative pathways to enable this preservation. To test this hypothesis, we used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) recordings in children with AgCC and typically developing children, and a time-resolved approach to retrieve temporal characteristics of whole-brain functional networks. We observed an increased engagement of the cerebellum and amygdala/hippocampus networks in children with AgCC compared to typically developing children. There was little evidence that laterality of activation networks was affected in AgCC. Our findings support the hypothesis that subcortical structures play an essential role in the functional reconfiguration of the brain in the absence of a corpus callosum.</AbstractText	The emergence of a functionally flexible brain during early infancy. Adult brains are functionally flexible, a unique characteristic that is thought to contribute to cognitive flexibility. While tools to assess cognitive flexibility during early infancy are lacking, we aimed to assess the spatiotemporal developmental features of "neural flexibility" during the first 2 y of life. Fifty-two typically developing children 0 to 2 y old were longitudinally imaged up to seven times during natural sleep using resting-state functional MRI. Using a sliding window approach, MR-derived neural flexibility, a quantitative measure of the frequency at which brain regions change their allegiance from one functional module to another during a given time period, was used to evaluate the temporal emergence of neural flexibility during early infancy. Results showed that neural flexibility of whole brain, motor, and high-order brain functional networks/regions increased significantly with age, while visual regions exhibited a temporally stable pattern, suggesting spatially and temporally nonuniform developmental features of neural flexibility. Additionally, the neural flexibility of the primary visual network at 3 mo of age was significantly and negatively associated with cognitive ability evaluated at 5/6 y of age. The "flexible club," comprising brain regions with neural flexibility significantly higher than whole-brain neural flexibility, were consistent with brain regions known to govern cognitive flexibility in adults and exhibited unique characteristics when compared to the functional hub and diverse club regions. Thus, MR-derived neural flexibility has the potential to reveal the underlying neural substrates for developing a cognitively flexible brain during early infancy.</AbstractText	Specialized computational methods for denoising, B(1) correction, and kinetic modeling in hyperpolarized (13) C MR EPSI studies of liver tumors. To develop a novel post-processing pipeline for hyperpolarized (HP) <sup Seven HP <sup Denoising averages SNR increases of pyruvate, lactate, and alanine were 37.4-, 34.0-, and 20.1-fold, respectively, with lactate and alanine dynamics most noticeably recovered and better defined. In agreement with Monte Carlo simulations, over-flipped regions underestimated k<sub The new HP <sup
40207878	36116086	40380079	Rural Contexts: Digital Interventions and Strategies for First Responders' Mental Health.	Feasibility and acceptability of written exposure therapy in addressing posttraumatic stress disorder in Iranian patients with breast cancer.	Engineering Recombinant Chimeric Proteins That Deliver Therapies to the Brain.	This perspective presents a discussion on digital interventions and strategies to support the mental health of first responders working in regional, rural and remote areas. First responders are often required to respond to traumatic, violent and challenging situations. Accumulative exposure to these situations can impact first responders' mental health, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, psychological distress, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common. Rural first responders have similar prevalence rates of trauma to their metropolitan counterparts. However, rural first responders are likely to experience psychological difficulties exacerbated by limited access to mental health interventions due to geographical isolation and limited availability of services. Geographical location and availability of services are barriers often preventing first responders working in rural areas from accessing interventions to help them manage their mental health. Digital adaptations of mental health interventions may help to fill this gap in rural health care. Despite the popularity of first responder research developing and evaluating industry-specific mental health interventions and strategies, there is limited research focussing specifically on the effectiveness of these for Australian rural first responders, and how other mental health interventions can be digitally adapted.</AbstractText	This study examined the feasibility and acceptability of written exposure therapy (WET) in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Iranian women with breast cancer. Secondary aims included examining the influence of WET on quality of life (QoL), overgeneral memory and illness perceptions.</AbstractText Forty-six females with breast cancer and clinical symptoms of PTSD referred to the Razi Hospital in Rasht, Iran were randomly assigned to either WET (n = 23) or control (n = 23) groups. WET is a 5-session low-intensity exposure-based intervention for treating PTSD. The control group had no additional contact. Measures assessing PTSD, illness perceptions, overgeneral memory, and QoL were administered at baseline, post-intervention and 3-month follow-up.</AbstractText Acceptability of WET was high; all participants completed all WET sessions. At post-intervention, 95.65% of the WET group met criteria for reliable change and 100% met criteria for minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and clinically significant change in PTSD symptom improvement. At follow-up, all WET participants met criteria for reliable change, MCID and clinically significant change in PTSD symptom improvement. No participants in the control group met reliable change, MCID or clinically significant change. The WET group had improved QoL and memory specificity and decreased threatening illness perceptions at post-intervention and follow-up when compared to controls.</AbstractText WET may be a useful intervention for use with breast cancer patients with PTSD symptoms and may be an important adjunct to medical and pharmacological treatments, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study indicates further research in this area is warranted.</AbstractText	To engineer biotherapeutics that can specifically target glioma, a highly lethal and recurrent type of brain tumor, we created a class of recombinant chimeric proteins containing multiple functional modules, such as a blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrating domain and an immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) agent, PD-L1 nanobody, through fusion protein engineering. The recombinant proteins that could prolong circulation time, cross the BBB, target brain tumors, penetrate cell membranes, and release PD-L1 nanobody were demonstrated. Further, by covalently linking doxorubicin (DOX), an inducer of immunogenic cell death (ICD), to the recombinant proteins, we endow the recombinant protein-drug conjugates (RPDCs) with a combining capacity to induce ICD and block immune checkpoints in cancer cells, achieving significant inhibition of glioma growth and prolonging the survival time of orthotopic glioma-bearing mice by enhancing intratumoral dendritic cell maturation and T-cell activation. In addition, the RPDC also improves the intratumoral immune-suppressive microenvironment, reduces excess extracellular matrix, and alleviates tumor hypoxia. Our work not only offers a new opportunity for glioma treatment but also establishes the groundwork for the design of multifunctional and multitargeting protein-based therapeutics.</AbstractText	Rural Contexts: Digital Interventions and Strategies for First Responders' Mental Health. This perspective presents a discussion on digital interventions and strategies to support the mental health of first responders working in regional, rural and remote areas. First responders are often required to respond to traumatic, violent and challenging situations. Accumulative exposure to these situations can impact first responders' mental health, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, psychological distress, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common. Rural first responders have similar prevalence rates of trauma to their metropolitan counterparts. However, rural first responders are likely to experience psychological difficulties exacerbated by limited access to mental health interventions due to geographical isolation and limited availability of services. Geographical location and availability of services are barriers often preventing first responders working in rural areas from accessing interventions to help them manage their mental health. Digital adaptations of mental health interventions may help to fill this gap in rural health care. Despite the popularity of first responder research developing and evaluating industry-specific mental health interventions and strategies, there is limited research focussing specifically on the effectiveness of these for Australian rural first responders, and how other mental health interventions can be digitally adapted.</AbstractText	Feasibility and acceptability of written exposure therapy in addressing posttraumatic stress disorder in Iranian patients with breast cancer. This study examined the feasibility and acceptability of written exposure therapy (WET) in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Iranian women with breast cancer. Secondary aims included examining the influence of WET on quality of life (QoL), overgeneral memory and illness perceptions.</AbstractText Forty-six females with breast cancer and clinical symptoms of PTSD referred to the Razi Hospital in Rasht, Iran were randomly assigned to either WET (n = 23) or control (n = 23) groups. WET is a 5-session low-intensity exposure-based intervention for treating PTSD. The control group had no additional contact. Measures assessing PTSD, illness perceptions, overgeneral memory, and QoL were administered at baseline, post-intervention and 3-month follow-up.</AbstractText Acceptability of WET was high; all participants completed all WET sessions. At post-intervention, 95.65% of the WET group met criteria for reliable change and 100% met criteria for minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and clinically significant change in PTSD symptom improvement. At follow-up, all WET participants met criteria for reliable change, MCID and clinically significant change in PTSD symptom improvement. No participants in the control group met reliable change, MCID or clinically significant change. The WET group had improved QoL and memory specificity and decreased threatening illness perceptions at post-intervention and follow-up when compared to controls.</AbstractText WET may be a useful intervention for use with breast cancer patients with PTSD symptoms and may be an important adjunct to medical and pharmacological treatments, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study indicates further research in this area is warranted.</AbstractText	Engineering Recombinant Chimeric Proteins That Deliver Therapies to the Brain. To engineer biotherapeutics that can specifically target glioma, a highly lethal and recurrent type of brain tumor, we created a class of recombinant chimeric proteins containing multiple functional modules, such as a blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrating domain and an immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) agent, PD-L1 nanobody, through fusion protein engineering. The recombinant proteins that could prolong circulation time, cross the BBB, target brain tumors, penetrate cell membranes, and release PD-L1 nanobody were demonstrated. Further, by covalently linking doxorubicin (DOX), an inducer of immunogenic cell death (ICD), to the recombinant proteins, we endow the recombinant protein-drug conjugates (RPDCs) with a combining capacity to induce ICD and block immune checkpoints in cancer cells, achieving significant inhibition of glioma growth and prolonging the survival time of orthotopic glioma-bearing mice by enhancing intratumoral dendritic cell maturation and T-cell activation. In addition, the RPDC also improves the intratumoral immune-suppressive microenvironment, reduces excess extracellular matrix, and alleviates tumor hypoxia. Our work not only offers a new opportunity for glioma treatment but also establishes the groundwork for the design of multifunctional and multitargeting protein-based therapeutics.</AbstractText
39641163	39365212	40339684	Sympathetic Response to 1-Leg Cycling Exercise Predicts Exercise Capacity in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.	Augmentation of Atrial Conduction Velocity With Pharmacological and Direct Electrical Sympathetic Stimulation.	Tailored pharmacotherapy monitoring in Parkinson's disease and Schizophrenia using a rapid and sensitive α-Synuclein assay.	In heart failure, sympathetic excess and exercise intolerance impair quality of life. In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, exercise stimulates a reflex increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) that relates inversely to peak oxygen uptake (V̇O<sub In 13 patients with HFpEF (70±6 years), 17 comorbidity-matched controls (CMC; 67±8 years), and 18 healthy controls (65±8 years), we measured heart rate, blood pressure, and MSNA (microneurography) during (1) 7-minute baseline; (2) 2-minute isometric handgrip (40% maximal voluntary contraction) or rhythmic handgrip (50% and 30% maximal voluntary contraction) exercise, followed by 2-minute postexercise circulatory occlusion; and (3) 4-minute 1-leg cycling (2 minutes each at mild and moderate intensity). V̇O<sub Resting MSNA was higher and V̇O<sub In contrast to CMCs, patients with HFpEF exhibit augmented MSNA at rest and during exercise. The magnitude of such paradoxical sympathoexcitation during dynamic cycling relates inversely to V̇O<sub	Atrial conduction velocity (CV) is influenced by autonomic tone and contributes to the pathophysiology of re-entrant arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation. Cardiac sympathetic nerve activation has been reported via electrical stimulation within the vertebral vein (VV).</AbstractText This study sought to characterize changes in right atrial (RA) CV associated with sympathetic stimulation from pharmacologic (isoproterenol) or direct electrical (VV stimulation) approaches.</AbstractText Subjects undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation had baseline RA electroanatomic maps performed in sinus rhythm (SR). RA mapping was repeated during right VV stimulation (20 Hz; up to 20 mA) and again with both RA pacing and during isoproterenol infusion, each titrated to the heart rate achieved with VV stimulation.</AbstractText A total of 100 RA maps were analyzed from 25 subjects (mean age: 58 ± 14 years; 56% male), and CV was calculated from 51,534 electroanatomic map points. VV stimulation increased heart rate from baseline in all subjects (22.5 ± 5.5 beats/min). The average CV increased with VV stimulation (82.0 ± 34.5 cm/s) or isoproterenol (83.7 ± 35.0 cm/s) when compared to SR (70.8 ± 32.5 cm/s; P < 0.001). Heterogeneity of CV decreased with VV stimulation or isoproterenol when compared to SR (coefficient of variation: 0.33 ± 0.21 vs 0.35 ± 0.23 vs 0.57 ± 0.29; P < 0.001). There was no difference in CV or CV heterogeneity between SR and RA pacing, suggesting that these changes were independent of heart rate.</AbstractText Global RA CV is enhanced, and heterogeneity of CV is reduced, with either pharmacologic or direct electrical sympathetic stimulation via the right VV.</AbstractText	While Parkinson's disease is a low dopamine neurodegenerative disorder, Schizophrenia is considered a high dopamine psychiatric disorder. Pharmacological interventions that are directed to normalize dopamine concentrations in the mid-brain for an extended duration lead to unintended consequences. Parkinson's disease patients experience psychosis, and Schizophrenia patients develop extra-pyramidal symptoms due to dopamine levels overshooting their physiological range. An objective monitoring technique is therefore required for better therapeutic efficacy in these two neurological diseases.</AbstractText A rapid and sensitive assay for α-Synuclein based on magnetic enrichment and enzymatic fluorescent signal generation was developed. This assay has been benchmarked with conventional ELISA and validated in 53 CSF and 36 serum samples.</AbstractText Developed assay from an experimental perspective has a sensitivity of less than 10 pg/mL; requires a turnaround time of 45 mins; and uses 2 µL of CSF/serum fluid samples to quantify alpha synuclein. From a utility perspective, the assay showed (a) a two-fold linearity across clinical phenotypes of Parkinson's disease, neurological controls, and schizophrenia patients; (b) variation between the naïve and treated patients; (c) correlation with severity of the disease. From a diagnostic perspective, the serum-based assay had a 100 % specificity and a minimum of 67 % sensitivity in differentiating naïve patients from treated patients; the CSF/serum-based assays had a minimum of 91 % specificity and a minimum of 85 % sensitivity in differentiating patients from neurological controls.</AbstractText The developed assay can be used to quantify alpha-synuclein in serum and CSF samples, thereby setting a translational platform for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring pharmacotherapy patients with Parkinson's disease and Schizophrenia.</AbstractText	Sympathetic Response to 1-Leg Cycling Exercise Predicts Exercise Capacity in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. In heart failure, sympathetic excess and exercise intolerance impair quality of life. In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, exercise stimulates a reflex increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) that relates inversely to peak oxygen uptake (V̇O<sub In 13 patients with HFpEF (70±6 years), 17 comorbidity-matched controls (CMC; 67±8 years), and 18 healthy controls (65±8 years), we measured heart rate, blood pressure, and MSNA (microneurography) during (1) 7-minute baseline; (2) 2-minute isometric handgrip (40% maximal voluntary contraction) or rhythmic handgrip (50% and 30% maximal voluntary contraction) exercise, followed by 2-minute postexercise circulatory occlusion; and (3) 4-minute 1-leg cycling (2 minutes each at mild and moderate intensity). V̇O<sub Resting MSNA was higher and V̇O<sub In contrast to CMCs, patients with HFpEF exhibit augmented MSNA at rest and during exercise. The magnitude of such paradoxical sympathoexcitation during dynamic cycling relates inversely to V̇O<sub	Augmentation of Atrial Conduction Velocity With Pharmacological and Direct Electrical Sympathetic Stimulation. Atrial conduction velocity (CV) is influenced by autonomic tone and contributes to the pathophysiology of re-entrant arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation. Cardiac sympathetic nerve activation has been reported via electrical stimulation within the vertebral vein (VV).</AbstractText This study sought to characterize changes in right atrial (RA) CV associated with sympathetic stimulation from pharmacologic (isoproterenol) or direct electrical (VV stimulation) approaches.</AbstractText Subjects undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation had baseline RA electroanatomic maps performed in sinus rhythm (SR). RA mapping was repeated during right VV stimulation (20 Hz; up to 20 mA) and again with both RA pacing and during isoproterenol infusion, each titrated to the heart rate achieved with VV stimulation.</AbstractText A total of 100 RA maps were analyzed from 25 subjects (mean age: 58 ± 14 years; 56% male), and CV was calculated from 51,534 electroanatomic map points. VV stimulation increased heart rate from baseline in all subjects (22.5 ± 5.5 beats/min). The average CV increased with VV stimulation (82.0 ± 34.5 cm/s) or isoproterenol (83.7 ± 35.0 cm/s) when compared to SR (70.8 ± 32.5 cm/s; P < 0.001). Heterogeneity of CV decreased with VV stimulation or isoproterenol when compared to SR (coefficient of variation: 0.33 ± 0.21 vs 0.35 ± 0.23 vs 0.57 ± 0.29; P < 0.001). There was no difference in CV or CV heterogeneity between SR and RA pacing, suggesting that these changes were independent of heart rate.</AbstractText Global RA CV is enhanced, and heterogeneity of CV is reduced, with either pharmacologic or direct electrical sympathetic stimulation via the right VV.</AbstractText	Tailored pharmacotherapy monitoring in Parkinson's disease and Schizophrenia using a rapid and sensitive α-Synuclein assay. While Parkinson's disease is a low dopamine neurodegenerative disorder, Schizophrenia is considered a high dopamine psychiatric disorder. Pharmacological interventions that are directed to normalize dopamine concentrations in the mid-brain for an extended duration lead to unintended consequences. Parkinson's disease patients experience psychosis, and Schizophrenia patients develop extra-pyramidal symptoms due to dopamine levels overshooting their physiological range. An objective monitoring technique is therefore required for better therapeutic efficacy in these two neurological diseases.</AbstractText A rapid and sensitive assay for α-Synuclein based on magnetic enrichment and enzymatic fluorescent signal generation was developed. This assay has been benchmarked with conventional ELISA and validated in 53 CSF and 36 serum samples.</AbstractText Developed assay from an experimental perspective has a sensitivity of less than 10 pg/mL; requires a turnaround time of 45 mins; and uses 2 µL of CSF/serum fluid samples to quantify alpha synuclein. From a utility perspective, the assay showed (a) a two-fold linearity across clinical phenotypes of Parkinson's disease, neurological controls, and schizophrenia patients; (b) variation between the naïve and treated patients; (c) correlation with severity of the disease. From a diagnostic perspective, the serum-based assay had a 100 % specificity and a minimum of 67 % sensitivity in differentiating naïve patients from treated patients; the CSF/serum-based assays had a minimum of 91 % specificity and a minimum of 85 % sensitivity in differentiating patients from neurological controls.</AbstractText The developed assay can be used to quantify alpha-synuclein in serum and CSF samples, thereby setting a translational platform for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring pharmacotherapy patients with Parkinson's disease and Schizophrenia.</AbstractText
39298062	25339747	39713315	Disfluencies as a Window into Pragmatic Skills in Russian-Hebrew Bilingual Autistic and Non-Autistic Children.	The importance of premotor cortex for supporting speech production after left capsular-putaminal damage.	Conformational plasticity of human acid-sensing ion channel 1a.	There is little research on the production of speech disfluencies such as silent pauses, repetitions, self-corrections, and filled pauses (e.g., eh, em) in monolingual autistic children, and there is no data on this crucial part of speech production in bilingual autistic children. This study aims to address this gap by examining disfluency production in bilingual autistic and non-autistic children across two linguistically distinct languages, HL-Russian (the home language) and SL-Hebrew (the societal language). Fifty-one bilingual Russian-Hebrew-speaking autistic and non-autistic children aged 5-9 (autistic: n = 21; non-autistic: n = 30), matched for age and non-verbal intelligence, participated in picture-based story-generation tasks (LITMUS MAIN, Gagarina et al., ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 63:1-36, 2019). Audio recordings of narrative samples were transcribed, coded, and scored for eleven disfluency types using CLAN tools. The non-autistic group produced higher overall disfluency rate than the autistic group. The autistic group exhibited fewer filled and silent pauses than the non-autistic group in HL-Russian. Furthermore, non-autistic children manifested varied distribution of disfluency types across languages, while autistic children displayed more consistent patterns across languages. In summary, we replicated findings from previous research on monolinguals only partly, as no between-group difference in filled pauses was found in SL-Hebrew. Additionally, bilingual autistic children exhibited language-universal patterns of disfluency production, whereas their non-autistic peers displayed language-specific patterns.</AbstractText	The left putamen is known to be important for speech production, but some patients with left putamen damage can produce speech remarkably well. We investigated the neural mechanisms that support this recovery by using a combination of techniques to identify the neural regions and pathways that compensate for loss of the left putamen during speech production. First, we used fMRI to identify the brain regions that were activated during reading aloud and picture naming in a patient with left putamen damage. This revealed that the patient had abnormally high activity in the left premotor cortex. Second, we used dynamic causal modeling of the patient's fMRI data to understand how this premotor activity influenced other speech production regions and whether the same neural pathway was used by our 24 neurologically normal control subjects. Third, we validated the compensatory relationship between putamen and premotor cortex by showing, in the control subjects, that lower connectivity through the putamen increased connectivity through premotor cortex. Finally, in a lesion-deficit analysis, we demonstrate the explanatory power of our fMRI results in new patients who had damage to the left putamen, left premotor cortex, or both. Those with damage to both had worse reading and naming scores. The results of our four-pronged approach therefore have clinical implications for predicting which patients are more or less likely to recover their speech after left putaminal damage.</AbstractText	Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are typically activated by acidic environments and contribute to nociception and synaptic plasticity. ASIC1a is the most abundant subunit in the central nervous system and forms homomeric channels permeable to Na <sup	Disfluencies as a Window into Pragmatic Skills in Russian-Hebrew Bilingual Autistic and Non-Autistic Children. There is little research on the production of speech disfluencies such as silent pauses, repetitions, self-corrections, and filled pauses (e.g., eh, em) in monolingual autistic children, and there is no data on this crucial part of speech production in bilingual autistic children. This study aims to address this gap by examining disfluency production in bilingual autistic and non-autistic children across two linguistically distinct languages, HL-Russian (the home language) and SL-Hebrew (the societal language). Fifty-one bilingual Russian-Hebrew-speaking autistic and non-autistic children aged 5-9 (autistic: n = 21; non-autistic: n = 30), matched for age and non-verbal intelligence, participated in picture-based story-generation tasks (LITMUS MAIN, Gagarina et al., ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 63:1-36, 2019). Audio recordings of narrative samples were transcribed, coded, and scored for eleven disfluency types using CLAN tools. The non-autistic group produced higher overall disfluency rate than the autistic group. The autistic group exhibited fewer filled and silent pauses than the non-autistic group in HL-Russian. Furthermore, non-autistic children manifested varied distribution of disfluency types across languages, while autistic children displayed more consistent patterns across languages. In summary, we replicated findings from previous research on monolinguals only partly, as no between-group difference in filled pauses was found in SL-Hebrew. Additionally, bilingual autistic children exhibited language-universal patterns of disfluency production, whereas their non-autistic peers displayed language-specific patterns.</AbstractText	The importance of premotor cortex for supporting speech production after left capsular-putaminal damage. The left putamen is known to be important for speech production, but some patients with left putamen damage can produce speech remarkably well. We investigated the neural mechanisms that support this recovery by using a combination of techniques to identify the neural regions and pathways that compensate for loss of the left putamen during speech production. First, we used fMRI to identify the brain regions that were activated during reading aloud and picture naming in a patient with left putamen damage. This revealed that the patient had abnormally high activity in the left premotor cortex. Second, we used dynamic causal modeling of the patient's fMRI data to understand how this premotor activity influenced other speech production regions and whether the same neural pathway was used by our 24 neurologically normal control subjects. Third, we validated the compensatory relationship between putamen and premotor cortex by showing, in the control subjects, that lower connectivity through the putamen increased connectivity through premotor cortex. Finally, in a lesion-deficit analysis, we demonstrate the explanatory power of our fMRI results in new patients who had damage to the left putamen, left premotor cortex, or both. Those with damage to both had worse reading and naming scores. The results of our four-pronged approach therefore have clinical implications for predicting which patients are more or less likely to recover their speech after left putaminal damage.</AbstractText	Conformational plasticity of human acid-sensing ion channel 1a. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are typically activated by acidic environments and contribute to nociception and synaptic plasticity. ASIC1a is the most abundant subunit in the central nervous system and forms homomeric channels permeable to Na <sup
36224537	30874971	37007188	Post-fracture serum cytokine levels are not associated with a later diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome: a case-control study nested in a prospective cohort study.	MicroRNA-211-5p Enhances Analgesic Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Inflammatory Visceral Pain in Rats by Suppressing ERK Signaling.	Equity, diversity, and inclusion in developmental neuroscience: Practical lessons from community-based participatory research.	Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a disabling pain disorder that is most common after a distal limb fracture. While the acute systemic immune response to the injury is thought to play a role in the development of CRPS, this hypothesis has never been tested directly. Thus, we evaluated whether elevated levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines early after a fracture were associated with the development of CRPS.</AbstractText We conducted a case-control study nested within a prospective cohort study. Individuals with wrist and/or hand fractures were recruited from specialist hand units. Baseline clinical data were obtained from participants within 28 days of fracture. CRPS status was determined 16 weeks after the fracture using a two-stage diagnostic process. Cytokine assays were obtained from all cases (defined using the Budapest criteria) and a random sample of those who did not have CRPS at 16 weeks. We calculated odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals to determine the risk of CRPS associated with the expression of each of 25 cytokines.</AbstractText Baseline data were collected for 702 consenting participants, of whom 535 provided blood samples. Follow-up at 16 weeks was 97.2%. 15 (2.2% of the cohort) met the Budapest CRPS criteria and 69 (including those who met the Budapest criteria; 9.8%) met the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) CRPS criteria. In all of the primary analyses (using Budapest criteria) and 49/50 secondary analyses (using IASP criteria), 95% confidence intervals for the association between cytokine levels and the risk of subsequently developing CRPS included the null value (OR = 1). However, the confidence intervals were wide.</AbstractText There was no evidence that early post-injury expression of systemic cytokines was associated with a CRPS diagnosis 16 weeks after injury. This study does not provide support for the hypothesis that innate immune activation has a determinative role in the development of CRPS.</AbstractText	Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a high-selectivity α2 adrenergic receptor agonist. The present study aimed to characterize the analgesic effects of DEX on TNBS-induced chronic inflammatory visceral pain (CIVP) in rats and to evaluate whether its antinociceptive effect is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) and the ERK pathway. TNBS with or without DEX was administered to 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats. These rats were randomly classified into four groups: control, TNBS, vehicle, and DEX groups. Pain behaviors were assessed by the abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR), thermal withdrawal latency (TWL), and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT). qPCR, ELISA, and western blotting results showed increased serum IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels. RNA microarray and qPCR results indicated that miR-211 was downregulated by CIVP induction but upregulated by DEX administration. ERK signaling was decreased in the TNBS+miR-211 group and increased in the DEX + miR-211 group, indicating that miR-211 targeted the 3'-UTR of the ERK gene. Moreover, ectopic expression of miR-211 in these two groups ameliorated pain behaviors and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, DEX exhibited an analgesic effect on CIVP in rats through a miR-211-mediated MEK/ERK/CREB pathway, suppressing visceral hypersensitivity.</AbstractText	Exclusion of racialized minorities in neuroscience directly harms communities and potentially leads to biased prevention and intervention approaches. As magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other neuroscientific techniques offer progressive insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of mental health research agendas, it is incumbent on us as researchers to pay careful attention to issues of diversity and representation as they apply in neuroscience research. Discussions around these issues are based largely on scholarly expert opinion without actually involving the community under study. In contrast, community-engaged approaches, specifically Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), actively involve the population of interest in the research process and require collaboration and trust between community partners and researchers. This paper outlines a community-engaged neuroscience approach for the development of our developmental neuroscience study on mental health outcomes in preadolescent Latina youth. We focus on "positionality" (the multiple social positions researchers and the community members hold) and "reflexivity" (the ways these positions affect the research process) as conceptual tools from social sciences and humanities. We propose that integrating two unique tools: a positionality map and Community Advisory Board (CAB) into a CBPR framework can counter the biases in human neuroscience research by making often invisible-or taken-for-granted power dynamics visible and bolstering equitable participation of diverse communities in scientific research. We discuss the benefits and challenges of incorporating a CBPR method in neuroscience research with an illustrative example of a CAB from our lab, and highlight key generalizable considerations in research design, implementation, and dissemination that we hope are useful for scholars wishing to take similar approaches.</AbstractText	Post-fracture serum cytokine levels are not associated with a later diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome: a case-control study nested in a prospective cohort study. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a disabling pain disorder that is most common after a distal limb fracture. While the acute systemic immune response to the injury is thought to play a role in the development of CRPS, this hypothesis has never been tested directly. Thus, we evaluated whether elevated levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines early after a fracture were associated with the development of CRPS.</AbstractText We conducted a case-control study nested within a prospective cohort study. Individuals with wrist and/or hand fractures were recruited from specialist hand units. Baseline clinical data were obtained from participants within 28 days of fracture. CRPS status was determined 16 weeks after the fracture using a two-stage diagnostic process. Cytokine assays were obtained from all cases (defined using the Budapest criteria) and a random sample of those who did not have CRPS at 16 weeks. We calculated odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals to determine the risk of CRPS associated with the expression of each of 25 cytokines.</AbstractText Baseline data were collected for 702 consenting participants, of whom 535 provided blood samples. Follow-up at 16 weeks was 97.2%. 15 (2.2% of the cohort) met the Budapest CRPS criteria and 69 (including those who met the Budapest criteria; 9.8%) met the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) CRPS criteria. In all of the primary analyses (using Budapest criteria) and 49/50 secondary analyses (using IASP criteria), 95% confidence intervals for the association between cytokine levels and the risk of subsequently developing CRPS included the null value (OR = 1). However, the confidence intervals were wide.</AbstractText There was no evidence that early post-injury expression of systemic cytokines was associated with a CRPS diagnosis 16 weeks after injury. This study does not provide support for the hypothesis that innate immune activation has a determinative role in the development of CRPS.</AbstractText	MicroRNA-211-5p Enhances Analgesic Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Inflammatory Visceral Pain in Rats by Suppressing ERK Signaling. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a high-selectivity α2 adrenergic receptor agonist. The present study aimed to characterize the analgesic effects of DEX on TNBS-induced chronic inflammatory visceral pain (CIVP) in rats and to evaluate whether its antinociceptive effect is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) and the ERK pathway. TNBS with or without DEX was administered to 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats. These rats were randomly classified into four groups: control, TNBS, vehicle, and DEX groups. Pain behaviors were assessed by the abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR), thermal withdrawal latency (TWL), and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT). qPCR, ELISA, and western blotting results showed increased serum IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels. RNA microarray and qPCR results indicated that miR-211 was downregulated by CIVP induction but upregulated by DEX administration. ERK signaling was decreased in the TNBS+miR-211 group and increased in the DEX + miR-211 group, indicating that miR-211 targeted the 3'-UTR of the ERK gene. Moreover, ectopic expression of miR-211 in these two groups ameliorated pain behaviors and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, DEX exhibited an analgesic effect on CIVP in rats through a miR-211-mediated MEK/ERK/CREB pathway, suppressing visceral hypersensitivity.</AbstractText	Equity, diversity, and inclusion in developmental neuroscience: Practical lessons from community-based participatory research. Exclusion of racialized minorities in neuroscience directly harms communities and potentially leads to biased prevention and intervention approaches. As magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other neuroscientific techniques offer progressive insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of mental health research agendas, it is incumbent on us as researchers to pay careful attention to issues of diversity and representation as they apply in neuroscience research. Discussions around these issues are based largely on scholarly expert opinion without actually involving the community under study. In contrast, community-engaged approaches, specifically Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), actively involve the population of interest in the research process and require collaboration and trust between community partners and researchers. This paper outlines a community-engaged neuroscience approach for the development of our developmental neuroscience study on mental health outcomes in preadolescent Latina youth. We focus on "positionality" (the multiple social positions researchers and the community members hold) and "reflexivity" (the ways these positions affect the research process) as conceptual tools from social sciences and humanities. We propose that integrating two unique tools: a positionality map and Community Advisory Board (CAB) into a CBPR framework can counter the biases in human neuroscience research by making often invisible-or taken-for-granted power dynamics visible and bolstering equitable participation of diverse communities in scientific research. We discuss the benefits and challenges of incorporating a CBPR method in neuroscience research with an illustrative example of a CAB from our lab, and highlight key generalizable considerations in research design, implementation, and dissemination that we hope are useful for scholars wishing to take similar approaches.</AbstractText
40213981	40255464	40435594	Proposed updated description of cerebral palsy.	A protocol to evaluate the effect of Modified Scooter Board Therapy on Trunk Control and Hip muscles Activation in children with Cerebral Palsy.	Weapon handling during load carriage does not affect lower-limb coupling variability in military personnel.	'Cerebral palsy' ('CP') is a widely used descriptive label for a spectrum of motor impairments caused by non-progressive brain injury or malformation occurring during early development. Advances in research have significantly refined our understanding of CP, including insights into its genetic, inflammatory, and neurophysiological underpinnings. Research across global contexts, including low- and middle-income countries, has expanded knowledge of clinical features. Shifting societal perceptions, driven by individuals with lived experience, have further influenced how CP is understood, challenging ableist attitudes and promoting inclusive frameworks. Additionally, increased recognition of the needs and experiences of adults with CP has highlighted the importance of further developing appropriate services. The primary aim of this paper is to propose an updated description of CP, developed through a collaborative, multidisciplinary process, as a preliminary formulation that integrates stakeholder perspectives at this stage of the process. By framing it as a foundation for further discussion and refinement, the manuscript emphasizes the output itself rather than the process of its development. A comprehensive stakeholder analysis and mapping approach ensured broad representation, including individuals with CP, families, clinicians, researchers, advocacy groups, and others. Data were collected through surveys, interviews, focus groups, and workshops, facilitating a global dialogue that combined the expertise of those with lived experience with that of clinicians. The description is intended to serve as a preliminary framework to guide clinical practice, research, and policy, emphasizing a shared understanding of CP. The proposed updated description thus lays the foundation for continued refinement, emphasizing the importance of collaboration in advancing the care and inclusion of individuals with CP.</AbstractText	Cerebral palsy (CP) is a condition caused due to damage to a developing brain, leading to various motor, sensory and cognitive impairments. Being one of the leading cause of developmental disability among children worldwide, CP warrants a rehabilitation technique which is feasible and engaging for the child, cost effective for the family and based neurophysiological principles. Among the various impairments, the children with CP exhibit difficulty in sitting and ambulation due to abnormal tone and poor control in the muscles around the hip joint and the trunk. The previous literature supports the prone positioning and its effect in improving the girdle and trunk control, however there is lack in the studies which evaluate the type of interventions which consider the child and parent participation in intervention being delivered. Thus, the current double blinded randomized control trial aims to evaluate the effect of exercises done using Modified scooter board device in addition to conventional therapy in improving the hip muscle activation and trunk control in children with CP.•A study evaluating the effectiveness of a novel scooter board device in children with CP.•An intervention which is simple, self-engaging and cost effective to prevent most secondary complications seen in children with CP.•An intervention which is aimed at reducing the hardship experienced by parents of children with CP towards improving their functional outcome.</AbstractText	This exploratory study aimed to examine the effect of weapon handling on lower-limb coupling variability of military personnel during load carriage. Seventeen soldiers (12 males, 5 females) completed two 12-min bouts of walking at 5.5 km⋅hr<sup	Proposed updated description of cerebral palsy. 'Cerebral palsy' ('CP') is a widely used descriptive label for a spectrum of motor impairments caused by non-progressive brain injury or malformation occurring during early development. Advances in research have significantly refined our understanding of CP, including insights into its genetic, inflammatory, and neurophysiological underpinnings. Research across global contexts, including low- and middle-income countries, has expanded knowledge of clinical features. Shifting societal perceptions, driven by individuals with lived experience, have further influenced how CP is understood, challenging ableist attitudes and promoting inclusive frameworks. Additionally, increased recognition of the needs and experiences of adults with CP has highlighted the importance of further developing appropriate services. The primary aim of this paper is to propose an updated description of CP, developed through a collaborative, multidisciplinary process, as a preliminary formulation that integrates stakeholder perspectives at this stage of the process. By framing it as a foundation for further discussion and refinement, the manuscript emphasizes the output itself rather than the process of its development. A comprehensive stakeholder analysis and mapping approach ensured broad representation, including individuals with CP, families, clinicians, researchers, advocacy groups, and others. Data were collected through surveys, interviews, focus groups, and workshops, facilitating a global dialogue that combined the expertise of those with lived experience with that of clinicians. The description is intended to serve as a preliminary framework to guide clinical practice, research, and policy, emphasizing a shared understanding of CP. The proposed updated description thus lays the foundation for continued refinement, emphasizing the importance of collaboration in advancing the care and inclusion of individuals with CP.</AbstractText	A protocol to evaluate the effect of Modified Scooter Board Therapy on Trunk Control and Hip muscles Activation in children with Cerebral Palsy. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a condition caused due to damage to a developing brain, leading to various motor, sensory and cognitive impairments. Being one of the leading cause of developmental disability among children worldwide, CP warrants a rehabilitation technique which is feasible and engaging for the child, cost effective for the family and based neurophysiological principles. Among the various impairments, the children with CP exhibit difficulty in sitting and ambulation due to abnormal tone and poor control in the muscles around the hip joint and the trunk. The previous literature supports the prone positioning and its effect in improving the girdle and trunk control, however there is lack in the studies which evaluate the type of interventions which consider the child and parent participation in intervention being delivered. Thus, the current double blinded randomized control trial aims to evaluate the effect of exercises done using Modified scooter board device in addition to conventional therapy in improving the hip muscle activation and trunk control in children with CP.•A study evaluating the effectiveness of a novel scooter board device in children with CP.•An intervention which is simple, self-engaging and cost effective to prevent most secondary complications seen in children with CP.•An intervention which is aimed at reducing the hardship experienced by parents of children with CP towards improving their functional outcome.</AbstractText	Weapon handling during load carriage does not affect lower-limb coupling variability in military personnel. This exploratory study aimed to examine the effect of weapon handling on lower-limb coupling variability of military personnel during load carriage. Seventeen soldiers (12 males, 5 females) completed two 12-min bouts of walking at 5.5 km⋅hr<sup
20203066	18487858	20974815	Changes in ventricular twist and untwisting with orthostatic stress: endurance athletes versus normally active individuals.	Comparison of velocity patterns in an AComA aneurysm measured with 2D phase contrast MRI and simulated with CFD.	Quality control for unfolded proteins at the plasma membrane.	Endurance-trained individuals exhibit larger reductions in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume in response to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) compared with normally active individuals. However, the relationship between LV torsion and untwisting and the LV volume response to LBNP in endurance athletes is unknown. Eight endurance-trained athletes [maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max): 66.4+/-7.2 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)] and eight normally active individuals (VO2max: 41.9+/-9.0 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) (all men) underwent two cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments, the first during supine rest and the second during -30 mmHg LBNP. Right ventricular (RV) and LV volumes were assessed, myocardial tagging was applied in order to quantify LV peak torsion and peak untwisting rate, and filling rates were measured with phase-contrast MRI. In response to LBNP, endurance-trained individuals had greater reductions in RV and LV end-diastolic volume and stroke volume (P<0.05). Endurance athletes had reduced untwisting rates (20.3+/-8.7 degrees/s), while normally active individuals had increased untwisting rates (-16.2+/-32.1 degrees/s) in response to LBNP (P<0.05). Changes in peak untwisting rate were significantly correlated with change in peak torsion (R=-0.87, P<0.05), with the change in early filling rate and VO2max, but not with changes in end-diastolic or end-systolic volume (P>0.05). We conclude that increased untwisting rates in normally active subjects may mitigate the drop in early filling rate with LBNP and thus may be a compensatory mechanism for the reduction in stroke volume with volume unloading. The opposite response in athletes, who showed a decreased untwisting rate, may contribute to their larger reductions in LV end-diastolic and stroke volumes with volume unloading and their orthostatic intolerance.</AbstractText	Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) is increasingly being used for modeling hemodynamics in intracranial aneurysms. While CFD techniques are well established, need for validation of the results remains. By quantifying features in velocity patterns measured with 2D phase contrast magnetic resonance (pcMRI) in vivo and simulated with CFD, the role of pcMRI for providing reference data for the CFD simulation is explored.</AbstractText Unsteady CFD simulations were performed with inflow boundary conditions obtained from 2D pcMRI measurements of an aneurysm of the anterior communication artery. Intra-aneurysmal velocity profiles were recorded with 2D pcMRI and calculated with CFD. Relative areas of positive and negative velocity were calculated in these profiles for maximum and minimum inflow.</AbstractText Areas of positive and of negative velocity similar in shape were found in the velocity profiles obtained with both methods. Relative difference in size of the relative areas for the whole cardiac cycle ranged from 1%-25% (average 12%).</AbstractText 2D pcMRI is able to record velocity profiles in an aneurysm of the anterior commuting artery in vivo. These velocity profiles can serve as reference data for validation of CFD simulations. Further studies are needed to explore the role of pcMRI in the context of CFD simulations.</AbstractText	Cellular protein homeostasis profoundly depends on the disposal of terminally damaged polypeptides. To demonstrate the operation and elucidate the molecular basis of quality control of conformationally impaired plasma membrane (PM) proteins, we constructed CD4 chimeras containing the wild type or a temperature-sensitive bacteriophage λ domain in their cytoplasmic region. Using proteomic, biochemical, and genetic approaches, we showed that thermal unfolding of the λ domain at the PM provoked the recruitment of Hsp40/Hsc70/Hsp90 chaperones and the E2-E3 complex. Mixed-chain polyubiquitination, monitored by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and immunoblotting, is responsible for the nonnative chimera-accelerated internalization, impaired recycling, and endosomal sorting complex required for transport-dependent lysosomal degradation. A similar paradigm prevails for mutant dopamine D4.4 and vasopressin V2 receptor removal from the PM. These results outline a peripheral proteostatic mechanism in higher eukaryotes and its potential contribution to the pathogenesis of a subset of conformational diseases.</AbstractText	Changes in ventricular twist and untwisting with orthostatic stress: endurance athletes versus normally active individuals. Endurance-trained individuals exhibit larger reductions in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume in response to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) compared with normally active individuals. However, the relationship between LV torsion and untwisting and the LV volume response to LBNP in endurance athletes is unknown. Eight endurance-trained athletes [maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max): 66.4+/-7.2 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)] and eight normally active individuals (VO2max: 41.9+/-9.0 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) (all men) underwent two cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments, the first during supine rest and the second during -30 mmHg LBNP. Right ventricular (RV) and LV volumes were assessed, myocardial tagging was applied in order to quantify LV peak torsion and peak untwisting rate, and filling rates were measured with phase-contrast MRI. In response to LBNP, endurance-trained individuals had greater reductions in RV and LV end-diastolic volume and stroke volume (P<0.05). Endurance athletes had reduced untwisting rates (20.3+/-8.7 degrees/s), while normally active individuals had increased untwisting rates (-16.2+/-32.1 degrees/s) in response to LBNP (P<0.05). Changes in peak untwisting rate were significantly correlated with change in peak torsion (R=-0.87, P<0.05), with the change in early filling rate and VO2max, but not with changes in end-diastolic or end-systolic volume (P>0.05). We conclude that increased untwisting rates in normally active subjects may mitigate the drop in early filling rate with LBNP and thus may be a compensatory mechanism for the reduction in stroke volume with volume unloading. The opposite response in athletes, who showed a decreased untwisting rate, may contribute to their larger reductions in LV end-diastolic and stroke volumes with volume unloading and their orthostatic intolerance.</AbstractText	Comparison of velocity patterns in an AComA aneurysm measured with 2D phase contrast MRI and simulated with CFD. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) is increasingly being used for modeling hemodynamics in intracranial aneurysms. While CFD techniques are well established, need for validation of the results remains. By quantifying features in velocity patterns measured with 2D phase contrast magnetic resonance (pcMRI) in vivo and simulated with CFD, the role of pcMRI for providing reference data for the CFD simulation is explored.</AbstractText Unsteady CFD simulations were performed with inflow boundary conditions obtained from 2D pcMRI measurements of an aneurysm of the anterior communication artery. Intra-aneurysmal velocity profiles were recorded with 2D pcMRI and calculated with CFD. Relative areas of positive and negative velocity were calculated in these profiles for maximum and minimum inflow.</AbstractText Areas of positive and of negative velocity similar in shape were found in the velocity profiles obtained with both methods. Relative difference in size of the relative areas for the whole cardiac cycle ranged from 1%-25% (average 12%).</AbstractText 2D pcMRI is able to record velocity profiles in an aneurysm of the anterior commuting artery in vivo. These velocity profiles can serve as reference data for validation of CFD simulations. Further studies are needed to explore the role of pcMRI in the context of CFD simulations.</AbstractText	Quality control for unfolded proteins at the plasma membrane. Cellular protein homeostasis profoundly depends on the disposal of terminally damaged polypeptides. To demonstrate the operation and elucidate the molecular basis of quality control of conformationally impaired plasma membrane (PM) proteins, we constructed CD4 chimeras containing the wild type or a temperature-sensitive bacteriophage λ domain in their cytoplasmic region. Using proteomic, biochemical, and genetic approaches, we showed that thermal unfolding of the λ domain at the PM provoked the recruitment of Hsp40/Hsc70/Hsp90 chaperones and the E2-E3 complex. Mixed-chain polyubiquitination, monitored by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and immunoblotting, is responsible for the nonnative chimera-accelerated internalization, impaired recycling, and endosomal sorting complex required for transport-dependent lysosomal degradation. A similar paradigm prevails for mutant dopamine D4.4 and vasopressin V2 receptor removal from the PM. These results outline a peripheral proteostatic mechanism in higher eukaryotes and its potential contribution to the pathogenesis of a subset of conformational diseases.</AbstractText
39857086	27474454	40761719	Hydrolethalus Syndrome: A Case of a Rare Congenital Disorder.	Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Visualization of Irregular Cerebrospinal Fluid Motion in the Ventricular System and Subarachnoid Space.	Sleep Duration and Energy Expenditure at Work in Motorcycle Taxi Drivers from Rio Branco City, Western Brazilian Amazon: A Cross-Sectional Study.	This is a fatal case of multiple complicated congenital anomalies displaying several symptoms consistent with hydrolethalus syndrome. The newborn's phenotype is characterized by a combination of serious anatomical abnormalities such as open-book cerebral hemispheres, defective lobulation of the lungs (one lobe on the left, two on the right), a smaller right kidney, a smooth cerebral surface, and a specific keyhole-shaped defect in the skull base, primarily associated with hydrocephalus.</AbstractText	Many studies have shown that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) behaves irregularly, rather than with laminar flow, in the various CSF spaces. We adapted a modified previously known magnetic resonance imaging technique to visualize irregular CSF motion. Subsequently, we assessed the usefulness and clinical significance of the present method.</AbstractText Normal CSF motion in 10 healthy volunteers was visualized with the dynamic improved, motion-sensitized, driven-equilibrium steady-state free precession technique. Subsequently, CSF motion visualization with a modified sequence was applied to 3 patients.</AbstractText In healthy volunteers, we achieved visualization of the irregularity of CSF flow in the ventricles and spinal canal, whereas CSF motion was diminished in the peripheral part of the intracranial subarachnoid space. In one case, we confirmed the patency of the patient's third ventriculostomy fenestration site. In the other, we verified the usefulness of the proposed sequence for determining the communication between the ventricle or subarachnoid space and the cyst.</AbstractText Using the present sequence, we obtained images that accentuated CSF motion, which is largely composed of irregular motion. This method does not require pulse triggering or complex post-processing of images and allows visualization of CSF motion in a short period of time in selected whole imaging planes. It can therefore be applied clinically to diagnose various diseases that cause abnormalities in the CSF space.</AbstractText	Sleep duration disorders impact the quality of life and energy expenditure in workers. However, there is a lack of understanding about the relationship between sleep duration and energy expenditure at work among motorcycle taxi drivers.</AbstractText To analyze the relationship between sleep duration and energy expenditure at work in motorcycle taxi drivers.</AbstractText A cross-sectional study was conducted with 296 male motorcycle taxi drivers from Rio Branco City, western Brazilian Amazon. Methods and Material: The motorcycle taxi driver reported the number of hours daily spent sleeping on a typical day during the week. Uncorrected and corrected energy expenditures of motorcycle taxi drivers during the working day were calculated according to the 2011 Physical Activity Compendium. The metabolic equivalent (MET) was corrected for the basal metabolic rate using the equation proposed by Harris and Benedict.</AbstractText The relationship between sleep duration and energy expenditure at work was analyzed using fractional polynomial regression.</AbstractText The mean sleep duration in hours was 7.4 (SD: 1.4). There was a relationship between sleep duration and corrected energy expenditure at work, with a first-degree logarithmic transformation. The nonlinear relationship between sleep duration and uncorrected energy expenditure at work was a fractional polynomial with a power of -0.5 for the first degree.</AbstractText The results suggest a nonlinear relationship between sleep duration and energy expenditure at work among motorcycle taxi drivers. Motorcycle taxi drivers with short sleep durations had high energy expenditures at work.</AbstractText	Hydrolethalus Syndrome: A Case of a Rare Congenital Disorder. This is a fatal case of multiple complicated congenital anomalies displaying several symptoms consistent with hydrolethalus syndrome. The newborn's phenotype is characterized by a combination of serious anatomical abnormalities such as open-book cerebral hemispheres, defective lobulation of the lungs (one lobe on the left, two on the right), a smaller right kidney, a smooth cerebral surface, and a specific keyhole-shaped defect in the skull base, primarily associated with hydrocephalus.</AbstractText	Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Visualization of Irregular Cerebrospinal Fluid Motion in the Ventricular System and Subarachnoid Space. Many studies have shown that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) behaves irregularly, rather than with laminar flow, in the various CSF spaces. We adapted a modified previously known magnetic resonance imaging technique to visualize irregular CSF motion. Subsequently, we assessed the usefulness and clinical significance of the present method.</AbstractText Normal CSF motion in 10 healthy volunteers was visualized with the dynamic improved, motion-sensitized, driven-equilibrium steady-state free precession technique. Subsequently, CSF motion visualization with a modified sequence was applied to 3 patients.</AbstractText In healthy volunteers, we achieved visualization of the irregularity of CSF flow in the ventricles and spinal canal, whereas CSF motion was diminished in the peripheral part of the intracranial subarachnoid space. In one case, we confirmed the patency of the patient's third ventriculostomy fenestration site. In the other, we verified the usefulness of the proposed sequence for determining the communication between the ventricle or subarachnoid space and the cyst.</AbstractText Using the present sequence, we obtained images that accentuated CSF motion, which is largely composed of irregular motion. This method does not require pulse triggering or complex post-processing of images and allows visualization of CSF motion in a short period of time in selected whole imaging planes. It can therefore be applied clinically to diagnose various diseases that cause abnormalities in the CSF space.</AbstractText	Sleep Duration and Energy Expenditure at Work in Motorcycle Taxi Drivers from Rio Branco City, Western Brazilian Amazon: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sleep duration disorders impact the quality of life and energy expenditure in workers. However, there is a lack of understanding about the relationship between sleep duration and energy expenditure at work among motorcycle taxi drivers.</AbstractText To analyze the relationship between sleep duration and energy expenditure at work in motorcycle taxi drivers.</AbstractText A cross-sectional study was conducted with 296 male motorcycle taxi drivers from Rio Branco City, western Brazilian Amazon. Methods and Material: The motorcycle taxi driver reported the number of hours daily spent sleeping on a typical day during the week. Uncorrected and corrected energy expenditures of motorcycle taxi drivers during the working day were calculated according to the 2011 Physical Activity Compendium. The metabolic equivalent (MET) was corrected for the basal metabolic rate using the equation proposed by Harris and Benedict.</AbstractText The relationship between sleep duration and energy expenditure at work was analyzed using fractional polynomial regression.</AbstractText The mean sleep duration in hours was 7.4 (SD: 1.4). There was a relationship between sleep duration and corrected energy expenditure at work, with a first-degree logarithmic transformation. The nonlinear relationship between sleep duration and uncorrected energy expenditure at work was a fractional polynomial with a power of -0.5 for the first degree.</AbstractText The results suggest a nonlinear relationship between sleep duration and energy expenditure at work among motorcycle taxi drivers. Motorcycle taxi drivers with short sleep durations had high energy expenditures at work.</AbstractText
40717781	27595552	39726361	Elevated levels of aquaporin-4-containing extracellular vesicles in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bipolar disorder.	Dopamine, fronto-striato-thalamic circuits and risk for psychosis.	Fine-Modulation of Perovskite Ion-Additive Binding Interaction Using Multidentate Ligation for High Performance Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes.	To examine a hypothetical dysfunction of the brain water channels in bipolar disorder by analyzing aquaporin-4 (AQP4) exposing extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from individuals with bipolar disorder types 1 and 2, and healthy controls.</AbstractText We analyzed exposure of AQP4 EVs to three different epitopes - the N- and C-terminals, and the epitope containing amino acids 273-291 - in CSF by flow cytometry in 24 individuals with bipolar disorder (type 1, <i We observed significantly higher levels of EVs expressing AQP4 in the CSF from individuals with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. Specifically, the mean ± SD concentration of AQP4 + EVs per μl CSF for the N-terminal epitope was 346 ± 22 in patients with bipolar disorder type 1, 386 ± 78 in those with bipolar disorder type 2, compared with 39 ± 6.9 in the healthy control group (<i Our findings revealed significantly more EVs expressing the three AQP4 epitopes in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. This suggests a dysregulated expression of AQP4, implicating a potential disruption in brain water homeostasis as a contributing pathogenic mechanism in bipolar disorder.</AbstractText	A series of parallel, integrated circuits link distinct regions of prefrontal cortex with specific nuclei of the striatum and thalamus. Dysfunction of these fronto-striato-thalamic systems is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of psychosis. In this review, we examine evidence from human and animal investigations that dysfunction of a specific dorsal fronto-striato-thalamic circuit, linking the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal (associative) striatum, and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, is apparent across different stages of psychosis, including prior to the onset of a first episode, suggesting that it represents a candidate risk biomarker. We consider how abnormalities at distinct points in the circuit may give rise to the pattern of findings seen in patient populations, and how these changes relate to disruptions in dopamine, glutamate and GABA signaling.</AbstractText	Research on perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) has primarily focused on modulating crystal growth to achieve smaller grain sizes and defect passivation using organic additives. However, challenges remain in controlling the intermolecular interactions between these organic additives and perovskite precursor ions for precise modulation of crystal growth. In this study, we synthesize two triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO)-based multidentate additives: bidentate hexane-1,6-diyl-bis(oxy-4-triphenylphosphine oxide) (2-TPPO) and tetradentate pentaerythrityl-tetrakis(oxy-4-triphenylphosphine oxide) (4-TPPO). We investigate the crystallization of perovskites through real-time crystal growth analyses and theoretical calculations. As the extent of multidentate binding increases, perovskite crystallization slows down gradually. The multidentate TPPO additives exhibit strong binding to Pb<sup	Elevated levels of aquaporin-4-containing extracellular vesicles in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bipolar disorder. To examine a hypothetical dysfunction of the brain water channels in bipolar disorder by analyzing aquaporin-4 (AQP4) exposing extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from individuals with bipolar disorder types 1 and 2, and healthy controls.</AbstractText We analyzed exposure of AQP4 EVs to three different epitopes - the N- and C-terminals, and the epitope containing amino acids 273-291 - in CSF by flow cytometry in 24 individuals with bipolar disorder (type 1, <i We observed significantly higher levels of EVs expressing AQP4 in the CSF from individuals with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. Specifically, the mean ± SD concentration of AQP4 + EVs per μl CSF for the N-terminal epitope was 346 ± 22 in patients with bipolar disorder type 1, 386 ± 78 in those with bipolar disorder type 2, compared with 39 ± 6.9 in the healthy control group (<i Our findings revealed significantly more EVs expressing the three AQP4 epitopes in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. This suggests a dysregulated expression of AQP4, implicating a potential disruption in brain water homeostasis as a contributing pathogenic mechanism in bipolar disorder.</AbstractText	Dopamine, fronto-striato-thalamic circuits and risk for psychosis. A series of parallel, integrated circuits link distinct regions of prefrontal cortex with specific nuclei of the striatum and thalamus. Dysfunction of these fronto-striato-thalamic systems is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of psychosis. In this review, we examine evidence from human and animal investigations that dysfunction of a specific dorsal fronto-striato-thalamic circuit, linking the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal (associative) striatum, and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, is apparent across different stages of psychosis, including prior to the onset of a first episode, suggesting that it represents a candidate risk biomarker. We consider how abnormalities at distinct points in the circuit may give rise to the pattern of findings seen in patient populations, and how these changes relate to disruptions in dopamine, glutamate and GABA signaling.</AbstractText	Fine-Modulation of Perovskite Ion-Additive Binding Interaction Using Multidentate Ligation for High Performance Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. Research on perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) has primarily focused on modulating crystal growth to achieve smaller grain sizes and defect passivation using organic additives. However, challenges remain in controlling the intermolecular interactions between these organic additives and perovskite precursor ions for precise modulation of crystal growth. In this study, we synthesize two triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO)-based multidentate additives: bidentate hexane-1,6-diyl-bis(oxy-4-triphenylphosphine oxide) (2-TPPO) and tetradentate pentaerythrityl-tetrakis(oxy-4-triphenylphosphine oxide) (4-TPPO). We investigate the crystallization of perovskites through real-time crystal growth analyses and theoretical calculations. As the extent of multidentate binding increases, perovskite crystallization slows down gradually. The multidentate TPPO additives exhibit strong binding to Pb<sup
33302025	29872913	32275618	Comparison of visibility of ulnar sided triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) ligaments between isotropic three-dimensional and two-dimensional high-resolution FSE MR images.	Wall enhancement of intracranial unruptured aneurysm is associated with increased rupture risk and traditional risk factors.	Learning Convolutional Sparse Coding on Complex Domain for Interferometric Phase Restoration.	Assessment of the ulnar attachment of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) in a neutral forearm position remains challenging. Our study aims to evaluate the visibility of ulnar sided TFCC on 3 T MRI and compare isotropic 3D FSE sequences utilizing multiplanar reformation (MPR) with standard high-resolution 2D FSE sequences.</AbstractText Ninety-nine MRI wrist studies in patients with wrist pain were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were scanned with a neutral forearm position and reviewed with isotropic 3D coronal FSE proton density-weighted images (PDWI) and 2D coronal FSE PDWI. MPR was used for 3D assessment. Visibility of the dorsal radioulnar ligament (DRUL), triangular ligament (TL), and volar radioulnar ligament (VRUL) was assessed by three raters utilizing a five-point grading scale. Grades were compared between 2D and 3D sequences. Intrarater and interrater reliability for the delineation of anatomic structures was measured by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Cohen's kappa, and percentage of exact agreement/agreement within a range of ±1 score point.</AbstractText Visibility grades in 3D were statistically significantly higher than those in 2D in all ligaments by all raters (p < 0.01). In Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Cohen's kappa analysis, interrater correlations and agreements are variable but tended to be higher on 3D than on 2D. Both 2D and 3D sequences showed high intrarater exact agreement in all ligaments (80-91 % on 2D and 88-95 % on 3D). All exact interrater agreements on 3D were acceptable for TL (83-93 %) and acceptable to close to acceptable for VRUL (72-96 %).</AbstractText The utilization of isotopic 3D imaging combined with MPR function significantly improves visibility of ulnar attachment of the TFCC.</AbstractText	Aneurysm wall enhancement (AWE) on MRI has been considered an imaging marker to indicate active aneurysm inflammation, but no prospective studies have assessed the ability of AWE to predict rupture risk or growth. We aim to study the association of AWE with traditional risk factors and the estimated rupture risk.</AbstractText Seventy-seven patients (mean age, 58.4 ± 10.8 years; 57% female) with 88 asymptomatic intracranial saccular aneurysms underwent both 3-T high-resolution MRI and three-dimensional (3D) rotational digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Geometric and morphologic parameters were measured on DSA, and the degree of AWE on MRI was graded. One- and 5-year rupture risks of aneurysms were estimated using the UCAS and PHASES calculator. Parameters associated with AWE were analyzed using uni- and multivariate logistic regression.</AbstractText Non-internal carotid artery location (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.6-7.1) and aneurysm size (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.7) were independently associated with AWE (p < 0.05). Aneurysms with AWE had significantly higher estimated rupture risk (1 and 5 year, 1.9% and 5.8%) than aneurysms without AWE (0.5% and 2.1%) (p < 0.001). Stronger and larger areas of AWE were correlated with the aneurysm size, size ratio and estimated rupture risk (R<sup Prospective assessment of asymptomatic intracranial aneurysms with MRI suggests that AWE is associated with traditional risk factors and estimated short- and medium-term rupture risk.</AbstractText • AWE independently associates with aneurysm location and size. • Aneurysms with AWE have higher rupture risk than aneurysms without AWE. • Stronger and larger areas of AWE correlated with the aneurysm size, size ratio and rupture risk.</AbstractText	Interferometric phase restoration has been investigated for decades and most of the state-of-the-art methods have achieved promising performances for InSAR phase restoration. These methods generally follow the nonlocal filtering processing chain, aiming at circumventing the staircase effect and preserving the details of phase variations. In this article, we propose an alternative approach for InSAR phase restoration, that is, Complex Convolutional Sparse Coding (ComCSC) and its gradient regularized version. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that we solve the InSAR phase restoration problem in a deconvolutional fashion. The proposed methods can not only suppress interferometric phase noise, but also avoid the staircase effect and preserve the details. Furthermore, they provide an insight into the elementary phase components for the interferometric phases. The experimental results on synthetic and realistic high- and medium-resolution data sets from TerraSAR-X StripMap and Sentinel-1 interferometric wide swath mode, respectively, show that our method outperforms those previous state-of-the-art methods based on nonlocal InSAR filters, particularly the state-of-the-art method: InSAR-BM3D. The source code of this article will be made publicly available for reproducible research inside the community.</AbstractText	Comparison of visibility of ulnar sided triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) ligaments between isotropic three-dimensional and two-dimensional high-resolution FSE MR images. Assessment of the ulnar attachment of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) in a neutral forearm position remains challenging. Our study aims to evaluate the visibility of ulnar sided TFCC on 3 T MRI and compare isotropic 3D FSE sequences utilizing multiplanar reformation (MPR) with standard high-resolution 2D FSE sequences.</AbstractText Ninety-nine MRI wrist studies in patients with wrist pain were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were scanned with a neutral forearm position and reviewed with isotropic 3D coronal FSE proton density-weighted images (PDWI) and 2D coronal FSE PDWI. MPR was used for 3D assessment. Visibility of the dorsal radioulnar ligament (DRUL), triangular ligament (TL), and volar radioulnar ligament (VRUL) was assessed by three raters utilizing a five-point grading scale. Grades were compared between 2D and 3D sequences. Intrarater and interrater reliability for the delineation of anatomic structures was measured by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Cohen's kappa, and percentage of exact agreement/agreement within a range of ±1 score point.</AbstractText Visibility grades in 3D were statistically significantly higher than those in 2D in all ligaments by all raters (p < 0.01). In Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Cohen's kappa analysis, interrater correlations and agreements are variable but tended to be higher on 3D than on 2D. Both 2D and 3D sequences showed high intrarater exact agreement in all ligaments (80-91 % on 2D and 88-95 % on 3D). All exact interrater agreements on 3D were acceptable for TL (83-93 %) and acceptable to close to acceptable for VRUL (72-96 %).</AbstractText The utilization of isotopic 3D imaging combined with MPR function significantly improves visibility of ulnar attachment of the TFCC.</AbstractText	Wall enhancement of intracranial unruptured aneurysm is associated with increased rupture risk and traditional risk factors. Aneurysm wall enhancement (AWE) on MRI has been considered an imaging marker to indicate active aneurysm inflammation, but no prospective studies have assessed the ability of AWE to predict rupture risk or growth. We aim to study the association of AWE with traditional risk factors and the estimated rupture risk.</AbstractText Seventy-seven patients (mean age, 58.4 ± 10.8 years; 57% female) with 88 asymptomatic intracranial saccular aneurysms underwent both 3-T high-resolution MRI and three-dimensional (3D) rotational digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Geometric and morphologic parameters were measured on DSA, and the degree of AWE on MRI was graded. One- and 5-year rupture risks of aneurysms were estimated using the UCAS and PHASES calculator. Parameters associated with AWE were analyzed using uni- and multivariate logistic regression.</AbstractText Non-internal carotid artery location (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.6-7.1) and aneurysm size (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.7) were independently associated with AWE (p < 0.05). Aneurysms with AWE had significantly higher estimated rupture risk (1 and 5 year, 1.9% and 5.8%) than aneurysms without AWE (0.5% and 2.1%) (p < 0.001). Stronger and larger areas of AWE were correlated with the aneurysm size, size ratio and estimated rupture risk (R<sup Prospective assessment of asymptomatic intracranial aneurysms with MRI suggests that AWE is associated with traditional risk factors and estimated short- and medium-term rupture risk.</AbstractText • AWE independently associates with aneurysm location and size. • Aneurysms with AWE have higher rupture risk than aneurysms without AWE. • Stronger and larger areas of AWE correlated with the aneurysm size, size ratio and rupture risk.</AbstractText	Learning Convolutional Sparse Coding on Complex Domain for Interferometric Phase Restoration. Interferometric phase restoration has been investigated for decades and most of the state-of-the-art methods have achieved promising performances for InSAR phase restoration. These methods generally follow the nonlocal filtering processing chain, aiming at circumventing the staircase effect and preserving the details of phase variations. In this article, we propose an alternative approach for InSAR phase restoration, that is, Complex Convolutional Sparse Coding (ComCSC) and its gradient regularized version. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that we solve the InSAR phase restoration problem in a deconvolutional fashion. The proposed methods can not only suppress interferometric phase noise, but also avoid the staircase effect and preserve the details. Furthermore, they provide an insight into the elementary phase components for the interferometric phases. The experimental results on synthetic and realistic high- and medium-resolution data sets from TerraSAR-X StripMap and Sentinel-1 interferometric wide swath mode, respectively, show that our method outperforms those previous state-of-the-art methods based on nonlocal InSAR filters, particularly the state-of-the-art method: InSAR-BM3D. The source code of this article will be made publicly available for reproducible research inside the community.</AbstractText
40761319	28865406	40747510	Robust multi-task feature selection with counterfactual explanation for schizophrenia identification using functional brain networks.	Resting state perfusion in the language network is linked to formal thought disorder and poor functional outcome in schizophrenia.	Presence and Interactions of Entamoeba histolytica Lectin and p53 Protein in Colorectal Cancer.	Functional brain networks measured by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) have become a promising tool for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying schizophrenia (SZ). However, the high dimensionality of these networks and small sample sizes pose significant challenges for effective classification and model generalization.</AbstractText We propose a robust multi-task feature selection method combined with counterfactual explanations to improve the accuracy and interpretability of SZ identification. rs-fMRI data are preprocessed to construct a functional connectivity matrix, and features are extracted by sorting the upper triangular elements. A multi-task feature selection framework based on the Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) is developed to identify abnormal functional connectivity (FC) features in SZ patients. A counterfactual explanation model is applied to reduce perturbations in abnormal FC features, returning the model prediction to normal and enhancing clinical interpretability.</AbstractText Our method was tested on five real-world SZ datasets. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing methods in terms of classification accuracy while offering new insights into the analysis of SZ through improved feature selection and explanation.</AbstractText The integration of multi-task feature selection and counterfactual explanation improves both the accuracy and interpretability of SZ identification. This approach provides valuable clinical insights by revealing the key functional connectivity features associated with SZ, which could assist in the development of more effective diagnostic tools.</AbstractText	Formal thought disorder (FTD) is a core symptom in schizophrenia. Here, we focus on resting state cerebral blood flow (rCBF) linked to dimensions of FTD.</AbstractText We included 47 schizophrenia spectrum patients and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We assessed FTD with the assessment of thought, language, and communication (TLC) and imaging on a 3T MRI scanner. Within patients, we tested the association of FTD dimensions and in a subgroup (n = 27) the association of functional outcome after 6 months with whole brain rCBF.</AbstractText Negative FTD was most prominently associated with perfusion within the superior temporal gyrus, while positive FTD was associated with perfusion within the supplementary motor area, and inferior frontal gyrus. Perfusion within the left supramarginal gyrus was associated with social functioning after 6 months.</AbstractText Distinguishable associations of rCBF with FTD dimensions point to distinct underlying pathophysiology. The location of aberrant perfusion patterns suggests that negative FTD might reflect defective access to semantic memory while positive FTD likely reflects defective suppression of irrelevant information during increased speech production. Finally, the neural correlates of thought block were also predictive of poor functional outcome. Thus, functional outcome and distinct FTD dimensions may share some pathophysiology.</AbstractText	We aimed to analyze the presence of <i Overall, 150 colorectal cancer biopsy samples were subjected to examination for the specific <i Among the 150 colorectal cancer biopsy samples examined, 100 cases tested positive for the <i <i	Robust multi-task feature selection with counterfactual explanation for schizophrenia identification using functional brain networks. Functional brain networks measured by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) have become a promising tool for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying schizophrenia (SZ). However, the high dimensionality of these networks and small sample sizes pose significant challenges for effective classification and model generalization.</AbstractText We propose a robust multi-task feature selection method combined with counterfactual explanations to improve the accuracy and interpretability of SZ identification. rs-fMRI data are preprocessed to construct a functional connectivity matrix, and features are extracted by sorting the upper triangular elements. A multi-task feature selection framework based on the Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) is developed to identify abnormal functional connectivity (FC) features in SZ patients. A counterfactual explanation model is applied to reduce perturbations in abnormal FC features, returning the model prediction to normal and enhancing clinical interpretability.</AbstractText Our method was tested on five real-world SZ datasets. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing methods in terms of classification accuracy while offering new insights into the analysis of SZ through improved feature selection and explanation.</AbstractText The integration of multi-task feature selection and counterfactual explanation improves both the accuracy and interpretability of SZ identification. This approach provides valuable clinical insights by revealing the key functional connectivity features associated with SZ, which could assist in the development of more effective diagnostic tools.</AbstractText	Resting state perfusion in the language network is linked to formal thought disorder and poor functional outcome in schizophrenia. Formal thought disorder (FTD) is a core symptom in schizophrenia. Here, we focus on resting state cerebral blood flow (rCBF) linked to dimensions of FTD.</AbstractText We included 47 schizophrenia spectrum patients and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We assessed FTD with the assessment of thought, language, and communication (TLC) and imaging on a 3T MRI scanner. Within patients, we tested the association of FTD dimensions and in a subgroup (n = 27) the association of functional outcome after 6 months with whole brain rCBF.</AbstractText Negative FTD was most prominently associated with perfusion within the superior temporal gyrus, while positive FTD was associated with perfusion within the supplementary motor area, and inferior frontal gyrus. Perfusion within the left supramarginal gyrus was associated with social functioning after 6 months.</AbstractText Distinguishable associations of rCBF with FTD dimensions point to distinct underlying pathophysiology. The location of aberrant perfusion patterns suggests that negative FTD might reflect defective access to semantic memory while positive FTD likely reflects defective suppression of irrelevant information during increased speech production. Finally, the neural correlates of thought block were also predictive of poor functional outcome. Thus, functional outcome and distinct FTD dimensions may share some pathophysiology.</AbstractText	Presence and Interactions of Entamoeba histolytica Lectin and p53 Protein in Colorectal Cancer. We aimed to analyze the presence of <i Overall, 150 colorectal cancer biopsy samples were subjected to examination for the specific <i Among the 150 colorectal cancer biopsy samples examined, 100 cases tested positive for the <i <i
40590598	30012784	38125298	Phantom Limb Pain Improvement Post Right Lower Extremity Amputation With a Liner-type Prosthesis and Pharmacotherapy Combination: A Case Report.	Phantom motor execution as a treatment for phantom limb pain: protocol of an international, double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial.	Cluster-based radiomics reveal spatial heterogeneity of bevacizumab response for treatment of radiotherapy-induced cerebral necrosis.	Phantom limb pain is pain in a missing limb postamputation. There is no sufficient evidence for an effective drug therapy, even though various treatment methods have been tried. Apart from drug therapy, mirror therapy, proprioceptive training, and virtual reality, as well as rehabilitation with appropriate orthotics have been tried. Liner-type prostheses use a silicone liner to reduce shear forces between the skin and the orthosis and to maintain suspension function, thereby relieving pain and improving comfort and functionality for the user.</AbstractText A 65-year-old man underwent amputation of his right thigh. On the 10th postoperative day, he complained of phantom limb pain centered on the amputation site. Pregabalin was started but did not alleviate his symptoms. After consultation with a physical therapist, the patient began using a liner prosthesis on the 33rd postoperative day. Symptoms gradually lessened, and positive comments were heard from the patient. Pregabalin and duloxetine were administered for a time but were soon reduced. Due to good pain control, the patient was discharged on the 46th postoperative day. After discharge from the hospital, the patient was able to continue treatment as an outpatient without his symptoms worsening, using a liner prosthesis as needed.</AbstractText Right thigh amputation is a very physically and emotionally taxing operation for the patient. Phantom limb pain is a difficult symptom to manage, but it must be adequately controlled for the patient. We have achieved phantom limb pain improvement with a combination of pharmacotherapy and a liner prosthesis. We feel a great need for close collaboration with other professions and for a nonpharmacologic approach in addition to pharmacotherapy.</AbstractText	Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a chronic condition that can greatly diminish quality of life. Control over the phantom limb and exercise of such control have been hypothesised to reverse maladaptive brain changes correlated to PLP. Preliminary investigations have shown that decoding motor volition using myoelectric pattern recognition, while providing real-time feedback via virtual and augmented reality (VR-AR), facilitates phantom motor execution (PME) and reduces PLP. Here we present the study protocol for an international (seven countries), multicentre (nine clinics), double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of PME in alleviating PLP.</AbstractText Sixty-seven subjects suffering from PLP in upper or lower limbs are randomly assigned to PME or phantom motor imagery (PMI) interventions. Subjects allocated to either treatment receive 15 interventions and are exposed to the same VR-AR environments using the same device. The only difference between interventions is whether phantom movements are actually performed (PME) or just imagined (PMI). Complete evaluations are conducted at baseline and at intervention completion, as well as 1, 3 and 6 months later using an intention-to-treat (ITT) approach. Changes in PLP measured using the Pain Rating Index between the first and last session are the primary measure of efficacy. Secondary outcomes include: frequency, duration, quality of pain, intrusion of pain in activities of daily living and sleep, disability associated to pain, pain self-efficacy, frequency of depressed mood, presence of catastrophising thinking, health-related quality of life and clinically significant change as patient's own impression. Follow-up interviews are conducted up to 6 months after the treatment.</AbstractText The study is performed in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki and under approval by the governing ethical committees of each participating clinic. The results will be published according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines in a peer-reviewed journal.</AbstractText NCT03112928; Pre-results.</AbstractText	Bevacizumab is used in the treatment of radiation necrosis (RN), which is a debilitating toxicity following head and neck radiotherapy. However, there is no biomarker to predict if a patient would respond to bevacizumab.</AbstractText We aimed to develop a cluster-based radiomics approach to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of RN and map their responses to bevacizumab.</AbstractText 118 consecutive nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients diagnosed with RN were enrolled. We divided 152 lesions from the patients into 101 for training, and 51 for validation. We extracted voxel-level radiomics features from each lesion segmented on T1-weighted+contrast and T2 FLAIR sequences of pre- and post-bevacizumab magnetic resonance images, followed by a three-step analysis involving individual- and population-level clustering, before delta-radiomics to derive five radiomics clusters within the lesions. We tested the association of each cluster with response to bevacizumab and developed a clinico-radiomics model using clinical predictors and cluster-specific features.</AbstractText 71 (70.3%) and 34 (66.7%) lesions had responded to bevacizumab in the training and validation datasets, respectively. Two radiomics clusters were spatially mapped to the edema region, and the volume changes were significantly associated with bevacizumab response (<i Our radiomics approach yielded intralesional resolution, enabling a more refined feature selection for predicting bevacizumab efficacy in the treatment of RN.</AbstractText	Phantom Limb Pain Improvement Post Right Lower Extremity Amputation With a Liner-type Prosthesis and Pharmacotherapy Combination: A Case Report. Phantom limb pain is pain in a missing limb postamputation. There is no sufficient evidence for an effective drug therapy, even though various treatment methods have been tried. Apart from drug therapy, mirror therapy, proprioceptive training, and virtual reality, as well as rehabilitation with appropriate orthotics have been tried. Liner-type prostheses use a silicone liner to reduce shear forces between the skin and the orthosis and to maintain suspension function, thereby relieving pain and improving comfort and functionality for the user.</AbstractText A 65-year-old man underwent amputation of his right thigh. On the 10th postoperative day, he complained of phantom limb pain centered on the amputation site. Pregabalin was started but did not alleviate his symptoms. After consultation with a physical therapist, the patient began using a liner prosthesis on the 33rd postoperative day. Symptoms gradually lessened, and positive comments were heard from the patient. Pregabalin and duloxetine were administered for a time but were soon reduced. Due to good pain control, the patient was discharged on the 46th postoperative day. After discharge from the hospital, the patient was able to continue treatment as an outpatient without his symptoms worsening, using a liner prosthesis as needed.</AbstractText Right thigh amputation is a very physically and emotionally taxing operation for the patient. Phantom limb pain is a difficult symptom to manage, but it must be adequately controlled for the patient. We have achieved phantom limb pain improvement with a combination of pharmacotherapy and a liner prosthesis. We feel a great need for close collaboration with other professions and for a nonpharmacologic approach in addition to pharmacotherapy.</AbstractText	Phantom motor execution as a treatment for phantom limb pain: protocol of an international, double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a chronic condition that can greatly diminish quality of life. Control over the phantom limb and exercise of such control have been hypothesised to reverse maladaptive brain changes correlated to PLP. Preliminary investigations have shown that decoding motor volition using myoelectric pattern recognition, while providing real-time feedback via virtual and augmented reality (VR-AR), facilitates phantom motor execution (PME) and reduces PLP. Here we present the study protocol for an international (seven countries), multicentre (nine clinics), double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of PME in alleviating PLP.</AbstractText Sixty-seven subjects suffering from PLP in upper or lower limbs are randomly assigned to PME or phantom motor imagery (PMI) interventions. Subjects allocated to either treatment receive 15 interventions and are exposed to the same VR-AR environments using the same device. The only difference between interventions is whether phantom movements are actually performed (PME) or just imagined (PMI). Complete evaluations are conducted at baseline and at intervention completion, as well as 1, 3 and 6 months later using an intention-to-treat (ITT) approach. Changes in PLP measured using the Pain Rating Index between the first and last session are the primary measure of efficacy. Secondary outcomes include: frequency, duration, quality of pain, intrusion of pain in activities of daily living and sleep, disability associated to pain, pain self-efficacy, frequency of depressed mood, presence of catastrophising thinking, health-related quality of life and clinically significant change as patient's own impression. Follow-up interviews are conducted up to 6 months after the treatment.</AbstractText The study is performed in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki and under approval by the governing ethical committees of each participating clinic. The results will be published according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines in a peer-reviewed journal.</AbstractText NCT03112928; Pre-results.</AbstractText	Cluster-based radiomics reveal spatial heterogeneity of bevacizumab response for treatment of radiotherapy-induced cerebral necrosis. Bevacizumab is used in the treatment of radiation necrosis (RN), which is a debilitating toxicity following head and neck radiotherapy. However, there is no biomarker to predict if a patient would respond to bevacizumab.</AbstractText We aimed to develop a cluster-based radiomics approach to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of RN and map their responses to bevacizumab.</AbstractText 118 consecutive nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients diagnosed with RN were enrolled. We divided 152 lesions from the patients into 101 for training, and 51 for validation. We extracted voxel-level radiomics features from each lesion segmented on T1-weighted+contrast and T2 FLAIR sequences of pre- and post-bevacizumab magnetic resonance images, followed by a three-step analysis involving individual- and population-level clustering, before delta-radiomics to derive five radiomics clusters within the lesions. We tested the association of each cluster with response to bevacizumab and developed a clinico-radiomics model using clinical predictors and cluster-specific features.</AbstractText 71 (70.3%) and 34 (66.7%) lesions had responded to bevacizumab in the training and validation datasets, respectively. Two radiomics clusters were spatially mapped to the edema region, and the volume changes were significantly associated with bevacizumab response (<i Our radiomics approach yielded intralesional resolution, enabling a more refined feature selection for predicting bevacizumab efficacy in the treatment of RN.</AbstractText
37933937	11490185	36723584	[Absceso cerebral como manifestación inicial de Deficiencia especifica de anticuerpos].	The Influence of hair shave on the infection rate in neurosurgery. A prospective study.	Photonics-assisted compressed sensing radar receiver for frequency domain non-sparse signal sampling based on dictionary learning.	Specific antibody deficiency (SAD) is an inborn error of immunity, in patients older than 2 years, characterized by normal immunoglobulin levels and IgG subclasses, but with recurrent infections and decreased antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens.</AbstractText A 10-year-old female, previously healthy, with no significant family history. She is known in this institution for symptoms of headache, vomiting and paresis. A CT scan of the skull was performed, where 4 brain abscesses, edema and displacement of the midline were observed, a right frontal trephine was performed and abscess drainage, antimicrobial management for infectology, blood cultures, Gram staining and cultures of negative drainage material. Assessed for allergy and immunology, for abscesses in deep focus, an approach was performed to rule out inborn error of immunity, immunoglobulins, isohemagglutinins, flow cytometry and response to normal protein antigens. Antibodies against post-vaccination polysaccharide antigens are requested, where a response to only 2 serotypes (18.1% response) is observed, with normal IgG subclasses, a diagnosis of specific antibody deficiency is integrated and management with immuno- globulin at replacement doses is started, as well as annual vaccination with 13 valent.</AbstractText SAD has been considered a problem that can be resolved over time, especially in children, but in others it can evolve into more severe forms of humoral immunodeficiency. Decisions to treat with prophylactic antibiotics and/or gamma globulin are guided by clinical judgment, small studies, and recent consensus documents, which may evolve over time.</AbstractText La deficiencia especifica de anticuerpos (SAD) es un error innato de la inmunidad, en pacientes de más de 2 años, caracterizada por niveles de inmunoglobulinas y subclases de IgG normales, pero con infecciones recurrentes y respuestas de anticuerpos disminuidas a antígenos polisacáridos.</AbstractText Femenina de 10 años, previa sana, sin antecedentes heredofamiliares de importancia. Conocida en esta institución por cuadro de cefalea, vómi- tos y paresias. Se realiza TAC de cráneo, donde se observan 4 abscesos cerebrales, edema y desplazamiento de la línea media, se realiza trepano frontal derecha y drenaje de abscesos, manejo antimicrobiano por infectología, hemocultivos, tinción de Gram y cultivos de material de drenaje negativos. Valorado por alergia e inmunología, por abscesos en foco profundo, se realizó abordaje para descartar error innato de la inmunidad, inmunoglobulinas, isohemaglutininas, citometría de flujo y respuesta a antígenos proteicos normales. Se solicitan anticuerpos contra antígenos polisacáridos post vacunación, donde se observa respuesta a solo 2 serotipos (respuesta del 18.1%), con subclases de IgG normales, se integra diagnóstico de deficiencia especifica de anticuerpos y se inicia manejo con inmuno- globulina a dosis de reemplazo, asi como vacunación anual con 13 valente.</AbstractText El SAD se ha considerado un problema que puede resolverse con el tiempo, especialmente en niños, pero en otros puede evolucionar hacia formas más severas de inmunodeficiencia humoral. Las decisiones de tratar con antibióticos profilácticos y/o gammaglobulina están guiadas por el juicio clínico, estudios pequeños y documentos de consenso recientes, que pueden evolucionar con el tiempo.</AbstractText	To investigate whether not shaving hair in neurosurgical operations carries an increased infection rate.</AbstractText Taking advantage of different practices among neurosurgeons in a single institution, we embarked upon a prospective non-randomised study of 100 consecutive neurosurgical procedures involving 90 paediatric patients aged 7 days to 16.8 years. The patients were split into two groups ('hair shave' and 'no hair shave'). The differences with respect to wound complications, positive microbiology on wound culture swabs and wound infection rates were analysed. Other factors considered were the cleansing solution, prophylactic antibiotic regime, duration of the operation, the surgeon's experience and the patient's age.</AbstractText The only complications observed were 4 incidences of wound dehiscence (2 in the hair shave and 2 in the no hair shave group) and 3 shunt infections (2 in the hair shave and 1 in the no hair shave group). We did not find any significant difference between the two arms for any of the factors assessed. Age was a significant factor in shunt infection, as all shunt infections were seen in patients aged less than 6 months, regardless of whether the hair was shaved or not (p = 0.024, Fisher's exact test).</AbstractText This study confirms our clinical experience that no hair shave is a good alternative to the traditional hair shaving approach, allowing patients to enjoy the psychological benefits of undisturbed body image while recovering from major surgery.</AbstractText	A photonics-assisted radar receiver based on compressed sensing (CS) technology is proposed to receive frequency domain non-sparse radar signals. The radar echo signal is mixed with a pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) in a photonic random demodulator (RD) consisting of a laser diode (LD), a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (DD-MZM), and a photodetector (PD). After the mixed signal from the photonic RD is undersampled by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), the echo signal is reconstructed in the digital domain using an overcomplete dictionary generated by the dictionary learning algorithm and sparse reconstruction algorithm. The target range can be then obtained by correlating the reconstructed echo signal and the transmitted one. Experimental results show that the proposed system can successfully reconstruct different kinds of undersampled non-sparse radar echo signals. When the compression ratio is 20, the ranging errors do not exceed 5 cm. The system provides a promising solution for recovering undersampled frequency domain non-sparse radar signals through photonics-assisted CS.</AbstractText	[Absceso cerebral como manifestación inicial de Deficiencia especifica de anticuerpos]. Specific antibody deficiency (SAD) is an inborn error of immunity, in patients older than 2 years, characterized by normal immunoglobulin levels and IgG subclasses, but with recurrent infections and decreased antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens.</AbstractText A 10-year-old female, previously healthy, with no significant family history. She is known in this institution for symptoms of headache, vomiting and paresis. A CT scan of the skull was performed, where 4 brain abscesses, edema and displacement of the midline were observed, a right frontal trephine was performed and abscess drainage, antimicrobial management for infectology, blood cultures, Gram staining and cultures of negative drainage material. Assessed for allergy and immunology, for abscesses in deep focus, an approach was performed to rule out inborn error of immunity, immunoglobulins, isohemagglutinins, flow cytometry and response to normal protein antigens. Antibodies against post-vaccination polysaccharide antigens are requested, where a response to only 2 serotypes (18.1% response) is observed, with normal IgG subclasses, a diagnosis of specific antibody deficiency is integrated and management with immuno- globulin at replacement doses is started, as well as annual vaccination with 13 valent.</AbstractText SAD has been considered a problem that can be resolved over time, especially in children, but in others it can evolve into more severe forms of humoral immunodeficiency. Decisions to treat with prophylactic antibiotics and/or gamma globulin are guided by clinical judgment, small studies, and recent consensus documents, which may evolve over time.</AbstractText La deficiencia especifica de anticuerpos (SAD) es un error innato de la inmunidad, en pacientes de más de 2 años, caracterizada por niveles de inmunoglobulinas y subclases de IgG normales, pero con infecciones recurrentes y respuestas de anticuerpos disminuidas a antígenos polisacáridos.</AbstractText Femenina de 10 años, previa sana, sin antecedentes heredofamiliares de importancia. Conocida en esta institución por cuadro de cefalea, vómi- tos y paresias. Se realiza TAC de cráneo, donde se observan 4 abscesos cerebrales, edema y desplazamiento de la línea media, se realiza trepano frontal derecha y drenaje de abscesos, manejo antimicrobiano por infectología, hemocultivos, tinción de Gram y cultivos de material de drenaje negativos. Valorado por alergia e inmunología, por abscesos en foco profundo, se realizó abordaje para descartar error innato de la inmunidad, inmunoglobulinas, isohemaglutininas, citometría de flujo y respuesta a antígenos proteicos normales. Se solicitan anticuerpos contra antígenos polisacáridos post vacunación, donde se observa respuesta a solo 2 serotipos (respuesta del 18.1%), con subclases de IgG normales, se integra diagnóstico de deficiencia especifica de anticuerpos y se inicia manejo con inmuno- globulina a dosis de reemplazo, asi como vacunación anual con 13 valente.</AbstractText El SAD se ha considerado un problema que puede resolverse con el tiempo, especialmente en niños, pero en otros puede evolucionar hacia formas más severas de inmunodeficiencia humoral. Las decisiones de tratar con antibióticos profilácticos y/o gammaglobulina están guiadas por el juicio clínico, estudios pequeños y documentos de consenso recientes, que pueden evolucionar con el tiempo.</AbstractText	The Influence of hair shave on the infection rate in neurosurgery. A prospective study. To investigate whether not shaving hair in neurosurgical operations carries an increased infection rate.</AbstractText Taking advantage of different practices among neurosurgeons in a single institution, we embarked upon a prospective non-randomised study of 100 consecutive neurosurgical procedures involving 90 paediatric patients aged 7 days to 16.8 years. The patients were split into two groups ('hair shave' and 'no hair shave'). The differences with respect to wound complications, positive microbiology on wound culture swabs and wound infection rates were analysed. Other factors considered were the cleansing solution, prophylactic antibiotic regime, duration of the operation, the surgeon's experience and the patient's age.</AbstractText The only complications observed were 4 incidences of wound dehiscence (2 in the hair shave and 2 in the no hair shave group) and 3 shunt infections (2 in the hair shave and 1 in the no hair shave group). We did not find any significant difference between the two arms for any of the factors assessed. Age was a significant factor in shunt infection, as all shunt infections were seen in patients aged less than 6 months, regardless of whether the hair was shaved or not (p = 0.024, Fisher's exact test).</AbstractText This study confirms our clinical experience that no hair shave is a good alternative to the traditional hair shaving approach, allowing patients to enjoy the psychological benefits of undisturbed body image while recovering from major surgery.</AbstractText	Photonics-assisted compressed sensing radar receiver for frequency domain non-sparse signal sampling based on dictionary learning. A photonics-assisted radar receiver based on compressed sensing (CS) technology is proposed to receive frequency domain non-sparse radar signals. The radar echo signal is mixed with a pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) in a photonic random demodulator (RD) consisting of a laser diode (LD), a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (DD-MZM), and a photodetector (PD). After the mixed signal from the photonic RD is undersampled by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), the echo signal is reconstructed in the digital domain using an overcomplete dictionary generated by the dictionary learning algorithm and sparse reconstruction algorithm. The target range can be then obtained by correlating the reconstructed echo signal and the transmitted one. Experimental results show that the proposed system can successfully reconstruct different kinds of undersampled non-sparse radar echo signals. When the compression ratio is 20, the ranging errors do not exceed 5 cm. The system provides a promising solution for recovering undersampled frequency domain non-sparse radar signals through photonics-assisted CS.</AbstractText
29857859	26837388	30142449	Artifact reduction from dental implants using virtual monoenergetic reconstructions from novel spectral detector CT.	An illustrative review to understand and manage metal-induced artifacts in musculoskeletal MRI: a primer and updates.	Phase shift invariant imaging of coherent sources (PSIICOS) from MEG data.	Image quality in head and neck imaging is often severely hampered by artifacts arising from dental implants. This study evaluates metal artifact (MA) reduction using virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) compared to conventional CT images (CI) from spectral-detector computed tomography (SDCT).</AbstractText 38 consecutive patients with dental implants were included in this retrospective study. All examinations were performed using a SDCT (IQon, Philips, Best, The Netherlands). Images were reconstructed as conventional images (CI) and as VMI in a range of 40-200 keV (10 keV increment). Quantitative image analysis was performed ROI-based by measurement of attenuation (HU) and standard deviation in most pronounced hypo- and hyperdense artifact, fat and soft tissue with presence of artifacts. Qualitatively, extent of artifact reduction, assessment of soft palate and cheeks were rated on 5-point Likert-scales by two radiologists. Statistical data evaluation included ANOVA and Wilcoxon-test with correction for multiple comparisons; interrater-agreement was determined by intraclass-correlation coefficient (ICC).</AbstractText The hypo- and hyperattenuating artifacts showed an increase and decrease of HU-values in VMI<sub Virtual monoenergetic images from SDCT reduce metal artifacts from dental implants and improve diagnostic assessment of surrounding soft tissue.</AbstractText	This article reviews and explains the basic physical principles of metal-induced MRI artifacts, describes simple ways to reduce them, and presents specific reduction solutions. Artifacts include signal loss, pile-up artifacts, geometric distortion, and failure of fat suppression. Their nature and origins are reviewed and explained though schematic representations that ease the understanding. Then, optimization of simple acquisition parameters is detailed. Lastly, dedicated sequences and options specifically developed to reduce metal artifacts (VAT, SEMAC, and MAVRIC) are explained.</AbstractText	Increasing evidence suggests that neuronal communication is a defining property of functionally specialized brain networks and that it is implemented through synchronization between population activities of distinct brain areas. The detection of long-range coupling in electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data using conventional metrics (such as coherence or phase-locking value) is by definition contaminated by spatial leakage. Methods such as imaginary coherence, phase-lag index or orthogonalized amplitude correlations tackle spatial leakage by ignoring zero-phase interactions. Although useful, these metrics will by construction lead to false negatives in cases where true zero-phase coupling exists in the data and will underestimate interactions with phase lags in the vicinity of zero. Yet, empirically observed neuronal synchrony in invasive recordings indicates that it is not uncommon to find zero or close-to-zero phase lag between the activity profiles of coupled neuronal assemblies. Here, we introduce a novel method that allows us to mitigate the undesired spatial leakage effects and detect zero and near zero phase interactions. To this end, we propose a projection operation that operates on sensor-space cross-spectrum and suppresses the spatial leakage contribution but retains the true zero-phase interaction component. We then solve the network estimation task as a source estimation problem defined in the product space of interacting source topographies. We show how this framework provides reliable interaction detection for all phase-lag values and we thus refer to the method as Phase Shift Invariant Imaging of Coherent Sources (PSIICOS). Realistic simulations demonstrate that PSIICOS has better detector characteristics than existing interaction metrics. Finally, we illustrate the performance of PSIICOS by applying it to real MEG dataset recorded during a standard mental rotation task. Taken together, using analytical derivations, data simulations and real brain data, this study presents a novel source-space MEG/EEG connectivity method that overcomes previous limitations and for the first time allows for the estimation of true zero-phase coupling via non-invasive electrophysiological recordings.</AbstractText	Artifact reduction from dental implants using virtual monoenergetic reconstructions from novel spectral detector CT. Image quality in head and neck imaging is often severely hampered by artifacts arising from dental implants. This study evaluates metal artifact (MA) reduction using virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) compared to conventional CT images (CI) from spectral-detector computed tomography (SDCT).</AbstractText 38 consecutive patients with dental implants were included in this retrospective study. All examinations were performed using a SDCT (IQon, Philips, Best, The Netherlands). Images were reconstructed as conventional images (CI) and as VMI in a range of 40-200 keV (10 keV increment). Quantitative image analysis was performed ROI-based by measurement of attenuation (HU) and standard deviation in most pronounced hypo- and hyperdense artifact, fat and soft tissue with presence of artifacts. Qualitatively, extent of artifact reduction, assessment of soft palate and cheeks were rated on 5-point Likert-scales by two radiologists. Statistical data evaluation included ANOVA and Wilcoxon-test with correction for multiple comparisons; interrater-agreement was determined by intraclass-correlation coefficient (ICC).</AbstractText The hypo- and hyperattenuating artifacts showed an increase and decrease of HU-values in VMI<sub Virtual monoenergetic images from SDCT reduce metal artifacts from dental implants and improve diagnostic assessment of surrounding soft tissue.</AbstractText	An illustrative review to understand and manage metal-induced artifacts in musculoskeletal MRI: a primer and updates. This article reviews and explains the basic physical principles of metal-induced MRI artifacts, describes simple ways to reduce them, and presents specific reduction solutions. Artifacts include signal loss, pile-up artifacts, geometric distortion, and failure of fat suppression. Their nature and origins are reviewed and explained though schematic representations that ease the understanding. Then, optimization of simple acquisition parameters is detailed. Lastly, dedicated sequences and options specifically developed to reduce metal artifacts (VAT, SEMAC, and MAVRIC) are explained.</AbstractText	Phase shift invariant imaging of coherent sources (PSIICOS) from MEG data. Increasing evidence suggests that neuronal communication is a defining property of functionally specialized brain networks and that it is implemented through synchronization between population activities of distinct brain areas. The detection of long-range coupling in electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data using conventional metrics (such as coherence or phase-locking value) is by definition contaminated by spatial leakage. Methods such as imaginary coherence, phase-lag index or orthogonalized amplitude correlations tackle spatial leakage by ignoring zero-phase interactions. Although useful, these metrics will by construction lead to false negatives in cases where true zero-phase coupling exists in the data and will underestimate interactions with phase lags in the vicinity of zero. Yet, empirically observed neuronal synchrony in invasive recordings indicates that it is not uncommon to find zero or close-to-zero phase lag between the activity profiles of coupled neuronal assemblies. Here, we introduce a novel method that allows us to mitigate the undesired spatial leakage effects and detect zero and near zero phase interactions. To this end, we propose a projection operation that operates on sensor-space cross-spectrum and suppresses the spatial leakage contribution but retains the true zero-phase interaction component. We then solve the network estimation task as a source estimation problem defined in the product space of interacting source topographies. We show how this framework provides reliable interaction detection for all phase-lag values and we thus refer to the method as Phase Shift Invariant Imaging of Coherent Sources (PSIICOS). Realistic simulations demonstrate that PSIICOS has better detector characteristics than existing interaction metrics. Finally, we illustrate the performance of PSIICOS by applying it to real MEG dataset recorded during a standard mental rotation task. Taken together, using analytical derivations, data simulations and real brain data, this study presents a novel source-space MEG/EEG connectivity method that overcomes previous limitations and for the first time allows for the estimation of true zero-phase coupling via non-invasive electrophysiological recordings.</AbstractText
33493620	29569037	34536900	Histamine and Corticosterone Modulate Acid Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs) Dependent Long-term Potentiation at the Mouse Anterior Cingulate Cortex.	Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: clinical-pharmacological aspects.	Clinical Characterization of Epilepsy in Children With Angelman Syndrome.	Increase in proton concentration [H<sup	This invited narrative review emphasizes the role of MAO-B inhibition in the drug portfolio for dopamine substitution in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuronal and glial MAO-B inhibition contributes to more stable levels of dopamine and other biogenic amines in the synaptic cleft. Accordingly, symptomatic effects of MAO-B inhibition for a limited amelioration of impaired motor behaviour and wearing-off phenomena in patients with Parkinson's disease are well proven, even when MAO-B inhibitors are only applied together with dopamine agonists. Delay of disease progression by MAO-B inhibition is under debate despite positive experimental findings. This discussion does not consider, that levodopa, respectively, dopamine agonists, are substrates, respectively, inhibitors of the ABCB1 (P-gp, MDR1, and CD243) transporter system. It supports toxin efflux over the blood-brain barrier. ABCB1 transporters have a limited capacity. MAO-B inhibitors do not weaken it. Treatment with MAO-B inhibitors is advantageous as it enables sparing of dopamine agonist and levodopa dosing.</AbstractText	Epilepsy is highly prevalent in children with Angelman syndrome (AS), and its detailed characterization and relationship to the genotype (deletion vs nondeletion) is important both for medical practice and for clinical trial design.</AbstractText We retrospectively analyzed the main clinical features of epilepsy in 265 children with AS who were enrolled in the AS Natural History Study, a multicenter, observational study conducted at six centers in the United States. Participants were prospectively followed up and classified by genotype.</AbstractText Epilepsy was reported in a greater proportion of individuals with a deletion than a nondeletion genotype (171 of 187 [91%] vs. 48 of 78 [61%], P < 0.001). Compared with participants with a nondeletion genotype, those with deletions were younger at the time of the first seizure (age: median [95% confidence interval]: 24 [21-24] months vs. 57 [36-85] months, P < 0.001) and had a higher prevalence of generalized motor seizures. Hospitalization following a seizure was reported in more children with a deletion than a nondeletion genotype (92 of 171 [54%] vs. 17 of 48 [36%], P = 0.04). The overall prevalence of absence seizures was not significantly different between genotype groups. Forty-six percent (102/219) of the individuals reporting epilepsy were diagnosed with AS concurrently or after their first seizure.</AbstractText Significant differences exist in the clinical expression of epilepsy in AS according to the underlying genotype, with earlier age of onset and more severe epilepsy in individuals with AS due to a chromosome 15 deletion.</AbstractText	Histamine and Corticosterone Modulate Acid Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs) Dependent Long-term Potentiation at the Mouse Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Increase in proton concentration [H<sup	Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: clinical-pharmacological aspects. This invited narrative review emphasizes the role of MAO-B inhibition in the drug portfolio for dopamine substitution in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuronal and glial MAO-B inhibition contributes to more stable levels of dopamine and other biogenic amines in the synaptic cleft. Accordingly, symptomatic effects of MAO-B inhibition for a limited amelioration of impaired motor behaviour and wearing-off phenomena in patients with Parkinson's disease are well proven, even when MAO-B inhibitors are only applied together with dopamine agonists. Delay of disease progression by MAO-B inhibition is under debate despite positive experimental findings. This discussion does not consider, that levodopa, respectively, dopamine agonists, are substrates, respectively, inhibitors of the ABCB1 (P-gp, MDR1, and CD243) transporter system. It supports toxin efflux over the blood-brain barrier. ABCB1 transporters have a limited capacity. MAO-B inhibitors do not weaken it. Treatment with MAO-B inhibitors is advantageous as it enables sparing of dopamine agonist and levodopa dosing.</AbstractText	Clinical Characterization of Epilepsy in Children With Angelman Syndrome. Epilepsy is highly prevalent in children with Angelman syndrome (AS), and its detailed characterization and relationship to the genotype (deletion vs nondeletion) is important both for medical practice and for clinical trial design.</AbstractText We retrospectively analyzed the main clinical features of epilepsy in 265 children with AS who were enrolled in the AS Natural History Study, a multicenter, observational study conducted at six centers in the United States. Participants were prospectively followed up and classified by genotype.</AbstractText Epilepsy was reported in a greater proportion of individuals with a deletion than a nondeletion genotype (171 of 187 [91%] vs. 48 of 78 [61%], P < 0.001). Compared with participants with a nondeletion genotype, those with deletions were younger at the time of the first seizure (age: median [95% confidence interval]: 24 [21-24] months vs. 57 [36-85] months, P < 0.001) and had a higher prevalence of generalized motor seizures. Hospitalization following a seizure was reported in more children with a deletion than a nondeletion genotype (92 of 171 [54%] vs. 17 of 48 [36%], P = 0.04). The overall prevalence of absence seizures was not significantly different between genotype groups. Forty-six percent (102/219) of the individuals reporting epilepsy were diagnosed with AS concurrently or after their first seizure.</AbstractText Significant differences exist in the clinical expression of epilepsy in AS according to the underlying genotype, with earlier age of onset and more severe epilepsy in individuals with AS due to a chromosome 15 deletion.</AbstractText
40713202	35044793	40024326	A Prospective, Multicentre Randomised Controlled Study of Angiographic and Clinical Outcomes in Total Arterial Coronary Bypass Grafting: The TA Trial Protocol.	Cognitive Aging and the Promise of Physical Activity.	The nature of syntactic working memory during relative clause processing: fMRI evidence from multiple anatomic ROIs.	Conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures typically utilise the left internal mammary artery and supplementary saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) to re-establish adequate coronary blood flow to ischaemic territories. However, extensive observational studies have consistently demonstrated that SVGs are prone to accelerated atherosclerosis and progressive failure compared to arterial conduits. These limitations have heightened interest in total arterial revascularisation (TAR) as a potentially superior strategy.</AbstractText The Total Arterial (TA) Trial, fully funded through the Medical Research Future Fund Cardiovascular Health Mission, aims to determine the angiographic and clinical outcomes of TAR compared to conventional non-TAR operations.</AbstractText Design: This study is an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial including 1,000 CABG patients from multiple cardiac institutions across Australia, with an allocation ratio of 1:1. Randomisation occurs at a standardised perioperative time point via computer-generated sequences with variable block size The trial does not impose specific procedural requirements regarding the type of arterial conduit, revascularisation or reconstruction technique, use of sequential or composite methods, or any perioperative management.</AbstractText Total arterial CABG with no use of SVG.</AbstractText Non-total-arterial CABG with at least one SVG.</AbstractText The primary endpoint will be perfect graft patency at 24 months postoperatively. The secondary endpoints include patency, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, quality of life, all-cause and cardiac mortality. Clinical follow-up visits will be scheduled at 6-month intervals, and angiographic assessments at 3 months and 24 months. Subgroup analyses by diabetes, sex, age, and conduit types are proposed to examine the potential interactions with treatment effects.</AbstractText The TA Trial is one of the largest multicentre trials in the field of coronary revascularisation research, evaluating the graft status and clinical endpoints of TAR versus non-TAR procedures. The study design will provide valuable insights into whether differences in graft failure of SVG translate into differences in survival and cardiac outcomes. Early postoperative coronary angiography may improve understanding of the impact of competitive flow on graft function. The findings from this study will contribute to an improved understanding and help inform the optimal approach for coronary revascularisation, supporting evidence-based improvements in patient care.</AbstractText Ethical approval has been granted by the Melbourne Health Institutional Review Board (HREC/92839/MH-2023), Australia.</AbstractText The trial has been registered under the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ACTRN12623000864628). Dissemination of results: The analysed results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal on completion of the clinical trial.</AbstractText	Is the field of cognitive aging irretrievably concerned with decline and deficits, or is it shifting to emphasize the hope of preservation and enhancement of cognitive function in late life? A fragment of an answer comes from research attempting to understand the reasons for individual variability in the extent and rate of cognitive decline. This body of work has created a sense of optimism based on evidence that there are some health behaviors that amplify cognitive performance or mitigate the rate of age-related cognitive decline. In this context, we discuss the role of physical activity on neurocognitive function in late adulthood and summarize how it can be conceptualized as a constructive approach both for the maintenance of cognitive function and as a therapeutic for enhancing or optimizing cognitive function in late life. In this way, physical activity research can be used to shape perceptions of cognitive aging.</AbstractText	Relative clauses (RC) are a common embedded structure in natural language. They can be classified as Subject-extracted RC (SRC) and object-extracted RC (ORC). Previous studies have suggested an ORC advantage in Chinese. This is consistent with the memory-based theories, which propose that more syntactic working memory (SWM) is needed during the Chinese SRC processing than the ORC processing. However, it is still unclear about the nature of the SWM (language-specific vs. domain-general). In the current study, participants were asked to read Chinese SRC and ORC sentences while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. Because of the important role of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) in SWM, these two brain regions were divided into sub-regions. Critically, LIFG<sub	A Prospective, Multicentre Randomised Controlled Study of Angiographic and Clinical Outcomes in Total Arterial Coronary Bypass Grafting: The TA Trial Protocol. Conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures typically utilise the left internal mammary artery and supplementary saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) to re-establish adequate coronary blood flow to ischaemic territories. However, extensive observational studies have consistently demonstrated that SVGs are prone to accelerated atherosclerosis and progressive failure compared to arterial conduits. These limitations have heightened interest in total arterial revascularisation (TAR) as a potentially superior strategy.</AbstractText The Total Arterial (TA) Trial, fully funded through the Medical Research Future Fund Cardiovascular Health Mission, aims to determine the angiographic and clinical outcomes of TAR compared to conventional non-TAR operations.</AbstractText Design: This study is an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial including 1,000 CABG patients from multiple cardiac institutions across Australia, with an allocation ratio of 1:1. Randomisation occurs at a standardised perioperative time point via computer-generated sequences with variable block size The trial does not impose specific procedural requirements regarding the type of arterial conduit, revascularisation or reconstruction technique, use of sequential or composite methods, or any perioperative management.</AbstractText Total arterial CABG with no use of SVG.</AbstractText Non-total-arterial CABG with at least one SVG.</AbstractText The primary endpoint will be perfect graft patency at 24 months postoperatively. The secondary endpoints include patency, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, quality of life, all-cause and cardiac mortality. Clinical follow-up visits will be scheduled at 6-month intervals, and angiographic assessments at 3 months and 24 months. Subgroup analyses by diabetes, sex, age, and conduit types are proposed to examine the potential interactions with treatment effects.</AbstractText The TA Trial is one of the largest multicentre trials in the field of coronary revascularisation research, evaluating the graft status and clinical endpoints of TAR versus non-TAR procedures. The study design will provide valuable insights into whether differences in graft failure of SVG translate into differences in survival and cardiac outcomes. Early postoperative coronary angiography may improve understanding of the impact of competitive flow on graft function. The findings from this study will contribute to an improved understanding and help inform the optimal approach for coronary revascularisation, supporting evidence-based improvements in patient care.</AbstractText Ethical approval has been granted by the Melbourne Health Institutional Review Board (HREC/92839/MH-2023), Australia.</AbstractText The trial has been registered under the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ACTRN12623000864628). Dissemination of results: The analysed results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal on completion of the clinical trial.</AbstractText	Cognitive Aging and the Promise of Physical Activity. Is the field of cognitive aging irretrievably concerned with decline and deficits, or is it shifting to emphasize the hope of preservation and enhancement of cognitive function in late life? A fragment of an answer comes from research attempting to understand the reasons for individual variability in the extent and rate of cognitive decline. This body of work has created a sense of optimism based on evidence that there are some health behaviors that amplify cognitive performance or mitigate the rate of age-related cognitive decline. In this context, we discuss the role of physical activity on neurocognitive function in late adulthood and summarize how it can be conceptualized as a constructive approach both for the maintenance of cognitive function and as a therapeutic for enhancing or optimizing cognitive function in late life. In this way, physical activity research can be used to shape perceptions of cognitive aging.</AbstractText	The nature of syntactic working memory during relative clause processing: fMRI evidence from multiple anatomic ROIs. Relative clauses (RC) are a common embedded structure in natural language. They can be classified as Subject-extracted RC (SRC) and object-extracted RC (ORC). Previous studies have suggested an ORC advantage in Chinese. This is consistent with the memory-based theories, which propose that more syntactic working memory (SWM) is needed during the Chinese SRC processing than the ORC processing. However, it is still unclear about the nature of the SWM (language-specific vs. domain-general). In the current study, participants were asked to read Chinese SRC and ORC sentences while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. Because of the important role of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) in SWM, these two brain regions were divided into sub-regions. Critically, LIFG<sub
40529113	34451524	40168619	A descriptive analysis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob cases in Vietnam: 31 patients from four tertiary care centers.	Propagation of CJD Prions in Primary Murine Glia Cells Expressing Human PrP(c).	Genetic Encoding of Fluorinated Analogues of Phenylalanine for (19)F NMR Spectroscopy: Detection of Conformational Heterogeneity in Flaviviral NS2B-NS3 Proteases.	Accurate diagnosis of sCJD remains challenging in developing countries such as Vietnam, as clinical and research efforts focus on treatable diseases. Several cases of sCJD have been diagnosed in Vietnam but data from formal analyses are lacking. This is the first systematic analysis of patients with sCJD in Vietnam.</AbstractText This was a systematic retrospective review of medical records from patients with probable sCJD (N = 31) seen between April 2021 to April 2024 at four tertiary care centers. Clinical, laboratory, neuroimaging, and EEG findings were included in the analysis.</AbstractText Data from 16 men and 15 women with sCJD were analyzed. The average age of onset was 63.4 years (range 50-83 years). Twenty-one of the patients had died after a mean survival of 7.6 months (range 3-20 months). All patients initially presented with rapidly progressive dementia. Other associated symptoms included myoclonus (77 %), extrapyramidal symptoms (80 %), pyramidal symptoms (58 %), akinetic mutism (55 %), visual disturbance (45 %), and cerebellar ataxia (32 %). Neuroimaging revealed abnormal fluidattenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences in 28/31 patients. EEG revealed periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs) in 26/31 patients. Only 12 patients had been tested for 14-3-3 protein in CSF and all were positive.</AbstractText Clinical, neuroimaging, laboratory, and EEG features are consistent with global findings.</AbstractText	There are various existing cell models for the propagation of animal prions. However, in vitro propagation of human prions has been a long-standing challenge. This study presents the establishment of a long-term primary murine glia culture expressing the human prion protein homozygous for methionine at codon 129, which allows in vitro propagation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) prions (variant CJD (vCJD) and sporadic CJD (sCJD) type MM2). Prion propagation could be detected by Western blotting of pathological proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrP<sup	Substituting a single hydrogen atom in a protein by fluorine provides a probe for site-specific sensing by <sup	A descriptive analysis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob cases in Vietnam: 31 patients from four tertiary care centers. Accurate diagnosis of sCJD remains challenging in developing countries such as Vietnam, as clinical and research efforts focus on treatable diseases. Several cases of sCJD have been diagnosed in Vietnam but data from formal analyses are lacking. This is the first systematic analysis of patients with sCJD in Vietnam.</AbstractText This was a systematic retrospective review of medical records from patients with probable sCJD (N = 31) seen between April 2021 to April 2024 at four tertiary care centers. Clinical, laboratory, neuroimaging, and EEG findings were included in the analysis.</AbstractText Data from 16 men and 15 women with sCJD were analyzed. The average age of onset was 63.4 years (range 50-83 years). Twenty-one of the patients had died after a mean survival of 7.6 months (range 3-20 months). All patients initially presented with rapidly progressive dementia. Other associated symptoms included myoclonus (77 %), extrapyramidal symptoms (80 %), pyramidal symptoms (58 %), akinetic mutism (55 %), visual disturbance (45 %), and cerebellar ataxia (32 %). Neuroimaging revealed abnormal fluidattenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences in 28/31 patients. EEG revealed periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs) in 26/31 patients. Only 12 patients had been tested for 14-3-3 protein in CSF and all were positive.</AbstractText Clinical, neuroimaging, laboratory, and EEG features are consistent with global findings.</AbstractText	Propagation of CJD Prions in Primary Murine Glia Cells Expressing Human PrP(c). There are various existing cell models for the propagation of animal prions. However, in vitro propagation of human prions has been a long-standing challenge. This study presents the establishment of a long-term primary murine glia culture expressing the human prion protein homozygous for methionine at codon 129, which allows in vitro propagation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) prions (variant CJD (vCJD) and sporadic CJD (sCJD) type MM2). Prion propagation could be detected by Western blotting of pathological proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrP<sup	Genetic Encoding of Fluorinated Analogues of Phenylalanine for (19)F NMR Spectroscopy: Detection of Conformational Heterogeneity in Flaviviral NS2B-NS3 Proteases. Substituting a single hydrogen atom in a protein by fluorine provides a probe for site-specific sensing by <sup
38230839	37689499	38413110	Effect of prescription isodose line on tissue sparing in linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery treating multiple brain metastases using dynamic conformal arcs.	Generation, validation, and benchmarking of a commercial independent Monte Carlo calculation beam model for multi-target SRS.	Safety of Administering Intravenous CT Contrast Agents Repeatedly or Using Both CT and MRI Contrast Agents on the Same Day: An Animal Study.	Linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become a mainstay for simultaneous management of multiple intracranial targets. Recent improvements in treatment planning systems (TPS) have enabled treatment of multiple brain metastases using dynamic conformal arcs (DCA) and a single treatment isocenter. However, as the volume of healthy tissue receiving at least 12 Gy (V12) is linked to the probability of developing radionecrosis, balancing target coverage while minimizing V12 is a critical factor affecting SRS plan quality. Current TPS allow users to adjust various parameters influencing plan optimization. The purpose of this work is to quantify the effect of negative margins on V12 for cranial SRS plans managing multiple brain metastases.</AbstractText Using the Brainlab Elements v3.0 TPS (Brainlab, Munich, Germany), we calculated V10, V12, V15, monitor units, and conformity index for seventeen SRS plans treating 2-10 metastases on our Elekta Versa HD (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden) linear accelerator. We compared plans optimized using 70%-90% prescription isodose lines (IDL) in 5% increments.</AbstractText Irrespective of the number of treated metastases, optimization at a lower prescription IDL reduced V10, V12, and V15 and increased MU compared to the 90% IDL (p < 0.01). However, comparing the 70% and 75% IDL optimizations, there was little difference in tissue sparing. The conformity index showed no consistent trends at different IDLs due to a significant spread in case data.</AbstractText For our plans treating up to 10 metastases, diminishing returns for tissue sparing at IDLs below 80% paired with increasing treatment MU and dosimetric hot spot made optimization at lower IDLs less favorable. In our clinic, after consulting with a physician, it was determined that optimization at the 80% IDL achieved the best balance of V12, treatment MU, and maximum dose. Clinics implementing LINAC-based SRS programs may consider using similar evaluations to develop their own clinical protocols.</AbstractText	Dosimetric validation of single isocenter multi-target radiosurgery plans is difficult due to conditions of electronic disequilibrium and the simultaneous irradiation of multiple off-axis lesions dispersed throughout the volume. Here we report the benchmarking of a customizable Monte Carlo secondary dose calculation algorithm specific for multi-target radiosurgery which future users may use to guide their commissioning and clinical implementation.</AbstractText To report the generation, validation, and clinical benchmarking of a volumetric Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation beam model for single isocenter radiosurgery of intracranial multi-focal disease.</AbstractText The beam model was prepared within SciMoCa (ScientificRT, Munich Germany), a commercial independent dose calculation software, with the aim of broad availability via the commercial software for use with single isocenter radiosurgery. The process included (1) definition & acquisition of measurement data required for beam modeling, (2) tuning model parameters to match measurements, (3) validation of the beam model via independent measurements and end-to-end testing, and finally, (4) clinical benchmarking and validation of beam model utility in a patient specific QA setting. We utilized a 6X Flattening-Filter-Free photon beam from a TrueBeam STX linear accelerator (Siemens Healthineers, Munich Germany).</AbstractText In addition to the measured data required for standard IMRT/VMAT (depth dose, central axis profiles & output factors, leaf gap), beam modeling and validation for single-isocenter SRS required central axis and off axis (5 cm & 9 cm) small field output factors and comparison between measurement and simulation of backscatter with aperture for jaw much greater than MLCs. Validation end-to-end measurements included SRS MapCHECK in StereoPHAN geometry (2%/1 mm Gamma = 99.2% ± 2.2%), and OSL & scintillator measurements in anthropomorphic STEEV phantom (6 targets, volume = 0.1-4.1cc, distance from isocenter = 1.2-7.9 cm) for which mean difference was -1.9% ± 2.2%. For 10 patient cases, MC for individual PTVs was -0.8% ± 1.5%, -1.3% ± 1.7%, and -0.5% ± 1.8% for mean dose, D<sub The beam modeling, validation, and clinical action criteria outlined here serves as a benchmark for future users of the customized beam model within SciMoCa for single isocenter radiosurgery of multi-focal disease.</AbstractText	To investigate molecular and functional consequences of additional exposures to iodine- or gadolinium-based contrast agents within 24 hours from the initial intravenous administration of iodine-based contrast agents through an animal study.</AbstractText Fifty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats were equally divided into eight groups: negative control, positive control (PC) with single-dose administration of CT contrast agent, and additional administration of either CT or MR contrast agents 2, 4, or 24 hours from initial CT contrast agent injection. A 12 µL/g of iodinated contrast agent or a 0.47 µL/g of gadolinium-based contrast agent were injected into the tail vein. Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cystatin C (Cys C), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. mRNA and protein levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were evaluated.</AbstractText Levels of serum creatinine (SCr) were significantly higher in repeated CT contrast agent injection groups than in PC (0.21 ± 0.02 mg/dL for PC; 0.40 ± 0.02, 0.34 ± 0.03, and 0.41 ± 0.10 mg/dL for 2-, 4-, and 24-hour interval groups, respectively; <i A sufficient time interval, probably more than 24 hours, between repeated contrast-enhanced CT examinations may be necessary to avoid deterioration in renal function. However, conducting contrast-enhanced MRI on the same day as contrast-enhanced CT may not induce clinically significant kidney injury.</AbstractText	Effect of prescription isodose line on tissue sparing in linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery treating multiple brain metastases using dynamic conformal arcs. Linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become a mainstay for simultaneous management of multiple intracranial targets. Recent improvements in treatment planning systems (TPS) have enabled treatment of multiple brain metastases using dynamic conformal arcs (DCA) and a single treatment isocenter. However, as the volume of healthy tissue receiving at least 12 Gy (V12) is linked to the probability of developing radionecrosis, balancing target coverage while minimizing V12 is a critical factor affecting SRS plan quality. Current TPS allow users to adjust various parameters influencing plan optimization. The purpose of this work is to quantify the effect of negative margins on V12 for cranial SRS plans managing multiple brain metastases.</AbstractText Using the Brainlab Elements v3.0 TPS (Brainlab, Munich, Germany), we calculated V10, V12, V15, monitor units, and conformity index for seventeen SRS plans treating 2-10 metastases on our Elekta Versa HD (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden) linear accelerator. We compared plans optimized using 70%-90% prescription isodose lines (IDL) in 5% increments.</AbstractText Irrespective of the number of treated metastases, optimization at a lower prescription IDL reduced V10, V12, and V15 and increased MU compared to the 90% IDL (p < 0.01). However, comparing the 70% and 75% IDL optimizations, there was little difference in tissue sparing. The conformity index showed no consistent trends at different IDLs due to a significant spread in case data.</AbstractText For our plans treating up to 10 metastases, diminishing returns for tissue sparing at IDLs below 80% paired with increasing treatment MU and dosimetric hot spot made optimization at lower IDLs less favorable. In our clinic, after consulting with a physician, it was determined that optimization at the 80% IDL achieved the best balance of V12, treatment MU, and maximum dose. Clinics implementing LINAC-based SRS programs may consider using similar evaluations to develop their own clinical protocols.</AbstractText	Generation, validation, and benchmarking of a commercial independent Monte Carlo calculation beam model for multi-target SRS. Dosimetric validation of single isocenter multi-target radiosurgery plans is difficult due to conditions of electronic disequilibrium and the simultaneous irradiation of multiple off-axis lesions dispersed throughout the volume. Here we report the benchmarking of a customizable Monte Carlo secondary dose calculation algorithm specific for multi-target radiosurgery which future users may use to guide their commissioning and clinical implementation.</AbstractText To report the generation, validation, and clinical benchmarking of a volumetric Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation beam model for single isocenter radiosurgery of intracranial multi-focal disease.</AbstractText The beam model was prepared within SciMoCa (ScientificRT, Munich Germany), a commercial independent dose calculation software, with the aim of broad availability via the commercial software for use with single isocenter radiosurgery. The process included (1) definition & acquisition of measurement data required for beam modeling, (2) tuning model parameters to match measurements, (3) validation of the beam model via independent measurements and end-to-end testing, and finally, (4) clinical benchmarking and validation of beam model utility in a patient specific QA setting. We utilized a 6X Flattening-Filter-Free photon beam from a TrueBeam STX linear accelerator (Siemens Healthineers, Munich Germany).</AbstractText In addition to the measured data required for standard IMRT/VMAT (depth dose, central axis profiles & output factors, leaf gap), beam modeling and validation for single-isocenter SRS required central axis and off axis (5 cm & 9 cm) small field output factors and comparison between measurement and simulation of backscatter with aperture for jaw much greater than MLCs. Validation end-to-end measurements included SRS MapCHECK in StereoPHAN geometry (2%/1 mm Gamma = 99.2% ± 2.2%), and OSL & scintillator measurements in anthropomorphic STEEV phantom (6 targets, volume = 0.1-4.1cc, distance from isocenter = 1.2-7.9 cm) for which mean difference was -1.9% ± 2.2%. For 10 patient cases, MC for individual PTVs was -0.8% ± 1.5%, -1.3% ± 1.7%, and -0.5% ± 1.8% for mean dose, D<sub The beam modeling, validation, and clinical action criteria outlined here serves as a benchmark for future users of the customized beam model within SciMoCa for single isocenter radiosurgery of multi-focal disease.</AbstractText	Safety of Administering Intravenous CT Contrast Agents Repeatedly or Using Both CT and MRI Contrast Agents on the Same Day: An Animal Study. To investigate molecular and functional consequences of additional exposures to iodine- or gadolinium-based contrast agents within 24 hours from the initial intravenous administration of iodine-based contrast agents through an animal study.</AbstractText Fifty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats were equally divided into eight groups: negative control, positive control (PC) with single-dose administration of CT contrast agent, and additional administration of either CT or MR contrast agents 2, 4, or 24 hours from initial CT contrast agent injection. A 12 µL/g of iodinated contrast agent or a 0.47 µL/g of gadolinium-based contrast agent were injected into the tail vein. Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cystatin C (Cys C), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. mRNA and protein levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were evaluated.</AbstractText Levels of serum creatinine (SCr) were significantly higher in repeated CT contrast agent injection groups than in PC (0.21 ± 0.02 mg/dL for PC; 0.40 ± 0.02, 0.34 ± 0.03, and 0.41 ± 0.10 mg/dL for 2-, 4-, and 24-hour interval groups, respectively; <i A sufficient time interval, probably more than 24 hours, between repeated contrast-enhanced CT examinations may be necessary to avoid deterioration in renal function. However, conducting contrast-enhanced MRI on the same day as contrast-enhanced CT may not induce clinically significant kidney injury.</AbstractText
26955060	23754938	29088783	Joint Dictionary Learning for Multispectral Change Detection.	Are v1 simple cells optimized for visual occlusions? A comparative study.	Annexin A5 suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 expression by downregulating the protein kinase C-ζ-nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells.	Change detection is one of the most important applications of remote sensing technology. It is a challenging task due to the obvious variations in the radiometric value of spectral signature and the limited capability of utilizing spectral information. In this paper, an improved sparse coding method for change detection is proposed. The intuition of the proposed method is that unchanged pixels in different images can be well reconstructed by the joint dictionary, which corresponds to knowledge of unchanged pixels, while changed pixels cannot. First, a query image pair is projected onto the joint dictionary to constitute the knowledge of unchanged pixels. Then reconstruction error is obtained to discriminate between the changed and unchanged pixels in the different images. To select the proper thresholds for determining changed regions, an automatic threshold selection strategy is presented by minimizing the reconstruction errors of the changed pixels. Adequate experiments on multispectral data have been tested, and the experimental results compared with the state-of-the-art methods prove the superiority of the proposed method. Contributions of the proposed method can be summarized as follows: 1) joint dictionary learning is proposed to explore the intrinsic information of different images for change detection. In this case, change detection can be transformed as a sparse representation problem. To the authors' knowledge, few publications utilize joint learning dictionary in change detection; 2) an automatic threshold selection strategy is presented, which minimizes the reconstruction errors of the changed pixels without the prior assumption of the spectral signature. As a result, the threshold value provided by the proposed method can adapt to different data due to the characteristic of joint dictionary learning; and 3) the proposed method makes no prior assumption of the modeling and the handling of the spectral signature, which can be adapted to different data.</AbstractText	Simple cells in primary visual cortex were famously found to respond to low-level image components such as edges. Sparse coding and independent component analysis (ICA) emerged as the standard computational models for simple cell coding because they linked their receptive fields to the statistics of visual stimuli. However, a salient feature of image statistics, occlusions of image components, is not considered by these models. Here we ask if occlusions have an effect on the predicted shapes of simple cell receptive fields. We use a comparative approach to answer this question and investigate two models for simple cells: a standard linear model and an occlusive model. For both models we simultaneously estimate optimal receptive fields, sparsity and stimulus noise. The two models are identical except for their component superposition assumption. We find the image encoding and receptive fields predicted by the models to differ significantly. While both models predict many Gabor-like fields, the occlusive model predicts a much sparser encoding and high percentages of 'globular' receptive fields. This relatively new center-surround type of simple cell response is observed since reverse correlation is used in experimental studies. While high percentages of 'globular' fields can be obtained using specific choices of sparsity and overcompleteness in linear sparse coding, no or only low proportions are reported in the vast majority of studies on linear models (including all ICA models). Likewise, for the here investigated linear model and optimal sparsity, only low proportions of 'globular' fields are observed. In comparison, the occlusive model robustly infers high proportions and can match the experimentally observed high proportions of 'globular' fields well. Our computational study, therefore, suggests that 'globular' fields may be evidence for an optimal encoding of visual occlusions in primary visual cortex.</AbstractText	Annexin A5 (ANXA5) is a member of the annexin protein family. Previous studies have shown that ANXA5 is involved in anti-inflammation and cell death. However, the detailed mechanism of the role of ANXA5 in cancer cells is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of ANXA5 on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in prostate cancer cells. Expression of COX-2 induced by TNF-α was inhibited by overexpression of ANXA5 and inhibition of COX-2 expression by auranofin, which could induce ANXA5 expression, was restored by ANXA5 knockdown. In addition, ANXA5 knockdown induces phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in prostate cancer cells, indicating that ANXA5 causes COX-2 downregulation through inhibition of p65 activation. We also found that protein kinase C (PKC)-ζ protein levels were upregulated by the inhibition of ANXA5, although the mRNA levels were unaffected. We have shown that upregulated COX-2 expression by inhibition of ANXA5 is attenuated by PKC-ζ siRNA. In summary, this study demonstrates that downregulation of PKC-ζ-NF-κB signaling by ANXA5 may inhibit COX-2 expression in prostate cancer.</AbstractText	Joint Dictionary Learning for Multispectral Change Detection. Change detection is one of the most important applications of remote sensing technology. It is a challenging task due to the obvious variations in the radiometric value of spectral signature and the limited capability of utilizing spectral information. In this paper, an improved sparse coding method for change detection is proposed. The intuition of the proposed method is that unchanged pixels in different images can be well reconstructed by the joint dictionary, which corresponds to knowledge of unchanged pixels, while changed pixels cannot. First, a query image pair is projected onto the joint dictionary to constitute the knowledge of unchanged pixels. Then reconstruction error is obtained to discriminate between the changed and unchanged pixels in the different images. To select the proper thresholds for determining changed regions, an automatic threshold selection strategy is presented by minimizing the reconstruction errors of the changed pixels. Adequate experiments on multispectral data have been tested, and the experimental results compared with the state-of-the-art methods prove the superiority of the proposed method. Contributions of the proposed method can be summarized as follows: 1) joint dictionary learning is proposed to explore the intrinsic information of different images for change detection. In this case, change detection can be transformed as a sparse representation problem. To the authors' knowledge, few publications utilize joint learning dictionary in change detection; 2) an automatic threshold selection strategy is presented, which minimizes the reconstruction errors of the changed pixels without the prior assumption of the spectral signature. As a result, the threshold value provided by the proposed method can adapt to different data due to the characteristic of joint dictionary learning; and 3) the proposed method makes no prior assumption of the modeling and the handling of the spectral signature, which can be adapted to different data.</AbstractText	Are v1 simple cells optimized for visual occlusions? A comparative study. Simple cells in primary visual cortex were famously found to respond to low-level image components such as edges. Sparse coding and independent component analysis (ICA) emerged as the standard computational models for simple cell coding because they linked their receptive fields to the statistics of visual stimuli. However, a salient feature of image statistics, occlusions of image components, is not considered by these models. Here we ask if occlusions have an effect on the predicted shapes of simple cell receptive fields. We use a comparative approach to answer this question and investigate two models for simple cells: a standard linear model and an occlusive model. For both models we simultaneously estimate optimal receptive fields, sparsity and stimulus noise. The two models are identical except for their component superposition assumption. We find the image encoding and receptive fields predicted by the models to differ significantly. While both models predict many Gabor-like fields, the occlusive model predicts a much sparser encoding and high percentages of 'globular' receptive fields. This relatively new center-surround type of simple cell response is observed since reverse correlation is used in experimental studies. While high percentages of 'globular' fields can be obtained using specific choices of sparsity and overcompleteness in linear sparse coding, no or only low proportions are reported in the vast majority of studies on linear models (including all ICA models). Likewise, for the here investigated linear model and optimal sparsity, only low proportions of 'globular' fields are observed. In comparison, the occlusive model robustly infers high proportions and can match the experimentally observed high proportions of 'globular' fields well. Our computational study, therefore, suggests that 'globular' fields may be evidence for an optimal encoding of visual occlusions in primary visual cortex.</AbstractText	Annexin A5 suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 expression by downregulating the protein kinase C-ζ-nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells. Annexin A5 (ANXA5) is a member of the annexin protein family. Previous studies have shown that ANXA5 is involved in anti-inflammation and cell death. However, the detailed mechanism of the role of ANXA5 in cancer cells is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of ANXA5 on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in prostate cancer cells. Expression of COX-2 induced by TNF-α was inhibited by overexpression of ANXA5 and inhibition of COX-2 expression by auranofin, which could induce ANXA5 expression, was restored by ANXA5 knockdown. In addition, ANXA5 knockdown induces phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in prostate cancer cells, indicating that ANXA5 causes COX-2 downregulation through inhibition of p65 activation. We also found that protein kinase C (PKC)-ζ protein levels were upregulated by the inhibition of ANXA5, although the mRNA levels were unaffected. We have shown that upregulated COX-2 expression by inhibition of ANXA5 is attenuated by PKC-ζ siRNA. In summary, this study demonstrates that downregulation of PKC-ζ-NF-κB signaling by ANXA5 may inhibit COX-2 expression in prostate cancer.</AbstractText
38400229	20929538	38741268	Three-Dimensional Multi-Modality Registration for Orthopaedics and Cardiovascular Settings: State-of-the-Art and Clinical Applications.	Cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 3.0 T: current state of the art.	Aberrant effort-based reward dynamics in anhedonia.	The multimodal and multidomain registration of medical images have gained increasing recognition in clinical practice as a powerful tool for fusing and leveraging useful information from different imaging techniques and in different medical fields such as cardiology and orthopedics. Image registration could be a challenging process, and it strongly depends on the correct tuning of registration parameters. In this paper, the robustness and accuracy of a landmarks-based approach have been presented for five cardiac multimodal image datasets. The study is based on 3D Slicer software and it is focused on the registration of a computed tomography (CT) and 3D ultrasound time-series of post-operative mitral valve repair. The accuracy of the method, as a function of the number of landmarks used, was performed by analysing root mean square error (RMSE) and fiducial registration error (FRE) metrics. The validation of the number of landmarks resulted in an optimal number of 10 landmarks. The mean RMSE and FRE values were 5.26 ± 3.17 and 2.98 ± 1.68 mm, respectively, showing comparable performances with respect to the literature. The developed registration process was also tested on a CT orthopaedic dataset to assess the possibility of reconstructing the damaged jaw portion for a pre-operative planning setting. Overall, the proposed work shows how 3D Slicer and registration by landmarks can provide a useful environment for multimodal/unimodal registration.</AbstractText	There are advantages to conducting cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) studies at a field strength of 3.0 Telsa, including the increase in bulk magnetization, the increase in frequency separation of off-resonance spins, and the increase in T1 of many tissues. However, there are significant challenges to routinely performing CMR at 3.0 T, including the reduction in main magnetic field homogeneity, the increase in RF power deposition, and the increase in susceptibility-based artifacts.In this review, we outline the underlying physical effects that occur when imaging at higher fields, examine the practical results these effects have on the CMR applications, and examine methods used to compensate for these effects. Specifically, we will review cine imaging, MR coronary angiography, myocardial perfusion imaging, late gadolinium enhancement, and vascular wall imaging.</AbstractText	Anhedonia is a transdiagnostic symptom and associated with a spectrum of reward deficits among which the motivational dysfunction is poorly understood. Previous studies have established the abnormal cost-benefit trade-off as a contributor to motivational deficits in anhedonia and its relevant psychiatric diseases. However, it remains elusive how the anhedonic neural dynamics underlying reward processing are modulated by effort expenditure. Using an effort-based monetary incentive delay task, the current event-related potential study examined the neural dynamics underlying the effort-reward interplay in anhedonia using a nonclinical sample who scored high or low on an anhedonia questionnaire. We found that effort prospectively decreased reward effect on the contingent variation negativity and the target-P3 but retrospectively enhanced outcome effect on the feedback-P3 following effort expenditure. Compared to the low-anhedonia group, the high-anhedonia group displayed a diminished effort effect on the target-P3 during effort expenditure and an increased effort-enhancement effect for neutral trials during the feedback-P3 period following effort expenditure. Our findings suggest that anhedonia is associated with an inefficient control and motivation allocation along the efforted-based reward dynamics from effort preparation to effort production.</AbstractText	Three-Dimensional Multi-Modality Registration for Orthopaedics and Cardiovascular Settings: State-of-the-Art and Clinical Applications. The multimodal and multidomain registration of medical images have gained increasing recognition in clinical practice as a powerful tool for fusing and leveraging useful information from different imaging techniques and in different medical fields such as cardiology and orthopedics. Image registration could be a challenging process, and it strongly depends on the correct tuning of registration parameters. In this paper, the robustness and accuracy of a landmarks-based approach have been presented for five cardiac multimodal image datasets. The study is based on 3D Slicer software and it is focused on the registration of a computed tomography (CT) and 3D ultrasound time-series of post-operative mitral valve repair. The accuracy of the method, as a function of the number of landmarks used, was performed by analysing root mean square error (RMSE) and fiducial registration error (FRE) metrics. The validation of the number of landmarks resulted in an optimal number of 10 landmarks. The mean RMSE and FRE values were 5.26 ± 3.17 and 2.98 ± 1.68 mm, respectively, showing comparable performances with respect to the literature. The developed registration process was also tested on a CT orthopaedic dataset to assess the possibility of reconstructing the damaged jaw portion for a pre-operative planning setting. Overall, the proposed work shows how 3D Slicer and registration by landmarks can provide a useful environment for multimodal/unimodal registration.</AbstractText	Cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 3.0 T: current state of the art. There are advantages to conducting cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) studies at a field strength of 3.0 Telsa, including the increase in bulk magnetization, the increase in frequency separation of off-resonance spins, and the increase in T1 of many tissues. However, there are significant challenges to routinely performing CMR at 3.0 T, including the reduction in main magnetic field homogeneity, the increase in RF power deposition, and the increase in susceptibility-based artifacts.In this review, we outline the underlying physical effects that occur when imaging at higher fields, examine the practical results these effects have on the CMR applications, and examine methods used to compensate for these effects. Specifically, we will review cine imaging, MR coronary angiography, myocardial perfusion imaging, late gadolinium enhancement, and vascular wall imaging.</AbstractText	Aberrant effort-based reward dynamics in anhedonia. Anhedonia is a transdiagnostic symptom and associated with a spectrum of reward deficits among which the motivational dysfunction is poorly understood. Previous studies have established the abnormal cost-benefit trade-off as a contributor to motivational deficits in anhedonia and its relevant psychiatric diseases. However, it remains elusive how the anhedonic neural dynamics underlying reward processing are modulated by effort expenditure. Using an effort-based monetary incentive delay task, the current event-related potential study examined the neural dynamics underlying the effort-reward interplay in anhedonia using a nonclinical sample who scored high or low on an anhedonia questionnaire. We found that effort prospectively decreased reward effect on the contingent variation negativity and the target-P3 but retrospectively enhanced outcome effect on the feedback-P3 following effort expenditure. Compared to the low-anhedonia group, the high-anhedonia group displayed a diminished effort effect on the target-P3 during effort expenditure and an increased effort-enhancement effect for neutral trials during the feedback-P3 period following effort expenditure. Our findings suggest that anhedonia is associated with an inefficient control and motivation allocation along the efforted-based reward dynamics from effort preparation to effort production.</AbstractText
40714809	24820641	39997646	Screening Causal Assessment of Brook Trout Occurrence and Road Runoff.	Detection of multiple potentially pathogenic bacteria in Matang mangrove estuaries, Malaysia.	fMRI Insights into Visual Cortex Dysfunction as a Biomarker for Migraine with Aura.	Although less sensitive than coho salmon, brook trout fry are sensitive to 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ) (24-hr median lethal concentration that causes death in 50% of the population (LC50) 0.2 µg/L 6PPDQ). Concentrations have been measured in American streams exceeding that LC50. In a data set of more than 5,000 sampling stations in Pennsylvania, brook trout occurrence is negatively correlated with % impervious cover, road density, % area in agriculture, population density, and positively correlated with mixed and deciduous forest (absolute Spearman's rho > 35), whereas the tolerant brown trout is weakly positively correlated with road run-off variables and negatively correlated with precipitation and some types of vegetative cover absolute rho < 26. The probability of observing brook trout decreases with increasing road density, percentage of impervious surfaces, and total traffic volume. Brown trout were indifferent to these variables. Other stressors and toxicants also occur in the study area and direct effects in the field have not been attributed to 6PPDQ. Observing mortality in the wild is difficult because fry are small and remain in the gravel until their yolk sacs are absorbed. There is evidence that road-related contaminants such as 6PPDQ may have adverse effects on brook trout populations, and the issue deserves further study using targeted water monitoring and caging experiments.</AbstractText	The deltaic estuarine system of the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve of Malaysia is a site where several human settlements and brackish water aquaculture have been established. Here, we evaluated the level of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the surface water and sediments. Higher levels of FIB were detected at downstream sampling sites from the fishing village, indicating it as a possible source of anthropogenic pollution to the estuary. Enterococci levels in the estuarine sediments were higher than in the surface water, while total coliforms and E. coli in the estuarine sediments were not detected in all samples. Also, various types of potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae were isolated. The results indicate that the Matang estuarine system is contaminated with various types of potential human bacterial pathogens which might pose a health risk to the public.</AbstractText	Migraine with aura (MwA) is a common and severely disabling neurological disorder, characterised by transient yet recurrent visual disturbances, including scintillating scotomas, flickering photopsias, and complex geometric patterns. These episodic visual phenomena significantly compromise daily functioning, productivity, and overall quality of life. Despite extensive research, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain only partially understood. Cortical spreading depression (CSD), a propagating wave of neuronal and glial depolarisation, has been identified as a central process in MwA. This phenomenon is triggered by ion channel dysfunction, leading to elevated intracellular calcium levels and excessive glutamate release, which contribute to widespread cortical hyperexcitability. Genetic studies, particularly involving the <i	Screening Causal Assessment of Brook Trout Occurrence and Road Runoff. Although less sensitive than coho salmon, brook trout fry are sensitive to 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ) (24-hr median lethal concentration that causes death in 50% of the population (LC50) 0.2 µg/L 6PPDQ). Concentrations have been measured in American streams exceeding that LC50. In a data set of more than 5,000 sampling stations in Pennsylvania, brook trout occurrence is negatively correlated with % impervious cover, road density, % area in agriculture, population density, and positively correlated with mixed and deciduous forest (absolute Spearman's rho > 35), whereas the tolerant brown trout is weakly positively correlated with road run-off variables and negatively correlated with precipitation and some types of vegetative cover absolute rho < 26. The probability of observing brook trout decreases with increasing road density, percentage of impervious surfaces, and total traffic volume. Brown trout were indifferent to these variables. Other stressors and toxicants also occur in the study area and direct effects in the field have not been attributed to 6PPDQ. Observing mortality in the wild is difficult because fry are small and remain in the gravel until their yolk sacs are absorbed. There is evidence that road-related contaminants such as 6PPDQ may have adverse effects on brook trout populations, and the issue deserves further study using targeted water monitoring and caging experiments.</AbstractText	Detection of multiple potentially pathogenic bacteria in Matang mangrove estuaries, Malaysia. The deltaic estuarine system of the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve of Malaysia is a site where several human settlements and brackish water aquaculture have been established. Here, we evaluated the level of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the surface water and sediments. Higher levels of FIB were detected at downstream sampling sites from the fishing village, indicating it as a possible source of anthropogenic pollution to the estuary. Enterococci levels in the estuarine sediments were higher than in the surface water, while total coliforms and E. coli in the estuarine sediments were not detected in all samples. Also, various types of potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae were isolated. The results indicate that the Matang estuarine system is contaminated with various types of potential human bacterial pathogens which might pose a health risk to the public.</AbstractText	fMRI Insights into Visual Cortex Dysfunction as a Biomarker for Migraine with Aura. Migraine with aura (MwA) is a common and severely disabling neurological disorder, characterised by transient yet recurrent visual disturbances, including scintillating scotomas, flickering photopsias, and complex geometric patterns. These episodic visual phenomena significantly compromise daily functioning, productivity, and overall quality of life. Despite extensive research, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain only partially understood. Cortical spreading depression (CSD), a propagating wave of neuronal and glial depolarisation, has been identified as a central process in MwA. This phenomenon is triggered by ion channel dysfunction, leading to elevated intracellular calcium levels and excessive glutamate release, which contribute to widespread cortical hyperexcitability. Genetic studies, particularly involving the <i
28840167	23027970	29804835	Decoding semantic representations from functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals.	High-resolution imaging of expertise reveals reliable object selectivity in the fusiform face area related to perceptual performance.	Astrocytic Activation Generates De Novo Neuronal Potentiation and Memory Enhancement.	This study uses representational similarity-based neural decoding to test whether semantic information elicited by words and pictures is encoded in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data. In experiment 1, subjects passively viewed eight audiovisual word and picture stimuli for 15 min. Blood oxygen levels were measured using the Hitachi ETG-4000 fNIRS system with a posterior array over the occipital lobe and a left lateral array over the temporal lobe. Each participant's response patterns were abstracted to representational similarity space and compared to the group average (excluding that subject, i.e., leave-one-out cross-validation) and to a distributional model of semantic representation. Mean accuracy for both decoding tasks significantly exceeded chance. In experiment 2, we compared three group-level models by averaging the similarity structures from sets of eight participants in each group. In these models, the posterior array was accurately decoded by the semantic model, while the lateral array was accurately decoded in the between-groups comparison. Our findings indicate that semantic representations are encoded in the fNIRS data, preserved across subjects, and decodable by an extrinsic representational model. These results are the first attempt to link the functional response pattern measured by fNIRS to higher-level representations of how words are related to each other.</AbstractText	The fusiform face area (FFA) is a region of human cortex that responds selectively to faces, but whether it supports a more general function relevant for perceptual expertise is debated. Although both faces and objects of expertise engage many brain areas, the FFA remains the focus of the strongest modular claims and the clearest predictions about expertise. Functional MRI studies at standard-resolution (SR-fMRI) have found responses in the FFA for nonface objects of expertise, but high-resolution fMRI (HR-fMRI) in the FFA [Grill-Spector K, et al. (2006) Nat Neurosci 9:1177-1185] and neurophysiology in face patches in the monkey brain [Tsao DY, et al. (2006) Science 311:670-674] reveal no reliable selectivity for objects. It is thus possible that FFA responses to objects with SR-fMRI are a result of spatial blurring of responses from nonface-selective areas, potentially driven by attention to objects of expertise. Using HR-fMRI in two experiments, we provide evidence of reliable responses to cars in the FFA that correlate with behavioral car expertise. Effects of expertise in the FFA for nonface objects cannot be attributed to spatial blurring beyond the scale at which modular claims have been made, and within the lateral fusiform gyrus, they are restricted to a small area (200 mm(2) on the right and 50 mm(2) on the left) centered on the peak of face selectivity. Experience with a category may be sufficient to explain the spatially clustered face selectivity observed in this region.</AbstractText	Astrocytes respond to neuronal activity and were shown to be necessary for plasticity and memory. To test whether astrocytic activity is also sufficient to generate synaptic potentiation and enhance memory, we expressed the Gq-coupled receptor hM3Dq in CA1 astrocytes, allowing their activation by a designer drug. We discovered that astrocytic activation is not only necessary for synaptic plasticity, but also sufficient to induce NMDA-dependent de novo long-term potentiation in the hippocampus that persisted after astrocytic activation ceased. In vivo, astrocytic activation enhanced memory allocation; i.e., it increased neuronal activity in a task-specific way only when coupled with learning, but not in home-caged mice. Furthermore, astrocytic activation using either a chemogenetic or an optogenetic tool during acquisition resulted in memory recall enhancement on the following day. Conversely, directly increasing neuronal activity resulted in dramatic memory impairment. Our findings that astrocytes induce plasticity and enhance memory may have important clinical implications for cognitive augmentation treatments.</AbstractText	Decoding semantic representations from functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals. This study uses representational similarity-based neural decoding to test whether semantic information elicited by words and pictures is encoded in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data. In experiment 1, subjects passively viewed eight audiovisual word and picture stimuli for 15 min. Blood oxygen levels were measured using the Hitachi ETG-4000 fNIRS system with a posterior array over the occipital lobe and a left lateral array over the temporal lobe. Each participant's response patterns were abstracted to representational similarity space and compared to the group average (excluding that subject, i.e., leave-one-out cross-validation) and to a distributional model of semantic representation. Mean accuracy for both decoding tasks significantly exceeded chance. In experiment 2, we compared three group-level models by averaging the similarity structures from sets of eight participants in each group. In these models, the posterior array was accurately decoded by the semantic model, while the lateral array was accurately decoded in the between-groups comparison. Our findings indicate that semantic representations are encoded in the fNIRS data, preserved across subjects, and decodable by an extrinsic representational model. These results are the first attempt to link the functional response pattern measured by fNIRS to higher-level representations of how words are related to each other.</AbstractText	High-resolution imaging of expertise reveals reliable object selectivity in the fusiform face area related to perceptual performance. The fusiform face area (FFA) is a region of human cortex that responds selectively to faces, but whether it supports a more general function relevant for perceptual expertise is debated. Although both faces and objects of expertise engage many brain areas, the FFA remains the focus of the strongest modular claims and the clearest predictions about expertise. Functional MRI studies at standard-resolution (SR-fMRI) have found responses in the FFA for nonface objects of expertise, but high-resolution fMRI (HR-fMRI) in the FFA [Grill-Spector K, et al. (2006) Nat Neurosci 9:1177-1185] and neurophysiology in face patches in the monkey brain [Tsao DY, et al. (2006) Science 311:670-674] reveal no reliable selectivity for objects. It is thus possible that FFA responses to objects with SR-fMRI are a result of spatial blurring of responses from nonface-selective areas, potentially driven by attention to objects of expertise. Using HR-fMRI in two experiments, we provide evidence of reliable responses to cars in the FFA that correlate with behavioral car expertise. Effects of expertise in the FFA for nonface objects cannot be attributed to spatial blurring beyond the scale at which modular claims have been made, and within the lateral fusiform gyrus, they are restricted to a small area (200 mm(2) on the right and 50 mm(2) on the left) centered on the peak of face selectivity. Experience with a category may be sufficient to explain the spatially clustered face selectivity observed in this region.</AbstractText	Astrocytic Activation Generates De Novo Neuronal Potentiation and Memory Enhancement. Astrocytes respond to neuronal activity and were shown to be necessary for plasticity and memory. To test whether astrocytic activity is also sufficient to generate synaptic potentiation and enhance memory, we expressed the Gq-coupled receptor hM3Dq in CA1 astrocytes, allowing their activation by a designer drug. We discovered that astrocytic activation is not only necessary for synaptic plasticity, but also sufficient to induce NMDA-dependent de novo long-term potentiation in the hippocampus that persisted after astrocytic activation ceased. In vivo, astrocytic activation enhanced memory allocation; i.e., it increased neuronal activity in a task-specific way only when coupled with learning, but not in home-caged mice. Furthermore, astrocytic activation using either a chemogenetic or an optogenetic tool during acquisition resulted in memory recall enhancement on the following day. Conversely, directly increasing neuronal activity resulted in dramatic memory impairment. Our findings that astrocytes induce plasticity and enhance memory may have important clinical implications for cognitive augmentation treatments.</AbstractText
40559208	36740984	40758949	Functional Expression of NMDA Receptors in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells Following Long-Term RA/BDNF-Induced Differentiation.	Effects of diazoxide on streptozotocin induced β cell damage via HSP70/HSP90/TLR4/AMPK signaling pathways.	Brentuximab Vedotin addition to Gemcitabine in Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma: a LYSA Phase II Study.	SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells can be effectively differentiated into a neuronal phenotype using retinoic acid (RA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), making them a valuable in vitro model for studying neuronal differentiation. This study aimed to investigate the electrophysiological properties of SH-SY5Y cells following prolonged differentiation, with a focus on membrane characteristics, evoked action potentials, and the functionality of cellular components such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were employed to evaluate ionic currents and action potentials in embryonic mouse cortical neurons (mCNs) and in both differentiated and undifferentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Differentiated SH-SY5Y cells exhibited neurite outgrowth, evoked action potential firing, and functional NMDA receptor-mediated currents. Notably, atorvastatin significantly modulated the duration and firing of action potentials as well as NMDA receptor-mediated currents in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. These findings highlight that neuronally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells expressing functional NMDA receptor-mediated currents serve as a robust and convenient model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of NMDA receptor function and for screening pharmacological agents targeting these receptors.</AbstractText	I investigated the effects of diazoxide, a mitochondrial potassium channel opener, on streptozotocin (STZ) induced pancreatic β cell damage via the HSP70/HSP90/TLR4/AMPK signaling pathways in vitro. I used the pancreatic β cell line, 1.1B4, to create four groups: control, STZ treated, diazoxide treated, STZ + diazoxide treated. The STZ treated cells were exposed to 20 µM STZ for 2 h with or without 100 µM diazoxide for 24 h. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were measured. Expression of ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K<sub	We aim to evaluate the efficacy of brentuximab vedotin (BV) combined with gemcitabine followed by BV maintenance in relapsed or refractory (R/R) peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). Patients (pts) with at least 5% CD30-positive cells by immunohistochemistry received 4 GBV induction (28d) cycles of gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 (d1;d15) plus BV 1.8 mg/kg (d8) followed in responding pts by up to 12 BV maintenance (21d) cycles. Primary end point was overall response rate (ORR) after 4 induction cycles by CT-scan-based Lugano criteria. Of the 71 enrolled pts (median age of 66 years), 80.3% had received 1 prior line, 60.6% were refractory. The diagnoses per pathology central review were TFHL (47.9%), ALCL, [ALK- (19.7%) and ALK+ (7%)], PTCL-NOS (12.7%) and other entities (12.7%). In the intention-to-treat analysis, ORR was 46.5% with 19.7% complete response. Twenty-eight pts received maintenance. Grade 3-4 adverse events reported in ≥10% of pts during induction comprised: of neutropenia (55%), thrombocytopenia (14%), anemia (21%), infection (14%); during maintenance comprised of neutropenia (39%), thrombocytopenia (21%) and peripheral neuropathy (14%). With a median follow-up of 32.6 months, the median duration of response (DOR), progression-free (PFS) and overall survival were 15.8, 4.5 and 12.9 months, respectively. Efficacy, higher in ALCL, was present in the TFHL and PTCL-NOS group with and ORR, CR, PFS and DOR of 37.2%, 18.6%, 4 and 12.5 months, respectively. A negative association of high baseline soluble CD30 on both response and survival was found, which in ad hoc analysis appeared highly relevant in TFHL and PTCL-NOS patients. EudraCT 2017-000409-1 and NCT03496779.</AbstractText	Functional Expression of NMDA Receptors in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells Following Long-Term RA/BDNF-Induced Differentiation. SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells can be effectively differentiated into a neuronal phenotype using retinoic acid (RA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), making them a valuable in vitro model for studying neuronal differentiation. This study aimed to investigate the electrophysiological properties of SH-SY5Y cells following prolonged differentiation, with a focus on membrane characteristics, evoked action potentials, and the functionality of cellular components such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were employed to evaluate ionic currents and action potentials in embryonic mouse cortical neurons (mCNs) and in both differentiated and undifferentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Differentiated SH-SY5Y cells exhibited neurite outgrowth, evoked action potential firing, and functional NMDA receptor-mediated currents. Notably, atorvastatin significantly modulated the duration and firing of action potentials as well as NMDA receptor-mediated currents in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. These findings highlight that neuronally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells expressing functional NMDA receptor-mediated currents serve as a robust and convenient model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of NMDA receptor function and for screening pharmacological agents targeting these receptors.</AbstractText	Effects of diazoxide on streptozotocin induced β cell damage via HSP70/HSP90/TLR4/AMPK signaling pathways. I investigated the effects of diazoxide, a mitochondrial potassium channel opener, on streptozotocin (STZ) induced pancreatic β cell damage via the HSP70/HSP90/TLR4/AMPK signaling pathways in vitro. I used the pancreatic β cell line, 1.1B4, to create four groups: control, STZ treated, diazoxide treated, STZ + diazoxide treated. The STZ treated cells were exposed to 20 µM STZ for 2 h with or without 100 µM diazoxide for 24 h. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were measured. Expression of ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K<sub	Brentuximab Vedotin addition to Gemcitabine in Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma: a LYSA Phase II Study. We aim to evaluate the efficacy of brentuximab vedotin (BV) combined with gemcitabine followed by BV maintenance in relapsed or refractory (R/R) peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). Patients (pts) with at least 5% CD30-positive cells by immunohistochemistry received 4 GBV induction (28d) cycles of gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 (d1;d15) plus BV 1.8 mg/kg (d8) followed in responding pts by up to 12 BV maintenance (21d) cycles. Primary end point was overall response rate (ORR) after 4 induction cycles by CT-scan-based Lugano criteria. Of the 71 enrolled pts (median age of 66 years), 80.3% had received 1 prior line, 60.6% were refractory. The diagnoses per pathology central review were TFHL (47.9%), ALCL, [ALK- (19.7%) and ALK+ (7%)], PTCL-NOS (12.7%) and other entities (12.7%). In the intention-to-treat analysis, ORR was 46.5% with 19.7% complete response. Twenty-eight pts received maintenance. Grade 3-4 adverse events reported in ≥10% of pts during induction comprised: of neutropenia (55%), thrombocytopenia (14%), anemia (21%), infection (14%); during maintenance comprised of neutropenia (39%), thrombocytopenia (21%) and peripheral neuropathy (14%). With a median follow-up of 32.6 months, the median duration of response (DOR), progression-free (PFS) and overall survival were 15.8, 4.5 and 12.9 months, respectively. Efficacy, higher in ALCL, was present in the TFHL and PTCL-NOS group with and ORR, CR, PFS and DOR of 37.2%, 18.6%, 4 and 12.5 months, respectively. A negative association of high baseline soluble CD30 on both response and survival was found, which in ad hoc analysis appeared highly relevant in TFHL and PTCL-NOS patients. EudraCT 2017-000409-1 and NCT03496779.</AbstractText
40391153	39371311	40475444	Quantitative assessment of bladder tissue properties using magnetic resonance fingerprinting: a pilot feasibility study in healthy volunteers.	High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of teeth and periodontal tissues using a microscopy coil.	Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis Identifies Nuclear Factor I as a Key Driver of Dysregulated Purine Metabolism in DIPG.	To investigate the feasibility of performing magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) of the bladder and quantify the T1 and T2 relaxation times of the bladder wall in healthy female volunteers, before and after voiding.</AbstractText Volunteers without lower urinary tract symptoms underwent pelvic MRF. Five axial MRF slices of the bladder were obtained before and after voiding. Regions of interest were annotated on MRF T1 maps: one on the anterior bladder wall, and one on a lateral wall. Annotations made on T1 maps were subsequently copied to coregistered T2 maps. Student's t-tests for paired samples were employed to compare the T1 and T2 values obtained before voiding with those obtained after voiding.</AbstractText Eight volunteers were included. The mean preand post-void T1 relaxation times were 1,575 ± 93 ms and 1,476 ± 138 ms, respectively. The mean preand post-void T2 relaxation times were 55 ± 21 ms and 53 ± 8 ms, respectively. The mean T1 relaxation times were 6% lower after voiding than before (<i The use of MRF to quantify T1 and T2 relaxation times in the bladder appears to be feasible. Our results can serve as a reference for studies investigating T1 and T2 relaxation times in patients with malignant or nonmalignant bladder disorders.</AbstractText Investigar a viabilidade da técnica de ressonância magnética com <i Voluntárias sem sintomas do trato urinário inferior foram submetidas a exames pélvicos por MRF. Foram adquiridos cinco cortes axiais da bexiga antes e após micção. Regiões de interesse foram anotadas nos mapas de T1 do MRF: uma na parede anterior da bexiga e outra na parede lateral. As anotações realizadas nos mapas de T1 foram posteriormente copiadas para mapas de T2 co-registrados. Testes t de Student para amostras pareadas foram utilizados para comparar os valores de T1 e T2 antes e após micção.</AbstractText Oito voluntárias foram incluídas. Os tempos de relaxamento T1 médios pré-micção e pós-micção foram 1.575 ± 93 ms e 1.476 ± 138 ms, respectivamente. Os tempos de relaxamento T2 médios pré-micção e pós-micção foram 55 ± 21 ms e 53 ± 8 ms, respectivamente. Os tempos de relaxamento T1 pós-micção foram 6% inferiores aos tempos de relaxamento T1 pré-micção (<i A caracterização quantitativa das propriedades dos tecidos da parede vesical utilizando mapas de T1 e T2 derivados de MRF é viável. Nossos resultados podem servir como referência inicial para estudos que investiguem os tempos de relaxamento T1 e T2 em pacientes com distúrbios funcionais ou neoplásicos da bexiga.</AbstractText	This study aimed to assess the performance of 2-dimensional (2D) imaging with microscopy coils in delineating teeth and periodontal tissues compared with conventional 3-dimensional (3D) imaging on a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) unit.</AbstractText Twelve healthy participants (4 men and 8 women; mean age: 25.6 years; range: 20-52 years) with no dental symptoms were included. The left mandibular first molars and surrounding periodontal tissues were examined using the following 2 sequences: 2D proton density-weighted (PDw) images and 3D enhanced T1 high-resolution isotropic volume excitation (eTHRIVE) images. Two-dimensional MRI images were taken using a 3 T MRI unit and a 47 mm microscopy coil, while 3D MRI imaging used a 3 T MRI unit and head-neck coil. Oral radiologists assessed dental and periodontal structures using a 4-point Likert scale. Inter- and intra-observer agreement was determined using the weighted kappa coefficient. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare 2D-PDw and 3D-eTHRIVE images.</AbstractText Qualitative analysis showed significantly better visualization scores for 2D-PDw imaging than for 3D-eTHRIVE imaging (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). 2D-PDw images provided improved visibility of the tooth, root dental pulp, periodontal ligament, lamina dura, coronal dental pulp, gingiva, and nutrient tract. Inter-observer reliability ranged from moderate agreement to almost perfect agreement, and intra-observer agreement was in a similar range.</AbstractText Two-dimensional-PDw images acquired using a 3 T MRI unit and microscopy coil effectively visualized nearly all aspects of teeth and periodontal tissues.</AbstractText	Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a devastating brainstem cancer in children, with a median survival of under one year and limited treatment options. Over 80% of DIPGs possess a H3K27M mutation. To identify metabolic vulnerabilities linked to this mutation, we utilized a multi-omics approach in H3K27M-expressing cells, patient-derived cell lines, and mouse models. We show that by reprogramming chromatin landscape the mutation aberrantly induces NFI transcriptional activity, leading to misregulated purine metabolism. The mutation amplifies purine biosynthesis and degradation via the enzymes ATIC and PNP, respectively. Unregulated purine degradation relieves the negative feedback of purines on their own synthesis allowing continuous synthesis, use and degradation making DIPGs reliant on purine biosynthesis. Targeting ATIC reduced tumor progression and improved survival in mice. We propose ATIC as a potential novel target in DIPG.</AbstractText	Quantitative assessment of bladder tissue properties using magnetic resonance fingerprinting: a pilot feasibility study in healthy volunteers. To investigate the feasibility of performing magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) of the bladder and quantify the T1 and T2 relaxation times of the bladder wall in healthy female volunteers, before and after voiding.</AbstractText Volunteers without lower urinary tract symptoms underwent pelvic MRF. Five axial MRF slices of the bladder were obtained before and after voiding. Regions of interest were annotated on MRF T1 maps: one on the anterior bladder wall, and one on a lateral wall. Annotations made on T1 maps were subsequently copied to coregistered T2 maps. Student's t-tests for paired samples were employed to compare the T1 and T2 values obtained before voiding with those obtained after voiding.</AbstractText Eight volunteers were included. The mean preand post-void T1 relaxation times were 1,575 ± 93 ms and 1,476 ± 138 ms, respectively. The mean preand post-void T2 relaxation times were 55 ± 21 ms and 53 ± 8 ms, respectively. The mean T1 relaxation times were 6% lower after voiding than before (<i The use of MRF to quantify T1 and T2 relaxation times in the bladder appears to be feasible. Our results can serve as a reference for studies investigating T1 and T2 relaxation times in patients with malignant or nonmalignant bladder disorders.</AbstractText Investigar a viabilidade da técnica de ressonância magnética com <i Voluntárias sem sintomas do trato urinário inferior foram submetidas a exames pélvicos por MRF. Foram adquiridos cinco cortes axiais da bexiga antes e após micção. Regiões de interesse foram anotadas nos mapas de T1 do MRF: uma na parede anterior da bexiga e outra na parede lateral. As anotações realizadas nos mapas de T1 foram posteriormente copiadas para mapas de T2 co-registrados. Testes t de Student para amostras pareadas foram utilizados para comparar os valores de T1 e T2 antes e após micção.</AbstractText Oito voluntárias foram incluídas. Os tempos de relaxamento T1 médios pré-micção e pós-micção foram 1.575 ± 93 ms e 1.476 ± 138 ms, respectivamente. Os tempos de relaxamento T2 médios pré-micção e pós-micção foram 55 ± 21 ms e 53 ± 8 ms, respectivamente. Os tempos de relaxamento T1 pós-micção foram 6% inferiores aos tempos de relaxamento T1 pré-micção (<i A caracterização quantitativa das propriedades dos tecidos da parede vesical utilizando mapas de T1 e T2 derivados de MRF é viável. Nossos resultados podem servir como referência inicial para estudos que investiguem os tempos de relaxamento T1 e T2 em pacientes com distúrbios funcionais ou neoplásicos da bexiga.</AbstractText	High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of teeth and periodontal tissues using a microscopy coil. This study aimed to assess the performance of 2-dimensional (2D) imaging with microscopy coils in delineating teeth and periodontal tissues compared with conventional 3-dimensional (3D) imaging on a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) unit.</AbstractText Twelve healthy participants (4 men and 8 women; mean age: 25.6 years; range: 20-52 years) with no dental symptoms were included. The left mandibular first molars and surrounding periodontal tissues were examined using the following 2 sequences: 2D proton density-weighted (PDw) images and 3D enhanced T1 high-resolution isotropic volume excitation (eTHRIVE) images. Two-dimensional MRI images were taken using a 3 T MRI unit and a 47 mm microscopy coil, while 3D MRI imaging used a 3 T MRI unit and head-neck coil. Oral radiologists assessed dental and periodontal structures using a 4-point Likert scale. Inter- and intra-observer agreement was determined using the weighted kappa coefficient. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare 2D-PDw and 3D-eTHRIVE images.</AbstractText Qualitative analysis showed significantly better visualization scores for 2D-PDw imaging than for 3D-eTHRIVE imaging (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). 2D-PDw images provided improved visibility of the tooth, root dental pulp, periodontal ligament, lamina dura, coronal dental pulp, gingiva, and nutrient tract. Inter-observer reliability ranged from moderate agreement to almost perfect agreement, and intra-observer agreement was in a similar range.</AbstractText Two-dimensional-PDw images acquired using a 3 T MRI unit and microscopy coil effectively visualized nearly all aspects of teeth and periodontal tissues.</AbstractText	Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis Identifies Nuclear Factor I as a Key Driver of Dysregulated Purine Metabolism in DIPG. Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a devastating brainstem cancer in children, with a median survival of under one year and limited treatment options. Over 80% of DIPGs possess a H3K27M mutation. To identify metabolic vulnerabilities linked to this mutation, we utilized a multi-omics approach in H3K27M-expressing cells, patient-derived cell lines, and mouse models. We show that by reprogramming chromatin landscape the mutation aberrantly induces NFI transcriptional activity, leading to misregulated purine metabolism. The mutation amplifies purine biosynthesis and degradation via the enzymes ATIC and PNP, respectively. Unregulated purine degradation relieves the negative feedback of purines on their own synthesis allowing continuous synthesis, use and degradation making DIPGs reliant on purine biosynthesis. Targeting ATIC reduced tumor progression and improved survival in mice. We propose ATIC as a potential novel target in DIPG.</AbstractText
36059827	22198992	35394985	Case report: Nocardial brain abscess in a persistently SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.	Forgotten antibiotics: an inventory in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia.	Diagnosis of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Using Quantitative Lung Perfusion Parameters Extracted From Dual-energy Computed Tomography Images.	Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in immunocompromised patients represents a major challenge for diagnostics, surveillance, and treatment. Some individuals remain SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive for a prolonged period. The clinical and epidemiological significance of this phenomenon is not well understood. We report a case of a patient with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who has been persistently SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive for 9 months, with multiple thromboembolic complications, and development of nocardial brain abscess successfully treated with surgery and antibiotics.</AbstractText	In view of the alarming spread of antimicrobial resistance in the absence of new antibiotics, this study aimed at assessing the availability of potentially useful older antibiotics. A survey was performed in 38 countries among experts including hospital pharmacists, microbiologists, and infectious disease specialists in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. An international expert panel selected systemic antibacterial drugs for their potential to treat infections caused by resistant bacteria or their unique value for specific criteria. Twenty-two of the 33 selected antibiotics were available in fewer than 20 of 38 countries. Economic motives were the major cause for discontinuation of marketing of these antibiotics. Fourteen of 33 antibiotics are potentially active against either resistant Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Urgent measures are then needed to ensure better availability of these antibiotics on a global scale.</AbstractText	To evaluate quantified iodine mapping parameters in dual-energy computed tomography in normal patients versus those with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) with and without pulmonary thromboembolism.</AbstractText Using automatically quantified iodine mapping in dual-energy computed tomography, we evaluated lung relative average enhancement, standard deviation (SD), and the SD/lung relative average enhancement ratio. We compared the values for these parameters in normal patients versus those with CTEPH. We also performed a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the diagnostic cutoffs for the parameters.</AbstractText Patients constituted 41 patients (10 male [24.4%] and 31 female [75.6%]; mean age [SD]: 70.0 y [13.3]) with CTEPH and 237 (92 male [38.8%] and 145 female [61.2%]; mean age [SD]: 65.9 y [15.9]) normal patients. We found significant differences in lung relative average enhancement (34.9±6.3 vs. 26.9±6.3; P <0.0001), SD (11.6±1.9 vs. 14.7±3.3; P <0.001), and the SD/lung relative average enhancement ratio (33.7±5.0 vs. 55.7±10.4; P <0.001) between the normal and CTEPH groups, respectively. The ROC analyses demonstrated high discriminatory power (area under the curve=0.99) for using the SD/lung relative average enhancement ratio to differentiate between patients in the normal group and CTEPH group. At a threshold for the area under the curve of 44.2, diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the ratio were 92.7%, 97.5%, 86.5%, and 98.7%, respectively.</AbstractText Patients with CTEPH were well-discriminated from normal patients using the SD/lung relative average enhancement ratio.</AbstractText	Case report: Nocardial brain abscess in a persistently SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in immunocompromised patients represents a major challenge for diagnostics, surveillance, and treatment. Some individuals remain SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive for a prolonged period. The clinical and epidemiological significance of this phenomenon is not well understood. We report a case of a patient with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who has been persistently SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive for 9 months, with multiple thromboembolic complications, and development of nocardial brain abscess successfully treated with surgery and antibiotics.</AbstractText	Forgotten antibiotics: an inventory in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. In view of the alarming spread of antimicrobial resistance in the absence of new antibiotics, this study aimed at assessing the availability of potentially useful older antibiotics. A survey was performed in 38 countries among experts including hospital pharmacists, microbiologists, and infectious disease specialists in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. An international expert panel selected systemic antibacterial drugs for their potential to treat infections caused by resistant bacteria or their unique value for specific criteria. Twenty-two of the 33 selected antibiotics were available in fewer than 20 of 38 countries. Economic motives were the major cause for discontinuation of marketing of these antibiotics. Fourteen of 33 antibiotics are potentially active against either resistant Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Urgent measures are then needed to ensure better availability of these antibiotics on a global scale.</AbstractText	Diagnosis of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Using Quantitative Lung Perfusion Parameters Extracted From Dual-energy Computed Tomography Images. To evaluate quantified iodine mapping parameters in dual-energy computed tomography in normal patients versus those with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) with and without pulmonary thromboembolism.</AbstractText Using automatically quantified iodine mapping in dual-energy computed tomography, we evaluated lung relative average enhancement, standard deviation (SD), and the SD/lung relative average enhancement ratio. We compared the values for these parameters in normal patients versus those with CTEPH. We also performed a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the diagnostic cutoffs for the parameters.</AbstractText Patients constituted 41 patients (10 male [24.4%] and 31 female [75.6%]; mean age [SD]: 70.0 y [13.3]) with CTEPH and 237 (92 male [38.8%] and 145 female [61.2%]; mean age [SD]: 65.9 y [15.9]) normal patients. We found significant differences in lung relative average enhancement (34.9±6.3 vs. 26.9±6.3; P <0.0001), SD (11.6±1.9 vs. 14.7±3.3; P <0.001), and the SD/lung relative average enhancement ratio (33.7±5.0 vs. 55.7±10.4; P <0.001) between the normal and CTEPH groups, respectively. The ROC analyses demonstrated high discriminatory power (area under the curve=0.99) for using the SD/lung relative average enhancement ratio to differentiate between patients in the normal group and CTEPH group. At a threshold for the area under the curve of 44.2, diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the ratio were 92.7%, 97.5%, 86.5%, and 98.7%, respectively.</AbstractText Patients with CTEPH were well-discriminated from normal patients using the SD/lung relative average enhancement ratio.</AbstractText
25532189	25120563	26748715	Low-Power CMOS Laser Doppler Imaging Using Non-CDS Pixel Readout and 13.6-bit SAR ADC.	Accelerometer-Based Method for Extracting Respiratory and Cardiac Gating Information for Dual Gating during Nuclear Medicine Imaging.	Identification of a Neuronal Receptor Controlling Anaphylaxis.	Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) measures particle flows such as blood perfusion by sensing their Doppler shift. This paper is the first of its kind in analyzing the effect of circuit noise on LDI precision which is distinctively different from conventional imaging. Based on this result, it presents a non-correlated-double-sampling (non-CDS) pixel readout scheme along with a high-resolution successive-approximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) with 13.6b effective resolution (ER). Measurement results from the prototype chip in 0.18 μm technology confirm the theoretical analysis and show that the two techniques improve LDI sensing precision by 6.9 dB and 4.4 dB (compared to a 10b ADC) respectively without analog pre-amplification. The sensor's ADC occupies 518 μm×84 μm and is suitable for fast column parallel readout. Its differential non-linearity (DNL), integral non-linearity (INL), and input referred noise are +3.0/-2.8 LSB, +24/-17 LSB, and 110 μVrms respectively, leading to a Figure-of-Merit (FoM) of 23 fJ/state which makes it one of the most energy efficient image sensor ADCs and an order of magnitude better than the best reported LDI system using commercial high-speed image sensors.</AbstractText	Both respiratory and cardiac motions reduce the quality and consistency of medical imaging specifically in nuclear medicine imaging. Motion artifacts can be eliminated by gating the image acquisition based on the respiratory phase and cardiac contractions throughout the medical imaging procedure. Electrocardiography (ECG), 3-axis accelerometer, and respiration belt data were processed and analyzed from ten healthy volunteers. Seismocardiography (SCG) is a noninvasive accelerometer-based method that measures accelerations caused by respiration and myocardial movements. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of the accelerometer-based method in dual gating technique. The SCG provides accelerometer-derived respiratory (ADR) data and accurate information about quiescent phases within the cardiac cycle. The correct information about the status of ventricles and atria helps us to create an improved estimate for quiescent phases within a cardiac cycle. The correlation of ADR signals with the reference respiration belt was investigated using Pearson correlation. High linear correlation was observed between accelerometer-based measurement and reference measurement methods (ECG and Respiration belt). Above all, due to the simplicity of the proposed method, the technique has high potential to be applied in dual gating in clinical cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) to obtain motion-free images in the future.</AbstractText	Allergic reactions can in severe cases induce a state of circulatory shock referred to as anaphylaxis. Histamine, the primary mediator of this condition, is released from immune cells, and, therefore, anaphylaxis has so far been considered an immune system disorder. However, we here show that the glutamatergic receptor mGluR7, expressed on a subpopulation of both peripheral and spinal cord neurons, controls histamine-induced communication through calcium-dependent autoinhibition with implications for anaphylaxis. Genetic ablation of mGluR7, and thus altered regulation of histamine-sensing neurons, caused an anaphylaxis-like state in mGluR7(-/-) mice, which could be reversed by antagonizing signaling between neurons and mast cells but not by antagonizing a central itch pathway. Our findings demonstrate the vital role of nervous system control by mGluR7 in anaphylaxis and open up possibilities for preventive strategies for this life-threatening condition.</AbstractText	Low-Power CMOS Laser Doppler Imaging Using Non-CDS Pixel Readout and 13.6-bit SAR ADC. Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) measures particle flows such as blood perfusion by sensing their Doppler shift. This paper is the first of its kind in analyzing the effect of circuit noise on LDI precision which is distinctively different from conventional imaging. Based on this result, it presents a non-correlated-double-sampling (non-CDS) pixel readout scheme along with a high-resolution successive-approximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) with 13.6b effective resolution (ER). Measurement results from the prototype chip in 0.18 μm technology confirm the theoretical analysis and show that the two techniques improve LDI sensing precision by 6.9 dB and 4.4 dB (compared to a 10b ADC) respectively without analog pre-amplification. The sensor's ADC occupies 518 μm×84 μm and is suitable for fast column parallel readout. Its differential non-linearity (DNL), integral non-linearity (INL), and input referred noise are +3.0/-2.8 LSB, +24/-17 LSB, and 110 μVrms respectively, leading to a Figure-of-Merit (FoM) of 23 fJ/state which makes it one of the most energy efficient image sensor ADCs and an order of magnitude better than the best reported LDI system using commercial high-speed image sensors.</AbstractText	Accelerometer-Based Method for Extracting Respiratory and Cardiac Gating Information for Dual Gating during Nuclear Medicine Imaging. Both respiratory and cardiac motions reduce the quality and consistency of medical imaging specifically in nuclear medicine imaging. Motion artifacts can be eliminated by gating the image acquisition based on the respiratory phase and cardiac contractions throughout the medical imaging procedure. Electrocardiography (ECG), 3-axis accelerometer, and respiration belt data were processed and analyzed from ten healthy volunteers. Seismocardiography (SCG) is a noninvasive accelerometer-based method that measures accelerations caused by respiration and myocardial movements. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of the accelerometer-based method in dual gating technique. The SCG provides accelerometer-derived respiratory (ADR) data and accurate information about quiescent phases within the cardiac cycle. The correct information about the status of ventricles and atria helps us to create an improved estimate for quiescent phases within a cardiac cycle. The correlation of ADR signals with the reference respiration belt was investigated using Pearson correlation. High linear correlation was observed between accelerometer-based measurement and reference measurement methods (ECG and Respiration belt). Above all, due to the simplicity of the proposed method, the technique has high potential to be applied in dual gating in clinical cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) to obtain motion-free images in the future.</AbstractText	Identification of a Neuronal Receptor Controlling Anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions can in severe cases induce a state of circulatory shock referred to as anaphylaxis. Histamine, the primary mediator of this condition, is released from immune cells, and, therefore, anaphylaxis has so far been considered an immune system disorder. However, we here show that the glutamatergic receptor mGluR7, expressed on a subpopulation of both peripheral and spinal cord neurons, controls histamine-induced communication through calcium-dependent autoinhibition with implications for anaphylaxis. Genetic ablation of mGluR7, and thus altered regulation of histamine-sensing neurons, caused an anaphylaxis-like state in mGluR7(-/-) mice, which could be reversed by antagonizing signaling between neurons and mast cells but not by antagonizing a central itch pathway. Our findings demonstrate the vital role of nervous system control by mGluR7 in anaphylaxis and open up possibilities for preventive strategies for this life-threatening condition.</AbstractText
35451693	34683956	37090838	Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Apoptosis in HT-29 Cells by Stimulating Oxidative Stress and Damaging DNA.	Enhanced Detection of Desmoplasia by Targeted Delivery of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to the Tumour-Specific Extracellular Matrix.	Variable Presentation and Reduced Penetrance in Autosomal Dominant Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Related to RANBP2 Variant.	Nanoparticles have garnered considerable scientific attention in recent years due to their diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe<sub	Diagnostic imaging of aggressive cancer with a high stroma content may benefit from the use of imaging contrast agents targeted with peptides that have high binding affinity to the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we report the use of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (IO-NP) conjugated to a nonapeptide, CSGRRSSKC (CSG), which specifically binds to the laminin-nidogen-1 complex in tumours. We show that CSG-IO-NP accumulate in tumours, predominantly in the tumour ECM, following intravenous injection into a murine model of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (PNET). In contrast, a control untargeted IO-NP consistently show poor tumour uptake, and IO-NP conjugated to a pentapeptide. CREKA that bind fibrin clots in blood vessels show restricted uptake in the angiogenic vessels of the tumours. CSG-IO-NP show three-fold higher intratumoral accumulation compared to CREKA-IO-NP. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T<sub	Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is clinically characterized by fever, acute alteration of consciousness, seizures, and rapid progression to coma within days of onset of a viral illness occurring in healthy children without evidence of central nervous system infection. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows multiple symmetrical lesions affecting primarily the thalami but also brain stem, putamina, periventricular white matter, and cerebellum. Most cases of ANE are sporadic and nonrecurrent. However, a missense variant in RANBP2 has been identified in some families with recurrent ANE (OMIM # 608033), also named autosomal dominant ANE (ADANE). Clinical manifestation, clinical course, and brain MRI imaging findings of six affected members of two distinct families with ADANE were described. Sequencing revealed heterozygous c.1754C > T variant in RANBP2 (p.Thr585Met) in affected and asymptomatic family members. Only few ADANE families have been reported and it is the first description in South America. Differential diagnosis of Leigh disease and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is discussed. Our report reinforces incomplete penetrance of ADANE and intrafamilial phenotypic variability of outcome.</AbstractText	Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Apoptosis in HT-29 Cells by Stimulating Oxidative Stress and Damaging DNA. Nanoparticles have garnered considerable scientific attention in recent years due to their diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe<sub	Enhanced Detection of Desmoplasia by Targeted Delivery of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to the Tumour-Specific Extracellular Matrix. Diagnostic imaging of aggressive cancer with a high stroma content may benefit from the use of imaging contrast agents targeted with peptides that have high binding affinity to the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we report the use of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (IO-NP) conjugated to a nonapeptide, CSGRRSSKC (CSG), which specifically binds to the laminin-nidogen-1 complex in tumours. We show that CSG-IO-NP accumulate in tumours, predominantly in the tumour ECM, following intravenous injection into a murine model of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (PNET). In contrast, a control untargeted IO-NP consistently show poor tumour uptake, and IO-NP conjugated to a pentapeptide. CREKA that bind fibrin clots in blood vessels show restricted uptake in the angiogenic vessels of the tumours. CSG-IO-NP show three-fold higher intratumoral accumulation compared to CREKA-IO-NP. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T<sub	Variable Presentation and Reduced Penetrance in Autosomal Dominant Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Related to RANBP2 Variant. Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is clinically characterized by fever, acute alteration of consciousness, seizures, and rapid progression to coma within days of onset of a viral illness occurring in healthy children without evidence of central nervous system infection. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows multiple symmetrical lesions affecting primarily the thalami but also brain stem, putamina, periventricular white matter, and cerebellum. Most cases of ANE are sporadic and nonrecurrent. However, a missense variant in RANBP2 has been identified in some families with recurrent ANE (OMIM # 608033), also named autosomal dominant ANE (ADANE). Clinical manifestation, clinical course, and brain MRI imaging findings of six affected members of two distinct families with ADANE were described. Sequencing revealed heterozygous c.1754C > T variant in RANBP2 (p.Thr585Met) in affected and asymptomatic family members. Only few ADANE families have been reported and it is the first description in South America. Differential diagnosis of Leigh disease and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is discussed. Our report reinforces incomplete penetrance of ADANE and intrafamilial phenotypic variability of outcome.</AbstractText
32792935	19940912	32942568	Taurine Promotes Neurite Outgrowth and Synapse Development of Both Vertebrate and Invertebrate Central Neurons.	Inspiration and application in the evolution of biomaterials.	Levels of Alternaria Toxins in Selected Food Commodities Including Green Coffee.	Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is widely expressed throughout the human brain, heart, retina, and muscle tissues. Taurine deficiency is associated with cardiomyopathy, renal dysfunction, abnormalities of the developing nervous system, and epilepsy which suggests a role specific to excitable tissues. Like vertebrates, invertebrates maintain high levels of taurine during embryonic and larval development, which decline during aging, indicating a potential developmental role. Notwithstanding its extensive presence throughout, taurine's precise role/s during early brain development, function, and repair remains largely unknown in both vertebrate and invertebrate. Here, we investigated whether taurine affects neurite outgrowth, synapse formation, and synaptic transmission between postnatal day 0 rat cortical neurons <i	Biomaterials, traditionally defined as materials used in medical devices, have been used since antiquity, but recently their degree of sophistication has increased significantly. Biomaterials made today are routinely information rich and incorporate biologically active components derived from nature. In the future, biomaterials will assume an even greater role in medicine and will find use in a wide variety of non-medical applications through biologically inspired design and incorporation of dynamic behaviour.</AbstractText	<i	Taurine Promotes Neurite Outgrowth and Synapse Development of Both Vertebrate and Invertebrate Central Neurons. Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is widely expressed throughout the human brain, heart, retina, and muscle tissues. Taurine deficiency is associated with cardiomyopathy, renal dysfunction, abnormalities of the developing nervous system, and epilepsy which suggests a role specific to excitable tissues. Like vertebrates, invertebrates maintain high levels of taurine during embryonic and larval development, which decline during aging, indicating a potential developmental role. Notwithstanding its extensive presence throughout, taurine's precise role/s during early brain development, function, and repair remains largely unknown in both vertebrate and invertebrate. Here, we investigated whether taurine affects neurite outgrowth, synapse formation, and synaptic transmission between postnatal day 0 rat cortical neurons <i	Inspiration and application in the evolution of biomaterials. Biomaterials, traditionally defined as materials used in medical devices, have been used since antiquity, but recently their degree of sophistication has increased significantly. Biomaterials made today are routinely information rich and incorporate biologically active components derived from nature. In the future, biomaterials will assume an even greater role in medicine and will find use in a wide variety of non-medical applications through biologically inspired design and incorporation of dynamic behaviour.</AbstractText	Levels of Alternaria Toxins in Selected Food Commodities Including Green Coffee. <i
32849234	36685225	33007685	Neuroimmunogastroenterology: At the Interface of Neuroimmunology and Gastroenterology.	A functional network of highly pure enteric neurons in a dish.	"Embodied" language processing: Mental motor imagery aptitude predicts word-definition skill for high but not for low imageable words in adolescents.	The central nervous system (CNS) is an important regulator of the gastrointestinal tract, and CNS dysfunction can result in significant and disabling gastrointestinal symptom manifestation. For patients with neuroimmunologic and neuroinflammatory conditions, the recognition of gastrointestinal symptoms is under-appreciated, yet the gastrointestinal manifestations have a dramatic impact on quality of life. The current treatment strategies, often employed independently by the neurologist and gastroenterologist, raise the question of whether such patients are being treated optimally when siloed in one specialty. Neuroimmunogastroenterology lies at the borderlands of medical specialties, and there are few resources to guide neurologists in this area. Here, we provide an overview highlighting the potential mechanisms of crosstalk between immune-mediated neurological disorders and gastrointestinal dysfunction.</AbstractText	The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic nervous system that innervates the entire digestive tract and regulates major digestive functions. Recent evidence has shown that functions of the ENS critically rely on enteric neuronal connectivity; however, experimental models to decipher the underlying mechanisms are limited. Compared to the central nervous system, for which pure neuronal cultures have been developed for decades and are recognized as a reference in the field of neuroscience, an equivalent model for enteric neurons is lacking. In this study, we developed a novel model of highly pure rat embryonic enteric neurons with dense and functional synaptic networks. The methodology is simple and relatively fast. We characterized enteric neurons using immunohistochemical, morphological, and electrophysiological approaches. In particular, we demonstrated the applicability of this culture model to multi-electrode array technology as a new approach for monitoring enteric neuronal network activity. This <i	Our study was designed to test a recent proposal by Cayol and Nazir (2020), according to which language processing takes advantage of motor system "emulators". An emulator is a brain mechanism that learns the causal relationship between an action and its sensory consequences. Emulators predict the outcome of a motor command in terms of its sensory reafference and serve monitoring ongoing movements. For the purpose of motor planning/learning, emulators can "run offline", decoupled from sensory input and motor output. Such offline simulations are equivalent to mental imagery (Grush, 2004). If language processing can profit from the associative-memory network of emulators, mental-imagery-aptitude should predict language skills. However, this should hold only for language content that is imageable. We tested this assumption in typically developing adolescents using two motor-imagery paradigms. One that measured participant's error in estimating their motor ability, and another that measured the time to perform a mental simulation. When the time to perform a mental simulation is taken as measure, mental-imagery-aptitude does indeed selectively predict word-definition performance for high imageable words. These results provide an alternative position relative to the question of why language processes recruit modality-specific brain regions and support the often-hypothesized link between language and motor skills.</AbstractText	Neuroimmunogastroenterology: At the Interface of Neuroimmunology and Gastroenterology. The central nervous system (CNS) is an important regulator of the gastrointestinal tract, and CNS dysfunction can result in significant and disabling gastrointestinal symptom manifestation. For patients with neuroimmunologic and neuroinflammatory conditions, the recognition of gastrointestinal symptoms is under-appreciated, yet the gastrointestinal manifestations have a dramatic impact on quality of life. The current treatment strategies, often employed independently by the neurologist and gastroenterologist, raise the question of whether such patients are being treated optimally when siloed in one specialty. Neuroimmunogastroenterology lies at the borderlands of medical specialties, and there are few resources to guide neurologists in this area. Here, we provide an overview highlighting the potential mechanisms of crosstalk between immune-mediated neurological disorders and gastrointestinal dysfunction.</AbstractText	A functional network of highly pure enteric neurons in a dish. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic nervous system that innervates the entire digestive tract and regulates major digestive functions. Recent evidence has shown that functions of the ENS critically rely on enteric neuronal connectivity; however, experimental models to decipher the underlying mechanisms are limited. Compared to the central nervous system, for which pure neuronal cultures have been developed for decades and are recognized as a reference in the field of neuroscience, an equivalent model for enteric neurons is lacking. In this study, we developed a novel model of highly pure rat embryonic enteric neurons with dense and functional synaptic networks. The methodology is simple and relatively fast. We characterized enteric neurons using immunohistochemical, morphological, and electrophysiological approaches. In particular, we demonstrated the applicability of this culture model to multi-electrode array technology as a new approach for monitoring enteric neuronal network activity. This <i	"Embodied" language processing: Mental motor imagery aptitude predicts word-definition skill for high but not for low imageable words in adolescents. Our study was designed to test a recent proposal by Cayol and Nazir (2020), according to which language processing takes advantage of motor system "emulators". An emulator is a brain mechanism that learns the causal relationship between an action and its sensory consequences. Emulators predict the outcome of a motor command in terms of its sensory reafference and serve monitoring ongoing movements. For the purpose of motor planning/learning, emulators can "run offline", decoupled from sensory input and motor output. Such offline simulations are equivalent to mental imagery (Grush, 2004). If language processing can profit from the associative-memory network of emulators, mental-imagery-aptitude should predict language skills. However, this should hold only for language content that is imageable. We tested this assumption in typically developing adolescents using two motor-imagery paradigms. One that measured participant's error in estimating their motor ability, and another that measured the time to perform a mental simulation. When the time to perform a mental simulation is taken as measure, mental-imagery-aptitude does indeed selectively predict word-definition performance for high imageable words. These results provide an alternative position relative to the question of why language processes recruit modality-specific brain regions and support the often-hypothesized link between language and motor skills.</AbstractText
15769868	2995646	16383738	Novel gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) analogs share some, but not all, of the behavioral effects of GHB and GABAB receptor agonists.	Upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B binding sites in rat frontal cortex: a common action of repeated administration of different classes of antidepressants and electroshock.	Pair of excitable FitzHugh-Nagumo elements: synchronization, multistability, and chaos.	gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a therapeutic for narcolepsy and a drug of abuse, has several mechanisms of action that involve GHB and GABA(B) receptors, metabolism to GABA, and modulation of dopaminergic signaling. The aim of these studies was to examine the role of GHB and GABA(B) receptors in the behavioral effects of GHB. Three approaches were used to synthesize GHB analogs that bind selectively to GHB receptors and are not metabolized to GABA-active compounds. Radioligand binding assays identified UMB86 (4-hydroxy-4-napthylbutanoic acid, sodium salt), UMB72 [4-(3-phenylpropyloxy)butyric acid, sodium salt], UMB73 (4-benzyloxybutyric acid, sodium salt), 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPA), and 4-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid as compounds that displace [(3)H]NCS-382 [5-[(3)H]-(2E)-(5-hydroxy-5,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[a][7] annulen-6-ylidene) ethanoic acid] from GHB receptors at concentrations that do not markedly affect [(3)H]GABA binding to GABA(B) receptors. In rats and pigeons, GHB discriminative stimulus effects were not mimicked or attenuated by UMB86, UMB72, or 3-HPA up to doses that decreased responding. In mice, GHB, GHB precursors (gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol) and GABA(B) receptor agonists [SKF97541 [3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid hydrochloride] and baclofen] dose-dependently produced hypolocomotion, catalepsy, ataxia, and loss of righting. The GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP35348 (3-aminopropyl(diethoxymethyl)phosphinic acid) attenuated catalepsy and ataxia that was observed after GHB and GABA(B) receptor agonists SKF97541 and baclofen. UMB86, UMB72, UMB73, and 3-HPA, like GHB, produced hypolocomotion, ataxia, and loss of righting; however, catalepsy was never observed with these compounds, which is consistent with the cataleptic effects of GHB being mediated by GABA(B) receptors. Ataxia that was observed with UMB86, UMB72, UMB73, and 3-HPA was not antagonized by CGP35348, suggesting that ataxia induced by these analogs is not mediated by GABA(B) receptors and might involve GHB receptors.</AbstractText	The action of different classes of clinically effective antidepressants and electroshock on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B recognition sites in the frontal cortex was compared to that of other psychotropic agents. After either prolonged (6-18 days) s.c. infusion via osmotic minipumps or repeated i.p. injections of different antidepressants, or a series of electroshocks, treatment was halted and 72 hr later the animals were sacrificed, the brain was dissected and frozen. All major antidepressants (desipramine, amitryptyline or maprotiline), several newer compounds with reported antidepressant activity (viloxazine, zimelidine, fluoxetine, citalopram, progabide, fengabine, sodium valproate, mianserin, trazodone or nomifensine) as well as pargyline and repeated electroshocks, up-regulated GABA B binding in the rat frontal cortex but not hippocampus. This appeared to be a maximum binding effect, but in some instance the kinetics were more complex. Reserpine, diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital down-regulated GABA B binding in the frontal cortex, whereas this was unaltered by haloperidol, chlorpromazine or diazepam administration. Desipramine up-regulated GABA B binding in a dose- and time-dependent manner (minimum effective dose, 1.25 mg/kg/day s.c. for 18 days; onset of action, 6 days at 5 mg/kg/day s.c.). Together with the rather sparse data in the literature on GABA in depression and antidepressant drug action, these findings support a common GABAergic mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs and electroshock, mediated via GABA B synapses.</AbstractText	We analyze a pair of excitable FitzHugh-Nagumo elements, each of which is coupled repulsively. While the rest state for each element is globally stable for a phase-attractive coupling, various firing patterns, including cyclic and chaotic firing patterns, exist in an phase-repulsive coupling region. Although the rest state becomes linearly unstable via a Hopf bifurcation, periodic solutions associated to the firing patterns is not connected to the Hopf bifurcation. This means that the solution branch emanating from the Hopf bifurcation is subcritical and unstable for any coupling strength. Various types of cyclic firing patterns emerge suddenly through saddle-node bifurcations. The parameter region in which different periodic solutions coexist is also found.</AbstractText	Novel gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) analogs share some, but not all, of the behavioral effects of GHB and GABAB receptor agonists. gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a therapeutic for narcolepsy and a drug of abuse, has several mechanisms of action that involve GHB and GABA(B) receptors, metabolism to GABA, and modulation of dopaminergic signaling. The aim of these studies was to examine the role of GHB and GABA(B) receptors in the behavioral effects of GHB. Three approaches were used to synthesize GHB analogs that bind selectively to GHB receptors and are not metabolized to GABA-active compounds. Radioligand binding assays identified UMB86 (4-hydroxy-4-napthylbutanoic acid, sodium salt), UMB72 [4-(3-phenylpropyloxy)butyric acid, sodium salt], UMB73 (4-benzyloxybutyric acid, sodium salt), 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPA), and 4-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid as compounds that displace [(3)H]NCS-382 [5-[(3)H]-(2E)-(5-hydroxy-5,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[a][7] annulen-6-ylidene) ethanoic acid] from GHB receptors at concentrations that do not markedly affect [(3)H]GABA binding to GABA(B) receptors. In rats and pigeons, GHB discriminative stimulus effects were not mimicked or attenuated by UMB86, UMB72, or 3-HPA up to doses that decreased responding. In mice, GHB, GHB precursors (gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol) and GABA(B) receptor agonists [SKF97541 [3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid hydrochloride] and baclofen] dose-dependently produced hypolocomotion, catalepsy, ataxia, and loss of righting. The GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP35348 (3-aminopropyl(diethoxymethyl)phosphinic acid) attenuated catalepsy and ataxia that was observed after GHB and GABA(B) receptor agonists SKF97541 and baclofen. UMB86, UMB72, UMB73, and 3-HPA, like GHB, produced hypolocomotion, ataxia, and loss of righting; however, catalepsy was never observed with these compounds, which is consistent with the cataleptic effects of GHB being mediated by GABA(B) receptors. Ataxia that was observed with UMB86, UMB72, UMB73, and 3-HPA was not antagonized by CGP35348, suggesting that ataxia induced by these analogs is not mediated by GABA(B) receptors and might involve GHB receptors.</AbstractText	Upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B binding sites in rat frontal cortex: a common action of repeated administration of different classes of antidepressants and electroshock. The action of different classes of clinically effective antidepressants and electroshock on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B recognition sites in the frontal cortex was compared to that of other psychotropic agents. After either prolonged (6-18 days) s.c. infusion via osmotic minipumps or repeated i.p. injections of different antidepressants, or a series of electroshocks, treatment was halted and 72 hr later the animals were sacrificed, the brain was dissected and frozen. All major antidepressants (desipramine, amitryptyline or maprotiline), several newer compounds with reported antidepressant activity (viloxazine, zimelidine, fluoxetine, citalopram, progabide, fengabine, sodium valproate, mianserin, trazodone or nomifensine) as well as pargyline and repeated electroshocks, up-regulated GABA B binding in the rat frontal cortex but not hippocampus. This appeared to be a maximum binding effect, but in some instance the kinetics were more complex. Reserpine, diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital down-regulated GABA B binding in the frontal cortex, whereas this was unaltered by haloperidol, chlorpromazine or diazepam administration. Desipramine up-regulated GABA B binding in a dose- and time-dependent manner (minimum effective dose, 1.25 mg/kg/day s.c. for 18 days; onset of action, 6 days at 5 mg/kg/day s.c.). Together with the rather sparse data in the literature on GABA in depression and antidepressant drug action, these findings support a common GABAergic mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs and electroshock, mediated via GABA B synapses.</AbstractText	Pair of excitable FitzHugh-Nagumo elements: synchronization, multistability, and chaos. We analyze a pair of excitable FitzHugh-Nagumo elements, each of which is coupled repulsively. While the rest state for each element is globally stable for a phase-attractive coupling, various firing patterns, including cyclic and chaotic firing patterns, exist in an phase-repulsive coupling region. Although the rest state becomes linearly unstable via a Hopf bifurcation, periodic solutions associated to the firing patterns is not connected to the Hopf bifurcation. This means that the solution branch emanating from the Hopf bifurcation is subcritical and unstable for any coupling strength. Various types of cyclic firing patterns emerge suddenly through saddle-node bifurcations. The parameter region in which different periodic solutions coexist is also found.</AbstractText
38553463	36471370	35243895	Structure of alpha-synuclein fibrils derived from human Lewy body dementia tissue.	Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert modulates hippocampal-frontoparietal networks in patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease.	The Role of AMP-activated Protein Kinase in Oxytosis/Ferroptosis: Protector or Potentiator?	The defining feature of Parkinson disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) is the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (Asyn) fibrils in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Here we develop and validate a method to amplify Asyn fibrils extracted from LBD postmortem tissue samples and use solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) studies to determine atomic resolution structure. Amplified LBD Asyn fibrils comprise a mixture of single protofilament and two protofilament fibrils with very low twist. The protofilament fold is highly similar to the fold determined by a recent cryo-electron microscopy study for a minority population of twisted single protofilament fibrils extracted from LBD tissue. These results expand the structural characterization of LBD Asyn fibrils and approaches for studying disease mechanisms, imaging agents and therapeutics targeting Asyn.</AbstractText	Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) has shown potential for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there is little evidence of whether NBM-DBS can improve cognitive functioning in patients with advanced AD. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the modulation of brain networks remain unclear. This study was aimed to assess the cognitive function and the resting-state connectivity following NBM-DBS in patients with advanced AD.</AbstractText Eight patients with advanced AD underwent bilateral NBM-DBS and were followed up for 12 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed by neuropsychological examinations using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography data were also collected.</AbstractText The cognitive functioning of AD patients did not change from baseline to the 12-month follow-up. Interestingly, the MMSE score indicated clinical efficacy at 1 month of follow-up. At this time point, the connectivity between the hippocampal network and frontoparietal network tended to increase in the DBS-on state compared to the DBS-off state. Additionally, the increased functional connectivity between the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and the parietal cortex was associated with cognitive improvement. Further dynamic functional network analysis showed that NBM-DBS increased the proportion of the PHG-related connections, which was related to improved cognitive performance.</AbstractText The results indicated that NBM-DBS improves short-term cognitive performance in patients with advanced AD, which may be related to the modulation of multi-network connectivity patterns, and the hippocampus plays an important role within these networks.</AbstractText ChiCTR, ChiCTR1900022324. Registered 5 April 2019-Prospective registration. https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=37712.</AbstractText	<b	Structure of alpha-synuclein fibrils derived from human Lewy body dementia tissue. The defining feature of Parkinson disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) is the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (Asyn) fibrils in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Here we develop and validate a method to amplify Asyn fibrils extracted from LBD postmortem tissue samples and use solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) studies to determine atomic resolution structure. Amplified LBD Asyn fibrils comprise a mixture of single protofilament and two protofilament fibrils with very low twist. The protofilament fold is highly similar to the fold determined by a recent cryo-electron microscopy study for a minority population of twisted single protofilament fibrils extracted from LBD tissue. These results expand the structural characterization of LBD Asyn fibrils and approaches for studying disease mechanisms, imaging agents and therapeutics targeting Asyn.</AbstractText	Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert modulates hippocampal-frontoparietal networks in patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) has shown potential for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there is little evidence of whether NBM-DBS can improve cognitive functioning in patients with advanced AD. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the modulation of brain networks remain unclear. This study was aimed to assess the cognitive function and the resting-state connectivity following NBM-DBS in patients with advanced AD.</AbstractText Eight patients with advanced AD underwent bilateral NBM-DBS and were followed up for 12 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed by neuropsychological examinations using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography data were also collected.</AbstractText The cognitive functioning of AD patients did not change from baseline to the 12-month follow-up. Interestingly, the MMSE score indicated clinical efficacy at 1 month of follow-up. At this time point, the connectivity between the hippocampal network and frontoparietal network tended to increase in the DBS-on state compared to the DBS-off state. Additionally, the increased functional connectivity between the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and the parietal cortex was associated with cognitive improvement. Further dynamic functional network analysis showed that NBM-DBS increased the proportion of the PHG-related connections, which was related to improved cognitive performance.</AbstractText The results indicated that NBM-DBS improves short-term cognitive performance in patients with advanced AD, which may be related to the modulation of multi-network connectivity patterns, and the hippocampus plays an important role within these networks.</AbstractText ChiCTR, ChiCTR1900022324. Registered 5 April 2019-Prospective registration. https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=37712.</AbstractText	The Role of AMP-activated Protein Kinase in Oxytosis/Ferroptosis: Protector or Potentiator? <b
16090662	36972647	18233247	Diffusion processes on power-law small-world networks.	Reliable evaluation of functional connectivity and graph theory measures in source-level EEG: How many electrodes are enough?	Subpicosecond magnetization reversal across ferrimagnetic compensation points.	We consider diffusion processes on power-law small-world networks in different dimensions. In one dimension, we find a rich phase diagram, with different transient and recurrent phases, including a critical line with continuously varying exponents. The results were obtained using self-consistent perturbation theory and can also be understood in terms of a scaling theory, which provides a general framework for understanding processes on small-world networks with different distributions of long-range links.</AbstractText	Using EEG to characterise functional brain networks through graph theory has gained significant interest in clinical and basic research. However, the minimal requirements for reliable measures remain largely unaddressed. Here, we examined functional connectivity estimates and graph theory metrics obtained from EEG with varying electrode densities.</AbstractText EEG was recorded with 128 electrodes in 33 participants. The high-density EEG data were subsequently subsampled into three sparser montages (64, 32, and 19 electrodes). Four inverse solutions, four measures of functional connectivity, and five graph theory metrics were tested.</AbstractText The correlation between the results obtained with 128-electrode and the subsampled montages decreased as a function of the number of electrodes. As a result of decreased electrode density, the network metrics became skewed: mean network strength and clustering coefficient were overestimated, while characteristic path length was underestimated.</AbstractText Several graph theory metrics were altered when electrode density was reduced. Our results suggest that, for optimal balance between resource demand and result precision, a minimum of 64 electrodes should be utilised when graph theory metrics are used to characterise functional brain networks in source-reconstructed EEG data.</AbstractText Characterisation of functional brain networks derived from low-density EEG warrants careful consideration.</AbstractText	Subpicosecond magnetization reversal is experimentally demonstrated by ultrafast heating of a ferrimagnet across its compensation points, under an applied magnetic field. While the reversal is initiated by crossing the magnetization compensation temperature, the short reversal time is related to the angular momentum compensation, where the dynamics of the system is highly accelerated owing to the divergence of the gyromagnetic ratio. These results demonstrate the feasibility of subpicosecond magnetization reversal previously believed impossible.</AbstractText	Diffusion processes on power-law small-world networks. We consider diffusion processes on power-law small-world networks in different dimensions. In one dimension, we find a rich phase diagram, with different transient and recurrent phases, including a critical line with continuously varying exponents. The results were obtained using self-consistent perturbation theory and can also be understood in terms of a scaling theory, which provides a general framework for understanding processes on small-world networks with different distributions of long-range links.</AbstractText	Reliable evaluation of functional connectivity and graph theory measures in source-level EEG: How many electrodes are enough? Using EEG to characterise functional brain networks through graph theory has gained significant interest in clinical and basic research. However, the minimal requirements for reliable measures remain largely unaddressed. Here, we examined functional connectivity estimates and graph theory metrics obtained from EEG with varying electrode densities.</AbstractText EEG was recorded with 128 electrodes in 33 participants. The high-density EEG data were subsequently subsampled into three sparser montages (64, 32, and 19 electrodes). Four inverse solutions, four measures of functional connectivity, and five graph theory metrics were tested.</AbstractText The correlation between the results obtained with 128-electrode and the subsampled montages decreased as a function of the number of electrodes. As a result of decreased electrode density, the network metrics became skewed: mean network strength and clustering coefficient were overestimated, while characteristic path length was underestimated.</AbstractText Several graph theory metrics were altered when electrode density was reduced. Our results suggest that, for optimal balance between resource demand and result precision, a minimum of 64 electrodes should be utilised when graph theory metrics are used to characterise functional brain networks in source-reconstructed EEG data.</AbstractText Characterisation of functional brain networks derived from low-density EEG warrants careful consideration.</AbstractText	Subpicosecond magnetization reversal across ferrimagnetic compensation points. Subpicosecond magnetization reversal is experimentally demonstrated by ultrafast heating of a ferrimagnet across its compensation points, under an applied magnetic field. While the reversal is initiated by crossing the magnetization compensation temperature, the short reversal time is related to the angular momentum compensation, where the dynamics of the system is highly accelerated owing to the divergence of the gyromagnetic ratio. These results demonstrate the feasibility of subpicosecond magnetization reversal previously believed impossible.</AbstractText
33820715	29407219	35423835	GABAA receptor agonist cinazepam and its active metabolite 3-hydroxyphenazepam act differently at the presynaptic site.	GABA(A) receptor: Positive and negative allosteric modulators.	Synthesis and characterization of new fluorescent boro-β-carboline dyes.	Cinazepam C<sub	gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission and the gene products involved were discovered during the mid-twentieth century. Historically, myriad existing nervous system drugs act as positive and negative allosteric modulators of these proteins, making GABA a major component of modern neuropharmacology, and suggesting that many potential drugs will be found that share these targets. Although some of these drugs act on proteins involved in synthesis, degradation, and membrane transport of GABA, the GABA receptors Type A (GABA<sub	The first representatives of the new fluorescent boro-β-carboline family were synthesized by the insertion of the difluoroboranyl group into the oxaza or diaza core. The resulting compounds showed good photophysical properties with fine Stokes-shifts in the range of 38-85 nm with blue and green emission. The energetics of the excitation states and molecular orbitals of two members were investigated by quantum chemical computations suggesting effects for the improved properties of diazaborinino-carbolines over oxazaborolo-carbolines. These properties nominated this chemotype as a new fluorophore for the development of fluorescent probes. As an example, diazaborinino-carbolines were used for the specific labeling of anti-Her2 antibody trastuzumab. The fluorescent conjugate showed a high fluorophore-antibody ratio and was confirmed as a useful tool for labeling and confocal microscopy imaging of tumour cells <i	GABAA receptor agonist cinazepam and its active metabolite 3-hydroxyphenazepam act differently at the presynaptic site. Cinazepam C<sub	GABA(A) receptor: Positive and negative allosteric modulators. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission and the gene products involved were discovered during the mid-twentieth century. Historically, myriad existing nervous system drugs act as positive and negative allosteric modulators of these proteins, making GABA a major component of modern neuropharmacology, and suggesting that many potential drugs will be found that share these targets. Although some of these drugs act on proteins involved in synthesis, degradation, and membrane transport of GABA, the GABA receptors Type A (GABA<sub	Synthesis and characterization of new fluorescent boro-β-carboline dyes. The first representatives of the new fluorescent boro-β-carboline family were synthesized by the insertion of the difluoroboranyl group into the oxaza or diaza core. The resulting compounds showed good photophysical properties with fine Stokes-shifts in the range of 38-85 nm with blue and green emission. The energetics of the excitation states and molecular orbitals of two members were investigated by quantum chemical computations suggesting effects for the improved properties of diazaborinino-carbolines over oxazaborolo-carbolines. These properties nominated this chemotype as a new fluorophore for the development of fluorescent probes. As an example, diazaborinino-carbolines were used for the specific labeling of anti-Her2 antibody trastuzumab. The fluorescent conjugate showed a high fluorophore-antibody ratio and was confirmed as a useful tool for labeling and confocal microscopy imaging of tumour cells <i
39108212	32179062	37477712	Arcuate dopaminergic/GABAergic neurons project within the hypothalamus and to the median eminence.	The anterior limb of the internal capsule: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction.	The role of middle frontal gyrus in working memory retrieval by the effect of target detection tasks: a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study.	Cotransmission, meaning the release of multiple neurotransmitters from one synapse, allows for increased diversity of signaling in the brain. Dopamine (DA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are known to coexpress in many regions such as the olfactory bulb and the ventral tegmental area. Tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons (TIDA) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (Arc) project to the median eminence (ME) and regulate prolactin release from the pituitary, and prior work suggests dopaminergic Arc neurons also cotransmit GABA. However, the extent of cotransmission, and the projection patterns of these neurons have not been fully revealed. Here, we used a genetic intersectional reporter expression approach to selectively label cells that express both tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT). Through this approach, we identified cells capable of both DA and GABA cotransmission in the Arc, periventricular (Pe), paraventricular (Pa), ventromedial, and the dorsolateral hypothalamic nuclei, in addition to a novel population in the caudate putamen. The highest density of labeled cells was in the Arc, 6.68% of DAPI-labeled cells at Bregma -2.06 mm, and in the Pe, 2.83% of DAPI-labeled cells at Bregma -1.94 mm. Next, we evaluated the projections of these DA/GABA cells by injecting an mCherry virus that fluoresces in DA/GABA cells. We observed a cotransmitting DA/GABA population, with projections within the Arc, and to the Pa and ME. These data suggest DA/GABA Arc neurons are involved in prolactin release as a subset of TIDA neurons. Further investigation will elucidate the interactions of dopamine and GABA in the hypothalamus.<b	The last two decades have seen a re-emergence of neurosurgery for severe, refractory psychiatric diseases, largely due to the advent of more precise and safe operative techniques. Nevertheless, the optimal targets for these surgeries remain a matter of debate, and are often grandfathered from experiences in the late 20th century. To better explore the rationale for one target in particular - the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) - we comprehensively reviewed all available literature on its role in the pathophysiology and treatment of mental illness. We first provide an overview of its functional anatomy, followed by a discussion on its role in several prevalent psychiatric diseases. Given its structural integration into the limbic system and involvement in a number of cognitive and emotional processes, the ALIC is a robust target for surgical treatment of refractory psychiatric diseases. The advent of novel neuroimaging techniques, coupled with image-guided therapeutics and neuromodulatory treatments, will continue to enable study on the ALIC in mental illness.</AbstractText	Maintained working memory (WM) representations have been shown to influence visual target detection selection, while the effect of the visual target detection process on WM retrieval remains largely unknown. In the current research, we used the dual-paradigm of the visual target detection task and the delayed matching task (DMT), which contained the following four conditions: the match condition: the DMT target contained the detection target; the mismatch condition: the DMT target contained the detection distractor; the neutral condition: only the detection target was presented; the catch condition: only the DMT target was presented. Twenty-six subjects were recruited in the experiment with simultaneous EEG-fMRI data. Behaviorally, faster responses were found in the mismatch condition than in the match and neutral conditions. The EEG data found a greater parieto-occipital N1 component in the mismatch condition compared to the neutral condition, and a greater frontal N2 component in the match condition than in the mismatch condition. Moreover, compared to the match and neutral conditions, weaker activations of the bilateral middle frontal gyrus (MFG) were observed in the mismatch condition. And the representational similarity analysis (RSA) revealed significant differences in the representational patterns of the bilateral MFG between mismatch and match conditions, as well as in the representational patterns of the left MFG between mismatch and neutral conditions. Additionally, the left MFG may be the brain source of the N1 component in the mismatch condition. These findings suggest that the mismatch between the DMT target and detection target affects early attention allocation and attentional control in WM retrieval, and the MFG may play an important role in WM retrieval by the effect of the target detection task. In conclusion, our work deepens the understanding of the neural mechanisms by which visual target detection affects WM retrieval.</AbstractText	Arcuate dopaminergic/GABAergic neurons project within the hypothalamus and to the median eminence. Cotransmission, meaning the release of multiple neurotransmitters from one synapse, allows for increased diversity of signaling in the brain. Dopamine (DA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are known to coexpress in many regions such as the olfactory bulb and the ventral tegmental area. Tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons (TIDA) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (Arc) project to the median eminence (ME) and regulate prolactin release from the pituitary, and prior work suggests dopaminergic Arc neurons also cotransmit GABA. However, the extent of cotransmission, and the projection patterns of these neurons have not been fully revealed. Here, we used a genetic intersectional reporter expression approach to selectively label cells that express both tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT). Through this approach, we identified cells capable of both DA and GABA cotransmission in the Arc, periventricular (Pe), paraventricular (Pa), ventromedial, and the dorsolateral hypothalamic nuclei, in addition to a novel population in the caudate putamen. The highest density of labeled cells was in the Arc, 6.68% of DAPI-labeled cells at Bregma -2.06 mm, and in the Pe, 2.83% of DAPI-labeled cells at Bregma -1.94 mm. Next, we evaluated the projections of these DA/GABA cells by injecting an mCherry virus that fluoresces in DA/GABA cells. We observed a cotransmitting DA/GABA population, with projections within the Arc, and to the Pa and ME. These data suggest DA/GABA Arc neurons are involved in prolactin release as a subset of TIDA neurons. Further investigation will elucidate the interactions of dopamine and GABA in the hypothalamus.<b	The anterior limb of the internal capsule: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction. The last two decades have seen a re-emergence of neurosurgery for severe, refractory psychiatric diseases, largely due to the advent of more precise and safe operative techniques. Nevertheless, the optimal targets for these surgeries remain a matter of debate, and are often grandfathered from experiences in the late 20th century. To better explore the rationale for one target in particular - the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) - we comprehensively reviewed all available literature on its role in the pathophysiology and treatment of mental illness. We first provide an overview of its functional anatomy, followed by a discussion on its role in several prevalent psychiatric diseases. Given its structural integration into the limbic system and involvement in a number of cognitive and emotional processes, the ALIC is a robust target for surgical treatment of refractory psychiatric diseases. The advent of novel neuroimaging techniques, coupled with image-guided therapeutics and neuromodulatory treatments, will continue to enable study on the ALIC in mental illness.</AbstractText	The role of middle frontal gyrus in working memory retrieval by the effect of target detection tasks: a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study. Maintained working memory (WM) representations have been shown to influence visual target detection selection, while the effect of the visual target detection process on WM retrieval remains largely unknown. In the current research, we used the dual-paradigm of the visual target detection task and the delayed matching task (DMT), which contained the following four conditions: the match condition: the DMT target contained the detection target; the mismatch condition: the DMT target contained the detection distractor; the neutral condition: only the detection target was presented; the catch condition: only the DMT target was presented. Twenty-six subjects were recruited in the experiment with simultaneous EEG-fMRI data. Behaviorally, faster responses were found in the mismatch condition than in the match and neutral conditions. The EEG data found a greater parieto-occipital N1 component in the mismatch condition compared to the neutral condition, and a greater frontal N2 component in the match condition than in the mismatch condition. Moreover, compared to the match and neutral conditions, weaker activations of the bilateral middle frontal gyrus (MFG) were observed in the mismatch condition. And the representational similarity analysis (RSA) revealed significant differences in the representational patterns of the bilateral MFG between mismatch and match conditions, as well as in the representational patterns of the left MFG between mismatch and neutral conditions. Additionally, the left MFG may be the brain source of the N1 component in the mismatch condition. These findings suggest that the mismatch between the DMT target and detection target affects early attention allocation and attentional control in WM retrieval, and the MFG may play an important role in WM retrieval by the effect of the target detection task. In conclusion, our work deepens the understanding of the neural mechanisms by which visual target detection affects WM retrieval.</AbstractText
31152885	18240915	31103795	Thoracic Meningocele and Cervical Syringomyelia Treated with Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt.	Rate of spontaneous hemorrhage in histologically proven cases of pilocytic astrocytoma.	Myo-inositol mediates the effects of traffic-related air pollution on generalized anxiety symptoms at age 12 years.	Spinal meningocele is the herniation of dura mater and cerebrospinal fluid through a spinal defect, be it congenital, iatrogenic, or traumatic. Intrathoracic meningoceles are rare and are most commonly associated with neurofibromatosis. When indicated, surgical management of symptomatic thoracic meningocele is aimed at decreasing the size of the meningocele, which can be accomplished by a variety of procedures.</AbstractText A 59-year-old woman with neurofibromatosis type 1 and a known thoracic meningocele was initially managed conservatively. However, she developed syringomyelia and subsequently became symptomatic from the syrinx. She was ultimately treated successfully with ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Shunting resulted in complete resolution of the syrinx, while the thoracic meningocele remained stable in size.</AbstractText Ventriculoperitoneal shunt can be used to successfully treat a symptomatic syrinx in a patient with an asymptomatic thoracic meningocele. Alterations in normal cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics from the thoracic meningocele likely contributed to the development of syringomyelia in this patient.</AbstractText	Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is an uncommon but recognized initial presenting sign of both primary and metastatic brain tumors. The rate of tumor-related intracranial hemorrhage is variably reported from <1 to 14.6%. Hemorrhage in primary gliomas occurs in 3.7-7.2% of gliomas, mainly in glioblastoma muliforme and oligodendroglioma with low-grade astrocytomas accounting for <1%. Hemorrhage associated with pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) is only sporadically reported. The authors report on a series of patients in whom PAs presenting as hemorrhages prompted them to examine the incidence of bleeding in these tumors.</AbstractText Cases involving a confirmed tissue diagnosis of PA from 1994-2005 were reviewed retrospectively. The authors included only patients with evidence of hemorrhage on computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging seen prior to biopsy or resection and in the absence of trauma or other vascular pathological entities.</AbstractText In 138 patients with histologically proven PAs, the mean age at diagnosis was 23 years. In 11 patients (8%; 5 male and 6 female) there was evidence of hemorrhage at presentation. There were no locations more susceptible to hemorrhage than any other, although no bleeding occurred within the cerebellum. All but 1 patient was treated with a gross-total resection.</AbstractText Hemorrhage in association with PAs likely results from the frequently observed abnormal vasculature in these tumors, occurs with a greater frequency than previously thought, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.</AbstractText	Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been linked to childhood anxiety symptoms. Neuroimaging in patients with anxiety disorders indicate altered neurochemistry.</AbstractText Evaluate the impact of TRAP on brain metabolism and its relation to childhood anxiety symptoms in the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS).</AbstractText Adolescents (n = 145) underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain metabolites, including myo-inositol, N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, glutamate, glutamate plus glutamine, and glutathione were measured in the anterior cingulate cortex. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale. TRAP exposure in early-life, averaged over childhood, and during the 12 months prior to imaging was estimated using a validated land use regression model. Associations between TRAP exposure, brain metabolism, and anxiety symptoms were estimated using linear regression and a bootstrapping approach for testing mediation by brain metabolite levels.</AbstractText Recent exposure to high levels of TRAP was associated with significant increases in myo-inositol (β = 0.26; 95%CI 0.01, 0.51) compared to low TRAP exposure. Recent elevated TRAP exposure (β = 4.71; 95% CI 0.95, 8.45) and increased myo-inositol levels (β = 2.98; 95% CI 0.43, 5.52) were also significantly associated with increased generalized anxiety symptoms with 12% of the total effect between TRAP and generalized anxiety symptoms being mediated by myo-inositol levels.</AbstractText This is the first study of children to utilize neuroimaging to link TRAP exposure, metabolite dysregulation in the brain, and generalized anxiety symptoms among otherwise healthy children. TRAP may elicit atypical excitatory neurotransmission and glial inflammatory responses leading to increased metabolite levels and subsequent anxiety symptoms.</AbstractText	Thoracic Meningocele and Cervical Syringomyelia Treated with Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt. Spinal meningocele is the herniation of dura mater and cerebrospinal fluid through a spinal defect, be it congenital, iatrogenic, or traumatic. Intrathoracic meningoceles are rare and are most commonly associated with neurofibromatosis. When indicated, surgical management of symptomatic thoracic meningocele is aimed at decreasing the size of the meningocele, which can be accomplished by a variety of procedures.</AbstractText A 59-year-old woman with neurofibromatosis type 1 and a known thoracic meningocele was initially managed conservatively. However, she developed syringomyelia and subsequently became symptomatic from the syrinx. She was ultimately treated successfully with ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Shunting resulted in complete resolution of the syrinx, while the thoracic meningocele remained stable in size.</AbstractText Ventriculoperitoneal shunt can be used to successfully treat a symptomatic syrinx in a patient with an asymptomatic thoracic meningocele. Alterations in normal cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics from the thoracic meningocele likely contributed to the development of syringomyelia in this patient.</AbstractText	Rate of spontaneous hemorrhage in histologically proven cases of pilocytic astrocytoma. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is an uncommon but recognized initial presenting sign of both primary and metastatic brain tumors. The rate of tumor-related intracranial hemorrhage is variably reported from <1 to 14.6%. Hemorrhage in primary gliomas occurs in 3.7-7.2% of gliomas, mainly in glioblastoma muliforme and oligodendroglioma with low-grade astrocytomas accounting for <1%. Hemorrhage associated with pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) is only sporadically reported. The authors report on a series of patients in whom PAs presenting as hemorrhages prompted them to examine the incidence of bleeding in these tumors.</AbstractText Cases involving a confirmed tissue diagnosis of PA from 1994-2005 were reviewed retrospectively. The authors included only patients with evidence of hemorrhage on computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging seen prior to biopsy or resection and in the absence of trauma or other vascular pathological entities.</AbstractText In 138 patients with histologically proven PAs, the mean age at diagnosis was 23 years. In 11 patients (8%; 5 male and 6 female) there was evidence of hemorrhage at presentation. There were no locations more susceptible to hemorrhage than any other, although no bleeding occurred within the cerebellum. All but 1 patient was treated with a gross-total resection.</AbstractText Hemorrhage in association with PAs likely results from the frequently observed abnormal vasculature in these tumors, occurs with a greater frequency than previously thought, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.</AbstractText	Myo-inositol mediates the effects of traffic-related air pollution on generalized anxiety symptoms at age 12 years. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been linked to childhood anxiety symptoms. Neuroimaging in patients with anxiety disorders indicate altered neurochemistry.</AbstractText Evaluate the impact of TRAP on brain metabolism and its relation to childhood anxiety symptoms in the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS).</AbstractText Adolescents (n = 145) underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain metabolites, including myo-inositol, N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, glutamate, glutamate plus glutamine, and glutathione were measured in the anterior cingulate cortex. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale. TRAP exposure in early-life, averaged over childhood, and during the 12 months prior to imaging was estimated using a validated land use regression model. Associations between TRAP exposure, brain metabolism, and anxiety symptoms were estimated using linear regression and a bootstrapping approach for testing mediation by brain metabolite levels.</AbstractText Recent exposure to high levels of TRAP was associated with significant increases in myo-inositol (β = 0.26; 95%CI 0.01, 0.51) compared to low TRAP exposure. Recent elevated TRAP exposure (β = 4.71; 95% CI 0.95, 8.45) and increased myo-inositol levels (β = 2.98; 95% CI 0.43, 5.52) were also significantly associated with increased generalized anxiety symptoms with 12% of the total effect between TRAP and generalized anxiety symptoms being mediated by myo-inositol levels.</AbstractText This is the first study of children to utilize neuroimaging to link TRAP exposure, metabolite dysregulation in the brain, and generalized anxiety symptoms among otherwise healthy children. TRAP may elicit atypical excitatory neurotransmission and glial inflammatory responses leading to increased metabolite levels and subsequent anxiety symptoms.</AbstractText
39877777	34902581	38985164	Otitis Media and Its Intracranial Complications: A Delicate Scenario.	Diagnosis, management, and outcomes of brain abscess due to gram-negative versus gram-positive bacteria.	Defect-engineered chiral metal-organic frameworks.	Intracranial complications of otitis media are rare but pose a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. We report a case of a 27-year-old man with cognitive impairment who presented with fever, right-sided otalgia, otorrhea, and vomiting for three days. His neurological examination was unremarkable, and a brain computed tomography (CT) revealed right-sided otomastoiditis without intraparenchymal lesions. Despite intravenous antibiotic therapy, the patient's condition deteriorated within 24 hours, with worsening fever, fluctuating consciousness, and signs of meningeal irritation. A follow-up computed tomography revealed tympanic erosion, right temporal cerebritis, and edema. The patient underwent tympanomastoidectomy; however, seven days later, a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a brain abscess and subdural empyema. Surgical drainage was performed, and the patient completed a 13-week course of antimicrobial therapy, achieving a favorable clinical and imaging outcome. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in improving the prognosis of patients with intracranial complications of otitis media.</AbstractText	Differences in management and outcomes of brain abscesses due to gram-positive (GPB) versus gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are not well defined.</AbstractText A retrospective review of adult patients with brain abscesses due to monomicrobial infection from 2009 through 2020 was performed.</AbstractText A total 177 patients had a monomicrobial brain abscess; 143 (80.8%) caused by GPB and 34 (19.2%) by GNB. Patients with GNB had more history of head/neck surgery than those with GPB (58.8% vs 36.4%; P = 0.02). Pathogens in the GNB group included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.4%), Klebsiella spp (20.6%), and Enterobacter spp (20.6%). Pathogens in the GPB group included Staphylococcus aureus (32.2%) and Streptococcus spp (31.5%). Most patients had combined medical/surgical management (64.7% GNB vs 63.6% GPB). The median duration of antibiotic therapy was 42 days, and there was no significant difference in infection relapse or 3-month survival rate. Patients with GNB were more likely to have therapeutic failure than those with GPB (44.1% vs 22.4%; P = 0.01).</AbstractText Compared with brain abscesses caused by GPB, those due to GNB were more likely to occur in patients who had undergone prior head and neck surgery . No statistically significant difference in outcomes was observed between the groups; however, patients with GNB had a higher therapeutic failure rate than those with GPB.</AbstractText	Chirality has an important impact on chemical and biological research, as most active substances are chiral. In recent decades, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are assembled from metal ions or clusters and organic linkers via metal-ligand bonding, have attracted considerable scientific interest due to their high crystallinity, exceptional porosity and tunable pore sizes, high modularity, and diverse functionalities. Since the discovery of the first functional chiral metal-organic frameworks (CMOFs), CMOFs have been involved in a variety of disciplines such as chemistry, physics, optics, medicine, and pharmacology. The introduction of defect engineering theory into CMOFs allows the construction of a class of defective CMOFs with high hydrothermal stability and multi-stage pore structure. The introduction of defects not only increases the active sites but also enlarges the pore sizes of the materials, which improves chiral recognition, separation, and catalytic reactions, and has been widely investigated in various fields. This review describes the design and synthesis of various defective CMOFs, their characterization, and applications. Finally, the development of the materials is summarized, and an outlook is given. This review should provide researchers with an insight into the design and study of complex defective CMOFs.</AbstractText	Otitis Media and Its Intracranial Complications: A Delicate Scenario. Intracranial complications of otitis media are rare but pose a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. We report a case of a 27-year-old man with cognitive impairment who presented with fever, right-sided otalgia, otorrhea, and vomiting for three days. His neurological examination was unremarkable, and a brain computed tomography (CT) revealed right-sided otomastoiditis without intraparenchymal lesions. Despite intravenous antibiotic therapy, the patient's condition deteriorated within 24 hours, with worsening fever, fluctuating consciousness, and signs of meningeal irritation. A follow-up computed tomography revealed tympanic erosion, right temporal cerebritis, and edema. The patient underwent tympanomastoidectomy; however, seven days later, a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a brain abscess and subdural empyema. Surgical drainage was performed, and the patient completed a 13-week course of antimicrobial therapy, achieving a favorable clinical and imaging outcome. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in improving the prognosis of patients with intracranial complications of otitis media.</AbstractText	Diagnosis, management, and outcomes of brain abscess due to gram-negative versus gram-positive bacteria. Differences in management and outcomes of brain abscesses due to gram-positive (GPB) versus gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are not well defined.</AbstractText A retrospective review of adult patients with brain abscesses due to monomicrobial infection from 2009 through 2020 was performed.</AbstractText A total 177 patients had a monomicrobial brain abscess; 143 (80.8%) caused by GPB and 34 (19.2%) by GNB. Patients with GNB had more history of head/neck surgery than those with GPB (58.8% vs 36.4%; P = 0.02). Pathogens in the GNB group included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.4%), Klebsiella spp (20.6%), and Enterobacter spp (20.6%). Pathogens in the GPB group included Staphylococcus aureus (32.2%) and Streptococcus spp (31.5%). Most patients had combined medical/surgical management (64.7% GNB vs 63.6% GPB). The median duration of antibiotic therapy was 42 days, and there was no significant difference in infection relapse or 3-month survival rate. Patients with GNB were more likely to have therapeutic failure than those with GPB (44.1% vs 22.4%; P = 0.01).</AbstractText Compared with brain abscesses caused by GPB, those due to GNB were more likely to occur in patients who had undergone prior head and neck surgery . No statistically significant difference in outcomes was observed between the groups; however, patients with GNB had a higher therapeutic failure rate than those with GPB.</AbstractText	Defect-engineered chiral metal-organic frameworks. Chirality has an important impact on chemical and biological research, as most active substances are chiral. In recent decades, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are assembled from metal ions or clusters and organic linkers via metal-ligand bonding, have attracted considerable scientific interest due to their high crystallinity, exceptional porosity and tunable pore sizes, high modularity, and diverse functionalities. Since the discovery of the first functional chiral metal-organic frameworks (CMOFs), CMOFs have been involved in a variety of disciplines such as chemistry, physics, optics, medicine, and pharmacology. The introduction of defect engineering theory into CMOFs allows the construction of a class of defective CMOFs with high hydrothermal stability and multi-stage pore structure. The introduction of defects not only increases the active sites but also enlarges the pore sizes of the materials, which improves chiral recognition, separation, and catalytic reactions, and has been widely investigated in various fields. This review describes the design and synthesis of various defective CMOFs, their characterization, and applications. Finally, the development of the materials is summarized, and an outlook is given. This review should provide researchers with an insight into the design and study of complex defective CMOFs.</AbstractText
39795058	34624677	40699379	Chronic Dexamethasone Disturbs the Circadian Rhythm of Melatonin and Clock Genes in Goats.	Roles of melatonin in the field of reproductive medicine.	Advances in machine learning for ABCA4-related retinopathy: segmentation and phenotyping.	Dex is a drug commonly used as an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent in humans and animals. GCs have a profound impact on melatonin expression and biological rhythm. However, the effect of chronic exposure to Dex on melatonin secretion and biological clock gene expression in ruminants is still unclear. Ten goats were randomly divided into two groups: the control group was injected with saline, and the Dex-treated group was intramuscularly injected daily for 21 d with 0.2 mg/kg Dex. The rhythm of melatonin secretion in the plasma was disturbed in the Dex group, and the plasma and colon levels of melatonin were lower in the Dex group compared to the control group (<i	Melatonin, mostly released by the pineal gland, is a circadian rhythm-regulated and multifunctional hormone. Great advances in melatonin research have been made, including its role in rhythms of the sleep-wake cycle, retardation of ageing processes, as well as antioxidant or anti-inflammatory functions. Melatonin can scavenge free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), a key factor in reproductive functions. Melatonin plays an important role in oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryonic development as well. The concurrent use of melatonin increases the number of mature oocytes, the fertilization rate, and number of high-quality embryos, which improves the clinical outcome of assisted reproductive technology (ART). This review discusses the relationship between melatonin and human reproductive function, and potential clinical applications of melatonin in the field of reproductive medicine.</AbstractText	Stargardt disease, also called ABCA4-related retinopathy (ABCA4R), is the most common form of juvenile-onset macular dystrophy and yet lacks an FDA approved treatment. Substantial progress has been made through landmark studies like that of the Progression of Atrophy Secondary to Stargardt Disease (ProgStar), but tasks like image segmentation and phenotyping still pose major challenges in terms of monitoring disease progression and categorizing patient subgroups. Furthermore, these methods are subjective and laborious. Recent advancements in machine learning (ML) and deep learning show considerable promise in automating these processes.</AbstractText This scoping review explores ML applications in ABCA4R, with a focus on segmentation and phenotyping. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology, 15 articles were selected from 264, with 12 focused on the task of segmenting atrophic lesions, retinal flecks, retinal layer boundaries, or en-face imaging. Three studies addressed phenotyping based on electroretinography (ERG), visual acuity, and microperimetry.</AbstractText Several effective approaches were implemented in these studies, including ensemble modeling, self-attention mechanisms, soft-label approaches, and dynamic frameworks that consider extent of tissue damage. Excellent model performance includes segmentation DICE performances of 0.99 and ERG phenotyping accuracies 90% and greater. Smaller datasets and variable presentations present as significant challenges, while advanced methods like Monte Carlo dropout and active learning improve pipeline efficiency and performance.</AbstractText ML techniques are well on their way to automate key steps in ABCA4R evaluation with excellent performance. These emerging methods have the potential to expedite therapeutic innovation and enhance our understanding of ABCA4R.</AbstractText	Chronic Dexamethasone Disturbs the Circadian Rhythm of Melatonin and Clock Genes in Goats. Dex is a drug commonly used as an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent in humans and animals. GCs have a profound impact on melatonin expression and biological rhythm. However, the effect of chronic exposure to Dex on melatonin secretion and biological clock gene expression in ruminants is still unclear. Ten goats were randomly divided into two groups: the control group was injected with saline, and the Dex-treated group was intramuscularly injected daily for 21 d with 0.2 mg/kg Dex. The rhythm of melatonin secretion in the plasma was disturbed in the Dex group, and the plasma and colon levels of melatonin were lower in the Dex group compared to the control group (<i	Roles of melatonin in the field of reproductive medicine. Melatonin, mostly released by the pineal gland, is a circadian rhythm-regulated and multifunctional hormone. Great advances in melatonin research have been made, including its role in rhythms of the sleep-wake cycle, retardation of ageing processes, as well as antioxidant or anti-inflammatory functions. Melatonin can scavenge free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), a key factor in reproductive functions. Melatonin plays an important role in oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryonic development as well. The concurrent use of melatonin increases the number of mature oocytes, the fertilization rate, and number of high-quality embryos, which improves the clinical outcome of assisted reproductive technology (ART). This review discusses the relationship between melatonin and human reproductive function, and potential clinical applications of melatonin in the field of reproductive medicine.</AbstractText	Advances in machine learning for ABCA4-related retinopathy: segmentation and phenotyping. Stargardt disease, also called ABCA4-related retinopathy (ABCA4R), is the most common form of juvenile-onset macular dystrophy and yet lacks an FDA approved treatment. Substantial progress has been made through landmark studies like that of the Progression of Atrophy Secondary to Stargardt Disease (ProgStar), but tasks like image segmentation and phenotyping still pose major challenges in terms of monitoring disease progression and categorizing patient subgroups. Furthermore, these methods are subjective and laborious. Recent advancements in machine learning (ML) and deep learning show considerable promise in automating these processes.</AbstractText This scoping review explores ML applications in ABCA4R, with a focus on segmentation and phenotyping. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology, 15 articles were selected from 264, with 12 focused on the task of segmenting atrophic lesions, retinal flecks, retinal layer boundaries, or en-face imaging. Three studies addressed phenotyping based on electroretinography (ERG), visual acuity, and microperimetry.</AbstractText Several effective approaches were implemented in these studies, including ensemble modeling, self-attention mechanisms, soft-label approaches, and dynamic frameworks that consider extent of tissue damage. Excellent model performance includes segmentation DICE performances of 0.99 and ERG phenotyping accuracies 90% and greater. Smaller datasets and variable presentations present as significant challenges, while advanced methods like Monte Carlo dropout and active learning improve pipeline efficiency and performance.</AbstractText ML techniques are well on their way to automate key steps in ABCA4R evaluation with excellent performance. These emerging methods have the potential to expedite therapeutic innovation and enhance our understanding of ABCA4R.</AbstractText
23727534	18584043	23379955	PHYCAA+: an optimized, adaptive procedure for measuring and controlling physiological noise in BOLD fMRI.	Network analysis of intrinsic functional brain connectivity in Alzheimer's disease.	Esophageal tissue injury following pulmonary vein isolation using the PVAC: assessment by endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging.	The presence of physiological noise in functional MRI can greatly limit the sensitivity and accuracy of BOLD signal measurements, and produce significant false positives. There are two main types of physiological confounds: (1) high-variance signal in non-neuronal tissues of the brain including vascular tracts, sinuses and ventricles, and (2) physiological noise components which extend into gray matter tissue. These physiological effects may also be partially coupled with stimuli (and thus the BOLD response). To address these issues, we have developed PHYCAA+, a significantly improved version of the PHYCAA algorithm (Churchill et al., 2011) that (1) down-weights the variance of voxels in probable non-neuronal tissue, and (2) identifies the multivariate physiological noise subspace in gray matter that is linked to non-neuronal tissue. This model estimates physiological noise directly from EPI data, without requiring external measures of heartbeat and respiration, or manual selection of physiological components. The PHYCAA+ model significantly improves the prediction accuracy and reproducibility of single-subject analyses, compared to PHYCAA and a number of commonly-used physiological correction algorithms. Individual subject denoising with PHYCAA+ is independently validated by showing that it consistently increased between-subject activation overlap, and minimized false-positive signal in non gray-matter loci. The results are demonstrated for both block and fast single-event task designs, applied to standard univariate and adaptive multivariate analysis models.</AbstractText	Functional brain networks detected in task-free ("resting-state") functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have a small-world architecture that reflects a robust functional organization of the brain. Here, we examined whether this functional organization is disrupted in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Task-free fMRI data from 21 AD subjects and 18 age-matched controls were obtained. Wavelet analysis was applied to the fMRI data to compute frequency-dependent correlation matrices. Correlation matrices were thresholded to create 90-node undirected-graphs of functional brain networks. Small-world metrics (characteristic path length and clustering coefficient) were computed using graph analytical methods. In the low frequency interval 0.01 to 0.05 Hz, functional brain networks in controls showed small-world organization of brain activity, characterized by a high clustering coefficient and a low characteristic path length. In contrast, functional brain networks in AD showed loss of small-world properties, characterized by a significantly lower clustering coefficient (p<0.01), indicative of disrupted local connectivity. Clustering coefficients for the left and right hippocampus were significantly lower (p<0.01) in the AD group compared to the control group. Furthermore, the clustering coefficient distinguished AD participants from the controls with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 78%. Our study provides new evidence that there is disrupted organization of functional brain networks in AD. Small-world metrics can characterize the functional organization of the brain in AD, and our findings further suggest that these network measures may be useful as an imaging-based biomarker to distinguish AD from healthy aging.</AbstractText	We investigate the frequency of esophageal tissue injury (ETI) following ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) using the pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC) ascertained by esophageal endoscopy (ESE) and corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</AbstractText A total of 41 patients with symptomatic AF presenting for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) were included consecutively in two observational groups. Group A received MRI the day before and ESE plus MRI within 3-4 weeks following the ablation procedure using the PVAC. Group B received MRI the day before and ESE plus MRI within 2 days after PVI. MRI included T2-weighted and T1-weighted postcontrast with fat suppression (fs) and late-enhancement scans to demonstrate postprocedural edema and contrast enhancement of the esophageal wall.</AbstractText A total of 13 (32%) patients were enrolled in Group A (26 ± 11 days post-PVI), and 28 (68%) patients in Group B (2 ± 0.6 days post-PVI). ETI was found by ESE in one (2%) patient (Group B) and resolved under conservative therapy. Corresponding MRI showed a false negative result with no alterations of esophageal structures using T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and late enhancement scans. In addition, false positive results were demonstrated by late-enhancement MRI in five (12%) patients (three patients in Group A and two patients in Group B), which could not be verified by corresponding ESE.</AbstractText Endoluminal ETI is a rare but possible complication, which should be considered following PVAC procedures. MRI of the esophagus is currently not a reliable screening method due to false positive and negative findings compared to ESE.</AbstractText	PHYCAA+: an optimized, adaptive procedure for measuring and controlling physiological noise in BOLD fMRI. The presence of physiological noise in functional MRI can greatly limit the sensitivity and accuracy of BOLD signal measurements, and produce significant false positives. There are two main types of physiological confounds: (1) high-variance signal in non-neuronal tissues of the brain including vascular tracts, sinuses and ventricles, and (2) physiological noise components which extend into gray matter tissue. These physiological effects may also be partially coupled with stimuli (and thus the BOLD response). To address these issues, we have developed PHYCAA+, a significantly improved version of the PHYCAA algorithm (Churchill et al., 2011) that (1) down-weights the variance of voxels in probable non-neuronal tissue, and (2) identifies the multivariate physiological noise subspace in gray matter that is linked to non-neuronal tissue. This model estimates physiological noise directly from EPI data, without requiring external measures of heartbeat and respiration, or manual selection of physiological components. The PHYCAA+ model significantly improves the prediction accuracy and reproducibility of single-subject analyses, compared to PHYCAA and a number of commonly-used physiological correction algorithms. Individual subject denoising with PHYCAA+ is independently validated by showing that it consistently increased between-subject activation overlap, and minimized false-positive signal in non gray-matter loci. The results are demonstrated for both block and fast single-event task designs, applied to standard univariate and adaptive multivariate analysis models.</AbstractText	Network analysis of intrinsic functional brain connectivity in Alzheimer's disease. Functional brain networks detected in task-free ("resting-state") functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have a small-world architecture that reflects a robust functional organization of the brain. Here, we examined whether this functional organization is disrupted in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Task-free fMRI data from 21 AD subjects and 18 age-matched controls were obtained. Wavelet analysis was applied to the fMRI data to compute frequency-dependent correlation matrices. Correlation matrices were thresholded to create 90-node undirected-graphs of functional brain networks. Small-world metrics (characteristic path length and clustering coefficient) were computed using graph analytical methods. In the low frequency interval 0.01 to 0.05 Hz, functional brain networks in controls showed small-world organization of brain activity, characterized by a high clustering coefficient and a low characteristic path length. In contrast, functional brain networks in AD showed loss of small-world properties, characterized by a significantly lower clustering coefficient (p<0.01), indicative of disrupted local connectivity. Clustering coefficients for the left and right hippocampus were significantly lower (p<0.01) in the AD group compared to the control group. Furthermore, the clustering coefficient distinguished AD participants from the controls with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 78%. Our study provides new evidence that there is disrupted organization of functional brain networks in AD. Small-world metrics can characterize the functional organization of the brain in AD, and our findings further suggest that these network measures may be useful as an imaging-based biomarker to distinguish AD from healthy aging.</AbstractText	Esophageal tissue injury following pulmonary vein isolation using the PVAC: assessment by endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. We investigate the frequency of esophageal tissue injury (ETI) following ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) using the pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC) ascertained by esophageal endoscopy (ESE) and corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</AbstractText A total of 41 patients with symptomatic AF presenting for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) were included consecutively in two observational groups. Group A received MRI the day before and ESE plus MRI within 3-4 weeks following the ablation procedure using the PVAC. Group B received MRI the day before and ESE plus MRI within 2 days after PVI. MRI included T2-weighted and T1-weighted postcontrast with fat suppression (fs) and late-enhancement scans to demonstrate postprocedural edema and contrast enhancement of the esophageal wall.</AbstractText A total of 13 (32%) patients were enrolled in Group A (26 ± 11 days post-PVI), and 28 (68%) patients in Group B (2 ± 0.6 days post-PVI). ETI was found by ESE in one (2%) patient (Group B) and resolved under conservative therapy. Corresponding MRI showed a false negative result with no alterations of esophageal structures using T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and late enhancement scans. In addition, false positive results were demonstrated by late-enhancement MRI in five (12%) patients (three patients in Group A and two patients in Group B), which could not be verified by corresponding ESE.</AbstractText Endoluminal ETI is a rare but possible complication, which should be considered following PVAC procedures. MRI of the esophagus is currently not a reliable screening method due to false positive and negative findings compared to ESE.</AbstractText
39106208	24027501	38869818	Corticotropin releasing factor alters the functional diversity of accumbal cholinergic interneurons.	Different correlation patterns of cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons with striatal projection neurons.	Evaluations of an Early Change in Tumor Pathophysiology in Response to Radiotherapy with Oxygen Enhanced Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging (OE EPRI).	Cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) provide the main source of acetylcholine in the striatum and have emerged as a critical modulator of behavioral flexibility, motivation, and associative learning. In the dorsal striatum (DS), ChIs display heterogeneous firing patterns. Here, we investigated the spontaneous firing patterns of ChIs in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell, a region of the ventral striatum. We identified four distinct ChI firing signatures: regular single-spiking, irregular single-spiking, rhythmic bursting, and a mixed-mode pattern composed of bursting activity and regular single spiking. ChIs from females had lower firing rates compared with males and had both a higher proportion of mixed-mode firing patterns and a lower proportion of regular single-spiking neurons compared with males. We further observed that across the estrous cycle, the diestrus phase was characterized by higher proportions of irregular ChI firing patterns compared with other phases. Using pooled data from males and females, we examined how the stress-associated neuropeptide corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) impacts these firing patterns. ChI firing patterns showed differential sensitivity to CRF. This translated into differential ChI sensitivity to CRF across the estrous cycle. Furthermore, CRF shifted the proportion of ChI firing patterns toward more regular spiking activity over bursting patterns. Finally, we found that repeated stressor exposure altered ChI firing patterns and sensitivity to CRF in the NAc core, but not the NAc shell. These findings highlight the heterogeneous nature of ChI firing patterns, which may have implications for accumbal-dependent motivated behaviors.<b	The striatum is populated by a single projection neuron group, the medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and several groups of interneurons. Two of the electrophysiologically well-characterized striatal interneuron groups are the tonically active neurons (TANs), which are presumably cholinergic interneurons, and the fast spiking interneurons (FSIs), presumably parvalbumin (PV) expressing GABAergic interneurons. To better understand striatal processing it is thus crucial to define the functional relationship between MSNs and these interneurons in the awake and behaving animal. We used multiple electrodes and standard physiological methods to simultaneously record MSN spiking activity and the activity of TANs or FSIs from monkeys engaged in a classical conditioning paradigm. All three cell populations were highly responsive to the behavioral task. However, they displayed different average response profiles and a different degree of response synchronization (signal correlation). TANs displayed the most transient and synchronized response, MSNs the most diverse and sustained response and FSIs were in between on both parameters. We did not find evidence for direct monosynaptic connectivity between the MSNs and either the TANs or the FSIs. However, while the cross correlation histograms of TAN to MSN pairs were flat, those of FSI to MSN displayed positive asymmetrical broad peaks. The FSI-MSN correlogram profile implies that the spikes of MSNs follow those of FSIs and both are driven by a common, most likely cortical, input. Thus, the two populations of striatal interneurons are probably driven by different afferents and play complementary functional roles in the physiology of the striatal microcircuit.</AbstractText	Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging (EPRI) can image the partial pressure of oxygen (pO<sub We developed a protocol that intraperitoneally administered OX071, a trityl radical contrast agent, and then acquired anatomical MR images to localize the tumor. Subsequently, we acquired two pO<sub The repeatability of mean pO<sub EPRI can evaluate tumor pO<sub	Corticotropin releasing factor alters the functional diversity of accumbal cholinergic interneurons. Cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) provide the main source of acetylcholine in the striatum and have emerged as a critical modulator of behavioral flexibility, motivation, and associative learning. In the dorsal striatum (DS), ChIs display heterogeneous firing patterns. Here, we investigated the spontaneous firing patterns of ChIs in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell, a region of the ventral striatum. We identified four distinct ChI firing signatures: regular single-spiking, irregular single-spiking, rhythmic bursting, and a mixed-mode pattern composed of bursting activity and regular single spiking. ChIs from females had lower firing rates compared with males and had both a higher proportion of mixed-mode firing patterns and a lower proportion of regular single-spiking neurons compared with males. We further observed that across the estrous cycle, the diestrus phase was characterized by higher proportions of irregular ChI firing patterns compared with other phases. Using pooled data from males and females, we examined how the stress-associated neuropeptide corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) impacts these firing patterns. ChI firing patterns showed differential sensitivity to CRF. This translated into differential ChI sensitivity to CRF across the estrous cycle. Furthermore, CRF shifted the proportion of ChI firing patterns toward more regular spiking activity over bursting patterns. Finally, we found that repeated stressor exposure altered ChI firing patterns and sensitivity to CRF in the NAc core, but not the NAc shell. These findings highlight the heterogeneous nature of ChI firing patterns, which may have implications for accumbal-dependent motivated behaviors.<b	Different correlation patterns of cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons with striatal projection neurons. The striatum is populated by a single projection neuron group, the medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and several groups of interneurons. Two of the electrophysiologically well-characterized striatal interneuron groups are the tonically active neurons (TANs), which are presumably cholinergic interneurons, and the fast spiking interneurons (FSIs), presumably parvalbumin (PV) expressing GABAergic interneurons. To better understand striatal processing it is thus crucial to define the functional relationship between MSNs and these interneurons in the awake and behaving animal. We used multiple electrodes and standard physiological methods to simultaneously record MSN spiking activity and the activity of TANs or FSIs from monkeys engaged in a classical conditioning paradigm. All three cell populations were highly responsive to the behavioral task. However, they displayed different average response profiles and a different degree of response synchronization (signal correlation). TANs displayed the most transient and synchronized response, MSNs the most diverse and sustained response and FSIs were in between on both parameters. We did not find evidence for direct monosynaptic connectivity between the MSNs and either the TANs or the FSIs. However, while the cross correlation histograms of TAN to MSN pairs were flat, those of FSI to MSN displayed positive asymmetrical broad peaks. The FSI-MSN correlogram profile implies that the spikes of MSNs follow those of FSIs and both are driven by a common, most likely cortical, input. Thus, the two populations of striatal interneurons are probably driven by different afferents and play complementary functional roles in the physiology of the striatal microcircuit.</AbstractText	Evaluations of an Early Change in Tumor Pathophysiology in Response to Radiotherapy with Oxygen Enhanced Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging (OE EPRI). Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging (EPRI) can image the partial pressure of oxygen (pO<sub We developed a protocol that intraperitoneally administered OX071, a trityl radical contrast agent, and then acquired anatomical MR images to localize the tumor. Subsequently, we acquired two pO<sub The repeatability of mean pO<sub EPRI can evaluate tumor pO<sub
30306542	25276438	29169563	A novel GABAergic dysfunction in human Dravet syndrome.	Abeta(1-42) enhances neuronal excitability in the CA1 via NR2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors.	Historical reflections on neurosyphilis based on the 1826 treatise on general paralysis in demented patients by Louis Florentin Calmeil (1798-1895).	Dravet syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disease, characterized by general cognitive impairment and severe refractory seizures. The majority of patients carry the gene mutation SCN1A, leading to a defective sodium channel that contributes to pathogenic brain excitability. A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) impairment, as in other neurodevelopmental diseases, has been proposed as an additional mechanism, suggesting that seizures could be alleviated by GABAergic therapies. However, up to now the physiological mechanisms underlying the GABAergic dysfunction in Dravet syndrome are still unknown due to the scarce availability of this brain tissue. Here we studied, for the first time, human GABA<sub We transplanted in Xenopus oocytes cell membranes obtained from brain tissues of autopsies of Dravet syndrome patients, tuberous sclerosis complex patients as a pathological comparison, and age-matched controls. Additionally, experiments were performed on oocytes expressing human α1β2γ2 and α1β2 GABA<sub We found (1) a decrease in GABA sensitivity in Dravet syndrome compared to controls, which was related to an increase in α4- relative to α1-containing GABA<sub Our study indicates that a dysfunction of the GABAergic system, considered as a feature of brain immaturity, together with defective sodium channels, can contribute to a general reduction of inhibitory efficacy in Dravet brain, suggesting that GABA<sub	Neuronal hyperexcitability is a phenomenon associated with early Alzheimer's disease. The underlying mechanism is considered to involve excessive activation of glutamate receptors; however, the exact molecular pathway remains to be determined. Extracellular recording from the CA1 of hippocampal slices is a long-standing standard for a range of studies both in basic research and in neuropharmacology. Evoked field potentials (fEPSPs) are regarded as the input, while spiking rate is regarded as the output of the neuronal network; however, the relationship between these two phenomena is not fully clear. We investigated the relationship between spontaneous spiking and evoked fEPSPs using mouse hippocampal slices. Blocking AMPA receptors (AMPARs) with CNQX abolished fEPSPs, but left firing rate unchanged. NMDA receptor (NMDAR) blockade with MK801 decreased neuronal spiking dose dependently without altering fEPSPs. Activating NMDARs by small concentration of NMDA induced a trend of increased firing. These results suggest that fEPSPs are mediated by synaptic activation of AMPARs, while spontaneous firing is regulated by the activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs. Synaptotoxic Abeta(1-42) increased firing activity without modifying evoked fEPSPs. This hyperexcitation was prevented by ifenprodil, an antagonist of the NR2B NMDARs. Overall, these results suggest that Abeta(1-42) induced neuronal overactivity is not dependent on AMPARs but requires NR2B.</AbstractText	General paralysis is a neurological symptom of tertiary syphilis that was first identified in asylums as paralytic madness. The enlightened discussion of 60 clinicopathological cases provided by Louis Florentin Calmeil in his 1826 treatise greatly improved our knowledge of general paralysis. However, Calmeil was unable to relate this symptom to syphilis, although the latter was quite widespread at that time. Following a detailed reanalysis of Calmeil's observations with special attention to his clinical and demographic data, we conclude that this eminent clinician was unable to define the cause of general paralysis because his early 19th century mind was still under the influence of traditional knowledge and moral prejudices. For Calmeil, general paralysis belonged entirely to the realm of psychiatry.</AbstractText	A novel GABAergic dysfunction in human Dravet syndrome. Dravet syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disease, characterized by general cognitive impairment and severe refractory seizures. The majority of patients carry the gene mutation SCN1A, leading to a defective sodium channel that contributes to pathogenic brain excitability. A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) impairment, as in other neurodevelopmental diseases, has been proposed as an additional mechanism, suggesting that seizures could be alleviated by GABAergic therapies. However, up to now the physiological mechanisms underlying the GABAergic dysfunction in Dravet syndrome are still unknown due to the scarce availability of this brain tissue. Here we studied, for the first time, human GABA<sub We transplanted in Xenopus oocytes cell membranes obtained from brain tissues of autopsies of Dravet syndrome patients, tuberous sclerosis complex patients as a pathological comparison, and age-matched controls. Additionally, experiments were performed on oocytes expressing human α1β2γ2 and α1β2 GABA<sub We found (1) a decrease in GABA sensitivity in Dravet syndrome compared to controls, which was related to an increase in α4- relative to α1-containing GABA<sub Our study indicates that a dysfunction of the GABAergic system, considered as a feature of brain immaturity, together with defective sodium channels, can contribute to a general reduction of inhibitory efficacy in Dravet brain, suggesting that GABA<sub	Abeta(1-42) enhances neuronal excitability in the CA1 via NR2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors. Neuronal hyperexcitability is a phenomenon associated with early Alzheimer's disease. The underlying mechanism is considered to involve excessive activation of glutamate receptors; however, the exact molecular pathway remains to be determined. Extracellular recording from the CA1 of hippocampal slices is a long-standing standard for a range of studies both in basic research and in neuropharmacology. Evoked field potentials (fEPSPs) are regarded as the input, while spiking rate is regarded as the output of the neuronal network; however, the relationship between these two phenomena is not fully clear. We investigated the relationship between spontaneous spiking and evoked fEPSPs using mouse hippocampal slices. Blocking AMPA receptors (AMPARs) with CNQX abolished fEPSPs, but left firing rate unchanged. NMDA receptor (NMDAR) blockade with MK801 decreased neuronal spiking dose dependently without altering fEPSPs. Activating NMDARs by small concentration of NMDA induced a trend of increased firing. These results suggest that fEPSPs are mediated by synaptic activation of AMPARs, while spontaneous firing is regulated by the activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs. Synaptotoxic Abeta(1-42) increased firing activity without modifying evoked fEPSPs. This hyperexcitation was prevented by ifenprodil, an antagonist of the NR2B NMDARs. Overall, these results suggest that Abeta(1-42) induced neuronal overactivity is not dependent on AMPARs but requires NR2B.</AbstractText	Historical reflections on neurosyphilis based on the 1826 treatise on general paralysis in demented patients by Louis Florentin Calmeil (1798-1895). General paralysis is a neurological symptom of tertiary syphilis that was first identified in asylums as paralytic madness. The enlightened discussion of 60 clinicopathological cases provided by Louis Florentin Calmeil in his 1826 treatise greatly improved our knowledge of general paralysis. However, Calmeil was unable to relate this symptom to syphilis, although the latter was quite widespread at that time. Following a detailed reanalysis of Calmeil's observations with special attention to his clinical and demographic data, we conclude that this eminent clinician was unable to define the cause of general paralysis because his early 19th century mind was still under the influence of traditional knowledge and moral prejudices. For Calmeil, general paralysis belonged entirely to the realm of psychiatry.</AbstractText
39464060	34356138	40785005	An iPSC model of fragile X syndrome reflects clinical phenotypes and reveals m (6) A- mediated epi-transcriptomic dysregulation underlying synaptic dysfunction.	The Impact of X-Chromosome Inactivation on Phenotypic Expression of X-Linked Neurodevelopmental Disorders.	The association of glymphatic system function with cognitive decline in PD-FOG: multimodal MRI evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.	Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the leading genetic cause of intellectual disability, arises from <i	Nearly 20% of genes located on the X chromosome are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) due to their expression and role in brain functioning. Given their location, several of these genes are either subject to or can escape X-chromosome inactivation (XCI). The degree to which genes are subject to XCI can influence the NDD phenotype between males and females. We provide a general review of X-linked NDD genes in the context of XCI and detailed discussion of the sex-based differences related to <i	This study aims to investigate glymphatic system dysfunction in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) using a dual-cohort design, focusing on its associations with freezing of gait (FOG) and cognitive decline. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 43 PD patients with FOG, 106 without FOG, and 46 healthy controls. A longitudinal study followed 146 early-stage PD patients from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database over five years, with 65 developing FOG. Covariate analysis was performed, controlling for variables like gender, age, and education. Survival analysis compared cognitive decline between FOG and stable groups. Random forest analysis identified key predictors of FOG development. The cross-sectional study demonstrated significantly enlarged normalized choroid plexus volume in PD patients with FOG compared to healthy controls. Both FOG and non-FOG groups showed increased perivascular space enlargement in the basal ganglia and centrum semiovale, as well as reduced average analysis along the perivascular space index compared to healthy controls. PD patients with FOG exhibited more pronounced disease progression and cognitive decline than those without FOG. Glymphatic markers were associated with age, cognitive scores, and gait performance. The longitudinal study showed slightly more severe motor symptoms and accelerated cognitive decline in the FOG group during follow-up. Random forest analysis identified age, cognitive scales, and glymphatic function metrics as robust predictors of FOG development. These findings highlight the potential significance of brain glymphatic system function in the development of freezing of gait and cognitive decline in PD patients, offering novel neuroimaging biomarkers for early detection. These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.</AbstractText	An iPSC model of fragile X syndrome reflects clinical phenotypes and reveals m (6) A- mediated epi-transcriptomic dysregulation underlying synaptic dysfunction. Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the leading genetic cause of intellectual disability, arises from <i	The Impact of X-Chromosome Inactivation on Phenotypic Expression of X-Linked Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Nearly 20% of genes located on the X chromosome are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) due to their expression and role in brain functioning. Given their location, several of these genes are either subject to or can escape X-chromosome inactivation (XCI). The degree to which genes are subject to XCI can influence the NDD phenotype between males and females. We provide a general review of X-linked NDD genes in the context of XCI and detailed discussion of the sex-based differences related to <i	The association of glymphatic system function with cognitive decline in PD-FOG: multimodal MRI evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. This study aims to investigate glymphatic system dysfunction in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) using a dual-cohort design, focusing on its associations with freezing of gait (FOG) and cognitive decline. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 43 PD patients with FOG, 106 without FOG, and 46 healthy controls. A longitudinal study followed 146 early-stage PD patients from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database over five years, with 65 developing FOG. Covariate analysis was performed, controlling for variables like gender, age, and education. Survival analysis compared cognitive decline between FOG and stable groups. Random forest analysis identified key predictors of FOG development. The cross-sectional study demonstrated significantly enlarged normalized choroid plexus volume in PD patients with FOG compared to healthy controls. Both FOG and non-FOG groups showed increased perivascular space enlargement in the basal ganglia and centrum semiovale, as well as reduced average analysis along the perivascular space index compared to healthy controls. PD patients with FOG exhibited more pronounced disease progression and cognitive decline than those without FOG. Glymphatic markers were associated with age, cognitive scores, and gait performance. The longitudinal study showed slightly more severe motor symptoms and accelerated cognitive decline in the FOG group during follow-up. Random forest analysis identified age, cognitive scales, and glymphatic function metrics as robust predictors of FOG development. These findings highlight the potential significance of brain glymphatic system function in the development of freezing of gait and cognitive decline in PD patients, offering novel neuroimaging biomarkers for early detection. These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.</AbstractText
37967050	33648569	38885262	Visual Snow Syndrome Improves With Modulation of Resting-State Functional MRI Connectivity After Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: An Open-Label Feasibility Study.	Towards robust and replicable sex differences in the intrinsic brain function of autism.	The clock-like accumulation of germline and somatic mutations can arise from the interplay of DNA damage and repair.	Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is associated with functional connectivity (FC) dysregulation of visual networks (VNs). We hypothesized that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, customized for visual symptoms (MBCT-vision), can treat VSS and modulate dysfunctional VNs.</AbstractText An open-label feasibility study for an 8-week MBCT-vision treatment program was conducted. Primary (symptom severity; impact on daily life) and secondary (WHO-5; CORE-10) outcomes at Week 9 and Week 20 were compared with baseline. Secondary MRI outcomes in a subcohort compared resting-state functional and diffusion MRI between baseline and Week 20.</AbstractText Twenty-one participants (14 male participants, median 30 years, range 22-56 years) recruited from January 2020 to October 2021. Two (9.5%) dropped out. Self-rated symptom severity (0-10) improved: baseline (median [interquartile range (IQR)] 7 [6-8]) vs Week 9 (5.5 [3-7], P = 0.015) and Week 20 (4 [3-6], P < 0.001), respectively. Self-rated impact of symptoms on daily life (0-10) improved: baseline (6 [5-8]) vs Week 9 (4 [2-5], P = 0.003) and Week 20 (2 [1-3], P < 0.001), respectively. WHO-5 Wellbeing (0-100) improved: baseline (median [IQR] 52 [36-56]) vs Week 9 (median 64 [47-80], P = 0.001) and Week 20 (68 [48-76], P < 0.001), respectively. CORE-10 Distress (0-40) improved: baseline (15 [12-20]) vs Week 9 (12.5 [11-16.5], P = 0.003) and Week 20 (11 [10-14], P = 0.003), respectively. Within-subject fMRI analysis found reductions between baseline and Week 20, within VN-related FC in the i) left lateral occipital cortex (size = 82 mL, familywise error [FWE]-corrected P value = 0.006) and ii) left cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIII (size = 65 mL, FWE-corrected P value = 0.02), and increases within VN-related FC in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (size = 69 mL, cluster-level FWE-corrected P value = 0.02).</AbstractText MBCT-vision was a feasible treatment for VSS, improved symptoms and modulated FC of VNs. This study also showed proof-of-concept for intensive mindfulness interventions in the treatment of neurological conditions.</AbstractText	Marked sex differences in autism prevalence accentuate the need to understand the role of biological sex-related factors in autism. Efforts to unravel sex differences in the brain organization of autism have, however, been challenged by the limited availability of female data.</AbstractText We addressed this gap by using a large sample of males and females with autism and neurotypical (NT) control individuals (ABIDE; Autism: 362 males, 82 females; NT: 409 males, 166 females; 7-18 years). Discovery analyses examined main effects of diagnosis, sex and their interaction across five resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) metrics (voxel-level Z > 3.1, cluster-level P < 0.01, gaussian random field corrected). Secondary analyses assessed the robustness of the results to different pre-processing approaches and their replicability in two independent samples: the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) and the Gender Explorations of Neurogenetics and Development to Advance Autism Research.</AbstractText Discovery analyses in ABIDE revealed significant main effects of diagnosis and sex across the intrinsic functional connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex, regional homogeneity and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) in several cortical regions, largely converging in the default network midline. Sex-by-diagnosis interactions were confined to the dorsolateral occipital cortex, with reduced VMHC in females with autism. All findings were robust to different pre-processing steps. Replicability in independent samples varied by R-fMRI measures and effects with the targeted sex-by-diagnosis interaction being replicated in the larger of the two replication samples-EU-AIMS LEAP.</AbstractText Given the lack of a priori harmonization among the discovery and replication datasets available to date, sample-related variation remained and may have affected replicability.</AbstractText Atypical cross-hemispheric interactions are neurobiologically relevant to autism. They likely result from the combination of sex-dependent and sex-independent factors with a differential effect across functional cortical networks. Systematic assessments of the factors contributing to replicability are needed and necessitate coordinated large-scale data collection across studies.</AbstractText	The rates at which mutations accumulate across human cell types vary. To identify causes of this variation, mutations are often decomposed into a combination of the single-base substitution (SBS) "signatures" observed in germline, soma, and tumors, with the idea that each signature corresponds to one or a small number of underlying mutagenic processes. Two such signatures turn out to be ubiquitous across cell types: SBS signature 1, which consists primarily of transitions at methylated CpG sites thought to be caused by spontaneous deamination, and the more diffuse SBS signature 5, which is of unknown etiology. In cancers, the number of mutations attributed to these 2 signatures accumulates linearly with age of diagnosis, and thus the signatures have been termed "clock-like." To better understand this clock-like behavior, we develop a mathematical model that includes DNA replication errors, unrepaired damage, and damage repaired incorrectly. We show that mutational signatures can exhibit clock-like behavior because cell divisions occur at a constant rate and/or because damage rates remain constant over time, and that these distinct sources can be teased apart by comparing cell lineages that divide at different rates. With this goal in mind, we analyze the rate of accumulation of mutations in multiple cell types, including soma as well as male and female germline. We find no detectable increase in SBS signature 1 mutations in neurons and only a very weak increase in mutations assigned to the female germline, but a significant increase with time in rapidly dividing cells, suggesting that SBS signature 1 is driven by rounds of DNA replication occurring at a relatively fixed rate. In contrast, SBS signature 5 increases with time in all cell types, including postmitotic ones, indicating that it accumulates independently of cell divisions; this observation points to errors in DNA repair as the key underlying mechanism. Thus, the two "clock-like" signatures observed across cell types likely have distinct origins, one set by rates of cell division, the other by damage rates.</AbstractText	Visual Snow Syndrome Improves With Modulation of Resting-State Functional MRI Connectivity After Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: An Open-Label Feasibility Study. Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is associated with functional connectivity (FC) dysregulation of visual networks (VNs). We hypothesized that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, customized for visual symptoms (MBCT-vision), can treat VSS and modulate dysfunctional VNs.</AbstractText An open-label feasibility study for an 8-week MBCT-vision treatment program was conducted. Primary (symptom severity; impact on daily life) and secondary (WHO-5; CORE-10) outcomes at Week 9 and Week 20 were compared with baseline. Secondary MRI outcomes in a subcohort compared resting-state functional and diffusion MRI between baseline and Week 20.</AbstractText Twenty-one participants (14 male participants, median 30 years, range 22-56 years) recruited from January 2020 to October 2021. Two (9.5%) dropped out. Self-rated symptom severity (0-10) improved: baseline (median [interquartile range (IQR)] 7 [6-8]) vs Week 9 (5.5 [3-7], P = 0.015) and Week 20 (4 [3-6], P < 0.001), respectively. Self-rated impact of symptoms on daily life (0-10) improved: baseline (6 [5-8]) vs Week 9 (4 [2-5], P = 0.003) and Week 20 (2 [1-3], P < 0.001), respectively. WHO-5 Wellbeing (0-100) improved: baseline (median [IQR] 52 [36-56]) vs Week 9 (median 64 [47-80], P = 0.001) and Week 20 (68 [48-76], P < 0.001), respectively. CORE-10 Distress (0-40) improved: baseline (15 [12-20]) vs Week 9 (12.5 [11-16.5], P = 0.003) and Week 20 (11 [10-14], P = 0.003), respectively. Within-subject fMRI analysis found reductions between baseline and Week 20, within VN-related FC in the i) left lateral occipital cortex (size = 82 mL, familywise error [FWE]-corrected P value = 0.006) and ii) left cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIII (size = 65 mL, FWE-corrected P value = 0.02), and increases within VN-related FC in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (size = 69 mL, cluster-level FWE-corrected P value = 0.02).</AbstractText MBCT-vision was a feasible treatment for VSS, improved symptoms and modulated FC of VNs. This study also showed proof-of-concept for intensive mindfulness interventions in the treatment of neurological conditions.</AbstractText	Towards robust and replicable sex differences in the intrinsic brain function of autism. Marked sex differences in autism prevalence accentuate the need to understand the role of biological sex-related factors in autism. Efforts to unravel sex differences in the brain organization of autism have, however, been challenged by the limited availability of female data.</AbstractText We addressed this gap by using a large sample of males and females with autism and neurotypical (NT) control individuals (ABIDE; Autism: 362 males, 82 females; NT: 409 males, 166 females; 7-18 years). Discovery analyses examined main effects of diagnosis, sex and their interaction across five resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) metrics (voxel-level Z > 3.1, cluster-level P < 0.01, gaussian random field corrected). Secondary analyses assessed the robustness of the results to different pre-processing approaches and their replicability in two independent samples: the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) and the Gender Explorations of Neurogenetics and Development to Advance Autism Research.</AbstractText Discovery analyses in ABIDE revealed significant main effects of diagnosis and sex across the intrinsic functional connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex, regional homogeneity and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) in several cortical regions, largely converging in the default network midline. Sex-by-diagnosis interactions were confined to the dorsolateral occipital cortex, with reduced VMHC in females with autism. All findings were robust to different pre-processing steps. Replicability in independent samples varied by R-fMRI measures and effects with the targeted sex-by-diagnosis interaction being replicated in the larger of the two replication samples-EU-AIMS LEAP.</AbstractText Given the lack of a priori harmonization among the discovery and replication datasets available to date, sample-related variation remained and may have affected replicability.</AbstractText Atypical cross-hemispheric interactions are neurobiologically relevant to autism. They likely result from the combination of sex-dependent and sex-independent factors with a differential effect across functional cortical networks. Systematic assessments of the factors contributing to replicability are needed and necessitate coordinated large-scale data collection across studies.</AbstractText	The clock-like accumulation of germline and somatic mutations can arise from the interplay of DNA damage and repair. The rates at which mutations accumulate across human cell types vary. To identify causes of this variation, mutations are often decomposed into a combination of the single-base substitution (SBS) "signatures" observed in germline, soma, and tumors, with the idea that each signature corresponds to one or a small number of underlying mutagenic processes. Two such signatures turn out to be ubiquitous across cell types: SBS signature 1, which consists primarily of transitions at methylated CpG sites thought to be caused by spontaneous deamination, and the more diffuse SBS signature 5, which is of unknown etiology. In cancers, the number of mutations attributed to these 2 signatures accumulates linearly with age of diagnosis, and thus the signatures have been termed "clock-like." To better understand this clock-like behavior, we develop a mathematical model that includes DNA replication errors, unrepaired damage, and damage repaired incorrectly. We show that mutational signatures can exhibit clock-like behavior because cell divisions occur at a constant rate and/or because damage rates remain constant over time, and that these distinct sources can be teased apart by comparing cell lineages that divide at different rates. With this goal in mind, we analyze the rate of accumulation of mutations in multiple cell types, including soma as well as male and female germline. We find no detectable increase in SBS signature 1 mutations in neurons and only a very weak increase in mutations assigned to the female germline, but a significant increase with time in rapidly dividing cells, suggesting that SBS signature 1 is driven by rounds of DNA replication occurring at a relatively fixed rate. In contrast, SBS signature 5 increases with time in all cell types, including postmitotic ones, indicating that it accumulates independently of cell divisions; this observation points to errors in DNA repair as the key underlying mechanism. Thus, the two "clock-like" signatures observed across cell types likely have distinct origins, one set by rates of cell division, the other by damage rates.</AbstractText
17900048	14635148	17419939	[Estimation of brain tissue in schizophrenic patients using magnetization transfer imaging--preliminary report].	DTI-based three-dimensional tractography detects differences in the pyramidal tracts of infants and children with congenital hemiparesis.	Structural biology of the tumor suppressor p53 and cancer-associated mutants.	Volumetric loss of some cerebral structures is noticed during morphometrical investigations, and it is one of the most frequent abnormalities in schizophrenic patients' brains. The new methods of MRI investigations show subtle changes in cerebral white matter, which are undetectable by standard MRI. The magnetic transfer imaging (MTI) may be used to estimate the structural integrity of white matter and allows for visualisation of minimal changes in cerebral tissue.</AbstractText The aim of this work was to estimate the cerebral tissue using magnetic transfer imaging and the analysis of magnetic transfer ratio (MTR) maps in schizophrenic patients.</AbstractText We examined 15 patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy volunteers. We used sequences of: SE, FLAIR and GE with- and without saturation pulse, acquiring standard T1- and T2-weighted anatomical images and images with magnetic transfer effect and without it. For quantitative estimation of magnetic transfer, the MTR-maps were calculated from a standard formula: MTR=Mo-Ms/Mo'l00%, and the obtained MTR-values, from regions of interest in schizophrenics were compared with MTR-values in healthy persons.</AbstractText Both, in the schizophrenic group and in the controls, MTR-values (from the analysed regions of white matter) were between 30-50%. We observed a statistically significant reduction of MTR of schizophrenic patients in the white matter of the left temporal and left frontal lobes.</AbstractText With the help of the technique and methods of statistical analysis, the identification of altered MTR-areas in patients with schizophrenia is possible. The results confirm the presence of areas of minimal injuries in schizophrenic persons' brain tissue, which are detectable using magnetic transfer imaging.</AbstractText	To test the hypothesis that there is greater asymmetry in diffusion properties between right and left pyramidal tracts in patients with congenital hemiparesis than in patients with normal motor function.</AbstractText Four congenitally hemiparetic patients and four age-matched controls underwent magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based three-dimensional tractography of the pyramidal tracts. Relative anisotropy, individual eigenvalues, and directionally averaged apparent diffusion coefficient were measured and degree of asymmetry was calculated.</AbstractText Compared with age-matched controls, congenitally hemiparetic patients had greater asymmetry in all measured diffusion properties. The asymmetry was characterized primarily by lower anisotropy, lower parallel diffusion, higher transverse diffusion, and slightly higher mean diffusivity in the pyramidal tract contralateral to the hemiparesis (i.e., affected pyramidal tract) compared with the unaffected pyramidal tract.</AbstractText There appears to be greater diffusion asymmetry between the pyramidal tracts in congenitally hemiparetic patients compared to controls. These differences suggest that there are alterations in the microstructure of the pyramidal tract that controls the motor function of the hemiparetic side. Our results suggest that DTI-based three-dimensional tractography is potentially useful in the assessment of motor dysfunction in infants and children with congenital hemiparesis.</AbstractText	The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a transcription factor that plays a key role in the prevention of cancer development. In response to oncogenic or other stresses, the p53 protein is activated and regulates the expression of a variety of target genes, resulting in cell cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptosis. Mutation of the p53 gene is the most common genetic alteration in human cancer, affecting more than 50% of human tumors. Most of these mutations inactivate the DNA-binding domain of the protein. In this chapter, we describe the structure of the wild-type p53 protein and present structural and functional data that provide the molecular basis for understanding the effects of common cancer mutations. Further, we assess novel therapeutic strategies that aim to rescue the function of p53 cancer mutants.</AbstractText	[Estimation of brain tissue in schizophrenic patients using magnetization transfer imaging--preliminary report]. Volumetric loss of some cerebral structures is noticed during morphometrical investigations, and it is one of the most frequent abnormalities in schizophrenic patients' brains. The new methods of MRI investigations show subtle changes in cerebral white matter, which are undetectable by standard MRI. The magnetic transfer imaging (MTI) may be used to estimate the structural integrity of white matter and allows for visualisation of minimal changes in cerebral tissue.</AbstractText The aim of this work was to estimate the cerebral tissue using magnetic transfer imaging and the analysis of magnetic transfer ratio (MTR) maps in schizophrenic patients.</AbstractText We examined 15 patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy volunteers. We used sequences of: SE, FLAIR and GE with- and without saturation pulse, acquiring standard T1- and T2-weighted anatomical images and images with magnetic transfer effect and without it. For quantitative estimation of magnetic transfer, the MTR-maps were calculated from a standard formula: MTR=Mo-Ms/Mo'l00%, and the obtained MTR-values, from regions of interest in schizophrenics were compared with MTR-values in healthy persons.</AbstractText Both, in the schizophrenic group and in the controls, MTR-values (from the analysed regions of white matter) were between 30-50%. We observed a statistically significant reduction of MTR of schizophrenic patients in the white matter of the left temporal and left frontal lobes.</AbstractText With the help of the technique and methods of statistical analysis, the identification of altered MTR-areas in patients with schizophrenia is possible. The results confirm the presence of areas of minimal injuries in schizophrenic persons' brain tissue, which are detectable using magnetic transfer imaging.</AbstractText	DTI-based three-dimensional tractography detects differences in the pyramidal tracts of infants and children with congenital hemiparesis. To test the hypothesis that there is greater asymmetry in diffusion properties between right and left pyramidal tracts in patients with congenital hemiparesis than in patients with normal motor function.</AbstractText Four congenitally hemiparetic patients and four age-matched controls underwent magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based three-dimensional tractography of the pyramidal tracts. Relative anisotropy, individual eigenvalues, and directionally averaged apparent diffusion coefficient were measured and degree of asymmetry was calculated.</AbstractText Compared with age-matched controls, congenitally hemiparetic patients had greater asymmetry in all measured diffusion properties. The asymmetry was characterized primarily by lower anisotropy, lower parallel diffusion, higher transverse diffusion, and slightly higher mean diffusivity in the pyramidal tract contralateral to the hemiparesis (i.e., affected pyramidal tract) compared with the unaffected pyramidal tract.</AbstractText There appears to be greater diffusion asymmetry between the pyramidal tracts in congenitally hemiparetic patients compared to controls. These differences suggest that there are alterations in the microstructure of the pyramidal tract that controls the motor function of the hemiparetic side. Our results suggest that DTI-based three-dimensional tractography is potentially useful in the assessment of motor dysfunction in infants and children with congenital hemiparesis.</AbstractText	Structural biology of the tumor suppressor p53 and cancer-associated mutants. The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a transcription factor that plays a key role in the prevention of cancer development. In response to oncogenic or other stresses, the p53 protein is activated and regulates the expression of a variety of target genes, resulting in cell cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptosis. Mutation of the p53 gene is the most common genetic alteration in human cancer, affecting more than 50% of human tumors. Most of these mutations inactivate the DNA-binding domain of the protein. In this chapter, we describe the structure of the wild-type p53 protein and present structural and functional data that provide the molecular basis for understanding the effects of common cancer mutations. Further, we assess novel therapeutic strategies that aim to rescue the function of p53 cancer mutants.</AbstractText
22613435	24893911	22400637	Comparison of hippocampal volume measured using magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, mild cognitive impairment and pseudodementia.	Financial literacy is associated with medial brain region functional connectivity in old age.	Adaptive synchronization in delay-coupled networks of Stuart-Landau oscillators.	To examine the relationship between different types of dementia and hippocampal volume.</AbstractText Hippocampal volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Alzheimer's disease (n = 22), vascular dementia (n = 14), mild cognitive impairment (n = 12) or pseudodementia (n = 16), and in healthy control subjects (n = 11). The Mini Mental State Examination was used to stratify subjects according to cognitive function.</AbstractText Hippocampal volume was reduced by 42% in Alzheimer's disease, 21% in vascular dementia, 15% in mild cognitive impairment and 13% in pseudodementia compared with controls. The severity of dementia increased in line with decreasing hippocampal volume.</AbstractText Measurement of hippocampal volume may facilitate differentiation between dementia subtypes. There was a relationship between reduced hippocampal volume and the degree of cognitive impairment.</AbstractText	Financial literacy refers to the ability to access and utilize financial information in ways that promote better outcomes. In old age, financial literacy has been associated with a wide range of positive characteristics; however, the neural correlates remain unclear. Recent work has suggested greater co-activity between anterior-posterior medial brain regions is associated with better brain functioning. We hypothesized financial literacy would be associated with this pattern. We assessed whole-brain functional connectivity to a posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) seed region of interest (ROI) in 138 participants of the Rush Memory and Aging Project. Results revealed financial literacy was associated with greater functional connectivity between the PCC and three regions: the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), the left postcentral gyrus, and the right precuneus. Results also revealed financial literacy was associated negatively with functional connectivity between the PCC and left caudate. Post hoc analyses showed the PCC-vmPFC relationship accounted for the most variance in a regression model adjusted for all four significant functional connectivity relationships, demographic factors, and global cognition. These findings provide information on the neural mechanisms associated with financial literacy in old age.</AbstractText	We consider networks of delay-coupled Stuart-Landau oscillators. In these systems, the coupling phase has been found to be a crucial control parameter. By proper choice of this parameter one can switch between different synchronous oscillatory states of the network. Applying the speed-gradient method, we derive an adaptive algorithm for an automatic adjustment of the coupling phase such that a desired state can be selected from an otherwise multistable regime. We propose goal functions based on both the difference of the oscillators and a generalized order parameter and demonstrate that the speed-gradient method allows one to find appropriate coupling phases with which different states of synchronization, e.g., in-phase oscillation, splay, or various cluster states, can be selected.</AbstractText	Comparison of hippocampal volume measured using magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, mild cognitive impairment and pseudodementia. To examine the relationship between different types of dementia and hippocampal volume.</AbstractText Hippocampal volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Alzheimer's disease (n = 22), vascular dementia (n = 14), mild cognitive impairment (n = 12) or pseudodementia (n = 16), and in healthy control subjects (n = 11). The Mini Mental State Examination was used to stratify subjects according to cognitive function.</AbstractText Hippocampal volume was reduced by 42% in Alzheimer's disease, 21% in vascular dementia, 15% in mild cognitive impairment and 13% in pseudodementia compared with controls. The severity of dementia increased in line with decreasing hippocampal volume.</AbstractText Measurement of hippocampal volume may facilitate differentiation between dementia subtypes. There was a relationship between reduced hippocampal volume and the degree of cognitive impairment.</AbstractText	Financial literacy is associated with medial brain region functional connectivity in old age. Financial literacy refers to the ability to access and utilize financial information in ways that promote better outcomes. In old age, financial literacy has been associated with a wide range of positive characteristics; however, the neural correlates remain unclear. Recent work has suggested greater co-activity between anterior-posterior medial brain regions is associated with better brain functioning. We hypothesized financial literacy would be associated with this pattern. We assessed whole-brain functional connectivity to a posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) seed region of interest (ROI) in 138 participants of the Rush Memory and Aging Project. Results revealed financial literacy was associated with greater functional connectivity between the PCC and three regions: the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), the left postcentral gyrus, and the right precuneus. Results also revealed financial literacy was associated negatively with functional connectivity between the PCC and left caudate. Post hoc analyses showed the PCC-vmPFC relationship accounted for the most variance in a regression model adjusted for all four significant functional connectivity relationships, demographic factors, and global cognition. These findings provide information on the neural mechanisms associated with financial literacy in old age.</AbstractText	Adaptive synchronization in delay-coupled networks of Stuart-Landau oscillators. We consider networks of delay-coupled Stuart-Landau oscillators. In these systems, the coupling phase has been found to be a crucial control parameter. By proper choice of this parameter one can switch between different synchronous oscillatory states of the network. Applying the speed-gradient method, we derive an adaptive algorithm for an automatic adjustment of the coupling phase such that a desired state can be selected from an otherwise multistable regime. We propose goal functions based on both the difference of the oscillators and a generalized order parameter and demonstrate that the speed-gradient method allows one to find appropriate coupling phases with which different states of synchronization, e.g., in-phase oscillation, splay, or various cluster states, can be selected.</AbstractText
30721792	18510449	30444681	An fMRI-adaptation study of phonological and orthographic selectivity to written words in adults with poor reading skills.	Distinctive neural mechanisms supporting visual object individuation and identification.	Tracking Colisteners' Knowledge States During Language Comprehension.	Typical readers rely on two brain pathways for word processing in the left hemisphere: temporo-parietal cortex (TPC) and inferior frontal cortex (IFC), thought to subserve phonological decoding, and occipito-temporal cortex (OTC), including the "visual word form area" (VWFA), thought to subserve orthographic processing. How these regions are affected in developmental dyslexia has been a topic of intense research. We employed fMRI rapid adaptation (fMRI-RA) in adults with low reading skills to examine in independently-defined functional regions of interest (ROIs) phonological selectivity to written words in left TPC and IFC, and to orthographic selectivity to written words in OTC. Consistent with the phonological deficit hypothesis of dyslexia, we found responsivity but not selectivity to phonology, as accessed by written words, in the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) of the TPC. On the other hand, we found orthographic selectivity in the VWFA of the OTC. We also found selectivity to orthographic and not phonological processing in the IFG, a finding previously reported for typical readers. Together our results demonstrate that in adults with poor reading skills, selectivity to phonology is compromised in pSTG, while selectivity to orthography in the VWFA remains unaffected at this level of processing.</AbstractText	Many everyday activities, such as driving on a busy street, require the encoding of distinctive visual objects from crowded scenes. Given resource limitations of our visual system, one solution to this difficult and challenging task is to first select individual objects from a crowded scene (object individuation) and then encode their details (object identification). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, two distinctive brain mechanisms were recently identified that support these two stages of visual object processing. While the inferior intraparietal sulcus (IPS) selects a fixed number of about four objects via their spatial locations, the superior IPS and the lateral occipital complex (LOC) encode the features of a subset of the selected objects in great detail (object shapes in this case). Thus, the inferior IPS individuates visual objects from a crowded display and the superior IPS and higher visual areas participate in subsequent object identification. Consistent with the prediction of this theory, even when only object shape identity but not its location is task relevant, this study shows that object individuation in the inferior IPS treats four identical objects similarly as four objects that are all different, whereas object shape identification in the superior IPS and the LOC treat four identical objects as a single unique object. These results provide independent confirmation supporting the dissociation between visual object individuation and identification in the brain.</AbstractText	When we receive information in the presence of other people, are we sensitive to what they do or do not understand? In two event-related-potential experiments, participants read implausible sentences (e.g., "The girl had a little beak") in contexts that rendered them plausible (e.g., "The girl dressed up as a canary for Halloween"). No semantic-processing difficulty (no N400 effect) ensued when they read the sentences while alone in the room. However, when a confederate was present who did not receive the contexts so that the critical sentences were implausible for him or her, participants exhibited processing difficulty: the social-N400 effect. This effect was obtained when participants were instructed to adopt the confederate's perspective-and critically, even without such instructions-but not when performing a demanding comprehension task. Thus, unless mental resources are limited, comprehenders engage in modeling the minds not only of those individuals with whom they directly interact but also of those individuals who are merely present during the linguistic exchange.</AbstractText	An fMRI-adaptation study of phonological and orthographic selectivity to written words in adults with poor reading skills. Typical readers rely on two brain pathways for word processing in the left hemisphere: temporo-parietal cortex (TPC) and inferior frontal cortex (IFC), thought to subserve phonological decoding, and occipito-temporal cortex (OTC), including the "visual word form area" (VWFA), thought to subserve orthographic processing. How these regions are affected in developmental dyslexia has been a topic of intense research. We employed fMRI rapid adaptation (fMRI-RA) in adults with low reading skills to examine in independently-defined functional regions of interest (ROIs) phonological selectivity to written words in left TPC and IFC, and to orthographic selectivity to written words in OTC. Consistent with the phonological deficit hypothesis of dyslexia, we found responsivity but not selectivity to phonology, as accessed by written words, in the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) of the TPC. On the other hand, we found orthographic selectivity in the VWFA of the OTC. We also found selectivity to orthographic and not phonological processing in the IFG, a finding previously reported for typical readers. Together our results demonstrate that in adults with poor reading skills, selectivity to phonology is compromised in pSTG, while selectivity to orthography in the VWFA remains unaffected at this level of processing.</AbstractText	Distinctive neural mechanisms supporting visual object individuation and identification. Many everyday activities, such as driving on a busy street, require the encoding of distinctive visual objects from crowded scenes. Given resource limitations of our visual system, one solution to this difficult and challenging task is to first select individual objects from a crowded scene (object individuation) and then encode their details (object identification). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, two distinctive brain mechanisms were recently identified that support these two stages of visual object processing. While the inferior intraparietal sulcus (IPS) selects a fixed number of about four objects via their spatial locations, the superior IPS and the lateral occipital complex (LOC) encode the features of a subset of the selected objects in great detail (object shapes in this case). Thus, the inferior IPS individuates visual objects from a crowded display and the superior IPS and higher visual areas participate in subsequent object identification. Consistent with the prediction of this theory, even when only object shape identity but not its location is task relevant, this study shows that object individuation in the inferior IPS treats four identical objects similarly as four objects that are all different, whereas object shape identification in the superior IPS and the LOC treat four identical objects as a single unique object. These results provide independent confirmation supporting the dissociation between visual object individuation and identification in the brain.</AbstractText	Tracking Colisteners' Knowledge States During Language Comprehension. When we receive information in the presence of other people, are we sensitive to what they do or do not understand? In two event-related-potential experiments, participants read implausible sentences (e.g., "The girl had a little beak") in contexts that rendered them plausible (e.g., "The girl dressed up as a canary for Halloween"). No semantic-processing difficulty (no N400 effect) ensued when they read the sentences while alone in the room. However, when a confederate was present who did not receive the contexts so that the critical sentences were implausible for him or her, participants exhibited processing difficulty: the social-N400 effect. This effect was obtained when participants were instructed to adopt the confederate's perspective-and critically, even without such instructions-but not when performing a demanding comprehension task. Thus, unless mental resources are limited, comprehenders engage in modeling the minds not only of those individuals with whom they directly interact but also of those individuals who are merely present during the linguistic exchange.</AbstractText
16271461	15210952	16138664	Neural mechanisms of imitation.	Repetition suppression of faces is modulated by emotion.	Comparison of risk factors for cerebral palsy in twins and singletons.	Recent advances in our knowledge of the neural mechanisms of imitation suggest that there is a core circuitry of imitation comprising the superior temporal sulcus and the 'mirror neuron system', which consists of the posterior inferior frontal gyrus and adjacent ventral premotor cortex, as well as the rostral inferior parietal lobule. This core circuitry communicates with other neural systems according to the type of imitation performed. Imitative learning is supported by interaction of the core circuitry of imitation with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and perhaps motor preparation areas--namely, the mesial frontal, dorsal premotor and superior parietal areas. By contrast, imitation as a form of social mirroring is supported by interaction of the core circuitry of imitation with the limbic system.</AbstractText	Single-unit recordings and functional brain imaging studies have shown reduced neural responses to repeated stimuli in the visual cortex. By using event-related functional MRI, we compared the activation evoked by repetitions of neutral and fearful faces, which were either task relevant (targets) or irrelevant (distracters). We found that within the inferior occipital gyri, lateral fusiform gyri, superior temporal sulci, amygdala, and the inferior frontal gyri/insula, targets evoked stronger responses than distracters and their repetition was associated with significantly reduced responses. Repetition suppression, as manifested by the difference in response amplitude between the first and third repetitions of a target, was stronger for fearful than neutral faces. Distracter faces, regardless of their repetition or valence, evoked negligible activation, indicating top-down attenuation of behaviorally irrelevant stimuli. Our findings demonstrate a three-way interaction between emotional valence, repetition, and task relevance and suggest that repetition suppression is influenced by high-level cognitive processes in the human brain.</AbstractText	The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in rates of cerebral palsy (CP) between singletons and twins by considering factors that may be predictive of CP. Data were taken from the Scottish Register of Children with a Motor Deficit of Central Origin and the Scottish Morbidity Record series. All children born in Scotland between 1984 and 1990 inclusive comprised the cohort. There were 646 children with CP (370 males, 276 females) of whom 57 were from twin pregnancies. Prevalence of CP was higher in twins than in singletons. Also, for singleton and twin births, the prevalence of CP was higher for infants who had low birthweight for gestational age (GA), were preterm, and who were male. Prevalence of CP by GA followed a different pattern for twins than for singletons, being lower for twins in the middle range of GAs than for singletons. After allowing for GA and birthweight, twins appeared to be at increased risk for CP compared with singletons. The type of CP in singletons and twins also differed with 64.9% of twins having spastic bilateral CP compared with 48.5% for singletons. The aetiology of CP in twins and singletons may differ.</AbstractText	Neural mechanisms of imitation. Recent advances in our knowledge of the neural mechanisms of imitation suggest that there is a core circuitry of imitation comprising the superior temporal sulcus and the 'mirror neuron system', which consists of the posterior inferior frontal gyrus and adjacent ventral premotor cortex, as well as the rostral inferior parietal lobule. This core circuitry communicates with other neural systems according to the type of imitation performed. Imitative learning is supported by interaction of the core circuitry of imitation with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and perhaps motor preparation areas--namely, the mesial frontal, dorsal premotor and superior parietal areas. By contrast, imitation as a form of social mirroring is supported by interaction of the core circuitry of imitation with the limbic system.</AbstractText	Repetition suppression of faces is modulated by emotion. Single-unit recordings and functional brain imaging studies have shown reduced neural responses to repeated stimuli in the visual cortex. By using event-related functional MRI, we compared the activation evoked by repetitions of neutral and fearful faces, which were either task relevant (targets) or irrelevant (distracters). We found that within the inferior occipital gyri, lateral fusiform gyri, superior temporal sulci, amygdala, and the inferior frontal gyri/insula, targets evoked stronger responses than distracters and their repetition was associated with significantly reduced responses. Repetition suppression, as manifested by the difference in response amplitude between the first and third repetitions of a target, was stronger for fearful than neutral faces. Distracter faces, regardless of their repetition or valence, evoked negligible activation, indicating top-down attenuation of behaviorally irrelevant stimuli. Our findings demonstrate a three-way interaction between emotional valence, repetition, and task relevance and suggest that repetition suppression is influenced by high-level cognitive processes in the human brain.</AbstractText	Comparison of risk factors for cerebral palsy in twins and singletons. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in rates of cerebral palsy (CP) between singletons and twins by considering factors that may be predictive of CP. Data were taken from the Scottish Register of Children with a Motor Deficit of Central Origin and the Scottish Morbidity Record series. All children born in Scotland between 1984 and 1990 inclusive comprised the cohort. There were 646 children with CP (370 males, 276 females) of whom 57 were from twin pregnancies. Prevalence of CP was higher in twins than in singletons. Also, for singleton and twin births, the prevalence of CP was higher for infants who had low birthweight for gestational age (GA), were preterm, and who were male. Prevalence of CP by GA followed a different pattern for twins than for singletons, being lower for twins in the middle range of GAs than for singletons. After allowing for GA and birthweight, twins appeared to be at increased risk for CP compared with singletons. The type of CP in singletons and twins also differed with 64.9% of twins having spastic bilateral CP compared with 48.5% for singletons. The aetiology of CP in twins and singletons may differ.</AbstractText
32601997	27732040	33415332	Tool-number interaction during a prospective memory task.	Understanding perceptual judgment in autism spectrum disorder using the drift diffusion model.	Natural history of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A: a large international multicentre study.	Theoretical views suggest that tool use and numerical magnitude processing can interact during prospective actions. For example, if a person intends to make a meal for several persons the next week, she/he will have to keep in mind during the homework-week large dish and large food portions for this event. Here, the magnitude 'large' can influence the future choice for large dishes and other related large tools. This study presents the first empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis. During a prospective memory task that implied to keep in mind a future action, participants were required to use a tool after processing Arabic numbers. Small (less than 5) and large (more than 5) magnitudes were employed as cues for the initiation of the tool-use task, which required participants to use inverse pliers with a small or a large object, but only for some prospective trials. The inverse pliers were used to dissociate the hand action from the tool action with the object (for example, opening the hand produced the closing action of the tool). The results revealed that during prospective trials, number processing interacted only with the tool action toward the object and not with the hand action. Specifically, after the processing of large magnitudes, the initiation of the closing action of the tool (i.e. the opening action of the hand) was reduced. This finding is discussed in the light of theories on the emergence of semantics through tool actions.</AbstractText	Two-alternative forced-choice tasks are widely used to gain insight into specific areas of enhancement or impairment in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Data arising from these tasks have been used to support myriad theories regarding the integrity, or otherwise, of particular brain areas or cognitive processes in ASD. The drift diffusion model (DDM) provides an account of the underlying processes which give rise to accuracy and reaction time (RT) distributions, and parameterizes these processes in terms which have direct psychological interpretation. Importantly, the DDM provides further insight into the origin of potential group differences in task performance. Here, for the first time, we used the DDM to investigate perceptual decision making in ASD.</AbstractText Adults with (N = 25) and without ASD (N = 32) performed an orientation discrimination task. A drift diffusion model was applied to the full RT distributions.</AbstractText Participants with ASD responded more slowly than controls, the groups did not differ in accuracy. Modeled parameters indicated that: (a) participants with ASD were more cautious than controls (wider boundary separation); (b) nondecision time was increased in ASD; and (c) the quality of evidence extracted from the stimulus (drift rate) did not vary between groups.</AbstractText Taking the behavioral data in isolation would suggest reduced perceptual sensitivity in ASD. However, DDM results indicated that despite response slowing, there was no evidence of differential perceptual sensitivity between participants with and without ASD. Future use of the DDM in investigations of perception and cognition in ASD is highly recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record</AbstractText	Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) is one of two ubiquitously expressed homologous proteins in eukaryote cells, playing a critical role in mitochondrial fusion. Mutations in MFN2 (most commonly autosomal dominant) cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A), the commonest axonal form of CMT, with significant allelic heterogeneity. Previous, moderately-sized, cross sectional genotype-phenotype studies of CMT2A have described the phenotypic spectrum of the disease, but longitudinal natural history studies are lacking. In this large multicentre prospective cohort study of 196 patients with dominant and autosomal recessive CMT2A, we present an in-depth genotype-phenotype study of the baseline characteristics of patients with CMT2A and longitudinal data (1-2 years) to describe the natural history. A childhood onset of autosomal dominant CMT2A is the most predictive marker of significant disease severity and is independent of the disease duration. When compared to adult onset autosomal dominant CMT2A, it is associated with significantly higher rates of use of ankle-foot orthoses, full-time use of wheelchair, dexterity difficulties and also has significantly higher CMT Examination Score (CMTESv2) and CMT Neuropathy Score (CMTNSv2) at initial assessment. Analysis of longitudinal data using the CMTESv2 and its Rasch-weighted counterpart, CMTESv2-R, show that over 1 year, the CMTESv2 increases significantly in autosomal dominant CMT2A (mean change 0.84 ± 2.42; two-tailed paired t-test P = 0.039). Furthermore, over 2 years both the CMTESv2 (mean change 0.97 ± 1.77; two-tailed paired t-test P = 0.003) and the CMTESv2-R (mean change 1.21 ± 2.52; two-tailed paired t-test P = 0.009) increase significantly with respective standardized response means of 0.55 and 0.48. In the paediatric CMT2A population (autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive CMT2A grouped together), the CMT Pediatric Scale increases significantly both over 1 year (mean change 2.24 ± 3.09; two-tailed paired t-test P = 0.009) and over 2 years (mean change 4.00 ± 3.79; two-tailed paired t-test P = 0.031) with respective standardized response means of 0.72 and 1.06. This cross-sectional and longitudinal study of the largest CMT2A cohort reported to date provides guidance for variant interpretation, informs prognosis and also provides natural history data that will guide clinical trial design.</AbstractText	Tool-number interaction during a prospective memory task. Theoretical views suggest that tool use and numerical magnitude processing can interact during prospective actions. For example, if a person intends to make a meal for several persons the next week, she/he will have to keep in mind during the homework-week large dish and large food portions for this event. Here, the magnitude 'large' can influence the future choice for large dishes and other related large tools. This study presents the first empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis. During a prospective memory task that implied to keep in mind a future action, participants were required to use a tool after processing Arabic numbers. Small (less than 5) and large (more than 5) magnitudes were employed as cues for the initiation of the tool-use task, which required participants to use inverse pliers with a small or a large object, but only for some prospective trials. The inverse pliers were used to dissociate the hand action from the tool action with the object (for example, opening the hand produced the closing action of the tool). The results revealed that during prospective trials, number processing interacted only with the tool action toward the object and not with the hand action. Specifically, after the processing of large magnitudes, the initiation of the closing action of the tool (i.e. the opening action of the hand) was reduced. This finding is discussed in the light of theories on the emergence of semantics through tool actions.</AbstractText	Understanding perceptual judgment in autism spectrum disorder using the drift diffusion model. Two-alternative forced-choice tasks are widely used to gain insight into specific areas of enhancement or impairment in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Data arising from these tasks have been used to support myriad theories regarding the integrity, or otherwise, of particular brain areas or cognitive processes in ASD. The drift diffusion model (DDM) provides an account of the underlying processes which give rise to accuracy and reaction time (RT) distributions, and parameterizes these processes in terms which have direct psychological interpretation. Importantly, the DDM provides further insight into the origin of potential group differences in task performance. Here, for the first time, we used the DDM to investigate perceptual decision making in ASD.</AbstractText Adults with (N = 25) and without ASD (N = 32) performed an orientation discrimination task. A drift diffusion model was applied to the full RT distributions.</AbstractText Participants with ASD responded more slowly than controls, the groups did not differ in accuracy. Modeled parameters indicated that: (a) participants with ASD were more cautious than controls (wider boundary separation); (b) nondecision time was increased in ASD; and (c) the quality of evidence extracted from the stimulus (drift rate) did not vary between groups.</AbstractText Taking the behavioral data in isolation would suggest reduced perceptual sensitivity in ASD. However, DDM results indicated that despite response slowing, there was no evidence of differential perceptual sensitivity between participants with and without ASD. Future use of the DDM in investigations of perception and cognition in ASD is highly recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record</AbstractText	Natural history of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A: a large international multicentre study. Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) is one of two ubiquitously expressed homologous proteins in eukaryote cells, playing a critical role in mitochondrial fusion. Mutations in MFN2 (most commonly autosomal dominant) cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A), the commonest axonal form of CMT, with significant allelic heterogeneity. Previous, moderately-sized, cross sectional genotype-phenotype studies of CMT2A have described the phenotypic spectrum of the disease, but longitudinal natural history studies are lacking. In this large multicentre prospective cohort study of 196 patients with dominant and autosomal recessive CMT2A, we present an in-depth genotype-phenotype study of the baseline characteristics of patients with CMT2A and longitudinal data (1-2 years) to describe the natural history. A childhood onset of autosomal dominant CMT2A is the most predictive marker of significant disease severity and is independent of the disease duration. When compared to adult onset autosomal dominant CMT2A, it is associated with significantly higher rates of use of ankle-foot orthoses, full-time use of wheelchair, dexterity difficulties and also has significantly higher CMT Examination Score (CMTESv2) and CMT Neuropathy Score (CMTNSv2) at initial assessment. Analysis of longitudinal data using the CMTESv2 and its Rasch-weighted counterpart, CMTESv2-R, show that over 1 year, the CMTESv2 increases significantly in autosomal dominant CMT2A (mean change 0.84 ± 2.42; two-tailed paired t-test P = 0.039). Furthermore, over 2 years both the CMTESv2 (mean change 0.97 ± 1.77; two-tailed paired t-test P = 0.003) and the CMTESv2-R (mean change 1.21 ± 2.52; two-tailed paired t-test P = 0.009) increase significantly with respective standardized response means of 0.55 and 0.48. In the paediatric CMT2A population (autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive CMT2A grouped together), the CMT Pediatric Scale increases significantly both over 1 year (mean change 2.24 ± 3.09; two-tailed paired t-test P = 0.009) and over 2 years (mean change 4.00 ± 3.79; two-tailed paired t-test P = 0.031) with respective standardized response means of 0.72 and 1.06. This cross-sectional and longitudinal study of the largest CMT2A cohort reported to date provides guidance for variant interpretation, informs prognosis and also provides natural history data that will guide clinical trial design.</AbstractText
30257059	15968650	31091682	Multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging.	Eight-channel phased array coil and detunable TEM volume coil for 7 T brain imaging.	Metabolite-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors Connect the Diet-Microbiota-Metabolites Axis to Inflammatory Bowel Disease.	To implement and evaluate an efficient multiple-point MR acoustic radiation force imaging pulse sequence that can volumetrically measure tissue displacement and evaluate tissue stiffness using focused ultrasound (FUS) radiation force.</AbstractText Bipolar motion-encoding gradients were added to a gradient-recalled echo segmented EPI pulse sequence with both 2D and 3D acquisition modes. Multiple FUS-ON images (FUS power > 0 W) were interleaved with a single FUS-OFF image (FUS power = 0 W) on the TR level, enabling simultaneous measurements of volumetric tissue displacement (by complex subtraction of the FUS-OFF image from the FUS-ON images) and proton resonance frequency shift MR thermometry (from the OFF image). Efficiency improvements included partial Fourier acquisition, parallel imaging, and encoding up to 4 different displacement positions into a single image. Experiments were performed in homogenous and dual-stiffness phantoms, and in ex vivo porcine brain.</AbstractText In phantoms, 16-point multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps could be acquired in 5 s to 10 s for a 2D slice, and 60 s for a 3D volume, using parallel imaging and encoding 2 displacement positions/image. In ex vivo porcine brain, 16-point multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps could be acquired in 20 s for a 3D volume, using partial Fourier and parallel imaging and encoding 4 displacement positions/image. In 1 experiment it was observed that tissue displacement in ex vivo brain decreased by approximately 22% following FUS ablation.</AbstractText With the described efficiency improvements it is possible to acquire volumetric multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps, with simultaneous proton resonance frequency shift MR thermometry maps, in clinically acceptable times.</AbstractText	An eight-channel receive-only brain coil and table-top detunable volume transmit coil were developed and tested at 7 T for human imaging. Optimization of this device required attention to sources of interaction between the array elements, between the transmit and receive coils and minimization of common mode currents on the coaxial cables. Circular receive coils (85 mm dia.) were designed on a flexible former to fit tightly around the head and within a 270-mm diameter TEM transmit volume coil. In the near cortex, the array provided a fivefold increase in SNR compared to a TEM transmit-receive coil, a gain larger than that seen in comparable coils at 3 T. The higher SNR gain is likely due to strong dielectric effects, which cause the volume coil to perform poorly in the cortex compared to centrally. The sensitivity and coverage of the array is demonstrated with high-resolution images of the brain cortex.</AbstractText	Increasing evidence has indicated that diet and metabolites, including bacteria- and host-derived metabolites, orchestrate host pathophysiology by regulating metabolism, immune system and inflammation. Indeed, autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are associated with the modulation of host response to diets. One crucial mechanism by which the microbiota affects the host is signaling through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed metabolite-sensing GPCRs. In the gut, both immune and nonimmune cells express GPCRs and their activation generally provide anti-inflammatory signals through regulation of both the immune system functions and the epithelial integrity. Members of GPCR family serve as a link between microbiota, immune system and intestinal epithelium by which all these components crucially participate to maintain the gut homeostasis. Conversely, impaired GPCR signaling is associated with IBD and other diseases, including hepatic steatosis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. In this review, we first outline the signaling, function, expression and the physiological role of several groups of metabolite-sensing GPCRs. We then discuss recent findings on their role in the regulation of the inflammation, their existing endogenous and synthetic ligands and innovative approaches to therapeutically target inflammatory bowel disease.</AbstractText	Multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging. To implement and evaluate an efficient multiple-point MR acoustic radiation force imaging pulse sequence that can volumetrically measure tissue displacement and evaluate tissue stiffness using focused ultrasound (FUS) radiation force.</AbstractText Bipolar motion-encoding gradients were added to a gradient-recalled echo segmented EPI pulse sequence with both 2D and 3D acquisition modes. Multiple FUS-ON images (FUS power > 0 W) were interleaved with a single FUS-OFF image (FUS power = 0 W) on the TR level, enabling simultaneous measurements of volumetric tissue displacement (by complex subtraction of the FUS-OFF image from the FUS-ON images) and proton resonance frequency shift MR thermometry (from the OFF image). Efficiency improvements included partial Fourier acquisition, parallel imaging, and encoding up to 4 different displacement positions into a single image. Experiments were performed in homogenous and dual-stiffness phantoms, and in ex vivo porcine brain.</AbstractText In phantoms, 16-point multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps could be acquired in 5 s to 10 s for a 2D slice, and 60 s for a 3D volume, using parallel imaging and encoding 2 displacement positions/image. In ex vivo porcine brain, 16-point multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps could be acquired in 20 s for a 3D volume, using partial Fourier and parallel imaging and encoding 4 displacement positions/image. In 1 experiment it was observed that tissue displacement in ex vivo brain decreased by approximately 22% following FUS ablation.</AbstractText With the described efficiency improvements it is possible to acquire volumetric multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps, with simultaneous proton resonance frequency shift MR thermometry maps, in clinically acceptable times.</AbstractText	Eight-channel phased array coil and detunable TEM volume coil for 7 T brain imaging. An eight-channel receive-only brain coil and table-top detunable volume transmit coil were developed and tested at 7 T for human imaging. Optimization of this device required attention to sources of interaction between the array elements, between the transmit and receive coils and minimization of common mode currents on the coaxial cables. Circular receive coils (85 mm dia.) were designed on a flexible former to fit tightly around the head and within a 270-mm diameter TEM transmit volume coil. In the near cortex, the array provided a fivefold increase in SNR compared to a TEM transmit-receive coil, a gain larger than that seen in comparable coils at 3 T. The higher SNR gain is likely due to strong dielectric effects, which cause the volume coil to perform poorly in the cortex compared to centrally. The sensitivity and coverage of the array is demonstrated with high-resolution images of the brain cortex.</AbstractText	Metabolite-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors Connect the Diet-Microbiota-Metabolites Axis to Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Increasing evidence has indicated that diet and metabolites, including bacteria- and host-derived metabolites, orchestrate host pathophysiology by regulating metabolism, immune system and inflammation. Indeed, autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are associated with the modulation of host response to diets. One crucial mechanism by which the microbiota affects the host is signaling through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed metabolite-sensing GPCRs. In the gut, both immune and nonimmune cells express GPCRs and their activation generally provide anti-inflammatory signals through regulation of both the immune system functions and the epithelial integrity. Members of GPCR family serve as a link between microbiota, immune system and intestinal epithelium by which all these components crucially participate to maintain the gut homeostasis. Conversely, impaired GPCR signaling is associated with IBD and other diseases, including hepatic steatosis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. In this review, we first outline the signaling, function, expression and the physiological role of several groups of metabolite-sensing GPCRs. We then discuss recent findings on their role in the regulation of the inflammation, their existing endogenous and synthetic ligands and innovative approaches to therapeutically target inflammatory bowel disease.</AbstractText
35253192	33161207	35410611	Application of Eye-tracking in research on the theory of mind in ASD.	Emotional facial expressions affect visual rule learning in 7- to 8-month-old infants.	Bone Grafts in Dental Implant Management: A Narrative Review.	Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a broad diagnostic category describing a group of neurodevelopmental disorders which includes the autistic disorder. Failure to develop normal social relationships is a hallmark of autism. An inability to understand and cope with the social environment can occur regardless of IQ. One of the hypotheses of the appearance of ASD symptoms is associated with the theory of mind (TOM). ASD patients do not have the ability to attribute the full range of mental states (goal states and epistemic states) to themselves and to others. Eye-tracking allows for observation of early signs of TOM in ASD individuals, even before they are 1 year old, without the need of developed motor and language skills. This provides a window for looking at the very basics of mindreading - detecting intentionality and eyes in our environment. Studies show that ASD children fail to recognize biological motion, while being highly sensitive to physical contingency within the random movement. Their perception of faces seems disorganized and undirected, while object recognition is intact. Evidence suggests that this orientation of attention following gaze cues is diminished in ASD patients. Available data also show deficits in emotion recognition, that cannot be accounted for by impairments in face processing or visual modality alone. Such observations provide an insight into disturbances of information processing and offer an explanation for poor social functioning of ASD patients. When combined with other methods, Eye-tracking has the potential to reveal differences in processing information on a neural circuitry level. Thus, it may help in understanding the complexity of TOM mechanisms, and their role in social functioning.</AbstractText	Rule learning (RL) is an implicit learning mechanism that allows infants to detect and generalize rule-like repetition-based patterns (such as ABB and ABA) from a sequence of elements. Increasing evidence shows that RL operates both in the auditory and the visual domain and is modulated by the perceptual expertise with the to-be-learned stimuli. Yet, whether infants' ability to detect a high-order rule from a sequence of stimuli is affected by affective information remains a largely unexplored issue. Using a visual habituation paradigm, we investigated whether the presence of emotional expressions with a positive and a negative value (i.e., happiness and anger) modulates 7- to 8-month-old infants' ability to learn a rule-like pattern from a sequence of faces of different identities. Results demonstrate that emotional facial expressions (either positive and negative) modulate infants' visual RL mechanism, even though positive and negative facial expressions affect infants' RL in a different manner: while anger disrupts infants' ability to learn the rule-like pattern from a face sequence, in the presence of a happy face infants show a familiarity preference, thus maintaining their learning ability. These findings show that emotional expressions exert an influence on infants' RL abilities, contributing to the investigation on how emotion and cognition interact in face processing during infancy.</AbstractText	Successful implant dentistry can be directly related to the quality and quantity of bone at the recipient site of the implant. Over the years, bone grafts have been used for the treatment of various osseous defects. Due to the widespread acceptance of dental implants, interest in bone reconstruction for the oral cavity has increased dramatically over the past decade. Many patients who request implant rehabilitation require ancillary procedures to increase the quantity and quality of the recipient's bone. The internal architecture of the bone is generally described in terms of quality of the bone, which in turn reflects the strength (degree of compactness) of the bone. This is considered a crucial factor about the available bone at the edentulous site while planing about the design of the planned implant, surgical approach, healing time, and the initial progressive bone loading during the prosthetic reconstruction. Atrophy of the alveolar processes is expressed as a reduction of height and width. Databases were electronically searched up to April 2019 to identify human bone graft studies to provide contemporary and comprehensive information about the various bone grafts used in dental implant management.</AbstractText	Application of Eye-tracking in research on the theory of mind in ASD. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a broad diagnostic category describing a group of neurodevelopmental disorders which includes the autistic disorder. Failure to develop normal social relationships is a hallmark of autism. An inability to understand and cope with the social environment can occur regardless of IQ. One of the hypotheses of the appearance of ASD symptoms is associated with the theory of mind (TOM). ASD patients do not have the ability to attribute the full range of mental states (goal states and epistemic states) to themselves and to others. Eye-tracking allows for observation of early signs of TOM in ASD individuals, even before they are 1 year old, without the need of developed motor and language skills. This provides a window for looking at the very basics of mindreading - detecting intentionality and eyes in our environment. Studies show that ASD children fail to recognize biological motion, while being highly sensitive to physical contingency within the random movement. Their perception of faces seems disorganized and undirected, while object recognition is intact. Evidence suggests that this orientation of attention following gaze cues is diminished in ASD patients. Available data also show deficits in emotion recognition, that cannot be accounted for by impairments in face processing or visual modality alone. Such observations provide an insight into disturbances of information processing and offer an explanation for poor social functioning of ASD patients. When combined with other methods, Eye-tracking has the potential to reveal differences in processing information on a neural circuitry level. Thus, it may help in understanding the complexity of TOM mechanisms, and their role in social functioning.</AbstractText	Emotional facial expressions affect visual rule learning in 7- to 8-month-old infants. Rule learning (RL) is an implicit learning mechanism that allows infants to detect and generalize rule-like repetition-based patterns (such as ABB and ABA) from a sequence of elements. Increasing evidence shows that RL operates both in the auditory and the visual domain and is modulated by the perceptual expertise with the to-be-learned stimuli. Yet, whether infants' ability to detect a high-order rule from a sequence of stimuli is affected by affective information remains a largely unexplored issue. Using a visual habituation paradigm, we investigated whether the presence of emotional expressions with a positive and a negative value (i.e., happiness and anger) modulates 7- to 8-month-old infants' ability to learn a rule-like pattern from a sequence of faces of different identities. Results demonstrate that emotional facial expressions (either positive and negative) modulate infants' visual RL mechanism, even though positive and negative facial expressions affect infants' RL in a different manner: while anger disrupts infants' ability to learn the rule-like pattern from a face sequence, in the presence of a happy face infants show a familiarity preference, thus maintaining their learning ability. These findings show that emotional expressions exert an influence on infants' RL abilities, contributing to the investigation on how emotion and cognition interact in face processing during infancy.</AbstractText	Bone Grafts in Dental Implant Management: A Narrative Review. Successful implant dentistry can be directly related to the quality and quantity of bone at the recipient site of the implant. Over the years, bone grafts have been used for the treatment of various osseous defects. Due to the widespread acceptance of dental implants, interest in bone reconstruction for the oral cavity has increased dramatically over the past decade. Many patients who request implant rehabilitation require ancillary procedures to increase the quantity and quality of the recipient's bone. The internal architecture of the bone is generally described in terms of quality of the bone, which in turn reflects the strength (degree of compactness) of the bone. This is considered a crucial factor about the available bone at the edentulous site while planing about the design of the planned implant, surgical approach, healing time, and the initial progressive bone loading during the prosthetic reconstruction. Atrophy of the alveolar processes is expressed as a reduction of height and width. Databases were electronically searched up to April 2019 to identify human bone graft studies to provide contemporary and comprehensive information about the various bone grafts used in dental implant management.</AbstractText
37286125	34452180	37112455	Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in combination with ginger extract without NGF promote neurite outgrowth and PC12 cell branching.	In Vitro Evaluation of Hyperthermia Magnetic Technique Indicating the Best Strategy for Internalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Applied in Glioblastoma Tumor Cells.	Viewpoint-Controllable Telepresence: A Robotic-Arm-Based Mixed-Reality Telecollaboration System.	Neurogenesis is decreased in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF). It would be beneficial to discover substances that stimulate neurogenesis without NGF, given the high molecular weight and brief half-life of NGF. This work aims to assess the neurogenesis of ginger extract (GE) combined with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) without NGF. Based on our research, GE and SPIONs start neurogenesis before NGF. In comparison to the control group, GE and SPIONs dramatically reduced the length and quantity of neurites, according to statistical analysis. Our findings also indicated that SPIONs and ginger extract together had an additive impact on one another. The total number significantly increased with the addition of GE and nanoparticles. In comparison to NGF, the mixture of GE and nanoparticles significantly enhanced the total number of cells with neurites (by about 1.2-fold), the number of branching points (by about 1.8-fold), and the length of neurites. The difference between ginger extract and nanoparticles with NGF was significant (about 3.5-fold), particularly in the case of cells with one neurite. The results of this study point to the possibility of treating neurodegenerative disorders via the combination of GE and SPIONs without NGF.</AbstractText	This in vitro study aims to evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) technique and the best strategy for internalization of magnetic nanoparticles coated with aminosilane (SPION<sub	In mixed-reality (MR) telecollaboration, the local environment is remotely presented to a remote user wearing a virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD) via a video capture device. However, remote users frequently face challenges in naturally and actively manipulating their viewpoints. In this paper, we propose a telepresence system with viewpoint control, which involves a robotic arm equipped with a stereo camera in the local environment. This system enables remote users to actively and flexibly observe the local environment by moving their heads to manipulate the robotic arm. Additionally, to solve the problem of the limited field of view of the stereo camera and limited movement range of the robotic arm, we propose a 3D reconstruction method combined with a stereo video field-of-view enhancement technique to guide remote users to move within the movement range of the robotic arm and provide them with a larger range of local environment perception. Finally, a mixed-reality telecollaboration prototype was built, and two user studies were conducted to evaluate the overall system. User study A evaluated the interaction efficiency, system usability, workload, copresence, and user satisfaction of our system from the remote user's perspective, and the results showed that our system can effectively improve the interaction efficiency while achieving a better user experience than two traditional view-sharing techniques based on 360 video and based on the local user's first-person view. User study B evaluated our MR telecollaboration system prototype from both the remote-user side and the local-user side as a whole, providing directions and suggestions for the subsequent design and improvement of our mixed-reality telecollaboration system.</AbstractText	Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in combination with ginger extract without NGF promote neurite outgrowth and PC12 cell branching. Neurogenesis is decreased in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF). It would be beneficial to discover substances that stimulate neurogenesis without NGF, given the high molecular weight and brief half-life of NGF. This work aims to assess the neurogenesis of ginger extract (GE) combined with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) without NGF. Based on our research, GE and SPIONs start neurogenesis before NGF. In comparison to the control group, GE and SPIONs dramatically reduced the length and quantity of neurites, according to statistical analysis. Our findings also indicated that SPIONs and ginger extract together had an additive impact on one another. The total number significantly increased with the addition of GE and nanoparticles. In comparison to NGF, the mixture of GE and nanoparticles significantly enhanced the total number of cells with neurites (by about 1.2-fold), the number of branching points (by about 1.8-fold), and the length of neurites. The difference between ginger extract and nanoparticles with NGF was significant (about 3.5-fold), particularly in the case of cells with one neurite. The results of this study point to the possibility of treating neurodegenerative disorders via the combination of GE and SPIONs without NGF.</AbstractText	In Vitro Evaluation of Hyperthermia Magnetic Technique Indicating the Best Strategy for Internalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Applied in Glioblastoma Tumor Cells. This in vitro study aims to evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) technique and the best strategy for internalization of magnetic nanoparticles coated with aminosilane (SPION<sub	Viewpoint-Controllable Telepresence: A Robotic-Arm-Based Mixed-Reality Telecollaboration System. In mixed-reality (MR) telecollaboration, the local environment is remotely presented to a remote user wearing a virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD) via a video capture device. However, remote users frequently face challenges in naturally and actively manipulating their viewpoints. In this paper, we propose a telepresence system with viewpoint control, which involves a robotic arm equipped with a stereo camera in the local environment. This system enables remote users to actively and flexibly observe the local environment by moving their heads to manipulate the robotic arm. Additionally, to solve the problem of the limited field of view of the stereo camera and limited movement range of the robotic arm, we propose a 3D reconstruction method combined with a stereo video field-of-view enhancement technique to guide remote users to move within the movement range of the robotic arm and provide them with a larger range of local environment perception. Finally, a mixed-reality telecollaboration prototype was built, and two user studies were conducted to evaluate the overall system. User study A evaluated the interaction efficiency, system usability, workload, copresence, and user satisfaction of our system from the remote user's perspective, and the results showed that our system can effectively improve the interaction efficiency while achieving a better user experience than two traditional view-sharing techniques based on 360 video and based on the local user's first-person view. User study B evaluated our MR telecollaboration system prototype from both the remote-user side and the local-user side as a whole, providing directions and suggestions for the subsequent design and improvement of our mixed-reality telecollaboration system.</AbstractText
40581411	34633092	40478348	Current Evidence in the Management of Ballistic Peripheral Nerve Injuries.	A Scoping Review of Ongoing Fluorescence-Guided Surgery Clinical Trials in Otolaryngology.	Post-processing steps improve generalisability and robustness of an MRI-based radiogenomic model for human papillomavirus status prediction in oropharyngeal cancer.	Nerve injuries after ballistic injury can cause devastating consequences to the patient, in part, due to no management guidelines on how to approach and manage these scenarios. While discontinuous nerve lesions after ballistic injury are often less challenging to diagnose and have clearer guidelines for the timing and type of treatment, nerve in-continuity injuries from ballistic wounds are challenging to diagnose and manage. This review on nerve injuries after ballistic wounds covers the etiology, evaluation, and management of these injuries and provides insight on how our institution manages these scenarios. Normal appearing nerves intraoperatively should be treated expectantly.</AbstractText	Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) is a rapidly developing intraoperative technology, and many contrast agents are currently under investigation. We sought to provide a review of the current state of FGS clinical trials in Otolaryngology, emphasizing its oncologic applications.</AbstractText According to the preferred reporting Items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) workflow for scoping reviews, a clinical trial search was performed across multiple international clinical trials registries, searching for permutations of "fluorescence," "tumor," "surgery," and "nerve" to identify all relevant studies. Studies that were active, enrolling, or soon to be enrolling patients undergoing head and neck surgery were included.</AbstractText Nineteen studies were eligible for inclusion. Seventeen studies are focused on FGS for oncologic resection and lymph node detection. One study assesses peripheral nerve fluorescence, and one evaluates normal parathyroid function after thyroidectomy. Contrast agents under development are conjugated to fluorophores that excite in the 800 nm (indocyanine green), 410 nm (5-aminolevulinic acid), 700 nm (Cyanine 5.5), and 525 nm ranges (fluorescein derivatives).</AbstractText Presently, there are 19 ongoing trials investigating novel FGS contrast agents for their safety, efficacy, and utility in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. These agents rely on unique fluorophores and absorption ranges in the near-infrared and visible light spectra. FGS studies are expanding within Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery with profound implications in oncologic surgery, lymph node detection, and anatomic and functional assessment. Laryngoscope, 132:36-44, 2022.</AbstractText	To assess the impact of image post-processing steps on the generalisability of MRI-based radiogenomic models. Using a human papillomavirus (HPV) status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) prediction model, this study examines the potential of different post-processing strategies to increase its generalisability across data from different centres and image acquisition protocols.</AbstractText Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images of OPSCC patients of two cohorts from different centres, with confirmed HPV status, were manually segmented. After radiomic feature extraction, the HPV prediction model trained on a training set with 91 patients was subsequently tested on two independent cohorts: a test set with 62 patients and an externally derived cohort of 157 patients. The data processing options included: data harmonisation, a process to ensure consistency in data from different centres; exclusion of unstable features across different segmentations and scan protocols; and removal of highly correlated features to reduce redundancy.</AbstractText The predictive model, trained without post-processing, showed high performance on the test set, with an AUC of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.66-0.90, p < 0.001). However, when tested on the external data, the model performed less well, resulting in an AUC of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.45-0.58, p = 0.334). The model's generalisability substantially improved after performing post-processing steps. The AUC for the test set reached 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63-0.87, p < 0.001), while for the external cohort, the predictive model achieved an AUC of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.64-0.81, p < 0.001).</AbstractText When applied before model development, post-processing steps can enhance the robustness and generalisability of predictive radiogenomics models.</AbstractText Question How do post-processing steps impact the generalisability of MRI-based radiogenomic prediction models? Findings Applying post-processing steps, i.e., data harmonisation, identification of stable radiomic features, and removal of correlated features, before model development can improve model robustness and generalisability. Clinical relevance Post-processing steps in MRI radiogenomic model generation lead to reliable non-invasive diagnostic tools for personalised cancer treatment strategies.</AbstractText	Current Evidence in the Management of Ballistic Peripheral Nerve Injuries. Nerve injuries after ballistic injury can cause devastating consequences to the patient, in part, due to no management guidelines on how to approach and manage these scenarios. While discontinuous nerve lesions after ballistic injury are often less challenging to diagnose and have clearer guidelines for the timing and type of treatment, nerve in-continuity injuries from ballistic wounds are challenging to diagnose and manage. This review on nerve injuries after ballistic wounds covers the etiology, evaluation, and management of these injuries and provides insight on how our institution manages these scenarios. Normal appearing nerves intraoperatively should be treated expectantly.</AbstractText	A Scoping Review of Ongoing Fluorescence-Guided Surgery Clinical Trials in Otolaryngology. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) is a rapidly developing intraoperative technology, and many contrast agents are currently under investigation. We sought to provide a review of the current state of FGS clinical trials in Otolaryngology, emphasizing its oncologic applications.</AbstractText According to the preferred reporting Items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) workflow for scoping reviews, a clinical trial search was performed across multiple international clinical trials registries, searching for permutations of "fluorescence," "tumor," "surgery," and "nerve" to identify all relevant studies. Studies that were active, enrolling, or soon to be enrolling patients undergoing head and neck surgery were included.</AbstractText Nineteen studies were eligible for inclusion. Seventeen studies are focused on FGS for oncologic resection and lymph node detection. One study assesses peripheral nerve fluorescence, and one evaluates normal parathyroid function after thyroidectomy. Contrast agents under development are conjugated to fluorophores that excite in the 800 nm (indocyanine green), 410 nm (5-aminolevulinic acid), 700 nm (Cyanine 5.5), and 525 nm ranges (fluorescein derivatives).</AbstractText Presently, there are 19 ongoing trials investigating novel FGS contrast agents for their safety, efficacy, and utility in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. These agents rely on unique fluorophores and absorption ranges in the near-infrared and visible light spectra. FGS studies are expanding within Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery with profound implications in oncologic surgery, lymph node detection, and anatomic and functional assessment. Laryngoscope, 132:36-44, 2022.</AbstractText	Post-processing steps improve generalisability and robustness of an MRI-based radiogenomic model for human papillomavirus status prediction in oropharyngeal cancer. To assess the impact of image post-processing steps on the generalisability of MRI-based radiogenomic models. Using a human papillomavirus (HPV) status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) prediction model, this study examines the potential of different post-processing strategies to increase its generalisability across data from different centres and image acquisition protocols.</AbstractText Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images of OPSCC patients of two cohorts from different centres, with confirmed HPV status, were manually segmented. After radiomic feature extraction, the HPV prediction model trained on a training set with 91 patients was subsequently tested on two independent cohorts: a test set with 62 patients and an externally derived cohort of 157 patients. The data processing options included: data harmonisation, a process to ensure consistency in data from different centres; exclusion of unstable features across different segmentations and scan protocols; and removal of highly correlated features to reduce redundancy.</AbstractText The predictive model, trained without post-processing, showed high performance on the test set, with an AUC of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.66-0.90, p < 0.001). However, when tested on the external data, the model performed less well, resulting in an AUC of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.45-0.58, p = 0.334). The model's generalisability substantially improved after performing post-processing steps. The AUC for the test set reached 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63-0.87, p < 0.001), while for the external cohort, the predictive model achieved an AUC of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.64-0.81, p < 0.001).</AbstractText When applied before model development, post-processing steps can enhance the robustness and generalisability of predictive radiogenomics models.</AbstractText Question How do post-processing steps impact the generalisability of MRI-based radiogenomic prediction models? Findings Applying post-processing steps, i.e., data harmonisation, identification of stable radiomic features, and removal of correlated features, before model development can improve model robustness and generalisability. Clinical relevance Post-processing steps in MRI radiogenomic model generation lead to reliable non-invasive diagnostic tools for personalised cancer treatment strategies.</AbstractText
32902378	31539452	32681084	CB(1)-receptor-mediated inhibitory LTD triggers presynaptic remodeling via protein synthesis and ubiquitination.	Effects of the presence and absence of amino acids on translation, signaling, and long-term depression in hippocampal slices from Fmr1 knockout mice.	Human IDH mutant 1p/19q co-deleted gliomas have low tumor acidity as evidenced by molecular MRI and PET: a retrospective study.	Long-lasting forms of postsynaptic plasticity commonly involve protein synthesis-dependent structural changes of dendritic spines. However, the relationship between protein synthesis and presynaptic structural plasticity remains unclear. Here, we investigated structural changes in cannabinoid-receptor 1 (CB<sub	Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by silencing of the FMR1 gene and consequent absence of its protein product, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that can suppress translation. The absence of FMRP leads to symptoms of FXS including intellectual disability and has been proposed to lead to abnormalities in synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity, protein synthesis, and cellular growth pathways have been studied extensively in hippocampal slices from a mouse model of FXS (Fmr1 KO). Enhanced metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-dependent long-term depression (LTD), increased rates of protein synthesis, and effects on signaling molecules have been reported. These phenotypes were found under amino acid starvation, a condition that has widespread, powerful effects on activation and translation of proteins involved in regulating protein synthesis. We asked if this non-physiological condition could have effects on Fmr1 KO phenotypes reported in hippocampal slices. We performed hippocampal slice experiments in the presence and absence of amino acids. We measured rates of incorporation of a radiolabeled amino acid into protein to determine protein synthesis rates. By means of western blots, we assessed relative levels of total and phosphorylated forms of proteins involved in signaling pathways regulating translation. We measured evoked field potentials in area CA1 to assess the strength of the long-term depression response to mGluR activation. In the absence of amino acids, we replicate many of the reported findings in Fmr1 KO hippocampal slices, but in the more physiological condition of inclusion of amino acids in the medium, we did not find evidence of enhanced mGluR5-dependent LTD. Activation of mGluR5 increased protein synthesis in both wild type and Fmr1 KO. Moreover, mGluR5 activation increased eIF2α phosphorylation and decreased phosphorylation of p70S6k in slices from Fmr1 KO. We propose that the eIF2α response is a cellular attempt to compensate for the lack of regulation of translation by FMRP. Our findings call for a re-examination of the mGluR theory of FXS.</AbstractText	Co-deletion of 1p/19q is a hallmark of oligodendroglioma and predicts better survival. However, little is understood about its metabolic characteristics. In this study, we aimed to explore the extracellular acidity of WHO grade II and III gliomas associated with 1p/19q co-deletion. We included 76 glioma patients who received amine chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging at 3 T. Magnetic transfer ratio asymmetry (MTR<sub	CB(1)-receptor-mediated inhibitory LTD triggers presynaptic remodeling via protein synthesis and ubiquitination. Long-lasting forms of postsynaptic plasticity commonly involve protein synthesis-dependent structural changes of dendritic spines. However, the relationship between protein synthesis and presynaptic structural plasticity remains unclear. Here, we investigated structural changes in cannabinoid-receptor 1 (CB<sub	Effects of the presence and absence of amino acids on translation, signaling, and long-term depression in hippocampal slices from Fmr1 knockout mice. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by silencing of the FMR1 gene and consequent absence of its protein product, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that can suppress translation. The absence of FMRP leads to symptoms of FXS including intellectual disability and has been proposed to lead to abnormalities in synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity, protein synthesis, and cellular growth pathways have been studied extensively in hippocampal slices from a mouse model of FXS (Fmr1 KO). Enhanced metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-dependent long-term depression (LTD), increased rates of protein synthesis, and effects on signaling molecules have been reported. These phenotypes were found under amino acid starvation, a condition that has widespread, powerful effects on activation and translation of proteins involved in regulating protein synthesis. We asked if this non-physiological condition could have effects on Fmr1 KO phenotypes reported in hippocampal slices. We performed hippocampal slice experiments in the presence and absence of amino acids. We measured rates of incorporation of a radiolabeled amino acid into protein to determine protein synthesis rates. By means of western blots, we assessed relative levels of total and phosphorylated forms of proteins involved in signaling pathways regulating translation. We measured evoked field potentials in area CA1 to assess the strength of the long-term depression response to mGluR activation. In the absence of amino acids, we replicate many of the reported findings in Fmr1 KO hippocampal slices, but in the more physiological condition of inclusion of amino acids in the medium, we did not find evidence of enhanced mGluR5-dependent LTD. Activation of mGluR5 increased protein synthesis in both wild type and Fmr1 KO. Moreover, mGluR5 activation increased eIF2α phosphorylation and decreased phosphorylation of p70S6k in slices from Fmr1 KO. We propose that the eIF2α response is a cellular attempt to compensate for the lack of regulation of translation by FMRP. Our findings call for a re-examination of the mGluR theory of FXS.</AbstractText	Human IDH mutant 1p/19q co-deleted gliomas have low tumor acidity as evidenced by molecular MRI and PET: a retrospective study. Co-deletion of 1p/19q is a hallmark of oligodendroglioma and predicts better survival. However, little is understood about its metabolic characteristics. In this study, we aimed to explore the extracellular acidity of WHO grade II and III gliomas associated with 1p/19q co-deletion. We included 76 glioma patients who received amine chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging at 3 T. Magnetic transfer ratio asymmetry (MTR<sub
32166865	31244329	32811446	Cerebral white matter diffusion properties and free-water with obstructive sleep apnea severity in older adults.	Diffusion Tensor Imaging Measures of Brain Connectivity for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease.	PARP inhibitors combined with ionizing radiation induce different effects in melanoma cells and healthy fibroblasts.	Characterizing the effects of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on the aging brain could be key in our understanding of neurodegeneration in this population. Our objective was to assess white matter properties in newly diagnosed and untreated adults with mild to severe OSA. Sixty-five adults aged 55 to 85 were recruited and divided into three groups: control (apnea-hypopnea index ≤5/hr; n = 18; 65.2 ± 7.2 years old), mild (>5 to ≤15 hr; n = 27; 64.2 ± 5.3 years old) and moderate to severe OSA (>15/hr; n = 20; 65.2 ± 5.5 years old). Diffusion tensor imaging metrics (fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity) were compared between groups with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics within the white matter skeleton created by the technique. Groups were also compared for white matter hyperintensities volume and the free-water (FW) fraction. Compared with controls, mild OSA participants showed widespread areas of lower diffusivity (p < .05 corrected) and lower FW fraction (p < .05). Participants with moderate to severe OSA showed lower AD in the corpus callosum compared with controls (p < .05 corrected). No between-group differences were observed for FA or white matter hyperintensities. Lower white matter diffusivity metrics is especially marked in mild OSA, suggesting that even the milder form may lead to detrimental outcomes. In moderate to severe OSA, competing pathological responses might have led to partial normalization of diffusion metrics.</AbstractText	The prognostic capacity of the diffusion tensor imaging measures fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD) was assessed in 135 MCI patients and 72 healthy subjects over a median follow-up of 40 months. Forty-nine MCI patients (36.3%) developed AD. The factors MD left hippocampus, FA left cingulate, and FA left hippocampus emerged as predictors of progression. Age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.21), delayed text recall (HR 0.89), FA left uncinate (HR 1.90), FA left hippocampus (HR 2.21), and carrying at least one ApoE4 allele (HR 2.86) were associated with a high conversion rate. FA measures revealed the greatest discriminative capacity (Harrell's C = 0.73 versus 0.65 without FA; <i	PARP inhibitors niraparib and talazoparib are FDA approved for special cases of breast cancer. PARP is an interesting repair protein which is frequently affected in cancer cells. We studied the combined action of talazoparib or niraparib with ionizing radiation in melanoma cells and healthy fibroblasts.</AbstractText Homologous recombination (HR) status in six different melanoma cell lines and healthy fibroblasts was assessed. Cell cultures were treated with PARP inhibitors talazoparib or niraparib and ionizing radiation (IR). Apoptosis, necrosis and cell cycle distribution was analyzed via flow cytometry. Cell migration was studied by scratch assays.</AbstractText Studied melanoma cell cultures are HR deficient. Studied healthy fibroblasts are HR proficient. Talazoparib and niraparib have congruent effects within the same cell cultures. In all cell cultures, combined treatment increases cell death and G2/M arrest compared to IR. Combined treatment in melanoma cells distinctly increases G2/M arrest. Healthy fibroblasts are less affected by G2/M arrest. Treatment predominantly decelerates or does not modify migration. In two cell cultures migration is enhanced under the inhibitors.</AbstractText Although the two PARP inhibitors talazoparib and niraparib appear to be suitable for a combination treatment with ionizing radiation in our in vitro studies, a combination treatment cannot generally be recommended. There are clear interindividual differences in the effect of the inhibitors on different melanoma cells. Therefore, the effect on the cancer cells should be studied prior to a combination therapy. Since melanoma cells increase more strongly than fibroblasts in G2/M arrest, the fractional application of combined treatment should be further investigated.</AbstractText	Cerebral white matter diffusion properties and free-water with obstructive sleep apnea severity in older adults. Characterizing the effects of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on the aging brain could be key in our understanding of neurodegeneration in this population. Our objective was to assess white matter properties in newly diagnosed and untreated adults with mild to severe OSA. Sixty-five adults aged 55 to 85 were recruited and divided into three groups: control (apnea-hypopnea index ≤5/hr; n = 18; 65.2 ± 7.2 years old), mild (>5 to ≤15 hr; n = 27; 64.2 ± 5.3 years old) and moderate to severe OSA (>15/hr; n = 20; 65.2 ± 5.5 years old). Diffusion tensor imaging metrics (fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity) were compared between groups with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics within the white matter skeleton created by the technique. Groups were also compared for white matter hyperintensities volume and the free-water (FW) fraction. Compared with controls, mild OSA participants showed widespread areas of lower diffusivity (p < .05 corrected) and lower FW fraction (p < .05). Participants with moderate to severe OSA showed lower AD in the corpus callosum compared with controls (p < .05 corrected). No between-group differences were observed for FA or white matter hyperintensities. Lower white matter diffusivity metrics is especially marked in mild OSA, suggesting that even the milder form may lead to detrimental outcomes. In moderate to severe OSA, competing pathological responses might have led to partial normalization of diffusion metrics.</AbstractText	Diffusion Tensor Imaging Measures of Brain Connectivity for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. The prognostic capacity of the diffusion tensor imaging measures fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD) was assessed in 135 MCI patients and 72 healthy subjects over a median follow-up of 40 months. Forty-nine MCI patients (36.3%) developed AD. The factors MD left hippocampus, FA left cingulate, and FA left hippocampus emerged as predictors of progression. Age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.21), delayed text recall (HR 0.89), FA left uncinate (HR 1.90), FA left hippocampus (HR 2.21), and carrying at least one ApoE4 allele (HR 2.86) were associated with a high conversion rate. FA measures revealed the greatest discriminative capacity (Harrell's C = 0.73 versus 0.65 without FA; <i	PARP inhibitors combined with ionizing radiation induce different effects in melanoma cells and healthy fibroblasts. PARP inhibitors niraparib and talazoparib are FDA approved for special cases of breast cancer. PARP is an interesting repair protein which is frequently affected in cancer cells. We studied the combined action of talazoparib or niraparib with ionizing radiation in melanoma cells and healthy fibroblasts.</AbstractText Homologous recombination (HR) status in six different melanoma cell lines and healthy fibroblasts was assessed. Cell cultures were treated with PARP inhibitors talazoparib or niraparib and ionizing radiation (IR). Apoptosis, necrosis and cell cycle distribution was analyzed via flow cytometry. Cell migration was studied by scratch assays.</AbstractText Studied melanoma cell cultures are HR deficient. Studied healthy fibroblasts are HR proficient. Talazoparib and niraparib have congruent effects within the same cell cultures. In all cell cultures, combined treatment increases cell death and G2/M arrest compared to IR. Combined treatment in melanoma cells distinctly increases G2/M arrest. Healthy fibroblasts are less affected by G2/M arrest. Treatment predominantly decelerates or does not modify migration. In two cell cultures migration is enhanced under the inhibitors.</AbstractText Although the two PARP inhibitors talazoparib and niraparib appear to be suitable for a combination treatment with ionizing radiation in our in vitro studies, a combination treatment cannot generally be recommended. There are clear interindividual differences in the effect of the inhibitors on different melanoma cells. Therefore, the effect on the cancer cells should be studied prior to a combination therapy. Since melanoma cells increase more strongly than fibroblasts in G2/M arrest, the fractional application of combined treatment should be further investigated.</AbstractText
40117384	27229503	40779535	Imaging of Cancer of Unknown Primary: a systematic literature review of the past, present, and future.	Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in children: technique and clinical applications.	The role of financial stress, food insecurity, and COVID-19-related illness concerns shaping mental health in five South Asian countries during the pandemic (2020-2022): A secondary analysis of the online COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey (CTIS) data.	To evaluate the evolution and current diagnostic capabilities of medical imaging in cancer of unknown primary (CUP) and explore promising technologies for enhancing diagnostic precision.</AbstractText A comprehensive literature search was conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus in March 2023 (updated in August 2024) to identify original articles focusing on CUP imaging. Two reviewers independently selected articles and extracted data. Quality assessment was performed using QUADAS-2 and Radiomics Quality Score. Given the variability in study designs, imaging techniques, and reported outcomes, a narrative synthesis was performed. Subgroup analyses compared detection rates across modalities.</AbstractText From 4760 de-duplicated search results, 140 original articles were included. Early CUP imaging relied on two-dimensional modalities with notable diagnostic limitations. Modern three-dimensional modalities have risen in prominence, though mammography and ultrasound remain in CUP guidelines. Implementing CT and MRI significantly improved primary tumor detection and disease characterization. CT is fundamental for CUP evaluation, and MRI offers superior soft tissue resolution, effective for detecting occult breast cancer, head and neck primaries, and suspected abdominopelvic neoplasms. FDG-PET/CT showed varying primary detection capabilities, adding value in identifying lesions/metastases missed by other modalities, essential for confirming locoregional treatment strategies. Emerging technologies for CUP imaging include whole-body MRI, FAPI-PET/CT, and AI/radiomics.</AbstractText Advancements in imaging have improved the diagnostic workup for CUP. Innovative approaches show potential for further improvement in diagnostic accuracy.</AbstractText This study provides a comprehensive overview of CUP imaging and introduces emerging modalities that could boost diagnostic accuracy.</AbstractText	Whole-body MR imaging is being increasingly used in children to evaluate the extent of various oncologic and non-oncologic entities. The lack of exposure to ionizing radiation, excellent soft-tissue contrast (even without the use of contrast agents), and functional imaging capabilities make it especially suitable for screening and surveillance in the pediatric population. Technical developments such as moving table platforms, multi-channel/multi-element surface coils, and parallel imaging allow imaging of the entire body with multiple sequences in a reasonable 30- to 40-min time frame, which has facilitated its acceptance in routine clinical practice. The initial investigations in whole-body MR imaging were primarily focused on oncologic applications such as tumor screening and staging. The exquisite sensitivity of fluid-sensitive MR sequences to many different types of pathology has led to new applications of whole-body MR imaging in evaluation of multifocal rheumatologic conditions. Availability of blood pool contrast agents has allowed whole-body MR angiographic imaging of vascular malformations, vasculitides and vasculopathies. Whole-body MRI is being applied for delineating the extent and distribution of systemic and multifocal diseases, establishing diagnoses, assessing treatment response, and surveillance imaging. This article reviews the technique and clinical applications of whole-body MR imaging in children.</AbstractText	The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially impacted mental health worldwide, yet little attention has been given to its acute and long-term effects on mental health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study investigates how a triad of pandemic-related worries-financial stress, food insecurity, and COVID-19-related illness concerns-are associated with depression and anxiety across five South Asian LMICs: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Using data from the COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey (CTIS), we analyzed responses from over 3.6 million participants collected between June 27, 2020 and June 25, 2022. We employed survey-weighted logistic regression models based on the complete cases (N = 1,062,786), adjusting for demographics and calendar time. Due to a substantial change in the survey design on May 20, 2021, our analysis was divided into two distinct periods: Period 1 (pre-change) and Period 2 (post-change). Our main findings reveal that all three types of pandemic-related worries were significantly associated with increased levels of depression and anxiety across the studied countries. In Period 1, a random-effects meta-analysis showed financial stress had the highest pooled adjusted odds ratio (OR) for depression at 2.41 (95% confidence interval, CI: [2.26, 2.58]), followed by COVID-19-related illness concerns at 1.58 (95% CI: [1.43, 1.75]), and food insecurity at 1.52 (95% CI: [1.40, 1.67]). In Period 2, the pooled adjusted OR for depression increased to 2.74 (95% CI: [2.38, 3.12]) for financial stress, while food insecurity showed a notable rise to 2.42 (95% CI: [2.23, 2.62]). Heterogeneity across countries was substantial ([Formula: see text] ranged from 60.33% to 86.68%), except for the association between food insecurity and depression in Period 2. Country-specific analyses further confirmed these results. Additionally, calendar time, vaccination status, gender, education, and rural-urban residential status modified these associations. These results underscore the need for targeted interventions to address socioeconomic stressors and improve mental health resilience in LMICs.</AbstractText	Imaging of Cancer of Unknown Primary: a systematic literature review of the past, present, and future. To evaluate the evolution and current diagnostic capabilities of medical imaging in cancer of unknown primary (CUP) and explore promising technologies for enhancing diagnostic precision.</AbstractText A comprehensive literature search was conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus in March 2023 (updated in August 2024) to identify original articles focusing on CUP imaging. Two reviewers independently selected articles and extracted data. Quality assessment was performed using QUADAS-2 and Radiomics Quality Score. Given the variability in study designs, imaging techniques, and reported outcomes, a narrative synthesis was performed. Subgroup analyses compared detection rates across modalities.</AbstractText From 4760 de-duplicated search results, 140 original articles were included. Early CUP imaging relied on two-dimensional modalities with notable diagnostic limitations. Modern three-dimensional modalities have risen in prominence, though mammography and ultrasound remain in CUP guidelines. Implementing CT and MRI significantly improved primary tumor detection and disease characterization. CT is fundamental for CUP evaluation, and MRI offers superior soft tissue resolution, effective for detecting occult breast cancer, head and neck primaries, and suspected abdominopelvic neoplasms. FDG-PET/CT showed varying primary detection capabilities, adding value in identifying lesions/metastases missed by other modalities, essential for confirming locoregional treatment strategies. Emerging technologies for CUP imaging include whole-body MRI, FAPI-PET/CT, and AI/radiomics.</AbstractText Advancements in imaging have improved the diagnostic workup for CUP. Innovative approaches show potential for further improvement in diagnostic accuracy.</AbstractText This study provides a comprehensive overview of CUP imaging and introduces emerging modalities that could boost diagnostic accuracy.</AbstractText	Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in children: technique and clinical applications. Whole-body MR imaging is being increasingly used in children to evaluate the extent of various oncologic and non-oncologic entities. The lack of exposure to ionizing radiation, excellent soft-tissue contrast (even without the use of contrast agents), and functional imaging capabilities make it especially suitable for screening and surveillance in the pediatric population. Technical developments such as moving table platforms, multi-channel/multi-element surface coils, and parallel imaging allow imaging of the entire body with multiple sequences in a reasonable 30- to 40-min time frame, which has facilitated its acceptance in routine clinical practice. The initial investigations in whole-body MR imaging were primarily focused on oncologic applications such as tumor screening and staging. The exquisite sensitivity of fluid-sensitive MR sequences to many different types of pathology has led to new applications of whole-body MR imaging in evaluation of multifocal rheumatologic conditions. Availability of blood pool contrast agents has allowed whole-body MR angiographic imaging of vascular malformations, vasculitides and vasculopathies. Whole-body MRI is being applied for delineating the extent and distribution of systemic and multifocal diseases, establishing diagnoses, assessing treatment response, and surveillance imaging. This article reviews the technique and clinical applications of whole-body MR imaging in children.</AbstractText	The role of financial stress, food insecurity, and COVID-19-related illness concerns shaping mental health in five South Asian countries during the pandemic (2020-2022): A secondary analysis of the online COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey (CTIS) data. The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially impacted mental health worldwide, yet little attention has been given to its acute and long-term effects on mental health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study investigates how a triad of pandemic-related worries-financial stress, food insecurity, and COVID-19-related illness concerns-are associated with depression and anxiety across five South Asian LMICs: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Using data from the COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey (CTIS), we analyzed responses from over 3.6 million participants collected between June 27, 2020 and June 25, 2022. We employed survey-weighted logistic regression models based on the complete cases (N = 1,062,786), adjusting for demographics and calendar time. Due to a substantial change in the survey design on May 20, 2021, our analysis was divided into two distinct periods: Period 1 (pre-change) and Period 2 (post-change). Our main findings reveal that all three types of pandemic-related worries were significantly associated with increased levels of depression and anxiety across the studied countries. In Period 1, a random-effects meta-analysis showed financial stress had the highest pooled adjusted odds ratio (OR) for depression at 2.41 (95% confidence interval, CI: [2.26, 2.58]), followed by COVID-19-related illness concerns at 1.58 (95% CI: [1.43, 1.75]), and food insecurity at 1.52 (95% CI: [1.40, 1.67]). In Period 2, the pooled adjusted OR for depression increased to 2.74 (95% CI: [2.38, 3.12]) for financial stress, while food insecurity showed a notable rise to 2.42 (95% CI: [2.23, 2.62]). Heterogeneity across countries was substantial ([Formula: see text] ranged from 60.33% to 86.68%), except for the association between food insecurity and depression in Period 2. Country-specific analyses further confirmed these results. Additionally, calendar time, vaccination status, gender, education, and rural-urban residential status modified these associations. These results underscore the need for targeted interventions to address socioeconomic stressors and improve mental health resilience in LMICs.</AbstractText
40372574	32783339	39953295	An unsupervised method for MRI recovery: deep image prior with structured sparsity.	RUN-UP: Accelerated multishot diffusion-weighted MRI reconstruction using an unrolled network with U-Net as priors.	Effect of muscarinic blockade on the speed of attention shifting, read-out delays and learning.	To propose and validate an unsupervised MRI reconstruction method that does not require fully sampled k-space data.</AbstractText The proposed method, deep image prior with structured sparsity (DISCUS), extends the deep image prior (DIP) by introducing group sparsity to frame-specific code vectors, enabling the discovery of a low-dimensional manifold for capturing temporal variations. DISCUS was validated using four studies: (I) simulation of a dynamic Shepp-Logan phantom to demonstrate its manifold discovery capabilities, (II) comparison with compressed sensing and DIP-based methods using simulated single-shot late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) image series from six distinct digital cardiac phantoms in terms of normalized mean square error (NMSE) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM), (III) evaluation on retrospectively undersampled single-shot LGE data from eight patients, and (IV) evaluation on prospectively undersampled single-shot LGE data from eight patients, assessed via blind scoring from two expert readers.</AbstractText DISCUS outperformed competing methods, demonstrating superior reconstruction quality in terms of NMSE and SSIM (Studies I-III) and expert reader scoring (Study IV).</AbstractText An unsupervised image reconstruction method is presented and validated on simulated and measured data. These developments can benefit applications where acquiring fully sampled data is challenging.</AbstractText	To accelerate and improve multishot diffusion-weighted MRI reconstruction using deep learning.</AbstractText An unrolled pipeline containing recurrences of model-based gradient updates and neural networks was introduced for accelerating multishot DWI reconstruction with shot-to-shot phase correction. The network was trained to predict results of jointly reconstructed multidirection data using single-direction data as input. In vivo brain and breast experiments were performed for evaluation.</AbstractText The proposed method achieves a reconstruction time of 0.1 second per image, over 100-fold faster than a shot locally low-rank reconstruction. The resultant image quality is comparable to the target from the joint reconstruction with a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 35.3 dB, a normalized root-mean-square error of 0.0177, and a structural similarity index of 0.944. The proposed method also improves upon the locally low-rank reconstruction (2.9 dB higher peak signal-to-noise ratio, 29% lower normalized root-mean-square error, and 0.037 higher structural similarity index). With training data from the brain, this method also generalizes well to breast diffusion-weighted imaging, and fine-tuning further reduces aliasing artifacts.</AbstractText A proposed data-driven approach enables almost real-time reconstruction with improved image quality, which improves the feasibility of multishot DWI in a wide range of clinical and neuroscientific studies.</AbstractText	The study aimed to investigate to what extent blockade of muscarinic receptors affects the speed of endogenous versus exogenous attentional shift times, and how it affects learning of attention shifting, cue detection and signal readout. Subjects viewed an array of 10 moving clocks and reported the time a clock indicated when cued. Target clocks were indicated by peripheral or central cues, including conditions of pre-cuing. For peripheral and central cuing, it yielded a compound measure of how long it took to detect the cue, shift attention to the relevant clock and read the time on the clock. For the pre-cue condition it yielded a measure of how long it took to detect the cue and read the time on the clock when attention could have been pre-allocated to the target clock. In study 1, each subject participated in 2 sessions (scopolamine/placebo), whereby the order of drug intake was counterbalanced across subjects, and subjects were blinded to conditions. Scopolamine/placebo was administered before a psychophysical experiment was conducted. In study 2, the effect of muscarinic blockade on learning induced improvements of cue detection, attention shift times (for exogenous and endogenous conditions), and signal readout was investigated. Here scopolamine/placebo was administered immediately after the first (of two) psychophysical sessions, whereby a given subject either received scopolamine or placebo pills. Confirming previous results, we show that pre-cuing resulted in the shortest read-out delays, followed by exogenous cuing, with endogenous read-out delays being slowest. Scopolamine application increased readout-delays in a dose dependent manner. This was mainly driven by increased readout-delays for pre-cue conditions, and to some extent for exogenous cue conditions. It suggests that muscarinic blockade affected the ability to pre-allocated attention to a cued location, as well as to react to peripheral cues. Additionally, blockade of muscarinic receptors immediately after the first session reduced learning dependent improvement of read-out delays. These results demonstrate that muscarinic receptors play an important in detecting cues, and fast read-out of cued information, and they contribute to the learning thereof.</AbstractText Succinylcholine is a short-acting depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent approved by the FDA for co-administration with sedatives or hypnotics. By blocking acetylcholine, succinylcholine disrupts cholinergic receptors in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, leading to skeletal muscle relaxation. This mechanism facilitates rapid endotracheal intubation, surgical procedures, and mechanical ventilation. Off-label use includes adjunctive therapy during electroconvulsive therapy to control electrically induced muscle contractions.</AbstractText	An unsupervised method for MRI recovery: deep image prior with structured sparsity. To propose and validate an unsupervised MRI reconstruction method that does not require fully sampled k-space data.</AbstractText The proposed method, deep image prior with structured sparsity (DISCUS), extends the deep image prior (DIP) by introducing group sparsity to frame-specific code vectors, enabling the discovery of a low-dimensional manifold for capturing temporal variations. DISCUS was validated using four studies: (I) simulation of a dynamic Shepp-Logan phantom to demonstrate its manifold discovery capabilities, (II) comparison with compressed sensing and DIP-based methods using simulated single-shot late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) image series from six distinct digital cardiac phantoms in terms of normalized mean square error (NMSE) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM), (III) evaluation on retrospectively undersampled single-shot LGE data from eight patients, and (IV) evaluation on prospectively undersampled single-shot LGE data from eight patients, assessed via blind scoring from two expert readers.</AbstractText DISCUS outperformed competing methods, demonstrating superior reconstruction quality in terms of NMSE and SSIM (Studies I-III) and expert reader scoring (Study IV).</AbstractText An unsupervised image reconstruction method is presented and validated on simulated and measured data. These developments can benefit applications where acquiring fully sampled data is challenging.</AbstractText	RUN-UP: Accelerated multishot diffusion-weighted MRI reconstruction using an unrolled network with U-Net as priors. To accelerate and improve multishot diffusion-weighted MRI reconstruction using deep learning.</AbstractText An unrolled pipeline containing recurrences of model-based gradient updates and neural networks was introduced for accelerating multishot DWI reconstruction with shot-to-shot phase correction. The network was trained to predict results of jointly reconstructed multidirection data using single-direction data as input. In vivo brain and breast experiments were performed for evaluation.</AbstractText The proposed method achieves a reconstruction time of 0.1 second per image, over 100-fold faster than a shot locally low-rank reconstruction. The resultant image quality is comparable to the target from the joint reconstruction with a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 35.3 dB, a normalized root-mean-square error of 0.0177, and a structural similarity index of 0.944. The proposed method also improves upon the locally low-rank reconstruction (2.9 dB higher peak signal-to-noise ratio, 29% lower normalized root-mean-square error, and 0.037 higher structural similarity index). With training data from the brain, this method also generalizes well to breast diffusion-weighted imaging, and fine-tuning further reduces aliasing artifacts.</AbstractText A proposed data-driven approach enables almost real-time reconstruction with improved image quality, which improves the feasibility of multishot DWI in a wide range of clinical and neuroscientific studies.</AbstractText	Effect of muscarinic blockade on the speed of attention shifting, read-out delays and learning. The study aimed to investigate to what extent blockade of muscarinic receptors affects the speed of endogenous versus exogenous attentional shift times, and how it affects learning of attention shifting, cue detection and signal readout. Subjects viewed an array of 10 moving clocks and reported the time a clock indicated when cued. Target clocks were indicated by peripheral or central cues, including conditions of pre-cuing. For peripheral and central cuing, it yielded a compound measure of how long it took to detect the cue, shift attention to the relevant clock and read the time on the clock. For the pre-cue condition it yielded a measure of how long it took to detect the cue and read the time on the clock when attention could have been pre-allocated to the target clock. In study 1, each subject participated in 2 sessions (scopolamine/placebo), whereby the order of drug intake was counterbalanced across subjects, and subjects were blinded to conditions. Scopolamine/placebo was administered before a psychophysical experiment was conducted. In study 2, the effect of muscarinic blockade on learning induced improvements of cue detection, attention shift times (for exogenous and endogenous conditions), and signal readout was investigated. Here scopolamine/placebo was administered immediately after the first (of two) psychophysical sessions, whereby a given subject either received scopolamine or placebo pills. Confirming previous results, we show that pre-cuing resulted in the shortest read-out delays, followed by exogenous cuing, with endogenous read-out delays being slowest. Scopolamine application increased readout-delays in a dose dependent manner. This was mainly driven by increased readout-delays for pre-cue conditions, and to some extent for exogenous cue conditions. It suggests that muscarinic blockade affected the ability to pre-allocated attention to a cued location, as well as to react to peripheral cues. Additionally, blockade of muscarinic receptors immediately after the first session reduced learning dependent improvement of read-out delays. These results demonstrate that muscarinic receptors play an important in detecting cues, and fast read-out of cued information, and they contribute to the learning thereof.</AbstractText Succinylcholine is a short-acting depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent approved by the FDA for co-administration with sedatives or hypnotics. By blocking acetylcholine, succinylcholine disrupts cholinergic receptors in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, leading to skeletal muscle relaxation. This mechanism facilitates rapid endotracheal intubation, surgical procedures, and mechanical ventilation. Off-label use includes adjunctive therapy during electroconvulsive therapy to control electrically induced muscle contractions.</AbstractText
39875081	35121856	39390634	Exploratory structural neuroimaging examination of impulsivity in severe alcohol use disorder: Persistent implication of the ventral striatum.	A methodological checklist for fMRI drug cue reactivity studies: development and expert consensus.	Chromosome 8p Syndromes Clinical Presentation and Management Guidelines.	While Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is frequently associated with impulsivity, its structural brain substrates are still poorly defined. The triadic model of addiction postulates that impulsive behavior is regulated by an amygdalo-striatal impulsive subcomponent, a prefrontal and cerebellar reflective subcomponent, and an insular regulatory subcomponent. The objective of this study was thus to examine the relationships between self-evaluated impulsivity and structural brain abnormalities in patients with severe AUD (sAUD) using the triadic model as a theoretical framework.</AbstractText Twenty-two inpatients with sAUD and 17 Healthy Controls (HC) completed two impulsivity scales: the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS). They also underwent an anatomical MRI. The brain volumes of the regions described as involved in the three subcomponents of the triadic model were extracted.</AbstractText The two groups did not significantly differ on self-reported impulsivity measures. However, the volumes of the caudate nuclei, executive cerebellum and insula were smaller in sAUD than in HC. In the sAUD group there were significant positive correlations between certain impulsivity measures and gray matter volume of the nucleus accumbens.</AbstractText In sAUD, self-evaluated impulsivity specifically relates to the integrity of the ventral striatum that belongs to the impulsive subcomponent of the triadic neurocognitive model of addiction. It is not related to the integrity or deterioration of the brain regions that underlie the reflexive or regulatory sub-component. Although these results have methodological limitations, they are consistent with the impulsive/compulsive model of addiction and confirms the persistence of the relationship between impulsivity and ventral striatum in sAUD.</AbstractText	Cue reactivity is one of the most frequently used paradigms in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of substance use disorders (SUDs). Although there have been promising results elucidating the neurocognitive mechanisms of SUDs and SUD treatments, the interpretability and reproducibility of these studies is limited by incomplete reporting of participants' characteristics, task design, craving assessment, scanning preparation and analysis decisions in fMRI drug cue reactivity (FDCR) experiments. This hampers clinical translation, not least because systematic review and meta-analysis of published work are difficult. This consensus paper and Delphi study aims to outline the important methodological aspects of FDCR research, present structured recommendations for more comprehensive methods reporting and review the FDCR literature to assess the reporting of items that are deemed important. Forty-five FDCR scientists from around the world participated in this study. First, an initial checklist of items deemed important in FDCR studies was developed by several members of the Enhanced NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analyses (ENIGMA) Addiction working group on the basis of a systematic review. Using a modified Delphi consensus method, all experts were asked to comment on, revise or add items to the initial checklist, and then to rate the importance of each item in subsequent rounds. The reporting status of the items in the final checklist was investigated in 108 recently published FDCR studies identified through a systematic review. By the final round, 38 items reached the consensus threshold and were classified under seven major categories: 'Participants' Characteristics', 'General fMRI Information', 'General Task Information', 'Cue Information', 'Craving Assessment Inside Scanner', 'Craving Assessment Outside Scanner' and 'Pre- and Post-Scanning Considerations'. The review of the 108 FDCR papers revealed significant gaps in the reporting of the items considered important by the experts. For instance, whereas items in the 'General fMRI Information' category were reported in 90.5% of the reviewed papers, items in the 'Pre- and Post-Scanning Considerations' category were reported by only 44.7% of reviewed FDCR studies. Considering the notable and sometimes unexpected gaps in the reporting of items deemed to be important by experts in any FDCR study, the protocols could benefit from the adoption of reporting standards. This checklist, a living document to be updated as the field and its methods advance, can help improve experimental design, reporting and the widespread understanding of the FDCR protocols. This checklist can also provide a sample for developing consensus statements for protocols in other areas of task-based fMRI.</AbstractText	Rearrangements of the p-arm of Chromosome 8 can result in a spectrum of neurodevelopmental challenges, along with increased risk of epilepsy, structural brain and cardiac malformations, persisting developmental delays, and other health challenges. The majority of patients reported on in this sample are characterized by an inverted-duplication deletion rearrangement, but deletions, duplications, and mosaic ring changes in 8p result in similar phenotype. In this report, we add to the phenotypic and functional description of these patients according to their specific chromosomal rearrangement, share neuro-psychometric values, and propose surveillance care guidelines for caregivers and medical providers of patients with Chromosome 8p Syndromes. Observations from clinical experience with 24 patients seen at our 8p-dedicated Multi-Disciplinary Neurogenetics program are shared.</AbstractText	Exploratory structural neuroimaging examination of impulsivity in severe alcohol use disorder: Persistent implication of the ventral striatum. While Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is frequently associated with impulsivity, its structural brain substrates are still poorly defined. The triadic model of addiction postulates that impulsive behavior is regulated by an amygdalo-striatal impulsive subcomponent, a prefrontal and cerebellar reflective subcomponent, and an insular regulatory subcomponent. The objective of this study was thus to examine the relationships between self-evaluated impulsivity and structural brain abnormalities in patients with severe AUD (sAUD) using the triadic model as a theoretical framework.</AbstractText Twenty-two inpatients with sAUD and 17 Healthy Controls (HC) completed two impulsivity scales: the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS). They also underwent an anatomical MRI. The brain volumes of the regions described as involved in the three subcomponents of the triadic model were extracted.</AbstractText The two groups did not significantly differ on self-reported impulsivity measures. However, the volumes of the caudate nuclei, executive cerebellum and insula were smaller in sAUD than in HC. In the sAUD group there were significant positive correlations between certain impulsivity measures and gray matter volume of the nucleus accumbens.</AbstractText In sAUD, self-evaluated impulsivity specifically relates to the integrity of the ventral striatum that belongs to the impulsive subcomponent of the triadic neurocognitive model of addiction. It is not related to the integrity or deterioration of the brain regions that underlie the reflexive or regulatory sub-component. Although these results have methodological limitations, they are consistent with the impulsive/compulsive model of addiction and confirms the persistence of the relationship between impulsivity and ventral striatum in sAUD.</AbstractText	A methodological checklist for fMRI drug cue reactivity studies: development and expert consensus. Cue reactivity is one of the most frequently used paradigms in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of substance use disorders (SUDs). Although there have been promising results elucidating the neurocognitive mechanisms of SUDs and SUD treatments, the interpretability and reproducibility of these studies is limited by incomplete reporting of participants' characteristics, task design, craving assessment, scanning preparation and analysis decisions in fMRI drug cue reactivity (FDCR) experiments. This hampers clinical translation, not least because systematic review and meta-analysis of published work are difficult. This consensus paper and Delphi study aims to outline the important methodological aspects of FDCR research, present structured recommendations for more comprehensive methods reporting and review the FDCR literature to assess the reporting of items that are deemed important. Forty-five FDCR scientists from around the world participated in this study. First, an initial checklist of items deemed important in FDCR studies was developed by several members of the Enhanced NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analyses (ENIGMA) Addiction working group on the basis of a systematic review. Using a modified Delphi consensus method, all experts were asked to comment on, revise or add items to the initial checklist, and then to rate the importance of each item in subsequent rounds. The reporting status of the items in the final checklist was investigated in 108 recently published FDCR studies identified through a systematic review. By the final round, 38 items reached the consensus threshold and were classified under seven major categories: 'Participants' Characteristics', 'General fMRI Information', 'General Task Information', 'Cue Information', 'Craving Assessment Inside Scanner', 'Craving Assessment Outside Scanner' and 'Pre- and Post-Scanning Considerations'. The review of the 108 FDCR papers revealed significant gaps in the reporting of the items considered important by the experts. For instance, whereas items in the 'General fMRI Information' category were reported in 90.5% of the reviewed papers, items in the 'Pre- and Post-Scanning Considerations' category were reported by only 44.7% of reviewed FDCR studies. Considering the notable and sometimes unexpected gaps in the reporting of items deemed to be important by experts in any FDCR study, the protocols could benefit from the adoption of reporting standards. This checklist, a living document to be updated as the field and its methods advance, can help improve experimental design, reporting and the widespread understanding of the FDCR protocols. This checklist can also provide a sample for developing consensus statements for protocols in other areas of task-based fMRI.</AbstractText	Chromosome 8p Syndromes Clinical Presentation and Management Guidelines. Rearrangements of the p-arm of Chromosome 8 can result in a spectrum of neurodevelopmental challenges, along with increased risk of epilepsy, structural brain and cardiac malformations, persisting developmental delays, and other health challenges. The majority of patients reported on in this sample are characterized by an inverted-duplication deletion rearrangement, but deletions, duplications, and mosaic ring changes in 8p result in similar phenotype. In this report, we add to the phenotypic and functional description of these patients according to their specific chromosomal rearrangement, share neuro-psychometric values, and propose surveillance care guidelines for caregivers and medical providers of patients with Chromosome 8p Syndromes. Observations from clinical experience with 24 patients seen at our 8p-dedicated Multi-Disciplinary Neurogenetics program are shared.</AbstractText
40384852	31047843	40342535	Effect of modified scooter board therapy on trunk control and hip muscle activation in children with cerebral palsy - A pilot randomised control study.	Selective dorsal rhizotomy in ambulant children with cerebral palsy: an observational cohort study.	NMDA Receptors: Next therapeutic targets for Tinnitus?	Cerebral palsy (CP), with an incidence rate of 2.95, is one of the leading causes of disability in children. The excessive tone in several muscle groups causes significant movement deficits and secondary impairments, such as hip displacement, affecting quality of life. Although age-related functional positioning treatment is effective, it does not prevent secondary deficits. Literature recommends the use of task-based training with an emphasis on the functional elongation of these spastic muscle groups. Thus, a therapy that is engaging, parent-inclusive, and addresses hip-related deficits is needed. Hence, this study aimed to develop and evaluate a therapy targeting adductor overactivity and trunk control. Modified Scooter Board Therapy (MSBT) is an intervention that uses a specially designed scooter board device, allowing children to propel themselves forward while positioned prone with hip abduction and neutral hip rotation. A convenient sample of eight children with CP were assigned to either the MSBT or conventional exercise group. The intervention lasted eight weeks, and electromyographic (EMG) recordings at rest and during volitional activity were obtained at baseline and after eight weeks. Non-parametric statistical analysis, with a significance level of p < 0.05, showed no statistically significant differences between the groups at the end of the eight weeks. However, volitional hip adductor activity significantly changed in the MSBT group, indicated by a reduction in mean motor unit potential at rest. Additionally, parents preferred MSBT for its ease of use. Thus, MSBT appears to be a clinically promising intervention to reduce adductor hypertonicity and improve active control, highlighting the importance of prone positioning with active elongation for better motor function.</AbstractText	Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is an irreversible surgical procedure involving the division of selected sensory nerve roots, followed by intensive physiotherapy. The aim is to improve function and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy and a Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level of II or III (walks with or without assistive devices, respectively). We assessed gross motor function before and after SDR and postoperative quality of life in a study commissioned by NHS England.</AbstractText We did a prospective observational study in five hospitals in England who were commissioned to perform SDR on children aged 3-9 years with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. The primary outcome was score changes in the 66-item Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) and seven domains of the Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire ([CP-QoL] social wellbeing and acceptance, feelings about functioning, participation and physical health, emotional wellbeing and self-esteem, access to services, family health, and pain and impact of disability) from before to 24 months after SDR.</AbstractText From Sept 4, 2014, to March 21, 2016, 137 children underwent SDR. The mean age was 6·0 years (SD 1·8). The mean GMFM-66 score increased after SDR with an annual change of 3·2 units (95% CI 2·9 to 3·5, n=137). Of the seven CP-QoL domains, five showed significant improvements over time: feelings about functioning mean annual change 3·0 units (95% CI 2·0 to 4·0, n=133), participation and physical health 3·9 units (2·5 to 5·3, n=133), emotional wellbeing and self-esteem 1·3 units (0·2 to 2·3, n=133), family health 2·0 units (0·7 to 3·3, n=132), and pain and impact of disability -2·5 units (-3·9 to -1·2, n=133). 17 adverse events were reported in 15 children, of which none were severe and 15 (88%) resolved.</AbstractText SDR improved function and quality of life in the 24 months after surgery in children with cerebral palsy classified as GMFCS levels II and III. On the basis of these findings, an interim national policy decision was made that SDR would be funded for eligible children in England from 2018.</AbstractText National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, NHS England.</AbstractText	Tinnitus, a common otological symptom, lacks clinically approved pharmacological treatments, highlighting an urgent unmet need. This review explores the potential role of NMDARs, key glutamate receptors in the auditory system, in tinnitus pathophysiology, including excitotoxicity, synaptic plasticity, and neuropathic pain. Alterations in NMDAR variants with different subunit compositions during development have also been implicated in the onset of tinnitus. Clinical trials of NMDAR antagonists, such as acamprosate, caroverine, neramexane, and AM-101, have shown promising results, though none are yet approved. These findings highlight the need for further research on NMDARs to advance the development of next-generation targeted pharmacological therapies for tinnitus.</AbstractText	Effect of modified scooter board therapy on trunk control and hip muscle activation in children with cerebral palsy - A pilot randomised control study. Cerebral palsy (CP), with an incidence rate of 2.95, is one of the leading causes of disability in children. The excessive tone in several muscle groups causes significant movement deficits and secondary impairments, such as hip displacement, affecting quality of life. Although age-related functional positioning treatment is effective, it does not prevent secondary deficits. Literature recommends the use of task-based training with an emphasis on the functional elongation of these spastic muscle groups. Thus, a therapy that is engaging, parent-inclusive, and addresses hip-related deficits is needed. Hence, this study aimed to develop and evaluate a therapy targeting adductor overactivity and trunk control. Modified Scooter Board Therapy (MSBT) is an intervention that uses a specially designed scooter board device, allowing children to propel themselves forward while positioned prone with hip abduction and neutral hip rotation. A convenient sample of eight children with CP were assigned to either the MSBT or conventional exercise group. The intervention lasted eight weeks, and electromyographic (EMG) recordings at rest and during volitional activity were obtained at baseline and after eight weeks. Non-parametric statistical analysis, with a significance level of p < 0.05, showed no statistically significant differences between the groups at the end of the eight weeks. However, volitional hip adductor activity significantly changed in the MSBT group, indicated by a reduction in mean motor unit potential at rest. Additionally, parents preferred MSBT for its ease of use. Thus, MSBT appears to be a clinically promising intervention to reduce adductor hypertonicity and improve active control, highlighting the importance of prone positioning with active elongation for better motor function.</AbstractText	Selective dorsal rhizotomy in ambulant children with cerebral palsy: an observational cohort study. Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is an irreversible surgical procedure involving the division of selected sensory nerve roots, followed by intensive physiotherapy. The aim is to improve function and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy and a Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level of II or III (walks with or without assistive devices, respectively). We assessed gross motor function before and after SDR and postoperative quality of life in a study commissioned by NHS England.</AbstractText We did a prospective observational study in five hospitals in England who were commissioned to perform SDR on children aged 3-9 years with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. The primary outcome was score changes in the 66-item Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) and seven domains of the Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire ([CP-QoL] social wellbeing and acceptance, feelings about functioning, participation and physical health, emotional wellbeing and self-esteem, access to services, family health, and pain and impact of disability) from before to 24 months after SDR.</AbstractText From Sept 4, 2014, to March 21, 2016, 137 children underwent SDR. The mean age was 6·0 years (SD 1·8). The mean GMFM-66 score increased after SDR with an annual change of 3·2 units (95% CI 2·9 to 3·5, n=137). Of the seven CP-QoL domains, five showed significant improvements over time: feelings about functioning mean annual change 3·0 units (95% CI 2·0 to 4·0, n=133), participation and physical health 3·9 units (2·5 to 5·3, n=133), emotional wellbeing and self-esteem 1·3 units (0·2 to 2·3, n=133), family health 2·0 units (0·7 to 3·3, n=132), and pain and impact of disability -2·5 units (-3·9 to -1·2, n=133). 17 adverse events were reported in 15 children, of which none were severe and 15 (88%) resolved.</AbstractText SDR improved function and quality of life in the 24 months after surgery in children with cerebral palsy classified as GMFCS levels II and III. On the basis of these findings, an interim national policy decision was made that SDR would be funded for eligible children in England from 2018.</AbstractText National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, NHS England.</AbstractText	NMDA Receptors: Next therapeutic targets for Tinnitus? Tinnitus, a common otological symptom, lacks clinically approved pharmacological treatments, highlighting an urgent unmet need. This review explores the potential role of NMDARs, key glutamate receptors in the auditory system, in tinnitus pathophysiology, including excitotoxicity, synaptic plasticity, and neuropathic pain. Alterations in NMDAR variants with different subunit compositions during development have also been implicated in the onset of tinnitus. Clinical trials of NMDAR antagonists, such as acamprosate, caroverine, neramexane, and AM-101, have shown promising results, though none are yet approved. These findings highlight the need for further research on NMDARs to advance the development of next-generation targeted pharmacological therapies for tinnitus.</AbstractText
34530233	29893989	34602484	Injectable hydrogels for vascular embolization and cell delivery: The potential for advances in cerebral aneurysm treatment.	Neurovascular stent artifacts in 3D-TOF and 3D-PCMRI: Influence of stent design on flow measurement.	B Vitamins Prevent Iron-Associated Brain Atrophy and Domain-Specific Effects of Iron, Copper, Aluminum, and Silicon on Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment.	Cerebral aneurysms are vascular lesions caused by the biomechanical failure of the vessel wall due to hemodynamic stress and inflammation. Aneurysmal rupture results in subarachnoid hemorrhage often leading to death or disability. Current treatment options include open surgery and minimally invasive endovascular options aimed at secluding the aneurysm from the circulation. Cerebral aneurysm embolization with appropriate materials is a therapeutic approach to prevent rupture and the resultant clinical sequelae. Metallic platinum coils are a typical, practical option to embolize cerebral aneurysms. However, the development of an alternative treatment modality is of interest because of poor occlusion permanence, coil migration, and coil compaction. Moreover, minimizing the implanted foreign materials during therapy is of importance not just to patients, but also to clinicians in the event an open surgical approach has to be pursued in the future. Polymeric injectable hydrogels have been investigated for transcatheter embolization and cell therapy with the potential for permanent aneurysm repair. This review focuses on how the combination of injectable embolic biomaterials and cell therapy may achieve minimally invasive remodeling of a degenerated cerebral artery with promise for superior outcomes in treatment of this devastating disease.</AbstractText	The morphological and hemodynamic evaluations of neurovascular diseases treated with stents would benefit from noninvasive imaging techniques such as 3D time-of-flight MRI (3D-TOF) and 3D phase contrast MRI (3D-PCMRI). For this purpose, a comprehensive evaluation of the stent artifacts and their impact on the flow measurement is critical.</AbstractText The artifacts of a representative sample of neurovascular stents were evaluated in vitro with 3D-TOF and 3D-PCMRI sequences. The dependency of the artifacts with respect to the orientation was analyzed for each stent design as well as the impact on the flow measurement accuracy. Furthermore, the 3D-PCMRI data of four patients carrying intracranial aneurysms treated with flow diverter stents were analyzed as illustrative examples.</AbstractText The stent artifacts were mainly confined to the stent lumen therefore indicating the leading role of shielding effect. The influence of the stent design and its orientation with respect to the transmitting MR coils were highlighted. The artifacts impacted the 3D-PCMRI velocities mainly in the low magnitude domains, which were discarded from the analysis ensuring reliable near-stent velocities. The feasibility of in-stent flow measurements was confirmed in vivo on two patients who showed strong correlation between flow and geometric features. In two other patients, the consistency of out-of-stent velocities was verified qualitatively through intra-aneurysmal streamlines except when susceptibility artifacts occurred.</AbstractText The present results motivate the conception of low inductance or nonconductive stent design. Furthermore, the feasibility of near-stent 3D-PCMRI measurements opens the door to clinical applications like the post-treatment follow-up of stenoses or intracranial aneurysms.</AbstractText	Metals, silicon, and homocysteine are linked to Alzheimer’s disease. B vitamin therapy lowers homocysteine and slows brain atrophy and cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI).</AbstractText Examine metals and silicon as predictors of cognition/brain atrophy in MCI, their interaction with homocysteine and cysteine, and how B vitamins affect these relationships.</AbstractText MCI participants (<i Baseline iron, cysteine, and homocysteine were significantly associated with brain atrophy rate. Homocysteine effects on brain atrophy rate were modified by iron and cysteine. At baseline, iron, copper, aluminum, and silicon were significantly associated with one or more domains of cognition: semantic memory, verbal episodic memory, attention/processing speed, and executive function. At end-of-study, baseline iron, copper, aluminum, and silicon predicted cognition in at least one domain: semantic memory, verbal episodic memory, visuospatial episodic memory, attention/processing speed, and global cognition in the placebo but not the B vitamin group.</AbstractText Disparate effects of serum iron, copper, aluminum, silicon, and homocysteine on cognition and brain atrophy in MCI suggest that cognitive impairment is independent of brain atrophy. These factors showed domain-specific associations with cognition, which were abrogated by B vitamin therapy.</AbstractText	Injectable hydrogels for vascular embolization and cell delivery: The potential for advances in cerebral aneurysm treatment. Cerebral aneurysms are vascular lesions caused by the biomechanical failure of the vessel wall due to hemodynamic stress and inflammation. Aneurysmal rupture results in subarachnoid hemorrhage often leading to death or disability. Current treatment options include open surgery and minimally invasive endovascular options aimed at secluding the aneurysm from the circulation. Cerebral aneurysm embolization with appropriate materials is a therapeutic approach to prevent rupture and the resultant clinical sequelae. Metallic platinum coils are a typical, practical option to embolize cerebral aneurysms. However, the development of an alternative treatment modality is of interest because of poor occlusion permanence, coil migration, and coil compaction. Moreover, minimizing the implanted foreign materials during therapy is of importance not just to patients, but also to clinicians in the event an open surgical approach has to be pursued in the future. Polymeric injectable hydrogels have been investigated for transcatheter embolization and cell therapy with the potential for permanent aneurysm repair. This review focuses on how the combination of injectable embolic biomaterials and cell therapy may achieve minimally invasive remodeling of a degenerated cerebral artery with promise for superior outcomes in treatment of this devastating disease.</AbstractText	Neurovascular stent artifacts in 3D-TOF and 3D-PCMRI: Influence of stent design on flow measurement. The morphological and hemodynamic evaluations of neurovascular diseases treated with stents would benefit from noninvasive imaging techniques such as 3D time-of-flight MRI (3D-TOF) and 3D phase contrast MRI (3D-PCMRI). For this purpose, a comprehensive evaluation of the stent artifacts and their impact on the flow measurement is critical.</AbstractText The artifacts of a representative sample of neurovascular stents were evaluated in vitro with 3D-TOF and 3D-PCMRI sequences. The dependency of the artifacts with respect to the orientation was analyzed for each stent design as well as the impact on the flow measurement accuracy. Furthermore, the 3D-PCMRI data of four patients carrying intracranial aneurysms treated with flow diverter stents were analyzed as illustrative examples.</AbstractText The stent artifacts were mainly confined to the stent lumen therefore indicating the leading role of shielding effect. The influence of the stent design and its orientation with respect to the transmitting MR coils were highlighted. The artifacts impacted the 3D-PCMRI velocities mainly in the low magnitude domains, which were discarded from the analysis ensuring reliable near-stent velocities. The feasibility of in-stent flow measurements was confirmed in vivo on two patients who showed strong correlation between flow and geometric features. In two other patients, the consistency of out-of-stent velocities was verified qualitatively through intra-aneurysmal streamlines except when susceptibility artifacts occurred.</AbstractText The present results motivate the conception of low inductance or nonconductive stent design. Furthermore, the feasibility of near-stent 3D-PCMRI measurements opens the door to clinical applications like the post-treatment follow-up of stenoses or intracranial aneurysms.</AbstractText	B Vitamins Prevent Iron-Associated Brain Atrophy and Domain-Specific Effects of Iron, Copper, Aluminum, and Silicon on Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Metals, silicon, and homocysteine are linked to Alzheimer’s disease. B vitamin therapy lowers homocysteine and slows brain atrophy and cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI).</AbstractText Examine metals and silicon as predictors of cognition/brain atrophy in MCI, their interaction with homocysteine and cysteine, and how B vitamins affect these relationships.</AbstractText MCI participants (<i Baseline iron, cysteine, and homocysteine were significantly associated with brain atrophy rate. Homocysteine effects on brain atrophy rate were modified by iron and cysteine. At baseline, iron, copper, aluminum, and silicon were significantly associated with one or more domains of cognition: semantic memory, verbal episodic memory, attention/processing speed, and executive function. At end-of-study, baseline iron, copper, aluminum, and silicon predicted cognition in at least one domain: semantic memory, verbal episodic memory, visuospatial episodic memory, attention/processing speed, and global cognition in the placebo but not the B vitamin group.</AbstractText Disparate effects of serum iron, copper, aluminum, silicon, and homocysteine on cognition and brain atrophy in MCI suggest that cognitive impairment is independent of brain atrophy. These factors showed domain-specific associations with cognition, which were abrogated by B vitamin therapy.</AbstractText
39264818	31031553	38465823	Dynamic Nuclear Polarization with Conductive Polymers.	MIT 1.3-GHz LTS/HTS NMR Magnet: Post Quench Analysis and New 800-MHz Insert Design.	[Listeria meningoencephalitis resulting in complete bilateral ophtalmoplegia and locked-in syndrome].	The low sensitivity of liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be overcome by hyperpolarizing nuclear spins by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP). It consists of transferring the near-unity polarization of unpaired electron spins of stable radicals to the nuclear spins of interest at liquid helium temperatures, below 2 K, before melting the sample in view of hyperpolarized liquid-state magnetic resonance experiments. Reaching such a temperature is challenging and requires complex instrumentation, which impedes the deployment of dDNP. Here, we propose organic conductive polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) as a new class of polarizing matrices and report <sup	We present post-quench analyses of the MIT 800-MHz REBCO insert magnet (H800), unexpectedly quenched during operation in March 2018, and design study of a new 800-MHz HTS insert (H800N). The as-wound H800 was supposed to contribute 18.7 T and, with an LTS background magnet (L500), produce 30.5 T corresponding to a proton resonance frequency of 1.3 GHz. The H800 was operated at 4.2 K in liquid helium and, about 5 minutes after the power supply reached a target operating current of 251.3 A, it experienced a quench. Because the damage in the H800 was more widespread than it first appeared, we decided to design and build a new insert magnet, H800N. In designing H800N, we try to eliminate unanticipated flaws in our H800 design. H800N is to be more stable not to quench and more reliably survive against quench without permanent damage by: 1) adopting a single solenoid structure composed of 40 stacked double pancake coils with improved cross-over sections; 2) enhancing thermal stability; and 3) reducing excessive current margin for quench protection.</AbstractText	This is a description of the case of quite severe neurolisteriosis in an adult man resulting in the rare combination of neurological symptoms such as complete bilateral ophtalmoplegia and locked-in syndrome. The case illustrates clinical features that are special for this disorder and also highlights management of such patients.</AbstractText В статье описано клиническое наблюдение нейролистериоза крайне тяжелого течения с развитием редкого сочетания очаговой неврологической симптоматики — полной двусторонней офтальмоплегии и синдрома «запертого человека» у молодого мужчины. Представленное наблюдение демонстрирует клинические особенности, характерные для данной нозологии, обсуждается тактика ведения подобных пациентов.</AbstractText	Dynamic Nuclear Polarization with Conductive Polymers. The low sensitivity of liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be overcome by hyperpolarizing nuclear spins by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP). It consists of transferring the near-unity polarization of unpaired electron spins of stable radicals to the nuclear spins of interest at liquid helium temperatures, below 2 K, before melting the sample in view of hyperpolarized liquid-state magnetic resonance experiments. Reaching such a temperature is challenging and requires complex instrumentation, which impedes the deployment of dDNP. Here, we propose organic conductive polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) as a new class of polarizing matrices and report <sup	MIT 1.3-GHz LTS/HTS NMR Magnet: Post Quench Analysis and New 800-MHz Insert Design. We present post-quench analyses of the MIT 800-MHz REBCO insert magnet (H800), unexpectedly quenched during operation in March 2018, and design study of a new 800-MHz HTS insert (H800N). The as-wound H800 was supposed to contribute 18.7 T and, with an LTS background magnet (L500), produce 30.5 T corresponding to a proton resonance frequency of 1.3 GHz. The H800 was operated at 4.2 K in liquid helium and, about 5 minutes after the power supply reached a target operating current of 251.3 A, it experienced a quench. Because the damage in the H800 was more widespread than it first appeared, we decided to design and build a new insert magnet, H800N. In designing H800N, we try to eliminate unanticipated flaws in our H800 design. H800N is to be more stable not to quench and more reliably survive against quench without permanent damage by: 1) adopting a single solenoid structure composed of 40 stacked double pancake coils with improved cross-over sections; 2) enhancing thermal stability; and 3) reducing excessive current margin for quench protection.</AbstractText	[Listeria meningoencephalitis resulting in complete bilateral ophtalmoplegia and locked-in syndrome]. This is a description of the case of quite severe neurolisteriosis in an adult man resulting in the rare combination of neurological symptoms such as complete bilateral ophtalmoplegia and locked-in syndrome. The case illustrates clinical features that are special for this disorder and also highlights management of such patients.</AbstractText В статье описано клиническое наблюдение нейролистериоза крайне тяжелого течения с развитием редкого сочетания очаговой неврологической симптоматики — полной двусторонней офтальмоплегии и синдрома «запертого человека» у молодого мужчины. Представленное наблюдение демонстрирует клинические особенности, характерные для данной нозологии, обсуждается тактика ведения подобных пациентов.</AbstractText
39076450	25328874	37664706	Clinical Effectiveness and Safety Comparison between Reduced Rivaroxaban Dose and Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Patients Following Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure: A Prospective Observational Study.	MRI-based Algorithm for Acute Ischemic Stroke Subtype Classification.	The fuzzy boundaries of the social (pragmatic) communication disorder (SPCD): Why the picture is still so confusing?	Device-related thrombosis (DRT) after successful closure implantation on left atrial appendage (LAA) was considered as a major challenge and optimal strategy on antithrombotic therapy remains to be solved. This study was performed to compare the clinical effectiveness and safety of reduced rivaroxaban dose (RRD) and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) implantation with the Watchman device.</AbstractText After successful LAAC, consecutive participants were medicated with a standard DAPT or RRD. The primary endpoints included DRT, thrombosis events (TE), and bleeding events that were documented during a 12-month follow-up period.</AbstractText 767 patients (DAPT: n = 140; RRD: n = 627) were initially included. After propensity score matching (PSM), 140 patients treated with DAPT and 280 patients with RRD were included in each group with similar baseline information, thromboembolic and bleeding risk factors, cardiovascular risk factors and concomitant medication. In the RRD group, 193 patients were on rivaroxaban 15 mg ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" After successful closure implantation, long-term RRD significantly reduced the DRT and TE occurrence compared with DAPT.</AbstractText	In order to improve inter-rater reliability and minimize diagnosis of undetermined etiology for stroke subtype classification, using a stroke registry, we developed and implemented a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based algorithm for acute ischemic stroke subtype classification (MAGIC).</AbstractText We enrolled patients who experienced an acute ischemic stroke, were hospitalized in the 14 participating centers within 7 days of onset, and had relevant lesions on MR-diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). MAGIC was designed to reflect recent advances in stroke imaging and thrombolytic therapy. The inter-rater reliability was compared with and without MAGIC to classify the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) of each stroke patient. MAGIC was then applied to all stroke patients hospitalized since July 2011, and information about stroke subtypes, other clinical characteristics, and stroke recurrence was collected via a web-based registry database.</AbstractText The overall intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) value was 0.43 (95% CI, 0.31-0.57) for MAGIC and 0.28 (95% CI, 0.18-0.42) for TOAST. Large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) was the most common cause of acute ischemic stroke (38.3%), followed by cardioembolism (CE, 22.8%), undetermined cause (UD, 22.2%), and small-vessel occlusion (SVO, 14.6%). One-year stroke recurrence rates were the highest for two or more UDs (11.80%), followed by LAA (7.30%), CE (5.60%), and SVO (2.50%).</AbstractText Despite several limitations, this study shows that the MAGIC system is feasible and may be helpful to classify stroke subtype in the clinic.</AbstractText	Since the introduction of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder (SPCD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) in 2013, a debate has arisen in the scientific community about its usefulness in differential diagnosis for other clinical categories such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Indeed, SPCD criteria share a common deficit in communication and pragmatic skills with these diagnostic entities. Available assessment tools seem scarce and not sensitive enough to clarify diagnostic criteria and clinical boundaries. This study aims to review the existing literature on diagnostic screening for SPCD to highlight confounding variables in the domains examined, overlap with other diagnostic entities, and lack of specificity of available assessment tools in identifying the core deficits of the disorder.</AbstractText The search strategy was defined by combining the following keywords: "social pragmatic communication disorder," "DSM-5," "differential diagnosis," and "child." The search was performed in three databases: Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science. All studies published between 2013 and April 2023, written in English, and with a major focus on SPCD were included in the review.</AbstractText After the screening for the eligibility, 18 studies were included in the review. Most of these studies aimed to investigate the differential diagnosis between SPCD and other diagnostic categories (e.g., specific language impairment and autism spectrum disorder). Of these researches, only 6 were ad hoc experimental studies, while the others were based on previously collected databases.</AbstractText SPCD seems to have its own peculiarities and characteristics, indicating its clinical relevance, as emphasized by the DSM-5. However, the lack of specific instruments and a number of confounding variables make it difficult to identify and differentiate SPCD from other diagnostic entities. Further research is needed to overcome the lack of specific clinical instruments and lack of empirical studies.</AbstractText	Clinical Effectiveness and Safety Comparison between Reduced Rivaroxaban Dose and Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Patients Following Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure: A Prospective Observational Study. Device-related thrombosis (DRT) after successful closure implantation on left atrial appendage (LAA) was considered as a major challenge and optimal strategy on antithrombotic therapy remains to be solved. This study was performed to compare the clinical effectiveness and safety of reduced rivaroxaban dose (RRD) and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) implantation with the Watchman device.</AbstractText After successful LAAC, consecutive participants were medicated with a standard DAPT or RRD. The primary endpoints included DRT, thrombosis events (TE), and bleeding events that were documented during a 12-month follow-up period.</AbstractText 767 patients (DAPT: n = 140; RRD: n = 627) were initially included. After propensity score matching (PSM), 140 patients treated with DAPT and 280 patients with RRD were included in each group with similar baseline information, thromboembolic and bleeding risk factors, cardiovascular risk factors and concomitant medication. In the RRD group, 193 patients were on rivaroxaban 15 mg ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" After successful closure implantation, long-term RRD significantly reduced the DRT and TE occurrence compared with DAPT.</AbstractText	MRI-based Algorithm for Acute Ischemic Stroke Subtype Classification. In order to improve inter-rater reliability and minimize diagnosis of undetermined etiology for stroke subtype classification, using a stroke registry, we developed and implemented a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based algorithm for acute ischemic stroke subtype classification (MAGIC).</AbstractText We enrolled patients who experienced an acute ischemic stroke, were hospitalized in the 14 participating centers within 7 days of onset, and had relevant lesions on MR-diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). MAGIC was designed to reflect recent advances in stroke imaging and thrombolytic therapy. The inter-rater reliability was compared with and without MAGIC to classify the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) of each stroke patient. MAGIC was then applied to all stroke patients hospitalized since July 2011, and information about stroke subtypes, other clinical characteristics, and stroke recurrence was collected via a web-based registry database.</AbstractText The overall intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) value was 0.43 (95% CI, 0.31-0.57) for MAGIC and 0.28 (95% CI, 0.18-0.42) for TOAST. Large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) was the most common cause of acute ischemic stroke (38.3%), followed by cardioembolism (CE, 22.8%), undetermined cause (UD, 22.2%), and small-vessel occlusion (SVO, 14.6%). One-year stroke recurrence rates were the highest for two or more UDs (11.80%), followed by LAA (7.30%), CE (5.60%), and SVO (2.50%).</AbstractText Despite several limitations, this study shows that the MAGIC system is feasible and may be helpful to classify stroke subtype in the clinic.</AbstractText	The fuzzy boundaries of the social (pragmatic) communication disorder (SPCD): Why the picture is still so confusing? Since the introduction of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder (SPCD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) in 2013, a debate has arisen in the scientific community about its usefulness in differential diagnosis for other clinical categories such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Indeed, SPCD criteria share a common deficit in communication and pragmatic skills with these diagnostic entities. Available assessment tools seem scarce and not sensitive enough to clarify diagnostic criteria and clinical boundaries. This study aims to review the existing literature on diagnostic screening for SPCD to highlight confounding variables in the domains examined, overlap with other diagnostic entities, and lack of specificity of available assessment tools in identifying the core deficits of the disorder.</AbstractText The search strategy was defined by combining the following keywords: "social pragmatic communication disorder," "DSM-5," "differential diagnosis," and "child." The search was performed in three databases: Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science. All studies published between 2013 and April 2023, written in English, and with a major focus on SPCD were included in the review.</AbstractText After the screening for the eligibility, 18 studies were included in the review. Most of these studies aimed to investigate the differential diagnosis between SPCD and other diagnostic categories (e.g., specific language impairment and autism spectrum disorder). Of these researches, only 6 were ad hoc experimental studies, while the others were based on previously collected databases.</AbstractText SPCD seems to have its own peculiarities and characteristics, indicating its clinical relevance, as emphasized by the DSM-5. However, the lack of specific instruments and a number of confounding variables make it difficult to identify and differentiate SPCD from other diagnostic entities. Further research is needed to overcome the lack of specific clinical instruments and lack of empirical studies.</AbstractText
39171042	38272714	39255442	Unraveling Nonketotic Hyperglycemia Hemichorea-Hemiballismus Syndrome: A Case Report of Diagnosis and Management.	Omaveloxolone: a groundbreaking milestone as the first FDA-approved drug for Friedreich ataxia.	Survey of patient experience and management of vasomotor symptoms due to menopause from the PatientsLikeMe community.	Nonketotic hyperglycemia hemichorea-hemiballismus syndrome (NHH) is an uncommon neurological condition linked to poorly managed diabetes mellitus (DM). It presents with spontaneous, erratic movements that impact just one side of the body. Our case of NHH was of a 76-year-old female with uncontrolled type 2 DM, ischemic heart disease, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Despite previous treatment for similar symptoms, the patient developed left-sided choreo-ballistic movements. Despite difficulties obtaining clear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to involuntary movements, the image revealed T1 hyperintense signals in the right lentiform nucleus and subtle signals in the left lentiform nucleus and external capsule. Management included insulin, tetrabenazine, haloperidol, lorazepam, and other adjunctive therapies, resulting in symptom resolution by the fourth day. This case underscores the importance of considering NHH in patients with uncontrolled DM presenting with abnormal movements, highlighting the challenges in imaging due to involuntary movements and emphasizing the need for aggressive glycemic control and treatment strategies.</AbstractText	Friedreich ataxia (FA) is an inherited autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease (NDD) characterized primarily by progressive sensory and spinocerebellar ataxia associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. FA is due to an intronic GAA repeat expansion within the frataxin gene (FXN) leading to reduced levels of frataxin (FXN) which causes mitochondrial dysfunction, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and altered iron metabolism. To date there is no resolutive cure for FA; however, the FDA has recently approved omaveloxolone - a potent activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) - as the first treatment for FA. We discuss herein the urgency to find a resolutive cure for NDDs that will most probably be achieved via combinatorial therapy targeting multiple disease pathways, and how omavaloxolone serves as an example for future treatments.</AbstractText GAA-<i The diagnosis of GAA-<i <i GAA-<i	This study aimed to describe menopause and treatment experiences of women with vasomotor symptoms due to menopause in the United States.</AbstractText A cross-sectional survey was administered to women 40-65 years of age recruited from PatientsLikeMe, a dedicated online platform for patients.</AbstractText A total of 196 women (mean age 55.7 years; 81.2% White) completed the survey and were included in the analyses. The majority (87.2%) reported experiencing bothersome symptoms; 54.3% (100/184) had daytime hot flashes, and 59.2% (109/184) had nighttime sweats and hot flashes, up to 5 times per day on average. Mean postmenopause duration was 10.8 years. Although most (68.5%, 126/184) reported having vasomotor symptoms for less than 5 years, some (14.1%, 26/184) had symptoms for more than a decade. Only 35.2% (69/196) were treated for their symptoms; the most frequently reported prescription treatment was hormone therapy (58%; 40/69), which was administered for less than 3 years in most cases (67.5%, 27/40). Although women were generally satisfied with their interactions with healthcare providers, 23.0% reported inadequate support. Sleep, personal relationships, and physical, emotional, and mental well-being were the most affected by vasomotor symptoms. Healthcare professionals with training in women's health were the most valued resource for dealing with the symptoms associated with menopause.</AbstractText Not all women with symptoms were treated. In those whose concerns were addressed by providers, a reluctance to pursue treatment was still observed. A need persists to ensure that this population has the resources and support needed to effectively manage symptoms.</AbstractText	Unraveling Nonketotic Hyperglycemia Hemichorea-Hemiballismus Syndrome: A Case Report of Diagnosis and Management. Nonketotic hyperglycemia hemichorea-hemiballismus syndrome (NHH) is an uncommon neurological condition linked to poorly managed diabetes mellitus (DM). It presents with spontaneous, erratic movements that impact just one side of the body. Our case of NHH was of a 76-year-old female with uncontrolled type 2 DM, ischemic heart disease, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Despite previous treatment for similar symptoms, the patient developed left-sided choreo-ballistic movements. Despite difficulties obtaining clear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to involuntary movements, the image revealed T1 hyperintense signals in the right lentiform nucleus and subtle signals in the left lentiform nucleus and external capsule. Management included insulin, tetrabenazine, haloperidol, lorazepam, and other adjunctive therapies, resulting in symptom resolution by the fourth day. This case underscores the importance of considering NHH in patients with uncontrolled DM presenting with abnormal movements, highlighting the challenges in imaging due to involuntary movements and emphasizing the need for aggressive glycemic control and treatment strategies.</AbstractText	Omaveloxolone: a groundbreaking milestone as the first FDA-approved drug for Friedreich ataxia. Friedreich ataxia (FA) is an inherited autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease (NDD) characterized primarily by progressive sensory and spinocerebellar ataxia associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. FA is due to an intronic GAA repeat expansion within the frataxin gene (FXN) leading to reduced levels of frataxin (FXN) which causes mitochondrial dysfunction, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and altered iron metabolism. To date there is no resolutive cure for FA; however, the FDA has recently approved omaveloxolone - a potent activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) - as the first treatment for FA. We discuss herein the urgency to find a resolutive cure for NDDs that will most probably be achieved via combinatorial therapy targeting multiple disease pathways, and how omavaloxolone serves as an example for future treatments.</AbstractText GAA-<i The diagnosis of GAA-<i <i GAA-<i	Survey of patient experience and management of vasomotor symptoms due to menopause from the PatientsLikeMe community. This study aimed to describe menopause and treatment experiences of women with vasomotor symptoms due to menopause in the United States.</AbstractText A cross-sectional survey was administered to women 40-65 years of age recruited from PatientsLikeMe, a dedicated online platform for patients.</AbstractText A total of 196 women (mean age 55.7 years; 81.2% White) completed the survey and were included in the analyses. The majority (87.2%) reported experiencing bothersome symptoms; 54.3% (100/184) had daytime hot flashes, and 59.2% (109/184) had nighttime sweats and hot flashes, up to 5 times per day on average. Mean postmenopause duration was 10.8 years. Although most (68.5%, 126/184) reported having vasomotor symptoms for less than 5 years, some (14.1%, 26/184) had symptoms for more than a decade. Only 35.2% (69/196) were treated for their symptoms; the most frequently reported prescription treatment was hormone therapy (58%; 40/69), which was administered for less than 3 years in most cases (67.5%, 27/40). Although women were generally satisfied with their interactions with healthcare providers, 23.0% reported inadequate support. Sleep, personal relationships, and physical, emotional, and mental well-being were the most affected by vasomotor symptoms. Healthcare professionals with training in women's health were the most valued resource for dealing with the symptoms associated with menopause.</AbstractText Not all women with symptoms were treated. In those whose concerns were addressed by providers, a reluctance to pursue treatment was still observed. A need persists to ensure that this population has the resources and support needed to effectively manage symptoms.</AbstractText
19692842	14635154	19266591	T1(Gd) gives comparable information as Delta T1 relaxation rate in dGEMRIC evaluation of cartilage repair tissue.	Fast, high-resolution in vivo cine magnetic resonance imaging in normal and failing mouse hearts on a vertical 11.7 T system.	The development of decision-making capacities in children and adolescents: psychological and neurological perspectives and their implications for juvenile defendants.	To evaluate the relationship between T1 after intravenous contrast administration (T1Gd) and Delta relaxation rate (DeltaR1) = (1/T1(Gd) - 1/T1o) in the delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) evaluation of cartilage repair tissue.</AbstractText Thirty single MR examinations from 30 patients after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantations of the knee joint with different postoperative intervals were examined using an 8-channel knee-coil at 3T. T1 mapping using a 3D GRE sequence with a 35/10 degrees flip angle excitation pulse combination was performed before and after contrast administration (dGEMRIC technique). T1 postcontrast (T1(Gd)) and the DeltaR1 (relative index of pre- and postcontrast R1 value) were calculated for repair tissue and the weight-bearing normal appearing control cartilage. For evaluation of the different postoperative intervals, MR exams were subdivided into 3 groups (up to 12 months, 12-24 months, more than 24 months). For statistical analysis Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated.</AbstractText The mean value for T1 postcontrast was 427 +/- 159 ms, for DeltaR1 1.85 +/- 1.0; in reference cartilage 636 +/- 181 ms for T1 postcontrast and 0.83 +/- 0.5 for DeltaR1.The correlation coefficients were highly significant between T1 (Gd) and DeltaR1 for repair tissue (0.969) as well as normal reference cartilage (0.928) in total, and for the reparative cartilage in the early, middle postoperative, and late postoperative interval after surgery (R values: -0.986, -0.970, and -0.978, respectively). Using either T1(Gd) or DeltaR1, the 2 metrics resulted in similar conclusions regarding the time course of change of repair tissue and control tissue, namely that highly significant (P > 0.01) differences between cartilage repair tissue and reference cartilage were found for all follow-up groups. Additionally, for both metrics highly significant differences (P < 0.01) between early follow up and the 2 later postoperative groups for cartilage repair tissue were found. No statistical differences were found between the 2 later follow-up groups of reparative cartilage either for T1 (Gd) or DeltaR1.</AbstractText The high correlation between T1 (Gd) and DeltaR1 and the comparable conclusions reached utilizing metric implies that T1 mapping before intravenous administration of MR contrast agent is not necessary for the evaluation of repair tissue. This will help to reduce costs, inconvenience for the patients, simplifies the examination procedure, and makes dGEMRIC more attractive for follow-up of patients after cartilage repair surgeries.</AbstractText	To establish fast, high-resolution in vivo cine magnetic resonance imaging (cine-MRI) on a vertical 11.7-T MR system and to investigate the stability of normal and failing mouse hearts in the vertical position.</AbstractText To optimize the method on a high-field system, various MR-related parameters, such as relaxation times and the need for respiratory gating, were quantitatively investigated. High-resolution cine-MRI was applied to normal mice and to a murine heart failure model. Cardiac functional parameters were compared to matched mice imaged previously on a horizontal MR system.</AbstractText A T(1) of 1.10 +/- 0.27 seconds and a T(2) of 18.5 +/- 3.9 msec were measured for murine myocardial tissue. A quantitative analysis also proved respiratory gating to be essential for obtaining artifact-free cine images in the vertical position at this field strength. Cardiac functional parameters of mice, obtained within one hour, agreed well with those from previous studies of mice in the horizontal position.</AbstractText This work shows that MR systems with a vertical bore design can be used to accurately measure cardiac function in both normal and chronically failing mouse hearts within one hour. The increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the higher field strength could be exploited to obtain higher temporal and spatial resolution compared to previous studies that were performed on horizontal systems with lower field strengths.</AbstractText	The development of decision-making capacities in children and adolescents has been a topic of interest for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Questions regarding the development of decision-making capacities (and moral reasoning) of youth frequently arise in juvenile justice settings, other forensic settings, and sometimes in treatment settings. This article attempts to review the latest and most relevant research on the development of decision-making capacities likely to be relevant in children and adolescents who are defendants. We distinguish cognition versus judgment in decision-making and briefly review adolescent decision-making in laboratory and real world conditions. We review a theoretical framework of two different systems, a cognitive-control system and socio-emotional system, and potentially correlated neurobiological and psychological findings. Implications for selected aspects of the juvenile adjudicative process are discussed.</AbstractText	T1(Gd) gives comparable information as Delta T1 relaxation rate in dGEMRIC evaluation of cartilage repair tissue. To evaluate the relationship between T1 after intravenous contrast administration (T1Gd) and Delta relaxation rate (DeltaR1) = (1/T1(Gd) - 1/T1o) in the delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) evaluation of cartilage repair tissue.</AbstractText Thirty single MR examinations from 30 patients after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantations of the knee joint with different postoperative intervals were examined using an 8-channel knee-coil at 3T. T1 mapping using a 3D GRE sequence with a 35/10 degrees flip angle excitation pulse combination was performed before and after contrast administration (dGEMRIC technique). T1 postcontrast (T1(Gd)) and the DeltaR1 (relative index of pre- and postcontrast R1 value) were calculated for repair tissue and the weight-bearing normal appearing control cartilage. For evaluation of the different postoperative intervals, MR exams were subdivided into 3 groups (up to 12 months, 12-24 months, more than 24 months). For statistical analysis Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated.</AbstractText The mean value for T1 postcontrast was 427 +/- 159 ms, for DeltaR1 1.85 +/- 1.0; in reference cartilage 636 +/- 181 ms for T1 postcontrast and 0.83 +/- 0.5 for DeltaR1.The correlation coefficients were highly significant between T1 (Gd) and DeltaR1 for repair tissue (0.969) as well as normal reference cartilage (0.928) in total, and for the reparative cartilage in the early, middle postoperative, and late postoperative interval after surgery (R values: -0.986, -0.970, and -0.978, respectively). Using either T1(Gd) or DeltaR1, the 2 metrics resulted in similar conclusions regarding the time course of change of repair tissue and control tissue, namely that highly significant (P > 0.01) differences between cartilage repair tissue and reference cartilage were found for all follow-up groups. Additionally, for both metrics highly significant differences (P < 0.01) between early follow up and the 2 later postoperative groups for cartilage repair tissue were found. No statistical differences were found between the 2 later follow-up groups of reparative cartilage either for T1 (Gd) or DeltaR1.</AbstractText The high correlation between T1 (Gd) and DeltaR1 and the comparable conclusions reached utilizing metric implies that T1 mapping before intravenous administration of MR contrast agent is not necessary for the evaluation of repair tissue. This will help to reduce costs, inconvenience for the patients, simplifies the examination procedure, and makes dGEMRIC more attractive for follow-up of patients after cartilage repair surgeries.</AbstractText	Fast, high-resolution in vivo cine magnetic resonance imaging in normal and failing mouse hearts on a vertical 11.7 T system. To establish fast, high-resolution in vivo cine magnetic resonance imaging (cine-MRI) on a vertical 11.7-T MR system and to investigate the stability of normal and failing mouse hearts in the vertical position.</AbstractText To optimize the method on a high-field system, various MR-related parameters, such as relaxation times and the need for respiratory gating, were quantitatively investigated. High-resolution cine-MRI was applied to normal mice and to a murine heart failure model. Cardiac functional parameters were compared to matched mice imaged previously on a horizontal MR system.</AbstractText A T(1) of 1.10 +/- 0.27 seconds and a T(2) of 18.5 +/- 3.9 msec were measured for murine myocardial tissue. A quantitative analysis also proved respiratory gating to be essential for obtaining artifact-free cine images in the vertical position at this field strength. Cardiac functional parameters of mice, obtained within one hour, agreed well with those from previous studies of mice in the horizontal position.</AbstractText This work shows that MR systems with a vertical bore design can be used to accurately measure cardiac function in both normal and chronically failing mouse hearts within one hour. The increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the higher field strength could be exploited to obtain higher temporal and spatial resolution compared to previous studies that were performed on horizontal systems with lower field strengths.</AbstractText	The development of decision-making capacities in children and adolescents: psychological and neurological perspectives and their implications for juvenile defendants. The development of decision-making capacities in children and adolescents has been a topic of interest for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Questions regarding the development of decision-making capacities (and moral reasoning) of youth frequently arise in juvenile justice settings, other forensic settings, and sometimes in treatment settings. This article attempts to review the latest and most relevant research on the development of decision-making capacities likely to be relevant in children and adolescents who are defendants. We distinguish cognition versus judgment in decision-making and briefly review adolescent decision-making in laboratory and real world conditions. We review a theoretical framework of two different systems, a cognitive-control system and socio-emotional system, and potentially correlated neurobiological and psychological findings. Implications for selected aspects of the juvenile adjudicative process are discussed.</AbstractText
31713155	26091225	32113379	Lower subscapular nerve transfer for axillary nerve repair in upper brachial plexus palsy.	Use of a Functional Antibiotic Spacer in Treating Infected Shoulder Arthroplasty.	Measurement of the energy distribution of electrons escaping confinement from an electron cyclotron resonance ion source.	The potential to utilize the lower subscapular nerve for brachial plexus surgery has been suggested in many anatomical studies. However, we know of no studies in the literature describing the use of the lower subscapular nerve for axillary nerve reconstruction to date. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of this nerve transfer in patients with upper brachial plexus palsy.</AbstractText Of 1340 nerve reconstructions in 568 patients with brachial plexus injury performed by the senior author (P.H.), a subset of 18 patients underwent axillary nerve reconstruction using the lower subscapular nerve and constitutes the patient group for this study. The median age was 48 years, and the median time between trauma and surgery was 6 months. A concomitant radial nerve injury was found in 8 patients.</AbstractText Thirteen patients completed a minimum follow-up period of 24 months. Successful deltoid recovery was defined as (1) muscle strength MRC grade ≥ 3, (2) electromyographic signs of reinnervation, and (3) increase in deltoid muscle mass. Axillary nerve reconstruction was successful in 9 of 13 patients, which represents a success rate of 69.2%. No significant postoperative weakness of shoulder internal rotation or adduction was observed after transecting the lower subscapular nerve.</AbstractText The lower subscapular nerve can be used as a safe and effective neurotization tool for upper brachial plexus injury, having a success rate of 69.2% for axillary nerve repair. Our technique presents a suitable alternative for patients with concomitant radial nerve injury.</AbstractText	Management of an infected shoulder arthroplasty remains challenging. Treatment goals include resolution of the infection, improvement in pain, and restoration of function. Two-stage revision with an antibiotic spacer and subsequent revision has shown variable success in achieving these goals. The practice of using a hemiarthroplasty and coating the stem with antibiotic cement without cementing the implant to the humerus (functional antibiotic spacer) during the first stage has the potential to achieve treatment goals without the need for a second revision. The goal of this study was to examine the outcomes of a maintained functional antibiotic spacer without a second revision for the management of infected shoulder arthroplasty. Fourteen patients with an infected shoulder arthroplasty underwent implantation of a functional antibiotic spacer, extensive surgical debridement, and a minimum of 6 weeks of treatment with postoperative intravenous antibiotics. The 9 patients who elected not to undergo revision surgery were included in this analysis. Pain scores, functional outcome scores, range of motion, strength, and patient satisfaction were measured for these patients at last follow-up and compared with preoperative scores. At an average follow-up of 25 months (range, 12-48 months), significant improvements were observed in functional outcome scores, shoulder abduction, and elevation, with a trend toward improvement in pain scores. One patient was unsatisfied with the result. No recurrent infection, progressive radiolucency, or change in position of the functional antibiotic spacer was observed. A functional antibiotic spacer effectively manages the infected shoulder arthroplasty while achieving significant improvements in function and motion. Patient satisfaction was high, with a relatively low rate of conversion to second-stage revision.</AbstractText	Production of high charge state ions in electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRISs) is dependent on the electron energy distribution (EED) within the source plasma. In order to better understand the EED, a measurement of electrons escaping axially from an ECRIS device has been performed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. Electrons were measured escaping from the Superconducting Source for Ions, driven at 18 GHz. Dependencies of the observed EED on the confining magnetic field strength and injected microwave power are reported. This paper focuses on large peaks of electrons in the 400-1200 keV energy range. Measurements of the axial bremsstrahlung spectrum have been simultaneously carried out to provide a direct comparison between both techniques. A comparison between the energy associated with the peak of the electron distribution and the spectral temperature of the bremsstrahlung distribution is shown.</AbstractText	Lower subscapular nerve transfer for axillary nerve repair in upper brachial plexus palsy. The potential to utilize the lower subscapular nerve for brachial plexus surgery has been suggested in many anatomical studies. However, we know of no studies in the literature describing the use of the lower subscapular nerve for axillary nerve reconstruction to date. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of this nerve transfer in patients with upper brachial plexus palsy.</AbstractText Of 1340 nerve reconstructions in 568 patients with brachial plexus injury performed by the senior author (P.H.), a subset of 18 patients underwent axillary nerve reconstruction using the lower subscapular nerve and constitutes the patient group for this study. The median age was 48 years, and the median time between trauma and surgery was 6 months. A concomitant radial nerve injury was found in 8 patients.</AbstractText Thirteen patients completed a minimum follow-up period of 24 months. Successful deltoid recovery was defined as (1) muscle strength MRC grade ≥ 3, (2) electromyographic signs of reinnervation, and (3) increase in deltoid muscle mass. Axillary nerve reconstruction was successful in 9 of 13 patients, which represents a success rate of 69.2%. No significant postoperative weakness of shoulder internal rotation or adduction was observed after transecting the lower subscapular nerve.</AbstractText The lower subscapular nerve can be used as a safe and effective neurotization tool for upper brachial plexus injury, having a success rate of 69.2% for axillary nerve repair. Our technique presents a suitable alternative for patients with concomitant radial nerve injury.</AbstractText	Use of a Functional Antibiotic Spacer in Treating Infected Shoulder Arthroplasty. Management of an infected shoulder arthroplasty remains challenging. Treatment goals include resolution of the infection, improvement in pain, and restoration of function. Two-stage revision with an antibiotic spacer and subsequent revision has shown variable success in achieving these goals. The practice of using a hemiarthroplasty and coating the stem with antibiotic cement without cementing the implant to the humerus (functional antibiotic spacer) during the first stage has the potential to achieve treatment goals without the need for a second revision. The goal of this study was to examine the outcomes of a maintained functional antibiotic spacer without a second revision for the management of infected shoulder arthroplasty. Fourteen patients with an infected shoulder arthroplasty underwent implantation of a functional antibiotic spacer, extensive surgical debridement, and a minimum of 6 weeks of treatment with postoperative intravenous antibiotics. The 9 patients who elected not to undergo revision surgery were included in this analysis. Pain scores, functional outcome scores, range of motion, strength, and patient satisfaction were measured for these patients at last follow-up and compared with preoperative scores. At an average follow-up of 25 months (range, 12-48 months), significant improvements were observed in functional outcome scores, shoulder abduction, and elevation, with a trend toward improvement in pain scores. One patient was unsatisfied with the result. No recurrent infection, progressive radiolucency, or change in position of the functional antibiotic spacer was observed. A functional antibiotic spacer effectively manages the infected shoulder arthroplasty while achieving significant improvements in function and motion. Patient satisfaction was high, with a relatively low rate of conversion to second-stage revision.</AbstractText	Measurement of the energy distribution of electrons escaping confinement from an electron cyclotron resonance ion source. Production of high charge state ions in electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRISs) is dependent on the electron energy distribution (EED) within the source plasma. In order to better understand the EED, a measurement of electrons escaping axially from an ECRIS device has been performed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. Electrons were measured escaping from the Superconducting Source for Ions, driven at 18 GHz. Dependencies of the observed EED on the confining magnetic field strength and injected microwave power are reported. This paper focuses on large peaks of electrons in the 400-1200 keV energy range. Measurements of the axial bremsstrahlung spectrum have been simultaneously carried out to provide a direct comparison between both techniques. A comparison between the energy associated with the peak of the electron distribution and the spectral temperature of the bremsstrahlung distribution is shown.</AbstractText
25558785	17596425	26646761	Real-time modulation of visual feedback on human full-body movements in a virtual mirror: development and proof-of-concept.	Functional MRI analysis of body and body part representations in the extrastriate and fusiform body areas.	Cytonuclear Coordination Is Not Immediate upon Allopolyploid Formation in Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae) Allopolyploids.	Virtual reality (VR) provides interactive multimodal sensory stimuli and biofeedback, and can be a powerful tool for physical and cognitive rehabilitation. However, existing systems have generally not implemented realistic full-body avatars and/or a scaling of visual movement feedback. We developed a "virtual mirror" that displays a realistic full-body avatar that responds to full-body movements in all movement planes in real-time, and that allows for the scaling of visual feedback on movements in real-time. The primary objective of this proof-of-concept study was to assess the ability of healthy subjects to detect scaled feedback on trunk flexion movements.</AbstractText The "virtual mirror" was developed by integrating motion capture, virtual reality and projection systems. A protocol was developed to provide both augmented and reduced feedback on trunk flexion movements while sitting and standing. The task required reliance on both visual and proprioceptive feedback. The ability to detect scaled feedback was assessed in healthy subjects (n = 10) using a two-alternative forced choice paradigm. Additionally, immersion in the VR environment and task adherence (flexion angles, velocity, and fluency) were assessed.</AbstractText The ability to detect scaled feedback could be modelled using a sigmoid curve with a high goodness of fit (R2 range 89-98%). The point of subjective equivalence was not significantly different from 0 (i.e. not shifted), indicating an unbiased perception. The just noticeable difference was 0.035 ± 0.007, indicating that subjects were able to discriminate different scaling levels consistently. VR immersion was reported to be good, despite some perceived delays between movements and VR projections. Movement kinematic analysis confirmed task adherence.</AbstractText The new "virtual mirror" extends existing VR systems for motor and pain rehabilitation by enabling the use of realistic full-body avatars and scaled feedback. Proof-of-concept was demonstrated for the assessment of body perception during active movement in healthy controls. The next step will be to apply this system to assessment of body perception disturbances in patients with chronic pain.</AbstractText	This study examined the contributions of two previously identified brain regions-the extrastriate and fusiform body areas (EBA and FBA)-to the visual representation of the human form. Specifically we measured in these two areas the magnitude of fMRI response as a function of the amount of the human figure that is visible in the image, in the range from a single finger to the entire body. A second experiment determined the selectivity of these regions for body and body part stimuli relative to closely matched control images. We found a gradual increase in the selectivity of the EBA as a function of the amount of body shown. In contrast, the FBA shows a steplike function, with no significant selectivity for individual fingers or hands. In a third experiment we demonstrate that the response pattern seen in EBA does not extend to adjacent motion-selective human midtemporal area. We propose an interpretation of these results by analogy to nearby face-selective regions occipital face area (OFA) and fusiform face area (FFA). Specifically, we hypothesize that the EBA analyzes bodies at the level of parts (as has been proposed for faces in the OFA), whereas FBA (by analogy to FFA) may have a role in processing the configuration of body parts into wholes.</AbstractText	Allopolyploids, formed by hybridization and chromosome doubling, face the immediate challenge of having duplicated nuclear genomes that interact with the haploid and maternally inherited cytoplasmic (plastid and mitochondrial) genomes. Most of our knowledge of the genomic consequences of allopolyploidy has focused on the fate of the duplicated nuclear genes without regard to their potential interactions with cytoplasmic genomes. As a step toward understanding the fates of nuclear-encoded subunits that are plastid-targeted, here we examine the retention and expression of the gene encoding the small subunit of Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; rbcS) in multiple populations of allotetraploid Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae). These polyploids formed recently (~80 years ago) and repeatedly from T. dubius and T. pratensis in the northwestern United States. Examination of 79 T. miscellus individuals from 10 natural populations, as well as 25 synthetic allotetraploids, including reciprocally formed plants, revealed a low percentage of naturally occurring individuals that show a bias in either gene (homeolog) loss (12%) or expression (16%), usually toward maintaining the maternal nuclear copy of rbcS. For individuals showing loss, seven retained the maternally derived rbcS homeolog only, while three had the paternally derived copy. All of the synthetic polyploid individuals examined (S0 and S1 generations) retained and expressed both parental homeologs. These results demonstrate that cytonuclear coordination does not happen immediately upon polyploid formation in Tragopogon miscellus.</AbstractText	Real-time modulation of visual feedback on human full-body movements in a virtual mirror: development and proof-of-concept. Virtual reality (VR) provides interactive multimodal sensory stimuli and biofeedback, and can be a powerful tool for physical and cognitive rehabilitation. However, existing systems have generally not implemented realistic full-body avatars and/or a scaling of visual movement feedback. We developed a "virtual mirror" that displays a realistic full-body avatar that responds to full-body movements in all movement planes in real-time, and that allows for the scaling of visual feedback on movements in real-time. The primary objective of this proof-of-concept study was to assess the ability of healthy subjects to detect scaled feedback on trunk flexion movements.</AbstractText The "virtual mirror" was developed by integrating motion capture, virtual reality and projection systems. A protocol was developed to provide both augmented and reduced feedback on trunk flexion movements while sitting and standing. The task required reliance on both visual and proprioceptive feedback. The ability to detect scaled feedback was assessed in healthy subjects (n = 10) using a two-alternative forced choice paradigm. Additionally, immersion in the VR environment and task adherence (flexion angles, velocity, and fluency) were assessed.</AbstractText The ability to detect scaled feedback could be modelled using a sigmoid curve with a high goodness of fit (R2 range 89-98%). The point of subjective equivalence was not significantly different from 0 (i.e. not shifted), indicating an unbiased perception. The just noticeable difference was 0.035 ± 0.007, indicating that subjects were able to discriminate different scaling levels consistently. VR immersion was reported to be good, despite some perceived delays between movements and VR projections. Movement kinematic analysis confirmed task adherence.</AbstractText The new "virtual mirror" extends existing VR systems for motor and pain rehabilitation by enabling the use of realistic full-body avatars and scaled feedback. Proof-of-concept was demonstrated for the assessment of body perception during active movement in healthy controls. The next step will be to apply this system to assessment of body perception disturbances in patients with chronic pain.</AbstractText	Functional MRI analysis of body and body part representations in the extrastriate and fusiform body areas. This study examined the contributions of two previously identified brain regions-the extrastriate and fusiform body areas (EBA and FBA)-to the visual representation of the human form. Specifically we measured in these two areas the magnitude of fMRI response as a function of the amount of the human figure that is visible in the image, in the range from a single finger to the entire body. A second experiment determined the selectivity of these regions for body and body part stimuli relative to closely matched control images. We found a gradual increase in the selectivity of the EBA as a function of the amount of body shown. In contrast, the FBA shows a steplike function, with no significant selectivity for individual fingers or hands. In a third experiment we demonstrate that the response pattern seen in EBA does not extend to adjacent motion-selective human midtemporal area. We propose an interpretation of these results by analogy to nearby face-selective regions occipital face area (OFA) and fusiform face area (FFA). Specifically, we hypothesize that the EBA analyzes bodies at the level of parts (as has been proposed for faces in the OFA), whereas FBA (by analogy to FFA) may have a role in processing the configuration of body parts into wholes.</AbstractText	Cytonuclear Coordination Is Not Immediate upon Allopolyploid Formation in Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae) Allopolyploids. Allopolyploids, formed by hybridization and chromosome doubling, face the immediate challenge of having duplicated nuclear genomes that interact with the haploid and maternally inherited cytoplasmic (plastid and mitochondrial) genomes. Most of our knowledge of the genomic consequences of allopolyploidy has focused on the fate of the duplicated nuclear genes without regard to their potential interactions with cytoplasmic genomes. As a step toward understanding the fates of nuclear-encoded subunits that are plastid-targeted, here we examine the retention and expression of the gene encoding the small subunit of Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; rbcS) in multiple populations of allotetraploid Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae). These polyploids formed recently (~80 years ago) and repeatedly from T. dubius and T. pratensis in the northwestern United States. Examination of 79 T. miscellus individuals from 10 natural populations, as well as 25 synthetic allotetraploids, including reciprocally formed plants, revealed a low percentage of naturally occurring individuals that show a bias in either gene (homeolog) loss (12%) or expression (16%), usually toward maintaining the maternal nuclear copy of rbcS. For individuals showing loss, seven retained the maternally derived rbcS homeolog only, while three had the paternally derived copy. All of the synthetic polyploid individuals examined (S0 and S1 generations) retained and expressed both parental homeologs. These results demonstrate that cytonuclear coordination does not happen immediately upon polyploid formation in Tragopogon miscellus.</AbstractText
34822741	30854880	36311027	PACAP38- and VIP-induced cluster headache attacks are not associated with changes of plasma CGRP or markers of mast cell activation.	Calcitonin-gene related peptide and disease activity in cluster headache.	Protein phosphatase 2A regulation of GABA (B) receptors normalizes ischemia-induced aberrant receptor trafficking and provides neuroprotection.	Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide can provoke cluster headache attacks in up to half of cluster headache patients in their active phase. At present, it is unknown whether provoked attacks are mediated via calcitonin gene-related peptide or mast cell activation.</AbstractText All enrolled patients with cluster headache were randomly allocated to receive a continuous infusion of either PACAP38 (10 pmol/kg/min) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (8 pmol/kg/min) over 20 min. We collected clinical data and measured plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide and markers of mast cell activation (tryptase and histamine) at fixed time points: at baseline (T<sub Blood was collected from episodic cluster headache patients in active phase (n = 14), episodic cluster headache patients in remission (n = 15), and chronic cluster headache patients (n = 15). At baseline, plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide, tryptase, and histamine were not different among the three study groups. Plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (<i Cluster headache attacks provoked by either PACAP38 or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were not accompanied by alterations of plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide, tryptase or histamine. The provoked attacks may not be mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide or mast cell activation.<b	To investigate the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in cluster headache, we measured these vasoactive peptides interictally and during experimentally induced cluster headache attacks.</AbstractText We included patients with episodic cluster headache in an active phase (n = 9), episodic cluster headache patients in remission (n = 9) and patients with chronic cluster headache (n = 13). Cluster headache attacks were induced by infusion of calcitonin gene-related peptide (1.5 µg/min) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, two-way cross-over study. At baseline, we collected interictal blood samples from all patients and during 11 calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced cluster headache attacks.</AbstractText At baseline, episodic cluster headache patients in remission had higher plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide, 100.6 ± 36.3 pmol/l, compared to chronic cluster headache patients, 65.9 ± 30.5 pmol/l, ( p = 0.011). Episodic cluster headache patients in active phase had higher PACAP38 levels, 4.0 ± 0.8 pmol/l, compared to chronic cluster headache patients, 3.3 ± 0.7 pmol/l, ( p = 0.033). Baseline levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide did not differ between cluster headache groups. We found no attack-related increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide, PACAP38 or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels during calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced cluster headache attacks.</AbstractText This study suggests that cluster headache disease activity is associated with alterations of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression. Future studies should investigate the potential of using calcitonin gene-related peptide measurements in monitoring of disease state and predicting response to preventive treatments, including response to anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies.</AbstractText	One major factor regulating the strength of GABA <sub	PACAP38- and VIP-induced cluster headache attacks are not associated with changes of plasma CGRP or markers of mast cell activation. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide can provoke cluster headache attacks in up to half of cluster headache patients in their active phase. At present, it is unknown whether provoked attacks are mediated via calcitonin gene-related peptide or mast cell activation.</AbstractText All enrolled patients with cluster headache were randomly allocated to receive a continuous infusion of either PACAP38 (10 pmol/kg/min) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (8 pmol/kg/min) over 20 min. We collected clinical data and measured plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide and markers of mast cell activation (tryptase and histamine) at fixed time points: at baseline (T<sub Blood was collected from episodic cluster headache patients in active phase (n = 14), episodic cluster headache patients in remission (n = 15), and chronic cluster headache patients (n = 15). At baseline, plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide, tryptase, and histamine were not different among the three study groups. Plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (<i Cluster headache attacks provoked by either PACAP38 or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were not accompanied by alterations of plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide, tryptase or histamine. The provoked attacks may not be mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide or mast cell activation.<b	Calcitonin-gene related peptide and disease activity in cluster headache. To investigate the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in cluster headache, we measured these vasoactive peptides interictally and during experimentally induced cluster headache attacks.</AbstractText We included patients with episodic cluster headache in an active phase (n = 9), episodic cluster headache patients in remission (n = 9) and patients with chronic cluster headache (n = 13). Cluster headache attacks were induced by infusion of calcitonin gene-related peptide (1.5 µg/min) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, two-way cross-over study. At baseline, we collected interictal blood samples from all patients and during 11 calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced cluster headache attacks.</AbstractText At baseline, episodic cluster headache patients in remission had higher plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide, 100.6 ± 36.3 pmol/l, compared to chronic cluster headache patients, 65.9 ± 30.5 pmol/l, ( p = 0.011). Episodic cluster headache patients in active phase had higher PACAP38 levels, 4.0 ± 0.8 pmol/l, compared to chronic cluster headache patients, 3.3 ± 0.7 pmol/l, ( p = 0.033). Baseline levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide did not differ between cluster headache groups. We found no attack-related increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide, PACAP38 or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels during calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced cluster headache attacks.</AbstractText This study suggests that cluster headache disease activity is associated with alterations of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression. Future studies should investigate the potential of using calcitonin gene-related peptide measurements in monitoring of disease state and predicting response to preventive treatments, including response to anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies.</AbstractText	Protein phosphatase 2A regulation of GABA (B) receptors normalizes ischemia-induced aberrant receptor trafficking and provides neuroprotection. One major factor regulating the strength of GABA <sub
39574861	38238549	38520360	Portable Six-Channel Laser Speckle System for Simultaneous Cerebral Blood Flow and Volume Measurement with Potential Application for Characterization of Brain Injury.	Astrocytes modulate cerebral blood flow and neuronal response to cocaine in prefrontal cortex.	Assessing brain involvement in Fabry disease with deep learning and the brain-age paradigm.	In regional cerebrovascular monitoring, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) are key metrics. Simultaneous, non-invasive measurement of CBF and CBV at different brain locations would advance cerebrovascular monitoring and pave the way for brain injury detection, as current brain injury diagnostic methods are often constrained by high costs, limited sensitivity, and reliance on subjective symptom reporting. This study's aim is to develop a multi-channel non-invasive optical system for measuring CBF and CBV at different regions of the brain simultaneously with a cost-effective, reliable, and scalable system capable of detecting potential differences in CBF and CBV across different regions of the brain. The system is based on speckle contrast optical spectroscopy (SCOS) and consists of laser diodes and board cameras which have been both tested and investigated for safe use on the human head. Results on a cohort of five healthy subjects indicated that the dynamics of both CBF and CBV were synchronized and exhibited similar cardiac period waveforms across all six channels. As a preliminary investigation, we also explored the potential use of our six-channel system for detecting the physiological sequela of brain injury, involving a subject with significant structural brain damage compared to another with lesser structural brain damage. The six-point CBF and CBV measurements were compared to MRI scans, revealing that regions with altered blood dynamics closely correlated with the injury sites identified by MRI.</AbstractText	Cocaine affects both cerebral blood vessels and neuronal activity in brain. Cocaine can also disrupt astrocytes, which modulate neurovascular coupling-a process that regulates cerebral hemodynamics in response to neuronal activation. However, separating neuronal and astrocytic effects from cocaine's direct vasoactive effects has been challenging, partially due to limitations of neuroimaging techniques able to differentiate vascular from neuronal and glial effects at high temporal and spatial resolutions. Here, we used a newly-developed multi-channel fluorescence and optical coherence Doppler microscope (fl-ODM) that allows for simultaneous measurements of neuronal and astrocytic activities (reflected by the intracellular calcium changes in neurons Ca<sup	While neurological manifestations are core features of Fabry disease (FD), quantitative neuroimaging biomarkers allowing to measure brain involvement are lacking. We used deep learning and the brain-age paradigm to assess whether FD patients' brains appear older than normal and to validate brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD) as a possible disease severity biomarker. MRI scans of FD patients and healthy controls (HCs) from a single Institution were, retrospectively, studied. The Fabry stabilization index (FASTEX) was recorded as a measure of disease severity. Using minimally preprocessed 3D T1-weighted brain scans of healthy subjects from eight publicly available sources (N = 2160; mean age = 33 years [range 4-86]), we trained a model predicting chronological age based on a DenseNet architecture and used it to generate brain-age predictions in the internal cohort. Within a linear modeling framework, brain-PAD was tested for age/sex-adjusted associations with diagnostic group (FD vs. HC), FASTEX score, and both global and voxel-level neuroimaging measures. We studied 52 FD patients (40.6 ± 12.6 years; 28F) and 58 HC (38.4 ± 13.4 years; 28F). The brain-age model achieved accurate out-of-sample performance (mean absolute error = 4.01 years, R<sup	Portable Six-Channel Laser Speckle System for Simultaneous Cerebral Blood Flow and Volume Measurement with Potential Application for Characterization of Brain Injury. In regional cerebrovascular monitoring, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) are key metrics. Simultaneous, non-invasive measurement of CBF and CBV at different brain locations would advance cerebrovascular monitoring and pave the way for brain injury detection, as current brain injury diagnostic methods are often constrained by high costs, limited sensitivity, and reliance on subjective symptom reporting. This study's aim is to develop a multi-channel non-invasive optical system for measuring CBF and CBV at different regions of the brain simultaneously with a cost-effective, reliable, and scalable system capable of detecting potential differences in CBF and CBV across different regions of the brain. The system is based on speckle contrast optical spectroscopy (SCOS) and consists of laser diodes and board cameras which have been both tested and investigated for safe use on the human head. Results on a cohort of five healthy subjects indicated that the dynamics of both CBF and CBV were synchronized and exhibited similar cardiac period waveforms across all six channels. As a preliminary investigation, we also explored the potential use of our six-channel system for detecting the physiological sequela of brain injury, involving a subject with significant structural brain damage compared to another with lesser structural brain damage. The six-point CBF and CBV measurements were compared to MRI scans, revealing that regions with altered blood dynamics closely correlated with the injury sites identified by MRI.</AbstractText	Astrocytes modulate cerebral blood flow and neuronal response to cocaine in prefrontal cortex. Cocaine affects both cerebral blood vessels and neuronal activity in brain. Cocaine can also disrupt astrocytes, which modulate neurovascular coupling-a process that regulates cerebral hemodynamics in response to neuronal activation. However, separating neuronal and astrocytic effects from cocaine's direct vasoactive effects has been challenging, partially due to limitations of neuroimaging techniques able to differentiate vascular from neuronal and glial effects at high temporal and spatial resolutions. Here, we used a newly-developed multi-channel fluorescence and optical coherence Doppler microscope (fl-ODM) that allows for simultaneous measurements of neuronal and astrocytic activities (reflected by the intracellular calcium changes in neurons Ca<sup	Assessing brain involvement in Fabry disease with deep learning and the brain-age paradigm. While neurological manifestations are core features of Fabry disease (FD), quantitative neuroimaging biomarkers allowing to measure brain involvement are lacking. We used deep learning and the brain-age paradigm to assess whether FD patients' brains appear older than normal and to validate brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD) as a possible disease severity biomarker. MRI scans of FD patients and healthy controls (HCs) from a single Institution were, retrospectively, studied. The Fabry stabilization index (FASTEX) was recorded as a measure of disease severity. Using minimally preprocessed 3D T1-weighted brain scans of healthy subjects from eight publicly available sources (N = 2160; mean age = 33 years [range 4-86]), we trained a model predicting chronological age based on a DenseNet architecture and used it to generate brain-age predictions in the internal cohort. Within a linear modeling framework, brain-PAD was tested for age/sex-adjusted associations with diagnostic group (FD vs. HC), FASTEX score, and both global and voxel-level neuroimaging measures. We studied 52 FD patients (40.6 ± 12.6 years; 28F) and 58 HC (38.4 ± 13.4 years; 28F). The brain-age model achieved accurate out-of-sample performance (mean absolute error = 4.01 years, R<sup
36408881	28559375	36693239	Endocannabinoid signaling in synaptic function.	Stable and Dynamic Coding for Working Memory in Primate Prefrontal Cortex.	Effect of Nanoconfinement on NMR Relaxation of Heptane in Kerogen from Molecular Simulations and Measurements.	In the last decades, astrocytes have emerged as important regulatory cells actively involved in brain function by exchanging signaling with neurons. The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling is widely present in many brain areas, being crucially involved in multiple brain functions and animal behaviors. The present review presents and discusses current evidence demonstrating that astrocytes sense eCBs released during neuronal activity and subsequently release gliotransmitters that regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. The eCB signaling to astrocytes and the synaptic regulation mediated by astrocytes activated by eCBs are complex phenomena that exhibit exquisite spatial and temporal properties, a wide variety of downstream signaling mechanisms, and a large diversity of functional synaptic outcomes. Studies investigating this topic have revealed novel regulatory processes of synaptic function, like the lateral regulation of synaptic transmission and the active involvement of astrocytes in the spike-timing dependent plasticity, originally thought to be exclusively mediated by the coincident activity of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, following Hebbian rules for associative learning. Finally, the critical influence of astrocyte-mediated eCB signaling on animal behavior is also discussed.</AbstractText	Working memory (WM) provides the stability necessary for high-level cognition. Influential theories typically assume that WM depends on the persistence of stable neural representations, yet increasing evidence suggests that neural states are highly dynamic. Here we apply multivariate pattern analysis to explore the population dynamics in primate lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) during three variants of the classic memory-guided saccade task (recorded in four animals). We observed the hallmark of dynamic population coding across key phases of a working memory task: sensory processing, memory encoding, and response execution. Throughout both these dynamic epochs and the memory delay period, however, the neural representational geometry remained stable. We identified two characteristics that jointly explain these dynamics: (1) time-varying changes in the subpopulation of neurons coding for task variables (i.e., dynamic subpopulations); and (2) time-varying selectivity within neurons (i.e., dynamic selectivity). These results indicate that even in a very simple memory-guided saccade task, PFC neurons display complex dynamics to support stable representations for WM.<b	Kerogen-rich shale reservoirs will play a key role during the energy transition, yet the effects of nanoconfinement on the NMR relaxation of hydrocarbons in kerogen are poorly understood. We use atomistic MD simulations to investigate the effects of nanoconfinement on the <sup	Endocannabinoid signaling in synaptic function. In the last decades, astrocytes have emerged as important regulatory cells actively involved in brain function by exchanging signaling with neurons. The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling is widely present in many brain areas, being crucially involved in multiple brain functions and animal behaviors. The present review presents and discusses current evidence demonstrating that astrocytes sense eCBs released during neuronal activity and subsequently release gliotransmitters that regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. The eCB signaling to astrocytes and the synaptic regulation mediated by astrocytes activated by eCBs are complex phenomena that exhibit exquisite spatial and temporal properties, a wide variety of downstream signaling mechanisms, and a large diversity of functional synaptic outcomes. Studies investigating this topic have revealed novel regulatory processes of synaptic function, like the lateral regulation of synaptic transmission and the active involvement of astrocytes in the spike-timing dependent plasticity, originally thought to be exclusively mediated by the coincident activity of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, following Hebbian rules for associative learning. Finally, the critical influence of astrocyte-mediated eCB signaling on animal behavior is also discussed.</AbstractText	Stable and Dynamic Coding for Working Memory in Primate Prefrontal Cortex. Working memory (WM) provides the stability necessary for high-level cognition. Influential theories typically assume that WM depends on the persistence of stable neural representations, yet increasing evidence suggests that neural states are highly dynamic. Here we apply multivariate pattern analysis to explore the population dynamics in primate lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) during three variants of the classic memory-guided saccade task (recorded in four animals). We observed the hallmark of dynamic population coding across key phases of a working memory task: sensory processing, memory encoding, and response execution. Throughout both these dynamic epochs and the memory delay period, however, the neural representational geometry remained stable. We identified two characteristics that jointly explain these dynamics: (1) time-varying changes in the subpopulation of neurons coding for task variables (i.e., dynamic subpopulations); and (2) time-varying selectivity within neurons (i.e., dynamic selectivity). These results indicate that even in a very simple memory-guided saccade task, PFC neurons display complex dynamics to support stable representations for WM.<b	Effect of Nanoconfinement on NMR Relaxation of Heptane in Kerogen from Molecular Simulations and Measurements. Kerogen-rich shale reservoirs will play a key role during the energy transition, yet the effects of nanoconfinement on the NMR relaxation of hydrocarbons in kerogen are poorly understood. We use atomistic MD simulations to investigate the effects of nanoconfinement on the <sup
40384339	29802865	40083543	Associations Between Cortical Iron Accumulation and Memory in Patients With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and in Cognitively Normal Individuals.	A nonverbal route to conceptual knowledge involving the right anterior temporal lobe.	Successful treatment with refractory myasthenia gravis that developed after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: two case reports.	Brain iron accumulation is recognized as a cause and therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the differences in both volume and iron accumulation between cognitively normal (CN) older adults and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Additionally, we assessed which combination of these measures best explains the group differences in visual and verbal memory performance.</AbstractText We retrospectively analyzed data from 48 patients with aMCI and 33 age-matched CN individuals. Structural differences were investigated using voxel-based comparisons of T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Differences in iron accumulation were investigated using voxel-based comparisons of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) images. Subsequently, significant clusters from these voxel-based analyses (amygdala, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, lateral occipital cortex, and pericalcarine cortex) were entered into a stepwise regression to predict verbal and visual memory scores, while accounting for age, sex, and education as covariates.</AbstractText In comparison to CN, patients with aMCI had significantly lower scores in both verbal and visual memory tests (p < 0.001). The T1-weighted voxel-based morphometry (VBM) results showed significant hippocampal atrophy in the aMCI group relative to CN individuals. The QSM-VBM results showed increased iron accumulation in the amygdala, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, lateral occipital cortex, and pericalcarine cortex (FWE-corrected p < 0.05). Lower hippocampal volume (B = 2015.91, SE = 469.61, p < 0.001) and higher posterior cingulate cortex susceptibility (B = -189.63 SE = 89.11, p = 0.037) were significant predictors of verbal memory. For visual memory, higher lateral occipital susceptibility (B = -659. 96, SE = 253.03, p = 0.011) was significant imaging predictor.</AbstractText These results suggest that iron accumulates in regions where atrophy has not yet occurred, suggesting that iron may serve as an earlier imaging marker of neurodegeneration compared to volume atrophy. Further studies are needed to investigate the longitudinal relationship between brain volume and iron accumulation during cognitive decline.</AbstractText	The semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (PPA-S) is diagnosed based on impaired single-word comprehension, but nonverbal impairments in face and object recognition can also be present, particularly in later disease stages. PPA-S is associated with focal atrophy in the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL), often accompanied by a lesser degree of atrophy in the right ATL. According to a dual-route account, the left ATL is critical for verbal access to conceptual knowledge while nonverbal access to conceptual knowledge depends upon the integrity of right ATL. Consistent with this view, single-word comprehension deficits in PPA-S have consistently been linked to the degree of atrophy in left ATL. In the current study we examined object processing and cortical thickness in 19 patients diagnosed with PPA-S, to evaluate the hypothesis that nonverbal object impairments would instead be determined by the amount of atrophy in the right ATL. All patients demonstrated inability to access conceptual knowledge on standardized tests with word stimuli: they were unable to match spoken words with their corresponding pictures on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Only a minority of patients, however, performed abnormally on an experimental thematic verification task, which requires judgments as to whether pairs of object pictures are thematically-associated, and does not rely on auditory or visual word input. The entire PPA-S group showed cortical thinning in left ATL, but atrophy in right ATL was more prominent in the subgroup with low verification scores. Thematic verification scores were correlated with cortical thickness in the right rather than left ATL, an asymmetric mapping which persisted when controlling for the degree of atrophy in the contralateral hemisphere. These results are consistent with a dual-route account of conceptual knowledge: breakdown of the verbal left hemispheric route produces an aphasic syndrome, which is only accompanied by visual object processing impairments when the nonverbal right hemispheric route is also compromised.</AbstractText	Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies that target the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness and fatigability. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, confirmation of the presence of AChR-Ab, characteristic electromyography findings, and clinical improvement after administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.MG is often associated with thymoma and other autoimmune diseases, but it is rare following allo-HSCT.</AbstractText we reports two rare cases of MG after transplantation, including the first case of post-transplantation double-antibody-positive MG. Patient 1 was a 45-year-old woman diagnosed with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. She underwent haploidentical allo-HSCT from a female donor (5/10 matching human leukocyte antigens [HLAs]) and developed graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after transplantation. At 42 months after transplantation, the patient developed episodic generalized weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, and axial weakness. The serum anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies (AchR-Abs) level was > 20 nmol/L (normal range: < 0.4 nmol/L). She was diagnosed with MG type IIb according to the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America classification. At 44 months post-transplantation, the patient began to experience episodic cramps, Electromyography (EMG) revealed a small number of fibrillation potentials with the right thumb extensor and the right anterior tibial muscle in a relaxed state, as well as spastic discharge, considered indicative of cramp-fasciculation syndrome (CFS). Improvement was seen following treatment with carbamazepine. Patient 2 was a 49-year-old man diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia. He underwent haploidentical allo-HSCT from his son and did not develop GVHD. At 23 months post-transplant, the patient experienced recurrent diplopia, ptosis, axial weakness, and dyspnea. Neostigmine and repetitive nerve stimulation tests were positive, the level of anti-AChR IgG antibodies and MuSK receptor antibodies were positive, leading to a diagnosis of type IVb MG. The symptoms were mostly relieved after rituximab treatment.</AbstractText This article reports two rare cases of MG after transplantation, including the first case of post-transplantation double-antibody-positive MG, and reviews the general clinical characteristics of MG cases after allo-HSCT reported in previous literature. These cases enhance our understanding of MG following transplantation and add to the data on post-transplantation MG.</AbstractText	Associations Between Cortical Iron Accumulation and Memory in Patients With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and in Cognitively Normal Individuals. Brain iron accumulation is recognized as a cause and therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the differences in both volume and iron accumulation between cognitively normal (CN) older adults and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Additionally, we assessed which combination of these measures best explains the group differences in visual and verbal memory performance.</AbstractText We retrospectively analyzed data from 48 patients with aMCI and 33 age-matched CN individuals. Structural differences were investigated using voxel-based comparisons of T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Differences in iron accumulation were investigated using voxel-based comparisons of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) images. Subsequently, significant clusters from these voxel-based analyses (amygdala, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, lateral occipital cortex, and pericalcarine cortex) were entered into a stepwise regression to predict verbal and visual memory scores, while accounting for age, sex, and education as covariates.</AbstractText In comparison to CN, patients with aMCI had significantly lower scores in both verbal and visual memory tests (p < 0.001). The T1-weighted voxel-based morphometry (VBM) results showed significant hippocampal atrophy in the aMCI group relative to CN individuals. The QSM-VBM results showed increased iron accumulation in the amygdala, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, lateral occipital cortex, and pericalcarine cortex (FWE-corrected p < 0.05). Lower hippocampal volume (B = 2015.91, SE = 469.61, p < 0.001) and higher posterior cingulate cortex susceptibility (B = -189.63 SE = 89.11, p = 0.037) were significant predictors of verbal memory. For visual memory, higher lateral occipital susceptibility (B = -659. 96, SE = 253.03, p = 0.011) was significant imaging predictor.</AbstractText These results suggest that iron accumulates in regions where atrophy has not yet occurred, suggesting that iron may serve as an earlier imaging marker of neurodegeneration compared to volume atrophy. Further studies are needed to investigate the longitudinal relationship between brain volume and iron accumulation during cognitive decline.</AbstractText	A nonverbal route to conceptual knowledge involving the right anterior temporal lobe. The semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (PPA-S) is diagnosed based on impaired single-word comprehension, but nonverbal impairments in face and object recognition can also be present, particularly in later disease stages. PPA-S is associated with focal atrophy in the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL), often accompanied by a lesser degree of atrophy in the right ATL. According to a dual-route account, the left ATL is critical for verbal access to conceptual knowledge while nonverbal access to conceptual knowledge depends upon the integrity of right ATL. Consistent with this view, single-word comprehension deficits in PPA-S have consistently been linked to the degree of atrophy in left ATL. In the current study we examined object processing and cortical thickness in 19 patients diagnosed with PPA-S, to evaluate the hypothesis that nonverbal object impairments would instead be determined by the amount of atrophy in the right ATL. All patients demonstrated inability to access conceptual knowledge on standardized tests with word stimuli: they were unable to match spoken words with their corresponding pictures on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Only a minority of patients, however, performed abnormally on an experimental thematic verification task, which requires judgments as to whether pairs of object pictures are thematically-associated, and does not rely on auditory or visual word input. The entire PPA-S group showed cortical thinning in left ATL, but atrophy in right ATL was more prominent in the subgroup with low verification scores. Thematic verification scores were correlated with cortical thickness in the right rather than left ATL, an asymmetric mapping which persisted when controlling for the degree of atrophy in the contralateral hemisphere. These results are consistent with a dual-route account of conceptual knowledge: breakdown of the verbal left hemispheric route produces an aphasic syndrome, which is only accompanied by visual object processing impairments when the nonverbal right hemispheric route is also compromised.</AbstractText	Successful treatment with refractory myasthenia gravis that developed after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: two case reports. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies that target the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness and fatigability. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, confirmation of the presence of AChR-Ab, characteristic electromyography findings, and clinical improvement after administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.MG is often associated with thymoma and other autoimmune diseases, but it is rare following allo-HSCT.</AbstractText we reports two rare cases of MG after transplantation, including the first case of post-transplantation double-antibody-positive MG. Patient 1 was a 45-year-old woman diagnosed with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. She underwent haploidentical allo-HSCT from a female donor (5/10 matching human leukocyte antigens [HLAs]) and developed graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after transplantation. At 42 months after transplantation, the patient developed episodic generalized weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, and axial weakness. The serum anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies (AchR-Abs) level was > 20 nmol/L (normal range: < 0.4 nmol/L). She was diagnosed with MG type IIb according to the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America classification. At 44 months post-transplantation, the patient began to experience episodic cramps, Electromyography (EMG) revealed a small number of fibrillation potentials with the right thumb extensor and the right anterior tibial muscle in a relaxed state, as well as spastic discharge, considered indicative of cramp-fasciculation syndrome (CFS). Improvement was seen following treatment with carbamazepine. Patient 2 was a 49-year-old man diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia. He underwent haploidentical allo-HSCT from his son and did not develop GVHD. At 23 months post-transplant, the patient experienced recurrent diplopia, ptosis, axial weakness, and dyspnea. Neostigmine and repetitive nerve stimulation tests were positive, the level of anti-AChR IgG antibodies and MuSK receptor antibodies were positive, leading to a diagnosis of type IVb MG. The symptoms were mostly relieved after rituximab treatment.</AbstractText This article reports two rare cases of MG after transplantation, including the first case of post-transplantation double-antibody-positive MG, and reviews the general clinical characteristics of MG cases after allo-HSCT reported in previous literature. These cases enhance our understanding of MG following transplantation and add to the data on post-transplantation MG.</AbstractText

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