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This is a list of cases reported in volume 288 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1933. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 288 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 288 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 288 U.S. Louis K. Liggett Company v. Lee In Louis K. Liggett Company v. Lee, 288 U.S. 517 (1933), the Supreme Court held § 5 of the Florida Act, which increased taxes if stores were present in more than one county, was unreasonable and arbitrary and violated the equal protection clause. Justice Brandeis dissented; he agreed with the race to the bottom theory of corporate law, proposed by Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means in The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932), that state corporate law, and lack of federal standards, enabled a race to the bottom in corporate law rules, or one of "laxity". Brandeis also expounded on evidence that the Great Depression was caused by disparities of income and wealth brought about by the corporation, which he likened to Frankenstein's monster. Federal court system Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1, 1912, the effective date of the Judicial Code of 1911,
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 288
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9774954
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 295 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1935. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 295 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 295 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 295 U.S. A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States In A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), the Supreme Court invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. This unanimous decision rendered parts of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA), a main component of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, unconstitutional. Speaking to aides of Roosevelt afterwards, Justice Louis Brandeis remarked that, "This is the end of this business of centralization, and I want you to go back and tell the president that we're not going to let this government centralize everything". Federal court system Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1, 1912, the effective date of the Judicial Code of 1911, the old Circuit Courts were abolished, with their remaining trial court jurisdiction transferred to the U.S. District Courts. List
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 295
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9774967
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 298 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1936. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 298 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 298 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 298 U.S. Carter v. Carter Coal Company In Carter v. Carter Coal Company, 298 U.S. 238 (1936), the Supreme Court interpreted the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, which permits the United States Congress to "regulate Commerce... among the several States." Specifically, it analyzes the extent of Congress’ power, according to the Commerce Clause, looking at whether or not they have the right to regulate manufacturing. Federal court system Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1, 1912, the effective date of the Judicial Code of 1911, the old Circuit Courts were abolished, with their remaining trial court jurisdiction transferred to the U.S. District Courts. List of cases in volume 298 U.S. [a] Brandeis took no part in the case [b] Roberts took no part in the case [c] Stone took no part in the case [d] Hughes took no part in the case [e] VanDevanter took no part in the case
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 298
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9774974
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 299 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1936 and 1937. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 299 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 299 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 299 U.S. De Jonge v. Oregon In De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353 (1937), the Supreme Court held that that the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause applies freedom of assembly against the states. The Court found that De Jonge had the right to speak at a peaceful public meeting held by the Communist Party, even though the party generally advocated an industrial or political change in revolution. However, in the 1950s with the fear of communism on the rise, the Court ruled in Dennis v. United States (1951) that Eugene Dennis, who was the leader of the Communist Party, violated the Smith Act by advocating the forcible overthrow of the United States government. Federal court system Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1, 1912, the effective date of the Judicial Code of 1911, the old Circuit Courts were abolished, with their remaining trial court jurisdiction transferred to the U.S.
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 299
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 219 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1910 and 1911. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 219 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 219 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 219 U.S. Bailey v. Alabama In Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 (1911), the Supreme Court struck down the peonage laws of Alabama. The Court held that holding a person criminally liable for accepting money for work not ultimately performed was akin to indentured servitude, outlawed by the Thirteenth Amendment, as it required that person to work rather than be found guilty of a crime. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions. "# Cir." = United States Court of Appeals e.g., "3d Cir." = United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit "C.C.D." = United States Circuit Court for the District of . . . e.g.,"C.C.D.N.J." = United States Circuit Court for the District of New Jersey "D." = United States District Court for the District of . . . e.g.,"D. Mass." = United States District Court for the
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 219
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9776284
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 234 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1914. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 234 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 234 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Cases in 234 U.S. Shreveport Rate Cases In the Shreveport Rate Cases, 234 U.S. 342 (1914), the Supreme Court interpreted Congress's power under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution of the United States. The Court held that the federal government's power to regulate interstate commerce also allowed it to regulate purely intrastate commerce when control of the former was not possible without control of the latter. Because the Court consolidated several related appeals, they are sometimes collectively known as the "Shreveport Rate Cases" although the Court issued only one ruling. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1, 1912, the effective date of the Judicial Code of 1911, the old Circuit Courts were abolished, with their remaining trial court jurisdiction transferred to the U.S. District Courts. Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions. "# Cir." = United States Court of Appeals e.g., "3d Cir." = United States Court of
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 234
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9776290
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 236 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1915. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 236 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 236 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Cases in 236 U.S. Coppage v. Kansas In Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1 (1915), a case relating to United States labor law, the Supreme Court upheld a statute allowing employers to implement so-called "yellow-dog" contracts, which forbade employees from joining unions. The case was decided in an era when, under the legal abstraction of liberty of contract, the Court often invalidated laws restricting employment contracts, while ignoring the reality of disparate power that employers have over employees in imposing contractual terms. Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio In Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio, 236 U.S. 230 (1915), the Supreme Court held that free speech protections in the Ohio Constitution, which were substantially similar to those in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, did not extend to motion pictures. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1, 1912, the effective date of the Judicial Code of
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 236
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9776442
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 245 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1917 and 1918. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 245 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 245 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Cases in 245 U.S. Buchanan v. Warley In Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60 (1917), the Supreme Court addressed civil government-instituted racial segregation in residential areas. The Court held that a Louisville, Kentucky city ordinance prohibiting the sale of real property to blacks in white-majority neighborhoods or buildings and vice versa violated the Fourteenth Amendment's protections for freedom of contract. The Court ruled that the motive for the Louisville ordinance, separation of races for purported reasons, was an inappropriate exercise of police power, and its insufficient purpose also made it unconstitutional. Selective Draft Law Cases In the Selective Draft Law Cases, 245 U.S. 366 (1918), the Supreme Court upheld the Selective Service Act of 1917 and more generally upheld conscription in the United States. The Court ruled that conscription did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment's prohibition of involuntary servitude, or the First Amendment's protection of freedom of conscience. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 245
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9776451
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 247 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1918. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 247 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 247 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 247 U.S. Hammer v. Dagenhart In Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918), the Supreme Court struck down a federal law regulating child labor. During the Progressive Era, public sentiment in the United States turned against what was perceived as increasingly intolerable child labor conditions. In response, Congress passed the Keating–Owen Act, prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of any merchandise that had been made either by children under the age of fourteen, or by children under sixteen who worked more than sixty hours per week. By a 5-4 majority, the Supreme Court struck down the Keating–Owen Act, holding that the Commerce Clause did not give Congress the power to regulate working conditions. In a dissenting opinion, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., joined by three other justices, argued that goods manufactured in one state and sold in other states were, by definition, interstate commerce, and so Congress should have power to regulate the manufacturing of those goods. In 1941 Hammer v. Dagenhart was overruled by the Court in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 247
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9776481
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 252 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1920. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 252 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 252 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 252 U.S. Missouri v. Holland In Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920), the Supreme Court considered the extent to which international legal obligations are incorporated into federal law. The case centered on the constitutionality of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which prohibited the killing, capturing, and selling of certain migratory birds pursuant to an earlier treaty between the U.S. and the United Kingdom. The state of Missouri challenged enforcement of the Act within its jurisdiction, arguing that the regulation of game was not expressly delegated by the U.S. Constitution to the federal government, and was therefore reserved for the states under the Tenth Amendment. The Court upheld the Act as a valid exercise of the federal government's treaty power, with the supremacy clause of the Constitution elevating treaties above state law. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1, 1912, the effective date of the Judicial Code of
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 252
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 253 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1920. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 253 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 253 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 253 U.S. Hawke v. Smith Hawke v. Smith, 253 U.S. 221 (1920), was a challenge to the constitutionality of a state referendum to overturn the Ohio legislature's vote to adopt the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (the "Prohibition Amendment"). The Supreme Court held that while states may allow their legislatures' actions to be reversed through popular votes, that did not apply to the adoption of federal constitutional amendments since that power was granted to the legislatures by the United States Constitution, and the Constitution did not provide for any role to be played by the people in the consideration of amendments. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1, 1912, the effective date of the Judicial Code of 1911, the old Circuit Courts were abolished, with their remaining trial court jurisdiction transferred to the U.S. District Courts. Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions. "#
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 253
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Robb Stark known as The Young Wolf is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones, where he is portrayed by Richard Madden. Introduced in A Game of Thrones (1996), Robb is the eldest son and heir of Lord Eddard Stark of Winterfell and Lady Catelyn Stark. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000). After his father is executed on the order of King Joffrey Baratheon, Robb is crowned King in the North by his bannermen and wages a war against the Iron Throne. Robb's subsequent betrayal and murder at an event known as the Red Wedding shocked both book readers and television audiences alike. Character Description At the beginning of A Game of Thrones, Robb is 14 years of age (increased to 17 in the TV series). As the oldest legitimate son of Eddard Stark and his wife Catelyn, Robb is raised as the heir to the ancient House Stark of Winterfell, which holds dominion over the North, one of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros. Trained by Winterfell's master-at-arms Ser Rodrik Cassel, Robb is a talented rider, swordsman, and lancer. He has five siblings: younger sisters Sansa and Arya, younger brothers Bran and Rickon, and a bastard half-brother Jon Snow. He is also a close friend to Eddard's ward Theon Greyjoy. Robb is accompanied by his direwolf, Grey Wind. Like most of his siblings, Robb favors his mother's House Tully features over that of House Stark. He is strong and fast with a stocky build, blue eyes and thick auburn hair. Development, overview and reception James Poniewozik of Time describes Robb as less eager to seek retaliation than his father Eddard but as more pragmatic. Poniewozik's overview of the television version of Robb focuses on his role as a foil for Eddard: Robb has risen to take his father's place, as a lord of Winterfell and as a focal character in the show. We never saw what kind of warrior Ned was in the field, but in King's Landing, he fought a straight-ahead battle, telegraphing his moves, and died for it. Robb, seeing the Lannisters' numbers, shows himself capable of feints and deceptions—albeit at the cost of 2,000 men and the guilt of having sent them on a suicide mission. In the third novel, A Storm of Swords, Robb is assassinated in an event called the Red Wedding, which was inspired by the Black Dinner and Glencoe Massacre from Scottish history. George Martin has said that he decided to kill Robb Stark because he wished to keep the story difficult to predict: "I killed Ned because everybody thinks he's the hero ... The next predictable thing is to think his eldest son is going to rise up and avenge his father. And everybody is going to expect that. So immediately [killing Robb] became the next thing I
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Robb Stark
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Sam Groom (born 1938) is an American film and television actor. Life and career Sam Groom was born in 1938. Groom portrayed Tom Eldridge in the CBS drama Our Private World (1965). Following the cancellation of that prime-time serial, he replaced Ronnie Welch as Lee Pollock on The Edge of Night before he replaced Joey Trent as Dr. Russ Matthews on Another World, and he played the title role in the syndicated television series Dr. Simon Locke (1971), and its spinoff, Police Surgeon. Groom appeared on Gunsmoke in 1972 and 1973 (episodes "No Tomorrow" and "The Child Between" respectively). He also played Hal Sterling, the father of a castaway family, on the 1980s science fiction television series Otherworld. During the 1980s, Groom also was a spokesperson for American Motors, appearing in many commercials for the popular American Motors' Concord and American Motors' Eagle model lineups. He later played Joseph Orsini in the soap opera All My Children in 1993. Groom made guest appearances in Law & Order; Murder, She Wrote; The Love Boat; Hill Street Blues; Quincy, M.E.; Gunsmoke; The Feather and Father Gang; The Bionic Woman; and The Time Tunnel as a young scientist named Jerry. In 1976, he appeared both in an episode of Sara and in Territorial Men, a television movie version of the series. His film career included roles in Act One (1963), The Baby Maker (1970), Time Travelers (1976), Run for the Roses (1977), Institute for Revenge (1979), Hanging by a Thread (1979), The Day the Loving Stopped (1981), Deadly Eyes (1982), and as John F. Kennedy in the television miniseries Blood Feud (1983). Groom is currently a part of the faculty at HB Studio in New York City. See also List of people with surname Groom References External links Sam Groom images on Bing 1938 births Living people American male television actors 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American male film actors
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Sam Groom
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The Able McLaughlins is a 1923 novel by Margaret Wilson first published by Harper & Brothers. It won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1924. It won the Harper Prize Novel Contest for 1922-1923, the first time the prize was awarded. Wilson published a sequel, The Law and the McLaughlins, in 1936. A pre-publication notice described it as "a story of pioneer life in Iowa in Civil War times" focused on "a family of Scotch Covenanters." Some reviews praised the novel but viewed its prize-winning status differently. Allan Nevins called it "remarkable for the unity of impression produced" and added that "the book would win rapid distinction if introduced without its blue ribbon." But the Boston Transcript's reviewer wrote: "The book is so good as a first novel that it is impossible not to regret that it must always be judged as a prize novel." The New York Times was less enthusiastic: "Miss Wilson does quite well with her characters, develops them by phrase and incident. In the mechanics of story-telling she appears less practiced; or, perhaps, more labored. The novel does not always run smoothly from one incident to the next." Book Review Digest provided a summary: Wully McLaughlin, doughty but inarticulate young hero, returns from Grant's army to find that his sweetheart, Christie McNair, has fallen a victim, against her will, to the scapegrace of the community, Peter Keith. She has concealed her plight from every one, but cannot conceal it from him. Wully grasps the situation with masterful promptness. He makes Peter leave under threat of death, marries Christie, and accepts the paternity of her child and the blame for its disgracefully early birth. Peter steals back to see the woman he violated, at a time when the anger of Wully and Christie against him has not lost a degree of its incandescence. Wully hunts him with a shotgun, but he has disappeared. Then, a few weeks later, Wully suddenly finds him–and revenge and forgiveness are reconciled in Miss Wilson's last pages with surprising convincingness. Contrasting with the dramatic story of Wully and Christie is that of her father and stepmother, Alex and Barbara, a comedic tale of a wife "who thinks she is coming from Scotland to a castle on the prairie, only to discover she is to have to live in a 'pig's sty' of a house." In 1936, Time called it "still her most noteworthy book." Wilson's portrait of this immigrant community has been cited for its folkloric detail, such as the story of Andy McFee, who removed his shoes when not actually walking until "an able grand-daughter-in-law urged him not to misuse shoestrings with such extravagance." References External links 1923 American novels Pulitzer Prize for the Novel-winning works Western (genre) novels Novels set during the American Civil War American historical novels Novels set in Iowa Harper & Brothers books 1923 debut novels
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In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which interbreeds with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end populations" in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each "linked" population and the next. Such non-breeding, though genetically connected, "end populations" may co-exist in the same region (sympatry) thus closing a "ring". The German term , meaning a circle of races, is also used. Ring species represent speciation and have been cited as evidence of evolution. They illustrate what happens over time as populations genetically diverge, specifically because they represent, in living populations, what normally happens over time between long-deceased ancestor populations and living populations, in which the intermediates have become extinct. The evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins remarks that ring species "are only showing us in the spatial dimension something that must always happen in the time dimension". Formally, the issue is that interfertility (ability to interbreed) is not a transitive relation; if A breeds with B, and B breeds with C, it does not mean that A breeds with C, and therefore does not define an equivalence relation. A ring species is a species with a counterexample to the transitivity of interbreeding. However, it is unclear whether any of the examples of ring species cited by scientists actually permit gene flow from end to end, with many being debated and contested. History The classic ring species is the Larus gull. In 1925 Jonathan Dwight found the genus to form a chain of varieties around the Arctic Circle. However, doubts have arisen as to whether this represents an actual ring species. In 1938, Claud Buchanan Ticehurst argued that the greenish warbler had spread from Nepal around the Tibetan Plateau, while adapting to each new environment, meeting again in Siberia where the ends no longer interbreed. These and other discoveries led Mayr to first formulate a theory on ring species in his 1942 study Systematics and the Origin of Species. Also in the 1940s, Robert C. Stebbins described the Ensatina salamanders around the Californian Central Valley as a ring species; but again, some authors such as Jerry Coyne consider this classification incorrect. Finally in 2012, the first example of a ring species in plants was found in a spurge, forming a ring around the Caribbean Sea. Speciation The biologist Ernst Mayr championed the concept of ring species, stating that it unequivocally demonstrated the process of speciation. A ring species is an alternative model to allopatric speciation, "illustrating how new species can arise through 'circular overlap', without interruption of gene flow through intervening populations…" However, Jerry Coyne and H. Allen Orr point out that rings species more closely model parapatric speciation. Ring species often attract the interests of evolutionary biologists, systematists, and researchers of speciation leading to both thought provoking ideas and confusion concerning their definition. Contemporary scholars recognize that examples in nature have proved rare due to various factors such
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Insular Celtic languages are the group of Celtic languages spoken in Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man. All surviving Celtic languages are in the Insular group, including Breton, which is spoken on continental Europe in Brittany, France. The Continental Celtic languages, although once widely spoken in mainland Europe and in Anatolia, are extinct. Six Insular Celtic languages are extant (in all cases written and spoken) in two distinct groups: Insular Celtic languages Brittonic (or Brythonic) languages Breton Cornish Welsh Goidelic languages Irish Manx Scottish Gaelic Insular Celtic hypothesis The Insular Celtic hypothesis is the theory that these languages evolved together in those places, having a later common ancestor than any of the Continental Celtic languages such as Celtiberian, Gaulish, Galatian, and Lepontic, among others, all of which are long extinct. This linguistic division of Celtic languages into Insular and Continental contrasts with the P/Q Celtic hypothesis. The proponents of the Insular hypothesis (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) point to shared innovations among these – chiefly: inflected prepositions shared use of certain verbal particles VSO word order differentiation of absolute and conjunct verb endings as found extensively in Old Irish and less so in Middle Welsh (see Morphology of the Proto-Celtic language). The proponents assert that a strong partition between the Brittonic languages with Gaulish (P-Celtic) on one side and the Goidelic languages with Celtiberian (Q-Celtic) on the other, may be superficial, owing to a language contact phenomenon. They add the identical sound shift ( to ) could have occurred independently in the predecessors of Gaulish and Brittonic, or have spread through language contact between those two groups. Further, the Italic languages had a similar divergence between Latino-Faliscan, which kept , and Osco-Umbrian, which changed it to . Some historians, such as George Buchanan in the 16th century, had suggested the Brythonic or P-Celtic language was a descendant of the Picts' language. Indeed, the tribe of the Pritani has Qritani (and, orthographically orthodox in modern form but counterintuitively written Cruthin) (Q-Celtic) cognate forms. Under the Insular hypothesis, the family tree of the insular Celtic languages is thus as follows: This table lists cognates showing the development of Proto-Celtic to in Gaulish and the Brittonic languages but to in the Goidelic languages. In Welsh orthography denotes or A significant difference between Goidelic and Brittonic languages is the transformation of , to a denasalised vowel with lengthening, é, before an originally voiceless stop or fricative, Old Irish "death", "fish hook", "tooth", "hundred" vs. Welsh , , , and . Otherwise: the nasal is retained before a vowel, i̯, w, m, and a liquid: "woman" (< ) "he/she is born" (< ) "ignorant" (< ) the nasal passes to en before another n: "peak" (< ) (vs. Welsh ) "finds a place" (< ) (vs. Welsh ) the nasal passes to in, im before a voiced stop "butter" (vs. Breton , Cornish ) "nail" (vs. Old Welsh ) "tongue" (vs. Welsh ) "strait" (vs. Middle Welsh
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"Good Night" (also known as "Good Night Simpsons") is the first of the forty-eight Simpsons shorts and the second segment of the third episode of the first season of The Tracey Ullman Show. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on April 19, 1987 and marks the first ever appearance of the Simpson family — Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie — on television. After three seasons on Tracey Ullman's show, the shorts would be adapted into the animated show The Simpsons. "Good Night" has since been aired on the show in the episode "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular" (in its entirety), along with several other Ullman shorts, and is one of the few shorts to ever be released on DVD, being included in the Season 1 DVD set. Plot Homer and Marge say goodnight to their children, but all does not go according to plan. Bart tries to ask about the mind, but is left contemplating it as he does not get a proper answer. Lisa fears that bed bugs will eat her after hearing Marge say "Don't let the bed bugs bite". Maggie is terrified by the lyrics of "Rock-a-bye Baby". Ultimately, all three children decide to sleep in their parents' bed. Origins Groening first conceived of the Simpsons in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. He had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts, and had intended to present his Life in Hell series. When he realized that animating Life in Hell would require him to rescind publication rights for his life's work, Groening decided to go in another direction. He hurriedly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family, and named the characters after his own family. Bart was modeled after Groening's older brother, Mark, but given a different name that was chosen as an anagram of "brat." Production This short was written and storyboarded by Groening. Animation on the short began March 23, 1987. The family was crudely drawn, because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead they just traced over his drawings. It was produced at Klasky Csupo, with Wesley Archer, David Silverman, and Bill Kopp being animators. The episode is sometimes considered to be the first episode of season 0 of The Simpsons. The show's production number is MG01. 11 seconds of the short were cut in syndication airings. The short consisted of four segments, lasting 24, 15, 33, and 33 seconds, respectively. After the short plays from start to finish in "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular", Troy McClure, who now has a look of disbelief on his face, as though he has never seen the clip before, covers his expression with an awkward laugh and insincerely comments 'They haven't changed a bit, have they', a comment on how the characters' appearance and personalities had altered from the shorts to the airing of that episode. Critical reception FilmThreat says "This dark nursery rhyme is funny and disturbing. Homer’s voice
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The 2003 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 43rd in the National Football League (NFL). They finished second in the NFC North with a 9–7 record, behind the 10–6 Green Bay Packers, but missed the playoffs for a third straight year. Despite gaining 6,294 yards of offense over their 16 games, by far the most in the league, the team managed just 416 points, the sixth-most in the NFL. The Vikings won their first six games of the 2003 season, then lost their next four games, after which they alternated wins and losses for the remainder of the season. The Vikings were officially eliminated from postseason contention with a loss to the Arizona Cardinals on the last play of their final game. Wide receiver Randy Moss led the NFL with 17 touchdown receptions, the third time in his career that he led the league in that category. After two seasons of inconsistency, rejuvenated quarterback Daunte Culpepper was voted to play in the second Pro Bowl of his career at the end of the season. Offseason 2003 draft While attempting to agree a trade, the Vikings' time elapsed, allowing the Jacksonville Jaguars to move up and select QB Byron Leftwich. The Carolina Panthers were also able to select OT Jordan Gross before the Vikings ultimately selected DT Kevin Williams. The Vikings traded their fifth-round selection (142nd overall) to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for Cleveland's 2002 seventh-round selection and defensive lineman Stalin Colinet. The Vikings traded quarterback Todd Bouman to the New Orleans Saints in exchange for New Orleans' sixth-round selection (190th overall). Staff Roster Preseason Schedule Game summaries Week 1: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars Week 2: at Kansas City Chiefs Week 3: at Oakland Raiders Week 4: vs. Arizona Cardinals Regular season Schedule Game summaries Week 1: at Green Bay Packers Week 2: vs. Chicago Bears Week 3: at Detroit Lions Week 4: vs. San Francisco 49ers Week 5: at Atlanta Falcons Week 7: vs. Denver Broncos Week 8: vs. New York Giants Week 9: vs. Green Bay Packers Week 10: at San Diego Chargers Week 11: at Oakland Raiders Week 12: vs. Detroit Lions Week 13: at St. Louis Rams Week 14: vs. Seattle Seahawks Week 15: at Chicago Bears Week 16: vs. Kansas City Chiefs Week 17: at Arizona Cardinals Despite still having a chance to make the playoffs by winning the NFC North, the Vikings squandered a 17–6 fourth-quarter lead in the final two minutes and lost to the 3–12 Arizona Cardinals after Josh McCown threw a 28-yard pass to Nate Poole for the game-winning touchdown with no time left, and with the Packers' win over the Broncos, giving them the NFC North title, and ending the Vikings season. Standings Statistics Team leaders * Vikings single season record League rankings References Minnesota Vikings seasons Minnesota Minnesota
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2003 Minnesota Vikings season
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WOW Christmas: Red is the first release in the WOW Christmas series. The double CD contains 31 Christmas songs performed by top Contemporary Christian Music artists. It peaked at 45 on the Billboard 200 and in first place on Billboard's Top Contemporary Christian album chart in the year 2002. The album was certified platinum in 2006 by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Track listing Disc 1 Avalon – Winter Wonderland – 2:41 Michael W. Smith – Emmanuel – 5:26 Point of Grace – O Holy Night – 5:30 Steven Curtis Chapman – Christmas Is All in the Heart – 5:16 Yolanda Adams – Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas – 3:35 Jaci Velasquez – Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow! – 2:36 CeCe Winans – Away in a Manger – 4:24 Soulful Celebration – Hallelujah! – 5:53 4Him – A Strange Way to Save the World – 4:32 Amy Grant – Breath of Heaven (Mary's Song) – 5:30 Nicole C. Mullen – O Come, O Come, Emmanuel – 4:17 Mark Schultz and Nichole Nordeman – Silent Night – 3:18 Kirk Franklin – The Night That Christ Was Born – 4:33 Kathy Mattea – Mary, Did You Know? – 3:14 Donnie McClurkin – Hark! The Herald Angels Sing – 5:23 Rachael Lampa – Ave Maria – 4:54 Disc 2 Third Day – Do You Hear What I Hear? – 3:58 Jennifer Knapp – Sing Mary Sing – 4:05 ZOEgirl – Angels We Have Heard on High – 3:46 MercyMe – What Child Is This? – 3:49 tobyMac – This Christmas (Joy to the World) – 3:15 Sixpence None the Richer – Christmas Time Is Here – 3:03 Jars of Clay – God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen – 3:03 Caedmon's Call – It Came Upon a Midnight Clear – 2:48 Plus One – A Prayer For Every Year – 4:21 Rebecca St. James – Sweet Little Jesus Boy – 3:35 FFH – The First Noel – 4:48 Out of Eden – O Little Town of Bethlehem – 3:34 Fred Hammond – Go Tell It on the Mountain – 3:52 Stacie Orrico – O Come, All Ye Faithful – 3:58 Audio Adrenaline – Little Drummer Boy – 3:07 References Review at Amazon.com. Retrieved 21 March 2007. 2002 Christmas albums Christmas compilation albums 2002 compilation albums WOW series albums
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Charles McNeill Gray (June 13, 1807 – October 17, 1885) served as Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1853–1854). He was a member of the Democratic Party. Biography Charles McNeill Gray was born in Sherburne, New York on June 13, 1807. He arrived in Chicago on July 17, 1834, and took a job as a clerk for Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, later working for Peter Cohen, a retail merchant. By 1844 he was a candle maker with his own shop. He subsequently worked as a manufacturer, contractor and railroad man. He was elected mayor in 1853. He died at his home in Chicago on October 17, 1885, and was buried at Graceland Cemetery. References External links Inaugural Address Charles McNeill Gray at Chicago public library Gray, Charles McNeill, 12th Mayor of Chicago (1807-1885) at The Political Graveyard 1807 births 1885 deaths Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago) Mayors of Chicago 19th-century American politicians
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Thomas Dyer (January 13, 1805June 6, 1862) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1856–1857) for the Democratic Party. He also served as the founding president of the Chicago Board of Trade. Biography Thomas Dyer was born in Canton, Connecticut on January 13, 1805. He was a meat-packing partner of former mayor John Putnam Chapin, who was one of Chicago's first meat packers. Chapin built a slaughterhouse on the South Branch of the Chicago River in 1844. Running as a "pro-Nebraska" Democrat (aligned with Stephen A. Douglas, who publicly backed his candidacy), Dyer won the contentious 1856 Chicago mayoral election, defeating former mayor Francis Cornwall Sherman (who ran as an anti-Nebraska candidate). He died in Middletown, Connecticut on June 6, 1862, and was buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. References External links Inaugural Address Biography of Mayor Dyer at Chicago Public Library site 1805 births 1862 deaths Mayors of Chicago 19th-century American politicians Meat processing in the United States Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
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Night of Joy was an annual contemporary Christian music festival that took place from 1983 to 2017 at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. The festival was normally hosted at the Magic Kingdom in early September. It was cancelled in 2018 and replaced with a mainstream Eat to the Beat concert series, with Christian pop rock artists MercyMe and Tauren Wells joining the lineup. Night of Joy inspired two other Christian rock festivals in the Orlando region: Cornerstone Florida, which ran in the month of May from 2003 to 2007, and Rock the Universe at Universal Studios Florida, in operation since 1998. Venues Most concerts were held at the Magic Kingdom, in front of the Cinderella Castle. Other venues included: Disney's Hollywood Studios for the 2008 and 2009 concerts ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex for the 2016 and 2017 concerts Six artists have performed at all three venues: Casting Crowns, Chris Tomlin, MercyMe, Newsboys, Red and tobyMac. Several other artists have performed at two of these venues. Later Years (2010-2017) 2017 Friday, September 8: TobyMac MercyMe Zach Williams Natalie Grant Danny Gokey Matt Maher Colton Dixon Rend Collective Saturday, September 9 (cancelled): Amy Grant Steven Curtis Chapman Kirk Franklin Jordan Feliz Crowder Jeremy Camp Tye Tribbett The event returned at the ESPN Wide World of Sports and was scheduled to last two nights, but the September 9 event was cancelled as a precautionary measure against Hurricane Irma. Park tickets for September 9 could either be honored on September 8 or returned for a full refund. 2016 Friday, September 9: Stars Go Dim Matthew West Francesca Battistelli Zealand Worship Crowder Chris Tomlin OBB MercyMe Casting Crowns Thruflyte Saturday, September 10: Veridia Thousand Foot Krutch Hillsong Young & Free RED For King & Country Tim Timmons Switchfoot Derek Minor Newsboys 2015 Friday, September 11: TobyMac MercyMe Jeremy Camp Colton Dixon Big Daddy Weave Francesca Battistelli Rend Collective I Am They Josh Wilson Saturday, September 12: Skillet Lecrae For King & Country Mandisa Matt Maher Jamie Grace 7eventh Time Down Veridia 2014 Friday, September 5: Matthew West Chris Tomlin Hillsong United Building 429 Mandisa For King and Country Matt Maher The Neverclaim Saturday, September 6: MercyMe Phil Perry Casting Crowns Skillet Colton Dixon Britt Nicole Israel Houghton & New Breed 1 Girl Nation We as Human Rhett Walker Band 2013 Friday, September 6: MercyMe Steven Curtis Chapman & Michael W. Smith Skillet Mandisa For King and Country Audio Adrenaline Moriah Peters We As Human City Harbor Saturday, September 7: Newsboys TobyMac Francesca Battistelli Group 1 Crew Building 429 Plumb Matthew West Jamie Grace Gospel Music Association Winner Steven Musso 2012 Friday, September 7: Casting Crowns Chris Tomlin NEEDTOBREATHE Red Francesca Battistelli Brandon Heath Royal Tailor Disciple Saturday, September 8: MercyMe Third Day Kutless Thousand Foot Krutch Lecrae Chris August Dara Maclean Yolanda Adams Gospel Music Association Winner Theresa Bailey 2011 Friday, September 9: Skillet Newsboys Jeremy Camp Disciple (band) Sidewalk Prophets Francesca Battistelli Group 1 Crew Matthew West Saturday, September 10: MercyMe
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Long Branch Park is a public park in Onondaga County outside of Syracuse, New York, located in the town of Geddes, New York, on Long Branch Road near NYS Route 370 and John Glenn Boulevard. The park is situated on the northern shore of Onondaga Lake and is often misidentified as an extension of Onondaga Lake Park which wraps around the eastern shore of the lake to the south shore. Founded in 1882 by Ben and George Maurer, Long Branch Amusement Park was originally an amusement park with boxing arenas, an arcade and a trolley. The amusement park closed in 1938. Syracuse's largest mall, Destiny USA is located to the south of the lake and features an original carousel #18 from the amusement park. Advertisements Park events Antiquefest - Annual event in July. Bavarianfest: First Sunday of August each year – Live music, dancing, German food and drink, Schuhplattler and folk dance performances, and Gemütlichkeit. Walk MS (Multiple Sclerosis) - Sponsored by MS Society - Early May. Scottish Games - Annual event in August, celebrated for over 69 years. External links Onondaga County Parks History of Carousel #18 MS Walk - Long Branch Park, May 3, 2009 References Defunct amusement parks in New York (state) Parks in Onondaga County, New York Onondaga Lake 1882 establishments in New York (state)
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() is a Finnish Christmas figure. The name literally means or in Finnish; the word comes from the Germanic root , a cognate of English "buck", meaning . An old Nordic folk tradition, the figure is now often conflated with Santa Claus. Origins and description The was originally a pagan tradition. Today, in some parts of Finland, the folk custom persists of persons performing in goat costume in return for leftover Christmas food. The performer traditionally is an older man, who is called a "". In Finland in its modern incarnation, inspired by the international Santa Clause figure, he usually wears warm red robes, but with a broad band of blue near the fur, uses a walking stick, and travels in a sleigh pulled by a number of reindeer (which do not fly, unlike Santa Claus' team). In Lapland, he rides in a , rather than a sleigh. The popular holiday song "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", in its Finnish translation, , has led to Rudolph's general acceptance in Finland as Joulupukki's lead reindeer. Joulupukki is often mentioned as having a wife, (), but tradition says little of her. Joulupukki's other side Pagans used to have festivities to honour the return of the sun and some believe Joulupukki is the earliest form of present-day Santa. The Yule Goat was thought by some to be an ugly creature and frightened children while others believe it was an invisible creature that helped prepare for Yule. Popular radio programs from the year 1927 onwards probably had great influence in reformatting the concept with the Santa-like costume, reindeer and Korvatunturi as his dwelling place. Because there really are reindeer in Finland, and Finns live up North, the popular American story took root in Finland very quickly. Finland's Joulupukki receives over 500,000 letters from over 200 countries every year. Most letters come from Poland, Italy, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau . Joulupukki is a prominent character in Rare Exports, a movie based on the award-winning shorts by Jalmari Helander. See also Section on Finland in Christmas worldwide Korvatunturi Rare Exports (film) Santa Claus Village Yule Goat Krampus References Christmas characters Christian folklore Finnish folklore Finnish mythology Santa Claus Christmas gift-bringers Yule fi:Joulupukki#Suomi
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Emil Holub (7 October 1847 – 21 February 1902) was a Czech physician, explorer, cartographer, and ethnographer in Africa. Early life Holub was born in Holice in eastern Bohemia (then within the Austrian Empire, now the Czech Republic), to the family of a municipal doctor. After studying at a German-language grammar school in Žatec (Saaz), he was admitted at Prague University where he obtained a degree as a doctor of medicine (1872). Expeditions in Africa Inspired to visit Africa by the diaries of David Livingstone, Holub travelled to Cape Town, South Africa, shortly after graduation and eventually settled in Dutoitspan near Kimberley to practise medicine. After eight months, Holub set out in a convoy of local hunters on a two-month experimental expedition, or "scientific safari", where he began to assemble a large natural history collection. In 1873, Holub set out on his second scientific safari, devoting his attention to the collection of ethnographic material. On his third expedition in 1875, he ventured all the way to the Zambezi river and made the first detailed map of the region surrounding Victoria Falls. Holub also wrote and published the first book account of the Victoria Falls published in English in Grahamstown in 1879. After returning to Prague for several years, Holub made plans for a bold African expedition. In 1883, Holub, along with his new wife Rosa (1865–1958) and six European guides, set out to do what no one had done before: explore the entire length of Africa from Cape Town all the way to Egypt. However, the expedition was troubled by illness and the uncooperative Ila tribesmen and Holub's team was forced to turn back in 1886. Holub mounted two exhibitions, highly attended but ending up in financial loss, in 1891 in Vienna and in 1892 in Prague. Frustrated that he was unable to find a permanent home for his large collection of artefacts, he gradually sold or gave away parts of it to museums, scientific institutions and schools. Later Holub published a series of documents, contributing to papers and magazines, and delivering lectures. His early death came in Vienna on 21 February 1902, from lingering complications of malaria and other diseases he had acquired while in Africa. Commemorations of Holub's legacy In 1884, Daniel Oliver published and described in Hooker's book Icones Plantarum (Hooker's Icon. Pl.) Vol.15 in table 1475, the plant Holubia saccata, a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Pedaliaceae. It was named in Holub's honour. In 1949, a monument to Holub by Jindřich Soukup was unveiled in his hometown of Holice. In 1952, Czech movie Velké dobrodružství (Great Adventure) was filmed about Holub's expeditions. In 1970, the town of Holice opened a museum dedicated to Emil Holub near the main post office with an associated monument nearby. Since 1999 the gymnasium in the town bears explorer's name. On 20 February 2002 the Czech National Bank issued a CZK 200 silver coin commemorating the 100th anniversary of Dr. Emil Holub's death Between 2002 and 2006,
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Punjabi wedding traditions are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture with ritual, song, dance, food, and dress that have evolved over centuries. Pre-wedding traditions Rokka (pre-engagement) Roka is one of the most significant ceremonies that take place before a Punjabi wedding. The roka ceremony marks the union of both the bride and groom's family and friends. Gifts from both families are acceptable at Rokka. Kurmai (engagement) Engagement is a significant part of a Punjabi wedding. First, the girl is draped with a phulkari (very decorative dupatta), which is usually very ornate. In some families this chunni is a family heirloom, passed down from generation to generation. She is also presented with jewellery, which her mother and sister-in-law help her wear. A tiny dot of henna paste (mehndi) is applied to her palm for good luck, and the function is sealed with the exchange of rings. The bride's father applies the tikka (forehead mark) to the groom's forehead and blesses him. Exchange of gifts takes place between the two families. Everyone present congratulates the couple by feeding them sweets. Dholki/sangeet The word sangeet is Sanskrit for "sung together." A sangeet ceremony is a traditional Punjabi and North Indian prewedding ceremony involving lots of festive dancing and celebratory songs. According to Sen, "it is traditionally recognized as a prewedding custom only in many parts of North India. Historically, the Indian wedding tradition of a sangeet ceremony was a female-only event that was organized by the ladies of the bride and groom's families to celebrate the bride a few days before the main wedding ceremony. Modern Sangeet ceremonies have evolved to being celebrated in either ones homes or in larger venues to accommodate the proposed number of guests. Mehndi The last major function before the wedding is decoration with temporary henna (mehndi) tattoos. This is often blended with the sangeet ceremony. Mehndi artists are called to the houses of the boy and girl and apply mehendi to the palms of the female family members, groom and the hands and feet of the bride. A basket containing Bindi and bangles is handed around so girls can choose those that match the outfit they plan to wear to the wedding. The Mehendi ceremony takes place in the atmosphere of a party. The bride and other ladies get mehendi (henna designs) done, on their hands and feet (most ladies get it done only on their hands but the bride gets it done on both hands and feet). For the bride the mehendi is sent by the future Mother in Law, which is beautifully decorated. Common rituals Rituals at the bride’s home Choora: On the wedding day the rituals at the girl's home begin with the Choora ceremony. The oldest maternal uncle and aunt play an important role in the performance of the ceremony. Choora is basically a set of Red bangles, gifted by girl's mama (mother's brother). People touch the choora and give their heartiest wishes to the girl for her future married life. Also, they
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Punjabi wedding traditions
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 146 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1892. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 146 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 146 U.S. were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 146 U.S. McPherson v. Blacker McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1 (1892), concerned a law passed in Michigan which divided the state into separate congressional districts and awarded one of the state's electoral votes to the winner of each district. The suit was filed by several of these electors chosen in the 1892 election, including William McPherson, against Robert R. Blacker, the Secretary of State of Michigan. It was the first Supreme Court case to consider whether certain methods of states' appointments of their electors were constitutional. The Court, in a majority opinion authored by Chief Justice Melville Fuller, upheld Michigan's law, and more generally gave state legislatures plenary power over how they appointed their electors. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions. "# Cir." = United States Court of Appeals e.g., "3d Cir." = United States Court of Appeals for
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 146
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 149 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1893. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 149 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 149 U.S. were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Cases in 149 U.S. Nix v. Hedden In Nix v. Hedden, 149 U.S. 304 (1893), the Supreme Court held that under U.S. customs regulations, a tomato should be classified as a vegetable rather than a fruit; the Tariff Act of 1883 used the ordinary meaning of the words "fruit" and "vegetable," instead of the technical botanical meaning. Fong Yue Ting v. United States Fong Yue Ting v. United States, | 149 U.S. 698 (1893), is a decision challenging provisions in Section 6 of the Geary Act of 1892 that extended and amended the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. The provisions in question required Chinese in the United States to obtain certificates of residency, and allowed for the arrest and deportation of Chinese who had failed to obtain these certificates, even if they had not violated any other laws. The case involved writs of habeas corpus from Fong Yue Ting and two other Chinese citizens residing in New York City who were arrested and detained for not having certificates. The Supreme Court decided in favor of the United States government, upholding the Geary Act and denying the writs of habeas corpus. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 149
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9878159
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 154 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1894; atypically, more than two hundred other Supreme Court opinions from earlier years (1852–1883) also appear within the volume. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 154 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). The opinions in cases from 1852–83 in volume 154 were written by various current and former justices. When the cases, from 1894, in the volume were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions. "# Cir." = United States Court of Appeals e.g., "3d Cir." = United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit "C.C.D." = United States Circuit Court for the District of . . . e.g.,"C.C.D.N.J." = United States Circuit Court for the District of New Jersey "D." = United States District Court for the District of . . . e.g.,"D. Mass." = United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts "E." = Eastern; "M." = Middle; "N." = Northern; "S." = Southern; "W." = Western e.g.,"C.C.S.D.N.Y." = United States Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York e.g.,"M.D. Ala."
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 154
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9878194
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 169 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1898. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 169 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 169 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Cases in 169 U.S. Holden v. Hardy In Holden v. Hardy, 169 U.S. 366 (1898), the Supreme Court held that a limitation on working time for miners and smelters was constitutional. The decision stated that the Utah law was a legitimate exercise of the state's police power; that such a law is legitimate if there is indeed a rational basis, supported by facts, for the legislature to believe particular work conditions are dangerous. United States v. Wong Kim Ark United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898), is a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court held that "a child born in the United States, of parents of Chinese descent, who, at the time of his birth, are subjects of the Emperor of China, but have a permanent domicil and residence in the United States, and are there carrying on business, and are not employed in any diplomatic or official capacity under the Emperor of China", is a U.S. citizen. This is due to the first clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution, 'All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.'" This decision established an important precedent in the interpretation of the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 169
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9878200
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 171 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1898. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 171 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 171 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 171 U.S. Smyth v. Ames In Smyth v. Ames, 171 U.S. 361 (1898), also called The Maximum Freight Case, the Supreme Court voided a Nebraska railroad tariff law, declaring that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in that it took property without due process of law. The Court defined the constitutional limits of governmental power to set railroad and utility rates by stating that regulated industries have the right to a "fair return". Smyth was overturned by the Court in 1944 in Federal Power Commission v. Hope Natural Gas Co.. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions. "# Cir." = United States Court of Appeals e.g., "3d Cir." = United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit "C.C.D." = United States Circuit Court for the District of . . . e.g.,"C.C.D.N.J." = United States Circuit Court for
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 171
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9879752
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 182 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1901. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 182 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 182 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Cases in 182 U.S. Insular Cases The Insular Cases are a series of opinions by the Supreme Court in 1901 (the first six opinions in 182 U.S., at pages 1–397, all authored by Justice Henry Billings Brown, along with various concurring and dissenting opinions by other Justices), about the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish–American War, such as the Philippines. The Supreme Court held in the Insular Cases that full constitutional protection of rights does not automatically extend to all places under American control. This meant that inhabitants of unincorporated territories such as Puerto Rico—"even if they are U.S. citizens"—may lack some constitutional rights (e.g., the right to remain part of the United States in case of de-annexation) because they were not part of the United States. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions. "# Cir." = United States Court of Appeals
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 182
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9879910
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 197 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1905. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 197 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 197 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 197 U.S. Jacobson v. Massachusetts In Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905), the Supreme Court upheld the authority of states to enforce compulsory vaccination laws. The Court's opinion, cited in many later cases, articulated the view that individual liberty is not absolute, but rather is subject to the police power of the state. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions. "# Cir." = United States Court of Appeals e.g., "3d Cir." = United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit "C.C.D." = United States Circuit Court for the District of . . . e.g.,"C.C.D.N.J." = United States Circuit Court for the District of New Jersey "D." = United States District Court for the District of . . . e.g.,"D. Mass." = United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts "E." = Eastern; "M." = Middle; "N." = Northern; "S."
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 197
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9879932
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This is a list of cases reported in volume 201 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1906. Justices of the Supreme Court at the time of volume 201 U.S. The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice). When the cases in volume 201 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members: Notable Case in 201 U.S. Hale v. Henkel Hale v. Henkel, 201 U.S. 43 (1906), is a major Supreme Court decision in which the Court established the power of a federal grand jury engaged in an investigation into corporate malfeasance to require the corporation in question to surrender its records. Citation style Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region. The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions. "# Cir." = United States Court of Appeals e.g., "3d Cir." = United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit "C.C.D." = United States Circuit Court for the District of . . . e.g.,"C.C.D.N.J." = United States Circuit Court for the District of New Jersey "D." = United States District Court for the District of . . . e.g.,"D. Mass." = United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts "E." = Eastern; "M." = Middle; "N." = Northern; "S." = Southern; "W." = Western e.g.,"C.C.S.D.N.Y." =
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List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 201
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Carmen Beth Twillie (born April 8, 1950) is an American actress and singer. She is a longtime friend of Tommy Morgan and has appeared as guest contralto soloist with Morgan's choir. She is best known for singing the Elton John and Tim Rice song "Circle of Life" in the beginning of the 1994 Disney animated feature film The Lion King. She provided the singing voice of Stormella in the 1998 Christmas animated film Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie and she was a singer in the 1997 animated film Cats Don't Dance. She did a few small voice roles in the 1993 stop-motion animated film The Nightmare Before Christmas as the Undersea Gal and the Creature under the bed. She also appeared on the Chowder episode "Sing Beans" doing one of the voices for the sing beans alongside voice actors Jess Harnell, John DiMaggio, and Tara Strong. She also is a backup singer, having appeared on several albums released by artists such as Celine Dion, Whitney Houston, Dionne Warwick and Pink Floyd for their 1987 album A Momentary Lapse of Reason. References External links 1950 births Living people American film actresses American television actresses African-American actresses American voice actresses 20th-century African-American women singers 20th-century American women singers 20th-century American singers American contraltos 21st-century African-American people 21st-century African-American women
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Carmen Twillie (actress)
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In chemistry, a Zintl phase is a product of a reaction between a group 1 (alkali metal) or group 2 (alkaline earth metal) and main group metal or metalloid (from groups 13, 14, 15, or 16). It is characterized by intermediate metallic/ionic bonding. Zintl phases are a subgroup of brittle, high-melting intermetallic compounds that are diamagnetic or exhibit temperature-independent paramagnetism and are poor conductors or semiconductors. This type of solid is named after German chemist Eduard Zintl who investigated them in the 1930s. The term "Zintl Phases" was first used by Laves in 1941. In his early studies, Zintl noted that there was an atomic volume contraction upon the formation of these products and realized that this could indicate cation formation. He suggested that the structures of these phases were ionic, with complete electron transfer from the more electropositive metal to the more electronegative main group element. The structure of the anion within the phase is then considered on the basis of the resulting electronic state. These ideas are further developed in the Zintl-Klemm-Busmann concept, where the polyanion structure should be similar to that of the isovalent element. Further, the anionic sublattice can be isolated as polyanions (Zintl ions) in solution and are the basis of a rich subfield of main group inorganic chemistry. History A "Zintl Phase" was first observed in 1891 by M. Joannis, who noted an unexpected green colored solution after dissolving lead and sodium in liquid ammonia, indicating the formation of a new product. It was not until many years later, in 1930, that the stoichiometry of the new product was identified as Na4Pb94− by titrations performed by Zintl et al.; and it was not until 1970 that the structure was confirmed by crystallization with ethylenediamine (en) by Kummer. In the intervening years and in the years since, many other reaction mixtures of metals were explored to provide a great number of examples of this type of system. There are hundreds of both compounds composed of group 14 elements and group 15 elements, plus dozens of others beyond those groups, all spanning a variety of different geometries. Corbett has contributed improvements to the crystallization of Zintl ions by demonstrating the use of chelating ligands, such as cryptands, as cation sequestering agents. More recently, Zintl phase and ion reactivity in more complex systems, with organic ligands or transition metals, have been investigated, as well as their use in practical applications, such as for catalytic purposes or in materials science. Zintl phases Zintl phases are intermetallic compounds that have a pronounced ionic bonding character. They are made up of a polyanionic substructure and group 1 or 2 counter ions, and their structure can be understood by a formal electron transfer from the electropositive element to the more electronegative element in their composition. Thus, the valence electron concentration (VEC) of the anionic element is increased, and it formally moves to the right in its row of the periodic table. Generally the anion does not reach an octet, so to
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Zintl phase
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Gendry is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones. First appearing in 1996's A Game of Thrones, Gendry is a blacksmith apprentice in King's Landing, and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert Baratheon. He subsequently appeared in A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000) and A Feast for Crows (2005). After Queen Cersei Lannister orders the execution of all of King Robert's bastards, Gendry is forced to flee King's Landing alongside Arya Stark under the protection of Yoren, a recruiter for the Night's Watch. He later joins the outlaw group Brotherhood Without Banners and is knighted by its leader Beric Dondarrion, and becomes a follower of R'hllor. Gendry is portrayed by English actor Joe Dempsie in the HBO television adaptation. Character description Gendry was conceived and born in King's Landing after Robert's Rebellion ended and is one of sixteen (twenty in the television series) bastard children of King Robert Baratheon. He is fourteen years old when introduced in the first book, and is portrayed as tall and very muscled, having blue eyes and thick black hair, very similar to his biological father Robert in youth. He also looks hauntingly like a younger version of Renly Baratheon, though with a squarer jaw, bushier brows and tangled hair, but resembles his biological uncle enough that for a moment Brienne of Tarth almost mistook him for the deceased Renly. Gendry is an intelligent boy despite being born into poverty, but is also stubborn, sullen, suspicious, easily confused and shy around women, and Arya Stark commented that he looks pained when he tries to think. Gendry is a biological (though illegitimate) first cousin to Shireen Baratheon, the heiress of House Baratheon on Dragonstone and King Stannis' claim to the Iron Throne. Through Robert's grandmother Princess Rhaelle Targaryen, King Aegon V's youngest daughter, he is actually also a third cousin (once removed) to Rhaegar, Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen. Despite being one of the only four surviving biological children of King Robert (along with Mya Stone, Edric Storm and Bella Rivers), Gendry never knew who his father was, though he did see Robert from afar multiple times and was once nearly trampled by a drunken Robert's horse while playing near the city gate. His mother was reported to have been an alehouse worker who died when Gendry was still a young boy, and all he remembers of her was that she had blonde hair. Later on, Tobho Mott, a master armourer from Qohor working in King's Landing, was offered double the customary fee by a "lord" with concealed identity to take Gendry in as a smith apprentice, but accepted him for free after being impressed by the boy's physique. Gendry turns out to be a talented apprentice, and likes to spend time polishing a bull head helmet that he proudly made for himself, which earned him the nickname "Bull"
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Gendry
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A Family Affair is a musical with a book by James Goldman and William Goldman, lyrics by James Goldman and John Kander, and music by Kander. This was Kander's first show and his only one written without Fred Ebb in Ebb's lifetime. Synopsis In Chicago, Gerry Siegal and Sally Nathan, a young suburban Chicago couple, decide to marry. The bride's Uncle Alfie (her guardian) wants an intimate wedding and wages a war of words with the groom's entire family. The groom's brassy Jewish mother Tillie commandeers the planning, steering it towards a large country club wedding (despite her husband's scolding her for taking over). Caterers, dressmakers, band leaders, rabbis, florists, photographers and a bossy wedding planner are pushed to the limit by the madcap preparations. The bride and groom, who have retained their sanity, realize that their families have almost destroyed the wedding. They announce their intention to have a quiet family affair. Song list Act I Anything for You Beautiful My Son, the Lawyer Every Girl Wants to Get Married Right Girls Kalua Bay There's a Room in My House Siegal Marching Song Nathan Marching Song Harmony Act II Now, Morris Wonderful Party Revenge Summer is Over Harmony (Reprise) I'm Worse Than Anybody What I Say Goes The Wedding Background The three collaborators on the show, William and James Goldman, and John Kander, had all been friends for a long time and shared an apartment in New York City. Although all three would enjoy great success, when the musical was written only William Goldman was doing well in his career. He later remembered: They were older than I was, Kander and my brother, and they were the ones who were supposed to succeed and they weren't I was. It terrified me and I wrote a musical with my brother and Kander, A Family Affair, which got on, which failed. I don't know why I did it. Here were these two wonderful figures for me and I was doing well and they weren't and I helped them in my own nutty way. Except it didn't work out that way, since everything I tried for the theatre failed. William Goldman says the idea for the musical was his. The musical was originally optioned by Leland Hayward and when he dropped the option their agent, Richard Seff, talked his cousin Andrew into producing it. Seff recalled: “Jerome Robbins was interested in directing, which made Leland Hayward interested in producing — but when Robbins decided that he wouldn’t, Hayward said he wouldn’t, either. But I so believed in this show that I got my cousin Andrew... to produce it.” Money was raised by doing live auditions, according to Seff: Jim couldn't sing a note, Bill can't really sing but John Kander can a little bit, so Kander would play and sing and Bill would sing with him and then I had to get up and sing with them too so here was the agent playing actor. There were thirty people, fifty people, and
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A Family Affair (musical)
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The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry or the oil patch, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, synthetic fragrances, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Upstream regards exploration and extraction of crude oil, midstream encompasses transportation and storage of crude, and downstream concerns refining crude oil into various end products. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration, making it a critical concern for many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world's energy consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, to a high of 53% for the Middle East. Other geographic regions' consumption patterns are as follows: South and Central America (44%), Africa (41%), and North America (40%). The world consumes 36 billion barrels (5.8 km3) of oil per year, with developed nations being the largest consumers. The United States consumed 18% of the oil produced in 2015. The production, distribution, refining, and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents the world's largest industry in terms of dollar value. History Prehistory Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations. It consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds. It is generally accepted that oil is formed mostly from the carbon rich remains of ancient plankton after exposure to heat and pressure in Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Over time, the decayed residue was covered by layers of mud and silt, sinking further down into Earth's crust and preserved there between hot and pressured layers, gradually transforming into oil reservoirs. Early history Petroleum in an unrefined state has been utilized by humans for over 5000 years. Oil in general has been used since early human history to keep fires ablaze and in warfare. Its importance to the world economy however, evolved slowly, with whale oil being used for lighting in the 19th century and wood and coal used for heating and cooking well into the 20th century. Even though the Industrial Revolution generated an increasing need for energy, this was initially met mainly by coal, and from other sources including whale oil. However, when it was discovered that kerosene could be extracted from crude oil and used as a lighting and heating fuel, the demand for petroleum increased greatly, and by the early twentieth century had become the most valuable commodity traded on world markets. Modern history Imperial Russia produced 3,500 tons of oil in 1825 and doubled its output by mid-century. After oil drilling began in the region of present-day Azerbaijan in 1846, in Baku, the Russian Empire built two large pipelines: the 833 km long
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Petroleum industry
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Hugh Milburn Stone (July 5, 1904 – June 12, 1980) was an American actor, best known for his role as "Doc" (Dr. Galen Adams) on the Western series Gunsmoke. Early life Stone was born in Burrton, Kansas, to Herbert Stone and the former Laura Belfield. There, he graduated from Burrton High School, where he was active in the drama club, played basketball, and sang in a barbershop quartet. Stone's brother, Joe Stone, says their uncle Fred Stone, was a versatile actor who appeared on Broadway and in circuses). Although Stone had a congressional appointment to the United States Naval Academy, he turned it down, choosing instead to become an actor with a stock theater company headed by Helen Ross. Career In 1919, Stone debuted on stage in a Kansas tent show. He ventured into vaudeville in the late 1920s, and in 1930, he was half of the Stone and Strain song-and-dance act. His Broadway credits include Around the Corner (1936) and Jayhawker (1934). In the 1930s, Stone came to Los Angeles, California, to launch his own screen career. He was featured in the Tailspin Tommy adventure serial for Monogram Pictures. In 1939 he played Stephen Douglass in the movie Young Mr. Lincoln with Henry Fonda and Ward Bond. In 1939 he appeared in When Tomorrow Comes as head busboy (uncredited). In 1940, he appeared with Marjorie Reynolds, Tristram Coffin, and I. Stanford Jolley in the comedy espionage film Chasing Trouble. That same year, he co-starred with Roy Rogers in the film Colorado in the role of Rogers' brother-gone-wrong. Stone appeared uncredited in the 1939 film Blackwell's Island. Stone played Dr. Blake in the 1943 film Gung Ho! and a liberal-minded warden in Monogram Pictures' Prison Mutiny also in 1943. Signed by Universal Pictures in 1943, in the films Captive Wild Woman (1943), Jungle Woman (1943), Sherlock Holmes Faces Death [Captain Pat Vickery], (1944), he became a familiar face in its features and serials, starring as hero Jim Hudson in The Great Alaskan Mystery (1944). In 1944, he portrayed a Ration Board representative in the Universal-produced public service film Prices Unlimited for the U.S. Office of Price Administration and the Office of War Information. One of his film roles was a radio columnist in the Gloria Jean-Kirby Grant musical I'll Remember April. He made such an impression in this film that Universal Studios gave him a starring role (and a similar characterization) in the 1945 serial The Master Key. The same year, he was featured in the Inner Sanctum murder mystery The Frozen Ghost. In 1953, Stone appeared as Charlton Heston's sidekick in Arrowhead, a Western also featuring Brian Keith and Katy Jurado. In 1955, one of CBS Radio's hit series, the Western Gunsmoke, was adapted for television and recast with different actors for various reasons (William Conrad was judged too obese to play Matt Dillon on camera, Georgia Ellis wasn't viewed as quite telegenic enough to portray Kitty on television, etc.). Howard McNear, the radio Doc Adams (who later played
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The Epistle to Titus is one of the three pastoral epistles (along with 1 Timothy and 2 Timothy) in the New Testament, historically attributed to Paul the Apostle. It is addressed to Saint Titus and describes the requirements and duties of presbyters/bishops. Text The epistle is divided into three chapters, 46 verses in total. Recipient Not mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, Saint Titus was noted in Galatians (cf. Galatians 2:1, 3) where Paul wrote of journeying to Jerusalem with Barnabas, accompanied by Titus. He was then dispatched to Corinth, Greece, where he successfully reconciled the Christian community there with Paul, its founder. Titus was later left on the island of Crete to help organize the Church there, and later met back with the Apostle Paul in Nicopolis. He soon went to Dalmatia (now Croatia). According to Eusebius of Caesarea in the Ecclesiastical History, he served as the first bishop of Crete. He was buried in Cortyna (Gortyna), Crete; his head was later removed to Venice during the invasion of Crete by the Saracens in 832 and was enshrined in St Mark's Basilica, Venice, Italy. Authenticity According to Clare Drury, the claim that Paul himself wrote this letter and those to Timothy "seems at first sight obvious and incontrovertible. All three begin with a greeting from the apostle and contain personal notes and asides", but in reality "things are not so straightforward: signs of the late date of the letters proliferate". There has therefore been some debate regarding the authenticity of the letter. Opposition to Pauline authenticity Titus, along with the two other pastoral epistles (1 Timothy and 2 Timothy), is regarded by some scholars as being pseudepigraphical. On the basis of the language and content of the pastoral epistles, these scholars reject that they were written by Paul and believe that they were written by an anonymous forger after his death. Critics claim the vocabulary and style of the Pauline letters could not have been written by Paul according to available biographical information and reflect the views of the emerging Church rather than the apostle's. These scholars date the epistle from the 80s CE up to the end of the 2nd century, though most would place it sometime between 80 and 100 CE. The Church of England's Common Worship Lectionary Scripture Commentary concurs with this view: "the proportioning of the theological and practical themes is one factor that leads us to think of these writings as coming from the post-Pauline church world of the late first or early second century". Titus has a very close affinity with 1 Timothy, sharing similar phrases and expressions and similar subject matter. This has led many scholars to believe that it was written by the same author who wrote 1 and 2 Timothy: their author is sometimes referred to as "the Pastor". The gnostic writer Basilides rejected the epistle. Traditional view: Pauline authenticity Other scholars who do believe that Paul wrote Titus date its composition from the circumstance that it was written
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The Opeongo River is a river in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin in Nipissing District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. The river is entirely within Algonquin Provincial Park and Opeongo River Provincial Park, except for a small portion around Victoria Lake, and is a left tributary of the Madawaska River. Course The river begins in Algonquin Provincial Park at the outflow from Annie Bay on the East Arm of Opeongo Lake in geographic Preston Township, in the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District, controlled by the Opeongo Lake Dam and flows southeast to Booth Lake. It exits the lake east controlled by the Booth Lake Dam, enters geographic Clancy Township, exits Algonquin Provincial Park into Opeongo River Provincial Park and reaches Victoria Lake. The river leaves the lake at the northeast over a dam and continues southeast, passes from Unorganized South Nipissing District into the geographic Dickens Township in the municipality of South Algonquin, passes through a series of rapids, takes in the left tributary Aylen River, turns southwest, and empties into Bark Lake on the Madawaska River, at the Ontario Highway 60 bridge and east of the community of Madawaska. The Madawaska River flows via the Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River. Recreation The river is used for recreational canoeing and kayaking. Tributaries Aylen River (left) Victoria Lake McNevin Creek (right) Shall Lake Oram Creek (right) Shall Creek (left) Crotch Lake Shirley Creek (left) Robin Creek (left) Bridle Creek (left) Booth Lake Rumley Creek (right) Cob Creek (right) McCarthy Creek (right) Chipmunk Creek (left) Tip Up Creek (left) See also List of rivers of Ontario References Other map sources: Rivers of Nipissing District Tributaries of the Ottawa River
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Opeongo River
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Mayaguana (from Taíno language Mayaguana, meaning "Lesser Midwestern Land") is the easternmost island and district of The Bahamas. Its population was 277 in the 2010 census. It has an area of about . About north of Great Inagua and southeast of the capital Nassau, Mayaguana is considered the halfway point between South Florida and Puerto Rico and is about off Palm Beach, Florida. It is a popular stopover for boaters en-route to the eastern Caribbean. Etymology The indigenous Lucayan people named the island Mayaguana (or Mariguana) meaning "lesser mid-western land". History Mayaguana was inhabited by Lucayans prior to the arrival of the Spanish following 1492. After the last of the Lucayans were carried off to Hispaniola by the Spanish early in the 16th century, the island remained uninhabited until 1812, when people began to migrate from the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are located about southeast. The Brazilian historian Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen suggested in 1824 that Mayaguana is Guanahani, the first island visited by Christopher Columbus at his discovery of the Americas. His theory has found little support. Mayaguana apparently was the Lucayan name (meaning "Lesser Midwestern Land" ) for the island. The first steamship to circumnavigate the globe, the Royal Navy sloop HMS Driver, wrecked on Mayaguana on 3 August 1861, 14 years after the completion of her epic voyage in 1847. During NASA's Project Mercury and the Apollo program, the United States space program had a missile tracking station on what is now Mayaguana Airport. The station was used to help keep astronauts on course. The Mayaguana Airport was built by US Army Engineers attached to the US Air Force. The airport was built as a runway for jet planes that would follow missiles fired from Cape Canaveral. Real-time sighting and photography was the best technology of the time for observing the flight of the missiles. The Bahamian government has recently approved working with American investors MMC to turn Mayaguana into a "free trade zone," complete with tourism development of approximately 14% of the island. Actually, this is 14% of the total landmass but essentially most of the coastal region. The proposal was met with moderate resistance by Mayaguanians, who look forward to economic expansion but are unsure of what change is to come. This development is still in a planning phase and is trying to maintain the nature of the island as a quiet eco-tourist destination while still creating sustainable economic growth. People The largest settlement is Abraham's Bay (pop. 143) on the south coast; other settlements are the neighboring towns of Betsy Bay (pop. 44) and Pirate's Well (pop. 90) in the northwest with the population slowly decreasing. The uninhabited areas of Upper Point (north shore), Northeast Point, and Southeast Point are largely inaccessible by road. Culture The Betsy Bay Homecoming Festival is held annually in Mayaguana. As of 2020, the All Mayaguana Regatta was also held annually in Mayaguana. Economy The least developed Bahamian island, Mayaguana has never really seen major growth largely due
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The alpine salamander (Salamandra atra) is a black salamander that can be found in the French Alps, and through the mountainous range in Europe. It is a member of the genus Salamandra. Their species name, atra, may be derived from the Latin ater, meaning dull black. The salamanders' coloration has evolved over time, as some species are completely monochrome black and others have yellow spotting and marks. Their life expectancy is at least 10 years. There are four subspecies of the alpine salamander, with varied distribution and physical coloration. Unlike other salamanders, whose larvae are developed in water, the alpine salamander and its subspecies are a fully terrestrial species in life and gestation. They give birth to live young. Alpine salamanders produce toxic compounds from their skin. These compounds may protect them from both predator and microbial threats. Description Alpine salamanders are often small in size, and dark brown or black. Members of the subspecies are not wholly black or brown monochrome, but rather have mosaic or spotted patterns. Members of the subspecies Salamandra atra aurorae have bright splotches on its dorsal side and head. The color is often bright yellow, but can range to shades of white or even gray. Distribution of the pigment is dependent on the distribution of certain cells, so may be smooth and even or patchy. Female S. atra tend to be larger than the males, and can grow up to 151 millimeters, or around 5.9 inches. Males will grow to around 144 millimeters, or 5.6 inches: both measurements include the tail. Males have swollen, visible cloacae, and are more slender than females. The salamanders have parotid glands posterior and lateral to their eyes, giving them an elongated head shape. They tend to have between 11 and 13 costal grooves along the sides of their bodies, and a double row of dorsal glands runs down their backs on either side of their spines, down to the tips of their tails. Coloration Most alpine salamanders that are either completely black (melanistic) or predominantly black have the dark pigment as a baseline, but the evolution behind this dark coloring has a winding history. Scientists have studied the hypothesis of if the salamanders start completely black, or if they evolved like that over time. DNA-evidence traced through maternal lineages suggest the latter: that salamanders evolved their black coloration over time. Biological pigmentation is determined by presentation of specific color-producing cells, called chromatophores, which absorb and/or reflect light in a particular way to then appear as a color. In S. atra, there are different cells present or activated, which yield different colors: melanophores contribute to the dark coloration by producing the dark pigment melanin, while xanthophores produce a yellow pigment, and iridophores are simply light-reflecting. The fully-black phenotype seen in S. a. atra results from the salamanders' melanophores in the dermis and epidermis, producing melanin alone. Xanthophore-iridophore complexes are responsible for production of yellow spotting, which appears bright. In species without yellow patches, it appears that they do not
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Christmas Dreams is an album by American singer-songwriter Don McLean, released in 1997. Track listing "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 3:39 "Oh Holy Night" – 4:20 "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day" (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow) – 3:16 "Blue Christmas" (Bill Hayes, Jay Johnson) – 3:52 "Christmas Waltz" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 3:06 "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 2:36 "Toyland" (Victor Herbert, Glen MacDonough) – 3:33 "On the Last Month of the Year" – 4:20 "It Came Upon a Midnight Clear" (Edmund Hamilton Sears, Richard Storrs Willis) – 3:23 "Silent Night" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr) – 4:08 Personnel Don McLean - vocals, guitar, arrangements Brent Mason - guitar Gary Lunn - bass Jim Ferguson - bass Tony Migliore - piano, string arrangements, synthesizer banjo Terry McMillan - percussion Dennis Solee - saxophone Nashville String Machine - string ensemble Bruce Resnikoff - Executive Producer References Don McLean albums 1997 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists Folk rock Christmas albums Hip-O Records albums
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Christmas Dreams
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Fürstenfeldbruck () is a town in Bavaria, Germany, located 32 kilometres west of Munich. It is the capital of the district of Fürstenfeldbruck. it has a population of 35,494. Since the 1930s, Fürstenfeldbruck has had an air force base. The name of Fürstenfeldbruck is composed of two parts, namely 'Buick', Bavarian dialect for 'bridge' (meaning the bridge over the Amper river) and after the famous monastery of Fürstenfeld Abbey. Geography Fürstenfeldbruck covers an area of 32.53 km2. It is located halfway between Munich and Augsburg, and along the Amper river. Main sights Cistercian monastery (Fürstenfeld Abbey), founded in 1266 by Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and closed in 1803. It was one of the favourite monasteries of the Wittelsbach family. Parish church of St. Magdalene (late 17th century) Pilgrim church of St. Leonhard. A Gothic building which can be crossed riding a horse. Aumühle, a 14th-century mill now housing the municipal library. Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base Fürstenfeldbruck has been the site of an Air Base since 1936. It was used by the Luftwaffe before and during World War II. It was used by United States Air Force after World War II and returned to the German government in 1957 and used as a base for the modern German Air Force ever since. The air force base was the site of the Munich Massacre during the 1972 Summer Olympics. The nine Israeli hostages (two had been killed earlier at the Olympic Village) and eight Black September terrorists who captured them were flown to the base from the Olympic Village via helicopter, where the terrorists demanded they, and their hostages, be flown to a friendly Arab nation. After a botched rescue attempt by Bavarian border guards and Munich police, the terrorists killed all of the nine remaining Israeli hostages, who were unable to escape from the helicopters. Five of the terrorists and a Munich policeman were also killed in the gunfight. Economy The American company Texas Instruments has offices in Fürstenfeldbruck, and Coca-Cola European Partners has a bottling facility there as well. Also, it is the home of Leuze lumiflex, the maker of safety products (light curtains). Twin towns – sister cities Fürstenfeldbruck is twinned with: Almuñécar, Spain Cerveteri, Italy Livry-Gargan, France Wichita Falls, United States Zadar, Croatia Notable people (1869–1934), German sculptor and goldsmith Olaf Ittenbach (born 1969), German horror film director Anna Katharina Kränzlein (born 1980), violinist, founding member of the folk rock band Schandmaul Corinna Lechner (born 1994), cyclist Ernst Mayr (computer scientist) (born 1950), computer scientist, professor of the TU Munich, winner of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize 1997 Ferdinand von Miller (1813–1887), iron moulder, builder of Bavaria Persons with reference to Fürstenfeldbruck Johannes Mathesius (1504–1565), Luther biographer and reformer: In Bruck, he studied the teaching and traveling years of Luther's teachings in the house of the pastor Zacharias Weichsner Adolf Des Coudres (1862–1924), landscape painter, died in Fürstenfeldbruck Richard W. Higgins (1922–1957), pilot of the USAF sacrificed his life in 1957 to prevent a plane crash over Fürstenfeldbruck
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Christmastime! is an album by American singer-songwriter Don McLean, released in 2004. It is a complete collection of Don McLean's Christmas recordings and contains all of the songs previously released on Christmas and Christmas Dreams as well as two songs new to this collection. Track listing "Winter Wonderland" "O Little Town of Bethlehem" "Blue Christmas" "The Christmas Waltz" "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town" "Toyland" "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" "I'll Be Home for Christmas/Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" "White Christmas" "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" "Silent Night" "Oh Holy Night" "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day" "Go Tell It on the Mountain" "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" "The Last Month of the Year" "The Burgundian Carol" "Little Child" "It Came Upon a Midnight Clear" "Pretty Paper" "'Twas the Night before Christmas" Christmas compilation albums 2004 Christmas albums Christmas albums by American artists 2004 compilation albums Don McLean compilation albums Rock Christmas albums
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Christmastime!
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Klaus Wunder (13 September 1950 – 16 January 2024) was a German professional footballer who played as a striker. For Bayern Munich, he was part of the club's European Cup victory in 1974–75. He earned one cap for the Germany national team and also represented West Germany at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He was given the nickname "Caesar". Biography Wunder was born in Erfurt, East Germany but his parents fled to West Germany when he was four years old. He started playing football for Arminia Hannover before joining MSV Duisburg where he made his Bundesliga debut in 1971. In 1972 he represented West Germany at the Olympic games in Munich. In September 1973, he received his only cap for Germany as a substitute for Jürgen Grabowski in a 1-0 win against the Soviet Union. In 1974, he signed for champions Bayern Munich for a club record transfer fee of between 400,000 and 700,000 Deutsche Marks. In his one season at Bayern, he won the European Cup, coming on as a subsitute for the seriously injured Uli Hoeness in the final against Leeds United. In December 1975 he moved to Hannover 96 and later played for Werder Bremen. After his retirement from football, he ran a tennis and squash club in Hemmingen. Wunder died on 16 January 2024, at the age of 73. Honours Bayern Munich European Cup: 1974–75 References External links 1950 births 2024 deaths Sportspeople from Erfurt German men's footballers Footballers from Thuringia Men's association football forwards Olympic footballers for West Germany West German men's footballers Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics Germany men's international footballers Germany men's B international footballers Germany men's under-21 international footballers UEFA Champions League winning players SV Arminia Hannover players MSV Duisburg players FC Bayern Munich footballers Hannover 96 players SV Werder Bremen players Bundesliga players 2. Bundesliga players Waldorf school alumni German people of Austrian descent
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Peter William Mayhew (19 May 1944 – 30 April 2019) was a British-American actor. He was best known for portraying Chewbacca in the Star Wars film series. He played the character in all of his live-action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's The Force Awakens before his retirement from the role. Early life Peter Mayhew was born on 19 May 1944, in Barnes, Surrey. At the age of 8, he was diagnosed with gigantism. Mayhew also had a genetic tissue disorder called Marfan syndrome. His peak height was . Career Early work Mayhew gained his first acting job when the producers of Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977) discovered him from a photograph in a newspaper article about men with large feet, and cast him in the role of the Minoton. Star Wars When casting the original Star Wars (1977), director George Lucas needed a tall actor who could fit the role of the hairy alien Chewbacca. He originally had in mind bodybuilder David Prowse, but Prowse chose to play Darth Vader. This led Lucas to cast Mayhew, who was working as a healthcare assistant in the A & E department at the Mayday University Hospital, Thornton Heath, Croydon, Surrey. He became aware of a casting call for Star Wars which was filming at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire. The tall actor was immediately cast as Chewbacca after he stood up to greet Lucas. Mayhew continued working as an orderly, at Mayday Hospital (now Croydon University Hospital), in between filming the original Star Wars trilogy. Mayhew modelled his performance of Chewbacca after researching the behaviour of bears, monkeys and gorillas he saw at London Zoo. Lucas said Mayhew was "the closest any human being could be to a Wookiee: big heart, gentle nature and I learnt to always let him win". The character did not have any lines, the sounds he made being derived from sound recordings of animal noises. Mayhew played Chewbacca in five Star Wars films: the original trilogy (Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi), Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith and Star Wars: The Force Awakens. He played the role in the 1978 television film Star Wars Holiday Special and in a 1980 appearance on The Muppet Show. He also recorded dialogue for the Star Wars: The Clone Wars Season 3 finale episode "Wookiee Hunt". Mayhew played the role in commercials and hospital appearances for sick children, and made numerous appearances as Chewbacca outside the Star Wars films. Mayhew, appearing as Chewbacca, was honoured with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the MTV Film Awards 1997. He also made other media appearances outside of playing Chewbacca. He appeared on NBC's Identity, where his identity was based on his role as Chewbacca and was a frequent guest in the early days of Slice of SciFi. While Mayhew portrayed Chewbacca in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, he was not in Star Wars: The Last Jedi but was listed in the
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