function MenuProvider($$interimElementProvider) {
  var MENU_EDGE_MARGIN = 8;

  return $$interimElementProvider('$mdMenu')
    .setDefaults({
      methods: ['target'],
      options: menuDefaultOptions
    });

  /* @ngInject */
  function menuDefaultOptions($mdUtil, $mdTheming, $mdConstant, $document, $window, $q, $$rAF,
                              $animateCss, $animate, $log) {

    var prefixer = $mdUtil.prefixer();
    var animator = $mdUtil.dom.animator;

    return {
      parent: 'body',
      onShow: onShow,
      onRemove: onRemove,
      hasBackdrop: true,
      disableParentScroll: true,
      skipCompile: true,
      preserveScope: true,
      multiple: true,
      themable: true
    };

    /**
     * Show modal backdrop element...
     * @returns {function(): void} A function that removes this backdrop
     */
    function showBackdrop(scope, element, options) {
      if (options.nestLevel) return angular.noop;

      // If we are not within a dialog...
      if (options.disableParentScroll && !$mdUtil.getClosest(options.target, 'MD-DIALOG')) {
        // !! DO this before creating the backdrop; since disableScrollAround()
        //    configures the scroll offset; which is used by mdBackDrop postLink()
        options.restoreScroll = $mdUtil.disableScrollAround(options.element, options.parent);
      } else {
        options.disableParentScroll = false;
      }

      if (options.hasBackdrop) {
        options.backdrop = $mdUtil.createBackdrop(scope, "md-menu-backdrop md-click-catcher");

        $animate.enter(options.backdrop, options.backdropParent || $document[0].body);
      }

      /**
       * Hide and destroys the backdrop created by showBackdrop()
       */
      return function hideBackdrop() {
        if (options.backdrop) options.backdrop.remove();
        if (options.disableParentScroll) options.restoreScroll();
      };
    }

    /**
     * Removing the menu element from the DOM and remove all associated event listeners
     * and backdrop
     */
    function onRemove(scope, element, opts) {
      opts.cleanupInteraction();
      opts.cleanupBackdrop();
      opts.cleanupResizing();
      opts.hideBackdrop();

      // Before the menu is closing remove the clickable class.
      element.removeClass('md-clickable');

      // For navigation $destroy events, do a quick, non-animated removal,
      // but for normal closes (from clicks, etc) animate the removal

      return (opts.$destroy === true) ? detachAndClean() : animateRemoval().then(detachAndClean);

      /**
       * For normal closes, animate the removal.
       * For forced closes (like $destroy events), skip the animations
       */
      function animateRemoval() {
        return $animateCss(element, {addClass: 'md-leave'}).start();
      }

      /**
       * Detach the element
       */
      function detachAndClean() {
        element.removeClass('md-active');
        detachElement(element, opts);
        opts.alreadyOpen = false;
      }

    }

    /**
     * Inserts and configures the staged Menu element into the DOM, positioning it,
     * and wiring up various interaction events
     */
    function onShow(scope, element, opts) {
      sanitizeAndConfigure(opts);

      if (opts.menuContentEl[0]) {
        // Inherit the theme from the target element.
        $mdTheming.inherit(opts.menuContentEl, opts.target);
      } else {
        $log.warn(
          '$mdMenu: Menu elements should always contain a `md-menu-content` element,' +
          'otherwise interactivity features will not work properly.',
          element
        );
      }

      // Register various listeners to move menu on resize/orientation change
      opts.cleanupResizing = startRepositioningOnResize();
      opts.hideBackdrop = showBackdrop(scope, element, opts);

      // Return the promise for when our menu is done animating in
      return showMenu()
        .then(function(response) {
          opts.alreadyOpen = true;
          opts.cleanupInteraction = activateInteraction();
          opts.cleanupBackdrop = setupBackdrop();

          // Since the menu finished its animation, mark the menu as clickable.
          element.addClass('md-clickable');

          return response;
        });

      /**
       * Place the menu into the DOM and call positioning related functions
       */
      function showMenu() {
        opts.parent.append(element);
        element[0].style.display = '';

        return $q(function(resolve) {
          var position = calculateMenuPosition(element, opts);

          element.removeClass('md-leave');

          // Animate the menu scaling, and opacity [from its position origin (default == top-left)]
          // to normal scale.
          $animateCss(element, {
            addClass: 'md-active',
            from: animator.toCss(position),
            to: animator.toCss({transform: ''})
          })
          .start()
          .then(resolve);

        });
      }

      /**
       * Check for valid opts and set some useful defaults
       */
      function sanitizeAndConfigure() {
        if (!opts.target) {
          throw Error(
            '$mdMenu.show() expected a target to animate from in options.target'
          );
        }
        angular.extend(opts, {
          alreadyOpen: false,
          isRemoved: false,
          target: angular.element(opts.target), // make sure it's not a naked DOM node
          parent: angular.element(opts.parent),
          menuContentEl: angular.element(element[0].querySelector('md-menu-content'))
        });
      }

      /**
       * Configure various resize listeners for screen changes
       */
      function startRepositioningOnResize() {

        var repositionMenu = (function(target, options) {
          return $$rAF.throttle(function() {
            if (opts.isRemoved) return;
            var position = calculateMenuPosition(target, options);

            target.css(animator.toCss(position));
          });
        })(element, opts);

        $window.addEventListener('resize', repositionMenu);
        $window.addEventListener('orientationchange', repositionMenu);

        return function stopRepositioningOnResize() {

          // Disable resizing handlers
          $window.removeEventListener('resize', repositionMenu);
          $window.removeEventListener('orientationchange', repositionMenu);

        };
      }

      /**
       * Sets up the backdrop and listens for click elements.
       * Once the backdrop will be clicked, the menu will automatically close.
       * @returns {!Function} Function to remove the backdrop.
       */
      function setupBackdrop() {
        if (!opts.backdrop) return angular.noop;

        opts.backdrop.on('click', onBackdropClick);

        return function() {
          opts.backdrop.off('click', onBackdropClick);
        };
      }

      /**
       * Function to be called whenever the backdrop is clicked.
       * @param {!MouseEvent} event
       */
      function onBackdropClick(event) {
        event.preventDefault();
        event.stopPropagation();

        scope.$apply(function() {
          opts.mdMenuCtrl.close(true, { closeAll: true });
        });
      }

      /**
       * Activate interaction on the menu. Resolves the focus target and closes the menu on
       * escape or option click.
       * @returns {!Function} Function to deactivate the interaction listeners.
       */
      function activateInteraction() {
        if (!opts.menuContentEl[0]) return angular.noop;

        // Wire up keyboard listeners.
        // - Close on escape,
        // - focus next item on down arrow,
        // - focus prev item on up
        opts.menuContentEl.on('keydown', onMenuKeyDown);
        opts.menuContentEl[0].addEventListener('click', captureClickListener, true);

        // kick off initial focus in the menu on the first enabled element
        var focusTarget = opts.menuContentEl[0]
          .querySelector(prefixer.buildSelector(['md-menu-focus-target', 'md-autofocus']));

        if (!focusTarget) {
          var childrenLen = opts.menuContentEl[0].children.length;
          for (var childIndex = 0; childIndex < childrenLen; childIndex++) {
            var child = opts.menuContentEl[0].children[childIndex];
            focusTarget = child.querySelector('.md-button:not([disabled])');
            if (focusTarget) {
              break;
            }
            // Need to check the attribute as well since this might be a custom element whose
            // disabled property is undefined.
            if (child.firstElementChild && !child.firstElementChild.disabled &&
                !child.firstElementChild.getAttribute('disabled')) {
              focusTarget = child.firstElementChild;
              break;
            }
          }
        }

        focusTarget && focusTarget.focus();

        return function cleanupInteraction() {
          opts.menuContentEl.off('keydown', onMenuKeyDown);
          opts.menuContentEl[0].removeEventListener('click', captureClickListener, true);
        };

        // ************************************
        // internal functions
        // ************************************

        function onMenuKeyDown(ev) {
          var handled;
          switch (ev.keyCode) {
            case $mdConstant.KEY_CODE.ESCAPE:
              if (opts.nestLevel) {
                opts.mdMenuCtrl.close();
              } else {
                opts.mdMenuCtrl.close(false, { closeAll: true });
              }
              handled = true;
              break;
            case $mdConstant.KEY_CODE.TAB:
              opts.mdMenuCtrl.close(false, { closeAll: true });
              // Don't prevent default or stop propagation on this event as we want tab
              // to move the focus to the next focusable element on the page.
              handled = false;
              break;
            case $mdConstant.KEY_CODE.UP_ARROW:
              if (!focusMenuItem(ev, opts.menuContentEl, opts, -1) && !opts.nestLevel) {
                opts.mdMenuCtrl.triggerContainerProxy(ev);
              }
              handled = true;
              break;
            case $mdConstant.KEY_CODE.DOWN_ARROW:
              if (!focusMenuItem(ev, opts.menuContentEl, opts, 1) && !opts.nestLevel) {
                opts.mdMenuCtrl.triggerContainerProxy(ev);
              }
              handled = true;
              break;
            case $mdConstant.KEY_CODE.LEFT_ARROW:
              if (opts.nestLevel) {
                opts.mdMenuCtrl.close();
              } else {
                opts.mdMenuCtrl.triggerContainerProxy(ev);
              }
              handled = true;
              break;
            case $mdConstant.KEY_CODE.RIGHT_ARROW:
              var parentMenu = $mdUtil.getClosest(ev.target, 'MD-MENU');
              if (parentMenu && parentMenu != opts.parent[0]) {
                ev.target.click();
              } else {
                opts.mdMenuCtrl.triggerContainerProxy(ev);
              }
              handled = true;
              break;
          }
          if (handled) {
            ev.preventDefault();
            ev.stopImmediatePropagation();
          }
        }

        function onBackdropClick(e) {
          e.preventDefault();
          e.stopPropagation();
          scope.$apply(function() {
            opts.mdMenuCtrl.close(true, { closeAll: true });
          });
        }

        // Close menu on menu item click, if said menu-item is not disabled
        function captureClickListener(e) {
          var target = e.target;
          // Traverse up the event until we get to the menuContentEl to see if
          // there is an ng-click and that the ng-click is not disabled
          do {
            if (target == opts.menuContentEl[0]) return;
            if ((hasAnyAttribute(target, ['ng-click', 'ng-href', 'ui-sref']) ||
                target.nodeName == 'BUTTON' || target.nodeName == 'MD-BUTTON') && !hasAnyAttribute(target, ['md-prevent-menu-close'])) {
              var closestMenu = $mdUtil.getClosest(target, 'MD-MENU');
              if (!target.hasAttribute('disabled') && (!closestMenu || closestMenu == opts.parent[0])) {
                close();
              }
              break;
            }
          } while (target = target.parentNode);

          function close() {
            scope.$apply(function() {
              opts.mdMenuCtrl.close(true, { closeAll: true });
            });
          }

          function hasAnyAttribute(target, attrs) {
            if (!target) return false;

            for (var i = 0, attr; attr = attrs[i]; ++i) {
              if (prefixer.hasAttribute(target, attr)) {
                return true;
              }
            }

            return false;
          }
        }

      }
    }

    /**
     * Takes a keypress event and focuses the next/previous menu
     * item from the emitting element
     * @param {event} e - The origin keypress event
     * @param {angular.element} menuEl - The menu element
     * @param {object} opts - The interim element options for the mdMenu
     * @param {number} direction - The direction to move in (+1 = next, -1 = prev)
     */
    function focusMenuItem(e, menuEl, opts, direction) {
      var currentItem = $mdUtil.getClosest(e.target, 'MD-MENU-ITEM');

      var items = $mdUtil.nodesToArray(menuEl[0].children);
      var currentIndex = items.indexOf(currentItem);

      // Traverse through our elements in the specified direction (+/-1) and try to
      // focus them until we find one that accepts focus
      var didFocus;
      for (var i = currentIndex + direction; i >= 0 && i < items.length; i = i + direction) {
        var focusTarget = items[i].querySelector('.md-button');
        didFocus = attemptFocus(focusTarget);
        if (didFocus) {
          break;
        }
      }
      return didFocus;
    }

    /**
     * Attempts to focus an element. Checks whether that element is the currently
     * focused element after attempting.
     * @param {HTMLElement} el - the element to attempt focus on
     * @returns {boolean} - whether the element was successfully focused
     */
    function attemptFocus(el) {
      if (el && el.getAttribute('tabindex') != -1) {
        el.focus();
        return ($document[0].activeElement == el);
      }
    }

    /**
     * Use browser to remove this element without triggering a $destroy event
     */
    function detachElement(element, opts) {
      if (!opts.preserveElement) {
        if (toNode(element).parentNode === toNode(opts.parent)) {
          toNode(opts.parent).removeChild(toNode(element));
        }
      } else {
        toNode(element).style.display = 'none';
      }
    }

    /**
     * Computes menu position and sets the style on the menu container
     * @param {HTMLElement} el - the menu container element
     * @param {object} opts - the interim element options object
     */
    function calculateMenuPosition(el, opts) {

      var containerNode = el[0],
        openMenuNode = el[0].firstElementChild,
        openMenuNodeRect = openMenuNode.getBoundingClientRect(),
        boundryNode = $document[0].body,
        boundryNodeRect = boundryNode.getBoundingClientRect();

      var menuStyle = $window.getComputedStyle(openMenuNode);

      var originNode = opts.target[0].querySelector(prefixer.buildSelector('md-menu-origin')) || opts.target[0],
        originNodeRect = originNode.getBoundingClientRect();

      var bounds = {
        left: boundryNodeRect.left + MENU_EDGE_MARGIN,
        top: Math.max(boundryNodeRect.top, 0) + MENU_EDGE_MARGIN,
        bottom: Math.max(boundryNodeRect.bottom, Math.max(boundryNodeRect.top, 0) + boundryNodeRect.height) - MENU_EDGE_MARGIN,
        right: boundryNodeRect.right - MENU_EDGE_MARGIN
      };

      var alignTarget, alignTargetRect = { top:0, left : 0, right:0, bottom:0 }, existingOffsets  = { top:0, left : 0, right:0, bottom:0  };
      var positionMode = opts.mdMenuCtrl.positionMode();

      if (positionMode.top === 'target' || positionMode.left === 'target' || positionMode.left === 'target-right') {
        alignTarget = firstVisibleChild();
        if (alignTarget) {
          // TODO: Allow centering on an arbitrary node, for now center on first menu-item's child
          alignTarget = alignTarget.firstElementChild || alignTarget;
          alignTarget = alignTarget.querySelector(prefixer.buildSelector('md-menu-align-target')) || alignTarget;
          alignTargetRect = alignTarget.getBoundingClientRect();

          existingOffsets = {
            top: parseFloat(containerNode.style.top || 0),
            left: parseFloat(containerNode.style.left || 0)
          };
        }
      }

      var position = {};
      var transformOrigin = 'top ';

      switch (positionMode.top) {
        case 'target':
          position.top = existingOffsets.top + originNodeRect.top - alignTargetRect.top;
          break;
        case 'cascade':
          position.top = originNodeRect.top - parseFloat(menuStyle.paddingTop) - originNode.style.top;
          break;
        case 'bottom':
          position.top = originNodeRect.top + originNodeRect.height;
          break;
        default:
          throw new Error('Invalid target mode "' + positionMode.top + '" specified for md-menu on Y axis.');
      }

      var rtl = $mdUtil.isRtl(el);

      switch (positionMode.left) {
        case 'target':
          position.left = existingOffsets.left + originNodeRect.left - alignTargetRect.left;
          transformOrigin += rtl ? 'right'  : 'left';
          break;
        case 'target-left':
          position.left = originNodeRect.left;
          transformOrigin += 'left';
          break;
        case 'target-right':
          position.left = originNodeRect.right - openMenuNodeRect.width + (openMenuNodeRect.right - alignTargetRect.right);
          transformOrigin += 'right';
          break;
        case 'cascade':
          var willFitRight = rtl ? (originNodeRect.left - openMenuNodeRect.width) < bounds.left : (originNodeRect.right + openMenuNodeRect.width) < bounds.right;
          position.left = willFitRight ? originNodeRect.right - originNode.style.left : originNodeRect.left - originNode.style.left - openMenuNodeRect.width;
          transformOrigin += willFitRight ? 'left' : 'right';
          break;
        case 'right':
          if (rtl) {
            position.left = originNodeRect.right - originNodeRect.width;
            transformOrigin += 'left';
          } else {
            position.left = originNodeRect.right - openMenuNodeRect.width;
            transformOrigin += 'right';
          }
          break;
        case 'left':
          if (rtl) {
            position.left = originNodeRect.right - openMenuNodeRect.width;
            transformOrigin += 'right';
          } else {
            position.left = originNodeRect.left;
            transformOrigin += 'left';
          }
          break;
        default:
          throw new Error('Invalid target mode "' + positionMode.left + '" specified for md-menu on X axis.');
      }

      var offsets = opts.mdMenuCtrl.offsets();
      position.top += offsets.top;
      position.left += offsets.left;

      clamp(position);

      var scaleX = Math.round(100 * Math.min(originNodeRect.width / containerNode.offsetWidth, 1.0)) / 100;
      var scaleY = Math.round(100 * Math.min(originNodeRect.height / containerNode.offsetHeight, 1.0)) / 100;

      return {
        top: Math.round(position.top),
        left: Math.round(position.left),
        // Animate a scale out if we aren't just repositioning
        transform: !opts.alreadyOpen ? $mdUtil.supplant('scale({0},{1})', [scaleX, scaleY]) : undefined,
        transformOrigin: transformOrigin
      };

      /**
       * Clamps the repositioning of the menu within the confines of
       * bounding element (often the screen/body)
       */
      function clamp(pos) {
        pos.top = Math.max(Math.min(pos.top, bounds.bottom - containerNode.offsetHeight), bounds.top);
        pos.left = Math.max(Math.min(pos.left, bounds.right - containerNode.offsetWidth), bounds.left);
      }

      /**
       * Gets the first visible child in the openMenuNode
       * Necessary incase menu nodes are being dynamically hidden
       */
      function firstVisibleChild() {
        for (var i = 0; i < openMenuNode.children.length; ++i) {
          if ($window.getComputedStyle(openMenuNode.children[i]).display != 'none') {
            return openMenuNode.children[i];
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  function toNode(el) {
    if (el instanceof angular.element) {
      el = el[0];
    }
    return el;
  }
}
Interim element provider for the menu.
Handles behavior for a menu while it is open, including:
   - handling animating the menu opening/closing
   - handling key/mouse events on the menu element
   - handling enabling/disabling scroll while the menu is open
   - handling redrawing during resizes and orientation changes