function $StateProvider(   $urlRouterProvider,   $urlMatcherFactory) {

  var root, states = {}, $state, queue = {}, abstractKey = 'abstract';

  // Builds state properties from definition passed to registerState()
  var stateBuilder = {

    // Derive parent state from a hierarchical name only if 'parent' is not explicitly defined.
    // state.children = [];
    // if (parent) parent.children.push(state);
    parent: function(state) {
      if (isDefined(state.parent) && state.parent) return findState(state.parent);
      // regex matches any valid composite state name
      // would match "contact.list" but not "contacts"
      var compositeName = /^(.+)\.[^.]+$/.exec(state.name);
      return compositeName ? findState(compositeName[1]) : root;
    },

    // inherit 'data' from parent and override by own values (if any)
    data: function(state) {
      if (state.parent && state.parent.data) {
        state.data = state.self.data = extend({}, state.parent.data, state.data);
      }
      return state.data;
    },

    // Build a URLMatcher if necessary, either via a relative or absolute URL
    url: function(state) {
      var url = state.url, config = { params: state.params || {} };

      if (isString(url)) {
        if (url.charAt(0) == '^') return $urlMatcherFactory.compile(url.substring(1), config);
        return (state.parent.navigable || root).url.concat(url, config);
      }

      if (!url || $urlMatcherFactory.isMatcher(url)) return url;
      throw new Error("Invalid url '" + url + "' in state '" + state + "'");
    },

    // Keep track of the closest ancestor state that has a URL (i.e. is navigable)
    navigable: function(state) {
      return state.url ? state : (state.parent ? state.parent.navigable : null);
    },

    // Own parameters for this state. state.url.params is already built at this point. Create and add non-url params
    ownParams: function(state) {
      var params = state.url && state.url.params || new $$UMFP.ParamSet();
      forEach(state.params || {}, function(config, id) {
        if (!params[id]) params[id] = new $$UMFP.Param(id, null, config, "config");
      });
      return params;
    },

    // Derive parameters for this state and ensure they're a super-set of parent's parameters
    params: function(state) {
      return state.parent && state.parent.params ? extend(state.parent.params.$$new(), state.ownParams) : new $$UMFP.ParamSet();
    },

    // If there is no explicit multi-view configuration, make one up so we don't have
    // to handle both cases in the view directive later. Note that having an explicit
    // 'views' property will mean the default unnamed view properties are ignored. This
    // is also a good time to resolve view names to absolute names, so everything is a
    // straight lookup at link time.
    views: function(state) {
      var views = {};

      forEach(isDefined(state.views) ? state.views : { '': state }, function (view, name) {
        if (name.indexOf('@') < 0) name += '@' + state.parent.name;
        views[name] = view;
      });
      return views;
    },

    // Keep a full path from the root down to this state as this is needed for state activation.
    path: function(state) {
      return state.parent ? state.parent.path.concat(state) : []; // exclude root from path
    },

    // Speed up $state.contains() as it's used a lot
    includes: function(state) {
      var includes = state.parent ? extend({}, state.parent.includes) : {};
      includes[state.name] = true;
      return includes;
    },

    $delegates: {}
  };

  function isRelative(stateName) {
    return stateName.indexOf(".") === 0 || stateName.indexOf("^") === 0;
  }

  function findState(stateOrName, base) {
    if (!stateOrName) return undefined;

    var isStr = isString(stateOrName),
        name  = isStr ? stateOrName : stateOrName.name,
        path  = isRelative(name);

    if (path) {
      if (!base) throw new Error("No reference point given for path '"  + name + "'");
      base = findState(base);
      
      var rel = name.split("."), i = 0, pathLength = rel.length, current = base;

      for (; i < pathLength; i++) {
        if (rel[i] === "" && i === 0) {
          current = base;
          continue;
        }
        if (rel[i] === "^") {
          if (!current.parent) throw new Error("Path '" + name + "' not valid for state '" + base.name + "'");
          current = current.parent;
          continue;
        }
        break;
      }
      rel = rel.slice(i).join(".");
      name = current.name + (current.name && rel ? "." : "") + rel;
    }
    var state = states[name];

    if (state && (isStr || (!isStr && (state === stateOrName || state.self === stateOrName)))) {
      return state;
    }
    return undefined;
  }

  function queueState(parentName, state) {
    if (!queue[parentName]) {
      queue[parentName] = [];
    }
    queue[parentName].push(state);
  }

  function flushQueuedChildren(parentName) {
    var queued = queue[parentName] || [];
    while(queued.length) {
      registerState(queued.shift());
    }
  }

  function registerState(state) {
    // Wrap a new object around the state so we can store our private details easily.
    state = inherit(state, {
      self: state,
      resolve: state.resolve || {},
      toString: function() { return this.name; }
    });

    var name = state.name;
    if (!isString(name) || name.indexOf('@') >= 0) throw new Error("State must have a valid name");
    if (states.hasOwnProperty(name)) throw new Error("State '" + name + "'' is already defined");

    // Get parent name
    var parentName = (name.indexOf('.') !== -1) ? name.substring(0, name.lastIndexOf('.'))
        : (isString(state.parent)) ? state.parent
        : (isObject(state.parent) && isString(state.parent.name)) ? state.parent.name
        : '';

    // If parent is not registered yet, add state to queue and register later
    if (parentName && !states[parentName]) {
      return queueState(parentName, state.self);
    }

    for (var key in stateBuilder) {
      if (isFunction(stateBuilder[key])) state[key] = stateBuilder[key](state, stateBuilder.$delegates[key]);
    }
    states[name] = state;

    // Register the state in the global state list and with $urlRouter if necessary.
    if (!state[abstractKey] && state.url) {
      $urlRouterProvider.when(state.url, ['$match', '$stateParams', function ($match, $stateParams) {
        if ($state.$current.navigable != state || !equalForKeys($match, $stateParams)) {
          $state.transitionTo(state, $match, { inherit: true, location: false });
        }
      }]);
    }

    // Register any queued children
    flushQueuedChildren(name);

    return state;
  }

  // Checks text to see if it looks like a glob.
  function isGlob (text) {
    return text.indexOf('*') > -1;
  }

  // Returns true if glob matches current $state name.
  function doesStateMatchGlob (glob) {
    var globSegments = glob.split('.'),
        segments = $state.$current.name.split('.');

    //match greedy starts
    if (globSegments[0] === '**') {
       segments = segments.slice(indexOf(segments, globSegments[1]));
       segments.unshift('**');
    }
    //match greedy ends
    if (globSegments[globSegments.length - 1] === '**') {
       segments.splice(indexOf(segments, globSegments[globSegments.length - 2]) + 1, Number.MAX_VALUE);
       segments.push('**');
    }

    if (globSegments.length != segments.length) {
      return false;
    }

    //match single stars
    for (var i = 0, l = globSegments.length; i < l; i++) {
      if (globSegments[i] === '*') {
        segments[i] = '*';
      }
    }

    return segments.join('') === globSegments.join('');
  }


  // Implicit root state that is always active
  root = registerState({
    name: '',
    url: '^',
    views: null,
    'abstract': true
  });
  root.navigable = null;


  /**
   * @ngdoc function
   * @name ui.router.state.$stateProvider#decorator
   * @methodOf ui.router.state.$stateProvider
   *
   * @description
   * Allows you to extend (carefully) or override (at your own peril) the 
   * `stateBuilder` object used internally by `$stateProvider`. This can be used 
   * to add custom functionality to ui-router, for example inferring templateUrl 
   * based on the state name.
   *
   * When passing only a name, it returns the current (original or decorated) builder
   * function that matches `name`.
   *
   * The builder functions that can be decorated are listed below. Though not all
   * necessarily have a good use case for decoration, that is up to you to decide.
   *
   * In addition, users can attach custom decorators, which will generate new 
   * properties within the state's internal definition. There is currently no clear 
   * use-case for this beyond accessing internal states (i.e. $state.$current), 
   * however, expect this to become increasingly relevant as we introduce additional 
   * meta-programming features.
   *
   * **Warning**: Decorators should not be interdependent because the order of 
   * execution of the builder functions in non-deterministic. Builder functions 
   * should only be dependent on the state definition object and super function.
   *
   *
   * Existing builder functions and current return values:
   *
   * - **parent** `{object}` - returns the parent state object.
   * - **data** `{object}` - returns state data, including any inherited data that is not
   *   overridden by own values (if any).
   * - **url** `{object}` - returns a {@link ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher UrlMatcher}
   *   or `null`.
   * - **navigable** `{object}` - returns closest ancestor state that has a URL (aka is 
   *   navigable).
   * - **params** `{object}` - returns an array of state params that are ensured to 
   *   be a super-set of parent's params.
   * - **views** `{object}` - returns a views object where each key is an absolute view 
   *   name (i.e. "viewName@stateName") and each value is the config object 
   *   (template, controller) for the view. Even when you don't use the views object 
   *   explicitly on a state config, one is still created for you internally.
   *   So by decorating this builder function you have access to decorating template 
   *   and controller properties.
   * - **ownParams** `{object}` - returns an array of params that belong to the state, 
   *   not including any params defined by ancestor states.
   * - **path** `{string}` - returns the full path from the root down to this state. 
   *   Needed for state activation.
   * - **includes** `{object}` - returns an object that includes every state that 
   *   would pass a `$state.includes()` test.
   *
   * @example
   * <pre>
   * // Override the internal 'views' builder with a function that takes the state
   * // definition, and a reference to the internal function being overridden:
   * $stateProvider.decorator('views', function (state, parent) {
   *   var result = {},
   *       views = parent(state);
   *
   *   angular.forEach(views, function (config, name) {
   *     var autoName = (state.name + '.' + name).replace('.', '/');
   *     config.templateUrl = config.templateUrl || '/partials/' + autoName + '.html';
   *     result[name] = config;
   *   });
   *   return result;
   * });
   *
   * $stateProvider.state('home', {
   *   views: {
   *     'contact.list': { controller: 'ListController' },
   *     'contact.item': { controller: 'ItemController' }
   *   }
   * });
   *
   * // ...
   *
   * $state.go('home');
   * // Auto-populates list and item views with /partials/home/contact/list.html,
   * // and /partials/home/contact/item.html, respectively.
   * </pre>
   *
   * @param {string} name The name of the builder function to decorate. 
   * @param {object} func A function that is responsible for decorating the original 
   * builder function. The function receives two parameters:
   *
   *   - `{object}` - state - The state config object.
   *   - `{object}` - super - The original builder function.
   *
   * @return {object} $stateProvider - $stateProvider instance
   */
  this.decorator = decorator;
  function decorator(name, func) {
    /*jshint validthis: true */
    if (isString(name) && !isDefined(func)) {
      return stateBuilder[name];
    }
    if (!isFunction(func) || !isString(name)) {
      return this;
    }
    if (stateBuilder[name] && !stateBuilder.$delegates[name]) {
      stateBuilder.$delegates[name] = stateBuilder[name];
    }
    stateBuilder[name] = func;
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * @ngdoc function
   * @name ui.router.state.$stateProvider#state
   * @methodOf ui.router.state.$stateProvider
   *
   * @description
   * Registers a state configuration under a given state name. The stateConfig object
   * has the following acceptable properties.
   *
   * @param {string} name A unique state name, e.g. "home", "about", "contacts".
   * To create a parent/child state use a dot, e.g. "about.sales", "home.newest".
   * @param {object} stateConfig State configuration object.
   * @param {string|function=} stateConfig.template
   * <a id='template'></a>
   *   html template as a string or a function that returns
   *   an html template as a string which should be used by the uiView directives. This property 
   *   takes precedence over templateUrl.
   *   
   *   If `template` is a function, it will be called with the following parameters:
   *
   *   - {array.&lt;object&gt;} - state parameters extracted from the current $location.path() by
   *     applying the current state
   *
   * <pre>template:
   *   "<h1>inline template definition</h1>" +
   *   "<div ui-view></div>"</pre>
   * <pre>template: function(params) {
   *       return "<h1>generated template</h1>"; }</pre>
   * </div>
   *
   * @param {string|function=} stateConfig.templateUrl
   * <a id='templateUrl'></a>
   *
   *   path or function that returns a path to an html
   *   template that should be used by uiView.
   *   
   *   If `templateUrl` is a function, it will be called with the following parameters:
   *
   *   - {array.&lt;object&gt;} - state parameters extracted from the current $location.path() by 
   *     applying the current state
   *
   * <pre>templateUrl: "home.html"</pre>
   * <pre>templateUrl: function(params) {
   *     return myTemplates[params.pageId]; }</pre>
   *
   * @param {function=} stateConfig.templateProvider
   * <a id='templateProvider'></a>
   *    Provider function that returns HTML content string.
   * <pre> templateProvider:
   *       function(MyTemplateService, params) {
   *         return MyTemplateService.getTemplate(params.pageId);
   *       }</pre>
   *
   * @param {string|function=} stateConfig.controller
   * <a id='controller'></a>
   *
   *  Controller fn that should be associated with newly
   *   related scope or the name of a registered controller if passed as a string.
   *   Optionally, the ControllerAs may be declared here.
   * <pre>controller: "MyRegisteredController"</pre>
   * <pre>controller:
   *     "MyRegisteredController as fooCtrl"}</pre>
   * <pre>controller: function($scope, MyService) {
   *     $scope.data = MyService.getData(); }</pre>
   *
   * @param {function=} stateConfig.controllerProvider
   * <a id='controllerProvider'></a>
   *
   * Injectable provider function that returns the actual controller or string.
   * <pre>controllerProvider:
   *   function(MyResolveData) {
   *     if (MyResolveData.foo)
   *       return "FooCtrl"
   *     else if (MyResolveData.bar)
   *       return "BarCtrl";
   *     else return function($scope) {
   *       $scope.baz = "Qux";
   *     }
   *   }</pre>
   *
   * @param {string=} stateConfig.controllerAs
   * <a id='controllerAs'></a>
   * 
   * A controller alias name. If present the controller will be
   *   published to scope under the controllerAs name.
   * <pre>controllerAs: "myCtrl"</pre>
   *
   * @param {object=} stateConfig.resolve
   * <a id='resolve'></a>
   *
   * An optional map&lt;string, function&gt; of dependencies which
   *   should be injected into the controller. If any of these dependencies are promises, 
   *   the router will wait for them all to be resolved before the controller is instantiated.
   *   If all the promises are resolved successfully, the $stateChangeSuccess event is fired
   *   and the values of the resolved promises are injected into any controllers that reference them.
   *   If any  of the promises are rejected the $stateChangeError event is fired.
   *
   *   The map object is:
   *   
   *   - key - {string}: name of dependency to be injected into controller
   *   - factory - {string|function}: If string then it is alias for service. Otherwise if function, 
   *     it is injected and return value it treated as dependency. If result is a promise, it is 
   *     resolved before its value is injected into controller.
   *
   * <pre>resolve: {
   *     myResolve1:
   *       function($http, $stateParams) {
   *         return $http.get("/api/foos/"+stateParams.fooID);
   *       }
   *     }</pre>
   *
   * @param {string=} stateConfig.url
   * <a id='url'></a>
   *
   *   A url fragment with optional parameters. When a state is navigated or
   *   transitioned to, the `$stateParams` service will be populated with any 
   *   parameters that were passed.
   *
   * examples:
   * <pre>url: "/home"
   * url: "/users/:userid"
   * url: "/books/{bookid:[a-zA-Z_-]}"
   * url: "/books/{categoryid:int}"
   * url: "/books/{publishername:string}/{categoryid:int}"
   * url: "/messages?before&after"
   * url: "/messages?{before:date}&{after:date}"</pre>
   * url: "/messages/:mailboxid?{before:date}&{after:date}"
   *
   * @param {object=} stateConfig.views
   * <a id='views'></a>
   * an optional map&lt;string, object&gt; which defined multiple views, or targets views
   * manually/explicitly.
   *
   * Examples:
   *
   * Targets three named `ui-view`s in the parent state's template
   * <pre>views: {
   *     header: {
   *       controller: "headerCtrl",
   *       templateUrl: "header.html"
   *     }, body: {
   *       controller: "bodyCtrl",
   *       templateUrl: "body.html"
   *     }, footer: {
   *       controller: "footCtrl",
   *       templateUrl: "footer.html"
   *     }
   *   }</pre>
   *
   * Targets named `ui-view="header"` from grandparent state 'top''s template, and named `ui-view="body" from parent state's template.
   * <pre>views: {
   *     'header@top': {
   *       controller: "msgHeaderCtrl",
   *       templateUrl: "msgHeader.html"
   *     }, 'body': {
   *       controller: "messagesCtrl",
   *       templateUrl: "messages.html"
   *     }
   *   }</pre>
   *
   * @param {boolean=} [stateConfig.abstract=false]
   * <a id='abstract'></a>
   * An abstract state will never be directly activated,
   *   but can provide inherited properties to its common children states.
   * <pre>abstract: true</pre>
   *
   * @param {function=} stateConfig.onEnter
   * <a id='onEnter'></a>
   *
   * Callback function for when a state is entered. Good way
   *   to trigger an action or dispatch an event, such as opening a dialog.
   * If minifying your scripts, make sure to explictly annotate this function,
   * because it won't be automatically annotated by your build tools.
   *
   * <pre>onEnter: function(MyService, $stateParams) {
   *     MyService.foo($stateParams.myParam);
   * }</pre>
   *
   * @param {function=} stateConfig.onExit
   * <a id='onExit'></a>
   *
   * Callback function for when a state is exited. Good way to
   *   trigger an action or dispatch an event, such as opening a dialog.
   * If minifying your scripts, make sure to explictly annotate this function,
   * because it won't be automatically annotated by your build tools.
   *
   * <pre>onExit: function(MyService, $stateParams) {
   *     MyService.cleanup($stateParams.myParam);
   * }</pre>
   *
   * @param {boolean=} [stateConfig.reloadOnSearch=true]
   * <a id='reloadOnSearch'></a>
   *
   * If `false`, will not retrigger the same state
   *   just because a search/query parameter has changed (via $location.search() or $location.hash()). 
   *   Useful for when you'd like to modify $location.search() without triggering a reload.
   * <pre>reloadOnSearch: false</pre>
   *
   * @param {object=} stateConfig.data
   * <a id='data'></a>
   *
   * Arbitrary data object, useful for custom configuration.  The parent state's `data` is
   *   prototypally inherited.  In other words, adding a data property to a state adds it to
   *   the entire subtree via prototypal inheritance.
   *
   * <pre>data: {
   *     requiredRole: 'foo'
   * } </pre>
   *
   * @param {object=} stateConfig.params
   * <a id='params'></a>
   *
   * A map which optionally configures parameters declared in the `url`, or
   *   defines additional non-url parameters.  For each parameter being
   *   configured, add a configuration object keyed to the name of the parameter.
   *
   *   Each parameter configuration object may contain the following properties:
   *
   *   - ** value ** - {object|function=}: specifies the default value for this
   *     parameter.  This implicitly sets this parameter as optional.
   *
   *     When UI-Router routes to a state and no value is
   *     specified for this parameter in the URL or transition, the
   *     default value will be used instead.  If `value` is a function,
   *     it will be injected and invoked, and the return value used.
   *
   *     *Note*: `undefined` is treated as "no default value" while `null`
   *     is treated as "the default value is `null`".
   *
   *     *Shorthand*: If you only need to configure the default value of the
   *     parameter, you may use a shorthand syntax.   In the **`params`**
   *     map, instead mapping the param name to a full parameter configuration
   *     object, simply set map it to the default parameter value, e.g.:
   *
   * <pre>// define a parameter's default value
   * params: {
   *     param1: { value: "defaultValue" }
   * }
   * // shorthand default values
   * params: {
   *     param1: "defaultValue",
   *     param2: "param2Default"
   * }</pre>
   *
   *   - ** array ** - {boolean=}: *(default: false)* If true, the param value will be
   *     treated as an array of values.  If you specified a Type, the value will be
   *     treated as an array of the specified Type.  Note: query parameter values
   *     default to a special `"auto"` mode.
   *
   *     For query parameters in `"auto"` mode, if multiple  values for a single parameter
   *     are present in the URL (e.g.: `/foo?bar=1&bar=2&bar=3`) then the values
   *     are mapped to an array (e.g.: `{ foo: [ '1', '2', '3' ] }`).  However, if
   *     only one value is present (e.g.: `/foo?bar=1`) then the value is treated as single
   *     value (e.g.: `{ foo: '1' }`).
   *
   * <pre>params: {
   *     param1: { array: true }
   * }</pre>
   *
   *   - ** squash ** - {bool|string=}: `squash` configures how a default parameter value is represented in the URL when
   *     the current parameter value is the same as the default value. If `squash` is not set, it uses the
   *     configured default squash policy.
   *     (See {@link ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory#methods_defaultSquashPolicy `defaultSquashPolicy()`})
   *
   *   There are three squash settings:
   *
   *     - false: The parameter's default value is not squashed.  It is encoded and included in the URL
   *     - true: The parameter's default value is omitted from the URL.  If the parameter is preceeded and followed
   *       by slashes in the state's `url` declaration, then one of those slashes are omitted.
   *       This can allow for cleaner looking URLs.
   *     - `"<arbitrary string>"`: The parameter's default value is replaced with an arbitrary placeholder of  your choice.
   *
   * <pre>params: {
   *     param1: {
   *       value: "defaultId",
   *       squash: true
   * } }
   * // squash "defaultValue" to "~"
   * params: {
   *     param1: {
   *       value: "defaultValue",
   *       squash: "~"
   * } }
   * </pre>
   *
   *
   * @example
   * <pre>
   * // Some state name examples
   *
   * // stateName can be a single top-level name (must be unique).
   * $stateProvider.state("home", {});
   *
   * // Or it can be a nested state name. This state is a child of the
   * // above "home" state.
   * $stateProvider.state("home.newest", {});
   *
   * // Nest states as deeply as needed.
   * $stateProvider.state("home.newest.abc.xyz.inception", {});
   *
   * // state() returns $stateProvider, so you can chain state declarations.
   * $stateProvider
   *   .state("home", {})
   *   .state("about", {})
   *   .state("contacts", {});
   * </pre>
   *
   */
  this.state = state;
  function state(name, definition) {
    /*jshint validthis: true */
    if (isObject(name)) definition = name;
    else definition.name = name;
    registerState(definition);
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * @ngdoc object
   * @name ui.router.state.$state
   *
   * @requires $rootScope
   * @requires $q
   * @requires ui.router.state.$view
   * @requires $injector
   * @requires ui.router.util.$resolve
   * @requires ui.router.state.$stateParams
   * @requires ui.router.router.$urlRouter
   *
   * @property {object} params A param object, e.g. {sectionId: section.id)}, that 
   * you'd like to test against the current active state.
   * @property {object} current A reference to the state's config object. However 
   * you passed it in. Useful for accessing custom data.
   * @property {object} transition Currently pending transition. A promise that'll 
   * resolve or reject.
   *
   * @description
   * `$state` service is responsible for representing states as well as transitioning
   * between them. It also provides interfaces to ask for current state or even states
   * you're coming from.
   */
  this.$get = $get;
  $get.$inject = ['$rootScope', '$q', '$view', '$injector', '$resolve', '$stateParams', '$urlRouter', '$location', '$urlMatcherFactory'];
  function $get(   $rootScope,   $q,   $view,   $injector,   $resolve,   $stateParams,   $urlRouter,   $location,   $urlMatcherFactory) {

    var TransitionSuperseded = $q.reject(new Error('transition superseded'));
    var TransitionPrevented = $q.reject(new Error('transition prevented'));
    var TransitionAborted = $q.reject(new Error('transition aborted'));
    var TransitionFailed = $q.reject(new Error('transition failed'));

    // Handles the case where a state which is the target of a transition is not found, and the user
    // can optionally retry or defer the transition
    function handleRedirect(redirect, state, params, options) {
      /**
       * @ngdoc event
       * @name ui.router.state.$state#$stateNotFound
       * @eventOf ui.router.state.$state
       * @eventType broadcast on root scope
       * @description
       * Fired when a requested state **cannot be found** using the provided state name during transition.
       * The event is broadcast allowing any handlers a single chance to deal with the error (usually by
       * lazy-loading the unfound state). A special `unfoundState` object is passed to the listener handler,
       * you can see its three properties in the example. You can use `event.preventDefault()` to abort the
       * transition and the promise returned from `go` will be rejected with a `'transition aborted'` value.
       *
       * @param {Object} event Event object.
       * @param {Object} unfoundState Unfound State information. Contains: `to, toParams, options` properties.
       * @param {State} fromState Current state object.
       * @param {Object} fromParams Current state params.
       *
       * @example
       *
       * <pre>
       * // somewhere, assume lazy.state has not been defined
       * $state.go("lazy.state", {a:1, b:2}, {inherit:false});
       *
       * // somewhere else
       * $scope.$on('$stateNotFound',
       * function(event, unfoundState, fromState, fromParams){
       *     console.log(unfoundState.to); // "lazy.state"
       *     console.log(unfoundState.toParams); // {a:1, b:2}
       *     console.log(unfoundState.options); // {inherit:false} + default options
       * })
       * </pre>
       */
      var evt = $rootScope.$broadcast('$stateNotFound', redirect, state, params);

      if (evt.defaultPrevented) {
        $urlRouter.update();
        return TransitionAborted;
      }

      if (!evt.retry) {
        return null;
      }

      // Allow the handler to return a promise to defer state lookup retry
      if (options.$retry) {
        $urlRouter.update();
        return TransitionFailed;
      }
      var retryTransition = $state.transition = $q.when(evt.retry);

      retryTransition.then(function() {
        if (retryTransition !== $state.transition) return TransitionSuperseded;
        redirect.options.$retry = true;
        return $state.transitionTo(redirect.to, redirect.toParams, redirect.options);
      }, function() {
        return TransitionAborted;
      });
      $urlRouter.update();

      return retryTransition;
    }

    root.locals = { resolve: null, globals: { $stateParams: {} } };

    $state = {
      params: {},
      current: root.self,
      $current: root,
      transition: null
    };

    /**
     * @ngdoc function
     * @name ui.router.state.$state#reload
     * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
     *
     * @description
     * A method that force reloads the current state. All resolves are re-resolved, events are not re-fired, 
     * and controllers reinstantiated (bug with controllers reinstantiating right now, fixing soon).
     *
     * @example
     * <pre>
     * var app angular.module('app', ['ui.router']);
     *
     * app.controller('ctrl', function ($scope, $state) {
     *   $scope.reload = function(){
     *     $state.reload();
     *   }
     * });
     * </pre>
     *
     * `reload()` is just an alias for:
     * <pre>
     * $state.transitionTo($state.current, $stateParams, { 
     *   reload: true, inherit: false, notify: true
     * });
     * </pre>
     *
     * @returns {promise} A promise representing the state of the new transition. See
     * {@link ui.router.state.$state#methods_go $state.go}.
     */
    $state.reload = function reload() {
      return $state.transitionTo($state.current, $stateParams, { reload: true, inherit: false, notify: true });
    };

    /**
     * @ngdoc function
     * @name ui.router.state.$state#go
     * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
     *
     * @description
     * Convenience method for transitioning to a new state. `$state.go` calls 
     * `$state.transitionTo` internally but automatically sets options to 
     * `{ location: true, inherit: true, relative: $state.$current, notify: true }`. 
     * This allows you to easily use an absolute or relative to path and specify 
     * only the parameters you'd like to update (while letting unspecified parameters 
     * inherit from the currently active ancestor states).
     *
     * @example
     * <pre>
     * var app = angular.module('app', ['ui.router']);
     *
     * app.controller('ctrl', function ($scope, $state) {
     *   $scope.changeState = function () {
     *     $state.go('contact.detail');
     *   };
     * });
     * </pre>
     * <img src='../ngdoc_assets/StateGoExamples.png'/>
     *
     * @param {string} to Absolute state name or relative state path. Some examples:
     *
     * - `$state.go('contact.detail')` - will go to the `contact.detail` state
     * - `$state.go('^')` - will go to a parent state
     * - `$state.go('^.sibling')` - will go to a sibling state
     * - `$state.go('.child.grandchild')` - will go to grandchild state
     *
     * @param {object=} params A map of the parameters that will be sent to the state, 
     * will populate $stateParams. Any parameters that are not specified will be inherited from currently 
     * defined parameters. This allows, for example, going to a sibling state that shares parameters
     * specified in a parent state. Parameter inheritance only works between common ancestor states, I.e.
     * transitioning to a sibling will get you the parameters for all parents, transitioning to a child
     * will get you all current parameters, etc.
     * @param {object=} options Options object. The options are:
     *
     * - **`location`** - {boolean=true|string=} - If `true` will update the url in the location bar, if `false`
     *    will not. If string, must be `"replace"`, which will update url and also replace last history record.
     * - **`inherit`** - {boolean=true}, If `true` will inherit url parameters from current url.
     * - **`relative`** - {object=$state.$current}, When transitioning with relative path (e.g '^'), 
     *    defines which state to be relative from.
     * - **`notify`** - {boolean=true}, If `true` will broadcast $stateChangeStart and $stateChangeSuccess events.
     * - **`reload`** (v0.2.5) - {boolean=false}, If `true` will force transition even if the state or params 
     *    have not changed, aka a reload of the same state. It differs from reloadOnSearch because you'd
     *    use this when you want to force a reload when *everything* is the same, including search params.
     *
     * @returns {promise} A promise representing the state of the new transition.
     *
     * Possible success values:
     *
     * - $state.current
     *
     * <br/>Possible rejection values:
     *
     * - 'transition superseded' - when a newer transition has been started after this one
     * - 'transition prevented' - when `event.preventDefault()` has been called in a `$stateChangeStart` listener
     * - 'transition aborted' - when `event.preventDefault()` has been called in a `$stateNotFound` listener or
     *   when a `$stateNotFound` `event.retry` promise errors.
     * - 'transition failed' - when a state has been unsuccessfully found after 2 tries.
     * - *resolve error* - when an error has occurred with a `resolve`
     *
     */
    $state.go = function go(to, params, options) {
      return $state.transitionTo(to, params, extend({ inherit: true, relative: $state.$current }, options));
    };

    /**
     * @ngdoc function
     * @name ui.router.state.$state#transitionTo
     * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
     *
     * @description
     * Low-level method for transitioning to a new state. {@link ui.router.state.$state#methods_go $state.go}
     * uses `transitionTo` internally. `$state.go` is recommended in most situations.
     *
     * @example
     * <pre>
     * var app = angular.module('app', ['ui.router']);
     *
     * app.controller('ctrl', function ($scope, $state) {
     *   $scope.changeState = function () {
     *     $state.transitionTo('contact.detail');
     *   };
     * });
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param {string} to State name.
     * @param {object=} toParams A map of the parameters that will be sent to the state,
     * will populate $stateParams.
     * @param {object=} options Options object. The options are:
     *
     * - **`location`** - {boolean=true|string=} - If `true` will update the url in the location bar, if `false`
     *    will not. If string, must be `"replace"`, which will update url and also replace last history record.
     * - **`inherit`** - {boolean=false}, If `true` will inherit url parameters from current url.
     * - **`relative`** - {object=}, When transitioning with relative path (e.g '^'), 
     *    defines which state to be relative from.
     * - **`notify`** - {boolean=true}, If `true` will broadcast $stateChangeStart and $stateChangeSuccess events.
     * - **`reload`** (v0.2.5) - {boolean=false}, If `true` will force transition even if the state or params 
     *    have not changed, aka a reload of the same state. It differs from reloadOnSearch because you'd
     *    use this when you want to force a reload when *everything* is the same, including search params.
     *
     * @returns {promise} A promise representing the state of the new transition. See
     * {@link ui.router.state.$state#methods_go $state.go}.
     */
    $state.transitionTo = function transitionTo(to, toParams, options) {
      toParams = toParams || {};
      options = extend({
        location: true, inherit: false, relative: null, notify: true, reload: false, $retry: false
      }, options || {});

      var from = $state.$current, fromParams = $state.params, fromPath = from.path;
      var evt, toState = findState(to, options.relative);

      if (!isDefined(toState)) {
        var redirect = { to: to, toParams: toParams, options: options };
        var redirectResult = handleRedirect(redirect, from.self, fromParams, options);

        if (redirectResult) {
          return redirectResult;
        }

        // Always retry once if the $stateNotFound was not prevented
        // (handles either redirect changed or state lazy-definition)
        to = redirect.to;
        toParams = redirect.toParams;
        options = redirect.options;
        toState = findState(to, options.relative);

        if (!isDefined(toState)) {
          if (!options.relative) throw new Error("No such state '" + to + "'");
          throw new Error("Could not resolve '" + to + "' from state '" + options.relative + "'");
        }
      }
      if (toState[abstractKey]) throw new Error("Cannot transition to abstract state '" + to + "'");
      if (options.inherit) toParams = inheritParams($stateParams, toParams || {}, $state.$current, toState);
      if (!toState.params.$$validates(toParams)) return TransitionFailed;

      toParams = toState.params.$$values(toParams);
      to = toState;

      var toPath = to.path;

      // Starting from the root of the path, keep all levels that haven't changed
      var keep = 0, state = toPath[keep], locals = root.locals, toLocals = [];

      if (!options.reload) {
        while (state && state === fromPath[keep] && state.ownParams.$$equals(toParams, fromParams)) {
          locals = toLocals[keep] = state.locals;
          keep++;
          state = toPath[keep];
        }
      }

      // If we're going to the same state and all locals are kept, we've got nothing to do.
      // But clear 'transition', as we still want to cancel any other pending transitions.
      // TODO: We may not want to bump 'transition' if we're called from a location change
      // that we've initiated ourselves, because we might accidentally abort a legitimate
      // transition initiated from code?
      if (shouldTriggerReload(to, from, locals, options)) {
        if (to.self.reloadOnSearch !== false) $urlRouter.update();
        $state.transition = null;
        return $q.when($state.current);
      }

      // Filter parameters before we pass them to event handlers etc.
      toParams = filterByKeys(to.params.$$keys(), toParams || {});

      // Broadcast start event and cancel the transition if requested
      if (options.notify) {
        /**
         * @ngdoc event
         * @name ui.router.state.$state#$stateChangeStart
         * @eventOf ui.router.state.$state
         * @eventType broadcast on root scope
         * @description
         * Fired when the state transition **begins**. You can use `event.preventDefault()`
         * to prevent the transition from happening and then the transition promise will be
         * rejected with a `'transition prevented'` value.
         *
         * @param {Object} event Event object.
         * @param {State} toState The state being transitioned to.
         * @param {Object} toParams The params supplied to the `toState`.
         * @param {State} fromState The current state, pre-transition.
         * @param {Object} fromParams The params supplied to the `fromState`.
         *
         * @example
         *
         * <pre>
         * $rootScope.$on('$stateChangeStart',
         * function(event, toState, toParams, fromState, fromParams){
         *     event.preventDefault();
         *     // transitionTo() promise will be rejected with
         *     // a 'transition prevented' error
         * })
         * </pre>
         */
        if ($rootScope.$broadcast('$stateChangeStart', to.self, toParams, from.self, fromParams).defaultPrevented) {
          $urlRouter.update();
          return TransitionPrevented;
        }
      }

      // Resolve locals for the remaining states, but don't update any global state just
      // yet -- if anything fails to resolve the current state needs to remain untouched.
      // We also set up an inheritance chain for the locals here. This allows the view directive
      // to quickly look up the correct definition for each view in the current state. Even
      // though we create the locals object itself outside resolveState(), it is initially
      // empty and gets filled asynchronously. We need to keep track of the promise for the
      // (fully resolved) current locals, and pass this down the chain.
      var resolved = $q.when(locals);

      for (var l = keep; l < toPath.length; l++, state = toPath[l]) {
        locals = toLocals[l] = inherit(locals);
        resolved = resolveState(state, toParams, state === to, resolved, locals, options);
      }

      // Once everything is resolved, we are ready to perform the actual transition
      // and return a promise for the new state. We also keep track of what the
      // current promise is, so that we can detect overlapping transitions and
      // keep only the outcome of the last transition.
      var transition = $state.transition = resolved.then(function () {
        var l, entering, exiting;

        if ($state.transition !== transition) return TransitionSuperseded;

        // Exit 'from' states not kept
        for (l = fromPath.length - 1; l >= keep; l--) {
          exiting = fromPath[l];
          if (exiting.self.onExit) {
            $injector.invoke(exiting.self.onExit, exiting.self, exiting.locals.globals);
          }
          exiting.locals = null;
        }

        // Enter 'to' states not kept
        for (l = keep; l < toPath.length; l++) {
          entering = toPath[l];
          entering.locals = toLocals[l];
          if (entering.self.onEnter) {
            $injector.invoke(entering.self.onEnter, entering.self, entering.locals.globals);
          }
        }

        // Run it again, to catch any transitions in callbacks
        if ($state.transition !== transition) return TransitionSuperseded;

        // Update globals in $state
        $state.$current = to;
        $state.current = to.self;
        $state.params = toParams;
        copy($state.params, $stateParams);
        $state.transition = null;

        if (options.location && to.navigable) {
          $urlRouter.push(to.navigable.url, to.navigable.locals.globals.$stateParams, {
            $$avoidResync: true, replace: options.location === 'replace'
          });
        }

        if (options.notify) {
        /**
         * @ngdoc event
         * @name ui.router.state.$state#$stateChangeSuccess
         * @eventOf ui.router.state.$state
         * @eventType broadcast on root scope
         * @description
         * Fired once the state transition is **complete**.
         *
         * @param {Object} event Event object.
         * @param {State} toState The state being transitioned to.
         * @param {Object} toParams The params supplied to the `toState`.
         * @param {State} fromState The current state, pre-transition.
         * @param {Object} fromParams The params supplied to the `fromState`.
         */
          $rootScope.$broadcast('$stateChangeSuccess', to.self, toParams, from.self, fromParams);
        }
        $urlRouter.update(true);

        return $state.current;
      }, function (error) {
        if ($state.transition !== transition) return TransitionSuperseded;

        $state.transition = null;
        /**
         * @ngdoc event
         * @name ui.router.state.$state#$stateChangeError
         * @eventOf ui.router.state.$state
         * @eventType broadcast on root scope
         * @description
         * Fired when an **error occurs** during transition. It's important to note that if you
         * have any errors in your resolve functions (javascript errors, non-existent services, etc)
         * they will not throw traditionally. You must listen for this $stateChangeError event to
         * catch **ALL** errors.
         *
         * @param {Object} event Event object.
         * @param {State} toState The state being transitioned to.
         * @param {Object} toParams The params supplied to the `toState`.
         * @param {State} fromState The current state, pre-transition.
         * @param {Object} fromParams The params supplied to the `fromState`.
         * @param {Error} error The resolve error object.
         */
        evt = $rootScope.$broadcast('$stateChangeError', to.self, toParams, from.self, fromParams, error);

        if (!evt.defaultPrevented) {
            $urlRouter.update();
        }

        return $q.reject(error);
      });

      return transition;
    };

    /**
     * @ngdoc function
     * @name ui.router.state.$state#is
     * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
     *
     * @description
     * Similar to {@link ui.router.state.$state#methods_includes $state.includes},
     * but only checks for the full state name. If params is supplied then it will be
     * tested for strict equality against the current active params object, so all params
     * must match with none missing and no extras.
     *
     * @example
     * <pre>
     * $state.$current.name = 'contacts.details.item';
     *
     * // absolute name
     * $state.is('contact.details.item'); // returns true
     * $state.is(contactDetailItemStateObject); // returns true
     *
     * // relative name (. and ^), typically from a template
     * // E.g. from the 'contacts.details' template
     * <div ng-class="{highlighted: $state.is('.item')}">Item</div>
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param {string|object} stateOrName The state name (absolute or relative) or state object you'd like to check.
     * @param {object=} params A param object, e.g. `{sectionId: section.id}`, that you'd like
     * to test against the current active state.
     * @param {object=} options An options object.  The options are:
     *
     * - **`relative`** - {string|object} -  If `stateOrName` is a relative state name and `options.relative` is set, .is will
     * test relative to `options.relative` state (or name).
     *
     * @returns {boolean} Returns true if it is the state.
     */
    $state.is = function is(stateOrName, params, options) {
      options = extend({ relative: $state.$current }, options || {});
      var state = findState(stateOrName, options.relative);

      if (!isDefined(state)) { return undefined; }
      if ($state.$current !== state) { return false; }
      return params ? equalForKeys(state.params.$$values(params), $stateParams) : true;
    };

    /**
     * @ngdoc function
     * @name ui.router.state.$state#includes
     * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
     *
     * @description
     * A method to determine if the current active state is equal to or is the child of the
     * state stateName. If any params are passed then they will be tested for a match as well.
     * Not all the parameters need to be passed, just the ones you'd like to test for equality.
     *
     * @example
     * Partial and relative names
     * <pre>
     * $state.$current.name = 'contacts.details.item';
     *
     * // Using partial names
     * $state.includes("contacts"); // returns true
     * $state.includes("contacts.details"); // returns true
     * $state.includes("contacts.details.item"); // returns true
     * $state.includes("contacts.list"); // returns false
     * $state.includes("about"); // returns false
     *
     * // Using relative names (. and ^), typically from a template
     * // E.g. from the 'contacts.details' template
     * <div ng-class="{highlighted: $state.includes('.item')}">Item</div>
     * </pre>
     *
     * Basic globbing patterns
     * <pre>
     * $state.$current.name = 'contacts.details.item.url';
     *
     * $state.includes("*.details.*.*"); // returns true
     * $state.includes("*.details.**"); // returns true
     * $state.includes("**.item.**"); // returns true
     * $state.includes("*.details.item.url"); // returns true
     * $state.includes("*.details.*.url"); // returns true
     * $state.includes("*.details.*"); // returns false
     * $state.includes("item.**"); // returns false
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param {string} stateOrName A partial name, relative name, or glob pattern
     * to be searched for within the current state name.
     * @param {object=} params A param object, e.g. `{sectionId: section.id}`,
     * that you'd like to test against the current active state.
     * @param {object=} options An options object.  The options are:
     *
     * - **`relative`** - {string|object=} -  If `stateOrName` is a relative state reference and `options.relative` is set,
     * .includes will test relative to `options.relative` state (or name).
     *
     * @returns {boolean} Returns true if it does include the state
     */
    $state.includes = function includes(stateOrName, params, options) {
      options = extend({ relative: $state.$current }, options || {});
      if (isString(stateOrName) && isGlob(stateOrName)) {
        if (!doesStateMatchGlob(stateOrName)) {
          return false;
        }
        stateOrName = $state.$current.name;
      }

      var state = findState(stateOrName, options.relative);
      if (!isDefined(state)) { return undefined; }
      if (!isDefined($state.$current.includes[state.name])) { return false; }
      return params ? equalForKeys(state.params.$$values(params), $stateParams, objectKeys(params)) : true;
    };


    /**
     * @ngdoc function
     * @name ui.router.state.$state#href
     * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
     *
     * @description
     * A url generation method that returns the compiled url for the given state populated with the given params.
     *
     * @example
     * <pre>
     * expect($state.href("about.person", { person: "bob" })).toEqual("/about/bob");
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param {string|object} stateOrName The state name or state object you'd like to generate a url from.
     * @param {object=} params An object of parameter values to fill the state's required parameters.
     * @param {object=} options Options object. The options are:
     *
     * - **`lossy`** - {boolean=true} -  If true, and if there is no url associated with the state provided in the
     *    first parameter, then the constructed href url will be built from the first navigable ancestor (aka
     *    ancestor with a valid url).
     * - **`inherit`** - {boolean=true}, If `true` will inherit url parameters from current url.
     * - **`relative`** - {object=$state.$current}, When transitioning with relative path (e.g '^'), 
     *    defines which state to be relative from.
     * - **`absolute`** - {boolean=false},  If true will generate an absolute url, e.g. "http://www.example.com/fullurl".
     * 
     * @returns {string} compiled state url
     */
    $state.href = function href(stateOrName, params, options) {
      options = extend({
        lossy:    true,
        inherit:  true,
        absolute: false,
        relative: $state.$current
      }, options || {});

      var state = findState(stateOrName, options.relative);

      if (!isDefined(state)) return null;
      if (options.inherit) params = inheritParams($stateParams, params || {}, $state.$current, state);
      
      var nav = (state && options.lossy) ? state.navigable : state;

      if (!nav || nav.url === undefined || nav.url === null) {
        return null;
      }
      return $urlRouter.href(nav.url, filterByKeys(state.params.$$keys(), params || {}), {
        absolute: options.absolute
      });
    };

    /**
     * @ngdoc function
     * @name ui.router.state.$state#get
     * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
     *
     * @description
     * Returns the state configuration object for any specific state or all states.
     *
     * @param {string|object=} stateOrName (absolute or relative) If provided, will only get the config for
     * the requested state. If not provided, returns an array of ALL state configs.
     * @param {string|object=} context When stateOrName is a relative state reference, the state will be retrieved relative to context.
     * @returns {Object|Array} State configuration object or array of all objects.
     */
    $state.get = function (stateOrName, context) {
      if (arguments.length === 0) return map(objectKeys(states), function(name) { return states[name].self; });
      var state = findState(stateOrName, context || $state.$current);
      return (state && state.self) ? state.self : null;
    };

    function resolveState(state, params, paramsAreFiltered, inherited, dst, options) {
      // Make a restricted $stateParams with only the parameters that apply to this state if
      // necessary. In addition to being available to the controller and onEnter/onExit callbacks,
      // we also need $stateParams to be available for any $injector calls we make during the
      // dependency resolution process.
      var $stateParams = (paramsAreFiltered) ? params : filterByKeys(state.params.$$keys(), params);
      var locals = { $stateParams: $stateParams };

      // Resolve 'global' dependencies for the state, i.e. those not specific to a view.
      // We're also including $stateParams in this; that way the parameters are restricted
      // to the set that should be visible to the state, and are independent of when we update
      // the global $state and $stateParams values.
      dst.resolve = $resolve.resolve(state.resolve, locals, dst.resolve, state);
      var promises = [dst.resolve.then(function (globals) {
        dst.globals = globals;
      })];
      if (inherited) promises.push(inherited);

      // Resolve template and dependencies for all views.
      forEach(state.views, function (view, name) {
        var injectables = (view.resolve && view.resolve !== state.resolve ? view.resolve : {});
        injectables.$template = [ function () {
          return $view.load(name, { view: view, locals: locals, params: $stateParams, notify: options.notify }) || '';
        }];

        promises.push($resolve.resolve(injectables, locals, dst.resolve, state).then(function (result) {
          // References to the controller (only instantiated at link time)
          if (isFunction(view.controllerProvider) || isArray(view.controllerProvider)) {
            var injectLocals = angular.extend({}, injectables, locals);
            result.$$controller = $injector.invoke(view.controllerProvider, null, injectLocals);
          } else {
            result.$$controller = view.controller;
          }
          // Provide access to the state itself for internal use
          result.$$state = state;
          result.$$controllerAs = view.controllerAs;
          dst[name] = result;
        }));
      });

      // Wait for all the promises and then return the activation object
      return $q.all(promises).then(function (values) {
        return dst;
      });
    }

    return $state;
  }

  function shouldTriggerReload(to, from, locals, options) {
    if (to === from && ((locals === from.locals && !options.reload) || (to.self.reloadOnSearch === false))) {
      return true;
    }
  }
}
@ngdoc object
@name ui.router.state.$stateProvider

@requires ui.router.router.$urlRouterProvider
@requires ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactoryProvider

@description
The new `$stateProvider` works similar to Angular's v1 router, but it focuses purely
on state.

A state corresponds to a "place" in the application in terms of the overall UI and
navigation. A state describes (via the controller / template / view properties) what
the UI looks like and does at that place.

States often have things in common, and the primary way of factoring out these
commonalities in this model is via the state hierarchy, i.e. parent/child states aka
nested states.

The `$stateProvider` provides interfaces to declare these states for your app.